A Topographical Dictionary To The Works Of Shakespeare And His Fellow Dramatists

This Volume is for
REFERENCE USE ONLY

I9ti^*w^mw*w*w*w

KANSAS CITY. MO PUHl If, LIBRARY

PUBLICATIONS OF ', !*T HE ' lUNJVERSrEF . 6F '. kANCHESTER

A TOPOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY
TO THE WORKS OF SHAKESPEARE
AND HIS FELLOW DRAMATISTS

Published by the University of Manchester at

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A TOPOGRAPHICAL; DICTIONARY

« * * m *

* • • « *

TO THE WORKS OF
SHAKESPEARE AND HIS FELLOW DRAMATISTS

BY

EDWARD H. SUGDEN, M.A., B.Sc., LmOX,

ASSOCIATE OF THE OWENS COLLEGE, MANCHESTER, AND
MASTER OP QUEEN'S COLLEGE, UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE

MANCHESTER: AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS

LONDON, NEW YORK, ETC. : LONGMANS, GREEN & CO.

1925

PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER
No. CLXVHI.

H '

AND PRINTED IN
j/// rights reserved

DeDtcateo

to t$£ jforfowf m«norg of t&e nmn to of jfl&ueen'tf College ®nto«#ftj of
to|o piie t&eic iibe# in t|r getfrice of tjjeft cotmttg in t&* (Brwt

1914-1918

Reginald Maclure Abernethy
George William Lesh Banks
Leonard Mood Caygill
Horace Chamberlain (Rev.)
Alfred Erica Ellis (Rev*)
Samuel Ettmgove
George James Featonby
Wade Shenton Garnett, M.D.
Harry Franklin Green, RIB., B»S.
Albert Leslie Hancock (Rev,)
Herbert Patrick Hare (Rev*)
Melville Rule Hughes, M.B., B.S.
Fester Hunter (Rev*)
Elvas Elliott Jenkins (Rev,)
William Reginald Keast, B.E.E.

Frank Gerald Kellaway
Eric John Kerr> IO,, B*S*
Owen Gower Lewis
Charles Daniel Lucas (Rev*)
Gordon Clones McKay Hatthison, HJX
Frank Marsh HcCutchan, B.E*E,
Owen Herbert Peters, M,D,
Albert George Stapleton (Rev*)
Frank Malcolm Sterling
Stephen John Sailings (Rev*)
Edward Courtney Thomas, B,A,
Thomas George Banks Truemat*
Arthur Geoffrey Nelson Wall
Waldo Esmond Wame-Smith
Arthur Wilfred Wheatley, B A (Rev*)

PREFACE

MY intention in beginning the work which has resulted in this Dictionary was only to supply students of Shakespeare
with a brief account of the places which are mentioned in the Plays, and to add illustrative quotations from the con-
temporary Dramatists. None of the existing dictionaries furnish adequate information as to Shakespeare's place-
names* In Schmidt's Shakespeare Lexicon all the place-names are given ; but the definitions are vague and meagre,
and the passages in which they occur are not quoted in full, except in a very few cases ; and no quotations from writers
other than Shakespeare are cited. Thus, in the page of Schmidt which I casually open, Fish St. is defined as " street
in London rt ; Flanders as " county in the Low Countries " ; Fleet as 4* the prison for insolvent debtors in London ** ;
which is not only insufficient, but misleading ; Flint Castle is ** a castle in Wales " ; Florence is 4* town and dukedom
in Italy/' In Dyce's Glossary , and in Cunliffe's and Marian Edwards' Dictionaries place-names are not included.
There seemed therefore room for a work which would give more adequate definitions, and such illustrative quotations
as would do for these words what the Oxford English Dictionary has done for the rest of the language.

But in hunting through the other dramatists for parallel passages I soon found that they needed elucidation even
more than Shakespeare ; and I enlarged my design so as to include them also* A limit, however, had to be fixed ;
and I decided to draw the line at the Restoration of 1660 j partly because the Elizabethan and Jacobean Drama forms
a fairly homogeneous body of Literature and has been thought worthy of separate treatment in such a monumental
work as Schelling's Elizabethan Drama ; and partly because the topography of London, which is so fully illustrated
in these plays, was radically changed by the Great Fire of 1666* It may be asked why the dramatists only are included
and not the whole body of Elizabethan literature ; the answer is, first, that life is short, and I could not hope to have
time to read so large a mass of writings with the necessary attention to detail required for my purpose ; and then,
that the dramatists of this period form a dearly defined group, deserving and repaying special study* Whilst, how-
ever, I have confined myself, generally speaking, to the plays enumerated in Schew'ng's second volume, I have not
pedantically refused to add illustrations from the earlier Mysteries and Moralities ; as well as from Chaucer and
Langland, and from contemporary poems and prose works, especially those written by the dramatists themselves*
Such was the limit of my original design ? but the War having rendered it impossible to publish what I had practically
completed, until this calamity had passed, I have added all the place-names in Milton, who really belongs to our period,
and by his Corns and Arcades established his claim to count as one of its dramatists, although the Paradise Lost and
Paradisi Regained, and Samson Agoni$t$sf fall a few years beyond the limit I had fixed for myself* For this students
of Milton may perhaps be grateful. Moreover, without aiming at completeness in this case, I have added a large
number of illustrations from Spenser, who throws a good deal of light on tine quasi-historical plays concerned with early
British myth, such as Locrinef Psrrex and Pomx, The Mayor of Qmnborought Nobody and Somebody* and others.

Through the help furnished by Mrs, Cowden Clarke's Concordance and Schmidt's Lexicon I have been able to
ensure that every place-name in Shakespeare's Plays and Poems should be dealt with ; and the passages in which they
occur have been quoted with sufficient fullness to be intelligible, except when they threw no light at all on the meaning
or the usage of the word in question. This method involves a considerable expenditure of space ; but my experience
has taught me that students do not often look up references for themselves ; if they are to be of general use they must
be quoted. In this procedure the Oxford Rnglish Dictionary has been my model and must be my justification* Apart
from Shakespeare, I have read between six and seven hundred plays written in the great century from 1550 to 1650 ;
and, as far as human care could ensure it, I have dealt with every place-name that occurs in them, and wherever it
seemed worth while I have quoted the passages in ML In the case of Shakespeare exact reference is made in every
instance to act, scene, and line ; in the other plays I have usually had to be content with act and scene* But to facili-
tate reference and to make the meaning clearer, I have mentioned the name of the speaker, and, where necessary, the
circumstances under which the words were spoken* 1 have not followed the Oxford English Dictionary in prefixing
the date to every quotation ? within the century dealt with there is not much development of meaning from decade
to decade ? but an alphabetical list of the plays with their authors and dates of first production has been prefixed to
this volume, from which the exact date of any quotation can be readily ascertained, where a quotation is given from
a contemporary work, other than those plays and poems whose dates are given in this and the following list, the date
of publication has been usually added*

Shakespeare's Plays and Poems have been quoted by means of abbreviated titles, and without the author's name*
In all other cases the author's name and play are both mentioned* Where a play is the jofaxt production of two or
more authors, the name of the author in whose collected works the play is most often found is given ; my object being,
not to express any opinion on the authorship, but to facilitate reference* All the plays in Parley's edition of Beaumont
and Fletcher are quoted as B* and F. without distinction ; the most likely authorship of each is indicated in the
Bibliography.

Except in the case of the few quotations from Chaucer, Langland, and two or three other middle English writers,
the spelling has been modernised ; but the original spelling of the place-name, where it could be ascertained, has been
kept ; and cross-references have been abundantly supplied, so as to save the student from needless bewilderment*

In two respects a certain liberty lias been taken with the first plan, which was to include only names actually occur-
ing in a play and used topographically. First, names of places connected with the history of the Drama and with the
lives of the Dramatists have been admitted ; amongst these will be found the names of almost all the Colleges of Oxford
and Cambridge with some account of the part they each played in the development of the drama, and of dramatists

whom they numbered amongst their alnmnL Then under the names of places which gave territorial titles to nobles
and bishops and the like personages, it has been thought worth while to give a brief account of such of those as move
across the historical stage, both in Shakespeare and his fellow-dramatists. This is hardly justifiable on logical grounds*
but students will probably be grateful for assistance in distinguishing between the various Buckinghams and Bedfords
and Warwicks and the rest who play their part in this brilliant pageant*

As the book was completed before the end of the Great War and the readjustments made by the Treaty of Versailles*
it is probable that some changes in the boundaries and political connections of the countries concerned may have been
overlooked. In this matter I claim the indulgence of my readers*

It is a pleasure to acknowledge the help I have received ; first of all, from Stow and Fynes Moryson, and Coryat*
and Peter Heylyn ; and then from Wheatley's London Past and Present, Cassell's Old and New London, Salaman's
London Past and Present, Ordish's Shakespeare's London, Harper's Summer Days in Shakespeare Landf Bell's Flmt
Street in Seven Centuries, Gordon's Old Time Aldwych, and the usual Geographical Dictionaries and Gazetteers*
Nares's Glossary and the Oxford English Dictionary have furnished several useful references. Harben's Dictionary of
London came too late to be used in the actual writing of my work ; but I have carefully revised it with Harben's valuable
collection of facts before me, and have made some slight additions and corrections.

I desire to thank my fellow-trustees of the Public Library, Melbourne, for the unrestricted use of their excellent
collection of Elizabethan and Jacobean dramatists ; and the Librarian, Mr. E, La Touche Armstrong, M*A», and his
staff for much help in hunting up books and references, I wish also to express my obligation to Miss GrifRn and Miss
Howard, who showed the greatest interest and skill in executing the type-script of this work,

I acknowledge with unfeigned gratitude the generous encouragement and helpful advice that I have received from
Professors Le Gay Brereton and Macallum, both of Sydney University, who did me the honour of reading the first
draft of this book and have enriched it with many valuable suggestions. My friend, Professor Wallace, of this Uni-
versity, has also assisted me at many points ; and my near neighbour, Mr* E, H. Oliphant, has placed at my service
his unique knowledge of the Elizabethan Drama, and of Beaumont and Fletcher in particular*

For permission to use the maps which appear in the volume I am grateful to the following s To Messrs* A. and C*
Black, Ltd*, for (i) Agas'Map of London, (2) Norden's Map of London, and (3) the Plan of Westminster ; to the Editor
of The Studio for Visscher's View of London*

I am deeply indebted to Professor H, B* Charlton, of the University of Manchester, for the great trouble he has
taken in drawing the Sketch Map of the Streets of Elizabethan London which appears in the book. In preparing
the map Professor Charlton has had the assistance of Dr» H. Guppy, of the John Rylands Library, Manchester*

The difficulty of producing a work like this, when half the circumference of the world separates the author and thft
publishers, could hardly have been overcome had it not been for the unselfish and enthusiastic help given by the late
Professor C* E* Vaughan. Some time before his death he was good enough to read through the whole of the type-
script, and to suggest out of the fullness of his knowledge and experience many improvements in the arrangement of
the matter of the various articles ; and in particular he greatly increased the value of the work by the omission of
much in my first draft that was unnecessary or unimportant* His advice was always at the service of the publishers,
and in the decision of countless points of detail he most effectively took my place, and saved the time which
otherwise must have been lost in correspondence. I need not say how grateful I am to him for the energy he devoted
to so thankless a task ; a large share of whatever value the work may have is due to him*

The conditions of publication have imposed a great burden upon Mr, H. M* McKechnie, the Secretary of the Press
Committee of the University of Manchester ; and I desire to thank him most cordially for his interest in the work*
and his patient attention to its countless details. The tables of abbreviations are entirely his work, and many improve-
ments in the grouping of the matter of the articles are due to him* He also is mainly responsible for the typographical
devices which will so materially assist the reader*

Finally, I am under the deepest obligation to my friend, Mr, J. T* Tweddle, of Melbourne, for his generous offer
to guarantee the heavy cost of publication ; and to the Committee of the Manchester University Press for their grant
in aid of the expense*

Queen's College, EDWARD H* SUGDBK*

Melbourne,

October 1924.

CONTENTS

DEDICATION .. ,„ ** ,, ,. ** »* ,, ,, ,f .„ ,„ ., .. v

PRKPACB ., ,, * ...... , ,» . . ,, ,» ,, », .. t, ,, vii

LIST OF MAPS ANB PLAHS ............. * ......... * x

BIBLIOGRAPHY—

List A. List of Collections of Dramatic Works by various Authors . . * * , ...... , xi

List B» List of all the Plays from which quotations have been taken*. »* *, t, ,( ,r xi

List C* List of all the principal non-dramatic Works from which quotations have been taken * * * * xviii

List D. List of the principal Prose Works from which quotations have been taken » . , „ * . xviii

xx

THE DICTIONARY . . * * . . « , . . , * . - * * * * * , . * . , * , * * i

* .* ,. .. .* .* ,. .« ,. »* ** ** *. t, *, 579

LIST OF MAPS AND PLANS

THE " NEW MAP WITH THE AUGMENTATION OF THE INDIES/' BY EUBEOB MULLINEUK '» * . * * * Fron<b|ptof
NORDEN'S HAP OF LONDON, 1593 * .* ,* *. *, ** ** ., ** between pages gia and 313

NOKDEN'S PUN OP WESTMINSTER, 1593, * * . . * * * * (fftwen pajts 560 and 561

VISSCHER'S VIEW OF LONDON, 1616 ** ,. ,* ** * * fa pocfat at intf

SKETCH MAP OF THE STHEETS OF ELI^BETHAN LONDON .. ., ,. .. . , . , in pocket at end
AGAS' MAP OF LONDON, 1570 ** »* ,* ,»

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTORY NOTB, — In this Bibliography are included :

(x) A. A list of editions which contain plays by mare than one author, with the abbreviated titles used for them in the following list. These

tire not in alt cases the best editions,, but at this end of the world I have had to be content with what was accessible, and where

there is any doubt as to their readings 1 have noted it.
(a) B» A list of all the plays from which quotations have been taken." First I have given the abbreviated title used in the body of the work,

then the full title of the play, followed by the author's name and the date of the first production of the play as nearly as could be

ascertained, and then the edition I have used.

(3) C, A list of the principal non-dramatic poets from whose works illustrative quotations have been taken. This does not include poems

from which only one or two passages have been quoted* In this and the following list, as a general rule, abbreviations come at
the end of each entry.

(4) D. A list of the principal prose works from which quotations have been given. This again is not complete, but only contains those

works which have furnished several passages of illustration.

NOTE.— -"Where a play is in two parts, they are indicated by the use of A. for the first and B. for the second part. For example* H4 B.
ii, a, 6 means the sixth line of the second scene of the .second Act of Shakespeare's Henry the Fourtht the Second Part ; Marlowe's Tamb.
A. iv, x means the first scene of the fourth act of Marlowe's Tamburlafae the Great, Part One,

For invaluable assistance in the compilation of these lists and the selection of abbreviated titles I have to thank Mr. H. M. McKechnic,
the Secretary of the Manchester University Press (E. H. S.)«

LIST A

LIST OF COLLECTIONS OF DRAMATIC WORKS OP VARIOUS AUTHORS

A, B. D, f Tk* Ancient British Drama, 3 vol*. l^ondon : W* Miller, iSro.
Atom, Play* ; Anonytnaus Hay*, Edited by J, 8, Farmer. I*ondon» x 005-8,

Bans;, Mater, : Materialien xur Kunde fas alter tn englischtn Dramas. Edited by W. Bang. 1902-.

B. Ju & .* B$n«s JLattrts £Mr* of English Dv&mat&ts* Edited by G, P, Baker. iooa~.

Brandt, Qudlcn : Qucltrn des w«ltlkhen Dramas in England wn Shakespeare. Edited by A. Brandl. Strttaburff* 1898.

Br*f, ItorwnaL : The Wwks of the British Dramatists. London : W P Ninuno, n,d> (date Riven as 1875 under Trial),

Bullen, O, & P. .• Collection o/ Old English Plays, Edited by A, H. Bullen. First Series, London, 1882-5 Second Series, 1887-00.

D»rleys%TA* Works of Beaumont and Fletcher. Edited by G. Darley. 2 vols. London Routledge, 1862. (This includes all the plays

Attributed to Beaumont or Fletcher, or both. The probable authorship of each play is indicated in the list of separate plays, but in the

text they are detonbfd m " H. & F.")

dslfy : A Nfltct (toiler turn of <)'d Nngtish P/<w. R. Dodvlcy. xa vols. 1744
jff. #. T, $. : Karly Kngluh Ttxt *SVtf*Vf,v's jftuft/faitions. x 864-1 895.
Harltian Misc. : The Hwleian Miscrttany. u vols. London ; R. Dutton, 1808.
Hawkins, CX £\JD, ; Origin oftfw English Drama, Thomas Hawkins. Oxford, 1773.
Haselitt'u ttodslcy ; A 6W^cr Collection of Old English Plays, Edited by H, Dodaley. Revised and enlarged by W. C. HazKtt. 15 vols*

1874 H.

M&fom &&$. Rtprints : Ma/<J«* $(*e*6ty*$ Reprints of Old Plays. 1906.

JWVrmaiV : Th$ Mirmaid tierm of the (test P/w of the Old Dramatists. Edited by J. A. Symonds. London : Vizetelly, jt886-.
O» M. />..' Old English &mm&. Edited by T. White. London, 1830.
Sfh. of $ht*k#*» : Ttw AV/tod* o/ $kake*pet&$* K. Simpson, a volt. New York, x878.
Shakt* . Apwrypha : The tihakespmrt Apw rvphti. Edited by Tucker Brooke, Oxford, 1008.
Shakes, Ubrary ; 8htstkn%p9artf& Mbrary. Edited by W. C. Hazlitt, 6 vols. London, 1875*
Shakes, »Vw, ,* tihakcstwr? tincir-ty*! }*ubtietitwnt> 1841-.
3fW. F«c» Ttxt* : Tudor Fwximit* Ttxte. Edited by J. B. Farmer, j 008-14,

(The other references are to editions by the editor named of the works of the particular dramatist in question.)

LIST B

JUI8T Off A3LI* TDC8 JP&AY8 FROM WHICH QUOTATIONS HAVE »EHN TAKKN

AMngton ; Tm Angry Womtn efAMngton* Porter (is§^"8)- Memaid> 1888,

Ac&annw : Nito Atadmv* Brome (163 a), Pearson* 1873.

Actor i Roman Aetw, m*umm* (1^46). Mtrmsia, 1887.

Admiral ; Yww AdmimL Shirley (1633). Dyce, 1833.

Ado : Much /lilo about Not/ring. Sliakt-Mpcarc (1598). Globe, 1881.

Agtuunt : Atttiwra. Buckling (16^7). Hasslitt, 189^,

Asrippma ; Axrippimt, May (1638), Hang, Matey, xliii.

Alttham ; Aittham. GreviUe (tooo). GroMft. 1870.

trcvmc v*ww« vrirmMiri) to/w.

„_ , nawumt (1646), Maidmttnt and I/ogsm, 1873.

. Atbumasnr, Tomkins (1614-5), ^. /i. />,, 1810.

B<*ttf# o/ Ak&xw, Peete (1591)* Matow* See. Reprints, 1907.

1 Att'htmisl. Jonstm (1610). Mtrmttid, tH«V4.

„,. . L«^ Alim»y, Anon. (i6.is>. Ht«lm's />o<li/^y xiv.

,$# Fwi ; Au Fe&ls, Chapman (1590.). 4* B. $., 1810.
Xtfjbr M«w#y ; ^l//^r Mo»fy. Lupton (1378), 7W, f«. Ttxt*.

AU't W<U f/wr Kndi WdL sk^pcare (1508), Olobef

B,

„ - „ , „„ , „„. „ -._,. W. Rowley (1619), B, JL. *£., !€._„,

Alphoww : Ahhcmtut Emfrerw of Gtrm&ny. Chapman? (1590 7). %El*e» 1807.

Alphomw : Atphantut Kmfw&r of Cjerm&ny, Chapman? (1500 7). El*e» 1807*
Alph&rijus : Alphanjut King of Arntgon. Greene (circ, » 500). Coilina. 190$.
Althorp* ,* Kxttriaittment Qt Althortx, Jon«on (1603). Barry Cornwall, 1838.

„„ . „_, „ Field (iou>* O.S.JD,tx83o*

Amyntas : Amyntai. Randolph (1638). Hazl it 1.1875.

A. & C.y or'^nf. ; Antony oni C/^&atffl. Bhikc*p««r« (1607). Globe, 1881
Antipodes ; Antitoods** Brome (1638). Fetr&on, {873*

Jlnlo^ ; 7V<v«^ «>/ Antonk. Count«t* of Pembroke (150 a). A* Luce, Weimar, 1897
^Injt. & M«l/, ; Anteme mid M*8ida. Mtrtton (1199). Malom Soc, fteprints, t^ajt,

^t«il» J2n>* « An$9tuQ*t Mityiftjfi* Miucf&(xci (l$9<9)< Mwortt $&c, Mepnntfi I94X«

rL

LIST B — continued

Apius : Apius and Virginia. R. B. (circ. 1 575). Tud. Fac Texts*

A. & Virginia : Appius and Virginia. Webster (1624). Haalitt, 1857.
Arcades : Arcades. Milton (1633). Masson, 1890.

Arcadia : Arcadia. Shirley (1632), GitTord, 1833.

Argalus : Argalus and Parthenia. Glapthorne (1030). Pearson, 1874.

Aries : Sun m Aries. Middleton (1621). Bullen, O. E. P., First Series,

Arragon: Queen of Arragon. Habington (1640). Hazlitt's Dodsley xiii,

Arraignment : Arraignment of Paris. Peele (1,584). Routledge, 1887.

As : As You Like ./*. Shakespeare (1600). Globe, x 88 x.

Atheist ; Atheist's Tragedy. Tourneur (1603). Mermaid, 1888.

Augurs : Masque of Augurs. Jonson (1622). Barry Cornwall, 1838.

Babylon: Whore of Babylon. Dekker (1604). Pearson, 1873.

Ball : The Ball. Chapman and Shirley ( x 63 2) . Gifford ,1833.

Band, Ruffe : Band, Ruffe, and Cuffe. Anon. (1615). Barleian Misc. x, 204.

Banquet : Bloody Banquet. T, D. (1620). Tud. Fac. Texts.

Baptyste : Johan Baptyste. Bale (1538). Harleian Misc. i, 1808. >•*«»**•«• * ••

Barnavelt .- Tragedy of Sir John van Olden Barnavelt. Fletcher and Massinger (1620). Bullen, O. J8. P,, First Series* vol. a,

Barriers : Masque at Barriers. Jonson (x6xa). Barry Cornwall, 1838.

Barthol. : Bartholomew Pair. Jonson (1614). Mermaid, 1893-4.

B. Beggar : Blind Beggar of Bednal Green. Day and Chettle (t6oo). Tud. Fac. Texts.
Beauty : Masque of Beauty. Jonson (1608). Barry Cornwall, 1838.

Beggars*: Beggars' Bush. Fletcher and Massinger (1622). Dan ey, 1862.

Beguiled: Wily Beguiled. Anon, (ante 1595). Malone tioc Reprints, 1913,

Believe : Believe as you List. Massinp;er (163*). Mermaid, 1889.

Bellman: Bellman of London. Daborne (16x3).

Bethsabe; David and Bethsabe. Peele(is89). Morley, 1897.

Bird : Bird in a Cage. Shirley (1633). A. B. D.t 18x0.

Blackness: Masque of Blackness. Jonson (1605). Barry Cornwall, 1838.

Blind Beggar : Blind Beggar of Alexandria. Chapman (x59$). Parrott, 19x3.

Blurt .- Blurt, Master Constable. Middleton (x6ox). Bullen, O. JS. P,, First Series.

Bombie : Mother Bombie. Lyly (1590), O. a. D., 1830.

Bondman : The Bondman. Massinger (1623). Gifford, 1805.

Bonduca: Bonduca. Beaumont and Fletcher (x6i 6). Mermaid, 1887.

J3. Age : Brazen Age. T. Heywood (1595). Pearson. 1874,

Brennoralt : Brennoralt, Suckling (1639). Hasrlitt, 1092.

Bride : The Bride. Nabbes (1638). Sullen, O. jfi. P., Second Series.

Bristowe : Fair Maid of Bristowe . Anon. <*6asO. Tud. JF&e. Texts.

Britannia : Britannia Triumfihans. Davenant (1637). Maidment and Logan, 187*.

Brother ; Bloody Brother. Fletcher and Rowley (1623). Darley, %86a,

Brothers: The Brothers. Shirley (1626), Gifford, 1833.

Bussy : Bussy D'Ambois. Chapman (1595). Mermaid, x8gs.

C. Garden : Govent Garden. Nabbes (1632). Bullen, O. E. P., Second Senea,
Ccssar : Ctesar and Pompey. Chapman (1631). Parrott* x

G<sesar*s Rev. : Caesar's Revenge. Anon, (xsc * "* *

Calisto i Calls to and Meliooea. Anon. (1530,- -

Cambises : Tragedy of Cambists. Preston CX569). Hawkins, O. & £>.,

Campaspe : Alexander and Campaspe. Lyly (1584). A. B. £>,, x8io,

Candlemas : Candlemas Day. Anon, dsth cent.). Hawkins, O. K. I),, 1773.

Candy : Laws of Candy. Massmger and Another (1:6x9). B. and F. Darley»

Captain : The Captain. Fletcher and Another (x6xa). Darky, 1862.

Captives : The Captives. T. Heywood (1624). Bullen, O. £. P., First Series.

Cardinal : The Cardinal. Shirley (1641). Mermaid, 1888.

Careless: Careless Shepherdess. Goffe (1629).

Case ; Case is Altered* Jonson (x$98). Barry Cornwall, 1838,

Castel : Castel of Perseverance. Anon, (x$th cent.). Pollard, Eng. Mystery Plays* 1898.

Catiline : Catiline his Conspiracy. Jorxson (1611), Barry Cornwall, 1838.

Chabot .* Chabot, Admiral of France. Chapman and Shirley (1635). Parrott, 1913,

Chall. Tilt : Challenge at Tilt. Jonson (1013). Barry Cornwall, 1838.

Challenge „• Challenge for Beauty. T. Heywood (x6s5). Pearson, 1874.

Champions : Seven Champions of Christendom. Kirke (1634). O.£,D.t 1830.

Chances: The Chances. Fletcher (1609-15). Darley, 1862.

Changeling : The Changeling. Middleton and Rowley (1632). Mermaid, 1887,

Changes : Changes of Love in a Mage. Shirley (x6a2), Gifford, 1833.

Charter : DeviVs Charter. Barnes (1696). Tud. Fac. Texts.

Chaste Maid : Chaste Maid in Cheapside. Middleton (16x2). Mermaid, n.d.

Chaunticleers ; London Chaunticleers. Anon* (x 63 7). Hazlitt's Dodsley xii.

Chess : Game at Chess Middleton (1624) Bullen, O B P., First Series, 1885.

Chester M.P. : Chester Mystery Plays. (x$th cent.) Shakespeare Soc., 1843-7*

Chivalry : Trial of Chivalry. Anon. (1597). Bullen, O. B. P., First Series, iii.

Chloridia ; Chlondia. Jonson (x63j). Barry Cornwall, 1838.

Christian Turned Turk : Christian Turned Turk. Daborne (x6xo). Isolated quotatioxxt,

Christmas: Christmas His Masque. Jonson (x 6x6). Barry Cornwall, 1838*

City Gallant : City Gallant. See Greene's Tu Quoque.

City Wit : City Wit. Brome (1629). Pearson, x873.

Cleopatra : Cleopatra. Daniel (1593). Grosart, 1883-96.

Clifton .- Fair Maid of Clifton. Sampson (1636). Bang, Mater, xlii.

Club Law : Club Law. Ruggle (1597). Moore Smith, 1907.

Clyomon : Clyomon and Sir Chlamydes. Anon. (1570-84). Malone So*. Reprints, 1913*

Cobler ; Cobier's Prophecy. Wilson (1594). Malone Soc. Reprints.

Com* Cond. : Common Conditions. Anon. (1576). Brandrs Quellen.

Companion : Pine Companion. Marmion (1633). O. E. X>*, 3(830.

Comus .- Comus. Milton (1634). Masson, 1890.

Concubine ; Queen and Concubine. Brome (1835). Dyce, i869-*9*.

Conf. Cons. ,- Conflict of Conscience. Woodes (1560), Tud. Fac. Texts*

Consp. Byron .- Conspiracy of Byron, Chapman _(i 608). Mermaidf : "

s*i »3r_'jr . s-t ._^ »%^r_«j "**** V * j-* ^..\r j~.../Ji « '« '

1). Parrott* 1913.
04). Malon* Soc, Reprints, xox
). Malone Soc. Reprints, 1908.
569). Hawkins, O. & D., X773*

H*«litt, Shakes. Library >

Cornelia • Cornelia, "Kydff iS9i)V ' Boas, X9OX 7'

Cornish M.P. : Cornish Mystery Plays (X4th or isth century)* Norrw.

Coronation : The Coronation. Shirley (1635), Giffbrd, 1:833,

LIST B — continued

G&stlv Wh. : Goitty Whore, Anon, (1633). Bullen, O. j£ JR., First Series, vol. iv,

Couple : Mad Couple* Brome (1636), Pearson, 1873.

Courtesan : Dutch Courtesan* Marnton (1694), Bullen, O. /&.P., Second Series

C&vent O. • Gownt Garden Weeded. Brome (x63a), Pearson, 1873*

Coventry M.P. .* Coventry Mystery P/ajy* (t 5th cent.). Shakespeare »Soc.» 1841 »

Courtier ,• Jgumorous Courtfer. Shirley (1031). X>yce, 1833.

Coxcomb : The Coxcomb. Beaumont and Fletcher (x6io), Oarley, 1862.

Cr. Brother * Gruel Brother* Davenant (x6as7>. Maidment and Logan, *

r*«t» .» J&trial Crew, Brome (1641). A. Jfit. IX, t8xo»
ord Thomas CromwttL W. S* (155)3). ^
Court toggar. Brome (1640). Pearson,

Cromwell .* I^rd Thomas Cromwell. W. S* (1593). ^- B. £>., 18x0.

V^*« JLJKfJgjffAf . VrfWMft JtJC*gfff*r » l^iUHliC \«.Wdf>VJ/» JT «**» 5»V*li , AO/^f*

C^. 6>«r*t ." Court *S>rr«£. Shirley (ante x&fjs), OirTord, 1883,

Cuckold ." Cure for a Guchoid* Webster ana Rowley (16x7), Hazlitt, 1897.

Cuckqueans : Gucktiueam and Cuckolds Err ants. Percy (xoot). Roxburgh Club, 1894.

Cupid : Hu& and Cry after Cupid. Jonson («6o8). Barry Cornwall, 1838.

Cupid's Rets. : Gttpia*s jPtet»4>7i#«. Beaumont and 3F1 etcher (161 a). Darley, x$62«

Cure ,- JU»t>#V C«r#, Fletcher and Muasinprer (1636), Darley » 1862.

Custom .« Curytom o/ *At« Couwtry. Fletcher and Massinger (1610). Darley, 1862.

Gutter .* Cutter of Goldman Str€ct. Cowley ^1641). Taylor, I7»i.

Gym* f Cymbeltrt** Shakespeare (1607). Globe, x88x»

Cynthia: Gynthia's Hevels. Jonson (1600). Mrrmmd^ 1893-4.

Cyrus ; Wars of Cvrvc. Anon, (1588-91). Tud* Koe. »

Darnmselle : The tJ&moisetle. Brome (1637). Pearson, 1873.
Dtnnon : Damon and Pythias. Kd\vurd» (1564). A. B. I)., 1810.

,

Darius : King Darius, Anon. (1563). Anon* JP/qy*» Jtgo6.

l>«ath Huntington : Th& Death of Robert Earl of Huntington* Munday and Chettle (1598), Hazlitt'a Dodsley viii»
Debtor ; Ow«r/ Debtor* Wager (.1566). JV<st» JSh&kuspf&re Soe. it a.
*ityg Favourite. CarlcH (1629). Oray, 1005*
s«» Jonson (x6x6>. Barrv Cornwall, 1838.

Jf>£rA of frtvonshar* Anon. (x&as). 1 tulle n, O. E. F,, First Seriet,
/>iV/o, Queen rtf {Jtirthase* Marlowe (1502). Dyce, 3t86

*

Disobedient ; lXs<>b*di*nt Child, Inffelend (ante 1560), 7V^, Farr. Texts.

Dissemblers ; More D&s&mbters Besides Woman. Middleton (1622). Bullen, O. JS. P*» First Serte*.
/>tsfi. &mp. .* IK»xr&eted Emperor. Anon. (1610). Bull«nt O. A\ jf*., First Series, vol. iii
Distress^ ; Th* D&tr#s$#t. Dav*n«nt (1630). Maiciment and Logan, 1872.
D&dypott .* Doctor DotiypoU. Anon. (x6oo). Tud. F«c. Texts.
JD'O/K** .* AfoitSMur />*Oft'TMr. Chapman (1605), P&rroct, 1913*
Double Mar. .* Double Marriage. Fletcher and Ma»sin«er (x6ao). Darlcy, 1862.
Doubtful : Doubtful Zfair. Shirley (1640). Clifford, 1833.

Downfall ftutttinaton : Downfall of Robert Hart of ttuntingttm. Munday (1598). Hazl£tt*A Dodsley viii.
£>o«»rv .* WMttl Dowry. Maaaingcr and Field (1619). JVferwcttdf, 1887.
Duk^s Mi&t. : Duk^s Mistress. Shirley (1636). Gifford, 1833
Dumb Knight : Dumb Knight. Maehin (1697). ,4. B, /)., iHio.

JKttatward : Eastward Hoe*. Chapman, |onton» and Mara ton (1604). ^. B. £>,» 1810.
Edmonton f The Witch of Edmonton* Ford and Dekker (1631). M$rm*xi&t x888.

(1590).

rlo

., .,

Ed. // .• Kdw&rd //. Marlowe (xsga)* M&rmmd> 1887,
Kd* Jtlf ; Kdw&rd ///. Anon. (1590-6). &h&k#$p4&r« Apocrypha,. 1008.
JKrf. JTKj ^. W ». »* Kdward /F» l%rt* / aw«T //. T. lleywood (1^94). Pearaon^ 1874.
Etdtr Brother, Fletcher and Masainirer (1626). Darlcy,

, . , .

Natur* of the F»wr JBtemeiftt* Raatdfli (1510), I!«j-,litt'« Dodsley i.

Gi

* , ,

JKmperor of th« Kast. Ma«*in|t«r (x63x), Gifford, .

JKwxymion ,* KnttpmuM. I«yly (15^5)* Fairholt, 1893.

Enforced &£&rriag# ; M««ri** o/ Knfarffd Marriage, Wilkina (jf^os), X. B* JD.» 1810.
Enstishmer* : JKngfitkmen for my Money. Hnughton (1598), O, £. D.t 1830.

(i6ot>V

j oust in *

Comedy of jgrrort. Hhakesnearc (1589). Globe, 1881*
ti .• rXwryman. An«tt, <ctrc. 1500). H*wkin«» O, j
/. .* Ktwy Man in His ttumour, janson (15981. ,

Afem O* •• JKt*rry M&n Out o/1 JhTi> Hum&ttr. Jon«on (1599). jMr«^mm«r 1893.

, /, ,• ISfiry Woman Tn Her Humour* Anon, (ante x6oo). Tttd* JF«C. 7VJ*«»»
; The Jgxamfrte. Shirley (1634), Gifford, 183^,

JPotV /?m. »* Fmr Km, Anon, (anre 1590). £tf*&k€$p«ietr6 AfrGeryfiha* 1908*
1 •

. » , , . * *

. M. KxrAr. .• Fofr Maid of Kxchanxt* T* Heywood (160%). Pearson, 1874.
JPVrcr Maid /. .* JN"mV Mmd &f th# inn. Fletcher and Ma»*inner«T (1626). XDnrlcy*
F*»V On* j H^i^ty Fm> Ow. Shirley (i&a8), Mvrmcdd, 1888,

Fair Womvn i Warning far Fair Womim* Anon. (1598). Simpnon £Sch. ftf Shakrtpterg ii.
Pals* One ? fatls* f>rtff. Hatcher and Msn&mxp&r (loao). Z^nrl«y» 1862.

t First Series.

Family f JFamtty &f /«0fvp. Mtddleton (1607)* Uullen. O» JR, J».t Firs
Form. Fter, ; Famous ftVforto o/ H^wrv K. Anon, (1588). Haalitt, ^
FaiwiV* .- Fanettf tlfaoitt* and ^od/«« Ford (1635). Dyc«, 1869-95.
JP&tal Mttr> ; Fafti/ Mtxrri&%# Anon. Cnrvte 164^). Bullen* O. If. -P»
Fct«*«ttf .• £>r, Fm<sl«* M»rlow« (1588)* Watdt O. Iff. £>., 1887
F«ft*o«r»*** .• F<wV Favour?'**, Davcnant (x^^S). Maidment and l^oga

rsham : Ardm of Fsvm ham (1592). &H&k**p#are A^ .
JWwr Gallant* : Ymt* Fiw O&tt&nt*. Middleton (1607)* nBwl&n. O: JS. JP.» Firat Swiet.
Fw«f J&eurx .* Mtwnturfix of Fife Hours. Bristol and 1 tike (1662). ^(. B, D.,. 1810,
FI«V* ; T/M? Flmr*. Sharpham (1^7), Sana, M«i«r.
F/o«<. /*/, .- JFioaHng Island, Strode (*®36). t>ob«II» $907*
Fortunatus : Old P&rtttnatu*. Dekk«r ( 1 596). M*rwaidt xS88,

. . t ,

For tun. Xtlx. : fortunate htarttfs. foniton U6jt4), Barry Corn wait, 1838*

nd Ro

,

riinwp .* Fortune ov /,<*m/ ««irf SSca, T. Hey wood and Rowley (1607). Pe»r«onf 1874.
Fot*r PJP. ; F«wr JPP, I. Stay wood (circ* isso)» ^t* B, D.» 1810.

SGOSGW : Four Seasons. Anon. («m# x6as>* Shakesfxtar* $e>c.f 1848.

,

Friar i Friar Maetm and Friar Btrngay* Oreer>« (1580), Wmrd, 0. 17. £>.» 1887.
French Ltxio, : Littl* Fr#neft t+at&ytr. Fletcher and Ma*slnf?«r (1619), Darley, t86z,
Friends f JFaithful JRVAmrir. Beaumont and Fletcher (1614). Darl^y, x86ss.

3). Moore Smith, 10

. , .

Hittriv ; PMCUS .SVt* ffistri&mastix. Anon. (16113). Moore Smith, 1009.
if .- Fi«m«* 7Vo«ft TA# 7V«*r Tr<tf«m*. Fiaher
G&ltatftta : Oallathea. Lyly (1584). Fairholt,

LIST B — continued

Gamester : The Gamester. Shirley (1633). A.. JB. IX, 18x0.

Gentleman; Noble Gentleman, Fletcher and Rowley (1625). Darley, 1862.

Gentleness - Gentleness and Nobility. J, Hey wood ? (1535). Tud. Fac. Texts.

Gent* Ven. .- Two Gentlemen of Venice. Shirley (1639). Gifxbrd, 1833.

George: George-a~Greene+ Greene (1590). A. B. £)., 1810.

Gipsies': Gipsies* Metamorphosis. Jonson (1621). Barry Cornwall, 1838.

Gipsy : Spanish Gipsy. Middleton and Rowley (1633). Mermaid, 1887.

Goblins: The Goblins. Suckling (1638). Hasslitt. 1892.

Goddesses : Vision of the Twelve Goddesses. Daniel {1604). Grosart, 1883-96.

Gold. Age : Golden Age. T. Heywood (1505). Pearson, 1874.

G. Age JRest. : Golden Age Restored. Jonson (a 615). Barry Cornwall, 1838,

Good Wife : fforo a Man may Choose a Good Wife from a Bad* Cooke (1602). Tud, Fac. Texts.

Goosecap : Sir Giles Goosecap. Chapman ? (1606). Tud. Fac. Texts.

Gorboduc : Gorboduc. Norton and Sackville (1592). A. B. JO.* 18*0.

Government : Glass of Government. Oas coign e (1573). Tud. Fac. Texts.

Great Duke „• Great Duke of Florence. Massinger (1627), Mermaid, 1887.

Greene's Quoque : Greene* s Tu Quoque. Cooke (1609^. A. B. Z>., 1810.

Grim : Grim the Collier of Croydon. J. T. (1599). A. J5. £»., x8io.

Grissil : Patient Grissil. Dekker, Chettle, Haughton (1598). F&alone &oc. Jtteprmts, 1909

Guardian: The Guardian. Massinger (1633), Mermaid, 1887.

Gulls : Isle of Gulls. Day (1605). O. £. D., 1830.

Gurton : Gammer Gurton's Needle, Stevenson (1552). Hawkins, O. E. D., 1773.

Ham.: Hamlet. Shakespeare (1602). Globe, x 88 1.

Hannibal: Hannibal and Scipio. Nabbes (1635). Bullen, O. iff. P., Second Series.

Heart : Broken Heart. Ford (1629). Mermaid, 1888.

Hector: Hector of Germany. Wentworth Smith (1613). Pennsylvania University Series.

Heir : The Heir. May (x 620). A. B. Z>., x8io.

HJ. A. B. : Henry IV ', Parts I and II. Shakespeare (1598) and (1599). Globe, t88x.

Hy : Henry V. Shakespeare (1599). Globe, 1881.

H6 A. B. C. : Henry VI, Parts I, if, III. Shakespeare (1590-2). Globe, x88x.

H8 : Henry VIZI. Shakespeare and Fletcher ( x 6 x x ). Globe, x 88 x .

Hercules : Birth of Hercules. Anon. (1600). Malone Soc. Reprints, X9XS«

Hester .* Godly Queen Hester. Anon. (1525). Bang, Mater \ 1904.

Hey Hon. : Hey for Honesty. Randolph (ante 1635). Haalitt, 1875.

Histrio. : Histriomastix. Marston (ante 1599). Tud. Fac. Tenets.

Hoffman : Tragedy of Hoffman. Chettle (1602). Tud. Fac. Texts.

Hog hath Lost : Hog hath Lost his Pearl. Tailor (t6i3). .<£» B. Z>., xSxo,

Hogsdon : Wise Woman of Hoesdon. T, Heywood (1604). Mermaid, 1888,

Hollander: The Hollander. Glapthorne (1635)* Pearson, 1874.

Hon. Man : Honest Man's Fortune. Fletcher and others (^613)* Darley, 1863.

Hon. Wh. A. and B. : Honest Whore, Parts I and II. Dekker (1604). Pearson, 1873.

Ifonoria : Honoria and Mammon. Shirley (1631). Dyce, 1833.

H orestes : florestes. Pickering (1567). Tud. Fac. Texts.

Humour : Humour out of Breath. Day (1698). Mermaid, 1888,

Hum. Day. : Humorous Bay's Mirth. Chapmai ' ~

Hum. Lieut. : Humorous lieutenant. Fletc&er ( x 6 1 o), Darley, 1662.
\e: Hycke Scorner. Anon, (circ, 1500). Hawkins. O. E. ZX, 1773.
: Park : Hyde Park. Shirley (1632). Mermaid, 1888,

Mqw* tf Hymen. Jonson <x6o6). Barry Cornwall, 1838.

, , V »* oe not Goodt the Devil is in it. Dekker ( X 6 x o), Pearson, x 873 .
M. : Xfyou Know not Me, You Know Nobody. A. & B. Parts i & a. T. Heywood (1604). Pearson, 1874.

^^S^/.^/^^ft^^.^^f'te^ ^9^*833

Inconstant : The Inconstant Ladte. A. Wilson (x633>. Bliss, 1814.
J. Temple : JFnner Temple Masque. Beaumont (x6x3). Dariey, x86a.
Inner Tern. : Inner Temple Masque. Middleton (16x9)- Bullen, O, Jg. P., First Series.
Insatiate .; Insatiate Countess. Marston (16x0-3). Bullen, O. E. P., Second Series.
Irish : Irish Masque. Jons on (16x3). Barry Cornwall. 1838.

Iron Axe A & B ; Iron Age. A & B. Parts x 6c a. T. Heywood (1596). Pearson, 1874*
Ironside : Edmond Ironside. Anon, (ante x64a). Bullen. O. M. #.> Second Series.
Itat.Gent..~ Two Italian Gentlemen. Munday (1582). Malone Soc. Reprints.
Italian ; fust Italian. Davenant ( x 629) - Maidment and Logan, x 872 .

«achDrwn : Jack grum's Entertainment. Marston (1600). Simpson, Sch. of Shahespear*, x$78»
acob :r^°£ and $sau* Anon' (antft I^S8), Hazlitt^s Dodsley ii.

,

IV : James IV* Greene (1590). Dyce. x&sr.

. C. .- Juhus Gcesar. Shakespeare (i 60 x). Globe, 1881.

Lovers : Jealous Lovers. Randolph (1632),

18x0.

•yew of Malta. Marlowe (1589). Mermaid. 1887.

r* Trag. : Jetoes Tragedy. Iteming (1638). iiang, Mater.

st* :jf°casto- Gascoigne (1566). CunlirTe. 1906.

<- — ^~~ " _rf •-— — •>»•» •wcfewwiKftA.Vi V^^W/. V^rUlAAJ Ai.V. X9OO.

l^n^.^n^th^'^^^^\' Camdengoc., x838.

*" ^a^el'' Jo/mthe Evangelist. Anon, (ante xs57). Malone Soc. Reprints. 1907.
tin Kent f John a Kent and John a Cumber. Munday (X595>. Shakespeare Society. \\
tier ; Jackjuggler. Anon. (1553-8). Tud. Fac. Texts.

hJ^3&S££ ^ever ?IS So). Hkwkiiu. O. E. £>.» J773-

King and No King. Beaumont and Fletcher (i6x*x)." Stermaid, 188

2)» Shakespeare Apocrypha.

Knave. S. Rowley (i594)< Tud* -F<*?. T*xt*.

*"*' ***** ***** ^**^ ^^^ *"* *********

/ Lafy Mofhttr' ^ ^ptSc«M (1635). Bullen, O. B. P., Second Series.
Laelta ; Laelia. Anon. (xgoo). Moore Smith, xoxo.
Landgartha : X^andgartha. Burnell (1639). O. E. D.t 1824,
JUarwn \: J^arum for London. Anon. (1598). Tud. Fac. Texts.

'. Fac. Texts*

xiv*

T&~— continued

Leaguer .- Holland's J^eaguer. Marmion (1633). Maidment and Logan, 1875.

X*ear : JKing I^ear. Shakespeare (1606). Globe, x88x,

Lethe: Masque of Let he, Jonson (1617). Barry Cornwall, 1838.

liberality ; Ltbtrality and Prodigality. Anon. (1565). Malone Soc. Reprints, 1913-

JLihe ; JUike Will to Like. Fulwell (1561). Tud. iPac. Texts*

Lingua : Lingua. Tomkis (but attrib. to Brewer) (1603). A. B. £>., xSxo.

L. L. L+ ; Love's Labour's Lost, Shakespeare. (1580). Olobe, 1 88 1.

JLocrine : JLocrine. Peele (1586). Shakespeare Apocrypha (1908).

Look About : Look About xou. Wadeson (1594-0). Malone Soc. jxeprmzs, 1913.

Looking Glass : Looking Glass for London and .England. Greene and Lodge (XS$Q). Tud. Fac. Texts.

f ^_j. r _JK. _ r .A v »- . -r*.~^.^r t _ ^L _ ^.v * *__UJL^»^ r^ »_> " ^ f

Lost Lady .- Lost Lady. Barclay (1637), Hazlitt'9 JDodsley xii.

Love ®* .Forrw/K? .- Triumphs of Lov* and Fortune. Anon. (j«j8a), Z>od$tey vi.

Love //on. ; Love and Honour. Oavenant 0*634). Maidment and Logan,
Lave Freed : Love Freed from Ignorance and Folly * Jonson (x6xo). Barry Cornwall, 1838.
Love Maze ; Love in a Maze. Shirley. See Changes, The.
Love Rest. .* Love Restored. Jonson (x6ia)» Barry Cornwall, 1838,
Z*0t«? Tricks : Lotse Tricks. Shirley (x6a<). r>yce» 1833.
Lover: Bashful Lover. Massinger (1635). Oirtord, 1805.
Lover's Melon. ; Lover's Melancholy. Ford (x6a8). Mermaid, 1888.
Lover's Prog. .*• Lover's JF*ro#r*$f. Fletcher and Massin&er (1623). Darley, 1862.
Love's Cruelty .• Love's Cruelty* Shirley (x63x). I>yceT x»33.
JL0tie*$ JMfeta, .* Love* $ Metamorphosis. Lyly (x 588—9). Fairholt, 1892,.

Love's Triumph ; Love** Triumph through Catlipolis* Jonson (x63x). Barry Cornwall, 1838.
Love's^ Welcome : Love's Welcome at BoUover* Jonson (1634). Barry Cornwall, 1838.
Lovesick Ct .* Lovesick Court. Brome (1627). Pearson, 1873.
Lovesick King .- Lovesick King. Brewer (1604).
Lucr. : The Rape of Lucrece* Shakespeare (1593). Globe,
~ - - * :*. T. Heywood <x6o3i: I"
Dominion. Hau&:hton»

„„ , tferry JBeggars. Brome (1641).

Mac. f Macbeth. Shakespeare (x 606). Globe, x88x.

Madam f Ctity Madam. Masainger Jxdx^), Mtrmaid, x887-

Mad Lover «* Mad Lover. Fletcher (xdxo). Oarley, 1862.

Mad World „» Mad World My Mastw. Middleton ?x6o6). A. B. JD., xSxo,

Magdalene : Mary Magdalene* Wager (1566), Tud. Fac. Texts.

Magnetic ; Magnetic Lady. Jonson (1633). Barry Cornwall, 1838.

Magnificence f Magnificence. Skelton ( x 533). Tud . Fac. Texts.

Lucrece .* Rape of Lucre*:*. *I*. Heywood (1603). Mermaid. 1888.

Lust's Oomin, : Lust's Dominion. Haug;hton» Oay, and Oekker (1599). Pickering, 1826*

M. Beggars • Merry Eteggars. Brome (1:641), A* /*.£>., 1810.

Maidenhead: Maidenhead well Lost. 1. Meywood (x633). Pearson, 1874.

Maid in Mill ; Maid in the Mill. Fletcher and Rowley (1633). Oarley, 1863.

Maid If on. .• Maid of Honour. M»ssin|fer (xdaz). Mermaid. 1887.

Maid of W*st A. & B. : Faxr Maid of the West> Parts I and II. T. Heywood (ante x6oa)» Pearson, 1874.

Maid's Meta. .* Maid's Metamorphosis. Lvly Osoo). Bullen, O. E. JP., First Series, vol. i*

Maid's JRsv. : M aid's JR^tnrnsr*. &5h»rley (ioa6). Dyee, 1833,

Maid's Trag. .• Maid's Tragedy. Beaumont and Fletcher (1609). Mermaid^ 1887.

Malcontent f Malcontent, Marston (1600). A.* B. £>.» xBxo.

Malfi ; Duchess of Matfi* Web&ter (x6x6). Mermaid, 1888.

Malta : Knight of Malta. Fletcher and Maaaingcr (16x9)* Darley, i86a.

Mankind ; Mankind. Anon. (1450). Tud, JPac* T*xte.

Mariam : Mariam Pair Qua&n of $et*)ry. Lady Carey (x6xa). Malon* Soc. Reprints, 19x4.

Mart* Soldier .• Martyred 6W4x*r» H. Shirley (ante x6a7). Button, O. B* P*, F*r*t Serie».

Massacre at JParts* Marlowe (1593). Dyee,

_ _ loyal Master. Shirley (163 8). JDyce, 1833.

Match : City Match* Mayne (x&ag). A* B. Z>.» x8xo.

Match m* .• Match m* in London* Dekker (x6x x-*a3>. Pearson, x 87

Match AdTfW. : Match at Midnight* W. Rowley (1623). A. B. JD., x8xo*

Matilda : Jfohn and Matilda* JDavenport (1624)- Bullet*, O. jE?. JP.» Second Series. Vol. ii*

May JOay * May Day* Chapman (1601). Parrott, XQX3.

Meax. ; Measure for Measure, ShAkespcare (1603), Globe, x 88 x.

Metlida : slntoniu and Meltida. Maraton (1590). Mulane *Vor. Reprints t 1931.

M&rch* f Merchant of Venic«. Shakespeare (1506), <Glob«, 1881,

Mercury; Mercury Vindicated. Jonson (16x5)* Barry Cornwall^ 183 8.

Merlin ." Birth of Merlin* W, Rowley (cure. x6oo). Shakespeare Apocrypha. 1008.

Merry Devil : Merry Devil of Kdmctn t&n. Drayton and other* (1600). A. B. £>.» xSxo.

Merry Play t Merry JPtay b<tttue«n Jahan the husband. Tib his wife, etc. J« Heywood (1533)- Tud. JPac* Texts*

Mttssalina f Mess aim a > Richards (x637>. Bang1* Mater* xxx,

Michaelmas ; Michaelmas Term,, Middleton. ( it 004),, Bullcn, O.E. P., Firat Serie*.

Micr&t&smus ; Microcosmus,, Nfibbes (x634). -4.J3. JD., x8xo.

Midas: Midas. Lyly (x 580). Fairholt, 1807*

Mid. Tifmp. : Middle Temple Masque, Chapman (x6*3). Shepherd, 1874.

Milan: i>uk# of Milan. Mnaain^er (x6ao)» Mermcda^ x887.

Milkmaids : Two Merry Mithmends. Cumber (16x9). Tud. F&c. Texts.

Misfort. Arth, ; Misfortunes of Arthur. Hu«Vie« ana others (1587). Orumbine, 1900.

Misogonus : Misos&nus* Ry char dea or Johnson ? (1560-77). Anon. Plays, 1906*

Mistress ; JCfDtw'f A&ixtrex *. T* Heywood (1634). ptiaraon, 31874.

M* N~ D* .* Midsummer Night's Dream. ShuKespenre (1595). Olobe, x88x-

Moor .- JPnylith Moor. Brome (1636), Pearson, 1873-

More f &ir Thomas More. Anon. (1500). Shakespeare Apocrypha ^ 1908.

Morecl&cke : Two M&idx of M&rtclacke, Amain (x6oS). Tud, Iff ac. Texts.

Mortimer: JFall of Mortimer, Jonson (x637>. Barry Cornwall, 1838,

Mountebanks; Masque of Mountebanks, Ma.r*ton (x6i8). Shakespeare Soc^ 1848.

Mucedorus : Mucedorux. Lod«e (1588-08). Shake*

MuU*<zxs*s r MulUaxsex the Turk* Ma*on (1607). &

Mutes* : Muses' Looking Ota* s. Randolph (1634). <r».**.

Musttzpha ,* Mustapha* Greville (1606). Groaart, 1870.

Nature; Nature. Med well (1500). Brandl** iQueUen.

Neptune* t : Neptune's Triumph, Ton*on (16x4). Barry Cornwall, 1838.

JSfero « Tragedy of Nero» Aj&on* ?xoi3>3,)« Mdt-entMt&dt xS8>S*

JVtfw Custom : Netty Custom. Anon. (x£63>. tlaaiitt** Dodxley Hi.

^ftfwJTmf ,* ^>«f»/im. Jonaon (1639). T^ra Cornwall, xf$8» «, » « «^

>{*w^v*r.' ^»to J^o«r JgrnfcBrta»«tf«nt. Middleton (x 6 13). BxiUen, O. JR. l» 3E^jr»tg«d«u

JVm T^oA .- New Trick & Cheat the DevU. £)mv«npctft (idas)- Bxillen, O. E. P., Third Series.

B — continued

"Way .- Jfow Way to pay Old X>ebts. Massin&er <t6»s), Mermaid, 1887,
'Wonder : Mew Wonder. W. Rowley (1631). Hazlitt*s £>odsley xu.
Wor/df .* Wetus from JV«t« World. Jonson <x6ai)» Barry Cor nwall, 1838.

'

. .

JST*c« W/rfnfcm .• JVtc* Wanton. T, R. (154,7— S3>. Hasditt's JDodstey ii.
Nightcap : Gity Nightcap, IDavenport (1034), A* J9. -D.» xSxo.
Rfighttxtalker r Jtfighttoalker. Fletcher and Shirley (1614). Darley, i86a.
2tfoi>le Ladies ; Two Noble Ladies. Anon. (1619). Bull en, O. .#. P. ii.
Noble Soldier : Noble Soldier* S. R, (x63i). TW. jPVM. Texts.
Nobody : Nobody and Somebody. Anon, (xsoa). Sirapson, £$ch« of Shahs, a*.
Northern .• Northern JLass. Brome (1630). Pearson, 1873.
Northward .* Northward Hoe, Oekker and Webster (x6os)» Hasilitt, 1897.
Novella : Novella* Brome (1632). Pearson, 1873.

No Wit .- No Wit no Help like a Woman's. Middleton (1613). Bullen. O. E- JP*, First Series.
Oberon : Oberor* the JFaery Prince. Jonson (x6ix), Barry Cornwall, 1838.
Obstinate : Obstinate Lady. Cockayne (1638). Maidment and Ix>gan, 1874.

Oct&vza ." The Virtuous Octa-uia* Brandon ("1508). JWatone £foc. Reprints, xgoo. /

O Ideas tie .• Sir John Oldcastle (First Part). Orayton and others (1598). Shakespeare j%po<;ryph&¥ 1908,
Old Couple s Old Couple. May (1619)^ ^l. ^EJ. Z>., 1810.
Old Law s Old Z,aw. Middleton and Rowley (15^9-1607), Bullen, O. JET. P«> First Series.

.

Old HPxTxwr* .- Old Wives' Tale. Peele (1590). Morley, 1887.
Opportunity ,- The Opportunity. Shirley (1634). Oyce, 1833-
Ordinary ; The Ordinary. Cartwright (1634). -<3, ,#.£>.» iSxo-

Ordinary ; &hanke*$ Ordinary. J. Shanked (162:4). Ma tons Vau. Shafts, in, 29 x.
Orlando: Orlando fttrioso. Oreene (1592). Oyce, 1831.
Oth. .- Othello the Moor of Venice. Shakespeare (1604). Olobe, i88x.
Otvls .- The Masque of Owls. Jonson (x6a6). Barry Cornwall, 1838.
JP^zn .- Fan's Anniversary . Jonson <i6ao). Barry Cornwall, 1838.

JParasitaster ,- Parasitaster or the JP&wn, Mar»ton (1604). Kullen, Second Series^ 1887*
JPardoner : jpardoner and JFriar. J. Hey wood (1540)* Tud. £?ac» Texts*
JParl. JBees : Parliament of Bees. May 0^641)* M&rmaidft 1868.
JParl. JLove ; Parliament of Love. Mass&njrer Cx63t4>. OitTord, 1840.
Parson .• Parson's Wedding. Killifirrew <*635). <&.&.£>., Jt8xo.
Partially Partiall X*ato. Anon. (1620-30),

Pastoral ." JPotiVy Pastoral. Percy (j;6ox>. tlasle-wood, 183:4.
Peace; Triumph of Peace, Shirley (1633)^ fr£#rma*d, i8B8

Pedantius. Win^field or Forsett (xs8x). Smith in Ban#,

Pedlar ; Pedlar*s Prophecy* Wilsor* (x 590)* JMt&tone Soc. ,"" '
Penates ? Penates* Jonson (1604). Barry Cornwall, 1838,
Per. : Pericles t Prince of Tyre. Shakespeare (x 60 8). Globe, _^_,_
Pestle .- JKnight of the Burning Pestle. Beaumont and Fletcher (1607). Mermaid, *$$<?«
PAilaster ; Philaster* Beaumont and Fletcher (1609). Mermaid^ 1887-
Philotat ,- Phi/o tas. Daniel (x 600—4)- Orosart tit.
Philottts ; Philotus. Anon, (x 600). j&annatyne Olitb, xSjjs.
Phosnix .- The Phoenix. Middleton (1607). Bullen, O. *£* P^ First Series,
Picture: The Picture. Massinger (1629). OirTord, 1840.
Pilgrim: The Pilgrim* Fletcher J!x6ax). £>arleyt> i86a.

Pilgrimage : Lovers Pilgrimage* Fletcher and Shirley (1:635). Oarley, 1863.
Pilg. Pernass. : Pilgrimage to Pernastfus. Anon. (1598). Miacray, 1880.
Platonic ; Platonic Lover*. Oavenant (x63s). Maidment and X^offan, 1877.
Playhouse : Playhouse to be Z*6£. Oavenant (1663), Maidment and Coijart,
Play of JLove .• Play of Love. J- Heywood (xsss). Tud. JPae. Texts*
Pleasure -• Lady oj Pleasure. Shirley (1635). MLermaid^ *888*

Pleasure Reconciled : Pleasure Reconciled to virtue* Jonson (x6iS). Barry Cornwall*
Plymouth : Wetosfrotn Plymouth. Oavenant (1635). Maidment and JLog;un, "
Poetaster ^ The Poetaster. Jonson <i6ox). Mfermaid, 1893—4.
Politician j The^ Politician. Shirleyjx639)- JDyce, *8s

1 ( •

Pomp. Goes. .* Wars of Pompey and C&sar. Chapman (x6o4^, Parrott,

Poverty .- Impatient Poverty. Anon. (1560). Tud. Fate. Texts.

Prentices ," Pour Prentices of London. T. Heywood (1504). ^l. JS. JD., xSxo.

Privilege; Ladies* Privilege. Olapthorne (x 63 s>. Pearson, 1874*

Priste : Woman** Prixe. Fletcher (1606). £>arley> 1862.

Prodigal .- London Prodigal* Anon. (1603). &haJkesj>e&re ^Lpocrypha^ 1908.

Promises -• God's Promises. Bale (1538). Haxlitt's £>vdstey L

Promos : Promos and Cassandra, whetatone (1578). Hasslitt, Shakes. Libr* vs.

Prophetess .• The Prophetess. Fletcher and Massinnrer (x6aa), JDarley, 1:862,.

Puritan; The Puritan. Anon, (x 606) » Shakespeare Apocrypha, 1908.

Quarrel .- Pair Quarrel. Middleton and Rowley (x6x6;» Mermaidt 1890.

Queen ; The Queen. Ford (ante 1642). Bang*. Ivtater* xiii,

Queen's Arcadia .• Queen's Arcadia. Oaniel (xoo«j), Orosart* 1883— 96*

Queen*s JESxch. : Queen* s Exchange* Brorne (x6aa). Oyce, 1869 -9 5-

Queens : Masque of Queens. Jonson (1609). Barry Cornwall, 1838.

Quinborough .- Jfrfayor of Quinbor&ugh* Middleton '1596). *£. &« />., i8ro,

JR. G1. «* Roaring Girl. Middleton (x6xo). JVFermaid, x887*.oo.

Ram : Ram <A/ley, or Merry Tricks. Barry (s6oo). ^t. B. ZX, xSxo.

Rare Triumphs .- Rare Triumphs of Love and Fortune (1583). Hazlitt** Dodstey vi.

Rebellions The Rebellion. RawJins (1639). ^at. JS. />., rSxo.

Ftencgado : The Henegado. Massmger u<>*4)* Oififord» 1840.

Respublica .- Respublica (xsS3>- Brand!, Quetlen.

Resurrection : The Resurrectton- Arxon, (*5th century). J£» E. T* &., 1896,

J^«*. Parnass, : Return ftom Parnassus. Anon. (x6oa). w4, B />., xKxo.

JR<w. Hon. .- Revenge for Honour. Chapman or Olapthorne (1624). Parrott* 19x3*

Rev. Bussy : Reve nge of Bitssy £>'d,tnhois. Chapman (1604). Mermaid* 2895.

Revenger ,- Revenger's Tragedy. Tourneur (1606), Mermaid,, 1888.

Rhodes .• Siege of Rhodes. t>avcnant (1636). Maidmcnt and t^o«an, 2879,

Rst .• Richard //. Shakespeare (1594). Olobe, x 88 1.

R$ ; Richard JIJC. Shakespeare (1503). Olobe, 1 88 1.

Riches; ffonour and Riches* Shirley (1:633). Oyc«s. x833»

Riddle .- JLoue*s Riddle. Cowley (x63sX Works. X7«x.

Roister .- Ralph Roister Doister. Udall (1534-43:). O. &. X>.t 1:830.

Rom, : Romeo and Juliet. Shakespeare (xs9%). Olobe, x88x*

Royal King ; Royal King and JLoyal Subject. T- Heywood (x6i8), Pcjyr«on»

xvi*

LIST B — continued

Rule a W&e ." Rut* a Wife and have a Wife. Fletcher (1634). Darley, .

Rutland: Entertainment at Rutland Hoiits. Diwerumt (1650). Maidment and I^ogan, 1873.

Sacrifice : Lovers Sacrifice t Ford (x6"$o), AferwwrcW, x8B8.

Sad On* : Sad One. Suckling < x 640). Haselitt. xBoa.

Salmacida ; Salmacida Spot* a. Davenant 0640), Maidment and Logan, 1873*

Sapho : Sapho and Phao. Lyly (1581). Fair ho It, 1892.

Satifo. .* £?atir&m&$ttx* Dekker { 1 602) . Pearson, 1873.

Satyr r T/ra *S«*yr. Jonaon (1603). Barry Cornwall, 1858.

*&c&rttfut f Scornful Lady, Beaumont and Fletcher (1609), Darley, 1862.

;Sfco*. Jft"*ffr. .- Scottish Politick Presbyter (1647). fXarleian Mxtc. vL

Sea Voyag* : Sea TScyage* Fletcher and Massinger (1623). Darley, 1862.

Search ,* Search for Monty* W. Rowley (1609), Percy SSoc. Publ. iu, 1840.

<Sftf, Maid. : Second Maiden's Tragedy* Anon. (x6xx). Malone Soc* Reprints*

Set anus ; Sej anus his Fall. Jonson (1603). JMCerm&*dt 1803™- 4*

jSfflitnus .- Sctimus. Greene (x«;88). Grosart, 1808.

Servant ; Grateful Servant* Shirley (1629). Gifford, 1833,

<&«tum JDays ; Seven Days of Week. Anon. (1607). Misc. Ant* Anglicana i» 39,

Shepherd : Sad Shepherd. Jonaon (16x4). Barry Cornwall, 1838.

Shepherdess ; Faithful Shepherdess. Fletcher (1608). Mermaid* 1887.

Shepherd. HoL : Shepherd* $ Holiday. Rutter (x634>. Hasclitt's Oodsley xii*

Shoemaker ; Shoemaker a Gentleman* W. Rowley <i6jo). Stork, xoxo.

Shoemaker** t Shoemaker's tXotiday* Dekker (1597-9). Mermaid, x888.

Shrew ; Taming of the Shretv. Shakespeare (1596). Globe, x88x.

Siege .- The Siege. Cartwright ( 1 637). x 65 1 .

Siege : The Siege. Davenant (xoa9)« Maidment and L.ogan, 1873.

&. dLge f Silver <&ge. T. Hey wood (1595)* Pearson. 1874,

Sir y. J&amwvtU .* Sir pohn van Olden &&rna<uelt. Anon. (x6i9>» Bullen, O. J£. Jf*., First Series*

Sisters ; The Sisters. Shirley (1642). Oyce. 1833,

Slave r Royal Slave. Cartwright (1636). xosx.

Solyman : Solyman and Perseda. Kyd (1588). 7V«T. J?«w. Texts.

Sophonisba : Sophonisba* or Wonder of Women. M»r»ton (1606), Bull en, O. E» P., Second Series.

Sophy: The Sophy. Denham (1641 }.

Span. Cwr. .* Spanish durate* Fletcher and Massingcr (1622). lVtermaidf 1887.

Span. Peru : Cruelties of the Spaniards in Peru. Davenant. Maidment and Logan, 1872.

*^- Tra*. ; Spawkh TragedyT Kyd (1586)* A *&.&., 1810.

&£ ." Sparagus Oarden. Brome (1035). Pearson. 1873.

...ng ." Sprtng*9 Glory. Nabbes (1638). Bullen, O. K. P., Second Series.
.taple s Staple of JSfews. Jonson (1625). Barry Cornwall, 3838.
St. Patrick ; £amt Patrick for Ireland. Shirley (1639)* Dyce^ 1833.
Straw s Jack Straw. Anon. ( x 587) Tud. JFac. Texts.

Stuctey »• History of Captain titucky. Anon. <x$96>. Sch. of Shakespeare i.
Subject ; Z+oyal Subject. Fletcher fx6x8). l>arley» x86a.

Sttmrners : Summers Last Will and Testament* Nash <x$92)» IlazJitt'a Dodsley viii.
** Darling. XDekker and Ford (1624) Dyce, 1869-95.

Supposes. Oascoigne (5:566), CunlifTc^ 2007.

tfwtttn&m the Woman Hater. Anon. (i6t8>. Tud« JPac* Texts.

he Afatissffr* Wilson (1631)* FeuiUenit, 1904-
Tamb. & and B : Tamburtame the Great* Parts I and 11. Marlowe (1587). Mermaid, 1887-
Taming of a Shrew : Tawing of a Shrew* Anon. (1588), HmsHtt, tghaktipeare Library.
: Tancrtd and Oismonda, Wilnaot (1596). Hazlitt's jVods/ty vii,

Tarrietft .* Tide Tarrieth for No Man. Wapuli<xs76>, Tud. JPac. Texts.

Temp, f Tempest. Shiikejipettre ( x 6 x o). Globe » x 88 x ,

Temple: Temple of JL&vm. Oavenunt (1634), Maidment and 1-ojHan,

Temptation t Temptation ofottr JLord. Bute (1538)* Tud. JFac. Texts.

Tennis t World Tost at Tennis. Middleton <x6ao). BuIIen. O. &. P,, Fir«t Series.

. . .

3TA* Jbonger s The Longer thou Littest the more yool Thou. Wager (xs99>. Tud. J^ae* Texts.
Thersites ,* Tker sites. Anon* (1537), Haaelitt** &odsl#y i.
Thierry s Thierry and Theod&ret. Fletcher and Mattsingcr and another <x6x7). Darley, s:86».
Thomas .* Monsieur Thomas. Fletcher (1619). l^«rlcy, 1862.
Thracian .* Thr&cian Wonder. Rowley u 598). Hasflttt** Webster t x8o7*

TAr«r* ladies f Thre* Ladies of London. Wilson (^583). ,

Tttre$ Lordt : Three fiords and Three Ladies of Lvnd&n, Wilson (x$8s). Tud, Pac. Texts.

Tibsriu* : Tragedy «/ Tibvrim* Anon. (x6a7)« M&tens £foe. JK$prmtft 1914.

Tim. : Timon of A than*. Shake*pear« < x 607). Globe, x 88 x .

Time FtVttf. ,* Time Vindicated* Jonaon (xoas), Barry Cornwall, 1838.

Timon f Ttwion. Anon. (xooo). Ha;siitt*a &hak«spear« Library*

*TOr jFVty ; *T& Pity she*s a Whw** Ford (1637}. Merm&i^ x888.

Tit,? Titus Andronicus, HhakeHp care (1588) . CJlobe, x88x.

Tom TyUr s T«m 7V'<y and His Wtff, Anon. (1550-69), MA/OIM* iSotf. JReprints, 19x0.

T&tenhtxm s T&ttnhtim C*«*»rc* Nabbca <x<>33>. ItuUen. O» JB. /*». Second H«ri«».

jTc«aif*/cM JM^,JP. f Tatmtrtfy Mtfst&ryt f*l&yf. Anon, dstn century). JB. ££• T» *&V 1897,

7V«v. jHtyron .• Tragftty of Byron. Chapman (x6o£). Mxrmaidj 1895.

2>435jsf. JRt^Atdf, JTJT. .• 7Vflv«av «/ RUhurd //. Anon. (1591). *SVm«*. y&hrbwh xxxv.

TH<* 7V«yr. .* TVw* Tr##*&y */ &*$h*&4 I//* Anon. (X59X>* llaalitt** &fmft«sp<stirt U&recry vi*

Tr&£t&r_: T/j* Traitor. Shirl«y J 1631 ). !>»«» 1 83 3,

« ; Tr&paltn $uptxi$$d & f*rmc<&. Cockayne (ante 1040). Maiament and XUoifan, 1874.

Tmt*«/jf ft/ 7'Ar*# £ng!M Br other r. D«y (too?). Sullen, O. J?. PM Second Senas.
.* ftrtghsh Tratwltw* T. Hcywood (1632)* M^rm^nW^ x888.

.. .• 7V*«J! «tf TV#«*Kr*» Anon* <x 565). 7W. JP«e, Tjwr^t*

Lady's Trml. Ford <i638), Bnf. JDramat^ 1875*

i Catch : 7>*VA to Catch th* Old OM«* Middleton (1606)* O. ,2L Z>,, 1830*
_ , -^.-^.li J^(e«l^ r 3>»t»f!^A «/ B*mi|y» Shirley (1643), Dyce, 1833.

Triumph D#ath .* TWiMwm ofD*aeh> Honour* ZTotW, <mtf 7Vm<. Beaumont and Fletcher (1608). Darley
Triumph Health f Th# Triumphs of Health and Proxfcerity, Middktton (1636). Bullcn. D. »&\ P0 First Series,

Triumph Tnttlk f Th# THmt of Truth. Middl«ton Cxx$), BuU«n. O. ft, Pn First Series,
TWw>*i|>^t Lav* : Trfamfcitt of lav* and For*»m«* Anon. C i5»a). Haalitt's J&od*l*y vi»
TroiL : Troilttt and <2r#**ida* Shake«p«ar« <i6o6). Globe, i88x*

Troubt*, Reign A and M ; Ttembtetom* ^Sfanof Kin* John. Anon. (xs88). I lazlitt, Shahtsptar* Library v.
.- Tale of a Tub* Jfonfton (1604). Barry Cornwall, 1838.
O^rtt. -* Two Gentl»m*n of Verona, Shakespeare (1591)- Olobet x88 z.
Twttfth Nisht, ShikespeArC<t6ox). Clobi, ifei.

Lainentabi* Trox*di#*, Yarrinjfton (1599). Bulten, O. Jff. P., Fir«t Seriea.

xvii.

LIST B — continued

U. Lovers : Unfortunate Lovers. Davenant (1638). Maidment and Logan, 1872.
Unfort. Mother : Unfortunate Mother. Nabbes (1638). Bulien, O. JB. P., Seconc
Undenvit : Captain Underwit. Cavendish (1630), Bulien, O. &. P., First Series,

Unn&t. Com. : Unnatural Combat. Massinger u62t). Gifford, 1840.
Ushor : Gentleman Usher. Chapman (1601). Parrott, 1913.
Valentin* ; VaUntinian. Fletcher (161:7). Mermaid, 1887,
Valour : ,N*c« Valour. Fletcher and Middieton (1614). Darley, 1862.
Vol. Welsh : The Valiant Welshman. Armin (1505). Tud. Fac. Texts.

Virgin : Virgin Martyr. Massinger and Dekker (1620). Mermaid, 1887.

Vision ; Vision of Delight. Jonson (1617). Barry Cornwall, 1838.

Vittoria ; Vittoria Corombona. See White Devil.

Volpone : Volpone% or the Fox. Jonson (1606). Mermaid, 1893-4.

Vow.; Vow-Breaker. Sampson (1636). Bang, Mater, xlii.

Wales : For the Honour of Wales. Jonson (1618). Barry Cornwall, 1863.

Wallenstein : Albertus Wallenstein. Glapthorne (1634-8). Pearson, 1874.

Warbeck ; Perkin Warbeck. Ford (1633). Mermaid, 1888.

Weakest : Weakest Goeth to the Wall. Webster and Dekker ? (1600). Malone Soc. Reprints,

Wealth .• Wealth and Health. Anon. (1557). Malone Soc. Reprints, 1907.

Weather : Play of the Weather. J. Heywood (iS33)- Tud. Fac. Texts.

Weathercock : ' Woman is a Weathercock. Field (161 1). O. JE. IX, 1830.

Wedding : The Wedding. Shirley (1626). Dyce, 1833-

Westward : Westward Hoe. Dekker and Webster (1603-4). Hazlitt's Webster, 1897.

When You : When You See Me You Know Me. S. Rowley (1604). Tud. Fac. Texts.

White Devil : White Devil. Webster (x 6 xx). Mermaid, x»88.

Widow : The Widow. Middleton and Others (16x6-25)* A. B. D.t x8xo.

Wid. Wat. St. : Widow of Watling Street. See Puritan.

Widow's Tears : Widow's Tears. Chapman (1605). Parrott, X9X3.

Wife: Wife for a Month. Fletcher (1624). Dnrley, 1862.

Wild Goose : Wild Goose Chase, Fletcher (x62x). Mermaid, 1887,

W. T. : Winter's Tale. Shakespeare (x6xo). Globe, x88x.

Wisdom : Wisdom. Anon, (xsth century). Tud. Fac. Texts.

Wise Men : Two Wise Men and All the Rest Fools. Anon. (1619). Tud. Fac Texts.

Wit & Science ; Marriage of Wit and Science. Redford (1560), Hazlitt's Dodsley ii.

Wit Off Wisdom : Marriage of Wit and Wisdom. Anon, (iS79). Shafts. *S»V., 1846,

Wit Money : Wit Without Money. Fletcher (1614). DarTey* 1862.

Wit S. W. : Wit at Several Weapons. Fletcher and Rowley (x6o8), Darley, x86a»

Wit : Wit in a Constable. Glapthorne (1639). Pearson, 1874.

Wit Woman : Wit of a Woman. Anon, (1604). Malone Soc. Reprints. 19x3.

Witch: The Witch. Middleton (1623). A.B.D., xBxo,

Witches : Late Lancashire Witches. T. Heywood (1633). Pearson, 1874,

Witless ; Wittv and Witless. J. Heywood (circ. 1535). Tud. Fac. Texts.

Wits : The Wits. Davenant (1634). A. B. D., 1810.

Woman Hater: Woman Hater. Beaumont (x 606). Darley, x86»*

Woman in Moon : Woman in the Moon. Lyly (1591-3), Fairholt. x8oa.

Woman Killed : Woman Killed with Kindness. T. Heywood (1603). Mermaid, 1888,

Women JBeware ; Women Beware Women. MiddletonXxfoa). O. K Z>., 1830.

Women Pleased : Women Pleased. Fletcher (1620). Darley, x86a.

Wonder ; Wonder of a Kingdom. Defckcr (1023). Pearson, 1873.

World Child : World and tke ChUd Anon. (circ. 1500). HazHtt's Dodsley i,

Wounds ; Wounds of Civil War. Lodge (xs87-»Qo), Malone Sw, Reprints.

Wyatt : Str Thomas Wyatt. Dekker (x6oa). Hazlitt's Webster, 1897.

York M. P. : York Mystery Plays. Anon, (xsth century). Lucy T* Smith, 1885.

York. Trag. : Yorkshire Tragedy, Anon. (1605). Shakespeare Apocrypha, 1908.

Youth ; Youth (circ. 1550). Hazlitt's Dodsley il

LIST C

(The principal non-dramatic Poets quoted for purposes of illustration. In the case of Milton, every place name in bin potrn* h»* b«Mm
dealt with ; in the rest, mainly such as illustrated the usage of the Dramatists. It has not been thought ncewnary to include in thi*
list poems from which only one or two quotations have been taken.)

Browne, W, : Britannia's Pastorals (1613).

Bulien, A. H. : An English Garner (1903).

Chaucer, G. : Canterbury Tales (1386). Globe, 1890, (C. T1.).

Daniel, S. : History of the Civil Wars (1595)* Grosart, 1885.

Davies, Sir John : Nosee Teipsum (1599). Orchestra 1 1596, Bulien, in English Gamer.

Donne, J. : Poems (1633). Grosart, 1872.

Drayton, Michael : Potyolbion (161:3) (folyolb.}. Barons' Wars, 1603, English Potts,

Hall, Joseph : Satires (1597).

Heywood, Thomas : Pleasant Dialogues (I037J. Pearson, 1874 (Dialogues).

Langland, William : The Vision concerning Piers Ploughman (X362-92). Skeat, 1886 (A"«ri)»

Lydgate, John : London Lickfienny (circ, 1400), H, Moriey, Shorter Poems. Cassell, n.d.

Milton, John: Paradise Lost ^665) (P. L.). Paradise KwaM (P. JR.) tfai. Samson Agonistes (S. A.) Mfaw Petmt.

Spenser, Edmund : Faerte Queen (i 590)* Minor Poems. Globe, 1877 (F, 6,)»

t»^lor» J°hn (The Water-Poet) ; Various Poems (circ. 1630). Spenser Soe.. 1870-7,

Webster, John : Monuments of Honour (1624). Dyce, 1857.

LIST D

(List of the principal prose works quoted for illustration,)
Armin, R. : Nest of Ninnies (1608), Shakes. Soc.. 184* (Ninrtii*),
Bacchus 3ountie : Anon. (1503)* Mwbian Mitt, ii (j&edSwf)*
Bacon : Essays (1597-1 625). Whateley, 1867*

Burton : Anatomy of Melancholy (1652). London, Tegg, 1849 (A, M.\*
Coryat, T. : Crudities (x6n), Glasgow, 1905

XVlii.

LIST D— continued

Dekkcr, T. : Belman of London (1608). Grosart, x88x (Bellman),

Guh Home-Book* (1609), Saintsbury, Ehx. Pamph., 1892 (Hornbook).

Jests to Make you Merry ( 1 607). Grosart ( >$te).

Lanthorn and Candlelight (1608). Grosart (Lanthorn).

Newes from Hell ( 1 600). Grosart.

Raven's Almanack (1609). Groaart (Raven**),

Seven Deadly Sins (1606). Grosart (£«»«» Sins).

Work for Armourers ( 1 609) . Grosart (Armourers) .
Deloney, T. : Jack of Newberie (1507), Halliwell, 1850 (Newberie).

Thomas of Reading (1596). Early Eng. Prose Romances i., 71 (Reading)}
Earle, John : Microcosmographie (1628). West, 1897 (Microcos.).
Gosson, S, : Pleasant Qmps (1590). 1841.

School of Abuse. Arber, 1868.
Greene, R. : Oroatsworth of Wit (1596). Saintsbury, EKx. Pamphlets, 1892.

Thieves Falling Out (16x7). Harleian Misc. iv.
Hall, J. : Characters (1608).

Harrison, W. : Description of England ( 1577-87). Scott Library, 3:899.
Hentssner, P. : Travels in England in Reign of Elizabeth (1797). Cassell's Nat. Library.
Heylyn, P. : Microcosmtts (ioa|).

JohnsonuR. : Nine Worthies of London (1593), Harleian Misc. xii.
Lodge, T. : Reply to Gosson. Saintsbury, Bliss. Pamphtetst 1892,

Rosalynde (1590). Shakes. Library.

Lyly, J. : Bitphue$t the Anatomy of Wit (1579). Arbcr, 1868 (Ettphues Anat. Wit},
ftuphttes and his England (1580), Arber, 1868 (Euphues England).
Pappe with an Hatchet ( x 588) . Saintabury, JSttx. Pamphlets, 1 892 (.Pappe).

Montaigne : Jbssays trans, by Florio, J. (1603).

Moryson, Fynes : Itinerary (1617). Glasgow, 1907-8 (/rm.)-

News from Hell ( 1 64 1 ). Harldan Misc. i v.

Middleton, T. : Black 3ook (1604). BuU«nf 1885-6.

Father Httbburd's Tales (1604). Bullen, 1885-6 (Mubburd).
Nash, T. : ffammth yw to Saffron Walden(i$g®t Grosart, 1883-5 (Saffron Walderi).

Jack Wilton (1594)* Grosart, 1883-5

Lenten Staff (1509), Harlrion Misc. ii. (Lenten).

JNeree Penniless (1502). Grostrc^ at 883-5 (Pierce).

Wonderful Pro/nostoeation (X70x). Grosart, 1883-5.
Pennyless Parliament (x6o8), Harleian Misc. iu (Penn. Part.).
Qttiftfor Upstart Courtier (1592). Harleian Misc. ii*
Robin Conscience (1575). HaMan Misc. i.
Saint Hilary's Tears (1642). Harleian Misc. v.
Sidney, Sir Philip : Arcadia (1590). 1907.
Spiritual Courts ttpitomiased (1641), HorfaVm Misc. iv.
Stow, John : Survey of London (1598). Thorns, 1842.
Stubbea, Philip : Anatomy &f Abuses (1583). New Shakes. Soc^
Tarlton, R. : jests (1611), HftxHtt, 1864 (Tarlton's Jests).
Tarlton*s News Out of Purgatorie. Ante, 1590.
Taylort John : Carriers Cosmography (1637), Lang, Social England 1 1903 (Carriers Cosmog,),

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS COMMONLY USED IN THE BOOK

abt. about #t, grfiat *Q, orq. Queen

Archbp Archbishop *K.ork, King r. river

bdge. bridge 1, lane rd. road

Bp. Bishop Lieut. Lieutenant Richd. Richard

Oapt, Captain Lond* London *S. South, Southern, Southerly

ch, church m, mile th. shire

Col. Colonel mkt. market apt. seaport

*D. Duke * mt. mount st. street

dist, district mtn. mountain *W, West, Western, Westerly

*E, East, E»«tem» Easterly *N. North, Northern, Northerly

* Except under namei begJnmng with Nf. S. E. W., etc*, where North, South, E«»t» West, etc»» are printed itt full*

Abbreviations within a srfrian .-In most cases a list of the abbreviations used within ft section fo printed at the beginning of the section*
An a gent ml rule, however, when the name or nitmat contained in the heading of ft section are repeated within the section, the names are not
printed in full, but arc represented by the initial letter or letter* only. Word* formed from the names, or variations in the ending of the
names, are represented by the initial letter with the addition of the mcettary suffix. Kxample under Z>ute/v when this word appears within
it» particular section it it represented by the initial letter D. only, Dtr being used for Dutcher and Dman for Dutchman.

X&*

A TOPOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY TO THE WORKS OF SHAKESPEARE

AND HIS FELLOW DRAMATISTS

A

ABARIM* The range of hills stretching along the E* side
of the Dead Sea, N, of the r, Arnon* The highest peak
was Nebo or Pisgah, Milton, P* L* i* 408, describes the
land of Moab as reaching " From Aroer to Nebo and
the wild Of southmost A." The ridge of which Mt»
Nebo forms part was the N. boundary of Moab, but it
is wtongly called " southmost A/' It was rather at the
N, end of the range.

ABASSIN (i.e, ABYSSINIAN)* Abyssinia is a modern form
of Abasine, the country lying S, of Nubia, on the W* of
the Red Sea, included by the Elizabethan geographers
in ^Ethiopia Superior. Milton, P, L, iv* 380, speaks of
Mt. Amara, " where A. ks. their issue guard/' See
under Amara*

ABB AN A or ABANA (now the BABADA). A river rising in
the Anti-Lebanon range which waters the plain of
Damascus with its 7 streams, and dies away in a marsh
some 35 m» E* of the city, Milton, P* L, i, 460, speaks
of " Fair Damascus, on the fertile banks Of A, and
Pharphar, lucid streams/' Cf* H Kings v* la*

ABCHURCH LANE* A st. in Lond*, running from
Cannon St, to Lombard St*, now cut in two by K*
William St, Named from the ch» of St. Mary A., which
stands on its S,B, side* A certain Mother Wall kept a
shop there for the sale of pies. In Haughton's English"
men iv. i, Frisco says, " I have the scent of Lond. Stone
as full in my nose as A. L, of mother Wall's pasties/*
In Dekker's Northward iv. 4, the Bawd says, " I will
have * * . some of mother Wall's cakes/'

ABEHUNDIS (or ABBR HONBDHTJ), The Welsh name
for Brecknock, g.v*

ABERGANY {*'*«. ABBRGAVBNNY, for which it is still a
recognized shortening). A market town of some 5000
inhabitants in Monmouthsh. It is supposed to be the
old Roman station of Gpbannium* It gives his title to
the Lord A* mentioned in Ha L x, axx ; i* a, 137* He
was George Nevill, the $rd holder of the tine! born
I47X* He married Mary, daughter of the D* of Bucking-
ham, and was imprisoned in the Tower for concealment
of the D/s treasonable words ; but was soon released
and restored to favour* In 1530 he was the premier
baron of England, He died in 1535* The and Baron,
who was knighted at the battle of lewkesbury, h men-
tioned in Ford's Wartock uL i as George A* He
died in 1491* Henry, the 4th Baron, is mentioned in
Stucky 353, where Newton tells old Studey, " Th'
other day I saw him [voting Stucley) come up Fleet
st. with the Lord Windsor and Lord Aburganny/' His
town house was at the N* end of Ave Mary Lane. It
was subsequently bought by the Stationers' Company
for their Hall, and was destroyed in the Gt* Fire* Jon-
son, In Wales, gives a string of Welsh names beginning
with Abet—, including A*, Abercromy, Abertau, Aber-
dugledhaw, Aberhondhy, and Aberconway,

ABIDAS, ABIDOS. SeeABYDOS.

ABINGDON. An ancient town, the capital of Berks., at
the junction of the Ock and Thames, 56 m* N.W. of
Lond. It had a famous abbey, founded in the lath cent.,
of which one of the gateways may still be seen. It is the
scene of Abington; in £i. 2, Coomes boasts that he has
44 drunk all the alehouses in Abington dry." Yellow-
hammer, in Middieton's Chaste Maid, belongs to " the

Yellowhammers in Oxfordshu near A/' A* is close to the
boundary between Oxfordsh* and Berks,, some 5 or 6
m. S* of Oxford* There was a fine cross in the Market
PL, set up in the reign of Henry VI ; but it was de-
stroyed by the Puritans in the course of the Civil War
of Charles I's time. In the Conference between the
Monarchs of France and Spain (1643), the K* of France
says, " It is buzzed abroad in England that the crosses
shall all be pulled down ? of which I have heard that A*
and Cheapside crosses excell all/'
ABIS, SeeAsus,

ABSYRTIDES, Two islands, now Cherso and Osero, in
the NJ2, corner of the Adriatic, at the entrance of the
Gulf of Fiume. Said to have been called after Absyrtus,
the brother of Medea, reported to have been killed by
her there. In T. Heywood's B* Age iiL, Homer says,
" In memory of this inhuman deed These islands where
his slaughtered limbs lie spread Were called A/'

ABUS (or ABY)* The old Roman name for the r+ Humber,
which falls into the N* Sea between Yorks* and Lines*
In Locrine ii, 6, 25, Humber, after his victory in Scot-
land over Albanact, calls on his Huns to march " to
Abis silver streams " ? which, he says iti iii* 2, 4,
44 shall be agnominated by our name/' In iv* 4, 31,
Humber, abt. to drown himself in the r», says, " Gentle
Aby, take my troubled corpse/' Spenser, F* Q* ii* x* 16,
mentions " the ancient A/' and tells how Humber was
drowned in it*

ABYDOS (now Avmo). A city of Mysia, in Asia Minor,
on the Asiatic side of the Hellespont, a little E+ of its
narrowest part, where it is something less than x m*
across* According to the old Greek legend, which was
very popular in Elizabethan times, Leander used to
swim across from A* to Sestos, where his mistress Hero
lived ; a distance of abt* 3 m. He was at last drowned
on one of these excursions* In Taming of a Shrew, Haz*
p+ 539, Philerna says that if her lover were Leander,
With bended knees upon Abidas shore I would* * * *
Importune Neptune and the watery gods To send a
guard » * * to be our convoy/' la Jonson's BarthoL v. 3,
Leatherhead, introducing his puppet-play of Hefo and
Leander, says, 4* Leander yet serves his father, a dyer at
Puddle-wharf Which place we'll make bold with to call
itourAbydusj At the Bankside is out Sestos ; and let
it not be denied us/' Marlowe begins his poem Hero
and Leander thus : ** In view and opposite two cities
stood, The one A*, the other Sestos night/' Nash, in
Lentm, p« 3x7, says of Leander, " At Sestos was his soul
and he could not abide to tarry in A/' W. Smith, in
Chloris xxv. xo (x5§6), says, " Love made Leander pass
the dreadful flood which Cestos from A* doth divide/'
In B« & F* Wtf$ v* 3, Valeric says, " A* brought me
forth " i suggesting that he has come over to seek the
love of Evanthe* See also SESTOS,

ACADEME (Gk. Academeia)* A garden on the N* side of
Athens, abt x m* from the walls, where Plato taught*
The name came to be applied to any place where
Philosophy was cultivated, as in L, L* L. L x, 13 j " Our
court shall be a little A/' Biron thinks that ** women's
eyes are the books, the arts, the a*s That show, contain,
and nourish all the world/' JLL*I, iv+ 3, 352* In
Massinger's Believe L i, Antiochus, in exile, is exhorted
to * Practise the golden principles read to you In the

ACANTHA

Athenian Academy/* In Histrfb iv* 153, Chrisogonus
laments the decay of learning ; w pale Artisans Pine in
the shades of gloomy A/s, Faint in pursuit of virtue
and quite tired, For want of liberal food for liberal art >f;
which is intended as a satire upon the Universities of
Oxford and Cambridge. In the old Timon ii. i, Gelasi-
mus says, ** By Jupiter, I am no Academian, no fool/'
Middleton, lamenting the poverty of scholars, says in
Hubburd (1604), p. 101, ** No A. makes a rich alder-
man/' In preface to Tiberius the publisher says of the
author : " By his speech it should seem that his father
was an Academian/' i,e. a university man* Marston, in
Scourge of Villanie ii, 6, 201, says, " Then straight comes
Friscus, that neat gentleman, that new discarded
Academian/* In Greene's Friar ii. 6, Bacon addresses
the University dons : " Now, masters of our Academic
state, That rule in Oxford/' Milton, P. #* iv. 244, says,
** See there the olive-grove of A*, Plato's retirement,
where the Attic bird Trills her thick-warbled notes the
summer long/' In B. & F» Elder B* v« i, Eustace speaks
of the Court " That is the abstract of all academies To
teach and practise noble undertakings/' Note that the
word is here accented on the 3rd syllable*

ACANTHA* Mentioned in Marlowe Tamb. B* ii. i,
along with Belgasar, Antioch, and Caesarea, as places to
which the Turk had sent his forces after the battle of
Nicopolis, Probably Acanthus is meant : a town on the

• B. side of the peninsula between Acte and the mainland
on the E. coast of Greece. It was a place of some im-
portance in ancient times ; the modern vill. of Erisso
occupies its site.

ACARNANIA* District on W, coast of Greece, between
the Gulf of Arta and the Gulf of Corinth. It is a hilly
and forest-covered land. In Com* CorzJ* (A. JP* iv* p*
310), Nomidessays, "Clotted hard Acarnan's frost doth
freeze on dale and hill/' In T» Heywood's Dialogues iv.
3285, Demeas praises Timon for his valour " when he
against the Achernenses fought/' He never did any
such thing, as he himself protests, the Acarnanians being
on the Athenian side in the Peloponesian war* In his J3.
Age L i, the r*-god Achelous says, " Ne'er let my
streams wash A/s banks * . * till * * * we lodge bright
Deianeira in our arms/' The Achelous is the boundary
between A* and JEtolia*

ACARON. See ACHERON*

ACCARON (z.e* EKRON). One of the cities of the Philis-
tine Pentapolis, now Akir, 24 m. "W* of Jerusalem*
Milton, P.L* i. 466, says that Dagon was "dreaded
through the coast Of Palestine in Gath and Ascalon,
And A* and Gaza's frontier bounds/' In S. A. 981,
Dalila says, " In Ecron, Gasa, Ashdod, and in Gath I
shall be named among the famousest Of women/'

ACHAIA* Originally a small disk in the North of the Pelo-
ponesus in Greece, After the formation of the Achaean
League 280 B*c* the name was applied to all the dist
which it included ; and after the Roman conquest the
S* Province, comprising the Peloponesus and the greater
part of Greece proper, was called Achsea* The dramatists
of our period use it in this wider sense.

The hero of Massinger's Believe is Antiochus the Gt,
who fought unsuccessfully against the Romans in
Greece in 191 B.C., and was defeated at Thermopylae*
In i, i, he tells us how the 4< bodies, gashed with wounds,
Which strowed A/s bloody plains," haunt him, 4* ex-
acting a strict account of my ambition's folly/* In L 3* a
Greek merchant, complaining of the tyranny of the
Romans, exclaims: 4t O Antiochus I Thrice happy

ACHERON

were the men whom Fate appointed To fall with thec
in A/' In B, & F, Corinth iii, i , Crates charges Euphanes
with putting up the tithes " of every office through A/'
In Barry's Ram i., Teiresias is referred to as " the blind
An* prophet"; as a matter of fact, he was a Theban,
In Hercules iv. 2, 2255, Jove says, ** I [am] that Amphi-
truo that slew those outlaws * * » who with their piracy
awed all Archaia "—where Archaia is an obvious mis-
print for A* In Tiberius 2151, Maximius relates how
Germanicus, on his way to Armenia in A»0* 18, *' sailed
to Brundusium, So to A,, and from thence to Rhodes/'
In York M. P. xlvi. 292, Andrew undertakes to go ** To
A* full lely that lede for to leche." According to the
consensus of tradition Andrew was martyred at Patrae,
on the coast of A., where a ch, dedicated to him pre-
serves his memory.

ACHARON, ACHARUSIAN. See ACHERON, ACHERIT-
SIAN MARSH.

ACHE. See AIX-LA-CHAPELLE*

ACHELOUS, A r. of ancient Hellas, now the Aspro-
potamo, rising in the Pindus range and flowing S. be-
tween JEtolia and Acarnania to the Ionian Sea, The
r.-god was widely worshipped throughout Greece* The
story of his fight with Heracles for the hand of Deia-
neira, the daughter of GSneus, K* of Calydofl, is th« sub-
ject of Act I of T* Heywoocl's B, Age, He speaks of
himself as '* eldest son Unto the grave and old Oceanus
And the nymph Nais, bom on Pindua Mt/'

ACHERNENSES* See ACARHANXA*

ACHERON* Properly a r* of Epeirus, in Thesprotia, sup-
posed to be the entrance to the lower world. The nam«
was later transferred in other Itpnds to other regions ;
and ultimately to one of the r, of the lower world itself.
Homer, Odyss* x. 5x3, says, ** There into A* Cocytws
glides, streaming from Styx, and Pyriphlegithon/ ' In
Tit, iv* 3, 44, Titus says, " rU dive into the burning lak«
below, And pull her out of A* by the heels." In Mac,
iii* 5, 15, Hecate summons the witches to m««t h«r ** at
the pit of A/* In M* JV* D. iii* a, 357, Ofoeron com*
mands Puck to cover up the starry welkin **With
dropping fog as thick as A/* The Renaissance writers
all identified the Greek with the Christian underworld,
for which they could quote Dante's warrant* According
to him, the A. is the stream over which Charon ferries
the departed souls and which encircles the mouth of
Hell. The Styx nils the 5th circle* The Phkgethon m a
r. of boiling blood ; and all the waters of Hell collect
into the frozen lake of Cocytus. In Locrt'nt iv* a, 6%
Humber speaks of " The hunger-bitten dogs of A.
Chased from the ninefold Purifiegiton." In Swn. Tr®$*
v., we find *' the loathsome pool of A/' ; ana ** boiling
A/f In Marlowe's Faustus viLf Faust swears by ** th«
kingdoms of infernal rule, Of Styx, of A,, and tht fiery
lake of ever-burning Phkgethon/' In Mason's JSfnl/t-
asses L 3, 579, Eunuchus proposes to kill Bordello,
44 whose humorous soul Snail in his ptsage over A.
Make Charon laugh/' Massinger* m Par!, LQV* v, *»
speaks of a sulphur brand pluckea from ** burning A."
In B* & F, Fair Maid L ill i, Forobaico thrtateni to
44 call a host up from the Stygian lakes Shall waft thee
to the Acherontic fens/' Hall, in Satins ui. 6, a» ttlli
how die drunkard Guliion, when he dsedf wanted lo
drink ; but Charon was afraid leit he " would have
drunk dry the r. A/* Milton, P* I, «f . 578, caHs if ** Sid
A* of sorrow^ black and deep/' In Phifatm iaj» Ffaivioi
conjures the spirits M By Matthew, Mark, by Lute and
John, By Lethe, Stix, and A." Hence A* is often us«d

ACHERUSIAN MARSH

without any specific reference to the r* as a synonym
for Hell* In Locrim iv. 4, Humber appeals to the
44 damned ghosts of joyless A." In Kyd's Cornelia ii*,
Cornelia says," I am an offering fit for A*" In Brewer's
Lovesick King iv*, Grim talks of raking 44 hell and
Phlegitan, Acaron and Barrathrum." In Chapman's
D* Olive iv* x, Vandome arrests St* Anne *4 in the names
Of Heaven and Earth and deepest A/' In Barnes*
Charter i* 4, Pope Alexander says, " In spite of grace,
conscience, and A., I will rejoice and triumph in my
charter " ; and in iii* 5, Bagnioli addresses Frescobaldi
as 44 foul fiend of A," In W* Rowley's All's Lost iv, i,
119, Julianus says *4 1 brought thee to a shame Stains
all the way twiact earth and A." In Milton's Comas 604,
the Elder Brother speaks of *' all the grisly legions that
troop Under the sooty flag of A," Barnes, in Trans, of
Moschus Idyl i*, says of Cupid : " Even so far as A* he
shooteth/'

ACHERUSIAN MARSH, A small lake in Campania,
between Cumse and Cape Misenum, The name was
probably given to it in consequence of its propinquity
to Acheron, whose reputation for being connected with
the infernal world it shared* There were several lakes
of this name in Greece, the best known being the one in
Thesprotia, through which the Acheron Sowed. In
Richards' Messalina ft* 821, Messalina prays that she
may " win the misty souls of men And send them,
tumbling to th' A. fen/' In Mason's Mulleasses 1835,
Borgias speaks of " Those mists felt by the souls of men
When they descend to th' A. fen*"

ACON (better known as ACRE or, more fully, ST. JEAN
D'ACRB)* The ancient Accho, a port on the coast of
Palestine, at the N* extremity of the Bay of Acre, im-
mediately N* of Mt, Carmel, It received the name of
Ptolemais from Ptolemy Soter* It was taken from the
Saracens in xixo by the Crusaders, recovered by Sala-
din in 1x87, retaken in 1191 by Richd. I, and handed
over to the Knights of St* John of Jerusalem, who held
it for exactly a century. In 137* it was visited by
Prince Edward, afterwards Edward I, and his Q* Elinor,
who is reported to have saved his life there by sucking
the poison from a wound made by an envenomed dagger.
Here his daughter Joan was bom* Edward says, in
Peek's Ed* /, p* 37, that when Elinor ** progressed in
the sts. of A. and the fair Jerusalem" she walked on
nothing but arras, tapestry, and silk* Later, p* 50,
Elinor pleads with the K.; " Good Ned, let Joan of A*
be his (Gloster's) bride/' In Trouble, JRsign Robert re-
lates how his father was knighted " at kingly Richd /s
hands in Palestine, When as the walls of A. gave him
way ** (Hazlitt's edn*, p* 337)* I** Downfall Huntington
iv* x, John says, 4* Richd. is a k* In Cyprus, A*, Acre, and
rich Palestine/' A. and Acre are the same, and the
sense as well as the metre requires the omission of Acre
from the line ; it was, no doubt, a gloss on the less
familiar A. Later in the same scene Leicester says,
" Thus did Richd. take The coward Austria's colours in
his hand And thus he cast them under A. walls/'
Draytoti, in Barons? Wars ii. 45, speaks of the English
barons "Who summoned A* with an English

ACROCERAUNIA. A promontory m the Ionian Sea on
the coast of Epirus ; also applied to the mtn. range in
N« Epirus, which terminates in the promontory. In the
old Timon L 3, Eutrapelus swears ** by the An* tntos/'
And Abyssus retorts, *' Thou shalt not fright me with
thy bugbear words, thy mtns* of A/'

ADRIAN (Saint)

ACTEAN* In Greene & Lodge's Looking Glass v* 5, 2361,
England is addressed as ** more fruitful than A* plains/'
The earliest k* of Athens, according to Pausanias, was
Actaeus ; so possibly the meaning is 44 the plains of
Attica/' The name Acte was given to the most
easterly of the 3 promontories of Chalcidice ; but it
is hard to see how this could be regarded as specially
fruitful*

ACTIACK SEA* The portion of the Adriatic near
Actium, q.v* In May's Agrippina iii, 310, Seneca speaks
of the civil discords which dyed 44 the A* and Sicilian
seas " with Roman blood* The reference is to the de-
feat of Antony by Octavian 31 B.C*

ACTIUM* A promontory in Acarnania on the W* coast
of Greece to the S* of the Bay of Previsa, where the de-
cisive battle was fought between Octavian and Antony
31 B*C* A* & C* iii., Scenes 7-10, are laid here* 44 Our
overplus of shipping we will burn," says Antony (iii. 7,
53), "And with the rest full-manned, from the head of A*
Beat the approaching Caesar/' F i* reads ** action," but
Pope's emendation * A/' is generally accepted* Chau-
cer's glorious description of the battle in Leg, Fair Worn*
624 seq. should be read* In Antonie iii* 1114, Antony
cries ; ** One disordered act at A* * * * my glory hath
obscured/'

ADAM AND EVE* The sign of the first shop in Gold-
smiths' Row on the S. of Cheapside* In Marston,
Malcontent ProL, Sly says, 44 I'll lay 100 pound I'll walk
but once down by the Goldsmiths' Row in Cheap, take
notice of the signs and tell you them with a breath
instantly. * * . They begin, as the world did, with A*
and E.; there's in all just 5 and 50*" It was also a
bookseller's sign* Middletpn's Old Law was " Printed
for Edward Archer at the sign of the A* and E* m Little
Britaine* 1656*"

ADEA* A country in E* Africa, placed by Heylyn between
Ade and Habassia (Abyssinia) ; it was therefore on the
E. and SJB. of Abyssinia* Pory (1600) places it on the
E* coast between Cape Guardafui and Zanzibar* In
Cockayne's Obstinate iii* 3, Corionil, disguised as a
negro, professes to be ambassador '* from the Emperor
of both the Ethiopias and of the mighty kingdoms and
vast countries of Goa, Caffares, Fatigar, Angola, Barns,
Balignosa, A*, Vagne, and Goyame/' This is identical
with the list of the titles of the Emperor of Ethiopia,
given by Heylyn in the section on Ethiopia
Superior*

ADDLE HILL. A st. in Lond*, running from Upper
Thames St* to Gt* Carter Lane, The S* end of it was
demolished by the formation of Q* Victoria St, Here
Dekfcer's Shoemaker's was printed by Valentine Sims
" at the foot of Adling H* near Baynards Castle at the
sign of the White Swan/'

ADERSTOB* In the True Trafrt p* 113, Richmond
says, " Therefore let us towards A* amaine* * * * From
thence towards Lichfieid we will march next day*"
Atherstone, a town in Warwidcsh*, is intended* It is
exactly 100 m* from Lond** Liverpool, and Lincoln,
and 8 m* S*W* of Bosworth Field*

ADIABENE* Province of the Assyrian Empire, lying
between the Tigris, and the Zab, near to Nineveh*
Milton, JP* #* ui. 330, speaks of troops " From Atro-
patta, and the neighbouring plains Of A/'

ADRJA* 5e« ADRIATIC,
ADRIAN (SAINT), See HADRIAN.

ADR1ANQPLE

ADRIANOPLE* The snd city in the Turkish Empire,
It was enlarged and embellished by the Emperor
Hadrian, from whom it took its name. It lies on the
Maritfca (the ancient Hebrus), some 75 m* from its
mouth and 135 m» N*W, of Constantinople* Taken by
the Sultan Murad I in 1360, it has since remained in the
Turkish Empire* In Selimus 518, Mustapha exhorts
Baiaset, " Make haste, my Lord, from Adrinople walls
And let us fly to fair Bizantium." This was in 1512, when
Selim rebelled against his father Baiazet and deposed him*
ADRIATIC SEA* Between Italy and Illyria* In Shr. i, 2,
74, Petruchio says, ** She moves me not , » * were she as
rough As are the swelling A* Seas" : a natural simile for
an Italian* Herrick, in Dial between Horace and Lydia
(1627), makes Lydia call Horace ** Rough as the Adri-
atick S/* In K. JRT, Hon. Man, D. 3, Sempronio speaks of
Venice as ** Built in an angle of the Andrie arctic sea " :
a curious miswriting or misprint* In Marlowe Tew i* i,
Barabas conjectures that the Turkish fleet which has
been sighted intends " to pass along Towards Venice by
the A. Sea/' In Jonson's Ev. Man L ii. a, Brainworm
claims, " I have been at Marseilles, Naples, and the A*
Gulf, a gentleman-slave in the gallies/' Prisoners-of-
war were employed both by the Venetians and the Turks
as galley-slaves* Spenser, F» Q» ii* 7, 14, tells of the evils
endured by the man 44 Who in frail wood on Adrian
gulf doth fleet/* Milton, P, L* i, jao, speaks of the Greek
gods "who with Saturn old Fled over Adria to the
Hesperian fields**'

ADRUMENTUM (HADRtJMETTJM)* A spt, on the N*
coast of Africa, 80 m* S* of Carthage ; extensive ruins
at Susa marked its site ; but even these have mostly dis-
appeared. In Nabbes* Hannibal iv* 2, a messenger,
giving an account of the battle of Zama, says, ** 500 only
live Of 40,000, which to A* Are fled with Hannibal/'
JEAS (Aotis)* Chief r* of Epirus, rising in Mt* Lacmaon
in the N. part of the Pindus Ran^e, and flowing N*W*
into the Adriatic, close to Apolloma*
" In T* Heywood's Dialogues 5245, lo mentions the A*
amongst the rs, in the neighbourhood of the Vale of
Tempe. In Chapman's C#$ar ii. 5, 24, Caesar* who is at
Apoltonia, says, ** This r* Anius (in whose mouth now
lies A pinnace I would pass in to fetch on My army's
dull rest from Brundusium) That Is at all times else ex-
ceeding calm By reason of a purling wind that flies Off
from the shore each morning, driving up The billows
far to sea, in this night yet Bears such a terrible gale,
put off ffbm sea, * * * that no boat dare stir/f The
description of the r. is taken from Plutarch's Cmsar 38*
The A.or Aous is almost certainly the ^intended byAnius,
though some have taken it to be the Apsus, a river falling
into the Adriatic abt* n m* N* of the mouth of the Aous*
AEGEAN SEA* The part of the Mediterranean now called
Archipelago, between Asia Minor and Greece* In
Chapman's C&sar v* i, Pompey is at Lesbos ** compassed
in with the M. sea that doth divide Europe from Asia/'
In Caesar's Rev, L 6, Csesar says, " To chase the flying
Pompey have I cut The great Ionian and Egean seas."
This was after the defeat of Pompey at Pharsalia in
48 B*a In T» Heywood's Gold, Age iii, Tytan says,
44 From the IE, Sea That of our son JEgeon bears the
name We have assembled infinites of men/* In Ran-
dolph's Muses v* i, Mediocrity speaks of the Isthmus of
Corinth as 44 the small isthmus That suffers not the
^E* tide to meet The violent rage of the loaian wave/'
In Hercules iv. 3* 2256, Jove claims to have over-
thrown the pirates who 4* awed * * . the Ionian,
-ffigsean, and Cretick seas/' Spenser, KQ* iii, 7, %6> says,

MQUANS

44 Not half so fast, to save her maidenhead, Fled fearful
Daphne on the IB. strond/' i\e, the shore of Thessaly*
Milton, P« £* i» 746, calls Lemnos " the JB* isle/' In
P* J?* iv. 238, he says, " behold Where on the /B. shore
a city stands * * * Athens/' Tofte, in Laura (1597) iv«
i, says, " In the Egean dangerous sea of love* . . , A
new Arion, there myself I find,"

JEGEON'S HILL. Mt. Mtm, so called from the legend
which affirmed that after the war between the Gods and
the Giants Zeus buried ^Bg«on, or Briareus, under tins
mtn* In Middleton's Family iv, a, Gerardme speaks of
" the Titanian god when JE. H* fa mounts in triumph/'

JEGERIAN WOOD. A grove in a valley at Rome, S. of
the Codian Hill, just outside the Porta Capena. It was
so called from the legend that the nymph Egeria use d
to meet Numa Pompilius there. In Tiberius 2663,
Tiberius directs t4 Hie to the altars, the &. W/'

^GINA, An island of Greece, in the Saronic Gulf, over
against the Piraeus* In the early days of Greece a great
centre of trade, it originated the JEginetau standard of
weights and measures generally adopted throughout
Greece, the rival standard being the Euboic; the
former was abt* one-sixth larger than the latter. In T*
Heywood's Dialogues iv* 3499, Thrasicles begs from
Timon 44 but a JE, bushels [of gold], that's all/'

JELFT* In Larum AS, Danila says, " From /B. aooo
more [Spanish troops] IFollow the conduct of Emanueil."
Later on (Ba) he calh it Alft. The author's spdling is
very erratic^ and he probably means Delft ; he may
have taken the initial ** D ** for the French preposition*
and thought the town was called Dr JElft* SM DELFT.

^EMATHIA* SitEKiwrKXA.

JEMILIAN PLACE* The Basilica Fulvia et JEtaiiUa in
the middle of the N.E* side of the Forum at Rome,
Built by M* Fulvius Nobilior and M* ^Bmilius Lepidus
in 279 B.C., restored in 54 B.C. by L* ^Emilius Paullus,
and again restored and decorated by Paullus JBm&ius
Lepidus in A.D. as* Pliny considered it one of the most
beautiful buildings in the world* In Jensen's Sejanus i
9, the Emperor approves of the grant of the Senate to
Lepidus " for his repairing the &» P* And restoration of
those monuments/'

JEMILIAN ROAD* One of the great Roman rds*, con-
structed by M* -flEmilius Lepidus 187 B.C. It started at
Ariminum, and proceeded by way of Placentia, Media-
lanum^ and Aquileia, At Anmmurn it joined the Via
Flaminia from Rome* It was the chief artery of com*
munication with N* Italy* In Milton P* 3R, iv. 69, the
Tempter points out embassies coming to Rome ** In
various habits, on the Appian rd,# Or on the JE/*

-3EN03ST* Mentioned in Gospel of John UL ax m a place
where John the Baptist exercisea his ministry* because
there was much water there* It has been identified by
Conder with Ainun, in the Wady Farah, 7 m» from
Salim* Milton, P< R, ii 21, describes the discipks seek-
ing for Jesus " in Jericho^ The city of palnos* JB,, aud
Salem old/'

JEOLIANS. One of the 4 tribes into which the Hellenes
are usually divided* Apparently their original settle-
ment was in the centre of Theisaly j but kt*r they
migrated into Boeotia, and established colonies in Les-
bos, where the Aeolian dialect was sp-oken in its standard
form and immortalized by the lyrics of Sappho and
Aloseus* Milton, P. I?* iv. 357, speaks of " various-
measured verse, Aeolian charms and Dorian lyric
odes " ; " Aeolian charms " is a translation of Horace's
44 Aeolium carmen/1 meaning the lyrics of Sappho*

&SQUILXNE

.flESQUILINE* See ESQUILINE*
^ETHIOPIA. See ETHIOPIA*

JETNA (ETNA)* The largest volcano in Europe, in NJE*
Sicily, near the coast. Of its 60 recorded eruptions,
17 occurred during the x6th and i7th cents*, the most
memorable being that of 1537, which continued for a
year and shook the whole island* As Vesuvius had been
quiescent ever since the great eruption in which Pompeii
and Herculaneum were destroyed in AJ>* 79 until it
once more gave signs of its inward fires in 1631, and as
Hecla was below the horizon of our dramatists, JE* was
practically the only active volcano they knew anything
about, and had to do heavy duty as the stock figure for
passionate feeling of any kind, whether of love or of
agony* The breath of Lucrece 44 Thronging through her
lips, so vanisheth As smoke from $S., that in air con-
sumes " (Lucrece 1042), Falstaff (M * W. W* iii* 5, 129)
protests, " I will be thrown into JB>, as I have been into
Thames, ere I will leave her thus/' Marcus (Tit. iii. x,
342) prays, 4* Now let hot JE* cool in Sicily, And be my
heart an ever-burning hell/' In Peek's Ed* /, p, 43, the
Lady Elinor will follow Llueilen even if he builds his
bower " on JE/s fiery tops/' Argalio, in Kirke's CAam-

§' ns iv, x* talks of ** The black compounded smoke the
clops send From the foul sulphur of hot $2/s forge/'
iding to the ancient legend that the Cyclopes were
the assistants of Vulcan, who had his forge beneath the
mtn, Tamburlaine speaks of 4* M. breathing fire"
(B, v. 3)* Fowler, in Shirley's Fair One iii, 4, would
44 rather take a nap on the ridge of E/' than endure a
visit from a physician. Sciarrha, in Shirley's Traitor iv,
a, wishes that he ** could vomit consuming flames, or
stones, like E/' to destroy Lorenzo. Sim, in W. Row-
ley's Match Mid. iv* i, speaks of " the parboyled &" of
Randal's bosom, who is in love with MolL Bassanes, in
Ford's Heart iv. a, prays : 4I Fall on me, if there be a
burning M*> and bury me in flames*" Aretus, in B* & F,
Valentin* v* x, '* swells and burns like fiaming JE/' In
Massinger's Milan v* %* Sforza, poisoned by Francisco,
feels 4* an $2. in his entrails/'

44 Princes' discontents," says Janin in Chapman's Tra|.
Byron iiL x, ** Being once incensed, are like the flames
of $3., Not to be quenched or lessened/' In his Bussy iii*
x, Montsurry threatens to strike D'Ambois ** under
the /E* of his pride " ; with reference to the story of
the giant Enceladus, on whom JE* was flung in the war
between the Giants and Zeus* In Jfonson's Nw World,
the Herald announces that there are 3 ways of going
to the moon ; " the third, old Empedocles' way ; who,
when he leaped into £B«, the smoke took him and whift
him up into the moon/* In T. Hevwood's Dialogues xvi.
4606, Mem'ppus asks Empedocles, "What was the
cause Thou threw'st thee headlong into $2/s jaws < '*
Milton, P* I* iit* 470, refers to him '* who, to be deemed
A god, leaped fondly into JE/s flames, Empedocies/'

In LwMn$ Gto *«., the Magus describes m erup-
tion of £2* i " The hill of Sicily Sometime on sudden
doth evacuate Whole flakes of nre and spews out from
below The smoky brands that Vulcan's bellows drive " %
and in v*, the Usurer anticipates the Day of Judgement
as " a burden more than JEL" In Marston's Insatiate iv*,
Guido says, "Love is £B. and will ever burn/' In
Greene's Orlando iL x, 6*8, Orlando says, " JB.f forsake
the bounds of Sicily For now In me thy restless flames
appear/'' In j4/imonyi. 5, Haxter tells how he caught the
Neapolitan disease (syphiiis) i " ever since which hot
^thnawnsemce my legs have been taught to pace iam-
bics/' InDaveaants O.Loiw^v.^thereisasongcon-

taining the lines *4 If you want fire, fetch a supply From
JB> and Puteoli/* In Lady Mother i. 3, the Lady says,
44 1 have shed tears enough to extinguish JE/' In Chap-
man's Usher i. 2, Stnma describes the charge of a boar
44 With the enraged JE, of his breath Firing the air/' In
Swetnam ii«, Lisandro professes his readiness to 44 scale
the flaming JE/s top Whose sulphurous smoke kills with
infection," to win his lady. In Dekker's Babylon ii 271,
in the description of the defeat of the Spanish Armada,
the 3rd K* cries, at the sight of the fire-ships ; 44 The
sulphurous IE, belcheth on our ships/' Spenser, F, Q*
i. xxr 44, describes how 4* burning -33* from his boiling
stew Doth belch out flames and rocks in pieces broke/'
Milton, P, L, i* 233, speaks of 44 a hill Torn * * . from the
shattered side of thundering JE/' In Mason's Mutte-
asses 1831, Borgias prays that he may ** be thrown Like
Mn. balls from heaven and strike you down/' Watson,
in Tears of Fancie (1593) xviii* 7, speaks of his heart
44 like ^B, burning " with love* Barnes, in Parthenophil
lacxv* xi, asks whether the father of Cupid was 44 Vesu-
vius, else i or was it E. rather i " Lodge, in Phillis
(1593), asks the sea-nymphs 44 To quench the flames
from my heart's £5* streaming/*1 W. Smith, in Chloris
(1596), says of his love, " The flames of E. are not half
so hot/'

* A dist* of ancient Greece lying N. of the
Corinthian Gulf between Locris and Acarnania, The
.ffins, took part in the Trojan war* In Marlowe's Dido
iu\, Sergestus recognizes one of Dido's suitors as 4* a
Persian born j I travelled with him to JE/' InT.Hey-
wood's B, Age L i, 4* CEtieus the JEns* K/' presides over
the contest between Achelous and Heracles for the hand
of his daughter Deianeira, He was K* of Calydon (q,v.)
in ^B. Dtomedes was of JEn* descent, and being ex-
pelled from Argos after the siege of Troy returned
thither and there died. In his Iron Age B i*, Cressida
speaks of him as " Diomed K, of JB*,'f which is not
strictly correct. In Hercules iv. 3, 2256, Jove claims to
have overcome the pirates who '* awed all Archaia ;
JE,,Phocis/'

AFRICA (usually spelt AFFRICK ; Ac* « Afric, Afk* «
Affrick, An* - African). The An* countries oa the
coast of the Mediterranean and the Red Sea were well
known ; and the Portuguese navigators had explored
most of the coastline. The interior was almost a terra
incognita* It was believed to be mainly a huge desert,
fertile in uncouth monsters, and rich in gold and gems
and spices* To the Elizabethans A* meant chiefly the
states on the S* coast of the Mediterranean—Egypt,
Tripoli, Tunis, Algiers, Fez, and Morocco, all the in-
habitants of which, except the Egyptians, are classed
together as Moors* In Marlowe's Tomb* A iii* $>
Tamburlaine describes the pirates of Argier as 4* tne
scum of A»/T and he repeatedly declares his intention
of conquering A*, by which the N* states only are meant.
In v* x, he speaks of his dominions as deluding H Egyp-
tians, Moors, and men of Asia, From Barbary unto the
Western India " ? and says, 4* From the bounds of Ac.
to tie banks Of Ganges shall his mighty arm extend*"
He speaks a little before of being with his triumphant
host *' in Ac, where it seldom rains/' In i* x . Ortygius
proclaims Cosroe 4< D, of A* and Albania.'* In Faustas
vii., Mephistqpheles mentions "the high pyramides
Which Julius Caesar brought from A/* : where Egypt is
meant* Greene, in Friar ix», talks of " rich Alexandria
drugs Found in the wealthy strand of A/* IttFoasteiii*,
one of the projects of Faustus is " To join the hills that
bound the Ac. shore And make that country continent

AFRICA

to Spain/' In his Dido ui*t Dido is called the ** Q, of
Ac/' In Rowley's All's Lost L i, 34, Medina speaks of
* the streights of Gibraltar whose watery divisions their
Affricke bounds from our Christian Europe/'

In Temp* ii* i, 71, Gonzalo declares, " Our garments
are now as fresh as when we put them on first in Ac*/
at the marriage of the K/s fair daughter Claribel to the
K, of Tunis " ; and in ii* i, 125, Sebastian reproaches
the K* with having lost his daughter 4* to an An/'
Milton, P, L* L 585, speaks of the troops " whom
Biserta sent from Ac* shore When Charlemagne with all
his peerage fell By Fontarabbia/' In P* JR, ii* 347* he
mentions amongst table delicacies " fishes caught on
Ac* coast/* In P* JR* ii» 199, he speaks of Scipio Africa-
nus as " He surnamed of A*," and in iii, 101, says of him,
" Young An* for fame His wasted country freed from
Punic rage/' In Sonn. xvii* 4, he calls Hannibal 4* the
An* bold/' Barnes, in Parthenophil (1593) Ixxv. 4, says
to Cupid : " Hence into Ac* I There seek out thy kin
Amongst the Moors ! "

The English traded with the countries on the N* and
W, coasts, particularly with Barbary and Guinea, In
Cowley's Cutter L 5, Jolly speaks of the time " when my
brother the merchant went into Ak, to follow his great
trade there/* It appears later that he went to Guinea*
H* Shirley's Mart* Soldier tells the story of Genseric
the Vandal's conquest of Carthage, his persecution of
the Christians, and his death* It deviates very much
from historical accuracy* Genseric is represented as a
heathen, whereas he was an Arian Christian, and the ob-
jects of his persecution were the orthodox Catholics*
Belisarius is introduced as one of his generals, and is
put to death by him for becoming a Christian ; whereas
he does not come upon the scene until A+D, 533, more
than 50 years after the death of Genseric, and then as
the opponent and vanquisher of the Vandals in A*
In i* i, Genseric speaks of the perfecting of his great
work in Afk,, the 44 general sacrifice of Christians/'
In B. & R Valentin. L $, the soldiers pray to be sent
to " Egypt Or sandy Ac**, to display our valours/* This
was at the time of Genseric's invasion of A*

It is interesting to note that the usual course taken by
seamen for America was to go S* till they sighted A*,
and then strike across the Atlantic* So in Jonson's (and
others) Eastward iii* 3, Seagull, speaking of Virginia,
says the voyage thither will take " Some 6 weeks ; and
if I get to anypart of the coast of A* I'll sail thither with
any wind/' The heat of the An* deserts was proverbial*
In TroiL i* 3, 370, Ulysses says, " We were better parch
in Ac* sun Than in the pride and salt scorn of his eyes/'
In Studey 2569, it is stated, 44 The sands of Ac* are so
parching hot That when our blood doth light upon the
earth The drops do seethe like caldrons as they stand/*
Their vast extent made them a type of utter loneliness*
In Cym*L i, 167, Imogen wishes that Posthumus and
Cloten ** were in Ac. both together, Myself by with a
needle, that I might prick The goer-back."

A* was rich in spices and gold* In #4 B v* 3, 104,
Pistol, bringing the news of Prince Hal's accession, says,
** I speak of A* and golden joys/' In Taming of a
Shrew, Hast* p, 533, Philotus speaks of " rich Afk*
spices " In Ford's Sun. iii, 2, Folly says, " I drop like a
cobnut out of A/"

A* was full of fierce and venomous beasts* In Con i*
8, 3, Aufidius declares/4 Not Ac* owns a serpent I abhor
More than thy fame*" In the old Timon iv* », Timon
prays, "Me transform into a dire serpent Or grisly lion,
such a one as yet Ne'er Lybia or A* hath seen/' In
Nabbes' Hannibal iv* 5, Scipio says of Hannibal j * We'll

hunt this Afk* lion into a stronger toil/' Above alt, it
was the home of strange monsters* Pliny, in Hist. Nat*
via, 1 6, had said, ** Semper novi aliqtud aftot A/* In
Fraunce's Victoria 3165, Onophrius asks, ** Quid novi
affert A**" Jonson, Ev, Man CX iii. x, speaks of
44 some unknown beast, brought out of A/f Amiochtm,
in Massinger Believe ii* a, asks, ° [Why do] you gaze
upon us As some strange prodigy ne'er seen in A. f "
and in Guardian ii« a, says that for a woman to love a
man " is no Ac* wonder/' In B. & F. Fair Maid L iv. a,
Forobosco thinks that the exhibition of an English ox
roasted whole in Madrid would bring in more money
44 than all the monsters of Ac*/' and in Cupid's R$v* Hi* 4,
Dorilaus maintains that a good woman is ** stranger
than all the monsters in Ac/* In Massinger's Emperor
iv* 5, the jealous Theodosius will show his wife to be
44 a prodigy Which Ac* never equalled/1 In the old
Timon iii* 5, Timon speaks of woman-kind as '* more
monstrous than any monster bred in A*/' and in v. a,
he speaks of " Some strange monster hatched in A/'
In Shirley's Duke's Mist, iv. i, Valerio says, ** Unless
this face content you, you may stay Till Ac* have more
choice of monsters for you." In Milton's Comm 606,
the Elder Brother speaks of 44 all the monstrous forms
Twixt A* and Ind." In Brewer's Lingua HL 6, Phan»
tastes says, " Either A* must breed more monsters or
you make fewer gentlemen, Mr* Herald, for you have
spent all my devices already " : i,«. in coats-of-armt
for new knights* In Brome's Quern's Exch* iL %t Jeffrey
exclaims, 'What monsters are bred in Africa ! I take
you but for one/' R* Linche, in Dwlla (1596) EKSC. 5*
asks who can count " What misshaped beasts vast A,
doth yield"*1 Gosson, in preface to Ephmwidw of
Phialo (1579)* says, " There is ever a new knack in a
knave's hood, or some kind of monster to be men in
Affrik/' Bacon, in Sylva v* 476, sap, '* It Is held that
that proverb, A* semper aliquid monstri, cometh, for
that the fountains of waters there being tart, divert
sorts of beasts come from several parts to drink ; and
so, being refreshed, fall to couple, and many times with
several kinds/' In Cowley's Cutter iv* 6, Worm says,
44 He was a stranger thing than any monster in Afk*
where he traded/*

AGANIPPE* A spring dedicated to the Muses on the
slopes of Mt. Helicon in Bceotia* It may still be found,
midway between Paleo-panaghia and Pyrgaki. In T*
Heywood's Mistress L r, Apuleius says, " Can'st thou
conduct my wandering steps to A/a spring I* ** Sir
P* Sidney, in Astrophel (1581) kadv* i, says, *' I never
drank of A/s well/'

AGIDpN (probably a misprint for AtomoN), Mt» Algi-
dus is meant, in the N*E. part of the Alban Range in
Latium, abt. 20 m. S* E* or Rome* Here the

had their camp in the war in the time of Appiui Ck«*
dius the Decemvir* In Webster's A, & Virginia L i,
Appius says, " The army that doth winter 'fact A.
Is much distressed, we hear/1

AGINCOURT (or AOTCOtra), A vilL in Franc* in Pas-
de-Calais department on the rd* from Abbeville to St*
Omer* Here Henry V Micted a great defeat on tht
French on St Crispin's Day, 35 October, 14x5* Tt*«
scene of H$ iii* 7, iv., and v, i. is laid in the French OP
English camps at A. It is mentioned in prol. 15 1 ** May
we cram Within this wooden O the very casques That
did affright the air at A* f " iv* prol* 53, " We shall much
disgrace With 4 or 5 most vile and ragged foils . . » the
name of A/' j and iv* 7, go," What fa this castle called
that stands hard by f "~~<" They call it A/'—** Tfcta call

AGINER

we this the field of A," Holinshed says : " He [Henry]
desired of Mountjpie to " understand the name of the
castell neere adjoining f * ; when they had told him that
it was called A*, he said, " Then shall this conflict be
called the battell of A/* Jonson, in Prince Henry's Bar-
riers, says that the very name of Henry V ** made head
against his foes ; and here at A,, where first it rose, It
mere hangs still a comet over France, Striking their
malice blind/' In Middleton's Quiet Life v* i, George
Cressingham declares, " It was no impeachment of the
glory won at A/s great battle that the achiever of it in
his youth had been a purse-taker/' In Chapman's
D'Qlive iv* x, D'Olive says that after his embassy " A,
battle shall grow out of use " for the dating of events,
which will all be reckoned as so many years from the
great ambassage* In T. Heywood's Ed. IV A 52, there
is a three-man song : ** Agencourt I Agencourt 1 know
ye not Agencourt J Where the English slew and
hurt All the French foemen/' Drayton, in Ballad of
Agincourt (1606) xi, says that K. Harry, " taking many
a fort Furnished in warlike sort Marcheth towards A.
In happy hour,"

AGINER* Mentioned in StotcUy 2461 as one of the towns
held in Africa by the Portuguese* The list runs 4* A,,
Zahanra, Seuta, Penon, Melilla/' The last 3 are on the
coast of Morocco, close to the Straits of Gibraltar ; and I
am disposed to think that A, is a misprint or mis-spelling
of Tangier; which would come ist in a list running from
W, to E. along the coast* Moreover, Tangier was one of
the ports in Africa which had been retained by the pre-
vious K* of Portugal, John III. In the Coventry M. P. of
The Nativity,, the Angel addresses the 3 Ks* as " K, of
Taurus, Sir Jaspar, K. of Araby, Sir Balthasar, Melchior,
K. of Aginar." 1 suppose Tangier may be meant here also*

AGORA. The market-place of Athens, lying W, of the
Acropolis and S* of the Areopagus, In Davenant's
Rutland , p. aoo, Diogenes, who should have known
better, says to the Athenians, 4* When you meet in the
A» to make up the body-politic, 'tis like the meeting of
humours in the natural body/' The Athenian assembly
did not meet in the A., but at the Pnyx to the W, of it*

AGRA* Capital of the RW. Provinces, India* It lies on
the Jumna, 740 nu W* of Calcutta. It was made the
capital of the Mogul Empire by Akbar the Gt. (died
1603). Its chief glory is the Taj Mahal, built by Shah
Jehan abt. the middle of the ijth cent* as a memorial to
his favourite wife* Hilton, P. L. xi. 391, mentions
amongst the seats of mighty empire " A* and Lahore of
Gt. Mogul/*

AGRIPPA (BATHS of). The ist public baths in Rome,
built by Agrippa a* B»c, They were in the Campus
Martius, just S* of the site of the Pantheon* The budd-
ing was magnificent, and was adorned with costly
paintings and statues* The water was the coldest ana
freshest in Rome, and the Baths were in use until the
6th cent* Some ruined fragments still survive* In May's
4#rtaf«a i ^c^Vitellius mentions " A/s Baths and Pom-
pey's Theater " amongst the greatest buildings of Rome*

AGRIVARII (a misprint for ANORJVAIUCI)* A tribe of
Germans dwelling between the Weser and the Elbe*
They revolted against the Romans in AJD* x6, but were
conquered by Gtermanicus in 2 battles* SBC TACITUS,
AMI* & 19-04* In Tiberim xxj*f Germamctts says,
** The savage A, kept their den, who ranging now and
then would snatch their prey " ; aod he then tells the
story of the battle in which " The savage A* all were
drowned " ; though he turns the Weser absurdly Into
44 great Danubius/'

ALBAN (Saint) HALL

AGUILEME (ANGOXJU&ME), The capital of Angoumois
Province, France, on the Carente, 250 m* S*W* of Paris*
Angoumois was ceded to England by the Treaty of
Bretigny 1360, but was recovered by Charles V. In
T. Heywood's Ed. IV B. 94, Edward claims from
France " all these Dukedoms following : Aquitaine,
Anjou, Guyen, A/'

AIALON (or AJALON), Valley of* In S* Palestine, leading
down from the foothills to the plain of Philistia, abt, 12
m» N,W* of Jerusalem, Scene of the victory of Joshua
over the Canaamtes recorded in Joshua x* 12, 13*
Milton, P, L* xii* 266, quotes Joshua's command,
" Sun, in Gibeon stand, And them moon, in the vale
of A/r

AIX-LA-CHAPELLE (the German AACHEN). An ancient
city in the Province of the Lower Rhine, 80 m* S,E. of
Brussels and 38 W* of Cologne* Charlemagne made it
the capital of the N» portion of his empire, and his
favourite residence during the latter part of his reign*
His tomb may still be seen in the cathedral* The
Emperors of Germany were often crowned here* Now
chiefly famous for its medicinal baths* In Chapman's
Atphonsw ii. 3, 28, Richd* of Cornwall says to himself,
44 Here rest thee, Richd* » * , And vow never to see
fair England's bounds Till thou in A& be crowned
Emperor/* Burton, A* M, iii* 2, 2, 5, says Charlemagne
" . * * dwelt at Ache, built a fair house in the midst of
the marsh, and a temple by it where after he was buried,
and in which city all his posterity ever since used to be
crowned."

ALADULE, Armenia Major, so called from its last K,,
Aladules. It is marked Aliduli in Hexam's Mercator
(1636), Milton, P* L, x* 435, says that the Tartar, re-
treating from his Russian foe, 4* Leaves all waste beyond
The realm of A/'

ALANL A Scythian tribe, first found living partly round
the Sea of Afcov, partly on the Danube in the Sarmatian
country. They joined with the Goths and Vandals in
the invasion of the W. Empire* Of their language only
one word has been preserved, *4 Ardaba/* which means
the city of the 7 gods* In Glapthorne's Wit ii. i,
Thorowgood, pretending to be a scholar, says to
Grace, 4* I'll read the dialect of the Alanits, or Eskm
Geber*"

ALARKES. 4* Approved A/* are mentioned in Studey
2471 as amongst the 4* brave resolved Turks and valiant
Moors *' in the army of Abdeltnelek at the battle of
Alcazar, Heylyn ($*v* BARBAIUE) mentions Alarach as
one of the 6 principal towns of Morocco* I should guess
it to be El Araish or Larash at the mouth of the r, of the
same name a little S. of Tangier*

ALBA LONGA. Ancient city of Latium, on E* side of
Lake Alban, on the N. side of Alban Mt* Said to have
been founded by Ascanius, the son of ^Eneas, and thus
became the mother city of Rome* Destroyed in the
reign of Tulius HostiUus* In Peele's Polyhymnia 174,
we read of " The 3 Horatii m the field Betwixt the
Roman and the An. camp*" Spenser, F* Q* in* 9, 45,
says that lulus, &*. Ascanius, *l in Long A* placed his
throne apart/'

ALBAN (SAHSTT) HALL* University of Oxford, named
after Robertus de Sancto Albano, who owned the
property in John's reign. The Hall is one of the oldest
ui Oxford, and stands on the S* side of King St., next to
Merton, Massinger, the dramatist, was entered at $t*
A. Ht in 1602*

ALBANIA

ALBANIA, A country on E, coast of the Adriatic Sea*
between Montenegro and the N* boundary of Greece,
After belonging in turn to Bulgaria and the Normans,
the Ans* achieved their independence, but in spite of the
heroic resistance of the national idol, George Castriote,
called by the Turks Iskander, or Scander-beg (died
1466), the country was finally conquered by the Turks
in 1478* Castriote was the hero of the lost play 4I Scan-
derteg" In Jonson's Ev+ Man L L a, Stephen calls the
servant " Whoreson Scanderbeg rogue/' Scanderbeg's
life appeared in an English translation in 1596* Spenser,
F* Q* iii* xa, jo, describes Doubt as having *' sleeves
dependent Albanesewise/*

ALBANIA. Ancient country of Asia at the E* end of the
Caucasus, now part of Russian Georgia. Subdued by
Pompeius 65 B*c» In Marlowe Tomb* A. ii. 2, the
Persian Meander promises, "He that can take or
slaughter Tamburlaine Shall rule the province of A**' ;
and in i* x, Cosroes is crowned 4* D* of Africa and A/f
In the account of Pompey's conquests in Chapman's
Trag. Byron v* i, it is said, w The An* ks. he from their
kingdoms chased And at the Caspian Sea their dwellings
placed/' As a matter of fact, though Pompey conquered
them, he was only able to exact from them a nominal
submission* In Greene's Alphonsus UL z> Amurack
commands Bajaset to " post away apace to Siria,
Scythia, and A/f In B* <fc F* Friends iii* a, the scene of
which is laid in the time of the ks* of Rome, Titus says
that his mistress will appear " a white An* amongst
JEthiops set" Probably it was the idea that the word
was derived from albus (white) that suggested the com-
parison* Mandeville (ch* »&) falls into the same error ;
" After is A*, a full great realm ; so called because the
people are whiter there than in other countries there-*
about."

ALBANIA (or ALBANY)* The old name for all Gt Britain
N* of the Humber ; later used for Scotland. Hplinshed,
i* 396, says, " The ^rd and last part of the island he
[Brutus] allotted unto Albanecte his youngest son* This
latter parcel at the first took the name of Albanactus,
who called it A*" Spenser, Ft Q. ii* 10, 14, says, " Al-
banact had all the N» part, Which of himself A* he did
call*" Really the name is derived from the root Alp,
which means a mtn* The husband of Goneril in Lear
is the D* of A* In Sackviile's Ferrex v* 2, we read,
** Pergus, the mighty d* of A*, Is now in arms/' In
Locrine ii* 6, Humbert decorates Hubba with a wreath
for his chivalry *' declared against the men of A*" ;
which was the kingdom of Albanact* In Peele's Ed. I ix.,
Baliol addresses the Scottish peers as " Lords of A*" ;
and throughout the play A* is used for Scotland* In
Fisher's Fuimas I 3, Cassibelanus says, " Haste yott to
the Scots and Picts, 3 names which now A/s kingdom
share*" In Hughes' Misfort. Arth* iL 3, Gawin is de-
scribed as the Alban k*, Le< the k* of Scotland, Albanois
is used for a Scotchman. In Dekker's Babylon 337,
Palmio says to Paridel, an Englishman, '* I'll bring you
to a gentleman next neighbour to your country, an
Albanois*"

ALBANY, ST. (A* - Alban, A/s « Alban's). A town
in Herts., on the Ver, a tributary of the Colne* Close
by is the site of the old Roman town of Verulam,
from which Lord Bacon took his title* A*, the British
proto-martyr, suffered death here in the persecution
of Diocletian in A*D* 297, and in his honour a Bene-
dictine monastery was erected by Offa of Mercia in
796* The story of the martyrdom of A*, or AJbon, is
told in W* Rowley's Shoemaker : in v* 3, 186, Crispin
says, " A ch* then and a beauteous monastery OnHoim-

Sf, ALBAN'S

hurst Hill, where Albon lost his head, Offa shall build ;
which I'll St. A, name In honour of our xstt English
martyr's fame/' There is a wrong identification here of
Offa, the son of Alured, and the later Offa of Mercia*
The modern town was founded by Ulsig, the 6th
Abbot* It lies 34 m* N*W, of Lond,, with which it is
connected by the old Roman Watling St. 5 m, E* is
Hatfield, which Henry VIII made into a royal palace.
The old Abbey Ch*, with its embattled tower and the
longest Gothic nave in the world ($84 ft,), still remains*
In St* Michael's Ch*, dating from the ioth cent*, is the
tomb of Lord Bacon*

Falstaff (H4 A* iv. a, 50), on his march through
Coventry, tells us that the only shirt amongst his tatter-
demalions was stolen " from my host at St* A/s or the
red-nosed innkeeper of Daventry/' Both places are on
the rd. from Lond. to Coventry* Shakespeare may
probably enough have gone that way sometimes from
Warwicksh* to Lond* Poms (H$ B, ii, a, 185) warrants
Prince Hal that Doll Tearsheet was " as common as the
way between St* A/s and Lond*/' this being the rd,
upon which all travellers from Lond. to the N* would
necessarily go* In H6 B* i* 3, 57, Gloucester is sum-
moned ** to ride unto St* A/s Whereas the k. and q* do
mean to hawk " ; and Sc, I, Act II is laid there* , . .
We are told in i* 4, 76, that the K* " h now in progress
towards St* A/s," and on his arrival the hawking takes
place, followed by the incident, taken from Sir T, More,
of the pretended miracle wrought on a blind man ** at
St. A/s shrine/' which Gloucester discovers, and then
orders the Masters of St* A/s to flog the importer out
of town. It is a curious coincidence that tha very D.
of Gloucester was buried in the Abbey Ch, near the
shrine of St. A*, where his monument may still foe seen*
Indeed, his body was disinterred in the xBth cent* and
found to be almost perfectly preserved*

Two battles in the Wars of the Roses were fought At
St* A/s: the ist on aa May, 1455* in which the Yo*ki*ti
were victorious, Somerset was killed, and Henry VI
taken prisoner ; the and on Shrove Tuesday, 1401, k
which Margaret defeated the Yorkists under the Earl
of Warwick and retook K. Henry* The ust is described
in H6 B* v* a & 3 : " St, A/s battle won by famous
York Shall be eternised in all age to come ** (v* 3, 30).
The sad is reported by Warwick in Hft C*it» x, 1x1-141*
103, Margaret taunts Warwick, ** When vow and

In ii*

8

I met at St* A/s last, Your legs did better service than
your hands " ; and in ni* 3, t, K. Edward relates how
44 at St* A/s field This lady's husband, Sir Richd. Grey,
was slain, His lands then seised on by the conqueror ;
and adds that " in quarrel of the house of York This
worthy gentleman did lose his life/' These statements
are plurally inaccurate ; for the gentkmanf8 name was
John, not Richd,; he was fighting on the Lancastrian
side ; and it was Edward himself who seized hii lands,
Gloucester corrects one of these errors in J?j i. % 130,
where he says to the unhappy Elisabeth, 4* Was not your
husband In Margaret's battle at St. A/s slain I*1*
During the xst battle of St A/s the D. of Someiiet was
killed under the sign on the Castle Inn (H6 B» v* a, 68),
" Underneath an alehouse* paltry sign, the Castle in
St* A/s, Somerset Hath made the wizard famous in his
death/' Hall, €hron>t $>, $&% mm that Soniejfset ** tang
before was warned to eschew all castles/' The inn his
disappeared, but was most likely in Holywell St,

There were many inns w the town, on account of Its
position on the rd* to Lond* Most of Act V of OW-
castle takes place at St. A/s, where Qldcastk takes
refuge in a carriers" inn called the Shears (v* 5)*

ALBIA

In Abington i. 2, the boy says to Coomes, " Thou
stand'st like the Bull at St* A/s " ; " Boy, ye He/'
says Coomes, " the Horns/' I am not able to find any
trace of these 3 inns ; the last seems like a mere joke*
In Randolph's Muses, Banausus, amongst other projects,
proposes to build a pyramid at St* A/s ** upon whose
top I'll set a hand of brass with a scrowl in it, to shew the
way to Lond*, for the benefit of travellers " (iii» x).
There was already a signpost there, for in Shirley's
Fair One iv* 6, Brains says, " I have asked her 2 or 3
questions, and she answers me with holding out her
hand, as the post at St. A/s that points the way to
Lond*" In B* <Sc F* Wit Money iii. i, Humphry prays,
" At St* A/s let all the inns be drunk, not an host sober
to bid her worship welcome/' By the Ver are still
visible the ruins of Sopwell Nunnery, founded abt
1 100, where it is stated by Camden that Henry VIII
was married to Anne Boleyn. Dame Juliana Bcrners
was once its Prioress : she who wrote the Boke of
Sainte Alban's* In B* <fc F» Thomas iv* a, Sebastian,
anxious to be satisfied that his son is no Puritan, asks
him about his amours, and Thomas plays up to him.
At last he inquires if he has seduced the Sisters of St.
A/s? in reply he holds up 5 fingers, "All 5,'* cries the
delighted father ; *' dat's my own boy ! " In B* & F* Wit
Money iii. 4, Lance sarcastically asks if Valentine's
troubles are to make the whole town shake, "Wits blasted
with your bulls, and Taverns withered as though the
term lay at St* A/s/' I take him to mean that if the law
courts were to be removed to St, A/s the taverns of the
City of Lond* would be withered for lack of the patron-
age of the lawyers* Dekker, Lanthornf says, " The m*
between Hell and any place upon earth [are] shorter
than those between Lond. and St* Albones/1" James
Shirley was at one time a teacher at the Grammar
School at St* A.'s*
ALBIA* See ALBION.

ALBIGENSES* A religious sect deriving its name from
the city of Albi, in France, on the Tarn, 347 m* S* of
Paris. After being condemned by several Councils, the
A. were practically exterminated in the terrible crusade
during the early years of the igth cent* In Bale's Johan,
p* 2x9, Dissimulation says, " The A. like heretics de-
testable shall be brent because against our father they
babble."

ALBION. The earliest name for Gt. Britain as distin-
guished from Ireland* Aristotle, De Mundo 3, says,
r< Beyond the pillars of Hercules the ocean flows round
the earth, and m it are a very large islands called British,
A. and lerne, lying beyond the Keltoi/' The word is
used appropriately enough in the pseudo-Chaucerian
prophecy attributed by the Clown to Merlin in Lear
m. a, gi : ** Then shall the realm of A* Come to great
confusion/' The D. of Bourbon speaks contemptuously
of " that nook-shotten Me of A/' (H5 iii. 5, 14)* Mar-
garet appeals to Suffolk in the name of " the royalty of
r* A/s k/' (m B* I % 48). Later on (iii* a, n$) she
speaks of ** A/s wished coast/1" In H6 C* tu* 3, 7, she
declares, " I was great A/s Q. in former golden days " ;
and in the same scene (40) Warwick announces himself
as the messenger to K* Lewis " from worthy Edward,
K* of A/' The word is commonly used as a poetical
name lot England* u How f etera&e A/s champions
Comes lovely Edward from Jertistlem rf (Peele Ed* J
i x) ; English warriors " conquered Spain And made
them bow their knees to A*9*lSyai* Tra$* L«$) ; " Wel-
come/' says K* Henry, " To England's shore whose
promontory cleeves Stow A* Is another little world "

ALCAZAR

(Greene, Friar iv.). The erroneous derivation of the
word is given in Heywood's Prentices, Sc. 15 : "England
Whose walls the ocean washeth white as snow, For which
you strangers call it A/' j and in Peele's Old Wives i* i*
we find " the chalky cliffs of A/' Spenser, F* Q. iL 10,
6, says that the mariner, '* Learning his shijps from those
white rocks to save* * * * For safety that same his sea
mark made, And called it A./' but in iv* u, 15, he de-
rives the name from " Mighty A*," the son of Neptune,
who was " father of the bold And warlike people which
the Britaine Islands hold/'

The form Albia occurs in Greene and Lodge's Look-
ing Glass L i, 100 : " III fetch from Albia shelves of
margarites/' So in Greene's Orlando L i, 77, Brande-
mart speaks of 4t orient pearl More bright of hue than
were the margarets That Caesar found in wealthy A/'
See Suetonius Vit* Caesaris 47* In C&sar's Rev* L 3,
Antony refers to Caesar's conquest of Britain : " Thou
in maiden A. shore The Roman eagle bravely didst ad-
vance/' In T. Hey wood's Challenge iL i, Bonavide says,
" This A,, That fitly bears name of his chalky cliffs,
Breeds wondrous choice of beauties, wise and lovely,
Scarce to be matched in all the world besides/' In
Skelton's Magnificence the famous K.is called "Arthur
of Albyan/' In Troubk* Reign, p* 319, the Dolphin says,
*' It boots not me, Nor any prince tior power of Chdsten-
don, To seek to win this island A/'

ALBRACCA, The capital of Gallaphrone, K. of Cathay,
besieged by Agrkane, K* of Tartary, in order to win the
fair Angelica, Gallaphrone's daughter. The story is told
in Boiardo's Ortado Inamorato L 10, where Agricane
& represented as bringing into the field 3,200,000 men*
Milton, P. JR. iii* 339, says " Such forces met not* * * *
When Agrican with all his N* powers Besieged A*, as
romances tell, The city of Gallaphrone/' So Cervantes,
in Don Qazxv speaks of " men more numerous than
those that came to A* to win Angelica the Fair**'

ALCAIRCX See CAIRO*

ALCANTARA* City in Estramadura in New Castile, at
junction of the Tagus and Alagon. The cornmendador
of A* is mentioned in Middleton's Gipsy iL r* It was the
seat of an order of knighthood, founded by Ferdinand
of Leon in the ;uth cent, ; their dress was a white robe
with a green cross on the breast*

ALCAZAR (or AL-KASR)* Town in Morocco abt* 60 m*
S* of Tangier* Some 6 m, N* of the town was fought in
1578 the famous battle in which Don Sebastian of
Portugal was defeated and slain by the Moors* Sir
Thomas Stukeley, who was on his way with a body of
mercenaries to tree Ireland from Elisabeth, was per-
suaded by Sebastian to join him, and was also killed in
the battle* Sit Ruinous Gentry, in B* & F* Wit 5* W,
L a, says, " The first that fleshed me a soldier was that
great battle at A* in Barbary where the noble English
Stukeley fell, and where that royal Portugal Sebastian
ended his untimely days/' Peeled Alcazar and Stnctey
(3656) tell the story of the fight : " Thus of A* battle m
one day 3 ks* at once did lose their hapless lives/'
T* Heywood, in /* J£* M. B,, speaks of " that renowned
battle, Swift Fame desires to carry round the world,
The battle of A* ; wherein 2 ks*> Besides this K* of
Barbary, was slain* * * * With Stukely that renowned
Englishman That had a spirit equal to a K*" Nash, in
L$nten, p* 326, says of certain gaping fools t " With
them it is current that Don Sebastian, slain so years
since with Stukely at the Battle of A** is raised from the
dead, like Lazarus, and alive to be seen at Venice/'

ALDERMANBURY

ALDERMANBURY, A Load* St., running N* from
Gresham St, opposite the corner of Milk St, to Lond,
Wall, So called from the fact that the original" Guildhall
stood on its E* side, to the W* of the present Hall built
in 1411* In Alderman Garroway's Speech (1643), he
says, " I have been Lord Mayor myself and should have
some share still in the government j before God, I have
no more authority in the City than a porter, not so
much as an A, porter/' Woodes* Con/. Cons* was
44 Printed by Richarde Bradocke dwelling in A*, a little
above the Conduict, 1581," The conduit was in the
middle of the st,, and was erected by William Eastfield
in X47X, the water being brought from Tyburn* Henry
Condell, joint-editor of the ist Folio of Shakespeare,
was a sidesman of the parish of St* Mary's A* Swanston,
the actor, " took up the trade of a jeweller and lived
in A."

ALDERMARY CHURCH* A very ancient ch* of St.
Mary, on the S, side of Budge Row and the E. side of
Cordwainer St., now at the corner of Bow Lane and
Q. Victoria St., Lond. Rebuilt early in the i6th cent*,
destroyed in the Gt. Fire, and rebuilt by Wren* Richd.
Chaucer, vintner, gave the ch. his tenement and tavern,
and was buried there in 1348* He was the grandfather
of the poet Chaucer ? not the father, as Stow says*
There was a printing-house in the churchyard, from
which Mandeville's Travels were issued in the form
of a chapbook : 44 Printed and sold in A* Cfcu-Yard,
Lond*"

ALDERSGATE* One of the 4 oldest gates of Lond*,
lying between Cripplegate and Newgate, near the
Charter House, close to the Castle and Falcon Inn, now
at 62 A* St* It was rebuilt in 1618, with a figure over
the central arch of James I to commemorate his en-
trance into Lond. in 1603* It was pulled down in 1761.
Here lived John Day, the famous printer, who issued
the edition of Matthew's Bible in 1549, Foxe's Actes
and Monuments, and other religious works* Cartwright,
in The Ordinary m* i, discusses the derivation of the
name : ** A. Is gotten so from one that Aldrich hight ;
Ox else, of elders, that is, ancient men ; Ot else of
aldern trees which growden there j Or else, as Heralds
say, from Aluredus/' But most probably it simply
means the old gate* A* St. ran S* from the gate to St*
MartinVle-Grand, and so into the W* end of Cheap-
side* Here was Master Francklin's house, where Arden
lodged on his visit to Lond* " He is now at Lond+, in
A* ste*," says Greene (Feversham ii. i)* The town houses
of the Earls of Northumberland, Westmorland, and
Thanet, and of the Marquis of Dorchester, were in this
st* There was 44 a cook's feast in A* St, yearly upon
Holy Rood Day *' (Laneham's Letter, p* 39). In De-
loney's Gentle Craft ii. u, one says to the green k. of
St. Martin's, " 1 dwell at A* and am your near neigh-
bour*" Heywood's Witches was " Printed by Thomas
Harper for Benjamin Fisher and are to be sold at his
shop at the sign of the Talbot without A,, 1634*"

Dekker, in Seven Sins (1606), makes Candlelight
enter Lond* 44 at A., for though the st* be fair and
spacious, yet few lights in misty evenings use there to
thrust out their golden heads*'* John Milton lived in
A* St* from 1640 to 1645* The house was on the E* side
of the st., where Maidenhead Court now is*

ALDGATE* One of the principal gates of the old City
of Lond*, between the Tower Postern and Bishopsgate*
It was granted to Chaucer in 1374, and he Hved in the
rooms over the gate whilst he was writing the Canter-
bury Tales* It was pulled down in 1606, and a new one

ALEMPHA

built with figures of Peace and Charity copied from 3
Roman coins, which had been unearthed in digging for
the foundations. This new Gate took a years to build*
44 How long/' says Truewit, " did the canvas hang afore
A*** Were the people suffered to see the City's Love and
Charity while they were rude stone, before they were
painted and burnished V ir (Jonson Epicome L *).
Donne, in Elegy xv. (1609), says he talked with a eititetn
44 of new built A/' This gate was removed in 1760 and
re-erected by a Mr* Mussel! in the grounds of his own
house at Bethnal Green*

44 Little Ned of A.*' is referred to by The Citizen in
B* & F* Pestle v* i, as a drummer of the train-bands.
Moll Bloodhound, in Rowley's Match Mid, iv* i, is
described as " dwelling near A. and BishopVgatt just
as between hawk and bumrd " ; this last phrase is
explained in JanuaLinguamm(iG6%) 146 as meaning be-
tween a good thing and a bad of the same kind ; the re-
ference appears to be to the splendour of the newly
erected A. as compared with the more ancient Bishops-
gate, A. being at the extreme E* and Temple Bar at the
extreme W. of the City, *4 as far asunder as Temple Bar
and A*" is used in Marmion's Companion v. a to express
the greatest possible remoteness* in Middleton's yuar-
nl L i, Chough lodges " at the Crow at A.," probably
because his name is Chough. Possibly the Pye Inn is
intended, mentioned as the Pie at A, in B®®k #/ N$w
Epigrams (1659). In B. & F* Thomas iv* i, there is a capital
description of the painting of the town red by a company
of young bloods ; the watchman's shoes are stolen, sign-
boards sent to Erebus ; curs and pigs set loose in out*
parishes : " Oh, the brave cry we made as high a* A. I "
that is, as far as A., where at last a constable of the City
takes a hand. In Lyly's Pappe With an Hatch&t, p. 73, the
author says, 44 We hope to see him [Martin Marprelatej
stride from A. to Ludgate, and look over all the City at
Lond* Edge/' i.e. be carted from end to end of the City
and his head stuck up on Lond* Bdge,, after execution,
In Day's B* Beggar iiL, Canby reports, 4I As I wn
passing through A* this morning, I saw the Shreeves set
towards to Newgate to fetch your father/* In Hey-
wood's Ed* W A* 13, the Recorder says that the rebels
will ** either make assault at Lond,-Bdge* or else at A^
both which entrances were good they should be strongly
fortified." In the same play, B, 161, Mrs, Shore
is condemned to walk in a white sheet " from Temple
Barre until you come to A., barefooted/' Dekker, in
Seven Sins (1606), makes Cruelty enter the City ** it
All-gate, being drawn that way by the smell of blood
abt the Bars/* Evidently there were Shambles
near A*

In W* Rowley's Match Mid, HL it the Widow bids
her maid, " Pray go to A., to my sempstress, for my
ruff/' The famous A, Pump stood at the corner of
Leadenhall St* and Fenchurch St* It was replaced by a
drinking-fountain in 1876*

ALEIAN PLAIN* A barren wilderness in Cilicia# into
which, according to Homer JfJ» vL aoo, Bellerophou was
flung from the back of Pegasus* Homer doubtless coa»
netted the name with the Greek Ale, wandering*
Milton, P* L. vii, 10, prays for help, ** Lett from this
flying steed unreined (as once Beilerophon, though from
a lower clime), Dismounted, on the A* field I fall,
Erroneous there to wander and forlorn."

ALEMPHA* Mentioned in H, Shirley's Mart,
as one of the fortresses in which Huaeric the Vandal K*
has Christian slaves confined, I have not succeeded in
identifying it

ALENQQN

ALENCON* The chief town of the department of Orne,
France, situated near the confluence of the Sarthe and
the Briante, abt* 108 m, W* by S» from Paris* The castle
was founded in the xoth cent*, and 3 of its massive
towers still remain. Towards the end of the I4th cent*
it was created a duchy by Charles VL The D, of A. is
one of the peers summoned by Charles VI to fight
against Henry V (H$ iii. 5, 42)* Henry says (iv, 7, 161),
after the battle of Agincourt, " When A. and myself
were down together, I plucked this jlove from his helm ;
if any man challenge this, he is a friend to A." Fluellen
wears the glove, and in the next scene is challenged by
Williams as a friend of the D, of A/s (H5 iv. 8, 19)*
John, D. of Av is in the list of the dead given HS iv* 8,
ioi+ This was John I : he was succeeded by his son
John II, who was condemned to death for treasonable
communication with the English in 1458 ; and again for
assisting Charles the Bold against Lewis XI in 1474.
He was pardoned on both occasions, but died in prison
in 1476* In H6 A, L i, 95, it is reported that " the
dauphin Charles is crowned K* in Rheims ; The D* of
A* rneth to his side," He is blamed by Charles for the
success of the English attack on Orleans : " D* of A*,
this was your default " (H6 A, ii* i, 60)* Talbot (H6 A.
iii. 2, 65) appeals, " unto thee A., and the rest ; will ye,
like soldiers, come and fight it out*" to which A*
answers, ** Signior, no*" He is spoken of in iv. i, 173 *
44 Charles, A*, and that traitorous rout/' He is still
fighting along with Charles in iv* 4, 27, and Talbot, in
the battle near Bordeaux, " beat down A., Orleans,
Burgundy " (iv. 6, 14). He was present at the espousal
by Suffolk of Margaret of Anjou to Henry VI (H6 B.
i. i, 7)* In H# iii. 2, 85, Wolsey declares his intention of
marrying Henry VIII " to the Duchess of A*, the
French k/s sister," after his divorce from Katharine of
Arragon. This was Margaret, daughter of Charles of
Orleans, who in 1500 married Charles, D* of A., and in
1527 became the wife of Henry of Navarre, 5 months
before Wolsey set out on his embassy to secure a wife
for his royal master. Still, he may have thought of gain-
ing her hand for Henry before her marriage made it
impossible.

tn £. L. L. ii. *, 61, Katharine says that she has seen
Dumain ** at the D. A.'s once " ? and later on (ii, i, 195)
Boyet tells Dumain that Katharine is the heir of A. ?
the Ff . and Qq* all read " Rosaline/' but the editors
are unanimous in correcting the reading to 44 Katharine*"
Shakespeare took the names, but not the characters,
of his French Lords in L. L+ L. from contemporary
history: in this case from the Due d'A., who was
brother to Henry III and at one time suitor to Eliza-
beth*

ALEPPO. A city of Syria, 70 m* from the Mediterranean,
at N*W» entrance of the Syro-Arabian desert. By the
port of Iskanderun it used to have a great trade with the
w. It came into the possession of the Turks in 15x7.
Heylyn, in his Microcosm**^ says, " This town is famous
for a wonderful! confluence of merchants from all parts
who come hither to traffique." Its population has much
decreased, but still numbers 100,000. The sailor whose
wife lias insulted the witch in Macbeth u has to A*
gone, the master of the Tiger " (Mac* i* 3, 7)* In Hak-
luyt's Voyages, mention is made of a trading expedition
to A. in a vessel called the Tiger, which sailed in 1 581 and
disembarked at Tripoli* Othello (v» a, 352) says, " In A*
once, Where a malignant and a turbanrd Turk Beat a
Venetian and traduced the state, I took by the throat the
drcumciz^d dog And smote him, thus." The action of

ALEXANDRIA

Othello is supposed to take place in 1570, so that A* was
then in the hands of the Turk. Brainworm (Jonson, Ey*
Man L ii. 2) was " twice shot at the taking of A./' i\e* in
1517* It is suggested that Sir Pol should be shipped
away 44 to Zante or A." (Jonson, Volpom v. a). Evi-
dently there was trade between A. and Venice* In Dave-
nant's Wits iv. i, Delph, Leghorn, A», and the Venetian
Isles are mentioned as places where a Lond* merchant
would be likely to have factors* In Mayne's Match L 4,
it is made a mark of a merchant that he wears a 4t velvet
jacket which has seen A. twice, is known to the great
Turk, hath 'scaped 3 shipwrecks."" Dekker, in jttm-
thorn, makes a prostitute say, in order to entrap mer-
chants, that " she is wife to the Master of a ship and
they bring news that her husband put in at the Straytes,
or at Venice, at A,, Alexandria or Scanderoon." A* is
mentioned as furnishing a contingent to the Turkish
Army which opposed Tamburlaine (Marlowe, Tomb* B.
iii. i)« It is used as a synonym for great wealth in
B, & F* Malta v. x, where Miranda says, " I would not,
for A*, this frail bark no better steersman had than has
Montferrat's," *'*«* for all the wealth of A* The Basha of
A* is one of the principal characters in Massinger's
Renegade* In Marston's Parasitaster (1606) i* 2, Her-
cules, being asked what he thinks of the D,*$ overture of
.marriage, says, " May I speak boldly, as at A.tf ' ' *>. at a
place outside of his jurisdiction* There may be a
reminiscence of the passage in Othello, quoted above,
in which the Turk traduces Venice at A*

ALEXANDRIA* A city of Egypt founded by Alexander
the Gt. 332 B.C», on the Mediterranean 12 m* W» of the
Canopic mouth of the Nile, and opposite the island of
Pharos, with which it was connected by a mole abt. i m*
long. It was the capital of Egypt under the Ptolemies,
and the following scenes in A. «£ C. are laid there,
either in the Palace of Cleopatra or in the Roman camps
near the city : i* i, 2, 3 j ii* 5 ; iii* 3, 11, 13 ; iv* and v*
It is mentioned 5 times in the course of the play as the
scene of Antony's intrigue with Cleopatra, In Bran-
don's Octavia 2226, Byllius relates " how Antony abode
at A* with this fearful Q*," Le* Cleopatra, after the
battle of Actium* In Marlowe, Tomb. B* i. x, Tambur-
laine is represented as " Marching from Cairo north-
ward to A/' ; and Callapine, the son of Bajaajeth, is with
him as a prisoner, and in i. 3 attempts to escape by
means of a Turkish galley lying in A* Bay* As a matter
of fact, Tamburlaine defeated Farag, the Sultan of
Egypt, in Syria in 1400, but he never actually entered
Egypt. A. was a port of great commercial importance
in the x6th cent* Barabas had an " Argosy from A*
Laden with riches and exceeding store Of Persian silks,
of gold, and orient pearl " (Marlowe, Jw i* i) ; and he
has " at A* merchandise untold " (iv, *)* In Greene's
Friar ix* 261, the Friar promises the Emperor Frederick
44 for thy cates, rich A* drugs [Le* spices] Fetched by
carvels from JEgypf s richest streights/' In JRT* 1C* K*
vi 570, Alfrida speaks of 4f arras banging, fetched from

*Dekker, in Lantforn, makes a prostitute who wants
to catch a merchant say that " she is wife to the Master
of a ship, and they bring news that her husband put in
at the Straytes, or at Venice, at Aleppo, A*, or Scan-
deroon etc." The scene of B* & F, False One is laid at

4 Augustus spared ___

famous Library is said to have been burnt by the Arabs

wim they took the city in AJD* 640 j a&d Jonson, in Jus

ALGIERS

Execration upon Vulcan (Underwoods 6*), compares the
destruction of Paul's steeple by fire to 4< your fireworks
had at Ephesus or A/* Laneham, in Letter* p, 48,
speaks of " The Egyptian Pharos relucent unto all the
An* coast/' This father of Lighthouses was built by
Ptolemy Soter on the E* end of the Island of Pharos,
and was 400 ft. high* In Chapman's Blind Beggar the
scene is laid in A. Clearchus relates in Sc. X* that Leon
has " cast his desperate body From thr An. tower into
the sea/r The Pharos is doubtless intended. In Cmsafs
Rev. L 6, Caesar says, after the battle of Phar salia, " Now
wend we lords to A*, Famous for those wide-wondered
Piramids/' The Pyramids are, however, at Ghfeeh,
more than 100 mu from A, In Wilson's Pedler 473, the
Pedler boasts, ** I can tell what is done at Alexandry,"
Le* in the remotest part of the world.

ALGIERS* &&ARGIER.

ALICANTE. A spt* of Valencia on E* coast of Spain *
It gave its name to a kind of wine of a deep blood-red
colour, made from the mulberries which grow plenti-
fully there*

Matheo, in Dekker's Hon. Wh, A. L x, warns Hipolito
that if he kills the D/s 3 officers he will ** blood 3
pottles of Aligant" In B, & F. Fair Maid L iv* 2, we
read of ** buttered beer, coloured with Aligant/' In
W. Rowley's Match Mid, v* x, Sim, trying to prevent a
quarrel, says* ** There's Megant f the house ; pray set
no more abroach/' In Taylor's Life of Thomas Parr
(1635) we are told : "The vintners sold no Alicant, nor
any other wines but white and claret, till the 3«$rd year
of Henry VIII (x543)/' In B* & F* Chances L B, 4t your
brats, got out of A/' means children which were the
result of drunken incontinence. The Nomendator trans-
lates Vinum atrum by "Redde wine or Allegant""
(1585). In Barnes' Charter iii. 5, Bagmoli swears 44 by
purple Aligant the bloody giant/' When Quickly, in
M*ftr,Wr.ii. 2, 69, speaks of **alligant terms,*' she is using
the name of a wine for a less familiar word ; just as
above she says ** canaries " for '* guandary/' In
Richards* Messalina L, the Bawd mentions as provoca-
tives to lust, ** snails, oysters, alligant/' In the old
Timon iL $, Pseudocheus says, *' In Ganges Isles I 30
rs* saw Filled with sweet nectar , « * 30 rsu more With
Aligaunt/' In Kirke's Champions L i, the Clown says,
44 My hogshead runs alegant and your nursling broached
it " j i,«, broke my head and made it bleed. The scene
of Middleton's Changeling is laid at A*

ALL-GATE* See ALDGATE.

ALLHALLOWS* The following Lond, chs* were dedi-
cated to A. ; (i) A*, Barking, g*v, (2) A,, Bread St,
at the corner of Watling St, Here Milton was baptized*
It was deconsecrated and destroyed in 1876* (3) A* the
Great, or A* in the Ropery, in Upper Thames St* ;
destroyed in the Gt* Fire, rebuilt by wren, and restored
in 1877* Was finally removed in 1893, and its site
occupied by a brewery* (4) A* the Less, in Upper
Thames St* ; and (5) A*, Honey Lane, near the Stand-
ard in Cheapside, were both destroyed in the Fire and
not rebuilt* (6) A* Grass Ch*, in Ball Alley, with its
entrance in Lombard St* Rebuilt by Wren after the
Fire* Thersites was 44 Imprinted at Lond* by John
Tysdale, and are to be sold at his shop in the upper end
of Lombard St*, in A* Churchyard, near unto Grace
Ch/' (7) A* in the Wall, in Loud* Wall. It escaped the
Fire, but was removed and a new ch* built in 1767*
(8) A* Staining, in Mark Lane ; it escaped the Fire,
but fell down in 1761* It was removed, all but the
tower, in 1870, and the site bought by the Clothworkers

ALMA1N

Company, In T* Heywood's £& IV A. 63, one Cheap-
side Prentice asks another, ** What is't aclock f *r and is
answered, " 6 by Ailhallowes " : either the Bread St. or
Honey Lane ch, is meant,

Nash, in his Burlesque on Gabriel Harvey** Encomium
Lauri in Hexameters, has the lints ; " O thou weather-
cock, that stands on the top of Ail Hallows, Come thy
ways down if thou dam for thy crown, and take the
walls on us/*

ALLHALLOWS, BARKING, Ch, in Lond* on N. side
of Gt, Tower Stv near Seething Lane. The ch, derives
its name from its having been originally connected with
the Abbey of B., in Essex, It escaped the Gt Fire*
From its proximity to the Tower it was used as a tern-*
porary place of interment for many persons executed
there, notably the Earl of Surrey, Bp* Fisher, and
Archbp, Laud, In Dekker's Edmonton iii* x, Cuddy, who
has been attended by the Witch's dog, says to turn*
44 If ever we be married, it shall be at B* Cbu, in memory
of thee ; now come behind, sweet cur/r The Ch* had a
fine peal of bells. In Fair Wom®n ii* aoo, Old John
says, 4t I dreamed that I heard the bells of B, as
plain to our town of Woolwich as if I had lain in the
steeple/'

ALL HALLOWS, NEWCASTLE (better known as ALL
SAINTS)* A ch. about the centre of N. It was rebuilt in
the i4th cent, by Roger Thornton, the Mayor of the city;
and he was buried there in 1430, where his brass still
remains. In Brewer's Lovesick King iv», Thornton says,
" I will re-ediiy Alhaliows ch/'

ALLIA, A small r* flowing into the Tiber on its left bank*
abt. xx m* N* of Rome j probably the modern Fonte di
Papa* The scene of the terrible defeat of the Romans
by Brennus and his Gauls in 390 B«C» on July x6, the
Dies AIKensi's, ever afterwards regarded a$ an unlucky
day. In Nero iii. 3, Seneca, lamenting the tyranny of th«
Emperor, cries ; " Let Cannae come, Let A/s waters
turn again to blood ; To these will my miseries be
light/' In Fisher's Fuimus (Induction), Brennus taunts
Camillus, 44 Doth A, yet run clear i " (to. from Roman
blood). In ii 8, the Britons sing a war song : ** Black
A/s day And Canna&'s fray Have for a third long
stayed/'

ALLIGANT, ALLEGANT, $* ALICANTE,

ALLOBROGES, A Gallic tribe living on E. bank of the
Rhone, between the Rhone and the Isere. They sent an
embassy to Rome in 63 B.C.; and when Catiline and his
fellow-conspirators tried to engage them in thetr plot
they revealed the whole affair to Cicero* In Jongon's
Catiline iv* 3, the arrival of these " ambassadors from
the A/' is described ; and in v* 4, their revelation of the
plot is related*

ALL SOULS COLLEGE (OXFORD), Founded fa 14*8
by Chicele, Archbp* of Canterbury, It stands on the N*
side of Hi$h St, between St. Mary's and Q/» Colkgt *
The constitution provides for a warden^ ao ftllows, ao
scholars, and 55 chaplains*

Armin, in the preface to his Niwfas, saysi ** I was ad-
mitted in Oxford to be of Chdsts Ch»* while they of Al»
soules gave aim fr ; Le. apparently he migrated from
A* S* to Christ Ch,

ALMAIN (a German)* From the name of one of the
principal German tribes known to the Romans, the AU*~
mannx* lago makes merry over the prowess of the IBatg*
lishmari in drinking, declaring, " He drinki you witlt
facility your Dane drunk ; he sweats not to overthrow
your A/f (Oth* i\ 3, 86), In Pedrt Ed, 1 1 1, the Q,-

ALMAIN

mother Elinor tells her son, " your brave uncle, Ae/s
Emperor, is dead/' This was Richd. of Cornwall, the
brother of Henry III, who was elected Emperor in 1257,
though some of the Electors afterwards went back on
their decision and elected Alfonso X of Castile. He died
*fn lays, 7 months before the K. In Greene's Friar vii.,
" Frederick, the A* emperor/' visited Oxford to hear
a dispute between Vandermast and Roger Bacon.
Apparently Frederick II (1313-1250), the grandson of
the great Barbarossa, is intended; though Prince
Edward was only 11 when he died, and therefore hardly
ripe for the flirtation with Margaret of Fressingfield
which forms the plot of the play. He was interested in
philosophical and religious questions, and was regarded
as a heretic and placed by Dante in hell (Inferno, canto
x.)* In Ed* III i. i, the K. begs the D* of Hainault to
Solicit the Emperor of Almaigne* Valdes promises
Faust that the spirits shall attend on him ** like A. rutters
[Le. reiters : knights] with their horsemen's staves/' or
lances (Marlowe, Faustus L i)» "A. rutters " are among
the Christian enemies of Orcanes of Natolia (Marlowe,
Tarnb. B* i, i). Lady Ample undertakes, unless she can
fool Engine and his fellows, to " cry flounders and walk
with my petticoat tucked up like a long maid of Ay "
(Davenant, Wits ii,)* Presumably she means a German
fish- wife. A* is one of the long list of countries in which
Hycke-Scorner claims to have travelled. In Dekker's
Fortunatns i, x, " Frederick Barbarossa, Emperor of A.
fonce, but by Pope Alexander now spurned and trod on
when he takes his horse," is instanced as an example of
the fickleness of Fortune*

A. is the name for Germany in Experience's lecture on
the map of the world in Elements, Has, i. 33* In C&safs
JRcp. v. if Caesar's ghost recalls his exploits in " Spain,
rBrittain, Almayne, and France/* In Brome's Sparagus
iii. 4, Wat tells of the wonders the precious plant
Asparagus *4 hath wrought in Burgundy, Ae,, Italy, and
Languedoc/' Borde, in Intro, of Knowledge (1542) xiv*,
heads the chapter, " Of high Almayne or high Doch
land/* In Lamm F* a, Stuppe says, '* A those Acs. 1
they cried Live Spaniards ! they were called high Aes.
but they are low enough now* You may call them
blanched Acs. [quasi almonds I] and you will, for their
guts are blanched abt. their heels/' [High A* -* High
German, as opposed to the Low Germans of the
^Netherlands J fn Kyd's Cornelia iv., Cassius says of
'Caesar, " The restful As. with his cruelty He rashly
stirred against us without cause." In Brome's Novella
fiv* a, Nicole says that Fabritio " appears as like the
noted Ae* late come to town, if he had but his beard/'
See under German for an account of this notorious
fperson, who was an expert fencer*
I The A. was the name of a stately dance of German

making a sensation : " at the tail of a sheriff's dinner he
I will take his A.-leap into a custard/' In Tancredand Gis~
munda, the 3rd act is introduced by the hautbois sound-
ing *' a lofty A/' In Two Gmt** between acts iv, and v.,
44 The consort soundeth a pleasant Ailemai^ne/* In
Phillip's Grissitl 969, the Marques enters " singing to the
tutie of the tatter A/'— I suppose the last A. w^kn the
band had played. In Chapman's Alpktmm iii. i, 151,
Bohemia says, " We Germans have no changes in our
dances,AnA»andanup-spring,thatisall/' laHercuks
^8,467,0^11110, describing his experiences at sea, says,
We in the ship practised the Amond leap, from one
the other/*

ALPS

ALMONRY* The almshouses for poor men and women
respectively, erected by Henry VII and his mother, the
Lady Margaret* They were W. of Westminster Abbey,
the great A* being in 2 parallel parts running E* and
W* with the entrance from Dean's Yard ; and the little
A* at its E. end, running S* It was in the great A* that
Caxton set up the first printing press in England, from
which he issued in 1474 The Game and Playe of Chesse*
His house was on the N* side of the A*, in Little Dean
St., close to the present Westminster Palace Hotel*
It was a narrow 3-storey building with a gable and attic,
and was in existence till 1845, when it was removed
along with the other buildings of the A. Here Caxton
died in 1490, and was buried in the neighbouring ch* of
St. Margaret. The word was, and is, popularly pro-
nounced Ambry. Jonson, in Staplet makes gossip Mirth
say that she knows " all the news of Tuttle-st., and both
the Alm'ries, the 3 Sanctuaries, long and round Wool-
staple, with King's st. and Canon-row to boot " (iii. a).

ALPHEUS. The largest r. in the Peloponesus, rising in
S.E* Arcadia and flowing W. through Arcadia and Elis
to the Ionian Sea* Near Tegea it disappears under-
ground for a certain distance ; and this gave rise to the
legend that the river flowed beneath the sea to join its
waters with those of the fountain of Arethusa in the Is-
land of Ortygia, near Syracuse, in Sicily, owing to the
passion of the r*-god for that nymph. In Milton's Ar-
cades 30, the Genius sings of " divine A. who by secret
sluice Stole under seas to meet his Arethuse." Spenser,
P* Q* iv. 1 1, 3i, calls it ** A* still immaculate " ; f.e* un-
mixed with the waters of the sea, through which it was
supposed to have passed to Sicily* In Lyddas 133,
Milton says, *4 Return, A. ; the dread voice is past That
shrunk thy streams ; return, Sicilian Muse/' where A*
is regarded as the patron of pastoral poetry, interrupted
by the stern speech of St* Peter* Hall, in Satires (1597)
iv. 3, 75, says, 4* A. waters nought but olives wild**'

ALPS (Ae. =« Alpine)* The mtns* separating France,
Switzerland, and Austria from Italy* Travellers visited
them in Shakespeare's day, and talked of " the A. and
Apennines, ThePyrenean and the r* Po" (K.J. i* i,
aoa)* Mowbray is prepared " to run afoot Even to the
frozen ridges of the A*/' to meet and fight Bolingbroke
(## L if 64). The French K, describes Henry V as
rushing on with his army " as doth the melted snow
Upon the valleys, whose low vassal seat The A, doth
spit and void his rheum upon " (H!5 iii* s, 52)*
Note the use of the word as a singular. Following
Plutarch's authority, Caesar tells how, after the battle of
Modena, Anthony suffered the greatest privations :
4t On the A*, it is reported, thou didst eat strange flesh
Which some did die to look on " (A* & C* i* 4, 66),
To the traveller the A* stood for the boundary between
the culture of Italy and the illiteracy of the rest of
Europe* In Jonson's Cynthia L i, Amorphus protests,
44 Since I trod on this side the A* I was not so frozen in
my invention/* In Webster's Law Case i+ 1> Contarino
says, " I have heard of divers that, in passing of the A*,
have but exchanged their virtues at dear rate for other
vices/* The snow of the A* furnished an obvious hyper-
bole for whiteness* In Tomkins' Albumazar ii. 4, the
hero speaks of t4 Two sucking lambs, white as the Ae*
snow/* Their bulk was also impressive* ** Though you
were in compass thick as the A«," says Palatine (Dave-
oant, Wits ii,), " I must embrace you both " ; and in
Day's Par/. Bees ch. iii.> we read of J* Ae» hills of silver/'
IttMassinger's Madam v* 3, Luke says/4 The rain That
slides down gently from his flaggy wings [shall sooner]

ALSAT1A

O'erflow the A. than tears * * * Shall wrest compunction
from me/*

In JRsk Psrnass* iv, 3, there is a burlesque allusion to
Kemp's famous feat of dancing the Morns from Lond.
to Norwich : " God save you, M* Kemp ? welcome,
M* Kemp, from dancing the morrice over the Alpes/'
William Kemp was the well-known comedian who
created the parts of Dogberry in Much Ado, and Peter
in JR. & J* Sciarrha, in Shirley's Traitor ii. i, has
breath " hot enough to thaw the A." The prologue to
Marlowe's Jew is spoken by Machiavel, who begins by
saying, *4 Albeit the world thinks Machiavel is dead,
Yet was his soul but flown beyond the A- * * * to view
this land/' In Nero v* x, " a courier from beyond the
A." brings letters from Gaul to the Emperor* In B, &
F* Shepherdess ii. 2, Thenot speaks of Gloria's body,
44 which as pure doth show In maiden-whiteness as the
Alpen-snow/' In Wild Goose i. 2, Mirabel affirms that
" our women of this side the A,* are nothing but mere
drolleries . , /' In TrouWe.l?e^n(Haz*p*3i5) theK.,
tormented by the poison, cries : " Oh for the frozen A*
To tumble on and cool this inward heat," 4t Here's a
peacock/' says Montsurry in Chapman's Bussy iii* x,
44 seems to have devoured one of the A*, she has so
swelling a spirit and is so cold of her kindness/' In
Lyly's Endymion v* 3, Endymion swears that the
affections of Tellus are to his own 4* as valleys to A*,
ants to eagles/' In the old Taming of a Shrew, p* 534,
Aurelius wishes that he had charge 44 to make the top-
less Alpes a champion field To kill untamed monsters
with my sword/* In VaL Welsh, i* i, the Bard speaks of
44 man's highest A,, intelligence/' Jonson, in Wales,
makes Evan claim for the Welsh mtns* the title of the
44 British Aulpes/' In Killigrew's Parson i* 3, Jolly
asks the Gapt*; "Have you ventured o'er the A*
to see the seat of the Caesars £ " In S» Rowley's When
You A, 3, Wolsey says, " Hannibal with oil did melt the
A* To make a passage into Italy*" The reference is to
Hannibal's crossing of the A* in 318 B.C. Livy tells the
impossible story of the softening of the rocks by the use
of vinegar (not oil), Livy xxi. 37* In Milkmaids u* a>
Raymond speaks of his aged head " wrapt like the Alpes
in snow/' In Kyd's Cornelia v», the Messenger speaks
of N. winds t4 that beat the horned A*" In Dekker's
// it be, p. 331, Shackle-soul says, " The Ae* snow at the
sun's beams does melt ; So let your beauties thaw his
froa^n age/' In his Wonder iii* x, Torrenti says, 44 1
wish there were xo worlds, yet not to conquer but to
sell For Ae* hills of silver." In Cockayne's Obstinate
L x, Carionil says of his lady, ** The Alpian snows are
not more cold/' In Greene & Lodge's Looking Glass
v* a, 3009, Rasni cries : 44 Oh had I tears like to the
silver streams That from the Ae» mtns* sweetly stream/'
Milton's sonnet On the late Massacre in Piedmont be-
gins, 44 Avenge, O Lord, thy slaughtered saints, whose
bones Lie scattered on the Ae» mtns* cold/' Alp is used
as a generic name for a mtn* Milton, P» L* ii, 620, says,
44 They passed* , * + O'er many a frozen, many a fiery
Alp/' In S+ A. 628, he speaks of " breath of vernal air
from snowy Alp/' In Tetrarch. x8», he speaks of 44 This
adamantine alp of wedlock/'

ALSATIA* A name applied to the sanctuary of White-
friars, q.v. The xst example of this use of the word is in
1623 in Thomas Powell's Wherem'er you SeeMt, Trust
unto yourself ; but it did not come into common use till
the end of the xyth cent. A* was a kind of no-man's
land between France and Germany ; and consequently
the laws of either country were inoperative there, as the
laws of England were inoperative in Whitefi^irs,

AMAZONIA

ALTHORP PARK!* Seat of Earl Spencer, near Northamp-
ton* Here Sir Robert Spencer entertained the Q. and
eldest son of James I on their way from Scotland to
Lond, in 1603, when Jonson's xst masque, The Satyr,
was produced,

ALTOMONTE. The highest point of the mtn* mass of
Aspromonte, in Calabria, at the extreme S» of Italy.
In Barnes' Charter L 4, Pope Akseander allots to Caesar
Borgia the provinces from Tuscany, ** even to Monte
Alto in Calabria/'

AMALEKITES, A nomad tribe inhabiting the desert
between the S* of the kingdom of Judah and the
Sinaitic Peninsula. They attacked the Israelites on their
way from Egypt, and were subsequently almost ex-
terminated by SauL The remnant of them seems to have
settled in the mountainous disk of Edonu In Bale's
Promises iv., the Almighty says, 4I Over Amalech I gave
them the victory/' Milton, Trans* P$> txxxiiL a6, speaks
of " hateful Amalec/' Blount, in Glossographia, s»v»,
says, 44 Enemies to the children of God or good people,
or enemies to good proceedings, are commonly called

A*

AMARA, See GAMARA,

AMASIA. A town in Asia Minor on the Irmak, 60 m*
from its mouth in the Black Sea, Birthplace of Strafoo,
who describes the tombs of the k,*i. excavated in the rock
below the castle* It was regarded as the metropolis of
Pontus, and is mentioned in Marlowe, Tarnh, B. iii, if
as supplying forces to the K» of Trebissond to fight
against Tamburlaine, In Sdimm 966, Acomat, the
brother of Selim, is addressed as ** Acomat, Soidan
of A/' In 2391 Selim takes A. and murders his brother's
wife. This was in 15x3. Heylyn (s*v* CAPPADOCIA) mm
that the Turkish emperors send their eldest sons to A*
44 Immediately after their circumcision ; whence they
never return again till the death of their fathers/'

AMATHON (more commonly AHATHUS), Town on S»
coast of Cyprus, some 50 m. E. of Paphos. A famous
seat of worship of Aphrodite (Venus)* In T* Heymod'c
B, Age il 2, Venus says, " Adonis, thou that makest
Venus leave Paphos and A/*

AMAZONIA, or AMAZONE (An* : Amazon, Am, *
Amazonian)* The country inhabited by the An*., i
legendary race of female warriors, usually located in the
neighbourhood of the Caucasus on the Thermodon,
near Trebisond* Glanville, D® prop, rerum xv., say»,
44 A*, Women's land, is a country, part in Asia, part in
Europe, and is nigh unto Albania* The gth labour of
Hercules was the capture of the girdle of the <X of the
Ans* He went to the Thermodon, and there killed her
and took her girdle. In Mansion's Lwjtuer UL 4,
Trimalchio says he is going to the Leaguer ** umn the
same employment that Hercules did once against the
Ans/'; i*e» to vanquish the women there. The
Athenian hero Theseus married Antiope, sister of
Hippolyta, Q* of the Ans*# who was presented to him
by Hercules after his conquest of these warlike lidiei,
Shakespeare, however, follows Chaucer in making
Hippolyta herself the wife of Theseus. ** The bouncing
An. To Theseus must be wedded/' »ays Tittnia (M, JV J^»
if, x, 70), The Bastard represents the women of England
arming to resist the French invader, " like Ana* taipptnt
after drums " (jRT* /, v* a* ^55}* ° Thou ait an Aa,/1
says Charles to Joan of Arc, 4* And fittest with the
sword of Deborah " (H6 A, L a, 104)* Wteen Edward
hears of the warlike purpose of Q. Margaret he tx-
claims, u Belike she mkds to play $m An.* (&6 C*

AMBOISE

iv* i, 106) ; and York calls her " an Aan. trull " (H6 C.
i*4, 114),

As the Ans, had no beards, Aan, is used in the sense
of beardless : '* At 16 years Coriolanus with his Aan*
chin drove The bristled lips before him " (Cor. ii. 2, 95)*

The word is often used for a woman who acts in-
dependently—the 4* new woman " of modern phrase*
Thus, in B* <Sc F* Prize ii. 2, Bianca and Livia propose
44 to seek out a land Where, like a race of noble Ans.,
We'll root ourselves * * * and despise base men." The
scene of B» & F. Sea Voyage is laid in an island where
certain Portuguese ladies have fled for refuge from the
French, and have resolved " thus shaped like Ans,, to
end our lives " (v« 4)* In B. <Sc F* Woman Hater ii*
i, Gondarino says, 4* The much praised Ans* made of
themselves a people, and what men they take amongst
them they condemn to die, perceiving that their folly
made them fit to live no longer that would willingly come
in the worthless presence of a woman/' In Massinger's
Lover i. 2, Hortensio thinks, if Gonzaga gives his
daughter to the D* of Tuscany against her will, 4i The
women will turn Ans,, as their sex in her were wronged/'
Jonson introduces " Penthesilea, the brave An.," into
his Queens : and in a learned note explains that she was
present at the siege of Troy and 4t was honoured in her
death to have it the act of Achilles/' In T* Heywood's
Iron Age iv., JEneas announces ** Penthisilea Q* of Ans*
With mighty troops of virgin warriors . * . for the love
of Hector * , * are entered Troy " ; in act v* Pyrrhus
kills her and brings in on his lance's point 4i the An/s
lopt off head/' In Locrine ii. i, 90, Hubba tells how
*' the warlike q. of An., Pcnthisilea . , . cooped up the
faintheart Grecians in the camps/' In Greene's Alphon-*
sus iii. 3, 2:047, Fausta says, ** My sword with help of all
Amasones Shall make him soon repent/' In Barnes'
Charter iv, 4, Caesar Borgia speaks of Katharine of Forli
as " that proud Aan* Katherine/* because she dared to
hold Forli against him. In Brome's Covent G* iv* x,
Anthony addresses Bet and Francisca as *' ye Aan* trulls/'
In Webster's Law Case iii. 2, Leonora says, *4 Like an
An, Lady, I'll cut off this right pap that gave him suck,
to shoot him dead/' The Ans* were said to cut off their
right breasts in order to free the hand for shooting with
the bow* Milton, P.L. ix. mx» says that Adam and
Eve's figleaves were ** broad as Aan* targe/* In Day's
Gulls, Lisander appears disguised as an An. Marlowe,
following another tradition, locates the Ans* in Africa,
somewhere between the Upper Nile and Zanzibar. He
speaks of " A* under Capricorn " (Tomb, B» i* x), and
telb how Techelks, on his way from Machda on the
Upper Nile to Zanzibar, marched to Casates, ** Where
Aans* met me in the field, With whom, being women, I
vouchsafed a league " (Tarab. B* i* 3). In the map pre-
fixed to Leo's Africa, translated by Pory (1600), the
Ans, are marked in the centre of Africa, opposite N*
Madagascar,

AMBOISE* Town in France, on the l«ft bank of the
Loire, xsj m* B* of Tours and ixo m, S*W. of Paris*
Its ancient castle was used as a royal residence by several
of the French ks, It was here that the name Huguenots
was first used of the Calvinist Protestants in 1560*
From it Bussy d'Ambois, the hero of Chapman's Bussy
and Th$ Rev, Bussy f took his title. In Barnes' Charter
ii* x, Guicchiardine, as chorus, says, " Meanwhile K.
Charles sick of an apoplexy Dies at Ambois." This was
Charles VIII of France, who died at A* in 1498. In
Chapman's Bussy Hi, a, 79, Guise says to Bussy,
4i Th'art not nobly born, But bastard to the Cardinal of

AMERICA

Ambois/' This was Georges d'Ambois, Archbp* of
Rouen, who died in 1510, 39 years before the birth of
Bussy,

AMBOYNA* One of the Molucca Islands, lying between
Celebes and Papua. It belonged first to the Portuguese,
but they were dispossessed by the Dutch in 1605. In
16x5 the English formed a settlement there, but the
Dutch destroyed it in 1623, when the famous A*
massacre was perpetrated* It is rich in spices, particu-
larly in pepper and cloves* In B. & F* Fair Maid L iv* 2,
Forobosco threatens to send the Clown 44 to Greenland
for a haunch of venison * . * thence to A* i' th' E.
Indies for pepper to bake it." 4t To A. i " answers the
Clown, *' so I might be peppered ! " The reference is
to the A* massacre. In Davenant's Plymouth v* x, when
Bumble, the Dutch capt*, threatens the English skipper,
44 Ick sail meet you at sea," he replies : "Ay, or in A* ;
There you shall swing for 't/' In Shirley's Honoria L 2,
Conquest says to Alamode, " Thou wilt sell thy
countrymen to as many persecutions as the devil, or
Dutchmen, had invented at A/' In Webster's Law
Case iv* 2, the Surgeon remonstrates with Contarina,
who is proposing to go to the E* Indies : 4* So many
Hollanders gone to fetch sauce for their pickled her-
rings! Some have been peppered there too lately /'
In Jonson's Staple iii* 2, when one prays for a blessing
on Buz, the Dutchman, the Register adds : ** Yes, for
A., and the justice there I "

AMBRACIA, A very hilly dist* on the E* coast of the
Adriatic Sea, to the N* of the Gulf of A. ; now the
S. part of Albania, In Nash's Summers (Dods* 70),
Christmas says, 44 1 must rig ship , . . to A. for goats/*
In the list of table dainties given by Sensuality in
Nabbes' Microcosmus iii, we find " An* kids/'

AMERICA* The W* continent discovered by Columbus
in X4Q2* The name was suggested by Waldseemuller in
his Cosmographies Introductw (1507) : " A 4th part of
the world, which, since Amerigo found it, we may well
call Amerige or A.," and again : " Now a 4th part has
been found by Amerigo Vespucci, and I do not see why
we should be prevented from calling it Amerige or A/r
Columbus thought that the islands he found were con-
nected with India, and consequently the usual name for
A* in the x6th cent* was 4* the Indies " ; and the name
still survives in the words ** W* Indies " for the islands
and M Red Indians " for the aboriginals of N. A* The
earliest use of "An/' in English is quoted in the
2V*£SMX from Frobisher's voyage, 1578* Heylyn, in
MicrocosmuSf says, 4* The most usuall & yet somewhat
improper name is A*, because Americus Vespucius dis-
covered it* , , * The most improper name of all, yet
most usuall among Marriners, is the Westerne Indies f '
(x6ax)* He divides it into 2 parts, Mexicana and Peruana*
In Elements , Has, i* 32* Experience, lecturing on the map
of the world, says, " But this new lands found lately
been called A., because only Americus did first them
find/' He gives a long and interesting account of A* just
previously, and laments that the Frenchmen have found
the trade, and bring large quantities of fish thence*
The inhabitants know neither God nor devil, but wor-
ship the sun* They have no iron, and though there is
copper there, they do not dig for it. They have great
abundance of woods, mostly fir and pine-apple ; and
they have abundance of fish* In the S. they go naked,
but in the N* they dress in skins* Shakespeare only uses
the word once, in JBrr* iii* 2, 136, * Where/' asks
Antipholus of Dromio, interrogating him abt* his cook-

*w<*4*H triften ** A •fUtt T*n/4«A« t?tr +rt twl'iinl'i T*>tw*n*rt •a*ieixrdfo *

a, was ** A*, the Indies 4" to which

AMBR/CA

** Oh, Sir, upon her nose, all o'er embellished with
rubies* carbuncles* sapphires, declining their rich aspect
to the hot breath 01 Spain/' What it suggested to
Shakespeare and his contemporaries was Mexico and
Peru with their fabulous treasures of gold and silver and
gems, contributing to the wealth and glory of Spain,
Spenser, P* Q. ii. xo, 73, says of Elfm, " Him all India
obeyed, And all that now A* men call/'

The natives were supposed to be cannibals; so
Jonson, Staple Hi, i, tells of " a colony of cooks to be
set ashore on the coast of A> for the conversion of the
cannibals/' In Gamester iii*, Europe, Asia, Afric, and
A* are named as the 4 parts of the world* In Randolph,
Muses &L 4, Eiron professes to know all the languages
of Europe/ Asia, and Africa ; " but in A* and the new-
found world I very much fear there be some languages
that would go near to puzzle me*" In Webster's Mal~
content ii* 4, the powder of pearl of A* is one constituent
of a universal restorative of which the receipt is given.
By a more than usually daring anachronism, Brutus,
in Locrine L xx, the date of which is shortly after the
siege of Troy, speaks of his daughter as " a gift more
rich Than are the wealthie mines Found in the bowels
of A/f Valdes promises Faust (Marlowe, Faustus i*)
that the spirits shall drag " from A* the golden fleece
That yearly stuffs old Philip's treasury " ; and Calla-
pine (Marlowe, Tamb* B, L a) offers to his keeper as the
price of his freedom " xooo galleys, which Shatt bring
armadoes from the coasts of Spain Draughted with gold
of rich A/* The reference is to the annual plate-fieet,
which Raleigh nearly captured in 1596*

In Dekker's Fortmatw v* x, Andelocia, posing as a
French doctor, asks for money that he may cmy fo* his
medicine ** many costly tings dat grow in Arabia, in
Asia, in A*" In B* & F. Malta v* 2, Norandine says of
the Moorish woman Zanthia, the paramour of Mont-
ferrat, " Do you snarl, you black Gill < She looks like
the picture of A*" The reference would seem to be to
some picture of an An* Indian, represented as a black,
malevolent savage ; but I have not been able to find
any other account of it. In their Fair Maid L il a, men-
tion is made of ** bawdy E, Indian pictures worse than
ever were AretineV This picture of A. may have been
something of the same kind. In Marlowe's Massacre,
0.240, the D, of Guise affirms, "Philip, K* of Spain,
Ere I shall want, will cause his Indians To rip the golden
bowels of A/' Taylor, Works (165^) 36, says, ** The
barbarous Brazilians, Ans., and Virginians do adore the
devil/' Lodge wrote his Margarite of A* (1506) on a
voyage to the W*, and began it in the Straits of Magel-
lan. In K* K* 1C vL 557, Dunstan says that fc$/ favours
are " like the violets in A*, that in summer yield an odori*
ferous smell, and in winter a most infectious savour/' In
Grim ii* i, Castiliano says, "Now shall you see a
Spaniard's skill Who from the plains of new A, Can find
out sacred simples of esteem. In Massinger*s Madam
nit 3, Luke says to the supposed Red Indians, " You are
learned Europeans and we worse than ignorant Ans/' In
Shirley's Riches iff., Riches says, " My mother was a
Clod j she married rich Earth of A. where I was born."
The reference is to the fortunes made in A* Milton,
P. jL ix* r n6,says that Adam and Eve after the Fall, and
their construction of garments of fig-leaves, were such
as "of late Columbus found the An*, so girt With
feathered cincture, naked else and wild/* Barnes, in
Parthenophil (1593) xlviti* 4, speaks of " rubies of At,
dear sold/* Davies, in JVosce, says that the sun * makes
, * * The An. tawny/' Barnefield, in Praise o/Pecwia
(1598) 6, calls Pecunia " The famous Q* of rich A/'

AMPHR1SUS

Donne, in Elegies (1633) xx. 37, addresses his mistress,
"O my A*, my Newfoundland !tr In Shirley's Low Tricks
ii* a, Rufaldi says to Selina, '* O my dove, my A«, my
new-found world ! "

AMESBURY* A very ancient town in Wilts,, on the
Avon, 8 m. N, of Salisbury* In King ana Qumn*s
Entertainment at Richmond (i6$6), 214, Richd., a Wilts,
man, says, " Chill so veesse the Taylor of Amsbwries
coat at the next wake/'

AMIAS, See EMMAUS.

AMIENS. An ancient episcopal city of France, the capital
of Picardy, 93 m. N» of Paris, The cathedral, founded
in 1220, is one of the most glorious Gothic churches in
the world. " My lord of A/' is one of the characters in
As ii. r, 29. It is only abt* 100 m» W- of the forest of
Arden, which may have suggested the choice of the
name* It is mentioned in B» & F. Prtw as on the rd*
from England to Paris* Jaques says (v. a), ** We'll get
us up to Paris with all speed ? For, on my soul, as far as
A. She'll carry blank/' A* was taken by the Spaniards
in 159^, but recovered by Henri IV of France after a
short siege* In Chapman's Consp. Byron iii, x, v, x ;
and Trag+ Byron L i, v« i, Byron claims to have actually
taken the city : " I alone Took A, in these arms and held
her fast/' In Consp. Byron iii* a, 168, Byron, describing
his proposed statue, says, " Within my left hand will I
hold a city Which is the city A,, at whose siege I served
so memorably/' There is an Earl of A. in B. & F. Hon.
Man, In Day's B* Beggar L t, Playnsey brings the
letter, " Sent from A« to Momford/ ' which charges him
falsely with the surrender of Guynes, Donnt , in Satin
iv. (1597), mentions " all states and deeds that have
been since The Spaniards came, to the loss of A*f
Le* from 1588 to 1597, The rhyme with 4< liaas ** gives
the pronunciation of A*

AMMONITES* A Semitic tribe living E, of the Jordan,
around the sources of the Jabbok* The capita! was
Rabbah, now called Amman* In Conf. Com, ii» 3,
Hypocrisy says, w Joab was glad the A. in Habah to
confusion to bring/' The story is told in H Sam. x-xii.
In Bale's Promises vv David says of Israel, '* They wtre
x8 years ve^ed of the cruel A/r (see /eu/j^s x* 8). The

war between the A* and David is tm background of
Peek's Bethsabe* Milton, in Tram. P$* faxxi'ft* a$t stp#
44 Gebal and Ammon there cowspire And hatefyl
Amalec/' In P. L, L 396, he says of Moloch, ** Him
the Ammonite Worshipped in Rafoba and her watery
plain/' In S, A* 385, the Chorus recall how Jtphtha
44 Defended Israel from the Ammonite " (see

AMOND. 5eeALMAiN,

AMOHITES+ One of the people* of pre~Hebrak „ _
tine* Sihon, K* of the A*, ruled over the dtst* E* of the
Jordan, between the Jabbok and the Amo«» In the
Puritan slang of the i6th cent* the A* meant the worldly
and unsanctified enemies of the true peopk of God.
Hence, in B* & F. Prig* HL », Jaques speaks of ** those
A. That came to back her cause, those heathen
whores/'

AMPHRISUS* A small n in Thessaly, flowing into the
Pagasxan Gulf near Alus. It was on iti banks that
Apollo fed the flocks of Admetus. In T* Htywood's
Dialogues 5^45, lo, speaking of the vale of Temp% says,
Next poplar-shadowed Enipeus glides j Hot ar A.,
J8Bw/f In Mi B> Ag* i&t Medea sam ** Tlmic* mine I
fly unto A* fords And gather plants/

AMPTHILL

AMPTHILL* A market town in Beds*, 45 m* N*W» of
Lond. A. Castle was near the town, and was the resi-
dence of Katharine of Arragon during the divorce pro-
ceedings. The site of the castle is marked by a cross
erected in 1773 by the Earl of Upper Ossory* In HS
iv* i, 28, a Gentleman says, " The Archbp* Of Canter-
bury * * * Held a late court at Dunstable, 6 m* of!
from A., where the princess [z«e. Katharine] lay/'

AMSTERDAM* The capital of Holland, on the AmsteL
It was the most important commercial centre in Europe
in the i6th cent. It became the refuge of all sorts of
Puritan sectaries, who took refuge there from the perse-
cution of Elisabeth's reign ; most of the references in
the dramatists are to the extreme types of Puritanism
which flourished there.

In Haughton's Englishmen iu"» a, Vandal, the Dutch-
man, instead of making love to Laurentia, informs her,
" The men of A* have lately made a law that none but
Dutch may traffic there/' This was at the time of the
Union of the Netherlands in 1579. It was a place of
refuge for insolvents from Englana. In Brome's Moor
L a, Theophilus complains, 4t Crafty merchants often
wrong their credits and Londoners fly to live at A/* A
lost play by Fletcher, Massinger, and Field was entitled
The Jeweller of -A* In GiapthornVs Hollander L x,
Sconce boasts, " My ancestors kept the Inquisition out
of A/* This was in the time of the D* of Alva and the
Revolt of the Netherlands*

In Jonson's Alchemist iL I, Subtle talks of " the holy
brethren Of A*, the exiled saints " ; and in v. 3 Lovewit
says to Ananias, " I shall send you To A«, to your
cellar/' In his Staple iil x, one of the items is *' The
Grand Signior is turned Christian * „ * and means to
visit the ch« at A, * * * and quit all marks of the beast/'
In Middleton's Witch L i , Almalchides says to Amoretta,
" A. swallow thee for a Puritan and Geneva cast thee up
again I " In his Chaste Maid iii. a, one of the Puritan
women rejoices that Mrs, Ailwit's baby has been *4 well
kursenned if the right way, without idolatry or super-
stition, after the pure manner of A/' In his Queen-
borough v» it when Simon compels Oliver, the Puritan,
to stay and see a play, Oliver exclaims : ** Q devil I I
conjure thee by A/> Dekker, in Catchpol (1613), says,
*4 Hypocrisy was put to nurse to an Anabaptist of A/'
In Sampson's Vow, iii. a, $3, we are told that " our
learned brother Abolt Cabbldge, Cobler of A.," has
decided that vessels used to cook meat on Sunday are
unclean. In Cockayne's TmpoUn iv* x, Bulflesh says
of a Puritan, " He hath writ a paltry book against the
bps», printed it in A, in decimo sexto/' Donne, in The
Will (1633), says, " I give . * * all my good works unto
the Schismatics of A/* Heylyn quotes a proverb, ** If a
man hath lost his religion let him to A., and he shall be
sure to ftnd it, or else believe it is vanished/' Burton,
A. M, iii* 4, x, 5, says, * Itt Europe, Poland, and A. are
the common sanctuaries/'

Gaset, in Massinger's Renegado L x, does not approve
the doctrine "as your xeakws cobbler and learned
botcher preach at A/' In Shirley's Venice iii. x,
Malipiero affirms, 4II! I live, I will to A., and add another
schism to the aoo, fourscore, and odd/* In his Bird iv. x,
Boaaanloo, editing his birds, says, " This was a rail,
bred tip % a zealous brother in A* Name but Home,
and straMrt && pipes as she would eat the Pope/'
Taylor, € a$x, say% ** F*om dogs our Separatists and
Amsterdamsws may *ee tWjc errors"! and in &, 3,
" May the Separatists live and die at Amster and be
damned/* In Brome's Om& G* iv* a, the Ptiritan
Gabriel $ays, *' I may suppose you brought this

ANCYRUS

disposed gentlewoman from A/' In Glapthorne's Wit ii*
i, Thorowgood speaks of " opinions far more various
Than all the Sectaries of A* Have ever vented/* Again,
in v. i, the watchman says the Inquisition is a monster
such as will swallow M all the brethren at A/* In Middle-
ton's Tennis, Simplicity says, " The first brick in A* was
laid with fresh cheese and cream because mortar made of
lime and hair was wicked and committed fornication/'
There is a double allusion : rst, to the cheese and butter
for which Holland was famous ? and then to the austere
morals of A. In John Racket's Latin Comedy Loiola
(1623), one of the characters is Martinus, a canting elder
of A* ; the scene is laid there. In Wise Men i* I, Pro-
berio says, 4* What if I should read a sermon preached
at A. by a man of most pure profession, of the right cut
of Carolstadius £ " Andrew Bodenstein, of Carlstadt,
was an extreme Protestant, and was chiefly responsible
for the Ordinances of Wittenberg (1522), in which the
new evangelical ideas were stated and made law in
that city*

One of the sects which originated in Holland in the
i6th cent, was that of the Familists or Family of Love :
a kind of free lovers* In Brome's Ct. Beggar iii* i,
Ferdinand says to the doctors, ** When you have found
simples to cure the lunacy of Love, administer it unto
the Family at A/' Mddleton's Family is a satire on
them*

AMWAS. See EMMAUS*

AMWELL HEAD* One of the principal sources of the
New R,, lying a m, or two E. of Ware in Herts* See NEW
RIVER. In Middleton's Triumphs Truth, a masque
written for performance at the letting in of the water to
the New R* Head at Clerkenwell, the title speaks of
** the running stream from Amwell-Head into the cis-
tern at Islington, being the sole cost of Mr, Hugh
Middleton of Lond* *6i3/r

AMYENS* See AMIENS*

ANCALITES* A British tribe, living in the basin of the
Thames, possibly in Oxfordsh. In Fisher's Fuimus iv* 4,
Mandubratius says to Caesar, 44 By me the Trinobants
submit and A/f 5«e C;ESAK, B. G* v, ax.

ANCONA, An ancient spt. of Italy on the Adriatic, 13?
m* N.E* of Rome* In Webster's Malfi iii* 2, Antonio is
sent by the Duchess from Malfi across the sea to A*,
which was in the Papal States, and so outside the
jurisdiction of her brother Ferdinand of Calabria ; and
she is advised by Bosola to " feign a pilgrimage to our
Lady of Loretto, scarce 7 leagues [really only abt* 15 m*j
from fair A»," in order to rejoin Antonio, But through
the Muetice of the Cardinal he is " banished A/f
(iii* 5)* Barabas, in Marlowe's Jew iiu 4, tells how he
bought a poisonous powder from " an Italian an A/r—
which he had doubtless visited in the course of trade*
In Barnes* Charter iv, 5, Bernardo tells how he " knew
a noble Frenchman at Anchona 30 years since at tennis
took his death with over heating of himself at play/f
In Cockayne's TrapoUn & 3, Horatio speaks of A*,
praised for the Port Loyal/' It was the only decent port
on the Adriatic between Venice and Manfredoma, and
belonged to the Papal States* In L&lia iii* i, 13, Petrus
says, 4* Ego hie fui cum legato de A* consors a duce
datus/'

ANCYRUS* In Alimony I a, Trillo desires that *J all
crop-eared histriomastixes who cannot endttre a cml,
witty comedy * * . may be doomed ^to A*, and stop
there amongst satyrs/* The reference is to Prynne, woo
published bis ttistrio-matfix in 1633, and was con-

ANDALUSIA

demned to stand in the pillory and have both his cars
cut off* A* is probably a mistake or a misprint for
Anticyra, #.p»

ANDALUSIA* A disk in $« Spain* The inhabitants have
a good deal of Moorish blood in their veins, and smug-
glers and robbers are plentiful among them* In B. &
F. Cure iv, 3, the Alguasjier says of Pachieco and his
companions, " They are pilfering rogues of A, that have
perused all prisons in Castile/' In their Pilgrimage some
of the scenes are laid in A* (ii. x, iii, 3). In World Child,
Has. i. 251, Manhood claims to have conquered clean
44 Salerno and Samers and Andaluse " ; referring to the
conquest of A* from the Moors by Ferdinand of Spain
in 1492* In Alimony iv* 2, Madam Medler says, when
the Vintress asks the ladies to take a turn in the garden
** to procreate yourselves/' " Does she take us for A*
studs [i*e* mares] that can breed by the air, or pro-
create of ourselves < " Fuller, Church Hist. (1656)
*• 5> 33, speaks of the Spanish mares " impregnated by
the wind alone/' In T. Heywood's L K* M* B* 335,
Ricaldus mentions w n tall ships of Andelosia " as
forming part of the Gt* Armada. In W* Rowley's Al?s
Lost L i, 25, Medina speaks of M the Straights of
Gibraltar whose watery divisions their Affricke bounds
from our Christian Europe in Granado and A**' In
B. & F/s Wit Money L i, Valentine speaks of the '* sing-
ing shepherds tr that 4* Andeluzia breeds/'

ANDREN* Hall and Holinshed's spelling of Ardres,
adopted by Shakespeare, HB L i, 7, Speaking of the
Field of the Cloth of Gold, Buckingham says, " An un-
timely ague Stayed me a prisoner in my chamber when
Those suns of glory, those two lights of men, Met in the
vale of A/' ; to which Norfolk adds, ** Twixt Guines
and Arde " — Arde being another variant spelling of the
same name* Ardres is a vilL xo m* $* of Calais, and in
the valley between it and Guisnes the famous meeting
of the Ks,, Francis and Henry, was held in 1519*

ANDREW'S, ST* There were 3 churches dedicated to
this saint in old Lond* : one on the $« side of Holborn
Hill, now Holborn Viaduct, next door to the City
Temple-— completely rebuilt by Wren in 1687; an-
other, known as St. A/s Wardrobe from its proximity
to the Royal Wardrobe, on the E. side of Puddledock
Hill, now St* A/s Hill ; and the 3rd, and most interest-
ing, St* A/s Undershaft, at the corner of Leadenhall
St* and St« Mary Axe. Here the May Pole used to be
set up every year until the riot of 1517 caused its
abolition. The Pole, which was higher than the ch*
steeple, was stored for 32 years afterwards on hooks in
front of the houses of Shaft Alley, and was then de-
stroyed as an idol by the Puritans, The ch* fortunately
escaped the Gt. Fire, and contains a monument to that
prince of antiquarians John Stow, who was buried
there in 1605. It is to one of the 2 latter churches that
reference is made in Middleton's Michaelmas i* i,
" Against St. A/s, at a painter's house, there's a fair
diaraber ready furnished to be let." John Webster,
the dramatist, is said to have been for a time the clerk
of St. A/s, Hc$bfcrn> But this is a late and unsupported
statement.

ANDREWS, SAINT. An ancient dty in Fifesh*, on $t
A. Bay, 40 m* RE. of Edinburgh. Its university is the
oldest in Scotland, and was founded in 1411. In
Greene's James IV i& 2, Ateukin says, ** Come, wend
we to St. Andrewes, where his Grace is now in progress/*
The Bp. of St. A. is one of the characters in the play*

18

ANGIERS

ANGEL* The sign of many taverns in Loud, (i) At
No. i High St., Islington, was a famous house where
travellers lodged on their ist night out of Loud. The
old inn was pulled down in 1819. (2) Ou the S* skk of
St. Giles St., now 61 High St., next St. GHc#*Ch,; the
half-way house on the rd* to Tyburn, where the con-
victs had a parting draught on their way to execution.
(3) In the Strand, behind St. Clement's.

ANGEL. A common booksellers' sign in Loud* (i) Of
Andrew Wise's bookshop in Paul's Churchyard* where
the ist and and quartos of M*} A. and JR,/ were pub-
lished* (a) Of a bookshop without Newgate. Alimony
was " Printed by Tho. Vere and William Gilbertaon
and are to be sold at the A* without New-gate 165$,"
(3) Of another bookshop in Popes-Head-Alley, T,
Heywood's Portune was " Printed for John Sweeting
at the A. in Popes-head Alley 1655*"

ANGEL. The sign of an inn in Ferrara. In Gascoigne's
Supposes iv* 4, Philogano ** lighted at the A* and left his
horses there/* The gate on the N. of Ferrari is the
Porta degli Angeli, and the inn was probably near by*

ANGEL* A tavern in Gravesend. In Look About vi«,
Skink says, " My Lady lies this night at Gnvesend it
the A/r

ANGELO (CASTLE and BRIDGE of ST.). In Rome. The
castle was originally built as a Mausoleum by the
Emperor Hadrian AJX 130, but was subsequently con*
verted into a fortress during the 5th cent Also used
as a prison* It stands on the right bank of the Tiber,
and is reached by the Ponte St. A,, which is the
old Pons ^Elius. In Marlowe's Famtm vi».> Mephisto-
pheles says, " Upon the bdge« called Ponte A. firected
is a castle passing strong Within whose walls such stores
of ordnance are And double cannons, framed of carved
brass, As match the days within one complete ytty/'
In Webster's White Devil v. 4* Flamineo spetka of ** i
gentlewoman taken out of her bed and committed to
Castle A/' But as this scene is kid in Padua it ts a
strange oversight, In Nash*s Lmttn, p. w* when K*
Red-Herring was carried in procession through Rume,
" the ordnance at the Castle of St. A* went off/' In
Barnes* Charter ii. X, the Pope, on the approach of
Charles VIII, " coops himself in Castle A./' and the
latter part of the scene takes place before its walls. It
was used as a residence by the Popes. In Twlttm'* JVttvi
out of Purgatory (1590)1 we are told that Boniface, after
being made Pope, ** departed home to Castle A/*
In Day's Travails, p. 40, the Pope says, ** First to St. A.
thus hand in hand." Latimer, in 6>rrmm v* &f/bm K*
Edward (1549), tells of a ** lord mayor of Home "
who was suddenly "cast in the castle Angei."

ANGELO (FORTRESS of ST*). A castle of great strength
on the point of the Dockyard Creek m Malta,
between Fort St Elmo and Fort Ricaiolt. In B* & F*
Malta L i, Astorius announces, " 6 fresh galliot I m
St* Av from the promontory this morn descried."

ANGIERS (AHGEKS) The capital of Anjou Provincf » In
France, built on a hill on the left bank of the Mayenne,
218 m* S.W. of Pan's* Has a fine cathedral, in which
Margaret of Anjou was buried, and a strongly situated
castle which was the residence of the Di* of Anjou.
Here Shakespeare lays the scene of 1C. /. II and III*
Mowing the Trouble, Reign. As a matter o! fact, ill, a
and 3 ought to be a years later, and the some should be
Mirabeau; but Shakespeare places them all con*
tinuously at A* and in the plains near A* la Dist* Bmp*

ANGLESEY

ii* i, Didler speaks of Orlando as the Earl of Angeres*
The scene of B* & F* Triumph Death (in Four Plays in
One) is laid at A*

ANGLESEY* An island off N*W* coast of Wales on the
other side of the Menai Straits* It was an ancient seat
of Druidical worship, and was annexed to the English
Crown along with the rest of Wales by Edward I
In Peek's Ed* I, p, 51, the ** proud Lord of A/' is one
of the 4 Barons of Wales who come to congratulate the
k* on the birth of the Piince of Wales, afterwards
Edward IL " Noble Morgan/' Earl of A., comes to
help Octavian against the traitor Monmouth in VaL
Welsh, i* a*

ANGLES, EAST. The inhabitants of E* Anglia, which
included the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk. In
Massinger's Virgin v* i, Theophilus reads from his
dispatches, "E, A,; bandogs * * * » worried 1000
British rascals." The reference is to the persecution of
the Christians by Diocletian A.D* 303, in the course of
which St. Alban was killed and TOOO citizens of Verulam
suffered martyrdom in the same place. But this was
at least 150 years before the A, came to England*
Spenser, JF* Q* iii* 3, 56, speaking of a fictitious Saxon
virgin Angela, says, <rThe other Saxons * * * do, for
her sake And love, themselves of her name A, call/'
Puttenhanv Art of Poesie ii* 5, says, " Ryme is a bor-
rowed word from the Greeks by the Latins and French,
from them by us Saxon A/'

ANGLETERRE* The French word for England, Used
in the dialogue between Princess Katharine and Alice
in H.5 iii* 4, i, 41 ; by the French soldier in Jf-fs iv* 4, 61 ;
and in the articles of agreement between the English
and French ks* in #5 v, a, 368*

ANGLIA* Latin for England* In #5 y* a, 369, the
English k* is called ** Henricus rex Angliae*"

ANGLIS, A form of English used by a Fleming in
Webster's Weakest ii. 3, where Jacob says, "Mein liever
broder, A, beer tf "

ANGLOIS. Used for the English language* In #5 iii.
4, 5, Katharine asks : 4* Comment appelez-vous la main
en A. tf ?r (see also lines 13, «x)* In v* 3, 200, she says
to the K*, " Le Francois que vous parkz, xl est meilleur
que TA. lequel je park/'

ANGOLA* A country on W, coast of Africa, between the
rs. Dando and Coanza ; but often used for the whole
dist. S* of Cape Lopez as far as Benguela. It was dis-
covered by the Portuguese in 1486 ; the capital, San
Paolo de Loanda, was built by them in 1578* The Dutch
held it from 1640 to 1648, when ft was recovered by the
Portuguese* In Cockayne's Obstinate lit, 3, Canonil,
disguised as a negro, professes to be the ambassador of
the u Emperor of both the Ethiopias, and of the mighty
kingdoms of Goa, Caffares, Fatigar, A*, etc/1 Amongst
the kingdoms shown in vision to Adam in Milton/
P. L. 3d* 401, are '* the realm Of Congo, and A* farthest
S."

ANGUS* A dist* in Forfarsbu, Scotland, which gave its
name to an Earldom in the Douglas family, now ex-
tinct. The A* mentioned in H4 A* i. i, 73, was George
Douglas, only sot* of William, ist Earl of Douglas, by
Margaret Stewart, his 3rd wife, who was Countess of A.
m her own right* He was one of the prisoners taken by
Hotspur at Holmedon. Holinshed calls him " Roberte
earleof A." A. is one of the minor characters in Mac-
beth.

ANJOU

ANHALT* A duchy of Germany in the middle of
Prussian Saxony* Its capital is Dessau* In Marlowe
Fanstus xL, Faust is invited to visit 4i the D* of Van-
holt " ; and responds,*4 TheD.ofVanholt I an honour-
able gentleman to whom I must be no niggard of my
cunning*" Scene xii is laid at the court of the D* of
Vanholt, which was probably at the castle of Ascharien,
near Ascherslenen* The last letter of of was transferred
in a softened form to the beginning of A*

ANIUS*

ANJOU. A province of France, practically the same as
the modern department of Maine-et-Loire* It was
bounded on the N* by Maine ; on the E, by Touraine ;
on S* by Poitou ; and on W. by Brittany* The xst
authentic D. of A* is Ingelgar (arc* 870)* Geoffrey
Plantagenet was D. of A*, and his son Henry II of England
inherited the dukedom, which remained in the possession
of the Ks* of England till it was forfeited to Philip Au-
gustus by John in 1204. The last D* was Rene", father
of Q* Margaret of A*, the wife of Henry VI of England*
The duchy was taken from him and annexed to the
Crown of France in 148 r* Since then the title has been
borne by several members of the French Royal Family,
but without any territorial rights* Its capital was An-
gers, g<v* In KJ, L x, 12, Philip claims it for Arthur in
the right of his descent from Geoffrey Plantagenet, and
repeats the claim in ii. x, 152* In ii* x, 528, John sur-
renders it to Lewis, the Dauphin, on his marriage with
Blanche* In H 6 A* i* x , 94, it is announced that Reignier,
D. of A*, has taken the side of the Dauphin Charles*
The Ff* read *' Reynold " ; Rene* is meant* Reignier
himself appears in H6 A. v* 3 on the walls of Angiers,
and offers to give Margaret in marriage to Henry on
condition that he may quietly enjoy his own, 4* the
country Maine and A*" These terms are repeated and
confirmed in H6 B* i* x, 50, to the indignation of
Gloucester and Warwick, who exclaims (119), " A. and
Maine * myself did win them both ; Those provinces
these arms of mine did conquer*" Apparently Shake-
speare has confused Richd* Neville, the " Kingmaker,"
who is here speaking, with his father-in-law, Richd*
Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, who was deputy-regent
of France in 1425 and regent in 1437* Neville was only
17 at the time of Henry's marriage, and was not made
Earl of Warwick till 1449* 5 years after* In H6 B* iv. x,
86, Suffolk is charged by the Capt. with having sold
A* and Maine to France. It was through him that the
negotiations for the marriage of Henry were carried on*
The D* of A. is one of the characters in Marlowe's
Massacre. He was the brother of K* Charles DC, and
succeeded to the throne in 1574 as Henri III* He and
his sister Margaret of Navarre were at first warm ad-
herents of the Huguenot cause, but through the influence
of their mother, Catherine de Medici, they went over
to the side of Rome* He was elected K* of Poland in
1573* He was driven by the Guises into the arms of
Henry of Navarre ; and it was through him that the
Guises were assassinated in 1588. He joined with
Navarre in the siege of Paris in 1589, and was there
murdered by the Dominican Friar, Jaques Clement*
In Webster's Weakest, proL, " The D* of A., fatally in-
clined Against the family of Bullen, leads A mighty
army into Burgundy*" This was Charles of A*, brother
of Louis IX* In Barnes* Charter L x, Sforsa hails
Charles VIII of France as *' heir unto the crown of
Naples by lawful right of that great house of A*" He
based his claim on the fact that Joanna I, Q* of Naples,
had adopted Louis of A *, brother of Charles V of France,

AHKOR

as her heir* In spite of the Angevin claim, Alphonso

of Arragon had seized Naples in 1443 and reunited it to

Sicily, though the support of the Pope was given to the

Angevins* I** T, Heywood's Ed, IV B. 94, Edward

da*ms from France ** all these Dukedoms following:

A<£uitaine, A,, etc., etc,** In Davenport's Matilda i. %,

Ftewater reproaches K* John with delivering up to

Philip of France " A^ Brittain, etc,, etc." In Mason's

Mulfeasses 652> Borgias, an imaginary D» of Florence,

speaks of *' the Cardinal of A., my kinsrnati/'

ANKOR. R* in Warwickshire, falling into the Tame at

Tamworth, It flows past Hamhill, the birthplace of

Michael Drayton. Drayton, in 1dm (1504) xxxii* 13,

says, ** Arden's sweet A*, let thy glory be That fair Idea

only lives by thee*f j and in Hit* 14, ** Thou, sweet A*,

art my Helicon/'

ANNE'S (ST*)* There was a chu of St. Anne within the
precincts of Blackfriars, near the theatre, to the N, of
Glasshouse Yard, which was new-built and enlarged in
1597* It was destroyed in the Fire and not rebuilt* It
is possible that this is the ch* by which the Clown's
house stood (Tw> N, iii. x, 7), and that it was therefore
natural for him to swear by St. Anne, as he does ii* 3, xa5»

ANNE'S ($AINT) CROSS* A cross in the city of Julio,
the scene of Whetstone's Promos. Whetstone transfers
many Lond. sts. to Julio ; and by St. A. C X think he
means the Cheapside Cross, q.v. The name was sug-
gested by St* A* Ch* and St. A* Lane, which are close to
the Cross* In the same play, B, i, 4, Phallax, arranging
for a city pageant, directs : 44 Let your man at Saynt
A* C, out of hand, Erect a stage that the Wayghts in
sight may stand/'

ANNE'S (St.) LANE* Land,, named after the Ch. of
St. Anne-m-the-Willows, which stood at the corner of it*
It ran from Gresham St. to Falcon St, between St.
Martin's and Noble St» The ch* was destroyed iti the
Gt, Fire and rebuilt by Wren, It contained a monu-
ment to Peter Heywood, the man who apprehended
Guy Fawkesu It is now the Ch* of St* Anae and St
Agnes. " Faith Harrie/1" says Robin in More & *, 44 the
head drawer at the Miter by the great Conduit called
me up and we went to breakfast into St. A* L/* The
Mitre was in Bread St, dose to Cheapside, where the
great Conduit stood, and therefore only a few steps
from St. A. L.

ANNET (or ANET), French town near Dreux on the Eure,
70 m. E* of Paris* The superb castle was built in 1553
by Henri II for Diana of Poitiers, and demolished in
the Revolution ; part of the facade was, however, re-
erected at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris. In Chap-
man's Consp* Byron L i, Byron relates that " the D.
d'Aumale had his goodly house at A* rased to the earth n
for his disloyalty to the K. This D. was Charles de
Lorraine, who had joined the League, but subsequently
became reconciled to the K*

ANNIS A CLEARED A spring in Hoxton, near Shore-
ditch, afterwards made into an open-air bathing pool*
In Nichols' Discourse of Marriage (1615), the crab of
the name Is given. " An Alderman's wife of Lond/f . *
being deserted by her and husband, " went into a spring
near Shoreditch, and there ended her days and sorrows
by drowning ; which font to this day is christened by
her name . . , and called by her name Dame A, a
Clare/' In Greene's Thieves Falling Out (1637), Kate,
a woman of the town, defends her profes&a thus *

ci^/ML*1* £hould <^ve **Feat «^ of us j md
Shoreditch would complain to Dame Anne a C, if we of

ANTHQLfflS (St.)

the sisterhood should not uphold her jollity/' In
Brome's M« Beggars ii« 3, Patnco speaks of his wife as
having " a throat as clear as was dame Annisses of the
name/' In Tartton's News out of Purgatory, we have,
44 Upon Whitson Monday last I would needs to the
Theatre to a play, where when I came I found such a
concourse of unruly people that I thought it better
solitary to walk in the fields. Feeding my humour I
stepped by dame Anne of Ckeres well, and went by the
backside of Hogsdon/' In Dekker's Satire, iii, i, 348,
Tucca says to Miniver, " Thou shait, my sweet dame
A* a cleere, thou shait, for 111 drown myself in thee/'
In Wilkins' Enforced Marriage it, % the Clown, who is
weeping, says, *4 O mistress, if ever you have seen
Demoniceaclear, look into mine eyes/* where Dame A,
a C. is meant* In Jonson's BarthoL iii. x, Whit, the
Irish Bawd, promises Mrs* Littlewit, *' Tou shait ha* de
clean side or de tableclot, and di glass vashed with
phatersh of Dame Annesh C/'
ANN'S (SAINT), A ch*, apparently in Nottingham or
Clifton ; I can find no other reference to it* In Samp-
son's Vow. iii. 9t 61, Joshua asks his cat, '* Hast thoti
not seen the whole conventicle of brothers and sisters
walk to St. Anns, and not so much as a fructifying kiss
on the high[day] " ; «'.«, Sunday.

ANTARCTIC POLE, Usually spelt Antarticfc ; the S.
Pole, Tamburlaine, in urging his sons to extend his
empire after his death, bids them " from the A. P, east-
ward behold as much more land, which never was die*
scried. Wherein are rocks of pearl " (Marlowe* Tfemft* B*
v* 3), In Hfsfrfo, iii* 40^ we read of " merchants, that
from B. to W., From the A, to the Arctic Poles " bring
treasures. In Shirley's Courtier iv, i, Depaszisayi, ** 111
toss the a.p* with like ease as Hercules could a buttrush."
In VaL Welsh, v, 5, Caradoc says, '4 Were Caesar lord
of all the spacious world, Even from th* Articke to
the Antarticke poles, I'd keep my legs upright/* la
jR*t* Pemoss* iv, a, Furor says, ** Til makemeaatarticke
p* to kiss thy toe.* In Milton, P* I. &. 79* Satan is
described as searching sea and land first to the north, and
then M Downward as far a/* Barnes, in Purthtnoptoil
cans* 3, speaks of 44 that great monarch, Charles fw , the
Emperor Charles V], whose power did strike From the
Arctic to the A/'

ANTELOPE* A tavern in Milan, at which Matheo, in
Dekker's Hon. Wh, A, fl. J, arrange s for a tupper ;
4t for there's wine and good boys/* But most likely
Dekker was thinking of the A* Inn on the W* side of
W. Smithfield, Load.

ANTENORIDES; The 6th Gate of Troy, frdl ml.

Helias, Chetas, Troien, and A/' Ff/read 4I JUatcno*
rudus/r but the emendation Is certain, the list being
taken from Carton's Destruction of Troy Hi. i 4< 10 this
city were 6 gates ; the one wa* named Dardant, the
and Timbria, the «rd Helias, the 4th Chetas, the <$th
Trpyett, and the 6th A/* Lydpte (A»P* 1555) calls it
<4 Antmorydes/' The name & obviously formed fnnn
that of Antenor, one of the $ons of Priam*

ANTHEDON. Evidently meant for somt t. in 1, Thti*
saly, near Lake Bcebeis ; the only A, I can find in Helta*
*s, however^ the town on the Eunpws, on the coast of
Bceotteu , In T* Heywood^s B, Age iti,t Medtt goes to
gather simples w where rushy Bebts and A. Sw/^

ANTHOLINS (Sx*)* An aadsat cfe* In WatHag St, cw
gf. side of Budge Row, Load Destroyed to the Ot,
Fire and rebuilt by Wren with a curious composite

ANTHONY (SAINT)

column at the top of the spire. It was pulled down in
1874, but the site is marked by a memorial* A number
of clergymen of Puritan views established a morning
lecture here in 1599, the bell for which began to ring
at 5 a*m* and was a great nuisance to the neighbourhood*
Dugdale says, " it was the grand nursery whence most
of the seditious preachers were after sent abroad
throughout all England to poyson the people with their
antimonarchical principles/' Baneswright, in Mayne's
Match iv* 5, describes Madam Aurelia : " She will out-
pray a preacher at St. Ant'lin's and divides the day in
exercises*" Mrs. Flowerdew, a Puritan lady who has
come to criticize the play at the Salisbury Court Theatre,
says* " This foppishness is wearisome ; 1 could at our
St. Antlins, sleeping and all/ sit 30 times as long"
(Randolph. Muses iL 4). In Mayne's Match L % Sea-
thrift, the brother of the virtuous Dorcas, says, " Do
you think I'll all days of my life frequent St* Antlins,
like my sister < " Openwork, in Middleton's R* G, ii* I,
complains that his wife has a tongue 44 will be heard
further in a still morning than St. Antling's bell/'
In the Puritan the 3 servants of Lady Plus, tne widow
of Watting St., are named Nicholas St. Antlings and
Simon St* Mary-Overies. They enter (u 3) " in black
scurvy mourning coats, with books at their girdles, as
coming from ch/' ; and are addressed by Corporal Oath
as ** Puritanical scrape shoes, flesh-o-good-Fridays/'
In Cartwright's Ordinary L 5, Hearsay hopes to have
*4 all sorts repair as duly to us as the barren wives of
aged citizens do to St. A." Davenant, in Plymouth L i,
speaks of " these a disciples of St. Tantlins that rise to
long exercise before day/' John, in Heywood's L K*. M*
B* 355, says, ** Instead of tennis court my morning
exercise shall be at St* Antlins/' Quomodo, in Middle-
ton's Michaelmas v. i, knew " a widow about St. Ant-
ling's so forgetful of her first husband that she married
again within the 13 months/' In Brome's Damoiselte iii*
a, Magdalen, the wife of Bumpsey, says, 4* we'll find
Lecture-times [to take lessons in dancing] or baulk St.
Antiin's for 't the while/'

ANTHONY (SAINT). San Antonio, the and largest of
the Cape Verde Islands, In T* Heywood's /. K. M, B*
333, the Chorus tells how *4 Francis Drake and Christo-
pher Carlisle set on Cap de Verd, then Hispaniola ?
setting on fire the towns of S. A. and S, Dominick/'
This was in the famous Island Voyage of 1585*

ANTHONY'S (Si*)« Mentioned in Middletoti's Women
Beware iv* i, as a ch. in Florence* Two ladies are dis-
cussing the time. One has set her watch by St Mark's,
the other affirms that " St. A., they say, goes truer/'
44 That's your opinion," retorts the other, " because you
love a gentleman o' the name/* There is a ch. of San
Marco in Florence, but none of San Antonio as far as I
can ascertain* Probably both names are introduced at
random and the and for the sake of the little joke. In
the ist draft of Jonson*s J£t>. Man Lt the scene of which
is laid in Florence, Dr. Clement's house is said to be
44 yonder by St. A/'

ANTHONY'S ($T*) GATE. Mentioned in Gascoigne's
Snppom iv* as one of the gates of Ferrara* Brostrato,
going for a ride into the fields, " passed the ford beyond
St A, G/' Probably the present Porta di Rorna, at the
S* E. comer of the city, Is the one Intended ; the
Bastion di San Antonio & close by it,

ANTHONY'S ($T,) GATE* Oae of the old gates of
Paris, m the Faubourg de St* Antoine, close to the

ANTICYRA

Bastille, Byron, confined in the Bastille, hears " the
cries of people/' and is informed " 'tis for one wounded
in fight here at St, A, G/' (Chapman, Trag. Byron v, i),

ANTHONY'S (ST.) HOSPITAL, Almshouse and free
school in Lend*, founded in the reign of Henry III on
the site of a Jewish synagogue on N* side of Thread-
needle St, Originally a cell of St* A* in Vienna, but in
the reign of Edward IV was annexed to St* George's,
Windsor. The proctors, remembering that St* A* was
the special protector of pigs, used to rescue starved or
diseased pigs from the markets, tie a bell round their
necks, and let them feed about the place ; and 4* if the
pig grew to be fat * * * the Proctor would take him up
to the use of the Hospital/' So Stow testifies from per-
sonal observation* In his time, however, the hospital
was dissolved and the chapel assigned to the use of the
French Protestants of Lond, It was pulled down about
1840,

In Bale's Laws viii* 6, Infidelity says, " Good
Christen people, I am come hither verily as a true
Proctor of the house of S* A." ; and amongst the charms
he boasts of possessing is " a bell to hang upon your hog,
and save your cattle from the biting of a dog/' In Bale's
Johan 263, Sedition says, " Let $* A* hog be had in some
regard/' In Chapman's Usher iv* 2, Poggio says to
Vincentio, " I have followed you up and down like a
Tantalus pig " : a curious perversion of St. A* pig*
The school was a famous one, and had among its pupils
Sir Thomas More and Archbp* Whitgift* It was the
rival of St. Paul's, and there were many fights between
the ** A. pigs " and the " Paul's pigeons," as the boys
nicknamed one another* The Bank of England now
occupies its site* Laneham, in Letter 61, says, " I went
to school forsooth both at Pollen and also at St* An-
toniez/'

ANTHONY'S ORDINARY* An eating-house in Lond.
See ANTONY'S. In B* & F* Wit 5* w. iv. i, Gregory
says to Cunningham, " I have been seeking for you i'
the bowling green ; Enquired at Nettleton's and A* o/r

ANTHROPOPHAGI. Cannibals, of whom many stories
were brought home by travellers* Oth. L 3, 145 : 44 The
cannibals that each other eat, the A/' The Host, in
M> W* W* iv. 5, 10, bids Simple knock at Sir John's
door and warns him, " He will speak like an Anian* unto
thee " ; meaning— if he means anything— that he will
give him a savage reception if he disturbs him* In
Dekkerfs Satire, *v* a, 87, Tucca says to Horace (Jon-
son), " Art not famous enough yet for killing a player
but thou must eat men alive i thy friends, thou Ate* i "
In Locrim iii. 6, 34, Humber speaks of the shore " where
the bloody A* with greedy jaws devours the wandering
wights/' He is thinking of Polyphemus and the Cyclops*

ANTICYRA* Town In Phocis, on the N* shore of the
Corinthian Gulf* Famous In antiquity as the place
where the best hellebore was grown ; and as hellebore
was the recognised specific for madness, it was com-
monly said of a foolish person " Naviget Am/'— u Let
him sail to A/' The town lay on a peninsula which is
often erroneously described as an island. Jonson, in
Forte* /$/$*, says, '* This fool should have been sent to
A*, the isle of Hellebore/' Burton, A* M* ii* 4, a* a,
says, 4< The ancients * * * sent all such as were erased
or that doted to the Ae* * * * where this plant [helle-
bore] was in abundance to be had/' In Cowley's
Rml* v,, Alupis says, " He's mad beyond the cure Of
all the herbs that grow in A/' See also ANCTRUS.

ANTIOCH

ANTIOCH* The capital of Syria, on the Orontes, founded
by Seleucus Nicator 300 B.C., and named after his father
Antiochus* Enlarged and embellished by subsequent
ks*, and became one of the greatest and most famous
cities of the East* Here is laid Sc* I of Pericles. Gower
says, prol 17, " This A, then ; Aus. the Gt Built up
this city for his chiefest seat/' The supposed time of
the play is the beginning of the sjnd cent* B»C. Aits, the
Gt* reigned 338*187 B*C. It is mentioned in Marlowe's
Tamb. B* ii. i, as one of the Syrian towns which the K»
of Natolia has gone to defend against Tamburlaine*
In B, & F, Ham* Lieut, v* 4, Seleucus laments " the
fortune I lost in A, when my uncle perished " ; t and
again, 4t you both knew mine uncle Enanthes I lost in A*
when the town was taken, mine uncle slain ; Antigonus
had the sack on't.tf Seleucus must have had a short
memory, for he himself founded A. in 300 B.C., the year
after Antigonus was slain at the battle of Ipsus ; nor
had he any uncle as far as history relates* In Day's
Travails, p. 50, Sultan Ahmed I claims to be "Emperor of
Babilon, Catheria, ^Egipt, Ae." In Tiberius 3020, Ger-
manicus, leaving Armenia, says, *4 Farewell, good Piso,
I'll to Ae." He went there, and died, as it was suspected,
of poison administered by Piso* Christianity was early
introduced into A*, as related in Acts ad, 19, and it is said
44 The disciples were called Christians first in A/* (Acts xL
36)* In Tiberius 3183, Maximus says of Germanicus,
** We marched to the city Ae*, Whereas my lord had
heard were Christians* Judean priests, the which did
magnify An unknown god, in daily piety»"t As this was in
AJ>. 19 the anachronism is rather extraordinary* Milton,
P, R+ iii. 297, says of the E. kingdoms, " All these the
Parthian . * * under his dominion holds From the
luxurious ks* of A* won/' In Heming's Jewes Trag. 590,
Titus says that the ammunition " is brought from A.
within a day's journey of Gamala." Bacon, in Sylva x»
936, says, 44 Groves of bays do forbid pestilent airs ;
which was accounted a great cause of the wholesome air
ofAia/*

ANTIOCH* The capital of the Roman province of
Pisidia* It lay in the S* of the Phrygio-Galatic dist, abt*
350 m* E* of Smyrna. In Con/. Cons. iv. 5, Suggestion
says, 4t Paul at A. dissembled to be dead." The refer*
ence is to the incident recorded in Acts xiv. 19 j but it
took place at Lystra, not at A. ; though Jews from A.
were amongst the instigators of the assault on the
Apostle*

ANTIPODES. Those who live on the opposite side of the
globe, so that their feet are planted over against ours*
The ist quotation given in the j7VJS*ZX is from Trevisa
(1398) : Yonde in Ethiopia ben the A., men that have
theyr fete ayenst our fete/' Benedict will go "on
slightest errand now to the A/' to escape from Beatrice
(Ado ii. i, 273). Hermia thinks that " this whole earth
may be bored and that the moon May through the
centre creep and so displease Her brother's noontide
with the A/' sooner than Lysander would leave her
(M* N* D* iii. 55, 55). Bassanio greets Portia on her re-
turn : 44 We should hold day with the A. If you would
walk in absence of the sun " (Merck* v, i, 137), Richd*
complains that Bolingbrofce "all this while hath re-
velled in the night Whilst we were wandering with the
A/' (Rs iii* 3, 49), York abuses Q* Margaret : 44 Thou
art as opposite to every good As the A+ are unto us rt
(H6 C. i. 4, 135). Tamburlaine urges his sons to prose-
cute his conquests still further after his death, " whereas
the sun, declining from our sight, Begins the day with
our A/f (Marlowe, Tamb* B+ v* $)} and Cafiapine

ANTONY'S

speaks of the starry night as 4i That fair veil that covers
all the world When Phoebus leaping from the hemis-
phere Descendeth downward to the A/r (ibid. B* i. a).

In Kirke's Champions the A. are regarded as a region
of perpetual darkness, and Cilib, speaking of his
gloomy cave, says, 4* We are sunk in these A., so choked
with darkness that it can stifle the day " (i. i), *' Above
the A." is used in Massinger's Virgin iv. a, meaning
44 on this side of the world/' Brome has a play called
The A., in which everything is turned topsy-turvy, and,
amongst other things, " all the facets are Puritans/*
In 1, 231 he speaks of his soul being '* hurried to the
Antipudian strand/' Laneham (Letter, p. 4$) says thas
Kemlworth was so radiant during Elizabeth's visit, " at
though Phoebus for his ease would rest him in the
Castle and not every night go to travel down unto the
A/' We gain much information about the A. from
Pseudolus, who lived there *4 about 3 years, 6 months,
and 4 days " ; they are about *po nu from the fields Gur-
gustidonian ; and he wears a ring which the K. of the A.
gave him (Timon L 4). In Shirley's Courtier Li> Orsino
says to Volterre, " Thou hast been a traveller and con-
versed with the A/' In his Ct. &em?* a. a, Mendosa
speaks of hurricanes boisterous enough to strike a ship
4* clean through o' t'other side to the A." In Cftazmft*
chen L, Bristle says, " Fd dig to the A. with my nsdhf
but I'd find a mine/' In Davenant's Britannia it is pro-
nounced with a long " o, " and the accent is on the ^rd
syllable, as the rhyme shows $ " Til strike thee till thou
sink where the abode is Of wights that sneak below,
called Antipodes/* In BromeTs Loursfcfc Ct. v* x,
Philargus says, " Rather 111 travel to th* A. than here
linger the vain impediment of your joys/' In Cockayne's
Obstinate ii. x, Lorece says, " They at the A. hear with
their noses, smell with their ears, see by feeling, but
taste with all their senses, and feel not anything, for
they cannot be hurt/' Constable, in Diana ii. 3, 4*
says of the sun, " Though from our eyes his beams be
banished Yet with his light the A, he blest."

ANTIUM* An ancient city of Latuim on a promontory
on the sea-coast, 38 m. from Pome* It still survives ai
Porto d'Anao, it became the leading city of the
Volsdans, and engaged vigorously in their wars against
the Romans»t Here Shakespeare places the hotise of
Tullus Aofidius, and the scene of Cor. iv. 4, 5, v, 6 is
laid in A. See Cor* iii* x, n ; and iv* pamrn, ft is at A*
that Coriolanus is killed (488 B.C.).

ANTLING'S, SAINT. &• ANTHOUNS (St.),

ANTOINE, RUE DE SAINT. A it. in Paris?, running B.
from the Place de la Bastille to the Place dc k Nations
In Davenant" s Rutland, p. aaar the Londoner, in his
description of Paris, says, 4* Lae Rue St. A», St» Honorl,
and St* Denis are large enough for the Vista," Fynt,
Moryson, in Itinerary L a, x8o, says of Paris> " The iti»
are somewhat large, and among them the fairest Is that
of St. Dennis, the and St* Honore", the 3rd St* A,f and
the 4th St, Martinet

ANTONY'S. Another name for the Rose Tavern in
Russell St., Land,, close to Drury Lane, Antony being
apparently the name of the host. A room in the Host m
depicted in the 3rd plate of Hogarth'a Jfcfrr** Pwf riff.
It had an evil reputation as a gambling hell and n Haunt
of women of the town* In Barry's jRam, Cnpt» Puff de-
clares it to be his ambition, if be can get hold of a dels
wife, to eat at Clare's Ordinary and aice at A* {ill, i)»
In Shirley's Hyfo Park iii* i, wfaen Vtnture and Boni*
vent begin to quarrel and draw their swords, Lord Bon-

ANTWERP

vile comforts the agitated ladies by assuring them that
" A cup of sack, and A* at the Rose Will reconcile
their furies/' In B» <Sc F* Wit S* W* iy* x, Gregory says
to Cunningham, " J have been seeking for you i' the
bowling green; Enquired at NettTeton's and A*
ordinary/'

ANTWERP (ANTWERPEN, ANVEKS). One of the greatest
spts. of the 1 6th cent*, lying on the right bank of the
Scheldt, abt 50 m* from the open sea. It had a popula-
tion of 300,000, and 2000 vessels could be seen at one
time in the harbour* The English wool trade was
largely carried on through A., and in 1296 an English
factory received its charter. In 1550 an English Bourse
was established, and in 1558 the Hop van Lyere was
given to the English merchants. It was known as Dives
A*-ia., and its fairs attracted merchants from all parts of
Europe* For the Exchange sea under BURSE. The
Castle, or Citadel of the S., was built by Alva in 1567.

A. was involved in the Spanish wars of the later i6th
cent* It was taken by the Spaniards in 1576, and given
up to a 3 days* pillage, known as the Spanish Fury,
It was again besieged by the D. d'Alen^on in 1583 ;
and after an obstinate resistance was taken by the D. of
Parma in August 1585* Lamm h concerned with the
siege of 1576 ; though Alva, who in the play appears as
the general of the Spaniards, had left Holland in 1574*
During the siege of 1584-5 a fire-ship launched by the
besieged effected a breach in the D. of Parma's bdge.
over the Scheldt, to the astonishment of Europe* In
Marlowe's Fanstus L 91, Faust says, '* I'll . . . chase
the Prince of Parma from our land . . * Yea, stranger
engines for the brunt of war Than was the fiery keel at
A/s bdge. I'll make my servile spirits to invent." Act
II of Cromwell is laid in A., during Cromwell's tenure
of the office of secretary to the English factory. In iL x,
proL, the Chorus says, '* Now, gentlemen, imagine that
young Cromwell [is] In Antwarpe leiger for the English
merchants." In the alliterative nonsense-rhymes in
Thersites L 218, the couplet occurs, '* Andrew All-
Knave, alderman of A*, Hop will with hollyhocks and
harken Humphrey's harp." Is there a possible reminis-
cence of the Hop van Lyere 4 In Marlowe's Jew iv* x,
Barabas has debts owing in all the great trade centres of
Europe, including A. In Haughton's Englishmen iii* 2,
Laurentia complains that when her Dutch lover comes
to court her all he has to say is that ** cloth is dear at
A." In Peek's Alcazar il 4, 70, the D. of Barceles is
sent to A, by Sebastian " To hire us mercenary men-at-
arms/' In Gascoigne's Government iv, 5, Eccho says,
" There are not many towns in Europe that maintain
more jollity than Ae/' In Lamm A. 3, Danila says that
A* is ** the flower of Europe " ; and that she is in
" every part so rich and sumptuous As India's not to be
compared to her/' In Miodleton's No Wit L 3, the
Dutch Merchant says of Grace, ** I saw that face at A,
in an inn/' Dekktr, in induction to S&v$n Sins (1606),
says, ** A*, the eldest daughter of Brabant, Hath fallen
£n herpride/'

In T* Heywood's L K* M* B* 296, a lord, speaking of
Greshanfs Exchange, says, " The nearest, that which
most resembles this, Is the great Burse in A,, yet not
comparable Either m height or wideness, the fair
cellarage, Or goodly shops above/' In Coryat's Cnwfi-
tw (xoxx), Vadsanus, in prefatory verses, says/* Gald-
breech Fame rode bare-ridge To spread the news
in Ae. Pawne/' In Larum L x, the scene is laid in the
castle which cxanmands *4 the S* Port/' From it the
Spaniards fire a shot which strikes the state-house, or
Hotel de Viile, and so begin the attack on the unsuspect-

APOLLO

ing city, Spenser, F* Q* v* 10, 25* describes the Spanish
oppression of A,, and says that the Spaniard 4t had de-
faced clean Her stately towers and buildings* sunny
sheen, Shut up her havens, marred her merchants'
trade, Robbed her people that full rich had been, And
in her neck a Castle huge had made/' Borde, in Intro, of
Knowledge (1542) x., says that "Handwarp is a well-
favoured merchant town ; it has a curious ch.-spire, the
fairest flesh-market in Christendom, and a fine Burse/'
In Ford's Warbeck iv* 3, Durham says, " The English
merchants, Sir, have been received with general pro-
cession into A/' This is a slight ante-dating of the
treaty of commerce made with the Flemings by Henry
VII in 1506. A lost play by Dekker and Haughton,
produced in 1601, was called Friar Rush and the Proud
Woman of A* The scene of Gascoigne's Government is
laid in A.

AONIA* The dist* around Thebes, in Boiotia* The
Soldan, in Marlowe's Tamb. A* iv* 3, refers to the hunt-
ing of the wolf, " that angry Themis sent to waste and
spoil The sweet An* fields/' by Cephalus and the The-
ban youth* This wolf, or fox, was fated never to be over-
taken by any pursuer ; and Amphitryon, in order to
catch it, borrowed the dog of Cephaltis which was fated
to overtake any animal it pursued* Fate got over this
problem of the irresistible ( force and the immovable
mass by turning both animals into stone* Milton,
P. L. L 15, uses " An. Mt/' for Mt* Helicon, which was
in this part of Boeotia*

AOUS* SVeJEAS*

APENNINES* The chain of mtns, running down the
centre of Italy. In K, /* i* x, 5502, the Bastard scoffs at
the travellers who talk of " the Alps and A*, the Pyre-
naean and the r* Po/* In Dekker's Hon. Wh, A* i* 3, the
D* of Milan swears that he will starve his daughter " on
the Appenine " ere Hijpolito shall marry her* In Mar-
lowe's Tamb* B* i* x, Sigismund says, ** My royal host
* * . seems as vast and wide * * * as the ocean to the
traveller That rests upon the snowy A/' In B* & FV
Bonduca HL 2, Suetonius says to the Roman soldiers,
*4 Loud Fame calls ye Pitched on the topless Apennine/*
In Nabbes' Hannibal L 3, Hannibal boasts, * We will
triumph, or I'll level all the rugged A*" In the old
Shrew , Has;*, p. 5x3, Ferando addresses Kate, " Thou
whiter than are the snowy Apenis/' In C&safs JRev,
v* i, Cassius says he will with mangled bodies " make
such hills as shall surpass in height The snowy Alps and
aery Appenines/' Beaumont, in The Glance 28, says,
" Those glances work on me like the weak shine The
frosty sun throws on the Appenine*** Daniel, in prol*
to Cleopatra? pleads for the extension of England's
literary influence, so that 4t we May plant our roses on
the Apinines/' In Mason's Mulkasses 2239, Mulleasses
speaks of a love 4t cold as the white head of the A/'

APHERYCA* A curious spelling of Africa in Stucley

APIDA3STUS* A r+ in Thessaly, rising in Mt, Othrys in
Phthia, and flowing N* into the Enipeus. Said to be the
only r* in Thessaly which was not drunk dry by the
army of Xerxes* In T* Heywood's Dialogues 5243, Io»
speaking of Thessaly, says, " There old A, steals mur-
muring by/' In his B* Age iiL, Medea says, " What
simples grow in Mt* Pindus, Otheris, Ossa, Appidane,
I must select*"

APOLLO* The name of the room where Jonson's Tavern
Academy used to meet, in the Devil Tavern in Fleet St*,
next to Temple Bar* It was on the xst floor at the bade*

APOLLO* TEMPLE OF

The Latin rules of the Academy are given in full in
Chord's edition of Jonson. Marmion, in Companion,
puts a bit of his own experience into the mouth of Care-
less, who, in iu 4, enters drunk and says, " I am full of
oracles j I am come from A, » . * From the heaven Of
my delight where the boon Delphic God Drinks sack
and keeps his Bacchanalias, And has his incense and his
altars smoking, And speaks in sparkling prophecies ;
thence do I come/* In Shirley's Love Maze it 3, Caper-
wit says, 4* If I meet you in A,, a pottle of the best am-
brosia in the house shall wait upon you/* In his Fair
O/ie iii, 4, Fowler says, " To the Oracle, boys, Come,
we'll have thy story in A/* In Brome's Moor ii, %> the
Boy cries : " Jerome, draw a quart of the best Canary
into the A/' In Jonson's Staple ii 5, Pennyboy Canter
advises his nephew, " Dine in A* with Pecunia, At brave
IX Wadloos " ; and he replies, " Content, ir faith. . , .
Simon the K* Will bid us welcome/* Simon Wadloe
was the Host of the Devil Tavern, q.v. Accordingly,
Act IV, Sc. I is laid " In the Devil Tavern, The A/'
The bust of A, which adorned the room is still preserved
in Child's Bank. In Herbert's Travels (1639), the word
is used in the sense of a Banqueting Hall : " the sultan
was ushered into his A* where upon rich carpets was
placed a neat and costly banquet/'

APOLLO, TEMPLE OF* Erected on the Palatine Hill
at Rome by Augustus after the victory of Actium, and
dedicated in 38 B*CU It was frequently used for meetings
of the Senate, and Jonson*s Sejanus v, 10, is laid here*
44 The consuls * «, * shall hold a Senate in the temple of
A* Palatine/'

APOLLONIA (now POLLONA)* City of Illyria, on the
Aous, some 8 nu from the sea. In Mispg<msf the twin
brother of Misogonus is carried off while an infant and
lost ; but it subsequently appears that he is in Apolonia
or Polona, I suppose the Illyrian A. is meant j but there
are As* in Sicily and Chalcidice and Crete and Asia
Minor and half a dosen other places,

APOTHECARIES' HALL* InB* & K Prize flL 6, Livia,
says to Moroso, 4* There is no other use of thee now
extant But to be hung up, cassock, cap and all, For some
strange monster at A/ The A* H* in "Water Lane,
Blackfciars, was not erected till 1670 ; up to that time
the a* were connected with the Grocers Company* I
suspect that in this passage the Barber-Surgeons' Hall
is intended, where certainly " anatomies/' or skeletons,
were preserved and exhibited* See under BARBER-
SXIRGEONS* HALL, for instances*

APPIAN WAY* The most famous of the ancient Roman
rds*> connecting the capital with Brundusium, by way
of Capua* It was commenced by Appius Claudius
Caecus 312 B,C*, and completed abt the middle of the
ist cent* B*C* It entered Rome by the Porta Capena*
For some m* outside the city it is lined with tombs*
In B* A F* Prophetess iii* i, Geta inquires of a petitioner,
44 What's your bill s1 For gravel for the A. W* and pills <
Is the way rheumatic i " Milton, P, JR* iv* 68, describes
embassies coming to Rome " In various habits, on the
A* road Or on the

APPIDANE*

APULIA* Dist* of ancient Italy, on the E» coast, E* of
Samnium and Lucania* Venusium, the birthplace of
Horace, was on the borders of A* and Lucania, In
Jonson's Poetaster iii* 3, Horace says, *4 Lucanian or Anv
I not [z*e* know not] whether, For the Venusian colony
ploughs either/' See Hbr* Sat* & i, 35*

ARABIA

AQUILEIA* A Roman colonia founded 181 B*e., near the
head of the Adriatic, 21 m» N*W. of Trieste* Its walls
were 13 m, in circumference, and it became a great
trading centre* It was one of the oldest bishoprics in
Italy and, according to tradition, St. Mark was its ist
bp. and wrote his Gospel there* Destroyed in A.BU 453
by Attila and his Huns ; the remnant of the inhabitants
fled to the islands at the mouth of the Bretiu and
founded Venice* In Marmion's Antiquary iii,» the hero
tells of certain MSS» which he possesses, 4* which were
digged out of the ruins of A. after it was sacked by
Attila/*

AQUINUM (now AQUINO), A town of the Votedans,
lying on the Via Latina, abt* 70 m, S.E* of Home, birth-
place of the satirist Juvenal. Hall, in Satins iv» i, a,
asks, " Who dares upbraid these open rhymes of mine
With blindfold Aqumes or dark Venusine I* " ta» with
the obscure satires of Juvenal or Horace,
AQUITAINE, The subject of dispute between the Ksu
of France and Navarre in L»L*L. It lies in S.W.
France, between the Garonne and the Pyrenees*
Shakespeare regards it as part of the kingdom of France
at the date of the play, for the K* of France has mort-
gaged it to the K, of Navarre a.i security for his pay-
ment of 3500,000 crowns which he had promised him
for his services in his wars* Its chief towns wtre
Bordeaux and Toulouse* Corineus, the brother of the
legendary Brutus who gave his name to Britain! claims,
with a fine disregard of chronological conditions, to have
conquered ** all the borders of great A." (L&crimL x),
Drayton, in Potyolb* L 437, says, ** In A. at last the Ilion
race arrive/' and proceeds to describe the defeat of
Groffarius of A* by Corineus. Joflson, in Btackwut
characterises it as *' rich A/' The D* of A, is one of the
characters in Greene's Orlando, In Middleton'a Chess
v* 3, the Black Knight, in a list of table-dainties, men-
tions salmons from A* Pliny, Hist, Nat. iv. 33, says, ** In
Aqwtania salmo fluviatilis marinis omnibus* prafertur/'
In Brewer's Lingua ill 6, the Herald says that the a
lions in the English arms " are x coat made of a French
dukedoms, Normandy and Aquitate." In T. Heywood's
Ed, IV B* 94, Edward claims from France " all these
Dukedoms following : A., Anjou, etc/'
ARABIA (Ab, — Arab, Ay* - Araby, An* Arabian)*
The peninsula between the Red Sea, the Indian Ocean,
and the Persian Gulf* The ancients divided it into 3
parts ; Petraia in the N., Dcserta in the centre, and Ft line
in the S*W< A,, however, only comes into prominence
as the result of the work of Mahomet (A.D* 6aa*63a)»
After effecting the religious reformation of A., he pro-
ceeded to conquer in succession Syria, whose capital*
Damascus, is still art Ab, city ; Persia, Egypt, N. Africa,
and Spain. Hence Ab, is used for the inhabitants of all
these countries, and is often equivalent to Moor* From
750 onward the greatness of A* began to decline, until in
the early part of the i6th cent* it became part of the
Ottoman Empire, and remained so until 1919.
Historical and local allusions* Milton, P* L* iii. 5S7*
iks of " Beersaba, where the Holy Land Borders on
pt and the An, Shore/' In A* rf C. iti. 6, ?B> ** &*
ichus of A/' is one of the ks. summoned by Cleo-
patra to help Antony* F*i*, following North'i Pmtmtit
reads " Manchus fr ; but the real title of this monarch
was Malchus, the Hebrew Melech, t*,«* K* ; he ruled
over A* Petrga* An An* K*, Silleus (Syllaeui), is one of
the characters in Mariam. In Greened Alphoiwus iv,
3, 1315, Carinus, pretending to be an An., says, M I
still [am] desirous, as young gallants be, To see the

ARABIA

fashions of A* My native soil*" Cracon, K* of A*, is one
of the characters in this play ; he is entirely imaginary/
as is the Rhesus 44 1C* of sweet A*/' who, in Chapman's
Blind Beggar ix., is marching against Ptolemy* In Coven-
try M. P. of The Nativity, Balthasar, one of the Three
Kings, is called " K* of Ay." In York M. P. xvii* 16, the
and K. of the three who come from the East says he has
come " Out of my realm, rich Arabie." In Marlowe's
Tamb* B* iv* 4, Tarnburlaine sets the bounds of his
Empire thus ; *' The Euxine Sea, N* to Natolia ; The
Terrene, W* ; the Caspian, N*N.E. ; And on the S*,
Sinus Arabicus*"

In Marlowe's Tarrib* B* iii. 5, we read of troops from
44 A, Desert," In Massinger's Virgin iv. 3, Dorothea
says, 4t The Power I serve Laughs at your Happy Ay/'
In his Great Duke ii. 3, Sanazsaro speaks of 4* those
smooth gales that glide O'er Happy Ay. or rich Sabasa."
In Mariam i. 4, Salome says, 44 Oh, blest A* J in best
climate placed 1 " Milton, P* L* iv. 163, speaks of
44 Sabaean odours * * * from Ay* the Blest*" The
Abs, were believed to be good archers ; but they were
credited with a savage disposition, and, like the modern
bedouin, were reputed thieves* In €&$afs JR«i>* iv* 2,
Cassius enumerates amongst his allies " The warlike
Mede and the An, Boe "—where 44 Boe " is meant for
** Bow," ie* archer* In Kirke's Champions &L, Orman-
dine speaks of the ** cruel Tartar and An* Ks." Ithamar,
the villain of Marlowe's Jew (ii* 3), was " born in Thrace ;
brought up in A." ; f.e. was savage both by birth and
education* In Davenant's Rutland, p. 3527, the Lon-
doner says that at Pont Neuf, in Paris, 4* robbery is as
constant a trade as amongst the Abs." Heylyn te*v.
A*) says, ** The people hereof are greatly addicted to
theft, which is the better part of their maintenance."
A. seems to the Elizabethans a vast and desolate region*
In Cor* iv. 2, 34, Volumnia wishes that 4t my son were
in A«, and thy tribe before him. His sword in his hand ";
z.«, that he could fight Sicinius and his tribe single-
handed without fear of interruption* In Merch* ii* 7, 42,
Morocco says, *4 The vasty wilds Of wide A, are as
thoroughfares now For princes to come view fair
Portia." Milton, P* #* iii* 274, says, ** To S. the Persian
bay And, inaccessible, the An. drouth."

A* was, par excellence, the land of spices* In Mac* v.
x, 57, Lady Macbeth cries s ** All the perfumes of A*
will not sweeten this little hand*" In Oth* v* 2, 350,
Othello speaks of eyes dropping tears ** as fast as the
An* trees Their medicinal gum*" In Dekker's Fortu-
natus v« x, Andelocia, pretending to be a physician, says,
4* I must buy many costly tings dat grow in A*, in Asia,
and America " for the making of his medicine* In
Tiberius 2248, Agrippina, hearing that Germanicus is
poisoned, says, 44 Mine eyes shall drizsle down An.
myrrh To garnish all Armenian infections." In B* &
F, Philaster iii* i, Arethusa's breath is described as being
44 Sweet as An. winds when fruits are ripe*" In Dave-
want's Italian iv, 4, Sciolto says, " I'll be as calm as are
An* winds*" In Lyly's Sapho pro!*, he says, " The
Axis*, being stuffed with perfumes, burn hemlock, a rank
poison*" In his Oallathea v* a, Haebe says, M Whoso
cutteth the incense-tree in A* before it fall, committeth
sacrilege*" In Marmion's Leaguer v* x, Philautus says,
44 Let happiness Distil from you as the An. gums*" In
Skelton's Magnificence, foL xviii., Magnificence says,
44 There is no balm, »o gum of Arabe More delectable
than your language to me*" In Tiberius 150, Asinius
speaks of u the An* spices." Greene, in Mourn. Gar* 9,
speaks of " The Arabick tree that fields no gum but in
tie dark night/' In H, Shirle/s Mart, Soldier & &

ARABIA

Bellisjarius says, " Indian Aramaticks nor An* gums
Were nothing scented unto this sweet bower*" In
Dist* Emp. iv* 3, Richd* says, 44 The ravens which in A*
live Having flown all the field of spices o'er Seize on a
stinking carcass." In Milkmaids v* i, Ranoff compares
his lady's breasts to " lemons of A* which make the
vessel so sweet it can never smell of the cask*" Milton,
P* J?. ii* 364, says, ** Winds Of gentlest gale An* odours
fanned From their soft wings*" Barnes, in Parthenophil
(1593), Ode xviL, speaks of 44 rich An, odours*"

A* is the abode of the Phoenix ? the belief being that
there was only one phoenix at a time, which lived in A*
for 500 or 600 years, and then cremated itself on a pyre
of spices from which a young phoenix arose* It is " the
bird of loudest lay On the sole An. tree " in Phoenix 2*
In -4* & C* iii* 2, 12, Agrippa ironically exclaims, " O
Antony I O thou An* bird I " In Temp, iii* 3, 22,
Sebastian, after seeing Prospero's spirits, professes that
he 44 will believe * * * that in A* There is one tree, the
phoenix throne, one phcenix At this hour reigning there."
In Cym* i. 6, 17, lachimo, at first sight of Imogen, de-
clares, "She is alone the An* bird*" In Dekker's
Fortwatns ii* 2* Andelocia says, 44 He that would not be
an An* Phcenix to bum in these sweet fires, let him live
like an owl for the world to wonder at*" In Ford's
Trial ii* i, Gusman declares that his lady ** Shall taste
no delicates but what are dressed With costlier spices
than the An* bird Sweetens her funeral bed with." In
Histrio* iii* i, Pride bids her attendants 44 Fetch me the
feathers of thf An* bird 1 " In Lyly's Endymion iii* 4,
Eumenides complains, 4t Friends to be found are like the
An* phcenix, But one." In Selimus 2,010 f we read ; 4t Thus
after he hath 5 long ages lived. The sacred Phcenix of A.
Loadeth his wings with precious perfumes And on the
altar of the golden Sun Offers himself a grateful sacri-
fice*" In T* Heywood's Challenge ii*, Isabel says, 44 He's
perhaps travelled to A* Felix and from thence to bring the
Phcenix hither*" In Nash's Summers > p. 70, Christmas
proposes to send " to A* for phoenixes*" An An* wood-
cock is one of the birds exhibited by Bonamico in
Shirley's Bird iv* i* In Tiberius 100, Tiberius says,
44 One only Phoenix in A* Presents a sacrifice to heaven's
eye*" In Milton's 5* A. 1700, the Chorus speaks of
" that self-begotten bird In the An* woods embost That
no second knows nor third, And lay erewhile a holo-
caust* * * * And though her body die, her fame survives
A secular bird, ages of lives*"

A* was believed to be rich in gold and gerns (see
Psalm bcxii. 15) j though it really had no mineral wealth*
Those precious things, however, came thence in the
course of trade* Barafoas, in Marlowe's/«w i* i, says,
44 Well fare the Ans* who so richly pay The things they
traffic for with wedge of gold*" In Calisto 231, Calisto
speaks of Meliboea s hair as " far shining beyond fine
gold of Ay." Barnes, in Parthenophil (1593), xlviti* i,
says, 44 1 wish no rich refined An* gold*" Silks were also
brought from the East by way of A* In the old Shrew,
Has* p* 532, Philotus promises to fraught the ships of
Alfonso « with An* silks*"

The wild asses of the An* deserts were proverbial for
recklessness and folly* In the old Timon i* 4, the arms
of Gelasimus are described as bearing 44 3 gilded
thistles " ? and" 3 fat asses Drawn out the deserts of A*"

The great physicians of the Middle Ages were mostly
Ans*, belonging to the Moorish kingdoms in Spain*
See the list of physicians in Chaucer, C* T* A* 429* &
Brewer's Lmgaa i* i, Lingua speaks of 44 The An*
physical*" In Chapman's JRei;* Hon. i* i, 125, Selitt-
thus alleges, as authorities on a point of physiology,

AEACHOS1A

4t Averroes and Avicen, With Abenhuacar, Baruch, and
Abolhafi, And all the Arabic writers/* In Jonson's
Tub iv* i, Scriben says, " One Rasis was a great Arabic
doctor/* The Arabic language was only known to a
very few scholars* In B. & F» Elder B. i, 3, when Brisac
scornfully calls his son's manuscript " pot-hooks and
and-irons/' he replies : M I much pity you ; it is the
Syrian character or the Arabic/' In Glapthorne's Wit
iL if Thorowgood, affecting to be a scholar, says to
Grace, " I'll Court you in the Chaldean or Arabick
tongues/' The pillar raised by Tamburlaine (B* iii* 21)
m memory of Zenocrate has an inscription in ** An.,
Hebrew, Greek/* In Cowley's Cutter i* 5, Worm says
that Cutter writes " in such vile characters that most
men take 'em for An. pot-hooks/*

The opening of Com. Cond* is laid in A. It is also
the scene of Chapman's Rev. Horn, where A. stands for
the whole Turkish Empire; it is altogether unhfetoricai.

ARACHOSIA* A province of E. Persia, lying immediately
W* of the Indus, and corresponding roughly to the
modern Afghanistan. Milton, P, JR, iii, 316, mentions
A* as the first of the Eastern provinces, the hosts of
which are shown to our Lord by Satan*

ARAGON*

ARAIN.

ARANIS (a misprint for AJRARXS)* See under
ARAR. The ancient name of the r* Saone in France, It
rises in the Vosges, and has a S* course of abt 300 m*
till it joins the Rhine at Lyons, It was the boundary
between the Sequani on the E* and the ^Edui on the W*
In Caesafs Rev. iii. a, Caesar boasts, 4* A* and proud
Saramna speaks my praise/' In Lyly's Endymion ii, i,
Endymion says, " That fish (thy fish, Cynthia, in the
flood Araris) which at thy waxing is as white as the
driven snow, and at thy waning as black as deepest dark-
ness/' It is misprinted Arams in Fairholt's edition, but
that Araris is right is shown by a passage in Euphues
Anat. Wit 74, 44 The fish Scolopidus m the flood Araris
at the waxing of the moon is as white as the driven snow,
and at the waning as black as the burnt coal/* The ori-
ginal of this idea is found in the pseudo-Plutarchian De
Fluviis vL

ARARIS* A r* mentioned in Marlowe, Tam6* A, ii i, as
the rendezvous of the forces of Tamburlaine and
Cosroes in the war with the Parthian K, ; later, in ii* 3,
Tamburlaine says, " The host of Xerxes * * . is said
to have drank the mighty Parthian A/" Either, there-
fore, we must suppose that Marlowe has simply coined
the name ; or that in each case we should read Anm's,
which, though not in Parthia, is perhaps sufficiently
near it for poetic purposes. The chief objection to the
latter supposition is the accent, which, in both cases,
falls on the ist syllable. Marlowe is capable of dealing
freely with the accents on foreign names (" Oh !
Pythag6ras' Metempscychosis "—towards the end of
Faustus). But in this case the accentuation seems very
unnatural. The former supposition seems therefore the
more probable*

The r* said by Herodotus to have been drunk dry by
Xerxes' army is neither Araris nor Araxes, but the Lis-
sus, in Thrace*

ARAXES, A r, flowing E* through Armenia into the Cas-
pian Sea, Spenser, F* a iv. n, «, speaks of ** Ooraxes,
feared for great Cyrus fate," Cyrus crossed the Araxes
before his fatal encounter with Q» Thomyris* Milton,
P« .ft, £ii\ 371, speaks of " A. and the Caspian Lake w
as the bounds of the empire of Assyria* In Strode's

ARCA&1A

Float. M. iv. 9, Irato says, " Stop A» floods, Then mayst
thou stop my wrath/' Virgil, JEn* viii, ?a8, calls it
44 pontem indignatus A/*

ARAYS* I cannot find this place* Is it a misprint for
" Araby " £ In Lyly's Endymion iii. A, Eumenides
speaks of birds called Philadelphi " in A./' of which
44 never above a " coexist —a sort of embroidery on the
phoenix legend,

ARBILA (or ARBELA, now ABBJL). City of Adabene in
Assyria, between the Greater and the Lesser 2abf abt.
50 m. S.E. of Nineveh* The last battle between Alex-
ander the Gt* and Darius is often called the battle of
Arbela, though it was actually fought at Gatigemela,
some ao m. N.W* In Bacchus the isth guest was
" Gilbert Goodfellow, from Av an Assyrian ; this
Gilbert was a butcher/*

In the argument to the Tragtdy of Darius* Sir W.
Alexander writes : 44 He [Darius] fought beside Arhdia,
with no better fortune than before/'

ARCADIA (Ay, *• Arcady, An, - Arcadian). A dist* of
ancient Greece, in the centre of the Peloponcsus.
Isolated from the seacoast and from its neighbour* by
its rugged mtns,, it became proverbial amongst the
Greek and Latin poets for its rusticity and simplicity*
Sannazaro and Sir Philip Sidney idealized it into a
land of pure pastoral happiness unaffected by the vices
of civilisation ; and in the Elizabethan dramatists it has
this connotation. Thus, in R$t, P*m<m v» a, Stutlioso
proclaims, ** Not any life to me can sweeter foe Than
happy swaines in phune of Ay/11 In Day's Gulls* Basilius
has unclothed us of our princely government in A/*
in order to retire to the desert island which is the scene
of the play (i* i)* In Marmion's Antiquary iii, a, the D»
describes a circle of literary ladies " where every waiting-
woman speaks perfect A/' ; i&* talks in the stvle of
Sidney's novel The scene of Jonson's Pan m bid in A*#
and the masque consists of a contest between ** the best
and bravest spirits of A/' and a company of Boeotians,
representing respectively the poets and the Philistines,
at the conclusion of which the Litter are bidden to
" carry their stupidity into Boeotia whence they brought
it * * , This is too pure an air for so grans brains/'
Daniel's Queen's Arcadia in supposed to take place in
that romantic country* Shirley also wrote a dramatized
version of Sidney's novel, called The Arcadia* The
scenes of Milton's Arcades* Lyly's Lavt's M%ta*t Glaj>
thorne's Argalus, and Butter's Shtphtrd Hal* are laid
in A.

An. is used also in the seme of rustic, boorish. In
the old play of Tirnon L a, Eutrapelus calls Abyssus
4* Thou log, thou stock, they An, beast/' And in ii* 5,
Laches says of Gelasxmujj : " There's not an ami in all
A* so very an ass as thou/' In v. 3, Pi^dio says to
Gelasimus, " I took you for art Athenian ; I net now
thou art become an An/'

In Davenant's Italian iv* 4, Altamont sap, ** Th® AIJ*
wrestler Told young Theseus so j but he did yield As if
his sinews had been made of silk.1* The reference is to
Cercyon of Eleusis, who compelled all passers-by to
wrestle with him, and was overcome and slain by These-
us, In Lyly's Maid's M$ta* L, Atalanta is called ** the
An, dame [who] came to hunt the hoar of Calydon*"
There were a versions of the Atalanta story* One calls
her an An., and connects her with the hunting of tlie
boar; the other calls her a Boeotian, and makes the centre
of interest her race with Mehmon, who won her hand
dropping the golden apples. One of the characters in
ipman's Blind B#jf£ar is an imaginary Doricies,

ARCEDAN

Prince of A. In Lyly's Midas iv* x, Pan says, " My
temple is in A/' In T* Heywood's Gold, Age iii*, Jupiter
says to Archas, " Let that clime henceforth Be called A*
and usurp thy name/* Archas was the son of Jupiter by
Calisto, and was made K* of Pelasgia, the name being
changed to A*

In T. Heywood's Mistress L, Admetus says, *4 Change
your An. notes to Lidian sounds; Sad notes are
sweetest " ; where An* notes means cheerful, rustic
music* In Hercules iv. 2, 20 13, Amphitruo says, 4t 'Tis
even here I fear me as it was in Arcadie where men were
changed into beasts and never returned to their former
shape again/' In Greene's Orlando ii. i, 662, Orlando
says, '* Lend me your plaints, you sweet An* nymphs,
That wont to wail your new departed loves." Linche,
in Diella (1596) iii* 4, speaks of 4* The pure soft wool An*
sheep do bear/' In Tiberius 3338, Macro says, " Diana's
gift to Cephalus Yearned to outrun the beast of
Archadie/' The author is confusing the stories of
Atalanta and Cephalus ; the scene of the latter was
BoEQtia, not A, The refrain of a song in Milton's Arcades
05, runs : " Such a rural q* All A» hath not seen."
Milton, JP. L* xL 133, describes the Cherubim as " more
wakeful than to drowse Charmed with An* pipe/' The
reference is to the story of Hermes charming Argus to
sleep with his music* In Arcades $8, the Genius says
to the swains, " Of famous Ay* ye are/' In Comus 341,
the Elder Brother says, 4< Thou shalt be our Star of Ay.
Or Tyrian Cynosure/' The Star of Ay. is the Gt* Bear ;
the legend was that Calisto, the daughter of the An*
K» Lycaon, was changed into this constellation. In
Mason's Mulleasses 2315, Mulleasses speaks of " the
sun» backed on the An. beast," singeing the gardens of
Adonis* Probably he means the sun when in the con-
stellation Leo ; which was supposed to be the Nemean
Hon slain by Herakles* Nemea was not actually in A*,
but was not far from its N.E. boundary*

ARCEDAN (an obvious misprint for ARCENAL, the old
spelling for the ARSENAL, #*v., at Venice)* Here was
kept, until its destruction in 1824, the Bucmtoro, the
barge on which the Doges annually performed the
ceremony of Wedding the Adriatic on Ascension Day*
In JRT, K. Hon. Man D* 3, Sempronio says, " This is the
festival of Holy Mark ; This day our Lords of Venice
wonted be To sacrifice in triumph to the sea, And
march in pomp unto the A/' St* Mark's Day is
April 35, and could never coincide with Ascension Day*

ARCHADIE, S«« ARCADIA*

ARCHAIA* 5««AcHAtA.

ARCHANIANS. In Cyrus B* x, Cyrus says to Gobrias,
'* Be thou lieut. of the A/' I cannot identify these people*
May it be a mistake for Achaemenians ? Achaemenia
was the name of a Persian tribe ; and Achaemenas was
the ancestor of the Persian kings*

ARCHELAIS. A city in Cappadocia, on the Haiys, abt.
100 m» N.W, of Tarsus* In Bacchus the 9th guest was
44 a jolly gentlewoman, named Mrs. Merigodown* She
came from A*, a city in Cappadocia/' I imagine the
name was chosen because of its containing Lais, the
name of the famous Corinthian courtesan.

ARCHES (mofefuUytheCororoFA.)* The Ecclesiastical
Court of Appeal for the province of Canterbury, It was
so called because it sat In the Ch* of St* Mary de Arcubus
(St* Mary of the A») fca Cheapside* g*v» It took cogtwance
of all matters coming tinder Ecclesiastical Law, such as
marriage and divorce, wills, abuses in the Ch., etc* The
judge was called the Dean of A* &* B* & F* P«$*J* iv* i,

ARCTIC POLE

the worthy citizen has a trick in his head shall lodge
Jasper " in the A, for one year " ; where evidently the
prison of the Court is meant* In their Scornful iv* 2,
when the Widow tries to persuade young Loveless to
behave decently and cast off his riotous companions,
the Capt* cries : " Let him be civil And eat i* th' A*,
and see what will come on *t 1 " ** To eat in the A/f
may mean to " eat his terms in the Court of A*" ; i*.
to practise Canon Law* The Canon Law was built upon
the Civil (Roman) Law ; the professors of the one were
often, perhaps commonly, professors also of the other ;
and for these and other historical reasons the 2 things
came to be confounded in popular speech : as here,
where (a few lines lower) " Civilian " is plainly used for
44 Canonist/' Throughout the passage the changes are
rung upon various meanings of Civil; z\6* Civilian^
Canonist, and the ordinary meaning, decent. In Jonson's
BarthoL Induction, we are informed that ** Master
Littlewit, the Proctor, plays one of the A*, that dwells
abt* the Hospital/' Here, again, is a pun : Littlewit
was a proctor of the Court of A*, and he is going to
Bartholomew Fair, near which was the Hospital of St*
Bartholomew with its cloisters of a* In Oldcastle i* 3,
the Bp* of Rochester urges the k* " to summon Sir John
unto the A*, where such offences have their punish-
ment f ' ; his offence being heresy* In Brome*s Couple i*
i, Saleware, threatening to compel Careless to marry his
kinswoman, says, " There is Law to be found for money,
and friends to be found in the A/' In Middleton's
Quiet Life iv* i, 114, George says, " We have a most
lamentable house at home ? nothing to be heard in't
but separation and divorces, and such a noise of the
spiritual court, as if it were a tenement upon Lond*
Bdge, and built upon the A/' ; i,e* the noisy arches of
Lond* Bdge* and the Court of A*, where divorces were
tried, Latimer, in Serin, to Convocation ii* (1536), after
commenting on the abuses in the Ch*, asks indignantly,
" What is done in the A* 4 Nothing to be amended ** "

ARCHIPELAGO* A sea studded with islands ; most
often used of the ^Egean Sea, but also applied to other
seas with groups of islands* It is used, of the Malay
group by Parmentier (1539), and Hakluyt; and this
seems to be the meaning in Marlowe's Tamb* B* i* i,
where Orcanes says, " From Amazonia under Capricorn
And thence as far as A* All Afric is in arms with
Tamburlaine/'

ARCTIC POLE (often spelt Amc)* The N* P*, both of
the earth and of the sky* In Glapthorne's Hollander iii*
i, Dr* Artless says, " The loadstone causes the needle
of the ship-guiding compass to respect the cold pole
Artick/f In Davenant's Albovine i* i, the Governor
compares Albovine's breath to " a rough blast that
posts From the cold A* P/' In Brewerfs Lingua iv* 8,
Lingua says, " My enchanting tongue can in a moment
fall From the P* A. to dark Acheron/' In Brome's
Lovesick Ct* iv. 5, Disanius says, " You may as soon
believe The Artie and Antartick poles can meet In
opposition amidst the firmament " ; where the N* and
S* Poles of the sky are meant* Milton, P. L* ii* 7x0,
compares Satan to a comet " That fires the length of
Ophiuchus huge In the a. sky/' Ophiuchus is a con-
stellation in the N+ sky* Barnes, in Parthenophil (1593)
xciii* 3, says of Love, " For alms he Amongst cold A*
folk doth wait*" One of the questions propunded by
Burton, A. M* ii* », 3, is " Whether the sea be open and
navigable by the P. artick," Heylyn, Intro*, says> 4* The
Artick circle * . * passeth through Norway, Muscovy,
Tartary/* etc* See also under ANTARCTIC*

ARDE

ARDE*

ARDEA* An ancient town of Latium, 24 *n* S. of Rome
and 4 from the sea* It still retains its old name. It was
at the siege of Ardea by Tarquinius Superbus that the
events took place which led to the expulsion of the ks.
from Rome. In Lucr^ arg. 4, we are told,. " Lucius
Tarquinius went to besiege A." The poem opens:
44 From the besieged A* all in post . * * Lust-breathed
Tarquin leaves the Roman host." In 1332 it is said of
Lucrece, " Her letter now is sealed and on it writ At A*
to my lord with more than haste/* In T* Heywood's
Lucrec^t \L % and 4, and iv» 6 are laid at A*

ARDEN (FOREST OF). The scene of the greater part of As,
viz, ii* if 4-7 ; iii. 2-5 ; iv* and v* It is a forest in Bel-
gium and France, between the Sambre and the Moselle,
and covers abt. 1,000,000 acres, of which 383,000 are
still uncultivated* Heylyn ($,v» FRANCE) says, 4* Here is
the forest of Ardenia, once 500 m. compass; now
scarce 90 m, round ; of which so many fabulous stories
are told/' Shakespeare took the name from Lodge's
Rosalind; and though his forest contains lions and
palm-trees and serpents, the scenery is that of an Eng-
lish woodland. It is to be noted that there is a forest
of A, N* of Stratford, in Warwickshire* Camden says,
4* Warwickshire is divided into 2 parts, the Feldon and
Woodland (or A*); that is, into a plain champaign
and a woody country ; which parts the Avon, running
crookedly from NJB. to S»W*> doth> after a sort, sever
one from the other /* The name was doubly familiar to
Shakespeare, because his mother was Mary A., and be-
longed to a family whose home was in the A, dist, In
As i. i, I2i, Charles tells Oliver that the old D* 4* is
already in the forest of A/' ; in i. 3, 109, Celia resolves
44 to seek my uncle in the forest of A." ; inii.4, 14, Rosa-
lind sighs, " Well, this is the Forest of A." ; to which
Touchstone punmngly responds : 44 Ay, now am I in
A. [quasi a den 1] the more fool I." In the masque in
Chapmanfs Trag. Byron L i, the nymphs are 4* part of
the scattered tram of friendless virtue living in the woods
of shady A./' and Cupid advises those who can live
44 with little sufficed f ' to " leave the Court and live with
them in A," The reference to ^s is unmistakeable* In
his Bnssy i, 2, there is a comparison drawn from an oak
which the speaker has seen in A.; and in his Rev.
Bussy iii* i, Charlotte says, " which of the desperatest
ruffians, Outlaws in A*, durst have tempted thus One of
our blood and name£" In a passage in Greene's
Orlando ii* i, 580, Orlando says of Angelica, 4i No name
of hers, unless Zephyrus blow Her dignities alongst Ar-
denia woods." In* Trag* Richd* II iv. 2, 103, Cinthia,
leading in the Masquers, says, *' The groves of Calidon
and A. woods Of untamed monsters, wild and savage
herds, We and our knights have freed/' Spenser, in
Astrophel 96, calls it " famous Ardeyn/' In A Q. iv* 3,
45, he refers to " that same water of Ardenne The which
Rinaldo drunk in happy hour/' The famous Spa was
on the edge of the Forest of A., and gave rise to the
legend of the magic fountain made by Merlin for Sir
Tristram, by which Love was turned to Aversion*
There was another fountain which had the opposite
effect ; both are mentioned in Ariosto, OrL Fur, L 78,
Rinaldo drank of the ist one only*

Drayton, in Pofyolb* xiiL 13-334^ sings the praises of
the Warwickshire Av 44 Her one hand touching Trent,
the other Severn's side/' For this sea under ANKOR.

ARDRES* A variant of Andren, q#. In Webster's
Weakest iii* 5, Lodowick says, 44 The sexton's place of
A, I now profess/' He has just told Ferdinand, "Part

ARGXAN

of the base country of France it is 2 the vill* name is A*
m Picardy/f In Nash's Wilton, Jack concludes his ad-
ventures 44 at the K. of England's camp 'twixt A* and
Guines in France/'

AREOPAGUS (Ase, - Areopagitas), The famous court in
Athens that took cognizance of matters of religion and
morals. It sat upon the Hill of Ares, or Mars, W* of the
Acropolis, Tradition carried back its origin into im-
memorial antiquity : in the Eumnnides of /ESschylus/
Orestes appears before it to answer for the murder of
his mother, Clytemnestra* The judges were called
Aae*, and were credited with supreme gravity and
wisdom* In Ford's Heart L x, Cretan says to Orgitus,
" Wilt thou became an Ae* And judge in cases touching
the commonwealth tf " Hassmger, in Old Law L x,
accepts the opinion often entertained in antiquity that
Solon was the founder of " his honourable senate of
Aa./f though tradition points to its existence at a much
earlier period. In the old Timon L % Pxdio tells
Gelasimus that he is " as grave as a severe Ae. with his
contracted eyebrows/' In v. 5, Demeas reads *4 the
decree that I have written concerning thee before the
Ases/' In T.Heywood's Dialogues ii. 934* Mary says,
" The Ax* grammar-skilled In this cannot evince us/'

ARETHUSA, A spring in the island of Ortygia, dose to
Syracuse, on the E* coast of Sicily* It took its name
from the Nereid A*, to whom it was dedicated* In
Webster's Thracian i* a* Pabemon sap of Serena, ** See
where she comes, like to Diana going To sport by A/s
fount/' The god of the r. Alpheus, in Arcadia* was
said to have pursued the nymph A* under the tea and
mingled his waters with her spring* In Milton's
Arcades %it the Genius sings of *4 Divine Alpheus who
by secret sluice Stole under seas to meet his Ar«h«se."
In T. Heywood's S. Age ia., A. says, " My .streams mm
forth From Tartary [i.e. Tartarus] by the Tenarian
isles ; My head's in Hell where Stygian Pluto reigns/"
The reference is to the source of the fountain in Peb-
ponesus, before its supposed disappearance under the
sea to rise again in Syracuse* Milton, in Lycidut 8«>,
apostroph&es, **O fountain Arethuse, and thou
honoured flood, Smooth-sliding Hindus r* ; A* being
regarded as the Muse of the Pastoral Poetry, which
originated in Sicily*

AREZZO* A city of Tuscany, on the rd, between Florence
and Rpmejj and abt xao m* N*W. of the latter. For a
long time it held its own against the ptrowinf power of
Florence, but had finally to submit to its brilliant ntigh*
bour* The birthplace of Guido the musician, Petrarch
the poet, and many other distinguished men* It is one
of 12 Italian cities which Trapdoor, in Middieton'i
#, G. v» i, professes to have ** ambled over/*

ARGENTINE* The Latinixed form of the name given
by the Spaniards to the r* and disc, around its motuh,
discovered by Juan de Solis in 15x3. It was wrongly
supposed to be rich in silver, and so was christened
Rio de la Plata ; f,*. Silver R« The r* debouches into
the Atlantic on the E* coast of S* America, S. of Uruguay .
Buenos Aires was founded at the head of the estuary
in 1534, when a fort was built there by De Mendow }
but the city itself dates from 1580* Nash, in Lfftfim,
says that the herring u made Yarmouth for argent to
put down the city of A/r

ARGIAN (ARGIVB). Used for the whole body of Ifet
Greeks who besieged Troy* In Cxsaf$ J?f#» L §# Dob*
bella says, M Hector from the Gredan camp Witii ipofli
of slaughtered As* returned/1

ARGIER

ARGIER (the old form of ALGIERS)* Heylyn, Mcrocosmps*
708, gives the name of the country as *4 Algirs, Algeirs,
or Tesesine " ; but the name of the capital town as
** As*/ a town not so large as strong, and not so strong as
famous/' its fame bein^ due (i) to its being the head-
quarters of the Moor pirates ; (a) for the shipwreck of
the fleet of Charles V in the harbour* In Purchas his
Pilgrimage (ed* 1614), it is called Algier ; but in the later
edition of 1635 the form A* occurs. It lies on the N.
coast of Africa, between Tunis on the E* and Morocco
on the W*

Sycorax was born in A*, and " For mischiefs manifold
and sorceries terrible * * . from A, * * . was banished "
(Temp, i. 3, 361, 265). This fact, and the circumstance
that the k* was wrecked on the magic island on his way
from Tunis to Naples, shows that Shakespeare con-
ceived of the scene of the play as somewhere in the
Mediterranean.

In Marlowe's Tamb. A* iii* i, is described the capture
of A* from Bajaseth, and Tarnburlaine declares it to
be his intention to liberate the Christian captives— the
44 captive pioneers of A*/' who are set by Bajaseth to
cut off the water to Constantinople which he is besieging
— " I will first subdue the Turk/* he says (iii* 3), " and
then enlarge Those Christian captives which you keep as
slaves* * * * That naked row abt, the Terrene sea , * *
And strive for life at every stroke they give. These are
the cruel pirates of A,, That damned train the scum of
Africa/* Massinger, in The Guardian v. 4, speaks of the
41 pirates of Tunis and As./r and in Unnat. Com, i, x, of
44 the pirates of As. and Tunis." In Vox Borealis (1641),
the Bishops are called " hellish pirates worse than
Tunnes and Algeir/' In Davenant's Favourite iii, i,
Eumena has redeemed a number of slaves 4t from the
gallies of Algiers/' In Alimony iii* 3, there is an old sea-
ballad be ginning, ** To Tunis and to As., boys, Great is
our want, small be our joys : Let's then some voyage
take in hand To get us means by sea or land/' In Peele's
Alcazar i., the Moor's son says, 44 Rubin near to A*
encountered Abdilmelec/' Milton, P. L, xi. 404,
enumerates, " The kingdoms of Almansor, Fes and Sus,
Marocco and Algiers, and Tremisen," in N. Africa*
Cowley, Cutter prol., says, <4 The Midland Sea is no-
where clear From dreadful fleets of Tunis and A/' j
and later he addresses the critics as " Gentlemen
criticks of A/'

ARGOB. A dist, in Bashan, possibly the modem El-
Leja, lying some 40 m* E* of the N. end of the Sea of
Galilee, Milton, P, JL. L 308, says of Moloch : 4t Him
the Ammonite Worshipped* * * * In A, and in Basan/'
It really belonged rather to the Amorites than the Am-
monites*

ARGOLETS. Mentioned amongst 4* the brave resolved
Turks and valiant Moors n in the army of Abdelmelek,
in Studey 3471— " Approved Alarkes, puissant A/'
Peek's Alcazar throws some light on this obscure word.
In i. 3 the Moor orders Pisanio to 44 take a cornet of our
horse, As many a, and armed pikes " ; and in iv» x, we
read of ** 3000 a* and 10,000 horse/' In Spon's Hist, of
Geneva (£687), argoulets are defined as light horsemen ;
and th«y we* e probably in the first instance bowmen on
horseback* If looks as if the author of Stacley had mis-*
taken the word for a national name* The meaning is
made clear by a passage in Orders meet to be observed in
Foreign Invasion (1643) : w "Whereas yott have great
numbers of hackneys or hobblers, I could wish that
upon them you mount as many of the highest and

ARMAGNAC

nimblest shot as you can ; the which arguliteers shall
stand you in as great stead as horse of better account/*
ARGOS. One of the most ancient cities of Greece,
situated abt* 3 m, from the sea in the plain of Argolis
in^ the N.E. of the Peloponesus* Here Agamemnon
reigned, who was recognised as the leading chief of the
Greeks in the Trojan War* Its tutelary goddess was
Hera (Juno), and 3 temples in her honour adorned the
city* In Nero i* 3, *' Junonian A/' is mentioned as one
of the places visited by the Emperor in his tour through
Greece* In Marlowe, Tamb. A. iv* 3, the Soldan speaks
of the ** brave Argolian knights " who joined in the
hunting of the Calydonian boar. Amphiaraus was the
chief representative of A. on that occasion* In Ford's
Heart, Nearchus, " Prince of A*," becomes K* of
Sparta by the dying bequest of the heroine Calantha*
Of course, the story is imaginary, and impossible in any
period of Greek history* Similarly, in Barclay's Lost
Lady L i, we are told of a war between Thessaly and
Sparta in which " The D* of A. did command the
Spartan." In Andromana we have a war between the
Iberians and the Argives, in which "the Argives,
50,000 strong, Have, like a whirlwind, borne down all
before them " (ii* i). This is all pure fiction* In T*
Heywood's Dialogues 5394, Juno says, "A. bred a
golden Danae." Danae was the daughter of Acrisius,
K* of A. The story of Jove's love for her is told in his
Gold. Age, where Acrisius is called " the brave Arges
K/' In B. & F. Corinth, Agenor, Prince of A., has been
at war with Corinth and is a suitor for the hand of
Merione. The whole story is imaginary* In Wilson's
Cobler 1369, the Argives and Thessalians are said to
have made an attack on Bceotia ; this is again unhis-
torical*

AJRGYLE, OR ARGUILE, A county on the S.W* coast
of Scotland* For some 5 cents, it was under Norwegian
control ; but it was conquered by the K. of Scotland
in the I4th cent. It was then held as an almost in-
dependent kingdom by the Macdonalds ; but their
constant rebellions caused it to be transferred to the
Campbells abt. 1457 j and the dukedom still continues
in that clan* Archibald, 5th earl, appears in Sampson's
Vow as one of the leading supporters of the Scots
against the English in 1560. He is called Arguile*

ARIADAN. Probably Er-Riad, the capital of the pro-
vince of Ared, in Central Arabia, is intended* It lies
due E* of Mecca, abt* 430 m* away* In Marlowe's Tamb,
B* iii* 5, Callapine invests Almeda, " K* of A*, Bordering
on Mare Roso near to Mecca/'

ARIMASPIANS* A legendary race of Scythians, de-
scribed by Herodotus as a one-eyed tribe in N* Europe
who purloined gold from the griffins who guarded it.
Pliny repeats the story and locates them near the
Scythians, " toward the pole arcticke/' They probably
lived near the gold-mines of the Ural Mtos*, whence the
legend took its rise* Milton, P* £. & 945, speaks of
Satan flying " As when a gryphon through the wilder-
ness * * * pursues the Arimaspan, who by stealth Had
from his wakeful custody purloined The guarded gold/*

ARMAGNAC* A dist. in Gascony, in S* France, giving
their title to the Counts of A. Under Count Bernard
VII the name As* came to be used of the party of the
house of Orleans in opposition to the Burgundians,
John IV is the Earl of A* mentioned in H6 A* v* i, a, 17*
Gloucester says, 4* The Earl of A* near knit to Chajrles, A
man of great authority in France, Proffers his ooly
daughter to your grace In marriage/* In H6 A+ v* 5, 44,

ARMENIA

Suffolk urges the marriage of the K* to Margaret,
daughter of Rene* of Anjou, on the ground that 4* His
alliance will confirm our peace And keep the French-
men in allegiance " j to which Gloucester replies :
44 And so the Earl of A, may do, Because he is near
kinsman unto Charles/' Suffolk succeeded, and the
k. married Margaret 1445*

ARMENIA (An* — Armenian). A country in Western
Asia, extending from the Caucasus to the mountains of
Kurdistan, and from the Caspian Sea to the E. boundary
of Asia Minor* It was divided by the Euphrates into
Greater A* to the E. of the r* and Lesser A* to the W.
A* came under the dominion of Alexander the Gt when
he conquered the Persians, and after a short period of re-
volt submitted to the Seleucid ks* of Syria in 384 B.C*
In 190 B*C* it became independent under Artaxias, and a
succession of ks, followed, the most famous being
Tigranes II* He submitted to Pompeius in 66 B,c«, but
his son Artavasdes rebelled against Rome and was taken
prisoner by Antonius and beheaded in Alexandria 550
B*c« In A.D* 18 Germanicus was sent to settle the affairs
of A* and the East, and crowned Zenp k. in place of the
deposed Vonones, but died near Atitioch the next year,
poisoned, as was suspected, by Piso, The whole story is
told in Tiberius. During the and cent, the country
was Christianized, and has remained Christian in spite
of successive persecutions by the Persians and Turks up
to the present day, Tamburlaine conquered the country
at the end of the I4th cent*/ but it was subsequently re-
covered by the Persians* It is now divided between
Russia, Turkey, and Persia, Heylyn, $*v*t says of the
modern Ans», 44 They are generally good archers, merry,
careless of honour, desiring ease, great bodied, comely,
and willing to be soothed. The women tall but homely,
kind to their children, poor, and incontinent/'

Historical allusions. In Chapman's Trag, Byron v. i,
Byron refers to Pompey, who " Reduced into thr
imperial power of Rome A,, Pontus, and Arabia/' In
A. & C. m. 6, 13, Octavius says of Antony, " Great
Media, Parthia, and A* He gave to Alexander f ' j t,e* his
son by Cleopatra* Later, in line 33, Octavius says,
44 For what I have conquered I grant him [Antony]
part; but in his A* » , * I demand the like/' In
Cxsafs Rev. iil 4, Caesar says, " 111 fttt An* plains and
Medians hills With carcases of bastard Scythian brood/'
In Mariam v. i, Herod, referring to his campaign
against the K* of Arabia in 34 B.C,, says/ 4* No Arabian
host nor no An, guide hath used me so/1 The scene of
Act I of B, & F» King is laid in A* in the reign of
Tigranes II, abt. the middle of the ist cent* B*c* In
Tiberius 859, Tiberius says, " Let A. feel the force of
Rome/' Germanicus is sent there, and his exploits and
death are described in later scenes of the play* In May's
Agrippina iv, 688, the ambassadors announce, 44 The
princes of A*, Vologeses And Tiridates, greet your
majesty By us/f Tacitus mentions this embassy to
Nero* In Greene's Alphonsus iii* 3, Amurack orders
Bajaset to " post away apace To Asia, Av and all other
lands Which owe their homage to high Amurack/'
This is Amurath I, who died A,D* 1389* In Marlowe's
Tamb* A* i* x, Cosroe (Chosroes) is described as " Great
Lord of Media and A/' ? he at first enters into alliance
with Tamburlaine, but subsequently revolts and is
slain*

In Gen. viii* 4, it is said that after the Flood the ark
rested on the mtns* of Ararat, the highest peak of the
mtn, range in A, It became a place of pilgrimage in the
Middle Ages* MaundeviHe says, " There is a hill that

ARQN&BL

men clepen Ararathe where Noe's ship rested . * , and
men may see it afar in clear weather ; and that mtn, is
well a 7 m, high/' The Palmer, in J* Hey wood's
Four PP* i, i, had visited " the hills of Armeny where I
saw Noe's ark*" In Killigrew's Parson in. a, the Capt.
speaks of ** Signior Ricardo Digones, one of the ancient
house of the An. ambassadors/' I cannot laid any re-
cord of these An* ambassadors ; but suspect a pun is
intended on Arminian, and the whole fmsage is a hit
at the Dutch Armenians, whose opinions iud been
largely accepted in England. The same confusion oc-
curs in Jonson's Magnetic i* i. Mr$. Polish says that
Placentia, the Puritan, can *4 find out the Ans/' Rut
corrects her, *4 The Armmians," but she stands to it,
and says, " The Ans, are worse than Papists*"

The fauna of A. was but vaguely known, In Sclirnus
1135, Belierbey says, ** Like an An. tiger that hath lost
Her loved whelps, so raveth Acomat, MontJturry, in
Chapman's Bussy iv* i, declares of Bussy d' Animus,
44 Such another spirit Could not be 'stilled from all the
An. dragons." Parrot suggests that Chapman was think-
ing of the gold-guarding griffins of Scythia mentioned in
Herodotus iv* 27* In H» Shirley's Mart. Soldfor iii. 4,
the Physician exhibits " a Magisterial made of the horn
A, so much boasts of " ; that is, the unicorn's horn,
supposed to be a specific against poison.
ARMORICA* The Latin name for Brittany, on the W,
coast of France* The name is derived from the Celtic
Ar, upon, and Mor, the sea. Milton, P. £. i. 581, de-
scribes K. Arthur as " Uther's son Begirt witti British
and Armoric knights." Brittany, or Lyones, is closely
connected with the Arthurian legend.

ARNAM* &6ARNHEXK*

ARNHEIM* The old capital of Gelderiand, on the
Rhine, 50 m. SJ2. of Amsterdam, It was one of the old
Hanse 'towns. In Barnamtt ii. a, Leidenberge an-
nounces, "Arnam and Roterdam have yielded him
[Barnavelt] obedience/'

ARNCX R* in Tuscany, rising in the Apennines, and flow-
ing past Florence and Pisa to the Mediterranean^ after a
course of 155 m. In Barnes* Charter i i, Alexander
allots to Caesar Borgia the provinces '* In Tuskany
within the r. Narre And fruitful A/' It was in the
marshy lands about the A,, near Lucca and Pisa, that
Hannibal lost one of his eye$ in his march through Italy
in the spring of 317 B,C, In Nafobes* Hannibal iv. a*
Hannibal says, " I waded with my army through the
fens Of gloomy Arnus in whose fogs I lost One of my
body's comfortable lights." In Day's Law Tricks L i,
Pplymetis relates how his sister was captured by Tur-
kish pirates " In Sancta Monta* neighbour to Sifdlnsa,
Where silver A* in her crystal bosom Courts the from
banks with many an amorous kiss/'

ARNON* A r* formed by the junction of a streams rising
in the desert of Midian, and flowing past Aroer into the
Dead Sea, abt midway down its E. coast* The natural
boundary between the Ammonites to the N* and the
Moabites to the S. Milton, P* I* i, 399, says of Moloch.
" Him the Ammonite Worshipped* * * , In Argob ana
in Basan to the stream Of utmost A/*

AROER. A town on the Arnon, abt. 14 m. E. of the
Dead Sea* It was an Amorite city, but was conquered
by the Moabites in the 7th cent, »»c» Milton* I*. 1* i.
407, speaks of Moab as extending " From A, to Nefoo " >
but this was rather Amorite territory j Moab lay S* of
the Arnojnu

ARONDEL.

ARP1NUM

ARPINUM* An ancient Volscian city in the valley of the
Liris, some 60 m, S*W* of Rome* The birthplace of
C* Marius and M* Tullius Cicero* In Jonson's Catiline
iv* 2, Catiline refers contemptuously to Cicero as *4 a
burgess* son of A**' In Kyd's Cornelia iii* chor*, we have
44 Noble Marius/ Arpin's friend/*

ARQUES* A town of Normandy, near Dieppe, 90 m*
N*E* of Paris* Scene of the great victory of Henri IV
over the army of the League under Mayenne in 1589*
In Chapman's Consp, Byron v» i, Byron boastfully says,
44 1 will see That none but I and my renowned sire Be
said to win the memorable fields Of A. and Dieppe."

ARRAGON, OR ARAGON* A province and formerly a
kingdom in N. Spain, between the Pyrenees and
Valencia* The Ebro divides it into 2 almost equal parts.
It was part of the Roman province of Hispania Tarra-
conensis* In the 5th cent, it was subjugated by the
Visigoths ; and with the rest of Spain it fell into the
hands of the Moors in 711. In the iith cent Sancho III
recovered a large part of it j and in 1035 it became a
Christian kingdom under his son Raymir* It so con-
tinued till 1516, when it was united to the crown of
Spain by the marriage of its K* Ferdinand to Isabella of
Castile* In B* & F* Thierry ii. i, Thierry calls his con-
tracted wife 44 Ordella, daughter of wise Datarick, The
K* of A/' The time is the latter part of the 6th cent. ;
Datarick probably means Theodoric* In Ado Don
Pedro of A. is one of the personages ; he comes to
Messina after a successful campaign, Shakespeare took
the name from Bandello's Timbreo di Cardona, in which
the date of the story is given as 1283, and the Don Pedro
is Pedro III, who claimed Sicily through his marriage
with Constance, the daughter of the K* of Sicily, and,
after a successful expedition to the island, was crowned
at Palermo 1283. His visit to Messina in Much Ado is
evidently just after this victory, as Scene I shows* A
Prince of A* is one of Portia's suitors Merck ii* 9. He is
not to be identified with any particular prince* Q*
Katharine, the divorced wife of Henry VIII, is gener-
ally known as Katharine of A., though she is not so
called in the play. She was the daughter of Ferdinand
and Isabella, and aunt of the Emperor Charles V. In
Middleton's Gipsy iii* 2, Alvarez, who has been banished
from Spain, <4 lives a banished man . * * some say in
A*" ; which was then a separate kingdom* In Mucedorus
the heroine Amadine is" thekinges daughter of A/p and
most of the scenes are laid either in the court or forests of
that country* Hyc/ce, p, 88, has travelled in 44 Erragoyne "
and a score other places* In Dekker's Fortunatus
ii. chorus*, we learn that between Acts I and II Fortu-
tiatus has been imprisoned in A. " by a covetous Earl*"
The scene of Shirley's Cardinal is laid in Navarre ; and
in L i, Alphonso brings word that " the Aians* are now
tn arms, violating their confederate oath and league*"
Iti Webster's White Devil the election of Pope Paul IV
is announced by the " Lord of A." (iv. a). This looks
like deliberate mystification; for Montalto, whose
Mtephew married Vittoria, was not Paul IV, but Sixtus V*
There can be no doubt that he is the man intended :
Montecelso is an obvious synonym for Montalto* The
election took place in 1585*

In Webster's Malfi we have a Ferdinand who is
called the D. of Calabria, and a cardinal who is his
brother* The Cardinal (ii* 5) claims ** the royal blood of
A* and Castile," and is styled, in m*. 4, the Cardinal of
A* Ferdinand V of Spain is the only monarch who com-*
bines the blood of A., the kingship of Calabria, and the
name of Ferdinand* Thfc atttodoa to $i& battle of Pavia

ARTILLERY GARDEN

(iii. 3), which took place in 1525, is inconsistent with this
identification, as Ferdinand died in 1516. But the sup-
posed date of the play is definitely slated in ii* 3 to be
1504, 12 years before Ferdinand's death* In B, & F*
Double Mar* i* i, there is " an Aian* tyrant, Farrand,"
who is described in the dramatis personae as the libidi-
nous Tyrant of Naples* The play is unhistorical, but
the name Farrand seems to have been suggested by that
of Ferdinand V* The hero of Greene's Alphonsns is ap-
parently intended for Alfonso, ist of Naples and 5th of
A* (1385-1454) ; but there is little or nothing historical
in the play* The scene of Habington's Arragon is laid in
that country. Leonardo, Prince of A*, is one of the
characters in Shirley's Doubtful, Ford's Queen is laid in
A*, and the name of the k, is Alphonsus ; but there is
nothing historical in the story* In Dekker's Match me
ii., the Lady says, 44 A woman's tongue is like the miracu-
lous bell in A* which rings out without the help of man*"

ARRAN* An island off the S*W* coast of Scotland, in
Buteshire* The Countess of A* is one of the characters
in Greene's James /V*

ARRAS* The capital of Artois Province, France, 134 m*
from Paris* The great centre of tapestry weaving, it
gave its name to cloth of A*, which was used for the
hanging of rooms and afforded a place of concealment*
The executioners (K, /* iv* x, 2), Borachio (Ado L 3, 63),
Falstaff (M. W. W. iii* 3, 97 ; H4 A* ii. 4, 549), and the
unlucky Polonius (Ham* ii* 2, 163, and iii* 3, 28) hide
themselves behind the a* lachimo notices 4* the a*-
figures why, such and such, and the contents o' the
story " (Cym. ii. 2, 26) in Imogen's bed-chamber.
Gremio has stored in cypress chests his a* counter-
points, or, as we should say, counterpanes (Shrew ii* I,
353), In Marlowe's Faustus vi,, Pride *4 will not speak
another word except the ground were perfumed and
covered with cloth of A*" In Tamb. B. i. 2, Callapine
promises his keeper, as the price of his liberty, that,
amongst much else, 44 Cloth of A* shall be hung about
the walls" when he rides in triumph through the
streets* In Spenser's F. Q. iii. i, 34, the walls of Castle
Joyeous are ** round about apparelled With costly cloths
of A. and of Toure/' Further examples of the use of a*
hangings for concealment may be found in B* & F*
Women Pleased ii* 6 ; Gentleman iii* 4 ; Friends iv. 4*

ARSENAL. At Venice in the E* of the city* Built between
1307 and 1320, and abt* 2 m* in circuit, it includes 4
basins surrounded by dry-docks, workshops, and ar-
mouries. In Jonson's Volpone iv* i, Sir Politick has a
plan for forbidding the use of tinder boxes ; for an ill-
affected person might, with one in his pocket, ** go into
the A." and set it on fire* In Brome's Novello iii* i,
Piso speaks of 4* many good handy craftsmen in the A*,
bred irom such mothers that ne'er could boast their
fathers*" See also ARCBDAN*

ARTAXATA* The ancient capital of Armenia, lying on
the Araxes, abt* 250 m* W* of the Caspian Sea* Built
under the superintendence of Hannibal, when he took
refuge at the Court of Artaxias ; destroyed by Corbulo
A*B* 58 ; and rebuilt by Tiridates under the name of
Neronia* Milton, P* R, iii* 292, mentions among the
great cities of the world shown in vision to our Lord
by Satan " A*, Teredon, Ctesiphon*"

ARTILLERY GARDEN* In Teasel Close( now A* Lane,
Bishopsgate St* Without, Lond* The City Trainband,
established in 1585 to resist the Spanish invasion, met
here to practise ; and here the Tower gunners came to
do their exercises, firing their brass pieces of great

ARTILLERY WALK

artillery at earthen butts* When Stephen^ in Jensen's
£y, Man L iiL 3, hesitates to swear, ** as I am a soldier,"
Welibred reminds him that his name " is entered in the
A. G*/' which gives him that privilege. The dramatists
are never tired of poking fun at the city soldiers, though,
when the Civil War came, the Lond* Trainbands
showed that they were not to be despised. Thus Fowler,
in Shirley's Fair One v* i, describes " a spruce capt,
that never saw service beyond Finsbury or the A, G/*
In Webster's White Devil v, 6, Flammeo, mocking
Vittoria and Zanche, who have shot at and failed to
kill him, says, " How cunning you were to discharge 1
do you practise at the A*-yardtf" Jonson, in Under-
woods 63, pays the grounds a well-deserved compliment :
44 Well, I say, thrive, thrive, brave A.-yard ! Thou seed-
plot of the war ; that hast not spared Powder or paper
to bring up the youth Of Lond, in the military truth/'
In Shirley's Doubtful L i, a citizen says, " War is no
A* G* where you come off with 4 As you were/ " In
Middleton's Quiet Life L i, Water-Camlet says, " Being
at the A. G., one of my neighbours with his musket set
afire my breeches/' In Lady Mother iil i, Suckett says,
44 Here are men that has seen service," and Bunch adds :
'* At a mustering or ir th' A* G/' In Marmion's Leaguer
iii* 4, Capritio disclaims the character of a soldier :
44 111 hardly trust myself," he says/ ** in the a.~yard, for
fear of mischief/' In B. & R Cure iii* a, Pxorato says,
** I gave him then 3 sweats In the a,-yard, 3 drilling
days*" The scene is in Seville, but the authors are
thinking of Lond.

ARTILLERY WALK, A row of houses in Lond* along
a passage which led by the side of the A* Grounds,
towards Bunhill Fields* Here Milton lived from 1664 to
1674, completed P» L», wrote P* #* and S. A*, and died
at the age of 66*

ARTOIS* A province in N, France. Its capital was
Arras, g*t>* It came into the possession of the House of
Burgundy by the marriage of Matilda, daughter of
Robert II, to Otho IV* Hence Talbot addresses the D.
of Burgundy; "Redoubted Burgundy, By whose ap-
proach the regions of A*, Wallow, and Picardy are
friends to us " (H<5 A* ii* ** g). In Ed. HI L if the K,
opens the play * ** Robert of Artoys, banisht though thou
be From Fraunce, thy native country, yet with us Thou
shalt retayne as great a Seigniorie ? For we create thee
Earle of Richmond heere/' This Robert had been de-
prived of the County of A* by the sentence of Philip the
Fair ; and when he attempted to recover what he con-
sidered as his right he was banished and came to
England, where Edward III gave him a warm welcome*
He pressed upon Edward the claim that K. had to the
Crown of France, on the ground of his descent from
Isabel, the daughter of Philip the Fair* In Hector iii, a,
776, the Bastard sends Mendo«a and Vandome to
England to consort " with the Earle of Artoys/' In
Chapman's Consp* Byron v* x, Byron claims for himself
the whole credit of the victories won for the K, in the
Spanish War : ** Only myself, married to Victory, Did
people A* * . . with her triumphant issue/' He in-
vaded and conquered A, in September 1596. In World
Child, A* 6, Manhood claims to have conquered dean
44 Picardy and Pontoise, and gentle A/' The reference
is apparently to the victories of Edward III* In Trag*
Richa* U i, 1135* Lancaster tells of the victories wot*
by the Black Prince "At Cressy field* Poyteeres,
Artpyse, and Mayne/' During nearly the whole of our
period A. was not in France, but in the Spanish Nethet*
lands*

ASCALQN

ARUNDEL. A town in Sussex, 55 m* from Lond» Above
the town stands the ancient castle which gives their title
to the Earls of A* It dates from the time of Alfred the
Gt., and belongs to the D, of Norfolk, whose eldest son
now bears the title. Scene of the conspiracy of 1397 to
dethrone Richd, II. The passage (Rj ii. i, 380) referring
to this conspiracy is corrupt, It runs : " Harry, D. of
Hereford, Rainold Lord Cobham, That late broke from
the D+ of Exeter, His brother, Arehbp* late of Canter-
bury, etc*" Lord Cobham never broke from the D, of
Exeter, nor was he any relation to the late archbp. ; but
from Holinshed we learn that the man referred to is
Thomas, the son of Richd., Earl of A. ; Thomas, the
brother of the said Richd,, being the late Archbp, The
insertion of the line after " Lord Cobham/' " The son of
Richd* Earl of A*," is absolutely necessary to the sense
of the passage* Richd* was beheaded in 1^97 for his
complicity in the plot, the Archbp* fled to Cologne, and
Thomas was placed in the custody of the D* of Exeter*
from which he escaped and joined his uncle in Cologne*
His titles were restored in 1400, Richd*, Earl of A,, is a
prominent character in the Trag* Richd* //. The town
house of the As* was in Botolph Lane, Billingsgate ;
but after the death of the Protector Somerset they
bought his house in the Strand, and it became A* House*
It was taken down at the end of the 17111 cent,, and the
present A*, Surrey, Howard, and Norfolk Sts». were
built upon its site, The Earl of A. is one of the char-
acters in Webster's Wyat*

ARVE* A river rising in the valley of Chamoun&c, close to
Mt» Blanc, and flowing N,W. into the Rhone* just after
it leaves Lake Geneva. Daniel, in Epist. Ded» to
Cleopatra 75, claims that English poets should ** To
Iberus, Loyce, and A, teach That we part glory with
them."

ARWENNEK* An ancient manor, coextensive with the
parish of Falmouth, in S* Cornwall, It was from the
time of Richd* II the seat of the Kiliigrew family. In
Cornish M, JP, i. asgai, Solomon gives to the Carpenter
44 An Enys hag A/'; to. " Enys and A."

ARZIL* Seaport on W.coastof Morocco, 30 m.S.olCape
Spartel and 40 m. N. of Alcazar. In Peek's Akamr iv,
i, 67, Abdilrnelec says, " Toward A* will we take our
way/'

AS ANT (ZAJSTE). One of the Ionian Islands, the Zicyn-
thus of the ancients, of the W, coast of the Feloponese,
The capital lies at the head of a good bay on th® B* coast*
Tamburlame proposes that the pirate ihipi which hi is
going to capture shall " lie at anchor in tht W« A/1 and
be joined there by a fleet from the E», to dominate the
W* seas (Marlowe, Tamb* A. *«, 3). $** olio ZANTI*

ASCALON* A spt» town in Palestine, 40 m, S.W, of
Jerusalem, Originally one of the 5 Phti&tine cities, it
occupies a prominent place In the history of the Cm*
sades* Now in ruins and deserted j though the name is
perpetuated in the village of Scalona, N* of ttit old dty *
In Marlowe's Tamb. B. lit. i, the K, of Jerusalem brings
troops " from Judata, Gaza, and Seabnxt'i bounds "
to fight against Tamburlaine. In Peeled Btihwk* ii. i,
David says, 4i The plains of Gath and Askaron rejoiet *
And David's thoughts ate spent in pensiventss/*
Cf* // Sm. L 30 ; Askaron should be A* Later in tha
play (ii* 3), David sap that the blood of Sad and
Jonathan " Watered the dales and deeps of Askaron
With bloody streams that from Gilboa ran In channel*
through the wilderness of Ziph." The geofraphicat
knowledge of Pcele was very confused. Gilboa, the

ASCOLI

scene of Saul's death, is 80 m* from A* Milton, P. JL
i. 465, describes Dagon as being ** dreaded through the
coast Of Palestine, in Gath and A*" In S+ A. 1187,
Harapha charges Samson with the " Notorious murder
of those 30 men at A*" See Judges xiv* 19* In 138 the
Chorus says that in the presence of Samson ** The bold
Ascalonite Fled from his lion ramp " ; z*e* from his lion-
like spring* The reference is to the same incident.

ASCOLI (the old ASCULUM)* Town in Italy on the
Tronto, 90 m* RE, of Rome* It is surrounded by a wall*
In Cockayne's TrapoUn ii* 3, Horatio describes it as
" round A/'

ASCRA (now PYHGAKI)* A town in Boeotia, on Mt* Heli-
con, where the poet Hesiod was born* In T* Heywood's
Dialogues iii* 1511, Earth says, *4 Had I as many words
As by the Ascraean poet we may guess The ancient gods
lived days/' One of Hesiod's poems was the Theogonia,
or Generations of the Cods. Spenser, in Virgil's Gnat
x^9, celebrates " that Ascraean bard, whose fame now
rings Through the wide world/*

ASDOD (more commonly AsHpop)* The most powerful
city of the Philistine Pentapolis, in S*W* Palestine, 24 m*
W* of Jerusalem and 3 from the coast* Now a small
village called Es-Dud* In Milton's S* A* 981, DaHla
says, " In my country, where I most desire, In Ecron,
Gaza, A*, and in Gath, I shall be named among the
famousest Of women/'

ASHBRIDGE (ASHRIDGE). A park in the extreme E. of
Bucks*, 9 m* E* of Aylesbury* Here Elizabeth retired
on the accession of Mary* In T* Heywood's L K. JW» A*
197, Mary commands, " Fetch our sister, young
Elisabeth, from A,, where she lies, to Lond/'

ASHER-HOUSE (generally spelt ESHEK H.)* A country
hu near Hampton Court, 15 m* from Lond., where
Wolsey lived for 3 or 4 weeks after his fall. All that is
left of it is the old gatehouse* It belonged at that time
to the Bp* of Winchester* HS iii* 2, 331, " Hear the
K/s pleasure, Cardinal, who commands you To render
up the great seal presently Into our hands ; and to con-
fine yourself To A*-H,, my Lord of Winchester's/'

ASHFORD* A mkt town in Kent, 53 m* S.E, of Lond*
The birthplace of Jack Cade* H6 B* iii* x, 357, York
says, " I have seduced a headstrong Kentashman, John
Cade of A*, to make commotion/' Dick, the butcher of
A*, was another of the rebels* H6 B* £v* 3, x, '* Where's
Dick, the butcher of A* * " The scene of Lyly's Bombi*
is partly laid in a tavern u here in Kent, m A/' (iii* 5)*

ASHUR* Sec ASSYEIA*

ASIA* Originally the name used by the Greeks for the
dfets, on the W* coast of A* Minor, with which they
became acquainted by their settlements there. The
later Gteek geographers extended it to cover the whole
continent from the Tatiais and the mouths of the Nile
to the coast of China, and distinguished between A.
Major, the whole continent, and A* Minor, the country
W* of the Upper Euphrates* When Attaltis jb 133 B*c.
bequeathed his kingdom to the Romans they formed
* it into tibe Province of A*> which included Phtygia,
Mysia, Caria, Lydia, and the coastal islands,

I, Asia in the seme of the whole continent, InAdoii.i,
275, Benedick *4 witt fetch you tiow a tooth-picker from
the furthest inch of A/' to escape from Beatrice* In
Marlowe's Tomb, B. iv* 4, I, Tambtirlainc, who has
harnessed the Ks* of Soria (Syria) and Trebii^nd to hi$
chariot, calls to them: " Holla, ye pampered jades of A.1

ASKARON

What, can ye draw but 30 m* a day 4 " The scene struck
the imagination of the Elizabethans, and the phrase is
quoted more than once* Thus Pistol, in Hq B* ii* 4, 187,
speaks of the ** hollow pampered jades of A*"; in B* &
F* Coxcomb ii* 2, Dorothy says to Viola, " Wee-hee, M*,
pampered jade of A/f ; in Ford's Sun iii, 3, Folly says,
44 1 sweat like a pampered jade of A/' ; in Fleire iL 98,
Felecia sings, " Holla, holla, ye pampered jades of A.
And can ye draw but 20 m* a day t** In A. <£ C* i* a,
105, the messenger brings word that w Labienus hath
with his Parthian force Extended A* from Euphrates '* ;
where "extended" means '* seised/* Note that A* is a
trisyllable, and Euphrates is accented on the ist syllable*
In Marlowe's Tamo. A. i. i, Tamburlaine is said to have
hoped " mislead by dreaming prophecies To reign in
A/' ; he so far succeeded that before his death he was
master of all the continent except China and further
India* In Respublica (Lost Plays 199), after a good deal
has been said of Reformation and Deformation,
Avarice says, "Was ever the like ass born, in all
nations s* " and Adultery adds : ** A pestle [s* pest] on
him, he comes of the Asians n; a sufficiently poor pun*
Milton, P* L* x* 310, tells how Xerxes " Over Helles-
pont Bridging his way, Europe with A* joined**1 In
P* JR* iii* 35, he says, " The son of Macedonian Philip
had ere these Won A/' In iv* 73, he speaks of " the An*
ks* From India and the Golden Chersonese And * * *
Taprobane/*

2* Asia Minor* In Greene's Alphonsus iii* 2, Amu-
rack bids Bajazet " Post away apace to A*, Armenia * * *
and all other lands Which owe their homage to high
Amurack/' In Err, i* x, 134, JEgeon says, " Five sum-
mers have I spent in furthest Greece, Running clean
through the bounds of A* And coasting homeward came
to Ephesus/* In W* W/s translation of the Menaschmif
which was one of the sources of Shakespeare's Err+f
Messenio says, ** six years now have we roamed about
thus, Istria, Hispania, Massilia, Illyria, all the Upper Sea,
all High Greece, all haven towns in Italy /' It looks as if
Shakespeare interpreted High Greece in this passage
(Lat* Grseciam exoticam) as meaning the Greek cities of
A* Minor and the Levant* In Sackville's Ferrex HL i, 5,
Gorboduc, speaking of the Trojan War, describes the
4* Phrygian fields made rank with corpses dead Of An*
ks* and lords/* In Locrine iii* i, 44, Locrine calls Priam
44 Grand Emperor of barbarous A/' Spenser, Jf7* Q* iii*
3, as&, speaks of the ** An* rivers/' stained with the blood
of the Trojans*

3, The Roman province of Asia* In May's Agrippina
iv* 280, Silanus is described as " Proconsul of A* In
York M. JP. xlvi* 297, John says, " To Assia will I go*n
John was the president of the ch. at Ephesus towards
the end of the xst cent*, and died there*

4* Asia Major and Minor distinguished. In Marlowe's
Tomb* B. iv* L Tamburlaine says, " Now crouch, ye ks*
of greatest A* In iii* 5, the K* of Treb&ond speaks of
" Trebissond in A* the Less/' In i* x, Orcanes says,
** AH A* Mittot* Africa, and Greece Follow my stand-
ard/' Jn Massmger's Believe ii* 2, Antiochus suggests
as his epitaph. 44 This is the body of Antiochus, Kt of
the Lower A/'

The inhabitants are called Ans* or Asiatics ; Massin*
ger (ibid.) using both forms*

A* is regarded as very wealthy in gold and gems-
G* Fletcher, in Lida (1593) xii* 12, says, " I do esteem
* * * A/s wealth too mean to buy a kiss/'

ASKARON.

ASKE

ASKE, A small vill, in the parish of Easby, Yorks., a m,
N, of Richmond* A* Hall is the seat of the Marquis of
Zetland. In G*or$« v», Prince Edward affirms, *' When
I have supped, I'll go to Ask And see if Jane a Barley
be so fair/'

ASOPU S* A river of Bceotia, rising in Mt Cith&ron, and
flowing E. into the Euripus* Homer, II. iv. 383, de-
scribes it as deep-grown with rushes* Hall, in Satires
iv, B* 7$p says, " Asopus breeds big bulrushes alone/*

ASPARAGUS GARDEN. A pleasure resort in Upper

Ground St»> Southward In Massinger's Madam iiL *,

Shav'em complains that she is starved in her pleasures ;

" the heat-house for musk-melons and the gs, where we

traffic for a. are to me in the other world.** In Shirley's

Hyde Park, Mrs, Carol stipulates with her lover, " Til

not be bound from Spring-Garden and the 'Sparagus "

(ii. 4)* Brome has a play entitled Sparagus Garden,

where, in L 3, Striker says to Moneylacks, " I heard you

had put in for a share at the A. G, ; or that at least you

have a pension thence to be their gather-guest and bring

'em custom/' Pepys confides to his diary of April 1668

that he went " over to the Sparagus G." In Sr. Hilary's

Tears (1643), we read of ladies " who had wont to be

hurried in coaches to the taverns and a, gs»> where 10 or

ao pounds suppers were but trifles with them/' In

Alimony iv* a, Madam Caveare says, " Let us imagine

ourselves now to be planted in the Sparagus G., where,

if we want anything, it is our own fault/'

ASPHALTIC POOL* The Dead Sea, so called from the

bitumen which is found in it* A lake in S, Palestine, abt,

50 m. from the coast, It receives the R. Jordan, but has

no outlet* It lies 1300 ft, below sea-level, and is 47 mu

long from N* to S* Its waters are extremely salt,

Milton, P* L. i. 4x1* says that the worship of Chemosh

extended beyond 4* Eleale to the A* P/' Se« also DEAD

SEA,

ASPHALTIS (also LIMHASFEALTIS)* The huge artificial
lake constructed by Nitocris, according to the story of
Herodotus, N. of Babylon* It was 430 stades, or abt*
50 m., in circumference, and was filled from the Eu-
phrates, The name is derived from the bitumen which
abounds in Babylonia, and is found in flakes in the waters
of the river* In Marlowe's Tamb. B, v* x, Tamburlaine
tells how " The stately buildings of fair Babylon Being
carried thither by the cannons' force Now fill the mouth
of Limnasphaltis* lake/' He will not ransom the Gover-
nor of Babylon, ** though A* lake were liquid gold And
offered me as ransom for thy life/' Thousands of men
during the siege have been " drowned in A/ lake/'
All this is pure fiction; for Babylon was a deserted ruin in
the i4th cent,

ASPRAMONT, A castle in the extreme S.E, of France,
6 m, N. of Nice, It is still to be seen, and figured in the
old romances as one of the places where Orlando dis-
tinguished himself* Milton, P. I, i* 583, speaks of all
the knights who " Jousted in A* or Montalban/'

ASPURGE(orASBERG)* A town in Wurtemberg, Near it
is the castle of Hohen-Asberg, the only strong place in
the kingdom* In B, «Sc F, wit Money ii, 4, Valentine
suggests to Lance that he should get a living by writing
news ? to which Lance responds. Dragons in Sussex j
or fiery battles seen m the air at A. r " A ** strange
monstrous serpent '* was seen in Sussex in 16x4 j and
the 30 Yeats' War began in 1618, during which the
kingdom of Wurtenaburg was frequently ravaged,
Weber conjectures Augsburg or Hapsburg as the cor-
rect reading ; but there is no need to make any change*

ASSYRIA

In B* & R Prt>t i» 4, Rowland says, " This is news,
Stranger than armies in the air/*

ASSIA. See ASIA.

ASSYRIA (An, Assyrian). The Latinized form of As-
sur, or Ashur, the old capital of the country, which lay
W* of the Tigris, abt, 60 m* due S. of Nineveh, A*
proper lay E, of the Tigris to the W, of the Zagros Mtns,,
and extended from 33 to 3? N. Ut. Aht. I too B.C. Ashur-
bel-kala made Nineveh the capital, and under A suc-
cession of warlike ks. A, became the mistress of the B*
world, and subjugated its mother-city, Babylon, to its
sway* Its supremacy lasted about 400 years, until 606
B.C,, when Nineveh was destroyed and A, became part
of the Nee-Babylonian Empire* Milton locates the
Garden of Eden in A* ? in P. JL iv. 136, he relates how
Uriel's eye pursued Satan down to Eden, " and on the
An* mt, Saw him disfigured/* In iv, 3585, he says that
Mt* Amara, in Abyssinia, was '* wide remote From this
An* garden/' In & JR, iil 370, Satan says to our Lord,
" Here thou behold'st A* and her empire's ancient
bounds. Araxes and the Caspian L.ike." In Greene's
James IV L 3, Oberon speaks of " Simeramis the proud
An. queen," who was conquered by Strabobates. The
reference is to the story in Diodorus Sicutus ii. i6» The
name Semiramis seems to be the An, Sammuramatf the
mother, or possibly the wife, of the great Adad-Hirari
III (811-783 B*C,). In Bale's Promises vi»f God says of
Israel, '* Either the Egyptians have them in bondage or
else the Ans/' The Ans* destroyed Samaria and carried
the 10 N» tribes of Israel into captivity 7321 B.C. Milton,
Trans. Psalm boodii* 29, says 01 the enemies of Israeli
44 With them great Ashur also bands/' In his P, J?, m.
436, our Lord says of Israel, " He > . . may bring them
back * . * And at their passing cleave the An. fiood " ;
i\e, the Euphrates* See/sai'aftxi. 15, 16. InP. Z,. i. 721,
he recalls the days " when Egypt with A* strw« In
wealth and luxury/' In Greene & Lodge's Locking Olm
A* is used quite accurately for the country of which
Nineveh was the capital ; and the story of Jonah's mission
to Nineveh is related, Nineveh being regarded as i
type of Lond» In H. Shirley's Mart, Soldbr ii* at
Bellizarius says that the Ans. "had as many gods m
they had days/' This is sheer nonsense.

There is frequent confusion between A. and Babylon*
In CyruSf in which the taking of Babylon by Cyrus is
related, the k* is called " Antfochus k* of A/' ? a double
mistake, for his name was Nabo-nahid, and he was
K, of Babylon. In H"5 iv, 7^ 65, Henry nyn of the
French, " We will make them skirr away as swift as
stones Enforced from the old An» slings/' The reference
may be to the book of Judith, where fiefcmchadflf mr is
called the K* of the Ans., though he was really the K. of
Babylon j and in iii* 7, it is said* " The Ans, trust fa
shield and spear and DOW and simp," In Dav«n§nt*§
Love Hon, i* x, Alvaro says, ** I would thy nimble
motion could o'ertake The arrow from tht An* bow/*
In Marlowe's Tamb* B. v. x, Tamburlai«% dwac^iiig
his conquest of Babylon, says that his chariot wh$ti
" have burst the Ans/ bones And in the streets, where
brave An, dames Have rid in pomp , * * My hortemen
brandish their unruly blades/' Spenser, m Ruina G/
Time 496, calls Nebuchadne«%ar of Babylon, " th* An.
tyrant/' A* is also confused with Syria ; though the
words have no connection at all, Syria being derived
from Sur, the old name of Tyre, In Comus 1003, Milton
speaks of Venus as " th' An. queen/1* He was plainly
thinking of the Syrian goddess Astarte* The Adonis
legend belongs to Phoenicia (Syria), not A* ; and one 3»

ASSYS, SAINT

disposed to suggest an emendation, "the Syrian queen/'
especially as in JP, L* i, 448 it is " the Syrian damsels "
who lament the fate of Adonis* Barnes, in Parthenophtl,
Elegy L 3, says, *4 Th' An, hunter's blood, why hath it
flourished The rose with red < " The allusion is to the
legend that roses became red through the blood of
Tnammus; (Adonis) falling upon them* Again Syrian
would be more accurate*

A. stands in a vague way for Eastern, In B. & F* False
One L if we read of t4 Pontick, Punick, and An. blood "
making up one crimson lake at the battle of Pharsaiia*
In Davenant's Platonic iii* 5, Theander asks, " Where
are those fumes of sweet An, nard<" Spenser, in
Virgil's Gnat 98, speaks of a fleece 44 twice steeped in An,
dye," Davies, in Nosce (1599), says of the doctrine of
the immortality of the soul, ** This rich An, drug grows
everywhere/'

An An, is used to mean an astrologer or fortune-
teller ; probably through confusion between the Ans*
and the Chaldseans. In Marston's Malcontent v. i,
Maquerelle says, " Look ye, a Chaldean or an An,, I
am sure 'twas a most sweet Jew, told me, Court any
woman in the right sign, you shall not miss/' An*, like
Trojan, Lacedaemonian, and other similar words, is used
for a jolly good fellow. In Dekker's Shoemaker's L x,
Eyre calls his apprentices 44 my fine dapper An, lads/'
In Bacchus, the I2th of the topers is ** One Gilbert
Goodfellow, from Arbila, an An/' When Falstaff, in
H4 B, v* 3, 105, addresses Pistol, 44 O base An. knight,
what is thy news i " he is simply playing up to Pistol's
extravagant vein ; possibly the line may be a quotation
from some old ballad. In Cowley's Cutter ii* 3, Puny
calls his rival Truman " that An, crocodile/' In May's
Agrippina iv* 468, Petronius, quoting from his Satire,
says, 4* Pearls in the Assirian lakes the soldiers love/'
The original reading in the Latin is 44 aes Ephyreiacum/'
May must have seen some variant like *4 Assurise con-
cham " j in which case An* must have been used
vaguely for Eastern, or Orient; a stock epithet for
pearls.

ASSYS, SAINT (L& ST« ASAPH). A city in N. Wales, on
the border of Flintsh* and Denbighsh,, 24 rn* W, of
Chester, In Bale's Johan 1363, Private Wealth declares
that the Interdict shall be published in Wales and Ire-
land by " The Bp* of Landaffe, Seynt A., and Seynt
Davy/' Draytpn,inP05?oJ&*x. 130, celebrates " Sacred
Asaph's see, his hallowed temple/'

ASTRACAN. Province in S*£» Russia, on N»W. coast of
Caspian Sea* The capital, also called A* or Astrakhan,
lies at the mouth of the Volga. The use of the word for
lamb's wool does not occur till the middle of the x8th
cent* Milton, P* L* x* 432, describes the Tartar retreat-
ing from the Russian 44 By A,, over the snowy plains/'

ATHENS (An, » Athenian)* The capital of Attica in
ancient times, and now the capital of Greece* It lies
xn the central plain of Attica, between 4 and 5 m. from
the sea, nestling round the Acropolis*

A, is the scene of M« JV* IX and of Tim, The former
belongs to the legendary days of Theseus ; the latter to
the 4& cent* B.C, In M* N« IX L x, 41, Egeus appeals to
4* the ancient privilege of A*/' which entitles him to put
his daughter to death if she refuses to obey him in the
matter of her marriage ; but firom L i, 162, we learn
that this " sharp An. law M dM not extend beyond the
limits of the city, and that the lovers could escape from
it by going to a place 7 leagues *tt»ote. If Sfeatepeare
was thiftkmg of Solon's law, by wWd* parents were

ATHENS

given power of life and death over their children, he
had forgotten that his play was long antecedent to the
time of that legislator* In ii* i, 265, Puck is to know
Demetrius " By the An, garments he hath on " ? at first
sight one might suppose that the suggestion is that
Lysander had fled in disguise ; but when, in ii. 3, 71,
Puck finds Lysander, he tells us, " Weeds of A* he doth
wear/' Evidently, therefore, by 44 An. garments "
Oberon means the clothes of a city-man as contrasted
with those of a rustic or forester* Both Lysander and
Demetrius appeared, as a matter of fact, in trunk-hose,
doublet, and cloak, like Lond* gentlemen of the i6th
cent* Similarly, the artisans who take part in the
burlesque play were sketched from Lond* tradesmen,
and the An* stalls (iii* 3, 10), at which they worked for
bread, were like those in Cheapside* The An* eunuch,
who proposes to sing the Battle of the Centaurs to the
harp (y. i, 45) was suggested by the Italian castrati who
sang in the Papal choir at Rome in the i6th cent.
Similarly, there is no attempt to give a Greek setting for
Timon* The names of the characters are almost all
Roman, and we find even a Flamen mentioned ; whilst
the phrase, *4 You shall see him a palm in A, again "
(v* i, 13), recalls the Psalmist's " The righteous shall
flourish like a palm-tree/' The siege of A* by Alcibiades
is, of course, quite unhistorical, and his glove (v* 4, 54}
an amusing anachronism* Shakespeare's history is still
inaccurate when, in TroiL prol* 3, he makes the princes
orgulous, who have vowed to ransack Troy, send their
ships in the first instance to the port of A*, and then put
forth on the An* bav, presumably the Piraeus* On the
other hand, Antony's proposal to visit A* (-4* <£ C* iii*
r, 35), his leaving A* for Egypt without letting his wife
Octavia know (iii, 6, 64), and his request, after his de-
feat, to be allowed to live as a private cit&en in A*
(iii* 13, 15) are all based upon Plutarch's Life of Antony ;
and Scenes IV and V of Act III are laid at A* in Antony's
house* It is significant that Shakespeare has next to no
allusions to any of the great names that have made A*
illustrious* Socrates is mentioned once as the husband
of Xanthippe (Shrew i* 2, 71) ; Aristotle twice (Shrew
L 1 1 %% and TroiL ii* a, 1 66 — a well-known anachronism),
but these almost exhaust the list* Ben Jonson was evi-
dently right as to the " less Greek*"

Historical and mythological allusions* Milton, in- Ode
on Death of Fair Infant 9, says, '4Aquilo , * * By
boisterous rape the An* damsel got/' The damsel was
Oreithyia, daughter of Erectheus, 1C of A* In Locrine
iii* i, 54, Camber calls Niobe ** fair A/ queen/' This is
a slip ; Niobe was a Theban princess* In T* Heywood's
Odd. Age iv*, Neptune says, '* Great A*, The nurse and
fortress of my infancy, I have instructed in the seaman's
craft; Besides, the unruly jennet I have tamed/'
Neptune gave to the Axis, the art of navigation and sea-
manship* In Marlowe's Dido iii* Cloanthus identifies
the picture of one of Didpfs suitors as an old acquaint-
ance : ** I in A. with this gentleman Unless I be de-
ceived, disputed once "—a singular anachronism* In
Pickering's Horestes D *t* the hero goes 44 to Nestor's town
that A+ hight " to stand his trial. Orestes was tried be-
fore the Areopagus at A* ; but Nestor had nothing to do
with A* In Chapman's Bussy iv* i> Tamyra refers to
Hercules, 44 Who raised the chaste An* prince [Theseus]
from hell/' In Kyd's Cornelia iv* chor*, we have, " So
the a Ans* that from their fellow-citizens Did freely
chase vile servitude, shall live For valiant prowess
blest/' The reference is to Harmodius and Aristogeiton,
who slew the tyrant Hipparchus 514 B*a In Edwards'
Damon x, p* 82, Eubulus says, 4t Upon what fickle

ATHOL

ground all tyrants do stand Athenes and Lacedemon
can teach you/' In Val Wdsh* HL a, Oald advises
Caradoc, 44 Use the An/s breath, Grave Solon, * No
man's happy until death/ " So Solon is reported to
have said to Crcesus* Chapman, in Bossy i* i, says, ** If
Themistocles Had lived obscured thus in th' An* state,
Xerxes had made both him and it his slaves*" In his
Ccesar iii* x, 135, Pompey speaks of the Ans/ genius as
being *4 great by sea alone/' In Rev, Bussy iii* x, he says,
44 Demetrius Phalerius * , * So great in A* grew that he
erected 300 statues of him." Lyly's Campaspe is laid
partly in A* in the time of Alexander the Gt« In i* 3/
Alexander describes himself as " coming from Thebes
to A*, from a place of conquest to a palace of quiet/'

Philosophy and Learning. Lear (iii. 4, 185), who has
already referred to Edgar as a philosopher, addresses
him ; " Come, good An* 1 " In the old Timon v. 3*
Paedio says to Gelasimus, 4* I took you for an An,, I see
now thou art become an Arcadian " ; i\e* a rustic
simpleton* In Massinger's Believe L i, the Stoic coun-
sels Antiochus to put into practice 44 the golden prin-
ciples read to you in the An* Academy/' In Ford's
Lovers Melam v* it Eroclea says, 4* If earthly treasures
Are poured in plenty down from heaven on mortals,
They rain amongst those oracles that flow In schools of
sacred knowledge ; such is A/' Again, in Hmrt v, i,
Ford describes A* as w the nursery of Greece for learn-
ing and the fount of knowledge/' In B* & F* Mad Lovtr
iii, a, Memnon, resenting the good advice of Polydore,
says, ** None of your A*, good sweet Sir, no philosophy T*
In Emperor L i, Massinger speaks of A* as ** the nurse
of learning/' In this play Amasia, one of the candidates
for the hand of Theodosius, is described as " sister to
the D* of A/' Of course there was no such person.
In Pickering's Horestes, E* 3, it is stated, " In A* dwelled
Socrates, the philosopher divine, who has a wife named
Exantyp, both devilish and ill"; Exantyp is Xan-
thippe* Milton's fine eulogy of A*, in P» R. iv. 340-384,
which begins, '* A*, the eye of Greece, mother of arts,"
should be read $ it is too long for quotation*

Athenian Poets and Orators* Milton, in Son, iii* 14,
tells how ** the repeated air Of sad Electra's poet had
the power To save the An. walls from ruin bare/' It
was said that Lysander, when he had taken A* in
404 B*C*, was moved to save it from destruction by some
verses from a chorus by Euripides, the author of
Electra* In P* I** ix. 671, he compares Satan to 4* some
orator renowned In A, or old Rome/' He is thinking of
Demosthenes, Isocrates, and the other Attic orators
of the 4th cent* B.C. A* is used as a pseudonym for
Cambridge in Club Law; and for Oxford in Lyly's
Sappho and Euphues Anat. Witf p* 137 (Croll's ea,)»
Massinger, in Bondman iv, x, relates, " the Athenian
mules, that from the quarry drew marble, hewed for
the temples of the gods, the great work ended, were dis-
missed and fed at the public cost/' The scenes oi Kins-
men and of Shrew are laid at A*

ATHQL* A dist in RPerthsh., Scotland. The Earl of A.
is mentioned as one of Hotspur's prisoners at Holmedon
Hill (H4 A, i* i, 73)* David, D* of Rothesay, held the
title from 1398 to 1403 ; as the battle was in 1403, he
must be the person intended*

ATHOS (now HAGION OROS, or MONTE SAffrto)* Pro-
perly the most E, of the 3 prongs of the peninsula of
Chalcidice, in Macedonia; but commonly applied to
the whole peninsula* It is mountainous and well
wooded* In Lyly's Bndyrrwn m. 4, Eumenides says/
" Mistresses are as common as hares in Atho/' Hares

ATLAS

are common in Greece* In Barclay's Lost Lady L x,
in the course of an imaginary war between Thessaly &nd
Sparta, Lysicles does marvels of valour ; and " as the
common voice reached him [the K, of Thessaly] in A,*
there's none he looks on with greater demonstration of
his love/* Spenser, in Virgil9 s Gnat 46, tells how ** Mt
A* through exceeding might Was digged down *' ; the
reference is to the canal cut through the peninsula by
Xerxes for the passage of his fleet* In Florio's Mm-
taigne L 4, it is said that " Xerxes writ a cartel of de-
fiance to the hill A/' Puttenham, Art o/ Pome (1589)
iii. 24, tells the story how Dinpcrates wanted to carve
44 the mtn. A* in Macedonia " into a colossal statue of
Alexander the Gt.

ATLANTIC SEA, The sea W, of the Atlas Mtns. in
N* Africa, The name was gradually extended to cover
the ocean between Europe and America \ but it was not
till the 1 8th cent* that this latter use prevailed. It is in
the former sense that Mahomet speaks, in Stadey #449,
of 4< those lands That stretch themselves to the A* S»
And look upon Canaries wealthy isles/' Similarly,
Byron, in Chapman's Trag. Byron v* i, speaks of the
Roman conquest of the part of Spain 4I Which stood
from those parts where Sertoritis ruled Even to the
A* S/' Jonson, in Pleasure Reconciled* speaks of *4 Hes-
The brightest star, that from his burning crest
its all on this side of the A, seas As far as to thy
irs, Hercules/' In Milton's Camus 97, Comus says,
The gilded car of day His glowing axle doth alky In
the steep A* stream/' In Richards1 Mmdlin® si. 977,
Lepida laments w the noble minds of chastity Whose
innocent blood, like the A* S,, Looks red with murder/"
It is used for the Mediterranean Sea in Greene's Or-
lando L x, 25, where the Sultan of Egypt has ** cut the
ak. seas " in order to reach the court of MarsiMtw in
Africa, Blount, in Glossagraphia (1656), defines the A, S.
as " The Mediterranean, or a part thereof, lying west-
ward/* Milton, P. I*, in. 559, deseribwi Satan OK .sur-
veying the earth " from E/ point Of Libra to the fleecy
star that bears Andromeda far off A. seas Beyond the
horizon/' Libra (The Balance) is directly opposite to
Aries (The Ram), which lies just below Andromeda,

ATLANTIS* An imaginary country in the W* Atlantic
Ocean, supposed to have been sunk in the ocean in pre-
historic times* Bacon, in Essay on Vteissitwtt **/ fhwp,
says, " The ^Egyptian priest told Solon concerning the
island of A,, that it was swallowed by an earthquake/'
(.See Plato, Timmus 2*4-35.) Bacon, in N$wA*t describes
it as being W* of Peru, on the way to China and Japan.

ATLAS* The mtn* ranges mN»W. Africa, The name win
given to them from the ancient mythological hero A.»
who was fabled to hold the heavens on his shoulders.
The Elizabethans mostly use the word in its mytho-
logical sense ; and this is the only use In Shakespeare.
44 Thou art no A* for so great a weight/* nyi Warwick
to Edward IV when he claims to be K* of England
(H6 C* v, i, 36)* The geographical us* is Ibatid in
Stadey 2449, where the dominions of Muly Hamet are
described as extending 4I From mighty A* over all those
lands That stretch themselves to the Atlantic sea ** f
and the scene of Jon$on'$ Plmsum J?«e#/?ciM is laid
at the mtn. A*, represented by an old man with whit*
hair, who in the antimasque is transformed to th« Welsh
mountain of Craig-Briri, which Evan declares is ** of ii
good standing and as good decent as the proudest Adlas
christened/* The original Globe Theatre had lot im
sign A* bearing the world on his shoulders, which may

ATROPAT1A

help to account for the very frequent references to that
mythological giant in the plays*

In Fisher's Fuimus & x, Caesar sends a dispatch to
Cassibelanus which begins, " Since Romulus' race by
will of Jove Have stretched their Empire wide from
Danube's banks By Tigris swift, unto Mt> A* side/'
In Brome's Ct* Beggar iv, 3, Ferdinand cries, " Heap
yet more mtns*, mtns* upon mtns*, Pindus on Ossa,
A* on Olympus," In T. Heywood's 5* Age i*, Perseus
tells how the head of Medusa " Hath changed great A,
to a mt* so high That with his shoulders he supports the
sky/' In Nabbes' Hannibal ii* 5, Sophonisba says,
** 'Twere but as if they pared a molehill from the earth,
to place an A * in its stead /' In Milton P. I** iv* 987, Satan
44 dilated stood, Like Teneriff or A,, unremoved/' In
JP* L* xi* 402, Adam is shown the kingdoms of Africa
44 from Niger flood to A. mt/' Milton, P* tf* iv* 115,
describes the feasts of the Romans, " On citron tables or

Atlantic stone " ; ?,e. Numidian marble from Mount A*

*

ATROPATIA* The N*W* province of Media, lying be-
tween the Caspian Sea and Lake Urumiyebu It is more
commonly called Atropatene* Milton, P,#* iii* 319,
describes amongst the kingdoms shown to our Lord by
the Tempter armies *4 From A*, and the neighbouring
plains Of Adiabene/'

ATTICA (Ac* •» Attic), The peninsula in ancient Greece,
on the E* coast, N* of the Saronic Gulf. Its chief town
was Athens* In Jonson's Catiline L i, Catiline, describ-
ing the luxury of the Roman nobles, says, " They buy
rare Ac* statues, Tyrian hangings/* Spenser, in Virgil* $
Gnat, recalls '* how the East with tyrannous despight
Burnt th' Ack* towers " j the reference being to the
invasion of A, by Xerxes. Milton, IL Pens, 134, speaks
of Morn appearing 4* Not tricked and frounced as she
was wont With the Ac, boy to hunt*" The Ac* boy is
Cephalus, the lover of Eos, and grandson of Cecrops,
K* of Athens* In P* JR» iv* 245, Milton calls the nightin-
gale " the Ac, bird," from the legend that Philomela, an
Athenian princess, was turned into a nightingale. Ac,
comes to be used for artistic, refined* Milton, in Sonn*
to Lawrence xo, asks, " What neat repast shall feast us,
light and choice, Of Ac* taste tf "

AUBERGE* The name given to the palaces of the 8
44 languages " of the Knights of St. John in Malta,
They stand in the Strada Reale, Strada Ponente, Strada
Hercanti, and Strada Meafcodi. In B* & F* Malta v, i,
Miranda announces, " The A* sits to-day ** ; i>, the
council of one of the " languages/'

AUGSBURG. A city of Bavaria, 34 mu W* of Munich*
It was founded by Augustus 14 B.C. under the name of
Augusta Vindelicorum* After being in turn under the
Prankish and Swabian governments, it became a free
imperial city in 1276, and retained that status till 1806.
In Middleton's Chess v, 3, the Black Knight speaks of a
letter from " Heildrick, Bp* of A/* to Pope Nicholas I
(858-867). Heildrick is Udalricus* In Dekker's North-
ward & x* Hans says, 44 Min fader heb schonen husen
in Ausburgh. Min fader bin de grotest fooker in all
Ausburgh/' When Doll mistakes the word, he explains,
44 Fooker is e» groet min her, he's en elderman van city/'
The reference is to the Fuggers, a family of famous
bankers at A* at the beginning of the i6th cent, ; the
great charitable institution caUed the Fuggerai, founded
ixi 1519, still keeps their name alive. It contains over
zoo small houses, let at low rents to the poor, and has
a cfcu of its own.

AUSONIA

AULIS. A town on the coast of Boeotia, in ancient Greece,
where the Greek fleet assembled for the attack upon Troy*
In Marlowe's Dido v., the forsaken Queen, speaking
of ^Eneas, says, 44 Tell him, I never vowed at A/ Gulf
The desolation of his native Troy/' In Peek's Alcazar
iii* 3, 40, the Governor says, *4 He storms as great
Achilles, erst Lying for want of wind in A, gulf/' The
Greeks were windbound at A, till Agamemnon had
sacrificed Iphigeneia to Artemis* In T* Heywood's
Iron Age B, v,, Helen, looking at her face in a mirror,
says, " Is this the beauty That launched a thousand
ships from A* gulf i " In Davenanfs New Trick iv. 3,
the Devil says, " To thee she shall seem No whit in-
ferior to that Grecian queen That launched 1000 ships
from A* gulf And brought them to the fatal siege of Troy/*

AULON. A hill, now Monte Melone, in S. Italy, near the
coast of the Gulf of Tar en turn, abt. 8 m. S JS* of Taren-
tum* Horace, Od. iL 6, 18, calls it " Amicus fertili
Baccho " on account of the excellence of its wines.

In Nabbes' Hannibal L i, Maharball says of the
Carthaginians at Capua, 44 We drink No wine but of
Campania's Mascicus, Or grape-crowned A/' In his
Microcosmizs iii*, Sensuality promises, 4* Shalt drink no
wine but what Falernus or Calabrian At yield jErom their
grapes/*

AUMALE* 5eeAuMERLE»

AUMERLE (another form of AUMALE, from Lat. Alba
Maria)* French town on the Bresle, in the department
of Seine~inf6rieure, some 70 m, N^W. of Paris* It gives
his title to the D* of A*, son of Edmund of Langley, D*
of York* He was deprived of his title by Henry IV's ist
Parliament, but became D* of York on the death of his
father in 1402 and led the vanguard at Agincourt in 141 5,
where he was slain* He was present at the meeting of
Bolingbroke and Mowbray in the lists at Coventry
(Rat L 3, i). He is on Mowbray's side (249), and escorts
Bolingbroke towards the coast with great satisfaction
(#2 L 4), He is present at Ely House at the deathbed of
Gaunt (ii* i). He is with Richd* in Wales (iii* a) and at
Flint Castle (iii* 3)* In iv* i, Bagot charges him with
complicity in Gloucester's murder* In v* 2, his father
discovers his share in the plot against Bolingbroke and
hastens to inform him of it ; and in v* 3, with his
mother's help, he wins his pardon from the new k» He,
now D* of York, is granted the leading of the vaward at
Agincourt (#5 iv. 3, 130), and his death is described by
Exeter (#5 iv* 6)* The title vas conferred in 1696 on
Arnold Joost van Keppel, ana is still in the Keppel
family* There is a Capt A* in Chapman's JReu, Bussy ;
and a D* d'A* in Consp* Byron : this was Charles de
Lorraine, who died 1631*

AURAN (usually spelt HATJRAN), A dist in Palestine, E*
of the Sea of Galilee, abt* 50 m* S* of Damascus* Milton,
P* JL iv* an, says, 44 Eden stretched her line From A*
eastward to the royal towers Of Seleucia/'

AURELIAN WAY (or VIA AMELIA)* The Roman rd*
leading from Rome to Pisa, and thence along the coast
of Liguria to the Maritime Alps* In Jonspn's Catiline
iv* a, Cicero, ttfgfog Catiline to join his friends in
Etruria, says, 44 [They] tarry for thee in arms, And do
expect thee on the A* W/'

AUSBURGH* See AUGSBURG*

AUSONIA* The Ans* were one of the ancient races of
central Italy; but the Alexandrian poets used A* as
equivalent to Italy, and the Latin poets followed their

AUSTIN FRIARS

lead, In Kyd's Cornelia 180, 44 the An* fame " means
the fame of Italy* Milton, P* JL» i. 739, says of Hephaes-
tus^ u in An* land Men called him Mulciber/'

AUSTIN FRIARS* In Old Broad Stv Lond,, close to the
corner of Throgmorton St* The priory of the A* F.
was founded by Humphrey Bohun in 1243. At the dis-
solution of the monasteries the house and grounds were
granted to Sir William Paulet, who built his town house
on the site, but spared the old cbu It was granted by
Edward VI to the Dutchmen of Lond. for their services,
and is still used by them. It survived the Gt Fire, and
the old nave is one of the few buildings in the city which
were there in Shakespeare's lifetime. Here are buried
the barons who fell in the Battle of Barnet, Hubert de
Burgh, the beheaded Earls of Arundel and Oxford, and
the equally unfortunate D* of Buckingham of Henry
VIIFs time.

AUSTIN'S GATE* On the SJB* of St. Paul's Church-
yard, Lond», leading to the Ch» of St. Augustine at the
corner of Watling St and Old Change. Near here was
the Fox bookshop at which several of the Shakespeare
Qq* were published. See Fox. Chivalry was *' Printed
by Simon Stafford for Nathaniel Butter and are to be
sold $t his shop in Paules Churchyard near St, Austens
gate* 1605*"

AUSTIN'S (SAIKT) MONASTERY. A monastery in
Seville* In W* Rowley's All's Lost i* 3, no, Antonio
sends for '* a friar in St A. M/r

AUSTRACIA. The N*E, division of the Prankish
Empire, which on the death of Clovis in A,D» 511 fell to
Theodoric* It lay between the Meuse and the Rhine,
and Metz was its capital* B, & F. Thierry deals with the
story of Brunhalt, Q, of A* at the end of the 6th cent,
and her 3 sons (or rather grandsons), Thierry (Theo-
doric II) and Theodoret (Theodobert II) ; and the
scene is laid partly in A*, partly in Paris.

AUSTRALIA* It is generally supposed that the ist visit
of Europeans to A* was that of Cornelius Wytfliet in
1598 ; unless, indeed, Mr* Petherick, the librarian of
the An* Library at Parliament House, be correct in his
view that Amerigo Vespucci reached A* nearly 100*
years earlier, and that it ought to have been called
America. (See his paper in Proc. Austral Ass* Adv* Sc*
1913,) Certainly De Torres, the lietit of Ferdinand de
Quiros, was on the mainland near Cape York in 1606,
and christened it Terra Australis* To him Burton
refers (A. M* ii* «, 3} in a passage of truly prophetic
inspiration : 4t I shall soon perceive," he says, assuming
that he can achieve the power of flight and survey the
whole world in that way, ** whether Guinea be an island
or part of a continent, or that hungry Spaniard's [De
Qujros] discovery of Terra Australis Incognita, or
Magellanica, be as true as that of Mercurius Bnttanicus*
* . * And yet in likelihood it may be so, for without all
question it being extended from the tropic of Capricorn
to the circle Antarctic, and lying as it doth in the
temperate zone, cannot choose but yield in time some
flourishing kingdoms to succeeding ages, as America
did to the Spaniards*" Burton (iii. 3, 5, 5) again says,
44 They do not consider * * * how many colonies mto
America, Terra Australis incognita, Africa, may be sent."
In iii. 4, i, 2, he says that Gentiles and idolators inhabit
** all Terra Australis incognita/* I have only found one
reference to A* in the Elizabethan dramatists* In
Nabbes' Bride v* 7, Horten boasts that he has in his
museum 4t the talon of a Bird in terra australi incognita

AUSTRIA

which the inhabitants call their great god Rue, that
preys on elephants/'

AUSTRIA* Country in S. Central Europe. It was
originally a Margravate under the Emperor, but in n$6
it was raised to be a Duchy* Shakespeare, in K* /»,
follows the Trouble* Reign in blending into one two dis-
tinct persons, under the name of Lymogcs, D. of A*
Lymoges was Vidomar, Viscount of Lymoges, in the
siege of whose castle at Chaiuz Richd. I met his death.
He was killed by Falconbridge in iaao» The D* of A.
who took Richd » prisoner at Vienna in xioa was Leo-
pold V* He died in 1x94, 5 years before Richd*, and his
successor, Leopold VI, had nothing to do with Richd /s
death. This twofold personage comes with his army
to Angiers to assist Philip of France, and is described as
the Archd. of A. — another mistake, as A* was not made
an Archduchy till 1453. He is dressed in the lion's skin
which he is supposed to have taken from Richd,, and is
unmercifully chaffed by Falconbridgc (K* J* ii* i}»
He appears again in iii* i, and is bidden to hang a call*
skin on those recreant limbs j and in in* a, Fakonbridge
enters with A/s head and the lion skm, and flings it
down, exclaiming " A/$ head, lie there." In Downfall
Huntington iv. i, Lancaster refers to the quarrel be*-
tween Leopold of A. and Richd. I at the siege of Acre,
when Richd* had the D/s banner thrown into the
common sewer : 44 Thus did Richd. take The coward
A/$ colours in his hand And thus he cast them under
Aeon walls**' In Jonson, Prim* Hmry's Barrimt Mer-
lin says of Richd*, ** The An* colours he doth here de-
ject With too much scorn/' In All's L a, 5, th« French
King has received 4t a certainty, vouched from our
cousin A,," that the Florentines and Siennese are at war :
the date is the middle of the i^th century, but neither
the K* nor the D* can be positively identified. In Mar-
lowe's Tamb* B* i* i, Orcancs, K. of Natoha, claims to
have so shaken Vienna with his cannon that Sigismtmd,
"TheK.ofBohemeandthe AustricD. . . . desired a
truce/' The reference is apparently to the conquest ©f
Servia by Bajaget I, and the defeat by him of the K* of
Hungary and his allies at ISftcopol jx in 1 396* The D* of
A* at this time was Albert IV, but I titid no evidence that
he was at Hicopolis. Certainly Bajazct did not reach
Vienna* Marlowe was perhaps thinking of the later «iege
of Vienna (1529)*

In 1463 A, came into the hands of Frederick III and
continued till igi8 in the Hapsburg family. In S* Row-
ley's Whm You, the Emperor Chariw V is called ** gt»
Charles the An," In Webster's Law Cos* iv» a, Crispmo
asks, 44 When do we name Don John of A*, the Em-
peror's son, but with reverence 1 " Thii was the bas-
tard son of Charles V by Barbm Blombtrg. He was
Admiral of the Christian fleet at the famous victory of
Lepanto in 1577 ? «ul ditd suddenly at Kamur the ntset
yea^ not without suspicion of poisoning by Philip II*
He is also referred to in iv» %, where it Is said that
Jolenta's brother means to marry her expected child
44 if it be a daughter, to the D* of A/s nephew/' Albert
Archduke of A* (1550-162:0, son of Maximilian II and
son-in-law of Philip of Spain, is one of the character!
in Chapman's Comp* Byron*

The members of the House of Hapsburg have ilwiyi
been characterised by their thick lips* In ]®mo&*n
Alchemist iv. i, Mammon cries to Doll, " "This Up I
that chin ! Methinks you do resemble on® of the Aus-
triac princes/* In Shirley's Hyd* Park iii, a, Mi* . T

says to her lover, " Your lip Is An, and you do w*M to
bite it" In Strode'* Float, M P*oi.» m bm "Tbt

AUTUN

royal race Of A* thinks the swelling Up a grace/' Burton,
in AM*, uses the An* lip as an example of hereditary
transmission* In Massinger's Renegado L i, Gafcet is
prepared to swear that one of the pictures his master has
bought " is an An* princess by her Roman nose/* The
Waldgebirge (Forest Mtns*) extend for abt* 160 m*,and
wild boars abound there. In Ford's Trial ii* i, Gunman
claims to have rescued " the Infanta from the Boar near
to the An* forest/' In Deloney's Reading xiii., Robert
says, " There is no country like A* for ambling horses*"
In Nash's Summers, p» 70, Christmas says, 44 1 must rig
ship to * * * A* for oysters " ; where the verbal jingle
suggested the phrase*

AUTUN* The ancient Bibracte, a city of France on the
Arroux, 179 m* SJE* of Paris* It was taken by the
Marshal de Byron in 1594 in the war between Henri IV
and Spain, as related in Chapman's Consp. Byron ii* iv
" He did take in * * * A* and Nuis in Burgundy*'*

AUVERGNE* A province of Central France, between
Aquitaine and Burgundy* The Countess of A*, who
endeavours unsuccessfully to trap Talbot (H6 A. ii* 3),
seems to be a fictitious personage, and the story has no
historical foundation* The Prince d'A*, mentioned in
Chapman's Consp. Byron iv* i as one of the ambassadors
to England, was Charles, Count of Valois, who was
twice arrested for treasonous plots against Henri IV
and twice pardoned by the K* He was involved in
Byron's conspiracy* The Auvergnians take part in the
defence of Rhodes against the Turk in Davenant's
Rhodes A* One of the songs begins, 4* The Auvergnian
colours high were raised*"

AVENTINE* One of the 7 hills on which Rome was
built* It lies at the S,W* corner of the city. After the
murder of Virginia 449 B.C., the Plebeians seceded to the
A. and forced the Decemvirs to resign ; and it remained
up to the time of the Gracchi the stronghold of the
Plebeian party* Hence the reference in B, & F* Double
Mar* v* 2, " Ferrand fled * „ * into the castle's tower,
The only A. that now is left him " ; i.e. the only place of
refuge. In Massinger's Actor i. i, Paris says, " My
strong A* is That great Domitian will once return/'
In Fisher's Fmmus v. i, Hulacus says to Caesar, 4* Throw
Palatine on Esquiline, on both heap A*, to raise a
pyramid for a chair of estate/' The cave of the giant
Cacus, who stole the oxen of Hercules and was slain by
that hero, was shown on the N. side of the A*, near the
Porta Trigemina. In T. Heywood's B. Age v., Hercules
says, M Find me a Cacus in a cave of fire, I'll drag him
from the mtn, Aventino/' In Chapman's Rev* Bussy iv.
4, 51, Guise speaks of " Cacusses That cut their ^too
lar^e murtherous thieveries to their dens* length still/'
Evidently Guise is confusing Cacus with Procrustes,
Spenser, in Ruines of Rome iv,, pictures Rome as buried
under her 7 hills, and says, " Both her feet Mt* Viminal
and A* do meet/'

AVERNUS (the modem LAGO B'AVBRNO)* A lake in
Campania in Italy, near Naples* It fills the crater of an
extinct volcano, and is abt. i } miles in circumference and
very deep* The mephitic exhalations from the lake were
said to todl the birds that attempted to fl y over it, and it
was regarded as the entrance to the infernal regions*
The Ei&abethans use it freely as a synonym for helL
Tamburlaine fixes his eyes on the earth " as if he meant
to pierce A/ darksome vaults To pull the triple-headed
dog from hell " (Marlowe, Tomb* A* L a)* Bajaseth in-
vokes the Furies to *4 Dive to the bottom or A/ pool
And in your hands bring hellish poisons up And squeeze

AWROER

it in the cup of Tamburlaine " (iv* 4)* Argalio can by
his charms fetch forth " The slimy mists of dark A/
lake " (Kirke, Champions iv* i)* The ghost of Andrea
tells how Charon passed him over to the slimy strand
44 That leads to fell A*' ugly waves "—a mistake in in-
fernal geography, for A* is on the hither side of Styx
(Span. Trdg. L i)* Ralph threatens to send the soul of
the Barber of Waltham " to sad A*" (B* & F* Pestle iii*
4). Humber calls on the w coleblack divels of A* pond "
to rend his arms and rip his bowels up (Locrine iv* 4)*
Aretus declares that " all the poets' tales of sad A* are
to his pains less than fictions " (B* & F* Valentin, v. 2)*
Jonson, in The Famous Voyage, transfers the name to the
Fleet Ditch, on the bank of which lay Bridewell, q.v.f
44 A dock there is, that called is A*, of some Bridewell/'
In Greene's Alphonsus L i, 187, Albinius calls Pluto
" k* of dark Averne/' In Selimus 1314, Baiafcet invokes
"A* jaws and loathsome Tsenarus to send out their
damned ghosts " to punish his revolting son Acomat*
In Barnes' Charter iii* 5, Bagnioli speaks of " Charon,
ferryman of black Averne*" In Peele's Alcazar i*, the
Presenter says, 4t Nemesis calls the Furies from A*
crags/' In Chapman's Consp, Byron iii* 3, 90, Byron,
referring to A*, speaks of 44 the most mortal vapours
That ever stifled and struck dead the fowls That flew at
never such a sightly pitch*" Content, in Sonnets after
Astrophel i*, says of Proserpina, " They that have not
yet fed On delight amorous, She vows that they shall
lead Apes in A*" To lead apes in hell was the recog-
nised doom of old maids* Bacon, in Sylva x* 918, says,
44 There are also certain lakes and pits, such as that of
A*, that poison birds, as is said, which fly over them/*
AVEROS (AVEIRO)* A spt* of Portugal on the estuary of
the Vouga, 35 rn* S* of Oporto* Ferdinand, D* of A*, or
Averro, is named in Studey 3673 as one of the lords
killed at the battle of Alcazar* In Peele's Alcazar iv* 4,
59, Sebastian says, 44 D* of Avero, it shall be your
charge To take the muster of the Portugals/* A* is
the scene of part of Shirley's Maid's Trag*

AVON, (i) TheUpper,orWarwicksh*,A*isoneof 5 rivers
of the same name in England* It rises in Northants*,
flows past Warwick, Stratford, and Evesham, and falls
into the Severn at Tewkesbury. It is crossed at Strat-
ford by a fine stone bdge* of 14 arches, built at the be-
f inning of the i6th cent* by Hugh Clopton, a native of
tratford who became Lord Mayor of Lond* in 1493,
In Tonson's verses To the memory of my beloved master
William Shakespeare, the poet is styled 44 Sweet Swan
of A*"

(a) The Bristol A*, Spenser, F* Q* iv* ii, 31, says,
'* A, marched in more stately path, Proud of his Ada-
mants with which he shines [the so-called Bristol dia-
monds] And glisters wide, as also of wondrous Bath,
And Bristow fair, which on his waves he builded hath/'
Milton, Vac. Ex, 97, calls it 44 rocky A/'

(3) The Wilts* A* Daniel, in Delia (1594) Kii* ii,
says, " A*, poor in fame, and poor in waters, Shall have
my song, where Delia hath her seat* A* shall be my
Thames, and she my song*" This was the Wilts* A*,
which rises near Devizes and flows S*, through Wilts*,
into the Channel at Christchurch Bay* Drayton, in Idea
(1594) xxxii* 4, says, 44 A/s fame to Albion's cliffe is
raised*" As the other rivers mentioned in this sonnet are
Thames, Trent, and Severn, the Bristol A* is clearly
intended.

AWROER* In Wilson's Pedter,io96,the Pedler says, " The
Mariner hath promised the Traveller to carry him as far
as the river A* in which he shall find the stones where-

AXE J2OT

with all thing that they touch shall be turned into gold/'
The Pedler's geography is largely imaginative ; and I
suspect that the A* is meant for the golden river, from
the Latin aurum*

AXE INN* A tavern in Lond* Part I of Oldcastk ii, 2 is
laid in a room in the A. I,, without Bishop-gate. There
was ari A* I. in Aldermanbury, next to the ch,, in 1700,
which is still there in Nuns Court, but I have failed to
find any trace of an A* L in Bishopsgate.

AYTON* Town in Scotland, some 6 m* N* of Berwick*
Ford's Warbeck iv* x, is laid in the English camp near
A., on the borders* " Can they look/' says Surrey, 4* on
this, The strongest of their forts, old A.-Castle, Yielded
and demolished tf *' Bacon, in Henry VJJ, tells how
Surrey took ** the castle of Aton, one of the strongest
places then esteemed, between Berwick and Edin-
burgh/*

AZZA

AZAMOR, Town on N*W* coast of Morocco* The K.
of Morocco tells Tamburlaine, " From A. to Tunis near
the sea Is Barbary unpeopled for thy sake " (Marlowe,
Tamb, B» i, 3),

AZORES* A group of 9 islands in the N, Atlantic Ocean,
abt* 800 m* due W. of the coast of Portugal. T, Hey-
wood's Maid of W$$t A* ii» a and 4 are laid at Fayal,
one of the islands of this group, at the time of Essex's
expedition thither in 1597* Milton, P* L, iv. 592, speaks
of the setting sun as ** now fallen Beneath the A/'
Milton pronounces it as 3 syllables (A~5&or~es)» as does
Tennyson in the Ballad of the R®vmge : "At Flores in
the A*, Sir Richd, Grenville lay/'

AZOTUS. The Hellenistic Greek name for Asdod, or
Ashdod, q.v. Milton, P. L, i. 464, says that Dagon '* had
his temple high Reared in A/'

AZZA (a Hellenistic form of GAZA, q*v*)* Milton, S.A.
i^7,tells how Samson " by main forcejjulled up, and on
his shoulders bore, The gatesof A/' See/ttd$es3cvL 1-3.

40

B

BABEL* See BABYLON*

BABRAM or BABRAHAM* A small parish in Cam-
bridgesh* The vill* is abt 6 m, S*E* of Cambridge*
In Field's Weathercocki. 2, Abraham soliloquizes/4 Now
to thy father's country house at B*, Ride post ; there
pine and die, poor, poor Sir Abraham*"

BABYLON or BABILON (BL = Babel)* Ancient city on
the Euphrates, abt* 350 m* from its mouth. It is said in
Gen. x* 10 to have been the beginning of the kingdom of
Nimrod ; the scene of the confusion of tongues is placed
there in Gen* xi*, and the name BL is said to be derived
therefrom ? though this is a false etymology, the name
meaning " The Gate of God*" It was the dominant city
in Mesopotamia for many cents** but it fell under the
dominion of the Ks* of Assyria, whose capital was
Nineveh, about 1000 B.C*, and so remained until the de-
struction of Nineveh 606 B*C*, when Nabopolassar
founded the Neo-Bian, Empire* Nebuchadrezzar, his
son, made it the greatest city in the world. It covered
100 square m*, and was surrounded by 2 walls, 300 ft*
high and 85 ft* thick* During his reign the Jews were
carried away captive to B*, and remained there till Cyrus
of Anshan took the city and set up the Medo-Persian
Empire 586 B.C* Hence, in Jewish literature B* stands
for the oppressor of God's people ; in later times, when
Judaea became a Roman province, B* was used as a sort
of cryptogram for Rome ; and after the persecution of
Nero the Christian writers concealed their references
to Rome by the use of B* in its place. At the Reforma-
tion the Protestants used B* to mean Papal Rome, and
applied to her all the epithets used of B* in the Apoca-
lypse, especially delighting to brand Rome as "th-
whore of B." (Rev. xvii and xviii)* The site of the cite
at Hillah is now a complete desolation, marked only by
huge mounds of rubbish resulting from the disintey
gration of the brick buildings*

i* References to the history of Babylon. In Con/* Cons*
i* 1, Satan boasts, " Nembroth [Le. Nimrod] that tyrant
by me was persuaded to build up high BL" In Greene's
Friar ii», Bacon speaks of " The work that Ninus reared
at B* The brazen walls framed by Semiramis*" In
Locrine ii* x, 73, Humber refers to an attack on the
Scythians by " the mighty Babilonian queen Semiramis."
Semiramis (Assyrian Shammuramat) was the legendary
q* of Ninus, the equally legendary founder of Nineveh
— not B. In Greene's Friar iv*, Henry compares the
surge of Oceanus to the " battlements That compassed
high-built BL in with towers*" In Tiberius 1833,
Germanicus speaks of " proud B* Glued with asphaltes
slime impenetrable " (See Gen* xi. 3). In Dekker's
Wonder in, i, his brother says to Torrenti, ** How high
soe'er thou rearest thy BIL-brows, To thy confusion I
this language speak ; I am thy father's son*" In Trag*
Richd. J7iv* if 134, the K, says that England " erst was
held as fair as Babilon." In Middleton's Quinborough
iv. a, Horsus says, " Some men delight in building, A
trick of BL which will ne'er be left." Marlowe, in Tamb*
B* v*, caUs it " this eternized city B,/' and represents it
as being besieged by Tamburlaine ; though it was at
that time a heap of ruins. The taking of B* by Cyrus is
the subject of Cyras, but the author confuses B* with
Assyria throughout, and cadis the k. of B* Antiochus.
The taking of B* was exhibited as a "motion*" In
Brewer'sLfrigua ffiL 6, Phantasies says, "Visus, I wonder
that you presented t*s »ot witfa tfee sight of Nineveh,
B., Lend*, or some Sturbridge Ja& monsters." In

Skelton's Magnificence, fol* xvii*, Fancy speaks of
44 Syrus, that solemn aar of B*, that Israel released
of their captivity*" In Brome's Moor iii. a, Bussard
describes his master as 44 that Bian* tyrant*" An
imaginary Faustus, k* of B*, is one of the characters in
Greene's Alphonsus.

Milton, P* X* i* 694, speaks of " those Who boast in
mortal things, and wondering tell Of BL, and the works
of Memphian ks*Tt In iii* 466, he speaks of 44 the
builders next of Bl* on the plain Of Sennaar, and still
with vain design New Bis*, had they wherewithal, would
build." In Trans* Ps* hcxxvii* 13, he says, " I mention
Bl* to my friends, Philista full of scorn*" In P* L* i* 717,
he says of Pandemonium, 44 Not B. Nor great Alcairo
such magnificence equalled*" In P* L* xii* 343, Michael
tells Adam of the captivity of the Jews, 44 a scorn and
prey To that proud city whose high walls thou saw'st
Left in confusion, B* thence called," and of their return
44 from B," In P* R. iii* 380, he describes it as 4* B,, the
wonder of all tongues*" In iv* 336, our Lord speaks of
44 our Hebrew songs and harps, in B* That pleased so
well our victor's ear " (see P$+ cxxxvii* 3)* In Fulke-
Greville's Alaham, chorus iii, we have 4* BL~walls by
greatness built, for littleness a wonder*" The captivity
of the Jews, and incidents connected therewith, are often
referred to* In Bale's Promises vii* p* 3 1 7, John says,"three
score years and ten thy people unto B. were captive."
In Trouble* Reign, ad fin*, the poisoned K* complains
that the poison " Rageth as the furnace sevenfold hot
To burn the holy three in B*" The story of Shadrach,
Meshach, and Abednego is told in Dan* iii* In M.W.W+
iii* i, 34, Sir Hugh sings, 44 When as I sat in B," mixed
up with snatches from Marlowe's 44 Come live with me
and be my love*" This is the ist line of the old metrical
version of Psalm 137. Sir Toby's ballad, 44 There dwelt
a man in B.," in T-M;*JV*ii*3,84, was published in 1562
under the title of " The goodly and constant Wife
Susanna*" The story of Susannah is told in the book of
that name in the Apocrypha, and happened in B*

The story of the confusion of tongues at the building
of the tower of BL is often referred to j and a BL comes
to mean a confused and unintelligible noise* In Shirley's
Courtier iii* i, Giotto, complimenting Volterre on his
linguistic attainments, says, "Your Lordship might
with great ease be interpreter to the builders of BL"
In B* <Sc F* Rule a Wife iv* x, Peres; says, ** Amongst
these confusions of lewd tongues there's no distin-
guishing beyond a BL" In their Prize v* 3, Jaques
credits his mistress with " many stranger tongues Than
ever BL had to tell his ruins*" In their Coxcomb ii* 3,
Antonio, who has disguised himself as an Irishman,
finds the language difficult, and says, *4 Sure it was
ne'er known at BL, for they sold no apples, and this was
made for certain at the first planting of orchards, 'tis so
crabbed," And in their Woman Hater iii* 3* one of the
intelligencers says, 44 though a* sjjeak BL, I shall crush
him*" In Marston's Malcontent L i, the vilest out-of-
tune music being heard, Prepasso enters exclaiming :
" Are ye building B* there t " Skelton, in El Rummyng
387, speaks of " a clattering and a bll* of folys folly*"
Earle, Microcos* (1638), says of Paul's Walk, "were the
steeple not sanctified [there is] nothing liker BL"
Fulke-Greville, in Alaham, chorus iii, asks, 4I Were not
men's many tongues and minds theix BL destiny < "
It became a place of pilgrimage in the Middle Ages*
The Palmer, in Piers C* viii 173, had been " in Beth-

BABYLON THE LESS

leem, in Babilome/' Hycke had been in Babylonde*
In Jonson's Case i, i, Valentine, in his travels, has seen
" the tower of B/* In Day's Travails > Bullen p. 50, the
Sultan Ahmed I claims to be " soldan and emperor of
Babilon/'

a* Babylon as a synonym for Papal Rome. In #5 &
3, 41, Quickly tells how the dying Falstaff " talked of
the whore of B/* The first original of the Fat Knight
was Sir J, Oldcastle, the Puritan ; and Falstaff himself
tells that he lost his voice singing of anthems* It was
natural that on his deathbed he should revert to the
Puritan phrase which had been familiar to him in his
youth. In the Trouble* Reign* ad fin,, the dying K, pre-
dicts that a kingly branch shall arise out of his loins,
** Whose arms shall reach unto the gates of Rome And
with his feet tread down the Strumpet's pride That sits
upon the chair of B/' In Mayne's Match v. 6, the
Puritan schoolmistress, Mrs, Scruple, boasts that she
has a picture : " the finest fall of B., there is a fat monk
spewing churches /f Dekker has a piece entitled The
Whore of B^ and this is the common Puritan phrase for
the Ch* of Rome. In Davenant's Wits ii, i, young
Pallatine compares Lady Ample to " the old slut of B.
thou hast read of*" Everything connected with the old
religion was B.ish, In Jonson's BarthoL iii* i, Rabbi
Busy is " troubled, very much troubled, exceedingly
troubled, with the opening of the merchandise of B,
again, and the peeping of popery upon the stalls here/*
In B* & F* Women Pteas&d iv, i, Bomby, who has been
persuaded to appear in a Morris Dance as the hobby
horse, vows, "This beast of B. I will never back
again/' In John Evangel, 149, we read of 4< the
Lady of Confusion that B. is called/' In Randolph's
Muses iii. i, Bird, the Puritan, calls organs " Bian.
bagpipes/' In Marston's Courtesan y, i, Cocledemoy
speaks of foreign wines as 44 the juice of the Whore
of B/' In Bale's Johanf Farmer p. 190, John speaks
of w bloody B,, the ground and mother of whore-
dom—the Romish ch. I mean/* In KjOUigrew's Parson
iu 7> the Capt» says that his nurse made him believe
44 wine was an evil spirit and fornication like the whore
of B/T In Goosecap i* a, Fowlewether says, ** The punk
of B* was never so subtle ft as the English ladies* In
Barnes' Charter t proL, we find, u Behold the strumpet of
proud B,, Her cup with fornication foaming full/' In
Chapman's Alphonsus ii. 3, 238, Alphonsus speaks of the
Archbp* of Mentis as " this wicked whore of B/' In
Con/. Cons, iv, i, Philologus says, " By the name of B,,
from whence Peter wrote, is understanded Rome"
(/ Pet. v* 13)* In Brome's Ct* Beggar UL x, Ferdinand
asks, " What do you think of Salisbury steeple for a fit
hunting spear to encounter with the whore of Babilion $* "
In Dekker's Satiro, iv. i, 188, Tucca says to Mrs,
Miniver, 4( My old whore-a-Babiion, sit fast/' Milton,
in Sonn. on Massacre in Piedmont 14, prays that others,
learning from the massacre, *4 Early" may fly the Bian,
woe/' In Cowley's Cutter v* 6, Tabitha hop'es that
Abednego will not *' open before Sion in the dressings of
B* ' ; i\e. a surplice. Then a Bian. came to mean an
anti-Puritan, a jolly good fellow* In Dekker's Shoe*
maker's i& 4> Eyre addresses his apprentices as "you
Bian* knaves/*

BABYLON THE LESS* A N* extension of Memphis, in
Egypt, the ruins of the castle of which now bear the
name of Kasr-esh-Shema* Mandeville says, "You
must understand that the B, of which I have spoken,
where the Sultan dwells, is not that great B* where the
diversity of languages was first made " j and later he

BAGDAD

speaks of it as being " at the entry of Egypt ° and
44 situated on the r. Nile " (c«v.)* In Greene's Orlando
L r, ax, the Souldan says, " Egypt is mine and there I
hold my state. Seated in Cairye and in B/'

BACA (VALLEY OF)* In Palestine ; the site is quite un-
certain* The name appears to mean the Valky of Weep-
ing ; though others take it to be the Valky of Balsam
or Mulberry trees* Milton, in Trans, P$> Ixxxiv* ax* says,
44 They pass through B/s thirsty vale, That dry and
barren ground/'

BACHARACH. Town in Rhenish Prussia on the Lower
Rhine, 29 m. S* of Coblentfc, It produces a limited
quantity of a wine which has long been celebrated, and
was known as Backrag, or Backrack. In B, & F* Be##ars
v. 2, Vandunke says, 44 111 go afore and have the bonfire
made ; my fireworks and flap-dragons, and good back-
rack * . * to drink down in healths to this day/' In
Mayne's Match L 3, Plotwell says, " I'm for no tongues
but dried ones, such as will give a fine relish to my back-
rag*0 Blount, Glossographia (1656), $.vv says, ** Wines
that are made there are therefore called backrag or b* j
vulgarly, Rhenish wines/' In Brome's Moor iv. a,
Quicksands says, " He saw her at the Still-yard With
such a gallant, sousing their dried tongues In Rhenish,
Deal, and Backrag/' In Shirley's Pteasum v. i, Bom-
well says, *4 Shall we whirl in coaches to the Stillyard*
where deal and backrag shall flow into our room i "

BACTRA* The capital of Bactria, now Balkh* It lies in S.
Turkestan, 35 m» S* of the Oxus, and 700 B* of the
S* extremity of the Caspian Sea* It is one of the oldest
cities in the world, and is still called " The Mother of
Cities/' Milton, in P, JR. iii* 285, mentions " B/' as one
of the chief cities of the world shown to our Lord by the
Tempter*

BACTRIA (or BACTJRIANA). A dist. in Asia, N. of the
Hindoo Koosh range, and S* of Sogdiana. It corres-
ponds roughly to the modem Turkestan. After his de*
feat of Darius at Gaugamela, Alexander marched
through B. to Sogdiana, and conquered them botht
In Caesar* $ JRem u'L a, Gaesar, speaking of Alexander, nays*
" Bactrians and Zogdians, known but by their names,
Were by his arms' resistless powers subdued /' In C^iw
F* 3, Panthea says, i4 My husband from B., Whcr« he lay
lieger for the Assyrian k., Is come/' The scene of
Alabaster's Roxana, acted at Cambridge in 1592, in kid
in B» Peacham, in Worth of a Pmny (1647), ifjeaks of
44 men who have gathered thousands like the griffins of
B." Milton, P. L* x. 433, speaks of the ** Bactrian Sophi
[U, the Shah of Persia] retreating from the horns Of
Turkish crescent " j B* being at this time a province of
Persia* In Deloney's R$adin% ml, D. Robert sayi to
his mistress^ 4* Be now as nimble in thy footing as the
camels of B*, that run an xoo miles a day/*

BAGDAD, The old capital of the Caliphs, on the Tigris,
abt. goo m* from its mouth. It was founded by AI
Mansur A.IX 763, and taken by Timur in 1400* In
Marlowe's Tamb, B. L ir Sigismund compares nil royal
host to the desert of Arabia m seen by " those that stand
on Bagdet's lofty tower/' The Italian form of the name,
Baldaco, was the origin of the word Baldachin, meaning
first a rich brocade of silk and gold thread made at B,;
and then a canopy hung with it* Baudektn and Bodkin
are forms of Baldachin* In Massmger's Madam ii. i,
Luke enumerates " cloth of bodkin *r amonpt a draper's
goods* In Shirley's Doubtful i*l, Antonio says* ** I may
deserve to wear your thankfulness in tissue of doth of
bodkin/'

BAGSHOT

BAGSHOT* A town in Surrey, on the road to Salisbury,
abt* 30 m» from Lond* It was celebrated for its good
inns* Shift, in Jonson Ev+ Man O* iii* i, undertakes to
teach Sogliardo " to take 3 whiffes of tobacco, and then
to take his horses, drink 3 cups of Canary, and expose
one at Hounslow, a and at Staines, and a 3rd at B*"
Laneham, in Letter 36, says, ** Capt* Cox can talk as
much without book as any Innholder betwixt Brainford
[Le* Brentford] and B/'

BALS2 (now BAJA). A fashionable watering-place in the
days of the later Roman Republic and early Empire*
It lay on the W* side of the bay between Cape Misenum
and Puteoli, on the W* coast of Italy, abt* 12 m. W* of
Naples* Many nobles, like Lucullus, Marius, Pompeius,
and Caesar, had villas here* Nero often visited it, and it
was here that he plotted to kill his mother Agrippina*
In May's Agrippina v. 237, Nero says to his mother,
44 Minerva's feast is celebrated now 5 days at B*, thither
you shall go." In line 455 seg., Anicetus recounts the
attempt on the life of Agrippina which was made there*
Herrick, Ode to John Wicken, says, " We are not poor,
although we have No roofe of cedar, nor our brave B/'

BAKAM* In B* & F, Princess i* i, the scene of which is
laid in the Moluccas, one of the suitors for the hand of
the sister of the 1C* of Tidore is *4 a haughty master, the
K* of B/' I suspect this to be a mistake for Bantam, g.v*

BALDOCKBURY (or BALDOCK)* A town in Herts*, near
the intersection of the Gt* N. Rd. and Icknield St., 37 m*
N* of Lond* It is famous for its barley and malt* In the
nonsense verses recited as a charm for worms in Ther-
sites i, 219, Mater invokes ** the backster of B. with her
baking peel/' In J* Heywood's Weather y Farmer p. 99,
Merry Report, in a long alliterative list of the places to
which he has been, includes B*

BALIGNOZA. A dist* in E* Africa. See under ADEA,

BALLIOL COLLEGE* Oxford University, in Broad St*
In Peele's Ed. /, p* 28, John B., on being chosen K. of
Scotland by Edward I in 1292, says, " We will erect a
college of my name; In Oxford will I build, for
memory of Baliol's bounty and his gratitude/* This is
not strictly in accordance with the facts* The College
was founded in 1282 by the Lady Dervorgilla, the
widow of Sir John de B», who died in 1269. The first
building occupied was the Old B* Hall in Horsemonger
St* ; but in 1284 a part of the present site was obtained,
then known as Mary Hall, and a charter was drawn up
which was confirmed by John de B*, afterwards K* of
Scotland*

BALL'S BUSH. In Misogonus iv. x, Madge says, " I
gathered pe-pe-pe-pescods at Ba-ba-ba-Bau's B» then,
I'm sure/' I cannot find it j but there is an old vill* in
Islington, near the New River, called B* Pond* There is
also a B. Park i m* S.E. of Hertford. One of these may
have suggested the name.

BALMES* An ancient mansion in Hoxton, rebuilt with
great magnificence in the early *7th cent, by Sir George
whittnore, Lord Mayor of Lpnd, It was subsequently
bought by Richd. de Beauvoir. Later still it became a
private lunatic asylum, and ultimately it was pulled
down. Balmes Rol, Beauvoir Ores*, and Whitmore St*
preserve its memory* It lay E* of Kingsland Rd* In
Qvatio Carolina (1641)* it h recorded that on the entry
of Charles Finto Loud*, JSfov* a$> 1641, the Lord Mayor
and his train " advanced through the fields till they
came beyond B., a retinttg boose of Sir George Whit-
more's, next adjoining to Kingsknd/'

BANBURY

BALSERA (= BAtsoRA, or BUSSORAH)* The chief port at
the head of the Persian Gulf, on the Euphrates* It used
to be a great centre of trade* In Marlowe's Tamb* B*
iii* 3f Theridamas says, ** This is B,, their chiefest hold
Wherein is all the treasure of the land " j and he pro-
ceeds to invest and take it* In the vision of the kingdoms
of this world shown to our Lord by the Tempter, in
Milton P* #* iii. 331, are troops of many E* provinces,
44 From Atropatia * * * to B/s haven/'

BALTIC SEA* In N* Europe, E* of Sweden, terminating
northward in the Gulf of Bothnia* In Davenant's
Albovine iii. i, Hermegild says, 44 1 vow to revenge or
sink myself lower than a plummet in the B. S." In his
Italian ii. i, Altamont says, " 'Tis Sciolto, A slave more
salt than is the B* wave*" Both the allusions are in-
appropriate ; for the B* is comparatively shallow, and
its waters are much less salt than those of the open
ocean* In Chettle's Hoffman v* i, Mathias says of
Lucibella, 4* She has done violence to her bright fame
And fallen upon the bosom of the Bait/* In Scot, Presb.
v* i, Anarchy says the protestations of Directory are
44 as numerous as the sand hid in the B* S."

BANBURY* Mkt* town in Oxfordsh* The people appear
to have been full of geal for religion* In the old days
they were devoted to the Catholic Faith ; their town was
adorned with 4 crosses, and there was a hospital of St*
John in the neighbourhood. But after the Reformation
they became energetically Puritan in their sympathies,
and it is in this character that they appear in our plays,
A thin, fiat kind of cheese was known as a B* Cheese, and
B. cakes were, as they still are, famous all over England*
In Piers C* iii* in, the charter given by Guile to
Falseness is witnessed by ** Bette the budele of Banne-
buries sokne/' Latimer. in a Letter to Henry V1U
written in 1530, ii* 299, refers to Romsh interpretations
of the Scriptures as " B. glosses/'

In Jonson's BarthoL L i, Winwife, who is courting
the widow Purecraft, tells Quarlous that he has been
*' put off by a brother of B/' ; Q* replies, " I knew
divers of these Banburians when I was at Oxford/'
Later Winwife asks Littlewit, " What call you the
reverend elder you told me of, your B* man ** '* and is
answered, 44 Rabbi Busy, Sir ; he is more than an elder,
he is a prophet, Sir/' His Christian name is Zeal-of-
the-land ; ne was a baker, but has given up his trade
because *' those cakes [B* cakes, presumably] he made
were served to bridales, maypoles, morrices, and such
profane feasts and meetings*" In iii* i, when Busy and
the Littlewits come to Dame Ursula's booth, Knockem
says, " These are B* bloods, o' the sincere stud, come a
pig-hunting/' In i* i, Busy comments in true Puritani-
cal style on the eating of pig, which was one of the cus-
toms of the Fair : " Now pig, it is a meat, and a meat
that is nourishing and may be longed for, and so conse-
quently eatea ; it may be eaten, very exceeding well
eaten j but in the Fair, and as a Bartholomew pig, it
catmot be eaten j for the very calling it a Bartholomew
pig, and to eat it so, is a spice of idolatry/' However, he
gets over his scruples on the ground that by the public
eating of swine's flesh he professes his " hate and loath-
ing of Judaism/* " I will therefore eat," he says, *4 yea,
I will eat exceedingly/' In Davenant's Wits i* i, Palla-
tine says that Lady Ample " is more devout than a
weaver of B*, that hopes to enter heaven by singing, to
make him lord of ao looms/* In Cartwright's Ordinary
ii* 3, Caster proposes, when he has made his fortune, to
44 build a Cathedral in B* ? give organs to each parish in
the kingdom* and so root out the unmusical elect/' la

BANGOR

the mock Litany in Jonson's Gipsies, the Patrice prays
that the K* may be delivered 44 from the loud, pure
wives of B/r In K.K. Knave Dods.yi,533, Honesty says to
Coneycatcher, 4* We are as near kin together as the cates
of B* be to the bells of Lincoln " ; Le. we are as little
akin as the Puritans and the high-Churchmen* In
Hiddleton's Quiet Life iL x, Knavesby, confessing his
peccadillos to his wife, says, " There was at B. a she-
chamberlain that had a spice of purity, but at last I pre-
vailed over her/' In Lupton's All for Money, C, 4,t Sin
says, " The last stocks I was in was even at Bamburie n ;
which I suppose means B. In Nabbes' C, Garden iv» i,
when Jeffrey proposes a health 4* to the long standing of
B» may-pole/* Jerker says, " No Puritan will pledge
that/' An old Latin rhyme runs : t4 Veni Banbery, O
profanum I Ubi vidi Puritanum Felem facientem f urem
Quia Sabbatho stravit murem " (anglice : "He hanged
his cat o* Monday for killing a mouse on Sunday .")•
The B* Cross, to which we used to exhort one another to
ride a cock-horse, was destroyed by the Puritans in 1601;
a pageant was in progress when these fanatics attacked
the performers and drove them out of the High St*,
and then 4* at once with axes and hammers " smashed to
jFjieces the 4 crosses which adorned the town* The B,
tinkers had a bad reputation ; there is an old proverb,
**Like B* tinkers, who in stopping x hole made a/r
In Vox Borealis (1643;), we read, * Next to these marched
4 footmen * * * like 4 B. tinkers, with their budgets at
their backs/* In Jack Drum nL 178, Planet says, 4* Put
off your clothes, and you are like a Banbery cheese,
Nothing but paring/' When, in M* W, W* L x, 139,
Bardolph calls Slender, 44 You Banbery cheese t " he is
hitting at once at his Puritanical complaints abt himself
and his comrades and at his slim figure. Markham, in
English Housewife (1615) ii* 2, gives a recipe " To make
B* cakes/' There was an old Roman amphitheatre at B.
which in the ante-Puritan days was occasionally used
for dramatic performances*

BANOOR* Episcopal city in Caernarvonsh., N* Wales.
Spenser, F» Q. &„ 3, 3J, tells how Ethelred passed the
pee and filled " B* with massacred martyrs/* It was
in a room in the house of the Archdeacon of B, that the
conference between Hotspur, Mortimer, and Glen-
dower was held, as related in J-fy A. iii x* B. had already
to its cost taken part in the wars between Owen Glen-
dower and Henry IV, and in the course of them the
cathedral had been burnt down in 1402, and was still
lying in ruins* B* House, in Shoe Lane, was the Lond,
residence of the Bps, of B, ; it has now entirely dis-
appeared*

BANKSIDE, The disk in Southwark running along the
Surrey side of the Thames from St. Saviour's Ch* and
Winchester House to the point where Blackfriars Bdge*
now stands* The row of houses on the river-side was a
series of brothels, and was known as the Bordello, or
Stews* Behind them lay the Globe, the Rose, the Hope,
and the Swan theatres, the bull- and bear-baitmg
grounds, and the Paris Garden. Ferries plied across the
river and gave employment to numbers of watermen*
Both Shakespeare and Jonson are said to have lived for
a time on B* The Bordello was suppressed in 1546,
but the measure was as ineffectual as such ordinances
usually are.

In Remed, Sedition (1536) at, it is said that it is " As
much shame for an honest man to come out of a tavern
* * * as it is here to come from the ba&ke/' Crowley,in
Strype EccL Mem. (1548) ii* i, 17, 143, speaks of " Sisters
of the Bank, the stumbling-blocks of all frail youtb/'

BANKSIDS

44

These poor creatures were called ** Winchester
from the fact that the Bordello was within the liberties
of the Bp* of Winchester, whose palace was at the B* end
of the B» Jonson, in Vulcanf speaks of " the Winches-
trian goose Bred on the Bank in time of Popery/' Sm
under WINCHESTER HOUSE* In Greene's Friar vii*,
Ralph undertakes to 44 make a ship that shall hold all
your Colleges and so carry away the Nimvcrsity with a
fair wind to the B* in Southwark/* In Randolph's
Muses ii* 4, Asotus says, 44 1 will send for a whole coach
or two of B* ladies, and we will be jovial/' In News /rom
Hdl (1641), B. is mentioned as a haunt of " whores and
thieves/' The heroine of Leather-head's Motion in
Jonson's BarthoL v* 3 is " Hero, a wench of B,, who,
going over one morning to Old Fish st, Leandcr spies
her land at Trig-Stairs and falls in love with her." In
Underwit v* i, the lady speaks of the porters going ** a-
feasting with the Drums and footboys to the B/* In
Brome*s Covent G. L i, Nicholas greets Damans, ** Art
thou travelled cross the seas from the B. hither, old
Countess of Codpiece Row «* n In Cobkr o/ Canterbury
(1608), we read, " When Southwards Bank-side hath no
pretty wenches, Then the Cobler of Rtmmey shall a
cuckold be/' In Davenport's JV«i> Trick i* a, Sh'ghtall,
wanting a good, lusty lass, bids Roger 4< search all the
Allyes, Spittle or Picthatch, Turnbail, the Banke side/*
and other unsavoury localities. In Marmion's L*af mr
ii* 5, Agurtes asks for help that he may not have " to
keep a tap-house o* th' B,, and make a stench worse
than a brewhouse Amongst my neighbours/* In Mas-
singer's New Way iv* a. a vintner accuses Wellborn of
having ruined him ** With trusting you with muskadine
and eggs And five-pound suppers, with your after-drink--
ings, When you lodged upon the B/r In T. Heywood's
/. K* M. B. 302, Hobson says, " I crossed the water to
see my rents and buildings of the B." When the tide
was high the st« was often flooded. Jcmson, m the
Famous Voyage, says, *' It was the day what time the
powerful moon Makes the poor B, creature wet it$
shoon In its own hall/*

In such a quarter fortune-tellers and quacks naturally
flourished. In Jonson's £u* Man 0. v. 4, Macilente
reports that Puntarvolo's dog is poisoned ; *' marry,
how, or by whom, that's left for some cunning woman
here o' the B* to resolve/' In T» Heywood's Hofsdon
ii* i, that lady gives a free advertisement to ** Mother
Phillips of the B., for the weakness of the back " ; and
to " Mrs. Mary on the B*, for 'reetmg of a figure M ;
£**< making a horoscope. In Middleton*s J?*G. L i*
Trapdoor, being asked to discover Moll Outpurse, pro-
mises, " I will drink half-pots with all the watermen o*
the B,, but, if you will, Sir, I will find her out/* Taylor
speaks of the * B* Globe, that late was burned f* i and
Jonson, in VvZcant laments the destruction of ** the
Globe, the glory of the Bank/' The B* theatres came to
be regarded as of a lower class than the more aristocratic
Blackfriars and other houses on the Middlesex side of the
river* In Doubtful, prol., Shirley says, " The Bancksides
* * * are far more skilful at the ebbs and Hows of water
than of wit " ; and he sarcastically apologizes for the
absence in his play of shows and dances and" (what you
most delight xn) target-fighting upon the stage/' In
Middleton's Hubburd, p* 77, the gallant £1 advisfd*
" After dinner he must venture to the B* where he must
sit out the breaking up of a comedy or the first act of a
tragedy/' In Jonson's Epicoem iii. x, Mfi. Otttr
threatens her husband, who is mad on buU- and bear-
baiting, " I'll send you over to the B* ; 111 commit you
to the Master of the Garden! if I hear but a syllable

BANNOCKBURN

more/* In Middleton's Quarrel ii* % Trimtram, giving
a history of the origin of " roaring/' says, " It was
heard to the B* and the bears they began to roar/' See
also under BORDELLO, BEAR GARDEN, PARIS GARDEN, and
the various theatres.

BANNOCKBURN* Vill* 3 m* S*E* of Stirling, in Scot-
land, where Robert Bruce defeated Edward II on June
24, 1314. In Marlowe's J5<f* // ii* 2, Lancaster quotes a
44 fleering jig " which the Scots have made : " Maids of
England, sore may you mourn, For your lemans you
have lost at B*" Drayton, in Heroical Epp* Mortimer to
Isabel, speaks of " The English blood that stained B*"

BANQUETING HOUSE, Designed by Inigo Jones in
1612 and erected by him at Whitehall, q.v. Here
Jonson's Neptune was produced, and the Master Cook
says, " This is my room and region, too, the B* h*" It
was from a window of this hall that Charles I came out
to his execution. It is the only part of the Whitehall
Palace still remaining,

BANSTEAD DOWNS* In Mid Surrey, near Epsom*
The Downs command a magnificent view from Windsor
to Load* The Lond. County Lunatic Asylum is built
here. In Shirley's Pleasure i* i, Bornwell wants to know,
** When shall we have more booths and bagpipes upon
B*D*s"'

BANTAM* The province at the W* extremity of the
island of Java* It was governed during the i6th cent by
a Mohammedan Sultan* Face, in Jonson's Alchemist ii*
i, promises Mammon that by the aia of the Philosopher's
stone he shall make himself M K* of B," In Noble
Soldier v* 2, Baltasar says, " You were better sail 500
times to Bantom in the W* Indies than once to Bara-
thrum in the Low Countries " ; r*e* Hell* B* is, how-
ever, in the E*, not the W* Indies* In Cuckqueans i* 4,
Claribel says, " From my wife by letter, on sudden news
of my return from B,, am cited home in haste to
Waldoa."

BAPAUME* A town in Artois, in N. France, abt, 90 m*
N* of Paris* It is claimed by Byron, in Chapman's
Consp* Byron v* i, as one of the places he has '* peopled
with the issue of victory " t the reference is to the cam-
paign against the League in 1594-95*

BAR. The chief town of the Duchy of B*, distinguished
from other towns of the same nnme as B*-le-Duc or
B*-sur-Ornain. It is 135 m* E* of Paris, The castle was
built in the icth cent* by Frederick I of Lorraine*
44 Edward, D* of B*/r & amongst the lords summoned
by Charles to fight at Agincourt (#5 iii. 5, 4$), and is in
the list of the slain (iv« 8, 103)*

BAR. A barrier made with posts and a chain at the en-
trance of a city, especially at various points in the circuit
of Lond. There were bs* at Smithfield, in Holborn, and
at the W* end of Fleet St. : the latter was replaced by a
gate, which was still called Temple B* All the gates of
York are still called Bs, In Dekker's Westward ii* i,
Justiniano says, " The suburbs and those without the
bs* have more privilege than those within the freedom*"

BARATHRUM* A deep pit beyond the Acropolis at
Athens, into which criminals were flung. Hence used of
any deep or bottomless pit ? and particularly of the pit
of Hell* In Jouson's Poetaster ui. x, Tucca says of tne
Player, **m beUy is like B/* In Man in the Moon
(1609), a merciless moneylender is called " a bottomless
B*" In Massinger's 2Veiv Way iii. 2, Overreach calls the
glutton Greedy, 4t You B* of tfae shamble**" Dekker, in
Knight's Conjuring (1607), *W *4 He flung away in a

BARBARY

fury and leapt into B*" In Richards* Messalina iv* 1771,
Narcissus says, ** I could curse His soul to th* depth of
B*" W* Rowley, in Search 40, says there was " a noise
so confused as if hell had been a-fire, and the bells of B*
had been rung backwards*" Ch* bells were rung back-
wards when a fire broke out*

BARBARIAN* Is used both in the sense of an inhabitant
of Barbary, #*i>., and also in the Greek sense of one of a
foreign nation who speaks a language not understood in
civilized lands, or in the country of which the speaker
is a native* In Oth. i* 3, 363, lago speaks of Othello as
4t an erring b,," i*c* a wandering stranger ; though, of
course, Othello was a B*, or Moor, in the more limited
sense* In Cor* iii* i, 238, Coriolanus says, ** I would
they were bs* * * * not Romans*" In TroiL ii* i, 51,
Thersites says to Ajax, " Thou art bought and sold like
a b* slave " : where the meaning may be *4 a Moorish
slave*" Spenser, in Ruines of Rome 416, speaks of Rome
being spilled " by b* hands*" Lyly, in Euphues England,
p* 220, says, " The barbarous Goths * * * thought the
roots in Alexandria sweeter than the raisins in Barbary ":
where Croll interprets " the parts of Europe occupied
by the bs*"

BARBARY (Bn* = Barbarian)* A general name for N*
Africa along the Mediterranean, from Egypt to the
Atlantic, and from the sea to the Sahara Desert* It thus
includes Tripoli, Tunis, Algiers, and Morocco* The
name is derived from that of the Berbers, one of the
principal tribes that inhabited these countries* Clavan-
court, K* of B*, is one of the fictitious personages in
Greene's Alphonsus* In Fam. Viet*, Has*, p* 363, a
French Capt* mentions amongst the French army at
Agincourt ** the Bns* with their bard horses, And launch-
ing spears " — an unhistorical detail*

In Marlowe's Tamb. A. iii* i, Bajazeth addresses the
Ks* of Fez, Morocco, and Argier as " Great Ks* of B*" ;
and in B* i» 3, after Tambttrlaine has conquered N*
Africa, Usumcasane, whom he has made K, of Morocco,
tells him that he has brought so many men to help him
that 4* B* is unpeopled for thy sake*" During the i6th
cent* N* Africa was under the control of Turkish
chieftains, who inaugurated the system of piracy which
made Algiers a by-word throughout Europe for the next
3 cents. The Battle of Alcazar between the Portuguese
and the Moors in 1578 sent a thrill through the world*
In B* <£ F* Wit S. W, L 2, Sir Ruinous says,44 The first
that flushed me a soldier was that great battle at Alcazar
in B*" In Stucley 1442, Botella informs K* Philip,
44 Many woful days Thf afflicted B* hath suffered spoil
And been a prey unto her natural subjects*" Soon after
the battle of Alcazar in 1585, Elizabeth sent an ambassa-
dor to B*, who was well received* Some of the scenes m
T* Heywood's Maid of West take place at the court of
Morocco, and in iv* 3, Mullisheg, K* of Fez and Moroc-
co, is hailed as the ** Pride of our age and glory of the
Moors By whose victorious hand afl B* Is conquered,
awed and swayed** ' The title of the rulers of B*, Muley,
provoked a certain amount of mirth amongst our fore-
fathers* In Middleton's Gipsy iv* i, Sancho inquires of
John, who has spoken of " the beast I rode on hither/'
" Isrt a mule i send him to Muly-Crag-a-whee in B*"
Trade with B* was considerable, and in 1588 the
Company of B* Merchants was formed in Lond* In
Jack Drum iii* 391, Flawne brings news to Mammon,
44 Your ship the Hopewell hath hapt ill, returning from
Barbarie*" In Massinger's Madam iv* i> Fortune re-
lates, 44 1 have 2 ships Above my hopes returned from
B* And richly freighted*" In Tomkins' Albumazar L 5,

45

BARBARY

Antonio/ " having great sums of gold in B, desires of you
he might go thither for 3 months *f ? and on his return
(iv, 3) he tells how he had been shipwrecked in the
Straits of Gibraltar, and was fettered and sold as a
slave by the barbarous Moors* The Spanish gallies
were equally dangerous to our merchants, and in
Haughton's Englishmen iL, Pisaro gets word that his
ship, the Fortune, has been attacked by 2 Spanish gallies
on a voyage to B. : whereon he cries, " A plague upon
these Spanish-galley pirates " who have made so peri-
lous 44 the Straits 'twixt Spain and B." One of Antonio's
ventures (Merck, iii* %, 272) was to B. In Glapthorne's
Wit ii* i, Valentine says that the Lond. wives by their
extravagance break their husbands *4 beyond redemp-
tion from the Indies, the straights, or B/' In Brome's
Moor iv* 4, Quicksands says, 4* I have borrowed other
Moors of merchants that trade in B/f In Cooke's
Greene's Quoque, p* 550, Staines professes, *' I was so far
gone, that desperation knocked at my elbow, and whis-
pered news to me out of B/' : z\e. bad news ; news of loss.
Dekker, in Hornbook v,, advises the young gallant, when
at the Ordinary, to talk of having " interpreted between
the French k, and a great lord of B/' In J. Key-wood's
Weather, Farmer p, 99, Merry Report claims to have been
"at Baldock, at Barford, and in B," One principal article
of trade was sugar. In Haughton's Englishmen iL a,
Pisaro's B* correspondent informs him, 4 we have sent
unto your worship sack, Seville oils, pepper, B, sugar " ;
and in B* & F* Beggars iv, 3, Goswin says, ** if he wants
fine sugar, he can send to B/' Breton, Fantastickes
(1636), says, M B* sugar puts honey out of countenance/'
In Marston*s What you iiv the schoolboy says, " Ah,
sweet honey, B. sugar, sweet master I ** In H4 A. ii. 4,
84, when Prince Hal says to Francis, ** In Bv Sir, it
cannot come to so much/' he is probably referring to the
pennyworth of sugar which Francis has given him,
and for which he has promised him £1000, Sugar would,
of course, be cheap in B* In T, Heywood's /. K* M. B*
352, Gresham declares, ** I am to have a patent for all
the B, sugars/' In Dekker's Northward IL x, Doll com-
plains, " The wars in B, make sugar at such an excessive
rate/*

B, was famous for its breed of horses ; ** they are/'
says Heylyn, 4* of excellent beauty, strength, and s«r~
vice/* Itx Ham, v. 3, 168, the K» wagers ** 6 B, horses "
on Hamlet in his fencing-match with Laertes, In jR# v.
5, 78, the groom tells how Bottngbroke rode into Lond.
on Richd/s *4 roan B/r In Qth* L t, na, lago warns
Brabantio, ** You'U have your daughter covered with a
B* horse " ; £.e* the Moor Othello* In Sampson's Vow L
i, 140, Ursula says, " We must be coupled in wedlock
like your b* horse for breed sake/' In Tomkins*
AWumazar HL 5, Trincalo wagers '* my grey B* 'gainst
your dun cow* In Middleton's Oinsy iii* a, the Jester,
trying to ride Fernando's " mettled B*/* got run away
with* In Studey 3400, Abdelmelek boasts that he
mounts and controls Fortune 4* As we do use to serve
Bn* horse/' In B* & F. Cupid's Rev. iL 6, the D, has his
rough French horse brought round, " And the grey B. :
they're fiery both/' In Marlowe's Tomb. B* i* a, Calla-
pine pxomfees his keeper " A xoo bassoes, clothed in
crunsott silk, Shall tide before thee on Bn, steeds/'
In Webster's White DM iv* % Lodovico tells of a
** resty B, horse ft which the D+ wishes to have broken
in* In B* & F* Wild Goose i. a, Pihac describes the
French women as *4 pin-buttocfced, Hke vow dainty
Barbaries, and weak ? the pasterns ; they'll endure no
hardness/' In B, & F, Care & a, Clara says, w You
never saw my B* the Infanta bestowed upon me/> In

46

BARBER-SURGEONS* HALL

Sdimus 556, Selirn says, " Thinks he to stop my mouth
With rusty [Y resty] jades fet from Barbaria t " In
Shirley's Courtier m* i, Giotto says to Conurini, 4* You
have enriched my stable with a B* roan/' In Kyd's
Solyman, the Moor comes to the tournament in Act I
** upon his hot Bn, horse/' In Pede's Akamr v. i, a^Q,
Muly Mahamet sought to save his life " on a hot Bn.
horse/1

In As iv* if xsx, Rosalind promises Orlando, " I will
be more jealous of thee than a B. cock-pigeon over his
hen/' There is a special black, or dun, variety of pigeon
called a Barb* As to the jealousy of the cock-pigeon,
Pliny, Nat, Hist, x, 34, says, ** Conjugii fides turn vio-
lant, communemque servant Uomttni. El impertasos
mares, subinde etiam iniquos ferunt ; quippe suspicio
est adulterii, quamyis natura non sit. Tune plenum
querela guttur, sxvique rostro ictiis/' The men of B,,
says Heylyn (70^), are 4* im|>lacable in hatred, constant
in affection " ; indeed, the jealousy of the Moors was
proverbial* Othello was a Moor. So that a B« cock*
pigeon is a doubly effective symbol of Jealousy. In
Davenant's Platonic L r, Jaspero speaks of ** a letter tied
round the neck of a B, pigeon/* The B» hen is the
Guinea Fowl, a particularly harmless and inoffensive
bird* Hence, in H$ B* ii. 4, 108, Falstaff says, ** Pistol
will not swagger with a B* hen, if her feathers turn back
with any show of resistance/* In Marston*s Makontmt
ii* 4, one of the ingredients of a restorative medicine is
** 7 and 30 yolks of B, hens* eggs/" In Shirley's Cvwtfa
iv, x, Depas&i boasts, 4* All the lions tn B, shall not con-
trary me in this way/' In Dwonshtrt iv* i, Henrico
thinks that " England breeds more apes than B/f In
Dekker's Match me ii* i, Bilbo offers for sale ** Tuscan
hatbands, Venetian ventoves, or Bn* shoestrings."

It is easy to see how the word came to be used in the
sense of barbarous. In Webster's White Dwil iv. i,
Flammeo exclaims, ** Rome 1 it deserves to be called
Barbarie for our villainous usage," In Tourneur's JR«-
venger iv. 2, Vendice says, 4* There are old nwn , . » •&
poisoned with the affectation of law-words that their
common talk is nothing but B. Latin." Doubtless, the

Greek use of H«/>/S?«/>w for .ill peoples not Hellenic co-
operated with the savagery of the Moors in the evolution
of this meaning,

BARBER-SURGEONS' HALL, In Monkswell St,
Lond*, near Cripplegate, on the W* side* If wa$ built in
the reign of Edward IV* Dead bodies, especially thoM
of executed criminals, were brought here to be di^ecml,
and their skeletons, or " anatomies," were sometimes
preserved* There is a curious provision, dated 1587*
that if any such body come to life again, 4< as of late nath
been seen," the persons who brought the body were to
be held responsible, The Hall was deitroytd in the Gt*
Fire and rebuilt by Inigo Jonejsu It is now displaced by
warehouses* In Dekker's Edmonton L a* Carter says,
44 You might send me to B,-Sns/-H» . » , to htng «p
for an anatprny/' In Webster's JHTaf/l v. 3, Ftrdininid
says, " I will flay off his skin to cover one of the an«to*
rnies this rogue [the Dr.] hath set f the cold yonder in
B*-Sns/"H/' In Shirley^ Fair Qw v* 3, Brains t ays,
0 I will desire him, that bids me go htng myself, which
is the way to Sns/ H* I wiU b«i to have my skull cut* I
have a suspicion my brains are filched and my head to
been late stuffed with woodcock's feathers/' In Row-
ley's AlPs Lost & 6* 155, Lassaretlo asks Antonio, ** We m
you never at Barbar-Sns/ H* to tee a dissection f "
Membership in the Hall gave the qualification lor
practice ; so in Middleton's Quarrel v* i, the Surgeon,

BARBICAN

being asked whether the Colonel has recovered, says,
44 May I be excluded quite out of Sns/ H* else I "

In Chapman's Widow's Tears v. i, the Governor says
he will give ** old and withered widows to Sns/ H* to be
stamped to salve for the French measles*" In Hash's
Wilton* K%> Jack says, 44 I supposed it was the Beadle of
Sns.' H* come for me/' In Killigrew's Parson i. 3,
Constant says, " I thought he had married the company
of Sns/ H. ; for his directions to me for several things
for his wife's use, were fitter for an apothecary's shop
than a lady's closet/' In Nabbes' Totenham i* 5, Slip,
asked how he has disposed of some deer he has killed,
says, 44 1 sent a soare to B*-Sns/ H* A little soare makes
them a great feast/' The pun on the double meaning of
soare, viz* a buck in his 4th year, and a wound, is ob-
vious. C/, Shakespeare, L, L* L« iv* 2, 59*

BARBICAN, A st* in Lond*, running E« from Aldersgate
St* at the Charter House comer to the junction of
Golden L* and Red Cross St* So called from the
postern tower which stood a little N* of it, and was sup-
posed to date from Roman times* Stow derives the
name from the old English 44 Burh-kenning " ; but the
OJSMX inclines to an Arabic or Persian origin for it*
In Massinger's Madam ii* x, Tradeswell, preparing, on
his return from his travels, to have a good time in Lond*,
says, ** A B* broker will furnish me with outside/'
Taylor, Works 122, says, 4t In B* there's as good beer and
ale as ever twanged, And in that st* kind No-body is
hanged*" The reference is to the sign of John Trundle's
bookshop* Nobody was " Printed for John Trundle, and
are to be sold at his shop in B*, at the signe of No-body/'
This is the man referred to by Jonson in Ev. Man L i* 2,
where young Knowell says, 4t If he read this with
patience, I'll troll ballads for Master John Trundle
yonder the rest of my mortality." T, Heywood's
Woman Killed was "Printed by William Jaggard, dwell-
ing in B* 1607*" Milton lived in B* from 1645 to 1647*
The house was on the S* side of the st* ; it was recently
destroyed to make way for a railway line*

BARCA. An inland city of Cyrenaica, 70 m. S*W. of
Cyrene* It was founded by exiles from Cyrene 554 B*c,,
and besieged and destroyed by the Persians in 510 B,C.
Its remaining inhabitants were later transported to
Ptolemais on the adjoining coast* In Milton, P* L* ii*
004, the hosts of warring atoms in Chaos are said to be
~* unnumbered as the sands Of B. or Cyrene's torrid
soil"

BARCELES (or BAKCELLOS)* A town in Portugal, on the
Cavado, 27 m* N* of Oporto* Said to have been founded
by Hamilcar in 250 B,C. In Peele's Alcazar ii* 4, 67,
Sebastian says, " D* of B,, thy ancestors Have always
loyal been to Portugal/*

BARCELONA* A spt* on W* coast of Spain, 312 m.
N.E* of Madrid, and the capital of Cataloma* It was one
of the chief commercial cities of the i6th cent*, and the
rival of Genoa and Venice. In B* <Sc F* Mgrimag* the
hero is the son of a Genoese merchant, and comes with
his father to B* (i* 2), which Alphonso tells us (iii* 3)
" is the quay for Italy, whence he first stole hither." m
Act IV there is a characteristic st. row between the
sailors and the townsfolk, in which the hero is wounded*
** Oh/* says a soldier (iv* a), " the quiet hurley-burlies I
have seen in this town, where we have fought 4 hours
together, and not a man amongst us so impertinent or
modest to ask why I " In Rowley's AW$ Lost L % $%>
Jaques speaks of Awtonio as " Lorn of B/' The tiniver-
sity was founded in 1430, and had 4 faculties and 31

BARMQTHO

chairs* In Webster's Law Case iL i, Romelio says,
" Here's an old gentleman says he was chamber-fellow
to your father, when they studied the law together at B/*

BARFOLD* In J* Heywood's Weather, p. 100, Merry
Report includes B, in his alliterative list of places. He
44 has been at B/' I cannot find any B,, but there are
half a dozen Barfords in Norfolk, Warwick, Oxford,
Bedford (2), and Wilts* : one of them is probably in-
tended,

BARGHEN* See BERGEN-QP-ZOOM,

BARHAM. A vilL in Kent, 6 m* S*E* of Canterbury, on
the Dover Rd* The Canterbury races are held on B*
Downs* In Oldcastle iv* x, the rascally parson of
Wrothem boasts that 44 There's ne'er a hill, heath, nor
down in all Kent but 'tis in my parish ; B* Down " and
half a dozen other places 4* all pay me tithe/'

BARKESHIRE* See BERKSHIRE*

BARKING* Town in Essex, 8 m* E* of Lond* It pos-
sessed one of the oldest and richest abbeys for nuns in
England, and its abbess was a baroness by virtue of her
office* Only the gatehouse now remains* The Ch* of
Allhallows B*, in Gt* Tower St*, was connected with
the Abbey, and the parish is often spoken of as B*
The Rose Inn, q.v., was near to the ch*, and in Haugh-
ton's Englishmen iii* 2, and Oldcastle iv* 4, is called the
Rose at B* Taylor, Works 117, speaks of the Thames
fishermen as *4 comrades of B*" In Middleton's Quiet
Life iv. i, George says of his termagant mistress, 44 She
is run away, 7 m* off, into Essex ; she vowed never to
leave B* while she lived/' The pun is obvious* Tarlton,
in News out of Purgatory (1590), tells of the broom-men
who were there " for robbing of the broom closes be-
tween B* and Lond*" See BROOMFIELDS*

BARKLEY. See BERKELEY,

BARKLOUGHLY* #2 iii* 2 opens : " B* Castle call you
this at hand i " According to Hplinshed, Richd* landed
44 neere the castell of Barclowlie in Wales*" No such
place exists ; but a clue is given in the Life of Richard II
by a monk of Evesham, the 3 MSS. of which call the
place respectively Hertlowli and Hertlow* Hertlow
seems to be the monk's way of transcribing Harddlech,
the modern Harlech, the only considerable castle at that
time between Caernarvon and Aberystwitbu It is true
that Fabian and Stow say that Richd* landed at Milford
Haven, and the French chronicler at Pembroke ; but
he was aiming to get to Conway, and would therefore be
more likely to land at a port in N* Wales* Harlech is in
Merionethsh., near the shore of Cardigan Bay* The
castle was built by Edward I abt 1270, and the ruins are
in a fair state of preservation*

BARMESEY STREET ( « Bermondsey St*). In South-
wark, running S* from Tooley St* to Long Lane, in
Bermondsey* In Harman's Caveat (1567) cap* 2, the
author relates how, having had a copper cawdron stolen,
he ** gave warning in Southwark, Kent st*, and B* st.
to aU the tinkers there dwelling*" There was an abbey
at Bermondsey for monks of the Cluniac Order, built
in 1083. It had a famous cross, to which many pilgrim-
ages were made* John Paston begs Margaret Paston
44 to visit the rood of Northedor and St* Savyour at
Bermondsey while ye abide in Lond/' (1465)* In a map
of Southwark (1542) the cross is shown at the junction
of Tooley St* and Bermondsey St+, and is marked
44 B* Cross/'

BARMOTHO* See BERMOOTHES,

47

BARNARD'S INN

BARNARD'S INN* An Inn of Chancery, on the S, side
of Holborn, LoncL, between Fetter Lane and Fumival
St* It was originally called Mackworth's L, after a
Dean of Lincoln of that name. When it was converted
into an L of Chancery it was in the occupation of one
Barnard, whence its name. In Elizabeth's time it had
tia students* It was rebuilt in 1893 by the Mercers'
Company for their school*

The rascally lawyer Dampit lived in this neighbour-
hood* In Middleton's Trick to Catch iii. 4, he smells a
foul smell on coming into his rooms, and says, " Foh I
I think they burn horns in B, L If ever I smelt such an
abominable stink, usury forsake me ! n In Peek's Jests
(1627), we read of a certain gentleman who ** thought to
return to his L ; this not of the wisest, being of S*
Bernard's."

BARNE* SeeBoRNO*

BARN ELMS* Part of St* James's Park. LoncL, in the
S.W* corner, near Rosamond's Pond, at the W* end of
Birdcage Walk* It was a favourite resort of lovers and
duellists. In Middleton's Chaste Maid iv, 3, young
Touchwood and Moll try to elope together, and, going
down to the Thames, direct the watermen to take them
to B, E*

BARNET* Mkt* town in Herts., n m. NJSUW* of
Lond*, on the Gt* North Rd, On Gladsmore Heath,
close by, was fought the decisive battle of the Wars of
the Roses, in which Edward IV defeated the Lancas-
trians under Warwick, and Warwick himself was slain*
The exact place of the battle is marked by an obelisk,
erected in 1740 by Sir Jeremy Sambrook. In H6 C v*
I, no, Warwick says, '* I will away to B* presently " ;
and the next 2 scenes take place upon the battlefield*
In T* HeywoocTs Traveller iii. 3, Delavil refers to B. as
" a place of great resort*" In Massinger's Madam ii* r,
Luke suggests to young Gold wire " the raptures of
being hurried in a coach [with a lady] to Brentford,
Staines, or B/' Pinnacia, in Jonson's New Inn iv* 5,
says, " A coach is hired and 4 horse ; he runs in his
velvet jacket thus, to Rumford, Croydon, Hounslow or
B., the next bawdy rd/f In Goosecap L $> Will says,
44 The ladies desire your worships would meet them at
B* f thf morning with the Capt/' In Middleton's
Michaelmas ii* i, Shortyard says, 44 1 knew the time he
ware not half a shirt*" Easy asks, 4t How did he for the
rest 4 *' and Shortyard replies : " He compounded with
a couple of napkins at B* and so trussed up the lower
parts* The scenes of Jonson's New Im and of T, Hey-
wood's Traveller (in part) are laid at B*

BARNSLEY* A town in W* Riding, Yorks,, 173 m»
N,W* of Lond* In Downfall Huntington iii* 2, Kobin
Hood says, 4t At B* dwells a potter tough and strong
That never brooked we brethren should have wrong/'

BARNWELL* The N* suburb of Cambridge, doubtless
haunted by the less reputable members of the Univer-
sity* In T* Heywood's L K* M> B, 258, Hobson asks
the Pedler, " What's the news at bawdy Barnswell and
at Sturbridge Fair 4 "

BARSABE* See BEERSHEBA.

BARSON, BARCHESTON (locally pronounced BAUSON)*
Vill* in Warwicksfcu, on the Stour, 10 m* S* of Stratford*
In H# B* v* 3, 94, when Pistol addresses Fabtaff,
** Sweet knight, thou art now one of the greatest men
in this realm," Silence concurs, w By'r lady, I think he
be, but goodman Puff of B/' He was no doubt some
notorious fat man whom Shakespeare remembered &om
his Stratford days*

BARTHOLOMEW (Saint) THE GREAT

BARTHOLOMEW (SAINT) THE GREAT* A noble ch.
in Lond^ and the finest example there of the Norman
style of architecture. It stands on the N* side of B,
Close, W* Smithfield, S, of Long Lane. It was built by
Rahere> said to have been Jester to Henry I, who re-
nounced the world and became Prior of the monastery
there. His fine canopy tomb can still be seen in the ch.
The ch* fortunately escaped the Gt Fire. Deloney, in
Reading, says that ** This Reior was the most skilfullest
musician that lived at that time/1 and that ** he builded
at his own cost the Priory and Hospital of St» B. in
Smithfield/' In T, Heywxxl's Ed. IV B. 133, " old
Friar Anselm of St. B/s " is quoted as the author of the
prophecy that G, should kill Edward's children and
succeed him ; $e® 83 i. i, 55,

The great Fair held in Smithfield on August 34, St.
B/s Day* was the most famous in England* Originally
established as a cloth-fair, it became in course of time a
popular carnival, and after flourishing for 7! centuries
was abolished in 1855. Its frequenters were called B,
Birds ; its slang B* terms. There was abundant eating
and drinking, especially of roast pig#. Drums, ginger-
bread, and ugly dolls were to be bought for children.
Puppet-plays were performed, and monsters of all kinds
exhibited. Ballad singers plied their trade, and pick-
pockets and rogues of all kinds made the Fair a happy
hunting ground. Wrestling matches and the chasing of
live rabbits by boys formed part of the fun* Joraon's
BarthoL is a vivid picture of contemporary Lond. life,
and should be read in full. In Davenant's Wits iv.,
Thwack makes a number of suggestions for the deple-
tion of Loud,, " which/' says Pert, " will more im-
poverish the Town than a subversion of their fair of B/*
in Jonson, BarthoL* Ind*, the stagekeeper ridicule* the
idea of the play : the author, he says, ** haw nut hit the
humours, he does not know them j he has not rmwersed
with the B* birds, as they say/' In Chtuiutideers xivv
Bristle says of Nancy, " She has got a face like a B. Fair
baby/' In T. Heywood's Challenge ii, the Clown sap
that Hellena is *' so fair that ail B* Fair could not raaich
her again." In Nabbes' Totenham iv» 4, BeUatnic says
of the supposed Mrs* Stitchwell* '* I have packed her up
in't, like a B* baby, in a box." In Promt's Amdmy
iv* i, Nehemiah says he has burnt as many ballads ** as
might have furnished 3 B. Fairs/' In the P«m. Part* it
i$ predicted, ** Such n drought shall come amongst cans
at B» Fair in Smithfield that they shall never continue
long filled/' In Jensen's BarthoL in* t, Wjspe exhorts
Cokes to ** keep your fine B. terms to yourself/' Pre-
sents, even though not bought at the fair, were called
B. fairings : in Shirley's Fair Om *v, 3t Tweedle in-
structs Violette, 4* Look you, lay out my gold at the
Exchange in B* fairings/' In Middieton's R, C. iii. |f
a usurer is described as one that would flay hi* fathers
skin off "and sell it to cover drums for children it B*
Fair/'

References to Dame Ursula's pip are common. In
Dckker's Edmonton v. a, we learn that Gammer Wash-
bowl's untimely farrow ** were sent up to Lond. and
sold for as good Westminster dog-pip it B* Fair m ever
great bellied ale-wife longed for/* In Field's Ammfa
iii* 4, Whorebang cries, " Let's have wine, or I wM cut
thy head off and have it roasted and eaten in Pie-Corner
next B.-tide " * Pie-corner being it the Gtepur St* end
of Smithfield. The discussion of the piety o! eating B*
pig by Rabbi Bttsy, In Jonson'i Baitfcol* L x* Ii uiry
diverting $ " pig * * * may be eaten j but in tht P«bv
and as a B* pig, it cannot be eaten ; for the very calling
it a B* pig, and to cat it so, is a spice of idolatry/'

BARTHOLOMEW'S (Saint) HOSPITAL

Nevertheless, to profess his hate and loathing of Juda-
ism, the worthy Rabbi relaxes his principles and 44 will
eat, yea, will eat exceedingly/' In JEfy B* ii. 4, 250, Doll
calls Falstaff, " Thou little tidy B* boar-pig/' In
Davenant's Playhouse L i, the housekeeper says, " All
the dry old fools of B+ Fair are come to hire our House*"
In Jonson's Ev, Man O* v* 4, Carlo advises Puntarvolo
to stuff his dead dog with straw, ** as you see these dead
monsters at B* Fair/' In Nabbes' Totenham ii, 3,
Stitchwell says, " I have a Cornish lad that wrestles
well and hath brought home rabbits every B*-tide these
5 years/' Hentzer relates that after the wrestling was
over ** a parcel of live rabbits are turned loose among the
crowd, which are pursued by a number of boys/' The
flies which came up with the drovers and their cattle
were a great nuisance at the time of the Fair* In H$ v*
2> 336, Burgundy says, ** Maids, well summered and
well kept, are like flies at B.-tide, blind, though they
have their eyes/' In Middleton's Mad World y* i, Sir
Bounteous complains, " Acquaintances swarm in every
corner, like flies at B.-tide that come up with the
drovers/' In Devonshire iv* x, Busfcano says, " What a
buying you make, as if you were a fly at B.-tide at a
butcher's stall/' In Jonson's BarthoL L x> Winwife says,
*4 The flies cannot, this hot season, but engender us
excellent creeping sport/'

BARTHOLOMEW'S (SAINT) HOSPITAL. One of the
5 Royal Hospitals of Lond* It stands in the angle be-
tween Long Lane and Aldersgate St*, E* of Smithfield,
with an entrance from Little Britain* It was founded by
Rahere, said to have been Jester to Henry I. It was
seized as a conventual institution by Henry VIII, but,
at the request of Gresham, handed over to the City in
1546. The buildings had been repaired by the executors
of Richd* Whittin^ton in 1^23, but it had to be taken
down and rebuilt m 1730* The entrance from Smith-
field was erected in 1702. In T* Heywood's /* K. M*
B* 277, Dean Nowell relates that Sir Richd. Whitting-
ton ** repaired S. Bartholomewes in Smithfield/' Dek-
ker, in wonderful Year (1603), says that on account of
the ravages of the Plague 4i every house looked like S*
Bartholomewes hospitall/*

BARTHOLOMEW (ST.) THE LESS* Ch* in Lond*,
on the E* side of Smithfield, It was built by Rahere,
the Prior of St* B* the Gt, as a chapel for the hospital
It has been rather ruthlessly restored, but the old tower
still remains* Edward AUde, the publisher of the Book
of mery Kiddles (1600), dwelt 44 in Little St. Bs*, neere
Christ-Ch/* HeywoocTs Londini Speculum was " Im-
printed at Lond* by J» Okes, dwelling in little StBs*
1637*"

BARTHOLOMEW (SAiwr) EXCHANGE* See under
BARTHOLOMEW LANE*

BARTHOLOMEW LANE* A lane in Lond*, running on
the E* side of the Bank of England from Threadneedle
St* to Lothbury. In Rowley's Match Mid. iv*, Moll and
Randall being surprised by night in Gracechurch St*,
by the watch coming along up the st, Moll advises Ran**
dall, ** Go you back through Cornhill j I'll rtm round
about the Exchange, by the ch* corner, down Cateaton s t,
and meet you at B* L* end," It was so called from the
Ch* of St* B. Exchange, or the Less, at its S J3. corner*
The ch* was taken down to make room for the Royal
Exchange, but some portions of it are preserved in the
Sun Fire Office, 63 Threadneedle St* Cateaton St is
the present Gresham St* In Jonson's Magnetic iv* 6+
Compass says, " Stay with us at his ch., Behind the Ola

BATH
BARWICK. See BERWICK*

BASAN (or BASHAN)* The dist* in Palestine E. of the
Jordan and N* of Gilead, now known as the Hauran*
It was a mountainous country famous for its sheep and
cattle. Dent* 33, 14, " Rams of the breed of B/* ; and
its bulls became, in the O*T*, the type of cruel and
blatant oppressors. Ps* 22, 12 : 4t Many bulls have com-
passed me ; strong bulls of B* have beset me round/'
Hence Antony's exclamation (A & C* iii* 13, 127),
44 O that I were Upon the hill of B*, to outroar The
horned herd ! For I have savage cause/' In Darius
(Anon, Plays) iii. 78, Iniquity says, 44 She is such a
pestilent woman as is not hence to our Lady of B/*
Spenser, in Shep* CaL Sept. 124, says, " Big bulls of B*
prance them about That with their horns butten the
more stout/' Milton, JP* JL* i. 398, says that Moloch was
worshipped " In Argob and in B/'

BASINGSTOKE, A mkt. town in Hants*, 46 m* S*W*
of Lond*, on the Gt* Western Rd*

In H4 B ii* i, 182, the Chief Justice asks, 4t Where lay
the K* last night," and Gower answers : ** At B*, my
lord/' The quarto reads 4t Billingsgate," but it is evi-
dent that *' B/' is right ; as the K* was on his march
from the W, of England to Lond*

BASSETS HEATH* In S*E* Staffsfcu, near Tamworth,
9 m* S JE. of Lichfield* In T* Heywood's Ed. IV A* 43,
the Tanner says to the K*, 44 1 fear thou art some out-
rider that lives by taking of purses here on B. H/'

BASTILE* Properly a general name for any fortified
building, but applied specifically to the fortress in
Paris built by Charles V to defend the Gate of St,
Antoine in 1369. It was used for the custody of State
prisoners, and ultimately became the State prison of
Paris* It was razed to the ground by the Parisians on
July 14, 1789, at the outbreak of the French Revolution*
Its site is marked by the bronze column in the Place de
la B. at the E* end of the Rue de Rivoli. In Chapman's
-Rev. Bussy iv* i, Aumale brings word that Clermont
' Admbois ** to B* is now led prisoner*" The execution
of the D* de Biron, described m Chapman's Trag* Byron
v. i, took place in the court of the B*

BATAVIA. Properly the dist. in the Netherlands be-
tween the Waal, the Rhine, and the Meuse ; then used
for the Netherlands generally* In Massinger's Believe
iii* i, 4t One urged Antiochus to fly for safety to the
Parthian, a 2nd into Egypt, and a 3rd to the Batavian/*

BATH (or THE BATH)* The chief town of Somersetsh*,
on the Avon, 108 m* W* of Lond. It was in the earliest
times famous for its hot springs, and there was a Roman
town there called Aquse Solis. In the gth cent* it was
called Civitas aet Bathttn, i.e. the city at the baths* In the
i yth and especially in the i8th cent* it became the most
fashionable resort for the upper classes in England*
Boorde, in Intro* of Knowledge (i 542) i*> says, " There is
at Baath certain waters, the which be ever hot or warm
and never cold** A full account of the baths by Thomas
Venner (x6a8) may be found in HarL Misc. iv* no* In
1562 Turner, in his Baths i, says, " The B* of England
is in a city called in Latin Bathonia, and Baeth in
English, of the baths that are in it*" Jonson, in Epicoene
ii. x, describing the affectations of a fashionable lady,
says she must 44 be a stateswoman, know all the news,
what was done at Salisbury, what at the B*, what at
Court, what in progress*" Spenser, F* Q. i* xi, 30, says
that the Well of Life did excell " The English B*and eke
the German Spau/r In iv* n, 31, he mentions/' wondrous
B/' as one of the towns on the Avon* In Massinger's ParL

49

3ATTERSEA

Love ii. 3, Clarindore says that one drop of the moisture

on Bellisant's palm would purchase ° The far-famed
English B* or German Spa**' In Brome's Crew ii, x, Hil-
lard asks Rachel, " What think you of a journey to the B*
then < *' and she replies ; " Worse than t'other way ;
I love not to carry my health where others drop their
diseases*" Taylor, Works 83, says, "St. Winifred's
well, the B*, or the Spa are not to be compared to this
ship [the Sleeper] for speedy ease and cure/' In Killi-
grew's Parson v, 4, Careless says, " These are diseases
which neither the Spaw or B* can cure/' In Dekker's
Westward L a, Monopoly says to Moll, " You shall feign
some scurvy disease or other, and go to the B, next
spring ; 1*11 meet you there/* In Marmion's Leaguer ii.
x, Agurtes, commending a lady to Trimalchio, says,
44 Neither takes she her journey once a year to the B.,
nor is so learned as to judge betwixt your poets/'
Herrick, in JEpfe, on Broomsted (1647), says, " Broom-
sted a lameness got by cold and beer And to the B* went
to be cured there/' One of Chaucer's Pilgrims was " A
good wif . . * of biside Bathe/* who was expert in the
cloth-making which was the staple industry of the W*
country* Nash, in Pierce D £, says, " Chaucer's Wife of B»
shall be talked of whilst the B. is used/' B* was the seat
of a bishopric ; the town-house of the Bps* of B» was
in the Strand, a little W. of Temple Bar*

BATTEHSEA* In Surrey, on the Thames, opposite to
Chelsea j now included in Greater Lond, In the x6th
cent* it was a country viil* Here was York House, built
in *475 as a town residence for the Archbps. of York :
it stood near the r* on the site now occupied by Price's
Candle Factory. The name in Domesday Book is
Patricesey* The loth Merry Jest in the Wido Edyth
(1525) relates how this lady walked from Eltham to
4* a thorp called Batersay/' whence she took a wherry
and rowed over to Chelsea to visit Sir Thomas More.

BATTLE BRIDGE* Now King's Cross, the site of the
terminus of the London & North Eastern Railway
in Lond. It was originally a bdge* over the
Fleet, where the famous battle occurred between
Suetonius Paulinas and Boadicea A*D. 63? by which
the Roman supremacy in Britain was established.
It is the scene of B. & F* Bonduca iv* 4* In the neigh-
bourhood were the huge dust-heaps amongst which the
immortal Boffin, the golden dustman, lived and listened
to Silas Wegg's rendering of *4 The Decline and Fall of
the Rooshan Empire/' The name is still retained by the
bdge. running just N* of King's Cross Station from
York Rd* to Pancras Rd* There was another B* B*
across a little stream running into the Thames on the
Southwark side, a little E, of Lond, Bdge* : so called
from B. Abbey, which was the town residence of the
abbots of B. Abbey in Sussex, near Hastings, and stood
in what is still called the Maze, a little back from the r.,
opposite the Custom House* In Fair Womm u. 338,
John Beane, on his way to Load*, is met by old John,
who says to him, 4* I would thou hadst my Aqua vitae
bottle, to fill at the Black Bull by B, B/' The Black Bull
was, in Gray's Inn Lane, which shows that the former
B* B. is the one intended.

BAVARIA* An ancient duchy in the centre of Europe,
stretching from the Upper Danube to the Alps* The
capital is Munich, and amongst the more noteworthy
towns are Baireuth, Nurnburg, and Augsburg. Goitre
was known in the XTth cent, as the Bn, poke* Burton,
A.M. L 3, xx, x, says, "Aubanus Bohemus refers
that Struma, or Poke, of the Bus* and Stytians to the
nature of their waters/' In Shirley's Hyto Park UL a,

BAYNARD'S CASTLE

Mrs. Carol, criticizing Fairfield's appearance, says,
44 For your chin, it does incline to the Bn* poke/'
Burton, AM. iiL a, 3, speaks of a woman *4 with a Bn»
poke under her chin/' In Cartwright's Ordinary L 4,
Slicer, in his extravagant praise of the political know*
ledge of the son of Credulous, says, 4i B* [would] lie
close in some little gut," if he were to be dissected* In
La&ia ii» i, 14, Petrus says, " Quando ego hie fui Cum
legato de Ancona censors a duce datus, Bavaria* memini
nos hospicio acceptps Apud domum Guitziardinam."
This was Guicciardini, the famous Italian diplomatist,
who from 1515 onward was Governor of Modena. In
Jonson's Staple iii. a, the clerk says of ** the D. of
Bavier " : *4 He has taken a gray habit and is turned
The Ch/s miller, grinds the Catholic grist With every
wind ; and Tilly takes the toll/' Maximilian I of B*
took the Austrian side against the Bohemians, and made
Tilly the commander-in-chief of his armies, After the
defeat of the Bohemians he received a portion of the
Palatinate as his reward*

BAWTRY. A mkt* town in W, Riding, Yorta., on the
border of Notts., 153 m» N. of Lend*, and on the main
N* Rd* In Downfall HuntinRton v* i, the Friar reports,
" The Priest and the proud prior are stripped and
wounded in the way to B/'

BAYDON, A vilL in Wilts., near the border of Berks,,
some 32 ox* N,E* of Salisbury* Near to it is Wolfs Hall,
where Henry VIII was married to Jant Seymour*
An avenue in the grounds is still called K. H«nr y'l Walk.
In S* Rowley's whm you D* 3, the K», on the eve of his
midnight excursion through the $t$* of Lend* 4 la
Haroun al-Raschid,says to Ctimpton, " The watchword
is the great stag of B., so my name shall he/1"

BAYNARD'S CASTLE. An ancient e.tstle on the N.
bank of the Thames in Lond. It stood at what is now the
W, end of Q. Victoria St., close to where Blackfrian
Bdge. crosses the r. The r, came up to its waiia, and it
had a stairs at which boat could bo uken. It wa$ built by
Ralph Barnard, who catne over with the Conqueror t In
i xxx it was forfeited to the Crown and bestowed on
Robert Fitfc-Walter, in whose family the office of
Castellan and Standard-bearer to the City of Lond. be-
came hereditary* The Robert Fits-Walter of John'* reign
took part with the Barora against the K., and in revenge
John ordered the Castle to be destroyed. Robert, how-
ever, became reconciled to the K* and was permitted to
rebttild his Castle. One version of the story m told in
Davenport's Matildaf according to which tne K» mide
love to Fits- Walter's daughter, Matilda | but the kdy
refusing to comply with his wishes, he destroyed B . C* and
poisoned her at Dunmow. In i. i, Fiuwater sends a
message to the K* s «' TtUIohn," quoth he, "That hen
at B* C, we intend A settled stay " ; and the next scene
takes place there. The same story ii told in Chettle's
Death Himtington. In ii* i, the K. »am " If my hidden
courtesy she [Matilda] grace, Old &* C., good Fits-
water's place, John wilf make rich*** Hie Fittwattr who
appears in JR# was the 5th Baron, and still held B* C*
It was burnt down in i^B and rebuilt by Humphrt y of
Gloucester* On his death it reverted to the Crown* and
was granted by Henry VI to the D. of York* Here
Edward IV assumed the royal title ; and hert he left
his wife and children when he went to meet Warwick it
Barnet* In T* Heywood's Ed* IV B, 134* Ciamice stys,
44 Til keep within my house at Bainarcri C* Until I hear
how my dread sovereign takes it." Richd, of Gloucester
was living here at the time of ins usurpation. i» R$ M*
5, 98, he orders Buckingham, when he sends Urn to

BAYONA

sound the Lord Mayor and citfeens, 4* If you thrive well/
bring them to B* C. Where you shall find me well ac-
companied With reverend fathers and well-learned Bps/'
Then, in 105, he despatches Lovel to Dr* Shaw, and
Catesby to Friar Penker, with the direction : " Bid them
meet me here within this hour At B* C." The next
scene, in which Richd*, appearing between 2 clergymen,
accepts the offer of the Crown from the citizens, is laid
here* In True Trag*, the Page relates, " In the after-
noon came down my Lord Mayor and the aldermen to
B* C*, and offered my Lord the whole estate upon him,
and offered to make him k/' Henry VIII converted it
from a fortress into a palace, and it was here that he
entertained the K» of Castile, when he was driven to
England by a storm. In S* Rowley's When you D* 2,
the K* (Henry VIII) orders Brandon to attend him
44 at B*-C/' The C* next passed into the hands of the
Pembrokes, and the Earl held great state in it during the
reign of Edward VI ; and here he proclaimed Mary Q*
In Webster's Wyat, Hafc,» p. 23, Ambrose announces,
44 In B* C* was a council held And 'twas concluded to
proclaim Q* Mary/' Later, he entertained Elizabeth
there with a banquet and fireworks* It was finally
destroyed in the (St* Fire of 1666* Shakespeare must
have been very familiar with the old c*, for the Black-
friars Theatre was just behind it in Printing House Sq.j
and it is on record that he possessed a house ** abutting
upon a st. leading down to Pudle Wharffe on the E. part,
right against the Kinges Majesties Wardrobe/' St,
Andrew's Hill, the inn at the corner of which still re-
tains the name of the old c,, was then called Puddledock
Hill j and the Wardrobe was just behind the present
offices of the British and Foreign Bible Society. In
Yarrington's Two Trag* iv* i, Merry proposes to leave
the head and legs of the murdered Beech 44 in some dark
place near to Bainardes C." In Middleton's Triumph
Tmthf in the directions for the pageant, we read, 44 The
first that attends to receive his Lordship off the water at
B* C* is Truth's Angel on horseback/'

BAYONA* A town on the W. coast of Spain, 70 m* S* of
Cape Finisterre. Milton, in Lye* i6a, describes the
archangel Michael looking from St* Michael's Mt» "to-
wards Namancos and B/s hold/' No land intervenes
between the S* point of Cornwall and the N.W* coast
of Spain*

BAYONNE* A city in S* France, at the confluence of the
Nive and Adour, 3 ra* from the sea* It is a Bp/s see,
and the cathedral of Notre Datne is a fine Gothic build-
ing of the i sth cent* In H8 ii* 4, 173, Henry declares
that the first scruples which he felt abt. his marriage were
inspired 4t On certain speeches uttered By th' Bp* of
Bayon, then French embassador, Who had been hither
sent on the debating A marriage 'twixt the D. of Orleans
and Our daughter Mary." This Bp, of B, was the
famous Jean da Bellay, afterwards Archbp* of Paris and
a cardinal. He was Ambassador to England in 1528,
and in 1533 he came again to try to persuade Henry to
withdraw his appeal from the Pope to a General Council*
But the negotiations for Mary's marriage were not con-
ducted by him, but by the Bp* of Tarbes in 1537, The
mistake is due to Holmshed, whom Shakespeare follows
almost verbally in this speech*

BEAME, S0e BOHEMIA.

BEAR, THB* A very wdl-toown tavern at the South-
ward end of Lond. Bd$e* It was pulled down in 1761*
In Jonson's Epicowe it* 3, Morose mockingly predicts
that when Sir Dauphine has managed to borrow 10 shil-
lings, " it knighthood shall go to tne Cranes or to tfre B*

BEAR GARDEN

at the Bridgefoot, and be drunk in fear/' In the Puritan
L 4, Corporal Oath swears by " yon B* at Bridgefoot/'
In Field's Weathercock iii* 3, Pouts sends his man to
" bespeak supper at the B* and provide oars ; I'll see
Gravesend to-night/' In Shirley's Pleasure iv* a, Kick-
shaw invites Lady Bornwell to be his guest at " the B* at
the Bdge. foot " ; and in v* i, Frederick enters in a very
much excited condition and explains it by saying that
he has been 44 at the B* at the Bridgefoot*" In Killi-
grew's Parson iii* x, the Capt* says, 44 We have not met
these 3 years till to-day, and at the B* we meant to have
dined*" In v» i, he says that one of the watermen is
gone " to Cook's at the B* for some bottles of his best
wine*" In Brome's Couple ii, i, Alicia says, 44 At the B*
at the Bridge-foot 6 a clock I find my lord's appoint-
ments*" In his Moor iv* 3, Quicksands mentions,
44 Bridgfoot B*, the Tunnes, the Cats, the Squirrels,"
as haunts of his faithless wife* In Middleton's No Wit
v- i, Weatherwise, the astrologer, speaks of "Ursa
Major, that great hunks, the B* at the Bridgefoot in
heaven/' It is sometimes called simply the Bridgefoot*
In Brome's Northern L 5, Pate asks, " Where is the
supper i At the Bridgefoot or the Cat 4 " Taylor, in
Carriers Cosmography, mentions a B* Tavern in Bassi-
shaw, z*e* Basinghall St*

BEAR. The sign of a bookseller's shop in Paul's Church-
yard, Lond* Fisher's Fuimus was ** Printed by L L* for
Robert Allott and are to be sold at the sign of the Beare
in Pauls-church-yard* 1633." England's Helicon was
" Printed by I* R. for John Flaskett and are to be sold in
Paules churchyard at the sign of the Beare* i6oo/'

BEARBINDER LANE* A narrow passage in. Lond*,
running along the E* side of the old Stocks Mkt,
which stood on the site of the present Mansion House,
from St* Swithin's Lane into Lombard St, ; now called
George St* In Middleton's Quiet Life iv* 2, Knavesby
says to Mrs* Water-Camlet, ** I'll bring you [to Lom-
bard St*] through B* L*" ; to which the lady replies,
44 B* L* cannot hold me ; I'll the nearest way over St*
Mildred's ch/'

BEAR GARDEN* An enclosed place on the Bankside,
Southwark, where the amusement of bear-baiting was
carried on* The site is on the right of Southwarfc Bdge,
Rd. as one goes from the r*, and is indicated by B* G.
Alley and the inn called the White B* Shakespeare does
not mention the Gardens, but has many references to the
sport, ** Why do your dogs bark so 4 " asks Slender,
^be there bears i' the town i '* To which Anne Page
replies, 4t 1 think there are, Sir ; I heard them talked of/r
44 1 love the sport well," says Slender, 44 but I shall as
soon quarrel at it as any man in England, You are afraid
if you see the bear loose, are you not t " " Ay, indeed,
Sir," says Anne* " That's meat and drink to me now,"
says the valorous simpleton ; " I have seen Sackerson
loose 30 times and nave taken him by the chain"
(M* W* W* i* i, 398)* Malvolio, being as a Puritan
opposed to the sport, brought Fabian out o' favour with
his lady about a bear-baiting (Tw* N. ii. 5, n). Falstaff
is as melancholy as '* a lugged bear " (H4 A. i* 3, 83).
Richd. of York " bore him in the thickest troop * * * as
a bear, encompassed round with dogs, Who having
pinched a few and made them cry, The rest stand au
aloof and bark at him (H6 C* ii* i, 15)* 44 We'll bait thy
bears to death/' says Clifford, referring to the cognimce
of the Nevilles, 44 And manacle their bear-warcfin their
chains, If thou darest bring them to the baiting place " ;
to which Richd* replies, n Oft have I seem a hot o'er-

BEAR GARDEN

weening cur Run back and bite, because he was withheld;
Who, being suffered with the bear's fell paw, Hath
dapped his tail between his legs and cried " (H6 B. v. x,
149)* ** I cannot fly/' says Macbeth, " but, bearlike, I
must fight the course '* (Mac. v. 7, a)» " 1 would I had
bestowed that time in the tongues/' laments Sir Andrew
44 that I have in fencing, dancing, and bear-baiting n
(Tw* JV* i 3, 96), Stow says, " As for the baiting of bulls
and bears they are to this day much frequented, namely,
in B, Gs*, on the Bank's Side wherein be prepared
scaffolds for beholders to stand upon/' Camden says,
44 Among these buildings [on the Bank-side] there is a
place in manner of a theatre for baiting of beares and
Buls with Dogges/' The Puritan Mrs. Flowerdew, in
Randolph's Muses* i. I, in denouncing the theatres,
prays that ** the Bull [Le+ the Red Bull Theatre] might
cross the Thames to the B.-G* and there be soundly
baited/* In Middleton's Quarrel & a, Tristram, giving
an account of the origin of " roaring/' says, " then it
was heard to the Bankside and the bears they began to
roar."

The sport was as popular as football is now* In
Jonson's Epicoene we nave a picture of a bear-baiting
enthusiast in Tom Otter, " a great man at the b*~g. in
his time/* who named all his cups and flagons after
bulls and bears (ii. 4), and proposes to have the story of
Pasxphae" painted in the BX3-* ex Ovidit Metamor-
phosi*" People even reckoned dates by the bear-bait-
ings, as they do now by the winners of the Derby, In
Lyly's BomUe iv. 3, Silena, being asked her age, answers,
44 1 shall be 18 next bear-baiting/' The names of the
bears were well known* In the Puritan iii* 6, we hear of
4* George Stone, the bear " ; in Jonson*s Epicoem iii* i,
of " Ned Whiting and George Stone *r ; Sackerson we
have already met in M* W* W* Sir John Davy reproaches
title law students for leaving their work to see ** old Harry
Hunks and Sackerson/' In Goomap iii. i, Sir Gyles
tells of a mastiff he had which " fought with great
Sekerson 4 hours to x/' In Vol. Welsh, i* a, Morgan
says, " I wul fight for you with aU the George Stones or
the Ursa Majors under the sun/' Peacha*»> in Verses
prefixed to Coryat's Crudities (t6n), speaks of ** Hunks
of the B*~g/f In 1501 the Privy Council issued an order
forbidding plays to be acted on Thursdays, because they
interfered with the bear-baiting ; and the Lord Mayor
followed it up with an injunction, in which he blames
the players for 44 reciting their plays to the great hurt
and destruction of the game of bear-baiting/* EKa&beth
took great delight in it : Laneham describes a bear-
baiting given at Kenilworth for her delectation* " It
was a sport very pleasant of these beasts/* he says, 44 to
see the bear . * . when he was loose, to shake his ears
twice or thrice with the blood and the slaver about his
fiajnamy, was a matter of a goodly relief/' Metaphors
from this source passed into the popular language. In
Dekker's Hon. Wh* B, v* 2, Orlando says, 4j You're a
couple of wild bears ; 111 have ye both baited at one
stake/' In B. & Ft Mad Lover iv, x, the Fool proposes a
game of bear-baiting; "Let's have a bear-baiting;
you shall see me play the rarest for a single dog. At head
all I ** Anyone who has visited a menagerie will under-
stand the figure in B* & F* Scornful iv* x, " She stinks
worse than a beat-baiting/' In Bronte's Antipodes iv, x,
the Old Woman says, " I can tell which dog does best
without my spectacles j and though I could not> yet I
love the noise ; the noise revives me and the B,~g* scent
refresheth much my smelling*** In Cowley's Rmte Lt
Alupis says, " If you can patiently endure a stink Or
have frequented e'r the City-B*g*/' then kiss this old

BEAUFORT

woman* Such phrases as " a bear with a sore head/'
44 to go with as good will as a bear to the stake/' " to do a
thing as handsomely as a bear picks muscles/' ** to bait
a person," " a regular b.-g/' are all derived from this
ancient sport* In Glapthorne's Hollander L i, Urinal
says, ** He may be led by the nose as quietly as the
tamest bear in the garden/' There was no love lost
between the actors and the B. G», which interfered with
their audiences* In the Actors' Remonstrance (1643),
they complain that whilst the theatres were closed,
" that nurse of barbarism and beastliness, the B.~g»/'
is permitted still to stand in statu quo priu$> Jonson, in
Masque of Gipsies, scoffs at " the diet «md the knowledge
Of the students in Bear-college " ; and in the Famous
Voyage he says, " The meat-boat of Bears-College, Paris
Garden, Stunk not so ill/' In the Epilogue to the
Poetaster, he says of his rivals, ** I can afford them kave
to err so still i And like the barking students of Bears
College, To swallow up the garbage of the time With
greedy gullets/' In Braithwaite's Barnaty's Journal
the 7 sights of New-Troy (Lend,) are enumerated :
44 1. Tombes. a* Guildhall Giants. 3* Stage Plays*
4* Bedlam-poor, 5, Ostrich. 6, B. G* 7. Lyons in the
Tower/' Defcker, in Armoumrsf gives a vivtd descrip-
tion of the scene. " No sooner was I entered but the
very noise of the place put me in nn'nd of Hell ; the
bear dragged to the stake showed like a black rugged
soul that was damned ; the dogs like so many devils
inflicting torments upon it* At length a blind Bear was
tied to the stake, and instead of baiting him with dogs
a company of creatures that had the shapes of mm and
faces of Christians (being either Colliers, Carters or
Watermen) took the office of beadles upon thtm and
whipped monsieur Hunkes till the blood ran down his
old shoulders/' Sunday was a great day for betr-
baiting* In Middleton's Hubburd^ p* 98, the begging
soldier laments that " all the fares went by water a-sim-
days to the bear-baiting/'

BEARS COLLEGE. See BEAK GARDEN.
BEARS, THREE* S^e THREE BEARS.

BEAUFORT* Formerly an important town in Anjoti,
on the right bank of the Loire* The castle of B* came
into the possession of the house of Lancaster by the
marriage of Blanche, daughter of Robert I o! Anoia, to
Edmund of Lancaster in 1376* John of Gaunt gave the
name to his children by his $rd wife, Catherine Swyn-
ford, because they were born there* These were
(i) John, Earl of Somerset, whose son John, ifterwirds
IX of Somerset, is the Somerset of H6 A $ h« dit d
in 1444 and was succeeded by Us brother Edmund,
who is the Somerset of H6 B*, and was killed if
the ist battle of St. Albans 1455 g his son Henry was
beheaded by the Yorkists after the battle of Hexham
1464 (H6 C* v* 5, 3— 4i For Somerset, of! with his guilty
head ")* aad was succeeded by his brother Edmund,
who appears (quite tmhistorically) in H6 C* iv* i«

(2) Henry, who entered the Ch,, was Bp. of Lincoln
1397 ; Bp* of Winchester 1404 ; Cardinal and Pupal
Legate 1417; died 1447* He *s the B, of H6 A. and
H6 B. In H6 A, i* 3, he k called by Gloucester, " Arro-
gant Winchester, that haughty prelate " (aj) ; w Win-
chestergoose " (53) ; *4 B, that regards nor God fior K/*

go)* The K, patches up the quarrel in ML ir ** Fie,
ncleB/'(i27). He is the Uncle Winchester and Uncle
B* of H6 B. i. i. Margaret (L 3, 73) counts " B., the
imperious churchman/'as amonpt her enemies, York
(ii, a, 71) advises tab fdmSlo^wl^ it %***

BEAUMOND

The Duchess of Gloucester warns her husband (iL 4, 53)
against *' impious B*, that false priest," At Gloucester's
arrest (iii. i, 154), *' B/s red sparkling eyes blab his
heart's malice/' Warwick declares (iii* 2, 124) that
Gloucester has been murdered 4* by Suffolk and the
Cardinal B/s means/' Suffolk protests (180), " Myself
and B* had him in protection/' " Is B* termed a kite < "
exclaims the indignant Q* (196) ; 4* Where are his
talons 4 " Then comes Vaux with the news ** that
Cardinal B. is at point of death " (369)* In the next
scene the Cardinal ** dies and makes no sign/'

(3) Thomas, D* of Exeter, Chancellor under Henry
IV, was made D* of Exeter by Henry V in 1416, In H$
he appears in i* 2 and ii* 3 under the title of Exeter,
though he was at that time only Earl of Dorset* He is
also represented as being present at Agincourt, though,
as a matter of fact, he had been left behind at Harfleur,
as is implied in #5 iii. 3, 51 : 4* Come, uncle Exeter, Go
you and enter Harfleur ; there remain And fortify it
strongly 'gainst the French/* He died in 1426, and
therefore was not present at the coronation of Henry VI
in 1431, as he is represented to be in H6 A* iv* I* The
present Dukedom of B* was created 1682, and is in the
Somerset family* There is a Lord B* in Jonson's New
Inn ; and in v. x, the Nurse tells him that Lsetitia " hath
more and better blood * * * Than all the race of Bs*
have in mass, Though they distil their drops from the
left rib Of John o' Gaunt/'

BEAUMOND* The Lord of B. (Holinshed " Beaumont")
is mentioned as one of the lords who had gone over to
Bolingbroke (Rz iL 2, 54). He was Henry, the 5th
Baron Beaumont. The ist Baron came to England in
the time of Edward I, and was created a Baron of Eng-
land in 1309. He derived his title from the Castle of
Beaumont, on the Rille, in Normandy, So nu W. of
Paris* There is a French Lord Beaumont amongst
those who were killed at Agincourt (H$ iii* 5, 44, and
iv* 8, 105),

BEAUNE* A city of France, in Burgundy, abt. 180 m*
S+E, of Paris* The D. of Guise endeavoured to secure B*
in 1594, and threw a garrison into it ; but the people
invited Biron to their assistance and he drove out the
garrison of the League, In Chapman's Comp. Byron iL
i, Savoy recalls to the K* how Byron ** did take in B*
in view of that invincible army Led by the Lord Gt*
Constable of Castile/'

BEBES (== BCEBEIS ; now LAKE KARLA). A large lake in
E. Thessaly, at the foot of the Pelion Range* It was
sacred to Athene* In T* Heywood's B* Age iuv Medea
goes to gather herbs " where rushy Bebes and Anthedon
low/'

BEBRITIA («* BEBRYCIA, an ancient name for BITHYNIA)*
Bebritius, K, of Bebritia, is one of the characters in
Chapman's Blind Beggar. He fa entirely unhistorical*

BECCLES (or BECHXBS)* A town in Suffolk, on the
Waveney, 109 m. NJB* of Lond* In Greene's Friar iii*
38, Lacy pretends to Margaret, " Faith, lovely girl, I am
of Beddes by, Your neighbour/'

BEDFORD* The county town of Beds., on the Gt* Ouse,
50 m* N,W* of Load* It had a strong castle built by
Paine de Beauchamp in the reign of William IL It was
demolished in the reign of Henry III and hardly any
traces of it are left* John, the 3rd scm of Henry IV, was
created D* of B. m 1414* He is the Prince John of
Lancaster who appears in #4 A* iiu 2, 169 : " My son,
Lord John of Lancaster*" In iii* 3, 218, the Prince says,

BEDLAM

44 Go bear this letter to Lord John of Lancaster, to my
brother John*" At the battle of Shrewsbury Prince
Henry says, ** By God, thou hast deceived me, Lancaster;

I did not think thee lord of such a spirit " (v. 4, 17) ? and
later, " Brother John of Lancaster, To you this honour-
able bounty shall belong* Go to the Douglas and deliver
him Up to his pleasure ransomless and free " (v* 5, 25)*
In H4 B, i* i, 134, we learn that a power has been sent
against Northumberland " under the conduct of young
Lancaster " ; in i* 2, 228, that Falstatf is going with
Lord John of Lancaster against the Archbp* and the
Earl of Northumberland ; in i* 3, 80 the news of his
coming is conveyed to Hotspur j in iv* i, 162, West-
minster declares that Prince John has full commission
to deal with the rebels ; and in iv* 2, he arrests them in
violation of the pledge he has just given* In iv* 5, 226,
he comes to the bedside of his dying father ; in v* 2 and
4 he is in attendance on the young K*, his brother*
He appears as B* in H$ i* 2, ii* 2, iii. i,iv* i (where theK*
greets him " Good morrow, brother B*"), iv* 3 and
v* 2* This is not historically accurate, as he was not in
France at this time, but was left in England as Lieut* of
the Realm during the K/s absence* He was godfather to
Henry VI, and was appointed by Henry V, on his death-
bed, Regent of France, which office he held till his death
in 1435* He died at Rouen, and is buried in the Cathe-
dral there* In H6 A* he is present at the funeral of
Henry V (i* i) ; he reaches Orleans (ii* 2) ; and in iii* 2,
he is brought in sick in a chair before the walls of
Rouen and dies there* " A braver soldier," says Talbot,
44 never couched lance ; A gentler heart did never sway
in Court " (134)* In H6 B* i* i, 83, Gloucester, protest-
ing against the cession of Anjou and Maine to France,
exclaims, " Did my brother B* toil his wits To keep by
policy what Henry got 5* * * * Shall Henry's conquest,
B/s vigilance, Your deeds of war and all our counsel
die 4 " This B* appears in i* i of Day's B* Beggar. The
present dukedom was created in 1694, and is in the Rus-
sell family*

The name of the county has naturally suggested its
punning use for bed* Children are told " It's time to go
to Bshire*" In Middleton's Mad World ii*, Sir Bounte-
ous says to the supposed burglars, " You're no true
Lincolnshire spirits ? you come rather out of Bshire*,
we cannot be quiet in our beds for you*" In Trag+ Richd.

II iv. 3, 67, Nimble says, " Here's a note of 700 whis-
perers, most of them sleepy knaves ? we pulled them out
ofBsheere/'

The scene of Lawyer is laid in B* In i*, Valentine, a
travelling quack-doctor, says, 4i I had no sooner set up
my bills in Bshere*, but a gouty cure comes halting
to me*" In iv, Vaster says, " Now the water's up, that
we cannot get over to the Abbey*" Newnham Abbey is
meant, which lies on the S* side of the Ouse, close to
Elstow. There were terrible floods in B* on Oct* 5, 1570,
which are celebrated in an old ballad printed by Collier
in 1840, in which it is said, ** The ch* was overflowed in
B*, named Poules*"

BEDLAM (Bm* « Bethlem,Bem* » Bethlehem)* A cor-
ruption of Bm*, or Bern*; applied to the Priory of St*
Mary of Bern.* founded in 1247 by Simon Fto-Mary,
Sheriff of Lond* It was situated outside Bishopsgate,
near St* Botolph's Ch*, and had the duty of entertaining
the Bp* and Canons of Bern* as often as they should
come to Lond* It was soon used as a hospital, and in
1402 was specially appropriated to lunatics* In 1546 it
was taken over by the City, and on the dissolution of the
monasteries in 1547 was exempted, and granted by the

BEDLAM

K* to the citizens of Lond* The unhappy patients were J
sent out begging with a metal badge on their arms, and
were known as Bs* The word was then applied to any
demented person* The building was replaced by one
near Lond* Wall in 1676 ; and in 1813 the foundation-
stone of a new hospital to take its place was laid in St,
George's Fields, Lambeth, When York claims to be K.,
Clifford cries/ ** To B* with him J is the man grown
mad i " To which K. Henry replies, " Ay, Clifford, a
b, and ambitious humour makes him oppose himself
against his 1C" (H6 B. v. x, 331}* In H6 B, iii. i, 51,
the Duchess of Gloucester is described as " the b.
brainsick Duchess," " Ha I art thou b» < " says Pistol
to Fluellen (#5 v. x, so), '* Bv have done/' says John to
Constance (K. /, ii. i, xS^)* In Lear L 3, 148, Edmund,
disregarding the anachronism, says, " My cue is villain-
ous melancholy, with a sigh like Tom o* B»f ' In & 3, 14,
Edgar, meditating on his disguise, says, " The country
gives me proof and precedent Of B. beggars, who, with
roaring voices, Strike in their numbed and mortified
bare arms Pins, wooden pricks, nails, sprigs of rose-
mary 5 And with this horrible object, from low farms
* * * Sometime with lunatic bans, sometime with
prayers, Enforce their charity " ,* and in iii, 6, 103, the
servant of Gloucester says, 4< Let's follow the old Earl
and get the B* to lead him where he would/'

B* was a favourite resort of people of fashion, who

amused themselves by watching the antics of the un-

fortunate patients* " Go with us/r says Lady Haughty,

44 to B*, to the China Houses, and to the Exchange "

(Jonson, JSptcoene iv* $), Contributions for its support

were welcomed : Face suggests that Mammon may be

forgiven his ** vice and lust/* and secure the philoso-

pher^ stone ** for some good penance : a £100 to the

box at Bethlam for the restoring such as — have their

wits I " (Jonson, Alchemist iv* 3). Dekker transports it

to Milan : " Bin. monastery I it is the school where

those that lose their wits practise to find them " (Hon.

Wh. A* iv» 4) ; and in v* a, a vivid description is given of

a visit to B*, where the various types of madmen are

exhibited for the benefit of the company* Legal war-

rant was necessary both to confine and to release the

patients* ** Take a mittimus/* says Greedy, <4 and carry

him [Overreach] to B," (Massinger, New Way v* xi)

u They had warrant from your Grace/' says Viola, " to

carry him [Candido] to Bm* monastery, whence they

will not free him without your Grace's hand that sent

him in " (Dekker, Hon. Wh. A* v, x). " Diccon, the : Bi.'r

is one of the characters in Garten* In Jack Durm ii+> 3,

Flawne says of Mamon, " I'll even lay him up in B, ?

commit him to the mercy of the whip, the entertainment

of bread and water"; and in v* 305, Drum says,

44 M, Mamon is in a city of Jurie called Bm., alias

plain B* The price of whips is mightily risen, since his

brain was pitifully overtumbled ; they are so fast spent

upon his shoulders/' In Shirley's Fair Om iii. 4, Aim-

well exhorts Fowler, " Do not fool thyself beyond the

cure of B/' In Harman's Caveat au, we read, ** These

Abraham men be those that feign themselves to have

been mad, and have been kept either in Bern* or in some

other prison a good time/' In Dekker's Westward L x,

Justimano speaks of pent houses that make *' the shop of

a mercer or a linen draper as dark as a room in B/' The

dark room was used to cure madmen, C/« Malvolio's

treatment in Tm* JW. fr. a*

Female lunatics had the generic name of " Bess of B*"
corresponding to the male " Tom of B/' Thete is an

old chapbook entitled, " Bm of B/s Garland" They
were also called 4t Joans of B/' In Dekker's Satire, i& x,

BEGGAR'S MANOR

399, Tucca addresses Miniver as ** jfoane-a-B/' In
Braithwaite's Barnaby's Journal, ** B, poor " is men-
tioned as one of the 7 sights of Lond. In Brome's Cf,
Beggar iii* x, Strangelove, complaining of a disturbance,
says, " The noise of B. is soft music to it." In Shirleyfs
Bird ii», Rolliardp says, ** AH the world is but a B*, a
house of correction to whip us into our senses.** In
Dekker's Northward iv* 3, we have the following dia-
logue* Bellamont ; " Yonder's the Dolphin without
Bp/s Gate* Come, crossover ; and what place is this tf "
Mayberry: " B*, is't not tf " Bellamont: '* Where the
madmen are i I was never amongst them j as you love
me, gentlemen, let's see what Greeks are within/* In
Brorne's Academy L i> Strigood speaks of ** your locks
and lady-ware that dangle in them like straws in the bush
natural of a B/r In Ford's Warteck iii* a* Hutitley
scornfully says that the revellers at the Court of James
are " Like to so many quiristers of B* Trolling a catch."
In W« Rowley's Shoemaker v. i, 105, Maximinus says to
the Nurse, " Speak, doting B,, Where's my daughter tf "
In Wit Woman 1463, Filenio calls Katharine in $/iiw,
41 a B» quean who would never let her husband be at
quiet." Dekker's Strong* Horn Racs was ** Printed for
Joseph Hunt and are to be sold at his shop in Bedlem
near Moore-field Gate* 1613*" See also BETHLEHIM,
BED-LANE* In Rowley's Match Mid. ii., Jarvis says.
4* This dinner would have showed better in B.-L." t
can find no B.-L. in Lond., and suspect we should read
44 Bedlam," q*v*

BEDNALL-GREEN* ^«e BETHNALL GEEIN*
BEECH LANE* The continuation of Barbican, between
Redcross St and Whitecross St., in Lond* At the
corner of Redcross St, was a watch house for street
brawlers i hence the lane became associated with them,
In The Spiritual Courts Epitomised (1641), Scrape-all,
the Proctor, says, " All Bloomsbury, Covent Garden,
Long-acre, and B. L, were as fearful of me as of a
constable/' These were all places of bad repute*
BEERSHEBA (now BHMES-SABA). A well, said to have
been originally dug by Abraham. It Im S, of Palestine*
a? m* S+ W * of Hebron* From Dan to B* in used for the
whole extent of the Holy Land* In Peele'a Btthsafo HL
$, Cusay advises Absalom to " gather met; from Dan to
Bersabe/' In York M* P* x, g?8, Abraham says, after
the sacrifice of Isaac, 4t Go we home again even unto
Barsabe/' See Gen, xadi 19. In Milton! P* L. Hi, 536,
Satan beholds the Promised Land " From Paneas, the
fount of Jordan's flood, To Beersaba, where the Holy
Land Borders on Egypt and the Arabian shore/*
BEGGAR'S BUSH, A tavern in St* Giles*, Load,* tip c
narrow lane nearly opposite to the ch* It was ft notorious
haunt of bad characters of all kinds. The name was
changed to " The Hare and Hounds " in the reign of
Charles II, owing to a hare having been caught mere*
It was destroyed in 1844, and its site is now in the middle
of New Oxford St* It is mentioned in the list of taverns
given by Valerius in T* Heywocxf s Lncr$c$ it* 5* " the
beggar to the Bush/' Greene, in Quip, p. a* 8, speaks of
44 walking home by B* B. for a penance* It is stated by
Brewer that there was a tree on the left hand of the
Lond. Rd* from Huntingdon to Caxton called B. B.,
because it was a noted rendezvous for beggars. One of
B* & F* plays is entitled The Beggar's Bu$h*
BEGGAR'S MANOR* A cant name for the gallows. In
FulwelFs lib, Dods, iii* 3314, Newfangle says, " A piece
of ground it is, that of B, M. doth hold. Called St
Thomas-a-Waterings or else Tyburn Hfllfr$ both
places of execution*

54

BEHETHLEN

BEHETHLEN* A place in the parish of St* Gluvias, at
Penryn, in S* Cornwall* In Cornish M* P* i* 2588, Solo-
mon gives to the Carpenter, 44 Ol Gueel B*," i,e* " All
the field of B*" In 3767 the bp* gives to the executioner
who has killed Maximilla, " Behethlan ha Bosaneth,"
f*e*4'B* and Bosaneth*"

BELGIA (or more fully GALLIA BELGICA* Bm. ~ Bel-
gium)* The most N* division of Gaul, according to
Caesar* It lay between the Seine and Marne to the S*,
and the Rhine to the N* The Belgae appear to have been
Celtic in origin, but with a large infusion of Germanic
blood* Caesar subdued the Belgae in 54 B.C., and hence-
forward B* became a province of the Roman Empire*
In the Middle Ages B. commonly stands for the Nether-
lands generally, though it is more properly confined to
the Spanish Netherlands, i.e* the S. Provinces which
remained faithful to Spain, or were reconquered by
Spain in the great revolt* The Spanish Netherlands
were handed over to Austria by the Treaty of Utrecht
(1713); were conquered by the French Republic
(17955-94) ; were torn from France and unwillingly
united to Holland on the fall of Napoleon ; and in 1830
were constituted an independent kingdom, whose neu-
trality was a few years later guaranteed by France,
England, and Prussia* In Fisher's Fuimtts L x, Nennius,
appealing to the Gauls to fight against Caesar, cries :
44 Die, Belgics, die like men J >r In Chapman's Caesar i.
I, 38, Cato charges Csesar with having recruited his
army from the scum of "Britain, B*, France, and
Germany/* In Locrine ii. i, 7, Humber boasts that
44 the ruler of brave B**' could not prevent him and his
Scythians from coming over to Albion* The whole
story of Humber is pure legend* Bm* is used for the S*
province of the Low Countries ; and also as a general
name for the whole of the Netherlands, including Lim-
burg, Luxemburg, Geiderland, Brabant, Flanders,
Artois, Hainault, Namurs, Zutphen, Holland, Zealand,
W. Friezeland, Utrecht, Over-Yssel, Machlyn, and
Groyning* Heylyn says of the people ($*v, BM*), ** The
men are for the^ most part well-proportioned, much
given to our English beer, unmindful both of good turns
and injuries. They did invent clocks, printing, and the
compass* They restored music, and found out diverse
musical instruments* To them also belong the invention
of chariots, the laying of colours with oil, the working of
pictures in glass ; and the making of worsted, saves,
tapestry, etc* The women are of a good complexion,
well-proportioned, especially in the leg and foot;
honourers of virtue, active, and familiar* Both within
doors and without they govern all " ; ($*P* GERMANY)
he says, " The Gaules fight for liberty, the Bns, for
honours, the Germanes for gain*" For illustration of the
foregoing, see under NETHERLANDS, Low COUNTRIES,
DUTCH, and HOLLAND.

In H<5 C* iv* 8, x, Warwick relates that " Edward
fromB. , . * Hath passed in safety through the narrow
seas*" Edward had married his sister Margaret to
Charles the Bold of Burgundy, to whom Flanders at this
time belonged* In 1470, Edward, driven from England
by Warwick and Montagu, took refuge with his sister ;
but in March 1471 he returned and, marching on Lond,,
defeated the Lancastrians at Barnet. In Err. iii. 3, 142,
Antipholus, pursuing his inquiries into the topography
of Dromio's cook-maid, asks, "Where stood B*, the
Netherlands ** f* To which Dromio modestly replies ;
44 Oh, Sir, I did not bok so low." In Marlowe's Ed. U
iv* 4, the Q* says, " Our kindest friends in B. have we
left, To cope with foes at home/* la 1337 the Q* went

55

BELL

to Hainault, and, having secured assistance there, sailed
for England, where she captured the unhappy K* In
Greene's Friar ix«, Vandermast comes over to try con-
clusions with Bacon; and Bungay assures him that
there are scholars in Oxford who ** may lecture it To all
the Doctors of your Belgic schools*" In Shirley's
Pleasure ii* i, Frederick finds Lady Bornwell being
painted by " an outlandish man of art * * * a Belgic
gentleman*" The play was licensed in 1635 / attd otte
cannot mistake the reference to Rubens and Vandyke,
who were both working in England abt* this time*
Jonson, in his Epigram on Sir John Roe, speaks of " jself-
divided B/ r : referring to the union of the N* provinces
as an independent State whilst the S* remained under
Spanish rule. Hall, in Satires (1597) iv* 4, 45, describes
Martius as " pointed on the shoulders. * * * As new
come from the Bn* garrison." In Kyd's Solyman i* 3,
Basilisco tells of 44 a sore drought " that happened " in
some part of B,," z'.e* the Low Countries* In Larum 3*
2, d'Alva says, 4* I would not hear myself again so railed
on, Not for half B*" ; and a few lines later, ** I will
fright these bousing Begians " (misprint for Bns)*
Nash, in Pierce, C* 3, says of Philip of Spain, *'He flies
into the bosom of France and B*, never withdrawing his
forces till he hath devoured their welfare*" Dekker, in
News from He/7, says that Hell ** lies lower than the 17
vallies of B*" (Bm* was divided into 17 provinces at this
time.) Donne, Elegy xi. 42 (1633), calls it " i7-headed
B." Peele, in Polyhymnia 197, says that Sir Thomas
Knowles "wan his knightly spurs in B." Spenser,
F* Q* iii* 3, 49, speaks prophetically through the mouth
of Merlin of Elizabeth's help given 44 to the Belgicke
shore " ; and in v* 10, he gives an allegorical account
of the help given by the English to the Q* " Belgae," the
mother 44 of 17 goodly sons," z*e. the 17 provinces*

BELGIC SEA (the NORTH SKA)* In Chettle's Hoffman
B* 4, Otho, crowned with a red-hot crown, says, 4* All
these Belgique seas That now surround us cannot
quench this flame*"

BELGRADE* The capital of Serbia, at the junction of
the Save and Danube* It was held by the Hungarians
from 1086 to 1522, when it was taken by the Turkish
Sultan Solyman* In Selimus 507, Baiaset says to the
messenger of Selim, " We give to him all great Saman-
dria Bordering on B. of Hungaria*" This was in 1513*
Selim refused the offer* He says (543), 4* Here the
Hungarian with his bloody cross Deals blows about to
win B* again." This is a little premature, as B* was not
in 15x3 m the hands of the Turks, but was taken by
Selim's successor in 1533*

In Middleton*s JR* G* v* x, Trapdoor claims to have
served " in Hungary against the Turk at the siege of B*"
As Moll Cutpurse, the heroine of the play, was born in
1584, Trapdoor must have been a centenarian to have
been at the siege in 1533 ; but, of course, his talk is all
empty rhodomontade*

BELL* A very common tavern sign : there were at least
a dozen B* Taverns in Lond* The B* on the W* side of
Gracechurch St*, between Lombard St* and Cornhill,
at the point now marked by B*-yarcf, was one of the inns
in which plays were performed. In Tarlton's Jests*
(1611), we are told that when Batiks was exhibiting his
horse Marocco at the Cross Keys in Gracious St*, Tarl-
ton, " playing at the Bel by," came in to see the show«
Tarlton got a licence in Nov* x 583 to play 44 at the Sign
of the B* in Gracious St." In Underwit iii* 3, Underwit
asks, " What think you of the dromedary that was to be

BELL

seen at the back side of the B* tf " There was another B.
Inn in Aldersgate St.* 2 doors from Barbican. Taylor
started on his P*nm*&$$ Pilgrimage from Lond. to Scot-
land ** at the B* that's extra Aldersgate." In Long Meg
xvii, there is a story of a dinner *4 at the B* in Aldersgate
St/r Taylor, in Carriers Cosmog* (1637), says that it was
the house of call for the carriers from St. Albans and from
Hatfieid* Another stood on the N, side of Holborn,
next to Furnival's Inn* In Fleetwood's Report to Lord
Burghley (1584) on the disturbances in the neighbour-
hood of the Theatre and Curtain, mention is made of a
certain Browne who started a row at the door of the
theatre, and was subsequently arrested *' at the B* in
Holborn/* According to Taylor it was the house of call
for the carriers from Aylesbury* Dekker, in Rod for
Runaways, tells of a man who in the plague-time
** dropped down dead by All-gate [U* Aldgate] at the
B.-tavern door/' Richd* Quiney addressed a letter to
Shakespeare " from the B, in Carter-Lane " in 1598,
It was on the S* side of the lane. There was a B* on the
N. side of the Strand, near the end of Little Drury Lane.
Deloney. in Newberte xi«, tells of a gentlewoman " who
lodged at the B* in the Strand/' Another was on the W*
side of Friday St*, about halfway down the st. According
to Taylor the carriers from Burford lodged there. It is
mentioned in CaL Stau Papm (1603-10) 455, as a place
to which letters might be sent for S*r Thomas Estcourt*
There were other B* Taverns s on the E, side of Cole-
man St, in Fleet St* near Temple Bar, on the E» side
of Warwick St*, on the E* side of St* John's St** near
Hicksfs Hall, on the E* side of W* Sxmthfceld, on the W*
side of Old Fish St*> on the W* side of Wood St, and on
the W* side of Walbrook, near the Stocks Market. In
Middleton's Chaste Maid L x, the porter, one of Hob-
son's men, says, ** I have come from the B* sweating/'
Here B. is a misprint or mistake for BULL/ q,v .
BELL* A tavern at Stratford-at-Bow* In Day's B* Beggar
iii*, Canby says/ " Go take my horse at the B. at Strat-
ford and make haste/'

BELL* A tavern at Waltham, The scene of B* & F*
Pestk u* 6, and iii* a, is laid there* Tim says, 4* Why* we
are at Waltham town's end, and that's the B* Inn !w

BELL* An inn at Henley-on-Thames, whose hostess was
magically brought thence to Oxford by Friar Bacon in
Greene's Friar ii* xa8* Possibly the B, Inn at Hurley,
3 m* E* of Henley, is meant* The Henley Inn is the
Red Lion, as most Londoners know*

BELLANNA* One of the fortresses in which, according
to H* Shirley's Mart. Soldier iii* 4, Huneric, 1C of the
Vandals, had Christian slaves confined* It might be
Belanig* near Cyrene; or Belo, on the Straits of
Gibraltar,

BELL SAVAGE INN, A famous Lond, tavern on the N*
side of Ludgate Hill : pulled down in 3873 and re-
placed by Cassell, Fetter, and Galpin's printing works.
It was first called the B*-on~the~Hoop, but in the middle
of the xsth cent* it was named after its owner Savages'
Itm ; and the 3 names were subsequently combined*
It was one of the inns used for the performance of plays
before the theatres were built, Lambarde, writing in
1596, speaks of ** such as go to Paris Garden, the B, $*,
or Theatre, to behold bear-batting, interludes or fmce-
play/' Gosson, in School of AfaM (1579), p* 40, com-
mends " the » prose books played at the Belsavage*
where you shall find never a word without wit/* When
Wyatt marched on Lond* to 1554 ** he marched to
Temple Bar and so through Fleet St* till he came to B*

BENACUS

S*, an Inn nigh unto Ludgate/' Here Banks used to
exhibit his famous horse Marocco ; and Maroccus
Exstaticus, or Banks' Bay Horse in a frame, was dedi-
cated to " mine host of the Belsavage*" It is to Banks's
horse that Moth refers in JL £» L. i* a, 57 : ** The dan-
cing horse will tell you/' In Gascoigne's Goutrnmtnt*
prol,, he says, " Who seeks to feed his eye with vain de-
light B* S* fair were fittest for his purse/' K,*. the shows
at the B* S* L In Downfall Huntmgton i. 3, Little John
says, 4i Your horses at the B, shall ready be ; I mean
Belsavage*1* Taylor, in Carriers Cosmog^ says, ** The
carriers of Doncaster in Yorkshire and many other parts
in that country do lodge at the B*, or Belle Sauvage,
without Ludgate/'

BELMONT* The home of Portia in Merck. The name is
taken from The Admntums of Giamtto. He sails with
his companions from Venice for Alexandria ; and having
sailed 4* for several days together " they came to " the
port of the Lady of B/f It is " in a gulph of the sea/'
and is on the mainland of Italy, for Giannetto rides back
to Venice, There is a Gbu of St* John in the city, which
is represented as being of considerable size, and there is
a fine castle in which the lady lives* It is probably an
imaginary town* Shakespeare follows his author in
making B. on the coast of Italy, for Bassanio goes thither
by sea (ii* 6, 64) and Portia comes thence to Venice by
coach (iii. 4, 83}* The following scenes of Merck, are
laid at B, ; i, a ; ii* x, 7, 9 j iii. a> 4, 5 ? and v,

BELSI2E* The old name for S* Hampstead, Lond, N*W*
It originally belonged to the Dean and Chapter of
Westminster, and it was quite recently (1870) that they
handed B, Avenue over to the parish of Hampstead,
At the lower end of the Avenue stood B* House, which,
after being occupied by Lord Wotton and by Lord
Chesterfield, was opened as a sort of suburban Vauxhali
by one Howall* It was pulled down in 1 8521, In Jonsoft's
Tub L if ** Loud To-pan the tinker or metal-man of
Belsise, the thirdborough/' is one of " a knot of clowns,
the council of Finsbury, so they are styled/' who have
met to find a husband for Mrs* Awdrcy.

BELTICK* I conjecture this to be a misprint for Deltic*
Ford is speaking throughout this passage of classical
localities, and the Roman corn-supply wa*» mainly pro-
cured from Egypt, and exported from the Delta of the
Nile, In Ford's SIM iv» x, Autumn says, ** A 100 gnutoi ,
Both from the B* and Sicilian fields, Shall be congested
for thy sacrifice/'

BELVOIR CASTLE (pronounced BBVIR), The seat of the
Ds» of Rutland, near Grantham,on the bordtti of Lines,
and Leicestersh* The second production of JonfOft'i
Gipsies was at B. So in the Epilogue he says, ** At Bur-
leigh, Bever, and now last at Windsor, Which shows we
are gipsies of no common kind, Sir*" Burton, A* M. a,
2, j, commends the delightful prospect to be seen from
" Bever c/r

BEMISH* ^e BOHEMIA.

BENACUS (now the LAGO 01 GA&BA)* The largest of the
Italian lakes, at the foot of the Alps, It runs almost H.
and S*, and is about £5*n* long; its S* extremity is tbt*
15 m* W» of Verona* The Hindus issues from its S*E*
comer* Pliny says that numberless eels were caught at
1&e outlet of the Hindus in October* In Nabbei*
Microcosmus iii*, Sensuality mentions "eels of B/'
amongst other dainties for the table* Fynes Moryioa* in
Itinerary i* a, 177 (1595), says? ** The lake B, & much
commended for the store of good carps and other good

BENE'T COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE

fish/* Coryat, in Crudities (x6xx) 333, says of Lake B*,
44 It aboundeth with fish, especially carps, trouts, and
eels/'

BENE'T COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE. See CORPUS
CHRISTI*

BENEVENTO* A city in Italy, abt* 95 m. S*E* of Rome,
near the junction of the Calore and Sabbato* In Ford's
Sacrifice i* z, d'Avolos informs the D* of Pavia that
Roseilli has " departed towards B*, determining to pass
to Seville/'

BENGAL* One of the great provinces of India, including
the lower valleys of the Ganges and Brahmapootra* The
capital is Calcutta* Marco Polo (1298) has the form
Bangala ; other variants are Bemgala (Vasco da Gama)
and Bengala* In B* &. F* Women Pleased i* 2, Lopefc,
counting up his wealth, says, 44 Here's rubies of Ba*,
rich, rich, glorious." Milton, P. L. ii* 638, describes a
fleet " by equinoctial winds Close sailing from Ba*"

BENJAMITES* The members of the tribe of Benjamin,
who lived in the dist* of Palestine just N* of Judaea*
From the incident recorded in Judges xix*, the name
came to be used for the perpetrators of unnatural
offences* In Bale's Laws ii*, Sodomy says, 4* 1 dwelt
among the Sodomites, the B*, and Midianites, and now
the popish hypocrites embrace me everywhere*" In
Peele's Bethsabe ii* 3, David reproaches Hanon because
he has " Suffered Kabbah with the Philistine To rail
upon the tribe of Benjamin*"

BEN JONSON'S HEAD* The sign of a bookseller's shop
in Lond* Lust's Domin., attributed to Marlowe, was
4* Printed for F* K* and are to be sold by Robert Pollard
at the sign of B* J* H* on the Backside of the Old Ex-
change* 1657*" Day's B* Beggar was " Printed for R*
Pollard and Tho* Dringand are to be sold at the B* J* H*
behind the Exchange* 1659*" T* Heywood's Fortune
was published at the same place in 1655*

BENNET, CHURCH OF ST* There were 4 churches in
Lond* dedicated to St* B., or Benedict, viz, St* B* Finke
in Threadneedle St* ; St. B* Graschurch in Grace-
church St (so called from the Grass Market held there) ;
St, B. Shorne, Shrog, or Shorehog, in St* Sithe's Lane,
and St* B* Hythe, or Paul's Wharf, on the N* side of
Thames St*, on the corner of St, B/s Hill* This last was
near to the Blackfriars Theatre and Shakespeare's house,
and is probably the one intended in Ti»* JV, v* i, 43 :
44 The bells of St* B», Sir, may put you in mind : one,
two, three/' It was destroyed in the Gt» Fire and rebuilt
in 1683* Here Inigo Jones was buried 1655$ ; and Henry
Fielding, the novelist, married in 1747* It is now devoted
to Welsh services*

BENTHTJISEN. There are several Huissens in the Low
Countries* Probably the one intended here is Huysse, a
vilL in Belgium, xa m* S*W* of Ghent* It is an ancient
place, dating back to Roman times* In B* & F* Beggar's,
one of the characters is Arnold of B*

BERGAMO. The capital of the province of same name
in N* Italy. It lies between the Brembo and the Serio
39 m* NJ3. of Milan and 120 W. of Padua* 44 Thy
father ! O villain I he is a sail-maker in B*,f r says Vin-
centio to Tranio (Shrewt v, x, 8x)« The Bergamask
dance (W. N. D* v* x, 360) was a rustic dance of the
people of this province, from which came also the Harle-
quin of the popular Italian comedy* In Dekker's Hon.
Wh* A* x, 3, the D* says, 4* B* doth stand in a most
wholesome air ? sweet walks ; there's deer* In, girl,
and prepare this night to ride to13/r Nash, & AJroowf

BERKSHIRE

for Parrot, ded*, says, 44 Taking B* in my way home-
ward it was my hap to light in fellowship with that
famous Francatipp's Harlicken/' In Tarlton's News
from Purgatory we have the story of the Vicar of B*,
who sits with a coal in his mouth for playing the same
trick with his relics which is told in Boccaccio (Decam.
vi* 10)* In Cockayne's Trapolin ii* 3, Horatio calls it
44 subtle B*, most highly honoured for near relation to
Torquato Tasso*" Tasso's father was born at B*, and a
statue of the poet stands in the great square*

BERGEN-OP-ZOOM* Town in Holland, 15 m* N* of
Antwerp, on the Zoom* It has an old castle which
broadens from the base upwards* It was besieged by
the D* of Parma in 1588, and again by Spinola in 1622 :
both generals being unsuccessful in taking the town*
Jonson, in Underwoods 6a, says that the Lond* train-
bands acted " the B* siege and taking in Bredau " in
such a lifelike way that it would have made Spinola
blush* In Shirley's Bird iv* i, Bonamico, showing his
birds, says, 44 This was the pigeon was so shrewdly
handled for carrying letters at the siege of B*" In
Beguiled, Cricket speaks of u an honest Dutch cobbler
that will sing * I wfll not more toBurgaine go*' " Barna-
velt's son says, 44 My government of Barghen is dis-
posed of " (Barnavelt iii* i)* He was removed by Prince
Maurice* In T* Heywood's Challenge ii* i, the Clown
says, 44 If ever you come to B*, see you make it wisely/'
Here " B*" is a pun on " bargain*"

BERIA* Used for Tilbury in Dekker's Babylon. Titania
(Elisabeth) says, " Over that camp at Beria we create
you, Florimell, Lieut*-General/*

BERKELEY (Ba*= Barkley)* MkttowninGloucestersh*,
1x3 m* W* of Lond* The old castle is still in a fair
state of preservation, and an underground dungeon
is shown in which tradition reports that Edward II was
murdered* The name is pronounced Ba*, and it is so
spelt in the old editions of Shakespeare* York arranges
to meet the K/s supporters there (Rz ii* a, 1x9)?
44 Gentlemen, go, muster up your men, And meet me
presently at Ba* Castle*" Bolingbroke marches thither
from Ravenspur — *4 How far is it, my lord, to Barkly
now *" " asks he (JRs ii* 3, x) ; and Northumberland re-
peats the question (ii* 3, 33). When we remember
Edward II's murder there, Bolingbroke's words have a
sinister significance* In H4 A* i, 3, 249, he reminds
Hotspur that it was at 4* Ba* Castle " that he first bowed
his knee to Bolingbroke; though, in jRa ii* 3, the
interview referred to takes place before Bolingbroke has
reached Ba. "My lord of Ba/' is with York at the
castle, and comes as his envoy to Bolingbroke (Ra ii* 3,
55, 68)* This was Thomas, 5th Baron Ba*, who died
14x7. The title was raised to an earldom in 1679, and
still continues in the B* family* The B* who appears in
JR$ as one of the attendants on Q* Anne was probably
one of the sons of James, 6th Baron B* For the death of
Edward II at B* see Marlowe's Ed, U v* 5*

BERKHAMPSTEAD* Ancient Saxon town in Herts*, 26
m* N*W* of Lond* It had an ancient castle, out of the ruins
of which the present mansion house was partly erected*
Chester says, 44 This Doncaster seised on a beauteous
Nun at Berkhamstead " (Death Huntington i* »)*

BERKSHIRE* A county of England W. of Oxfordshire*
In Abington L z> Coomes promises, 44 There shall not be
a servingman in Barkshire fight better for ye than I will
do " ; where the spelling indicates the usual pronuncia-
tion* In Middleton's Quarrel v* x, Chough says he could
have had a mistress " at Maidenhead in B* ; and did I

come in by Maidenhead to go out by Staines tf ** Maiden-
head is m RE, B. : Staines is just over the border of
Middlesex, The point of the poor jest needs no explana-
tion. In Trag, Richd* J7 iv* i> ao?, the K* allots ** Barke-
shire *' and other counties to his favourite Bagot*

BERMONDSEY, See BARMSEY,

BERMOOTHES (Bu.-^ Bermudas)* A group of about
300 islands, large and small, in the N. Atlantic, 530 m,
E* of Cape Hatteras, Heylyn says (p. 807), " The Btu
are called also Summer Islands, because Sir Thomas
Summers gave us a more exact relation of them than
before had beene* They received their first name from
one John Barmudaz, who first gave us notice of them/'
They are still a possession of the English Crown, The
spelling varies ; Heywopd, Traveller ii. 3, has B* ?
F letcher> Women Phased L a, Burmoothes ; Stow, in his
Annals, says, " Sommers * * . judged it should be that
dreadfull coast of the Bermodcs, which Hands were * . *
supposed to bee enchanted and inhabited with witches
and devills, "which grew by reason of accustomed mon-
strous thunder, storme and tempest, neere unto those
Hands," The climate is very humid and the dews are
heavy. In Temp, L a? 5520, Ariel tells how he was sent
by Prospero " to fetch dew From the still-vexed B/'
It seems certain that Shakespeare had read Silvester
Jourdan's Discovery of tke Bermudas, otherwise called the
Ih of JDivtfs (x6xo), in which there is an account of the
wreck of Sir George Somets there. He got from it
many of the details of the week of the K* of Naples j
though the enchanted island of the Temp* is evidently in
the Mediterranean, as far as it has any local habitation,
for the K* is wrecked there on a voyage from Tunis to
Naples ; and Sycorax was brought thither from Argier.
The reputation of the Bu* as witch- and devil-ridden
islands died hard. In Field's Amends UL 4, Fee-Simple,
finding himself amongst a crowd of bullies and sharpers,
says, " I had as lieve be at Bermuthoes " ; and wishes
that like other travellers he had insured his life* In
Massmger's Dowry ii, 3, a creditor wishes that his de-
faulting debtors were at the Bu, &i T* Heywood's
Traveller ii. as, Reignald, being asked 4* whence is your
ship— from the B. i " replies : " Worse? I think from
hefi/' In B, & F* Women Pleased I 3, Penurio talks of
buying an egg-shell " to victual out a witch for the
Bermoothees/' In Alimony iii. 5, the Watchman says,
Be these the spirits that allure your children with spice
and so convey them to thf Btu t " In Dekker's // it be
341, Lurchal calls the Bu. " the island of hogs and
devils/' In Middletoti's Quiet Life v., Camlet says/
** The place I speak of has been kept with thunder, With
frightful lightenings, amassing noises ; But now, the en-
chantment broke, ftis the land of peace, Where hogs and
tobacco yield fair increase * . „ Gentlemen, fare you
well ; I am for the Bu/f They were felt to be a very
tong way from England. " I would sooner swim to the
BV says Bosola in Webster r&Malfi iii, 2, "on twopoliti-
cans' rotten bladders, than depend on so changeable a
prince's favour/' A debtor of Meercraft% in Jonson's
Dem 'iii. i, has "run away to the Bu/' In Brome's
Northern I x, Tridewell advises Luckless, who is pro-
posing to get married, * You were better venture your-
self and fortune to the Bu/' Dekker, in Bankroutes
Banquet (1613), speaks of 4* the Hand of the Bti* haunted
as all men know with hogs and hobgoblins," In Web-
ster); Law Case iii, », Romelto says that a stiletto is " an
engine that's only fit to pttt in execution Barmotho pigs/'
Donne, in the Storm (1653), says, " Compared to
these storms , , , the Bu, fare] calm/' St01> the Bu,

BERWICK

were beginning to be looked upon as possible places for
successful trading* In Trade's Increase (1615), the author
says, u I cannot And any other worthy place of foreign
anchorage ; for the Bu., we know not yet what they will
do/' In Davenanfs Platonic v, a, Fredeline says, * You
shall to the Bu,, friend, and there plant cotton/* In
Wise Mm L x, Proberio describes a traveller who gains
credit by a tale " that a fisher-man sailing by the B. saw
a fire at singeing of a hog/' Tobacco was imported
thence. In Clitm Whimz we have ; 4* Being furnished
with tinder, match, and a portion of decayed Bermoodas,
they smoke it most terribly/' In Underwit L x» the
Sergeant requires 44 ao pipes of Barmudas a day/' In iv»
a, Thomas says, " Will you take tobacco in the roll f
here is a whole ship-loading of Bu/' ** In the roll "
means in the shape of cigars.

The word was used as a slang term for the haunts of
the Lond, bullies and loafers* These pirates here at land
" have their Bu* and their Streights i' the Strand," says
Jonson, in his Epistle to Sackvilte ; and again, in BarthoL
iL i, " Look into any angle of the town, the Streights or
the Bu*, where the quarrelling lesson is read, and how do
they entertain the time but with bottle-ale and tobacco f"
and in his Demi iL i, Meercraft asks/ ** When did you
see my cousin Everhill $* keeps he still your quarter in
the Bu, tf " The dist meant is the lanes N, of the
Strand, near Covent Garden,

BERNE* The most populous of the cantons of Switzer-
land, It only attained its independence after lon^ wan
with the Hapsburgs, which ended in the glorious victory
of Laupen in 1339* In Bale's fohan i8a# Sedition says,
** The Pope's ambassador am I continually in Pole,
Spruse and B,, in Denmark and Lombardy/'

BERNYSDALE. A valley in S, Yorks., 6 m. N. of Don-
caster : the home of Robin Hood. In Wynmtm's
Scottish Chronicler, " Lytel Jhon and Robyne Hude n
are mentioned as residing in '* Yngilwode and Barnys*
dale." In the 8th fytte of the LyMl Geste of Rofyn llodf*
we are told that Robin, after being at court 15 months,
journeyed home to " B/' In the Ballad of Oup of Oil*
borne Robin says, ** I am Robin Hood of Barnesdak/*
In Elements, ignorance sings a ballad beginning s
*' Robin Hood in Barnsdale stocni/1

BERRY (i\«* BURY)* An old town in Lanes., cm. N* of
Manchester* The manor belonged to the De Lada#
and there was an old castle on what is still calkd Castle
Croft. In B* <£ F, Pestlf iv. $> one of Mtrrythoisght's
songs begins, " For Jillun of B., she dwells on a hill,
And she hath good beer and ale to sell/* The ballad has
not been discovered : the reference may b* to Bury
St. Edmund's, or possibly the weU-lmowt* Oiiitn of
Brentford may be meant, though this is not likely*

BERRY* A province in the centre of France, S. of the
Loire* The capital, Boutges, u 115 m»S* of Paris. The
D* of B. is mentioned as present at Agincourt (H$ iL
4f 4 / flS* 5f 4i)* He was the brother of the late 1C
Charles V, and along with th« Ds. of Anjoa and But-
gundy was appointed a guardian of Charles VL In the
subsequent struggle between the Orleam'sts and the
Armagnacs he was one of the chief leaders of the latter
party* It was he who persuaded the yo-umg 1C* not to risk
his person by going to the battle of Agmcourt.

BERSABE, See BEERSHEBA,

BERWICK* A town at the mouth of the Tweed, oat th*
boundary between England and Scotland, 300 m* H* of
Lond* It constitutes a " county in itnlf»H and «§§d te be
separately mentioned as a part of Gt Britain, which in-

BESANGON

eludes England, Scotland, Wales, and B*-on-Tweed* It
is one of the few remaining walled towns in the British
Isles, Simpson, the hero of the miracle at St. Albans
(H6 B* ii. i), was born " at B* in the N*" ? and he and
his wife are ordered by Gloucester to be whipped
through every market town till they come to B., whence
they came (ii* i, 160). After the battle of Towton,
Margaret urges Henry, " Mount you, my lord ; towards
B* post amain " (H6 C. ii* 5, 158)* As a reward for the
protection afforded him on this occasion, Henry ceded
B* to the Scots, but it was finally recovered by England
in 1482* In Peele's Ed. I xiii., news is brought to Ed-
ward of Balliol's rebellion: " Balliol, my k*, in B. makes
his court " ; to which Edward answers, " False Balliol 1
Barwick is no hold of proof To shroud thee from the
strength of Edward's arm*" This was in 1295, and Ed-
ward took B* in 3 days. In Ed. HI i* x, Mountague
brings word that the treacherous K. [of Scotland] has
44 made invasion on the bordering towns j Barwicke is
won, Newcastle spoiled and lost." This was in 1333,
when David Bruce was K, of Scotland : Balliol had
been driven from Scotland and the Regent Archibald
Douglas had seised B* Balliol, with the assistance of the
English, besieged and took the town after defeating the
Regent at Halidon Hill. In Ford's Warbeck iv* x, the
story is told how, in the border war of 1497, James of
Scotland proposed a single combat to the Earl of Surrey
on condition that, if James were victorious, Surrey
should " deliver for his ransom the town of B. to him
with the fishgarths." Surrey's answer to the challenge is

44 B. is none of mine to part with." In Sampson's Vow
v. i, 141, Grey says, " Our soldiers instantly shall march
to Barwicke*" This was in 1560.

In Jonson's Volpone ii, i, Sir Politick mentions,
amongst other prodigies, " the fires at B* I " In Under-
wit i* i, Thomas says, 44 Considering the league of Bar-
wick, we may find some of these things in the N.,"
i*e* swords, books on tactics, etc* The reference is to
the Pacification of B. June 1639* In Jonson's Voyage*
he speaks of 4* him that backward went to B. ; or which
did dance the famous morris unto Norwich*" W* Row-
ley, in Search intro., mentions "the fellow's going
backward to Barwick*" In Respublica v« 6, Avarice tells
Respublica if she would have trusted him, 44 Then
would I have stretched the county of Warwick upon
tenter hooks and made it reach to B," Peacham, in
Verses prefixed to Coryatrs Crudities (z6n), mentions,
in a list of objects of popular interest, *4 roaring Marget
a Barwicke*" She was evidently one of the notorious
characters, like Moll Cutpurse (** The Roaring Girl ")
and Long Meg of Westminster, who attracted much at-
tention in Lend* at this time*

BESANCON (the ancient VESONTIO)* A city of France,

45 m. E* of Dijon, on the Doubs. It was the capital of
Franche-Comte1* It became a Free City of the German
Empire in the xath cent., and by the Treaty of West-
phalia it was handed over to Spain* In 1660 it was taken
by Louis XIV, and has since belonged to France* The
Cathedral of St* Jean dates from the nth cent* In
Wilson's Inconstant ii* 3, we are told that Cloris dwells
44 at B." In v* 3, the D* of Burgundy tells how he had a
child who died 44 Going from Chalon Castle to B*"

BESSIA* A misprint for BRESCIA, 4.1;,
BETENY*

BETHABARA* A vilL cm the r. Jordan, i& Palestine, 13 m*
S. of its exit from the Sea of Galilee. It is stated in the
received text of John L 28 to have been the scene of the

BETHNALL GREEN

ministry of John the Baptist ; but the correct reading is
Bethany : not, of course, the well-known Bethany near
Jerusalem, but an obscure village in Peraea* Milton, P JR*
i* 184, says that the Son of God 4t yet some days Lodged in
B* where John baptized*" In ii* 30, he describes the
disciples as searching for Jesus in each place " nigh to
B.," viz. Jericho, -SEnon, Salem, and Machaerus* He
evidently accepted the tradition that B* was at the fords
of the Jordan, near Jericho-^-which is impossible, as it
is clear from John ii. i that it was only a day's journey
from Cana of Galilee*

BETHEL. A town in Palestine, 10 m* due N* of Jeru-
salem, now Beitin. Its original name was Lug ; but it
was renamed B* (i,e. House of God) by Jacob after his
vision there of the ladder reaching from earth to heaven.
It became a great national sanctuary and the Ark was
kept there for a long time. After the secession of the N.
tribes Jeroboam made it the central sanctuary of his
kingdom ; and set up there a golden calf as a symbol of
the God of Israel, a second one being placed at Dan, in the
N* Milton, P* £* i* 485, says, " The rebel k. Doubled
that sin in B, and in Dan, Likening his maker to the
graced ox*" In P* JR* iii* 431, our Lord speaks of the
Israelites having recourse ** to their gods perhaps Of B*
and of Dan*"

BETHESDA. An intermittent spring near the sheep-
gate, or sheep market, at Jerusalem, mentioned in John
v* 2 as having healing qualities* It has been most
probably identified with the Virgin's Pool at the foot of
Ophel, S.E* of the Temple Hill* Herrick, in his verses
To the King, to Cure the Evil, says, ** To find B., and an
angel there, Stirring the waters, I am come*" The
statement in St* John's Gospel about the descent of the
angel is not part of the original text ; but it doubtless
represents the popular idea about the cause of the bub-
bling of the spring*

BETHLEHEM (BETHLEM or BEDLAM; originally B*-
EPHRATAH). A vilL in Palestine, where our Lord was
born. It was also the family home of David* The Ch»
of the Nativity, built over the cavern which is the
traditional birthplace of our Lord, is the oldest Christian
ch» still in use* In Calisto, Haz* i. 64, Calisto tells how
God 44 guided the 3 Ks* into Bedlem from the E. by the
star " (see Mat. ii*)* B. is the scene of the mystery
plays of the nativity of Christ, In Towneley M* P*,
Secunda Pastorum 654, the angel bids the shepherds,
44 At Bedlem go see, There lygys that fre In a crib fulle
poorely Betwyx two bestys*" In Candlemas, p* 14, the
angel says, "K* Herod * , , Commanded hath through
Bedlem city * * * To slay all the children that be in
that country." In York M. P* xui 280, the Angel says
to Joseph, 44 Wend forth to Marie thy wife always Bring
her to Bedlem this ilke night, There shall a child born
be*" Milton, P* R, i* 243, says, " At thy nativity a
glorious choir Of angels in the fields of B* sung/' In ii*
78, he tells how Herod " filled With infant blood the
streets of B." In iv* 505, Satan recalls 44 the angelic song
in B, field*" In Nativity Ode 223, it is said of Osiris,
44 The rays of B* blind his dusky eyn*" See also BEDLAM*

BETHNALL GREEN (or BEDNALL GREEN)* A disk in
the E* end of Lond., bounded roughly by Shoreditch,
Hackney Rd., Victoria Park, and Whitechapel Rd* It
was a poor dist* inhabited chiefly by silk-weavers* The
G* itself was on the E* of Cambridge Rd., where the
Museum now stands* The house of the Blind Beggar,
famed in ballad, was called Kirby's Castle, and was
actually built in the reign of Elisabeth by John Kirby,

59

BETHUNE

a rich Londoner* It ultimately became a lunatic asylum.
Bp* Bonner had his house about J m* E* of the G* In
Webster's Cuckold ii, 3, Compass's wife teiis him that
his boy " is nursed at Bednall G/> In Chauntickers iiiv

— -«r the Ballad-man, says, '* I have the Beggar of
Bethnal G/r Day's B* Beggar is a dramatic version of
the story of the Ballad with considerable difference*
In the ballad, which may be found in Percy's Cliques ii*
3, the beggar is Henry, son of Sir Simon de Montfort,
who is rescued after the battle of Evesham by a maiden*
whom he married ? and he takes the disguise of a blind
beggar to escape the k/s vengeance* In the play the
beggar is Momford, who is falsely charged with the
surrender of Guynes in the French Wars of Henry VFs
reign, and so assumes the disguise*
BETHUNE* A town in Artois, on the Brette, xao m* N*
of Paris, and a fortress of considerable strength* In
Chapman's Con$p+ Byron v* i, Byron claims to have
peopled B* with the issue of his victories in the war with
the League*

BEVER. See BBLVOIR,

BEVERLEY* A town in E* Riding, Yorks., 37 m. S,E* of
York* The Minster is one of the finest in England.
Corpus Christi Plays were performed at B* as early as
xj77> and plays were produced by the boys of the
Grammar School during the x6th cent* In Old Meg,
p, i, we read : ** Never could B, Fair give money to a
more sound taborer ff than Hall, of Hereford*

BJS^-HY (i*e, BRAflUEU)* A small vill* in Hants*, 7 m*
S*w* of Southampton* It grew up round a Cistercian
monastery, founded by 1C John in 1204, of which the
gateway still remains. Here Perkin Warbeck took
sanctuary after his failure to take Exeter in 1499* In
Ford's Warbeck v. a, Dawbeney tells the K, that h« has
taken Warbeck '* From sanctuary At B*. near Southamp-
ton*'*

BIBLE* The sign of Robert Bird's bookshop in Cheap-
side, where the x&jx edn* of the Book6 ofJMwm Riddles
was published* There was also a B* in Giitspur St*
Alimony was « Printed by Tho* Vere and William
Giibertson and are to be sold at the B* in Giltspur-st
£?59^ There was yet another in Chancery Lane*
T* Heywood's Hogsdon was 4* Printed by H,P, for
Henry Shephard and are to be sold at his shop in
Chancerie-lane at the sign of the B* 3638*"

BILBAO (Bo* tm Bilbo)* A town in Spain, the capital of
the province of Biscaya, xo m* from the mouth of the
Ansa* It was famous for the manufacture of swords of
the finest temper* The swords themselves were called
Bilbos, and the name was transferred to their wearers,
and came to mean a swaggering soldier. In M, W* W*
111. 5, 112, Falstaff describes his position in the buck-
basket: "to be compassed like a good bo*, in the
circumference of a peck, hilt to point, heel to head/'
This was the test of a good blade* In the same play
Ou r* 105), Pistol challenges Slender as **this latten bo*/'
i.e, a sword made of base metal* Tonson, in Vnkan,
wishes that Vulcan " had maintained the trade at Bilboa
or elsewhere/' instead of setting cities on fire* In B* & F*
Prwe u* a, Bianca speaks of her suitor as " such a Bilboa
£!fte that bends, with every pass he makes, to the
J?J?* * It*Ford*$ TrM & ** Gusman says to FutelH,
Speaks thy weapon Toledo language, Bilboa, or dull

*?* i \ P\5i *? *i Wm Goos* & ** Mirabel deplores
that this bflbolord " shall have his lady-love* In their
Ktog v* 3, Bacurws says to Bessus, * You ate much
bound to your Bo*~mea," i*. to the sword-men who

60

BILLINGSGATE

have been teaching him the code of honour* Jensen,
in his prol to Bromefs Northern, says, ** An honest Bo*«
smith would make good blades/' In Look about, sc, 39,
Gloster says, 44 Off, gown ; hold, Buckler ; slice it,
Bo.-blade**' In Davenant's Plymouth iii* IA Seawit
speaks of the dashing lady Carrack as ** a brave amazon,
one that loves bo* men/* i.«» fighting fellows* In Lady
Mather Hi a> Suckett says, " My blade is of the Bo*
mettle ; at its splendour my foes do vanish." In Ford's
Queen iii,, Mopas, drawing his sword, cries : " Bov
come forth and show thy foxes tail "; (fox means a
sword). In T* Heywood*s Witches v», the Soldier says.
4* Yet have I kept my face whole, thanks to my scimitar,
my trusty Bo*" In W, Rowley's Match Mid, ii. i, Jarv^s
says, u Lay me out of the way like a rusty bftboe/* In
Ham, v» p, *4 Methought I lay Worse than the mutinies
in the bilboes," it means fetters, But it is doubtful
whether in this sense the word has any connection with
Bilbao* See QJ2JX s.v, BILBO (*)»

BILEDXJLL (« BiLra>tJtGEHii>* the land of dates), A dist*
of N* Africa, on the S* of the Atlas Range, between Feaj
and Cape Bon* In Marlowe's 2*am6. B, L 3, Techelles
tells Tamburlaine, " From strong Tesella unto B* All
Barbary is unpeopled for thy sake/* Heylyn ($*v.
NTOIDIA} says, 4* The country aboundeth with dates,
whence it is called Dactylorum 3Regio, and in the
Arabicke Biledulgerid, which signifieth also a Date
region/'

BILLOTGSGATE* The principal of the old water-gates
of Lond*, on the N* side of the Thames, E, of Lond.
Bdge*, between it and the Custom House* Geoffrey of
Monmouth derives the name from Belin, an ancient
British k. ; but Stow more probably connects it with
one Biling, who formerly owned the wharf* Stow de-
scribes it as " a large Watergate, port, or harfoorough for
ships and boats, commonly arriving there with fish, both
fresh and salt, shellfishes, salt, oranges, onions, and
other fruits and roots, wheat, rye, and grain of divers
sorts, for service of the city and the parts of this realm
adjoining/' It gave its name to the B. Ward. George
Sanders and his wife, the principal characters in Fair
Women, lived here « " in all B, Ward not a kinder
couple n (L x). It was a usual landing-place for travellers
from abroad or from the lower reaches of the Thames*
Sanders, in the same play, coming back from Green-
wich, is expected to land at B* (ii* a)» In F$wr$ham i& %
Arden, going back from Load, to Fevershami directs
his servant, " Sirra, get you back to Bilknsgate and
learn what time the tide will serve our turn/' Ea Dave-
nant's Wits L if Meager, just come from Holland, has to
44 unship his trunks at B,

In 84 B* ii* i, x8», Qqi* read, '* Where lay the 1C, tut
night < "~~" At B*, my Lord," The Ff, have "Bwanf
stoke/' which is undoubtedly the right reading. In
Fam* Victt Aj, Lawrence, the costermonger,sayi,** W*
will watch here at B* Ward/' ac,, for someone fa rob.
In Contention, Pt* I, Has;, p, jog, when Robin reports that
Lond. Bdge. is on lire, Cade bids him run " to B, and fetch
pitch and flax and squench it/' In S. Rowley's Whm
xou B* i, Summers says that certain news from Romt
44 was at B* by Saturday morning and it came up on a
spring tide*" In B+ & F, Han, Man v. %> Monttgu«i
railing at Capt la Poop, tells him, " I shall see you serve
in a lousy lime-boat for mouldy cheese and butter B*
would not endure/' Dekker, in News from Hdl, makes
the devil's post ride down l4 to B,, for he meant* when
the tide served, to angle for souls " $ where there is a
pun with " soles/' Like all waterside place*, it was well

BINGHAM

provided with taverns* In Penn, ParL it is provided
44 that the salmon shall be better sold in Fish-St* than
the beer shall be at B/' In Jack Drum iv* 229, Old
Brabant goes out with his boy to get some wine, and
says, " Boy, go with me to B/' Amongst the inns were
the Salutation, mentioned in News BarthoL .Fair, and
the Blue Anchor, to which Sir Petronel Flash (West-
ward iii* i) invites his friends ; ** Meet me at the Blue
Anchor tavern by B* this evening/' Sc* III is accord-
ingly at this tavern, and Seagul exhorts the drawer,
44 Let's have cheer not fit for your B* tavern but for our
Virginian Colonel/' This last is represented still by the
Blue Anchor Tavern, 26 St* Marys-at-HilL In Jonson's
Devil i* i, Iniquity promises Pug to bring him *' to the
bawds and the roysters at B. feasting with claret wine
and oysters**'

A barge plied daily between B* and Gravesend : the fare
was twopence* In pref* to Cobler of Canterbury (1590),
it is said to contain tales " told in the barge between B*
and Gravesend/' Deloney, in Craft (1597) L 14, tells
how John's wife, " being newly come from the Barge at
B*, and at that time going toward St* Katherines," found
her husband at the Abbey of Grace, E* of Tower Hill*
In Dekker's Westward L x, Justiniano speaks of women
44 as stale as wenches that travel every second tide be-
tween Gravesend and B/r B* was, and is, the great fish-
market for Lond*, though other things were also sold
there* Nash, in Prognostication says, 44 There shall be
much stinking fish this year at B." In Deloney's Craft ii*
9, a servant is sent to fetch *' a bushel of oysters fromB/'
In Three Lords (Dods* vi» 501), Simplicity says of Fraud,
" the very oystermen [will rniss him] to mingle their
oysters at B*" In Glapthorne's Wit v* i, Mendwell tells
a fishing yarn ; " an oyster-wife, a good old woman,
heard it at B* and told my wife on't/' In JPenn* Parlf
it is enacted that " St* Thomas's onions shall be sold by
the rope at B/' The noise of the market and the shrill
scolding of the fishwives were proverbial. In Tonson's
Epicoene iv* 2, Morose, in order to get rid of nis wife,
will do penance 44 at Lond* Bdge*, Paris Garden, B*,
when the noises are at their height and loudest*" In
Davenant's Rutland, p* 2x7, the Parisian says sarcastic-
ally, " I am loth to disturb the civil silence of B*, which
is so great as if the mariners were always landing to
storm the harbour/' In Alimony L i, Trillo says,
4* Divorces are now as common as scolding at B." In
Leir, Ha& jp. 503, the Messenger says, ** I have as bad a
tongue, if it be set on it, as any oysterwife at B* hath*"
In Brome's Academy iv* 2, when Gabriella abuses her
son, Lady Nestecocfc cries : u She come over my heir
apparent with such B* compliment 1 f * In Cowley's Cutter
iv* 6, Puny says, *4 She rails at me like a flounder-mouthed
fish-woman with a face like B." The Boss of B* is the
title of a play, based on an old ballad* The Boss, or
drinking-fountain> was in Boss AI&EY, g.y*

BINGHAM* Mkt* town in Notts*, nS m* N.W* of
Lond* In Downfall Huntington v* i, Warman says of his
son-in-law, " His house at B* I bestowed o& him*"

BIRCHEN WOOD* In Qldcastte iv* i, Sir John mentions
B* W* as one of the '* hills, heaths, and woods ** in Kent
which pay him tithe* Probably Bircholt, which lies in B*
Kent near Ashford. is the place intended*

BIRCHIN LANE* St* m Load*, rttttning N* from Lom-
bard St* to Comhill* According to Stow/ it was origin-
ally Birchover L*, so-called from its tot builder and
owner, but this is an error. It was occupied chiefly by
drapers and second-hand cbthes dealers. In Nobody 440,
the Clown says, " Come into B, L*, they'll give Nobody

BISCAY

a suit/' In Prodigal L i, young Flowerdale tells his
disguised father, " Go into B*-L», put thyself into
clothes*" Dekker, in Hornbook i, says, 44 Did man come
wrangling into the world about no better matters than all
his lifetime to make privy searches in B* L* for whale-
bone doublets i " In Overbury's Characters 17, he says
that a fine gentleman buys his behaviour at Court, " as
countrymen their clothes in B* L*" In T* Hey wood's
Royal King i, Cock and Corporal enter ragged ; and
Cock says, " It had not been amiss if we had gone first
to Burchen L* to have suited us*" In Middleton's
Quiet Life v* x, young Franklin confesses that he owes
for 4i fourscore pair of provant breeches to Punch-
buttock, a hosier in B* L/' In Middleton's Black Book*
p* 29* we read, " Passing through B* L* amidst a camp-
royal of hose and doublets, away they ran like Irish
lackeys*" In T* Heywood's Ed, IV A* xx, Chub says,
44 B, L* shall suit us, the costermongers fruit us*" In
his Royal King iii*, the Clown says, 44 Though we have
the law on our sides, we may walk through Burchin-1*
and be non-suited." Dekker, in Wonderful Year> says
that through fear of the Plague, 44 if one new suit of sack-
cloth had been but known to have come out of Burchin-
L* (being the common wardrobe for all their clown-
ships) it had been enough to make a market-town give
up the ghost/' In Deloney's Newberie ix*, Jack relieves
a jjoor man and 4t provided him out of Burchin-1* a fair
suit of apparel*" To send a boy to B* L* meant, accord-
ing to Ascham, Schoolmaster 69, to order him to be
whipped*

BIRMINGHAM* City in N* Warwicksh*, xoa m. N*W* of
Lond* The original form of the name seems to have
been Beormingsham* Metathesis of the 44 r " soon oc-
curred, and such forms as Bromicham are constantly
found, and are represented by the modern vulgar pro-
nunciation Brummagem* No fewer than 140 variant
spellings are enumerated* It was an inconsiderable town
till the middle of the i7th cent*, when it began the rapid
growth which has brought its population up to over a
million* In Mater's charm for worms in Thersites
(A* P* i* 21 9), she invokes " the butterfly of Bromwi-
cham that was born blind/' No explanation is neces-
sary, for the whole charm is a farrago of nonsense, mostly
alliterative*

BIRNAM WOOD* A wood on a hill on the right bank of
the Tay, opposite Dunkeld, in Perthsh*, abt* 12 m* from
Dunsinane* The grd apparition in Mac. iv* i, 93 pro-
mises, 44 Macbeth shall never vanquished be until Great
B* w* to high Dunsinane hill Shall come against him*"
In v. 2, Menteith and the rest march towards B* to meet
Siward and Macduff ; in v* 4, they meet in the country
near B* W*, and Malcolm orders every soldier to hew
him down a bough and bear 't bef<5re him* In v* 5, the
watchman brings word, " I looked toward B*, and anon,
methought, The wood began to move/' But Macbeth
will not yield, " Though B* w* be come to Dunsinane "
(v, S, 90)* The story us taken from Holinshed*

BIRON* Towtt Ixi the middle of Guienne, between the
Lot and the Dordogne, some 300 m* S* of Paris* The
name of Lord B*, or Berowne, in L* L* L* was no doubt
suggested by that of Armand de B* and his son, Charles
de B*, who were both closely connected with Henry of
Navarre* The latter is the hero of Chapman's Consp*
Byron and Trag* Byron*

BISCAY* The chief of the Basque provinces, in N* Spain,
on the Bay of B* Hycke, p* 88, boasts to have travelled in
44 Bffytaytxe> Byske* and also in Gascoyne/' Antonio, in

81SERTA

Massinger's Very Woman iv, 3, pretends to be a Biscan
who has been captured by the Turkish pirates and re-
duced to slavery. Thwack, in Davenant's Wits Hi,
whilst dressing himself, exclaims, " O for the Bn*
sleeve and Bulloign hose I wore when I was sheriff in
'88/' In Davenant's Plymouth L x, Cable says there are
no women in Plymouth, " but a few matrons of B. that
the Spaniards left here in W *.«• 1588, the year of the
Spanish Armada, In Hash's Saffron Walden L r, Bis-
canism (i\e* the Basque language) is spoken of as w the
most barbarous Spanish/* The people were regarded as
rough and quarrelsome. In Davenant's Distresses v* x,
Androlio speaks of Basilonte, who is really a gentleman
of Cordova, as 4< this choleric Biscayner/' In T. Hey-
wood's /* JfC M* B* 335, Ricaldus enumerates " 14 great
ships of Biskey, of Castile/' in the Gt* Armada* In W*
Rowley's All's Lost v* 4, after the defeat of Rodorigue
by the Moors near Seville, Piamentelli advises him to
flee *4 to Biscany ; there you may find new friends*' '
In Antonie iv. 1777, the Chorus speaks of " The Bis-
caines martial might " amongst the ancient enemies of
Rome.

BISERTA. Se* BISERTA.

BISHOPSGATE* One of the old gates in N.E* Lond*,
between Aldgate and Aldersgate* It was rebuilt in 1479,
The Bp« of Lond* had one stick from every cartload of
wood brought in through this gate : hence its name,
B* St* Within tuns N* from the junction of Cornhill and
Leadenhall St* to the point where the old gate stood ;
beyond that it becomes B* St* Without. It partially
escaped the Gt. Fire, and several old buildings survived,
notably Crosby Hall and St, Helen's Ch* The scene of
Rowley's Match Mid. is in this neighbourhood ; Mary
Bloodhound lived in Houndsditch, near Aldgate and
B* (iv, x) ; and a little later on Moll and Randall, meet-
ing in the dark at the point where Cornhill, Leadenhall
St, and B* meet, are disturbed by the watch coming up
Gracechurch St*, and dodge away down Cornhill and
round the Exchange* Then the ancient who " escaped
the watch at B. with ease M meets Moll turning down
the Ch. comer towards the Exchange* In Haughton's
Englishmen iv* 3, Frisco says of Vandal, ** He looks like
the sign of the Mouth without B*, gaping ? and a great
face and a great head, and no body/' In Dekker's
Satiro* iii* x, 245, Tucca says, " I'll dam thee up, my
wide mouth at B." In T* Heywood's L K* M+ B* 370,
John says> " Once in a year a man might find you
quartered betwixt the Mouth at B* and the preaching-
place in the Spittle *' (see MOUTH)*

In Dekker's Northward iv. 3, Bellamont says, *' Stay,
yonder's the Dolphin without Bishop's Gate, where our
horses are at rack and manger/' The Dolphin was just
outside B*, near the end of Houndsditch* In Day's
J3» Beggar iii*, Canoy says, " There's an odd fellow
snuffles £' the nose, that shows a motion [Le* a puppet-
show] about B*> well get to his lodging/' In T* Hey-
wood's Ed* IV A, 14, the Messenger reports that the
rebels are coming from Essexward ; " therefore 'tis his
mind You guard both Aldgate well and B/' On p* 57
the Lord Mayor says/ ** In memory of me, John CrosbJe,
m B, St* a poor house I built and as my name have called
it Crosbie House " ($&& CROSBY HOXJSB)* Gresham Hved
in B* in a mansion built by him in x 563, It stood on the
W* side of the st, and the gardens extended to Broad
St. In T* Heywood's L K. M. B. 5*97, a Lord says, w It
is our way to B* to Master Gresteam's house/' Dekker,
in Seven Sins, makes Sloth enter the city with " a most

6*2

BLACK 3EAR

sleepy and still triumph at B/' In Deioney's Craft u, o,,
the Dr. says, ** He rode with me out of B* forth right as
far as Ware/'

BISHOP'S HALL* Apparently Bp. Banner's house, abt*
i in. E, of Bethnall Green, is intended* In Webster's
Cuckold iy, x, Compass says to his wife, " Then will we
meet again in the pease-field by B, H,"

BISHOP'S PALACE (LoND.). Stood at the N.W, corner
of the precinct of St. Paul's* In Trm Tragedy the
messenger informs the Q* that her son ** remains at
Lond. in the B* P/' Milton, in Ampagitica (1644),
p. xa (Hales), pours scorn on " a lordly Imprimatur * , .
from the W* end of Pauls/'

BISKEY, See BISCAY*

BITHYNIA* Province in RW» Asia Minor, on the
Propontis and the Black Sea* After the defeat of Zama,
Hannibal took refuge with Antiochus the Gt»f and after
his defeat at Magnesia went to the court of Prusias of B*,
where, suspecting treachery on the part of the K»* he
poisoned himself about x 83 B*C. In Nabbes' Hannibal iv ,
5, Lelius says of Hannibal, " He is fled unto Antiochus,
or else to Prusias of Bythinia/' Act V takes place ia
"Bythinia," and Hannibal's death forms its climax*
In Marlowe's Tamb* A. iii*j, Tamburlaine expresses his
intention of meeting the Turkish forces in B, ; and in
B, L x, Orcanes reckons the Bns* amongst the tribes who
are under his command* Scenes a and % Act III, of
Massinger's Believe are laid in the Court of Prusias, 1C.
of B., about 190 B*C. The jplay was really intended to tell
the story of the pseudo-Sebastian who personated the
Sebastian of Portugal killed at the battle of Alcagar*

BIZANCE* See BYUNTXUM*

BIEERTA. A spt, in Tunis, the most N, port in Africa*
In Davenport's Nightcap ii. 3, Lorenzo refers to " the
fight betwixt B. gallics and your Grace/' f,e. the D. of
Verona. The pirates of Tutus and Algiers infested the
Mediterranean during the i6th cent., and there were
many fights between them and the shipn of the Italian
states* Milton, P» JL. L 585, speaks of the troops ** whom
Biserta sent from Afric shore When Charlemain with all
his peerage fell By Fontarabbia*" The reference Is to a
passage in Orlando Tnnamorato ii., in which Agramant*
K. of Africa, is said to have assembled his troop at B*
for the invasion of Charlemagne's empire,

BLACKAMOOR* Used for any dark-skinned nativt of
Africa, but mostly in the dramatists for a Moor of
Barbary, i.e. N. Africa, though it is also employed for a
negro* Boorde, in Intro* for Kn&wM$9 (1547) ax a*
makes a N* African say, " I am a black More born in
Barbary/' In Troil L i> So, Pandarus siyi, " I out not*
an she were a black-a-moor ? 'tis all one to me/*
Sidney, in Arcadia (x58o) 36, speaks of " a blacfc-a-
Moore boy/' T* Heywooa^ In Maid of West, speaks of
the K* of Fes; as " the black a Morrian k/' In B. & F.
Malta L x, Mountferrat calls the Moor Zanthia ** the
b, that waits upon her," t\«. Oriana* In L a, a gentle-
woman calls her, 4t My little labour in vain," afkdittg
to the proverb that it is labour in vain to try to wash t
B. white* There is a public-house in Melbourne calkd
the Labour in Vain, which in the early days of the Colony
had for its sign a B. in a tub of water* In Cowley's
Cutter iv* 6, Puny says that the Guinea merchant "&
dead long since and gone to the blackamores below."
See under MOOR*

BLACK BEAR, A Lond* booksellers' sign. Bacon's
Essays were " Printed for Hunfry Hooper tad are to be
sold at the blacke Beate in Chauncery Line* 1597."

BLACK BOY

Marlowe's Hero and Leander was 4* Printed by Felix
Kingston for Paule Linley and are to be sold in Paules
Churchyard at the sign of the Blacke-beare. 1598."

BLACK BOY. The sign of Henry Kirkham's bookshop
at the little N* door of Paul's Ch* (Title page Bacchus
Bounties 1593)* There was a B* B* tavern in Southward
which left its name in B. B* Alley, off Blackman St.

BLACK BULL. A well-known old tavern in Gray's Inn
Lane, Lond*, with an old galleried yard (see BATTLE
BRIDGE)* Taylor, in Carriers Cosmog., mentions another
B* B* in Smithfield ; and another in Bishopsgate St.

BLACK BULL. An inn at Cambridge. Hall, in Satires ii*
7, 32, says, " The neck the B.-B/s guest became/' Mil-
ton, in ApoL for Smectymnuus, blames Hall for whipping
44 the sign posts of Cambridge ale-houses " in this pas-
sage.

BLACKEM-HALL. See BLACKWELL HALL*

BLACKFRIARS* The Order of the Dominicans was
founded by St. Dominic in 1515, and confirmed by
Honorius III in the following year* They wore a white
robe with a black cloak and hood : hence their name
" Black Friars/' They came to England in 1231, and
had their first home in Holborn, outside the City wall ;
but in 1276 they were granted " 2 lanes or ways next the
st. of Baynard's Castle, and the tower of Montfitchet to
be destroyed " (Stow). They duly destroyed the tower,
and with the stones of it they built a magnificent new
monastery and ch* The site was the plot of land lying N.
of the present Q. Victoria St* and E. of Water Lane.
The ch. lay on the N. side near to Carter Lane : S. of it
were the Gt* Cloister and the Inner Cloister ; to the W*
of the cloisters were the Buttery and the Prater : the
latter occupying the site of the present Times printing
office* The monastery was seised at the time of the
dissolution of the monasteries in 1538, and the ch* was
pulled down* The rest of the buildings were sold by
Edward VI to Sir Francis Cawarden, and converted into
residential tenements which were occupied by people
of the highest rank* The ri^ht of sanctuary still re-
mained to the precinct ; and it was free from the juris-
diction of the City authorities. Richard Farrant, Master
of the Windsor Chapel, wanting a place for his children
to perform plays, leased the old Buttery in 1576 and
converted the upper rooms into a playhouse, with an
entrance from Water Lane. Here the Children of the
Chapel performed from 1577 to X5^4 : during the latter
part of the period under Lyly's direction, his Campaspe
and Sapho being played by them with great applause.
In 1584, however, the lease was terminated and the
place converted into tenements* In 1596 James Burbage
purchased what had been the Frater from the then
owner, Sir William More, and converted it into a
private theatre, 46 ft* wide and 66 ft* long* It was en-
tirely roofed in, had 4 galleries, and was artificially
lighted, Burbage died in 1597, and left the theatre to
his son Richd*, the great tragedian of Shakespeare's
company* By him it was let to Henry Evans to be used
by the Children of the Chapel for plays ; and abt. 1600
their performances began, They were very successful,
as Shakespeare, Ham. iL 2, 352* testifies* Middleton, in
Hubburd* p* 77, advises the Lond* gallant to ** call in at
the B* where he should see a nest of boys able to ravish a
man." The D. of Stettin-Pomerania in 1603 waxes
quite enthusiastic about their music* Evans got into
trouble for kidnapping a boy, a&d the company was re-
organised by Edward Kjrkbam and secured a Royal
patent in 1604* But the management was most un-

BLACKPR1ARS

fortunate in its choice of plays : Daniel's Philotas in

1604, Jonson, Chapman, and Marston's Eastward in

1605, Day's Gulls in 1606, and Chapman's Byron plays
in 1608 got them into serious trouble with the Court,
and in 1608 the theatre was leased to Richd* Burbage
and a syndicate which included Shakespeare. Burbage
now ran it as a winter house, retaining the Globe for the
summer performances of his company* It became so
popular that the crowd of coaches and horses was a
great nuisance to the neighbourhood, but the efforts to
get it closed were futile, and it continued to flourish
until the closing of the theatres in 1642* It was ulti-
mately pulled down on Aug* 6, 1655, and tenements
built in its room. Shakespeare bought a house some
200 yards from the theatre on the W* side of St* An-
drew's Hill in 1613, which he leased to one John
Robinson* It was near what is now known as Ireland
Yard.

In the preface to the ist Folio of Shakespeare the
author says, " Though you be a magistrate of wit and
sit on the stage at Black-friers or the Cockpit, to arraign
plays daily, know, these plays have had their trial
already*" In Dekker's Satiro* iv. 3, 248, Tucca says,
44 Thou hast arraigned two poets against all law and con-
science and, not content with that, hast turned them
amongst a company of horrible black fryers*" The
reference is to Jonson's Poetaster, with its attack on
Marston and Dekker, which was played at the B* in
1602* In Shirley's address prefixed to the Folio of
B* & F/s Plays in 1647, he says that this volume con-
tains ** the authentic wit that made B, an academy where
the 3 hours' spectacle, while Beaumont and Fletcher
were presented, was usually of more advantage to the
hopeful young heir than a costly dangerous foreign
travel*" In verses by R* C*, prefixed to The Queen 16,
we have a reference to B*, " which in this age Fell when
it was a ch*, not when a stage, Or that the Puritans that
once dwelt there Prayed and thrived though the play-
house were so near." In Killigrew's Parson iv* i, Jolly
says, " I have got the B* music* I was fain to stay till the
last act*" In Cockayne's Obstinate iii. 2* Lorece says,
** I at any time will carry you to a play, either to the
Black Friar's or Cockpit*" In the Actors* Remonstrance
(1643), they say, *' It is not unknown to all the audience
that have frequented the private houses of Black-friars,
the Cock-pit, and Salisbury Court without austerity we
have purged our stages from all obscene and scurrilous
jests/' In Doubtful (proL), which was produced on the
Bankside, Shirley begs his audience to behave 4* as you
were now in the Blackfryars pit/' Sir Aston Cockayne,
in poem prefixed to Brome's Plays (1653), prays for the
time when ** Black, and White Friars too, shall flourish
again " (see also PORTER'S HALL)* In the hall of the
monastery was held the trial of the divorce case between
Henry VIII and Katherine of Arragon* In HS ii* 2* 139,
the K* says, " The most convenient place that I can
think of For such receipt of learning is Black-friars/'
and there accordingly is fixed the trial scene (ii* 4).

As has been already stated, the tenements into which
the old monastery had been converted were occupied by
fashionable folk. In Middleton's Michaelmas iv* 3,
Thomasine says, 4* Inquire for one Master Easy at his
old lodging i' the B/' In W* Rowley's Match Mid, i*,
Ancient Young says, " There was a handsome widow
whose husband died at sea ; let me see, I am near B*,
I'll have one start at her/' In Jonson's Alchemist L i,
Subtle mocks Face as an *4 Honest, plain, livery-three-
pound-thrum, that kept Your master's worship's house

BLACKFRIARS

here in the Friers " : and itisin this house, in the absence
of his master Lovewit, that Subtle carries on his business
as a professed alchemist* Vandyke lived here for 10
years/ and the miniature painter, Isaac Oliver, was an-
other resident* In Jonson's Devil i* 3, FitsDottrel pro-
poses to go " into Hyde Park and thence into B*, visit
the painters/' In the poorer parts of the neighbourhood
many Puritans lived, possibly because of the privilege of
sanctuary still enjoyed by the precinct ; and many of
them were engaged in the business of feather-making*
We read, in Jonson's Alchemist i* i* of a Capt* 4* whom
not a Puritan in B* will trust so much as for a feather/'
In Field's Amends iii* 3, the Widow inquires, " Precise
and learned Princox, dost thou not go to B* 4 " " Most
frequently, Madam," answers the disguised Bold, " un-
worthy vessel that I am to partake or retain any of the
delicious dew that is there distilled/' In Dekker's
Westward v* i* Moll says, " Let's be as fantastic and
light-hearted to the eye as feather-makers, but as pure
about the heart as if we dwelt amongst 'em in B/' In
Randolph's Muses* i* i, Bird* the feather-man, and Mrs*
Flowerdew, the wife of a haberdasher, come to the
Playhouse, probably Salisbury Court, to sell their
wares : they are described as " two of the sanctified
fraternity of B/' Bird says, " We live by B* College, and
I wonder how that prophane nest of pernicious birds
[sc, the actors] dare roost themselves there in the midst
of us " ; and Mrs* Flowerdew is surprised that the B*
Theatre ** rscaped demolishing i' the time of reforma-
tion/' In the dispute between the Rabbi Busy and the
proprietor of the puppet-show in Jonson's BarthoL v* 3,
the latter argues, ** What say you to your feather-makers
in the Friers that are of your faction of faith i Is a
bugle-maker a lawful calling i or the confect-makers,
such as you have there i or your French fashioner i **
In Jonson's Love Rest., Robin Goodfellow tries to get
in under the disguise of " a feather-maker of B* ; but
they wondered how I could be a Puritan, being of so
vain a vocation/* In Marston's Makontentf Ind*, Sly
hides his feathers in his pocket because feathers had
been so satirised on the stage of the theatre that " B*
hath almost spoiled B* for feathers/' In W* Rowley's
Match Mid. L i, we learn that the Widow Wagge
44 dwells in Blackfryars, next to the sign of the fool
laughing at a feather/' mentioned again in iv* as 44 the
sign of the Feathers and the Fool/' There seems to be a
reference to this sign in H8 L 3, 34, where Lovell says,
44 They must * . * leave those remnants Of fool and
feather that they got in France*" In B* & F* Thomas ii*
3, Hylas thinks ** not all the feathers in the Fryars "
will satisfy a fashionable wife* In their Wit Money iii* 4,
Valentine boasts that his breeches 44 are Christian
breeches, founded in B/' In Jonson's Epicoene iv* i,
Otter says that all his wife's teeth *4 were made in the
B/' In B* & F* Prize iv* 5, Petruchio mentions 44 a
beggar-wenchaboutB*,Runs on her breech" : doubtless
some poor cripple who was a familiar figure there*
There was a glass manufactory on the site in Temple St.
where the Whftefriars Glass Works now stand* Dekker,
in Kmghfs Conjuring, says of hell, " Like the glass-
house ftmiace in B*, the bone-fires that are kept there
never go out/' In KiUdgrew's Parson iii* x, Mrs. Plea-
sant says, " I'll go to a play with my servant* and so shall
you; and we'll go to the glass-house afterwards/' The
Greyhound Inn was at the Fleet St* corner, neat B+
In Dekker's Westward ii* 3, Justiniatxo suggests, as a
rendezvous for the party that is going to Brentford,
44 the Greyhound in B/* See GREYHOUND*

BLACK SWAN

BLACKFRIARS STAIRS. A landing-stage on the N*
bank of the Thames, where B* Bdge, now stands. In
Marmion's Leaguer v* 3, Ardelio, being turned out of
service, says, 44 1 may go set up bills now for my living,
or fish at B* S/' In Middleton's JR* G. v* a, Sir Alexan-
der, hearing that his son and Moll have gone across to
Lambeth, says, 44 Delay no time, sweet gentlemen ! to
B* ! We'll take a pair of oars and after them/' In
Middleton's Chaste Maid iv* 3, Touchwood tells how a
gentleman escaped from a gang of bullies in B* by the
help of an honest pair of oars.

BLACKHEATH* An extensive open common between
Eltham and Greenwich, 5 m* from the centre of Lond*
It is intersected by the Dover Rd** and the traffic from
Kent to Lond* naturally comes across it* It was on B*
that the Kentish men assembled in Wat Tyler's re-
bellion* In Jack Straw i*, Jack says to his men, 4t Upon
B*, beside Greenwich, there we'll lie*" Here Richd* II
and his bride were met by the citizens ; and here Henry
V was greeted by the lord mayor and aldermen on his
return from Agincourt* (H$ v», proL 16) 4i So swift a
pace hath thought that even now You may imagine him
upon B*" Jack Cade and his followers camped here
«(H6 B. iv* 2 and 3) ; and here Henry VI met York and
Warwick before the ist battle of St* Albans (H6 B* v* z )*
It was on B. in 1497 that Henry VII defeated the 1 5,000
Cornish rebels who had marched on Lond» under
Audley* In Ford's Warbeckm* x, this battle is described,
44 B*/' says the K*, " must be reserved the fatal tomb
to swallow Such stiff-necked abjects/' Latimer> in
Sermon I before Edward VI (1549), says that he re~
members buckling on his father's harness " when he
went unto B* field." The Heath was a well-known haunt
of footpads and highwaymen. In Oldcastte iy, if Sir
John mentions B* as one of the places that pay him tithe ;
and later, in the same scene, Harpool complains that a
thief 44 met me last day at Blacke heath near the park/'
and robbed him of £100. In Fair Women ii* 458*
Browne, lying in wait to murder Saunders, bids his ac-
complice, " See if Black Heath be clear Last by some
passenger we be descried/' In Brome's Moor v* x,
Meanwell says, *' We did pretend a deadly quarrel at a
great bowling-match upon B*" B» is mentioned often m
Look about as the abode of a hermit* John says, " FM
to B* and there with friends conspire "

64

BLACK LION* The sign of a bookseller's shop o& LondL
Bdge* Com, Cond. was " Imprinted by William Howe
for John Hunter on Lond* Bdge* at the Bkcke L/f The
date is about 1576*

BLACKMOOR SEA* The part of the Atlantic Ocean off
the N*W* coast of Africa* Milton* P* JR, iv* 73, makes
the Tempter show to our Lord 44 The realm of Bocchus
to the B* S*/* i'*fi* Gaetulia*

BLACK SEA* The sea between S* Russia atid Asia Minor*
The ancients called it the Euxine Sea, or Pontus. The
modern name is due to the Turks, who found the navi-
gation of this large expanse of water difficult after thexr
experience in the ^Bgean with its numerous islands, and
so called it Kara Denis, or B* S. In Marlowe's Tamfc*
A* iii* i, Bajaseth speaks of himself as 44 Great 1C and
conqueror of Grsecia, The Ocean Terrene, and the
Coal-b* S/'

BLACK SWAN* The sign of Sir Simon Eyre's shop in
Lond* Deloney, in Crajt L 13, says* 4* he »et tfp the sign
of the b, S* swimming upon the sea, in remwbriwce of

BLACKWALL

that ship the first that did bring him wealth, and before
that time the sign of the b* s* was never seen, or known,
in any place in or about the city of Lond*"

BLACKWALL* Suburb of Lond*, in the parish of
Poplar, on N* side of the r* at its junction with the Lea,
4 m* E* of St* Paul's* It is one of the busiest spts* in the
world* In Eastward iii* 3, the ship in which Sir Petronel
is going to Virginia lies at B* In Mayne's Match v* p,
Warehouse is informed that his 3 ships have come in
and *' lie at B*" In Fair Women ii* 177, Beane says that
" between B* and Woolwich is the worst " part of the
journey by river from Greenwich to Lond. In Oldcastle
iii* 2, Acton says that his army of rebels are " some nearer
Thames, Ratcliffe, B*, and Bow/' In Middleton's Five
Gallants i* i, Frippery, the draper, says he has " ven-
tured some small stock by water to B* among fish-
wives/' In Launching, written in praise of the E* India
Company 1633, the author says of the Company, " B*
proclaims their bounty; Limehouse speaks of their
liberality/' In Dekker's Westward ii* 3, when an ex-
cursion is proposed, Sir Gosling says, *' What say you to
B* or Limehouse 4 " To which Judith replies : 4* Every
room there smells too much of tar/f In Webster's
Cuckold i* 3, Compass, returning home after a voyage,
cries, " B,, sweet B*, do I see thy white cheeks again 4
O beautiful B* ! " Some of the scenes of the play are
laid there* In peloney's Craft ii* 9, there is a story of
" an Egyptian [i*e* gipsy] woman at B/'

BLACKWELL HALL (or, as it should more properly be
called, BAKEWELL HALL) was on the W. side and almost
at the S* end of Basinghall St*, Lond* It was a very
ancient building, and was for a long time the mansion of
the Basing family, one of whom, Solomon, was Lord
Mayor in the 4th year of Henry HI* It passed into the
Bakewell family in the reign of Edward III, and in the
next reign was sold to the City for £50 and made into a
cloth exchange* It was rebuilt in 1558, destroyed in the
Gt* Fire, and re-erected in 1672. In 1830 the Bank-
ruptcy Court was built upon its site* It was the Cloth
Exchange of Lond*, and no foreigner could sell cloth
elsewhere* In Prodigal ii* I, Oliver, the Devonshire
clothier, boasts, " Cha have 3 score pack of karsey at
Blackem-H*, and chief credit beside." In Deloney's
Newberie vi*, the clothiers meet 4* at B. H* in Lond*,"
to present their petition to the K* In his Reading vi.,
he says, " Then came they to B* H* where the country
clothiers did use to meet/' The time is the reign of
Henry I ,* so that the statement is % or 3 cents* previous*

BLANCKBOURG* An amusing hybrid translation by
North of Plutarch's Leuke Kome (white village)* It was
on the coast of Syria, between Beyrout and Sidon* Here
Antony met Cleopatra after his Parthian campaign. In
Brandon's Octavia 533, Byllius sayjs that Antony thought
good " for a time at B* to remain ? B* a city near to
Sydon placed/'

BLITHE. A vill of great antiquity on the borders of
Notts* and Yorks* In Downfall Huntington m* 2, the
Earl of Huntington, Robin Hood, says, " At B* and
Tickhijl were we welcome guests*"

BLOCK-HOUSE* A fortification built to block accesslo
a landing, bdge*, or other strategical point* There was
one such at Tilbury* The word was also used for a
prison, as in Jonsottfs Staple v* a, where Lickfinger tells
how Pennyboy, the usurer, has cotwmtted 3 of ms dogs
to A closets as prisons ; " the one of which he calls his
Lollards Tower, t'other his B*-H/*

65

BLUE-CAP

BLOIS* An episcopal city on the Loire, 100 m* S* of
Paris, which gave their title to the Counts of B* It has
an immense old castle, dating in part from the i3th cent*
In it were murdered the D* of Guise and his brother,
the cardinal* York complains, ** Maine, B*, Poictiers,
and Tours are won away 'Long all of Somerset and his
delay " (H6 A* iv* 3, 45)* There seems no historical
foundation for York's charge, except that in 1450
Somerset had weakly surrendered Caen to the French*
In Marlowe's Massacre, p. 240, K* Henri declares, " I'll
secretly convey me unto Bv now that Paris takes the
Guises' part " ; and the next scene, in which the Guises
are murdered, takes place in the Castle of B* For " Sir
Charles of Bloys " (Ed * HI iv* i) see under BSETAGNE,

BLOOMSBURY* Dist. in Lond*, between Holborn,
Gray's Inn Rd*, Euston Rd,, and Tottenham Court Rd*
It was almost open country in the i6th and i7th cents*,
and was a well-known resort of bad characters* The
fields behind the site of the British Museum, known as
Southampton Fields, were "the resort of depraved
wretches whose amusements consisted chiefly in fighting
pitched battles and other disorderly sports " (Dr. Rim-
bault)* In The Spiritual Courts Epitomized (1641),
Scrape-all, the Proctor, says, " All B*, Covent-Garden,
Long-Acre, and Beech Lane were as fearful of me as of a
constable*" In Glapthorne's Hollander iii* i, Fortress,
the president of a society of thieves called the Twiball
Knights, is described as " D* of Turnbull, B*, and
Rotten Row*" In Middleton's Chess ii* i, the Black
Knight, showing various letters from women of bad
character, says, ** These from a tender sisters of com-
passion in the bowels of B*" In Brome's Covent G* iii* i,
Clotpoll informs the company that his lodging is " At
B*"; at which Justice Cockbrain pricks up his ears,
and says, " B* i I note it*" In Cowley's Cutter ii* 3,
Puny says, w I'll beat him as a B* whore beats hemp ";
sc* in the prison for such women at Bridewell* B* was
a favourite haunt of Jesuits* Gee, in Foot out of
Snare (1624), P» 5°* says, " A Jesuit of the prouder sort
of priests may usually be met about B* or Holborn*"
In Foley's Records i* 605, it is stated that there were more
Romanists than Protestants in B* (in 1634)*

BLUE ANCHOR. Tavern in Lond* which may still be
found at the corner of St* Mary-at-hill and Lower
Thames St*, close by Billingsgate* In Eastward iii* i,
Sir Petronel invites Capt* Seagul to meet him ** at the
B* A* tavern by Billingsgate this evening " to drink to
his happy voyage* In Cowley's Cutter L 4, Cutter re-
ports that the Capt* met the Irish envoy " last night at
the B.-A/'

BLUE BIBLE* One of the printers of The Book of Riddels
(edn* 1629) was " Michael Sparke dwelling in Greene
Arbor at the signe of the b* B*"

BLUE BOAR INN* An inn in Spitalfields ; also a tavern
outside Aldgate* In Haughton's Englishmen iv* i, Frisco
says to his bewildered companions, " We are now at the
farthest end of Shoreditch* * * * You brought me this
way, because you would find a charm [for your spirit]
at the B* B* in the Spital*" In T* Heywood's Ed. IV A*
38, Spicing bids Chub" Redeem my paund Hose j they
He at the B* B* for xnf/' Taylor, in Carriers Cosmog^
mentions " the B* B* without Aldgate " as the lodging of
the Essex carriers* The rebels, of whom Spicing was
one, came from Essex, so that the Aldgate B* B* is
doubtless the one at which he had pawned his breeches*

BLUE-CAP* A Scotchman, so called from the blue bon-
net worn by the Scotch. H6 A* ii* 4, 393 : " One Mor-
dake, and 1000 bluecaps more*"

B

BLUE LION

BLUE LION* An inn in Cambridge* Hall, in Satires ii*
7> 34> says the heart lodges " in the way at the B* L*
inn/' Milton, in ApoL for Smectymnutisf refers to this
passage and scoffs at Hall for whipping *' the sign-posts
of Cambridge ale-houses/'

BOAR'S HEAD TAVERN* This famous hostelry, the
scene of the frolics of Prince Hal and Falstaff (H4 A*
ii* 4 ; iii* 2 ; H4 B* ii* 4) and of the death of the fat
knight (H5 iL i , and 3), was on the N* side of Gt* East-
cheap (not to be confused with Cheapside or W* Cheap),
which ran W* from Fish St. Hill* The tavern abutted at
the back on St* Michael's, in Crooked Lane, and was
just where the statue of William IV now stands* Stow
says, speaking of the year 14:1:0, " There was then no
taverne in Eastcheap " ; but he says that there were
cook shops "wher men called for meat what them
liked " ; and, it may be presumed, for what liquor they
required to wash it down* In any case, there was a
tenement in E* Cheap called the B* H. in the time of
Richd. II ; for it was given by William Warder to a
college of priests for the benefit of the adjoining Cbu of
St* Michael, and it is possible that it may have been the
scene of Glutton's famous debauch* described in Piers
B* v* 306 ss, Lydgate, writing in the reign of Henry
V, says, " Then I hyed me into Estchepe ; one cryes
rybbs of befe and many a pye ; Pewter pots they clat-
tered on a heape, there was harpe, pype, and rnynstrel-
sye," Drinking therefore went on, as well as eating* in
the cookshops* Shakespeare was not an archaeologist,
however ; and it is enough that there was a B* H* T»
in E* Cheap in his time, for it is so specifically named
in 1537* It was burned down in the Gt* Fire and re-
built on the same site, and its sign carved in stone with
the initials I* T* and the date 1668 is preserved in the
Guildhall. A B* H* in boxwood is said to have been dis-
covered amongst some rubbish after the Gt* Fire with
the inscription on the back : " William Brooke, Land-
lord of the Bore's Heade, Estchepe, 1566," and was
bought by Mr* Halliwell at Christie's in 1855* The
tavern and the Ch* of St* Michael were both demolished
in 1831* There was also a B* H* T* in Knightrider St*,
near the Blackfriars Theatre, but there is no need to go
to it for the original of Shakespeare's inn* In Dekker's
Shoemaker's iii. i, Eyre despatches a boy to " bid the
tapster of the B* H* fill me a dozen cans of beer for my
journeymen*" This was no doubt the E* Cheap Tavern*
In News BarthoL Fair, in the list of Lond* Taverns, we
find " The Bores H*, near Lond* Stone " ; which is the
E* Cheap one ? and also " The Bores H* in Old Fish
St*" The B* H*, 157 Cannon St*, preserves the name of
the historic hostelry*

It is a curious coincidence that there was a B* H* in
the High St* of Southwark which once belonged to Sir
John Fastolfe : he gave it to the Bp* of Winchester, who
bestowed it on Magdalen College, Oxford* There was
another B* H. T. in Whitefriars, the site of which is
indicated by B* H* Alley in Fleet St* ; now a private
passage. There was a B* H* on the N* side of White-
chapel, E* of Aldgate, between Middlesex St* and Goul-
ston St*, where B* H* Yard still marks its site* It was
one of the 5 inns mentioned by Howes in which plays
were performed before the building of the theatres*
There is record of 4* a lewd play called A Sackful of
News " being played there on Sept, 5, 1557* In March
1602 the players of the Earls of Oxford and Worcester
had the B* H. assigned to them by the Privy Council.

BOCARDO. The prison in the N* Gate of Oxford, pulled
down in 1771* The name was probably derived jocu-

66

BOHEMIA

larly from the syllogism Bocardo, the 5th mood of the
3rd figure, which is incapable of being reduced to the
ist figure by the process of conversion, and is therefore
difficult to get out of* Latimer and Cranmer were both
confined here* In Greene's Friar vii* xia, Clement*
annoyed by the ragging of the 3 disguised courtiers,
says, " Call out the beadles and convey them hence
straight to B/' Miles replies : " Out with your blades
. * * and teach these sacerdos that the Bs* are meet for
themselves*" In the Life of John Story (1571), we read :
4* Dr* Story was apprehenped by the officers and laid in
B*" In Middleton's Family L 3, Club says of a lady of
fashion, ** In the night-time she is filthier than the inside
of B*" The word is also used in a general sense for a
prison, as when Latimer, in his Serm. before Ed, VI 332,
says that Elias for his troublesome preaching was
44 worthy to be cast into B*" ; and in Serm* at Stamford
(1550)* that the Herodians were ready to lay hands upon
our Lord " to have him to B»"

BODLEY'S LIBRARY* The great library in the Univer-
sity of Oxford, founded by Sir Thomas Bodley, and
formally opened in 1602, when it contained over 3000
volumes* The first catalogue was printed in 1605* The
original library was in the quadrangle on the W* side
of Catherine St*, a little S* of Broad St,, known as the
schools* The books are now partly housed in the
Camera Bodleiana, or Radcliffe Dome, a little S* of the
Schools* The library contains upwards of 500,000
volumes and MSS, In Randolph's Muses* iii* x,
Banausus proposes to found a library of drapers' books
for young men of fashion; and Colax exclaims*
44 'Twill put down Bodly's and the Vatican*" Brooke,
in verses prefixed to Coryafs Crudities (16x1), says,
44 We ere long shall well perceive your wit, Grave
learned B*, by your placing it " in your library-

BODMIN* Town in Cornwall, 36 m* N*W* of Plymouth*
In Ford's Warbeck iy* 5, Skelton, speaking of Warbeck,
says, " The Cornish blades * * . have proclaimed
through B* and the whole county my sweet prince
Monarch of England*'*

BCEOTIA* The disk in ancient Greece, N* of Attica,
between the Eubcean Sea and Gulf of Corinth* Its chief
town was Thebes* The Athenians regarded the in-
habitants as dull and stupid, and thence a Bn, comes to
mean a dull-witted Philistine* Marston, in Pygmalion ii.
142, speaks of a " dull-sprighted fat Bn. Boor," Ton-
son's Pan is a contest between " certain bold boys of B."
and a company of Arcadians* The Bns* are beaten and
are bidden to 4t return with their solid heads and carry
their stupidity into B», whence they brought it/* The
scene of Wilson's Cobkr is laid in B* soon after the time
of the Persian Wars ; but it is merely England under
another name. The fountain Hippocrene (q,v.) was in B*
In Cockayne's Obstinate ii* 3, Phygmois asks, " Who
will seek the river for to quench His thirst who at Bn*
Hippocrene Hath pledged Mnemosyne in full-fraught
cups £ " In Tiberius 532, Germanicus, referring to the
cessation of the Greek oracles, says, " Vocal Bceotia in
deep miseries And Delphian glory in obscureness lies/'

BOHEMIA (BoHEM or BCEHIA; German B6HMEK), A
kingdom in the centre of Europe, once part of the
Austrian Empire* It lies S* of Saxony, with Silesia and
Moravia (with the latter of which it is now united) on
the E*, Bavaria on the W*, and the former Duchy of
Austria on the S* It was originally inhabited by the
Boii, from whom it took its name* In the middle of the
6th cent* A*D+ it was conquered by the Czechs, a

BOHEMIA

Slavonian race ; and the daughter of Krok, Libussa,
married Premysl, and founded a native dynasty which
lasted till 1306* John of Luxembourg then received the
crown, which was held by his descendants till the suc-
cess of the Hussite reformers led to the monarchy being
made elective* After the famous battle of Mohacz,
Ferdinand of Austria took possession of B* in 1547* In
1627, a^ter tke overthrow of the Protestant Elector
Palatine, son-in-law of James I and elective K* of B*,
it was declared a permanent part of the Austrian Empire,
and continued so until 1919* The K* of B* was one of
the 7 Electors of the Holy Roman Empire : he claimed
the right as the Emperor's hereditary cup-bearer, and it
was finally confirmed by the Golden Bull of 1356* The
scene of Winter's Tale is partly in B., partly in Sicilia :
Shakespeare in this following the Historie of Dorastus
and Fawnza, though he transposes the places* In itu 3, i,
Antigonus, who has been sent to expose the infant
daughter of the K* of Sicily, inquires of the mariner who
has been cast ashore with him, " Thou art perfect, then,
our ship hath touched upon the deserts of B* < " In the
original the child is set adrift in a boat and is driven on
the coast of Sicily* But B* throughout Dorastus and
Fawnia is represented as on the sea* Egistus and his
men ** without any suspition got to the Sea shoare;
where with many a bitter curse taking their leave of B*,
they went aboord*" " The Bn* Lords went to their
ships and sailed toward B*, whither in short time they
safely arrived, and with great triumph issuing out of
their ships went to the Kinges pallace*" 4t Dorastus,
hearing that they were arrived at some harbour . . *
they tolde him that the port belonged unto the cheife
Cittie of B*" Shakespeare therefore had the authority
of his author for giving B* a sea coast, and did not
trouble to inquire further* The time of the play is quite
indefinite : there is no K* of B* whose name even dis-
tantly resembles either Pandosto or Polixenes.

Barnardine (Meas» iv* 2, 134) is described as "a Bn*
born " ; and in Whetstone's Promos ii. 2, Corvinus is
** K* of Hungaria and Boemia*' ' The Host of the Garter
(M* W* W. iv* 5, 21) describes poor inoffensive Simple
as " a Bn*-Tartar," This is not an anticipation of the
modern use of the word, in the sense of a man who leads
a vagabond, irregular life, which is derived from the
French use of Boheme as meaning a gipsy* It is a com-
bination implying savagery ; the Tartars had the re-
putation of being barbarous and cruel Heylyn (p* 652)
says, ** they are barbarous everywhere in behaviour " ;
and the Bns* had a similar character : ** a people given
to drinke and gluttony," says the same author* Mine
Host is, of course, ironical in using such an epithet of
Simple* In Dekker's Fortunatus i* i, Fortune shows
Fortunatus in a vision a series of examples of her power*
Amongst them is " Primislaus, a Bn* K*, last day a
carter/' This Primislaus, or Premysl, was the legendary
founder of the Bn* royal line* He was a labourer, but
married the daughter of Krok, the founder of Prague,
and so became K* One of the characters in Jonson's
Queens is " the bold Valasca of B*" She was the wife of
Premysl, and organized an insurrection of women to
deliver B* from his tyranny* Each of them slew her
husband, and Valasca became Q* In Chapman's
Alphonsus i* i, 126, Lorenso says, ** That B* neither
cares for one nor other " of the candidates for the Em-
pire* In line 212, Alphonsus hopes to work " Upon the
Bemish K*fs ambition," and so gain the election against
Richd, of Cornwall* In L 3, n, this K* calls himself
44 Henry, K* of B*," but was actually Ottacar II, one of

BOLINGBROKE

the most famous of his line* He appears as one of the
' electors in Hector.

In Ed. HI i, the K* of B* comes to help the K* of
France ; and in iii* 5, Prince Edward enters, preceded
by the body of the K* of B*, whom he " Has dropt and
cut down even at the gate of death*" This was the blind
K*, Charles of Luxembourg, son of Henry of Luxem-
bourg, who founded a new Bn* dynasty in 1306* Ac-
cording to the well-known story, he ordered his knights
to tie his horse's bridle to theirs at the battle of Crecy
and to take him into the fight : where both he and they
were slain* The Prince of Wales assumed his badge,
which was " a plume of 3 ostrich feathers argent with
the motto Ich Dien*" Jonson, in Prince Henry's Bar-
riers, says, " The Black Prince Edward * * * at Cressy
field * * * tears From the Bn* crown the plume he
wears, Which after for his crest he did preserve To his
lather's use, with this fit word, I serve*" This story,
however, seems to be without historical confirmation*
In Marlowe's Tamb. B* i* i, Orcanes of Natolia claims
to have so battered Vienna with his cannon that 4* the
K* of Boheme and the Austric D* Sent heralds out
which * * * desired a truce*" The reference appears
to be to the defeat of the K* of Hungary and his allies
at Nicopolis in 1396 by Bajaset I* The K* of B* then
was John the Fearless ; but there is no evidence that
the Turks reached Vienna at this time* Massinger's
Picture is stated by him to be " true Hungarian history*"
Its scene is laid partly in Hungary, partly in B*, in the
reign of Ladislas of Hungary, in the latter half of the
I5th cent* Mathias, a knight of B*, is the hero of the
play ; and is probably intended for the Matthias who
became K* of Hungary on the death of Ladislas in 1457,
and in 1469 was proclaimed K* of B* too* During the
latter part of the i6th cent* there were many bitter
religious conflicts in B* owing to the attempts of the
emperors to enforce the Romish religion on the people*
In Jonson's Ev. Man L ii* 2, the disguised Brainworm
claims to have served " in all the late wars of B*,
Hungaria, Dalmatia, Poland, where not*"' The ist
wife of Richd* II was Anne of B*, the sister of the
Emperor Wenceslaus* In Trag, Richd. 11 she is fre-
quently spoken of as 44 Ann of Beame," and her death
at Sheen is announced in iv* 3* In Ford's Warbeck ii, i,
K. James says, 44 K* Charles of France And Maximilian
of B* both Have ratified his [Warbeck's] credit by their
letters*" This is Maximilian I, the famous Emperor and
founder of the greatness of the House of Hapsburg :
but he was not K. of B. Probably Ford confounds him
with Maximilian II of B*, 1 564-1 576*

BOLINGBROKE, A town in Lines*, 29 m*R of Lincoln,
The castle was built by William de Romara, Earl of
Lincoln, but came into the possession of John of Gaunt*
His son Henry, afterwards K* Henry IV, was born here
and took from it his surname, Henry of B* He is always
spoken of as B* until his return to claim his father's
title, and even after that by those who disputed his:

**.****.
* , He himself declines to answer to any name but
Lancaster* When Berkeley addresses him as " My Lord
of Hereford," he replies, " My Lord, my answer is to
Lancaster, And I am come to seek that name in Eng-
land ; And I must find that title in your tongue Before
I make reply to aught you say " (te ii* 3, 70)* Roger B*,
the conjurer, mentioned H6 B* i* 2, 76, was one of the
D* of Gloucester's chaplains and a man of great learning
in astronomy and the art of necromancy* He was ac-
cused of having made an image of the K, in wax in order

BOLLEYN

to affect his health by gradually melting it away, and
was drawn and quartered at Tyburn* The word is pro-
nounced Bullingbrook*

BOLLEYN* See BOULOGNE*

BOLOGNA* A large city in Italy, N. of the Apennines,
150 m* N.W* of Rome* It is a thriving, industrious, and
wealthy place* Its university, said to have been founded
by Theodosius II, was the oldest and most famous in
Italy, if not in the world* Its sausages, vulgarly known
as polonies, have a world-wide reputation : it has also
important manufactures of silk, paper, and pottery*
The word is often spelt Bononia by the Elizabethans*
The scene of B* & F* Chances is laid in B*, and Don
John (i* 3) says, " The civil order of this town B* Makes
it beloved and honoured of all travellers As a most safe
retirement in all troubles ; Besides the wholesome seat
and noble temper Of those minds that inhabit it, safely
wise, And to all strangers virtuous/' In ii, i, he says,
44 1 am * * * a gentleman That lies here for my study/'
Le. to attend the university* In Greene's Friar ix* in,
Vandermast boasts, " I have given non-plus to the
Paduans, To them of Sien, Florence and B,/' and half a
dosen other universities* In Ford's 'Tis Pity i* I, the
Friar exclaims, " Art thou, my son, that miracle of wit
Who once, within these 3 months, wert esteemed A
wonder of thine age throughout Bononia i " There were
still banditti in the neighbourhood, for in B* & F, Wild
Goose v* 2, we are told that Mirabel saved a gentleman
4* from being murdered a little from B*tr

Cromwell iii* 2, is laid at B, ; and his servant Hodge
writes home : 44 I am, at this present writing, among the
Polonyan Sasiges*" In verses prefixed to Coryat's
Crudities (1611), Vadianus says of the author, " Tom's
a B* sausage lovely fat*" In Cockayne's Trapolin ii* i,
the banished Trapolin laments, ** Farewell, my
draughts of Montefiascone, and B* sausages 1 " In ii* 3,
Horatio speaks of it as " fat B/' : a translation of the
Italian la Grassa B* In Florio's Montaigne L 4, a story is
told of a gentleman who relieved his gout by ** cursing
against Bolonie-sausage*" Rabelais in Gargantua i, 3, says
that Grangousier would not eat "sausages of Bolonia,
for he feared the Lombard bit/' i*e., poison* In Jonson,
Cynthia v, a* Mercury tries to cheapen some ribbons by
declaring, " These are Bn* ribands, I warrant you," but is
assured by the milliner that they are right Granado silk;
which was evidently considered to be of superior quality*
It was to B* that the Marquis of Saluces, the husband of
patient Griselda, sent her children privily in Chaucer's
Clerk of Oxford's Tale (C* T* E* 686)* In Lxtta i* i, 66,
Virginius says, " Occasio mini in Boloniam fuit Ibi ut
socii conferremus tabulas*"

BOLOIGN* See BOULOGNE*

BOLSOVER. A vilL in N* Derbysh*, 5 m* from Welbeck*
Here the Earl of Newcastle entertained K* James in
1634, when Jonson's Love's Welcome was produced.

BOLT-IN-TUN INN* An ancient tavern in White-
friars* with an opening into Fleet St*, opposite to Bolt
Cpuri* which preserves the name* It is now a railway
receiving ofl&ce, some small part only of the L-yard
being left* The sign was a rebus on the name of Prior
Bolton, Abbot of St* Bartholomew the Gt* The pro-
perty belonged to the Carmelite Friars* Jonson, in
New Inn i* i, justifies the name of the Light Heart I* by
saying, " Old Abbot Isttp could not invent better, or
Prior Bolton with his bolt and ton/'

BOLTON* In Feversham L 174, Michael, proposing for
Susans hand, says, 44 1 will rid mine elder brother away,

68

BORDEAUX

and then the farm of Bolton is mine own*" Probably we
should read, with Jacob, Bocton. The place intended is
Boughton-under-Blean, a vilL in Kent, a few miles W. of
Canterbury on the Pilgrims Rd* It is mentioned in
Chaucer, C* T* G. 556, as the place where the canon
and his yeoman overtook the pilgrims* It was *' ere we
hadde riden fully 5 mile " from their last stopping place,
which was no doubt Ospring* In a letter of Cranmer's
to Cromwell, written in 1558, he speaks of a farm at
Bowghton under the Blayne which his servant Nevell
" had of the Abbot and Convent of Feversham*"

BONONIA* Alternative spelling of Bologna, <JM>.

BONVILLE (BONDEVILLE), A small town in Normandy,
near Rouen, which gave their title to the Barons of B,
The ist Baron was created in 1*149 ? ™& h& great-
granddaughter Cicely, was married by Edward IV to
Thomas Grey, Earl of Dorset, the son of his Queen,
Elizabeth Woodville, by her former husband. To this
marriage Clarence refers in H6 C. iv* 1, 56, " Or else you
would not have bestowed the heir Of the Lord B* on
your new wife's son." In George, one of the characters is
Lord Charnel Bonfield, who speaks of himself as the
Lord of Doncaster* In T, Heywood's Royal King i,
Capt* Bonvile says, "My Grandsir was the first that
raised the name of Bonvile to this height/' If so,
Edward IV is probably intended, if indeed any parti-
cular king, by the Royal £ing*

BORDEAUX (Bu* « Burdeaux), The capital of
Guienne, on the left bank of the Garonne, some 60 m*
from its mouth and 370 m* S*W* of Paris* It belonged
to England for abt* 300 years, and an extensive trade
was carried on between the 3 countries. Chaucer says
of his shipman (C* T. prol* 397), " Ful many a draughts
of wyn hadde he y-drawe Fro Burdeuxward whil that
the Chapman sleepe*" Here Edward the Black Prince
kept up a magnificent court, and here his son Richd, II
was born* *' Herein," says Exton, 4* all breathless ttes
The mightiest of thy greatest enemies, Richd, of B."
(Rz v* 6, 33)* In Trag+ Richd* II ii r, 106, Bushey reads,
44 Upon the 3d of April 1365 was Lord Richd* born at
Burdex*" H6 A* iv. 3-7 are at, or in the neighbourhood
of, B,, and describe the attack on the city by Talbot,
and his death, in 1453* In H^ A* ii* 4, 69, Doll Tear-
sheet says of Falstaff, ** There's a whole merchant's
venture of B. stuff in him "—-wine being one of the
chief exports of B* In HS i* i, 96, Norfolk announces
that " France hath flawed the league and hath attached
Our merchants' goods at B*" The league is that made
between Henry VIII and Francis of France at the Field
of the Cloth of Gold in 1520 ; but in xsax Henry con-
cluded a treaty with the Emperor Charles at Bruges, by
which he bound himself to invade France the next year
with 40,000 men* As the result of this, Francis com-
manded on March 6, 1532, that all Englishmen's goods
should be 4* attached and put under a reste " (Hall's
Chronicle),

In Hycke>$. 102, Frewyll describes how he got drunk
and in his imagination 4* dyde lepe out of Burdeaux into
Canterbury, almost 10 m* between*" l&Jack Drum L ao,
Sir Edward calls, " Fetch me some Burdeux wine*"
There is a curious parallel to the Hycke passage in
Chaucer, C* T. C* 571, " The wyn of Spaigne crepeth
subtilly * * * Of which ther ryseth swich fumosites
That whan a man hath dronken draughtes thre And
weneth that he be at hoom in Chepe, He is in Spaigne
right at the toune of Lepe,— Nat at the Rochele, near
Bu*-toun " : the point being that B* wine or claret is not

BORDELLO

so strong as the Spanish wines* In Marston's Antonio
B* v* 4, Piero says, " I drink this Bu* wine Unto the
health of dead Anbrugio*" In Hash's Wilton K* i, Jack
says that the only profit of travel in France is that the
traveller has 4t learnt to distinguish of the true B, grape/'
In T* Heywood's Traveller i. 2, Reignald rinses his
throat " with B* and Canary/' In Chapman's May-Day
iv* i, Quintiliano sings, ** Fill red-cheeked Bacchus, let
the B* grape Skip like lavoltas in their swelling veins/'
In Tnzg. Richd* II v. 2, 147, Lancaster says of Burdex,
44 The soil is fat for wines, not fit for men " : in allusion
to the birth of Richd. there* In Ret. Pernass. pt. ii., the
hero visits B. and falls in love there with the heroine
Rosabella*

BORDELLO* A collection of some 20 houses on the
Bankside, Southwark, belonging to the Bp* of Winches-
ter and leased out as public brothels. Falstaff was
probably thinking of them when he talked of getting
him " a wife in the stews " (H4 B* i, 2, 60)* When Old
Knowell reads Wellbred's letter to his son dated 4* from
the Windmill/' he exclaims, " From the B* it might
come as well, The Spittle, or Picthatch " (Jonson, Ev.
Man L i* i). Chapman, in £>' Olive ii., speaks of u Those
changeable creatures that live in the Burdello, now in
satin, tomorrow next in stammel/' In Glapthorne's
Privilege L i, Adorni says, " These gentlemen know
better to board a punck in the Burdells than a pinace at
sea*" See also BANKSIDE, STEWS*

BORNO* A kingdom of Central Africa, lying S* and W.
of Lake Tchad. In Marlowe's Tamb. B. i* 3, Techelles
gives an account of his conquests in Africa, and says,
** Having sacked B., the kingly seat, I took the king and
led him bound in chains Unto Damasco/' In v. 3,
Tamburlaine claims to have conquered all from India
44 to Nubia near B. Lake " ; i.e. Lake Tchad* Heylyn
says that in Bornum ** the people have neither children,
wives, nor names, but are distinguished by some ex-
ternal accident/' He omits to state how race-suicide was
avoided. In Cockayne's Obstinate iii. 3, Carionil, dis-
guised as a negro, professes to be ambassador of the
emperor of a dozen kingdoms in Africa, including
44 Barne," which I suspect is meant for B*

BOROUGH (or, more fully, BOROUGH HIGH ST*)* The
main st* of Southwark, which was known to Londoners
as The B* in contradistinction to Lond. itself, which was
the City* It runs from the foot of Lond* Bdge, to the
junction of Newington Causeway and Gt. Dover St*
Dekker, in Bellman, mentions 44 Cheapside, East-cheap,
the Shambles, both Fish sts., the Stockes, and the B* in
Southwarke," as favourite haunts of foysts or pick-
pockets*

BOSANETH* A farm in the parish of Mawnan, 4 m*
from Penryn, in S. Cornwall. In Cornish M. P. i* 2767,
the bp. gives to the executioner for killing Maximilla
44 Behethlan, Behethlen ha B." (w ha " means ** and ").

BOSOM'S INN (a corruption of BLOSSOMS INN). A tavern
on the W. side of Laurence Lane, off Cheapside, Lond,,
the sign of which was St* Laurence surrounded by a
border of flowers or blossoms : the site is now occupied
by the L* <£ N.E*R. Goods Office*

In Jonson's Christmas, 44 Now comes in Tom of B. L
and he presenteth misrule/* 20 beds and stabling for 60
horses were provided at 4i the sign of St. Lawrence,
otherwise called B, I*," for the train of the Emperor
Charles V in 1522* The tract called Moroccos Extaticus,
about Banks and his horse Marocco, was stated on the
title to be " written by John Dando, the wire-drawer of

BOSWORTH

Hadley, and Harrie Runt, head ostler of Bosomes I*"
In Dekker's Northward ii. 2, Greenshield says of his fair
companion, *4 1 left her at B. L" In Deloney's Reading
ii., the clothiers stay at B. I*, which is said to be named
after the host, " Old Bosome." This is not correct.
The inn was destroyed in the Gt* Fire and not rebuilt.
Blossom I. Yard, No. 23 Lawrence Lane, marks the site.

BOSPORUS (or BOSPHORUS)* The channel connecting
the Black Sea with the Sea of Marmora. It is about xym*
long, and varies in breadth from 600 to 1000 yards* Its
name was connected by the Greeks with the passage
across it of lo after she had been turned into a cow and
was being driven through Europe and Asia by a gad-fly
sent by Hera to torment her* The word may be literally
translated " Ox-ford." In Marmion's Companion iii. 4,
Capt* Whibble boasts, " I have ploughed up the
sea, till B. has worshipped me/' In Kyd's Solyman
v*, a witness testifies, " Will you consent, quoth he,
to fire the fleet That lies hard by us here in B. £ "
Milton, P. L. ii. 1018, says that Satan was 44 more en-
dangered than when Argo passed Through B* betwixt
the justling rocks*" These rocks were the Symplegades
at the E. entrance of the B. ; they were said to clash to-
gether and crunch the ships that tried to pass them.
The passage connecting the Sea of Azov and the Black
Sea was also called the B*, the 2 being distinguished as
the Thracian and the Cimmerian respectively* From
the latter the Crimea was called the Kingdom of B. It
is this that is referred to in B. & F* Bonduca iv. 3, when
Petillius, urging Penius to kill himself with his sword
and not by poison, says, 44 Mithradates was an arrant ass
To die by poison, if all B* Could lend him swords."
In Cxsar's Rev. iii. 2, Caesar says, 44 1 displayed the
Eagle in the rough Cimmerian B*" The reference is to
his campaign against Pharnaces 47 B.C.

BOSS ALLEY. A lane on the S* side of Thames St.,
Lond*, running down to the river, near Billingsgate:
so called from a boss or projecting pipe of spring water,
said to have been placed there by the executors of Sir
Richd* Whittington* In Rowland's Good News and Bad
News (1622), " The waterworks, huge Paul's, old Char-
ing Cross, strong Lond. Bdge., at Billingsgate the
Bosse," are enumerated amongst the glories of Lond*
There is a play entitled The B. of Billingsgate.

BOSTON* Town in Lines*, 100 m* N* of Lond*, on the
Witham, Its parish ch, of St* Botolph with its noble
tower, locally known as 44 B* Stump," is its chief title to
fame. There was a Priory of St* Mary also, and the
Palmer, in J. Heywood's Four PP*, has not forgotten to
visit 44 our Lady of B*" In Bale's Laws iv*, Infidelity de-
clares, 44 1 have a pardon here in my sleeve, of our Lady
of B." In Sampson's Vow v* 3, 13, mention is made of a
petition from the men of Nottingham to have the Trent
made 44 navigable to Gainsborough, So to B*, Kingston,
Humber, and Hull*" But B. is not on the Trent ; and I
suspect a misprint for Burton, which lies just at the head
of the estuary of the Trent where it enters the Humber*
Hall, in Satires v* 2, speaks of Trebius slaking his thirst
44 With palish oat frothing in B* clay," z.e. small beer in a
vessel of cheap crockery.

BOSVENE (i*e* BOSVANNAH). Farm in Cornwall, near
Falmouth, in the parish of Gluvias* In Cornish M* P.
i. 2399, Solomon says to the Messenger, 44 My -a re
thyugh [I will give you] B*, Lostwithyel ha [and]
Lanerchy*"

BOSWORTH (or, more fully, MARKET-B.). A town in
Leicestersh*, 13 m* W* of Leicester, and 106 m* NJS*

BOTT1SHAM

of Lond* The battle between Richd* III and Henry of
Richmond was fought on a plain i m* S* of the town/
formerly called Redmore Plain, but subsequently B*
Field* The spot where Stanley placed the crown on
Richmond's head is still known as Crown Hill. A
memorial tablet was erected by Dr* Parr in 1812*
** Here pitch our tents/* says Richd., " even here in
B* Field " (83 v* 3, i) ; and this and the next 2 scenes
are laid there* In Ford's Warbeck i* 3, Henry cries,
" Sir William Stanley ! he, 'twas only he Who, having
rescued me in B*-field From Richd/s bloody sword,
snatched from his head The kingly crown and placed it
first on mine." " B* Field/* says Warbeck (v* 2), " Where
at an instant to the world's amazement A morn to Rich-
mond and a night to Richd* Appeared at once/' In
True Tragedy, p. n6, Stanley says, " The K* is now
come to Lester and means tomorrow to bid thee battle
inB*"

BOTTISHAM* A vilL in Cambridgesh, In Mankind,
Farmer, p. 28, Nought, proposing to go horse-stealing,
says, " I shall spare Master Allington of B/'

BOUILLON* A town in S*E* Belgium, on the Senoy,
close to the French frontier, abt* 80 m* S*E* of Brussels.
The ancient castle, on a steep hill overlooking the town,
has been repaired and is used as a military prison* The
town gave his title to the famous Crusader and ist K* of
Jerusalem, Godfrey of B* In Davenant's Plymouth ii. i,
Trifle is getting up a pageant of the 9 worthies, amongst
whom he names ** Alexander, Godfrey of Bulloigne, and
good K* David/'

BOULOGNE* A sjpt* of France on the English Channel,
157 m* from Paris* The town was dedicated to the
Virgin Mary, and when Louis II took it in 1477 he did
homage to her as its sovereign* There was a famous
image of the Virgin in the Ch. of Notre Dame, to which
pilgrimages were made in the Middle Ages* Chaucer's
Wife of Bath (A* 465) had been at B* ; and in, Gurton ii*
2, Diccon will- not tell what he knows until he has made
Dame Chat swear *4 by our dere lady of Bullaine " not
to reveal his secret* The town was besieged and taken
by Henry VIII in 1544* In Feversham ii. x, Bradshaw
says that he and Black Will " at Bulloine were fellow-
soldiers/' In the True Trag., ad fin., it is related that
Henry VIII in his decreasing age ** conquered Bullen/'
In Jonson's Owfo, we read, " This Capt* Cox, by St*
Mary, Was at Bullen with King Ha-ry*" Hentser saw in
the Tower of Lond* 2 cannon ** made of wood, which
the English had at the siege of B/' In Vox Borealis (1641),
a dispute is reported between the musqueteers and the
archers, in which the archers maintained that " bows and
arrows won Bulloyne*" In Penn. ParL 31, we read,
" Some shall maintain that a Turk can be hit at 12 score
pricks in Finsbury Fields, ergo the bow and shafts
won Bullen*"

In Rowley's New Wonder iii* i, Speedwell says, " My
godfather was an old soldier, having served in the wars
as far as B*" In Chapman's D'Olive iv* 2, D'Olive says
that everything in future will be dated from the year
of his ambassage : " The siege of B* shall be no more
a landmark for times*" In Marmion's Leaguer ii* i,
Autolicus says that Holland is beleaguered 44 and will
hold out as long as Busse or Boloigne*" Lodge, in
Wits Miserie (1596), says of Lying, « At Bullaine he
thrust 3 Switeers through the belly at one time*" In
Sampscm's Vow v* 3, 93, Q* Elisabeth says that Grey
''fought for our father * * * at Bullen/' Gascoigne, in
Steel Glass, p* 65 (Arber), speaks of one who assumes to
be a soldier, ** Because he hath perchance at Bolleyn -

BOURGES

been/' The town was restored to France by Edward VI*
In Davenant's Wits iii., Thwack, dressing himself, cries,
" O for the Bulloign hose I wore when I was sheriff
in '88." In Webster's Weakest, proL, " The D* of Anjou,
fatally inclined against the family of Bullen, leads a
mighty army into Burgandy/' This was in the early
part of the reign of Louis IX, before he went to the
Holy Land* Lodowick, D* of Bullen, takes an impor-
tant part in the play* In the Elements? Haz* i* 28,
Experience, in his lecture on geography, points out
44 the narrow sea to Calais and B. the next way/'
Act III, Sc* 3 of Hector is laid at " Bulleigne/'

BOURBON-L'ARCHAMBAULT* The capital of the
ancient Barony of Bourbonnais, on the Bourses, abt.
150 m* S* of Paris* The founder of the line of B* was
Adhemar, who lived during the loth cent. Of the old
castle 3 towers are still left. Antoine de B* married
Jeanne d'Albret, Princess of Navarre, and became K,
of Navarre in 1554* Their son was Henri of Navarre,
afterwards Henri IV of France, and ancestor of the
French B. kings The Spanish Bs* date from 1700, when
Philip V, grandson of Louis XIV, came to the throne*
(See Macaulay's Essay on The War of Succession in
Spain.) A branch of the Spanish Bs* held the throne of
Naples from 1735 to 1861 ; and the duchies of Lucca
and Parma were in the hands of another from 1748 to
1860. The D* of B*, appealed to by Charles to fight
against Henry V (H$ iii, 5, 41), who endeavoured to rally
the French at Agincourt, crying; 44 Let us die in honour;
once more back again ; And he that will not follow B,
now, Let him go hence " (#5 iv* 5, 12)— and named in
the list of the prisoners (H$ iv* 8, 82), was John, who
was carried to England, and, after 1 8 years' confinement,
died in 1433 and was buried in the Grey Friars Ch*,
Newgate, afterwards rebuilt by Henry VIII as Christ
Ch* The Lord B*, " our high admiral " (H6 C. iii* 3,
252), was the son of Charles D* of B., and grandson of
the John of the last paragraph* In Barnes' Charter iv* 3,
Lucretia Borgia recalls how *4 the D* of B. on his knees
did beg one lock " of her hair* This was Pierre, who
was D. of B* 1488-1503* There is a D* of B. in Chivalry*
which appears to be meant to take place in the reign of
St* Louis of France abt, 1260* Sir Burbon, in Spenser's
F*Q* v* ii and 12, is Henri of Navarre, afterwards
Henri IV of France* A fashionable way for men of
wearing the hair was called the B. lock* In Jack Drum
i* 340, Brabant says of Puffe, " When his period comes
not roundly off, he takes toll of the loth hair of his
B,locfc/'

BOURG* The capital of the department of Ain, in France,
239 tn* SJB* of Paris* It is distinguished from other
towns of the same name as Bourg-en~Bresse. It was
taken by the D* of Biron in 1600* It was considered one
of the strongest places in Europe* In Chapman's Consp,
Byron v* i, Byron asks the K* for '* the keeping of the
citadel of B*" ; which Henri refuses because it is " the
chief key of my kingdom that opens towards Italy/*
In Trag. Byron v* i, the 3rd charge laid against Byron is,
44 You held intelligence with the D*, At taking in Of B*
and other forts*"

BOURGES* An ancient city in France and the seat of an
archbp*, at the junction of the Auzon and Vevre, 134 m*
S* of Paris* The cathedral dates from the igth cent*,
and is one of the finest specimens of Gothic architecture
in France* In Fam. Viet., the Lord Archbp* of B* is one
of the French ambassadors who brought the King a tot*
of tennis balls as a gift from the K» of France*

70

BOUTTERSHEIM

BOUTTERSHEIM (possibly BAUTERSEIN is intended)*
A town in Belgium, in S* Brabant, abt* 6 m* SJE* of
Louvain. In Jonson's Staple iii* 2, Cymbal says, " See
but Maximilian His letters to the Baron of B* or
Scheiter-Huissen." In Epigram cvii* To Capt. Hungry,
he says, *Keep your names Of Hannow, Sheiter-
huissen, Popenheim, Hansspiegle, Rottenburg, and
Boutersheim For your next meal*"

BOW (more fully STRATFORD-AT-B*, g*i>*)* A suburb of
Lond*, on the Lea, 4$ m* N.E. of St* Paul's, It was
called B* from the arched bdge* over the Lea* In Old-
castle HL a, Acton says that his army is dispersed in
sundry villages, amongst which are "some nearer
Thames, Ratcliff, Blackwall, and B*" In B* & F.
Thomas iii* 3, the Fiddler offers to sing a number of
ballads, including " The landing of the Spaniards at B*
with the bloody battle of Mile-End/' In T. Heywood's
Ed* IV A. 1 6, the Mayor says to the rebels, *4 the poorest
citizen Shall walk to B*, a small wand in his hand, Al-
though thou lie encamped at Mile-End-Green, And
not the proudest rebel of you all Shall dare to touch
him/' An annual goose-fair was held there; in
Middleton's Chaste Maid i, i, the Porter says to Yellow-
hammer, " If I see your Worship at Goose-fair, I have
a dish of birds for you*"-—*4 Why," says Yellowhammer,
44 dost dwell at B. i "•— ** All my lifetime, sir," answers
the Porter, ** I could ever say bo to a goose*" Taylor,
Works,, says, "At B* the Thursday after Pentecost
There is a fair of green geese, ready roast ; And as
herbs, flowers, and weeds together grow, So people are
that day at Stratford B*" (p* no)* In Glapthorne/s Wit
ii* i, Valentine says, *' You can have your meetings at
Islington and Green Goose Fair and sip a zealous glass
of wine*" In Jonson's Poetaster iii. i, Tucca says, " Get
a base violin at your back and march in a tawny coat
with one sleeve to Goose-fair*" In Beguiled 1436, the
Nurse complains, ** He made me believe he would go to
Green-goose Fair." It was a convenient distance for an
afternoon's outing for the Londoners* Jonson, in his
Epigram 139 To Mime, says, ** There's no journey set or
thought upon To Brentford, Hackney, B*, but thou
mak'st one*"

The Ch* of St. Mary in the middle of Mile End Rd.
was the chapel of the Benedictine Nunnery founded by
William the Conqueror. It was here that the Prioress of
C. T* proL 126 learned her French : 4* Frenssh she
spak ful faire and fetisly After the schole of Stratford-
atte-Bowe, For Frenssh of Parys was to hire unknowe."
Jonson parodies the passage in New Inn ii* 3, where the
Host says of Fly, " he speaks a little tainted, flyblown
Latin After the school " — to which Beaufort adds :
44 of Stratford o' the B* ; For Lillie's Latin is to him
unknow/' There were many bakers in B* who helped
to furnish Lond* with bread. They brought it in carts
and sold it in Cheapside, Cornhill, and Gracechurch St* ;
and the loaves being 2 oz* heavier than those made in
Lond. they doubtless had a good market. Piers B*
xiii* 367, tells how, as the result of the drought of 1370,
44 no carte come to toune with bake bred fro Stretforth*"
According to Stow this service of bread ceased about
1570,

BOW CHURCH* The Ch* of St. Mary-le-B,, or St*
Mary de Arcubus, in Lond* : so called from the vaulted
arches on which it was built, or from the arches in the
lantern on the top of the tower. It is on the S. side of
Cheapside, E* of Bread St., at the corner of B* Lane, and
was built in the reign of William I. The steeple was re-
paired in 1512 and the lantern and stone arches, which

BOW LANE

may still be seen on the seal of the ch., were added* It
was destroyed in the Gt* Fire of 1666, and the present
ch* was erected by Sir Christopher Wren. To be born
within the sound of B* Bell is the mark of the genuine
Cockney* In Jonson's Epicoene ii* i, Truewit wonders
that Morose does not commit suicide when there is
t4 such a delicate steeple in the town as B* to vault from."
In T* Heywood's I.K.M. B. 275, Tim admits:
44 Sometimes, as soon as I have come from B* Ch*, I
have gone to a bawdy house*" In Eastward i* 3, Girtred
begs, 4t Take me out of this miserable city 1 carry me
out of the scent of Newcastle coal and the hearing of
B.-bell*" In v* 3, she confesses, ** I would make a mouth
at the city as I rid through it ; and stop mine ears at
B*-belL" In Randolph's Muses* iii* i, Banausus pro-
poses *4 To get a high-crowned hat with 5 low-bells To
make a peal shall serve as well as B." In Perm* ParL 33,
it is provided that 4t B*-bell in Cheapside, if it break not,
shall be warranted by letters patent to ring well*" In the
nursery rhyme used in the game of Oranges and Lemons
one distich runs, " I'm sure I don't know, Says the Gt*
Bell of B*" In Shirley's Riches iii*, Gettings swears, 44 By
Cheapside-Cross and loud B.-bell*" In Treasure? Has* iii,
367, Inclination says/'The same year the weather-cock of
Paul's caught the pip so that B*~bell was like much woe
to sustain." In Middleton's Quiet Life i* i, Water-
Camlet says of his talkative wife, " B* Bell is a still organ
to her." In W. Rowley's Shoemaker iv* I, 205, the
shoemaker says to his chattering wife, 44 Sfoot, will B*-
bell never leave ringing 4 " Greene, in Perimedes Black-
smith (1588), satirises Marlowe's big words as 4* filling
the mouth like the fa-burden of Bo-bell*" The fa-
burden, or Faux-bourdon, means the bass, or lowest
bell, of a chime. In T. Heywood's Ed + IV A. 19* Smoke
bids his fellow-rebels, " Pluck out the clapper of B. Bell
and hang up all the sextons in the city/'

The curfew was rung on B. Bell every night at 9 :
this was the signal for the cessation of work* Hence the
old rhyme in which the prentices complain, 4* Clarke of
the B*-bell with the yellow locks, For thy late ringing
thy head shall have knocks*" To which the Clerk re-
plies : " Children of Chepe, hold you all still ; For you
shall have B*-bell rung at your will." In Haughton's
Englishmen iii. 3* Pisaro exclaims* 44 God's me I 'tis 9
o'clock ; hark I B.-bell rings." B* Bell is used in the
sense of a Cockney* In Eastward i. 2, Girtred con-
temptuously calls her sister "B*-bell." In Prodigal ii. if
Oliver says sarcastically to Sir Arthur, 44 Ay, and well
said, cocknell and Bowbell too." The Ecclesiastical
Court of Arches was so called because it sat in this ch*
In Middleton's JR. G. iv* 2, Greenwit, in the disguise of
a Sumner, cites Gallipot " to appear in B. Ch* in answer
to a libel of pre-contract."

BOW LANE. St* in Lond., running S* along the E* side
of B. Ch* in Cheapside to the corner of Cannon St. and
Q, Victoria St* It was formerly called Cordwayners St.,
from the shoemakers who had their shops there.
Amongst the guests invited to the banquet in Middle-
ton's Quiet Life iv* a, are " Master Body et Uxor of B.
L+" In Brome's City Wit i* i, Josina sends to 4* Mrs.
Piccadell in B*-L. to provide me an honest, hansome,
secret young man." In his Moor iii* i, Quicksands asks,
44 How knew'st thou I wanted a servant i " And Phillis
replies : 44 At an old wives house in B* L. that places
servants " : doubtless the aforesaid Mrs* Piccadell's*
Armin, in Ninnies, tells of " a poor blind woman in
B.-l* called blind Alice who had this fool of a child
(one John) to lead her*"

BOWLING ALLEY

BOWLING ALLEY* Bowling was a favourite game in
Elizabethan England* Shakespeare has many references
to it* Cor* v* 3, 30 : 4t Sometimes, Like to a bowl upon
a subtle ground I have tumbled past the throw*" Cym*
iL i, 8, Cloten tells of his bad luck : " When I kissed
the jack, upon an up-cast to be hit away " ; and being
taken up for swearing he broke his reprover's head
with his bowl — not altogether inexcusably* In Shrew
iv* 5, 34, " Thus," says Petruchio, " the bowl should
run* And not unluckily against the bias*'* In JRs Hi. 4, 3,
her attendant suggests to the Q* a game at bowls, but
the Q* refuses ; ** 'Twill make me think the world is
full of rubs, And that my fortune runs against the bias."
In I* L. JL* v* Q, 587, Costard bears witness that Sir
Nathanael, the village parson, "is a marvellous good
neighbour, faith, and a very good bowler*" And in
iv* r, 140, he suggests to Boyet to challenge Margaret
to bowl; where, by the way, the word rhymes to
44 owl*" By Act II, H?f iL 5, apprentices are for-
bidden to play at ** tenys, closshe [a kind of skittles],
disc, cardes, and bowles " ; and the moralists coupled
together dice, tables, cards, and bowls, as evil diversions*
Earle, for example, Micro* 101, says, *4A Bowl-A* is
the place where there are three things thrown away
beside Bowls, to wit, time, money, and curses, and the
last ten for one/*

Gosson, in School of Abuse, p. 45 (Arber), says,
44 Common B* Allyes are privy moths that eat up the
credit of many idle citizens*" James I, however,
authorised licenses to issue for 24 b* alleys in Lond. and
Westminster, fonr in Southwarfc, one in St* Katharine's,
one in Shoreditch, and two in Lambeth* B. Green
Lane, in Clerkenwell, still preserves the memory of one
of them* In Jonson's Staple iii* 3, Gossip Mirth says,
44 My gossip Tattle knew what matches were made in
the B* A*, and what bets were won and lost." In
B* & F* Wit S. W. iv* i, Gregory says to Cunningham,
44 1 have been seeking for you i' the b* green/*

BOWL YARD* An alley in St* Giles's, Lond*, on the S*
side of High St* over against Dyott St*, marking the
site of the 4* B/' Tavern, where the prisoners on their
way to execution at Tyburn had a drink offered to them*
The Angel (q.v.) was the rival of the B* in this melan-
choly office* The whole of the rookery has now been
swept away* Chamberlain, writing to Carleton an ac-
count of the execution of Raleigh, says, 4* There was a
cup of excellent sack brought him, and being asked how
he liked it, " As the fellow," said he, '* that, drinking
of St. Giles's B* as he went to Tyburn, said, 4 That
were good drink if a man might tarry by it*' "

BOWRCE*

BOYS. The father of Orlando is called Sir Rowland de
B. (As L i, 60)* In Lodge's Rosalind he is Sir John of
Bordeaux* But Bordeaux is a long way from the forest
of Arden ; and in giving him a different title Shakespeare
may have been thinking of Bois-le-Duc, a town in
Brabant, near the mouth of the Meuse, which was at the
time of the writing of the play much in men's mouths,
for in 1579 it had separated itself from the States, and
was besieged in 1601 and again in 1603 by the Prince of
Nassau* It was a hunting seat of the Ds* of Brabant, and

' much nearer to Arden than was Bordeaux*

BRABANT* Ancient Duchy in the Netherlands, lying
W* of the Meuse in the great bend it makes before
falling into the sea ; and to the E. of Flanders* Joan,
the eldest daughter of John III, the last D*, bequeathed
the Duchy to Anthony, snd son of Philip the Bold, D*

BRADFORD

of Burgundy* In 1440, by the marriage of Mary of
Burgundy to the Emperor Maximilian, it passed to the
House of Austria, and through Charles V became part
of the Spanish dominions* N. Brabant later became
part of the United Provinces* whilst S* Brabant re-
mained under the Spanish Crown until the Peace of
Utrecht (1713)* Now N* Brabant is in the kingdom of
Holland, and S* in the kingdom of Belgium* In L* JL* L*
ii. i, 114, Biron recalls how he danced with Rosalind in
B* once* In Hs iv* 8, 101, ** Anthony, D* of B,, brother
to the D* of Burgundy/' is in the list of the slain at
Agincourt* This was the Anthony mentioned above*
In Fam* Viet *, Has* p. 358, the K* of France, before the
battle of Agincourt, urges, "Let the Normans, Bs.,
Pickardies, And Danes be sent for with all speed*"
Webster, in Weakest proL, says, " The little Frederick
left upon the shore The tardy D. of B* . * . espies*"
This was Henri II, known as The Magnanimous. In
S. Rowley's When you A* 2, "Wolsey says, " The Em-
peror's forces are stayed in B* by the K/s command*"
The reference is to the cessation of the operations of
Charles V and Henry VIII against Burgundy in 1535*
In Chapman's Rev. Bussy i* i, Monsieur is introduced
taking his leave for B, in order to enter upon his new-
upstarted state there : this was in 1582, when the D* of
Anjou, brother of Henri III. went to B* and was
crowned D* by the Prince of Orange at Antwerp* In
Barnayelt iv* 5, Sir John is charged with having planned
to deliver certain Dutch towns to 44 Spain or B/' In
Ford's Sacrifice iii* a, Ferentes tells how he lately saw
a masque in Brussels, in which women acted when 4i the
d* of B* welcomed the archbp* of Ments; with rare con-
ceit*" The D* intended must be the Archduke Albert,
the husband of Isabella, daughter of Philip of Spain,
who held that dignity from 1598 to 1621* The plot of
B* & F* Beggars', as related in i. i, concerns a 7 years'
war between Flanders and the D. of B* Flanders is
being governed by a usurper, Wolfort, during the
minority of the young Flores. There is nothing his-
torical in the story*

In Larum E* 2, one of the Spanish soldiers addresses
a woman of Antwerp as 44 You B* bitch J '* and another
(G* i) speaks of % of the soldiers of Antwerp as ** Those
two fierce Brabanters*" In Gascoigne's Government iv*
3, Eccho says, 44 Extol him straight with praise And say
that B* hath too few such blades As he*" In Davenam's
Plymouth i* i, Seawit speaks of the " Maid of B* that
lived by her smell, dined on a rose, and supped oin a
tulip/' This was a certain Eve Fleigen of Meurs, who
was said to have lived without food for 14 years, from
1597 to 1611* Her life was published in English in i6ix*
In Jonson's New Inn ii* a, Tipto includes, in the fashion-
able attire of a soldier, " a cloke of Genoa, set with B*
buttons*" Buttons fbrst appear as ornaments to dress
in the i4th cent, but the introduction of button-holes
caused a great increase in their use in the x6th* There
is still a considerable industry in the making of buttons
in Belgium* Nash, in Lentenr tells of 44 Cornelius the
Brabantine who was feloniously suspected for penning
a discourse of tuft-mockados," i,*. imitation velvets*
Gosson, in School of Abuse (i 579), p* 29, says, " They that
never went out of the champions in B. will hardly con-
ceive what rocks are in Germany*" B* is a flat country
without hills*

BRADFORD* A town in W* Riding, Yorks., 196 m* from
Lond* It is an ancient borough, and is mentioned in
44 Domesday Book*" A considerable part of the action
of George takes place in B* t "We are now in B*/' says

BRADLEY

K* Edward, " where all the merry shoemakers dwell " ;
and one of them enters on the word and explains,
44 Here hath been a custom kept of old That none may
bear his staff upon his neck, But trail it all along through-
out the town. Unless they mean to have a bout with me/'
Braithwaite, in his Strappado for the Devil (1615), men-
tions this same custom of the 44 jolly shoemaker of B*
Town/' In Downfall Hwtington iii* 2, Robin of Hunt-
ington says/ ** Good George-a-Greene at B, was our
friend/' This is a slip, as George-a-Green was the well-
known Pinner of Wakefield*

BRADLEY, Very common village-name all over England.
Which of the many Bs* is meant in the quotation I have
not yet been able to discover* In Jonson's BarthoL ii* i,
Mooncalf says, " Do you not know him, Mistress i 'tis
mad Arthur of B* that makes the orations," sc«, in the
Fair*

BRAINFORD* The old spelling of Brentford, a town in
Middlesex, at the junction of the Brent and the Thames,
8 mu W* of Lond* and 14 E* of Windsor* It was the
scene of a battle between Edmund Ironside and the
Danes in 1016 ; and of the defeat of Col* Hollis by
Prince Rupert in 1643* It possessed a famous hostelry,
the Three Pigeons, kept at one time by John Lowin,
one of the first actors in Shakespeare's plays, which was a
favourite resort of Londoners out for a day's excursion
into the country* In the D* of Buckingham's Rehearsalf
Bayes explains how he has supposed " two kings to be of
the same place, as, for example, at Brentford "; whence
the well-known phrase, *' the two kings of Brentford/* In
M. W. W. iv. 2, 78, the Q* reads : 44 That's well re-
membered ; my maid's aunt, Gillian of B., hath a gown
above/' and disguised in this Falstaff escapes* This
Gillian, or Julian, or Joan, was a well-known person and
had the reputation of being a witch* An old ballad by
Robert Copeland (1562) is entitled Jyl of Breyntford's
Testament, In Hash's Summers, the details of her be-
quests are given* A play was produced in 1598 called
fryer Fox and Gyllen of Branforde. In Dekker's West-
ward y* I, Clare says, " I doubt that old hag, Gillian
of Braineford, has bewitched me/'

In Jonson's Alchemist v* 2> Subtle proposes to run
away with Doll : 44 We will turn our course to B*, west-
ward * * * we'll tickle it at the Pigeons*" In Massin-
ger's Madam ii* i, Luke pictures to Goldwire " the
raptures of being hurried in a coach to Brentford,
Staines, or Barnet," with a lady as his companion* In
Middleton's #* G* ii* i, Laxton proposes to Moll Cut-
purse " to go out of town together * * * to B*, Staines*
or Ware " : they agree to meet in Gray's Inn Fields at
3 ; i4 that," says Laxton, 44 will be time enough to sup
at B*" Moll keeps the appointment dressed like a man
(iii* i), and Laxton exclaims, " Thou'rt admirably suited
for the Three Pigeons at B*" In iv* 2, Mrs. Openwork
tells her gossip how Goshawk has persuaded her that
her husband 44 this very morning went in a boat with a
tilt over it to the Three Pigeons at B. and his punk with
him," in order to get her to go with him in pursuit of
her delinquent spouse, Jonson, in his Epigram 129 To
Mime, says, 4* There's no journey set or thought upon
To Brentford, Hackney, Bow, but thou mak'st one*"
Entertainments for the visitors were provided in the
shape of horse-races, puppet shows, etc* In Middleton's
Chaste Maid v* 4, Tim says, 44 1 bought a jade at Cam-
bridge j I'll let her out to * * * B* horse-races/' In
Mayne's Match iii* i, we are told of a lady " who follows
strange sights out of town, and went to B* to a motion,"
i*e* a puppet-show* In Greene's Qttip, p* 339, he addresses

BPASENOSE COLLEGE

a waterman, " If a young gentleman and a pretty wench
come to you and say, my friend and I mean to go
by water and to be merry a night or two * * * then off
goes your cap and away they go to B, or some other
place*" In Dekker's Westward ii* 3, when a jaunt is pro-
posed, Linstock suggests, " Let's to mine host Dogbolt's
at B, then : there you are out of eyes, out of ears ;
private rooms, sweet linen, winking attendance, and
what cheer you will*" The suggestion is accepted by the
ladies, and Act V takes place at B* In Laneham's Letter
36, the author says that 44 Capt* Cox can talk as much
without a book as any innholder betwixt B* and Bag-
shot/' In Deloney's Craft ii* ir, the green K* of St*
Martin's says, 44 If you will walk with me to B., I will
bestow your dinner upon you*" In Killigrew's Parson
i* i, the Parson says, " He a Capt. ! An apocryphal
modern one that went convoy once to B* with those
troops that conducted the contribution-puddings in the
late holy war*" The reference is to 1642, when the
Lond* trainbands lay at B* before the attack by Prince
Rupert* In Underwit i* i, Thomas says he can hire his
master "an old limping decayed Sergeant at B*" to
teach him his drill*

BRAINTREE* Town in Essex, 40 m* N*E, of Lond*
Nicholas Udall was vicar of B* from 1533 to 1537, and
probably wrote a play, Pladdas or St. Estace, which was
performed there in 1534*

BRANDENBURG* The central and metropolitan pro-
vince of Prussia* The town of B* lies on the Havel, 38 m*
W* of Berlin* The Margraves of B. were the ancestors
of the late K. of Prussia and German Emperor* They
held the hereditary office of Chamberlain to the Em-
peror, and were electors of the Empire* Their ancestor
was Conrad of Hohensollern, 25th in line of ascent from
the late German Emperor Wilhelm* In Glapthorne's
Wallenstein i* i, Wallenstein sends 44 advices to the
Marquess B*" to meet him at Dresden* The Marquis
was an ally of Gustavus Adolphus in the campaigns of
1631-32* In Barnavelt iv* 3, Barnavelt, going through
his correspondence before his trial, speaks of a letter
44 from the Elector Palatine of B* to do him fair offices/'
This was John Sigismund (1608-1619). His claim to the
Duchy of Cleves brought him into conflict with Spain,
in which he had the help of the United Provinces, In
Chapman's Alphonsus L i, 130, Lorenzo, calculating the
chances of the election of Alphonsus as Emperor, says,
44 For Trier and B*, I think of them As simple men that
wish the common good*" In i. 2, 38, B* introduces him-
self as 44 Joachim Carolus, Marquess of B*, overworn
with age, Whose office is to be the Treasurer*" This is
an error : he was Archicamerarius, or High Chamber-
lain* The Margravate was at this time held jointly by
the brothers Johan I and Otto III* The Elector of B*
is one of the characters in Hector*

BRANDON FERRY* One of the 2 divisions of the town
of Brandon in Suffolk, 33 m* N*W* of Ipswich, on the
Little Ouse, or Brandon, where there is a ferry for com-
muni&tion with the Isle of Ely* The 3rd Merry Jest in
the Wido Edyth (1525) shows 44 how this wydow Edyth
deceived her host at Brandonfery*"

BRANDUSIUM* See BRXTNDUSIUM*

BRASENOSE COLLEGE* University of Oxford,
founded by the union of 4 Halls in 1509* One of these
Halls was called B*, which may possibly mean brew-
house ; but the popular derivation is supported by the
Latin name of the C*, Collegium JEnei Nasi, and the
big brass nose on the knocker of the gate* Roger Bacon

BRAUNSCHWEIG

was traditionally said to have been at B*, but the tradi-
tion probably arose from the story of the brazen head
with magical properties which he constructed* Greene,
in Friar ii*, upholds the tradition : " The C* called
Brazen-nose is under him and he the Master there/'
In T* Heywood's Hogsdon iv* r, Sir Boniface affirms,
" I was student in B/' To which Herringfield rejoins,
" A man might guess so much by your pimples/' In
B* & F* Philaster v* 4, one of the citizens, with an ^ob-
vious allusion to B*, vows that he will have Pharamond's
nose, "and at my own charge build a c* and clap it upon
the gate/' John Marston was a gentleman commoner at
B. in 1594* Henry Porter, author of Abington, matri-
culated at B* in 1589*

BRAUNSCHWEIG* See BRUNSWICK*

BRAZEN-HEAD* Spoken of as a house-sign, with refer-
ence to the story of Friar Bacon and the head of brass
which he made and caused to speak* In Jonson's Ev.
Man L i* 3, Cob says, 44 O an my house were the Brazen-
Head now ! Faith, it would e'en speak * Moe fools
yet!'"

BRAZIL* A large country on the E* coast of S* America,
extending from Guiana to Uruguay* It was discovered
by the Portuguese in 1501, and about the middle of
the 1 6th cent* they formally annexed it to their empire*
It continued a Portuguese colony until 1833, when it
declared its independence* It was at first called Terra de
Brasil, from a tree discovered there (C&salpina Echinata)
akin to the Sappan tree of the E* Indies, from which a
hard wood called Brasil-wood, and a red dye called
Brasil, were obtained* Heylyn tells of the Sloth and the
Sensitive plant being found there : " Here also," he says,
" flying fishes are said to be j but I bind you not to be-
lieve it/' He adds : " The men and women go stark
naked*" Stubbs, in Anat. of Abuses 44 B*, says, " The
Brasilian women esteem so little of apparel also, as they
rather chose to go naked than they would be thought to
be proud/' Burton, A* M+ iii. a, 2, 3, quotes from John
Lerius, " At our coming to B*, we found both men and
women naked as they were born, without any covering/'
Taylor, Works 86, says, " The barbarous Brasilians * * *
do adore the devil/' In Devonshire L i, Bustamente
brings word, *4 The Brasile fleet is putting into harbour ;
she is great with gold and longs to be delivered*" The
scene is at Cadiz* In Davenant's Plymouth i* 2, Carrack
says, " My husband took a prize from the Hamburgers
and Be* men," i*e* the sailors in the Plate Fleet from B*
to Cadiz* In Cuckqueans iv* 8, Claribel says that he has
travelled in *4 Guinie, Florida, and Brasilea." Refer-
ences are frequent to the wood and the red dye ; but it
is the Sampan-tree, not the country, from which they
get their name* Chaucer C* T* B* 4649, says that the
priest " nedeth nat his colour for to dyen with brasile/' In
Rabelais, Pantagruel ii* 19, Panurge has a piece of wood
"of incarnation B/'; incarnation meaning red* In
Greene's Quip, p* 231, we are introduced to "along, lean,
old, slavering slangrill with a Brasill staff/% In his
Thieves, " The Belman hath sworn in despite of the
Brasil-staff to tell such a foul tale of him that it will cost
him his dangerous joint/' The author of Discourse on
Leather (1627), says, " We can live without * * * the
trees of B/'

BREAD ST* In Lond*, running S* from Cheapside to
Q* Victoria St* On the E* side was the Cbu of All-
hallows at the corner of Watling St*, where Milton was
baptized ; and St* Mildred's at the corner of Cannon St*
On the W* side was a Counter, which was, however, trans-

BREDA

ferred in 1555 to Wood St* Milton's father was a scrivener
in B* St* at the sign of the Spread Eagle, the name of
which was preserved in Black Spread Eagle Court, the
ist turning on the right from Cheapside* Here the poet
was born in 1608* The street got its name from the
selling of bread there* The Mermaid Tavern was at the
corner of Bread St* and Cheapside, with side entrances
from Bread St* and Friday St* Jonson, in Famous
Voyage, speaks of having dined " at B.-st/s Mermaid."
There was also a Mitre Tavern there* In Wilkins'
Enforced Marriage ii*, Ilford says, " I, Frank Ilford, was
inforced from the Mitre in B* st* to the Compter in the
Poultry*" In W* Rowley's Match Mid, ii,, Capt. Carve-
gut says, " Come * . * to the Mitre in B* St,; we'll
make a mad night on't*"

The site of the Star Tavern is marked by Star Court
on the E* side, between Watling St* and Cheapside* In
More ii. i, Robin says to his fellow-apprentice, " When
wast at Garrets school, Harry i " To which Harry replies :
44 Not this great while, never since I brake his usher's
head, when he plaid his scholar's prize at the Starre
in B*-st*" In Deloney's Craft ii* o, Harry "smeared
Tom-Drum's face with his blood that he made him look
like the image of Bred-ste* corner ? or rather like the
Sarazines Head without Newgate*" Some tavern sign
is intended ; there was a Saracen's Head in Friday St,
near Cheapside, which may be the one Deloney means.
The note in Mann's edition of Deloney is quite mis-
leading, as a reference to the passage in Stow will at once
show* In Glapthorne's Wit & i, Clare talks scornfully
of " Nan, a grocer's daughter, born in B»-S/* Dekker,
in Jests, speaks of " Milk st*, B* St., Lime St*, and S.
Mary Axe " as places where city merchants had their
residences* Gascoigne, in Steel Glas, p* 71 (Arber),
refers to the Counters in " Wood~st*, Bredstreat, and in
Pultery/'

BRECKNOCK (or BRECKNOCK). The county-town of
Brecknocksh*, Wales, 171 m* N*W* of Lond* The castle
was built in 1094 by Barnard Newmarch, and was at
the time of Richd* III in the possession of the Ds* of
Buckingham* Morton, Bp» of Ely, was confined in B*
by Richd*, and the Ely Tower, which is still in a good
state of preservation, got its name from his residence
there* On resolving to break with Richd*, Buckingham
went to B*, and after conferring with the Bp. raised the
standard of revolt (see under BUCKINGHAM)* In R$ iv*
2, 125, Buckingham says at the close of his interview
with the K* " O let me think on Hastings, and be gone
To B*, while my fearful head is on*" In frw Tragtdy,
p* 93, Morton reports, " The D* of Buckingham is rid
down to B.~Castle in Wales/' In Peele's M* I L if the
K., on his return to England, proposes to build a
hospital for his wounded soldiers, afterwards known as
St* Thomas of Acres, and appeals to Sir David of B.
for a contribution : he responds with a promise of £400*
This Sir David was the brother of the Welsh Klmg
Llewellyn, and in the wars which followed was taken
prisoner and beheaded* The Welshwoman in Middle-
ton's Chaste Maid L i, "lost her maidenhead in
Bshire*" In B* & F* Nightwalker iii* 6, Maria, disguised
as a Welshwoman, says she was born in Abehundis^
which the Nurse explains is the Welsh name for B*
It is more exactly Aber Honddhu, i*e* the mouth of the
Honddhu, the river on which B+ stands*

BREDA* A strongly fortified town in N» Brabant, a6 m*
N* of Antwerp* At the beginning of the ijtk cent* it
was in the hands of Maurice of Nassau, but was be-
sieged and taken by the Spanish under Spinola in 1635,

74

BRENTFORD

after an obstinate resistance of a year* Jonson, poking
fun at the Lond* trainbands, says, in Underwoods 6%,
that those who saw their manoeuvres ** saw the Berghen
siege, and taking in Bredau. So acted to the life, as
Maurice might, And Spinola, have blushed at the sight/'
In Massinger's New Way i* a, the cook, Furnace, boasts
that he can ** raise fortifications in the pastry such as
might serve for models in the Low Countries ; which,
if they had been practised at B., Spinola might have
thrown his cap at it, and ne'er took it*" B* beer was
famous* In Davenant's Plymouth iv* i, Inland says to
the Dutch Capt* Bumble, " I will kiss thy drivelled
beard, though drowned in B. beer/'

BRENTFORD* See BRAINFORD*

BRESCIA* City in N.Italy, 40 m*N*W* of Verona* It is
the ancient Brixia, and has many remarkable Roman re-
mains* It suffered much in the wars between the Guelfs
and Ghibellines* In 1512 it was stormed by Gaston de
Foix, and 46,000 of the inhabitants were slain* In
Cockayne's Trapolin ii* 3, Horatio speaks of it as
" warlike Bessia " : an obvious misprint*

BRESSE* A dist in Burgundy, the capital of which was
Bourg* Speaking of the intrigues of the Count Fuentes
in 1602, Henri IV, in Chapman's Tra$* Byron v* i* says,
" He hath caused these cunning forces to advance * * *
to countenance his false partisans in B* and friends in
Burgundy/'

BREST* A spt* and naval station in the extreme W* of
France on the N* side of one of the finest and best-
fortified roadsteads in the world* It lies on the river
Penfeld, 370 m* W. of Paris. It was the Cardinal de
Richelieu who saw its advantages as a naval station, and
fortified it on the sea-side* The old castle suffered
several sieges, one in particular in the Wars t of the
League in 1594 ; to which probably La-Poop, in B* &
F* Horn Man ii* 2, refers when he tells, " I served once
at the siege of B* — 'tis memorable to this day " : and
how he was saved from starvation by the enemy
44 striking him full in the paunch with a penny loaf 1 "
In Scoloker's Daiphantus (160^), the hero "Vows he
will travel to the siege of B/' in the excitement of his
passion* In Middleton's Blurt iii. i, Hippolito says, in
reference to the conquest of a woman's virtue, 4< She
yields, and the town of B* [quasi breast] is taken/'

BRETAGNE (Be* *> Britaine), BRITTAINE, BRITAINE,
BRITTANY, or LITTLE BRITAIN* The province occupying
the N*W* peninsula of France* It was known in Roman
times as Armorica, but is said to have gained its name
of Brittany from the bringing over there of a number of
settlers from Britain by Conan about A*D* 419* Dray ton,
Polyolb. ix* 203, says that Armorica was peopled by
colonists from Wales, ** which of our colony was Little
Britain called." He often calls it by this name. The
marriage of Geoffrey, son of Henry II of England, to
Constance, daughter of one of the claimants to the
duchy, brought it into the Plantagenet family, and on
the death of Geoffrey in 1185 the title of D* of B. passed
to his posthumous son Arthur, who was also, in virtue
of his father, next heir to the throne of England on the
death of Richd* I, Geoffrey being the 4th and John the
5th son of Henry II. K* Philip Augustus of France
supported his claim, but in 1200 became reconciled
to John and deserted Arthur. Arthur fell into John's
hands at Mirabeau, and was imprisoned by him/ first
at Falaise and then at Rotten, where he died in 1203,
not without strong suspicion that his uncle was the
cause of his death* At all events, it has been shown that

BRETAGNE

John was at Rouen at the time* In K** /* ii* i, Arthur is
present with his mother Constance at Angiers, and is
spoken of as 4* Arthur of Be." ; in iv* i, his artless
pleading makes Hubert spare his eyes ; and in iv* 3,
he is represented as killing himself by leaping from the
castle walls in an attempt to escape* The castle is evi-
dently intended to be in England, as the conversation
of the lords when they find the body shows ; and the
date of Arthur's death is placed in the same year as the
offer by the English lords to Lewis of the Crown of
England, viz* 1215* In these departures from fact
Shakespeare follows Trouble. Reign. In that play, Has*
P* 35?/ John says, " Arthur * * * here I give thee
Brittaine for thine own*" In Davenport's Matilda i* 2>
Fitzwater reproaches John with having delivered up to
Philip of France " Anjou, Brittain, Main, etc." In
Ed. Ill L i, the K*, hearing the name of the Countess of
Salisbury, says, " That is thy daughter, Warwick, is it
not, Whose husband hath in Brittayne served so long
About the planting of Lord Mouneford there i " John
III of Brittany had 3 brothers, Guy, Peter, and John,
Earl of Mountfort : Guy and Peter pre-deceased their
elder brother, but Guy's daughter Jane, who had married
Charles of Blois, resisted the claim of John of Mountfort
to the dukedom* She was supported by the French K*,
and John enlisted Edward III on his side by doing
homage to him for the dukedom. The result was the
war which led up to Cressy and Poictiers* In iv* i,
the scene is the camp of the English in B*, and Mount-
fort enters with a coronet in his hand, saying, " Mine
enemy, Sir Charles of Blois, is slain And I again am
quietly possessed In Brittaines Dukedom." As a matter
of fact, Charles was killed in the battle of Auray, some
time after the battle of Poictiers, which in the play
comes at the end of this act* In iv* 4, the French Herald
before Poictiers threatens Edward, ** This day shall
drink more English blood Than ere was buried in our
Bryttish earth " : where " Bryttish" means " of Brittany*"
In J?2 ii* i, 285, Northumberland announces that
Harry* D. of Hereford, is on his way to England " well
furnished by the D* of Be* With 8 tall ships, 3000 men
of war/' This D., Jean V, was descended from Pierre de
Dreux, who became D* of Brittany by his marriage with
Arthur's sister Alice* Henry had already made a private
treaty with him for the marriage of his son Henry to
the D/s sister : he now went to Brittany, ostensibly to
visit him, and then sailed to England— Holinshed says
from Port le Blanc, but Marshall has shown in TV* & Q*
223, p* 267, that he probably started from Vannes, on
the Bay of Morbihan. In H$ ii* 4, 4, the D. of Brittany,
Jean VI, is one of those ordered by the French K* to
take the field against Henry V ; and in H6 B* i* i* 7> he
is mentioned as being present at Tours at the betrothal
of Margaret of Anjou to Henry VI* Henry Earl of
Richmond, afterwards Henry VII, took refuge on the
death of Henry VI, along with his uncle Jasper Tudor,
at the Court of Francis II, D* of Brittany, where he
lived for 14 years ; and from Brittany he set out to
wrest the crown from Richd* III* Whilst there he had
made an attempt to secure his claim to the throne by a
marriage with Elisabeth, the daughter of Edward IV*
In R3 iv* 3, 40, Richd* says, " I know the Be* Richmond
aims At young Elisabeth, my brother's daughter/' At
his first attempt his fleet was dispersed by a storm* In
iv* 4, 523, we are told, *' The Breton navy is dispersed
by tempest," and Richmond " Hoised sail and made
away for Brittany*" His second essay was more success-
ful, and he met and defeated Richd* at Bosworthu Richd*,

75

BREY

in his address to his soldiers, says that Richmond's
troops are a 44 scum of Bretons " ; he that leads them
44 a paltry fellow Long kept in Be, at our mother's cost/'
This was a puzzling statement until it was discovered
that in making it Shakespeare was following a misprint
in the 2nd edition of Holinshed — in the ist the passage
runs, 44 He was brought up by my brother's means and
mine like a captive in a close cage in the court of
Fraunces D* of Be " ; the 2nd edition has " mother's "
for " brother's/' In Ford's Warbeck v* 3, Warbeck re-
fers to the time when " Richmond retired, and gladly,
For comfort to the D* of Bretaine's court/' In Chap-
man's Trag. Byron L x, Byron says, " B, is reduced and
breathless war Hath sheathed his sword/' This was
after the victories he had won there in the "Wars of the
League* Hycke had visited Brytayne in the course of
his travels*

BREY* In Sampson's Vow iv* i, 19, Clifton says, " Ar-
gulle with shot marches for the hill B/' I suppose the
Red Breyes is meant (C/*P*)*

BRICKHILL* A name given to some old brickfields in
Spitalfields, near the ch* In 1576 some Roman remains
were discovered there, as Stow relates. Possibly the
name is a corruption of brick-kilns* They afforded a warm
sleeping-place for beggars* InArmin'sMorecfoc/ce D.I,
Tutch says, " The winter nights be short And b* beds
does hide our heads As Spittell fields report/* Dekker,
in Bellman* says, *4 These wild rogues (like wild geese)
keep in flocks, and all the day loiter in the fields, if the
weather be warm, and at Bricke-kils." In Kabbesf
Totenham i* 4, Cicely, meeting Bellamie early in the
morning, says, " She looks not like one that hath kept
herself warm all night at the Brick-kils*"

In Oldcastle v. 3, the scene of which is at St* Albans,
the carrier asks the ostler after Dick Dun ; and is informed,
"Old Dun has been moyr'd in a slough in Brick-hill-
lane" : apparently a lane in, or near, St. Albans. If not
that, it may mean a lane near B*, which was a vill* on the
North-West Road, close to Fenny Stratford, and abt*
25 m* N*W* of St* Albans*

BRIDE'S (SAINT) CHURCH (more properly ST* BRID-
GET'S)* Ch* on S* side of Fleet St., Lond, next door to
the publishing office of Punch* In the old ch, were
buried Wynkyn de Worde the printer, Lord Sackville
and Lovelace, the poets, and the notorious Moll Cut-
purse, the heroine of Middleton's jR* G* Destroyed in
the Gt* Fire and replaced by Wren* The present St*
B* Avenue was opened up in 1824, the ch* having been
previously shut in on all sides by houses. In Middle-
ton's Five Gallants iv* 3, Goldstone says, 44 Do you ask
what's o'clock ? Why, the chimes are spent at St* B*"
In i* i, we learn that Frippery, the broker, has cus-
tomers "in the parishes of St* Clement's, St* B*, St. Dun-
stan's, and St* Mary Maudlin's," Nash, Prognostication,
speaks of 4* the worshipful College of Physicians in the
parish of St*B/' John Milton lodged for a time in 1639
44 in St* B* churchyard, Fleet St*, at the house of one
Russel a tailor*" B* Lane and B* Court take their name
from the ch*

BRIDE'S (SAINT) NUNNERY (used humorously for
BRIDEWELL, g*i;*)* In Brome's City Wit iii, i, Crack says
of Jeff, the Bluecoat boy, 44 He never sung to the wheel
in St* B/s N* yonder*" Bridewell was used as a hospital
for decayed tradesmen, who were allowed to take ap-
prentices to the number of 140* These boys wore a blue
dress and white hat ; but naturally the Christ's Hospi-
tal boys, the real Bluecoats, looked down upon them*

76

BRIDEWELL

BRIDEWELL (originally ST, BRIDGET'S WELL)* A palace
in Lond*, on W* side of the Fleet Ditch abutting on the
Thames, at the point now occupied by the City of Lond*
School, the Sion College Library, and the School of
Music* It was built on the site of the ancient Tower of
Montfitchet, but was allowed to fall into disrepair, until
Wolsey occupied it in 1512 and spent some £30,000 on
the building and furnishing of it* Henry VIII refitted
and enlarged it in 1522 for the reception of the Emperor
Charles V ; and subsequently he often held his Court
there* It was to B. that he summoned the members of
his Council and other dignitaries to declare to them his
scruples as to his marriage with Katharine of Aragon ;
and he and the Q. were lodged there during the trial of
the case in the adjacent Hall of Blackfriars, Edward VI
gave the palace to the City of Lond* 44 to be a workhouse
for the poor and idle persons of the City," and endowed
it with the revenues of the Savoy* It gradually de-
generated into a prison for women of bad character,
and it was also used as a place of detention for men who
were pressed for the army and navy* It was destroyed in
the Gt Fire of 1666, and rebuilt in the form of a quad-
rangles* It was used as a prison until 1863, when the
greater part of it was pulled down. Many of the scenes
in H8 are vaguely described in modem editions as " an
antechamber in the palace " (i* i) ; " The Council
Chamber " (i, 3) ? *4 an antechamber in the Q/s apart-
ments " (ii. 3), etc* Some of these at least took place in
the B* Palace*

Dekker gives a vivid picture of B* in Bon* Wh* B* v* a,
though he transfers it to Milan* In v. i, Lodpvico asks,
44 Do you know the brick-house of castigation by the
river-side that runs by Milan — the school where they
pronounce no letter well but 0 i " and in the next scene
the D. inquires, 44Your B**' That the warned For
beauty, strength, Capacity and form of ancient building,
Besides the river's neighbourhood, few houses Wherein
we keep our court can better it*" One of the masters in-
forms him, 44 Hither from foreign courts have princes
come And with our D* did acts of state commence.
Here that great Cardinal had first audience, The grave
Campayne ,* that D* dead, his son, That famous prince,
gave free possession Of this his palace to the citizens To
be the poor man's warehouse ; and endowed it With
lands to the value of 700 marks With all the bedding and
the furniture, once proper, As the lands then were, to an
hospital Belonging to a D* of Savoy* Thus Fortune can
toss the world : a prince's court Is thus a prison now/*
The rest of the scene describes the " roguesf bawds, arid
whores " who are confined there ? the beating of mmp,
which was the work of the unhappy women j the blue
gowns worn by them, their floggmgs, and so on ; and
they are called by their usual slang name, B»~birds« In
Jonson's -Ev* Man L iii* 3, Cob says, 4* I am a vagabond
and fitter for B* than your Worship's company/* In his
BarthoL iv* 3, Ursula reminds Alice, '* You know where
you were tawed lately j both lashed and slashed you
were in B/* Amongst the offenders brought before the
Justices in Randolph's Muses' iv* 3, is 44 one that has
suffered B* often** In W* Rowley's Match Mid, LP
Bloodhound threatens Tim with 44 the College of ex*
travagants, eclipt B*" In Locrine HL 3, Strumbo thinks
Margerie was 44 brought up in the University of B/r In
Middleton's Five Gallants iii, 5, Bungler says, ** As for
B*, that will but make him worse ; he will learn more
knavery there in one week than will provide him and his
heirs for 100 years*" In Marston*s Courtesan L a,
Cocledemoy says of bawds, w They must needs both

BRIDEWELL DOCK

live well and die well, since most commonly they live
in Clerkenwell and die in B*" In Brome's City Wit ii* i,
Crack says of Mrs. Tryman, *' She was born in Clearken-
well ; and was never half a day's journey from B* in her
life." In his Northern iiL 3, Luckless says, ** If she be
not mistress of her Art, let there be no bankrupt out of
Ludgate nor whore put of B*" In his Antipodes iii. 2,
the poet produces in that land of topsey-turveydom
44 3 religious madrigals to be sung by the holy Vestals in
B* for the conversion of our City wives and daughters*"
In T* Heywood's Royal King ii* 2, one of the gentlemen
says of the Capt*, 44 Send him to B. ordinary ; whipping
cheer is best for him/' In Tarlton's News, he tells us
that when you come to Purgatory 44 you have 40 lashes
with a whip, as ill as ever were given in B/' In Sharp-
ham's Fleire iii. 321, Sparke says, 4t You ladies live like
the beadles of B* * * * by the sins of the people/' In
Wilson's Inconstant iii* 4, Pantarbo says, " 'Tis strange
One that looks like the Master of B* Should love the
game [£*e. profligacy] so/' In Chauntideers xii., Curds
says, 4i I'll beat thee worse than the B* crew does hemp/'
In Killigrew's Parson iv* i, Wanton says, ** The fear of
telling keeps more women honest than B* hemp/' In
Eastward iv* 4, when the constable brings in 44 2 master-
less men I pressed for the Low Countries," Golding
asks, 44 Why don't you carry them to B*, according to
your order, that they may be shipped away i " In Glap-
thorne's Hollander iii* i, Fortress says, 44 Our orders are
such as the most envious justice, nor their goose-quill
clerks that smell at new B* and Finsbury shall not ex-
claim on/' B, was enlarged in 1608, and again in 1620*
In Deloney's Craft ii. 9, his mistress says to Will, 44 It
were a good deed to make you a bird of B. for your
sauciness."

The prison had many nicknames* In Penn* ParL 28,
we have, 44 Those that depend on destiny and not on
God may chance look through a narrow lattice at Foot-
men's Inn." In Dekker's Northward iv* i, the Capt. says
to Doll, " I will sell my coach for a cart to have you to
Punks Hall, Pridewell/' The children of prostitutes
were called B* orphans* In Killigrew's Parson L 3,
Jolly speaks of ** found children, sons of bachelors, B.
orphans/'

BRIDEWELL DOCK* A stairs on the Thames, close by
the mouth of the Fleet Ditch, just at what is now the N*
end of Blackfriars Bdge* Jonson's Voyage describes the
voyage of Shelton and Heyden from the dock *4 that
called is Avernus ; of some, B.," up the Fleet Ditch to
Holborn* In Dekker's Westward ii* & Justiniano pro-
poses a meeting at the Greyhound in Blackfriars, 44 and
then you may whip forth * * * and take boat at B*-d.
most privately/'

BRIDGEFOOT* The Bear at the B*, a famous Lond.
tavern* See under LOND* BDGE* and BEAR* In Brome's
Northern L 5, Pate says, 44 Where's the supper i At the
B* or the Cat i "

BRIDGE HOUSE* In Tooley St*, just E* of the foot of
Lond. Bdge* : originally used as a storehouse for stone
and timber required for repairing the Bdge*; afterwards
as a depository for wheat and other grains* A brew-house
was added to it by Sir John Munday* In B* & F* Night-
walker v* 2> Heartlove having disappeared, Maria's
mother suspects that he may b« imprisoned for treason,
perhaps executed t to which the Nurse repHes, ** Nay,
they did look among the quarters too, And mustered
all the B*-h* for his nightcap/' I suppose this means if
he had been executed for treason his quartern would be

BRISTOL

exposed on the Bdge*, and his nightcap would be put
in the stores at the B*-h*

BRIDGENORTH* A mkt.-town in Shrops*, on the
Severn, 20 m* from Shrewsbury and 138 m* N.W* of
Lond. In H4 A* iii* 2, 178, Henry says, before the battle
of Shrewsbury, " Our general forces at B* shall meet/'

BRIDGES* See BRUGES*

BRIDGE ST* In Cambridge, running from the corner of
Jesus Lane to Magdalen Bdge* Hall, in Satires (1597)
& 7> 36, transfers the signs of the Zodiac to Cambridge,
and says that Aquarius 44 is the B*-st* of the heaven*"
Milton, in ApoLfor Smectymnuus, ridicules this passage,
and says of Hall, 44 He falls down to that wretched poor-
ness and frigidity as to talk of B* st, in heaven*"

BRIE* A dist., also a town, in France* The town is
some 10 m. S* of Paris* B* was famous for the manu-
facture of a kind of cheese called "Angelots of B*,"
from its being stamped with the impression of the coin
known as an Angelot, from the figure of the archangel
Michael on its reverse* In Davenant's Wits iv* i,
*4 Angelots of B*" are mentioned as luxuries for the
table* In Rabelais, Gargantua i* 17, when the hero gets
to Paris, he sends back his mare to his father 4t loaded
with B* cheese and fresh herring/'

BRIGANTES* A tribe of ancient Britons, living between
the Humber and the Tyne* In Fisher's Fuimus ii* 5,
Belinus, in a list of the British forces, says, ** The
Brigants come Decked with blue-painted shields,
12,000 strong/' Spenser, F*Q* vi* 10, 39, describes
Calidore's attack on 44 A lawless people, Brigants night
of yore " ; but he is evidently confusing the name with
that of the Brigands, or Brigants, of Italy*

BRILL (= BRIELLE)* A town near the mouth of the
Meuse, in Holland* The first place captured by the
Confederates in the War of Independence in 1572* In
1585 Leicester sailed to Flushing with 50 ships and was
made Governor of the United Provinces, to the great
annoyance of Q. Elizabeth ; but she was compelled to
let him retain his office till his return in 1587* In
Jonson's Ev. Man (X iii* i, Shift professes, " I have
seen Flushing, B*, and the Hague, with this rapier,
Sir, in my Lord of Leicester's time*" Jonson, in Under-
woods 62, says, speaking of the Lond* trainbands, " He
that but saw thy Capt.'s curious drill Would think
no more of Flushing or the B*" The dramatist, Cyril
Tourneur, was the son, or close relative, of Capt* Richd*
Turner, water-bailiff of B*, and spent some part of his
life in the Low Countries*

BRISTLES* See BRUSSELS*

BRISTOL (Bw* » Bristow* Bwe* » Bristowe), more
usually spelt BRISTOW* The cathedral city at the junc-
tion of the Avon and the Frome, 108 m* W* of Lond*
It is abt* 8 m* from the mouth of the Avon, and was at
this time the second most important seaport in the Brit-
ish Isles, Lond* only taking precedence of it* The castle
was rebuilt by Robert, Earl of Gloucester, the natural
son of Henry I, and was made one of the strongest
fortresses in England* It was demolished by Parliament
in 1656, and nothing is now left of it* It became an
appanage of the Crown in the reign of John* In Peele's
EdJf sc* ii. p* 26, Guenther informs Lluellen that his lady,
Elinor, has been4*taken in a pinnace on the narrow seas By
4 tall ships of Bw/' This was in 1276 : the lady, who was
a daughter of De Mpntfprt, was restored to her lover,
and they were married in England in great state* In
Marlowe's Ed. II iv* 5, *' The Mayor and citizens of Bw*"

77

BRISTOL

hand over the elder Spencer to Q, Isabel : the Queen
having taken the city without a siege and compelled the
K. to flee to Ireland in 1327* In Rs ii a, i35> Greene,
on the return of Bolingbroke, says, " I will for refuge
straight to Bw. castle ; the Earl of Wiltshire is already
there/' In ii* 3, 164, Bolingbroke compels York to go
with him 44 To Bw, castle, which they say is held By
Bushy, Bagot, and their complices/' In Trag, Richd U
v. 3, 52, Cheney reports that Bagot has fled " to Bwe,,
to make strong the castle/' Jfte iii* i is laid before the
castle, and describes the death of Bushy and Greene,
who, along with the Earl of Wiltshire, were beheaded in
the centre of the city at the High Cross* In iii. a, 142*
Aumerle asks, u Is Bushy, Greene, and the Earl of Wilt-
shire dead t " And is answered by Scroop, ** Ay, all of
them at Bw* lost their heads/' The Earl of Wiltshire
was Lord Scroop of Masham, brother of the Archbp* of
York ; and in H4 A, i. 3, 271, Worcester says that the
Archbp. " bears hard His brother's death at Bw. the
Lord Scroop/' In H6 B* iii* i, 328, York, about to set
out for Ireland to quell the rebellion in 1449* says,
44 At Bw* I expect my soldiers ; From there 111 ship
them all for Ireland/'

Spenser, F* Q. iv* u, 31, mentions " Bw* fair " as the
glory of the Avon* In Three Ladies iiv Lucre speaks of
B* as one of several places where the influx of foreign
traders makes men "great rents upon little room bestow/!
Hycke tells how he met in his travels a great navy full
of people that would into Ireland ? and amongst the
ships were 4* the Nycolas and the Mary Bellouse of B."
In Mayne's Match v* 4, Cypher, disguised as a sailor,
pretends to have been shipwrecked, and to have saved
his life by swimming " till a ship of B* took me up and
brought me home/' Fairs were held at B* in March and
September ; and also on St. James' Day. July 25*
B* Fair became famous very early* In Chrltien de
Troyes' Guttlaume d'Angleterre, written in the latter
half of the xath cent*, we find ** Car a B* 1'autre semainne
Devoit estre la foire plainne/' In T* Heywood's
J, K. M. B* 283, we are told that Hobson has ordered
goods from Dieppe, "for he must use them at Bw*
Fair**' In Tarlton's Jests 29, we are told that the Q/s
Players ** travelled down to St* James his Fair at Bwe/'
In Deloney's Craft ii* n, the Green K* of St* Martin's
** told them flat he meant to go to St* James his Fair at
Bw*" Richard the Redeless (1399) opens with a descrip-
tion of the author going to prayer *4 In a blessid borugh
that Bw* is named, In a temple of the Trinite the toune
even amiddes That Cristis chirche is cleped/' This is
the Ch. of the Holy Trinity in the centre of the City,
at the junction of High, Broad, Corn, and Wine Sts*

B* stones were rock-crystals found in the Clifton
limestone and used as gems, and often passed off on the
unwary as diamonds* In fonson's Devil iii. r, Meer-
craft charges Gilthead with trying to sell him " some
Bw* stone or Cornish counterfeit*" Spenser, F+ Q* iv,
ii, 31, says that the Avon is " Proud of his adamants
with which he shines And glisters wide*" In T* Hey-
wood's Hogsdon iii* 2, Chartley apologizes for giving
Luce " this jewel, a plain Bwe* stone, a counterfeit*"
In Field's Amends i* i, Sir John says, " To the unskilful
owner's eye, alike The Bw* sparkles as the diamond ;
But by a lapidary the truth is found/' In W, Rowley's
Match Mid* iu 3, when Bloodhound is announced, the
Capt* exclaims, " The expected "thing, that bought the
B* stone*" Lodge, in Wit's Miseru (1596) 33 A*,
speaks of " A counterfeit chain * * , Bw* diamonds/'
Hall, in Satires (1597) *& 4> a6, satirises Myson for

BRITAIN

cutting his glove to show *' A signet-ring of B. diamond/'
Bw, Red was a dye of that colour. Sfcelton tells us that
Elynour Rumming had " her kirtle Bwe, red," In a
Will of 1551, quoted by Peacock in JV* W, Line, G/os-
saryf a bequest includes *4 One kirtie of Bwe* red which
were her mother's/' B* milk was a slang name for
Sack. Prynne and Walker, in Fiennes Trial (1644)
78, mention " Good store of B* milk."

The scene of Bristowe is laid in that city during
the reign of Richd* L Joseph Swctnam, the hero
of Swetnamt 4t took the habit of a fencer, and set up
school at Bw," Day and Rowley produced in 1603 a
play (now lost) entitled The Bristol Tragedy : probably
a dramatization of some local murder. There is also a
lost play by Ford and Dekker, licensed in 16^4, and
entitled The Bristol Merchant George Salterne, the
author of the University play Tonumhems, was a native
of B* ; and the father of the dramatist John Fletcher was
at one time Bp. of B,, afterwards of Lond.

BRITAIN (B. SB Britain, Bh, « British, Bn* » Briton,
Bia, « Britannia), The island in N.W. Europe con-
taining England, Scotland, and Wales* The popular
derivation from Brut, the legendary leader of the
Trojans who came to B* after the siege of Troy, is quite
without foundation. The chief variants are Bretayne,
Briteigne. Brytayn, and Brittany : each of them with
half a dozen different spellings. The people are called
British, Britons, Britains, and Brits : again with many
variations, The same names are used for the French
province of Bretagne, q.v* Throughout the Middle
English period the name is always used of the Maud
before the coming of the Angles and Saxons, and this
is Shakespeare's uniform usage ; the only apparent ex-
ception being in H8 L i, 31, where Norfolk, describing
the field of the Cloth of Gold, says that the Englishmen
there 44 made B. India ; every man that stood Showed
like a mine " ; but this scene is generally ascribed to
Fletcher. In Z, L* L* iv* i, ias6, Boyet quotes a saying,
44 that was a woman when Q. Guinover of B. was a little
wench/' All the other examples occur in Lear and Cjwi*,
in which plays the scene is laid in B* in the times before
the coming of the English. But in many passages it is
clear that Shakespeare intended an appeal to the
patriotic feelings of his audience, and identified them
with their predecessors in the island. Thus, in Own,
ii. 4, 19, Posthumus speaks of *' our not-fearing B*/'
and adds : " Our countrymen Are men more ordered
than when Julius Caesar Smiled at their lack of skill,
but found their courage Worthy his frowning at* Their
discipline, Now wing-led with their courages, will maie
known To their approvers, they are people, such That
mend upon the world/* Even Cloten is inspired by such
a theme : in iii* x, ia, he says, 4t B/s a world By itself,
and we will nothing pay For wearing our own noses/'
In v. 3, 24, Belarius rallies the Bfeu with the cry, '* Our
B's. harts die flying, not our men/* In L 4, 77,
lachimo says that Posthumus' praises are ** too good
for any lady in Britanie/' In Lear the ** Bh, powers/'
though fighting against Lear and Cordelia, are made to
beat the French, It is curious that m the snatch of the
old ballad quoted by Edgar in Lear tii. 4, 189, Shake-
speare preserves the local colour by changing ** 1 smell
the blood of a Christian [or English] man"* into ** I
smell the blood of a Brittish man/'

In B, & F, Bonduca L i, Caratach says, " Shut tip
your temples, Bns/' ? and throughout the play the word
is correctly used* In Fisher's Fuimw L a. Commitis
says, " It is the B* shore which, 10 leagues kence, ;

BRITAIN

plays her shining cliffs unto your sight/' In Massinger's
Virgin iv* i, Sapritius says, " Of all nations Our Roman
swords e'er conquered none comes near The Bn*" In
his Actor ii* i, Aretinus refers to the service done by
Agricola " In the reducing B* to obedience*" In Nero ii*
$, Scaevola boasts that the " painted Bn." could not
subdue the Romans* In Nobody L i, 13, Cornwell says.
44 1 gave release to B's* miseries/* The scene of VaL
Welsh is laid in B* " In the reign of Claudian when the
Bryttish lie Was tributary to that conquering see "
(" Claudian " should be " Claudius "). In Kyd's Cornelia
iv** Caesar boasts* " The Bsv locked within a watery realm
And walled by Neptune* stooped to me at last/* In
Chapman's Csssar i* i, 29, Cato charges Caesar with
having recruited his army from the scum of " B** Belgie,
France, and Germany." In Greene's Orlando ii* i, 718,
Orlando exclaims in his madness* " Arthur with a crew
of Bns. comes To seek for Hedor/' In May's Agrip-
pina i* I, 597, Caesar speaks of the " B* prisoners "
amongst whom is " that bold Caractacus/' In B* & F.
Prophetess L i, Charinus says that Aper '* has under him
The flower of all the Empire* and the strength, The B,
and the German cohorts*" In ii. 3, Diocles (afterwards
Diocletian) speaks of his exploits *4 in the late B* wars/'
The date is A.p* 284* In W* Rowley's Shoemaker ii* 2,
101, the Nuntius, coming from Gaul from Dioclesian to
B*, says, *4 He craves thy aid from Brittany/' Milton*
P. L. i. 581, describes K* Arthur* " Begirt with Bh* and
Armoric knights." In P. JR. iv* 77, he speaks of am-
bassadors coming to Rome " From Galh'a* Gades, and
the Bh. West."

Towards the end of the i6th cent. B. began to be used
for the whole island, owing to the prospect of the Union
of the Crowns of England and Scotland, and the need of
a common name for the two kingdoms* In Fair Em* L i,
William I is addressed as " B's. mighty conqueror."
In Marlowe's Tamb* A. iii. 3, Tamburlaine proposes to
get together a fleet to keep in awe 44 all the ocean by the
Bh* shore." In Greene's Friar xiii. 78, Lambert and
Serlsby are referred to as " These brave lusty Brutes."
In Middleton's Mad World i., we find 44 the Bh. men "
in contrast with the Italians and the French, In the
Puritan v* i, 4* fine Bns." is used in the sense of 4* fine
Englishmen " ; and in Field's Weathercock i* 2, ** bold
Bns." is similarly employed* In Webster's Wyat L 3,
Northumberland joys in the ancient victories against the
French and Spaniards, ** whose high pride We levelled
with the waves of Bh. shore, Dyeing the haven of Brit
with guilty blood/* In Marlowe's Ed. II ii. 3, By, is
used for England : 44 Mque tandem shall that canker
cry Unto the proudest peer of By/* So, in Marston's
Antonio A* i., Antonio says, 4* I shipped my hopeful
thoughts for Brittany, Longing to view great Nature's
miracle The glory of her sex " : Elizabeth to wit.
In Mason's Multeasses* pro!*, the poet proposes to
'* transfer Pernassus into Brittany/' The Latin form
Bia* occurs occasionally* In Kirke's Champions ii. i,
Andrew speaks of ** The name Bia., which includes
within it Fair England, Wales, and Scotland/' Jonson,
in Blackness, says, " With that great name Bia* this blest
isle Hath won her ancient dignity and style*" After the
accession of James I the united kingdoms were called
B», and often, by way of distinction, Great B* James
was officially proclaimed in 1604 as "King of Great B*,
France, and Ireland " ; but it was not tiU the Act of
Union in 1707 that Parliament declared, " That the 2
kingdoms of England and Scotland shall be . . .
united into i kingdom by the name of Great B/' The

BRITAIN'S BURSE

phrase had already been used, but in cases anterior to
1604 the adjective « great" has its ordinary sense of
44 famous." Thus, in Sackville's Ferrex v. Dumb Show,
we are told, 4t Herein was signified tumults * * * as fell
in the realm of gt* Brittayne " ; and in v* i, Ferrex
says, " Ours is the sceptre then of gt* Brittayne*" In
Massinger's Virgin v* i, Theophilus reads a dispatch
headed " Gt* B.": a curious proleptic use of the

?hrase* Shakespeare never uses it ; but it is found in
Dnson's Alchemist iv* 3, " The people of Gt* B/' ; in
Randolph's Muses' iii* 3, in the form " Gt* Brittany " ;
and in Jonson's Magnetic v, 5, " The safety of Gt* B,"
Drayton, in Polyolb. (1633) x* 330, apostrophizes,
44 Thou, the Q. of Isles, Gt. B*" In Barnavelt iv* 3,
Elizabeth is called Elizabeth of England* and James I
the K* of B. In T. Heywood's Captives v* i, Raphael
says, " English, sayest thou * " and the Clown adds :
44 or Brittishe, which you please/' The date is 1624*
In Sharpham's Fleire 259, Ruffel says, " I did pray
oftener when I was an Englishman, but I have not
prayed often, I must confess, since I was a Brittaine.

* * * Canst tell, if an Englishman were in debt, whether
a Brittaine must pay it or no i " To which Fleire
answers : ** No, questionless no/' Milton, in Som*
xi* 2, speaks of " the royal bench Of Bh* Themis."
In Spenser, JP* Q. iii. 2, 7, Britomart calls England " the
greater Brytayne," as distinguished from the lesser B*,
z*c* Brittany or Armorica,

Bh. oysters were much esteemed at Rome* In May's
Agrippina iii. 334, Montanus asks, " Will it be lawful
[after Nero's accession] to eat . . * Bh* oysters without
being cited before the censor i "

Bn* is often used in the sense of a Welshman, the
Welsh being descended from the ancient Bns* Some-
times the more specific form Camber-Bn* is used in this
sense* In T* Heywood's Lucrece iii. 3, Valerius sings,
44 The Bn., he metheglin quaffs/' la Kirke's Cham-
pions i* i, the list includes " George for brave England

* . . And David will the B/s name defend/' In B* & F.
Nightwalker iii* 6, Maria, disguised as a Welshwoman,
" can sing very fine Prittish tunes*" In Middleton's
Chaste Maid iv. i, Tim is assured that his Welsh wife
can sing 44 the sweetest Bh* songs/' In Dekker's West-
ward ii. 2, Birdlime says, " Welshmen love to be called
Bns/' In Glapthorne's Hollander ii* i, a Welsh doctor
strains his potions " through a piece of Bh* frieze*" In
King and Queen's Entertainment at Richmond (1636) 451,
the Post makes a speech in Welsh, and says, " Here's
nobody understands me, never a true Bn. amongst you/'
In W. Rowley's Match Mid. iii. i, Randall, the Welsh-
man, when told that the widow " will have her nest
feathered with no Bh. breed," answers : 44 Zounds, was
not Bh* so good as English i " In B* & F/s Chances v*3,
a song speaks of *4 B* metheglin and Peeter/* In Peele's
Ed, If p* 15, Edward says to David, 44 Thou couldst
not be a Camber-Bn* If thou didst not love a soldier " ;
and later in the play Llewellyn appeals to his countrymen,
44 Why, Camber-Bns*, are ye so incensed f "

North Bn* is used for a Scot* In B* & F*
Wit 5* W. iv* i, Oldcraft exclaims, " Out I a North B*
constable < That tongue will publish all, it speaks so
broad."

BRITAIN'S BURSE* The name given by James I to the
New Exchange built on the S* side of the Strand by
Earl Salisbury in 1609* For details* see under EXCHANGE
and BURSE* In Glapthorne's Wit i* i, Formal says that
Clare " has been at B. b* a buying pins and needles*"
In iti* i, Alderman Covet avers, *4 1 never liked a song

BR1TTAIN* BRITTANY

unless the Ballad of the famous Lond* prentice/ or the
Building of B* B*" Donne, in Elegy xv. (1609), dis-
cusses, " Whether the B. B* did fill apace And likely
were to give the Exchange disgrace/' Webster's White
Devil was published by " Hugh Perry at his shop at the
sign of the Harrow in B.B* 1631." Marston's Tragedies
was " Printed by A* M. for William Sheares at the
Harrow in B.B. 1633"

BRITTAIN, BRITTANY. See BRETAGNE and BRITAIN,
BRO ADGATES HALL* A college in Oxford for students
of Law, dating back to the iath cent. It was originally
called Segrim, or Segreve, H. ; but received the name
of B. from its wide entrance, in the beginning of the
reign of Henry VL It was included in the foundation
of Pembroke College in 1624* The H. on the right of the
gateway of Pembroke is part of the old B. H. In
Greene's Friar xiii* 50, Serlsby says, ** I have a son that
lives in Oxford in the B, H." In Cuckqueans iv. 8,
Floradin accosts Claribel as " my quondam chamber-
fellow in Brodegates," and goes on to ask him, " How
hast thou done since our departures from Oxford t "
John Heywood, the famous epigrammatist, and author
of many Interludes written between 1520 and 1540, is
supposed on good grounds to have been a member of
this college.

BROAD ST* Lond., now Old B. St., running from
Threadneedle St. to Liverpool St. It was one of the
most fashionable sts* in the City. In it was a famous
glass-house, run by Venetian workmen* In Maynefs
Match ii. 4, we are introduced to an ancient widow who
** hath no eyes but such as she first bought in B*-st." :
to wit, her spectacles. In Killigrew's Parson ii. 5, Jolly
tells of an old lady " dwelling at the sign of the Buck
in B.-st."

BROKEN WHARF. Lond*, on S. side of Upper Thames
St., opposite to Old Fish St. Hill* So called because of
its ruinous condition* Close by was the town-house of
the Ds* of Norfolk. Here, too, was a water-house,
constructed by Buhner in 1594 to pump up water from
the Thames for the supply of the City,
BROMWICHAM. See BIRMINGHAM.

BROOKE'S WHARF. On the Thames on the S, side of
Thames St., about halfway between Southward Bdge*
and St. Paul's Pier* In Westward for Smelts we have,
4* At this time of the year the pudding-house at B* W.
is watched by the Hollanders' eel-ships, lest the in-
habitants, contrary to the law, should spill the blood of
innocents."

BROOMFIELDS* A common S.E* of Bethnall Green,
where the brooms grew which were used for sweeping
purposes in Lond. B. Rd., which runs just S* of the
Limehouse Canal, between North ^St* and Chrisp St.,
retains the name ; and Bromley is evidently Broom-
Lea. In Day's B* Beggar iv., Strowd says, " Fll but
cross o'er the Summer lay by the Broom field, and be
with you presently." Tarlton, in News from Purgatory,
tells of the broom-men who were there " for robbing of
the broom closes between Barking and Lond."

BRUGES. The capital of W, Flanders in Belgium, 75 m,
N.W. of Brussels. It was one of the chief commercial
cities of the Middle Ages. The Halles, built in 1364,
has a magnificent bell-tower, the famous Belfry of Bv
the carillons of which are the finest in the world* Lang-
land, in Piers C* 7, 279, makes Covetysc send his ser-
vant " to B. my profit to awaite." In Chaucer's C, T* B.
1345, the merchant fares " toward the toun of Brugges

So

BRUSSELS

To byen there a porcioun of ware." The scene of
B. & F. Beggars1 , with the exception of L i, and 3, is laid
at B. and in the neighbourhood. In iii. i, Hempskirke
lays a plot to kidnap Goswin, and " make him pay
ransom ere he see B. towers again." In Larum G. i,
Danila says, " I'll meet his Grace [D'Alva] at Bridges*"
The author's spelling of the names of Dutch towns is
amusingly eccentric. In Cowley's Cutter L 5, Jolly says,
44 Ye shall no more make monstrous tales from B. to
revive your sinking credits in loyal ale-houses*" The
supposed date of the play is 1658, at which time Charles
II was living at B. In the Pleadings in Rastell p* Walton
(1530), one of the theatrical dresses claimed for is 4t of
blue satin of B."

BRUNDUSIUM (now BRINDISI). A Roman colonia and
the chief port and naval station on the Adriatic. It had
a spacious double harbour, and was the ordinary port of
embarkation from Italy for Greece and the East, Here
the poet Virgil died. At the outbreak of the Civil War
in 49 B.C. Pompey went over to Epirus, and Caesar
followed him, leaving a part of his forces behind at B.
In Chapman's Ca?sar ii. 3, 85, Cassar says that his hopes
are now 44 resting at B., In that part of my army with
Sabinus." Antony, in Ant. iii. 7, 22, commenting on the
activity of Octavian just before the battle of Actium,
says, 4t Is it not strange, Canidius, That from Tarentum
and B* He could so quickly cut the Ionian Sea And take
in Toryne ** " This is taken from Plutarch ; " Csesar
had all in readiness in the havens of Tarentum and
B* * * * Now whilst Antonius rode at anchor * * * at
Actium, Caesar had quickly passed the sea Ionium, and
taken a place called Toryne, before Antonius under-
stood that he had taken ship*" In Tiberius a 150,
Maximus says of Germanicus, on his way to Armenia,
44 My Lord first sailed to Brandusium/' Evidently the
author did not know either the name or the position of
the place, or he would not have made Germanicus
"sail" thither from Rome* In Bacchu$f one of the
company of topers is " One Peers Spendall from B., an
Italian friar*"

BRUNSWICK (» BRAUNSCHWEIG), A duchy in N,W*
Germany* The capital, B*, lies abt* 130 m* W* of Berlin,
The Royal line of England is descended from the
younger branch of the family of B* In Chapman's
Alphonsus i* i, 137, Alphonsus says/' When Churfurst
Mentis was taken prisoner By young victorious Othor
D. of Braunschweig, That Richd., Earl of Cornwall,
did disburse The ransom of a king, a million, To save his
life/' This story seems to be pure invention* In Z>0<fy-
pol L 2, Alberdure says that his father, the D* of Saxony,
44 Hath to the B. duchess vowed mmself " ; but tihe
whole story is imaginary* In Barnavelt iv* 3* Sir John
mentions amongst his correspondence a fetter from
" the D. of B." B. was famous for a kind of beer, made
from malted wheat, and called Mum, first brewed, it is
said, by Christian Mumme about the end of the i$th
cent. In Glapthorne's Wallenstein iii. 3, Newman says,
* I think you're drunk with Lubecke beer or B* Mum/'
Clocks were also made there* Dekker, in News from
Hell, says that the drunkard's wits, " like wheels in B*
clocks, were all going, but not one going truly*"

BRUSIA. A variant in Chettle's Hoffman B* 3 for
PRUSSIA, #*v* The Latin form is Borussia*

BRUSSELS. The capital of Belgium and of the old pro-
vince of S* Brabant, on the Senne, 36 m* S* of Antwerp*
It was founded by St* Gery of Cambrai in the yth cent.,
and was walled m the nth* In 1507 it was made the

BRYKYLSB

seat of government in the Low Countries, and after the
separation of the United Provinces it remained the
capital of Brabant and of the Spanish Netherlands*
In Chapman's Trag* Byron iv. i, certain portents are
enumerated which have befallen the hero ; in particular,
44 your goodly horse which the Arch-duke gave you at B.
* * . fell mad and killed himself." Byron went as
French plenipotentiary to B. in 1598 to witness the
signature of the Archduke to the treaty between the
Spanish and the French ; no doubt the present of the
horse was made on this occasion* In Ford's Sacrifice iii.
2, Fernando relates, " I saw in B* the D. of Brabant
Welcome the Archbp* of Mentz with rare conceit . . .
Performed by knights and ladies of his court, In nature
of an antic ; which methought — For that I ne'er before
saw women-antics — Was for the newness strange and
much commended/' This play was published in 1633,
and there is probably an allusion to the appearance of
the Q. of England and her ladies in a Masque at White-
hall in 1632 ; for his supposed attack upon which in-
novation Prynne lost his ears* In Cartwright's Ordinary
iv. i, Credulous inquires, " What news from Bruxels, or
the Hague i D'ye hear aught of the Turk's designs i "
In Jonson's Staple iii. 2, Thomas reports that Gundo-
mar "lives condemned to his share at Bruxels, And
there sits filing certain politic hinges To hang the States
on." Gundomar, the Spanish ambassador to England,
had retired to B* in 1624 after his failure to secure the
marriage of Prince Charles to the Spanish Infanta* B.
was a strong centre of Roman Catholicism* In Middle-
ton's Chess v* 2, the Black Queen's Pawn, who stands
for a secular Jesuitess, speaks of the time 4* when I was
a probationer at B," And in iii* i, the Fat Bp* (Antonio
di Dominis of Spalato) says, ** Expect my books against
you, printed at Douay, B,, or Spalato*" Hall, in Epp.
i, 5, says: "At Bruxelles I saw some Englishwomen
profess themselves vestals. Poor souls I they could not
be fools enough at home 1 "

B* had the reputation of being a gay city* In Gas-
coigne's Government v. 9, Fidus tells us that 44 Ambi-
dexter had gotten a fair minion, forsooth, and stayed
with her at Brusselles." In Tuke's Five Hours ii.,
Ernesto says that Porcia is " handsomer far than all
those B* beauties which you call the finished pieces*"
The name is the subject-of an atrocious pun in T* Hey-
wood's Challenge ii* i, where the Clown says to Bona-
vide, 44 At Bristles, if you remember, you were used but
roughly." In Davenant's Favourite iv. x, a lady says,
44 For essences to Rome, for tweeses to B*, and for fans
to Paris*" In Cockayne's Obstinate iii, 3, Carionil, who
is disguised as a negro, says, " I learned your language
[z".e. English] at Bruxels."

BRYKYLSE (z*e. BRIGHTLINGSEA)* A fishing yill. on the
estuary of the Colne, in Essex. One of the ships seen by
Hycke, p. 88, going to Ireland was the 44 Myghell of B."

BUCKINGHAM. The county town of Bucks*, on the
Gt. Ouse, 58 m. N,W. of Lond, It is described in
" Domesday Book " as an ancient borough, and it pos-
sessed an old castle, the site of which is now occupied
by the Ch* of SS. Peter and Paul. It is a territorial title
in the EngHsh peerage. In Trag. Richd, II iv. 2, 174,
Thomas of Gloucester is addressed as " Earl of Cam-
bridge and of B." His grandson, Humphrey Stafford,
was created D. of B. in 1444, *& honour of the betrothal
of Henry VI to Margaret of A&jou. In H6 B. i. i.
Stafford is present at the welcome to the new Q», but
leaves the presence along with Somerset, muttering:

BUCKINGHAM

44 Thou or I, Somerset, will be protector, Despite D*
Humphrey or the Cardinal." Salisbury, Warwick, and
York resolve to join together " to bridle and suppress
* . * Somerset's and B.'s ambition" (i. i, 202). In
i. 3, 72, Margaret complains that Beaufort, Somerset,
and B*, and grumbling York " can do more in England
than the K." In the latter part of this scene he joins
Somerset in an attack on Gloucester* In i* 4, he is as-
sociated with York and Stafford in the arrest of the
Duchess of Gloucester, and is deputed to take the news
to her husband, which he does in ii. i . In ii* 2, 72, York,
being hailed as K* by Salisbury and Warwick, enjoins
them to " wink ... At B. and all the crew of them
. . . Till they have snared the good D. Humphrey."
He is present at the arrest of Gloucester at Bury St*
Edmund's (iii* i)* He is with the K. in iv* 4, when the
news comes of Cade's rebellion, and advises the K. to
retire to Killingworth, whilst along with old Clifford he
goes to meet and disperse the rebels in Southward He
brings word of this to the K* to Killingworth (iv* 9), and
is sent to make terms with York, who is in arms to second
Cade. He meets him between Deptford and Blackheath,
and by the false story of Somerset's imprisonment in-
duces him to lay down his arms (v* i) ; but the cheat is
discovered and the war begins, B. taking the side of the
Lancastrians. In H6 C. i* x, 10, when the Yorkists meet
after their victory at St* Albans* Edward declares,
44 Lord Stafford's father, D. of B., Is either slain or
wounded dangerous ; I cleft his beaver with a down-
right blow." This is a mistake : Lord Stafford was
killed at St. Albans as is stated just before : 44 Lord
Clifford and Lord Stafford . . . Were by the swords
of common soldiers slain " ; but B. was killed at the
battle of Northampton 5 years later, in 1460*

Lord Stafford had married the daughter of Somerset,
and their son Henry succeeded to the title on his grand-
father's death in 1460, and is the B. of #;?. In 83 i. 3,
he is present and has come from the bedside of K*
Edward to make peace between the D. of Gloucester
and the Q.'s brothers. In the course of the scene Q»
Margaret offers him her hand ; ** O princely B*, I'll kiss
thy hand * * * Thy garments are not spotted with our
blood " ; and warns him against Gloucester : 44 O B.,
beware of yonder dog 1 Look 1 when he fawns, he bites."
In Act II, in the presence of the K*, he pledges his faith
to the Q., and prays, 44 God punish me With hate in
those where I expect most love . . . When I am cold in
zeal to you or yours*" In ii. 2, he advises that the young
Prince should be brought to Lond* to be crowned; and
is greeted by Gloucester as 44 my other self, my counsel's
consistory, My oracle, my prophet." He is associated
with Gloucester in the arrest of Rivers, Grey, and
Vaughan (ii. 3, 44). In iii* i, he brings the young
princes to the Tower, and then plans with Catesby to
secure the adhesion of Hastings and Stanley to the
usurpation of Richd. In iu. 2, he meets Hastings on his
way to the Tower, and by his sinister aside (123) indi-
cates his complicity in the plan for the execution of that
nobleman. He is with Gloucester in the next scene,
where Hastings is sent to the block* It is he who per-
suades the citizens to accept Gloucester as K* (iii* 5 and
7), and at his coronation (iv* 2, i) Richd. declares,
44 Cousin of B. , * . thus high, by thy advice And thy
assistance is K. Richd. seated." But finding him not
quick to accept his hints as to the murder of the princes,
he says, " High-reaching B. grows circumspect * * *
The deep-revolving B. No more shall be the neighbour
to my counsel," In the latter part of the scene he puts

BUCKINGHAMSHIRE

off with studied inattention B/s claim to the Earldom of
Hereford ; and B*, alarmed, hurries off to his castle at
Brecknock* In iv* 4, we find that, as the result of his
conference with the Bp* of Ely, B* has invited Henry of
Richmond to come over, and has raised an army in
Wales to help him ; but by a later messenger comes
word that the army has been dispersed by flood and
storm, and, later still, that B* has been captured* In v: i,
we see him led to the block at Salisbury without being
allowed to see Richd. The often-quoted/4 Off with his
head 1 So much for B. 1 " is not Shakespeare's, but is in
Colley Gibber's adaptation of the play for Garrick* The
ghost of B. appears to Richd* on the eve of the battle of
Bosworth (v* 3, 167) : " O in the battle think on B*, And
die in terror of thy guiltiness/'

B/s wife was Catharine Woodville, sister of Edward's
Queen, Elizabeth, and their son Edward is the B. of H8.
In Ford's Warbeck v* 2> the King says of him, " Young
B* is a fair-natured prince, Lovely in hopes and worthy
of his father*" His name was Stafford, but as heir of
the Hereford family he preferred their name, Bohun*
In H8 ii. i, 103, he says, " When I came hither I was
Lord High Constable And D* of B* ; now, poor Edward
Bohun," He gives a brief account of his father's career :
" My noble father, Henry of B*, Who first raised head
against usurping Richd*, Flying for succour to his ser-
vant Banister, Being distressed, was by that wretch be-
trayed, And without trial fell*" " Henry VII succeed-
ing," he continues, " Restored me to my honours " j
which happened in 1486* He appears in H8 i. i, and in-
forms the lords that " an untimely ague Stayed me a
prisoner in my chamber " at the time of the Field of the
Cloth of Gold* Holinshed, however, says that he was
there* He shows at once his hatred for Wolsey : " The
Devil speed him ! " and, when he enters, fixes his eyes on
him full of disdain. To which Wolsey responds, " B*
shall lessen this big look " ; and whilst B* is planning
to go to the Kong and " Cry down this Ipswich fellow's
insolence " he is arrested and sent to the Tower* In i. 2,
his surveyor is examined and, in spite of Q* Katharine's
pleading, he is sent for trial by the King* In ii* i, his
trial and condemnation are described by a citizen who
was present ; and he himself passes over the stage to
execution : " Now * * , Henry the eighth life, honour,
name, and all That made me happy, at one stroke has
taken For ever from the world (116)* In iii* 2> 256,
Surrey upbraids the fallen wolsey: "Thy ambition
* * * robbed this bewailing land Of noble B*, my father-
in-law/' In iv* if 5, the two gentlemen, waiting to see
the coronation procession of Anne Boleyn, remember
that the last time they were there " The D. of B* came
from his trial*" It is probable that he was a sacrifice
rather to Henry's jealousy of him as a possible claimant
to the throne than to the spite of Wolsey. In the non-
sensical verses against worms in Thersites (Anon* Plays
L 219), Mater invokes ** the buttock of the bitter [z*e*
bittern] bought at B,"-— where the name is introduced
purely for the sake of the alliteration. In Darius, p* 45,
Iniquity says to Charity, " Truly thou art a holy man
As is between this and B*"

BUCKINGHAMSHIRE* An inland county of England.
It had a bad reputation as a haunt of thieves, and in the
great tavern scene in Langland's Piers B* 2* 108, one of
the company is " Bette the bedel of Bokynghamshire " ;
altered in the C* text to ** Bette the bedele of Banne-
buries sokne/' In H6 C* iv* 8, 14, Warwick commissions
his brother Montague to raise forces against Edward IV
inB*

BUDGE ROW

BUCKLERSBURY* A narrow st in Lond*, running S*
from the corner of Cheapside and the Poultry to Wai-
brook. It was called after one Buckle, who had a manor
and tenements there. Stow says, " It is possessed of
grocers and apothecaries towards the W* end thereof*"
They sold not only herbs and drugs, but also tobacco
and sweetmeats of various kinds* In 7MT* W* W. iii* 3, 79,
Falstaff says to Mrs* Ford, 4< I cannot cog and say thou
art this and that, like a many of these lisping hawthorn-
buds, that come like women in men's apparel, and smell
like B. in simple time*" Mouffet says that the smell of
the spices in B, saved the inhabitants from the Plague*
In Westward i* 2, Mrs* Tenterhook says, " Go into B*
and fetch me 2 ounces of preserved melons ; look there
be no tobacco taken [Le* smoked] in the shop when he
weighs it*" Dekker, in Seven Sins, says that candlelight
is more deadly to rats " than all the ratsbane in B/'
In his Wonderful Year (1603), he says that on account of
the Plague " every st* looked like B* for poor Methri-
datum and Dragon Water were bought in every corner/*
In his Westward iii* 3, Mrs* Wafer bids her boy ** Run
into B* for 2 ounces of Dragon Water, some spermaceti,
and treacle " : her child having been taken ill* Jonson,
in BarthoL L i, speaks of " the black boy in B. that takes
the scurvy, roguy tobacco there*" In Middleton's
Chaste Maid iii. 2, Allwit, complaining of the extrava-
gant love of women for sweetmeats, says that all his
estate " is buried in B*" Jonson, in Epigrams iii», ad-
vises his publisher, if his book will not sell without
puffing, to " send it to B*, there 'twill well/' z.e, it will
serve to wrap tobacco and sweetmeats in* In Alexander
Gill's Lines upon Ben Jonson's Magnetic Ladyt he says of
the play, " From B, let it not be barred, But think not of
Duck Lane or Paul's Churchyard," i,e, it is good enough
to wrap drugs in, but not worthy of a respectable
publisher* In Haughton's Englishmen iii. 2, Vandal the
Dutchman has his lodging in B* In Cowley's Cutter iL
8, Widow Barebottle relates that her late husband
sought for incomes *4 in B*, and 3 days after a friend of
his, that he owed £500 to, was hanged for a malignant/'
Sir Thomas More lived for a time in this street.

BUCKSTARS* A very curious equivalent for Bfucteri,
a tribe of Gauls living between the Ems and the Lipper
who were defeated by Germanicus A*B* x6» In Tibmus
1154, Germanicus says, " Twice did we meet the B* in
the field*"

BUDA* A city in Hungary, on the right batik of the
Danube, 130 m* S.E* of Vienna, On the left bank of the
river is Pesth, and the two are united by a chsdn bdge,
Buda-Pesth is the capital of Hungary and the seat of
Government* The town dates from A,D. 1240, when the
fortress on the Schloss-berg was built* It was taken in
1526 by Splyman the Magnificent, retaken by Ferdinand
of Bohemia in x 527, and a^ain by Solyman in 1 529. From
that time till 1606 it remained in the hands of the Turks*
In Marlowe's Tamb* B* ii* i, Ferdinand, the Lord of B.*
is one of the counsellors of Sigismund of Hungary, and
it is he who advises the breach of the treaty made be-
tween Bajaseth and Sigismund after the battle of Nico-
polis* In Florio's Montaigne L 2* mention is made of the
wars " which K* Ferdinando made against the widow of
John, K* of Hungaria* about B/' In B* & F/s Captain
ii. i, the father of Laelia says/ " At B* siege Full many a
cold night have I watched in armour/' This was doubt-
less the siege of 1529.

BUDGE ROW* A st* in Lond*> running N* from Caaaon
St. to Wading St* It was so called from the furriers who

82

BULGARIA

occupied it : b* meaning lambskin dressed with the fur
outwards, as in some university hoods. An Act of 1365
directs that all pelterers (z*e* furriers) " shall dwell in
Walebrooke, Cornehulle, and Bogerow*" In Jonson's
BarthoL L i, Littlewit compliments his wife on her cap,
which is not, as the good Puritan lady would have had
it but for her husband, ** a rough country beaver with a
copper band, like the coney-skin woman of B*-r*"

BULGARIA* The dist* S* of the Danube between Servia
and the Black Sea* The Bulgarians were a Tartar people
from the banks of the Volga, and subdued the original
Slav population about the middle of the 7th cent* A*D*
They had constant wars with Hungary, and were finally
conquered by Stephen IV towards the end of the i3th
cent* In 1392 they were defeated by the Turks and be-
came a part of the Ottoman Empire* They were re-
garded as a barbarous and savage people, and the word
** Buggar " is a corruption of Bulgar* In Marlowe's
Tomb* B* ii* i, Frederic reminds Sigismund of the recent
slaughter of the Christians by the Turks : ** Now,
through the midst of Varna and B*, And almost to the
very walls of Rome They have not long since massacred
our camps*" The reference is to the invasion of Europe
by the Turks under Bajazeth in 1396, and the great de-
feat of the Christians at Nicopolis*

BULL* See RED BULL*

BULL* The sign of a tavern in Lond*, on the W* side of
Bishopsgate St* Within, a little N* of Threadneedle St*
It was one of 5 inns in which plays were performed
before the building of theatres ; and both Burbage and
Tarlton were players there* In Tarlton's Jests (1611),
it is said: "At the B* in Bishops-gate-st*, where the
Queen's players oftentimes played, Tarlton coming on
the stage, one from the gallery threw a pippin at him*"
Tarlton got a licence in Nov* 1583 to play " at the sign
of the B* in Bishopsgate St*" Gosson, in School of
Abuse (1579), p* 40, speaks of ** The Jew and Ptolome
shown at the B*" ; the former of which he describes as
44 representing the greediness of worldly chusers and
bloody minds of usurers*" It was probably an earlier
treatment of the subject of Merck. The inn has another
literary interest from its connection with Hobson, the
Cambridge carrier, whose epitaph Milton wrote, and
whose name lives in the phrase "Hobson's choice,"
and in Hobson St* and Hobson's Conduit in Cambridge*
The B* was his Lond, house of call ; as Milton says in
the Epitaph, " He had any time this to years full Dodged
with him [z*e* Death] betwixt Cambridge and the B."
According to the Spectator > No* 509, *' This memorable
man stands drawn in fresco at an inn which he used in
Bishopsgate St*, with an hundred pound bag under his
arm, with this inscription upon the said bag : The fruit-
ful mother of a hundred more*" In Middleton's Chaste
Maid i* i, a message is brought from Cambridge by
" one of Hobson's porters," who says, as he enters,
44 1 have took a great deal of pains and come from the B*
sweating*" The Mermaid Edn* reads ** Bell " — an ob-
vious misprint or mistake* In Yarrington's Two Trag.L
3, Beech, the chandler of Thames St*, says to his boy,
as he goes out, ** If any ask, come for me to the B*"
Taylor, in Carriers Cosmographie (1637), mentions " the
B* in Bishopsgate St*" as the lodging of the carrier of
Hadham, in Herts*

BULL* Sign of a tavern at St* Albans, which BaskervilleJ
towards the end of the iTth cent*, mentions as the largest
inn in England* In Porter's Abington i* 2, the boy says to
Coomes, " Thou standfst like the B* at St* Albans*"

BUNHILL

BULL AND MOUTH* See MOUTH*

BULLAINE, BULLEN* See BOULOGNE*

BULL HEAD* An inn in Cheapside, Lond*, now the
Bull's Head, 3 Bread St,, off Cheapside* General Monk
stayed here when he came to Lond* in 1660 ; and it was
the first meeting-place of the Royal Society* In the list
of Lond* Taverns in News BarthoL Fairf we have
44 The Miter in Cheape, and then the B* H*, And many
like places that make noses red*" There was another
B* H. in Smithfield, near the Bars ; which is mentioned
m Long Meg yvii.

BULL'S HEAD* The sign of John Haviland's bookshop
in Paul's churchyard (1625)*

BULLIN LAGRAS. Another name for BOLOGNA (la
grassa), g*v* In Phillip's Grissill 1026, Gautier commands
his servant to convey Grissill's daughter " to B* L*, to
the Countess of Pango*"

BUNGAY* A town of Suffolk, on the right bank of the
Waveney, 109 m* N*E* of Lond* B* Castle, of which
some remains are still to be seen, was built by the Bigods,
Earls of Norfolk, in the time of Stephen* There is an
old story that when Henry II tried to bring Hugh Bigod
to justice he exclaimed, " Were I in my castle of B*
Upon the river Wayeney, I would not care for the King
of Cockney*" This is paraphrased, and put into the
mouth of Gloster in Look about iv*: "O that I were
within my fort of B* Whose walls are washed with the
clear stream of Waveney, Then would not Gloster pass a
halfpenny For all those rebels and their poor king too*"
There was a Benedictine nunnery there, of which some
ruins are still visible* In Trouble. Reign £*, Philip the
Bastard is represented plundering the monastery of B*,
wrongly described as Franciscan, and jeering at the
monks in ribald rhymes : " Now, bald and barefoot
Bungie birds, When up the gallows climbing*" In Bale's
Laws iv*, Pseudo-doctrine claims " Wharton of B*" as
one of the supporters of the claims of Rome against the
Protestants* This gentleman is mentioned in Bale's
Image of Both Churches xiii*, ** Certain Popish priests of
Master Wharton's retinue, not far from B* in Suffolk,
did calk for Cromwell and for other else, if the world
had not changed to their minds*" Friar B*, one of the
rival heroes of Greene's Friar, took his name from this
place*

BUNHILL (or BUNHILL Row)* A st* in Lond*, on the W*
side of the Artillery Ground, near Moorfields. It had
houses on the W. side only, the E* being occupied by B*
Fields, now a cemetery, and the Artillery Ground* The
name, originally Bone-hill, was derived from the de-
positing there of more than 1000 cartloads of bones
brought from the charnel house of St* Paul's in 1549*
The fields were used for archery practice* and were a
common resort of the young Londoners* The neigh-
bourhood had a somewhat unsavoury reputation* In
Middleton's jR* G* iv* 2, Mrs* Openwork asks, ** Didst
never see an archer as thou'st walked by B* look asquint
when he drew his bow i " In More ii* i, Harry says to
his fellow-prentice, " Hoh, Robin, you met us well at
Bv to have you with us a Maying this morning*" In
Underwit iv* 3, Courtwell, scornfully speaking of a lady's
breasts, says, " B* is worth a hundred on 'em, and but
Higate, compared with 'em, is Paradice." Dekker, in
preface to Satire*, says, ** All Mt* Helicon to B*, it would
be found on the Poetaster's side, Se defendendo." In
B* & F* Friends i* 2, Blacksnout says he got a wound in
his groin " at the siege of Bunnil, passing the straights
between Mayor's Lane and Terra del Fuego, the fiery

BURBON

isle/' He doubtless refers to some adventure in one of
the houses of ill-fame in, or near, B* See also under
MAYOR'S LANE*

BURBON* See BOXJRBON-L'ARCHAMBAXJLT*
BURBONS (le. BOIIRBONNE-LES-BAINS)* In the depart-
ment of Upper Marne, in France, 150 m* S*E. of Pans,
It is celebrated for its medicinal springs and is a resort
of invalids. In Killigrew's Parson v* 4> Sad speaks of
women going to " the Epsoms, B*, and the Spaws " to
get rid of their diseases*
BURCHIN LANE* See BIRCHIN LANE*
BURDELLS* See BORDELLO*
BURDEX. See BORDEAUX*
BURGAINE, See BERGEN-OP-ZOOM.
BURGONIAN (Le+ BXJRGUNDIAN, BOURGIGNON)* In Chap-
man's Trag* Byron v* i, Byron asks, " What country-
man's the common Headsman here i " To which
Sossons answers : ** He's a B/' " The great devil, he
is 1 " says Byron ; " the bitter wizard told me a B*
should be my headsman/' The scene in which Byron
consults the astrologer La Brosse is iii* i of Chapman's
Consp* Byron ; but this detail is not there given* Dek-
ker, in preface to Satiro., says, " Horace questionless
made himself believe that his B* wit might desperately
challenge all comers, and that none durst take up the
foils against him/* The reference is probably to John
Barrose, *4 a B* by nation and a fencer by profession,"
who in 1598 issued in Lond* a challenge to all and sun-
dry to fence with him* He was executed in July of that
year for killing an officer of the City* A B* is used for a
ship of war, built in the Netherlands, which at one time
was under the dominion of Burgundy* In Drayton's
Agincourt no, he speaks of 44 4 Bs. excellently manned*"
BURGULLIAN (a BTOGTJNDIAN), In the following pas-
sages it doubtless refers to the Burgundian fencer men-
tioned in the last article. The suggestion in OJSJX
that the reference is to the overthrow of the Bastard of
Burgundy by Anthony Woodville in Smithfield in 1467
is quite improbable* In Jack Drum ii* 181, Mons* John
says, *4 You see Me kill a man, you see me hang like de
B/' Bobadill, in Jonson Ev+ Man L iv. 4, is called
** that rogue, that foist, that fencing B/'

BURGUNDY (Bn* = Burgundian), or BXJRGONDIE ? Fr*
BOURGOGNE* The ist Bn. kingdom was founded in the
5th cent* between the Aar and the Rh6ne by Gundicari
the leader of a German tribe* the Bns* It ultimately in-
cluded all the disk on the E* of the Rhdne from Lothar-
ingia to the Gulf of Lyons* It was united to the German
Empire in 1033 by Conrad II ; but the part of it around
Dijon (the modern B*) remained faithful to Charles of
France, who made his brother Richd* D* of B, After
many vicissitudes K* John made his son Philip the Bold
D* in 1363, and he founded the famous line of Dukes
which continued till the death of Charles the Bold in
1477* when B* reverted to the Crown* Philip, by his
marriage with Margaret of Flanders, added to his duchy
the rich districts of Flanders and ArtoiSt His successors
were John the Fearless (1404), Philip the Good (1419)*
and Charles the Bold (1467-1477)* The duchy lay
S* of Champaigne, between the Upper Loire and the
Sa6ne* Its capital was Dijon, and it was renowned for
its fertility, and especially for its wines* A D* of B* is
one of the suitors for the hand of Cordelia in Lear*
Holinshed fixes the date of Lear as anno mundi 3x05
(z*e* 841 B*C*), and as the first mention of the Kingdom of
B* is in the 5th cent* A*D* the anachronism is more than

BURGUNDY

usually startling* The contrast, in i* i, 85, between the
44 vines of France and milk of B/' is not specially happy ,
for B* was a great wine-growing country; but the
reference in i. i, 261 to" waterishB/* is better justified,
for the province is full of rivers and streams* Heylyn
says," That which Q* Katharine was wont to say, that
France had more rivers than all Europe beside, may in
like manner be said of this province in respect of

France, having in it the rivers of (i) Armacan, (a)
Serum, (3) Cure, (4) Torney, (5) Valence, (6) Daue, (
Soane, (8) Brune, (9) Senie, (10) Louche/' In

Rowley's Shoemaker i* i, 295, Dioclesian says, " The
Goths and Vandals have out-past the bounds And o'er
the Rhine past into B/' In ii* 2, 96, it is said : " Alleric
K* of Goaths hath entered France " ; but the date of
the action is A«D* 297, a century before Alaric's invasion
of France, and 2 cents* before there was any B. In
Webster's Weakest, the prologue tells how Philip, D. of
B., has been slain in battle against the D* of Anjou,
leaving as his heir his nephew Frederick* The whole
play is fictitious : if it belongs to any historical period
the reign of Lewis IX of France seems to be indicated ;
but all the characters are imaginary*

The D* of B* summoned by the French K* to fight
against the English in H,5 iii. 5> 42, and whose eldest
brother Anthony, D* of Brabant, was killed at Agin-
court (iv* 8* 102), was John the Fearless, who was
assassinated at the bdge. of Montereau in 1419, This
murder threw his son and the whole powerful party of
which he was the head upon the side of the English ;
and in the conference in the Cbu of S* Peter at Troyes,
held in 1420, and described in H5 v* 2, the new D*,
Philip the Good, urges the necessity of making peace
with England, and is one of the signatories to the
Treaty* In Fam* Vict*> Haz* p* 362, " the lance-knights
of Burgondie " are mentioned as part of the French
army at Agincourt* In H6 A, ii. i and 2, Philip is repre-
sented as fighting on the English side at Orleans* He is
still with Bedford and Talbot at Rouen (iii. 2) ; but
the appeal of La Pucelle, in iii* 3, 41, to *' Brave B,,
undoubted hope of France," makes him " suddenly re-
lent," and he goes over to the French. This was in
1425* A letter from him announcing his defection is
brought to K* Henry at Paris (iv* x, 12), in which he
says, " I have forsaken your pernicious faction And
joined with Charles, the rightful k» of France/* In iv* 4
and 6, we find him fighting against Talbot* He died in
1467, after having acquired large possessions in the Low
Countries, as well as in France* In H$ C, ii* x, 143,
Warwick tells Edward that George of Clarence ** was
lately sent From your kind Aunt, Duchess of B*, With
aid of soldiers to this needful war/' This was in 1461,
but the statement is not altogether accurate. Isabella,
the wife of Philip the Good, was the grand-daughter of
John of Gaunt, and therefore not aunt, but grd cousin
to Edward ? and George of Clarence was only 12 years
old at this time* He and his brother Richd. had been
sent the previous year to the care of Philip of B,, and
remained there till Edward was established upon the
throne* In his dream in the Tower, in R$ i* 4, xo,
Clarence remembered his old experiences : Me*
thought that I was broken from the Tower And was
embarked to cross to B/' On the death of Philip he was
succeeded by Charles the Bold, who shortly after his
accession married Margaret, the sister of Edward IV*
In 1470 the return of Warwick forced Edward to flee
from England, and he took refuge in Flanders with to
brother-in-law* "Edward is escaped &om your brother

BURLEIGH HOUSE

And fled * * * to B*" (H6 C* iv* 6, 79)* Charles was not
too glad to see him, but in the next year gave him some
assistance, and he returned to England and won the
battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury, which finally secured
him the Crown* 44 Well have we passed and now re-
passed the seas And brought desired help from B/'
(H6 C* iv* 7, 6)* Later Margaret gave her support to
Perkin Warbeck, and acknowledged him as her nephew
Richd*, D* of York* In Ford's Warbeck she is referred to
(i* i) as *4 the dam that nursed This eager whelp,
Margaret of B*" ; and in i. 3, she is called " sorceress of
B*" In T. Heywood's Ed * IV B*, Charles of B* betrays
Edward in his French war in 1475. He carried on a life-
long warfare against Louis XI, but he was defeated at
Granson (1476), Morat (1476), and Nancy (1477), and
fell in this last battle* In Massinger's Dowry i* 2, the
scene of which is laid at Dijon in B*, the hero tells the
Court how his father 44 did as much as man In those 3
memorable overthrows At Granson, Morat, Nancy,
where his master, The warlike Charalois (with whose
misfortunes I bear his name), lost treasure, men, and
life*" In B* & F.French Law. i* 3, Cleremont and Dinant
are to have a duel " where the D* of B* met Lewis i ith/'
In the next scene this is defined as 44 a field before the E*
port of the city " (Le. Paris), but it is not clear what
meeting is intended*

In S* Rowley's When you A* 2, Wolsey says, 44 The
Emperor's forces that were levied To invade the
frontiers of Low B* Are stayed in Brabant by the King*"
The reference is to the break-down of the arrangement
in 1525 by which the Emperor was to attack the Bn*
provinces in the Low Countries* In Chapman's Chabot
ii* 3, 71, the K* (Francis I) says to Chabot, 44 Have I not
made you * * * Lord and Lieutenant of all My country
and command of B* i " In his Consp. Byron ii* i, Savoy
relates how Byron took 44 Autun and Nuis in B*" This
was in 1 594 in the war between Henri IV and the League.
In v* i, the King reminds Byron, ** You are my governor
in B*" In B. & F* Gentleman iii. 3, Longueville informs
the company, 44 The K* * . * Hath pleased to style him
[Marine] d* of B*" This was the climax of the plot to
befool the ambitious and credulous old gentleman ; and
is, of course, entirely imaginary* In Gascoigne's
Government i* 5, Eccho swears, 4t By the faith of a true
Burgondyan you had wrong." Herrick, in Ode to
Wickes (1647), says, 44 Then the next health to friends of
mine Loving the brave Bn* wine." The scene of Wil-
son's Inconstant is laid in 44 Burgundie/'

BURLEIGH HOUSE* A mansion in Lond*, on the N*
side of the Strand, between Wellington St. and South-
ampton St*, built by Lord B. in the reign of Elisabeth*
His son, the Earl of Exeter, changed the name to
Exeter House* After the Gt* Fire it was occupied by
various courts ; and then it was turned into shops, the
upper part being used as a menagerie* Later still
Exeter Hall was built on the site* One of Tarlton's
Jests was this : 4* Tarlton called Burley-H* Gate in the
Strand towards the Savoy the Lord-Treasurer's Almes-
Gate, because it was seldom or never opened/'

BURLEY* A village in Rutlandsh* B* House, originally
the seat of the Harrington family, was purchased by the
D* of Buckingham in the reign of James I* On one of
the K/s visits there he was entertained by a performance
of Jonson's Gipsies, in the course of which the actors
sing, " For though we be here at B*, We'd be loth to
make a hurley " ; and again, " I caw, for I will* Here at
B* o* the Hill Give you all your fill/* It Is now the seat

BURSE

of the elder branch of the Cecil family, the Marquis of
Exeter, descended from the elder son of Elizabeth's
great minister*

BURPORTE* In Hycke, p* 85, Imaginacion, being asked
what life the prisoners in Newgate have, replies : " By
God, sir, once a year some tow halts of B.," i*e* ropes of
tow to be hanged with* Halts may be a shortened form
of halters, or possibly a misprint for hards : tow hards
being a common phrase for coarse hemp* See OJS*D*
(s*p* HARDS)* I can find no place called B* : Bur, or
Burr, means a coarse cloth, and B* may be humorously
formed from it ; but I rather incline to think it is short
for Tyburn-port : Tyburn being the place of execution*

BURSE* The original name given to the Royal Exchange,
Lond*, built by Sir T* Gresham in 1567* The name was
borrowed from the continental Burses, the one at
Antwerp being Sir Thomas's model* When Q* Elisa-
beth visited it in 1570 she caused a Herald to proclaim it
44 The Royal Exchange," so to be called from hence-
forth and not otherwise* The old name continued,
however, in popular use* In Fair Women i* 519, Sanders
says, 44 I'll be upon the B*" ; and in ii* 280, Roger de-
poses that Sanders went first to Cornhill, and 44 Thence
he went directly to the B*" In Haughton's Englishmen
ii* i, Pisaro invites the merchants home with him, 4* our
business done here at the B*" In Middleton's JR* G* iv*
2, Moll sings, " She says she went to the B* for patterns*"
In his Microcynicon iii», the maid 4* flies to the B* for a
match or two," i.e* for a pattern to match another. In
his Black Book (1604), p* 28, the Devil says, " Being up-
on Exchange time, I crowded myself among merchants,
poisoned all the B* in a minute*" In Brome's Northern
iv. i, Squelch says to Humphrey, ** Now wait your lady
to the B* ? she has some trifles to buy there*" Dekker,
in Jests , says that the citizens' wives are accustomed ** to
eat their breakfasts in their beds, and not to be ready
till half an hour after noon, about which time their
husbands are to return from the B*" Hall, in Satires vi*

1, 53, speaks of " the new-come traveller . * * Tramp-
ling the bourse's marble twice a day " in order to tell his
traveller's tales* After the building of the New Ex-
change in the Strand by the Earl of Salisbury in 1609
the Old Exchange was distinguished as ** Gresham's B*,"
the New being called by the K/s order, 44 Britain's B*"
In Middleton's Chaste Maid L 2, Allwit complains that
his wife lies in " as if she lay in with all the gaudy-shops
in Gresham's B* about her." In Glapthorne's Wit i*,
we read, 4t She has been in Britain's B* a buying pins
and needles*" The story of the building of Gresham's
B. is told in T* Heywood's /* K. M* B* See also EX-
CHANGE*

BURSE* The B* at Antwerp, built in 1531, is one of the
finest buildings of its kind in Europe* It stands E* of
the cathedral, between the Longue Rue Neuve and the
Place de Meir* In Lamm D, 2, Alva says, " The B*, the
State-house, and the Market-place Belongs to me*" In
E. i, the Capt* says of 2 slain citizens, " They were my
neighbours, near unto the B/' The scene is at Antwerp
during the siege of 1578* In Gascoigne's Government i*

2, in which the scene is laid at Antwerp, Fidus says,
44 Master Gnomaticus was going towards the Bowrce to
hearken of entertainment*" In Dekker's // it be L i,
Pluto bids Lurchal, " Be thou a city-devil and on the B*
see thott thy flag display of politick bankruptisra/* The
scene is at Naples, where also there is a B*

BURTHOLME

BURTHOLME* I suspect a misprint for Bornholm, an
island in the Baltic Sea, 90 m* E* of Zeeland* In Chettle's
Hoffman C. 2, Lorrique says that he has thrown Hoff-
man's body into the sea4* and sent it a swimming toward
B., his old habitation*1'

BURTON. A town on the Trent, in Staffs., 126 m. from
Lond* The brewing trade for which it is now famous
did not begin till about 1708. At B* the Trent, which
has been flowing E*, suddenly turns N., and falls ulti-
mately into the Humber, and not into the Wash, so that
Lincolnshire lies S. of the river* In the division of Eng-
land suggested in H4 A* iii, i, Hotspur is to have *' The
remnant N*, lying off from Trent " : and he objects,
" Methinks my moiety, N. from B. here, In quantity
equals not one of yours ; See how this river comes me
cranking in And cuts me from the best of all my land A
huge half-moon/' At B* was the shrine of Saynt Mod-
win, mentioned by the Palmer in J* Heywood's Four
P P* i* In Jonson's Devil v* 3, Meercraft asks, 4* Did you
never read, Sir, little Barrel's tricks with the boy of B. tf "
This was a boy (Thomas Darling) who was supposed
to have been bewitched by one Alice Goodridge, and
dispossessed of the devil by a Puritan parson, John
Darrel, in 1598,

BURTON-HEATH. In Shrew Ind*. ii* 19, Sly says,
44 Am not I Christopher Sly, old Sly's son of B*-H* t "
And he refers to " the fat ale-wife of Wincot '* in con-*
firmation of his statement* There is a Barton-on-H*
some 6 m* from Stratford-on-Avon j and Wincot, or
Wilnecot, the home of Shakespeare's mother, lies abt*
5 m* N*E* of Barton* This is probably the place in-
tended, though it has possible rivals in B*-Dorset and
B*-Hastings, both in Warwicksh*
BURY (more fully B.-Sx*-Er>OTN!DS or ST. BDMONDS-
BURY)* Town on the Lark in Suffolk, 71 m* from Lond*
It derives its name from St* Edmund, the martyr-king,
who was put to death there by the Danes in 870* A
great monastery was founded in his honour by Canute in
1030* The tower and W. gate still remain* The shrine
was a favourite place for pilgrimages* In Bale's Laws iii\,
Infidelity says* *' It was a good day when we went to B*
and to our Lady of Grace*" In J* Heywood's Four PP.
L i, the Palmer mentions St. Edmunds B* as one of the
sacred places he had visited* In Mankind, p. 13,
Nought says, " My name is Nought ; I love to make
merry : I have be sithen with the common tapster of
B*" In Bale's Johan 272, Verity says of the King,
44 Great monuments are in Ipswich, Dttnwich, and B*,
Which noteth him to be a man of notable mercy/' The
reference seems to be to the Hospital of St* Saviour,
which was founded by Abbot Sampson in the reign of
K* John* In JRC* /. iv. 3, n, Salisbury says, *' Lords, I
will meet him [the Dauphin] atSt Edmundsbury " ; and
later, " Away toward B*, to the Dauphin there 1 " In
v* 4, 18, Melun reveals to the English Lords : 44 He
means to recompense the pains you take By cutting off
your heads j this hath he sworn Upon the altar at St*
Edmondsbury*" The scene of v* 2 is laid in the
Dauphin's camp at StEdmondsbury* There is no evi-
dence that the Dauphin ever had a camp there : the error
was probably due to a confusion between the Dauphin's
oath and the oath sworn by the Barons at B* in 1214 to
enforce the Charter on John* Melun confessed the
treachery of the Dauphin on his deathbed in London,
and not at B* In fact, both the chronology and the
localities in Acts IV and V are in the greatest disorder*
See also the account of these transactions in Trouble.
JReign.

86

BUTTOLPH'S (SAINT)

In H6 B* ii. 4, 71, a herald summons Gloucester 44 to
His Majesty's parliament, holden at B. the first of this
next month " ; and iii. i, 2 and 3 are laid at the Abbey
at B. In iii* 2, 240, Suffolk comes to the Parliament with
drawn sword, declaring, " The traitorous Warwick with
the men of B* Set all upon us/' This Parliament was
summoned in 1447 through the influence of Cardinal
Beaufort, in order to secure the destruction of the D. of
Gloucester ; and it was summoned at B* because Lond.
was supposed to be favourable to the D. Jonson refers
to this in Devil ii* i : " Thomas of Woodstock was made
away at Calice, as D* Humphrey was at B/'

BUSH* A generic name for a tavern, because of the b.
which was hung out over the door. I cannot find any
particular tavern in Lond. called the B. ; but there was
a B*-Lane close by the Stillyard, which may be the
place intended. In B* & F* Prize iii. 4, Jaques says of
the parson, " 20 to i you find him at the B«"

BUSH-LANE. Lond.* running from Upper Thames St.
to Cannon St., near the Stillyard. Lenton in
Characterismi (1631) 9, says, " Now they may go look
this B*-l. needle in a bottle of hay*"

BUSHY* A vill. in Herts*, on the high road from Edgware
to Watford, 15 m. N*W* of Lond* The Causy may be
the raised stretch of road crossing the valley of the Colne,
just S*W. of Watford. In Dekker's Westward HL 4,
Mrs* Wafer says/' Your two husbands and he have made
a match to go find a hare about B* Causy."

BUSSE (£.e* HERTOGENBOSCH), Town in S,E* Brabant,
139 m* S.E* of Amsterdam. Taken in 1639 by Frederick
Henry, Prince of Orange* In Lady Mother i* i, Crackby
says, 44 *Twas my Capt/s advice took in the B/r In
Marmion's Leaguer ii. i, Autolicus says that Holland is
beleaguered, "and will hold out as long as B* or
Boloign*"

BUTSBURY* VilL in Essex* In a very obscure passage
in J. Heywood's Weather 100, at the end of a long list
of places visited by Merry Report, we have the line ;
44 Ynge Gyngiang Jayberd the parish of B*" It is ob-
viously either corrupt or intentionally nonsensical*

BUTTER-BOX* A slang epithet for a Dutchman ; butter-
bag and butter-mouth are used in the same way. In
Massinger's Renegade ii* 5, he speaks of "a Low-
Country b.~b*n In Westward for Smelts it is said, ** The
pudding-house at Brooke's Wharf is watched by the
Hollander's eel-ships, lest the inhabitants should spill
the blood of innocents, which would be greatly to the
hinderance of these b.-bes/f In Dekker's Westward ii* 3,
Judith calls the Dutch drawer at the Steel-yard " a,n
honest b*-b*" In Webster's Weakest i, 3, Btmch ad-
dresses Jacob van Smelt as ** Ye base bv-b/' In Larum
F* 3, the soldier says, ** I have bethought me of a pretty
trick To sift this b*~b, a better way/* In Boorde's Mw*
Knowledge (1547) 147* the Fleming says* "B*-mouth
Flemyng men aoth me call**'

BUTTOLPH'S (SAINT)* St* Botolf s or Botolph's. He
was the 7th cent* saint of Boston, and its parish ch. is
dedicated to him* 4 churches in Lond* bore his name,
namely, St* B/s Aldgate, on N* side of Aldgate High St,;
St* B*'s Without, in Aldersgate St, at the corner of
Little Britain (it escaped the Gt Fire and was rebuilt in
1790) ; St* B/s Billingsgate, in B* Lane, off Lower
Thames St.? and St*B/s Without, at the corner of
Bishopsgate St* Without and Alderman's Walk, on the
banks of the City Ditch* Here are buried Sir Peter
Pindar and Stephen Gosson >, and here Edward Alley**,
the actor, was oapt&ed* This is the ch* referred to in

BUXTON

T* Heywood's Ed. IV A* 19, where Spicing bids Smoke,
44 Get thee up on the top of S* B/s steeple, and make a
proclamation/' The rebels were encamped close by
Bishopsgate*

BUXTON (or BUCKSTON)* Town in Derbysh*, 160 m*
N.W* of Lond* Celebrated since the time of the Romans
for its mineral springs* In the Middle Ages their virtue
was ascribed to St* Anne, who had a chapel there : the
spring is still called St. Anne's Well* Lambarde, Dic-
tionarium 48, says, " Within the parish of Bakewell in
Derbysh* is a chapel (sometime dedicated to St Ann)
in a place called Bucston, where is a hot bath* Hither
they are wont to run on pilgrimages*"1 The Palmer, in
J* Heywood's Four PP. L, had been " at Saynt Anne of
B*" Jonson, in Love's Welcome, speaks of St* Anne of
B/s boiling well as one of the wonders of the Peak
district* In the Optick Glass of Humours (1639), a man
suffering from tympany bathes "in St* B/s well*'*
Drayton, in Polyolb. xxvi* 455, speaks of " B., that most
delicious fount, Which men the second bath of England
do account*" In his Odes (No* 7, On the Peak), he com-
mends 44 B/s delicious baths, Strong ale, and noble
cheer/'

BYATHER* Probably Biafra is meant, the bight on the
W* coast of Africa, just S* of the mouth of the Niger, in
which is the island of Fernando Po* In Marlowe's
Tomb, 'B* i* 3, Techelles gives an account of his con-
quests in Africa* He goes from Manico, in Mozam-
bique, 44 by the coast of B. to Cubar, where the negroes
dwell [ue* the Gold Coast], and then to Borno [near Lake
Tschad], and so back to Damascus/' So that, according
to his veracious account, he went down the E* coast of
Africa to Mozambique, then across to Biafra, and then
right across the centre to Egypt : a pretty tall traveller's
talei

BYZANTIUM

BYBROCS* The Bibroci, tribe of ancient Britons living
in the basin of the Thames, possibly in Berks* In
Fisher's Fuimus iv* 4, Mandubratius says to Caesar, *4 By
me the Trinobants submit and the Ancalites, B*, and
Cassians/' See Caesar D*B*G* v* 21*

BYRON* Gasellus, viceroy of B*, is one of the officers of
Orcanes of Natolia in Marlowe's Tamb. B*, and in iv* 4
Tamburlaine says to the Kings who are drawing his
chariot, 44 Can ye draw but 20 m* a day i * * * But from
Asphaltis, where I conquered you, To B* here 4 " The
victory was won, according to iii* 5, 3, at Aleppo ; cer-
tainly not at Asphaltis, which is the great artificial lake
near Babylon* Possibly Beyrout is the place intended*

BYSKE* See BISCAY*

BYTHINIA* SeeBiTHYNiA*

BYZANGES (or BXJZANCOIS)* Town in France, on the
right bank of the Indre, 130 m* S*W. of Paris* In Chap-
man's Chabot ii* 3, 69, the King says to Chabot, ** Have
I not made you * * * Count B* *" "

BYZANTIUM* An ancient Greek city on the Bosphorus,
on the most E* of the hills on which Constantinople now
stands. In 440 B*C* it revolted from Athens and joined
the Lacedaemonians ? but Alcibiades besieged it in 408,
and after a difficult blockade took it through the treachery
of the Athenian party within the walls* It is apparently
to this siege that Alcibiades refers in 77m* iii* 5, 60,
when he says, pleading for a friend before the Senate,
44 His service done At Lacedaemon and B* Were a
sufficient briber for his life**' Taken by the Turks in
1453, & was tkfc capital of the Ottoman Empire under
the name of Constantinople until 1919* In Selimus 519,
Mustapha urges Baiazet, when his son Selim rebels
against him, " Let us fly To fair Bisantium/' Milton,
P* L* xi* 395, names, among the great rulers of the
world, 44 the Sultan in Bisjance, Turcheston-born/* The
scene of Cartwright's Siege is laid at B*

CADER ARTHUR (better known as C* IDRIS, Le.
ARTHUR'S SEAT)* Mtn* in Wales 2900 ft* high, in the
S* of Merioneth* In Jonson's Wales " Caider A." is
mentioned amongst the mtns, of Wales ; and Jenkins
pays an ingenious compliment to K* James by pointing
out that " Charles James Stuart " makes anagramrnati-
cally " Claimes Arthur's Seat " : " which is as much as
to say, your Majesty s'ud be the first king of Gread
Prittan, and sit in Cadier A*, which is A/s Chair/' It
was locally known as MANNOCK-DENNY, q«v.

CADES (Le. KADBSH, or more fully, KEDESH-NAPHTHALI).
Town in N* Palestine, a little N,W* of the Lake of Huleh,
now Kedes* In Greene & Lodge's Looking Glass i. i,
Rasni, K* of Nineveh, boasts that he has " Beat proud
Jeroboam from his holds, Winning from C. to Samaria."
This is quite unhistorical, for Jeroboam II " restored
the border of Israel from the entrance of Hamath unto
the Sea of the Arabah," and was never attacked by the
Assyrians*

CADIZ* See CALKS.

CADUSIA* The country of the Cadusi, on the S.W*
shores of the Caspian Sea* They were a warlike race,
and often in revolt against the Persians* In Suckling's
Aglaura ii* x, Thersames, the Prince of Persia, says,
44 Nothing but my marriage with C* Can secure the ad-
joining country to it*"

OECUBUS AGER+ A disk of Latium on the Gulf of
Amyclae, between Tarracina and Speluncfc, It pro-
duced a wine which is most highly praised by Horace,
Pliny, and Martial, though it afterwards lost its repu-
tation* Herrick, in A Frolic (1647), says, " 111 drink
the aged Cecubum Until the roof turn round*"

CflBLIAN* One of the 7 hills of Rome, lying in the S,
part of the city, to the E* of the Aventine* Spenser, in
Raines of Rome iv*, pictures Rome buried under her 7
hills, and says that " the C*" is on her right hand*

CAEN* Town in Normandy, 133 m* N*W* of Paris, at the
confluence of the Orne and the Odon* William the
Conqueror and his wife Matilda adorned it with many
edifices, including a palace, some parts of which are in-
corporated in the Palais de Justice ; and William is
buried there in the Abbaye aux Hommes* The scene of
B* & F* Brother is laid at C* in the time of D* Rollo of
Normandy, a'rc* A*D* 900, Dekker, in Dead Term (1608),
makes St* Paul's Steeple say, " Mauritius mounted me
upon arches and gave me ribs of stone which was fetched
from Cane in Normandy*" This was after the destruc-
tion of the cathedral by fire in 1087* The gift of the C.
stone was one of the last acts of William the Conqueror .

CAERBRANCK* In Greene's Never too Late the hero,
Francesco, lives at C* Probably Greene was thinking of
the vill* of Brancaster in his native county of Norfolk*

CAERLEON* An ancient town in Monmouthsh* on the
Usk* Formerly the chief town of Wales and 3rd city in
Britain, but now reduced to something over 1000
inhabitants* Jonson, in Wales f pays a very forced com-
pliment to Robert Catr, Earl of Somerset, by making
Rheesesay, " Then Car is plain Welse, C*, Caermardin,
Cardiffe*" Spenser, F* Q* ii* 10, 35, says that king Leill
44 built Cairleill and built C* strong*"

CAERMARTHEN* In S* Wales, the largest of the Welsh
counties, and its capital* In Merlin iv* I, 8, the Clown
says to Merlin, " If the devil were thy father, was not

thy mother born at Carmarden i " Spenser, F. Q, iii, p,
10, says, t4 A little while Before that Merlin died he did
intend A brasen wall in compass to compile About Cair-
mardin*" Drayton, Polyolb* iv,, tells the same story* See
also CAERLEON,

QESAREA* A spt, town of Palestine, 30 m* N» of Jaffa
and abt* the same distance from Jerusalem. Built by
Herod the Great 22 B*C* on the site of Strato's Tower,
it was the capital of Judea under the Roman procurators,
but fell into decay after the Crusades and is now a heap
of ruins* In Marlowe's Tamfc, B, 2, x, Frederick reports
that the K. of Natolia has withdrawn his forces from
Europe and "sent them marching up to Belgasar,
Acanthe, Antioch, and C* To aid the kings of Soria and
Jerusalem," The scene of Massinger's virgin is laid at
C. during the reigns of Diocletian and Maximin about
AJ>* 300*

CJESAR'S GARDENS* At Rome on the Janiculum, on
the further side of the Tiber* Caesar bequeathed these
gardens to the people of Rome* In/* C* iii» a, 353, An-
tony says, " He hath left you all his walks, His private
arbours and new-planted orchards, On this side Tiber*"
Shakespeare's mistake is due to North's mistranslation
of Plutarch: 4<the gardens , * „ which he had on this
side of the river Tiber*" Plutarch correctly places them
on the other side of the river* In Jonson's Poetast «r iii* i ,
Horace speaks of someone as lodging " on the far side
of all Tyber yonder, by C* g/' This is a translation of
Horace, Sat. L 9, 18 i " Trans Tiberim longe cubat *s,
prope Caesaris hortos*"

CAFFARES, Used for the whole of S.W, Africa, extend-
ing, according to Heylyn, from the mtns. of the Moon
to the Cape of Good Hope* It is now limited, in the
form Kaffraria, to a small district on the E* of Cape
Colony* In Cockayne's Obstinate Hi, 3, the Emperor of
^Ethiopia is described as also Emperor of C* S$& md$r
ADEA,

CAGE* A lock-up for malefactors. There was one such in
Cornhill, by the Conduit, made of strong timbers with
a pair of stocks and a pillory on the top of it* There was
another in High St*, St* Giles*, In H6 B* iv, 3, 56, Dick
says of Cade, " his father had never a house but the C*"
In B* & F/s Wit Money iv, 4, Luce says, " Say, he had
been in the c,, was there no mercy To look abroad but
yours i "

CAGLIARL The capital and chief spt of Sardinia on the
Bay of C* in the S» of the island* In Ford's Trial m*
4, Benatsi says, " I was born at sea as my mother was in
passage from Cape Ludugory to Cape C,, toward Afrit,
in Sardinia," Probably he means Cape Carbonara on
the E* of the Bay of C*

CAIRFAX, See CARFAX*

CAIRO (often called GRAND C* ; Arabic, EL-KAHIRAH)*
A city of Egypt founded by the Arabs about A*D* 970,
on the Nile, It was the and largest city in the Turkish
Empire, and from 1517 onward was the capital of the
Egyptian sultans, Marlowe, in Tamb. B, i, i, represents
Tamburlaine as " Marching from C* Northward with his
camp To Alexandria " ; and in i, 2 Callapine is a prisoner
in C, This is not historically accurate, Tamburlaine de-
feated Farag, the Egyptian Sultan, near Damascus ini 409,
but he never actually entered Egypt* In Marlowe's Jw
i* i, Barabas says to a merchant, 44 Thou could'st not

CAITHNESS

come from Egypt or by Caire, But * . * Thou needs
must sail by Alexandria*" In Greene's Orlando i. i, 21,
the Souldan says, 4* Egypt is mine and there I hold my
state, Seated in Cairye and in Babylon/' Peele, in
Anglorum Perm 38, says that Clio celebrates the praises
of Elizabeth "Beyond Grand Cair by Nilus' slimy
bank/' Milton, P* L* i* 518, says of Pandemonium,
44 Not Babylon Nor great Alcairo such magnificence
Equalled in all their glories/' Hall, in Satires iv* 6, says,
" What monstrous cities there erected by, Cayro, or the
city of the Trinity/'

CAITHNESS* The county in the extreme N.E* of Scot-
land* Strumbo, the clown in Locrme, is a cobbler of C. :
the author's geographical knowledge is somewhat vague,
for he apparently regards C. as a town* Strumbo, in ii* 2,
is cited to appear " in the town-house of Cathnes " ;
and the county as a whole he calls Cathnesia (ii* 3).

CAIUS COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE (pronounced KEYS,
more fully GONVILLE and CAIUS)* It was originally
founded as Gonville Hall in 1348 by Edward Gonville,
and refounded in 1558 by John Caius, M JX It has been
greatly altered during the last cent*, but the 3 famous
gates — of Humility, of Virtue, and of Honour — are still
retained* It is on the W* side of Trinity St*, next to
Trinity* The author of Richardus Tertius was Thomas
Legge, master of C* In John Day's Peregrinatio Scholas-
tica, he speaks of himself as the " sometimes student of
Gunvill and C* Colledge in Cambridge/' Nathanael
Richards* the author of Messallina., was a scholar of C*,
which he entered in 1628-9.

CAJETA (the old CAiETA,now GAETA)* Town on W* coast
of Italy, at the N. extremity of the Gulf of Gaeta, 70
m* S*E* of Rome* It is one of the most strongly fortified
ports in Italy, and was the summer residence of the
Kings of Naples* It is an archbp/s See* In Davenant's
Favourite iii. i, Saladine brings to Eumena a petition
from the " Abbot of C*"

CALABRIA. The province which forms the *' toe" of Italy,
between the Gulf of Taranto and the Mediterranean*
It was a part of the kingdom of the Two Sicilies* In
H6 B* i* i, 7, " The Dukes of Orleans, Calaber, Bre-
tagne, Alencon " are reported as being present at the
betrothal of Margaret of Anjou to Henry VI* The list
is taken verbatim from Hall* The D* of Calaber is
apparently Re"ne", the father of Margaret, who was
titular K* of Sicily by the nomination of Joan II of
Naples, though he never succeeded in getting his in-
heritance* In Hycke we have the similar form Calabre,
mentioned as one of the countries that had been visited
by that very extensive traveller* In B* & F/s Philaster
i* i, Cleremont states that it is thought that the Spanish
prince who has come to woo Arethusa 4* shall enjoy both
these kingdoms of Sicily and C*" The kingdom of the
Two Sicilies passed to the Spanish house of Arragon in
1282* Ferdinand, " the great Cn* Duke," is one of the
principal characters in Webster's Malfi ; as the sup-
posed date of the play is stated in ii. 3, to be Anno.
Dom. 1504, he must be Ferdinand v*, who died in 1516.
The allusion to Galileo's telescope, invented about 1609,
in ii* 4, is a mere anachronism* In Barnes'CVkzrter i. 4,
Pope Alexander allots to Caesar Borgia the provinces
from Tuscany " to Petrosalia in C*" In Dekker's // ft be
278, Jovinelli announces to the K** "Your long-ex-
pected happiness is arrived, The princess of C/r In
Marlowe's Jew v* 4, Calymath points out the strong
situation of Malta : 44 Strong cotmtermbaed with other
petty isles, And, towards C*, backed by .Sicily/' la Kyd's

CALAIS

Cornelia v*, the Messenger talks of wolves attacking the
flocks " in the fair Cn. fields*" Milton, P. L* ii* 661,
speaks of Scylla bathing " in the sea that parts C* from
the hoarse Trinacrian shore."

The wines of C. had some reputation in ancient
times* In Marlowe's Tamb+ B* i* 3, Tamburlaine pro-
mises, 4* Lachryma Christi and Cn* wines Shall common
soldiers drink in quaffing bowls." In Nabbes' Micro-
cosmus iii., Sensuality specially praises the wine of ** Cn*
Aulon."

There was a kind of fur called Calabre, apparently
from the name of this province, though the reason for the
name does not appear. In Greene's Qzzzp, p. 239, Cloth-
breeches expostulates with the skinner, " If you have
some fantastic skin not worth two-pence, you will swear
'tis a most precious skin, and came from Musco, or the
furthest part of C*" In Langland's Piers C* ix* 293*
Physic is represented as having to sell 4* hus cloke of
Calabre " in the good time coming when people give
up gluttony and so do not suffer from illness. In
Coventry JWT.P* 243, we have ** Here colere splayed and
furryd with ermyn, calabere, orsatan." In Rabelais,
Gargantua i* 56, the ladies in Theleme wear ** martlet
skins of C."

CALAIS (Ce* = Callice)* A town and fortress in N.
France on the Straits of Dover, 26 m* from Dover and
185 from Paris. The word was pronounced, as it is
usually spelt in the i6th cent*, Callice. It was taken by
Edward III in 1346, and was held by England until
1558, when it was captured by the D* of Guise* It was
the last of the English possessions in France* After the
capture of Arthur near Angiers, John leaves Q* Elinor
behind in France, and returns to England by way of C. :
" On toward Callice, ho ! " CRT./, iii* 3, 73)* In the reign
of Richd* II, Thomas, D* of Gloucester (g.v.)/ was ar-
rested and confined at C* in the custody of Mowbray,
the Earl Marshal; he died there, and one of the
charges made by Bolingbroke against Mowbray was
that he was guilty of the murder of Gloucester ; and
another was that he had detained the public money for
his own uses* He replies (R2 L i, 126) : ** Three parts
of that receipt I had for Ce. Disbursed I duly * * . For
Gloucester's death, I slew him not." In iv* 1*13, Bagot
charges Aumerle with complicity in Gloucester's mur-
der : " I heard you say * Is not my arm of length That
reacheth * * * As far as Ce*, to mine uncle's head i ' "
and in line 83 Fitfcwater adds, " Thou, Aumerle, didst
send 3 of thy men To execute the noble D* at Ce."
The murder of Gloucester at C* is the subject of Trag.
Richd* II v* i, where the Governor is wrongly called
Lapoole. He says (53), ** This town of Callys shall for
ever tell Within her castle walls plain Thomas fell " ;
in iv* i, 40, Richd* says he will send to the K* of France
for aid : " And in requital we'll surrender up our forts
of Guynes and Callys to the French*" #5 iii* 2> 48
bears witness that Nym and Bardolph " in Ce* stole a
fire-shovel*" After the capture of Harfleur Henry re-
solves, " The winter is coming on and sickness growing
Upon our soldiers, we will retire to Ce*" (iii* 3, 56).
Henry was 4* willing to march on to Ce, Without im-
peachment " (iii* 6, 150), but the French K* would not
let him, and Agincourt was the result* After the battle
the K. proclaims, " Do we all holy rites «. t * And then
to Ce*, and to England then " (iv* 8, 130) ; and in v,
prol. 7, the Chorus bids the audience, ** Bear the K* to-
ward Ce/' In H6 A. iv* i, 9, Fastolfe rides " from Ce*
In haste unto your coronation " : and after the corona-
tion Henry announces (iv* i, 170), " Ottrself After some

89

CALAIS

respite will return to Ce*, From thence to England,"
After the ist battle of St* Alban's and the subsequent
revival of the Q/s power, Warwick retired to C», of
which he was Governor* 4t Warwick/' says the Qv " is
Chancellor and the lord of Ce/' (H6 C* i, i, 238)* Thence
he came to win the battle of Northampton in 1460*

The story of the capture of C* by Edward III in 1347,
and the successful intercession of the Queen for the
citizens/ is related in Ed . Ill iv. 2, and v* Langland's
Piers B* iii. 105, has a curious allusion to alleged pro-
posals which were made to Edward to sell C* to the
French. Mede, reproaching Conscience, says, "Pore
men thou robbedst and bere here bras at thi bakke to
Caleys to selle/' The Treaty of Bretigny, which seemed to
give England no reward for her victories, provoked much
dissatisfaction ; and Mede blames Conscience for this.
In World Child, Has* i, 251, Manhood says, " C«, Kent
and Cornwall have I conquered clean/' The reference is
to the taking of C* by Edward III* In Day's B* Beggar i*,
Momford is accused of intending to "yield up Callis to
the enemy," The date is the early part of the reign of
Henry VI* In Jonson's Devil ii, i, Fitz-Dottrell says,
44 Thomas of Woodstock was made away at Calice as D*
Humphrey was at Bury " : an allusion to the murder of
Gloucester mentioned overleaf. In Chapman's D1 Olive
iv* 2, D'OKve says that in future all events will be dated
from his ambassage : M the loss of C* and the winning of
Caks [i*e* Cadis] shall grow out of use/' This is the
capture of C* in 1558* In Webster's Law Case iv* 2,
the Waiting-Woman, to prove her age, says, 4* I can re-
member the loss of C/' In Sampson's Vow v. 3, 94,
Q* Elizabeth says that Grey and Clifton 44 fought for our
Sister [1*0* Mary] at Ce/' In Marmion's Leaguer iv* 2,
the Bawd says, 44 They may talk of Dunkirk or of Callis,
enriched with foreign booties/' This is after C* had
ceased to belong to England* In Hycke, p* 101, written
before the loss of the town, Frewyll, in answer to Con-
templacyon, who has been exhorting him to amend his
life that *4 God may bring thee to Heaven, the joyful
city," says, 44 Will ye have me a fool < Nay, yet I had
liefer be Captain of Calays/' "Hance,the hangman of C*
town," is mentioned in Fulwell's Like? Has* iii, 316, In
John Evangel p* 359, Eugenio says to Actio, "By my faith,
ye shall be hangman of C/' It will be remembered that
the executioner of Q* Anne Boleyn was the hangman of
C* 44 By the arms of C/' seems to have been a common
oath in the reign of Henry VIII* The heraldic blazon of
them runs : 44 Per Pale ; dexter, sable on a cross be-
tween 4 keys wards upward and to the dexter, a fleur-de-
lis gules ; impaling sinister barry wavy argent and sable
a lion rampant or/' Roister twice in the course of the
play swears 4t by the arms of Caleys/' In Respublica iii*
5, Adultery swears, " by th' arms of C/' In Skelton's
Magnificence fo* ix*, Counterfeit Countenaunce says,
44 By the arms of Calys, well conceived/' I can suggest
no reason for this oath, unless it was really taken by the
Cross in the arms : is it possible that the arms of C*
means the Jousts at the Field of the Cloth of Gold i
During the wars in the Netherlands in the latter part of
the reign of Elizabeth, the soldiers returning by way of
C* and Dover were a set of sturdy beggars and annoyed
the folk along the road by their insolent demands* In
Histrio iii* 100, we read, " Callis cormorants from Dover
road Are not so chargeable as you to feed/' In Ther-
sites (Anon. Plays i* 209), Miles says, 44 1 am a poor
soldier come of late from Ce* : I trust ere I go to debate
some of his malice " : where the rhyme with " malice "
shows the current pronunciation*

CALEB

The shortest way to the Continent was by way of
Dover and C. Nash, in Pierce G, i , says, "A man standing
upon Callis sands may see men walking upon Dover
cliffs/' In B* & F* Scornful i* a, Savil speaks of sham
sailors as 44 Captains of galley-foists ; such as in a clear
day have seen C.," i,e* they have only sailed on the
Thames and have never been to sea at all. In Jonson's
Every Man Q, v* 4, Macilente suggests that Brisk would
pay the insurance he has jDromised to Puntarvolo on his
safe return from Constantinople, " upon his bare return
from C/' : the shortest possible sea-journey. In
Massinger's Madam iii, 2, Lacy says of Sir John Frugal,
" I saw him take post for Dover, and, the wind Sitting so
fair, by this he's safe at C/' InB*&F,Scorn/tt/i, i,thelady
speaks of the 44 dangers of the merciless Channel, 'twixt
Dover and C*, 5 long hours' sail/' InHemen^Haz* i, 38,
Experience, giving a lecture on the map of the world,
points out the narrow sea " to C* and Boulogne the next
way." Taylor, in Works ii* 41, tells of one Bernard Cal-
vard who rode and sailed 4i from Southwark near to Ce*
to and fro " in 15 hours* It was customary to go over to
C, to fight duels so as to be out of the range of the
English law* In Rowland's Good! News and Bad News
(1622), we read, " Gilbert, this glove I send thee from
my hand, And challenge thee to meet in Callis sand,"
44 C* sand," says Mr* Strangeways to Mr. Fttssell (HarL
Misc* iv* 8), "were a fitter place for our dispute than
Westminster Hall/* In Tomkins' Albumazar iv. 7,
Trincalo, proposing to fight a duel, humorously sug-
gests, 44 Meanwhile I make provision Of C* sand, to
fight upon securely." One is reminded of Naaman and
his mule's burden of earth from the land of Israel* In
Webster's Cuckold i. 2, Lessingham says, 44 Soon after
sunrise upon C. sands To-morrow we should meet " ;
and later in the play a duel is fought there* In Swetnam
i* 2, Misogonus says, " I was going this morning to
practice a young duellist that shortly goes to fight at
Callis sands." C* sand was imported for scouring pur-
poses* In B, & F. Hon. Man v. 3, one of the servants,
discussing the suitors for his mistress's hand, says of the
merchant, " When he brings in a prise, unless it be
cockles, or C* sand to scour with, I'll renounce my 5
mark a year*" In ItaL Gent, iv* 4, Medusa has among her
wares, " Calles gorgets "—the gorget being a kind of
necklace*

CALATRAVA* An ancient Spanish city on the S* bank
of the Guadiana, some 80 m. S.E. of Madrid. Its strong
fortifications have disappeared with the exception of one
tower* Three leagues away is the convent erected for the
knights of C. in 1214* This 44 gallant order M was
founded in 1158, and did notable service agatet the
Moors* They wore a white robe with a red cross on
the breast. In Shirley's Ct* Secret ii* a, Mendoza pro*
mises Pedro* ** The K* shall knight thee too of C*"

CALDEY. See CHAIJWEA,

CALECO* See CALICUT*

CALEDON* Caledonia, the Roman name for the N* part
of Britannia : practically equivalent to Scotland, In
Fttimas iii* 2, Nennius says, 44 Before he [Caesar] climb
the craggy rocks of C*, a life is spent*" In Locrint, C*
is throughout used for Scotland* In Glapthome's
Wallenstein v* 2, Newman, when a song is about to be
sung, says to Leslie, a Scotchman, 44 Let not your voice
be exalted into a Cia. tune, 'twill spoil our ditty/'

CALES. Ancient town in N* Campania, 100 m* S*E* of
Rome* It was on the borders of the Falernian territory,
and was almost equally famous for the quality of its

CALES

wines* Milton, P* R. iv* 117, speaks of the Roman ban-
quets, and of " Their wines of Setia, C* and Falerne/'
CALES (now CADIZ ; in Latin, GADES)* An ancient city
on the S*W* coast of Spain, abt* 50 m* N* of Gibraltar*
It stands on a long narrow isthmus to the S* of a fine bay,
at the head of which was La Carraca, one of the chief
arsenals of Spain* The city was founded by the Phoeni-
cians under the name of Gadir, which in Roman times
became Gades* Legend reported that Hercules, having
reached this point, erected 2 brazen pillars there, with
the motto " Ne plus ultra/' Strabo mentions (Geogr* iii*
5) that these 2 pillars were still standing in the temple of
Hercules at Gades ; but what was inscribed on them
was the cost of the building* The city was taken by the
Goths and later by the Moors, but was recovered for
Spain in 1262* It was a port and arsenal of the first im-
portance in the i6th cent*, and received the bulk of the
Spanish trade from the W* Indies and S* America* It
was sacked by Howard and Essex in 1596, and all the
ships in the harbour were destroyed* This expedition
was famous as the C* voyage* A later attempt in 1625
was a dismal failure*

In Greene's Orlando i* x, Marsilius speaks of " Gadis
Hands, where stout Hercules Imblased his trophies on
2 posts of brass*" In T* Heywood's Challenge iii* i,
Petrocella says, " Hercules, comingjto this country into
the island called Calis, reared his pillar [and] writ that
motto No further." In Look about xv*, Richd* says that
Gloster " hath driven out the Saracens from GadTs and
Sicily*" The reference is to Robert, ist Earl of Glouces-
ter, and to the Crusaders who in 1147 took Lisbon from
the Moors ; but Gloucester was not there* In Stncley,
1271, the hero is represented as landing at C*, where
the Governor threatens him,** I'll make him know a gov-
ernor of C*' * : but this is a mistake, as Stucley landed at
Vivero* This was just before the battle of Alcazar in 1587*
In Peele's Alcazar iii* x, Sebastian says that he expects
reinforcements "At Cardis, as we sail alongst the
coast*" The same spelling is used in iii* 3* In Lust's
Domin. ii* 3, the Q* orders, " Spread abroad in Cadiz,
Madrid, Granada, and Medina, The ambitious hope of
Philip." In T* Heywood's Maid of West A, i* i, Carrol
says, speaking of the C* voyage of 1596, " 'Tis like The
great success at C., under the conduct of such a noble
general, hath put heart Into the English*" Dekker, in
Hornbookv., advises the young gallant to " talk how often
you have been in action : as the Portingale voyage, C*
voyage, the Hand voyage*" In Jonson's Epicoene L 4,
La Foole boasts, " I had as fair a gold jerkin on that day
as any worn in the island voyage or at Cadiz*" In Be-
guiled Dods* ix* 228, Churms says, ** I have been at
Cambridge a scholar, at C* a soldier." In Chapman's
D'Olive iv* 2, D'Olive boasts that in future all events
will be dated, not from " the loss of Calais and the win-
ning of C*," but from his ambassage* In Davenant's
Plymouth v* i, Cable is reminded in a letter of his
promise to pay his creditor 44 last C+ voyage*" Hall, in
Characters, describes the Vainglorious Man telling
"what exploits he did at C. or Nieuport*" In his
Satires iii* 7, 2, he says, ** The nuns of new-won C« his
bonnet lent": where it is pronounced as a mono-
syllable* Devonshire tells the story of the 1625 expedi-
tion*

There was a particular cut of beard, known as the
C* beard* Nash, in Lenten, p* 289, speaks of " lusty blood
Bravemente Signiors, with C* beards as broad as scullers'
maples that they make clean their boats with*" In
Laneham's Letter, p* 47, he tells of an ancient minstrel

CALVARY

"seemly begirt in a red caddiz girdle*" Furnivall, in
his note on this passage, says, " A red Caddiz girdle was
one of those of Spanish manufactures of which Stafford
so much complains; they derived their name from
being made at the city of Cadiz in Spain, out of the fells
of untanned hides, which were sent to England to be
formed into skins of Spanish leather*" But there is a
confusion here with another word, " caddis," which
means a kind of worsted, and has no connection with
Cadiz* In the first place Cadiz is generally called C* in
the 1 6th and i7th cents., and never Caddiz with two
" d's*" In the second Cadiz had no leather manufac-
tures* On the other hand, caddis, or caddice, in the
sense of worsted, is very common, as a reference to
O Js*D* s.i>* will show*
CALEYS* See CALAIS*

CALICUT* A town on W. coast of Malabar, abt* 250 m.
N* of Cape Comorin. It was the first port in India visited
by Vasco di Gama in 1498* Heylyn speaks of it as a
famous mart town and a staple of all the Indian traffic*
In B* <£ F* Corinth iv* i, Crates advises Onos to chal-
lenge Neanthes : " If he accept, you may crave both to
choose the weapon, time and place, which may be to
years hence, and C/' The play abounds with similar
anachronisms* In Juggler (A. P. iii* 36), Dame Coy says,
" A more ungracious knave is not even now between
this place and Calicow " : where it simply stands for
any remote place* In Barnes* Charter iii* 5, Frescobaldi
says, " My name is Rubosangal, the grim ghost of
Bombocamber, king of C*"-— which is mere mouthing
and nonsense* In Apius 1006, Haphazard the Vice comes
skipping in with, " I came from Caleco even the same
hour/' Burton, A* M. ii* 4, i, 4, says that " Granatus,
an imperfect kind of ruby, comes from Calecut."
Boorde, in Intro, of Knowledge (t542) vi., calls it "the
new found land named Calyco*" In B* & F* Gentleman
iv* 3, Jaques, afraid of losing his life, says, " Would I
were safe under hatches once, for Callicut"

CALIDON*

CALIFORNIA. Originally included the whole of the W*
coast of N, America from Mexico to Oregon* It was
discovered by Cabrillo in 1542 and visited by Drake in
1578, when he gave it the name of New Albion* It was
colonized by the Spaniards in 1768 ? in 1848 it was
ceded to the United States at the conclusion of the war
with Mexico* In Middleton's No Wit ii* 3, Weather-
wise predicts an eclipse " not visible in our horizon, but
about the Western inhabitants of Mexicana and C/'

CALLIDON* See CALYDON*

CALLIS, CALLICE* See CALAIS*

CALPE* The ancient name of the Rock of Gibraltar* It
was supposed to be the N, Pillar of Hercules, the S,
being Abyla on the African coast* These pillars were
the boundary of the world as known to the ancient
Greeks* So C* is used to mean the furthest limit of the
world* In T* Heywood's Dialogues iiu 2005, Nero
boasts that his gluttonies and lusts were well known to
" C*, to the farthest parts of Spain."

CALVARY (or CALVERY)* Latin Calvaria, a translation
of the Hebrew Gulgoleth, transliterated into Greek as
Golgotha* It means the place of a skull* It was the place
for the public execution of criminals in Roman Jeru-
salem, and was outside the walls of the city* The Palmer
in J* Heywood's Four JPP* i* i, had seen " the Mt* of C*"
in the course of his pilgrimages* In Candlemasf p* 25,
Symeon prophesies that Jesu shall be * Slain by Jews

91

CALVERLEY

at the Mt* of C/' In York M* P. xxxiii* 451, Pilate
sentences Jesus: "Crucify him on a cross and on
Calverye him kill/' In Ibid, xxxii* 350, the plot of land
bought for a burying-place for strangers with the be-
trayal money returned by Judas, and afterwards called
Aceldama, the Field of Blood, is (quite wrongly) identi-
fied with C* The owner of it says to Pilate, " C locus
men calls it," Donne, Divine Poems (1633) Hymn to
God, says, " We think that Paradise and C., Christ's
cross and Adam's tree stood in one place/' See also
GOLGOTHA*

CALVERLEY* A vilL in Yorks, some 4 m* E. of Brad-
ford* It was the scene of the murder by Walter C* of his
wife and children, which took place in 1605, and was
dramatized in All's One, or A Yorkshire Tragedy, falsely
attributed to Shakespeare* The same story forms the
basis of Wilkins' Enforced Marriage, which takes place
in Yorks* ; the name of the unfortunate husband is taken
from another Yorks* town, Scarborow*
CALYDON* Ancient city of -flStolia, between the Evenus
and the Achelous, some 10 m* from the N, shore of the
Corinthian Gulf, near its entrance* It is chiefly re-
membered from the famous hunting of the Cian* boar by
Meleager and the heroes associated with him* This boar,
sent by Artemis to ravage the country on account of the
neglect of her sacrifices by K* Oeneus, was slain by
Meleager, He gave its hide to Atalanta and killed his
own mother's brothers who were seeking to wrest it
from her* Hereupon his mother, Althaea, who had been
informed at his birth that his life would last until a
brand then on the hearth should be consumed, and who
had therefore snatched it from the flames and preserved
it in a chest, set fire to the brand and so caused his death*
In H6 B» i* i, 335, York says, ** The realm of England,
France, and Ireland Bear that proportion to my flesh
and blood As did the fatal brand Althaea burned Unto
the Prince's heart of C*," i*e* ** my life depends upon
their preservation/' In H4 B* ii* a, 93> the Page calls
Bardolph, "you rascally Althaea's dream," because
44 Althaea dreamed she was delivered of a fire-brand/'
The Page is, however, a little to seek in his mythology :
it was Hecuba who dreamed she was delivered of a fire-
brand*

In Marlowe's Tamb. A* iv* 3, the Soldan says, *4 Me-
thinks we march as Meleager did * * * To chase the
savage Cian* boar*" In Lyly's Maid's Meta. i*, Silvio
sairs, " So Atalanta came to hunt the Boar of C*" In
T* Heywood's B* Age i* i, Hercules asks, " Have we
The Calidonian boar crushed with our club { " — and
the scene describes his contest with the river-god
Achelous for the hand of Deianira, the daughter of
Oeneus," K* of C* In Trag. Richd* II iv* 2, 103, Cinthia,
leading in a masque of huntsmen, says, " The groves
of Callidon and Arden woods Of untamed monsters,
wild and savage herds We and our knights have freed*"
In Chapman's Trag. Byron iv* i, Byron, eulogising the
late K* of Spain, Philip II, says that he did not spend
his wealth on " Banquets and women and Calidonian
wine*" This may mean Aetolian wines, as Holland
(Plutarch, Morals 1283) speaks of ** the good and plea-
sant wines of Cia/' But in the passage in Plutarch De
Alexandro, from which this is taken, the better reading
is Chalybonium* See mder CHALYBON.
CAMBAL (or CAMBALXJC)* An old name for Pekin, the
capital of China* In NJ2* China, between the rivers
Petang Ho and When Ho, abt* 100 m* W* from thd
Gulf of Pechili and 40 m* S* of the Great Wall* It was
made their capital by the Mongol Khans in 138$. Marco

CAMBRIDGE

Polo says that the palace of Kublai Khan was " in the
capital city of Cathay, called Cambaluc/' The Chinese
name was doubtless Kaan-baligh, z.e. the city of the
Khan. In B* <Sc F* Beggars' L 3, the merchants describe
their freight as " Indigo, cochineal, choice China stuffs,
and cloth of gold, brought from C/' Milton, P* L* xi.
388, mentions " the destined walls Of Cu,, seat of
Cathaian Can" amongst the cities shown in vision to
Adam* In II Penseroso in, he calls Chaucer, " him that
left half-told the story of Cambuscan bold, Of C, and
of Algarsife." The reference is to the Squier's Tale, in
which the 2 sons of Cambuskan are called Algarsyf and
Cambalo; but the latter name is obviously derived
from the name of the capital* Burton, A* M, i. 3, a, 3,
speaks of "Pekin, which Riccitis contends to be the
same with Cambulu in Cataia/' In verses prefixed to
Coryat's Crudities (1611), Hoskins says, 4* Fame is but
wind, thence wind may blow it . * . From Mexico and
from Peru To China and to Cu/'

CAMBER-BRITON* A Welshman* See under CAMBRIA.

CAMERA. See COIMBRA,

CAMBRAL The Roman Camaracum, a town in France
on the Scheldt, xoo m* N*E» of Paris* It gave its name
to cambric, for the manufacture of which it was cele-
brated* 4< Inkles, caddises, cambrics, lawns " were part
of the stock-in-trade of Autolycus (W* IT* iv* 4> ao8).
In Cor* i* 3, 95, Valeria wishes that Virginia's cambric
were as sensible as her finger, that she might leave
pricking it for pity* In Per* iv* proL %$, Marina 4* would
with sharp needle wound the cambric/' The scene of
Chapman's JRev* Bussy iv* i is in a field near C* ; and in
line 116, Clermont asks leave to send a message " to my
most noble mistress, Countess of C/' She appears to be
an imaginary person*

CAMBRIA* A variant of Cumbria, from the Celtic Cym-
ru, now the Welsh name for Wales, The words were
gradually differentiated, Cumbria being used for
Cumberland and C* for Wales. In Cym* iii. a, 44*
Leonatus writes to Imogen, " Take notice that I am
in C*, at Milford Haven/' In Cym, v. 5, 17, Belaritis
says, " In C* are we born, and gentlemen/' In Peek's
Ed. I p* 15, the K* says to Prince David, " Thou could'st
not be a Camber-Briton, if thou didst not love a soldier";
and later in the play (p* 36) the soldiers claim England's
promise, " That none be C.'s prince to govern us But
he that is a Welshman, born in Wales/'

Taylor, Works ii. 181, speaks of " The Cn* $ame of
whip-her-ginny or English one and thirty/' This was a
card game, possibly something like vingt-et-un* In the
old play of Leir there is a K* of C», by name Morgan,

says, " In the fields of martial C*, Close by the boister-
ous Iscan's silver streams * * * Full 30,000 brave
courageous knights * * * Young Camber hath/' The
Iscan is the Usk* W* Rowley, in Search, p. 53, says,
"We had * * * a piece of cheese for the Cambro-
Brittane/' In his Shoemaker ii* a, 83, Mancimmus calls
the Welsh prince Amphiabell " That Cn* sectarist/1
CAMBRIDGE* The county town of Cambridgesh*, on
the Cam, formerly the Granta, 50 m» RE. of Loud,
There was a Roman settlement here called Cambon'tum,
with a castle of which some remains have b«en dis-
covered* The authentic annals of its great University
begin during the tath cent* The foFlwixig is a list
of the colleges which were in existence during our

CAMBRIDGE

period, with the dates of their foundation: Peter-
House (vulgo Pot-house) 1257; Clare Hall 1326;
Pembroke 1347 ; Gonville and Caius (vulgo Keys) 1348,
refounded 1558; Trinity Hall 1350; Corpus Christi
1351 ; King's 1441 ? Queen's 1446 ; St* Catherine's
Hall (vulgo Cats) 1473 j Jesus 1496 ; Christ's 1505 ;
St. John's 1511 ; Magdalene (pronounced Maudlin)
1519 ; Trinity 1546 ; Emmanuel 1584 ; Sidney-Sussex
1598* Chaucer, in Reeves Tale A. 3920, tells of a miller
at " Trumpyngtoun not fer fro Cantebrigge/' who
ground their corn for " a greet collegge Men clepen the
Soler Halle at Cantebregge*" This Soler Hall has been
shown by Mr, Riley to be the King's Hall founded by
Edward III in 1337, afterwards absorbed into Trinity*
Spenser entered as a Sizar at Pembroke in 1569* In
F. Q. iv* n, 34, he speaks of " My mother C* * * *
adorned * . * With many a gentle Muse and learned
wit." In Beguiled (Dods* ix* 228), Churms says, "I have
been at C* a scholar*" In Greene's Friar ix., Vander-
mast says, " Oxford and C. must go seek their cells To
find a man to match him [Vandermast] in his art." In
Ret, Pernass* i, i, Philomusus abuses " the hidebound
brethren of C, and Oxford that abused us in time past."
In ii* 6, Amoretto speaks of his tutor as ** a scurvy mere
C* scholar " ; and goes on, " Because when I was in C*
and lay in a trundle-bed under my tutor, I invited the
hungry slave sometimes to my chamber, he thought
himself eternally possessed of my love/' Again, in v* 4,
Philomusus talks of the time when he " turned a C.
apple by the fire." In Merry Devil i., Fabel tells how
he read the liberal arts at C., and " so many nights
Watched on the top of Peter-house highest tower." In
Cookc's Greene's Quoque, p. 562, Joice remonstrates with
her brother, " Did I not send money to you at C* when
you were a freshman i " In Middleton's Chaste Maid
iii. 2, Maudlin threatens her son Tim to make his tutor
whip him. To which Tim replies : " Ne'er was the like
in C. since my time : 'Life 1 Whip a bachelor !
You'd be laughed at soundly." There appears to be
evidence, however, that undergraduates, if not Bache-
lors, were birched on occasion, whether the story of
Milton's being birched by Chappell be true or not* In
Misogorms iii. 3, Cacurgus comes in in a cap and gown,
and Madge says, " Warrant him has been at C," In
Webster's Wyat L 4, which is located at C., the Clown
asks, " Who's that goes in rank like beans, with cheese-
cakes on their heads instead of caps."' And Brett
answers t 4t Sirrah, this is a famous University and
those, scholars; these, lofty buildings and goodly
houses, founded by noble patrons," The recently dis-
covered play called Club Law, acted in 1599, gives an
amusing picture of the relations of Town and Gown in
C., under the transparent pseudonym of Athens, in the
latter part of the i6th cent* The members of the
University are styled "the gentle Athenians/' In
Shirley's Fair One iv* 2, Treedwell boasts, " I have had
my head in most of the butteries of C* and it has been
sconced to purpose " : and when Violetta tells him of
the poets in town, he replies, ** In the town s* What
makes so many scholars then come from C* and Oxford
with dossers full of lamentable tragedies and ridiculous
comedies which they might vent here to the players,
but they will take no money for them i " In Jonson's
Devil iii* i, Gilthead, the goldsmith, professes a poor
opinion of the Universities : he tells his son, whom he
has placed with a local Justice, f< You shall learn that in
a year shall be worth 20 of having staid you at Oxford
or at C*" In B. & F* Wit 5* W* iv* i, Oldcraft reproaches

CAMBRIDGE

his supposed nephew: "A C. man for this*' these
your degrees, Sir i 9 years at university for this fellow-
ship i " In Glapthorne's Wit i. i, Holdfast has just
" come up from C*" In Middleton's Michaelmas ii* 3,
Quomodo tells us that his son " was a C. man, but now
he's a Templar." Milton, in Sonn* xi* 14, speaks of Sir
John Cheek having taught " C* and K. Edward Greek."
Sir John was the first Professor of Greek at C., 1514-
1557*

A famous personage in C* in the early i7th cent, was
the carrier Hobson, whose name survives in Hobson St.,
Hobson's Conduit, and the phrase ** Hobson's choice*"
In Middleton's Chaste Maid i. i, a letter is brought to
Yellowhammer " from a gentleman in C." by 4* one of
Hobson's porters," who has " took a great deal of
pains and come from the Bull sweating*" See BULL
INN* In his Hubburd, p. 101, the student says, '* You
see me set forth to the University * * * in Hobson's
wagon/' In Kirke's Champions iii* i, the Clown asks the
Devil, ** Have you no carriers in your kingdom f1 . *
Is Hobson there, or Dawson, or Tom Long t " He died
one of the richest men in C* in 1631, and Milton wrote
2 epitaphs for him : the first beginning, 4t Here lies old
Hobson ? Death has broke his girt/' and relating how
'* he had any time this 10 years full Dodged with him
[Death] betwixt C. and the Bull " ; and the 2nd, ** Here
lieth one who did most truly prove That he could never
die while he could move." Another celebrity was a
certain Mannington, whose exploit and execution are
described in a ballad published in 1576* In Eastward v,,
Quicksilver, the idle apprentice, has, like Greene,
written a Repentance, which he says " is in imitation of
Mannington's : he that was hanged at C*, that cut off
the horse's head at a blow*" It contained the lines,
" O Mannington, as stories show, That cut'st a horse-
head off at a blow*" One of the most remarkable
buildings in C* is the Ch* of St* Sepulchre, or the
Round Ch* It was built in no i in imitation of the Ch.
of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, and has been care-
fully maintained. It stands on the E, side of Bridge St, a
little N. of Jesus Lane. Nash, in Pierce, E* 2, speaks of a
glutton as having " a belly as big as the round ch* in C*"
C., like Oxford, took an important part in the revival
of the Drama in England in the i6th cent* Kirchmayer's
PammachiuSt an anti-papal satire in Latin, was acted at
Christ's in 1545* Before this Thomas Artour wrote
Mundus Plumbeus and Microcosmus between 1520 and
1532 ; and the Plutus of Aristophanes was acted in
Greek at St. John's in 1536. In 1546 the Pax of Aristo-
phanes and the Tragedy of Jephthe, by John Christo-
pherson, were performed at Trinity. Roger Ascham
mentions having seen at C* ** M. Watson's Absalon and
Georgius Buckananus Jephthe/' Gammer Gurton's
Needle, the first university play in English, was " played
not long ago in Christ's College in C, Made by Mr* S.
Master of Art/* The date was about 1553, and the au-
thor probably William Stevenson* On the occasion of
El&abeth's visit in 1564 the Aulularia of Plautus was
played in King's College Chapel on Sunday afternoon ;
on Monday Edward Halliwelr s Dido ; and on Tuesday
UdalTs Ezechias. Thomas Legge's Richardus Tertius
was produced at St, John's in 1580, and occupied three
successive evenings* Other C* plays were Gager's
Meleager (Christ's 1581) ; Fraunce's Victoria (St* John's
1575), Hymen&us (St, John's 1578), Pedantius (Trinity
1580), Tarrarantantara (Clare Hall), Dicky Harvey
(Peter-house), Terminus et Non Terminus (St* John's

1586); Hawkesworth's Leander and Labyrinthus

CAMBRIDGESHIRE

(Trinity 1598 and 1602 respectively), L&lia (Queen's
1590), Club Law (Clare Hall 1597), the Parnassus
Trilogy (St. John's 1598-1602), Lingua (post 1602) ;
Ruggle's Ignoramus and Tomkis' AXbumazar (1615) ;
Racket's Loyola (Trinity 1623); and Ward's Fucus
(Queen's 1623)* Nash, in Saffron Walden Hi. 117,
speaks of *' Pedantius, that exquisite comedy in Trinitie
Colledge*" The performance of Ignoramus stimulated
the passage in Milton's Apol for Smectymnuus, wks*
(1851) iii* 267, where he speaks of having seen young
divines " upon the stage, writhing and unboning their
clergy limbs to all the antic and dishonest gestures of
Trinculoes, buffoons, and bawds*" In Ret. Pernass. iv*
3, Kempe says, ** I was once at a comedy in C* and there
I saw a parasite make faces and mouths of all sorts/'
In Tomkis* Albwnazar i* 3, Pandolpho sees in the magic
glass " An honourable throng of noble persons ; Seems
by their gracious brows and courteous looks Something
they see which, if it be indifferent, They'll favourably
accept j if otherwise, they'll pardon/' Ronca explains
the vision : " Why, that's the Court at C/'— an obvious
bid for the applause of the C* audience before which
the play was first presented*

Shakespeare never mentions the University of C*
His only use of the word is in the title of Richd*, Earl
of C*, who was executed at Southampton for his share
in a plot to set Edmund Mortimer on the throne* He
was the younger son of Edmund of Langley, 5th son of
Edward III and Isabel, the daughter of Pedro the Cruel,
He married Anne Mortimer, daughter of Roger, Earl of
March, and great-great-granddaughter of Edward III
through Lionel of Clarence, his 2nd son* The son of
this union was Richd* Plantagenet, afterwards D. of
York, and father of K* Edward IV* Edward IV thus
represented the claim of the 2nd son of Edward III,
whilst Henry VI was descended from his 3rd son, John
of Gaunt* The discovery of the plot and the execution
of C* are the theme of Hi ii* 2* In H6 A* ii* 5, 54 and 84,
and H6 B* ii* 2, 45, the claim of Richd* of York through
his father, the Earl of C** is set forth* In Oldcastle iii* r,
this same Earl of C* is introduced and states his claim
to the throne to Scroop and Gray* He calls Lionel of
Clarence the 3rd son of Edward III ; otherwise his ac-
count agrees with that given above* In Trag. Richd. II
iv* 2, 174, Thomas of Woodstock is addressed as 4* Earl
of C* and of Buckingham*"

CAMBRIDGESHIRE* One of the inland counties of
England, lying W. of Norfolk and Suffolk* These
counties suffered much in the invasions of the Danes.
In Brewer's Lovesick King v. i, Alured speaks of the
Danes having planted themselves in " Norfolk, Suffolk,
and in C*"

CAMEL* A river in N*W* Cornwall, rising near Camel-
ford and flowing past Wadebridge into the Bristol
Channel* Arthur's last battle was fought in its neigh-
bourhood* In Fulbeck's prol* to Hughes' Misfort Arth.>
he says, 4* And on the banks of Ca* shall lie The bones
of Arthur and of Arthur's knights." In alternative

E'i for Gorlois in v. 2, he says, " Tamar's flood with
ing pace doth flow For fear of touching C*'s
y stream/' Dray ton, in Polyolb, L 181, says that
C* was frantic " ever since her British Arthurs blood
By Mordred's murtherous hand was mingled with her
flood*"

CAMELOT (or CAMILOT)* The legendary capital of K*
Arthur* It has been variously identified with Camel in
Somersetsh* and Camelford in Cornwall, on account of
the similarity of the name j with Cadbury in Somer-

CAMUS

setsh*, near which are extensive remains of an old fortifi-
cation, supposed to be Arthur's castle ; and with Win-
chester* In the Morte d* Arthur we find " the city of C*
that is in English Winchester*" In Lear ii. 2, 90, Kent
says to Oswald, " Goose, if I had you upon Sarum
Plain, I'd drive ye cackling home to C*" I think it most
likely that Shakespeare had Winchester in his mind,
with a further allusion to the Winchester Goose he so
often refers to (see s.v* BANKSIDE), There were no
doubt plenty of geese on Salisbury Plain, as there are
on every common in England, In Merlin iii. 6, 134,
Aurelius says, " We'll hence to Winchester and raise
more powers To man with strength the castle Camilot,"

CAMERINO* The old Camerinum, a town in Italy, 86 m.
NJE* of Rome* In Barnes' Charter iv. 5, Guicchiardine,
as chorus, says of Caesar Borgia, " Through treacheries
He did surprise the State of Camerine/' This was in
1499, One of the characters in Ford's Fancies is Julio de
Varana, Lord of C*

CAMPANIA* A dist* on W. coast of Italy, S. of Latium,
between the Gulfs of Gaeta and Policastro* In Marlowe's
Faustus vii*, Faust describes his travels " up to Naples*
rich C." In Jonson's Poetaster v* x, Caesar says of
Vergil, " Now he is come out of C* I doubt not he hath
finished all his JEneids*" In Marcus Germinusf a Latin
comedy performed at Christ Chu, Oxford, in 1566, the
hero Germinus is a native of C* in the reign of Alexander
Severus* In Tiberius 1693, Sejanus says, " Caesar, 3
days since, Removed his court unto C/' Tiberius re-
tired to Capreas about A*D* j*o* In May's Agrippina iv*
72, Narcissus says, " Into C* 1 will go," Milton, P* JR*
iv* 93, calls Capreae " an island small but strong On the
Cn* shore*" C* was famous for its wines* In Ford's
Sun iv. i, Autumn says, " Thou shalt command The
Lydian Tmolus and Cn* mts* To nod their grape-
crowned heads into thy bowls," In Nabbes' Hannibal
L i, Maharball says, *' We drink no wine but of C/s
Mascicus or grape-crowned Aulon/' The Massic Hills
were in N* C* In May's Agrippina iv* 353, Otho speaks
of a rich Roman whose cellars are " full of rich Cn,
wine*" In Cockayne's Trapolin iii. 2, Mattemores talks
of " Thunderbolts worked by the Cyclops of Campag-
nia's stithy*" But he is confusing Vesuvius in C* with
JEtna in Sicily, under which was the forge of the
Cyclopes*

CAMPUS MARTIUS* An open plain in Rome to the
N.W. of the city, between the Capitol and the Tiber*
It was the training-ground for the Roman youth during
the earlier days of the Republic; but became later
covered with noble buildings and porticos* It is now
entirely occupied by the houses of the modem city,
Jonson's Catiline iii* i is laid in " The field of Mars/*
In Alimony L 3, Timon, when Haxter brings him notice
to stop the production of his play, says, " Let wit perish
if I leave not the precious rills of Hippocrene and wing
my course for C* M.," i*e* prepare to fight* In Fisher's
Fuimus iii. 2, Nennius, after putting C&sar to flight,
cries: "Stay, stay! Thou art at home : here's C. M/"

CAMUS* The river Cam, on which Cambridge stands* It
rises in Herts* and flows into the Gt Ouse after a slug-
gish course of abt. 40 m* Its slow current allows the
growth of large quantities of river-sponge and sedge. It
was originally called the Granta, Milton, in Lye* IO?>
says, " Next C*, reverend sire* went footing slow, His
mantle hairy, and his bonnet sedge, Inwrought with
figures dim*" The sedges of the Cam have still faint
dark marks on the leaves*

94

CANAAN

CANAAN* The old name f or W* Palestine » It means the
Lowlands, and was properly applied to the coastal dists*,
but was afterwards extended to coyer the whole country
W* of the Jordan* In Bale's Promises, v,, David says of
Israel, 4* They did wickedly consent to the Philistines
and Cites., ungodly idolaters/' Milton, P* L* xii, 135
seq.f tells the story of the visit of Abraham to C* and the
subsequent settlement of Israel there* Spenser, Shep.
CaL July 132, calls the patriarchs the brethren 12 " that
came from C*" In T* Heywood's S. Age ii., Jupiter,
telling of the long night, 3 nights in x, which he has
brought about to lengthen his pleasure with Alcmena,
says, " Now at this hour is fought By Josua, Duke unto
the Hebrew nation, Who are indeed the Antipodes to us,
His famous battle 'gainst the Cananites And at his
orison the sun stands still" (see Joshua x* 12)* In
Milton's S* A. 380, Samson calls Dalila " A Cannaan-
ite, my faithless enemy," but this is an error : she was a
Philistine, and the Philistines were an Aryan race, and
not in any way connected in blood with the Cites* In
Marlowe's Jew ii* 3, Barabas calls Lodowick, " This
offspring of Cain, this Jebusite, That never tasted of the
Passover* Nor e'er shall see the land of C*" The allusion
is to the hope that the Jews will return to C* when the
Messiah comes* The Puritans used the phrase " the
grapes of C*'r to mean the highest spiritual blessings :
with a reference probably to the story of the spies who
brought back from Eshcol a huge bunch of grapes*
(See Numbers xiii* 23). In Cowley's Cutter iv* 5, Cutter
predicts the rise of *' a great confounder of Gogmagog,
who shall be called the Pestle of Anti-Christ, and his
Children shall inherit the grapes of C/* In the Puritan
slang of the time a Cite* meant one who did not belong to
the true people of God, i*e* their own sect* In Jonson's
Alchemist iii* i, Ananias, the Puritan, says of Face, 44 In
pure zeal I do not like the man, he is a heathen, and
speaks the language of C* truly." Similarly, the Jews
use it of a Christian* In Day's Travails (Bullen* p* 59),
Zariph the Jew says, " Who owns it * A Christian, C*'s
brood/' Hence the word is used as a term of abuse*
In Chivalry (Bullen iii* 285), Bowyer says of the
watch, 44 What foolish Cits* were they to run in debt
to their eyes for an hour's sleep*"

CANARIES (Cy* « Canary, Ce* — Canarie). A group of
islands off the N*W. coast of Africa, the chief of which
are Tenerife and Grand Canary, Pliny knew of them,
and gave the largest island the name of Canaria Insula
from the large dogs (Canes) which were found there*
They became known in more modern times through the
wreck of a French ship there in 1330 ; and after various
attempts at private occupation they were taken posses-
sion of by Spain in 1461, and have since remained in
her hands* In Marlowe's Tamb. B* i* 3, Usumcasane
reports, " We made Canaria call us kings and lords " :
a quite unfounded claim* In Studey 2450, Mahamet
speaks of his kingdom in N,W* Africa as 44 looking upon
Canaraes wealthy isles/' In Pickering's Horestes D* 3, the
Vice asks Fame whether she is going " to Pourtagaull
or to the Isles Canarey t " In Mayne's Match iv* 3,
Timothy reports that his father " was drowned This
morning, as he went to take possession Of a summer-
house and land in the C*" Thomas Lodge took part in
an expedition to the C* in 1584, and on the voyage wrote
his Rosalynde.

The islands produce a wine which is often mentioned*
Heylyn says, " Ce* wines fume into the head less, please
the palate more, and better help the natural weakness of
a cold stomach, than any other wines whatsoever/' In

CANARIES

Vernier's Via Recta ad Vitam Longam (1633), he says,
44 Ce. wine is of some termed a sack, with this adjunct,
sweet ; but yet very improperly, for it differeth not only
from sack in sweetness and pleasantness of taste, but
also in colour and consistence ; for it is not so white in
colour as sack, nor so thin in substance*" In M. W. W.
iii. 2, 89, the Host says, 44 I will to my honest knight
Falstaff and drink Cy* with him." In Tw* N. i* 3, 85,
Sir Toby says, 44 Thou lackest a cup of Cy* ; when did
I see thee so put down 4 " To which Sir Andrew re-
plies : 44 Never in your life, I think ; unless you see Cy*
put me down*" In J-fy B* ii* 4, 29, the Hostess says to
Doll, 44 You have drunk too much C* ; and that's a
marvellous searching wine, and it perfumes [i.e* sends
its fumes through] the blood ere one can say What's
this i " In Jonson's Alchemist iii* 2, Face promises
Dapper 44 the best drink, sometimes Two glasses of Cy*,
and pay nothing*" In his Staple v* 2, Pennyboy smells
the porter's breath and exclaims : " Wine, o' my wor-
ship 1 Sack, Cy* sack 1 " In Glapthorne's Wit v* i,
Busie invites the company to the St* John's Head:
44 there is a cup of pure Cy/' In his Wallenstein v* 2,
Newman says, 44 He'll make us all as drunk as rats in the
C*" In Chaunticleers xiii*, Welcome complains that men
would rather 44 be drunk like the Spaniard with cy* than
with their own native beer*" In Massinger's Madam iv*
if Hoist predicts that he shall see Luke Lord Mayor,
44 All the conduits Spouting cy* sack*" In May's Old
Couple ii* if Theodore speaks of " Rich C. or sweet
Candian wines/' In Barnes' Charter iii* 5, Bagnioli
speaks of "Bacchus which Cy* land inherits/' In
T* Heywood's Traveller i. 2, Reignald says to Robin,
44 Drink whig and sour milk, whilst I rinse my throat
With Bordeaux and Cy*" In Brome's Moor iii* 2, the
boy orders, 4* Draw a quart of the best cy. into the
Apollo*"

The C* was a kind of lively dance, said to have been
borrowed by the Spaniards from the natives of these
islands : it was something like our Sir Roger* In AlFs
ii. i, 77, Lafeu tells the K* he has found a medicine
44 That's able to breathe life into a stone. Quicken a rock,
and make you dance cy* With spritely fire and motion."
In M., W* W"* iii* 2, 89, when the Host proposes to
drink Cy with Falstaff, Ford punningly remarks aside :
44 1 think I shall drink in pipe-wine first with him ; I'll
make him dance/' In L* L* L. iii. i, 12, Moth, de-
scribing a French brawl, says it is 4t to jig off a tune at
the tongue's end, cy* to it with your feet." In Dekker's
Hon. Wh* A. ii* I, Castruccio tells Bellafront that he
supped last night where her health "danced the C,"
z.e* went round again and again. In Shirley's Hyde Park
ii* 2, Lacy tries to force Bonavent to dance : 44 Fill a
bowl of sack, and then to the Ce/' In£v* Womanli, i* it
is said/' Another as she goes treads a Ce*pace/' Nash, in
Pierce i8&, speaks of a woman jetting it 4i as gingerly as
if she were dancing the C*" In Devonshire i* i, Busta-
mente brings news " such as will make all Spain Dance
the C/'

44 The islands," says Heylyn, " abound in Ce*-birds*"
This bird is Fringella Canaria, and is green in its native
state, though the usual colour of the cage-bird is yellow*
Gascoigne, in CompL Philomene (1576) 33, says,
4t Canara birds come in to bear the bell/' Laneham, in
Letter 70, tells of an aviary at Kenilworth " replenished
with lively birds, English, French, Spanish, Canarian,
and African*" In Lyly's Midas iii* 3, Amerula says, 44 In
her fair looks were his thoughts entangled, like the birds
of Ce* that fall into a silken net." In thieves* slang, a Cy*

95

CANBURY

Bird means one who ought to be in the Cage or prison :
hence a young rascal. In B. & F* Beggars' iii* i, after the
boy has sung a song, one of the Boors says, with double
appropriateness, ** My fine Cy.-bird, there's a cake for
your worship/' C. is used in the sense of a pleasure-
resort, especially a brothel. In Marmion's Leaguer i. 2,
Ardelio says, " Once a week, when I am ballasted with
wine and lust, I'll sail to my C." When in M. W. W.
ii, 2, 89 Quickly tells Falstaff that he has brought Mrs*
Ford " into such a c. as is wonderful/' she is using a
more familiar word for one that she doesn't understand,
viz* quandary; just as, a little further on, she uses
aligant, the name of another wine, for elegant.
CANBURY (more fully, CANONBURY). One of the N.
suburbs of Lond,, between Highbury and Hoxton* It
was so called from the mansion of the Prior of the
Canons of St. Bartholomew, which was given to the
priory soon after the Conquest. It reverted to the Crown
at the Dissolution of the Monasteries, and having passed
through various hands became the property of the rich
Sir John Spenser, Lord Mayor of Lond. in 1594* The
mansion occupied what is now Canonbury Place. In
Jonson's Tub iii. 5, the scene is laid at Kentish Town*
Lady Tub, who lives at Totten Court, says, " We will
cross o'er to C. in the interim and so make home/'
She would go E. to C. and then strike the Kingsland
Rd*, which goes right up to Tottenham. In the folio
of 1693 it is printed by mistake " Canterbury."

CANDAOR (Le+ KANDAHAR)* The former capital of
Afghanistan or Arachosia. It lies in the centre of the
country, abt. 200 m. S.W* of CabuL The present city
was built in 1754, but it occupies the site of an older one.
Milton, P* jR* iii* 316, mentions troops " From Ara-
chosia, from C* east/'

CANDIA (Cy. ~ Candy)* Properly the capital of Crete,
the island S* of the £2gean Archipelago, but commonly
applied to the whole island by outsiders, though the
natives themselves always call it Kriti, or Crete. The
name is said to be from the Saracen " Khandax," which
means ** great fort/' It came into the hands of the
Venetians in 1304, and was retained by them till 1648,
when the Turks attacked it and took it after a siege of
ao years* It became part of the kingdom of Greece in
1898. Shakespeare uses Cy. but once, and then cor-
rectly for the town, not the island* In Tw. N* v* i, 64,
the officer says, " This is that Antonio That took the
Phoenix and her freight from Cy/' Heylyn preserves the
same distinction; but for the most part the Elizabethans
mean by Cy* the whole island. In T* Hey wood's B, Age
vv Hercules calls the Minotaur "the bull of Cy/' In
Marlowe's Jew i. i, Barabas tells how " Mine argosy
from Alexandria * . * Are smoothly gliding down by Cy.
shore to Malta." In i* 3, the Basso says, 4* "We came
from Rhodes, From Cyprus, Cy,, and those other isles
That lie between the Mediterranean seas/' In Haugh-
ton's Englishmen iu i, the Italian Alvaro, in his broken
English, says, " De ship go dribe on de isola de Cy."
In Webster's White Devil v. i, Flamineo affirms that the
Moor " hath served the Venetian in Cy* these twice 7
years*" In B* & F* Candy the scene is laid in the island,
but the laws are purely imaginary, though perhaps a re-
ference is intended to the Laws of Crete, so dear to Plato
(see his Laws> especially Book I) and other ancient writers.
They are (i) that anyone who can convict smother of
ingratitude may demand his life ; and (3) that the best
warrior in any fight may demand his own reward on his
return* The background of the play is a war between

CANIBEY

Crete and Venice, on the historical ground that the
Emperor Baldwin made the Marquis of Montferrato
Governor of Crete and that he sold it to Venice* Hence
the Cretans are contesting the right of Venice*

In Nash's Wilton, L 4, Jack says, " He is not fit to
travel that cannot with the Cns* live on serpents, make
nourishing food even of poison/1 Heylyn, on the other
hand, says that the island " breedeth no venomous
worms." In Glapthorne's Privilege in. i, Adorni says,
"Precious Cy. wives will meet their gamesters At a
convenient tavern, rob their husbands Without a
scruple/' To send a man to Cy. seems to have been
used much as we say " to send one to Jericho/' or " to
the devil." In Webster's White Devil ii. i, Flamineo
says, " They are sending him to Naples, but Til send
him to Cy." In B* & F. Double Mar. ii. 3, a sailor says
of a ship that has been taken and set on fire, " Her men
are gone to Cy. ; they are peppered/*

Heylyn quotes from Du Bartas, "From C. [come] cur-
rants, muscadells, and oils/' Blount, Gkssograph, s*v*,
says, " Muscadel comes for the most part from the isle
Crete or Cy/' In Jonson's Volpone i. i, Mosca speaks of
44 Rich Cn* wines*" In B» <Sc F. French Law, i. i, Dinant
upbraids Champernel for the wrong he has done in getting
Ins wealth; "for this," he says, " this Cy* wine, £ mer-
chants were undone." In Massinger's Very Woman iii,
5, Antonio assures Borachia, " 'Tjs wine forsooth, good
wine, excellent Cy* wine/' To which she replies : *4 Is
this a drink for slaves ^ Why, saucy Sirrah (excellent Cy «
wine i), reach me the bottle/' In May/s Old Cvuph ii. x,
Theodore speaks of "Rich Canaries or sweet Gnu
wines." In Davenant's Rhodes A., a song occurs with
the line, " The wine bravely works which was brought
us from Cy." Donne, in Ode to Painted Lady, says,
" Often times we see Rich Cn* wines in wooden bowls
to be." In B. & F. Bonduca i. 2, Pctillius complains that
the Roman soldiers are grown so dainty that " No oil
but Cy., Lusitanian figs, And wine from Lesbos now
can satisfy 'em/' In their Beggars' i, 3, Goswin,
speaks of " Cy* sugars/' In Greene's Friar ix, a68, Bacon
says, " Cy. shall yield the richest of her canes/' Sir
Adolphus Ward's note is ; " This place, which still gives
its name to an infantile sweetmeat, is in Ceylon*" With
all respect for my old teacher, I think this is wrong*
First, sugar-cy. has nothing to do with the place Cy.,
whether in Ceylon or elsewhere, but is derived from the
Persian qand, meaning crystallized sugar ; and second,
sugar was not imported from Ceylon* On the other
hand, Eden, in Treat New Xnd. (1553), p» 41, speaks of
" Sugar which excelleth the sugre 01 Candye or Sicilia,"
where Candye obviously means Crete? and Heylyn
(s.u* CRETA) says of Crete, "They transport sugar
candie, gummes, honey," etc* So that there is little doubt
that Cy. in this passage means Crete, or Candia.

CANDIE. In Barnes* Charter. See GANDU,
CANDLEWICK ST* See CANWICK ST.
CANE* See CABN*

CANIBEY. In the old Shrw (Ha&, p* 511) Awrelius says,
" When I crossed the bubbling C. And sailed along the
crystal Hellespont, I filled my coffers of the wealthy
mines." I have not succeeded in identifying C.s
possibly it is a corruption of Khandligen, or 3M&ey, a
place on the Asiatic side of the Bosporus ; and bub-
bling C. may mean the Bosporus with its violent
currents*

CANNJE

CANNJE* A vill* in Apulia on the Aufidus, 6 m. from its
mouth and abt. 200 m* S.E. of Rome* Here in 216 B.C.
Hannibal inflicted a terrible defeat on the Romans, in
which half their army was killed and a large number
were taken prisoners* The battle appears to have been
fought on the N* side of the river* though the evidence is
somewhat conflicting. In Nero iii* 3, Seneca* bewailing
the condition of Rome under the tyranny of Nero, says,
44 Let C* come* Let Allia's waters turn again to blood,
To these will any miseries be light/' In Caesar's Rev.
ii* 5* Cato of Utica, referring to the victory of Caesar at
Pharsalia, says, " O talk not now of Canna's overthrow."
In Alimony L 2, Timon speaks of the closing of the
theatres in 1643 as " our great disaster at C. than which
none ever more tragical to our theatre." In Fisher's
Fuimus ii. 8, the Britons sing a warsong, 44 Black Allia's
day and C/s fray Have for a third long stayed/' In
T. Hey wood's Dialogues iii. 1524, Earth laments the
44 valiant Roman spirits " who " Fell in one fatal day at
Canna's field." In Nabbes' Hannibal iv. 2, Hannibal
boasts, ** I o'erthrew 6 Consuls, and at Cannas in one
fight killed 100 Roman Senators." In Tiberius 1158,
Germanicus, speaking of his victory over the Germans,
says, " Not Cannas nor the fields of Pharsalie So dyed
in blood as was Danubius*"

CANNON ROW. A st* in Westminster running into
Bridge St., E. of Parliament St. It led from the New
Palace Yard to the Privy Garden, and took its name
from being the residence of the Dean and Canons of
St. Stephen's Chapel. The name was corrupted in the
i8th cent, into Channel Row* In Jonson's Staple iii* 2,
Gossip Tattle says she has " all the news of Tuttle St.*
and both the Alm'ries, the two Sanctuaries, long and
round Wool-staple, with King's St., and Canon Row to
boot."

CANNON ST* (or CANNING Si*)* See CANWICK ST,

CANTERBURY (originally CANTWARA-BYRIG, the
borough of the Kentishmen)* A city in Kent, 55 m. S*E*
of Lond., on the site of the old Roman Durovernum*
It is the cathedral city of the Primate of All England,
the ist archbp. having been the missionary Augustine*
The first ch* was entirely rebuilt by Lanfranc in 1070.
It was burnt down in 1172 and rebuilt, the choir of the
cathedral still remaining as it was then constructed*
The nave was added in the i4th cent*, and the central
tower completed about 1500* Adjoining the cathedral
was the Abbey of St* Augustine* Edward the Black
Prince and Henry IV and his Q* were buried in the
cathedral* The oldest ch* in the city is St* Martin's,
where K. Ethelbert was baptized: the ch* itself is
Norman, but some of the Saxon masonry can still be
seen*

General references. In Hycke, p* 102, Frewyll relates
how he got so drunk at Salisbury that he leaped " out
of Burdeaux unto C*, almost 10 m* between " (see under
BORDEAUX). In Three Ladies 88, Lucre mentions C*
as one of several towns where men " great rents upon
little room do feestow," because of the numbers who
flock thither to trade* In J* Heywood's Weather, p* 100,
Merry Report claims to have been 44 at C., at Coventry,
at Colchester/' In W* Rowley's Shoemaker L i, 216,
Maximinus says, 4* Our daughter Leodite We'll leave
to keep her court at C*" ? and several of the later scenes
in the play are enacted there* In Middleton's Queen-
borough v* i, Aminadab informs Simon that the players
whom he has been entertaining " only take the name of
country comedians to abuse simple people with a

CANTERBURY

printed play or two which they bought at C* for six-
pence." C* is the nearest town to Queenborough where
there would be bookshops; though hardly in the time of
Hengist, in which the action of the play takes place*
In Lyly's Bombie iv* 2, Dromio complains of the paces of
the horse he has hired : " I had thought I had rode
upon addeces [z\e. adders] between this [£*e* Rochester]
and C." In Feversham v* 5, the Mayor sentences Mrs*
Arden to be burnt alive " at Ce., the capital of the county
in which the murder was committed*"

Ecclesiastical references. Lyly, in Euphues England,
p* 232, describes C. as 4i an old city, somewhat decayed
yet beautiful to behold ; most famous for a cathedral
ch., the very majesty whereof struck them into a maze/'
Langland, in Piers B* xv. 437, reminds us that ** Austyn
at Caunterbury crystened the Kynge," sc. Ethelbert*
In C* xviii* 274, he mentions the death of "seynt
Thomas of Caunterbury " as an example of devotion
to all bps* In Bale's Johan 2111* Dissimulation says,
44 1 die for the ch* with Thomas of C*" This is Thomas
a Becket, who was murdered by the knights of Henry II
in the cathedral in 1170* A magnificent shrine was
erected to his memory in 1175, which became one of the
most popular resorts of pilgrims during the Middle Ages*
It was entirely destroyed by the commissioners of
Henry VIII, but the place where the archbp* was mur-
dered is still shown, and the apse at the E* end of the
cathedral is called Becket's Crown* For the pilgrimages*
see below. In K..J* iii* i, 144, Pandulph charges K*
John with having kept " Stephen Langton, chosen
Archbp* Of C*, from that holy see/' Langton is also
mentioned in Bale's Johan 1309* He was appointed
archbp* by Pope Innocent III and consecrated in 1207*
John, whose nominee was the Bp* of Norwich, refused
to acknowledge Langton, and the Pope put his kingdom
under an interdict in consequence* In 1215 John gave
way and Langton was admitted to the see* In Trag.
Richd. II v* i, 57, the Ghost of the Black Prince says*
** from my tombe late at Ce* The ghost of Edward the
Black Prince is come*" This tomb is still to be seen, with
the arms of the Prince suspended over it. The archbp*
mentioned in Rs ii. i, 282 as one of those in revolt
against Richd* was Thomas Arundel, brother of the
Earl of Arundel, who had been deprived of his see for
complicity in Gloucester's alleged conspiracy in 1398
and had taken refuge at Cologne. He was subsequently
reinstated and died archbp. in 1414. The archbp. who
in H5 L 2 justifies Henry's claim to the Crown of
France was Henry Chicheley (1414-1443). He was the
founder of All Souls College, Oxford, and made im-
portant additions to Lambeth Palace* The archbp, who
appears in R3 iii* is Cardinal Thomas Bourchier (1454-
1486)* The archbp* who presided at the divorce pro-
ceedings in H8 ii« 4, whose installation is announced to
Wolsey (iii* 2* 401), who crowns Anne Bullen (iv* i),
and who is delivered by the King's intervention from
the plot of the Privy Councillors (v* 3), is Thomas
Cranmer (1533-1356)* He was one of the Council of
Government during the minority of Edward VI,
espoused the cause of Lady Jane Grey, and was im-
prisoned for treason on the accession of Mary* In 1556
he was burnt for heresy at Oxford, near the present
Martyrs' Memorial* In Sampson's Vow* iv* i, 82.
" Wotton, Dean of C*," is one of the English Com-
missioners to treat with the Scotch and French after the
siege of Leith in 1560*

have

The pilgrimages to the shrine of St* Thomas a Becket
tve their most enduring monument in the C* T* of

97

CANWICK ST.

Chaucer, which are based upon an actual pilgrimage
starting from the Tabard, in Southwark, on April 17,
1386* In prol* 16, he says, 4* Than [z*e* in spring] longen
folk to goon on pilgrimages* * * * And specially from
every shires ende Of Engelonde to Caunterbury they
wende The holy blisful martir for to seke That hem
hath holpen, whan that they were seke/' The pilgrims
took the journey in four stages, and enlivened it with
song, story, and jest* In Hj A* i* 3, 140, Poins brings
word that ** there are pilgrims going to C* with rich
offerings," who may be beset and plundered* These
pilgrimages have left permanent traces in the language*
A C. pace, or canter, is the easy amble which was the
pilgrims' usual speed ; C* bells were the bells they wore
as pilgrim-signs, the name being afterwards transferred
to a bell-shaped flower of the genus Campanula ; a C*
tale is a cock-and-bull story such as used to be told by
the pilgrims* In Sampson's Vow. v* a, 19, Miles says
he has practised, for the part of the hobby horse in a
morris dance, "my smooth ambles and C. paces/'
Bale, in Exam, of Thome 1407 (Parker Soc*)> 101, says,
44 Every town that the pilgrims come through, what with
the noise of their singing, and with the sound of their
piping, and with the jangling of their C* bells * * * they
make more noise than if the K* came there/' Latimer,
Serm (Parker Soc. i* 107), says that " we might as well
spend that time " given to reading the Bible " in reading
of profcme histories, of Ce* tales, or a fit of Robyn Hood "
if we do not amend our lives accordingly* In Dekker's
Northward iv* i, Mayberry says, ** A C* Tale smells
not half so sweet " as the comedy* In Goosecap iii* i,
when it is said that Lord Tales is from C., Will says,
" The best tales in England are your C* Tales/' Lyly,
in Euphues England, p* 240, says of the story of the Fox
and the Wolf, " I cannot tell whether it be a C* tale
or a fable in JEsop." In J* Heywood's Four PP* i, 45, the
Palmer says that he has been as a pilgrim, " At Mayster
Johan Shorne in C/' This John Shorne was the Rector
of N* Marston, in Bucks*, and died early in the I4th
cent* His body was enclosed in a shrine at N* Marston,
and became a great resort of pilgrims, especially those
suffering from ague* His well may still be seen near the
vill* ch* He was reported to have conjured the devil into
a boot, and a picture of him may be seen on the rood-
screen of Gately Ch* in Norfolk, with the boot in his
hand and the devil peeping out of it* Fpxe, in Book of
Martyrs, says that penitents were sometimes compelled
as a penance to make pilgrimages to " Sir John Schorn/'
A ballad is quoted in Chambers' Book of Days, May 8th,
** To Maister John Schorn, That blessed man born,
For the ague to him we apply/' Latimer, Serm (Parker
Soc, i* 474), speaks of " the popish pilgrimage which we
were wont to use in times past, in running hither and
thither to Mr* J* Shorn or to our Lady of Walsingham*"
Bale, in Image of Both Churches xvii*, gives a list of ob-
jects of papistical veneration, amongst which is " Master
J* Shorn's boot*" In Legh's Accidence of Armoury (1597)
pref*, there is a story of a coat which its owner had not
worn " since he came last from Sir J* Shorne*" Hey-
wpod can hardly have been ignorant that the shrine of
Sir John was not in C*, and it seems certain that we
should read, ** At Mayster Johan Shorne, in C/' : 2
shrines being intended, Shorn's at Marston, and Bec-
ket's (which is otherwise not mentioned at all) at C*

Plays were regularly acted by the boys of the King's
School, C*, under the mastership of Anthony Rushe,
in the middle of the i6th cent* It may have been these
that gave Marlowe his first impulse towards dramatic

CAPE DE VERD ISLANDS

writing* He was born at C., and his christening is re-
corded in the parish register of St* George the Martyr
under date Feb. 26, 1564, " Christofer, the son of John
Marlowe " : he was educated at the King's School*
Greene, in Menaphon, sneers at Marlowe's plays as
"C* tales/'

CANWICK ST* (originally CANDLEWRIGHT or CANDLE-
WICK ST* : then it became C* ST., then CANNING ST*,
and finally, as now, CANNON ST*)* A st* in Lond* run-
ning from the S*E* corner of St* Paul's Churchyard to
the corner of K* William St*, parallel to Chcapside.
In our period it only went as far as Walbrook : it was
extended to St* Paul's Churchyard in 1854* It derived
its name from the candlemakers who had their shops
there, but as early as the xsth cent* it had passed from
them to the cloth-dealers* Lond. Stone was originally
on the S* side of the st*, but was removed across the
road in 1742* It is now built into the wall of St. Swithin's
Ch*, nearly opposite the railway station, 35 ft. N»E* of
its original position.

In H6 B. iv* 6, the direction in F. x is s " Enter Jack
Cade and the rest and strikes his staffe on Lond*~$tone/*
Modern editions locate the scene as " Cannon St*," but
it would be more exact to say " C* St/' In T. Hey wood's
Prentices, sc» 4, Eustace cries : " 0 that I had with me
as many good lads, honest prentices, from Eastcheap,C.
St*, and London-stone, to end this battle*" In Haugh-
ton's Englishmen iv* a, Pisaro asks Frisco, " Why led you
him through Cornhill i Your way had been to come
through Canning-st/' In Lickpenny 72, Lydgate re-
lates, " Then went I forth by Lond.-stone Throughout
all C*-st* Drapers much cloth me offered anon*" In
Nooody 378, Nobody says, " If my breeches had a$
much cloth in them as ever was drawn between Kendall
and Canning-st*, they were scarce great enough to hold
all the wrongs that I must pocket/' In Deloney's New«
berie ix*, Jack 44 took him a shop in Canwcek st» and
furnished [it] * * * with a thousand pounds worth of
cloth*" In his Reading vi», the clothiers' wives, coming
up to Lond*, saw 44 in Candleweeke ste. the weavers*
A ballad follows, with the lines, " The day will come be-
fore the doom In Candleweeke st. shall stand no loom
Nor any weaver dwelling there*" Stow testifies, " There
dwelled also of old divers weavers of woollen clothes
brought in by Edward the third*" In Middleton's
Triumph Trutht one of the characters in the pageant is
Sir John Poultney, who 44 founded a college in the parish
of St* Laurence Poultney by Candlewick at/' (s$& under
LAXJRENCE POULTNEY, ST*)*

CAPE, THE* Used for the C* of Good Hope, S* Africa,
The first example of this use is in Milton, JP* I** il. 641,
where Satan is compared in his flight to a fleet of mer-
chantmen which 4i on the trading flood Through the
wide Ethiopian to the C* Ply stemming nightly toward
the pole*" Fuller, Chttrch Hist ii. 1 1, 43, calls the Archbp*
of Armagh (Usher) 4t the Cape-merchant of all learning*"

CAPE DE VERD ISLANDS* In the N* Atlantic, 330 m.
W* of C* Verd in Africa* They were discovered by the
Portuguese in 1449, and have ever since belonged to
them* They were attacked by Drake in his famous
Island Voyage in 1585. In T, Heywood's /* JRT» M* B*
333, the chorus tells how w The 9* sets forth a fleet of
one and twenty sail to the W» Indies under the conduct
of Francis Drake and Christopher Carlisle, who set on
C* d* V*, then Hispaniola/'

CAPHAREUS

CAPHAREUS* The rocky promontory at the S*E*
extremity of Euboea; now KAVO DORO* Here the
Grecian fleet was said to have been wrecked on the re-
turn of the chiefs from the Trojan War* In Locrine iv*
i, 61, Estrild envies the Q* of Pergamus, because she
saw the overthrow of her enemies " Nigh to the rock of
high C*" Spenser, in Virgil's Gnat 586, says of the re-
turning Greeks, " Some on the rocks of C* are thrown,
Some on th' Euboick cliffs in pieces rent*"

CAPHTOR* Probably to be identified with Crete (g*v*)*
According to Amos ix* 7, the Philistines came from C* to
Palestine ; and this is borne out by the Egyptian re-
cords* Crete was a great pre-historic centre of -flSgean
civilization, and the Philistines, the sea-peoples of the
Egyptian monuments, introduced it into Palestine to-
wards the end of the i3th cent* B.C* Milton, in S* A
1713, makes Manoah say that Samson ** hath left * * *
lamentation to the sons of C* Through all Philistian
bounds."

CAPITOL* At Rome, the hill at the N*W* end of the
Forum* It was divided into 2 peaks by a saddle in which
it was said that the Asylum of Romulus was situated.
The S*W* peak was actually the C*, the N*E* being the
Arx, but the whole hill was often spoken of as the C*
On it was the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, begun by
the Tarquins, and completed in 509 B*c* In 83 B*c* it
was burnt down, and rebuilt by Sulla. Twice subse-
quently it was destroyed by fire : it was finally rebuilt
by Domitian in AJ>* 82, and this temple survived till the
5th cent* The site is now occupied by the Palazzo
Caffarelli* Surrounding the main temple were smaller
ones to Honour and Virtue, Fides, Jupiter Custos, and
Jupiter Tonans* On the Arx was the Temple of Juno
Moneta, the mint of ancient Rome*

In Milton, P* #. iv* 47, the Tempter says to our Lord,
44 There the C* thou seest Above the rest lifting his
stately head On the Tarpeian rock, her citadel Im-
pregnable*" In Cor* iii* i, 240, Coriolanus refuses the
name of Romans to the plebeians, " Though calved i'
the porch o' the C*" In iv* 2, 39> Volumnia exclaims :
" As far as does the C* exceed The meanest house in
Rome, so far my son * * * does exceed you all*" In
v* 4, i, Menenius says it would be easier to displace
44 Yon coign o' the C*, yon corner stone " with a little
finger than to move Coriolanus from his purpose*
In /* C. i* 3, 20, Casca relates, " Against the C* I met a
lion*" In ii* I, in, Casca says, " the high east Stands,
as the C*, directly here*" Possibly Shakespeare was
thinking of the Tower of Lond., which is E* of the Globe
Theatre* In ii* 2, 21, Calpurnia tells how armies have
been seen fighting in the sky, 44 Which drizzled blood
upon the C/' In iii* 3, 27, we learn that Cinna, the poet,
dwelt 4* by the C*" In Jonson's Sejanns v* i, Sejanus
ridicules the importance of prodigies : if they are worth
a thought, then ** The running of the cat betwixt pur
legs As we set forth unto the C/' were a prodigy*
In his Catiline iii. 3, Catiline says, " Now's the time,
this year, The 2oth from the firing of the C., As fatal too
to Rome/' The C* was burnt 83 B.C* ; the date of
Catiline's conspiracy was 63 B*c* The prophecy was
found in the Sibylline Books that the 2Oth year after the
burning of the C* would be fatal to Rome* In Chivalry >
Pembroke says, " I'll have his sepulchre hang richer
with the spoils of proud passengers than was the
Romans' wealthy C/' When, in Cym* i* 6, 106,
lachimo speaks of " lips as common as the stairs That
mount the C*," he is referring proleptically to the steps
up to the C* erected in 1536 on the occasion of the visit

CAPITOL

of the Emperor Charles V* In T* Heywood's Traveller
i* i, young Geraldine tells how he has visited Rome and
seen "their Pantheon and their C*" In Jonson's
Poetaster iv* 3, 30, Albinus swears, 44 By Jove and all the
gods i' the C*," i*e* the other gods who had temples
there* In the temple of Jupiter itself there were 3
shrines occupied by Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva* Mil-
ton, P* L* ix* 508, calls the God of the Romans " Cine*"
Jove.

Rome was sacked and burnt by the Gauls 390 B*C*,
but an attack on an undefended part of the Arx was
betrayed by the cackling of the geese sacred to Juno
and the valour of Manlius : who was nevertheless exe-
cuted 6 years later by precipitation from the Tarpeian
rock, which was part of the Cine* Hill, on the charge of
attempting to make himself king by the help of the
plebeians* In C&sar's Rev* iv* i, Antony says that Caesar,
by his conquests in Gaul, ** Recompensed the fiery C*
With many cities unto ashes burnt*" In Jonson's Staple
v* 2, Pennyboy, being jeered at by the rest of the com-
pany, calls them geese; and Madrigal adds: "but
such as will not keep your C/' In Dekker's Northward
v* i, Kate reviles the captains " that fight, as the geese
saved the C*, only with prattling/' In Shirley's Honoria
iv* i, a citizen says, " [I am] one of the birds that keep
the C* ; our feathers are all at your service, gentlemen ;
when you have plucked and picked us well, you may
give order for our roasting*" In Alimony iii* 5, the
Constable addresses the watch * " My birds of the C*,
be it your care to watch while I sleep*" In Tiberius 1800,
Vonones says, " Brennus scaled the C*" Brennus was
the leader of the Gauls in this attack* In Fisher's Fuimas
Ind*, Brennus says to Camillus, " 'Bout your C*
Pranced our vaunting steeds, defended more By geese
than by your gods/' In Middleton's Women Beware L 2,
Livia says, with some confused recollection of this story,
44 You are now in another country, where your laws are
no more set by than the cacklings of geese in Rome's
great C*" In Chapman's Trag. Byron v* i, the Chan-
cellor, presiding at the trial of Byron, draws a parallel
between him and Manlius : " If his deserts have had a
wealthy share In saving of our land from civil furies,
Manlius had so that saved the C*; Yet for his after
traitorous factions They threw him headlong from the
place he saved*"

The triumphal processions of victorious Roman
generals went along the Sacred Way up to the C* Such
a triumph is described in Massinger's Actor L 4, where
Csesar is pictured 4f Riding in triumph to the C/' In
Tiberius 1276, Nero speaks of " Going to the C* to the
triumph*" In Fisher's Fuimas iii* 2, Nennius, after
putting Caesar to flight, cries ironically, " Open the C/s
ivory gates ? Caesar returns a victor ! ** In Dekker's
Wonder iii* i, Torrenti says, ** Say to the Duke that
never Caesar came More welcome to the C* of Rome/'
The Elizabethans, with the exception of Ben Jonson,
fell into the natural mistake of regarding the C* as the
place of meeting of the Roman Senate, the Parliament-
house of Rome* As a matter of fact, the Senate met in
the Curia Hostilia in the Forum, till it was burnt down
in 52 B*C*, or in various temples and other consecrated
places* In Cor* i* i, 49, the revolting plebeians cry :
** To the C* 1 " In i* i, 192, Coriolanus bitterly com-
plains : " They * * * presume to know What's done i'
the C*" In i. i, 244, the Senator invites Menenius and
Marcus, " Your company to the C*, where I know Our
greatest friends attend us*" In ii* i, 74, the Senators are
called, " Benchers in the C/f The Senate-meeting of

CAPO D'ISTRIA

ii* 3 is held in the C* In ii* 3, 343, the Tribunes exhort
the plebeians to " repair to the C/' to annul their elec-
tion of Coriolanus to the consulship* In iv* 6, 75, the
tribunes are summoned to the Senate, and Brutus says,
" Let's to the C/' In /* C* L 2, 187, Brutus says,
44 Cicero looks * * * As we have seen him in the C*
Being crossed in conference by some Senators/' The
meeting of the Senate at which Caesar was assassinated
was actually held in the Curia Pompeii, some distance
N* of the C*; but both Shakespeare and the other
dramatists uniformly represent the death of Caesar as
occurring in the C* In /* C* ii* x, 201, the conspirators
fear lest the augurers should " hold Caesar from the C,
to-day *" The scene of iii* i is laid there* In line 11,
Cassius says to Artemidorus, "Come to the C/':
probably the Senate was discovered sitting in the back-
stage, and Caesar and his train went up from the front
stage to the Senate at line 13* In Ham* iii. 2, 109,
Polonius says, " I did enact Julius Caesar ; I was killed
in the C/' In Ant, ii. 6, 18, Pompeius describes the
conspirators as 4i drenching the C/' when they killed
Caesar* In B* & F. False One pro!*, it is stated that
Caesar " fell i' th' c/' In their Gentleman v* x, Marine
says, 44 So Csesar fell, when in the C* They gave his body
two-and-thirty wounds/' Chaucer, C* T* B* 3893, savs,
44 This Julius to the Cie* wente » * * And in the Cie*
anon hym hente This false Brutus/' In Tit L x, 41,
Marcus entreats the crowd "in the C* and Senate's
right " to withdraw* In Chapman's Chabot v* 3, 180,
the King says, 44 Pompey could hear it thunder, when
the Senate And C* were deaf to heaven's loud chiding/'
Pompey prevented the election of Cato by dismissing
the Assembly under the pretext that he had heard it
thunder (Plutarch Vit. Catonis 42)* The C* was also
called Mt* Saturnal from the legend mentioned in Verg*
Mn* viii* 357, that Saturnus founded a city there*
Spenser, in Raines of Rome iv*. says of Jove, ** Upon
her [i*e* Rome's] head he heaped Mt« Saturnal/'

C. is used generically for any senate or parliament-
house or centre of government* In Peek's £&» / i*, the
K*, sitting in state in the palace of Westminster, ex-
claims : O glorious C* I beauteous Senate-house I "
In B* & F* Candy iii. 2, Cassilane says, ** I think myself
as great, As mighty, as if in the c» I stood amidst the
senators " : the reference being to the Senate-house of
Candia, in ^Cretc* Drummond of Hawthornden uses it
of heaven, in Poems (1630), where he says of the ascend-
ing Christ, " The spotless spirits of light * „ * Greet
their great victor in his c/' When Milton, P* £* i* 756,
speaks of Pandsemonium as 44 the high Capital Of Satan
and his peers " I am pretty sure that he meant to
spell it C*, and that the " a " is due to the mistake of his
secretary* OJEJX gives no other example of Capital
used as a noun in this sense until 1750*

CAPO D'ISTRIA* A spt on a small rocky island in the
Gulf of Trieste, at the head of the Adriatic. It is the
scene of Middleton's Widow.

CAPPADOCIA* Dist* in E. Asia Minor, S* of Pontus,
E* of Galatia, and N* of the Taurus* It extended E* to
the Euphrates, but its boundaries cannot be very
exactly determined* It was for long an independent
kingdom under a series of monarchs with Persian names*
But in 39 B,c* Antonius put to death Ariarthes IX and
set Archelaus on the throne* He was ultimately sum-
moned to Rome by Tiberius to meet charges laid against
him before the Senate, and died there in A*D* 17* In
T* Heywood's Iron Age B* x, Pentiselea, Q* of the
Amazoas, boasts, « We are those women who conquered

CAPUA

Asia, JEgypt, and C*" This was a legend of pre-
historic times* In Cmsar's Rev. v* x, Cassius says,
'* Proud C* saw her k. captived*" This was Ariobar-
fcanes, assassinated by order of Cassius 43 B,C» In Ant,
iii* 6* 70, Caesar mentions " Archelaus of C/' as one of
the kings levied for war by Antony* According to one
form of the legend, St George of England was a Gnu
soldier, who afterwards was made bp. of Alexandria*
In Harrington's Arragon iL i, he is called '* St, George,
that Cn. man-at-arms/' In the old Timon ii* 4, Gelasi-
mus says, " In C* they choose a friend That's gelt, to
keep their wives in chastity/' In Dekkcr's Shoemaker's
v* i, Simon Eyre speaks of his apprentices as " mad
Cns/' * elsewhere he calls them 4* Assyrians " and
44 Mesopotamians." The long words evidently tickled
his fancy* Cappadochio, and its corrupted form,
Caperdewsie, is used in the sense of a prison* In Puritan
L 3, Nicholas says, 44 How, captain Idle * my old aunt's
son * * * in Cappadochio i n In T* Heywood's Ed, IV
A* iv* 4, we have, 4i my son's in Dybel here, in Caper-
dochy, i' the gaol " ; and in i* i. 86, " He's in Caper-
dochy, Ned, in Stafford Gaol*" It is suggested that this
use is due to the fact that there were many slaves in C*,
but I think it is more probably due to the first syllable,
which suggests cop, to catch, from which we get our
44 copper " for a policeman*

CAPREJE (now CAPRI)* A small island at the S* entrance
of the Bay of Naples* It is separated from the mainland
by a strait 3 m* in width* Augustus made it a part of the
imperial domain, and often visited it j Tiberius resided
there during the last 10 years of his reign, and built xa
villas on the island, the ruins of which are still to be seen*
According to Tacitus and Suetonius, he retired there
for the purpose of gratifying his unnatural lusts in
privacy ; but it is likely that they have exaggerated this
depravity. In Jonson's Sejanus iv* 4, Macro advises
Caligula, 44 To go for C. presently ; and there Give up
yourself entirely to your uncle " ; and in iv. 5, Arrius
says of Tiberius, 44 He hath his slaughter house at C.,
Where he doth study murder as an art/' In Massinger's
Actor iii* x, Domitilla charges Nero with gratifying his
passion at her expense 44 in a kind Tiberius at C* never
practised*" In Rawlin's Rebellion iv* x, Giovanno speaks
of " the whorish front of C," In Milton, P* JR. iv. 92,
the Tempter relates how Tiberius is " Old and las-
civious, and from Rome retired To C., an island small
but strong On the CamjDanian shore/' In Bale's Johcm
2088, the monk who poisons the K* hands him a cup,
saying, 4t It passeth malmsey, capric, tyre, or hippocras/'
I presume capric wine means wine from Capri* This
wine is mentioned in Russel's Bfc* of Nurture (1460)
and Harrison's England (1587).

CAPSA (now; CAFSAH)* A city in an oasis in the extreme
S* of Numidia, abt* 200 m* S* of Carthage. It was said
to have been founded by the Libyan Hercules, and was
destroyed by Marius in the Jugurthine war* In Bacchus
the 8th guest " was of C*, a town well known in Numi-
dia : his name was Geoffrey Gooscap, and with him he
brought a nightcap for god Bacchus/' The name i$
chosen for the sake of the pun*

CAPUA* A city in Campania, near the Volturnus, abt* 90
m* S*W* of Rome* It was founded by the Etruscans
in the gth cent* B*C, but was captured by the Sammtes
in 424 BtC* It fell into the hands of Rome at the close of
the Latin war, but revolted in the and Punic War, and
opened its gates to Hannibal, who spent the winter after
Cannae there* His subsequent ill-success was attributed
by the Romans to the enervating influence of the city*

100

CARDIFF

Under Julius Caesar it became a Roman Colonia* It
was partially destroyed by the Vandals in AJD* 256, and
the destruction was completed by the Saracens in 840*
The inhabitants rebuilt it on the site of the ancient
Casilinum, but the site of the old city was occupied
later by the village of Santa Maria di Capua* The scene
of Act I of Nabbes' Hannibal is laid at C* during the
winter of 216-5 B*C* In i* i, Maharball calls it " Plea-
sure's only storehouse* Were I an Hannibal and con-
quest girt me As far as daylight spreads his crystal wings,
One C. should ransom all/' In Cockayne's Trapolin
ii. 3, Horatio speaks of ** C*, effeminate and amorous,
wherein the Carthaginian captain's soldiers were spoiled
and debauched with pleasures/' In Lodge's Wounds^ of
Civil War i* i, Sulpicius speaks of 44 our legions Waiting
our idle wills at C/' His reference is to the 6 legions
under Sulla's command which were destined for the
Mithradatic war, and which Sulpicius wished to get
transferred to Marius 88 B*c* In Jonson's Sejanus iii* 3,
Tiberius declares his intention of proceeding to Cam-
pania 44 to dedicate a pair of temples, One to Jupiter at
C/' Tacitus, Ann. iv* 57 and 67, mentions this intention
and its fulfilment in A ax 27* In Davenant's Platonic v* 7,
Theander says, " The arms I won at C, are thine/' In
Barnes' Charter iv* 3, Lucretia says, " This night I pur-
pose privately to sup With my Lord Cardinal of C/'
CARDIFF (Welsh, CAERDYDD)* The capital of Glamor-
ganshu in S* Wales, on the Taff* For reference in Jon-
son's Wales, see under CAERLEON.

CARDIGAN. A spt* town in Wales, the capital of Cardi-
gansh* It has an ancient ch* dedicated to St* Mary* and
is in the diocese of St* David's, In B* & F* Wit S, W. iv*
i, Oldcraft relates that he has got a Welsh benefice in re-
version for his nephew, " Dean of C*/' though C* has
no dean in the technical sense*

CARDINAL'S HAT* A tavern on the Bankside, South-
wark, between Emerson St, and Moss Alley* The site
was long marked by C,-Cap Alley* The name may have
been given in honour of Cardinal Beaufort, Bp* of
Winchester, whose Lond* palace was on Bankside*
Taylor, Works ii, 173, denies the charge that had been
made against him that he had been bribed by the
players and had had a supper with them ** at the C* H*
on the Bankside*"

CARDIS* See CADIZ*
CAREFUX* See CARFAX*

CARENTIGNE (CARENTAN)* A maritime town of Nor-
mandy, in the department of La Manche, 14 m* N*W*
of St* Lo and 160 W* of Paris* In Ed. Ill iii* 3, Prince
Edward reports, " Some of their strongest cities we have
won, As Harflew, Lo, Crotay, and C/* This was in
1346* The town had a strong castle, but it surrendered
after 2 days' siege, and was destroyed by the English*

CARFAX* From the Latin quadri-furcus, a place where
4 roads meet, especially the centre of a town where the
2 main sts* cross. It is particularly applied to the point
in Oxford where the High St* is intersected by St*
Aldates and the Corn Market* The intersection of
Leadenhall St* and Bishopsgate, Lond*, was also called
Carfukes* In Abington iii* 3, Barnes sends word to
Francis and Moll Barnes to go to Oxford ; and says,
44 At C*, boy, I mean to meet them/' In Cuckqueans L 3,
Pearle says, 44 The word Finis, being cut in the waist,
is Fine is, which, Carfox way, may indifferently be
alluded to my mother, to my self, to my wife, as also,
most adaptly, to this my bowl now/f Carfox way means

CARLISLE

in 4 directions* In Seven Days iv*, Sunday says, 4* Some
men's hard lucks In Wednesday market lost their purse
at Carefux." The scene is in Oxford* Executions were
carried out there* In Scot* Pres6, ii* i, Priscilla says,
44 1 will not * * * send [my son] to Oxford, send him to
Cairfax rather, and see him caper in a string*" Rabelais,
Pantagmel ii* 10, speaks of 44 the Carrefours " of Paris,
meaning the places where the main streets intersected*

CARIA* A dist* in S*W* Asia Minor, Artemisia, the
valiant Q* of C*, accompanied Xerxes to the battle of
Salamis with 5 vessels* In Jonson's Queens, " chaste
Artemisia, the Cn* dame/' figures as one of the famous
queens of times long gone* In C&sar's Rev. L 5, Pompey
eulogizes his wife Cornelia as 44 far more loving than the
Charian Q* That drank her husband's never-sundered
heart/' The reference is to Artemisia, the wife of the
Cn* K* Mausolus* She is said to have mixed the ashes
of his body with her daily drink ; and she built the
famous Mausoleum at Halicarnassus in his memory*
She reigned 352-350 B*c* Mausolus is one of the inter-
locutors in T* Heywood's Dialogues xiii*, and is ad-
dressed, "O Carion." Spenser, in Ruines of Rome ii*,
says, " Mausolus* work will be the Cns/ glory*" Lyly, in
Euphues Anat. Wit 47, speaks of " that river in C* which
turneth those that drink of it to stones*" On page 145 he
mentions 44 the stone that groweth in the river of C*, the
which the more it is cut the more it increaseth/'

CARIBDIS* See CHARYBDIS*

CARIMANIA* See CARHANIA*

CARLEGION* Intended for the old name of Chester,
Caer Leon Gawr, Le. the city of the Great Legion* This
the English made into Leganceaster, and it was finally
cut down to Chester; often distinguished as W*
Chester (see CHESTER), Drayton, in Idea (1594) xxxii* 5,
says, 44 C* Chester vaunts her holy Dee*"

CARLINGFORD* A spt* town on E* coast of Ireland in
Co* Louth, abt* 50 m* N* of Dublin and 10 m* E* of
Dundalk* Dundalk was attacked by the rebel Shane
O'Neill in 1566 and, according to Stucley, Stucley
played a large part in its defence, but it is doubtful
whether he remained in Ireland after 1565* In the play
the attack on Dundalk is described ; and in line 885
O'Neale says, " Fan [i*e* when] O'Cane and Magennis
come from C*, we will enter lustily the town" (sc*
Dundalk)*

CARLISLE* The capital of Cumberland, on the Eden,
301 m* N*W* of Lond* It is a bishop's see, and the
cathedral dates from the time of Henry I* In R$ iii* 3,
30, Percy, in a list of those who are supporting Richd*,
says there is 44 besides a clergyman Of holy reverence ;
who, I cannot learn/' Northumberland says, u Belike
it is the Bp* of C/' In iv»,the Bp+ of C* alone protests
against the usurpation of the throne by Bolingbroke j
whereupon Northumberland arrests him for capital
treason* In v* 6, 24, Bolingbroke permits him to go into
retirement, *4 For though mine enemy thou hast ever
been, High sparks of honour in thee have I seen*" This
was Thomas Merkes, who became bp* in 1397* He alone
of the lords stood by Richd*, and was committed to the
Tower, but he was released and pardoned in 1400 " on
account of the excellence of his character/' The
Countess Elinor of C* is mentioned in Greene's James
IV i* 3* There was, however, no Earl of C* between the
execution of Sir Andrew Harda, ist Earl, in 1323, and
the creation of James Hay in 1623* Spenser, F* Q* ii*
10, 24, says that Cairleill was built by " k* Leill," an
ancient K. of Britain*

xox

CARMANIA

CARMANIA (or CARIMANIA). A province of Asia on the
N.E* side of the Persian Gull It corresponds to the
S.E. corner of modern Persia, and the name is preserved
in the town of Kerman. In Marlowe's Tamb* B. iii. i,
Callipinus is proclaimed 4* Emperor of Natolia * * * C*
and all the 130 kingdoms late contributory to his mighty
father/' In Suckling's Aglaura iv. i, Ziriff says, 44 The
prince does intend to join with C."

CARMARDEN. See CAERMARTHEN.

CARMEL. The mtn. range terminating in the headland
of C., on the W. coast of Palestine, on the S. of the Bay
of Acre, It is chiefly remembered as the scene of the
contest between Elijah and the priests of Baal, related in
I Kings xviii. In Greene & Lodge's Looking Glass i. 2,
155, an Angel, having carried Oseas through the air to
Nineveh, says, 44 So was Elias rapt within a storm. And
set upon Mt. C. by the Lord/' There is nothing in the
Biblical account to suggest this legend* In Milton,
P. L. xii. 144, Michael points out to Adam 4t on the
shore, Mt. C." as the W. boundary of the territories of
Israel*

CARNARVONSHIRE. A county in N.W. Wales* It
is very mountainous, and only one-third of the land is
capable of cultivation. The chief peak is Snowdon.
The capital is Carnarvon, on the Menai Straits, 235 m.
N.W. of Lond. The castle was built by Edward I
(1383-1293), arid Edward II, Prince of Wales, was born
there. In H8 ii. 3, 48, when Anne Bullen swears, " I
would not be a queen for all the world," the old lady re-
plies : ** In faith, for little England you'd venture an
emballing ; I myself would for C." : the point being
the poverty of the county. In Peele's Ed. If p. 49,
Elinor asks that her young son may be " In Carnarvon
christened royally." " Then," says the K*, " Edward of
Carnarvon shall he be, Born Prince of Wales/' Earlier
in the same play (p. 23), the Harper predicts, " When the
weather-cock of Carnarvon steeple shall engender young
ones in the belfry , . . Then shall Brute be born anew
And Wales record their ancient hue/' Apparently this
is a riddling reference to the birth of the Prince of Wales
there. In Jonson's Wales, Evan says of the old man who
has been representing Atlas, " He is caul! now Craig-
ereri, a mm. in Carnarvanseere/'
CARNON. A mtn. range in Servia, near Belgrade, S. of
the Danube, near the ancient city of Carnuntum* The
huge underground reservoirs of Constantinople, known
as the palace of the 1001 pillars, and the Subterranean
Palace, were supplied with water from these hills* In
Marlowe's Tamb* A. iii* i, Bajafceth, who is besieging
Constantinople, sends pioneers to 44 Cut off the water
that by leaden pipes Runs to the city from the mtn. C."

CARPATHUS. An island in the JEgean, between
Crete and Rhodes, some 50 m. N.E. of Crete, now called
Skarpanto* Proteus, the seer and shepherd of Neptune's
flocks, had a cave sacred to him in C. In Milton's Comus
872, Proteus is referred to as " the Carpathian wizard."
In Nabbes' Microcosmus iv*, Temperance speaks of
44 lampreys' guts fetched from Carpathian streights " as
amongst the luxuries which foster gluttony. Pliny,
Nat. Hist, ix* 29, speaks of the Scarus, or lamprey, being
found abundantly in the Carpathian Sea.

CARPEIAN* In Cmsafs Rev. v. i, Anthony swears by
44 the overburning [4 everburning] fires of Vesta and C*
towers of Jove." The reference is obviously to the
Capitol, and I am satisfied that C* is a misprint for
Tarpeian. One of the old names of the hill was the
Tarpeian Hill,

CARTHAGE

CARRARA* A town and dist. close to the W. coast of
Italy, some 200 m. N.W. of Rome, in the old Duchy of
Modena. It has been famous from Roman times for
the white marble which is quarried from the lower
ridges of Monte Sagro. In Davenant's Wits iv., Engine
speaks of 44 snails taken from the dewy marble quarries
ofC."

CARREBD. See CHARYBDIS.

CARTAGENA. A spt. on the N.W. coast of S* America,
in New Granada. Its fine harbour is formed by 2 islands
extending along the coast and protecting it like a natural
breakwater. In Devonshire i. 2, the Merchant says,
44 Nombre de Dios, C., Hispaniola with Cuba by Drake
were ravished/' Drake sacked Nombre de Dios in 1572,
and the other places named in 1585.

CARTER LANE. A st* in Lond. running W. from the
corner of Old Change and Cannon St. to Water Lane.
The ist quarto of Henry V (1600) was ** Printed by
Thomas Creede for Tho« Millington and John Busby.
And are to be sold at his house in C. L., next the
Powle Head." The Paul's Head was at the comer of
Sermon L. and Carter L. One of Tar! ton's Jests (161 1)
begins, 44 In C. L. dwelt a merry cobler." Richd. Quiney
addressed a letter to Shakespeare 44 from the Bell in
C. L,, the 25 October, 1598."

CARTERTON. An alleged vill. in Sussex ; but the name
is obviously invented for the occasion. In Nabbes*
C* Garden L 2, Ralph says that his master's name may be
found in the church-register at *4 C* in the Co* of Sus-
sex " ; and that he is the son of Rowland Dungworth
of Dirtall Farm*

CARTHAGE (Cn. = Carthaginian). An ancient Phoeni-
cian city on what is now the Bay of Tunis on the N. coast
of Africa. It was founded, according to tradition, by
Dido, who fled thither from Tyre to escape from her
brother Pygmalion, who had murdered her husband*
The Roman legends told how .ffineas, after the capture
of Troy by the Greeks, was driven by a storm to C* and
was warmly welcomed by Dido, who bore him a son* In
obedience to the gods, however, he left her and pro-
ceeded to Italy, and she in despair burnt herself to death
on a funeral pyre as his ships departed* Her sister and
confidant, Anna, followed Aneas to Italy and, becom-
ing the object of his wife Laviniafs jealousy, drowned
herself in the Numicius and was afterwards wor-
shipped as Anna Perenna. C. became the leading com-
mercial city of the Mediterranean, and during the jfth
cent. B.C. made herself mistress of Sardinia, Corsica,
Sicily (where she came into conflict with the Greek
colonies and was defeated by Timoleon 345 B*c«)> and the
Balearic Islands, and founded colonies In Spain, In
264 B.C. she came into conflict with Rome, and the ist
Punic war lasted with varying fortune, but on the whole
favourably to Rome, until 241* In 2x8 the 2nd Ptmic
war began with the invasion of Italy by Hannibal,
who conquered the Romans at the battles of Lake
Trasimene and Cannae, but was finally driven from
Italy. Scipio then carried the war into Africa, and
finished it by the victory of Zama in 202* In Temp, ii.
i, 72, Adrian, referring to the recent marriage of the K/s
daughter to the K. of Tunis, says, " Tunis was never
graced before With such a paragon to their <juten/f
4 Not," says Gonzalo, " since widow Dido's time/*—
44 She was of C.," replies Adrian, ** not of Tunis " ;
to which Gonzalo responds, 44 This Tunis, Sir, was C*"
In M. N. I>. i. i, 173, Hermia swears, ** By that fire
which burned the C' queen When the false Troian

102

CARTHAGENA

under sail was seen*" In Merck* v* i, 13, Lorenzo says,
44 In such a night Stood Dido with a willow in her hand
Upon the wild sea banks, and waft her love To come
again to C" In Shrew L i, 159, Lucentio says to Tranio,
44 Thou art to me as secret and as dear As Anna to the
Q* of C* was/' Chaucer tells the story of Dido in Leg.
Fair Women 924, and refers to it in House of Fame L 221*
Marlowe makes it the subject of a tragedy (Dido, Queen
of C*)* Jonson, in Tub, has a woman called Dido Wispe,
whom in i* 2 Puppy refers to ironically as 44 brave C*
queen ! " In Greene's Orlando L i, 173, Rodomant says
that Orlando 44 Skipped from his country as Anchises'
son And means, as he did to the C* queen, To pay her
ruth and ruin for her loss/' In B* & F. Maid's Trag, ii* 2,
Aspatia speaks of 44 The C* queen when from a cold sea-
rock Full with her sorrows, she tied fast her eyes To the
fair Trojan ships*" In Shirley's Venice iii* 4, Thomaso,
referring to Rosabella, the hostess of the inn, says,
44 Drink, whilst I embrace my queen of C.," i*e* Dido*

Historical references. In Massinger's Bondman, the
scene is laid in Syracuse in 343 B*C*, when Timoleon
delivered Syracuse from the attacks of the Cns* In i* i,
Leosthenes assures Timagoras, 44 The thundering
threats of C* fright not me/* In iii, 3, Gracculo dresses
Asotus as an ape, and asks him, ** What for the Cns, ^ "
— whereupon Asotus 4t makes moppes*" Apes were
trained to show contempt for Spain, or the Turk, or the
Pope, by refusing to come aloft, or by making grimaces,
when they were mentioned* Probably Massinger meant
this play to be more or less significant of existing
political conditions : Spain is intended by C*, and Gisco
the Admiral represents the D* of Buckingham, Mar-
lowe's Faustus prol* opens : 44 Not marching now in
fields of Thrasimene Where Mars did mate the Cns*
* * « Intends our Muse to vaunt his heavenly verse/'
Mate is used in the sense of match, not defeat; for
Marlowe cannot have been ignorant that the Cns* were
the victors at L* Trasimenus 217 B*c* In Caesar's Rev.
iii* i, Caesar's Ghost speaks of Hannibal as 4t the stout
Cn. lord, The fatal enemy to the Roman name*" In
Brandon's Octavia 115, Octavia says of her husband
Marcellus, *4 Proud C* knows, his youthful sword did
pay Large tributes of their souls to Stygian lake/' This
is an absurd confusion between the great M* Claudius
Marcellus, who fought against Hannibal in the 2nd
Punic war and was killed in battle 208 B*c*, and C*
Claudius Marcellus, the husband of Octavia, who died
about 41 B*C* Sir P* Sidney, in Sonnet , My Mistress
Lowers, says, *4 If e'er my face with joy be clad, Think
Hannibal did laugh when C* lost/' In Milton, P* #*
iii* 35> the Tempter tells our Lord that, before he was
his age, ** young Scipio had brought down The Cn*
pride/' Scipio took command against C* in Spain when
he was 24, and gained his surname Africanus when he
was 33* In Massinger's Actor L 3, Paris, defending the
stage, points out the stimulating effect of an actor show-
ing ** Scipio, After his victories imposing tribute On
conquered C*" In Machin's Dumb Knight L i, Phylo-
cles thinks that '* Caesar's Pharsalia nor Scipio's C*"
were worthy of chariots of triumph* In Caesar's Rev* L 3,
Caesar quotes Scipio Africanus as saying, 4i Let pity
then move us to rue no traitorous C* fall/' In Skelton's
Magnificence^ Fancy speaks of " Typpo, that noble C*
wan/' Typpo is a misprint for Scipio* Scene I of
Massinger's Believe is laid in the neighbourhood of C*
about 190 B*C., after the defeat of Antiochus the Gt* by
the Romans at Magnesia* The play begins : " You are
now in sight of C*, that great city, Which in her em-

CASBIN

pire*s vastness rivals Rome/* Amilcar, Prince of the Cn*
Senate, and 3 other senators take part in the play*

Chaucer refers to the final destruction of C* in 146
B*c*, when Hasdrubal killed himself and his wife and
children flung themselves into the flames of his funeral
pyre* In Nun's Priest's Tale B* 4555, he tells how the
hen shrieked when the fox carried off Chaunticleer,
44 Ful louder than dide Hasdrubales wyf Whan that the
Romayns hadde brend Cartage/' In F* 1399, he says,
44 What shal I seyn of Hasdrubales wyf That at Cartage
birafte hirself hir lyfs"' In Jonson's Qatittne iii* 3,
Catiline boasts that he will do 44 what the Gaul or Moor
could ne'er effect. Nor emulous C*," Le. destroy Rome*
In Kyd's Cornelia i*, Cicero says, ** C* and Sicily we
have subdued*" In H* Shirley's Mart. Soldier i* i,
Hubert brings the news that he has taken " Eugenius,
bp* of C*," and later his martyrdom is related* This is
all wrong : Eugenius was Bp* of C* 2 years after the
death of Genseric, who is here represented as his
persecutor; and he died in Gaul A*D* 505* In Chap-
man's Caesar i, 2, 275, Caesar tells of one so clear-sighted
that from Sicily he 44 could discern the Cn* navy And
number them distinctly leaving harbour. Though full a
day and night's sail distant*" Plutarch is the authority
for this impossible story* The scenes of Marlowe's
Dido, Marston's Sophonisba, and Act IV of Nabbes*
Hannibal are laid at C*

CARTHAGENA (the ancient CARTHAGO NOVA)* A spt*
in Spain, on the coast of Murcia, 240 m* S*E* of Madrid*
It was founded by the Carthaginians 242 B*C*, and was
taken by Scipio 211 B*C* : the fortress was supposed to
be impregnable, but Scipio surprised it by marching
his troops over the shallows laid bare by the ebbing tide*
It is one of the finest harbours in Spain, and was the
headquarters of the Spanish plate-fleet, which came
and went annually to the W* Indies for tribute to Spain*
In Tiberius 1109, Germanicus says, " The elder African
[z*e* Scipio Africanus Major] in Spaine By ebbing Thetis
scarred Carthage walls/' In Greene's Orlando ii* i, 767,
Marsilius, who is represented as K* of Spain, says to
Mandrecarde, 44 Mine shall honour thee And safe con-
duct thee to Port Carthagene/' In Shirley's Heir v* 4,
Alfonso, who has come to help to restore Ferdinand to
the throne of Murcia, says, 44 We had command To
steer our course by sea to C*" In T* Heywood's J* Jft* M *
B* 333, the D, of Medina says, 44 Non sufficit orbis, our
proud Spanish motto, By the English mocked, and
found at Carthagen, Shall it not now take force tf " In
Davenant's Rutland, p* 221, the Parisian compares
Moorfields with its acres of old linen hung out to dry
with ** the fields of C* when the 5 months' shifts of the
whole fleet are washed and spread," z*e* on the return of
the plate-fleet from America*

CARVENOW (probably CAKMENOW), A manor in the
parish of Mawgan, in S*E* Cornwall, abt* 7 tru S*W* of
Falmouth* In Cornish M* P* iii* 94, Pilate gives " C*"
to the gaoler for his good service*

CASBIN (or CASBEEN, i«e* KAZVIN)* An important city in
Persia, 90 m* N*W* of Teheran* It was made the capital
by Tahmasp (1524-1576), and remained so till Shah
Abbas removed the seat of government to Ispahan early
in the i7th cent* In 1598 Sir Anthony and Robert
Sherley visited C* and were warmly welcomed by Abbas*
Robert remained there in the service of the Shah, but
he fell out of favour through the machinations of Haly
Beg and died in C* in 1628. His adventures, and those
of his 2 brothers, are the subject of Day's Travails. In

103

CASIUS

L i, Sir Anthony and Robert are welcomed with " a peal
of shot, The like till now was never heard in C." Milton,
P* L* x* 436, describes the retreat of the Bactrian Sophi
(Le. the Shah of Persia) from the Turks " To Tauris
or C*"

CASIUS (now EL KATIEH or RAS-EL-KASAROON)* A sand-
hill on the coast of Egypt, abt* 50 m* E* of Port Said*
Milton, P» L. ii* 593, describes the Serbonian Bog
(£*e* L* Tanais) as lying " Betwixt Damiata and Mount
C* old*"

CASPIA* In Chapman's Blind Beggar ix*, Clearchus says
to Ptolemy, " Your bands in Memphis and in C*,
Joined with your power of Alexandria, Will double all
the forces of these kings*" The context seems to show
that some city or dist* in Egypt is meant: possibly
Casium, which lies just E* of Pelusium at the foot of
Mt* Casius, where Pompey was buried* See CASIXTS*

CASPIAN* The largest inland sea of Asia, between the
Black Sea and the Sea of Aral* It derived its name from
the Caspii, who lived on its S*E* shores, in the dist* called
Caspia* In Marlowe's Tamb* A* i* i, Cosroes is crowned
Emperor of Asia and " chief Lord of * * , the ever-
raging C* Lake*" The word is used a little earlier in the
Act for a very remote place ; " Allegiance," says My-
cetes, ** is Fled to the C* or the Ocean main*" In ii* 3,
Tamburlaine speaks of the " craggy rocks of Caspia*"
In Cawar's jRev* iiu 2, Caesar says that Alexander,
" Through Hydaspis and the C* waves His praise did
propagate." Spenser, F* Q* ii* 7, 14, speaks of the evils
endured by the man " Who swelling sails in C* sea doth
cross " for the sake of wealth* Milton, P. L* ii* 716,
describes a thunderstorm ** when two black clouds With
heaven's artillery fraught, come rattling on Over the C*"
In P* R.iiL 271, he mentions u Araxes and the C* Lake "
as the bounds of the Assyrian Empire* Fuller, Church
Hist, ii* n, 43, describes certain scholars as " like the
C* Sea, receiving all and having no outlet*"

CASSIANS* The Cassi, a British tribe living in the
basin of the Thames, possibly in Bucks*, Beds*, and
Herts*, where the hundred of Cashio and Cashiobury,
close to Watford, may preserve their name* In
Fisher's Fuimus iv* 4, Mandubratius says to Caesar, "By
me the Trinobants submit and C*" See Caesar B* G* v*

CASTALIA* A spring at the foot of Mt* Parnassus, close
to Delphi, dedicated to the Muses, and hence supposed
to impart poetic inspiration to anyone who drank of its
waters* In Barnes' Charter L 2, a Gentleman says,
" We poets Which in Cn* fountains dipped our quills,
Are forced of men's impiety to plain*" T* Heywood, in
Hierarchie of Blessed Angels B* 4, says, " Famous Jonson,
though his learned pen He dipt in Castaly, is still but
Ben*" In Brewer's Lovesick King ii*, Thornton says,
44 I'll sit down and write, sweet Helicon inspire me with
thy Cn* luck J " On the title page of Venus and Adonis,
Shakespeare put the couplet from Ovid Am. I, xv* 35,
** Vilii miretur vulgus ; mini flavus Apollo Pocula C*
plena' ministret aqua*" In Jonson's Poetaster i* i, Lus-
cus asks Ovid, " Why, young master, you are not Cn*
mad, has1" Le. poetry mad; and in iii* I, Crispus
speaks of the city ladies sitting " in every shop, like the
Muses offering you the Cn* dews and the Thespian
liquors," Spenser, in Rnines of Time 431, says of
Achilles, ** But that blind bard did him immortal make
With verses, dipt in dew of Castalie/' Nash, in Some-
what to Read (1591), says to the Countess of Pembroke
•" Thou only . * * keepest the springs of C, from being

CASTILE

dried up/* Herrick, in Farewell to Sack (1647), calls the
Muses ** Those thrice three Cn* sisters*" The name
was also applied to a spring which watered the grove of
Apollo at Daphne, in Syria, close by Antioch (see
Gibbon's Decline and Fall, chap* xxiii, note 106)*
Milton, P* L* iv* 274* denies that 4t that sweet grove Of
Daphne, by Orontes and the inspired Cn* spring,"
could vie with the beauties of the Garden of Eden*
CASTEL-BLANCO* There are several places in Spain
so called* This particular one must be sought in the
neighbourhood of Osuna and Seville* In B* & F*
Pilgrimage i, i, Incubo calls himself ** master Baily of
C*~B*," and immediately afterwards speaks of *4 master
Dean of Seville, our neighbour*"
CASTILE, Sp* CASTILLA (Cn*~~Castilian)* One of the
ancient kingdoms of Spain, so called from the forls, or
castillos, built on its borders by Alfonso I to defend it from
the Moors* It occupies the N* and central parts of the
peninsula* At first a province of the kingdom of Leon, it
was erected into a separate kingdom in 1033, and in 1037
was united to Leon* In 13x2 the Moors were driven out of
it into S*W* Spain, and the disk recovered from them
was distinguished as New C,, the N* portion being
Old C* In 1469 Isabella of C* married Ferdinand of
Aragon, and the united kingdoms became the kingdom
of Spain. In Greene's Friar iv*, the K* of C* is enter-
tained in England by Henry III* This was Ferdinand
III, the Saint, whose daughter Elinor married our
Edward I* There are many allusions to her Spanish
origin in Peek's Ed. L In Middleton's Chess v* 3, the
Black Knight relates that 4* Fat Satictius, k* of C*, was
killed by an herb, taken to make him lean, which old
Corduba, k* of Morocco, counselled his fear to*" Sane-
tius is Sancho III (1283-1295) and old Corduba is
Mahomet Mir Almir, or Miramoline (1272-1302), In
Trag. Richd. II i* i, 50, Lancaster says, " Why, the
proud Castillyan, Where John of Gaunt writes king and
sovereign, Would not throw off their vile and servile
yoke By treachery so base*" John of Gaunt assumed the
title of K* of C* after his marriage with the daughter of
Pedro the Cruel, but the throne was actually occupied
by Henry of Trastamara* In Kyd's Span. Trag* there
is a Cyprian, D* of C*, whom the king addresses as " my
loving brother of C*," and after his death laments him
as the heir to his throne, " That Spain expected after
my decease*" In Act I Hieronymo says that " John of
Gaunt . * * came to Spain And took our K* of C*
prisoner*" This is not true* A D* of C* also appears in
the dumbshow at the beginning of JeronimQ* In Web-
ster's Malfi ii* 5, the Cardinal, in conversation with
Ferdinand, D* of Calabria, says, 4* Shall our blood, The
royal blood of Aragon and C*, Be thus attainted tf "
This was Ferdinand V, who in 1498 became 1C, of
Naples* He died in 1516* The supposed date of the
play is given in ii* 3, as 1504. In Studey, 1545, Philip II
of Spain speaks of his wish for many years " that
Portingal And fruitful C*, being one continent,
Had likewise been the subject of one sceptre*" This
was in 1578, and in 1580 he gained his wish and
added Portugal to his dominions* In Chapman's Con$p*
Byron ii* i, Savoy relates how Byron " did take Beaune
In view of that invincible army led By the Lord great
Constable of C*" This was in 1595, during the wars of
the League: John Ferdinand de Velasque, the Con-
stable of C*, was one of the chief commanders on the
Spanish side ; but he was in Lombardy and had not
yet marched into France at the time when Byron took
Beaune* In Devonshire L 2, the Merchant says that when
Drake sacked the Spanish W, Indies, " the Gou Horn

104

CASTILE

began to roar/* In T* Heywood's LK+M+ B* 335,
Ricaldus mentions " 14 great ships of Biskey, of C*," as
forming part of the Spanish Armada* In Greville's
Mustapha ii* i, Achmat says he is ** no governor of C*,
No petty prince's choice whose weak dominions Make
weak counsels current/'

Cn* is used for Spanish* In Dekker's Fortunatus iii* i,
Insultado is called indifferently, " my Spanish prisoner "
and " my Cn* prisoner/' In his Shoemaker's ii* 3, Eyre
says, " Firk, scour thy throat ! Thou shalt wash it with
Cn* liquor," i*e* Spanish wine* In Three Lords (Dods* vi*
458), Policy says, " Now, Fealty, prepare thy wits for war
To parley with the proud Cns*" ; and again, p* 466,
"With London's pomp C* cannot compare/' In
M. W. W. ii* 3, 34, the Host says to Caius, 44 Thou art a
Castalion king-Urinall ; Hector of Greece, my boy/'
Needless difficulty has been made of the word* It is
clearly intended as an ironical compliment, like the
Hector of Greece which follows* The K* of Spain was
the wealthiest monarch in Europe ; and his Court had
the reputation of being the most dignified and proudest
in the world* Caius is but a king-urinal, a king of
physicians, but for all that he is a Cn* king, a king of the
first water* In Marston's Malcontent i* 4, Malevole says
to Bilioso, " Adieu, my true court-friend, farewell, my
dear Castilio " : where Castilio may mean a dignified
courtier, or may be an allusion to Baldessar Castiglioni,
the author of the Courtier* In Glapthorne's Privilege ii*
i, Adorni tells how " A Cn* was in Paris to be whipped
through the sts*, and, being admonished to be more
swift of foot, in scorn answered he would rather be
flayed alive than break a tittle of his gravity*" In Cow-
ley's Riddle iii*, Alupis calls Don Hercules Alcido de
Secundo ** A brave Cn* name " : in allusion to the
high-sounding titles of the Spanish grandees*

In Tw* TV* ii* 3, 34, Sir Toby says to Maria, when Sir
Andrew is entering, " What, wench ** Castiliano vulgo ;
for here comes Sir Andrew Aguecheek," It is perhaps
hardly necessary to suppose that Toby meant anything
at all by this exclamation, unintelligible as it stands :
if something has to be made of it, Warburton's con-
jecture, "Castiliano volto," i*e* put on a grave Spanish
countenance, is as good as any* Possibly there may be
some connection with the drunkencry, " Castiliano rivo/'
In Marlowe's Jew iv* 6, Ithamor, in the midst of a
drinking bout, cries : " Hey, Rivo-castiliano I a man's
a man I " In Look about iv*,it is said of a drunken man,
44 And Rivo will he cry and C* too*" Rivo alone is found
as a drunken exclamation in H4 A* ii* 4, 124 : ** Rivo,
says the drunkard " ; and in Marston's What you ii* i,
44 We'll quaff or any thing ; Rivo, St. Mark J " <XE JX
takes Rivo to be perhaps the Spanish Arriba (up, up-
wards), but it cannot be said that any satisfactory ex-
planation of either part of the phrase has been dis-
covered* Cn* soap was made out of olive-oil and soda,
and had a great reputation* In Jonson's Devil v* 3,
Meercraft instructs FitsDottrel how to feign epilepsy
by foaming at the mouth; "a little castle-soap will
do % to rub your lips*" Burton, A* M* ii* 4, 3, recom-
mends " suppositories of Cn* soap " as a purge* In
Davenant's Italian v* 3, Altamont says, 44 The cymbals
of India call Cn* cornets forth*" Why the cornet should
be called Cn*, I do not know*

There were 3 languages spoken in the peninsula: (i)
the Catalan, spoken in the N*W*, a dialect of the
Langue d'Oc of S* France ; (a) the Cn. in the centre,
the parent of modern Spanish ; (3) the Portuguese* In
Middleton's Gipsy ii* 2, Pedro says to Sancno, 44 Thy
father was as brave a Spaniard as ever spake the haut

CATADUPES

Cn* tongue*" In Cockayne's Obstinate iii* 3, Carionil
says, ** My long residence in the Spanish Court hath
made me speak the Cn* language perfectly/' Dekker,
in Lanthornt says that in the golden age " there was no
Spaniard to brave his enemy in the rich and lofty Cn/'

CASTLE INN* A tavern on the N* side of Paternoster
Row, Lond., near the site afterwards occupied by Dolly's
Coffee House, close to Queen's Head Passage* Later
still it became the Oxford Bible Warehouse* The C* I*
was kept at one time by Tarlton ; and one of his Jests
relates how 2 of his friends 44 foxed Tarlton [z*e* made
him drunk] at the C* in Pater Noster Row*" There was
a C* Tavern on the N* side of Cornhill, near the R* Ex-
change* Davenport's New Trick was *' Printed for John
Okes for Humphrey Blunden and are to be sold at his
shop in Cornehill next to the C* Tavern* 1639*"

CASTLE INN* (i) An inn in St* Albans near which
Somerset was killed in the ist battle of St* Albans, 1455*
In H6 B* v* a, 68, Richd* apostrophises his dead body :
" So lie thou there ; For underneath an alehouse* paltry
sign, The C* in St* Albans, Somerset Hath made the
wizard famous in his death/' In H6 B. i* 4, 38, the
spirit conjured up by Bolingbroke had warned Somer-
set, ** Let him shun castles*"

(2) An inn in Plymouth where Bess Bridges, the
heroine of T* Heywood's Maid of West, was barmaid*
" The C* needs no bush," says one of the Captains in
i* i ; "her beauty draws to them more gallant customers
than all the signs i' the town else*" The next a scenes
take place in front of the inn and in one of its rooms
respectively*

CASTLE NOVO (£*e* CASTEL Nuovo at Naples, fronting
the Largo del Castello)* It is strongly fortified with a
wall and ditch, and was founded in the I3th cent* by
Charles of Anjou* In Webster's Law Case v* 6, the
scene of which is laid at Naples, Romelio says, 44 Run
To C* N* ; this key will release A Capuchin and my
mother, whom I shut Into a turret."

CASTLE OF ANTWERP. A fort built on the S. of the
city by the D. of Alva in 1567* Its site is now appro-
priated for new docks* In Larum A* 3, Danila speaks of
the Spaniards as being " sole commanders of the C*,"
in which the scene is laid*

CASTOR AND POLLUX (TEMPLE OF)* In Rome on
the S*W. side of the Forum, between the Basilica
Sempronia and the Temple of Vesta* It was built in
494 B*C* by Aulus Postumius, and restored in 119 B.C*
by Metellus Dalmaticus and in A*D* 6 by Tiberius* Three
Corinthian columns, which formed part of it, are still
conspicuous* It was often used for meetings of the
Senate* In Chapman's Caesar i* i, 48, Statilius reports,
44 1 saw C* and P* t* thrust up full With all the damned
crew " of Caesar's agents. The next scene is laid in the
Forum, before the T* of C* and P*

CATADUPES. The people living by the cataracts (Greek
Katadoupoi) of the Nile in Upper Egypt* Heylyn (s.v.
EGYPT) says, " In the place where this Egypt and
Habassia meet is the last cataract of Nilus ; which is a
fall of the waters after much struggling with the rocks
for passage, an incredible way down into the lower
vallies* The hideousness of the noise which it maketh
not only deafeth all the by-dwellers, but the hills also
are torn with the sound*" In Brewer's Lingua iii* 7,
Memory says, ** The Egyptian C* never heard the roaring
of the falls of Nilus, because the noise was so familiar
unto them*" In Jonson's JBv* Man L (quarto edition),
Clement says, "No; we'll come a step or two lower

CATAIA

then in style — From Catadupa and the banks of Nile
Where only breeds your monstrous crocodile Now are
we purposed for to fetch our style/* Lodge, in Wits
Miserie (1596), says, " Sien of my science in the Cata-
dupe of my knowledge, I nourish the crocodile of thy
conceit/'

CATAIA, or CATHAY (Cia* = Cataia)* The names used
vaguely for China, especially N* China, in mediaeval
Europe* They were derived from the Khitai, the ist of
the foreign dynasties which conquered China, and which
was displaced by the Nyuche in A*r>* 1133* After the
conquests of Jenghiz Khan and Kublai Khan in the
1 3th cent* C* became known in Europe through the
Dominican and Franciscan missionaries, and Italian
travellers and merchants, like the Polos. By the end of
the 1 6th cent* C* had been replaced by China as the
name of the country, and was mostly used in a vague
sort of way for the mysterious, distant E* Heylyn
(s*i>* CATHAIE) says " The people are very warlike,
strong in matters of action, fearless of the greatest
dangers, and patient of labour and want. They are of
mean stature, little eyes, sharp sight, and wear their
beards thin* They are of a very good wit, dress them-
selves gorgeously, and fare on occasions sumptuously*
They are the most honourable people of the Tartars,
indifferently civil, lovers of arts both mechanical and
civil/* In Experience's lecture on geography in Eh-
ments,Haz* i* 32, he says/' But eastward on the sea-side
A prince there is that ruleth wide, Called the Can of
Catowe"; and he estimates that America, "the new
lands," "from the Can of Catowes land cannot lie little
past 1000 miles/* In Rabelais' Pantagruel, iv* i. the
oracle of the Holy Bottle <*lay near Catay in the Ujjper
India*" For the vagueness of the i7th cent* notions
about C* see under CHINA.

In B, & F* Prize iv* 5, Maria says to Petruchio,
" When I hear not from you once a quarter, I'll wish
you in the Indies or Cataya ; Those are the climes
must make you/* Petruchio comments, " She'll wish
me out of the world anon/' In their Span. Car. ii* i,
Diego says, " Nova Hispania ! and Signor Tiveria !
What are these i He may as well name you friends out
of Cia/' In iii* a, Lopez greets Arsenio and Milanes :
"You look like travelled men; may be, some old friends
that happily I have forgot; someSignors in China or Cia/'
Nash, in Lenten (p. 303), says of Yarmouth, "Not any
where is justice soundlier ministered betwixt this and
the Grand C* and the strand of Prester John*" In
Barry's Ram iv* 2, Smallshanks exhibits Capt* Face as a
baboon, and describes him as "an outlandish beast
lately brought from the land of Cia*" In Brome's
Antipodes i. 3, Barbara says of Peregrine, " He talks
much of the kingdom of Ca*, Of one great Caan, and
goodman Prester John*" Milton, JP* £* x* 293, describes
icebergs ** that stop the imagined way Beyond Petsora
eastward to the rich Cian* coast," i >e+ the much-sought-
for N*E* passage* In P. £* xi* 388, Cambalu (Pekin) is
called the " seat of the Cian* Can*" One of the in-
gredients of Maquerelle's restorative in Marston's Mal-
content ii* 4 is " amber of Cia/' In Dekker's Match me
ii*, Bilbo says, " The musk, upon my word, Sir, is per-
fect Cathayne/*

Cian* is used in a slang way for a sharper* In JWT* TP* W+
iL i, 148, Page, speaking of Nym, says, " I will not be-
lieve such a Cian*, though the priest of the town com-
mended him for a true man*" In Ttv* JIV* ii* 3, 80, Sir
Toby says> **My lady's a Cian*, we are politicians,
a Peg-o-Ramsey " : where the name is

CATHAY

simply abusive* In Dekker's Hon. Wh. B* iv* i, Matheo
says, " Shallow knight ! poor squire Tinacheo ! I'll
make a wild Cian* of 40 such ; hang him, he's an ass,
he's always sober " : apparently he means that it would
take 40 such fools to make one clever sharper*

CAT AND FIDDLE* The sign of a Lond* ordinary or
eating-house, in Cheapside, near the Cross* In Middle-
ton's Witch i* 2, after the stage direction, " Hecate con-
jures ; enter a Cat playing on a fiddle, and Spirits with
meat," Almachildes remarks, " The C* & F» is an ex-
cellent ordinary*" The nursery rhyme, " Hey diddle
diddle, the cat and the fiddle," does not appear to be
earlier than the i8th cent* Day, in prol* to Law Tricks,
asks, " Must a musician of necessity dwell at the C. &
the F* i "

CAT AND PARRETS* The sign of T* Pavier's book-
shop in Cornhill, near the Exchange* The 1603 quarto
of Henry V was "Printed by Thomas Creede for
Thomas Pauier and are to be sold at his shop in Cornhill
at the sign of the C* & P* near the Exchange /' The 1 6oa
edition of the Span* Trag* was published at the same
place*

CATARYNA, SANTA. See KATHERINE'S, SAINT*

CATEATON ST* Lond*, running from the junction of
Old Jury and Lothbury to Lad Lane* It is now called
Gresham St* Stow calls it Catts St* The change of
name was made in 1845* In W* Rowley's Match Mid.
iv*, Moll, being surprised by the watch at the corner of
Bishopsgate St* and Cornhill, says to Randall, " Go you
back through Cornhill, I'll run round about the Change,
by the Ch* corner, down C* St*, and meet you at
Bartholomew Lane end/' To which Randall replies,
" Cat's St* was call huts'"

CATHANEA (or CATANIA)* A spt* town on the E. coast
of Sicily, 31 m* N* of Syracuse* In Gascoigne's Sup*
poses ii* i, Erostrato tells how he has persuaded a
traveller from Sienna to pretend that he is " a Sicilian
ofC."

CATHARINE'S (SAINT) HALL* University of Cam-
bridge, founded by Robert Woodlark in 1475. It stands
on the W* side of Trumpington St*, opposite Corpus
Christi* James Shirley, the dramatist, was at one time a
student there*

CATHARINE WHEEL* An ancient tavern in South-
wark, between Union St* and Mint St., opposite St*
George's Ch* ; it survived until 1870* The name was
corrupted into The Cat and Wheel* Taylor, in his
Carriers* Cosmography,, mentions the C* W, in South-
wark as the lodging of the carriers from Timbridge and
other places in Kent* I suspect that it is the tavern
meant by the Cat, or the Cats, in the following passages*
In Brome's Northern i* 5, Pate asks, "Where's the
supper* at the Bridgefoot or the Cat*"' In his Moor
iv* a, Quicksands mentions " the Bridgefoot Bear, the
Tunnes, the Cats, the Squirrels " as taverns frequented
by his wife and her gallant*

CATHARINE WHEEL, The sign of Thomas Creed's
bookshop in Thames St*, Lond* The Tragedy ofSelimw
was "Printed by Thomas Creede, dwelling in Thames
ste. at the signe of the Kathern Wheele neare the olde
Swanne* 1594*"

CATHAY* See CATAIA,

106

CATHERIA

CATHERIA* Possibly CATHJEA is meant, a dist* in the
Punjaub, between the Ravee and the Gharra, whose
capital was Sangala, now Lahore* In Day's Travails^
Bullen, p* 50, the Grand Turk Ahmed I says, " Are
we not Hatnath, Soldan and Emperor of Babilon* of
C*, ^Egipt, Antioche 1 "

CATHERINE'S (SAINT) CREE* A ch* in Lond* on N*
sideofLeadenhallSt* It was built about 1300, but was
pulled down, all but the tower, in 1628 and rebuilt*
Holbein is said to have been buried here* The church-
yard was used in the Middle Ages for the acting of
morality plays* In 1565 there is a record of 27/8 being
paid by the players for the right to act there*

CATHNESIA* See CAITHNESS*

CATOMPYLON* See HECATOMPYLOS*

CATTI (or CHATTI)* A German tribe inhabiting the
modern Hessen, which preserves their name* Germani-
cus, in his campaigns of A*D« 15 and 16, destroyed their
capital Mattium, but they were never reduced to per-
manent submission* Domitian at the beginning of his
reign conducted 2 campaigns in Germany, and cele-
brated a triumph over the C* and Dacii on his return
to Rome, but his alleged victories were without any re-
sult* In Massinger's Actor L i, Latinus says, ** 'Tis fre-
quent in the city he [Domitian] hath subdued The C*
and the Daci, and, ere long, The second time will enter
Rome in triumph*'' In Tiberius 1156, Germanicus says,
44 Of stiff-necked Chatti, never yet controlled, An hun-
dred thousand perished in one field*"

CATWADE (or CATTAWADE)* A small vill* just at the
head of the estuary of the Stour in the parish of Brant-
ham, in Suffolk* Amongst the holy places visited by the
Palmer in J* Hey wood's FotzrPP*i*is**the great God of
Katewade*" I think that we should read "rod," or
44 rood," for *' God," and that there was a rood or cross
at C*, though I have not been able to find any other
record of its existence*

CAUCASUS* The well-defined range of mtns. running
from the Black Sea to the Caspian, and forming the
boundary at that point between Europe and Asia* The
central part of the range is lofty, and most of the peaks
rise above the limit of perpetual snow* The highest
peak is Elburz (18,526 ft*)* ^Eschylus introduced the C*
into literature by making it the scene of the sufferings of
Prometheus, who was chained to a cliff there whilst his
liver was daily devoured by a vulture : his crime being
that he had stolen fire from heaven to bestow it on men*
In Tit* ii. i, 17, Tamora is 44 Faster bound to Aaron's
charming eyes Than is Prometheus tied to C*" In
Jonson's Catiline iii* i, Catiline says of Cethegus, 4* This
man, If all our fire were out, would fetch down new Out
of the hand of Jove ; and rivet him To C., should he
but frown ; and let His own gaunt eagle fly at him, to
tire*" In Richards' Messalina v* i, 2076, the Emperor
speaks of suffering ** Tortures no less than if on C* We
were exposed, a never-dying prey, To the eagle's beak*"
In Peele's Ed. I iv*, Lluellen speaks of 44 The chains
that Mulciber erst made To tie Prometheus' limbs to
C»" In Locrine v* 4, 191, Guendoline talks of Titius,
z*e* the Titan Prometheus, "bound to houseless C*"
Constable, in Diana (1594) v* 10, 4, speaks of ** Prome-
theus «. . * Bound fast to C*'s low foot beneath*" In
Mason's Mulleasses 2349, Mulleasses says, " If on C*
My growing liver were exposed a prey To ravening
vultures, I still would laugh/'

In Rs i* 3, 295, Bolingbroke asks, * Who can hold a
fire in his hand By thinking on the frosty C* i " In

• CECUBUM

Stncley 2352, Muly Hamet speaks of the teeth of his
queen as 44 More white Than Caucase frosty clots*"
Lyly, in Euphues Anat. Wit, p* 105, advises the lover:
44 If thou be as hot as the mt* JEtna, feign thyself as cold
as the hill C*" In Marlowe's Dido v*, Dido says to the
faithless -32neas, ** Thou art sprung from Scythian C*
And tigers of Hyrcania gave thee suck*" In his £d* II
v* 5, Edward says to Lightborn, *4 Thy heart, were it
hewn from the C*, Yet will it melt*" In Nero i* 4,
Scaevinus says that, compared with Nero, 44 The in-
hospitable C. is mild*" In Selimus 1236, Zonara says to
Acomat, ** Thou wast born in desert C* And the Hir-
canian tigres gave thee suck " : a couplet filched from
Marlowe (see above). In Brandon's Octavia 2119,
Octavia says, 44 O Antony, some cruel C* Did thee be-
get*" Barnes, in Parthenophil Ixxv* 10, asks Cupid,
44 Was craggy C* thy crabbed sire i " In the old Timon
iv* i, Timon prays, 44 Mt* C* Fall on my shoulders, so
on them it fall I " In Fisher's Fuimus iv* i, Caesar begs
Mars to utter a roar, " Which C* may as a catch repeat*"
Burton, -4* M* ii* 3, i, i, says, 44 You may as soon re-
move Mt* C* as alter some men's affections*" In
Locrine ii* 5, 44, Albanact says, 44 I'll over-run the mtn*
C* Where fell chimaera in her triple shape Rolleth hot
flames from out her monstrous paunch*" The Chimaera
was not associated with C*, but with Mt* Chymera in
Lycia, g*i>* In T* Hevwood's B* Age i*, Deianeira pro-
fesses that she would feel safe in the arms of Hercules,
even were she attacked by** Those rude bears that breed
in C*" Milton, JP*#* iii* 318, mentions troops from *4 the
Hyrcanian cliffs Of C*" When Chaucer, C* T* D* 1140,
uses the phrase ** Betwix this and the mt* of Kauka-
sous " he means to include all possibilities of place*

CAUX* A dist* in France at the mouth of the Seine* The
chief town is Caudebec, on the Seine, abt* 30 m* E* of
Havre* Drayton, in Ode XII on Agincourt (1606) 6,
says, ** At C,, the mouth of Seine, With all his martial
train Landed K* Harry*"

CAYRO* See CAIRO*

CAYSTER* A river in Asia Minor, in the S* of Lydia,
flowing W* from Mt* Tmolus to the £Sgean Sea close to
Ephesus* The flats in its lower course were known as
the Asian Plain, or Caystri Campus, and were famous
for swans and other wild fowl that abounded there*
In T* Heywood's Dialogues iii* 1924, Thisbe says, " The
white Caistrian bird to me did yield*" In Nabbes'
Microcosmus iii*, Sensuality promises Physander, 44 Shalt
sleep upon a bed of purest down Driven from white
necks of C*'s swans*"

CAZATES* In Marlowe's Tamb. B* i. 3, Techelles, de-
scribing his African expedition, says, ** I marched along
the r* Nile to Machda [i\e* Magdala, in Abyssinia];
From thence unto C* did I march Where Amasonians
met me in the field * * * And with my power did march
to Zanzibar*" Evidently C* must be looked for some-
where between Magdala and Zanzibar : Kazeh, which
lies some 200 m* S* of the Victoria Nyansa Lake and
400 m* from the coast of Zanzibar, may be the place
intended* It is also known as Unyanyembe*

CECROPIA* An ancient name for Athens* derived from
the tradition that its citadel was built by Cecrops* In
Peele's Alcazar i* 2, 85, the Moor cries, 44 Roll on, my
chariot wheels * * * till I be safely set in shade Of some
unhaunted place * * * there To sick [z*e* to sicken] as
Envy at C*'s gate*" See Ovid, Metam* ii* 775*

CECUBUM* See CfficuBus AGER*

107

CELMNJE

S, A city of Phrygia, in a cave near which the
r* Marsyas had its source* The Meander also rose at
Celaenae* Legend said that Apollo hung up the skin of
Marsyas in this cave, and that it moved in rhythm with
the sounds of Phrygian music, but not when music
appropriate to Apollo was sounded* Lyly, in Euphues
England^ p* 321, says, *' The Phrygian harmony being
moved to the Celaenes it , maketh a great noise, but being
moved to Apollo it is still and quiet/'

CELTIBERIA* Properly the central dist* of Spain, but
also loosely applied to the whole country* In Jonson's
Neptune, written to celebrate the return of Prince
Charles and Buckingham from their fruitless wooing of
the Spanish Infanta in 1623, he says, " The mighty
Neptune late did please to send His Albion forth through
C/' In Nabbes' Hannibal iv. 5, one of the minor
characters is Lucius, who describes himself as "A
prince amongst the Cns/'

CELTS, Applied by the Greeks and Romans to the in-
habitants or ancient Gaul and other kindred tribes* In
Cassar's Rev. iv* 3> Cassius says, " Brutus, thou hast
commanded The feared C* and Lusitanian horse/'
z\e* the Gaulish and Portuguese cavalry. In Milton,
Comas 60, Comus is described as 44 Roving the Celtic
and Iberian fields/' z*e* the plains of Gaul and Spain.
Spenser, JF* Q* ii. 10, 5, calls Gaul ** the Celticke main-
land/' and in ii* to, 39, speaks of Codelia's husband as
44 Aggannip of Celtica/' Milton, P* L» L 131, says that
the old Greek gods fled with Saturn " over Adria to the
Hesperian fields And o'er the Celtic [sc* region, i*e*
Gaul] roamed the utmost isles*"

CEMONIAN, See GEMONIES*

CENIMAGNIANS* The Cenimagni, a British tribe, by
some identified with the Iceni* They lived in Suffolk
and Norfolk, In Fisher's Fuimus iv* 4, Mandubratius
says to Caesar, 44 By me the Trinobants submit And C/'
See C&sar B* G* v* ax*

CEPHISSUS* A r* of Attica, now the Sarandaforo, rising
in Mt* Cithseron and flowing joast Eleusis into the N*
end of the Saronic Gulf* The river-god was said to have
been the father of Narcissus* Spenser, F* Q* i* n, 30,
speaking of the Well of Life, says, ** Ne can Cephise,
nor Hebrus, match this well*" In iii* a, 44, Britornart
says, ** 1, fonder than Cephisus' foolish child, Who,
having viewed in a fountain sheer His face, was with the
love thereof beguiled/'

CERAUNIA (or CERANNIA) ; ACROCERAUNIA, #*v* In
Marlowe's Dido L, JEtieas reminds his followers that
they have overpassed *' The Cyclops' shelves and grim
C/s seat/' In Locrine iii* 6, 30, Humber curses the sea
44 that did not rive my ships Against the rocks of high
C/'

CERES* See SERES*

CESILL* See SICILY*

CESTUS* SeeSEsros*

CEUTA (the ancient SEPTXJM)* A spt* in Morocco, on a
peninsula opposite to Gibraltar* It was taken from the
Moors by the Portuguese in 1415, and from them it
passed to the Spanish in 1580, to whom it still belongs.
In Stwley 2461, Abdelmelek mentions *4 Aginer,
Zahanra, C*, Penon, Melilla ft as towns in Africa held by
the Portuguese*

CHJBRONEA* A town in aacient Boeotia, which com-
manded the entrance from Phocis, and so became the
scene of many battles* It was 35 m*,N*W* of Thebes*

108

CHALDMA

The most famous of the battles was that in which Philip
of Macedon defeated the united forces of the Athenians
and Bceotians in 338 B*c., and so destroyed the liberties
of Greece* Isocrates, the orator, died soon after this
battle. Milton, Sonn. to Margaret Ley 7, says, "that dis-
honest victory At C*, fatal to liberty, Killed with report
that old man eloquent*"

CHALCEDON* A city of Bithynia at the entrance of the
Pontus, opposite to Byzantium, some a m* S* of the
present Scutari* In Middleton's Chess v* 3, the Black
Knight enumerates amongst dainties for the table *4 The
pelamis which some call summer-whiting, From C*"
Strabo and Pliny both speak of the shoals of pelamys
which pass through the Bosporus ; but they add that a
white rock at C* frightened them across to Byzantium,
the fishermen of which made a great profit out of them,
In Nabbes* Hannibal L i, Maharbail says of Capua,
" Here we are feasted With Cian* tunny/'

CHALCOT* A suburb of Lond*, N* of Regent's Park*
corrupted into Chalk Farm. Upper C* was at Haver-
stock Hill, and Lower C. has left its name on C* Cresc*
and Chalk Farm Rd* The old Chalk Farm Tavern, the
modern representative of which stands at 89 Regent's
Park Rd*, was a well-known resort for Londoners in the
i8th cent*, and many duels were fought there* In
Jonson's Tub i, i, " Diogenes Scriben, the great writer
of C*," is a member of the " Council of Finsbury/' who
have joined together in order to find a husband for
Awdrey, the daughter of the High Constable of Kentish
Town*

CHALD-ffiA* Originally the district to the W* and N* of
the head of the Persian Gulf, where the Kaldu were
settled* In the later books of the 0*T*theCns» mean
the Babylonians, and C* the country round Babylon*
Their language was partly adopted by the Jews during
their captivity in Babylon, and certain parts of the
books of Ezra and Daniel arc in Cn* The Cns. were
great students of astrology, and after the destruction
of the Babylonian Empire by Cyrus the name Cn, lost
its national significance and was used as a generic name
for the official astrologers of the court, as in the earlier
chapters of DanieL During the earlier days of the
Roman Empire the eastern astrologers and fortune-tellers
who flocked to Rome were called Cns. j and so the word
came to mean simply a soothsayer* The Puritans affected
the study of Hebrew and Chaldee as being the sacred lan-
guages of the 0*T* Chaucer, C*T*B* 3387, uses Chaldeye
for Babylonia : and "Caldey, Tartare, and Inde" were
among the countries visited by Hycke* p, 88* Hilton, P»
£* xii* 130, tells how Abraham left ** ur of Chaldea "
at the Divine call (see UR)* In Darius^ p*89, Zorobabell
speaks of the time 4t when Jerusalem was . * * by the
Chaldees dejected/' In Jonson's Sejanus iv* 5, Arrius
says that Tiberius is ** retired Into an obscure islapd,
where he lives Amidst his route of Chaldees*" Tacitus
tells of the superstitious regard paid by Tiberius to the
Cn* soothsayers* In Hassinger's Actor iv* x, Parthenius
is commanded " with all speed to fetch in Ascletario,
the Cn*, who is condemned of treason for calculating
the nativity of Csesar/' In Middleton's Channeling iv* a,
Alsemero talks of 44 a pretty secret by a Cn* taught me/'
In Marston's Malcontent v* i* Maquerelle says* ** Look
ye, a Cn», or an Assyrian, 'twas a most sweet Jew/ told
me, Court any woman in the right sign, you shall not
miss*" In Shirley's Sisters iii* i, Giovanni says, 44 My
lady hath given the Cn* her nativity, who is to give ac-
count how the stars will dispose of her*" Itt Davenattf s

CHALONS-SUR-SAdNE

Italian L i, Rossa says, 4t Thy province is C* ; thy father
was a Rabbi and thy aunt a Sybil/' In Chapman's J?ei>*
Hon. L if 163, Selinthus says, " I can speak thus,
Though from no Memphian priest or sage Cn/' In
May's Agrippina v* 87, Petronius says, 4* I dare swear
Poppaea ere this time Has asked and heard what the Cns*
say About her fortunes ; our fine dames of Rome Must
still be tampering with that kind of cattle." In Mayne's
Match ii. 2, Baneswright promises the Puritan waiting-
maid Dorcas to help her into the service of a lady who
44 can expound, and teaches to knit in Chaldee and work
Hebrew samplers/' In Glapthorne's Wit ii* i, Thorow-
good, pretending to be a scholar, says to Grace, " 111
court you now in the Cn* or Arabick tongues*"

CHALONS-SUR-SAONE* The ancient Caballinum, a
city in France on the Sa6ne, 239 m* S*E* of Paris* In
Devonshire iv. i, Manuel says he left his father 4t at C*
in Burgundy*" In Wilson's Inconstant v* 3, the D* of
Burgundy tells how he had a child who died *4 going
from Chalon Castle to Besancon*"

CHALYBES* A tribe who lived near the S* coast of the
Black Sea in Asia Minor, a little W* of Trapesus, to the
N* of the river Lycus* They worked the iron ore from
the mtns* to the S* of their home, and were probably
the first to supply it to the Greeks. In Milton's S. A*
133, the Chorus describes how the prowess of Samson
44 made useless . * * the forgery Of brasen shield and
spear, the hammered cuirass, Chalybean-tempered steel,
and frock of mail."

CHALYBON* A city in Syria, afterwards called Bercea,
abt. 60 m* due E. of Antioch* Its wine was the chosen
drink of the kings of Persia; and Plutarch De Alexan-
dra Magni Virtute i* 5, praises Alexander for not drink-
ing "vinum Chalybonium." In Chapman's Trag.
Byron iv* 2, 144, Byron transfers Plutarch's praise to
Philip II of Spain : he did not spend his wealth on
** Median luxury, Banquets and women, Calydonian
wine, Nor dear Hyrcanian fishes/' Either Chapman's
edition of Plutarch had a different reading, or he made a
slip in his transliteration*

CHAMBERY* The capital of the old Duchy of Savoy,
in the valley of the Liesse, 45 m* S.W* of Geneva* In
Davenant's U. Lovers iv* 4, Galeotto shows " the very
sword I won in duel from the famed Da Roche I* th'
vale of Chamberie/'

CHAMONT (or CHAMOND)* A town in France on the
Rhdne, near St* Etienne, abt* 260 m, S* of Paris* In
Webster's Weakest ii* i, the D* of Medina says, " Cha-
mount shall stoop, Medina says the word."

CHAMPAGNE* A province in N.E. France on the
Upper Seine, N* of Burgundy* The sparkling wine
which now bears its name appears to have been intro-
duced into England after the restoration of Charles II*
The ist reference to it by name is in Butler's Hudibras
(1664)* In H6 A* i* i, 60, word is brought to Bedford
that 44 Guienne, C*, Rheims, Orleans, Paris, Guysors,
Poictiers are all quite lost/' In Chettle's Hoffman ii*,
Lorrique, disguised as a French doctor, says, 44 1 have
for tendre to your Excellence de service of one poor
gentlehome of Champaigne*"

CHANCERY LANE* A st* in Lond*, running N* from
Fleet St*, just E* of the New Law Courts, to Holborn*
It was originally called New St.; then, during the i4th
cent*, Chancellors Lane, probably from Ralph Neville;
then, in Elizabeth's time, it was abbreviated to C* L*
In Wise Men m* 3, Simplom tells Antonio, who has sent

CHARING CROSS

him to see his lawyer, ** Sir, I met him in Chauncery L*"
In Dekker's Jests 326, one of the haunts of the foyst, or
pickpocket, is 44 the dark entry going to the 6 clerks
office in C* L*" It is sometimes called The Lane par
excellence. In Jonson's Devil iii* 5, Meercraft says that
Lady Tailbush lives " here, hard by in the L/' : the
scene being in FitsdottreFs house in Lincolns-Inn. In
iv* 5, Fitsdottrel says that Mr* Justice Eitherside is " A
knight here in the L./' Merlin was " sold at the Princes
Arms in C*L." Marlowe's Ed. //, ed* 1612, is to be sold
44 By Roger Barnes at his shop in Chauncerie L* over
against the Rolles." Machin's Dumb Knight, ed* 1633,
is to be sold by 44 William Sheares at his shop in C* L*
near Seriants Inn*" Middleton's Quiet Life was
44 Printed by Tho* Johnson for Francis Kirkman and
Henry Marsh and are to be sold at the Princes Arms in
C* L* 1662*" Bacon's Essays were *4 Printed for Humfry
Hooper and are to be sold at the Blacke Beare in
Chauncery L* 1597*" T* Heywood's Hogsdon was
** Printed by M. P. for Henry Shephard and are to be
sold at his shop in Chancerie-L* at the sign of the Bible,
between Serjeants- Line and Fleete St* 1638*"

CHANGE* See EXCHANGE*

CHANNEL* Used specifically of the sea between Eng-
land and France : Fr*, La Manche* In H6 B* iv* i, 114,
Suffolk says to the Capt* of the vessel, 44 1 go of message
from the Q* to France ; I charge thee waft me safely
cross the C*" In B* & F* Scornful i* i, the lady speaks
ironically of 44 the dangers of the merciless C* 'twixt
Dover and Calais/' In Davenant's Rutland H.f p* 223,
the Londoner says, 44 1 make bold to cross the C*, march
up to Paris*" See also NARROW SEAS*

CHAPEL, THE* St* Anthony's Chapel is meant, which
lies at the extremity of the N* spur of Arthur's Seat in
Edinburgh* In Sampson's Vow L 3, 123, Crosse, at the
siege of Leith in 1560, says of the French, 4* The Crag
and C* They make a refuge 'gainst our great Artillery*"
Immediately afterwards Grey announces 44 The Crag
and C/s ours/'

CHARBID'S (an obvious misprint for CHARYBDIS, #.v*)*
Barnes, in Parthenophil Elegy ix* 27, prays, 44 Zanclaean
C* me devour."

CHARING CROSS* A cross erected by Edward I in
honour of his Queen, Elinor, at the vill. of C*, between
Londt and Westminster. The Queen died at Herdelie,
near Lincoln, in 1290, and her body was brought to
Westminster for burial* Wherever the bier rested the K*
set up a cross* There appear to have been 14 of these
crosses, of which those at Geddington, Northampton*
and Waltham alone remain, the last 2 being in Cheapside
and at C* The ist cr* at C* was of wood, but it was re-
placed by a fine one in Caen stone in 1294* This was
destroyed by the Puritan Parliament in 1647* It stood
at the W* end of the Strand, at its junction with White-
hall* The present cr* in front of the C* Cr* Station was
erected in 1863 near to the original site, from a design by
Barry based on drawings of the old cr* The only
reference to it in Shakespeare is in H4 A* ii* x, 27,
where the Carrier at Rochester announces that he
has "a gammon of bacon and 2 razes of ginger, to
be delivered as far as C*cr/' The origin of the
Cr* is described in Peele's Ed. L v*, where the K*
says, 44 In remembrance of her [Q* Elinor's] royalty
Erect a rich and stately carved cr*, Whereon her
statue shall with glory shine, And henceforth see you
call it C* Cr*" There was a curious legend about this
same Q* Elinor and C* Cr*, which is dramatically

OHARLECOT HOUSE

rendered in the same play* Elinor is accused of having
made away with the Lady Mayoress of Lond* She ex-
claims (p* 69), " Gape, Earth, and swallow me * * * if
I were author of That woman's tragedy ' ' : she is taken
at her word and sinks into the ground. Her daughter
Joan cries out, " Ah, C* Green, for ever change thy hue
. * * But wither and return to stones, because That
beauteous Elinor sunk on thee." The engulfed Q* rises
up at Potter's Hive, to the consternation of the Potter's
wife, who exclaims (p. 71), " It is the Q., who sunk this
day on C* Cr*, and now is risen up on Potter's Hive/'
Potter's Hive, or Hythe, was therefore rechristened Q*
Hythe, as the title of the play records* In Cartwrighfs
Ordinary v* 4, Hearsay suggests that the fellows for
whom the Watch is searching are " Sunk, like the
Queen j they'll rise at Queen-hive, sure/' There is a
ballad on the subject in Evans' Old Ballads L 237* In
Middleton's Witch i. i, Almachildes says to Amoretta,
who refuses to kiss him, " Amsterdam swallow thee for a
Puritan and Geneva cast thee up again 1 like she that
sunk at C* Cr* and rose again at Queenhithe." In
Middleton's Quiet Life v* 3, Knavesby says, " I will sink
at Q* Hive and rise again at C* Cr,, contrary to the
statute in Edwardo primo/' In all the above passages
C.Cr.is used proleptically, for the Cross was not erected
until after Q* Elinor's death*

By the beginning of the i7th cent* the cr* had fallen
into a very ruinous condition, and early in the reign of
James I it was proposed to take it down, and, indeed,
the different parts of it were bespoken by various people*
It was not, however, till 1643 that it was finally con-
demned, and the actual destruction was not carried out
till 1647* The author of Old Meg (p. n) speaks of
" Charing Cr* . * . losing his rotten head, which
(through age being windshaken) fell off, and was trod
upon in contempt/' In Dekker's Westward iL i, Honey-
suckle says, ** They say C, Cr. is fallen down since I
went to Rochelle j but that's no such wonder ; 'twas
old and stood awry." In Peacham's Dialogue between the
Crosse in Cheap and C* Cr. (1641), C* Cr* says, " The
greatest danger of all I was in was in the time of K*
James/' In Dekker's Satiro* iii* i* 235, Tucca calls
Miniver '* my mouldy decayed C* Cr/* In Dekker's
Dead Term (1608), Westminster laments the decay of
" that ancient and oldest son of mine [C* Cr.] with his
limbs broken to pieces, his reverend head cut off, the
ribs of his body bruised, his arms lopped away, his back
almost cleft in sunder/' In Day's Law Tricks iv* 2,
Joculo tells a cock-and-bull story about a dispute be-
tween Westminster and Winchester, and goes on; 44 In
parting the fray C. cr* got such a box p* the ear that he
will carry it to his death day*" In Wise Men iv* a, the
Puritan wife of Hortano says of her hopeful son, 4* He
never sees the relics of C* cr. but wisheth he were on
horseback with a lance in his hand in full speed to bear
it down*" Taylor, Works ii* i, has a poem on the
" Dismal Downfall of Old C* Cr*," and there is a ballad
on the subject in Percy's Reliques beginning, " Undone,
undone the lawyers are ; They wander about the town ;
Nor can find the way to Westminster Now C* Cr* is
down/* This last ballad refers to the final destruction of
1647* The equestrian statue of Charles I at the head of
Whitehall is on the actual site of the old cr* It was set up
just before the beginning of the Civil War, but taken
down by the Parliament and sold to a brazier named
Rivett to be broken up* He concealed it, however, in the
vaults of St* Paul's, Covent Garden, and it was re-
erected in 1674*

CHARLTON

Donne, Satire iv* (1597), speaks of ** Those Asca-
parts, men big enough to throw C. Cr* or a bar/'
In Dekker's Northward i* 2, Doll, the courtesan,
says, " I'll change my lodging, it stands out o' the
way ; I'll lie about C* Cr,, for if there be any stir-
rings, there we shall have 'em." In Phillips' Grissil 50,
Politick Persuasion tells how he fell from heaven, " but
C* Cr* was my friend and caught my leg in his hand."
In Chauntideers v., Welcome says of Bung, " He has
tricks enou' to furnish all the tapsters between C* Cr*
and Fleet Edge*" In Killigrew's Parson ii* 7, the Capt*
says, " Any porter at C* Cr* may take you like a letter
at the carrier's*" Taylor, in Carriers' Cosmography^
mentions the Chequers near C. Cr* as a carriers' inn*

In Day's B. Beggar iv., young Strowd says, when he is
asked to go and see the motion of Norwich in the corner
of a little chamber, '* I had as lieve thou hadst told me
C* Cr. stood in Cheapside," z.e. he does not believe it
possible* In Brome's Northern ii, 5, Pate promises
Humphrey, " thou shalt instantly start up as pretty a
gentleman Usher as any between Temple Bar and C*
Cr*; marry, further I cannot promise you." In his
Antipodes i* 6, the Dr, says that foreign travel '* is not
near so difficult as for some man in debt and unpro-
tected to walk from C* Cr. to th' Old Exchange." In
T* Heywood's LK.M* A* 325, a Spaniard kills an
Englishman at C* Cr., and is sentenced by K. Philip to
be hanged there* In Nobody n45> No-body, being
driven out of Fleet St* by a swaggerers, goes down to the
Thames and " desired a waterman To row me thence
away to C* Cr/' In Nash's Penn* ParL 38, it is enacted
that " the images in the Temple ch*, if they rise again,
shall have a commission to dig down C* Cr* with their
fauchions," In Shirley's Pleasure L 2, Celestina, who
lives in the Strand, intends to have her house so fre-
quented that " the horses shall be taught, with frequent
waiting upon my gates, to stop in their career toward
C.-cr." In Randolph's Muses' ii. 2, Deilus has seen a
comet which " reached from Paul's to C/r He is pro-
bably referring to Halley's comet, which was visible in
1608* In Lupton's London Carbonadoed (1633), it is
predicted that when *4 the women are all fair and honest,
then Cheapside shall stand by C* Cr*" In Shakespeare's
time the King's Mews, then used as stables, stood to
the N. of C* Cr. ; and there were shops in the neigh-
bourhood,forinHarman's Caveat(i$6j) C* *2,the author
speaks of a seal which he bought " beside C-crosse,"
and the bookseller Robert Wyer dwelt 44 in St* Martin's
parish in the D* of Suffolk's rents, beside Ce* Cre,"
(Title page of The Booke of Fortune*) Milton lived fot a
few months in 1649 ** at one Thomson's, next door to
the Bull Head Tavern at C* Cr*, opening into the Spring
Garden*"

CHARLECOT HOUSE* The residence of Sir Thomas
Lucy, who built the present mansion in 1558* It lies on
the Kineton Rd,, 4 m. E* of Stratford* According to the
very probable legend Shakespeare got into trouble for
poaching in the C* deer-park ; certainly he ridiculed
Sir Thomas as Justice Shallow in H4 B* and $T* W* W*
The house is still in the Lucy family*

CHARLTON* There are about a dosen villages of this
name in the S* of England ; probably one of the a
Kentish Cs* is meant in the following passage* In
S* Rowley's When You F* i, Will Summers, when Wol«
sey says, " I have a quarrel to you," replies : 4* About
your fair leman at C*, my Lord $ I remember/*

no

CHARNECO

CHARNECO* A vill* near Lisbon, in Portugal, which,
according to Steevens, gave its name to the wine so
called* There were 2 villages of this name : one abt* 5
m* N* of Lisbon ; the other near the sea, between Col-
lares and Carcavellos* In H6 B« ii* 3, 63, one of the
Lond* crowd says, " Here's a cup of C*" In The Puritan
iv* 3, Sir Godfrey says, " We'll talk of your noble acts in
sparkling Charnico*" In B* & F* Wit Money ii* 3, Short-
hose professes his intention of following Lady Heart-
well to the country, and Luce says, " where no old C* is,
nor no anchovies/' In T* Heywood's Maid of West
A. iii* 4, Clem asks the company what wine they will
drink : *4 Aragoosa or Peter-see-me, Canary, or char-
nico 1 " In Dekker's Hbn* Wh* B* iv* 3, the vintner
brings in " a pottle of Greek wine, a pottle of Peter-
samee, a pottle of Charnico and a pottle of Leatica*"
In Middleton's Black Book (1604), p. 38, the devil says,
" Thou and thy counter-leech may swallow down 6
gallons of Charnico/' In Contention, Part I, Has*,
p* 453, one of the neighbours says, " Here's a cup of C/'
In Black Dog of Newgate, we have in a list of wines,
** charnoco, malago, etc/'

CHARTERHOUSE* See CHARTREUSE*

CHARTREUSE (commonly corrupted in England into
the form CHARTER-HOUSE)* A vill* in the depnt* of
Isere, 14 m* N* of Grenoble, in France, where Bruno
founded the rst Abbey of the Carthusian Order in 1084*
It had several monasteries in England, of which the
most famous was the Charter-House N* of Smithfield,
Lond*, in the angle between Aldersgate St* and Clerken-
well Rd* It was founded by Sir Walter Manny in 1371
on a piece of land known as Pardon Churchyard* The
monastery was dissolved by Henry VIII in 1537, and
the brethren and their Prior, John Houghton, were
treated with great cruelty, and some 10 of them were
either executed or died in prison from their ill-treat-
ment* The house was given to Sir Thomas Audley, and
passed successively through the hands of Lord North,
the D* of Northumberland, and the D* of Norfolk* On
Norfolk's execution in 1 572 it escheated to the Crown,but
was restored to the Norfolk family by Elizabeth and be-
came the town residence of Lord Thomas Howard under
the name of Howard House* From him it was bought by
Thomas Sutton for £13,000, and made into a hospital
for aged men and a school for the children of poor
parents* The letters patent were issued in June 1611,
and on Dec* I2th Sutton died* He is buried in the
chapel of the Charter House* Provision was made for
80 pensioners and 40 free scholars* Of the old priory
there still remain the gateway and part of the chapel*
The school was removed to Godalming, in Surrey, in
1872 and the buildings sold to the Merchant Taylors
Company, who use it as a school* In H8 L r, 221, " A
monk of the C*, Nicholas Hopkins/' is mentioned as im-
plicated in the supposed plot of Buckingham ; and in
i* 2, 148 the surveyor of the D* says, " He was brought
to this By a vain prophecy of Nicholas Hopkins * * * a
Chartceux friar*" He was a monk of the Charter House
at Henton, near Bristol Nash, in Lento (p* 311), speaks
of " Valiant Sir Walter Manny, the martial tutor unto the
Black Prince, he that built the Charter-House/*

CHARYBDIS* A whirlpool in the Straits of Messina,
which has been made famous by Homer's account of it
in Odyssey xii* Opposite, on the Italian coast, was the
rock of Scylla, and the difficulty was to avoid the one
without falling into the other* The whirlpool is due to
the action of the tides and currents, and though our
modern steamers pass through it without noticing it, it

CHEAPSIDE

is dangerous for small craft* The classical writers are
full of allusions to it, all depending on the Homeric
story ; and from them it has passed into modern litera-
ture* In IWerch+ iii* 5, 19, Launcelot says to Jessica,
" When I shun Scylla, your father, I fall into C*, your
mother*" In Jonson's Staple iv* i> Pennyboy, junr*,
says, " My princess * * * hales me in, as eddies draw
in boats, Or strong C* ships that sail too near The
shelves of love*" In Chapman's Bossy iii* i> Monsieur
exclaims, u Oh, the unsounded sea of women's bloods I
Not any wrinkle creaming in their faces, When in their
hearts are Scylla and C*" In Randolph's Muses' v* i,
Mediocrity says, ** I am * * * The middle tract 'twixt
Scylla and C*" In the old Timon v* 5, Timon cries :
" Or in the wide devouring Scylla's gulf Or in C* I will
drown myself Before I'll show humanity to man*" In
Greene's Alphonsus iii. 3, 1084, Iphigina says, " So
shall we soon eschew Caribdis lake And headlong fall to
Syllae's greedy gulf." Evidently Greene was not clear
as to the nature of either* In Brandon's Octavia 620,
Octavia asks the messenger who brings news of An-
thony's faithlessness, "What Sylla, what C* can im-
part But half those horrors which in thee appear i " In
Shirley's Ct* Secret iv* i, Pedro says, 4* I have dangerous
sailing betwixt your Grace's Scylla and her C*" In
W* Rowley's Wonder iii*, Foster, hearing of the loss of
his ships between Dover and Lond*, cries: "What English
C* has the devil digged to swallow nearer home 4 " In
Milton's Comas 259, when Circe sung, " fell C* mur-
mured soft applause*" In Apiusf Has* iv* 1 39, Virginius
says, " The huge Carrebd his hazards thou for him hast
oft assayed ; Was Silla's force by thee oft shunned, or
yet Lady Circe's land 4 " Milton, P* £* ii* 1020, tells
how ** Ulysses on the larboard shunned C*, and by the
other whirlpool steered*" But Scylla was not a whirl-
pool, as Milton ought to have known*

CHATHAM* A town in Kent on the Medway, 30 m* S*E*
of Lond. The dockyard was founded by Elisabeth, who
erected Upnor Castle on the other side of the river for its
defence* It is still the seat of great dockyards and an
arsenal* In H6 B* iv* 2, 92, the story is told of the execu-
tion of Emmanuel, " the clerk of C*," by Jack Cade, be-
cause he can write his name,

CHATTI* SeeCATTi.

CHEAP-GATE* A little gate at the N,E* corner of St*
Paul's Churchyard, Lond*, leading into Cheapside*
Sidney's Apology for Poetry was " Printed for Henry
Olney and are to be sold at his shop in Paul's Church-
yard, at the sign of the George, near to C*-g*, anno
1595*"

CHEAPSIDE (CHEAP, or WEST CHEAP) ; Cp* = Cheap*
As its name implies, the old Market Place of Lond*, ex-
tending from the N*E* corner of St* Paul's Churchyard
to the Poultry* The names of the sts* running into it
indicate the points where the various wares were ex-
posed for sale, e*g* on the S* side, Friday St*, where fish
was sold, and Bread St* j on the N*, Wood St*, Milk St*,
Honey Lane, and Ironmongers Lane* At first the N* side
was open ground, and when buildings were erected they
were on the line of the old market stalls, and left the st*
as it now became, the widest in old Lond* ** 'Tis
thought," says Lupton, in London Carbonadoed (1632),
" the way through this st* is not good, because so broad,
and so many go in it ; yet though it be broad, it's very
straight, because without any turnings/* There were 4
erections down the centre of the market or st* : at the
W* end, near the ch* of St* Michael le Quern, was an old
cross, sometimes called the Brokers' Cross, which was

xn

CHEAPS1DB

taken down in 1390 ; on its site was erected in 1443 a
conduit, known as the little, or pissing/ conduit j oppo-
site the end of Wood St. was the Cross, one of those set
up by Edward I at the place where the body of Q* Elinor
rested on its way from Lincoln to Westminster* The
others were at Lincoln, Grantham, Stamford, Gedding-
ton, Northampton, Stony Stratford, Woburn, Dun-
stable, St. Albans, Walthani, and Charing. Those at
Geddington, Northampton, and Waltham still remain.
It was re-edified in 1441, and often regilded and other-
wise restored during the Tudor period* The Puritans,
however, regarded it with detestation as a Romish
symbol, and the images of the Virgin and Saints were
constantly defaced by them ? and in 1596 a naked figure
of Diana with water trilling from its breasts was put in
the place of the image of the Virgin : it must have been a
poor piece of work, for Stow says it was decayed in 1603,
Probably this is the Diana referred to by Rosalind in
As iv. i, 154, *4 1 will weep for nothing, like Diana in the
fountain*" On May 2, 1643, the Cross was pulled down
by order of Parliament to the sound of drums and
trumpets, and amid the shoutings of the Puritan crowd*
A little further to the E*, opposite the end of Milk St.,
was the Standard, a square pillar with a conduit,
statues round the sides, and an image of Fame on the
top. At the E* end of Cheapside, at its junction with
the Poultry, was the Gt Conduit, to which water was
brought in lead pipes from Paddington, set up in 1285
and new-built in 1479* Walking down the S. side of
Cp. from the W* end, Shakespeare would first pass Old
Change, where bullion was received for coining ? then
the Nag's Head Inn at the corner of Friday St. and the
Mermaid at the W. corner of Bread St., then Gold-
smiths Row, consisting of " 10 fair dwellings and 14
shops, all in one frame uniformly built 4 stories high '* ;
then the Ch* of St. Mary de Arcubus, or Bow Ch*,
standing 4,0 ft* back from the st* with a stone pavilion in
front of it, called Crown-sild, or Seldam, from which
the kings and queens used to watch the tournaments
and pageants which were held in the Cp*, and which is
now represented by a stone gallery on Sir Christopher
Wren's steeple : beyond the ch. were shops, chiefly
occupied by mercers and drapers. Crossing Sopar's
Lane,now Queen St.,he would reach the end of Bucklers-
bury, where the grocers and druggists had their head-
quarters* Crossing over by the Gt+ Conduit and turning
back towards the W*, on the N. side of Cp*, he would
pass the Mercers' Chapel and Hall on the site of the old
Hospital of St* Thomas of Aeon, and cross in succession
Ironmongers Lane, Lawrence Lane (New King St* was
not cut through to the Guildhall till after the Gt Fire),
Milk St*, Wood St., Gutter Lane, and Foster Lane,
and so into St. Paul's Churchyard to the booksellers'
shops*

In H6 B. iv* a, 74, Cade boasts, " In C. shall my pal-
frey go to grass " ; and in iv. 7, 134, Dick asks Cade :
44 My lord, when shall we go to C* and take up commo-
dities upon our bills s* " C* was the scene of all the City
pageants* In Chaucer's C. T. B, 4377, it is said of the
pre&tfce Perkyn, 44 Whan ther any ridyng was in Chepe,
Out of the shoppe thider wolde he lepe/f It was also a
promenade for people of fashion* In Jonson's Devil iii*
i, Meercraft advises Gilthead to buy his son a Captain's
place and ** let him with his plumes and scarfs march
through C. and draw down a wife there from a window/'
In Davenant's Wits i, Thwack " will match my Lord
Mayor's horse, make jockeys of his hettch-boys, and run
them through C/> In Barry's JRam u* Throate pro-

CHEAPSIDE

mises himself : " My coach shall now go prancing
through C." Hall, in Satires v. 4, 14, ridicules the
farmer's son, who 44 hires a friezeland trotter ... To
drag his tumbrell through the staring Cp*" Public
proclamations were usually made at the Cross, and
executions were often carried out at the Standard*
In More iii* I, the Sheriff gives orders that ** a gibbet be
erected in C., hard by the Standard, whither you must
bring Lincoln ... to suffer death/* Taylor, ii* 311,
says, *4 The rebels beheaded the Lord Say at the
Standard in Cp/' Harman, in his Caveat ir, tells of a
44 crafty Crank " who for his offence 44 stood upon the
Pillory in C/' In Mayne's Match ii. I, Dorcas refers to
Prynne's Histriomastix as 44 a book that suffered martyr-
dom by fire in C." It was burnt there by order of the
Star-chamber. Drayton, in Barons' Wars iv* 45, tells
how Stapleton 4* Beheaded was before the Cross in Cp/'

References to the Cross are plentiful. In Elynour
Humming iv*, drunken Alice comes in with tales 44 how
there hath been great war between Temple-Bar and the
Cross in Cp." Earle, in Microcosmus Ixviii., says of the
Lond. citizen, 4i The gilding of the Cross he counts the
glory of this age." This refers to the gilding of the
Cross in 1600* In Mars ton's Mountebanks^ the Mounte-
bank says, ** I could encounter thee , * * with Cheape
Crosse, though it be new gilt/' In Randolph's Musesr
v. i, Mrs. Flowerdew, the Puritan, says that Mediocrity
"looketh like the Idol of C." Lupton, in London
Carbonadoed (1632), says, " Puritans do hold it [C J for
a fine st. but something addicted to popery for adorning
y adoring] the cross too much/* There was an abun-
dant crop of pamphlets in regard to the destruction of
the Cross, such as The dialogue between the Cross in
Chepe and Charing Cross; Articles of High Treason
Exhibited against C. Cross ; The Downfall of Dagonf
or The Taking down of C. Cross, and many more. The
Cross was one of the best-known objects in old Land.
In T. Heywood's Hogsdon v, i, Old Chartley, returning
from his travels, says, 44 This 7 years I have not seen
Paul's steeple or Cp. Cross/' In Shirley's Riches w,f
Gettings swears by 44 C. Cross and loud Bow-bell/'

The Conduits were utilised in the pageants for decora-
tive purposes and speeches were delivered from them*
In the Ovatio Carolinaf describing the entry of Charles
into Lond* in 1641, it is recorded that 44 the great con-
duit in C* ran with claret wine/' When Anne Boleyn
went from the Tower to Westminster just before her
coronation " at the Little Conduit of C was a rich
pageant " ? and when Elizabeth entered the City on her
accession there was a grand Allegory of Time and Truth
at the Little Conduit (see also o» CONDUIT), The Lord
Mayor's show went along C* on St. Simon and Jude's
Day, Oct. sSthu In Defcker's Westward il i, Justiniano
says, " Men and women are born and come running
into the world faster than coaches do into C. upon
Simon and Jude's day/' In Shirley's Riches, Clod says,
44 The next day after Simon and Jude you go a feasting
to Westminster; you land in shoals and make the
understanders in C. wonder to see ships swim upon
men's shoulders/' Originally the Lord Mayor went to
Westminster by land ; but Sir John Norman in 1:485;
went in a barge rowed by silver oars, and this practice
continued for 4 centuries. On the return journey he
landed at Paul's Wharf and went by C. to the Guildhall,
the oarsmen carrying their boats on their shoulders. In
Phillips* Grissil 54, Politick Persuasion tells how, when
he was saved from destruction as he fell torn the sky,
44 The Cross in Cp* for joy did play on a bagpipe and the

CHEAPSIDE

Standard did dance/' In Glapthorne's Wit ii* i,
Thorowgood says, " The cross and standard in C* I
will convert into Hercules' pillars ; and the little con-
duit that weeps in lamentation for the Ch* removed that
it did lean on, it shall be still filled with wine and always
running* The great Conduit shall be a magazine of
sack/' In Jonson's Devil i* i, Iniquity promises Pug,
44 1 will fetch thee a leap From the top of Paul's steeple
to the Standard in Cp/' In Nature (Lost Plays, 98),
Lust says he knocked so hard at Margery's door that " a
man might have heard the noise from Poules to the
farthest end of Cp/'

In the neighbourhood of C* were the 3 City counters,
or lock-ups, in Wood St* and the Poultry. In Wilkins'
Enforced Marriage iii* i, Ilford talks of being arrested by
a couple of sergeants and falling " into one of the un-
lucky cranks about C*, called Counters/' In Lyly's
Bombie v* 3, the Sergeant threatens the Hackneyman
44 with such a noverim as C* can show none such/'
" Noverim " is a mistake, or misprint, for 44 Noyerint,"
the first word in a writ* The shops of C* furnished a
large number of prentices, who formed a compact body
capable on occasion of causing no little trouble* In
More ii* i, the scene is laid in C* and is opened by the
entrance of " 3 or 4 Prentises of trades with a pair of
cudgells/' The cry of " Clubs 1 " brought these young
fellows out in a swarm ready for any kind of mischief*
The Black May-Day riot directed against the Lombards
Started with the prentices of C*, and forms the subject of
Acts II and III of More* In T* Heywood's Prentices, sc*
iv., p* 83, Charles cries : "Oh for some C* boys for Charles
to lead ! " Their work ceased when Bow-bell rang the
curfew : hence the old rhyme in which the apprentices
address the clerk of the ch,, 4* Clerk of the Bow bell with
thy yellow locks, For thy late ringing thy head shall
have knocks*" To which he replies : ** Children of
Chepe, hold you all still ; For you shall have Bow bell
rung at your will*" The mercers' shops were mostly
in the E* end of Cheap* In Jonson's BarthoL i* i, Little-
wit challenges "all C* to show such another" habit as
his wife is wearing* In Massinger's Madam iv* 2, Gold-
wire promises Shav'em, " The tailor and embroiderer
shall kneel to thee j C* and the Exchange shall court thy
custom*" In T* Heywood's Hogsdon iii* 2, Chartley
tells Luce, " There are brave things to be bought in the
city ; C* and the Exchange afford variety and rarity*"
In Jonson's Underwoods ix*, " Another answers, 'las,
those silks are none * * * as he would deride Any com-
parison had with his C*" In Lydgate's Lickpennyf the
author says : 44 Then to the Chepe I began me drawn,
Where much people I saw for to stand j One offered me
velvet, silk and lawn, Another he taketh me by the hand,
4 Here is Paris thread, the fin'st in the land*' " In
Mayne's Match i* 4, we are told of a mercer who " lives
in C/' In Brome's City Wit iii* 3, Crack says, 4t All the
sattin in C* were not enough to make you a wedding-
gown/' In T* Heywood's Ed* IV A* 10, Spicing says,
44 You know C* ; there are the mercers* shops Where
we will measure velvet by the pikes And silks and satins
by the st/s whole breadth/' Donne, Satire iv* (1597),
says of the courtiers, 44 Whoe'er looks * * * o'er C*
books, Shall find their wardrobe's inventory*" In
Dekmey's Reading vi*, Simon's wife would swear it was
quite spoiled 44If she thought a tailor of C* made not
her gown*"

Between Bread St, and Bow Ch* was Goldsmiths'
Row* In Richard the Redeless iii* 139, the poet com-
plains that the young lords "Kepeth no coyne that
cometh to here hondis But chatmchyth it ffor cheynes

CHEAPSIDE

that in Chepe hangith*" In Nobody 441, the Clown tells
Nobody, " Go into C. and Nobody may take up as much
plate as he can carry*" In Field's Amends ii* i, Proudly
says to the Page, "What said the goldsmith for the
money 4 " And having heard the answer : " How got
that wit into C*, trow ? " In the prologue to Marston's
Malcontent, Sly says, 44 I'll lay a hundred pound, I'll
walk but once down by the Goldsmiths' Row in Cp*,
take notice of the signs, and tell you them with a breath
instantly* They begin, as the world did, with Adam and
Eve ; there's in all just five-and-fifty/' In Eastward v* 4,
Quicksilver sings, 4* In C*, famous for gold and plate,
Quicksilver I did dwell of late*" In T* Heywood's Pren-
tices,sc. vii*, p*9O, Guy speaks of the time "When once I
was a goldsmith in C*" In More iiL 2, Faukner says, 44 If
the locks were on again, all the goldsmiths in C* should
not pick them open/' In Dekker's Northwardii, i,Hornet,
who is wearing a copper chain round his neck, explains :
44 Your right whiffler hangs himself in St* Martin's, not
in C*" St* Martin's (g*i>*) was a sort of Alsatian market
for finery of the second class, like this copper chain : C*
sold the genuine article* In Marston's Courtesan ii* i,
Mulligrub " will to C* to buy a fair piece of plate*" In
Eastward v* 4, Quicksilver sings, " Farewell, C* I fare-
well, sweet trade Of goldsmiths all, that ne'er shall
fade*" In Glapthorne's Wit v* i, Husie promises Mend-
well, " Thou shalt be a constable, carry thy staff with the
red cross and dagger, in as much state as the best gold-
smith that ere bore office in C/' In Brome's Couple ii* i,
Bellamie says, as he gives Alicia a ring, 44 1 would not
that he should know for all the rubies in C. where I
bought this but now/' In T* Heywood's Ed. IV A* 10,
Falconbridge says, 44 We'll shoe our coursers with no
worse than the purest silver that is sold in C/f
In Nabbes' C* Garden iv* 4, Ralph says, " 'Tis a fine
chamber, it shines like a goldsmith's shop in C/' In
Deloney's Craft ii* ii, Anthony says that his ballad
44 hath made me as well acquainted in C* as the cat in the
cream-pan ; for as soon as the goldsmiths' wives spy
me, and as I pass along by the merchants' daughters,
the apes will laugh at me/' In his Reading vi*,
the clothiers' wives 44 when they were brought into C*,
there with great wonder they beheld the shops of the
Goldsmiths; and on the other side, the wealthy
Mercers, whose shops shined with all sorts of coloured
silks*" Herrick, in Tears of Thamesis (1647), relates
that he was born in 44 the golden C/'

There were, of course, other things sold in the
market* In More L i, Caveller enters with a pair of
doves and says, 44 1 bought them in C*" Dove Court,
running from Old Jewry to Grocers' Hall Court, still
preserves the name of the place where doves were sold*
In Cartwright's Ordinary v* 3, Shape, relating Bitefig
the miser's confession, says, 44 I've often bought a C*
custard, and so refreshed my soul under my cloak*"
In Jonson's Epicoene iv* I, Truewit advises: "Give
cherries at time of year or apricots ; and say they were
sent you out of the country, though you bought them in
C*" In Webster's Weakest i* 3, Bunch says to Smelt,
44 Ye Smelt, your kinsfolks dwell in the Thames and
are sold like slaves in C* by the hundreth, two pence a
quartern*" In Jonson's New Inn i* i, the Host guesses
that " C* debt-books " are weighing on Level's spirits*
In Jonson's Eastward iv* 4, Touchstone speaks of him-
self as 44 a poor C* groom*" " A rakyer [scavenger] of
Chepe " is one of the merry party in Piers B* v* 322*
In Lupton's London Carbonadoed (1632), he says, " If
all the men be rich and true, and the women all fair and
honest, then C* shall stand by Charing Cross for a

113

CHEAT-LOAF

wonder." In Day's B* Beggar iv*, young Strowd, hear-
ing of what he regards as an impossibility, says, 4* I had
as lieve thou hadst told me Charing Cross stood in C/'
C* is used for the shopkeeping class, as when in Glap-
thorne's Wit L i, Clare says that young Holdfast, fresh
from Cambridge* " is learned enough to make C* a
college " ; and in iii* i, Knowell speaks of 44 Illustrious
names, the glory of C*, Stars of the City/'

The Dagger Inn, famous for its pies, was at the corner
of Foster Lane* In T* Heywood's J* K. M. B* 257; a
prentice says, " I must need step to the Dagger in
Cheape, to send a letter into the country unto my father*"
C* is mentioned by Dekker, in Bellman 158, as a favour-
ite haunt of foysts, or pickpockets*
CHEAT-LOAF* A sign in Holborn, Lond* C*-breadwas
bread of the 2nd quality, somewhat coarser than man-
chet* In Middleton's Quarrel iv* i, an advertisement is
read setting forth that those who wish to be instructed in
the art of ** roaring " should 4* repair into Holborn to
the sign of the C*-l/' Chough comments, 44 Now your
bill speaks of that I was wondering a good while at,
your sign ; the 1. looks very like bread, i' faith, but why
is it called the C.-L 4 " To which the first speaker re-
plies : 44 The house was sometimes a baker's, Sir, that
served the Court, where the bread is called c*" —
44 Ay, ay," says Trimtram, " 'twas a baker that cheated
the court with bread/'
CHEBAR* River, or perhaps canal, near Babylon, where

37, speaks of ** those rushing wheels That whirled the
prophet up at C* flood/'

CHECKER* A tavern on the E* side of Dowgate Hill,
Lond*, near Queen Hythe. In Middleton's Chaste
Maid ii* 2, one of the promoters proposes, " Let's e'en
go to the C* at Queen-hive, and roast the loin of mut-
ton/'

CHELSEA* Now a W* suburb of Lond* on the N* of
the Thames, but formerly a separate vilL It was a
favourite country residence in Elizabeth's time, and Sir
Thomas More had his house there* The old dbu near
Battersea Bdge* has a monument to his memory* Near
to the cbu Crosby Hall was re-erected in 1910* In B* &
F* Wit 5* W* iv* i, Pompey remarks, " I ha' got a
stomach 6 times and lost it again, as often as a traveller
from C. shall lose the sight of Paul's and get it again/'
In Middleton's R* G* iv* 2, Mrs* Openwork, suspecting
her husband of having gone by the Thames to Brent-
ford with another woman, says to him, *4 The star by
which you sail shines yonder above C*" : C* being on
the way to Brentford* In Randolph's Muses' iii. i, one
of the projects of Banausus is to found " a college of
physicians too at C* only to study the cure of the French
pox " : the suggestion being that the place was a haunt
of young profligates* In Jonson's Forest vL, he asks
Celia for as many kisses as " the sands in C* fields*"
Several of the scenes in More are laid in his house at C*
In iv* 2, he is ordered on his arrest to ** strait depart
unto your house at Chelsey " ; and in iv* 3, Roper's
wife tells how in a dream she saw her father, Sir Thomas,
*' here in Chelsey Ch. Standing upon the rood-loft now
defaced," which fell with him and killed him* In the
zoth Merry Jest of the Wide Edyth, that lady walks from
Eltham to a thorp called Batersay, takes a wherry, and is
rowed over to C* to Sir T. More's* The snd title of
Middleton's City Love (1616) is " an entertainment by
water at Chelsey and Whitehall/'

CHESHIRE

CHENFORD (CHINGFORD)* A vilL in Essex on the
borders of Epping Forest, abt* 8 m* N* of Lond* In
Day's B* Beggar ii*, Old Strowd says to his son, " Go
post to C*, run to Mr* Glasscock " ; and the son passes
on the order to his man Swash, *' Hie thee to C* for the
100 pound, and soon towards evening I'll meet thee at
Ilford " i Ilford being 6 m* S*E* of C*

CHENNARY (now CANARA) * A farm in the Mylor Downs,
2 m* from Penryn, in S* Cornwall* In Cornish M, P* i,
2772, the Bp. gives to the executioner of Maximilla
44 Hag ol C, an clos," Le, " All C* of the Close/'

CHEPSTEAD* A vilL in Kent, near Sevenoaks, 15 m*
due W* of Maidstone, In T. Heywood's Ed. IV A, 10,
Smoke says, 44 1 hope Smoke, the smith of C, is as good
a man as Chub, the chandler of Sandwich*"

CHEPSTOW* A spt* in Monmouthsh* on the Wye, 135
m* W* of Lond* The castle, now in ruins, was built soon
after the Conquest by Fits-Osborne, Earl of Hereford.
In Downfall Hnntington iii* i, FitsWater says to Prince
John, " Earl C/s daughter is thy married wife*" This
lady was heiress to the House of Gloucester, and John
divorced her in order to marry Isabella of Angoulime*

CHERITH* A brook, or ravine, where Elijah was fed by
the ravens, or, more probably, Arabs (/ Kings xviL 3)*
It was probably E* of the Jordan ; the old identification
with the Wady es Kelt between Jerusalem and Jericho
cannot be maintained* Milton, P, R« ii* 266, says of our
Lord after His 40 days' fast, *4 Him thought he by the
brook of C* stood, And saw the ravens with their horny
beaks Food to Elijah bringing/'

CHERSONESE, THE GOLDEN* The Malay Penin-
sula, running to the S* of Farther India, between the
G* of Siam and the Straits of Malacca* Josephus, Ant*
viii* 6, 4, calls it Aurea Chersonesus, and identifies it
with Solomon's Ophir* Milton, P*£* xi* 392, makes
Adam survey in vision all Asia, " Down to the golden
C/' In P* R. iv* 74, the Tempter shows to our Lord
ambassadors coming to Rome, " From India and the
Golden C*" Burton, A* JWf* ii* 2, 3, says, " I would
examine * * * where Ophir was whence Solomon did
fetch his gold ; from Peruana, or that Aurea Cherso-
nesus*"

CHERSONESON* Apparently for Chersonesiati ; the
Chersonese being the peninsula running along the N*
side of the Hellespont* The C* Sea may mean the
Sea of Marmora* In T. Heywood's B* Age iiL* Hercules
says, 44 Have we in the Argoe pierced Samothrace, The
C* sea, the Hellespont t n

CHERTSEY* A town in Surrey, 20 m* S*W* of Lond*
There was an ancient monastery there, which was re-
founded in 964 by K« Edgar and placed under the rules
of St* Benedict* It became a wealthy establishment*
Here Henry VI was buried, but the body was after-
wards removed to Westminster by Henry VIL In R$
L 2, 29, we are shown the funeral of Henry on its way to
C*, but in 225 Richd* orders the bearers to take the body
first to White Friars, apparently a slip for Black Friars*
In the charm for worms in Thersites £4 *P* 1.330),
mention is made of " Mabel of C/' as a witch,

CHESHIRE* A county on the W* coast of England. It
was made a county Palatine by William L It has
long been noted -for its salt and its cheese* In
Ret. Pernass, Pt* I, prol* 10, we read; "He never
since durst name a piece of cheese, Though C,
seems to privilege his name*" In Dekker's North-
ward iii* i, Doll says, " If you should but get 3 or

114

CHESHUNT

4 C* cheeses, and set them a running down Highgate-
hill, he [the Welshman] would make haste after them/*
Markham, in Country Contentments (1611), advises the
choice of " the largest dogs which have the greatest
mouths and deepest flews/ such as your W* country, C*,
and Lancashire dogs are/' In Mayne's Match iii* i,
Roseclap, hanging out the picture of a strange fish, says,
" Others say, *tis the fish caught in C/' : referring, no
doubt, to some recent occurrence. In Trag. Richd. II
iv* i, 213, the K* gives ** Chesshere " and several other
counties to his favourite Bushy*

CHESHUNT (also called CHESSUM, or CHESTON)* Town
in Herts*, some 4 m* N* of Edmonton* There was a
Benedictine nunnery there, dedicated to the Virgin
Mary, founded in the lath cent* In Dekker's Edmonton
iiL i, the Clown charges Cuddy Banks with being in
love with Carter's daughter, and in confirmation says,
44 1 have seen you walk up to Carter's of Chessum," In
Drayton's Merry Devil i* 2, Clare says, " There are
crosses, wife ; here's one in Waltham, another at the
abbey, and a third at C," ; and later in the scene he de-
clares his intention of sending his daughter ** unto C*
nunnery/*

CHESSUM* See CHESHUNT*

CHESTER* The capital of Cheshire, on the Dee, 179 m*
N*W* of Lond* It is the only city in England that is
entirely surrounded by a wall* At the S*W* of the city
on the banks of the Dee is the Roodee, a large common,
named from the Rood, or Cross, which, according to
tradition, was originally at Hawarden ; but being thrown
into the river by the people of Hawarden it floated down
to C*, and was re-edified there and became a famous
place of pilgrimage* The Chester M+ P* were celebrated
from the latter part of the igth cent* They were acted
by the members of the Trade Guilds on the Monday,
Tuesday, and Wednesday of Whit-week* In H4 B* i* i,
39, Travers tells how he was caught on his way from
Shrewsbury to Warkworth by a messenger who " asked
the way to C*" There is an Earl of C* in Dekker's
Fortunatus, which is supposed to take place in the reign
of Athelstan ; and in Merlin there is an Edoll* Earl of C*,
and general to K* Aurelius of Britain* These are both
imaginary personages, but bear witness to the know-
ledge on the authors* part of the antiquity of the city*
In Piers B* v* 403, Sloth professes, 4* I can rymes of
Robin Hood and Randolf erle of Chestre " : this was
Randle* or Ranulph, who was Earl from 1181 to 13355,
and who being besieged by the Welsh in Rhuddlan
Castle was delivered by a rabble of minstrels led by
Roger Lacy* This event was celebrated by an annual
procession on St* John the Baptist's day, which lasted
till 1756, Fair Em iv* i, is laid at C*, and Valingford en-
deavours to win Em by telling her that her lover, Man-
vile, has forsaken her, and *4 at C* must be married To a
man's daughter of no little wealth*" In B* & F* Pestle
iii* 5, Mrs* Merrythought claims to be niece " to a
Worshipful gentleman and a conductor : he has been 3
times in his Majesty's service at C*" A conductor was
an officer in charge of military stores and supplies* One
of the characters in T* Heywood's Royal King is the
Earl of C. ; but no particular person is meant* The
scene of Munday's John Kent is laid in C*, and one of
the characters is Ranulph (the Randle mentioned above),
Earl of C* In v* i, John a Kent says, ** These weddings
must be at C* Abbey," i*e* the Abbey of the Monastery,
now the cathedral* The same Earl of C* is one of the
characters in Davenport's Matilda. In Trouble. Reign,
Haz*, p* 395* " C/s banishment " is one of the grievances

CHIERONTE

alleged by the revolting Barons* This was the same
Ranulph* In Piers B* v* 467, and Richard the Redelessf
prol* 56, we find, " bi the rode of C*" as an oath* In
Fulke's Rejoinder to Martiall (1580), art* x*, he says,
"Who went a pilgrimage to the Roods of Boston,
Dovercourt, and C* 4 Were they not Papists *"' In
Gascoigne's Government ii* 4, Eccho says, ** They are
as much akin to the Margrave as Robyn Fletcher and
the sweet Roode of C*," z*e* not akin at all*

In Richard the Redeless iii* 317, we read of " chyders
of C*," who were made counsel in the Courts for the K*
Richd* had courted the favour of C* by assuming the
title of ** Prince of C*," and there was a rising in his
favour in C* after his return from Ireland* In Jonson's
Gipsies an explanation is given of the practice of making
jugs with a man's head and beard on them by the fact
that a mother and her son, meeting one another un-
expectedly, " turn'd stone, upon the sight each of other,
at C*," and were reconciled by a jug of the town ale*
These jugs were known as Greybeards, or Bellarmines,
from their supposed resemblance to the cardinal of that
name* They were made in the Low Countries : the
only reason I can guess for dragging in C* is that the son
is described just before as "a spark struck out of
Flintsh*," which is next door to C** ** upon Justice Jug's
daughter*" See also WEST CHESTER*

CHESTON* See CHESHUNT*

CHETAS* The 4th gate of Troy* TroiL, prol* 16,
" Priam's six-gated city, Dardan, and Tymbria, Helias,
C*, Troien, And Antenorides*" The names are taken
from Caxton (see the passage $*v* ANTENORIDES). Is this
name a survival of the Hittites, or Kheta, who were the
most powerful people in Asia Minor at the time of the
Trojan War ^

CHEYNEY* See CHINA*

CHIAN* A mistake for Cean, i*e* belonging to Ceos, one of
the group of the Cyclades in the JEgean, now Zea,
13 m* S*E* of the promontory of Sunium in Attica*
Simonides, the lyric poet, was born at lulis, the capital
of the island* E* D*, in Trans, of Theocritus Idyl xvi*,
speaks of " Simonides the C* poet/' The original has
the adjective correctly, 4t Ceian/'

CHICK LANE, A st* in Lond*, otherwise known as
West St*, running from Field L* to the Sheep Pens in
Smithfield* It was near a timber bdge* crossing the
Turnmill Brook, as the upper part of Fleet Ditch was
called, N* of the Holbourn Bdge* No* 3 was the in-
famous Red Lion Inn, which abutted on the Fleet
Ditch at the back, and was a notorious haunt of thieves
and ruffians. It was at the corner of Brewhouse Yard* a
few steps from Saffron Hill* The whole dist* had a most
evil reputation* The Red Lion was pulled down in
1844, and the improvements made in 1857 swept away
C* L* altogether* In Middleton's #* G* iii* i, Moll,
dressed as a man, tells Trapdoor she is one of the
Temple ; but, she adds, " Sometime I lie about C* L/f

CHIEGO* According to Prof* Moore Smith* this is a mtn*
on the coast of Spain at the entrance of the straits of
Gibraltar* In Sharpham's Fleire iv* 17, Petoune swears
"by the towering head of high mt* C*, the seaman's
southward mark/'

CHIERONTE (CBLSERONEIA)* A town of Boeotia, on the
border of Phoa's* It occupied a strong military position
and commanded the entrance to Boeotia from Phocis*
It is chiefly celebrated on account of the victory of
Philip of Macedon over the Athenians and Boeotians

CHIMERA

under Theagenes in 338 B*C* In Lyly's Campaspe L i,
Timoclea says to Alexander, *4 I am the sister of Thea-
gines, who fought a battle with thy father before the city
of C*, where he died valiantly/'

CHIMERA* Sec CHYMEKA*

CHINA (Ce. = Chinese)* The country on the E* coast of
Asia which occupies the centre of the continent* The
name first appears in English about the middle of the
1 6th cent* It gradually took the place of the older
Cataia, or Cathay, which had always been used some-
what vaguely* Burton* A. M* ii* a, 3, indicates the un-
certainty that * was felt about the exact meaning of the
words : he imagines himself possessing the power of
flight and surveying the whole world from the air :
44 1 shall soon perceive/* he says, ** whether Marcus
Polus the Venetian's narration be true or false of that
great city of Quinsay and Cambalu ; whether there be
any such places, or that, as Matth* Riccius the Jesuit
hath written, C* and Cataia be all one, the great Cham
of Tartary and the K* of C* be the same/' Ultimately C*
came to be the geographical name, and Cathay was
limited to vague and poetical use* C, first became known
in the W* world through the Mongol conquest of N* C*
by Jenghiz Khan in 1334 ; 40 years later Kublai Khan
added S* C* to the Mongol Empire* Missionaries of the
Dominican and Franciscan Orders ventured into the
Mongol Empire, and a of them have left accounts of
what they saw* Carpini (1345) says, " They seem
kindly and polished folk enough. They have no beard
and in character of countenance have a considerable re-
semblance to the Mongols, but are not so broad in the
face*" He goes on to speak of their peculiar language,
their skill in various crafts, and the wealth of the country
in corn, wine* gold, silver, and silk* William of Rubruk
(1253) savs> ** They are little fellows, speaking much
through the nose, and * * * their eyes are very narrow*
They are first-rate artists * * * and physicians/' Here-
marks on their paper-money, and their use of brushes
for pens in writing* Later the Italian Polos brought back
much further information to Europe* In 1368 the
Mongol power was broken and Yuen-Chang, the founder
of the Ming Dynasty, became Emperor* In 1644 the
Ming Dynasty was overthrown by the Manchoos, who
founded the Ta-Tsing Dynasty, which endured till the
end of the igth cent* Though some of its products were
known, C* was felt to be a mysterious and very distant
land* In Jonson's Volpone ii* i, Peregrine has heard
** that your baboons were spies, and that they were a
kind of subtle nation near to C/' In B* & F* Span. Cur*
iii. a, Lopes says, ** You look like travelled men ; Some
Signers in C* or Cataya/' In their Chances v* 3, Don
John tells Antonio that his lady has ** gone to C*, to be
the Gt* Cham's mistress*" The Gt* Cham is the usual
title for the Emperor of C* In their Fair Maid /* iv* a,
Forobosco suggests to the tailor to go to the new world
in the moon for his fashions : " this," he says, ** lies
beyond C*" In Davenant's Favourite i* i, Thorello says,
44 The Q* Dowager of C* should not remove my suit*"
In his Albovine ii* i, Conrade says of the courtiers,
44 They are men of C*, for aught I know/' In Dekker's
Match me iii*, the Q* says, " I keep the fashion of the
Kings of C*, who never walk abroad but, besides their
attendants, have 5 or 6 as richly attired as themselves,
to cut off treason/' Davies, in Nosce, says of the soul,
44 She's sent as soon to C* as to Spain/' Hoskins, in
verses prefixed to Coryat's Crudities (1611), says,
44 Fame is but wind, thence wind may blow it * *
From Mexico and from Peru To C* and to Cambalu*'

116

CHINA

During the and half of the i6th cent* the Jesuits estab-
lished a Mission in C*, which was very successfully
prosecuted by Mateo Ricou In Jonson's Staple iii, a, it
is asked : 44 Ha' you any miracle Done in Japan by the
Jesuits, or in C* i "

In Marston's Parasitoster HL 3, Dulcimel says, 44 They
say in C*, when women are past child-bearing they are
all burnt to make gunpowder/' The Chinese are sup-
posed to have discovered gunpowder in a remote
antiquity, Heylyn says/* 3 or 4 years before or after
the departure of Israel put of Egypt J " But I have not
found any other authority for the use of the old women
for the manufacture of explosives* The Ce* had light
wagons propelled by sails : I remember as a boy seeing
a picture of one, but I can't recall where it was* In
Jonson's New World, the Herald says, 4* The coaches go
only with wind " ; and the Chronicler comments,
"Pretty; like C* waggons/' Milton, JP,L* iii* 438,
speaks of* Sericana, where Chineses drive With sails and
wind their cany waggons light*" Heylyn, p* 680, says of
the Chinoys, as he calls them, 4t They have coaches and
carts driven ordinarily with sails*" He also credits them
with the invention of gunpowder, and, doubtfully, of
printing* Burton, A* M* iii* a, 3, speaks of the 44 C* flat "
nose*

Dishes made of C* clay were brought to Europe by
the Portuguese towards the end of the i6th cent*, and
the name for the material (C*) was already in use
throughout the East* In this sense the word was pro-
nounced, and often spelt* Chiney or Chaney* In Meas*
ii* i, 97, Pompey speaks of 44 a dish of some three-pence
* * * they are not C* dishes, but very good dishes." In
Ford's Warbeck iii* a, Huntley, describing a Scotch
festival, speaks of " Ale in dishes never fetched from
C/' In Massinger's Renegado L 3, Gaset, advertising
the goods in his shop, cries : 44 What do you lack ?
Your choice C. dishes i " In Drake1 s Voyages (1579),
Hakluyt, iii* 736, we read of 4t fine C, dishes of white
earth and great store of C* silks*" Florio (1598) defines
porcellana as that ** whereof they make C* dishes, called
Porcellan dishes/' Sir T* Browne, in Paradoxes (1646)
ii* 5, 7, says, 44 We are not thoroughly resolved concern-
ing porcellane or C* dishes that according to common
belief they are made of earth*" In Davenant's Plymouth
i* i, Cable says that the people of Plymouth 4* would sell
the very air, if they could serve it out in fine C.-bottles/'
In his Love Hon. i* i, Frivolo says, " You may dip your
morsel in good C* earth*" Blount, Glossographia (1656)
(s.v. PORCELLANE), says, "Porcellane or C* dishes,
brought out of C*, are made of a chalky earth * * .
which being formed they gild or paint*" Herbert, in
Travels (1634) 41, speaks of " Cheney Sattiti, Cheney
ware/'

Silks and other textile fabrics were brought from C*
In B* & F* Beggars* L 3, the freight of a ship just come in
includes ** Indigo, cochineal, choice C, stuffs, and cloth
of gold, brought from CambaL" In their Valour v* x,
we read of ** half an ell of C* damask." A sort of coarse
Ce* cloth was called Cheyney : in their Wit S* W* ii* i,
Lady Ruinous says that £13 44 will put a lady scarce in
Philip and cheyney " : Philip being also a kind of coarse
stuff* Drugs were imported from C., especially the root
of Smilax C* Burton, .4* M* ii* 5, i, 5, says, 44 1 may say
the same of a decoction of C* roots * * * C* makes a
good colour in the face*" In ii* 4, x, 3, he calls it 44 C*
sarsaparilla/' In B* <Sc F* Hon. Man v* 3, Montague tells
the Capt* he will live to see him 4t bring in rotten
pippins To cure blue eyes, and swear they'came from
C*" Blue eyes are what we call black eyes* Nash, in

CHINA-HOUSES

Pierce E* a, inveighs against the glutton who has factors
abroad " to provide him of strange birds, C* mustard,
and odd patterns to make custards by/' Tea was not
introduced into England till the middle of the i?th
cent*, but Heylyn (s<v+ C*) says, " It yieldeth an herb
out of the which they press a delicate juice which
serveth them instead of wine, and also preserveth their
health and freeth them from the evils which the im-
moderate use of wine doth breed unto us/' See also
CATAIA*

CHINA-HOUSES* The name given to shops in Lond*
where Chinese silks and porcelain were sold* They were
a favourite resort of women of fashion, and were often
used as places of assignation : hence the word came to
mean in the later ijth cent* a brothel* In Jonson's
Epicoene i* i, Sir La-foole ** has a lodging in the Strand
* * * to watch when ladies are gone to the c*-h* or the
Exchange, that he may meet them*" In the same scene
La-foole says that Otter's wife " was the rich c* woman,
that the courtiers visited so often " ; and in iii* i, Lady
Haughty comes to Mrs* Otter's 4* to see some C* stuffs*"
In iv* 3, she invites the heroine to ** go with us to Bed-
lam, to the c*-h*, and to the Exchange/' In his Al-
chemist iv* 2, Subtle promises Dame Pliant ** 6 mares to
hurry her through Lond*, to the Exchange, Bethlem,
the c*-h/' In Brome's Sparagus ii* a, Moneylack says,
44 Though now you keep a c*-shop, and deal in brittle
commodities, pots, glasses, pusslane dishes, and trinkets,
you must not forget your old trade*"

CHIOS* An island in the JEgean Sea off the coast of Asia
Minor, at the S* of the Gulf of Smyrna* The modern
name is Scio* It was one of the places that claimed to be
the birthplace of Homer* It has long been famous for
its excellent wines* In Marlowe's Tamb. B* iii* i, the
K* of Trebizond announces that he is bringing forces
from 44 Trebizond, C*, Famastro, and Amasia/' In
J* Heywood's Weather 106, the Merchant says, " I trust
or Mid-lent to be to Scio/' In Davenant's Rhodes A* i*,
the Admiral announces, "The Bassa's fleet appears, To
Rhodes his course from C* steers*" Lodge, in Answ* to
Gossan , p* n, says, " What made the Chians and
Colpphonians fall to such controversy i Why seek the
Smirnians to recover from the Salaminians the praise of
Homer < " In B* & F* Corinth ii* 4, the Vintner asks his
guests what wine they will have: " C* or Lesbos,
Greeks'" Milton, P*J?* iv* 118, mentions wines of
44 C* and Crete " as esteemed highly by the Romans*
In Middleton's Chess v* 3* the Black Knight mentions
amongst dainties esteemed by the Romans ** cockles
from C*" Lyly, in Euphues England, p* 394, says,
44 There is in Chio the image of Diana, which to those
that enter seemeth sharp and sour, but returning after
their suits made looketh with a merry and pleasant
countenance*" This story is told in Pliny, Hist* Nat.
xxxvi* 4* Spenser, F« Q* iv* 5, 12, speaks of him ** that
thought For Quan folk to pourtraict beauty's Queen*"
The reference is to the picture of Aphrodite by Apelles ;
but it was in the temple of Cos, not C*

CHIPPING NORTON* A mkt* town in Oxfordsh*, ao m*
N*W* of Oxford and 72 m* N*W* of Lond* In Three
Lords, Dods* vi* 393, Simplicity has a ballad called,
44 C*-N*, i nu from Chapel o' th' Heath— a lamentable
ballad of burning the Pope's dog/' Probably the allu-
sion is to some outburst of Protestant enthusiasm in
connection with the arrest of Campion in Oxfordsh* in
1581* Was the Pope's dog a Dominican Friar (Domini
canis) burnt in effigy i

CHRIST-CHURCH, LONDON

CHIRKE* A vill* in Denbighsh* in Wales, on the border
of Shropsh* The old Norman castle, one of the strong-
holds of the Lords Marchers, is still in a good state of
preservation* In Marlowe's Ed* II, the elder Mortimer
is called 44 Lord Mortimer of C*"

CHIURLU* A vill* in Rumelia, near Adrianople on the E*,
where Selim I attacked his father Bayaset, and where he
himself died on his way from Constantinople to Adria-
nople* In Selimus 2163, Acomat says to Selim, "" Selim,
in C* didst thou set upon Our aged father in his sudden
flight ; In C* shalt thou die a grievous death*"

CHOASPES* A river in S*W* Persia, rising in the mtns,
of Luristan and flowing S* into the Tigris; a little below
its junction with the Euphrates* Susa was built on its
banks, and according to Herodotus i* 188, the Kings of
Persia would drink no other water and had a supply of it
carried with them on all their campaigns* It is now
called Kerkhah* Milton, P. jR* iii* 388, tells of " Susa by
C,, amber stream, The drink of none but kings*"

CHOKA (perhaps a misprint for MOCHA, or MOKHA)* A
spt* on the E* coast of the Red S*, at the S*W* point of
Arabia* just within the Straits of Babelmandeb, chiefly
known for its export of coffee* In Bacchus, the i3th
guest 44 came from C*, a city in Arabia, named Nicholas
Neverthrive ; he brought with him a pudding-pie/'

CHRISCIS (apparently CHRYSE is intended)* A city on
the coast of the Troad in Asia Minor* In T* Hey wood's
Iron Age v*, Ulysses boasts, 44 'Twas I sacked Thebes,
C* and Scylla with Lernessus walls*"

CHRIST CHURCH* Canterbury Cathedral, originally
the chapel of the Priory of Christ Ch* Deloney, in
Craft i* 6, tells how Crispine met a friar in Canterbury
4* at C* Ch* one evening after the anthem/'

CHRIST CHURCH* The famous Oxford college
founded (under the name of Cardinal College) by Wol-
sey in 1535, on a scale of great magnificence* His fall in
1529 put an end to the building, and the N* side of the
quadrangle was not completed till the reign of Charles
II* In Nash's Lentenf p* 299, he refers to the " imperfect
works of C*-ch« in Oxford," which has 44 too costly large
foundations to be ever finished*" Richd* Edwards, the
dramatist, was at one time a member of C* Ch* Armin
says in the preface to his Ninnies, *4 I was admitted in
Oxford to be of C* Ch*" Nicholas Grimald wrote his
Archipropheta sive Johannes Baplista whilst a lecturer
here in 1548* William Gager's Meleager was performed
at C* Ch* in 1581 in the presence of Sidney, Leicester,
and other distinguished visitors.

CHRIST-CHURCH, LONDON* At the dissolution of
the monasteries Henry VIII gave the monastery of the
Grey Friars on the N* side of Newgate St* to the City
of Lond.* and made the old ch* the head of a new parish
to be called C* Ch** the monastery itself being at the same
time dedicated to the purpose of the education of poor
children (see CHRIST'S HOSPITAL)* The graveyard of
the old Ch* was invested with a peculiar sanctity in the
popular imagination, and a large number of distin-
guished people had been buried there, including
Margaret, wife of Edward I, Isabella, wife of Edward II,
. Roger Mortimer, John, D* of Bourbon, who was taken
prisoner at Agincourt, and Sir T* Malory* The ch* was
destroyed in the Gt* Fire and rebuilt by Wren* In
Eastward i* i, Quicksilver says of Touchstone, 4t His
mother sold gingerbread in C* Ch/'j and in Taylor's
Works ii* 234, he says, " The world runs on wheels like
the great gridiron in C*-ch/' In both cases the reference

117

CHRISTCHURCH

is to the school* The old lady doubtless came to sell
gingerbread to the boys / and the great gridiron would
be used for cooking their meals* In Heywood's Cap-
tives iv* 1^ a document is produced stating that Mirable
was "born, in C*-ch*/ Lond*/ anno 1600*" In ^Hey-
wood's LK.M. B* 320, Lady Ramsie says/ " I have
known old Hobson sit in Christs Ch* morn by morn to
watch poor couples that come there to be married and
give them some few angels for a dower*" Armin/ in
Ninnies, mentions " a cobler/ next to C*'s Ch* gate in
Newgate Market*" Burton, A. M* Intro*/ says* " Had I
been as forward as some others I might have haply
printed . * * a sermon at C*-ch*"

The 1609 edition of Shakespeare's Sonnets 4t Are to
be sold by John Wright* dwelling at C* Ch* gate*" The
Booke of Mery Riddles, to which Slender refers in
M. W. W* i* i* 209* was " Printed by Edward Allde.
dwelling in Little Saint Bartholomewes* neere C*-ch*
1600*" Chapman's Cassar was 44 Imprinted by G* E*
for John Wright/ and are to be sold at his shop at C*~ch*
Gate*"

CHRISTCHURCH* A spt* in Hants/ 101 m* S*W* of
Lond* The parish ch* was the abbey of the Priory
founded in the reign of Edward the Confessor* It is a
noble building/ almost on the scale of a cathedral* It
contains a monument to Shelley* John Marston/ the
dramatist, was for a time vicar of C./ after he had de-
serted the stage for Holy Orders in 1607*

CHRISTENDOM* That portion of the world that had
embraced Christianity* as opposed to the heathen
countries/ and especially to the nations that were
Mohammedan* Hence it is practically equivalent to
Europe* In Shrew Ind* ii* 2$, Sly says/ " Score me up
for the lyingest knave in C*" In ii* i/ i88/ Petruchio
calls Katharine " the prettiest Kate in C*" In H6 B* ii*
i/ i25/ Gloucester calls Saunder " the lyingest knave
in C." In H6 C* iii* 2/ 83, Clarence says that K* Edward
is ** the bluntest wooer in C*" In JRj iii* 4/ 53/ Hastings
says of Richd*/ 44 1 think there's never a man in C* That
can less hide his love or hate than he*" In 2C* /* ii* i/ 74/
Chatillon says that the English army is the bravest that
ever set out *4 To do offence and scath in C*" In iii* i/
x6s}/ John speaks of " all the kings of C*" being led so
grossly by the Pope* In H$ A* i* 3/ 109, Falstaff swears/
" 111 be damned for never a king's son in C*" In iii* i/
i64/ Hotspur says/ *4 I had rather live With cheese and
garHc in. a windmill/ far* Than * * * have him talk to
me In any summer-house in C*" In H6 A* ii* 4/ 89,
Somerset says, " Til maintain my words On any plot of
ground in C*" In v* 4/ g6, Beaufort says/ " The States
of C* * * * Have earnestly implored a general peace*"
In H8 ii, a/ 88/ Wolsey commends the King for *' com-
mitting freely Your scruple to the voice of C*" In iii* 3/
6y/ Suffolk says that " all famous colleges Almost in C*"
are in favour of the divorce* In iv* 2, 6^/ Griffith says of
Wolsey/ " C* shall ever speak his virtue*" In Mac. iv* 3,
192, Malcolm says of Siward/ " An older and a better
soldier none That C* gives out*" In Thradan iii* 3/ the
Alcalde says/ *4 In Africa the Moors are only known/
And never yet searched part of C*" In Middleton's
Queenborough v. i, Simon cries : 4* The K* of Kent J
The K* of Kjtrsendom Shall not be better welcome*
For you must imagine now, neighbours/ this is The
time when Kent stands out of Kirsendom For he that's
king here now was never kirsened*" The phrase 44 In
Kent and C*" was proverbial for the whole world* In
Ford's Queen ii* 9x3, Lodovico says/ 44 Your Ladyship
shall be ballated through all C*/ and sung to scurvy

118

CHRIST'S HOSPITAL

tunes*" In Kirke's Champions L i/ George says/ *' At all
the world we'll play/ But C*/ that is our tiring-house/
The rest our stage*"

CHRISTOPHER* A tavern at Gravesend* Taylor/
Works iii* 77, says/ " Landing at Gravesend/ we all went
to C*/ where we took a Bacchanalian farewell one of an-
other*" There was a tavern with the same sign at
Waltham* One of Tarlton's Jests relates an adventure
of his with the hostess of the C. at Waltham*

CHRISTOPHER STREET* Mentioned in Dekker's
Hon. WA* A* i* 2/ as a st* in Milan* I cannot find any
such st* : possibly the name was suggested by C, St*,
Lond*/ running from the N*E* corner of Finsbury Sq*
to Clifton St*

CHRIST'S COLLEGE* University of Cambridge/ at the
top of St* Andrew's St*/ in C* Lane/ opposite the end of
Petty Curey* It was founded by the Lady Margaret/
mother of Henry VII/ in 1505* Gurton was staged here
about 1553* (The author was probably William Steven-
son/ a fellow of the college*) Milton was a student at
C* C*/ and a mulberry tree in the garden is said to have
been planted by him. Nicolas Grimald/ the author of
Christus Redivivus and Archipropheta (1543. 1548), was
a student of this college at one time/ but went to Oxford
in 1543.

CHRIST'S HOSPITAL* Lond,/ on the N* side of New-
gate St*/ a little to the E* of the Old Bailey* It is on the
site of Christ Ch*/ g*i>* In 1553 Edward VI/ at the
instigation of Ridley/ founded and endowed it as a
school for poor children* Two or three arches on the S,
side of the quadrangle are all that remains of the
original building/ which was destroyed in the Gt* Fire*
The scholars were dressed in blue/ hence the popular
name 44 The Bluecoat School*" In 1903 the school was
removed to W* Horsham/ and one of the most in-
teresting buildings in Lond* was swept away* The new
buildings of the G*P*O* occupy the site*

In Awdeley's Fraternity of Vagabonds (1575), ^e de-
scribes the Cheatour/ or Fingerer* as walking 4t in such
places whereas gentlemen and other worshipful citizens
do resort/ as at Poules, or Christes H*/ and sometime at
the Royal Exchange*" In Middleton's Widow ii. i/
Valeria's suitor congratulates himself that his 2 bastard
children 4* are well provided for/ they're if the H*ff In
Jonson's Ev* Man L ii* i, Kitely explains that he picked
up Cash as a child at his door/ and 44 bred him at the H/'
In Ford's Queen L i, 99, Muretto says* " A H* boy in a
blue coat shall transcribe as much in 6 hours." Armin/
in Ninnies 50, says/ 44 Write the sermon* boy/ as the H,
boys do*" Machin/ in his Diary 33, speaks of " all the
children/ both men and women children/ all in blue
coats/ and wenches in blue frocks*" Armin's More-
dacke has for a snd title/ 44 The Life and Simple Maner
of John in the H*" The direction on the ist entry of
John is/ 44 Enter John. Nurse/ Boy/ all in blue coats " ;
and later/ " Enter John o' th' H* and a blue-coat boy
with him*" In Brome's City Wit iii* i/ Tryman says of
his brother/ 44 He has been one of the true Blue boys of
the H*" In T* Heywood's Ed. IV A* 57, Sir John
Crosbie soliloquizes : " I do not shame to say the H* of
Lond* was my chiefest fostring place* The Maisters of
the H* bound me apprentice to the Grocer's trade/ and
to the H* an hundred pound a year I give for ever*"
The poet is guilty of a slight anachronism here/ for the
Ht was not in existence as such in the reign of Edward
IV* In T* Heywood's L JFC* M* B* 319, Lady Ramsie
tells of one Master Rowland/ " now an able citizen/ late
chosen a master of the Ht" Arrnin/ in Ninnies, says, 44 On

CHYMJERIAN

Easter Sunday the ancient custom is that all the children
of the h* go before my Lord Mayor to the Spittle " (see
SPITTLE)* The Anatomy of a Woman* s Tongue was
** Printed for Richd* Harper and are to be sold at his
shop at the H*-Gate. 1638," The Gate was opposite
Warwick Lane* In Wise Men i* i, Proberio says of An-
tonio's writings, ** We'll put them in print and set them
up to be sold at the H* porch near St* Nicholas Sham-
bles/'

CHYMJERIAN* See CIMMERIAN*

CHYMERA* A mtn* in Lycia, just S* of Phaselis* An
unquenchable flame was said to issue from a cleft in the
mtn*, which seems to have been due to a jet of gas* The
legend of the fire-breathing Chimaera probably took its
origin from this phenomenon* In Richards' Messattina
v* 2175, Saufellus says* 44 My heart is far more Un-
passable than C* mt*" In T* Kenwood's Gold Age iii*,
Saturn* being exhorted to be patient, cries : " Teach me
to mollify the Corsicke rock Or make the Mt* C* pass-
able*" In his B* Age i*, Deianeira speaks of being at-
tacked by " the lions in Chimera bred*"

CICELY* See SICILY*

CILICIA* The province in S JE* Asia Minor* between the
Taurus Range and the sea* Up till the time of Alexander
the Gt* it was ruled by kings under the title of Syennesis*
It then passed under the power of the Seleucid dynasty
at Antipch, and was constituted a Roman province by
Pompeius in 66 B.C* In Ant. iii* 6, 15* Caesar mentions
it as one of the provinces assigned by Antony to his son
Ptolemy : " To Ptolemy he assigned Syria* C*, and
Phoenicia*" This is a verbal quotation from Plutarch*
In Greene & Lodge's Looking Glass, the scene of which
is laid at Nineveh in the time of the prophet Jonah, a
K* of C* appears as one of the characters* In T* D*'s
Banquet, there is an unhistorical K* of C* called Arma-
trites* In Chapman's Caesar ii* 4, 125* the K* of C*
offers his services to Pompey : there was no such K*
at this time* C* being a Roman province* Spenser* in
VirgiVs Gnat 671* speaks of " Saffron, sought for in Cn*
soil/' Browne, in Brittania's Pastorals i* 2, speaks of
"Saffron* confected in C*"

CIMBRI* A Celtic tribe whose exact home is uncertain*
Along with the Teutones they invaded Italy 101 B*c*,
and were defeated by C* Marius at Campi Raudit* In
Jonson's Catiline iii* 3, Catiline says* " Behold this silver
eagle ; *Twas Marius' standard in the Can. war," In
Kyd's Cornelia iii* chor., we have* ** Noble Marius,
Arpin's friend, That did the Latin state defend From
Cymbrian rage*" In Marlowe's Tamb* B* iv* 2, Tambur-
laine compares himself and his troops to " an herd of
lusty Cymbrian bulls*" The meaning would seem to be
savage, untamed, like the C* So Spenser, F* Q* i* 8, n,
speaks of a herd of bulls " in Cymbrian plain*"

CIMMERIANS (Cn* = Cimmerian)* A legendary people
who dwelt beyond the Ocean-river in perpetual dark-
ness unvisited by the rays of the sun (Horn., Odyss. xi*
14), The name is also applied historically to a Thracian
tribe living about the Tauric Chersonese* who in early
times invaded Asia Minor and caused widespread terror
amongst the Greeks on the coast* But it is the legendary
C* who have through Homer passed into literature*

In Tit* ii* 3, 74, the Moor is spoken of as 4< your
swarth Cn*," the reference being to his dark colour j
for all Shakespeare's Moors are represented as black*
Marlowe, in Tamb. A* v* i, speaks of " the Cn* Styx " :
meaning to suggest the gloom of the underworld* In

CIRCASSIA

Massinger's Virgin iv* 3, Antoninus says, " the glorious
sun himself To me's Cn* darkness*" In Chaucer, House of
Fame i* 73, the abode of the God of Sleep is u Besyde
a folk men clepe Cymerie*" In Milton's L'Allegro
10 (1632), Melancholy is adjured, " There under
ebon shades and low-brow'd rocks, In dark Cn* desert
ever dwell*" Taylor* Works iii* in, has " the Leathean
den of oblivious Cimerianism*" In Chettle's Hoffman
iv*, Hoffman cries : " All ye yellow tapers of the heaven
Vail your clear brightness in Ciamerian mists*" La
Brome's Concubine iv* 8, the K* prays, " Shew me some
light Through these Cymmerian mists of doubts and
fears*" In W* Rowley's Allrs Lost v* 5, 126, Julianus
says, " Where's this tyrant $* Turn me but to him, and
from these darkened eyes I shall discover his Cymerian
face*" In Cowley's Cutter i* 5, Worm says, ** Dost thou
not live, Cutter, in the Chymaerian darkness of ignor-
ance 4 " At which Jolly protests, ** Cymmerian, Capt*,
let it be Cymmerian*" Evidently Worm thought the
word had to do with Chymsera* In Csesar's Rev* iii. 2,
Caesar boasts, 4t I displayed the Eagle * * * in the rough
Cn* Bosphorus," z>* the modern Strait of Kertch con-
necting the Sea of Azov with the Black Sea* The refer-
ence is to Caesar's campaign against Pharnaces 47 B*C*

CINQUE PORTS (Lat* QUINQUE PORTUS : the 5 ports)*
On the S*E* coast of England, viz* Hastings, Romney,
Hythe, Dover* and Sandwich, to which were added later
Winchelsea and Rye* They furnished the greater part
of the English navy, and had in return many privileges,
including freedom from taxation and full cognizance of
all criminal and civil cases within their liberties* The
Governor of Dover Castle is also Warden of the C. P, :
the Barons of the C* P* had the right of bearing the
canopy over the Sovereign at his coronation* In H8 iv* i,
in the order of Q* Anne's coronation procession, we find:
4* 8* A canopy borne by 4 of the C* P* j under it* the Q*
in her robes*" Lower down (29) one of the spectator?
says* " They that bear The cloth of honour o'er her arc
4 Barons Of the C*-p*" The '* Barones de Hastingiis et
de quinque portibus" are mentioned in a Charter of
Richard 1, 1191* In Oldcastle iv* 3, the Bp* charges the
Lord Warden, " That all the C* P*, whereof you are
chief, Be laid forthwith that he escape us not*" In Look
about xxxiii., old Richard Fauconbridge is described as
44 Lord of the C* P*" In Armin's Moreclacke D* 4, Sir
William, when his daughter has eloped, demands 4* a
warrant for a general search, restraints for Cinck-p*"
The phrase was also applied to the 5 senses* Taylor,
Works L 79, speaks of " the C*-port senses " of Lond.
Rogers, Sacraments ii* 7 (1633), says, " Conscience
keeps the C* p*, the out-lets and in-lets of the heart and
life*" It is also used of the gates of a city, port being
taken as equivalent to porta* In Timon L 2, Eutrapelus
says* ** I walked through the byways of the town* the
Schools, the C* p*, the market places*" The scene is at
Athens, and it is just possible that Eutrapelus means
the harbours of the city, which were within the Long
Walls* laThreeLords (Dods*,vi* 398), Simplicity says to
Wealth, 44 Thou are no C*-port man ; thou art not wit-
free " : the allusion being to the freedom from taxation
enjoyed by the C* P*

CIRCASSIA. The dist* N* of the Caucasus Range, be-
tween the Caspian and the Black Seas* The women are
fair and famous for their beauty* and are sold in large
numbers for the harems of the Turks* In Davenanfs
Rhodes B* iv*, Solyman speaks of Mustapha as " the
pledge of my Cn* wife/'

CIRCEI1

CIRCE IL A town on the coast of Latium, some 50 m*
S*E* of Rome* It was a favourite summer resort of the
Romans, and was specially celebrated for its oysters*
In Jonson's Catiline i* i, Catiline, speaking of the luxury
of the nobles, says, *4 Circei too is searched To please the
witty gluttony of a meal/'

CIRENCESTER (called sometimes CICESTER, sometimes
CIREN)* A town in Gloucestersh*, abt* 90 m* W* of
Lond* It was a British town and, as its name implies, a
Roman station* It has one of the finest parish churches
in England, with a tower 132 ft* high* In 2?2 v* 6, 3,
Bolingbroke says, ** The rebels have consumed with fire
Our town of Cicester in Gloucestersh/' The account is
given in Holinshed* The leaders of the army were in the
town and their army camped outside* They were at-
tacked in their Inns by the bailiff, and as a signal to their
army set one of the Inns on fire* The army, taking this
to be a signal of Bolingbroke's approach, fled ; but the
fire burnt a large part of the town* William Cartwright,
the dramatist, was the son of an innkeeper at C*

CIRRHA* The port of Delphi on the Gulf of Corinth*
at the foot of Mt* Cirphis. The plain around it was
dedicated to Apollo, the god of poetry* In Nero i* 4,
Lucan, the poet of the Civil Wars of Rome, says, ** I
love the unnatural wounds from whence did flow An-
other C*, a new Helicon ** : a somewhat egotistical
reference to his poems* In Barclay's Lost Lady i* i, the
Physician says of Lysicles, ** He lost his mistress ; her
urn is in C*, which my lord nightly visits*** In T* Hey-
wood*s Dialogues xiv* 4392, Crates tells of 3 rich men
who " being from Sycion to Cyrra bound Were in the
midway near lapygium drowned*** In going from
Sycion to C* they would not get outside of the Corin-
thian Gulf, so would not be near lapygium at all.

CIRTA (now CONSTANTINEH)* The ancient capital of the
Massylii in Numidia* It lies 185 m* S*E* of Algiers and
45 m* from the coast* It was a strong fortress, and was
captured by Metellus in 108 B*C* from Jugurtha* The
scene of Marston*s Sophonisba is laid at C* in 203 B*c+
during the war between the Romans and Syphax* In
ii* s, Jugurtha says, " Syphax runs his well-breathed
horse Direct to C*, the most beauteous city Of all his
kingdom/* The scene of Act II of Nabbes* Hannibal is
laid at the Court of Syphax in Cyrtha, 304 B*C«.

CISSEPHUS* I suspect a misprint, or mistake* for
Cephissus, the little stream which flowed through
Athens to the B* of Phalerum* Heywood seems to
think of it as in Sicily, but he may have confused the
Eleusinian Mysteries, which celebrated the story of
Persephone and were held at Eleusis, near Athens, and
the annual festivals held in honour of the goddess at
Enna, in Sicily* There were many streams at Enna, but
I cannot find one with this name* In T* Heywood*s
Mistress v* i, Pluto says, ** This day The virgins of
Sicilia on C* banks Are gathered in well-ordered multi-
tudes ** to celebrate the return to upper Earth of Perse-
phone*

CITHJERON* The range of mtns* separating Bceotia
from Attica* It was the scene of the deaths of Actaeon
and Pentheus* It abounded in game* In Chapman's
Bussy v* i, Montsurry says that men will not be stayed
" Till they embrace within their wife's a breasts All
Pelion and Cythaeron with their beasts/' In Mason*s
Mulleasses 3376, Borgias cries in death, "Sink* sink,
Cytheron ; high Pallene, tremble'* : cf* Seneca, Here* Fan
979* In Pickering's Horestes C* 2, in a song by -ffigisthus,
it is said that Helen found occasion to meet Paris " in

CLAUDIAN AQUEDUCT

Cytheron where each of them the other did greet the
feast upon*" There was an annual festival to Zeus on
the top of C*, called the Daedala* In Peele*s Arraign-
ment v* i, Venus swears, ** By all the honour and the
sacrifice That from C* and from Paphos rise*** There is
probably a confusion here between C. and Cythera, the
island sacred to Venus* Spenser, F* Q* iii* 6, 29, also
speaks of " Cytheron hills *' as one of the haunts of
Venus ; and again in vi* 10, 9* In Brome's Ct. Beggar
iv* 2, the mad Frederick says, " Carry me up to Hymet-
tus top, Cytheron, Othris or Pindus where she [Diana]
affects to walk and take the air*'* Hall, in Satires L a, 19,
says, in reference to the erotic poetry of the day*
44 Cytheron hill's become a brothel bed*'*

CITY MILLS* In Cor* i* 10, 31, Aufidius says, " I am
attended at the cypress grove ; I pray you — *Tis S* the
c* m* — bring me word thither**' Aldis Wright points
out that in 1588 the Mayor and Corporation of Lond,
petitioned the Q* for power to build 4 cornmills on the
Thames near the bdge* : these would be near to the
Globe and familiar to the audience* For a similar trans-
ference of a local reference, see under CAPITOL*

CIVILL* See SEVILLE*

CIVITA VECCHIA, The port of Rome, 38 m, N*W* of
the city on the coast of the Mediterranean* It was con-
structed by the Emperor Trajan, and later was strongly
fortified* In Barnes* Charter ii* i, Pope Alexander offers
to Charles VIII " to render presently the citadels of
Terracina, C* V«, and Spoleto " as the condition of
peace* In Middleton's jR* G* v* i, Trapdoor claims to
have visited, amongst other places in Italy, " Roma, V*,
Bonomia, etc/*

CIZICUM* See CYZICUM*

CLAN-GIBBON* In Middleton's Quiet Life iv* i,
Knavesby, pointing to a map of Ireland, says, 4t Here is
C*-G*, a fruitful country and well-wooded* This upper
part is the Cossacks* land ; here runs the Kernesdale,
admirable feed for cattle ; and hereabout is St* Patrick's
Purgatory*" All these places seem to be imaginary,
though Patrick's Purgatory has found a local habitation
on an island in Lough Dearg, in Donegal*

CLAPHAM. Originally a vill* in Surrey, abt 5 m* S*W*
of St* Paul's; now a suburb of Lond* The Common is
an open space abt* 300 acres in extent. Taylor, Works
ii* i, says, 44 1 saw the cedars of Lebanon read a sad
lecture unto C* Heath*"

CLARE HALL (now CLARE COLLEGE)* University of
Cambridge, founded by Elisabeth de Burgh in 1359*
It stands on the river, which is crossed at this point by
C* Bdge*, W. of King's* Robert Greene, the dramatist,
proceeded M*A* from C* H* in 1583* The recently dis-
covered play called Club Law, a diverting account of the
feud between Town and Gown, was performed at C* H*
in 1597*

CLARE'S ORDINARY* An eating-house in Lond*:
possibly that which afterwards became Jonson's Hotel
in Clare Court, on the E* side of Drury Lane next to
Blackmoor St* In Barry's Ram iii* i. Ruff, describing
what he would do if he could get a rich wife, says, ** I
would eat at C* o, and dice at Antony's***

CLAUDIAN AQUEDUCT* An aqueduct at Rome, be-
gun by Caligula and finished by Nero* It brought water
to the city from the Alban Hills across the Campagna,
over a series of noble arches of travertine, the ruins of
which are still a conspicuous feature of the landscape*
Its whole length was 46 ra* aacl for 10 of them it was

120

CLEMENT DANES (ST.)

carried on arches* It entered the city at the S.E. corner.
In May's Agrippina 1 i, 338, Vitellius mentions amongst
the buildings of Rome, " Julius* Temple, Claudius'
Aquaeducts."

CLEMENT DANES (ST.). A ch* in Lond* at the E* end
of the Strand, in the middle of the rd* and slightly
athwart the direction of it owing to its exact orientation
E* and W* The origin of the suffix D* is variously ex-
plained as due to the burial there of Harold Harefoot,
the illegitimate son of Canute ; or to a defeat of the D*
by the Londoners in the reign of Ethelred ; or to a small
settlement of D* who were allowed to remain after the
expulsion of the rest from England* The ist ch. was
built somewhere about A.D* 1000* It was repaired at
various times during the I7th cent*, and -was finally
pulled down in 1680 and rebuilt by Wren, the steeple
being added in 1719* It was repaired and restored in
1839* It has a fine peal of 10 bells, cast in 1693, to re-
place those whose chimes Falstaff and Shallow " heard
at midnight" when they were students in C/s Inn
(H4 B< iii. 2, 2258)* They figure in the nursery rhyme,
4 Oranges and lemons, Say the bells of St* Clemens/'
Dr* Johnson occupied a pew in the N* gallery, indicated
by a brass plate affixed in 1851, Stow tells of the dis-
turbances caused in the neighbourhood of the church
by the " unthrifts of the Inns of Chancery*" In Jonson's
Augurs, the bearward sings, to the dancing of his bears,
44 Nor the Vintry-Cranes, nor St* C* D«, Nor the Devil
can put us down*" The point would seem to lie in the
opposition to bear-baiting by the players, who found
that that sport diminished their houses : doubtless the
young lawyers supported them in their protest. In
Middleton's Five Gallants, the ist Gallant is " of St*
C/s parish " ; and in v* i, we learn that young Frank-
lin's tailor is " Master Weatherwise by St* C*'s dbu"
In Dekker's Northward v* i, Bellamont advises Kate to
set up as periwig maker in the Strand, and promises,
" You shall have as good a coming in by hair and by
other foolish tiring as any between St. C/s and Charing*"
Swetnam was " Printed for Richd* Meighen and are to
be sold at his shops at St. Cs* Ch., over-against Essex
House, and at Westminster Hall. 1630."

CLEMENT'S INN* One of the Inns of Court in Lond.,
lying immediately W* of the New Law Courts, and near
the Ch* of St* C* Danes on the N* of the Strand. Near
by was C. Well, which in Shakespeare's time was paved
and curbed and always full of water* It was connected
with the Inner Temple, and was an I* of Chancery
before the reign of Edward IV* These Is* were places
of residence for students of the Law, and resembled in
many ways the colleges of the universities* Shallow, in
H4 B* iii* 2, indulges in some pleasant reminiscences of
the time when " I was once of C* I*, where I think they
will talk of mad Shallow yet*" It was " 55 year ago," and
Jane Nightwork 44 had Robin Nightwork by old Night-
work before I came to C* L" He remembers being Sir
Dagonet in Arthur's show, ** when I lay at C* I/' Fal-
staff was his fellow student there : " I do remember
him," says the Fat Knight, " at C* I* like a man made
after supper of a cheeseparing : when he was naked, he
was for all the world like a forked radish with a head
fantastically carved upon it with a knife*" Harman, in
his Caveat ii*, tells of a counterfeit crank who begged
about the Temple the most part of the day, ** unless it
were about xii of the clock ne went on the backside of
C* I* without Temple Bar ; there is a lane that goeth
into the Fields ; there he renewed his face again with
fresh blood which he carried about him in a bladder/'

CLEVELAND

CLEMENT'S (SAINT) LANE (now C* LANE)* A st. in
Lond* running from 28 Lombard St* to K* William St.,
just above its junction with East Cheap. In Deloney's
Craft i. 10, Mrs* Eyre says, ** We'll dine at rny cousin
John Barber's in St* C* L*, which is not far from the
George in Lumbard-st*"

CLEONJE* A town in the Peloponnesus, between Corinth
and Argos, abt* 15 m* N.E* of the latter city* It was
close to Nemea, and the Nemean games were celebrated
in its territory* In T* Heywood's 5* Age iii., the Herds-
man says of the Nemean lion that it " commands the
Cleonean continent, Unpeoples towns/' The lion was
killed by Herakles* In Scot, Presfc* v* i, Anarchy says,
" Cleonian lions and Daonian bears Are not so raven-
ous*"

CLERKENWELL* A dist* in Lond., N* of C* Rd., be-
tween Gray's Inn Rd. and Goswell Rd. So named from
a well at the S.E. end of Ray St** which was used by the
Brothers of St* John and the Benedictine nuns* The
dist. shared with Hockley-in-the-hole and Turnmill St*
a particularly bad reputation as a haunt of thieves and
loose women* In Middleton's Mad World iii* 2, the
Courtesan, supposed to be on her deathbed, sends her
commendations ** to all my good cousins in C* and St*
John's*" In Randolph's Muses* iv* 3, Justice Nimis
reckons, " The yearly value of my fair manor of C* is
pounds so many," and adds Turnbal, Pickthatch, and
Shoreditch as other contributors to his income* In
T. Heywood's Hogsdon ii* i , the Wise Woman, in a list of
female quacks and fortune-tellers, says/4 There's a very
reverend matron on C. Green, good at many things."
In Dekker's News from Hell, we are told of the " whores
and thieves that live in C/' Taylor, Works ii* 103,
speaks of a certain lady as " the honestest woman that
dwells between Smithfield Bars and C." In Marston's
Courtesan i. 2, Cocledemoy says, " They [bawds] must
needs both live well and die well, since most commonly
they live in Clerkenwell and die in Bridewell*" In
Middleton's Wo WitL i, Weatherwise says/' Some lousy
fiddler run away with your daughter; may C. have
the first cut of her and Houndsditch pick her bones 1"
In Brome's City Wit ii* 2, Crack says of Mrs* Tryman :
44 She was born in Clearkenwell and was never half a
day's journey from Bridewell in her life/' There was an
annual wrestling match at C* which was attended by
competitors from all parts of the country* Hentsner tells
how he saw the Lord Mayor present at it in all the glory
of his state robes*

CLERMONT (more fully, C. FERRAND). The capital of
Basse- Auvergne, 237 m* S* of Paris* It is the old
Augustonometum, or Averni* It has a fine Gothic
cathedral, built in 1248* Here the Council was held in
1095 which decided on the ist Crusade* In Marlowe's
Ed* II v* 5, the unhappy K. recalls how he ran at tilt
in France for the sake of his Q* Isabel, " And there un-
horsed the D* of C*" In Cavendish's Life of Wolsey iii*,
we are told that the Viscount C* was one of the prisoners
brought back from France by Henry VIII in 1513*

CLEVELAND* The dist* around Cleves, on the Rhine,
75 m* E* of Rotterdam* It was part of the theatre of the
war between the Spaniards and the Dutch in the early
years of the I7th cent* j and Cleves was taken by the
Dutch in 1625* Many English volunteers assisted the
Dutch in these wars* In Dekker's Hon. Wh*t B*
v* 2, Bots boasts of having served there : " In C* I
missed but little, having the bridge of my nose broken
down with 2 great stones, as I was scaling a fort/' There

121

CLEVES

is a double entendre here* In Field's Weathercock i* 2,
Kate says to Capt* Pout, " I shall be here at home, and
you in C* abroad*" In Taylor's Works iii* 24, we are told
that " Lieut* Puffe from Cleaveland is returned/' In
Dekker's Northward iv. 2, Jenkin speaks of " all the
Low Countries in Christendom, as Holland and Zea-
land, and Netherland and C* too/* In B. & F* Scornful
v* 3, Loveless says of Morecraft's reformation* ** There
will be no more talk of the Cleve wars while this lasts*"
In the next scene Welford says to Martha* ** When you
can hold out no longer, marry some cast Cleve capt*
and sell bottle-ale/'

CLEVES (German, CLEVE)* A town in Rhenish Prussia,
70 m* N.W* of Cologne* The old castle of Schwanen-
burg, the former residence of the Dukes of C*, is now
the public offices of the town* Here was born Anne of
C** the 4th wife of Henry VIII* In S* Rowley's When
You F* i, the K* says* " Anne of Cleave shall be sent
home again*"

CLIFFORD'S INN* Originally the town house of the
Cliffords* leased to the students of Law by Isabel,
widow of Robert de Clifford, in 1344* It lies on the N*
side of Fleet St*, between Chancery Lane and Fetter
Lane, behind St* Dunstan's Ch* It was the oldest of
the Is* of Chancery* The Honourable Society of C* I*
was dissolved in 1903* and the hall and some of the
buildings have been recently acquired by the Society of
Knights Bachelors* In Middleton's JR* G* iv* i, Moll,
disguised as a man, pretends to be a teacher of music
44 right against C* L" Andromana was ** Printed for
John Bellinger and are to be sold at his shop in C* L
Lane in Fleet St* 1660*" C* I* Lane was the entrance
to the I* from Fleet St** by St* Dunstan's Ch*

CLIFTON (more fully C*-CUM-GLAPTON)* A vill* in
Notts*, 3 m* S*W* of Nottingham* It possesses a fine old
ch* and almshouses for 6 old women* C* is the home of
the heroine of Sampson's Vow. In v* 2, 58, Miles quotes
from the ballad which is the foundation of the play :
" Not far from Nottingham of late In C*, as I hear,
There dwelt a fair and comely dame, For beauty with-
out peer*'*

CLINK* A prison on the Bankside, Southwark, W* of
Winchester House, at the corner of Maid Lane* C* St*
still preserves the name* It was removed to Deadman's
Place in 1745 and was burnt down by the Gordon
rioters in 1780* Bp* Hooper was committed " from the
Counter in Southwark to the C*" (Works ii* 181)* After
Bradford's excommunication in St* Mary Overies, he
was " delivered to the sheriffs of Lond*, and so had to
the C*" (Works i* 492)* In T* Heywood's Fortune iii, 4,
the Clown, who is making a proclamation at the dicta-
tion of the Pursevant, changes " Purser and Clinton "
into " Lost their purses at the C*" In verses prefixed to
Coryat's Crudities (1611), Vadianus says, " I have * * *
left my wits fast fettered in the Ce*" C* is used to-day
as a slang term for prison*

CLOTH-FAIR* A st, in Lond* running from the E* side
of W* Smithfield, parallel to and just S* of Long Lane :
it formerly went right through to Aldersgate St, but
now stops at Kinghorn St* It is one of the last surviving
bits of medieval Lond* It was, as the name implies, the
resort of drapers, and clothiers* In Jonson's BarthoL
Ind*, the Stage-keeper regrets that Tarleton had not
lived to have played in Bartholomew Fair: "You
should have seen him come in, and have been cozened
in the c*-quarter so finely J "

122

COOK

CLOUGH* A narrow valley between 2 steep hills* Clym,
or Clem, o* the C* was one of the trio of famous archers,
the others being Adam Bell and William of Cloudesley*
The ballad detailing their exploits will be found in
Percy's Reliques. Their home was in the forest of
Englewood, near Carlisle* In Dayenant's Wits ii* i,
Ample speaks of Thwack as ** this rude Clim o' the
C*" In Lawyer ii*, Curfew addresses Vaster as 44 My
brave Clem o' th* C*" In W* Rowley's Match Mid. L 2,
Randall says the hills near Kingston " are no more near
mountains in Wales than Clim of the C/s bow to her
cozen David's harp*" In Jonson's Alch. L i* Face says,
"I bring you no cheating Clim o* the Cloughs, or
Claribels*" Nash, in Pierce, calls the devil « Clim of the
C*, thou that usest tn drink nothing but scalding lead
and sulphur in hell*"

CNIDOS* See GNIDON*

COBHAM* A vilL in Kent, 4 m* S* of Gravesend* In
Rs iL if 279, "Rainold, Lord C."is mentioned amongst
those who accompanied Bolingbroke from Brittany in
his attack upon Richd* II* This Rainold, or Reginald,
is praised by Froissart as one of the best warriors in
England : he was banished to Jersey in 1398 for com-
plicity in Gloucester's supposed plot* His daughter and
heiress Joan married the famous Sir J* Oldcastle, who by
this marriage became Lord C* He is the hero of the
pseudo-Shakespearian play Oldcastle, and the part after-
wards transferred to Sir J* FalstafT in the Henry IV
plays was originally given to him* He headed an in-
surrection of the Lollards and was hanged as a traitor
and burned as a heretic in 1417* In the very lame dis-
claimer (qui s'excuse s'accuse !) in the Epilogue to Hj. B,,
it is said " Falstaff shall die of a sweat ; for Oldcastle died
a martyr, and this is not the man*" The Prince addresses
Falstaff in H# A* i* 2, 47, as " my old lad of the Castle "; and
in Fam* Vzc£*, the part is assigned to Sir John Old-Castle
which Shakespeare gives to Falstaff* The Eleanor C* of
H6 B* ii* 3 was the 3rd daughter of Sir Reginald C*, son
of the 2nd Lord Reginald C* mentioned above* She was
the 2nd wife of the good D* Humphrey of Gloucester,
and died in prison in the Isle of Man in 1454* In H6 C*
i* 2, 40, York sends his son Edward to win over " my
Lord of C* With whom the Kentishmen will willingly
rise " ; and in line 56 we learn that " noble Warwick,
C*, and the rest " have been left by York as protectors of
the King* In Oldcastle several of the scenes are laid at
Sir John's house at C* In iii* 3, Doll complains to the
priest of Wrootham, " You might have left me at C*
until you had been better provided for " ; and in iv* x,
this same priest, who is also a highwayman, mentions
*\ Chobham Down " as one of the places which pay him
tithe*

COCITUS* See COCYTUS*

COCK* A well-known tavern in Fleet St*, Lond*, near the
corner of Chancery Lane* It was originally called the C*
and Bottle* It escaped the Gt* Fire and can be traced
back to the time of Elisabeth, when John Garlak wrote
to Mr* Latimer " at the sign of the C* near St. Dunstan's
Ch*" It was pulled down to make room for a branch of
the Bank of England in 1887, but was reopened under
the old name on the opposite side of the rd* in 1888,
The old sign, said to have been carved by Grinling
Gibbons* is preserved in the house : the sign outside is
modern* Everyone knows Tennyson's lyrical mono-
logue to Will Waterproof, (* the plump headwaiter at
the C*" There were other C* Taverns in Tothill St*,
Westminster, pulled down in 1873 to make room for the

COCK AND HEN

Aquarium ? in Bow St* ; and on the S* side of Old St*
Harman, in Caveatf speaks of another in Kent St*, in
Southwark* It was also a bookseller's sign* Arthur of
Litil Bretaygne was " Imprinted at Lond* in Powles Ch*
yard at the sign of the Ce* by Roberte Redborne."

COCK AND HEN* A tavern in Highgate* Highgate,
being the last stage on the way to Lond*, had a great
many taverns* Hone* in Every-Day Bk. (1826), enum-
erates 19 in the High St* In Jonson's Tub i* 2, we are
told of Sim Valentine* who " kept brave house at the
C*-and-Hen in Highgate/'

COCKATRICE* One of the taverns in Rome (Le. Lond*)
enumerated by Valerius in T* Heywood's Lucrece 11* 5 :
44 The punk unto the C/' C* was often used for a
prostitute ; and the name of the tavern may have been
invented to suit the author's purpose* I have not been
able to find any reference to a tavern with this sign*

COCKERMOUTH* An ancient town in Cumberland,
at the junction of the Cocker and Derwent, 24 m* S*W*
of Carlisle* It has a finely situated castle* which was in
olden times a strong fortress* In Skelton's Magnificence
fol* xii*, in a nonsensical dialogue between Folly and
Fancy, Folly irrelevantly turns the conversation by
saying, " Marry, Sir, C* is a good way hence/' To
which Fancy retorts : "What*1 Of Cockermowth spake
I no word*" Folly seems to mean, if anything at all,
" I am far from flattering you*"

COCK LANE* A st* in Lond* running E* from Snow
Hill to Giltspur St*, in W* Smithfield* Pie Corner is at
the corner of Giltspur St* and Cock L* It is mentioned
in 1383 as the only allowed place of abode for courtesans
on that side of the city ; and Clarice of Cokkeslane is
one of the merry company of Glutton's fellowship in
Piers B* v* 319, In Whetstone's Promos iv* i, Gresco
orders the beadles to 4* search Ducke Alley, Cockelane,
and Scouldes corner " for lewd persons* There was
another C* L* in Shoreditch, now called Boundary St*,
running N* from Church St* to Austin St* This is the
one referred to by Davenant in Wits v* 3* " O, Sir,
'twill make 'em sing like the silk-knitters of C*-L"

COCKNEY* In the sense of a born Londoner only oc-
curs after 1600* The original meaning is a cock's egg
(cocken-ey) which was supposed to be small and mis-
shapen ; then a milksop, a foolish, affected person* It
is in this sense only that Shakespeare uses the word—
7u>* N. iv* i, 15 : *4 This great lubber, the world, will
prove a c/' ; and Lear ii* 4, 123, " Cry to it, nuncle, as
the c* did to the eels when she put 'em i' the paste alive*"
The ist example of the localised sense quoted in O J£*D*
is in Rowlands' Lett. Hum. Blood iv* 65 (1600), ** I scorn
to let a Bow-bell C* put me down*" Minsheu, Ductor
(1617), says, " A C*, or Cockny, applied only to one
born within the sound of Bow-bell " ; and goes on to
give an absurd derivation of it from a young Londoner
going into the country and talking about a cock neigh-
ing* In Dekker's Shoemaker's iii* 5, the Lord Mayor of
Lond* says of his daughter, " My fine c* would have
none of him*" In Prodigal ii* i, Oliver, the Devonshire
clothier, in response to Flowerdale's chaff about his
provincial pronunciation, says, 4* Ay, and well said,
cocknell, and Bow-bell too/' In Dekker's Westward ii* 2,
Birdlime says, ** As Frenchmen love to be bold * * »
so cs*, especially she-cs*, love not aqua vitse when 'tis
good for them*" In Day's B. Beggar v*, Strowd says,
44 1 think you be sib to one of the London-cs« that asked
whether haycocks were better meat boiled or roasted*"
In Brome's Northern ii* i, Widgin says, ** I am a C*

and was never further than Hammersmith*" In his Ct *
Beggar iii* i, Swaynwit says to Citywit, who has just
been boasting that he was born in the City, 4* Darst thou
tell me of clowns, thou c* chicken-hearted whelp thou *"*

COCKPIT* Properly an enclosed circle for the sport of
cock-fighting : then applied to a theatre, especially to
the pit* So Shakespeare, H5 prol ii, says, ** Can this
C* hold The vasty fields of France $"' L* Digges, in Shaks.
SuppL i* 71, says, " Let but Beatrice and Benedict be
seen ; lo I in a trice The C*, galleries, boxes, all are
full/' The name was then appropriated to one particular
theatre, erected on the site of a c* in Drury L* about
1615* It was sacked by the prentices in 1617 and re-
opened under the name of the " Phoenix/' In Dekker's
Owl's Almanac (1618), we read : " Shrove Tuesday falls
on that day which the prentices pulled down the C*" ;
and in Middleton's Inner Temp. 174, Dr* Almanac says,
'* Stand forth, Shrove Tuesday 1 'tis in your charge
to pull down bawdy-houses ; ruin the C* ! the poor
players never thrived in it*" It may fairly be regarded
as the progenitor of the famous Drury Lane* In Jonson s
Epicoene iv* a, Centaure talks of the lovers who ** invite
us to the C* and kiss our hands all the play-time*"
L* Digges, in Shaks. SuppL i* 71, says, " May the Bull
or C* have Your lame blank verse to keep you from the
grave*" The actors, in their Remonstrance (1643), say,
44 It is not unknown to all the audience that have fre-
quented the private houses of Blackfriars, the C*, and
Salisbury Court, without austerity we have purged our
stages from all obscene and scurrilous jests*" Brome,
in a note at the end of the Antipodes, says, 44 It was at
first intended for the C* stage/' In Dekker's Babylon
314, Plain Dealing says, 44 This one^ little C* is able to

., __ rf S%*v***' *** —»»••• — JE

kingdom*" In Nabbes' C* Garden L i, Ralph is de-
lighted that his master is coming to live in Covent
Garden : " we shall then be near the C*, and see a play
now and then/' In Cockayne's Obstinate iii* 2, Lorece
says, " I at any time will carry you to a play either to the
Black Friar's or C*" In the ist Folio (preface) of
Shakespeare, the authors address the critics as you that
44 Sit on the stage at Blackfriars or the C* to arraign plays
daily*" Glapthorne's Hollander was 44 acted at the C* in
Drury Lane" ; and his Argalus 44 at the private house
in Drury-Lane," which is obviously the C*
COCKPIT-IN-COURT* See under WHITEHALL*
COCK'S HEATH* A heath in Kent, mentioned, in Old-
castle iv* i, by the parson of Wrotham as one of the
places from which he levies tithe as a highwayman*
COCYTUS* A river of Epirus flowing into the Acheron,
now the Vuvo* Homer places it in the lower world ;
Odyss. x* 514, " There into Acheron C* glides, Stream-
ing from Styx and Pyriphlegethon/' Vergil is not al-
together self-consistent, but seems to regard C* as a
deep pool into which the Acheron discharges itself down
a great steep ? and describes it as a stagnant marsh with
black mud and hideous reed beds* Dante makes it a
frozen lake into which all the waters of Hell collect*
In Tit. ii* 3, 336, Martius describes Aaron's pitfall as
44 this fell, all-devouring receptacle, As hateful as C*
misty mouth/' In the old Timon iv* 3, Timon declares
that Speusippus "deserves the pain Of Sisyphus, thirst
of Tantalus, And in thy lake, C», to remain*" In Mar-
lowe, Tamb. A* v* i, Bajazeth invokes 44 Furies from
the black C* lake*" Vergil calls C* "the dread river of
the Furies " (Mn. vi* 375)* In Massinger's Believe jii* 3,
Berecinthius says, " I do not fear thee, Pluto, though

123

CODEMIA

thou hast Assumed a shape not to be matched in C*" :
where the conception is vague and the accent wrong*
In Wilson's Cobler 677, Charon tells the Cobbler that
iii order to accommodate the huge crowds that are
coming to hell, " C*, Lethe, Phlegeton, shall all be
digged into Styx*" In Kyd's Cornelia iv., Csesar asks,
Can I too soon go taste C/ flood 4 " In T* Key-
wood's Mistress iii*, Psyche speaks of '* Cocitus, That
fearful stream, which feeds the river Stix*" In Mar-
mion's Leaguer i* 2, Jeffrey says, " We shall fall into a
Jake that will foully dight us, Darker and deeper than
Styx or C*" : where the rhyme should be noted* In
Locrine iii* 6, 13, Humber invokes " You ugly sprites
that in Cocitus mourn And gnash your teeth " : where
it means simply Hell* Milton, P. L. iL 579, names the
rivers of Hell, Acheron, Styx, " C*, named of lamenta-
tion loud Heard on the rueful stream/' and Phlegeton;
Lethe, the river of oblivion, flows " far off from these/'
In Contention, Pt* I, Has*, p, 435, Bullenbroke, in his
invocation, says, " Send up, I charge you, from Sosetus
lake The spirit Askalon to come to me*"

CODEMIA* A town near the Dniester, or Tyras, alleged
in Marlowe, Tomb. B* i* 3, to have been subdued by
Theridamas: "By the r* Tyras I subdued Stoka
P Starakostaninow], Podolia, and C*" It is probably
Kodma, a small town in the Polish province of Volhynia,
just N* of Podolia, on a confluent of the Bug of the same
name*

CODPIECE ROW* A court in Westminster on the S* side
of Petty France, now York St* It was notorious as a
haunt of women of bad character, from which it doubt-
less gained its name* In Middleton's Inner Temp. 173,
Dr* Almanac says, " Stand forth, Shrove Tuesday 1
Tis m your charge to pull down bawdy-houses : deface
Turnbull and tickle C* R*" The reference is to the an-
nual attack made by the prentices on houses of ill-fame
on Shrove Tuesday* In Brome's Covent G* i. i, Nicho-
las addresses the prostitute Damaris as " old Countess
ofC*R*"

COIMBRA* A city of Portugal no m* N. of Lisbon on
the road to Oporto* It is the seat of a university* In
Stucley 2671, the ** Bish* of Cambra " is named in the
list of those who were slain at the battle of Alcazar*

COINTREE* See COVENTRY*

COKERMOWTHE* See COCKERMOTJTH*

COLCHESTER (the CAMALODUNUM of the Romans)* An
ancient town in Essex, on the Colne, 51 m* N*E* of
Lond* It had a special reputation for the excellence of
its oysters* In Jonson's Volpone ii* i, Sir Politick re-
lates that Mass Stone, the fool, had " weekly intelli-
gence " of foreign affairs conveyed " sometimes In C*
oysters and your Selsey cockles*" In Massinger's New
way iv* i, Overreach asks Greedy, " Did you not de-
vour this morning a shield of brawn and a barrel of C*
oysters i " Nash, in Lenten, mentions the " C* oyster-
men*" In J. Heywood's Weather, Farmer, p* 99, Merry
Report claims to have been, amongst many other places
alliteratively enumerated, " at Canterbury, at Coventry,
S T;L Dekker, ™- News from Hell, says that the miles to
Hell "arenothalf so long as those between C*and Ipswich
m England/' C* is only abt* 15 m* from Ipswich* In
Percy s Cuckqueans (first performed in the Tarlton Inn
m rvi1!1? stage ^presents simultaneously Harwich, C*,
and Maldon* Spenser, ,F. Q* ii. 10, 58, says of K* Coyl
(old K* Cole), " He of his name Coyl-chester built of
stone and lime/' Drayton, in Polyoft. xix* 125, speaking
ot c*, asks, Think you our oysters here unworthy of

COLD HARBOUR

your praise i " Deloney, in Craft i* 5, tells how the Q*
of Logria " was laid in prison in C* Castle*"
COLCHOS* The dist* at the extreme E* end of the Black
Sea: it is chiefly known through the story of the Argo-
nautic expedition, which set out under the leadership of
Jason to recover the fleece of the golden ram on which
Phrixus had fled thither from his father Athamas,
K* of Thessaly* Jason got the fleece through the help of
Medea, the daughter of the K* Aeetes, and returned
with it to Greece, having married Medea* The legend
is a very ancient one and was known to Homer* In
Merch. i* i, 171, Bassanio says of Portia, ** Her sunny
locks Hang on her temples like a golden fleece, Which
makes her seat of Belmont C*' strand, And many Jasons
come in quest of her*" Chaucer, in Leg. of Good Women
1368, tells the story of Medea : " in an ile that called
was C*, beyond Troye, estwarde in the see, etc*," and
mentions the dragon and the 4* 2 bolles maked al of bras,
that spitten fire " who kept guard over the fleece* In
Marlowe's Tamb. A. iv* 4, Tamburlaine promises his
soldiers, 44 Damascus [shall be] spoils as rich to you As
was to Jason C*' golden fleece*" In Chapman's Consp*
Byron iii* i, Byron, hearing the predictions of the
astrologer La Brosse, exclaims * " The bulls of C* * * *
could not have burnt my blood so*" In Nero iii* 3,
Seneca cries : ** O Rome, the Getes, the men of Colchis
at thy sufferings grieve " : the men of C* standing for
the most savage barbarians* In Greene's Orlando v* 2,
*437> Orlando speaks of " That gallant Grecian keel
That brought away the Colchyan fleece of gold*" In
Alimony iii. 6, the Ghost says, " Jason won much at
Colchis*" In T* Heywood's B* Age iii*, Jason says,
** Our next expedition Shall be for C* and the golden
fleece*" In Day's Law Tricks ii* i, Horatio says, " Your
hair is softer than the Colchian fleece/' In May's
Agrippina ii* 33, Otho says, " Fire-breathing bulls did
guard the Colchian fleece/' W* Smith, in Chloris
(1596) xxxvii, speaks of the " Golden Fleece Which
Jason stout from C* island bore." Puttenham, Art of
Poesie ii*, says, " Charles V, Emperor, gave for his new
order the Golden Fleece, usurping it upon Prince Jason
and his Argonauts* rich spoil brought from C*" In
Philotus 162, the Lovers sing, *' Was greater gladness in
the land of Greece When Jason came from C* home
again i " C*, as the home of Medea, was supposed to be
fertile in deadly poisons* In Nabbes' Hannibal v* 3,
Hannibal, having drunk a poison, says, " C* never
yielded A juice more baneful/' Spenser, F* Q* v* 8, 47,
speaks of " fell Medea, when on Colchicke strand Her
brothers' bones she scattered all about " : he is thinking
of her murder of her brother Absyrtus, whose remains
she mangled and left behind to check her father in his
pursuit of her and Jason*

COLD HARBOUR, or COLDHARBOROUGH : often spelt
COLE HARBOUR (Ce* H* = Cole Harbour). Originally a
fine mansion in Upper Thames St*, Lond*, next door to
Allhallows Ch*, on the site where the City of Lond*
Brewery now stands* It is first mentioned in the reign of
Edward IL It became a little later the property of Sir
John Poultney, and was called Poultney's Inn* After
passing through many hands it was pulled down about
1570 by the Earl of Shrewsbury, and a number of small
tenements was built on the site* In some obscure way
it had acquired the right of sanctuary* In Middleton's
Trick to Catch iii* i, a plot is laid to abduct the Courte-
san " by boat to Ce*-H*, have a priest ready, and there
clap it up instantly*" In iii* 3, Lucre, being told that
44 they have took Cet~H*," exclaims : « The devil's

COLDHARBOUR

sanctuary ! " In his JR. G* iv* 2, Goswell, punning on
the word, says, " I sweat j would I lay in C* H* I" In
his Black Book i, 14, we find, " Is not our house pur
own Ce* H* 4 " Le. sanctuary* In Jonson's Epicoene ii. 3,
Morose, cursing his nephew, says, " It knighthood shall
take sanctuary in Ce.-h* and fast/' In T* Heywood's
Hogsdon ii* i, the Wise Woman, in a list of female quacks
and fortune-tellers, says, " There's another in Ce,h*,
that's skilled in the planets/' T* Heywood and Rowley,
in Fortune iii* i, say, ** C* H*, where, of 30 chimnies
standing, you shall scarce, in a whole winter, see a
smoking/* In Dekker's Westward iv* 3, Justiniano says,
"You swore you would build me a lodging by the
Thames side with a water gate to it, or else take me a
lodging in Ce* H/' In Middleton's Quiet Life ii* 3,
young Franklin says, " Go, take water at Ce* H*" In his
Hubburd, p* 96, he says, " Shoreditch was the only Ce*
H* [Le. sanctuary] for wenches and soldiers/' Hall, in
Satires v* i, 99, satirises the man who let his " starved
brother live and die Within the cold Coal-h* sanctuary*"
Healy, in Disc, of New World, p* 183, says, " Here is that
ancient model of Coal H*, bearing the name of the
Prodigal's Promontory, and being as a sanctuary for
banque-rupt debtors*"

COLDHARBOUR* See under TOWER,

COLEBROOK* In H. W+ W* iv* 5, 80, Sir Hugh Evans
warns the host of the Garter: "There is 3 cozen-
germans that has cozen'd all the hosts of Readings, of
Maidenhead, of C*, of horses and money*" He evidently
means Colnbrook, a vill. on the Colne, some 5 m* E* of
Windsor* In Abington i* 3, Coomes says, " Now do I
stand like the George at C/* : the landlord of which was
doubtless one of those who were cozen'd by Evans'
Cozen-germans* In Middleton's Quarrel iv* 4, Trim-
tram, as a sample of " roaring," wishes that Meg " may
be burnt to [** at] C* for destroying of Maidenhead/'
The double pun on the names hardly needs elucidation*
Deloney, in Craft ii* n, tells how the Green K* of St*
Martin's, after staying the night at Brainford, " told
his friends he would bring his wife to see the George in
C*" He then made them walk on to Bristol* C. is on
the main road from Lond* to the W* Deloney, in
Reading, tells how the W* clothiers always dined at C*
on their way to Lond* ; and how Cole of Reading was
murdered by the innkeeper there, from which the river
Cole and the town got their name, which is, of course,
mere nonsense*

COLEMANHEDGE (or COLEMANHAWE)* A garden on
the S* side of Fenchurch St*, Lond*, near the Ch* of
St* Katharine Coleman* In Barnes* Charter iii* 5,
Frescobaldi calls the leader of a gang of prostitutes " the
grand Capt* of Coleman-hedge/'

COLEMAN STREET* A st* in Lond*, running N* from
the E* end of Gresham St* to Fore St* It probably got
its name from the charcoal dealers who lived there* It
was a haunt of Puritans, and the Star Inn in C* St* was a
meeting-place for Oliver Cromwell and his friends* It
was there that the 5 members (Pym, Hampden, etc*)
took refuge when Charles I came to demand them from
the H* of Commons (Jan* 1643)*

In Jonson's Hv* Man L iii* 3, Brainworm speaks of
44 Justice Clement's house here in C* St*" Cash later
(iii* 3) specifies that it was ** in the middle of C* St*" j
iii* 3, and v* take place there* In Prodigal ii* 4, Lancelot
is led to believe that Flowerdale has left him " 3 hottsen
furnished well in Cole-man St*" The Bell in C* St* was
the inn used by the Cambridge carriers (Taylor's
Cosmographie 1637)* In Middleton's Five Gallants iii* 5,

COLME'S INCH

Pursenet tells of a wound he had received ** in a paltry
fray in C* St*" Cowley transformed his play, The
Guardian, into The Cutter of C. St., the scene of which
is in Lond* in the year 1658* In iv* 5, Tabitha says,
44 Brother Abednego, will you not pronounce this even-
ing-tide before the congregation of the Spotless in C*-
st* i " Dekker, in Seven Sins, tells how Lying " musters
together all the hackney-men and horse-coursers in and
about Colman-st" Abington was " Imprinted at Lond*
for Joseph Hunt and William Ferebrand, and are to be
sold at the corner of Colman St*, near Laathburie*

COLESHILL* A town in Warwicksh., on the Cole, 7 m*
E. of Birmingham* In T* Heywood's Ed. IV. A* 43,
Hobs, the tanner of Tamworth, says to the supposed
highwayman, ** I fear thee not, for I have wared all my
money in cowhides at C* mkt*"

COLINA* See COLLINE GATE*

COLITENSIAN* See COIXYTUS*

COLLATIUM (more properly COLLATIA)* A city of
Latium, 10 m* E* of Rome* It was subjected to Rome by
Tarquinius Priscus, and was the home of L* Tarquinius
Collatinus, the husband of Lucretia* Its site is probably
marked by the ruins known as Castel deU' Osa* It is
mentioned in T* Heywood's Lucrece, arg* 15, and ii* 4
and 50, as the scene of the rape of Lucrece*

COLLEN* See COLOGNE*

COLLICKE (£*e* COLWICK)* A vill* on the Trent, abt* i
m* S*E* of Nottingham* In Sampson's Vow iv* 3, 346,
Mother Prattle says of Ann, ** Drowned we found her
on the river side Nigh C* Ferry*"

COLLINE GATE (the PORTA COLUNA)* The gate at the
N*E* corner of the old Servian wall of Rome* It stood
at the point where the Via Salaria diverged from the Via
Nomentina* The place of burial of unfaithful vestals was
in the Campus Sceleratus, just outside the Porta Collina*
In Richards' Messallina v* i, 21 13, Vibidea speaks of the
Vestal Virgins being " hurried in sad silence unto The
gate Colina * * * there to be buried alive*"

COLLUMPTON (or CULLOMPTON)* A vill* in Devonsh*,
1 1 m* N*E* of Exeter* A lost play by Day and Haughton,
produced in 1599, was entitled Cox of C*, and was
probably a story of domestic tragedy founded on fact*

COLLYTUS* A deme of Athens, lying between the
Pnyx and the Museium : it was a fashionable residential
quarter* Timon the Misanthrope and Plato the Philoso-
pher belonged to it* In T* Heywood's Dialogues iv*
3349* Mercury describes Timon as " son to Echicratides,
in Collite born*" In the old Timon v* 5, Timon is de-
scribed as " Timon, the son of Echeratides, the Coliten-
sian*"

COLMEKILL (more fully I-COLME-KILL : that is, the
island of the cell of Columb)* The island of lona, one of
the W* Hebrides, at the S*W* extremity of Mull* It was
the residence of St* Columba, who evangelized Scotland
about the middle of the 6th cent* It contains the ruins
of St* Mary's Cathedral, 5 chapels, of which the most
ancient is St* Oran's, and a nunnery* In the burial-
ground were the graves of many of the old kings of
Scotland* In Mac. ii* 4, 33, Ross asks, 44 Where is
Duncan's body ** " And Macduff answers ; 4t Carried
to C*, The sacred storehouse of his predecessors, And
guardian of their bones/'

COLME'S INCH (or INCHCOLM, z**e* the island of
Columba)* In the Firth of Forth, off the coast of Fife,
Scotland* It was once occupied by St* Columba (see

125

COLOGNE

above)> and contain- e ruins of an abbey dedicated to
him* In Mac* i* 2, 62* Ross relates that Sweno, the
Norway's K*, " disbursed, at St* C* I*, 10,000 dollars to
our general use*" Colme must be pronounced as a dis-
syllable*

COLOGNE (or KOLN). The ancient Colonia Agrippina,
on the left bank of the Rhine* 390 m* S.W* of Berlin*
The magnificent cathedral* begun in 1248* was not
finished until 1848* In it is the shrine of the 3 kings,
or Wise Men of the E., and the chapel of St* Ursula
and her virgins* The Archbp* of C* was one of the 7
Electors of the Holy Roman Empire j and in Chap-
man's Alphonsus, " The Bp* of Collen " appears in that
capacity* He was Conrad von Hochstaden* In Barna-
velt iv* 3, Sir John mentions amongst his letters one
from 4* the Archbp* of Cullen " : it was probably con-
cerned with the closing of the Rhine by the Dutch*
which seriously affected the commerce of Cologne* The
Bp* of Cullen is one of the characters in Hector. It was a
famous place of pilgrimage in the Middle Ages : the
wife of Bath had been " at Coloigne " (Chaucer* C. T.
A* 466)* In Gurton ii. 2* Diccon makes Dame Chat
swear to keep his secret ** by the 3 kings of Kullaine*"
In Woodes' Con/* Cons, iii* 4* Hypocrisy speaks of 3
men as being " as honest as the 3 Kings of C*" ; and in
the same scene Cacon, the country parson* says* " The
service whilk on I2th Day mun be done Ay seek bay the
mark of the 3 Kings of C." The visit of the Kings was
celebrated at Epiphany, the I2th day after Christmas
Day* Their names are traditionally Caspar, Melchior,
and Balthasar*

COLOPHON* A city in Ionia, on the Hales, near to the
W* coast of Asia Minor, some 10 m* N* of Ephesus* It
was one of the 7 cities that claimed to be the birthplace
of Homer* In Lodge's Answer to Gosson, p* u, he asks,
"What made the Chians and Colophonians fall to
such controversy 4 Why seek the Smirnians to recover
from the Salaminians the praise of Homer i "

COLOPS (probably COLOBA is meant)* The capital of the
Colobi, a tribe of the Troglodytes, who were supposed
to have lived near Ras Benass on the W* coast of the
Red Sea, on the boundaries of Egypt and Nubia* In
BacchuSf the 7th guest was ** one Simon Swil-kan : he
came from C*, a city in Africa, and presented to Bacchus
a buttock of bacon*"

COLOSSI* A city of Phrygia, on the Lycus, 130 m* E*
of Ephesus* The ch. there was founded by Epaphras ;
and an epistle was addressed to it by St* Paul during his
ist imprisonment at Rome about A.D* 63* In Gas-
coigne's Government ii* i, Gnomaticus quotes from " the
3rd chapter to the Colossianes*"

COLOSSUS* A gigantic statue, especially applied to a
statue of Apollo at Rhodes, which was said to have stood
astride of the entrance to the harbour and to have been
70 cubits high* In H4 A* v* i, 123, Falstaff appeals to
Prince Hal, " if thou see me down in the battle and be-
stride me, so ; 'tis a point of friendship.*' Hal replies :
44 Nothing but a C* can do thee that friendship*" In
/* C* i* 2, 136, Cassius says of Caesar, " He doth be-
stride the narrow world Like a C**' In Trot'/* v* 5, 9,
Agamemnon describes Margarelon standing " c*-wise,
waving his beam**' Shirley, in Mart. Soldier v*, says,
** The mightiest kings of earth Carry Colossi heads*"
Dekker, in Match me, iv* 202, says, " On kings' shoulders
stand The heads of the Colossi of the gods Above the
reach of traitors*" In Marston's What You i* i, lacomo
cries : " Ruin to Chance and all that strive to stand Like

126

COND&

swollen Cplosses on her tottering base*" In Glapthprne's
Wallenstein i. i, the hero says, 4* So now methinks I
stand Like a C* through whose spacious arch Flows the
vast sea of honour*" In Nabbes' Hannibal iv* 3,
Hannibal says, 44 I will stand like a C* to be gassed at by
all beneath me*" In Chapman's Chabot iv. i, 17, the K*
speaks of Chabot as " a C* That could so lately straddle
o'er a province*" Spenser, in Ruines of Rome ii*, says,
44 The antique Rhodian will likewise set forth The great
Colosse*"
COLTS, THREE* See THREE COLTS*

COLUMB, SAINT* A town in Cornwall, abt* 35 m*
N*E* of Penzance. In Brome's Damoiselle ii* I, Am-
philus, showing the shoes of his dead mare, says, " She
would have carried me on this little iron from Pensans
to St* C* on a day*"

COMAGENE. A dist* in N* Syria, between the Euphrates
and the Amanus and Taurus Ranges* It formed part of
the Syrian kingdom of the Seleucids, but about the
beginning of the ist cent* B.C. it regained its indepen-
dence and was governed by kings until its annexation
to the Roman Empire in A*D, 17* In Ant. iii. 6, 74,
44 Mithradates, K* of C«," is mentioned as one of the
allies of Antony against Caesar,

COMBE PARK* See COOMBE HOUSE*
COMBERLAND* See CUMBERLAND*

COMERTON* Mater's charm for the worms in Thersites
(A. P. i* 218) opens, '* The cowherd of C* with his
crooked spade Cause from thee the worms soon to vade*"
There is a C* in Cambridgesh., and there are 3 in
Worcestersh* : it is impossible to say which is meant
here*

COMPOSTELLA (more commonly called SANTIAGO). A
city in N*W* Spain, abt* 300 m* N.W* of Madrid,
Hither the body of the apostle James (lago) was said to
have been miraculously transported over the sea, and
to have been discovered by a star which appeared over
the place* It became one of the most famous shrines of
the Middle Ages, and was visited by hosts of pilgrims
(see s.v. JAMES, ST.). In T* Heywood's Dialogues i* 410,
a man in danger of shipwreck vowed, if he were saved,
44 steps he'd tell To where St* James yet lives in Com-
postell." Burton, A. M. Intro., says, 4* In our days they
run to C., our Lady of Sichem, or Lauretta, to seek for
help*"

CONCORD (TEMPLE OF). One of the most famous
temples of Rome. It stood at the N.W* corner of the
Forum, and was built in 367 B*C* to celebrate the union
of the patricians and plebeians. It was restored by
Tiberius in A*D* 10* It was often used for meetings of
the Senate* In Jonson's Catiline, the scene of v* 2 and 4
is laid in the T* of C*, and in v* 6, on the receipt of the
news of Catiline's defeat, Cicero proposes to 4* with-
draw into the house of C»"

CONCORDIA* A legendary Temple of C* in LoncL, at
which Locrine intended to marry Estrild* In Locrine v*
4, 81, Locrine says to Estrild after their defeat, 44 Ne'er
shall we view the fair C* Unless as captives we be thither
brought."

COND& A town of France, near Valenciennes, at the
junction of the Scheldt and the Haine, 139 m* N. of
Paris* It gave their name to a branch of the House of
Bourbon, Louis de Bourbon (1530-1569) being the first
to assume the title* His son Henry was the Prince of C*
in Marlowe's Massacre, and cousin to Henry of Navarre*

CONDUIT

CONDUIT (pronounced Condit)* The water-supply of
Lond* was at first obtained from the Thames and the
streams which ran into it from the N., and from the
wells which were sunk successfully, as Stow tells us,
44 in every st* and lane of the city/' The largest of the
tributaries of the Thames was that which ran into the
r* between Bridewell and the Blackfriars, and which was
known first as the Wells river, then as Turnmill Brook,
and finally as Fleet Ditch* It was bridged at the bottom
of Fleet St* and at Holborn, and was navigable up to
the Holborn Edge* Above that point it was called the
Old Bourne, the Hole Bourne, or the Hil-Bourne* It
had become in Shakespeare's time a noisome open
sewer, as described by Jonson in the Famous Voyage,
It is now conveyed underground into the main sewer
of the Embankment* Further W* was the Tye-bourne ;
and to the E* Walbrook and the Langbourne, both of
which had been undergrounded by the beginning of the
iyth cent* The principal wells were Holy Well,
Clement's Well, Clerken-well, Skinner's Well, Fagges
Well, near Smithfield, Tod Well, Loder's Well, Rad-
well, Dame Annis le Clere, the Horse Pool in Smithfield,
and the Pool by St* Giles' Ch* The water from these
various sources was conveyed to the houses by water-
carriers, one of whom is sketched by Jonson in Ev. Man
L in the person of Oliver Cob* During the i4th cent*
the practice became common of erecting conduits, or
fountains, in the principal sts* to which the waters from
the sources to the N* of the City were conveyed in leaden
pipes, and so made available for the use of the citizens*
The ist and most famous of these was the Great C* at
the E* end of Cheapside (1285), to which the water was
brought from the Tye Bourne, in Paddington* The
convenience was appreciated and, partly by private
benefactions, partly by the city authorities, many similar
cs* were set up* Amongst them were the Standard
in Cheapside (i 3th cent*), the Tun in Cornhill (1401), the
Little C, (or Pissing C) at the W* end of Cheapside
(1443), the Standard in Fleet St*, which was adorned
with the image of St* Christopher and surmounted by
angels who chimed the hours on bells (1471), cs* in
Aldermanbury (1471), Grace St* (1491), Holborn Cross
(1498), repaired and adorned by William Lambe (1577),
Stock's Market (1500), Bishopsgate (1513), Lond* Wall
(1528), Aldgate Without (1535), Lothbury (1546), Cole-
man St* (1546), and Dowgate (1568)* There were also
bosses, or fountains, projecting from the wall, in
Billingsgate, Paul's Wharf, and St* Giles without

Cripplegate* These cs* were often adorned with sculp-
tured figures, and formed striking architectural features
in the sts* ; and when pageants traversed the City they
were utilized for the exhibition of masques, and on
great occasions were made to flow with claret instead of
water* The water was mostly brought from reservoirs
constructed at Highbury, Pentonville, Bayswater (£*e*
Baynard's Watering), and other N* suburbs, and these
c*-heads became favourite summer evening resorts* An
important development took place in 1583, when Peter
Moris, a Dutchman, set up a force-pump, worked by
horse-power, near Lond* Bdge*, to pump Thames water
into the houses of the City : other forciers, as they were
called, were soon erected, and with the extension of this
system of private supply the cs* became less necessary ;
so that when they were destroyed in the Gt* Fire they
were not rejected, and a very characteristic feature of
Elizabethan Lond* disappeared* But in those days the
sound of running water must have formed as delightful
an accompaniment to the open-air life of the City as it
does in Rome to-day* In the dramatists the cs* ate

CONDUIT

often specifically mentioned ; and figures drawn from
the pipes that brought water to them, and the statues
that adorned them, are of frequent occurrence*

In Err* v* i, 313, old JEgeus speaks of the " cs* of his
blood " being frozen up by age* In Cor* ii* 3, 250,
Brutus recalls the names of Publius and Quintus
Marcius, " That our best water brought by cs* hither*"
Brutus speaks prophetically, for the Aqua Marcia at
Rome only dates from 144 B*C*, but the allusion would
be congenial to the Londoners, who would think of men
like William Lambe, who magnificently repaired the
c* in Holborn, which bore his name, and Barnard Ran-
dulph, who had quite recently (1583) made the muni-
ficent gift of £900 for the City cs* In Lucr.
1234, Lucretia's weeping maidens are compared
to " Ivory cs* coral cisterns filling/* La W. T* v*
2, 60, the old shepherd stands by, weeping for joy
"like a weather-bitten c. of many kings' reigns* In
Tit* ii* 4, 30, Marcus compares the wounded body of
Lavinia to " a c* with 3 issuing spouts*" In Rom* iii* 5,
129, Capulet, finding Juliet weeping, exclaims, " How
now i a c*, girl i What, still in tears i " In As iv* i,
155, when Rosalind says " I will weep for nothing, like
Diana in the fountain,"" there is probably an allusion to
the figure of Diana, with water trilling from its breasts,
which was set up on the Cheapside Cross in the place
of the image of the Virgin Mary in 1596, but was de-
cayed in 1603 t if so, it is decisive as to the date of the
production of the play, which on other grounds appears
to be about 1600* In More ii* i, Robin says to his fellow
prentice, " The head drawer at the Miter by the great
C* called me up and we went to breakfast into St* Anne's
Lane*" This is the Mitre Tavern, at the corner of Bread
St* and Cheapside (see MITRE)* In Mayne's Match ii* 6,
Timothy professes to have made some speeches ** which
have been spoke by a green Robin Goodfellow from
Cheapside C*" The allusion is to the practice of having
complimentary orations, or verses, spoken at the Great
C* on the occasion of pageants and processions* The
name ** Pissing C*" seems to have been applied to more
than one of the smaller cs* Stow definitely states that
the c* by the Stocks mkt*, which was at the N* end of
Walbrook, near the present Mansion House, was so
called* The name seems to have been suggested by the
slenderness of the stream of water* But when, in H6 B*
iv* 6, 3, Cade commands that 4t the pissing c, run no-
thing but claret wine this ist year of our reign," it is
more likely that he is thinking of the Little C* at the W*
end of Cheapside* Similarly, in Middleton's Chaste
Maid, Allwit, whose house is in Cheapside, says to the
gossips, " Come along presently by the Pissing-C*"
(iii* 2) : where the Cheapside c* seems the one intendeds
The word, however, is generic rather than specific in
some passages* Thus, in Haughton's Englishmen iv* i,
Frisco, wandering about Fenchurch St* in the night with
Delion and Alvaro, says, " Now for a dirty puddle, the
pissing c*, or a great post, that might turn these 2 from
asses to oxen by knocking their horns to their foreheads/'
In B* & F* Mad Lover ii* I, Memnon is giving directions
to Chuar for a pageant* 44 Make me," he says, " a
heaven, for here shall run a constellation*"— -"And there,"
interjects Chilar, " a pissing c* * * * with wine, Sir*"
In Nash's Wilton A* 4, the hero says, ** I have wept so
immoderately that I thought my palate had been turned
to Pissing C* in Lond*" In Nice Wanton iii* i, Thirsty
says, 44 Your miserable churl dribbles like the Pissing
C*" In Dekker's Shoemaker's iv* 5, Firk says, *4 [I am as
sure of it as I am sure] that the Pissing C* leaks nothing

127

CONEY STREET

but pure Mother Bunch*" Mother Bunch was a tavern-
keeper whose ale was of the weakest: hence pure
Mother Bunch means " nothing but water." In B* & F*
Women Pleased i* 2, Penurio, when his miserly master
gives him for his dinner the water he has boiled an
egg in, says, " I shall turn pissing-c* shortly/'

In Nabbes' Totenham iii. 5, George having hidden in
a tub, one of the maids pours a bucket of water over him,
and cries : " Mischief on you, Sir ; you have spoiled me
a pail of c* water,cost me many a weary step the fetching."
In T* Heywood's Hogsdon v* if Charley says he can be
found " at Grace Ch* by the C/' Stow says there was a
c* in Grasstreet erected in 1491* In Ovatio Carolina
(i 641), we are told that on the entry of the K* into Lond*
" the c* in Cornhill and the great c* in Cheapside ran
with claret wine " ; and in the afternoon " the little c*
in Cheapside and the c* in Fleet St* ran with wine as the
other 2 cs* had done in the morning/' In Massinger's
Madam iv* i, Hoist predicts that on Luke's return " all
the cs* [will be] spouting canary sack/' The names of
benefactors to the City appear to have been inscribed
on the cs* In Eastward iv* 4, Touchstone predicts that
Gresham and Whittington shall be forgotten, and
Golding's name " shall be written upon cs/' The cs.
were great gathering places for the prentices who came
to get water for their masters' households, and all the
gossip of the town was retailed there* In Dekker's
Shoemaker's v* i, Eyre says, " I promised the mad
Cappadocians [his fellow prentices] when we all served
at the C* together, that if ever I came to be Mayor of
Lond* I would feast them aU/' In Massinger's ParL
Love iv* 5, Chamont says to Perigot, ** Live to be the
talk of the c* and the bakehouse/' In Trouble. Reign ii*,
we have c* as a verb: " My eyes should c. forth a sea of
tears/' In Nash's Summers' ,HSLZ. viii* 83, Christmas com-
plains of the extortionate rates of the water-carriers :
44 These water-bearers will empty the c* and a man's cof-
fers at once/' In Glapthorne's Hollander iv* i, Sconce
says, " This cup was as deep as Fleetest* C*" In Jonson's
Ev. Man L L 2, Knowell says to Stephen, " A gentleman
of your sort to talk o* your turn i' this company, and to
me alone, like a tankard-bearer at a c, 1 Fie ! " Of
course, the tankard-bearer had to take his turn at the c,,
but Stephen is such a wit that he can speak when he
likes* In Nabbes' Bride L 2, Theophilus says that the
cook's taunts " Will be the sts/ discourse, the cs/ lec-
ture/' Woodes' Con/* Cons, was ** Printed by Richard
Bradocke dwelling in Aldermanbury, a little above the
Conduict* 1581*" Three Ladies was ** Printed by Roger
Warde dwelling near Holburne C* at the signe of the
Talbot*" In Marston's Courtezan ii* i, Cocledemoy
mentions ** the C* at Greenwich, and the under-holes
that spouts up water*" This c* was in Greenwich Park,
and was still in existence in 1835* Phillip's Grissil was
" Imprinted at Lond* in Fleetestreat beneath the C* by
Thomas Colwell*"

CONEY STREET* One of the principal sts* in York,
running parallel to the Ouse, past the Guildhall and
St* Michael's Ch* In Taylor, Works ii* 14, he tells how
he sold his boat " to honest Mr* Kayes in Cunny St/'

CONGO* A dist* on the W* coast of Africa, between
Loango and Angola* In Milton* P* Z/* xi* 401, Adam is
shown **the realm Of C* and Angola farthest S*"

CONNAUGHT* The most W* of the 4 provinces of
Ireland* In Jonson's Irish, Dennis, one of the footmen,
says, ** We be Irishman * * t of Connough, Leymster,
Ulster, Munster/'

128

CONSTANTINOPLE

CONSTANTINOPLE* The capital of the Ottoman Em-
pire, on the European side of the Sea of Marmora, at its
junction with the Bosphorus* It was founded by Con-
stantine the Gt* on the site of the ancient Byzantium
A*D* 328* and was the capital of the Roman Empire of
the East until 1453, when it was besieged and taken by
the Sultan Mohammed II* Since then it has remained
the capital of the Turkish Empire* In H$ v* 2, 222,
Henry says to Katharine, 4t Shalt not thou and I com-
pound a boy * * * that shall go to C* and take the Turk
by the beard $"' In Greene's Alphonsus iii* 2, 846,
Amurack sends Bajazet to bid his vassals " To come and
wait on Amurack their k* At his chief city C*" This is
historically inaccurate, as C* was not taken by the Turks
till 1453 and Amurack died in 1389* In Kyd's Solyman
v*, Basilisco informs us: "The Great Turk whose seat
Is C* hath beleaguered Rhodes*" In Marlowe's Tamb
A* iii. i, Bajazeth reports that Tamburlaine " thinks to
rouse us from our dreadful siege Of the famous Grecian
C." Bajaseth did not besiege C* : Marlowe is probably
thinking of the siege by Amurath in 1422, which was
not successful. In Massinger's Renegado iii* 5, Asambeg,
viceroy of Tunis, sends 44 a well-manned galley for C*,"
to take the news of his niece's apostasy to Amurath,
i*e* Murad III* In B* & F* Double Mar. i* i, Virolet
thinks that the sufferings of Naples are so great ** As
that fair city that received her name From Constantine
the Gt., now in the power Of barbarous infidels, may
forget her own To look with pity on our miseries*" In
their Malta v* 2, Colonna, who had been taken by the
Turkish gallies, says he has since lived "in C*" In
Nabbes' Totenham iv* 7, Stitchwell says, " I will beget
a race of warriors shall cage thy great Turkship again,
and restore C* to the Emperor/'

C. was invested with the glamour of the East, and,
in spite of the length and danger of the journey, was not
infrequently visited by English travellers and mer-<
chants* In T* Heywood's Maid of West A* ii* x, Rough-
man boasts, " There shall be doings that shall make this
Windmill my grand seat, my mansion, my palace, and
my C*" In Marlowe's Faustus ix*> Mephistopheles com-
plains, 4* From C* am I hither come Only tor pleasure
of these damned slaves*" To which Robin coolly re-
sponds : " You have had a great journey*" Hycke, p* 88,
has been " at Rhodes, Constantyne, and in Babylonde/'
In Jonson's Case ii* x, Valentine has seen C* in the
course of his travels* In T* Heywood's LK*M* B* 205,
one of the Lords says, " I have been in Turkies great C* ;
the merchants there meet in a goodly temple, but have
no common Burse*" Nash, in Pierce B* 2, describes
the traveller who ** will despise the barbarism of his own
country, and tell a whole legend of lies of his travels
unto C*" There was a chance of making great profits at
C*, but the journey was dangerous, and it was a common
practice to insure one's safe return by putting down a
sum of money, to be paid back fivefold when the insurer
came back; otherwise, the person accepting the in-
surance premium kept the money* In Jonson's Epicoene
ii* 4, Morose, in contemplation of his nephew's ruin,
says, " It shall not have hope to repair itself by C., Ire-
land, or Virginia*" In his Ev. Man O, ii* i, Puntarvolo,
setting out on his travels, is determined 44 to put forth
some 5000 pound, to be paid me 5 for i upon the return
of myself, my wife, and my dog from the Turk's court
in C*" In Fynes Moryson's Itin. (1595) i* 3, 198, he tells
how his brother Henrie "was then beginning that
voyage [i*e* to C* and Jerusalem], having to that purpose
put out some £400, to be repaid £1200 upon his return

CONTINENT

from those 2 cities/' Cf* Temp. iii. 3, 48, where Gon-
galo speaks of the travellers' tales ** which now we find
Each putter-out of 5 for i will bring us Good warrant
of/' Obviously we should read *4 i for 5*** The scene
of Massinger's Emperor is laid in C* during the reign
of the Emperor Theodosius the Younger*

CONTINENT is used (i) for the bank of a river* In
M.N.D. ii* i, 92, Titania says that the rivers have
** overborne their cs/' In H4 A* iii* i, no, Mortimer
speaks of the Trent by its winding " Gelding the op-
posing c*" (2) For the solid land as opposed to the sea*
In H4 B* iii* i, 47, the K* remarks that the revolution
of the times makes '* the c*, Weary of solid firmness,
melt itself Into the sea*" In Marlowe's Tomb. B. i* i,
Orcanes speaks of having "with the cannon shook
Vienna walls And made it dance upon the c*" (3) For
the sun* In Tu>* TV. v* i* 278, Viola speaks of ** that
orbed c*,the fire That severs day from night*" The use
of the word for one of the 4 great divisions of the world
is found early in the iyth cent* : the ist example of it,
in the special sense of the C* of Europe, apart from the
British Isles, is quoted in QJE*Z>* from R* Johnson's
Kingdom and Commonwealth (1601)* In B* & F* Malta
v* 2, Valetta banishes Motmtferrat from Malta ** to the
c*," z,e* the c* or mainland of Europe ; but there is an-
other reading, ** We banish you the c*," z\e* from the
boundaries of Malta, which I think is more likely to be
right*

CONYTUS (a misprint for COCYTUS, JJM;*)* In Nash's
Pierce (1592) A. 4, the devil is addressed as
"Marquesse of C*"

COOMBE HOUSE (or COOMBE PARK)* The ancient seat
of the Nevilles of Warwick* It was in Surrey, abt* i m*
from Kingston-on-Thames* The H* has disappeared*
The Park was the scene of many highway robberies*
Fleming, in English Dogs (1576), tells of a man who was
robbed on his way to Kingston in ** Come P* ; a perilous
bottom, compassed about with woods, too well known
for the manifold murders and mischievous robberies
there committed/' In W* Rowley's Match Mid. i* 2,
Capt* Carvegut and Lieut* Bottom spur u towards
Coomb-h/' in order to waylay and rob Randall in C. P*,
or, as the Capt* nicknames it, ** Coxcomb p/' The
scene of a large part of Middleton's Five Gallants is laid
in C* P* In iii* 2* Tailby rides to Kingston to see his
mistress, and is robbed in C* P* In S* Rowley's When
you E* 3, one of the prisoners in the Counter tells the
disguised K*» ** I got some hundred pound by a crooked
measure at Coome-P." In Middleton's Black Book 37,
the Devil says to Gregory, the highwayman, " I make
thee keeper of Combe P*, sergeant of Salisbury Plain/'

COPPERSMITHS' HALL* There was no company of
Coppersmiths in Lond*, nor was there any such HaU*
The phrase is coined from the analogy of Goldsmiths'
H* ; and is used humorously for a tavern* where the
topers* noses became copper-coloured through their
drinking* In Greene & Lodge's Looking Glass it 3, 202,
the Clown says, " His nose * * * was so set with rubies
that after his death it should have been nailed up in C*
H* for a monument/' In Greene's Friar ii* 2, 537,
Edlward asks, " Where is Brasen-nose College i " And
Miles answers : ** Not for from Coppersniithes H*"
Nash, in Prognostication ii* 165, speaks of drunkards as
** knights of Coppersmith " ; and Middleton, in Black
Book prol** calls them " copper captains/'

CORDOVA

COPTHALL* Two blocks of houses in Lond*: (i) on the
W* side of Dowgate Hill, now the Hall of the Skinners*
Company ; (2) in an alley running N* out of Throck-
morton St*, close to Drapers' Hall* In Brome's Spara-
gus iii* 10, a gentleman, who is being dunned for his
bill by the keeper of the Garden, says to the servant,
"Tell your mistress that the Countess of Copt Hall is
coming to be her neighbour again and she may decline
her trade very dangerously/'

CORCE* See CORSICA*

CORCYRA (now CORFU)* The largest of the Ionian
Islands* off the coast of Epirus in the Ionian Sea* In
Richards' Messallina iii* i* 1274, Annseus Mela, after re-
ferring to his brother Seneca's banishment, says to his
soul* " Fly to the island of C*, there Learn the soul's
comfort, sweet Philosophy/* It is evidently a mistake
for Corsica, where Seneca lived for 8 years (A*D* 41-49)*
Later on he calls it 44 the He of Corce," and says it is
44 on the Tyrhen shore*"

CORDOVA (CORD9BA or CORDUBA)* The capital of the
Province of C*, in S* Spain, on the N* bank of the
Guadalquiver, 180 m* S*W* of Madrid* It was a Roman
Colonia* founded in 152 B*C* : the poet Lucan and the
philosopher Seneca were born there* Martial, Epig. i*
62, 8, says, ** Duosque Senecas unicumque Lucanum
facunda loquitur Corduba*" The Moors held it from
A*D* 756 to 1234, when it was taken by Ferdinand of
Castile* The cathedral was originally a Moorish mosque,
the roof of which was supported by a grove of over 1000
costly pillars* some 850 of which still remain* The city
was famous for its silver filagree-work and for its goat-
skin leather, which was a favourite material for shoes in
the Middle Ages* When the Moors were expelled from
Spain they transferred the leather industry to Morocco.
The forms cordwain (f*e* leather) and cordwainer (z*e*
shoemaker) appear in English from the nth cent* on-
ward* Towards the end of the i6th cent, we get the
form Cordovan* or Cordovant* taken directly from the
Spanish* Chaucer's Sir Thopas (C* 7** B* 1922) had
" his shoon of cordewane/' In the Coventry M* P* 241,
we read of44 a goodly peyre of long pekyd schon off ffyne
cordewan*" In Dekker's Shoemaker's i* x, Eyre, being
asked by the Lord Mayor* 44 Are all these shoemakers 4 "
replies : ** All cordwainers* my good Lord Mayor*" In
Spenser'sF«Q*vi.2*6,Tristram wears "buskins of costliest
cordwayne*" InB* &F+ Shepherdess L i, Clorin describes
a shepherd-boy with " hanging scrip of finest cordevan/'
In their Subject iv* 7, the Ancient apostrophizes a Rus-
sian gentleman as 4* Xou musk-cat, Cordevan-skin " :
alluding to the strong smell of Cordevan leather* In
Davenant's Love Hon. iv* i, Altesto says, 44 1 kiss your
soft hands* Noble Sir, keep on your cordevan ; I swear
your glove is a preferment 'bove the merit of my lips " :
where cordevan means glove* In Jonson's Magnetic iii*
3, Compass says that Ironside " is but a currier's son,
And has not two old Cn* skins to leave In leather caps to
mourn him in/' In B* <Sc F, Maid in Mill v* 2, Gillian
tells how 44 nurse Amaranta In a remove from Mora to
C* Was seised on by a fierce and hungry bear/'
In Middleton's Gipsy ii* r, Alvarez says, 44 If one city
cannot maintain us, away to another I Valladoly is open;
so C*, so Toledo/' Hall, in Virgidemiarium i* 3, refers
to Seneca as 44 the famous Corduban/* In Middleton's
Chess v* 3, Mahomet Mir Almir is spoken of as " old
Corduba, K* of Morocco/' The scenes of B* & F*
Span* Car* and of Davenant's Distresses are laid at C*
A Don Hugo de C* is mentioned in Webster's Weakest
v* i * Dekker's Match me opens in C*

iag

CORINTH

CORINTH* The Greek city on the isthmus of C*, be-
tween the Peloponnesus and the mainland of Greece* It
was allied with Sparta against Athens in the Pelo-
ponnesian war* Politically it rivalled Athens and Sparta,
and its colonies, especially Corcyra and Syracuse, added
to its importance* C* became the capital of the Achaean
League, and was taken and completely destroyed by
L* Mummius, the Roman general, 146 B+C It lay in
ruins for a cent*, and then Julius Caesar refounded it as a
Roman Colonia* The visits and epistles of St* Paul gave
it a prominent place in the early history of the Christian
Ch* The modern town, Gortho, is small and unim-
portant, but it has given its name to the currant, one of
its principal exports* In Massinger's Bondman, the
background of the play is the war between the Syracu-
sans and the Carthaginians in the 4th cent* B.C*, and
Timoleon of C* is one of the chief characters* Corinth is
the scene of B* & F* Corinth, but there is nothing his-
torical about the play, and its period is quite indeter-
minate* The authors go so far as to speak of the ex-
posure of traitors* heads on " the poles on C* bdge/'
just as if it was Lond*, but in iii* 2, Euphanes quite
properly says, " There are 2 seas in C/' In Massinger's
Believe ii. i, Chrysalus tells Flaminius that after the
Achaean war he and Antiochus " sailed to C*, thence to
India*" In Nero i* 3, ** C*, proud of her 2 seas/* is
mentioned as one of the Greek cities that has been
fascinated by the Emperor's literary and musical ac-
complishments* In Ford's Lover's Mefaruii* i, Rhetias
tells how Eroclea ** was conveyed like a ship-boy from
the country where she lived into C* first* afterwards to
Athens*" In JErr* i* i, ^Bgeus relates how, after his ship-
wreck/ his wife and son were picked up from a floating
mast by *4 Fishermen of C." j and in v* i* 351, the Abbess
supplements his story by explaining that they were at
first picked up by a ship of Epidamnus, but that her son
and his slave, the Antipholus and Dromio of Ephesus,
were taken from it by ** rude fishermen of C*/' she her-
self being left behind* In Glapthorne's Argafas iii. 4,
Parthenia, infected with leprosy, was cured " by the Q*
of C*" ; but this all belongs to the fairyland of Arcadia*
In Brewer's Lovesick King L, Canute says of his lady,
44 Fair Phaedra* who in C* once was found, Compared to
her, as different would they show As sable ebony to
Alpine snow*" The mythological Phaedra had nothing
to do with C* : possibly Brewer was thinking of Phryne
of Athens, the rival in beauty of Lais of C* In Brome's
Lovesick Ct. iii* i, Geron says, " My business is the
same that whilom drew Demosthenes to Cv some re-
pentance*" Of St* Paul's Epistles to the Corinthians,
Bale, in God's Promises, EpiL, says, " St* Paul doth write
unto the Cians* plain/*1

C*, from its situation on the Isthmus, was a very im-
portant mercantile city ; and the great wealth so gained
the people spent in objects of art and luxury* The Cian*
Order bears witness to their initiative in architecture ;
Cian* bronze to their skill in metal-work; and their
ivory and plate were famous throughout the ancient
world* In Webster's White Devil i* 2, Flamineo ridicules
the idea 'of calling Vittoria's brow ** The snow of Ida or
ivory of C/' In Davenport's Matilda v* 3, the K* de-
mands* ** Cian* ivory, her sweet shape to raise/' after
the death of Matilda* In Nabbes* Hannibal L i, Mahar-
ball says, " Boys serve the banquet up In golden dishes
or Cian* plate/* Spenser* in Ruines of Rome xxix*,
speaks of ** C* skilled in curious works to grave*" In
Jonson's Catiline L i, Catiline, inveighing against the
luxury of the Roman nobles* says* 4t They buy Ephesian

CORK

pictures and Cian* plate*" In Massinger's Renegado L 3,
Vitelli says, " Cian* plate, studded with diamonds Con-
cealed oft deadly poison*" So, in his Actor L 3, Paris,
in defence of his profession, urges : *4 We show no arts
of Lydian panderism, Cian. poisons, Persian flatteries*"
Possibly these references to poison are due to the story
of Medea, Q* of C*, killing Jason's bride, Creusa, by
sending her a poisoned robe and diadem as a wedding-
present*

C* had a great reputation for the beauty and pro-
fligacy of its courtesans, the most famous of whom was
Lais, whose tomb is still to be seen near the city, and
who received after her death honours almost divine*
Their charges were in proportion to their beauty, and
were often the cause of the ruin of merchants who came
there and were ensnared by their charms : hence the
proverb quoted by Horace (Epp* i* 17, 36) : " Non
cuivis homini contingit adire Corinthum*" In Nero iv*
7, Petronius says that in Elysium 44 Every man his own
desires enjoys ; Nor us, though Roman, Lais will re-
fuse ; To C* any man may go," Le, in the future life
there will be no difficulty in any man attaining his de-
sires* In Mason's Mulleasses 1866, Timoclea, offering
herself to Mulleasses, says, " Kings shall not come to C*,
where thou mayest*" In Massinger's Great Duke iii* i.
Sanasarro refers to ** the cold Cynic whom Cian* Lais
(not moved with her lust's blandishments) called a
stone*" This was Diogenes of Sinope, whose tomb, by
a singular freak of Fate, is dose to that of Lais* In T*
Heywood's Captives i* i* Raphael asks, " Because we
read one Lais was unchaste Are all Cian* ladies courte-
sans*"' In Daniel's Arcadia, one of the characters
is ** Techne, a subtle wench of C." In Massinger's
Believe iv* 2. Sempronius says of the Courtesan,
44 Her mother sold her To a Cian* letcher at 13*" In
Tzm* ii* 2, 73, the Fool says to the servants, " Would we
could see you at C* I " z.e* in a house of ill fame* Cian*
was used, with a double reference to the licentiousness
of the city and the brass for which it was famous, in the
sense of a brazen profligate* In H^ A* ii* 4, 13, Prince
Hal says, ** They will tell me flatly, I am not a proud
Jack, like Falstaff, but a Cian*, a lad of mettle," It must
be remembered that mettle and metal are the same word,
and the 2 were not differentiated either in spelling or
pronunciation in the i6th cent* In Bacchus, the 6th of
the topers was " One Francis Franckfellow, a Cian* in
the coasts of Achaia ; with him he brought a box of oil/*

CORIOLI* Anancient town of Latium which fellinto the
hands of the Volscians, and was taken from them by the
Romans 493 B*C* under the leadership of Caius Marcius,
who received for his valour on that occasion the name of
Coriolanus* After his expulsion from Rome he re-
captured the town for the Volscians. The whole story
is unhistorical* The site of the town is uncertain. Pliny
says that it had entirely disappeared in his time* It was
evidently not far from Antium : the most probable site
is Monte Giove, 19 m* from Rome, on the rd* to An-
tium* Others place it at Osteria Vecchia, some 4 m*
further S* It is mentioned several times in Coriolanus*

CORK* A city in Ireland* near the mouth of the Lee, 166
m* S+W* of Dublin* John a Water, Mayor of C,, is one
of the characters in Ford's Warbeck. Warbeck landed
in C* in 1492 and gained a great deal of support from the
Irish* Spenser, F+ Q* iv* ii, 44, says/ 44 The $preadirxg
Lee that, like an island fair, Encloseth Ce* with his
divided flood."

130

CORNHILL

CORNHILL* A st* in Lond*, running E* from the end of
the Poultry past the Royal Exchange to Leadenhall St*
It was originally the Corn Market for Lond*, and in
1310 had the privilege granted of holding a market after
noon, all the other markets being closed at noon* Later
it came to be mainly occupied by drapers* In C* were a
stocks and pillory, a prison called the Tun, a conduit,
and a standard erected in 1583 to supply water pumped
up from the Thames* In Piers C* vi* i, the author says,
44 Ich wonede on Cornehulle, Kytte and Ich in a cote,
clothed as a lollere*" Lydgate, in Lickpenny, says,
" Then into Corn-hyl anon I yode, Where was much
stolen gere amonge ; I saw where honge myne owen
hoode, That I had lost amonge the thronge*" In Fair
Women ii* 378, Roger tells how he followed Sanders
from his own door to C*, where he stayed an hour and
then went directly to the Burse* In More ii* 3, the Lord
Mayor commands, *4 Gather some forces to C* and
Cheapside" to quell the riot of the prentices* In
Haughton's Englishmen iv» 2, Frisco explains, 4* when
we came from Bucklersbury into C* you should have
turned down on your left hand*" And Pisaro exclaims,
44 You ass 1 You dolt 1 why led you him through C* i
Your way had been to come through Canning St*" In
Jonson's Devil iii* i, Meercraft exhorts Gilthead to buy
his son a capt/s place, ** and let him with his plume and
scarfs march through Cheapside or along C*" In
Dekker's Shoemaker's ii* i, we learn that Sybil, the maid
of the Lord Mayor's daughter, watched Lacy pass in his
scarf and feathers ** at our door in C*" : where evidently
the Lord Mayor lived* In the same play (v* 5), the K*
says to Simon Eyre, ** that new building Which at thy
cost in C* is erected Shall take a name from us ; we'll
have it called The Leadenhall, because in digging it You
found the lead that covereth the same*" The Leaden-
hall, which was built by Eyre on the site of an old man-
sion belonging to Sir Hugh Neville and presented by
him to the City as a storehouse and market for grain,
was not actually in Cornhill, but on the E* side of
Gracechurch St., near the corner of Fenchurch St*
(see LEADENHALL ; for reference to C* in W* Rowley's
Match Mid., see under CATEATON ST*)* In the list of
taverns in News BarthoL Fair, we find *4 the Mermaid
in C*" This is not the famous Mermaid Tavern, which
was at the corner of Bread St*, in Cheapside* In
Three Lords (Dods*, vi* 397), Simplicity says of Tarlton,
the actor, that in his youth he was a water-bearer,
44 and hath tossed a tankard in C* ere now*" In W*
Rowley's Wonder iii* i, Mrs* Foster says, ** It is my
gossip, the rich widow of C*" Ford's Heart was
** Printed by J* E* for Hugh Beeston and are to be sold
at his shop near the Castle in Corn-hill* 1633*" Gres-
ham's Royal Exchange was built in C* In T* Heywood's
J* K* M* B* 389, Ramsie says to Gresham, 4t We have
determined of a place for you In C*, the delightful of
this city, Where you shall raise your frame/' In his
F* M. JExc/z* 38, Anthony says, 44 In C* by the Exchange
Dwells an old merchant, Flower they call his name."
Sidney, in Remedy for Love, speaks of 44 C/s square Ex-
change*"

CORNUBIA (Le. CORNWALL, g*v*)* In Locrine v* prol* 12,
we are told that Guendoline " Flies to the dukedom
ofC/'

CORNWALL (Ch* = Cornish)* A county in the S*W*
of England* It remained a Celtic kingdom under its
own chiefs long after the rest of Britain had been con-
quered by the Angles and Saxons* It was not until*the
loth cent* that it came completely under English rule*

CORNWALL

William I conferred the Earldom of C* on his half-
brother, Robert of Mortain, and the earldom remained
an apanage of the Crown through the Norman and
Plantagenet periods* In 1336 it was made a duchy and
conferred on the Black Prince ; and since then the
Prince of Wales has always been D* of C* The old Celtic
language lingered till the i8th cent*, but is now extinct*
Fortunately, a set of Mystery Plays in Cornish has been
preserved and made accessible to students* Tin-mining
was carried on in C* at a very early period, and the
Phoenicians traded in Ch* tin and gave the name of
Cassiterides (Tin-islands) to C* and Devon* The copper-
mines were not worked to any purpose till the close of
the i7th cent* In our period the Ch* were nicknamed
44 Choughs," from the Fregillus Graculus, a bird with
red bill and legs, common on the coast of the county*
They were famous as wrestlers, and the Ch* hug was a
hold from which it was not at all easy to escape without
a fall* The husband of Regan, in Lear, is the D* of C* :
his name, according to Holinshed, was Henninus*
There is also a D* of C* in the old Leir, but he is the
husband of Goneril* In Hughes' Misfort* Arth+, the
scene of Arthur's last battle and death is fixed near the
Camel in C* In Locrine i* I, 135, Corineus says that,
as a reward for fighting Gogmagog, " brave C* I re-
ceived*" Spenser, F. Q* ii* 10, 12, says, " Corineus had
that province utmost west * . * Which of his name and
memorable gest He called Cornwaile " : an entirely
fanciful derivation* C* is really the horn-shaped
country. In Fisher's Ftdmus iv* 4, Cassibelanus says,
44 The Ch* band made havoc of their [ue* the Roman]
ranks*" The Earl of C* is one of the principal characters
in K* K. Knave; the time being the reign of Edgar the
Peaceable* So in the old English courts in Nobody, and
Dekker's Fortunatus, we find a Lord of C* Richd* Earl
of C*, the younger brother of Henry III, was elected
Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in 1257, though the
Electors afterwards changed their minds and chose
Alfonso of Castile* Chapman's Alphonsus deals with the
dispute between these rival claimants, and Richd* of C*
is one of the characters in the play* In Marlowe's
£<**/! i*i,theK*creates Gaveston **Earlof C*,k*andlord
of Man*" In Trouble. Reign, p* 300, the oath sworn by
the English lords is ** to Lewis of France, as true and
rightful k* to England* C., and Wales*" In Ford's War-
beck iv* 5, the scene is laid on the coast of C*, where
Warbeck landed to raise the district in his favour* In
World Child,Hzz. 1.251, Manhood claims "Calais, Kent,
and C* have I conquered clean*" The reference would
seem to be to the English conquest of Kent and C*, or
to the suppression of rebellions in those counties*

In H5 iv* i, 50, the disguised K* gives his name to
Pistol as ** Harry le Roy " ; and Pistol replies : u Le
Roy 1 A Ch* name ; art thou of Ch* crew i " In
Brome's Northern v* 8, when Squelch, disguised as a
Spaniard, pretends not to understand English, Non-
sense says, ** I will spout some Ch* at him : Peden bras
vidne whee bis cregas*" Boorde, in Intro, of Knowledge
(1542) i., gives a number of Ch* sentences and phrases*
The Cornish Mystery Plays, edited by Mr* E* Norris,
with a translation, probably date from the i4th cent*,
and were acted in the 4t rounds," or amphitheatres,
which may still be seen* In Jonson's Alchemist iL i,
Mammon, thinking that he is going to get the philoso-
pher's stone, says, " I'll purchase Devonshire and C*
And make them perfect Indies," i*e* by transmuting the
tin and copper to gold* Quartz crystals found in the
mines were used as gems, and were called Ch* diamonds*
In Middleton's Quarrel ii* 2, Chough says of himself

CORPUS CHRISTI

and his servant, " We are right Ch* diamonds/' And
Trim adds : " Yes, we cut our quarrels [i«e* panes of
glass] and break glasses where we go/' In Jonson's
Devil iii* I, Meercraft says to Gilthead, "You have
there now Some Bristol stone or Ch* counterfeit You'd
put upon us/* In Nash's Lenten, p* 300, he says, " It
pities me that in cutting of so fair a diamond as Yar-
mouth I have not a casket of dusky Ch, diamonds by
me, the better to set it forth/' In his Somewhat to Read
(1591), he says, " 'Tis as good to go in cut-fingered
pumps as cork shoes, if one wear Ch* diamonds on his
toes/'

In Middleton's Quarrel iv* i, Chough informs the
company, " In C* we are all for wrestling " ; and in ii* 2,
when he meets Russel's daughter, he eKclaims, " I'll
show her the Chu hug, Sir/' For reference to wrestling
in Nabbes' Totenham, see s.i>. BARTHOLOMEW (ST.) THE
GREAT* In Jqnson's Magnetic i* i, the boy of the Play-
house gives his name as *' John Try-Gust ; a Ch* youth
and the poet's servant . * * Faith, we do call a spade a
spade in C/' In Locrine v* 3, Locrine asks, 4t Are the
Ch* chuffes In such great number come to Mertia i "
In Ford's Warbeck iv, 2, Astley advises Warbeck to "pell-
mell run amongst the Ch* choughs presently/' The
Cornishman in Middleton's Quarrel is called Chough,
and lodges appropriately " at the Crow in Aldgate/'
In Rabelais* Pantagruel iii* 14, Panurge predicts
that his wife "will be jocund, feat, compt * * * even as
a pretty little Ch* chough/* C*, with a recollection of
its derivation from Cornu, a horn, is taken jocosely to be
the land of cuckolds* In Nabbes' Covent G* v* 6, Ralph
predicts that if Worthy marries a city wife *4 You shall be
shipped at Cuckolds Haven, and so transported into C/'
Hyckef p* 88, has travelled in " Cornewale and Northum-
berlonde*" St* Michael's Mt* is spoken of as the Mt*
in C* In Brome's Antipodes i* 3, Barbara speaks of
news ** beyond the moon and stars* I think, or mt* in C*"

CORPUS CHRISTI (COLLEGE)* University of Cam-
bridge, formerly called St* Bene% founded in 1353 by
the Guilds of C* C* and of the Blessed Virgin* After the
Reformation it became a Puritan stronghold* It is in
Trumpington St*, between Downing St* and Benet St*,
which keeps the old name* Richd* Fletcher, the father
of the dramatist, was President of Bene't* Marlowe
entered at Bene't in 1580*

CORPUS CHRISTI (COLLEGE)* University of Oxford,
on the S* side of King St*, between Merton and Christ
Ch* It was founded by Bp* Fox in 1516* Richd, Ed-
wards, the dramatist, was a member of this college*

CORRUCUS* In Chapman's Blind Beggar ii*, Bragiardo
says to the Count, 4* We'll meet at C* and we'll have a
pipe of Tobacco " ; and in v*> Leon says that the Count
44 took his horse and rode unto C*" It is evidently some
place near to Alexandria : if it is anything but an in-
vented name, I suggest that it is a mistake for Canopus,
which lies a few m* E* of Alexandria, or possibly a
muddled reminiscence of Rhacotis, the Egyptian quarter
of the city* The Corycos in Cilicia, and the Corruca in
Hispania Bartica are too far away to suit the context*

CORSICA (Cc* « Corsic)* An island in the Mediter-
ranean, N* of Sardinia* It has successivelypassed under
the domination of the Phocians, Tuscans, darthaginians,
Romans, Vandals, Goths, Pisans, and Genoese* La 1768
it was ceded to France by the Genoese, and still remains
under French Government* In Ford's Trial iii* 2,
Martino says to Auria, " Our state of Genoa hath cast
upon you the government of C*** The Genoese con-

COTSWOLD

quered the island in 1481* In Marlowe's Jew ii* 2* Bosco
relates the successful issue of a fight he has had with a
Turkish fleet " upon the coast of C*" In Davenant's
Favourite iii* i, amongst the slaves redeemed from the
gallies of Algiers by Eumena, are some ** of C*" In
Glapthorne's Privilege iii* i, Adorni says, 44 How base
and sordid it appears To have our cellars stuffed with
Corsike wines*" Wine is made in C«, but it has only a
poor reputation* In Davenant's Platonic ii* 4, the D+
takes a " rouse of Cck, wine '* ; and in his Albovine ii* i,
Albovine says, " This is legitimate blood Of the rich
Cck* grape*"

Seneca lived in exile in C* A*D* 41-49* In
Richards' Messallina iii* i, Mela, his brother, ex-
horts himself to " Fly to the island of Corcyra " :
where he obviously means C* Later on (line 1642) he
says to Montanus, " Make for the lie of Corce * *
there on the Tyrhen shore * * * we'll practise to be
heavenly wise*" Corsica is very mountainous* In Span*
Trag* iii*, Hieronimo says, ** My cause May melt the
Ccke* rocks with ruthful tears," In Richards' Messallina
v* 2174* Saufellus says, 4t My heart is like the Cck, rock,
more hard*" In T+ Hey wood's Gold* Age iii., Saturn, ex-
horted to patience, cries : " Teach me to mollify the
Ccke* rock*" A play by Francis Jaques entitled The
Queen of C* is in manuscript in the British Museum*
The scene of Partiall is laid at the court of an imaginary
K*ofC,

COS (now STANCHO). An island off the S*W* coast of
Asia Minor, in the mouth of the Gulf of Kos* It was the
centre of the worship of £2sculapius> the god of Healing,
and there was a famous medical school attached to his
temple* Hippocrates, the Father of Medicine, was born
at C* 460 B*C* In Shirley's Honoria iii. 3, Traverse says
to the Dr*, ** If I thrive, thou shalt be K* of C*, my
learn'd Hippocrates*" In the temple of Aphrodite at C*
was a picture of the goddess by Apelles, which was taken
to Rome by Octavian* This is referred to by Spenser,
F* Q* iv* 5, 12* where, however, he by a not uncommon
mistake speaks of it as being at Chios*

COSSA (a misprint for OSSA, q*v.)> In Tiberius 3341*
Seianus says, " Had Pelion and C* been conjoined . * *
Yet would Sejanus, like Briarius, Have been em-
bowelled in this earthly hell To save the life of great
Tiberius*"

COSSACKS* The tribes inhabiting the S* and S*E*
borders of the Russian Empire* probably of Tartar
descent* They became known in England towards the
end of the i6th cent* as a savage and predatory people*
They fought on horseback, and after being subjugated
by Russia furnished the larger part of her cavalry* In
Middleton's Quiet Life iv. i, Knavesby applies the word
to the Irish : showing a map of Ireland, he says, " this
upper part is the C/ land/'

COTSWOLD (or COTSALL)* A range of hills running
from the NJE* to the S* of Gloucestersh*, and dividing
the basins of the Severn and the Thames* They reach
something over 1000 ft* above sea-level* The soil is
poor, but produces good feed for sheep, which are largely
bred there* The C* sheep are big in the carcass and
coarse in the wool* Winchcombe, the centre of the dist,
is abt* 24 m* S* of Stratford-on-Avon ; and it is plain
from the local references in H4 B* iii. 2 and v* I that
Shakespeare knew it well* " How a score of ewes now f"

COUNTER

red wheat, Davy*" The allusion is to the local custom
of sowing red Lammas wheat early in the season*
Hinckley, where William lost his sack at the Fair, is in
Leicestersh*, about 50 m* away from Winchcombe*
Woncot, or Woodmancote, is 3 m* W* of Winchcombe,
and the Visors, or Vizards, were living there until quite
recently* The hill where Clement Perkes lived is Stinch-
combe Hill, and a certain J* Purchas, Esq* (i*e, Purkes),
of Stinchcombe Hill, died at Margate in 1812 (v* i, 42)*
In Shrew Ind* ii* 95, for Old John Napps of Greece
we should probably read "of Greet/' the " dingy
Greet " of local rhyme, a hamlet close to Winchcombe ;
and the Wincot where Marian Hacket, the fat ale-wife,
lived is most likely the Woncpt already mentioned
(Shrew Ind* ii* 22)* In H4 B* iii* 2, 23, Shallow men-
tions 4* Will Squele, a C* man," as one of his fellow-
students at Clements Inn* In M* W* W+ i* i, 92, Slender
has heard that Page's fallow greyhound " was outrun
on C*" In R2 ii* 3, 9, we find Bolingbroke traversing
44 in Glostershire These high wild hills and rough un-
even ways " ; and Northumberland bethinking him-
self " what a weary way From Ravenspurg to C* will be
found In Ross and Willoughby/' In Brome's M.
Beggars ii* i, Vincent asks, 44 Will you to the hill-top of
sports then, and merriments, Dover's Olympicks or the
C* Games i " These games were founded in the reign
of James I by Robert Dover, of Barton on the Heath,
probably the home of Christopher Sly, " old Sly's son
of Burton Heath " (Shrew Ind* ii* 19). They are cele-
brated in a volume published in 1636 entitled ** Annalia
Dubrensia, upon the yearly celebration of Mr* Robert
Dover's Olympic Games upon C* Hills," and were held
annually for 40 years*

It was a humorous bit of slang to call a sheep a C*
lion* In Roister iv* 6, Merrygreke says, ** I will set him
on ; then will he look as fierce as a Cotssold lion*" In
Oldcastle ii* i, Sir John of Wrotham calls Harpool
" you old stale ruffian, you lion of C* ! " In Thersites
(pods* i* 400), the hero exclaims : " Now have at the
lions on Cots'old*" In Nature (Lost Plays 108), Lust
says to Wrath, " Ye are wont to be as bold As it were a
lion of C*" Jewel, in his Defence of the Apology (1569)
iii* 415, says, 44 This proverb might better become a
sheep of Cotswould with his bell." Drayton, in Polyolb*
xiv* 256, gives a description of the C* sheep : they are
44 of the whitest kind * * * The staple deep and thick
* * * A body long and large, the buttocks equal broad*"
He also mentions that the Isis has its source in the C*
Hills* In Idea (1594) xxxii* 9, he says, 44 C* commends
her Isis to the Tame*"

COUNTER (or COMPTER)* The latter is the official
spelling since the zyth cent* A prison for debtors con-
nected with the City court in Lond* There were 2 cs*
in Lond* in the i6th cent* : the Poultry C*, taken down
in 1817, and the Bread St* C*, transferred in 1555 to
Wood St* This last was transferred to Giltspur St* in
1791, and the Giltspur St* C* was closed in 1854* The
Poultry C* was on the N. side of the st*, 4 doors W* of
the Ch* of St* Mildred, which stood at the corner of the
Poultry, opposite to Walbrook* The Bread St* C* was on
the W* side of the st* : it was transferred to Wood'St*
because of the cruelty of the keeper, one Richd* Hus-
band, to the prisoners ; and also because he had allowed
thieves and strumpets to lodge there at 4-pence a night,
in order to escape arrest* The Wood St* C* was on the
E* side of the st*, N* of Lad, or Ladle Lane, now Gres-
ham St* There was also a C* in Southward on the site
of the old Church of St* Margaret, q*v>

COUNTER

The only references to the cs* in Shakespeare
are the punning one in Err. iv* 2, 39, where Dromio de-
scribes a sheriff's officer as " a fellow all in buff, A back-
friend, shoulder-clapper * * * A hound that runs c* and
yet draws dry-foot well " (a hound is said to hunt c*
when he goes back on the scent and so pursues the game
in the opposite direction to that which it is taking : to
draw dry-foot is to follow the game by the scent alone) ;
and Falstaff's remark in M* W. W+ iii* 3, 85, 44 Thou
mightst as well say I love to walk by the C*-Gate, which
is as hateful to me as the reek of a lime-kiln*"

In Nobody i, 307, an unnamed person says, " I am,
Sir, a Keeper of the C+, and there are in our wards above
loo poor prisoners that are like ne'er to come forth
without satisfaction*" In Ret. Pernass* iv* 2> Ingenioso
tells how 4i the silly Poet goes muffled in his cloak, to
escape the C*" In More ii* 3, More reports that the
44 captains of this insurrection * * * came but now To
both the Cs* where they have released Sundry indebted
prisoners*" In Jonson's Ev. Man L ii* i. Downright
declares, 4t an he [Wellbred] think to be relieved by me,
when he is got into one of your city-pounds, the Cs*,
he has the wrong sow by the ear/' In Ev. Man O* Lad*,
Asper speaks of the Puritan (or Non-Conformist) con-
science : ** [It] is vaster than the ocean and devours
more wretches than the Cs*" In v* 4, Brisk is arrested
and taken to the c* j and in v* 7* Fallace visits him there
and opens the scene by exclaiming, " O Mr* Fastidius,
what pity 'tis to see so sweet a man as you are in so sour
a place 1 " [kisses him]* Cordatus, who is watching the
play along with Mitis, says to him, " As upon her lips,
does she mean 4 " To which Mitis, 44 O, this is to be
imagined the C*, belike*" The passage is interesting,
for it shows that no scenic devices were used to indicate
that the actors were in the c* : it had to be inferred
from the dialogue* In Eastward ii* 2, Quicksilver ex-
horts Sir Petronel, " Put 'em in sufficient sureties ; let
'em take their choice ; either the King's Bench, or the
Fleet, or which of the 2 Cs* they like best*" In Wilkins*
Enforced Marriage iii* i, Ilford says, ** So sure will I be
arrested by a couple of Serjeants, and fall into one of the
unlucky cranks about Cheapside, called Cs*" In Barry's
Ram iii* ,3, Mrs* Taffeta cries : 44 Run to the C*, fetch
me a red-bearded Serjeant*" In Middleton's JR* G* iii* 3,
Wengrave makes an elaborate comparison between the
c* and the university : 44 A C* 1 Why, 'tis an University,
who not sees t As scholars there, so here men take de-
grees* Scholars learn first Logic and Rhetoric j So does
a prisoner ; with fine honeyed speech At 's first coming
in, he doth persuade, beseech, He may be lodged with
one that is not itchy, To lie in a clean chamber, in
sheets not lousy : But when he has no money, then does
he try, By subtle Logic and quaint sophistry, To make
the keepers trust him* Say they do. Then he's a Gradu-
ate* Say they trust him not, Then is he held a freshman
and a sot, And never shall commence ; but, being still
barred, Be expulsed from the Master's side to the Two-
penny ward, Or else in the Hole beg place * * * When
he can get out clear, he's then a Master of Arts* Sir
Davy, send your son to Wood St* College : A gentle-
man can nowhere get more knowledge/' The ac-
commodation afforded to the prisoners depended on
what they could pay* There seem to have been 4
grades : (i) the Master's side ; (2) the Knights'
Ward ; (3) the Two-penny Ward j and (4) the free
Quarters, or the Hole* In Cooke's Greene's Quogae, p*
563, Holdfast, the servant of the Master of the C* in which
Spendall is lying, asks him for money, and says, " If you
have no money, You'd best remove into some cheaper

133

COURCELLES

ward/' — " What ward should I remove in*"' asks the
debtor* "Why," replies Holdfast, "to the two-penny
ward j or, if you will, you may go into the Hole, and there
you may feed for nothing/' — " Aye," says Spendall, " out
of the alms basket/' The poor wretches in the Hole used
to hold a basket out to the passers-by through a grating
and beg for food* We have an interesting picture in
Eastward v* 2, where Wolf, the officer of the c*, ex-
plains to Golding, " The knight will be in the knights'
ward, do what we can, Sir : and Mr, Quicksilver would
lie i' the Hole, if we would let him* I never knew or saw
prisoners more penitent or more devout* They will sit
you up all nights singing of Psalms and edifying the
whole prison* Only Sincerity sings a note too high
sometimes ; because he lies i' the two-penny ward far
off, and cannot take his tune* And he has converted one
Fangs, a serjeant: he was called the Bandog of the
Counter, and he has brought him already to pare his
nails and say his prayers*" In Jonson's Ev. Man O* v* 4,
Carlo says, '* He walks as melancholy as one o' the
Master's side in the C*" In Dekker's Westward iii. 2,
Monopoly asks, ** Which is the dearest Ward in prison,
serjeant i the Knight's Ward i "— " No, Sir," is the
answer, "the Master's side/' In Wilkins' Enforced
Marriage iii* i, Uford declares, ** I, Frank Ilford, was in-
forced from the Mitre in Bread St* to the Compter in
the Poultry* If you shall think it meet to submit myself
from the feather-bed in the Master's side, or the flock-
bed in the knights' ward to the straw-bed in the Hole,
I shall do ft*" In the Puritan iii* 4, Puttock says,
" These maps are pretty painted things : they say all
the world's in one of them, but I could ne'er find the C*
in the Poultry*" Nash, in his Prognostication, predicts
that the stones in Cheapside will grow so hot ** that
divers persons should fear to go from Paul's to the C*
in the Poultry*" The lawyers who touted for clients at
the Cs* were naturally of an inferior class* In Barry's
Ram iv*, Justice Tutchin says to Throate, " You, some
common bail, or C.-lawyer, marry my niece 1 " In
Dekker's Westward iii* i, Tenterhook says to his wife,
u Buy a link and meet me at the C* in Wood St*" In
1598 Henslowe provided 40 /- to secure Dekker's re-
lease from " the C* in the Poultrey/' In W* Rowley's
Wonder v*, the Sheriff orders, ** See your prisoners pre-
sently conveyed From Ludgate unto Newgate and the
Cs*" In Middleton's Inner Temp*, Fasting 'Day says
that Plumporridge 4* moves like one of the great por-
ridge tubs going to the C*": presumably for the feeding of
the prisoners. In Wapull's Tarrieth F* 2, the Sergeant
says to the Debtor, ** 10 groats thou shalt pay, or else
to the C* we must out of hand*" In Dekker's Northward
L 3, Philip says that he has come ** from the house of
prayer and fasting, the C*" In Fam. Viet*, p* 330, the
boy says that as the result of a street fray, " the young
Prince was carried to the C*" by the mayor and sheriffs.
In B« & F* Mad Lover i* i, the Fool says to Chilax,
" I'll have a shilling for a can of wine, When you shall
have 2 sergeants for a c*" : where a pun is intended
between counter and shilling*

COURCELLES* A town in Belgium, near Charleroi,
some 30 m* S* of Brussels* In Chapman's Consp* Byron
v* i, it is one of the places which Byron " peopled with
the triumphant issue of victory*"

COVENT GARDEN (or more properly CONVENT G*)
was so called from the fact that it belonged originally
to the Abbey of Westminster* It lay N* of the Strand
at the back of Burghley House, now Exeter Hall* In the
1 6th cent* it was a large enclosed g*, with no buildings on

COVENTRY

it except a cottage or two* At the dissolution of the
monasteries it came to the Crown and was given to the
D* of Somerset: at his execution it reverted to the
Crown, and in 1552 was granted to the Earl of Bedford*
The square, with piazzas on the N* and E* sides and
the Ch* of St* Paul on the Wv was built about 1631 from
designs by Inigo Jones. The flower and fruit market
began about the middle of the iyth cent* in a small way,
but its real foundation was in 1678* It soon became a
resort of women of loose character, and is frequently
mentioned by the restoration dramatists* In Davenant's
Wits iv* 2, Thwack says, " A new plantation p*e. colony]
is made i' the C* G* from the sutlery o' the German
camps and the suburbs of Paris." In News from Hell
C* G* is mentioned in a list of places where whores and
thieves live* St* Hilary's Tears (1642) are " shed upon
all professions from the C*-G* Lady of Iniquity to the
Turnbull-st* Trull*" In the London Prentices' Declara-
tion (1642), it is stated that they met " at the piazza's in
C* G*" In Shirley's Ball (licensed 1632) v* i, Fresh-
water invents a story that when he was in Venice " 2 or 3
English spies told us they had lain lieger for 3 months to
steal away the Piazza and ship it to C* G." In Killigrew's
Parson iv* 3, the Widow says, " We'll go to my nephew's
at C* G*" For reference to C* G* in Underwit, see $*v«.
COCKPIT, Brome's Covent G* tells of the efforts of
Justice Cockbrain to purify the G* from the loose women
and profligate men who were already beginning to haunt
it* He exclaims (i* i), " Here's Architecture expressed
indeed I It is a most sightly situation and fit for gentry
and nobility* Yond magnificent piece, the Pia^zo, will
excell that at Venice/' The New Ch* (St* Paul's) is
spoken of, and the " belconies," which were the first
examples of that feature of domestic architecture in
England* The scene of Nabbes' C* Garden is laid here :
in i* 3, Mrs* Tongall speaks with enthusiasm of the
44 balconees " ; 4* they set off a lady's person well when
she presents herself to the view of gazing passengers*"
The word was accented on the 2nd syllable up to the
beginning of the igth cent*

COVENTRY* A city in Warwickshire, on the Sher-
bourne, 10 m* N*E* of Warwick and* 91 m* N.W* of
Lond*, on the N.W* Rd* to Chester and the N* It de-
rived its name from the Benedictine Convent founded
by Earl Leofric in 1043* It was surrounded by walls,
which were demolished by Charles II* Its ancient
cathedral was levelled with the ground by Henry VIII,
but the Churches of St* Michael and Trinity, and the
spire of the old Grey Friars Ch*, now attached to Christ
Ch*, are still the most prominent features of the city,
and give it its name of " The City of the Three Spires*"
St* Mary's Hall, erected in the reign of Henry VI, is
a fine example of I5th cent* architecture* The noble
Gothic cross, set np in the market-place in the i6th
cent., was removed in 17^1* Drayton, in Polyolb, xiii,
321, describes C* " Flourishing with fanes and proud
pyramides; Her walls in good repair, her ports so
bravely built, Her halls in good estate, her cross so
richly gilt*" In Hymn on his Lady's Birthplace (1619),
he says, " C*, thou dost adorn The country wherein I
was born/' He was bom at Hartshill, in Warwickshire*
Parliaments were held here in 1404 and in 1459.

C* was famous for its pageants and processions, and
especially for its Mystery Plays, which were performed
on movable stages in the sts. on Corpus Christi Day*
It is but a short 20 m* from Stratford to C*, and there
can be little doubt that the boy Shakespeare saw some
of these performances, and had them in his memory

134

COW CROSS

when he wrote of ** out-Heroding Herod " (Ham* iii* 2,
1 6) ; compared Falstaff to " Herod of Jewry " (M.W. W.
ii* i, 20) ; likened an infuriated soldiery to " Herod's
bloody-hunting slaughtermen" (H$ iii* 3, 41); or
thought of a smut on Bardolph's red nose as ** Dives in
his robes, burning, burning" (H4 A* iii* 3, 36)* In
J* Heywood's Four PP., p* 18, the Pardoner claims the
acquaintance of the devil, who met him at the gate of
Hell, ** For oft in the play of Corpus Christi He hath
played the devil at C*" The Puritan opposition to the
plays is indicated in B* & P. Thomas iii* 3, where one of
the fiddler's ballads is "Jonas his crying out against C*"
Jonah's mission to Nineveh was often used as a parallel,
or exemplar, of protesters against modern abuses, as e.g*
in Greene & Lodge's Looking Glass. An annual proces-
sion was held in honour of Lady Godiva's devotion in
riding naked through the streets to save the citizens
from the exactions of Earl Leofric* St* George headed
the procession, and Lady Godiya herself was repre-
sented. In Shirley's Hyde Park ii* 4, Mrs* Carol says/
44 You would not have me ride through the city naked,
as once a Princess of England did through C* < " In
Middleton's Quiet Life v* i, Saunders says, " My lady
talked about what a goodly act it was of a Countess,
Northamptonshire breed belike, that to make C* a
corporation rode through the city naked." In Kirke's
Champions L i, St* George is represented as 44 heir to
the Earl of C.," doubtless because of the part he played
in the procession. In Jonson's Ow/s, Cox, on his hobby-
horse, says, " He is the Pagasus that uses To wait on
Warwick Muses ; And on gaudy-days he paces Before
the C. Graces," t*e. in the pageant* In Sampson's Vow
v* 2, 35, Miles, who is preparing to take part in a pageant,
says, " I'll stand out like a man of C*"

In J* Heywood's Weather, Farmer, p* 99, Report
claims to have been ** At Canterbury, at C*, at Col-
chester*" In John* Tyb> Farmer, p* 72* John says that
Margery "is the most bawdy hence to C*," z*e*
between Lond. and C. In John Evangel. B* 3, Evil
Counsel says, " I will no more go to C., for there knaves
set me on the pillory and threw eggs at my head*"
In Marlowe's Ed. II i* i, the Bp. of C* is arrested and
taken to the Tower for his share in the banishment of
Gaveston, and the revenues of his see are given to the
favourite. The appeal to combat between ** Hereford
and fell Mowbray " was arranged to take place ** At C*
upon St* Lambert's day " (JRz i* i, 199), and the pro-
ceedings in " the lists at C*" are described in i* 3*
Falstaff marched his " 150 tattered prodigals " by way
of C* to Shrewsbury, though he was ashamed to take
them through the city, and kept them outside whilst
he sent Bardolph in to fill his bottle with sack (H4 A*
iv* 2, i, 43). In H6 C* iv* 8 some rearrangement is
urgently needed* The scene is in the palace in Lond*,
and at the beginning Warwick is present, and goes out
at line 32, saying, " Farewell, sweet Lords ; let's meet
at C/' Then K* Edward enters, seizes K. Henry, and
says, " Towards C* bend we our course Where peremp-
tory Warwick now remains." Evidently a new scene
should begin at line 33* The next scene (v* i) is before
the walls of C* Warwick appears on the walls with the
mayor, looking out for his friends : Oxford from Duns-
more between Daventry and C., Montague from
Daventry, and Clarence from Southam to the S.E*
He is looking in the direction of Southam (line 12), and
hears behind him the drums of Edward's army which is
advancing from Warwick in the S*W* to the Greyfriars
Gate through which the Warwick Rd* entered* Finding
this closed against him, Edward marches round towards

COWLING CASTLE

the New Gate, or the Gosford Gate, on the E* of the
city; meanwhile Oxford, Montague, and Somerset
arrive and enter through one or other of the E* gates*
Clarence now arrives and joins himself unexpectedly to
Edward's forces* Warwick then marches out to Barnet,
where the great battle of the next scene takes place.

The chief manufactures of C* in the i5th and i6th
cents* were woollens, broadcloths, caps, and a thread of
a special colour called C* blue, in the production of
which the water of the Sherbourne was supposed to play
an essential part* Ribbon-weaving and watch-making
were introduced at a later time* In Jonson's Owls, the
3rd Owl is described as ** a pure native bird this, And
though his hue Be not C* blue Yet is he undone By the
thread he has spun ; For since the wise town Has let
the sports down Of may-games and morris * * * Where
the maids and their makes * * * Had their smocks all
bewrought With his thread which they bought It now
lies on his hands." This owl represents a Puritan of C*
who has spoilt the trade in blue thread by putting down
the pageants* La his Gipsies, we have ** The C* blue
Hangs there upon Prue." In Greene's George ii* 3,
Jenkin has a shirt collar wrought over with " right C*
blue," which he thinks is better than gold* In Stafford's
Brief Conceipt of English Policy (1581), we are told " The
chief trade of C* was heretofore in making of blue
thread ; but now our thread comes all from beyond sea*
Wherefore that trade of C* is decayed*" In Drayton's
Dowsabell, the shepherd's breech was of " Cointree
blue*" In Greene's Quip, p. 228, the Broker wears " a C*
cap of the finest wool." In his James IV iv* 3, Slipper
says, " Edge me the sleeves with C*-blue*" In T* Hey-
wood's Ed. IV A* 86, Hobs gives the king " a handker-
cher wrought with * * * C.-silk blue thread/' In
Sampson's Vow i* 2, 52, Miles leaves a handkercher
" wrought with blue C*"

In verses prefixed to Coryat's Crudities (1611),
Peacham mentions, amongst other curiosities, " The C*
Boares-shield," i.e. the hide of the boar slain by Guy of
Warwick, but Peacham appears to be confusing the
boar of Windsor with the great cow of Dunsmore, near
C*, both of which were the victims of Guy's prowess*
The dramatist John Marston was born at C*

COW CROSS* An old cross in Lond* near Smithfield,
in C* C* St*, which runs from St. John St., past the S*
end of Turnmill St., to Farringdon Rd* In T* Heywood's
Ed. IV A. 57, Crosby tells how he was picked up as an
infant by an honest citizen ** near unto a cross, com-
monly called C* C*, near Islington," and taken to the
Foundling Hospital* Hence he was named John Crosby*

COW LANE* A st* in Lond*, now called King St, run-
ning from the N.W. corner of W« Smithfield to Snow
Hill* In Jonson's BarthoL i* r, Mrs. Litdewit tells,
** My mother has had her nativity-water cast lately by
the cunning men in C* L*, and they have told her her
fortune*" The 1599 edition of Span. Trag. was printed
by William White in C* L* ? he also published The
Fraternitie of Vagabondes in 1663*

COWE* A place visited by Hycke in his travels (p*88):
44 I have been in Gene and in C., Also in the land of
Rumbelowe*" Possibly he means Qowes in the I. of
Wight, which took its rise from the building of a castle
at W* Cowes by Henry VIII*

COWLING CASTLE* An ancient castle in Kent, some
3 m* S* of Gravesend* It was built in the reign of
Richard II, and the ruins are still considerable* It
belonged to Lord Cobham (Sir John Oldcastle)* In Old-

135

COYLCHESTER

castle iiu i, Lord Cobham says to the Earl of Cambridge
and his companions, " Will ye not take C* for your host
And see what entertainment it affords * " In Bale's
Process against Lord Cobham (i 544), he says, " The Arch-
bp* sent a very sharp citation unto the castle of C*,
where he [z*e* Cobham] at that time dwelt for his solace/'

COYLCHESTER* See COLCHESTER*
CRACKFIELD* See CRATFIELD*

CRACOVIA (CRACOW)* The ancient capital of Poland,
on the Vistula, 158 m* S*W* of Warsaw* In its magni-
ficent cathedral the Kings of Poland were crowned, and
here most of them were buried* In B* & F, Pestle iv* i,
the citizen's wife says, ** Let Ralph travel over great
hills, and come to the K* of C*'s house**' In the next
scene Ralph comes to the court of Moldavia, which is
held at C* : as a matter of fact, Poland claimed the lord-
ship over Moldavia and had many wars with the Turks
about it in the i6th cent* Ralph refuses the love of the
k/s daughter ***** He will not stoop to a Cn*" In
Davenant's Albovine iii* i, Paradine says to the Messen-
ger, ** You bring me letters from C*, Sir i "

CRAG, THE* The conical hill on the S*E* of the city of
Edinburgh, commonly called ARTHUR'S SEAT* It rises
to a height of 823 ft*, and is crowned by an ancient castle*
On the W. it is encircled by a range of precipitous rocks,
called Salisbury Cs*, or The Cs* At the time of the
siege of Leith by the English in 1560 it was held by the
French, the English troops being encamped near its
foot* For reference to the Crag in Sampson's Vow-
Breaker, see s*v* CHAPEL, THE*

CRAIG ERIRI (or, more properly, CREIGIAN'R ERYRAU)*
The Welsh name for Snowdpn* In Jonson's Wales,
Evan says, " Is called the British Aulpes, C* Et, a very
sufficient hills*"

CRANBORNE* A town in Dorsetsh*, 27 m* RE* of
Dorchester* It has a fine old Gothic ch* In Nabbesr
Totenham v* i, one of the neighbours tells how he and
his companions slept soundly, ** and dreamed we were in
C* Ch* at a drowsy sermon*"

CRANE* The sign of a bookseller's shop in St* Paul's
Churchyard, Lond* Middleton's Mad World was
44 Printed by H* B* for Walter Burre ? and are to be
sold in Paule's Church-yard at the sign of the C* 1608."
The 4th Folio of Shakespeare's works was " Printed
for H* Herringham, E* Brewster, and R* Bentley at the
Anchor in the New Exchange, the C* in St* Paul's
Church-yard, and in Russel-St*, Covent Garden* 1685**'
Massitiger's Dowry was ** Printed by John Norton for
Francis Constable and are to be sold at his shop at the
C* in Paul's Churchyard* 1632*" W* Rowley's New
Wonder was ** Imprinted by G* L* for Francis Con-
stable and are to be sold at his shop at the sign of the C*
in St* Pauls Churchyard* 1632*"

CRANES, THREE* See THREE CRANES*

CRANFORD* A vill* in Middlesex, on the Crane, 2 m*
S*W* of Southall* In Harman's Caveat 24, " the Cross
keyes in C* parish " is mentioned as one of the haunts of
vagabonds in Middlesex*

CRANON* A town in ancient Thessaly, 10 m. S*W* of
Larissa* It was the home of the Scopadae, and the poet
Simonides residecf there for some time under their
patronage* E* D*, in trans* of Theocritus* Idyl xvi*, says,
44 The Scopedans had many droves of calves * * * and
shepherds kept in the Cian* dales Infinite flocks/'

136

CRESSINGHAM

CRATFIELD (or CRACKFIELD). A vill* in Suffolk, 9 m*
N* of Framlingham* In Greene's Friar xiii* 23, one of
the scholars says, ** Our fathers' lands adjoin : In C*
mine doth dwell, and his in Laxfield*"

CRAY. The name of 4 villages in Kent, lying S*W* of
Dartford, on the rd* from Crayford to Farnborough,
They run in order from N* to S* : North C*, Footscray,
St* Paul's C*, and St* Mary's C* In Oldcasth iii* 3, Sir
John of Wrotham and Doll being on their way from
Cobham to Blackheath, Sir John says, ** Come, Doll ;
I'll see thee safe at some alehouse here at C." In Fair
Women ii* 156, Barnes sends his son to Lond* to 4* pray
Mr. Saunders to be here next week about the matter at
S* Mary C*" In ii* 189, Old John, meeting Beane near
Woolwich, asks him, 44 Walk ye to Greenwich or walk
ye to C* i "

CREED LANE* St* in Lond*, running from near the top
of Ludgate Hill to Carter L* It was originally called
Spurriers Row, but the name was changed in the i?eign
of Elisabeth to C* L*, from the scriveners who lived
there and wrote copies of the Pater Noster, Ave, Creed,
Graces, etc* Spenser's Shepherd's Calendar, ist edn*,
was ** Printed and sold by Hugh Singleton, dwelling at
the sign of the Golden Tun, in C* L*, near unto Lud-
gate*" An undated edition of Elinor JRumming was
44 Imprinted at Lond*, in Crede L*, by John Kyage and
Thomas Marche*"

CREET* See CRETE*

CREMA* A town in N* Italy, on the Serio, 25 m, S*E* of
Milan* In Cockayne's Obstinate ii* i, Lorece, in his
wholly imaginary account of his travels, says, " From
thence to Naples in Savoy ; from Naples to C* ; and
thence to Alexandria*"

CREMONA* A city in N* Italy, on the Po, 45 m. S*E. of
Milan* Vergil was born between C* and Mantua : after
the Civil War the lands of C* were confiscated by
Octavian, and Mantua was involved in its troubles;
hence Vergil's well-known line (EcL ix. 28) ; *' Mantua
v« miserae nimium vicina Ce*" The lofty belfry-tower
of the Duomo is seen from many miles round* It is
chiefly famous for the incomparable violins made there
by the families of the Amati and Stradivari in the i8th
cent* In Ford's Tzs Pity iv* 2> Richardetto advises his
niece to free her years 44 From hazard of these woes by
flying hence [from Parma] To fair C*, there to vow your
soul To holiness*" Parma is some 25 m. S*E* of C* In
T* Heywood's B. Age iv*, Jason speaks of Hercules as
44 he by whom the C* giants fell " ? and Hercules him-
self says, " I the 100 giants of C* slew*" This was when
he passed through Italy after capturing the oxen of
Geryon: Alebion and Nemausus, princes of the
Ligurians, tried to get the oxen, and he fought with them
and killed them and their supporters* Milton, Ode on
Passion 26, speaking of those who had dealt with the
same theme, says, ** Loud o'er the rest C.'s trump doth
sound*" The reference is to the Christiad of Vida of C*
(1490-1566)*

CRESCENTIA (CHURCH AND NUNNERY OF)* A ch* and
nunnery in Modena* St* C* was a virgin of whom little
is known, except that her tomb is near Paris* In Laelia^
the heroine is placed by her father in the nunnery ; and
in i* 4, 53, we have mention of the ch.

CRESSINGHAM* Two adjoining vills* in Norfolk, Gt,
and Little C*, some 26 m* W* of Norwich* In Middle-
ton's Quiet Life iv* i, Sir Francis C* says, " C* of C* has
continued many years, and must the name sink now 4 *f

CRESSY

CRESSY* A small town in France near the mouth of the
Somme, abt* 100 m* N* of Paris* It is chiefly known
through the defeat of the French there by Edward III
on Aug* 26, 1346* In H5 ii* 4, 54, the French K* recalls
the day 4* When C* battle fatally was struck, And all our
princes captiv'd by the hand Of that black name,
Edward, Black Prince of Wales/' The battle is described
in Ed+ III iii,, where the name is spelt Cressi and
Cressey* Jonson, in Prince Henry's Barriers, speaks of
" that Mars of men, The Black Prince Edward, who
then At C* field had no more years than you*" In
Trag. Pichd* II L i, 35, Lancaster speaks of the " war-
like battles won At Cressey field, Poyteeres, Artoyse and
Mayne " by the Black Prince* Drayton, in Ballad of
Agincourt (1606) 41, says, " Poitiers and C* tell, When
most their pride did swell, Under our sword they fell/*

CRETE (Cn* « Cretan). The large island in the S* of
the ^Egean archipelago* The capital is Candia, whence
the Elizabethans call the whole island Candy, or
Candia (<?*v*)* When they speak of C* they almost
always refer to the island as it appears in Greek
mythology and history* According to legend, Rhea, in
fear of Cronos, who was in the habit of swallowing his
children, bore Zeus in a cave in C*, where he was
suckled by the goat Amalthea, whilst a stone was
palmed off on Cronos in his place* Hence C* became
one of his principal shrines* In Wilson's Pedler 754, the
Mariner says, ** Jupiter over a far country, Creta, was
king/' In T* Heywood's Dialogues iv* 2233, Timon
prays Jupiter to take vengeance of the sins of men :
44 Else still to those reproaches subject be, The Cns,
cast upon thy tomb and thee*" Calh'machus, Hymn to
Zeus 8, says, " The Cns* are ever liars ; for, 0 Lord,
they have fabricated a tomb for thee j but thou didst
not die, for thou art everlasting/' In T* Heywood's
Gold. Age iv* i, Jupiter says, ** Our unkind father Left
to our head the imperial crown of Creet " ; and a line
or two later he calls himself 44 the Cn* Jupiter/' Milton,
P* L* i* 514, says of the Greek gods, " These, first in
C, And Ida known." It was the kingdom of the mytho-
logical Minos, the husband of Pasiphae* As he failed to
sacrifice to Poseidon the snow-white bull which had
risen from the sea, the god inspired Pasiphae with a
monstrous passion for the bull, and she bore as the result
the Minotaur, a hideous brute with the head of a bull
and the body of a man* Minos confined this creature in
the famous labyrinth* Having conquered the Athenians,
Minos imposed on them a tribute of 7 youths and 7
maidens to be sent every year* These were devoured by
the Minotaur* But Theseus, the son of .flSgeus, came as
one of the youths and, having killed the monster,
escaped from the labyrinth by means of a thread given
him by Ariadne, the daughter of Minos, who had fallen
in love with him* Theseus took her away with him, but
deserted her on the isle of Naxos* Daedalus, the con-
structor of the labyrinth* had furnished Ariadne with a
clue, and to escape the vengeance of Minos he made
wings for himself and his son Icarus and they flew away
N. Icarus got too near the sun, and, the wax by which
the wings were attached to his shoulders having melted,
he fell into the Icarian sea and was drowned* Daedalus
reached Sicily and Minos, pursuing him, was slain there*
In H6 A+ iv* 6, 54, Talbot, rushing into the battle, says
to his son, " Then follow thou thy desperate sire of C.,
Thou Icarus/' In H6 C* v* 6, 18, Gloucester says,
44 Why, what a peevish fool was that of C*, That taught
his son the office of a fowl ; and yet, for all his wings,
the fool was drowned/' (Note the pun on 44 fowl " and

CRETE

"fool*") In Histrio ii* 335, Landulpho boasts of a
mistress "whose intangling wit Will turn and wind
more cunning arguments Than could the Cn* Laby-
rinth ingyre," i*e* intertwine* In B. & F* Thomas iii* 3,
one of the ballads of the Fiddler is entitled, " In C*
when Dedimus first began " : where " Dedimus ** is an
absurd mistake for Daedalus* In Middleton's Change-
ling iv* 3, Isabella, feigning madness, cries : " Stand up,
thou son of Cn* Daedalus, And let us tread the lower
labyrinth ; 111 bring thee to the clue/' " Cn* Daedalus "
is mentioned in Marston's Insatiate. Chaucer tells the
story of Ariadne, or Adriane, as he calls her, in the
Leg. of Good Women 1886* In C* T* A* 980, he refers to
44 The Mynotaur which that he [Theseus] slough in C*"j
and in D* 733 he hints at the grisly story 'of 44 Phasifpha
that was the Q* of C*" In Mason's Mutteasses 1788,
Borgias cries : 4t Let the Cretian bull Bellow and burst
my brains*" In Bale's Laws iii*, Ambition says, ** I gape
for empire and worship desire as Minos did in C*" In
Shirley's Duke's Mist, iii* i, Valerio says, 44 Unless this
face content you, you may stay till the Cn* lady go to
bull again*" The reference is to Pasiphae and her mon-
strous passion* In Pickering's Horestes A* 2, Rusticus
says, 44 Horestes to C* with Idpmeneus did go*" Ido-
meneus was the grandson of Minos and took part in the
Trojan War* I can find no authority for this visit of
Orestes to Crete* In Apius 181, Virginia sings, " When
Daedalus from Creete did fly With Icarus his joy, He
naught regarding father's words Did seek his own an-
noy*"

In Shrew i* i, 175, Lucentio says, ** I saw sweet
beauty in her face Such as the daughter of Agenor had,
That made great Jove to humble him to her hand,
When with his knees he kissed the Cn* strand/' The
reference is to Europa, the daughter of Agenor, whom
Zeus carried off from Phoenicia into C* In M* N* D* iv*
i, 1 1 8, Hippolyta relates, 44 1 was with Hercules and
Cadmus once, When in a wood of C* they bayed the
bear/* This conjunction of celebrities will not fit in
with any scheme of their relative periods ; and, beside,
there never were any bears in C. : a lady, however, may
be allowed some latitude in her sporting reminiscences.
C* was no doubt a hunting country. Theseus says (line
131), *4 A cry more tuneable Was never holla'd to * . »
In C*, in Sparta, nor in Thessaly " j and in K5 ii* i, 77,
Pistol, with his usual affectation of classic knowledge,
apostrophizes Nym as a ** hound of C*" The ancient
proverb, " The Cns* are alway liars," received a new
lease of life from St* Paul's quotation of it in Titus i. 13*
In the old Timon i* 4, Pseudolus, professing himself a
worldling (£*e* a citizen of the world), tells some amazing
travellers* tales : on which Paedio says, 44 This is no
worldling, he's some Cretian*" In. Brewer's Lingua ii* i,
Mendacio (Liar) says, " Three thousand years ago was
Mendacio born in Greece, nursed in C*, and ever since
honoured everywhere*" In Edwards' Damon, sc* xi* p* 86,
Stephana, after giving his name wrongly as Onaphets
(which is Stephano read backwards), says, 4i I turn my
name in and out, Cretiso cum Cretense, to make him a
lout*" In this sense we find Creticism, or Cretism, and
Cretize (see OJSJX)* In Tiberius 685, Sejanus says that
the man who will climb must adapt himself to circum-
stances : 44 Flatter in Creet and faun in Grecia/'

There are a few examples of the modern geographical
use of the word* In Ford's Lover's Melon, ii* i, So-

137

CRETICK SEA

In Jonson's Volpone iii* 6, the voluptuary's bath in-
cludes " The milk of unicorns and panthers* breath
Mixed with Cn, wines " (see CANDIA). In Davenant's
Platonic L i, Sciolto speaks of " good pure muskaden of
C*" ; and in iv* 5, Eurithea speaks of " Cn* wines that
are too excellent to last*" In Barnes* Charter iii* 5,
Frescobaldi has washed his " liver, lungs, and heart in
Cn* wines/' Milton, P. JR. iv* 118, speaks of wines of
44 Chios and C*" as highly esteemed by the ancient
Romans* In Ford's Sun v* i, Winter says* " Plump
Lyaeus Shall in full cups abound of Cn* wine/' Hall,
in Satires iv. 3, 72, says, " C* ever wont the cypress sad
to bear*" The cypress grows luxuriantly there. Lyly,
in Euphaes Anat. Witt p. 10, says, ** No owl [will] live
in C*" See Pliny, Hist* Nat. x* 41*
CRETICK SEA* The S* part of the ^Egean Sea, round the
island of Crete* In Hercules iv* 3, 2356, Jove, as
Amphitruo, claims to have subdued the pirates who
** awed . * , the Ionian, ^Egean, and C* Seas*"
CRIPPLEGATE* One of the N. gates of Lond*, between
Moorgate and Aldersgate* Stow says it was so called
from the cripples who begged there, but this looks like
an afterthought* It was new-built in 1244, and again in
1491* It was sold and pulled down in 1760* The name
is preserved in C* Buildings, n Fore St. In Jonson's
Ev. Man O* Ind*, Asper speaks of one ** as lame as
Vulcan or the founder of C*" : another unlikely sug-
gestion as to the derivation of the name* In T* Hey-
wood's Woman lolled iv* 5, Nicolas says of the gate, " It
must ope with far less noise than C* or your plot's
dashed '* : from which it may be inferred that the gate
had some reputation for creaking when it was opened*
Taylor, Works L 87, puns on the name : " Footmen are
brought to anchor in the harbour of C*" Dekker, in
Seven Sins, makes Apishness *4 come prancing in at C*"
because of the lame imitations he gives of those whom
he copies* In his Shoemaker's iv* 3, Firk chaffingly says
to Ralph, " Thou lie with a woman — to build nothing
but Cs* 1 " In Middleton's Hubburd, p. 96, the soldier
says, " I came hopping put of my lodging like old lame
Giles of C*" Deloney, in Reading vi*, tells a cock-and-
bull story of a cripple who stole the silver weathercock
of St* Paul's, and with the proceeds of the theft " builded
a gate on the N* side of the city which to this day is
called Criple-gate."

CROME* One of the places of pilgrimage visited by the
Palmer in J* Heywpod's Four PP. L i. It has not been
located with certainty* It is said by some authorities
to have been in Kent, near Greenwich, but it may
possibly be Croom in Worcestersh*, the ch* of which is
dedicated to the Blessed Virgin* In John, Tyb L r, John
swears " by our Lady of C/' to beat his wife when she
comes home*

CRONIAN SEA (the ARCTIC OCEAN)* Pliny, Nat, Hist.
iv* 30, calls it Cronium Mare from Kronos, or Saturn*
Milton, P. L* x* 290, describes " two polar winds blow-
ing adverse Upon the C* s*," and blocking the N*E*
passage to China by icebergs*

CROOKED LANE* A st* in Lond*, which formerly ran
from New Fish St* to St* Michael's L* Part of it was
taken down to make the approach to the new Lond*
Bdge* : what is left of it runs from near the corner of
Cannon and K* WMam Sts*, S* to Miles L* Just above
the end of it, in Fish St Hill, was an old inn called the
Black Bell, formerly the house of Edward the Black
Prince* In Jonson's Christmas, Christmas puns on the
name : ** Last is child Rowlan, and a straight young
man, Though he come out of C* L/' In Dekker's

138

CROTAY

Edmonton ii. i, the Clown says, in response to Cuddy's
request for bells, " Double bells — C* L* — ye shall have
'em straight in C* L*" The reference is probably to the
Black Bell Inn at the corner of the Lane. In Middleton's
No Wit ii* r, Weatherwise says, " Her crabbed Uncle,
dwelling in C* L*, crossed the marriage*" In Davenant's
Rutland, p* 221, the Parisian, in his account of Lond*,
says, ** Football is not very conveniently civil in the sts*,
especially in such irregular and narrow roads as C* L/'
In Brome's City Wit v* i, the boy sings a song " made
by a couple that were lately married in C-L*" In
Urquhart's Rabelais L 28, Friar John says, ** They go
into Paradise as straight as a sickle or as the way is to
Faye (like C* L* at Eastcheap)*"

CROSBY HOUSE (or CROSBY PLACE)* A mansion in
Lond* on the E* side of Bishopsgate St* Within, which
covered the greater part of what is now Crosby Sq*
It was built by Sir John Crosby about 1470, and was
then the highest house in Lond* He occupied it till his
death in 1475, when it was let by his widow to Richd.,
D* of Gloucester* Sir T* More lived in it from 1516 to
1523, and after him his friend Antonio Bonvici, an
Italian merchant* Later still it was occupied by the
Countess of Pembroke, " Sydney's sister, Pembroke's
mother*" In 1672 the great hall became a Presbyterian
chapel ; and 2 years later the house was partly destroyed
by fire, though luckily the Hall was spared* About 1769
it was converted into a warehouse. It was partially re-
stored by public subscription in 1836, and from 1840 to
1860 was the home of a Literary and Scientific Institute*
Then it was turned into a restaurant, and — ** last stage
of this eventful history "—was pulled down in 1910 and
re-erected at Chelsea, near the ch* In JR3 i. 2, 213,
Gloucester invites Anne to " Presently repair to C* H." ;
but as this was in 1471 C* was still living, and it was not
till after his death that Gloucester went to reside there*
In i* 3, 345, he bids the murderers of the young princes,
44 When you have done, repair to C* Place " ; and in
iii* i, 190, he tells Catesby/'At C* H* there shall you
find us both " : himself, that is, and Buckingham* In
T* Heywood's Ed. IV A* 57, Sir John C* says, " In
memory of me, J, Crosbie, In Bishopsgate St» a poor
house have I built And in my name have called it C* H«"

CROSS* The sign of an inn at Valetta, in Malta. In
B* & F* Malta iii. i, one of the watchmen says, " Let's
eat [our breakfast] at the C*" To which the Corporal
responds : 4* There's the best liquor*" It is mentioned
in Middleton's Widow iv* i,, as the sign of an inn in
Capo D'Istria, where a quack doctor has hung out his
flag.

CROSS KEYS* A tavern in Cranford, mentioned in
Harman's Caveat 24 as a haunt of Morts and their
Doxies* There was also a C* K* Tavern on the W» side
of Gracechurch St., Lond*, between Lombard St* and
Cornhill, where Henslowe relates that Lord Strange's
company played about 1590* Here Banks used to ex-
hibit the wonderful feats of his horse Marocco* In
Tarlton*s Jests, we read : " There was one Banks who
had a horse of strange qualities, and being at the Crosse-
Keyes in Gracious St., Tarlton came into the Crosse-
Keyes among many people." It was one of the 5 taverns
in which plays were acted before the building of the
theatres*

CROTAY (Le, CROTOY)* A town in France on the N* side
of the estuary of the Somme* In Ed. Ill iii* 3, Prince
Edward says, " Some of their strongest cities we have
won, As Harflew, Lo, C*, and Carentigne/'

CROTONA

CROTONA* A Greek colony in S* Italy, at the S*W*
corner of the Gulf of Tarentum, at the mouth of the
Assarus* It was one of the most powerful and populous
cities of Magna Grascia, and the rival of Sybaris* At the
period of its greatest prosperity it controlled the whole
dist* across to the Tyrrhenian Sea* The country is rough
and mountainous, and doubtless sheltered many wolves*
In Nabbes' Microcosmus iv., Physander talks of the
moon being ** affrighted with the howlings of Caean*
wolves/*

CROW* The sign of an inn in Aldgate* I suspect that it
is the same as the Pye Inn in Aldgate High St*, over
against Houndsditch* One of the tokens of the Pye Inn
is extant, dated 1648 ; and The Presbyterian Lash (1661)
was " acted in the great room at the Pye Tavern in
Aldgate/' In Middleton's Quarrel i* i, Russell says that
Chough has his lodgings 44 at the C* in Aldgate*"

CROWLAND* An ancient town in Lincolnsh*, 60 m* N*
of Lond* It possesses a unique triangular bdge*, with a
statue, said to be of Alfred the Gt*, and the ruins of a
monastery* It was in the Fen country, and was much re-
sorted to for duck hunting*

In Jonson's Devil ii* i, Fitzdottrel tells his wife,
** All C* is ours ; and the fens from us in Norfolk to the
utmost bounds in Lincolnsh*" In Glapthorne's Hol-
lander i* i, Sconce says that his father " undertook to
have drained the Fens and there was drowned, and at
the ducking time at C* drawn up in a net for a widgin/'
Ducking time means the duck-shooting season* In
Brome's Northern i* a, when Widgine says, ** Our
ancestors flew out of Holland in Lincolnsh* to prevent
persecution/' Tridewell says, " From C*, I warrant you,
a little before a moulting time/' The suggestion is
that they were geese* Dray ton* in Polyolb. xi* 353* says
of Ethelbald of Mercia, ** Then to the Eastern Sea, in
that deep watery fen * * * He that great Abbey built
of C/'

CROWN* A bookseller's sign in Lond* Look about was
44 Printed for William Ferbrand and are to be sold at his
shop at the sign of the C* near Guildhall Gate* 1600*"
Kinsmen was 44 Printed at Lond* by Tho* Cotes for John
Waterson ; and are to be sold at the sign of the C* in
Paul's Churchyard* 1634*" Webster's Malfi has the
same imprint, 1633*

CROWN* A Lond* tavern sign* A C* Tavern is in the list
in T* Heywood's Lucrece ii* 5 : 44 The gentry to the
King's Head, the nobles to the C/' There were C* Inns
on the N» side of Holborn, near Furnival's Inn ; on the
E* side of Warwick L*> near Newgate St* ; on the W*
side of Coleman St*, about halfway up the st. ; and on
the N* side of Aldgate, near the gate* In Bale's Later
Exam, of Anne Askewe (1547), Anne says, ** I was sent
from Newgate to the sign of the C* * * * where the Bp*
of Lond* went about to persuade me from God/' This
was probably the C* in Warwick Lane* In Glapthorne's
Hollander v* i, Sconce says, ** Ere I went to tjie ch* I
had gotten a touch in the C/*

CROWN* An inn in Cambridge, probably the Rose and
C*, in Rose Cresc,, fronting the Market PL and running
back to Trinity St, The old balcony and part of the
house still remain* In Pilg. Pernass v* 633, Ingenioso
says, ** Seest thou not my host Johns of the C* i " The
mention of Hobson, the carrier, in the same paragraph
seems to show that Johns was a real person at Cam-
bridge*

CRUTCHED FRIARS

CROXTON* There are 5 vills* of this name in England :
one each in Cambridge, Lincoln, and Norfolk, and 3
in Leicester* The play of the Blessed Sacrament was
acted at one of the Cs* — it is uncertain which — between
1461 and 1500*

CROYDON* Mkt* town in Surrey, on the Wandle, 9 m*
S* of Lond* Large quantities of charcoal were made
there for the supply of Lond* There are 3 fairs, on
July 6 and October 2, the latter being specially famous
for its walnuts* The Archbps* of Canterbury had a
palace here from the Conquest onward* It was sold in
1780, and the old chapel is used as a school of industry
for girls* In Jonson's New Inn iv. 3, Pinnacia tells how
Stuff hires a coach and ** runs in his velvet jacket, thus,
to Rumford, C*, Hounslow or Barnet " along with her*
In Shirley's Fair One iv* 2, Treedle says, 44 We will keep
our wedding at my own house at C/* The scene of ii. i,
is laid there* In Prodigal i* i, Flowerdale orders his father,
who is disguised as a serving-man, to get some new
clothes : 44 thou shalt ride with me to C* Fair/'

Grim, the Cottier of Croydon, is the title of an old
anonymous play, and Grim appears in Edwards' Damon,
where Jack compliments him ironically on his good com-
plexion: "a right C* sanguine, beshrew me I" A Co*
sanguine is said by Nares to be a kind of sallow colour,
but in this quotation it seems to mean no more than that
Grim has a black face* In Grim ii* i, the hero says.
" There's never a day in the week but I carry coals from
C* to Lond*" In Locrine ii* 6, Trumpart calls on the
** Colliers of C* and rusticks of Royden and fishers of
Kent " to lament the death of Strumbo the cobbler* In
Greene's Qzzzp,p*235, one of the characters says/'Though
I am black* I am not the devil, but indeed a collyer of
C*" There was also a Tom Collier of C* introduced in
Fulwell's Like, about whom there was an ancient
quatrain : " Tom Collier of C* hath sold his coals*
And made his market to-day; And now he danceth
with the devil, For like will to like alway/* There is a
Grim, a collier* in Brewer's Lovesick King ; but in iii*,
he predicts, 44 Newcastle coals shall conquer C*" Just
above he has said, " There are a new sort of colliers
crept up near Lond*, at a place called C*, that have found
out a way by scorching of wood to make charcoals/' In
the Cobler of Canterburie (1608), the author says, " I
confess 'tis a book ; and so is the collier's jade of C* a
horse as well as the courtier's courser*" In Killigrew's
Parson ii* 4, Faithful tells of a charitable Member of
Parliament that " got an order to have it but 5 m* to C*
for ease of the market-women*" In Wise Men vi* 4,
Purgato says to Antonio, 44 Will you take up the best
chamber and spend but a pence for your part ; and this
at C* near Lond* < " Nash's Summers was acted at, or
near, C* in 1592.

CRUK HEYTH (z*e* BAKROW HEATH; now GRUGITH)*
In the parish of St* Keverne in S* of Cornwall* 8 m* S*
of Falmouth* In Cornish M. JP* iii* 377, it is one of the
places given by Pilate to the soldier who has guarded
the tomb of our Lord*

CRUTCHED FRIARS* A st* in Lond*, running E* from
Mark Lane to Fenchurch Station and then N* to Aldgate*
It was so called from a Convent of C*, or Crossed, F*
which stood at its S*E* corner* The C* F* were a minor
order distinguished by their wearing a red cross on the
breast of their habit* The convent was founded in 1298,
and after the dissolution of the monasteries was con-
verted into a glass-house, where the first window-glass
was made that was produced in England* In Haughton's

139

CTESIPHON

Englishmen i* 2, as the company are walking over
Tower Hill, Harvey accounts for Heigham's liking for
it because it ** leads to C* F* Where old Pisaro and his
daughters dwell/' Much fun is gained in iv* i from the
wanderings about Lond* of the various foreigners who
are looking for Pisaro 's home* In Dekker's Westward L i,
Birdlime says, ** I keep a hot-house in Gunpowder L*,
near C* F*" In Davenport's New Trick, Bernard and
Friar John belong to the C* F* In iii* i, Friar John says,
44 We are now at Islington ; what hope have we to get
to C* F* before the gates be shut i "

CTESIPHON* A famous city in S* Assyria, on the Tigris,
abt* 50 m* N*E* of Babylon* It was built by the Parthian
kings near the ruins of Seleucia, and was used by them
as a winter residence* It has completely disappeared,
but its site is called by the Arabs Al Madain* In Milton,
JP* jR* Hi* 292, it is mentioned amongst the cities shown
to our Lord by the Tempter ; and in 300 he says, " Now
the Parthian K* In C* hath gathered all his host Against
the Scythian**'

CUBA* The largest of the W* Indian islands, discovered
by Columbus in 1493 and settled in by the Spaniards in
1511* Greene, in his Orlando > makes one of the suitors
of Angelica, Rodamant, k* of C*, and another, Mandre-
carde, K* of Mexico* In Ariosto's poem they are re-
spectively kings of Algiers and of Tartary* In i* i, 36,
Rodamant describes, " C* my seat, a region so enriched
With savours sparkling from the smiling heavens * * *
The earth within her bowels hath enwrapt Millions of
gold*'* In Devonshire L 2, the Merchant relates how " C*
by Drake was ravished*" This was in 1585* A particular
way of smoking was called the Cn* ebullition* In
Jonson's Ev. Man CX iii* x, Puntarvolo speaks of " the
practice of the Cn* ebullition, Euripus, and Whiff " as
parts of the gentlemanlike use of tobacco*

CUBAR* The land of the negroes on the W* coast of
Africa* In Marlowe's Tamb. B* i* 3, Techelles says,
** By the coast of Byather [Biafra] at last I came to C*
where the negroes dwell"; and thence he goes to
Nubia by way of Borno in Central Africa*

CUCKOLDS HAVEN (or CUCKOU>S POINT)* On the
Surrey side of the Thames at the entrance of Lime-
house Reach, below Rotherhithe Ch*, and opposite the
W* India Docks* The legend goes that the Miller of
Charlton, having discovered K* John kissing his wife,
demanded compensation, and was granted all the land
he could see from his door* He therefore claimed all as
far as this point, which was thereafter called C* P*
The K*, however, added this condition, that he should
walk every i8th of October (St* Luke's Day) to the
point with a pair of buck's horns on his head ; and he
also gave him the right to hold a fair at Charlton on that
day* which was called Horn Fair : it was kept up till
1872* A post was erected at the point with a pair of
horns upon it* In the Diary of a Resident of London 383,
we read that "the same day [May 25, 1562] was set up
at the Cuckold H* a great May-pole by botchers and
fisher-men, full of horns*" Hentsner, in his Travels,
describes " the long pole with ranis' horns upon it "
on the opposite shore to Radcliffe* In Eastward iv*,
* Enter Slitgut with a pair of ox-horns, discovering
C* H* above/' He proceeds, " All hail, fair h* of married
men only! For there are none but married men
cuckolds* For my part, I presume not to arrive here*
but m my master's behalf, a poor butcher of Eastcheap,
who sends me to set up, in honour of St* Luke, these
necessary ensigns of his honour*" He then rescues

CUMBERLAND

Security, Winifred, and Quicksilver, whose boat has
been overturned on their way to Drake's ship, where
they had proposed to sup before seeing Sir Petronel off
to Virginia* "Whatl" cries Security, "landed at
C* H* ** Hell and damnation I I will run back and
drown myself*" In Prodigal iii* I, Civet says, " My
estate is £40 a year ; besides 20 mark a year at C* H*,
and that comes to us all by inheritance." In Dekker's
Edmonton ii. 2, Warbeck says, *4 That confidence is a
wind that has blown many a married man ashore at
C. H*" In Day's Gulls ii* i, Manassas says, " Now doth
my master long more to finger that gold than a young
girl, married to an old man, doth to run her husband
ashore at C* H*" In Northward iii* 2, Squirrel says, " I
will tell thee the most politic trick of a woman that e'er
made a man's face look withered and pale, like the tree
in C* H* in a great snow*" In Westward iv* i, Birdlime
says, " You went to a butcher's feast at C* H* the next
day after St* Luke's day*" St* Luke is usually repre-
sented as an ox in ancient symbolism* Taylor, Works ii.
21, laments the decay of the H* : " Passing further I at
first observed That C* H* was but badly served ; For
there old Time hath such confusion wrought That of
that ancient place remaineth nought, No monumental
memorable horn Or tree or post which hath these
trophies borne Was left*" In Wit Woman 1461,
Veronte tells Rinaldo that his wife " will make thy head
like C* H,," i*e* put horns on it* In Dekker's Match me
L if Bilbo says, *4 If she should drive you by foul
weather into C* H* before St* Luke's day comes, Signor
Luco, how then t " In Nabbes' C* Garden v* 6, Ralph
predicts that Worthy will marry a wife in the city : " you
shall then be shipped at C* H* and so transported into
Cornwall," Le* the land of horns* In Dekker's News
from Hell, he says that though hell stands farther off
than the Indies, " yet you may sail sooner thither than a
married man can upon S* Luke's day to C* H* from
St* ^Catherines*" Dekker, in Raven's Almanac (1609),
predicts, ** Upon St* Luke's day bitter storms of wind
and hail are likely to happen about C. H*" In Day's
Travails, Bullen, p* 59, Kemp says, " You are in the
right way to C*-h* ; St* Luke be your speed 1 " In
Day's Gulls iii* i, Basilius says, "An a duchess long
to give her husband the horning let it never grieve
butchers to do homage at c* h*"

CUE* See KEW*

CULLEN* See COLOGNE*

CUMA (more properly CUMJE)* An ancient town on the
coast of Campania in Italy, some 10 m* N* of Naples*
It was famous in antiquity as the home of the Sibyl*
It was completely destroyed by the Saracens in the i$th
cent*, and is now only a mass of ruins* In Davenant's
Favourite iii* i, Eumena announces, " The Chancellor
of C**s dead/' C* was for some time an archbishopric,
but at its destruction the see was annexed to that of
Naples* Apparently Davenant thought that the title
survived, as it probably did.

CUMBERLAND* A county in N*W» England* The name
Cumbria was at first applied to the whole kingdom of
Strathclyde, but in the loth cent* it became limited to
the part of it S* of the Solway Firth* It was formally
handed over to Malcolm of Scotland by Edmond in
945 ; and the heir to the Scottish Crown was entitled
Prince of C* William Rufus conquered it and built
Carlisle, which had been destroyed by the Danes, but it
was not till the reign of Henry III that it was definitely
recognised as belonging to England, and for a long time

CUMNOR

it was a sort of no-man's land, or March, between the a
kingdoms* In Sackville's F err ex L 2, Philander recalls
how " Morgan slain did yield his conquered part Unto
his cousin's sword in C*" The battle is related in
Geoffrey of Monmouth ii* 15* In Brewer's Lovesick v*,
Alured grants to the K* of Scotland " all those our N.
borders Bounding on C*, from Tine to Tweed/' in re-
turn for his help against the Danes* In Mac* L 4, 39,
Duncan makes his eldest son, Malcolm, ** prince of C*" ;
and Macbeth, recognizing that tnis was equivalent to
declaring him heir to the throne, says, ** The Prince
of C* ! that is a step On which I must fall down, or
else o'erleap, For in my way it lies*" In Munday's John
Kent, John a Cumber is a Scotchman, Cumber being
used for the whole of Strathclyde* In Trag* Richd. II
iv* i, 317, the K* gives " Comberland " and several
other counties to Sir Thomas Scroope* In H6 B* v* 3, i,
Warwick challenges " Clifford of C*" This was Thomas,
8th Lord de Clifford, sheriff of Westmorland and
member for that county, which was not yet clearly dis-
tinguished from its neighbour C* In Respublica v* 6,
Avarice tells Respublica, if she would have trusted hkn,
" Somersetsh* should have raught to C*" : the point
being their remoteness from each other* In Middleton's
-R* G* v* i, a cutpurse is described as ** one of C*," in
order to give Moll the opportunity of saying, ** 'Tis one
that cumbers the land indeed*"

CUMNOR* VilL in Berks*, some 5 m* S*W* of Oxford*
Here Amy Robsart was murdered by Anthony Forster :
notwithstanding, he is described in his epitaph in
C* Ch. as amiable and accomplished I In the string of
nonsense rhymes in Ther sites D* i, occurs the couplet,
44 Simkin Sydn'am Sumn'nor, That killed a cat at C*'*

CUNDRESTINE (z*e* CITNZIERTON)* A hill in E* Rox-
burgh, Scotland, 6 m* SJB* of Jedburgh* In Ford's
Warbeck iv* i, Surrey says, " Can they [the Scots] look
on the strength of C. defaced i "

CUNNY STREET* See CONEY STREET.

CUPS, THREE* See THREE CUPS*

CURRIERS' HALL* Stood in Lond* Wall near Philip
Lane* It was destroyed in the Gt* Fire and rebuilt in 1 670*
It was again re-erected in 1874* For a long time it was
used as a meeting-place for a dissenting congregation,
and even in the time of James I seems to have been
connected with Puritanism* In Jonson's Christmas,
Christmas, declaring that he is a good Protestant, says,
44 The Masque * » * was intended, I confess, for C* H*"

CURTAIN* The second Playhouse built in Lond*, the
Theatre being the first* It was erected in 1577 at the
point where Hewett St* debouches into Curtain Rd*
Shpreditch, on the opposite side to St* James' Ch*,
a little to the N* of it* It took its name from C* Close,
a meadow belonging to the Holywell Priory, the C*
being some part of the outworks of the old Lond* walls*
Here Shakespeare's Henry V was probably produced,
in which reference is made to its shape and construc-
tion : Prol* 13, " May we cram Within this wooden O
the very casques That did affright the air at Agincourt t"
An unsuccessful attempt was made to close it, as there-
suit of a riot that broke out in the neighbourhood* The
riot is described in a letter from William Fleetwood, the
City Recorder, to Lord Burleigh, 1584* Indeed, as the
letter says, " Upon Sunday my lord sent a aldermen to
the court for the suppressing and pulling down of the
Theatre and C/' It was still standing in £$37* John
Stockwood, in a sermon at St* Paul's Cross in 1578,
complains, 44 If you resort to the Theatre, the C*, and

CUSTOM-HOUSE

other places of plays in the city, you shall on the Lord's
day have those places so full as possible they can throng*"
In Northbrooke's Treatise against Dicing (1577), he
speaks of 44 Places builded for such plays and interludes
as the Theater and C* is/' Wither, in Abuses Stript and
Whiptf says, " Base fellow, whom mere time hath made
sufficient to bring forth a rhyme, a C* jig, a libel, or a
ballad*" Middleton, in Hubburd, p* 90, adds to its bad
reputation : " The camp," he says, " was supplied with
harlots as well as the C*" In Tarltorfs Jests a story is
told of how someone in the audience interrupted Tarl-
ton, *' he then playing at the C" Marston, in Scourge of
Villainie (1598), says that Romeo and Juliet "won C*
plaudites*"

CURTIAN GULF (i\e* LACUS CURTIUS)* A puteal or
well-mouth in the centre of the Forum at Rome, mark-
ing the spot where about the middle of the 4th cent* B*C*
a gulf opened in the Forum, which could not be closed
until the most precious thing in Rome had been flung
into it* M* Curtius leapt in on his horse and the gulf at
once closed (Livy vii* 6)* In Chapman's Consp. Byron
ui* i, Byron compares the K*'s ingratitude to this gulf :
" Did ever C* G* play such a part < " In Dekker's
Northward v* i, Mayberry says of Featherstone, ** He's
in the C* G* and swallowed, horse and man*" In
Richards' Messallina iii* i, 1575, Montanus speaks of
** the C*-g*-like appetite " of Messallina* In Marston's
Courtesan i* 3, 193, it is said of a lady: "She's none of

* * * your C* gs* that will never be satisfied until the
best thing a man has be thrown into them." In B* & F*
Custom iv* 4, Rutilio cries : ** But women J women I

* * * Curtius' G* was never half so dangerous*" In their
Brother iii* i, Rollo says, 44 My mother here, My sister,
this just lord, and all had filled The C* g* of this con-
spiracy*" In their Double Mar. iv* 4, the D* says,
44 Like Curtius, I'll leap the g* before you, fearless leap
it*" In their Prize i* 2, Maria says, 44 Like Curtius, to
redeem my country, have I leaped Into this g* of mar-
riage*"

CUSCO* A city in the centre of Peru, abt* 350 m* S*E* of
Lima* It was the capital of the Empire of the Incas,
whose last K*, Atahualpa, called by the Spaniards
Atabalipa, was conquered by Pizarro in 1533* Milton,
JP* L* xi* 408, says of Adam: ** In spirit perhaps he also
saw * * * C* in Peru, the richer seat of AtabaHpa*"

CUSTOM-HOUSE* On the S* side of Lower Thames
St*, Lond*, E* of Billingsgate* During Chaucer's tenure
of the Comptrollership of Customs, the C* H* was re-
built, a little to the E* of its present site, in 1385* In the
reign of Elizabeth it was replaced by a larger building,
which was destroyed in the Gt* Fire* It was rebuilt
by Wren, and again burnt down in 1718* The next
building was also destroyed by fire in 1814* The present
building was then erected, but so badly that extensive
repairs had to be made in 1828* H Jonson's Ev. Man L
iii*, Wellbred, after being taken in by Brainworm, says,
44 Would we were e'en pressed to make porters of, and
serve out the remnant of our days in Thames St* or
at C* H* Key, in a civil war against the carmen I "
In his Devil i* i, Iniquity says to Pug, ** From thence we
will put in at C*-H* Key there, And see how the factors
and prentices play there False with their masters and
geld many a full pack*" In Dekker's Westward ii* i*
Honeysuckle says to his wife, 44 [I am going] to the C* H*,
to the 'Change, to my warehouse, to divers places*" In
W* Rowley's New Wonder iv*, George informs Brewen
that his wares have been conveyed " in carts to the
C* H*, there to be shipped*"

141

CUT HE I A

CUTHEIA (z*e* CYT^EA). On the r* Phasis in Colchis,
at the E. end of the Black Sea* In Marlowe's Tamb.'B.ii.
if Frederick announces that 44 Natolia hath dismissed
the greatest part Of all his army pitched against our
power Betwixt C* and Orminius' mt*" : i.e* Mt*
Orminius, on the borders of Bithynia and Paphlagonia*

CYCLADES* A group of islands in the ^gean Sea, lying
in a circle round Delos, S*E* of Eubcea* There were 12,
OTf according to other authorities, 15 of them* Delos
was the smallest* though the most famous, of them* but
Samos was on the other side of the 55gean, Milton*
JP* L* v. 364, compares Satan's first view of the earth
thus : ** as when * * * A pilot from amidst the C* Delos
or Samos first appearing kens, A cloudy spot**'

CYDNUS* A r* in Cilicia, running from the Taurus
range past Tarsus into the Mediterranean* It has silted
up so rapidly that it can only be entered now by the
smallest boats* and it is 12 m* from Tarsus to its mouth*
In the ist century it was navigable by large vessels up
to Tarsus, which was less than i m* from the sea* Its
water is cold, and Alexander, bathing in it when he was
in a violent perspiration, caught a chill which almost
cost him his life* When Antony came into Asia Minor
in 41 B*C* he summoned Cleopatra to appear before him
on the charge of haying refused to help the triumvirs in
their campaign against the murderers of Caesar* She
was now in her 28th year and in the prime of her beauty,
and she sailed up the Cydnus to Tarsus reclining as
Venus in a gorgeous barge with purple sails and silver
oars* Her judge speedily became her lover, and the rest
of his life is the story of his infatuation for the serpent of
old Nile* Plutarch's description of this famous meeting
in his life of Antony is too familiar to need quotation ;
and Shakespeare has enshrined it in immortal verse in
Ant. ii* 2, 190 ss* In v* 2, 228, as she attires herself for
her death, Cleopatra exclaims : " Go fetch My best
attires; I am again for C* To meet Mark Antony*" The
story wrought in the tapestry of Imogen's bedchamber,
as lachimo relates in Qym* ii* 4, 70, was " Proud Cleo-
patra, when she met her Roman, And C* swelled above
the banks, or for The press of boats or pride**' In
Daniel's Cleopatra v* 5, Titus says, 44 Great Cleopatra
sat, Even as she was, when on thy crystal streams, Clear
Cydnos, she did shew what earth could shew*"

CYLLENE (now called ZYRIA)* A lofty mtn* in N*E*
Arcadia in the Peloponnesus, where, according to tradi-
tion, Hermes (Mercury) was born* In Jonson's Penates,
Mercury says, 44 This place is the Arcadian Hill C*,
the place where myself was both begot and born." In
Marston's Parasitaster iv* 4, Herod exclaims, ** Where
are we news' Cyllenian Mercuric, And thou, quick
issue of Jove's broken pate, Aid and direct us I " In his
Malcontent v* 4, Mercury calls himself 44 Cyllenian Mer-
cury, the god of ghosts*" In Milton's Arcades 98, the
song begins t " Nymphs and shepherds, dance no more
On old Lycaeus or C* hoar*"

CYMBRL See CIMBRI*

CUMBRIAN, CYMMERIAN* .See CIMMERIAN*

CYNE* In Misogonus iii* 3* Cacurgus says, 4* I have seen
the black Moors and the men of C*" The word, how-
ever, rhymes with 44 kind/' and is obviously a misprint
for Inde,

CYNOSARGES* A sanctuary of Hercules and a gym-
nasium at Athens, on the E* of the city, at the foot of the
S*E* extremity of Mt* Lycabettus* Antisthenes taught
here, and his followers were in consequence called
Cynics* In Marmion's Leaguer iv* 2, Tnmalchio calls

CYPRUS

Holland's Leaguer, a well-known house of ill-fame,
44 A C*, such as Hercules Built in the honour of his
pedigree For entertainment of the bastard issue Of the
bold Spartan*" Hercules is meant by the bold Spartan,
and the reference is to the reception of his son Hyllos
by Deianira at Athens after he had been expelled from
Trachis*

CYPARISSUS* A town of ancient Greece in Phocis,
near Delphi, famous for its cypress trees* In Greene's
Orlando v* 2, 1445, Orlando says, 44 Our planks and sides
framed out of cypress wood That bears the name of C*
Change," z*e* is bought from C* in the course of trade*

CYPRUS (Cn* = Cyprian)* The island in the N*E* corner
of the Mediterranean Sea, nearly equi-distant from the
coasts of Asia Minor and Syria* Originally colonised by
the Phoenicians and Greeks, it was conquered by the
Egyptians in the 6th cent* B*c*, but in 525 it declared in
favour of the Persians, and remained a part of that
empire until the time of Alexander the Gt* After his
death it was the object of constant contention between
the Ptolemies of Egypt and the Seleucids at Antioch*
In 58 B,C* the Romans seized it from its Egyptian
governor and incorporated it in their empire* On the
division of the Empire it naturally passed to the Eastern
Emperors* The Caliph Othman destroyed Salami's, the
capital, in A.D* 646, and held the island for 2 years ;
and Haroun el Raschid had possession of it for a short
time after 802, but in each case it was recovered by the
Greek Emperors of the East* In 1184 it became an
independent kingdom under Isaac Comnenus. In 1195
Richd* I took it and conferred it on Guy de Lusignan,
whose descendants occupied the throne until 1487, when
their last representative, Catherine, ceded it to the
Republic of Venice* The Venetians held it successfully
against the Turks until 1571, when Selim II invaded
and captured it, and it remained a part of the Turkish
Empire until 1878, when by the terms of the Turkish
Convention it passed under English administration,
although nominally a part of the Ottoman Empire* In
ancient times it was the chief source of copper, or IBs
Cuprium* In the Middle Ages it gave its name to a kind
of fine gauze (cipres, c*, or cypress : sometimes spelt
with an initial 44 s "). At Paphos was one of the most
celebrated temples of the Goddess of Love (Aphrodite,
or Venus), whence she was constantly called the Cn*
Goddess (diva potens Cypri : Hor* Oc?» i* 3, i)*

In Chapman's Alphonsusf the Emperor's secretary is
called 44 Lorenzo de C*" He is an entirely imaginary
person* Othello is sent by the Venetian Council to de-
fend C* against the Turk, who "with a most mighty
preparation makes for C*" (i, 3, 221)* He had already
seen service there: "At Rhodes, at C*, and on other
grounds " (i* it 29)+ In Act II he arrives at 44 a seaport
town in C*"j undoubtedly Famagosta, the strongly
fortified capital of the island, attacked by Selim II in
1569 and taken in 1571* Here the rest of the action of
the play takes place ; and one of the towers of the old
castle is pointed out still as " Desdemona's Tower*" In
Ant* iii* 6, 10, Caesar complains that Antony has made
Cleopatra 44 Of lower Syria, C*, Lydia, Absolute Queen.*'
The statement is taken verbatim from Plutarch* In
Ford's Lover's Melan. i. i, Amethus, the cousin of the
Prince of C*, says, 4t This little isle of C. sure abounds
In greater wonders, both for change and fortune, Than
any you have seen abroad*" In Marlowe's Tamb* B* iii*
5, Callapine boasts that his army is as great as that of
Tamburlaine " that, from the bounds of Phrygia to the
sea Which washeth C, with his brinish waves Covers the

CYRENE

, * * plains/' In bis Jew i* 2, the Turkish Bassoes come
44 from Rhodes, From C*, Candy, and those other isles
That lie betwixt the Mediterranean seas/' The date of
the play is therefore to be supposed later than 1571* In
Dekker's Fortunatus i. i, Fortunatus compares women
to 44 the great bell of St* Michael's in C*, that keeps
most rumbling when men would most sleep/* This is
probably enough *4 that dreadful bell " which Othello
silenced for frighting the isle from her propriety (Oth+ ii*
3> 175)* The scene of Cartwright's Lady Errant is laid
in C* The Prince of C* is one of the characters in Kyd's
Soliman. The date is 1523* In Downfall Huntington iy*
i, John says, ** Richd* is a k* in C*" : referring to his
conquest of the island in 1 195. A Prince of C* is a suitor
for the hand of the Princess of Corsica in PartialL One
of the characters in Marston's Insatiate is 44 Roberto,
Count of Cypres/' Some scenes in Dekker's Fortunatus
are laid in C* : the date is in the early loth cent* The
scene of Ford's Lover's Melon, is laid at Famagosta in C*
during the reign of Palador: the date is vague, but
seems to be, judging by the names of the characters,
some time during the Persian period and before the
coming of Alexander the Gt* Athens is evidently an im-
portant city* But it is doubtful if the author had any
very definite idea of the period he was describing* The
scene of Machin's Dumb Knight is laid in C*, and the
K* of C* engages in a combat with the K* of Epire*
Chapman's Widow's Tears also takes place in C*at some
date before the Roman occupation.

In Jonson's Case iii. 3, Aurelia says to her sister, " I
thought yourd dwell so long in Cypres isle, You'd wor-
ship Madam Venus at the length/' In Massinger's
Picture ii* 2, Ladislaus says to Honoria, 4* The Cn. Q*,
compared to you, in my opinion, is a negro/' In his
Great Duke v* 3, Cosimo swears 44 by all the vows which
lovers offer at the Cn* goddess' altars/' Marston, in
Scourge of Villanie L 3, talks of consuming all the year In
Cn* dalliance," z*e* in love-making; and in his Pygmalion
he uses " Cn*" in the sense of a profligate : 44 See how he
paceth like a Ciprian*" In his Parasitaster iL i, Tiberio
says, 44 1 court the lady 4 I was not born in C*," z*e* I am
not a devotee of the Goddess of Love. Content, Sonnets
(1591) ii* 26, speaks of going a pilgrimage 44 Towards
Love's holy Land, Fair Paphos or C*" Percy, in Cozlia
(1594) ii* 4, calls love " the cup of Cypria." Cupid, as
the son of Venus, is called the Cn. boy* In Rutter's
Shepherd's HoL v* 3, Daphne says, " The Cn* boy from
our abundance shall take his fires to kindle other hearts*""
In Middleton's Five Gallants iii* 5, Goldstone exclaims :
44 What has Fate sent us, in the name of Venus, goddess
of C* i " In Davenant's Cr* Brother iv* 4, Foreste says
to his mistress, " When must you quench the Cn*
fire i " z*e* the fire of love* In Brome's Covent G* i. i,
Damaris refers to women of loose morals as 4t Cn*
dames/' In Glapthorne's Argalus iv* i, Kalander says,
" Our dull wits are not so fortunate in rich conceits as
your quick Cn* intellects " ; where Cn* means 4t in-
spired by love*" In Greene's Orlando L i, 61, Mandre-
carde says, 44 Paphos and brave Cypres set aside, With
me sweet lovely Venus would abide/'

In W* 7*. iv* 4, 221, Autplycus enumerates
amongst his wares " Lawn as white as driven snow ;
cypresse black as e'er was crow/' In Tw* N+ iii* i, 131,
OHvia declares, ** A cipresse, not a bosom, hides my
heart," z*e. a fabric so transparent that it can be easily
seen through. In Dekker's Shoemaker's, iii* i*, Firk asks,
44 can you Dutch spreaken for a ship of silk C*, laden with
sugar-candy i " He is, of course, talking nonsense : he

CYZICUM

means a ship made of thin lawn* Nash, in Unfortunate
Traveller 84, speaks of 44 a hundred pages in suits of white
cipresse/' Jonson, in Epigr. Ixxiii, tells of Fine Grand's
44 partie-per-pale picture, one half drawn In solemn
c*, th' other cobweb lawn*" In J* Heywood's Four
JPP*, p* 10, the pedlar has in his pack '* Sypers, swath-
bonds, rybandes and sieve laces*" In the Puritan i* i
[stage direction], *4 Enter the Widow, Her a daughters
* . * all in mourning apparel, Edmond in a Cypresse
hat*" Black Cypress was used, like cr£pe nowadays, as a
sign of mourning* Milton, Penseroso 36, dresses Melan-
choly in ** sable stole of cypress lawn*" 44 Wine of C."
is mentioned amongst the commodities brought to
Bruges by traders in B* & F* Beggars' i* 3. Jonson, in
Devil iv* i, speaks of 4* soap of C*" amongst the in-
gredients of a skin-wash* In Massinger's Emperor iv* 4,
Empiric puts first amongst his drugs "my botent tere-
binthina of Cypris " : apparently some kind of turpen-
tine* Heylyn mentions wine and turpentine amongst
the products of the island*

CYRENE* A famous Greek colony on the N* coast of
Africa, abt. 500 m. W. of Alexandria* It was founded by
Battus of Thera 631 B*c* It fell successively under the
domination of the Ptolemies and the Romans* Its ruins
are very extensive* In Middleton's Chess v. 3, the Black
Knight says, " There was once a ruler, C/s governor,
choked with his own paunch*" This was Magas, and
the story is told by Athenaeus, in Deipnosophistce xii* 13*
Milton, P* L* ii* 904, says that the hosts of warring
atoms in chaos were ** unnumbered as the sands Of
Barca or C/s torrid soil,"

CYRTHA* See CIRTA*

CYTH52RON. See CITBUERON*

CYTHERA (CEA* = CYTHEREA)* Anisland off the S*E* ex-
tremity of Greece* It was an ancient settlement of the
Phoenicians, and it was supposed that the worship of the
Syrian Goddess of Love was introduced from C* into
Greece* Hence the legend arose that Aphrodite, when she
was born from the sea, first came to C* Venus is called
" sweet Cea*" (Pass. Pilg. 43, 73)* In Shrew, Ind* ii* 53,
she is 4t Cea* all in sedges nid/' Violets are "sweeter than
Cea/s breath " (W+ T* iv* 4, 132)* lachimo, in Cym* ii* 2,
14, apostrophizes Imogen as ** Cea/' InB. & F* Woman
Hater i* i, the D* prays to Venus as " Bright Paphian
Q*, thou Cean* goddess*" In Caesar's Rev. i. 6, Caesar says
that the presence of Cleopatra at Alexandria makes
44 Paphian temples and Cytherian hills bonnet vail to it."
Watson, in Tears ofFancie (1593) v. 5, speaks of " Cea.
from Olimpus mt* Descending*" Daniel, in Sonnets
after Astrophel (1591) xi* 2> calls Cupid " Cea/s son*"
R* Linche, in Diella v* 9, says, 44 Cea» checked her lordly
son." Herrick, in Oberon's Palace (1647), speaks of
" Citherea's ceston which All with temptation doth
bewitch*" Milton, P* Z* ix. 19, calls £2neas ** Cea/s son."
C*, like other islands in the ^Bgean, was used in the time
of Tiberius as a place of banishment for persons who had
come under the Emperor's suspicion* In Jonson's
Sejanus i* 2, Tiberius thanks the Senate for " their grace
in confining of Silanus to the isle Cithera at the suit of
his religious sister/*

CYVILT* See SEVILLE.

CYZICUM* A city on the neck of the peninsula on the S.
coast of the Propontis in Mysia* It is now a heap of
ruins* It was celebrated amongst the Romans for its
oysters* Dray ton, in Polyolb. xix. 118, praises the
oysters of Walfleet as being ** As excellent as those which
are esteemed most, The Cizic shells, or those on the
Lucrinian coast/'

143

D

DACIA* The country of the Getae or Dacii, formed into
a Roman province by Trajan A.D* 104, It lay along the
N* bank of the Danube between the Black Sea, the r*
Theiss* and the Carpathian Mtnsv thus including the
modern Transylvania and Wallachia* and parts of Hun-
gary, Moldavia, and Galicia* The column of Trajan at
Rome was set up to celebrate his victory over this war-
like tribe* In Massinger's Actor L i, Latinus says of
Domitian* " 'Tis frequent in the city He hath subdued
the Catti and the Daci*" This was at the beginning of
Domitian's reign ; but his conquest was quite imaginary
and led to nothing* In Locrine ii* x, 6, Humber boasts,
44 Nor could the barbarous Dn* sovereign * * * Stay us
from cutting over to this isle/' The whole story is purely
legendary* In the old Timon iii* 3, it is used in the sense
of a remote and barbarous dist* Pseudocheus says to
Gelasimus, ** If any thing can help thee that doth grow
upon the mtns* of Armenia, in D* or Tingitania * * *
it shall be had forthwith/'

DAGENHAM* VilL in Essex near the Thames, a few m*
E* of Lond* In Jt Heywood's Four PP* i* i, the Palmer
has been 4* at the good rood of Dagnam/'

DAGGER* The sign of a tavern and ordinary in Holborn*
Lond* It was celebrated for its jries* its ale* and its
frumety* In Jonson's Devil i* i. Iniquity invites Pug to
come to the Custom House and u see how the factors
and prentices play there False with their masters, and
geld many a full pack* To spend it in pies at the D* and
the Woolsack*" In the Alchemist L i, Face tells how he
lighted on Dapper *' last night, in Holborn, at the D*"
In v* 3, Subtle informs Dapper that the Q* of Fairy
44 would have you eat no more Woolsack pies* no D*
frumety/' In Gascoigne Diet* Dronkardes, we read. 44 We
must have March beer* double, double beer. D*-ale*
Rhenish/' In Dekker's Satzro*, we have/' When shall
we eat another D*-pie ^ " In i* 2, 367, Tucca says to
Horace. ** I'll not take thy word for a p.~pie/'

There was another D* Inn in Cheapside* also famous
for its pies* In Perm* ParL 32, the writer essays to prove
'* that a mince-pie is better than a musquet ; and he that
dare gainsay me* let him meet meat the D* in Cheap and
I will answer it/' This D* was at the corner of Foster
Lane* This is the tavern referred to in Middleton's
Quiet Life v* i, where George says of his mistress* w Her
sparing in housekeeping has cost " [her husband] 4t some-
what ; the D*-pies can testify*" He had to go there for
his meals I In T* Hey wood's /* K. M* B* 257, the Prentis
says* ** I must needs step to the D* in Chepe to send a
letter into the country to my father*" In Cutlers, Dagger
says, 4I Go before to my house* to the D* in Cheap/'

DAINTRY* See DAVENTRY*

DALMATIA* The S* part of Illyricum on the E* coast
of the Adriatic Sea* The Romans first entered D* in
156 B.C*. when it was made tributary to Rome* It re-
volted m 119 and again in 48 B*C*; but was finally made
into an imperial province by Augustus 34 B.C* In 16 B*C,
the inhabitants made an unsuccessful effort to free them-
selves* and in n B*C* joined the Pannonians in a danger-
ous revolt ; and it was not till A*I>* 9 that the country
was reduced to subjection* The Emperor Diocletian was
born in D** and on his resignation of the purple he
retired to his native country* where he spent the last 9
years of his life in retirement at Salona* There he died
A*t>* 314* D*, long part of the Hapsburg dominion, is

now, as for a small part* in Italy* and for the rest in
Jugo Slavia*

In Cym* iii, i, 72, Cymbeline reports* 44 1 am perfect
That the Pannonians and Dns* for Their liberties are
now in arms ; " and in iii* 7* 3, a Senator announces
that 44 the common men are now in action 'Gainst the
Pannonians and Dns*" The reference is to the revolt of
34 B*C*, which is given by Holinshed as the reason why
Augustus did not exact the tribute withheld by the
Britons in the xoth year after the death of Julius C^sar*
In B* and F* Prophetess, the scene of which is laid at
Rome at the end of the reign of the Emperor Carinus
A*D* 285* Aurelia in iii* 3* denounces Dioclesian as 44 a
poor Dn* slave*" In Massinger's Virgin i* i* Dioclesian
says to the Ks* of Epirus. Pontus. and Macedonia*
"Your company I wish, confederate princes. In our
Dn* wars*" This is quite unhistorical. as there were no
such Ks., nor had Dioclesian any wars in D. The
Dalmatic, a long tunic with sleeves, partially open down
the sides, and decorated with 2 stripes* which is the
official dress of the Deacons in the Roman Ch*> and is also
one of the coronation vestments of the Ks* of England*
is supposed to have been derived from the royal robe
of the Ks. of D* During the i6th cent* D* belonged
partly to Hungary, partly to Venice ; and there were
many fights between them about it* In Jonson's JSv*
Man L ii* 2* the disguised Brainworm pretends to have
served 44 in all the late wars in Bohemia* Hungaria, D**
Poland, where not < "

DAMASCUS (dk* « damask)* One of the most ancient
cities in the world* lying in a fertile plain at the E* end
of the Anti-Libanus range in N* Syria. 60 m* from the
Mediterranean* and abt* 150 m. N.E* of Jerusalem* It
is watered by the Barada* the ancient Abana, which runs
through the city* The position is not a strong one/ but
it is the centre of all the great eastern caravan routes*
and that is the reason of its prosperity and continuous
existence* It is first mentioned in connection with the
history of Abraham (Gen* xiv* and xv*) ; it formed part
of the kingdom of David* and subsequently became the
capital of the Syrian Ks* It passed successively under
the domination of the Assyrians* Babylonians* Persians*
Greeks* and Romans ; after belonging for centuries to
the Turks it is now (since 1919) the capital of an
independent Arab kingdom. It has given its name
to the dk* rose and the damson plum : in metal work
to the process of damascening, and D* swords; to
silk and linen dks* ; and to dk,-powder, a kind of scent*
In HI A* i* 3* 39. Winchester says to Gloucester.
" This be D** be thou cursed Cain* To slay thy brother
Abel* if thou wilt*" The reference is to the legend that
Adam was created at D* Sir John Maundeville xi* says,
" In that place where Damasc was founded, Kaym
sloughe Abel his brother*" Chaucer/ C*T** B* 3ig8*says,
" Lo, Adam* m the feeld of Damyssene With Goddes
owne fynger wroght was he/' Milton P* L* i* 468* says
of Rimmon his 4t delightful seat Was fair D/' In
Greene's Friar iv* 27* Elinor speaks of ** Edward's
courageous resolution Done at the Holy Land * fore
Damas ' walls " ; and in viii* 113* Edward soliloquises.
" Edward* art thou that famous Prince of Wales Who at
Damasco beat the Saracens i " As a matter of fact,
however* Edward was never at D* Milton, P* L* i* 584*
speaks of the knights who jousted in u Damasco or
Marocco or Trebisond " ; referring to the time of the

144

DAME ANNIS A CLEARS

Crusades* In Piers C. xviii* 361, the Pope is criticized
for making prelates " that bereth name of Neptalym,
of Nynyve and of Damaske." The Pope used to appoint
Bps* inpartibus infideliumt who never dreamt of visiting
their supposed dioceses* The siege and capture of D*
by Tamburlaine in 1401 is described in Marlowe's
Tarrib. A* iv* i*

The dL rose was Rosa Gallica Damascena, and is
described by Lyte, Dodoens vi* i, 654, as " of a mixed
colour, betwixt red and white/' In Sonn* 130, 5,
Shakespeare says, "I have seen roses dked, red and
white/' and in As. iii* 5, 133, Phoebe describes the
difference between Rosalind's lips and complexion as
"just the difference Betwixt the constant red and
mingled dk*" In L* L. L* v* 3, 396, Boyet punningly
speaks of " Fair ladies * * * Dismasked, their dk/s
sweet commixture shown/' In W* T* iv* 4, 323* Auto-
lycus sings of " Gloves as sweet as dk* roses*" In B* &
F* Shepherdess iv* 4, Amoret tells of ** Those curled
locks where I have often hung Ribbons and dk* roses*"
The scent distilled from roses was called dk. water*
In Elements Dods, it 44, we have ** dk* water made so
well That all the house thereof shall smell As it were
Paradise*" In H6 B* ii* i, 103, Simpson tells how his
wife "desired some damsons," and made him climb to
get them* In The Sqayr of Low Degree 36, we read of
"the date, also the damyse." In T* D/s Banquet ii. i,
Clown says, " 5 of your silken gallants are swallowed
[by a usurer] easier than a dke* prune*" In Dekker's
Fortunatus iv* 3, Andelocia and Shadow, disguised as
Irish costermongers, cry, " Buy any apples, feene apples
of Tamasco, feene Tamasco peepins/' In B* & F*
Elder B. v* i, Cowsy describes his sword as " A Milan
hilt and a Damasco blade*" In T* Heywood's Royal
King iv*, the Clown says, " Now, farewell, gunpowder,
I must change thee into dk*-powder ; for if I offer but to
smell like a soldier the courtiers will stop their noses*"
DAME ANNIS A CLEARS* See ANNIS A CLEARE*

DAMIATA (now DAHIETTA). The town at the most E*
mouth of the Nile* It rose to importance under the
Saracen rule in Egypt, and was frequently besieged
during the Crusades* Milton, P* L* ii* 593, locates the
Serbonian Bog " Betwixt D. and Mt* Casius old/'

DAN* One of the tribes of Israel* They were at first
settled on the Mediterranean coast in a small dist* N*
of the Philistine pentapolis; but finding themselves
constrained for room they sent out an expedition to the
N*, and captured the Phoenician town of Laish at the
source of the Jordan, and changed its name to D* It is
the present Tell-el-Qady, in the plain to the W* of
Banjas, abt* 30 m. N* of the N* end of the Sea of
Galilee* It was the most N* settlement of the Israelites,
and the phrase '* from D* to Beersheba " was used for
the whole of the Holy Land* The distance between the
two is about 170 m* In Peele's Bethsabe iii* 3, Cusay
advises Absalom to ** gather men from D* to Bersabe "
in order to fight David* In Spenser's Shep. CaL> July
51, Morrell speaks of our Lord " Feeding the blessed
flock of D* Which did himself beget," where D* is used
by synedoche for the whole of Israel. Milton,P. L. i* 485,
says that Jeroboam doubled the sin of the ancient
Israelites 4t in Bethel and in D., Likening his maker to
the grazed ox/' See /. Kings xii. 39* In P* JR* iii* 431,
our Lord points out the danger of Israel's relapsing " to
their gods perhaps Of Bethel and of D/' Samson be-
longed to the tribe of D* Milton, P. L. ix. 1059, calls
him ** the Danite, strong Herculean Samson." In 5. -A*
333, Manoah addresses the chorus as ** men of D*" ;

DANUBE, or DANOW

in 976 Dalila expects that her name will stand defamed
44 in Dv" and in 1436 the chorus refers to the Spirit that
rushed on Samson " In the camp of D*"

DANAW* See DANUBE.

DANCING BEARS. The sign of a tavern in St* Kathar-
ine's, Lond. In Jonson's Staple iii* i, Thomas reports,
44 The perpetual motion is here found out by an ale-
wife in St* Katharine's, at the sign of the D* B*"

DANE* See DENMARK*

DANISH, DANSKER* See DENMARK.

DANSOTHA (probably TRESOOTH)* In S. Cornwall, in
the parish of Budock, 3 m* S* of Penryn* In Cornish
M* JP* iii* 377, Pilate gives to the soldier who has watched
the tomb of our Lord ** Gon D*/' z.e* the plain of D.

DANTZIG* An ancient spt* in W* Prussia near the mouth
of the Vistula. From the i4th cent* it was held by the
Teutonic Knights ; but in 1454 it fell into the hands of
the Poles, though it was treated by them as a free city.
In 1793 it became (by the Second Partition) a part of the
kingdom of Prussia, and is now again a free city*

In Chettle's Hoffman C. i, it is mentioned as the
residence of the Duke of Prussia ; Jerpra says, " I'll
practice again at Dantzike, you say in the Duke's
mead ; I'll meet thee, Mathias ; there's my glove*"
The D* freebooters interfered seriously with British
trade in the Baltic in the latter part of the i6th
cent* In Dekker's // it be (Pearson iii* 353), there
is a scene in hell, in which many notorious characters
are introduced, such as Ravaillac, Moll Cutpurse, and
Guy Fawkes* Amongst them is one called " the Dant-
ziker " and the 4t Dutch schellum" (i*e. rascal) ; Ruf-
man says, 44 He scoured the seas so well, Charon will
make him ferryman of hell*" It has been mistakenly
supposed that Danske means belonging to D* ; whereas
ft is equivalent to Danish.

DANTZIG SEA* The Baltic Sea, so-called from the im-
portant port of Dantsig, g*i>. In Greene's Friar vii*,
Mason speaks of " the W* ks* That lie along the D.
seas by E*, N*, by the clime of frosty Germany/'

DANUBE, or DANOW. The 3nd longest r* in Europe,
rising in the Black Forest and flowing eastward into the
Black Sea, after a course of nearly 3000 m* In Peele's
O14 Wives> p. 3is> Eumenides says to Delia, 44 Leaving
fair Po, I sailed up Danuby, As far as Saba, whose en-
hancing streams Cut twixt the Tartars and the Russians*"
The Saba is the Save, which falls into the D. on its N.
bank at Belgrade* The lines are repeated verbatim in
Greene's Orlando i* i, 67* In Marlowe's Tamb. B. i. i,
Orcanes says, 44 On Danubius' banks Our warlike host
in complete armour rest," and, again, 44 Danubius'
stream that runs to Trebizon, Shall carry . . * The
slaughtered bodies of these Christians/' and again,
44 The Terrene Main, wherein Danubius falls, Shall by
this battle be the Bloody Sea." The geography is not
quite accurate ; the D. falls into the Black Sea some
600 m. to the W, of Trebizond, and not into the Ter-
rene, or Mediterraneaii, at all* In Locrine iv. 4, Htimber
asks, 44 O, what Danubius now may quench my thirst i "
In Fisher's Fuimus iL i, the Roman Empire is described
as extending " from D/s banks Unto Mt, Atlas side/'
In v. 6, Caesar says, ** So Danow, crawling from a mtn/s
side, Wider and deeper grows, till his wide mouth On
the Euxine sea-nymph gapes/' In Tiberius 1143, etc*,
Germanicus describes his victory over the Germans as
being "on Danubises stream," where it "did meet the
main." It was really near the mouths of the Ems and
the Weser, and nowhere near the D* Milton, P* £* i* 353,

145

DAPHNE

speaks of the hosts which the N* poured " from her
frozen loins to pass Rhene or the Dauaw " — referring to
the invasions of the Empire by the Goths, Huns, and
Vandals* In P* R. iv* 79, the Tempter points out to our
Lo'rd embassies coming to Rome ; " Germans and
Scythians and Sarmatians N* Beyond Danubius to the
Tauric pool/'

DAPHNE* A grove near Antioch in Syria, on the
Orontes, sacred to Apollo* Milton, P* L* iv. 273, says
that Eden far surpassed 4i that sweet grove of D* by
Orontes/'

DARBY, DARBY-SHIRE. See DERBY,

DARDANIA (Dn* = Dardan)* The dist* around Troy
in the N*W* corner of Asia Minor ; so called from the
legendary Dardanus, the son of Zeus, who was said to
have settled there before the foundation of Troy and
built the ancient town of Dardanus on Mt* Ida*

In Lucrece 1436, ** And from the strand of Dn*, where
they fought, To Simois' reedy banks the red blood ran/'
In TroiL prol* 13, " Now, on Dn, plains the Greeks do
pitch Their brave pavilions/' In line 16, the ist gate of
Troy is called " Dn*" In this Shakespeare follows
Caxton, who says, " In this city were 6 gates j the one
was named Dne/' In T* Heywood's Iron Age B* ii*,
a Trojan says, " 'Twas an alarum sure that frighted me
In my dead sleep ; 'twas near the Dn* port/' In Fisher's
Fmmas ii, i, Nennius says that all the Britons are *4 edged
with Dn* spirit/* The Britons were supposed to be
descended from Brute and his Trojans, who came to
Britain after the Trojan war* In Merch. iiL 2, 58, Portia
compares herself to Hesione, the daughter of Laomedon,
K* of Troy, who was sacrificed to a sea-monster, but
delivered by Herakles* *4 1 stand for sacrifice* The rest
aloof Are the Dardanian wives, come forth to view
The issue of the exploit/' In Marlowe's Faustus xiii*,
Faust tells how Sir Paris carried off Helen " And
brought the spoils to rich D/' In Jonson's Poetaster v* i,
Vergil speaks o£ uSBneas as " Venus' Dn* nephew/'
JEneas was* however, the son, not the nephew of Venus*

DARIEN* The Isthmus of Panama* which unites N* and
S* America, and separates the Atlantic from the Pacific
Ocean* Milton P* L* ix* 81, describes Satan as seeking
for Paradise ** W* from Orontes to the ocean barred At
D/'

DARNEX* A corruption of Dornick, the Flemish name
of Tournai ; a town in Belgium, 160 m* S*W* of Brus-
sels, celebrated for its manufactures of textiles and
carpets* In B* & F* Gentleman v* i, Jaques says, " I have
a fair D* carpet of my own, laid cross for the more state/'
Cotgrave has " Huis Verd, a piece of tapestry or Darnix
hanging before a door*" In Sampson's Vow iii* 4, 3,
Ann says, ** Look well to the Darneicke hangings, that
it play not the court page with us " — z*e* " See that no one
is hidden behind it to overhear us*"

DAROTE (or DEIROUT)* A town in Egypt on the Rosetta
branch of the Nile, near its mouth* In Marlowe's Tamo.
B* i* 2, Callapine says, " By Cairo runs to Alexandria
Bay D/s streams*"

DAKRGSINE TOWER* The tower at Argos in which
Acrisius confined Danae* According to Pausanias, the
subterranean' chamber in which Danae was confined was
still shown at the foot of the ridge of Deiras, which lies
on the N*E* of the Larissa, or main citadel, of Argos*
D* means " at Deiras," though the spelling is a little
eccentric* In T* Heywood's S* Age i* i, Pretus says to
Acrisius, " Now, you that trusted to your D* strength,

146

DAVENTRY, or DAINTRY

The braseti tower that erst enclosed thy child, Stand's t
at our grace*"

DARTFORD* A town in Kent, on the rd* to Canterbury
from Lond*, abt* 15 m* from the latter* It was the end
of the ist stage of the pilgrims' way to the shrine of St*
Thomas, and here Chaucer's Pilgrims probably spent
their ist night* The scene of H6 B* v* i, is laid in the
fields between D* and Blackheath, somewhere near
Deptford, q,v+ One of the earliest paper-mills in Eng-
land was erected at D* about 1588 by one John Spill-
man, a German from Wtirtemburg*

DARTMOUTH* Spt* in Devonsh* on the harbour
formed by the mouth of the Dart, 203 m* S*W* of Lond*
Chaucer's Shipman (C* T* A* 389) " was of Derte-
mouthe " and ** His barge ycleped was the Maude-
layne*" A vessel with this name is actually mentioned
as belonging to D* in 1379 and 1386* Hycket p. 88,
mentions amongst the ships he saw going to Ireland the
" Barbara of Darmouth/' In Middleton's Quarrel ii* 2,
Chough puns on the name : " I will part at D* with "
(your daughter) " Sir*" (Kisses her*)

DARWEN* A river in Lanes* which falls into the Ribble
near Preston* It was in this neighbourhood that Crom-
well defeated the Scots in the battle of Preston in 1648*
In his description of the battle in a letter to Lenthall,
dated Aug* 20, he says, " We possessed the bdge* over
D* also, and a few houses there*" Milton, in Sonn* to
Cromwell 7, speaks of *4 D* stream with blood of Scots
inbrued/'

DATCHET LANE* D* is a vilL in Bucks* on the Thames,
over against Windsor j the rd* from Windsor to D* was
called D* L* ; and the fields on the S* bank of the r*,
opposite to D*, were called D* Mead* In M. W* W* iii,
3, 15, Mrs* Ford directs her servants to take up the
buck-basket when she tells them, and to " carry it
among the whitsters in D* Mead, and there empty it in
the muddy ditch by the Thames side/' In line 141,
Mrs* Page "in Falstaff's hearing advises her ** to send him
by your 2 men to D* Mead/' In 151, Mrs* Ford com-
mands her men ** Take up those clothes ; carry them
to the laundress in D* Mead quickly/' In iii* 5, 101,
Falstaft tells the disguised Ford that " a couple of Ford's
knaves were called forth by their mistress to carry me in
the name of foul clothes to D* L*"

DAULIS* An ancient town in Phocis near the frontier of
Bceotia in Greece* It was the residence of Tereus, the
husband of Procne ; and it was here that Procne was
turned into a swallow and her sister Philomela into a
nightingale* Hence the poets call the nightingale the
Daulian bird* Herrick in Farewell Frost (1647), says,
" The while the Daulian minstrel sweetly sings With
warbling notes her Terean sufferings/'

DAUNCASTER* See DONCASTER*

DAVENTRY, or DAINTRY* A borough in Northants.,
72 m* N*W* of Lond* In H6 C* v* i, 6, Warwick, en-
camped before Coventry, asks, " How far off is our
brother Montagus'" to which the messenger replies,
44 By this at Daintry, with a puissant troop*" This was
just before the battle of Barnet, 1471* D* is abt, 18 m.
from Coventry on the main rd» from Lond* In H4
A* iv* 2, 50, Falstaff, having arrived with his tatter-
demaliotts from Lond* at Coventry, says, " There's but
a shirt and a half in all my company * . * and the shirt/
to say the truth, stolen from my host at St* Albans, or the
red-nose innkeeper of D/' Both places are on the rd*
from Lond* to Coventry* Taylor's Scourge of Baseness is

DAVID'S, SAINT

dedicated 4* to Mr* Andrew Hilton at the sign of the
Horseshoe at Daintree," with whom, as he states later,
he had stayed on one of his journeys* Mr* Hilton may be
the aforesaid ** red-nose innkeeper/' or possibly his
successor*

DAVID'S, SAINT. A city in Pembrokesh*, near St*
David's Head, 265 m* W* of Lond* It was the Roman
Menevia, and after the Christianization of Britain it be-
came one of the first Episcopal sees* The name was after-
wards changed to St* D* in honour of the Archbp* and
patron saint of Wales* whose tomb and shrine are in the
cathedral* The fame of the shrine was very widely
known, and it was a great resort of pilgrims* In J*
Heywood's Four PP. i*, the Palmer says he has been
44 at Saynt Davys and at Saynt Denis/' In Bale's Johan
1363, Private Wealth says that the Pope's Interdict shall
be published in Wales and Ireland by " The bp* of
Landaffe, seynt Assys* and seynt Davy*"

DEAD SEA (see ASPHALTIC POOL)* The sea into which
the Jordan flows, in S* Palestine* Mortimer in Drayton's
Heroical Epp.t says* " In the D* S* sink our houses*
fame*" In Scot* Presb. iii* i, Liturgy says that before he
will recant 4t Sodom's dead lake (shall) revive, and
entertain Leviathan and Neptune's hungry train*'1" In
B* & F* Scornful ii* a, Savil says, " There's a d* s* of
drink in the cellar in which goodly vessels be wrecked*""
Bacon in Sylva viii* 773, says, 44 The d* s* which vomiteth
up bitumen is of that crassitude, as living bodies * * *
cast into it have been borne up and not sunk*"

DEAL* A spt* in Kent between the N. and S* Forelands,
74 m* S*E* of Lond* It is possible that D* wine, which
is often mentioned in the i7th cent*, was so called be-
cause it was imported at D* ; though it hardly seems
likely* In Jonson's Mercury we have 44 white bread and
d.-wine*" In Shirley's Pleasure v* i, Bornwell says, ** D,
and backrag and what strange wine else They dare but
give a name to * . * Shall flow into our room*" In
Davenant's Wits iv* Thwack complains, 4* Our French
and D* wines are poisoned with brimstone by the
Hollander," In Brome's Moor iv* 2, Quicksands talks
of his wife and her gallant 4* at the Stillyard, sousing
their dryed tongues In Rhenish, D*, and Backrag*" In
Glapthorne's Wit v* i, Mendwell tells how ** 'twixt D*
and Dover, one fishing for flounders drew a Spaniard's
body up*"

DEANERY OF WINDSOR* The residence of the Dean
of the Royal Chapel of St* George, on the S* side of the
court in which the Chapel stands* In M* W. W* iv* 6,
37, Fenton tells how Mrs* Page has arranged that Caius
is to run off with Anne Page and be married to her 44 at
the d*" In v* 3, 3, the doctor receives his instructions
from Mrs* Page : 44 Away with her to the d*, and dis-
patch it quickly*" In v* 5, 316, Mrs* Page informs her
husband that ** she is now with the Dr* at the d*, and
there married," which, of course, was not the case*

DECAN* Used for the whole of India S* of the Nerbudda*
The original form is Dacshina, meaning the S* Milton,
P* L. ix* 1 103, says that Adam and Eve used the leaves of
44 The fig-tree — not that kind for fruit renowned, But
such as, at this day, to Indians known, In Malabar or D.
spreads her arms, Branching so broad and long that in
the ground The bended twigs take root," The Banyan
is intended (Picas Indica). But the idea that its leaves
are specially large is a mistake, arising from a confusion
between it and the banana,

DEDFORD* See DEPTFORD*

DELOS

DEE* A river rising in Merionethsh* in L* Bala, and flow-
ing past Chester into the great estuary which separates
Chesh* and Flintsh* It was regarded by the Druids as a
holy r* In Munday's John Kent L i, Gosselen says, "7
score bowmen, wight and tall, have I lodged in the wood
near to the r* D*" Spenser, F* (X, i* 9, 4, speaks of "the
r*D* as silver clean "rising tinder the foot ofRauran, i*e*
Rauran-vaur in Merionethsh* In iv* 11, 39, he mentions
" D*, which Britons long ygone Did call divine, that
doth by Chester tend*" Milton, in Lycidas 55, speaks of
Deva's " wisard stream*" In Vacation Exercise 98, he
calls it " ancient hallowed D*" Drayton, in Idea (1594)
xxxii* 5, says, 44 Carlegion Chester vaunts her holy D*"

DEEPE* See DIEPPE*

DEGREES* The Scalse Gemoniae, a set of steps at the
N*E* corner of the Forum Romanum between the Career
and the Temple of Concord, where the bodies of exe-
cuted criminals were exposed* In Massinger's Actor iii*
3, Parthenius says to the Emperor, " 'Twould relish
more of policy to have them [the Senators] made
away in private, than to have them drawn to the D* in
public*" (See GEMONIES*)

DELFT* One of the oldest towns in Holland, 8 m* N*W*
of Rotterdam* It was a considerable trade centre, and
gave its name to a species of earthenware* In Davenant's
Wits iv* i, the Elder Palatine says sarcastically to his
brother, 4( Why, sure you have no factors, Sir, in Delph,
Leghorn, Aleppo, or the Venetian Isles That by
their traffic can advance you thus*" In his Plymouth
ii* i, Cable says he lost his voice by eating butter ** when
I lay among the Dutch ships at Delph*" In W* Rowley's
Match Mid. ii*, the Capt* says, " Our Flemish corporal
was lately choked at Delph with a flap-dragon*" In
Lamm A* 3, Danila says of the reinforcements he is ex-
pecting, ** From Aelft 2000 moe Follow the conduct of
Emanuell*" Later on, B* 3, he spells it Alft* Probably
the author took D* to be D'Aelft. Fynes Moryson
Itinerary i* i, 47 (1593), says, 44 At Delph are abt* 300
brewers, and their beer for the goodness is called
Delphs-English*"

DELOS (Dn* = Delian)* The smallest of the Cyclades,
a group of islands in the ,£Egean Sea, lying between
Rhenia and Myconus, 100 m* E* of the easternmost
point of Argolis* It is a rock abt* 5 m* in circumference,
but was one of the most sacred places in the Hellenic
world* According to legend, it was pulled out of the
sea by the trident of Poseidon and, after floating about
for a time, was fixed in its place by Zeus, who anchored
it with adamantine chains j hence it was supposed to be
immune from earthquakes* Here Leto, or Latona, found
a resting-place, and brought forth Apollo and Artemis
(Diana), to whom, especially the former, the island was
dedicated* In the 2nd cent* B*c* it had an extensive
trade, and was famous for its bronze. La Jonson's
Neptune the poet describes Albion, the scene of the
Masque, as 44 a D* ; Such as, when fair Latona fell in
travail, Great Neptune made emergent*!' Spenser, F* Q*
ii*, 13, 13, says, 44 The isle of D* whilom, men report,
Amid the ^Bgean Sea long time did stray*" Milton P* L*
x* 296, says, 44 The aggregate soil Death* * * * As with a
trident smote and fixed as firm As D*, floating once*"
In Fisher's Fuimus iv* 3, Rollano says, 44 Nations 29
'gainst Troy built up A floating D* of 1000 ships*" In
T* Heywood's Mistress v*, Apollo addresses Proserpine,
who is identified in the Greek Mythology with Selene in
heaven and Artemis on earth, 44 Welcome, fair sister ;
We two are twins of fair Latona born, And were together

147

DELPHOS

nursed in D* isle/* Hence On* means belonging to
Apollo* In Marlowe's Dido iii*, when JEneas professes
his love for her, Dido exclaims, ** What more than Dn*
music do I hear ** " Apollo was the God of Music and
the inventor of the Lyre* In Ford's Sun ii* if Spring
says, ** They [z*e* the Poets] shall invoke none but thee
as Dn* k*" In Lyly's Midas v* 3, a song ends, " lo
Paeans let us sing To the glittering Dn* k." In prefatory
verses to Zephyria (1594), the author speaks of " The
sweet-tuned accents of your Dn* sonnetry Which to
Apollo's violin ye sing/' In Smith's Hector ii* 3, 336,
Floramell says, " The Dn* lute is not more musical Than
thy sweet voice/' Dn* is also applied to Artemis or
Diana* In Fisher's Fuimus iii* 3, Lantonus, rejoicing in
the British victory, says, " Thou, fair Phoebus' sister,
Nor Dn. dames nor the Ephesian towers Shall blazon
more thy praise " than the Britons do ; Caesar's fleet
having been destroyed by the rising tide, which is under
the influence of Diana, or Selene, the goddess of the
Moon. Milton, P*L* ix* 387, calls Diana Delia ; he says,
44 Eve, like a woodnymph light, Oread or Dryad, or of
Delia's train, Betook her to the groves, but Delia's self
In gait surpassed/' The author of Zephyria xxv* 9 says
that Zephyria is matriculated ** 'Mongst Dn* nymphs in
Angels' University/' In Jonson's Volpone i* I, Nana
gives a list of the persons through whom the soul of
Pythagoras passed in the course of its metempsychosis,
and says that ** with one Pyrrhus of D* it learned to go
a-fishing/' Pythagoras was born at Samos, and is known
to have visited D* during his life ; but I have not been
able to identify this Pyrrhus. In Middleton's Chess v* 3,
the Black Knight says that feeding up hens for the table
with milk and corn was " a riot which the inhabitants
of D. were first inventors of/' Milton, P* L* v* 265,
describes how a " pilot, from amidst the Cyclades, D*
or Samos first appearing kens A cloudy spot/' Samos is
not, however, one of the Cyclades*
DELPHOS (Dn* = Delphian, DC* = Delphic)* The
usual Elizabethan name for Delphi, taken from the
accusative plural of the Latin* It was a town in Greece,
in Phocis, lying in a great natural amphitheatre at the
foot of Mt» Parnassus* It was the seat of the world-
famous oracle of Apollo, strictly called Pytho, Delphi
being the name of the town* The answers of the oracle
were given through the medium of a priestess who sat
upon a tripod over a chasm in the middle of the temple,
from which vapours arose, which were supposed to in-
spire her* The oracles were usually in hexameter verse,
and were often very ambiguous, so that they could
easily be interpreted afterwards to suit the event* The
temple was attacked in 480 B*C* by Xerxes, but the god
defended his shrine by rolling huge crags from the top
of Parnassus upon the Persians* A similar story was told
of an attack by Brennus and his Gauls in 379* The
temple, which had been despoiled by Nero, was magni-
ficently restored by Hadrian ; and in spite of the tradi-
tion that all the Greek oracles became silent after the
birth of our Lord answers continued to be given until
the reign of Theodosius, by whom the temple was
finally closed* In W* 2** ii* i, 183, Leontes says, " I have
despatched in post To sacred D*, to Apollo's temple,
Cleomenes and Dion/' In ii* 3, 195 the envoys are re-
ported to be " well arrived from D*" j and in iii* i, 2,
Cleomenes describes it : " The climate's delicate, the
air most sweet, Fertile the isle, the temple much sur-
passing The common praise it bears/' In iii* a, 127* the
envoys, " having been both at D*," deliver the oracle
they have obtained* In all this Shakespeare is simply
following his authority* Greene's Dorastas and Fawnia,

148

DELTA

in which D* is called 44 an iland," and the chronological
impossibility of the embassy is disregardedi* In Ford's
Heart iii* i, Armostes brings a casket to Technicus con-
taining " the sum of what the oracle delivered when
last he visited the prophetic temple at D*" In T* Hey-
wood's Lucrece ii* 2, the scene is in the temple of Apollo,
who is addressed as " thou Dn* god " ; and Brutus says
44 1 shall shine as bright in Rome as Apollo himself in
his temple at D/' In Thracian ii. i, Phasander directs
44 Some post to D. to the oracle To know what shall
ensue*" In Marlowe's Faustns i*, Cornelius promises
Faust that if he studies Magic he shall " be renowned
And more frequented for this mystery Than heretofore
the Dn* oracle/' In Chaucer's C* T* F* 1077, Aurelius,
in his prayer to Apollo, says, 44 Thy temple in D* wol I
barefoot seke/* In Davenant's Love How* iv* 2, the
Duke says, " We must to D* to untie these knots with an
oracle/' In Brome's Lovesick C** i* 2* Philargus says,
44 D* is but a den of jugglers which profanely abuse
divinity and pretend a god their patron to authorize
their delusions*" In his City Wit iii* 4, Toby says to
Sneakup, " You are more dark than D*" In Marston's
Parasitaster i* 2, Gonzago says, " Well-experienced age
is the true D*" In Greene's Alphonsus iii* 2, Medea ap-
peals to her " who wert wont To utter forth Apollo's
oracles At sacred D*" In Seven Days vii*, the Chorus
says, " As true as the oracle at a place called D* That un-
known fortunes and dark dreams did tell folks, So stand
I here/' Note the Browningesque rhyme " D*" and
" tell folks/' Milton, in Nativ* Ode 178, says, " Apollo
from his shrine Can no more divine, With hollow shriek
the steep of D* leaving." In Tiberias 533, Germanicus
says that, in consequence of the rise of Christianity.
" Vocal Boeotia in deep miseries And Dn, glory in ob-
scureness lies." In Milton P* #* i* 458, our Lord says
to Satan, *4 Henceforth oracles are ceased And thou no
more with pomp and sacrifice Shalt be enquired at D*
or elsewhere*" In Massinger's Dowry v* 2, Charalois
speaks of 44 the fatal gold Whkh Brennus took from D*,
whose possession Brought with it ruin to himself and
army*" The Gauls were almost all destroyed in their
retreat from D*, and Brennus in his mortification com-
mitted suicide* In Nabbes* Bride iv. i, Horten pro-
fesses to have in his museum 44 a piece of D*' ruins /r

In T* Heywood's Dialogues 6353, Apollo says, " D» is
mine, Pharos, and Tenedos/* In Lyly's Maid's Meta.
iii* i, Apollo, telling the story of the death of Hyacinthos,
says, "Accursed be the time When I from D* took my
journey down To see the games in noble Sparta town/*
Dn* or DC* are usual epithets of Apollo ; and are also
used, in the sense of ** inspired," of poetry and music,
of which he was the patron* Barry, in Ram L 3, refers to
Apollo as 44 the DC* God*" In Shirley's Honoria ii* 3,
Alworth says, " Soul of my Muse I what active unknown
fire Already doth thy DC* wrath inspire I " Milton, in
Epitaph on Shakespeare 12, says,4* Each heart Hath from
the leaves of thy unvalued book Those DC* lines with
deep impression took*" In Ford's Sun ii* i, Spring says,
44 Touch thy lyre And fill my court with brightest DC*
fire*" In Middleton's Family iv* 2, Gerardme says,
" The Dn. archer, proud with Python's spoil, At Cupid's
hands was forced to take the foil*" After Apollo had
killed the Python at Delphi his arrows were stolen from
him by Eros (Cupid)* The scene of Lyly's Midas is laid
in part at D*

DELTA* The 4th letter of the Greek alphabet* which is
shaped like a triangle* Hence the name is applied to the
triangular disk included between the extreme branches
of the mouth of the Nile in Egypt* The adjective Deltic

DEMETIA

is used for Egyptian. See under Beltic, which in the
passage there quoted I take to be a misprint for,Deltic*
In Tourneur's Transformed Metamorphosed ,D* is used
to mean Ireland ; and the Earl of Essex is called " D/s
hope, the Muses' wonder/*1 the allusion being to his
well-known Irish expedition*

DEMETIA* The country of the Dimetse or Demetae, a
tribe of Britons living in Pembrokesh* and Carmarthensh*
In Fisher's Fuimus ii* i, " Britael, decked with the Dn*
crown," comes to help Cassibelanus against the Romans*

DEMONICEACLEAR* See ANNIS A CLEAR*

DENIS (SAINT)* An ancient town in France, 5 m* N* of
Paris* St* D*, or Dionysius, the patron saint of France,
was archbp* of Paris, and perished in the Aurelian per-
secution about AJ>* 272* He was said to have carried
his head, after his execution, from Paris to St* D*, where
a chapel was erected over his tomb, replaced by a magni-
ficent ch* built by Dagobert I in 638* The present
Abbey Ch* dates from 1130* It was the usual place of
burial for the French ks* Their tombs were desecrated
and the Abbey partially destroyed by the National Con-
vention in 1793 ; but it was subsequently restored with
great splendour by Louis Philippe* The Palmer in
J* Heywood's Four PJP* i* professes, " I was at Saynt
Davys and at Saynt D*" In Sampson's Vow v* 3, 93,
Elizabeth says that Clifton and Grey " Fought for our
father, brother, and sister, At Dennis, Roan, Bullen,
and at Callice*"

DENIS (RUE SAINT)* One of the oldest sts* in Paris,
running N* from the Pont au Change to the Port de
St* D* In Davenanfs Rutland, p* 333, the Londoner
says, "Lae Rue St* Antoine, St* Honore, and St* D* are
large enough for the vista*" Fynes Moryson, in Itinerary
i* 2, 1 88, says of the sts* of Paris ** among them the
fairest is that of St* Dennis*"

DENMARK (De* = Dane, Dh* — Danish)* A kingdom
of N* Europe, including the peninsula of Jutland and
the group of islands adjacent to it at the entrance to the
Baltic* On Zealand, the largest of these, is the capital,
Copenhagen, and the old royal city and castle of Elsi-
nore* The Des* were a Teutonic race, and we first hear
of D. (in Beowulf) as an island kingdom, Jutland
being then inhabited by a distinct race, the Jutes*
Christianity came to D* in A*p* 823, but its progress was
slow, and it was long before it was established through-
out the country* During the 9th and loth cents* the
Des* made constant attacks on the E* coast of England,
and in the beginning of the nth they effected a perma-
nent settlement, and from 1016 to 1043 a Dh* dynasty
ruled the whole country* During the brilliant reign of
Valdemar II (1202-1241) D. became an important
factor in European politics* From 1397 to 1523 D*,
Sweden, and Norway were united under one crown* In
1490 a commercial treaty was made between England
and D*, by which the English agreed to pay the Sound
dues on all vessels entering the Baltic* The Protestant
Reformation was accepted in D* in the early part of the
1 6th cent*, and in the religious wars of the i7th, Christian
IV of D* was one of the principal champions of the
Protestant cause*

i* Historical references. The scene of Hamlet is laid
in D. It is based on Belleforest's Hystorie of Hamblet,
while a more primitive version of the story is found in
Saxo-Grammaticus. Hamlet was the son of Horyen-
dille, who was K* of D* " long time before it received
the faith of Jesus Christ*" The supposed date is further
indicated by the mention of Collere as the contemporary

DENMARK

K* of Norway* He was, according to Heylyn, the 4th
K* of Norway, and 10 ks* intervened between him and
Osmundus II circ* AJ>* 800* Shakespeare, however,
deviates from his authority in making D* a Christian
country, as witness the funeral obsequies of Ophelia,
and the eschatological views indicated by the Ghost*
The whole picture, indeed, is of a i6th cent* court :
the young nobles go to Wittenberg for University train-
ing and to Paris to acquire the polish of men of the
world ; and the Court is in diplomatic relationship with
England* The Fortinbras episodes have no counterpart
in real history* There is a touch of verisimilitude in the
statement of Polonius in i* 3, 28, that Hamlet can go no
further in the way of his marriage than ** the main
voice of D* goes withall/* for up to 1660 the monarchy
was elective* The general impression given of the con-
dition of D* is unfavourable; Marcellus, in i* 4, 90,
opines that 4* Something is rotten in the state of D/' ;
and Hamlet, in ii* 2, 252, thinks that it is one of the
worst of the dungeons in the prison-house of the world ;
while Horatio, in v* 2, 352, boasts that he is " more an
antique Roman than a De*" In Hughes' Misfort. Arth*
iv* 2, amongst those fighting on Arthur's side are
44 Islandians, Goths, Norwegians, Albans, Des*" In
Clyomon the hero is the son of the K* of D*; but the fact
that Alexander the Gt* is one of the characters shows
that the historical basis is wildly impossible* In Grim
i* i, Dunstan says, M Had I lived, the Des* had never
Boasted their then beginning conquest of this land,"
£ *e* England* In Edmond Ironside Canutus says, w All
my Des* are braggadocios And I accursed to be the
general Of such a stock*" Drayton, in Idea (1594)
xxxii* 12, says, " The old Lea brags of the Dh* blood*"
The reference is to the defeat of the Des* by Alfred in
A*J>* 896* Brewer's Lovesick King is Canute ; and the
main action of the play is concerned with the defeat of
the Des* by Alured or Alfred ; of course, Alfred was
not contemporary with Canute, and the whole story of
Canute's infatuation for the Nun of Winchester is
fabulous* Moreover, the Thornton of Newcastle who
is represented as coming to the help of Alured lived in
the 1 4th cent* In Lyly's Gallathea L i, Tyterus, speak-
ing of Lincolnsh*, says, " The land (was) oppressed by
Des* who, instead of sacrifice, committed sacrilege*"
Spenser, JF* Q* iii* 3, 47, speaks of the Lion of Neustria
(William the Conqueror) rending the usurped crown of
England from " the Daniske tyrant's head*" In Fair
Em* iv* 2, an ambassador conies from the K* of D* to
William the Conqueror to complain that he "Has
stolen away his only daughter Blanche," and to demand
her restoration* The story is taken from Wotton's
Controversie of Cupid's Cautels (1578)* In Marlowe's
Ed. II ii* 2, young Mortimer complains, ** The haughty
De* commands the narrow seas*'* In Ed* III #1* i, John
of France announces, ** The stern Polonian and the war-
like De, are become confederates with us*" In Fam.
Viet., Hzz.t p* 358, the French K* orders the Des* to be
sent for to help him against Henry* In Marlowe's Tamb*
B* i* i, Uribassa declares that Sigismund ** hath
brought from Christendom Sclavonians, Almain rutters,
Muffes, and Des*" In B* & F* Malta, Norandine,
4* a valiant, merry De*," is commander-in-chief of the
galleys of Malta in their war against the Turks* In Kyd's
Soliman i*, Erastus speaks of " the big-boned De." who
has come to the tournament* In Glapthorne's Wallen-
stein i* i, Leslie says that Wallenstein has 4t sent the
health-carousing De* Drunk with his own blood home*"
The reference is to the campaigns of Wallenstein against
Christian IV of D* from 1624 to 1629* & Killigrew's

149

DENMARK HOUSE

Parson iii* 5, Jolly tells of " the Dhu packet which they
took from a foolish fellow who, presuming upon the
law of nations, came upon an embassy to the K* without
an order or pass from both Houses/' Bacon, in Observ.
on Libel (1593), says, " The Kingdom of D* hath had
good times, especially by the good government of the
late K*, who maintained the profession of the Gospel ;
but yet greatly giveth place to the kingdom of England,
in climate, wealth, fertility, and many other points both
of honour and strength/' There is record of a play en-
titled Evoradanus, Prince of D*, registered in 1605*

2* Manners, Customs, and Appearance of the Des*
Nash, in Pierce C* i, gives a long description of the Des*
He satirizes their " unwieldy burlibound soldiery";
their " flabberkin face " and sagging cheeks ; their
stuffed and beribboned clothes ; and concludes, " They
are an arrogant, ass-headed people, that naturally hate
learning/' A page or two later he says, ** The Des* are
bursten-bellied sots that are to be confuted with nothing
but tankards or quart-pots/' Fynes Moryson, in
Itinerary iii* 2, 4, says, " The Des* pass (if it be possible)
their neighbour Saxons in the excess of their drinking/'
In Ham. i* 2, 125, the K* promises, " No jocund health
that D* drinks to-day But the great cannon to the clouds
shall tell " ; and in i. 4, 8, when the promise is carried
out and the boom of the cannon is heard, Hamlet de-
plores to Horatio the custom which enjoins it : ^ It is a
custom More honoured in the breach than the observ-
ance* This heavy-headed revel E* and W* Makes us
traduced and taxed of other nations ; They clepe us
drunkards, and with swinish phrase Soil our addition/*
La i* 2* 175, Hamlet sarcastically promises Horatio,
44 We'll teach you to drink deep ere you depart/' So,
in Oth+ it* 3, 80, lago says that in drinking " your De*,
your German, and your swag-bellied Hollander are
nothing to your English* * . * Your Englishman drinks
you with facility your De* dead-drunk/' In Massinger's
Great Duke ii* 2, Caponi says that the Italians 44 drink
more in 2 hours than the Dutchman or the De/' in 24
— an unusual accusation to make against the Italians*
InNash's WtttonK. i, Jack says, 44 With theDe*and the
Dutchman I will not encounter that with Danaus'
daughters do nothing but fill bottomless tubs and will be
drunk and snort in the midst of dinner/' In Davenant's
Platonic L i, Arnoldo says, " The cellars [are] so filled
that they would make a Dh* army drunk/' Jonson, in
his Ode Allegorice, speaks of 44 The Des* that drench
their cares in wine*" In B* & F* Malta v* i, Norandine,
who is about to take the vows of knighthood, which in-
cluded temperance, says, 44 1 shall be a sweet De* * * *
go up and down drinking small beer 1 " £*e* instead of
more potent beverages* In Marston's Malcontent v* i, a
ballad is sung : " The Dutchman for a drunkard, The
De*for golden locks, The Irishman for usquebaugh, The
Frenchman for the pox*" In B* & F* Custom HL 3, Jaques
nicknames the De* 44 goldylocks/' Dekker, in Hornbook,
chap* i., speaks of " the Dh* sleeve sagging down like
a Welch wallet*" In Spenser F* <?* iv* 10, 31, Scuda-
mour describes a lady wearing a crown " much like unto
a Danisk hood/' In Webster's White Devil ii* i, Gio-
vanni says that a general need not fight, provided 44 he
make a noise when he's o* horseback like a Dansk
drummer/r In Dekker's King's Entertainment (1603),
we read, 4* To delight the Q* with her own country
music, 9 trumpets and a kettle-drum did very sprightly
and actively sound the Dh* march." James's Q* was
Anne of D* In Ham. i* 4, u, Hamlet says that at the
royal banquets in D."The kettle-drum and trumpet
thus bray out The triumph of his pledge*'4 Cleaveland,

DERBY

in Fuscara, says, " Tuning his draughts with drowsy
hums As Des* carouse by kettle-drums*" The kettle-
drum was introduced into England by Anne of IX

3* The Language of the Danes belongs to the Scandi-
navian group of the Teutonic languages* The people
are called Des*, or Danskers* In All's iv* i, 78, Parolles
prays, " If there be here German or De, Low Dutch,
Italian or French, let him speak to me*" In Ham* ii* 1,7.
Polonius says, ** Inquire me first what Danskers are in
Paris/'

4* Miscellaneous Allusions. Heylyn quotes from Da
Bartas (p* 12), " From D* come amber, cordage, firs,
and flax/' Nash, in Prognostication, speaks of the
44 Danske crows " gathering on the sands against a
storm* In Jonson's Volpone ii* 2, a song speaks of " the
Dh* Gonswart*" He was, from the context, a magician
of some sort ; but I cannot identify him further*

DENMARK HOUSE* The name given to Somerset
House by James I on Shrove Tuesday, i6i6,in honour
of his Q*, Anne of D*, who had made it her palace,
T* Heywood's Mistress was performed here in 1633* In
Middleton's Tennis, D* H* is described as 44 A stately
palace and majestical, Of late built up into a royal
height Of state*" See SOMERSET HOUSE*

DE'NSHIRE* See DEVONSHIRE*

DEPTFORD* Originally Depe-ford, from the ford over
the Ravensborne, which here flows into the Thames* On
the S* bank of the Thames, 4. m* E* of Lond*, the seat
of the Royal Dockyard founded by Henry VIII* Here
The Golden Hind, the ship in which Drake circum-
navigated the world, was long preserved, and its cabin
used as a sort of refreshment room for excursionists*
D* lay N* of the Old Kent Rd* along which the pilgrims
went to Canterbury* In Chaucer C* T* A. 3906, the
Host points out Greenwich and D* to the company;
44 Lo, Depeford and it is half way pryme ; Lo, Grene-
wich ther many a shrewe is inne/' In Fam* Viet, i* i,
Jockey brings word to prince Hal ; 44 The town of
Detfort is risen with hue and cry after your man which
has set upon and hath robbed a poor carrier*" In
Prodigal ii* 4, Lancelot, being at his house in Kent,
says, 44 We'll ride to Lond*-— or it shall not need ;
We'll cross to Detford-strand and take a boat*" He then
gives his cloak to his servant, saying,44 I'll have a walk to
Dedford/' In Ford's Warbeck iii* i, Dawbeny tells the
K* of his victory over Warbeck's supporters at 44D*-
strand bdge," z*e* the bdge* over the Ravensbourne*
Hartnan, in Caveat 24, tells of a notable haunt of prigs
between Detforde and Rothered (Rotherhithe)* In T*
Heywood's /* K* JMT* B*, Hobson goes to D,, where he
finds and relieves Tawniecoat* In Jonson's Ev+ Man
L L 2, Knowell says, 44 Go not about it ; Drake's old ship
at D* may sooner circle the world again*" In Eastward
iii* 3, Sir Petronel says, ** We'll have our provided supper
brought aboard Sir Francis Drake's ship that hath com-
passed the world*" In Verses prefixed to Coryat's
Crudities on the Sights of Lond*, Peacham mentions
44 Drake's ship at Detford/' Marlowe was killed in a
tavern brawl at D* at the age of 29*

DERBY* Usually pronounced and often spelt Darby;
though this is not the local, but a S* pronunciation*
The capital of the county of Derby, on the Derwent,
no m* N* of Lond* It is a very ancient town, and is
close to the site of the Roman station of Derventto*
It was called Northworthige by the Saxons, and received
its modern name, Deoraby, from the Danes* The Earl-
dom of D* was in the Ferrers family from the reign of

150

DERBY HOUSE

Stephen till that of Henry III, when it was transferred
to the powerful family of Lancaster* It was bestowed by
Henry VII on Lord Thomas Stanley, brother of Sir
William Stanley, who crowned Henry on the field of
Bosworth, and still continues in the Stanley family*
In Marlowe's Ed. II i* i, Lancaster (Thomas, cousin to
the K*) says, " 4 earldoms have I besides Lancaster — D*,
Salisbury, Lincoln, Leicester/' In Ed. Ill L i, the K*
says, *4 D*, be thou ambassador for us Unto the Earl of
Hainault*" This was Henry, Duke of Lancaster, whom
John of Gaunt succeeded in the title* In R2 i* 3, 35,
Bolingbroke announces himself as " Harry of Hereford,
Lancaster, and D*" In Acts I & II of #3, in the folios
and quartos Thomas Stanley is proleptically called D* ;
in Acts III and IV he receives his proper name, Lord
Stanley, though Shakespeare appears to have confused
the 2 brothers, William and Thomas ; in act V in the
ist folio he is again spoken of as D+, and it is he who puts
the crown on Henry's head* Both the Stanleys were
present at Bosworth Field, and their betrayal of Richd*
was the main cause of Henry's victory ; though which
of them actually crowned the new K* is not quite clear*
Thomas was made Earl of D* in 1485 ; William was be-
headed, ostensibly for complicity in Warbeck's rebel-
lion, in 1495. In Ford's Warbeck ii* 2, when Sir William
is being led to execution, he says, ** My next suit is, my
Lords, To be remembered to my noble brother D*,
my much-grieved brother." William, Earl of D* in the
latter part of the i6th cent*, is said to have written plays
" for the common players."

In Jonson's New World the Factor speaks of
"the witches bidding the devil to dinner at D."
According to Bacon, Works i. 9, the whole county
of D* was wild, uncivilised, and superstitious, and
much given over to Popery* D* ale had a great
reputation which has now passed to the liquor brewed
at Burton-on-Trent* In Cooke's Greene's Quoque, p*
556, Sir Lionel says, " I have sent my daughter as far as
Pimlico, to fetch a draught of D* ale*" In Jonson's
Gipsies the 3rd Gipsy says, " You have in draughts of D*
drilled your men " ; and again : " He then did for a
full draught of D* call*" In his Love's Welcome Phila-
lethes speaks of "D. -shire, the region of ale*" In
Cobler of Canterburie (1590), the author says/* There
must be admitted no compare between a cup of Darby
ale and a dish of dirty water*" D* was a great cock-
fighting centre, and Cockpit Lane still remains to show
where the sport was carried on* In Davenant's Wits i* 2,
Palatine speaks of ** 3 motley cocks of the right D*
strain*" In B* & F* Thomas ii* 3, Sebastian says, " The
cocking holds at D*, and there will be Jack Wildcats and
Will Purser*"

DERBY HOUSE. A house near Baynard's Castle, Lond*,
on the site of the present Heralds' College, next to
Peter's Hill on the N* side of Q* Victoria St* It was
built by Thomas Stanley, Earl of D*, who married
Margaret, the mother of Henry VII* In 1553 it passed
into the hands of Edward VI, and in 1555 Mary made it
into the Heralds* College. It was destroyed in the Gt*
Fire, and rebuilt about 1669* The scene of #3 iv* 5 is
located by the modern editors as ** a room in Lord Stan-
ley's house " ; this would be D* H. In Jonson's Ev+
Man O* ii* 2, Fungoso says, " If anybody ask for Sogli-
ardo, they shall har him at the Herald's Office yonder by
Paul's*" D* H* is abt* 200 yards S* of the Cathedral*

DERBYSHIRE* One of the Midland counties of Eng-
land* The N.W* part is one of the most rugged and
picturesque parts of England and is known as the Peak,

DEVIL

famous for its wonderful limestone caverns and its
mineral springs. In Trag. Richd. II iv* i, 217, the K*
gives amongst other counties, " Darbiesheire " to Sir
Thomas Scroope* The people were regarded as wild,
rustical, and superstitious* In Dekker's Northward iii* a,
Squirrel says, " I will discover it, not as a D* woman dis-
covers her great teeth, in laughter*" In Middleton's
Chaste Maid ii* i, the country girl mentions 44 Ellen,
my poor cousin in D*," as having been seduced by
Touchwood* In Brome's Antipodes L i, Blase says, " He
spends £500 a year now as merrily as any gentleman in
D*" In Jonson's Love's Welcome, performed at Welbeck,
Accidence says, " Fetch the fiddles out of France To
wonder at the hornpipes here Of Nottingham and D*"
The Peak was a great haunt of gipsies, as is emphasized
in Jonson's Gipsies; Jackman sings: "From the
famous Peak of D* And the Devil's Arse there hard by
The -^Egyptians throng*" This oddly named place was
a deep chasm in the Peak* In his Devil i* 2, Pug, the
imp, claims to be a countryman " of D* abt* the Peak " ;
his reason being that this place is there* Lead-mining
was carried on in the Peak* In Underwit iii* 3, the Capt*,
answering the fool Engine according to his folly, says,
44 Yes, and the lead mines in Darbyshire hold still for
the alum business*" Hall, in Satires (1597) iii. 3, ii,
says, ** Two words for money, Darbyshirian-wise* That's
one too many, is a naughty guise*" I suppose the refer-
ence is to the 2 pronunciations, D* and Darbyshire*
DETFORD* See DEPTFOKD*

DEUROLITUM* A Roman settlement in England, 15 m*
N*E* of Lond*; identified probably with Romford in
Essex* In Locrine iv* 3, Locrine tells of a secret cavern
he has constructed in which to hide Estrild 4f Nigh D*,
by the pleasant Lee*" Romford is, however, 10 m* E.
of the Lee*

DEVA* See DEE*

DEVELING* An old form (Duveline, Divelin, Develin)
of Dublin* Duveline occurs, e*g*, in the French prose
version of the Roman de Tristan (Anc* Textes Franc. *,
vol* i, pp* 90, 93) ; Devilling in Barbour's Bruce xv*
107 ; xvi* 213, 262 ? and in the I5th cent* manuscripts
of The English Conquest of Ireland (a translation of the
Expugnatio Hibernia of Giraldus Cambrensis) Develyn
and Dyyelyn occur again and again* Instances might be
indefinitely multiplied* In B* & F* Fair Maid L iv* 2,
Forabosco, pretending to be a magician, threatens the
Clown : " Then will I convey thee stark naked to D*
to beg a pair of brogs, to hide thy mountainous but-
tocks*" In Middleton's Quiet Life v* 3, Water-Camlet
says that if his wife goes to Ireland " she will be heard
from Hell Bree to Divelin," i*e* right across St* George's
Channel ? the play on the words is obvious*

DEVIL* The famous tavern No* 2 Fleet St*, adjoining
Temple Bar* It was close to St* Dunstan's Ch*, and the
original sign was ** the D* and St* Dunstan," and repre-
sented the saint pulling the D/s nose with his pincers*
Here were held the meetings of Ben Jonson's Apollo
Club (see APOLLO)* The landlord's name in Jonson's
time was Simon Wadloe, in whose honour Squire
Western's favourite song, 44 Old Sir Simon the K*," was
written or adapted* It was pulled down in 1787 to make
room for Child's Bank* In Jonspn's Memoranda he says,
44 The ist speech in my Catiline, spoken by Sylla's
ghost, was writ after I parted with my friend at the
D* Tavern ; I had drunk well that night and had brave
notions*" In T* Heywood's Lucrece ii* 5, in the list of
Roman (Lond*) taverns given by Valerius, we have

DEVIUS ARSE

44 The usurer to the D* and the townsman to the Horn/'
Jonson's Staple iv* i, is laid at 4t The D* Tavern* The
Apollo*'* In ii. i, Pennyboy Canter says, *' Dine in
Apollo with Pecunia at brave Duke Wadloe's * * *
Simon the K. will bid us welcome/' In W* Rowley's
Match Mid. i, Bloodhound says to Tim, ** As you come
by Temple Bar, make a step to the D/' " To the D*,
father i " asks Tim ; to which Sim replies, " My master
means the sign of the D. And he cannot hurt you, fool j
there's a saint holds him by the nose/' In v* Tim says,
** I was never sober since you sent me to the D. yester-
day/' In Shirley's Wedding iL i, Cardona bids Isaac
44 Run to the D* and bid the vintner make haste with the
runlets of claret/' In B* & F* Thomas iii*i, Thomas says,
** Say the d* were sick now of a calenture, taken by a
surfeit of stinking souls at his nephew's at St. Dun-
stan's," where evidently the d. of the D. tavern is meant.
In Killigrew's Parson itu 2, the Capt. says, ** Go you
before to the D. and I'll make haste after/' to which
Careless replies, "Agreed. We shall be sure of good wine
there/' Accordingly, the next scene but one is ** at the
D/' In Underwit it. a, Thomas says, " They gave me
some hope I might find " (Capt* Sackburie) " at the
Divell, where indeed I fetched him out of the fire/'
In iv* i, is a song with the lines, ** The Still-yard's
Reanish wine and Divell's white, Who doth not in them
sometimes take delight i " In Cowley's Cutter i* 6,
Worm says that Cutter was ** Cromwell's agent for all
the taverns between King's~St. and the D* at Temple
Bar/' Fuller, Church Hist* (1656) ii. 10, 15, says of the
story of the D* and St* Dunstan, ** None need doubt of
the truth thereof, finding it in a sign painted in Fleet St.
near Temple Bar*"

DEVIL'S ARSE. A cavern near Castleton, in the Peak of
Derbyshire ? known as the 6th wonder of the Peak. In
Champions iii., the Clown laments his magnanimous
master " whom I lost in the D* a — o' Peak/* In Jonson's
Devil i* 2, Pug claims to be " of Derbyshire about the
Peak " ; Fitsdottrel asks, " That hole belonged to your
ancestors*" "Yes/' says Pug, 44 D* A^ Sir/' In
Gipsies, Jack sings, " From the famous Peak of Darby
And the D* A* there hard by." Later on Puppy asks
him why the name was given, and he tells the story in a
ballad* In VaL Welsh, ii* i, Morgan says, '* I will make
Caesars with all her Romans run to the Tevils A*~a-peak,
I warrant her/*

DEVONSHIRE* A county in S*W* England with coasts
on the Bristol Channel and the English Channel. The
capital is Exeter* In the S*-centre of the county is the
great plateau of Dartmoor ; the rest of the land is most
fertile, and the coast scenery is amongst the finest in
the island* It was usually pronounced De'nshire. In
J?5 iv* 4, 500, a messenger informs Richd*, " Now in D*
Sir Edward Courtney and the haughty prelate, Bp* of
Exeter * * * are in arms/' Sir E* was created Earl of
Devon in 1485, and the title is still in his family. In
Ford's Warbeck v* i, Dalyell reports, "All the Cornish
At Exeter were by the citizens Repulsed, encountered
by the Earl of D/' This was Sir E. Courtenay. In
Nobody 306, the Duke of Cornwall proclaims, "All
Corners at my beck ; D* our neighbour is one with
us/* and id Middleton's Queenborough, D. is one of the
British Lords who oppose the Saxons under Hengist*
D*, like Cornwall, has rich mines of tin and copper;
hence in Jonson's Alchemist ii* i, Mammon> expecting
to gain the philosopher's stone, says, 4t I'll purchase D*
and Cornwall And make them perfect Indies/' Again,
like Cornwall, D* is famous for its pies ; in Davenant*s

DIEPPE

Wits iv*, the elder Pallatine, shut up in a chest, says, " I
am coffined up like a salmon p^ie new sent from D. for a
token*" In Peele's Old Wives L i, when Madge offers to
drive away the time with an old wives tale, Fantastic
exclaims, ** No better hay in D* I " i.e. nothing could be
better* Devonshire tells of the exploits of one Richd*
Pike of Tavistock, in the Earl of Essex's expedition to
Cadis; in 1625* The date is given in i. 3 as 38 years after
the Spanish Armada* Spenser, Jf7* Q. ii. 10, 12, says
44 Debon's share was that is D*" Debon was one of the
captains brought over by the legendary Brute* John
Ford and Jasper Mayne were D. men. Robert Herrick
was Vicar of Dean Prior in D* from 1629 to 1647* In
Discontents in Devon (1647), he calls it " this dull D." ;
in Epig. on Lusk he says, ** In D. kersey Lusk, when he
was dead, Would shrouded be and therewith buried/'

DIANA'S CONDUIT* A fountain in Athens ? possibly
the fountain Callirhoe or Enneakrpunos is meant, which
was S. of the Ceramicus (the High St.), near the old
Odeium, It was the only source of drinking-water in
the city* Near to it was the Temple of Artemis Eucleia*
In Davenant's Platonic ii. 4, Buonateste says, ** In the
High st* at Athens, just by the corner as you pass to
D. C., Plato kept a wench."

DIANA'S TEMPLE. The T* of Artemis at Ephesus, the
largest t. in the Greek world* It was built first in the
time of Croesus and subsequently enlarged, but was
burnt down by Herostratus on the night on which
Alexander the Gt* was born* It was rebuilt on the same
site* An account of its remains will be found in Wood's
Discoveries at Ephesus. It was accounted one of the 7
wonders of the world* In Per* iii* 4, 13, Cerimon says to
Thaisa, " D* T* is not distant far, Where you may abide
till your date expire*" Thaisa accordingly enters the
t* and becomes High-Pries'tess of the Goddess* Act V,
Sc. ii & iii take place in the t* In B. & F. Corinth iv. I,
the Uncle of Onos tells how *' Of late he did enquire at
Ephesus for his age, but, the dbu-book being burnt with
Dian's T., he lost his aim/' The authors were thinking
of the English parish registers* In Tiberius 1708,
Sejanus speaks of "Asiaes immortal workmanship,
Dianaes t." Spenser, F* Q. iv* 10, 30, mentions ** that
same famous t* of Diane Whose height all Ephesus did
oversee* * * * One of the world's 7 wonders said to be."
In Deloney's Newberie (1597) iii*, Wolsey speaks of
" Herostratus the shoemaker, that burned the T* of
Diana, only to get himself a name."

In M. jfif* JD* i. i, 89, Theseus informs Hermia that she
must either wed Demetrius or " on D* altar to protest
For aye virginity*" There was a T* of Artemis on the
Acropolis at Athens between the Propylaea and the
Parthenon* In Cor* v* 3, 67, Coriolanus speaks of
Valeria as ** chaste as the icicle That * * * hangs on
Dian's t*" The T* of Diana at Rome stood on the
Aventine near the present ch* of St* Prisca* It was
built by K* Servius Tullius as a common t, for the
Latin League*

DICTE* A mountain in Crete S.E. of Gnossus, where it
was said that Zeus was brought up and where his tomb
was shown by the Cretans. Milton, P* L. x* 584, speaks
of the age " ere yet Dicta;an Jove was born*"

DIEPPE (pronounced by the Elizabethans and often spelt
DEEPE)* A town in France on the English Channel* 135
m. N+W* of Paris* The ancient walls are still standing,
and in the neighbourhood are the ruins of the Castle of
Arques* In pekker's Shoemaker's L i, the date of which
is in the reign of Henry VI, Loveli says to Lincoln/

152

DIJON

44 'Tis his Highness* will That presently your cousin
ship for France With all his powers ; he would not for a
million But they should land at D* within 4 days*" In
Marlowe's Massacre, p* 334, after the Massacre of St*
Bartholomew has taken place, Guise orders Retes to
post " to D* And spare not one that you suspect of
heresy*" In Chapman's Consp. Byron v* i, Byron
boasts ** that none but I, and my renowned Sire, Be said
to win the memorable fields Of Arques and D*" The
reference is to the battle of Arques in 1589, in which
Henri IV defeated the Duke of Mayence* In Dave-
nant's Rutland, p* 232, the Londoner goes to Paris by
way of D*, and rides thence on his Norman nag* In
T* Heywood's /* K. M* B* 261, young Gresham, sent
by Hobson to France, says, " I'll ha' that I go for, or
I'll make half the hot-houses in Deepe smoke for this
trick*" Nash, in Pierce B* 2, says, " You shall see a
dapper Jack that hath been but once at Deepe wring his
face round about and talk English through the teeth
like Jaques Scabbed-Hams*"

DIJON* A city of France, on the Ouche, 162 m* S*E* of
Paris* It was the capital of the Duchy of Burgundy,
and was surrounded by walls, the course of which is
now marked by broad avenues* The Cathedral of St*
Benigne dates from 1391 : the castle was commenced
by Louis XI in 1478 and finished in 1512 by Louis XII*
The old ducal palace, rebuilt during the i8th cent*, is
used as a Museum and School of Arts* In Chapman's
Consp. Byron ii* i, Savoy reminds the K* that Byron
" chased away Viscount Tavannes' troops before D*,
And puts himself in, and there that was won*" This
was in 1594* The scene of Massinger's Dowry is laid in
D. towards the end of the igth cent*

DIMMINGS DALE (or DIMSDALE)* There are 2 Dims-
dales, one in Yorks* the other in Durham ; and there is
a Dimon's or Demon's Dale in the valley of the Wye in
Derbysh* Probably this last is intended in the following
quotation from Thersites (A* P* i* 220), where Mater in-
vokes " all other witches that walk in D* D*"

DIMOTICUM* A city in Roumelia on the Maritza, 20
m* S* of Adrianople* Its citadel was used as a palace by
the Sultans before the capture of Constantinople in
1453* After Bajaseth's deposition by Selim I in 1512
he set out for Dimoticum, but died on the way* In
Selimus 1666, Baiazet says to Aga, " Aga and I will to D*
And live in peace the remnant of our days*"

DIPOLIS* In Chapman's Widow's Tears iv* i, Lycus
says, " Til presently to D*, where Lysander stays*"
Apparently some place in Cyprus is intended, and as
Paphos on the W* coast was a double city, including Old
and New Paphos, it may probably be the place so named*
See PAPHOS*

DIRACHIUM* See DTORHACHIUM*

DISTAFF LANE* A st* in Lond* runnings* from Cannon
St* to Old Fish St*, between Old Change and Friday St*
It was also called Maiden L*,from a sign at its corner*
According to Stow it was properly Distar L., and Cord-
wainers' Hall was on its N* side* It has been absorbed
into Cannon St*, where Cordwainers' Hall is now at
No* 7* The name is preserved in D* L* running from
Cannon St*, between 6 and 8, to Knightrider St*:
this was formerly Little D* L* In Jonson's Christmas,
Christmas sings, " Next in tjie trace, Comes Gambol in
place? And, to make my tale the shorter, My son
Hercules, tane Out of D*-L* But an active man and a
porter*" The old story of Hercules toeing dressed in
woman's clothes and exchanging his dub for a ,d* no
doubt suggested the line*

DOG'S HEAD IN THE POT

DITCHET FERRY* Possibly Datchett F* at Windsor is
meant, where there would be a good deal of traffic be-
tween the Court and the other side of the Thames
(see DATCHETT)* Dekker, in News from Hell (1606),
says of Charon's boat: "The gains of it are greater in a
quarter than 10 Western barges get in a year ? D* F*
comes nothing near it*"

DIVELIN* See DEVELING*

DOCTORS' COMMONS. Formerly Moutitjoy House,
at the corner of St* Bennet's Hill and Knightrider St*,
Lond* It was purchased for the accommodation of the
College of the Doctors of the Law in the early part of the
reign of Elizabeth* These learned gentlemen had pre-
viously been housed in a small building in Paternoster
Row, afterwards the Queen's Head Tavern* It included
a dining-hall and library, a hall for the hearing of cases,
and chambers for the doctors* 5 Courts sat here, viz*
the Court of the Arches, the Prerogative Court (which
dealt with Wills), the Court of Faculties and Dispensa-
tions, the Consistory Court of the Bp* of Lond*, and the
Court of the Admiralty* It was destroyed in the Gt*
Fire, but at once rebuilt* It was finally cleared away in
1867, and Q* Victoria St* passes over what was its
garden* In Dekker's Shoemaker's ii* i, Sybil brings
greetings to Rose from many of her Lond* friends, in-
cluding " Mrs* Frigbottom by D* C*"

DODONA* The seat of an ancient oracle of Zeus in
Greece* The site is matter of dispute, but the most
probable view is that it was on the E* frontier of Epirus,
near the Pindus Range* One of the most notable ob-
jects in the precincts of the temple was a brazen caul-
dron, beside which stood a statue of a boy holding a
brazen whip* When the wind blew the boy struck the
cauldron with his whip and a loud booming noise was
— iduced* In Nabbes' Hannibal &, when Scipio arrives,
?hax says, " Let Dodonean brass be beaten deaf
.. _iilst it proclaims his welcome*" Tourneur, in Trans-
formed Metamorphosed, says, " Let Dodon's grove be
lavish in expence And scaffoldize her oaks for my de-
fence ; Forgive me, God, for help doth not consist In
Dodon grove nor a Dodonian fist**' Milton, P* -L* i* 518,
speaks of the old Greek gods as ruling " or on the
Delphian cliff Or in D*" Dodonian. is used as a stock
epithet for the oak* Hall, in Satires iii* i, 7, says, " Time
was * * * Our hungry sires gaped for the falling mast
Of the Dodonian oaks*"

DOG* The sign of a tavern in Lond* : perhaps the Talbot
in Ludgate St*, afterwards known as the Sun, and,
later still, as the Queen's Arms* Herrick, in Ode to
Jonson, speaks of ** those lyric feasts Made at the Sun,
The Dog, the Triple Tun/'

DOG'S DITCH. A contemptuous name for Houndsditch,
Lond* This was originally the ditch or moat outside the
city wall from Bishopsgate to Aldgate* Stow tells us
that the ditch was a filthy receptacle for dead dogs and all
kinds of rubbish, but that in his time it was covered over
and enclosed by a mud wall* In the field belonging to
the Pjiory of the Holy Trinity* after the dissolution of
the monasteries, sellers of old clothes seem to have con-
gregated* In B* & F* Prize ii* 2, Bianca says that Moroso
is full ** of more knavery and usury and foolery and
brokery than D* D*"

DOG'S HEAD IN THE POT* The sign of a Lond* shop,
somewhere near the N* end of Lombard St* In T* Hey-
wood's /* K, M*B* 283, Tawnie Coat says, " Sure, this is
the lane; there's the Windmill ; there's the D* H* L t*
P/* Such a sign is mentioned by Wynkyn de Worde

DOGS, ISLE OF

in Cocke LoreWs Bate ; a similar sign is, or was until
recently, to be seen over an ironmonger's shop at the
corner of Little Charlotte St* and Blackfriars Rd*
Angelo, in B* <fc F* Captain iv* 4, alludes to this sign when
he says, " They should be to be sold At the sign of the
Whore's Head i' th' Pottage-pot/' In their Cure iL 2,
Bobadilla says, " Cannot * * * the maids make pottage,
except your dog's head be in the pot i "

DOGS, ISLE OF* The peninsula in the Thames between
the Limehpuse, Greenwich, and Blackwall Reaches,
now occupied by the West India and Millwall Docks*
The name is said to have been given to it because the
K*'s hounds were formerly kept there* In Dekker's
Eastward iv* 2, Sir Petronel is wrecked on the Thames
and is informed, " You're i' the I* of D*, I tell you,"
Most of the references are punning ones* In his Satiro,
iv* i, 1 66, Tucca says to Horace (Jonson), " when the
stagerites banished thee into the L o. D*, thou turn'st
ban-dog (villainous Guy) and ever since bitest*" In the
Ret. Pernass. v* 4, Ingenioso says, 44 Our voyage is to the
He o* D*, there where the blatant beast doth rule and
reign, renting the credit of whom it please " : the dogs
being the critics* In Middleton's R. G* v* i, Moll says
of Trapdoor, 44 He hath been brought up in the I* o* D*
and can both fawn like a spaniel and bite like a mastiff,
as he finds occasion*" In B* & F* Thierry iii* 2, Bawdber
says, " Where could I wish myself now 4 In the I* o* D*,
so I might 'scape scratching*" Nash wrote a play called
the Isle of Dogs in 1598, for which he was imprisoned in
the Fleet* In his Lenten, he says, "The strange turning
of the I* o* D* from a comedy to a tragedy 2 summers
past is a general rumour that hath filled all England, and
such a heavy cross laid upon me as had well near con-
founded me*"

DO-LITTLE LANE* Lond*, running N* from Knight-
rider St* to Carter Lane* It is now called Knightrider
Court, and is next to 47 Knightrider St* It was so
called because there were no shops in it* In Jonson's
Christmas, Venus says of Cupid, ** I had him by my ist
husband : he was a smith, forsooth, we dwelt in D*-l* L*
then*" In Jonson's Magnetic v* 4, Polish says of Alder-
man Parrot's widow, ** She dwelt in D*-l*-l*, a-top o* the
hill there*" In Middletpn's Family v* 3, Dryfat says,
44 The wise woman in Pissing Alley nor she in D*-l* L*
are more famous for good deeds than he*"
DOLPHIN* A tavern in Lond* on the E* side of Bishops-
gate St* Without, near the end of Houndsditch, where
the Friends' Meeting House now stands* In Dekker's
Northward iv* 3, Bellamont says, 44 Stay, vender's the D*
without Bishopsgate*" Dekker, in Armourers, says, 44 O
neither the Mermaid nor the D* nor he at Mile-end-
green can when he list be in good temper, when he lacks
his mistress (that is to say, Money)*"
DOMINGO, SAN* A city on the S.E* coast of the island
of Hayti, in the W* Indies* It was founded in 1502, and
may claim to be the oldest European city in the New
World* InM//cm<zzdsi*3,Ranoff says/* IsawtheAdlati-
tatho [z*e* Adalantado, or Governor] of D* mounted upon
such another [jennet]*" In T* Heywood's /* K* M. B* 333,
the Chorus tells how Drake and Carlisle set on fire 44 the
towns of S* Anthony and S* Dominick*" This was in
the famous Island Voyage of 1585, when S* D* was
ravaged* In Jonson's Ev+ Man L iiu 5, Cash says of
Bobadil, who is smoking and has asked him for a match,
44 Would his match and he and pipe and all were at
Sancto D*"

DONCASTER* A town in W* Riding Yorks*, on the Don,
162 m* N* of Lond* on the North Road* It was originally

DORIANS

a Roman settlement* The scene of many of Robin
Hood's exploits is in the neighbourhood* In the Lytell
Geste of Robin Hood I, we are told how Robin was bled
to death by the Prioress of Kyrkesley, incited by 44 Sir
Roger of Donkestre*" Henry of Lancaster stayed here
for a time on his way from Ravenspur* In H4 A* v* x, 43,
Worcester reminds the K*> 44 You swore to us, And you
did swear that oath at D*, That you did nothing purpose
'gains the State*" In Greene's George L 4, Bonfield tries
to persuade Bettris to 4t love the lord of D*," Sir Gilbert
Armstrong* In Dekker's Northward, Kate is the daughter
of a D* innkeeper ; and she declares (ii* 2), " We have
notable valiant fellows about D." In Skelton's Magnifi~
cence fol* iv*, Fancy says, " I set not by the world 2
Dauncaster cuttys," i*e* geldings* In a letter of Latimer's
to Lord Cromwell (1538), he speaks of a famous image
of the Virgin at D*, which he calls a younger sister of the
image at Walsingham* One of the Tales in Tarlton's
News is of a painter of D*, who, having painted an ugly
figure of our Lord for the ch,, changed it into the Devil
by putting a pair of horns on it*

DONHAGUE (apparently THE HAGUE, or GRAVENHAGE,
is intended)* The name is used for the sake of the pun,
between H* and Hag* In T* Heywood's Challenge iL x,
the Clown, in a punning list of towns in the Netherlands,
says, 44 D* is full of witches*" See HAGUE*

DONWISH* SeeDuNWiCH*

DORCHESTER* The county town of Dorsetshu, on the
site of the Roman Durnovaria* It stands on, the Frome,
120 m* S*W* of Lond* The Roman amphitheatre at D*
was used for dramatic performances in the i6th cent*

DORDOGNE* A department in S*W* France, E* of the
mouth of the Garonne* Its capital, Perigueux, is abt*
260 m* S*W* of Paris* It has its name from the river D*,
which runs across it from E* to W* Peele, in Polyhymnia
176, speaks of " old Duke Aymon's glory, D*'s pride*"
The four sons of Aymon are the subject of a well-known
mediaeval romance*

DORDONA (apparently a mistake for DODONA, q.v*). In
T* Heywood's 5* Age iii*, Juno speaks of the Eryman-
thean boar as devastating 4* the fertile plains of Thes-
saly," and he ** in his course o'erturns the Dordan oaks*"
The more usual form of the legend places the hunting of
the boar in Peloponnesus, but some variants make it in
Thessaly*

DORIANS (Dc* = Doric, Dn* = Dorian)* One of the
chief branches of the Hellenic people* Their chief cities
were Corinth, Syracuse, Agrigentum, Megara, and
Byzantium ; and Sparta was recognised as their leader
against the Ionian branch with Athens at its head* They
gave their name to the little dist* of Doris in Central
Greece* In music the Greeks distinguished the Dru,
Phrygian, Lydian, Mixo-Lydian, and Locrian modes ;
of these the Dn* was severe and grave, and opposed alike
to the wildness of the Phrygian and the softness and
effeminacy of the Lydian modes* In Middleton's
Quarrel i. i, Russell says, 4* most tmpleasing shows to
the beholder A Lydian ditty to a DC* note*" Milton,
JP* L* i* 550, speaks of the armies of Satan moving 44 In
perfect phalanx to the Dn* mood Of flutes and soft
recorders*" DC* is used in the sense of plain, simple,
rustic* Milton, Lycidas 189, speaks of 44 warbling his
DC* lay*" In P* JR* iv* 257, he speaks of ** various-
measured verse, JSotian charms and Dn* lyric odes*"
Linche, in Diella xxii*, speaks of 44 Thamiras, Reviving
death with DC* melodies*" Thamiras, or Thamyris,
was a Thracian. musician* Spenser, JFV Q» iv* 10, 6,
154

DORNEY

speaks of ** stately pillars framed after the Dcke* guise/'
The DC* is the ist of the 3 styles of Greek architecture,
and is distinguished from the Ionic and Corinthian by
the severely plain character of the capitals of its columns*
The finest example is the Parthenon at Athens* Milton,
P* L. L 714, speaks of " Dck* pillars overlaid With
golden architrave " in Pandemonium* Hall, in Satires
v* 2, 35, says, " There findest thou some stately DC*
frame Or neat Ionic work*"

DORNEY* A small vill* in Bucks* In Jonson's Gipsies,
Christian o' D* is one of the maids from the neighbour-
hood of Windsor, who come in to dance country dances,
the others being Prue o' the Park, Frances o' the Castle,
and Long Meg of Eaton*

DORSETSHIRE* A county on the S*W* coast of
England* It is traversed by Icknield St*, which con-
nects its capital, Dorchester, with Exeter* It contains
abundant traces of the Roman occupation, including the
amphitheatre near Dorchester railway station. It was
afterwards a part of the kingdom of Wessex under the
name of Dorsseta* Its chief harbour is Poole, on the
estuary of the Frome* In 1484 Richmond attempted to
land at Poole, but became alarmed and put back
to Brittany* In R3 iv* 4, 524, a messenger informs
Richd*, ** Richmond in D*, sent out a boat Unto the
shore * * * Hoised sail, and made away for Brittany**'
This news is a little belated, for in 433 it is said that
Richmond is on the W* coast with a puissant navy ; and
in 535 his landing at Milford Haven is announced, which
took place in August 1485. The Marquess of Dorset,
who is one of the characters in 83 and in T* Heywood's
Ed. IV, was the son of Q* Elizabeth by her ist marriage
with Sir John Grey* He is present in i* 3, and is charged
by Margaret with having been a stander-by when Ed-
ward her son " was stabbed with bloody daggers " (210)
and is mocked for ** his fire-new stamp of honour ; **
he was made Marquess of Dorset in 1475, an<^ this
scene takes place in 1478* His marriage with Cicely,
the daughter of Lord Bonville, is referred to in H6 C*
iv* i, 56* In R3 ii* i he becomes reconciled to Buckingham
at the request of K* Edward, and like the rest turns
pale at the news of the death of Clarence* He is present
with Q* Elisabeth in ii* 2* In iv* i, the Q* and Stanley
urge him to flee and take refuge with Richmond ; and
in iv*s* Stanley announces that "the Marquess Dorset's
fled beyond the seas To Richmond*" In iv* 4, Richd*
cajoles Elizabeth into summoning Dorset back from
foreign soil ; but before the end of the scene we are
told he is in arms in Yorks* for Richmond* This was
before he went to Brittany, as a matter of fact j and
having fled thither in 1483 he was left behind in Paris
when Richmond made his successful attack on Richd*
In H8 iv* i, 38 the Marquess of Dorset is mentioned
as bearing the sceptre at the coronation of Anne Boleyn :
this was Henry, 3rd Marquess, the father of Lady Jane
Grey, afterwards Duke of Suffolk* His mother, the
dowager Marchioness, was one of the god-mothers of
the Princess Elizabeth (H8 v* 3, 170)*

DORT (more properly DORDRECHT)* A city of S* Holland
on the Maas, n m, S,E* of Rotterdam* It was the
former residence of the Counts of Holland* The in-
dependence of the United Provinces was declared at D*
in 1573 ? and it was the Synod of D* in 1618 and 1619
that condemned the doctrines of Arminius and sentenced
Barnavelt to death* In Barnavelt iv* 3, Orange says,
4* I have sent for Col* Veres from D*" The Trial Scene
iv* 5 took place at D*

DOVER

DOTHAN* A town in Central Palestine, now Tell D*,
10 m* N* of Samaria* It was here that the K* of Syria
came with an army to capture ELtsha as recorded
// Kings vi* 13* and where the prophet showed his
servant the vision of the hosts of Jehovah around the
town* Milton, P* L* xi* 317, speaks of " Dv covered
with a camp of fire Against the Syrian k*"

DOUAI (the Roman DUAGIUM)* An ancient town in N*
France, on the Scarpe, 149 m* N* of Paris* It belonged
to the Counts of Flanders and then passed into the
hands of Spain, who held it till 1667, when it was taken
by Louis XIV, but it was not finally united to France
till 1714* Philip II of Spain founded a university here
in 1563 ; and in 1569 Cardinal Allen founded a college
for English priests, from which issued in 1582 the trans-
lation of the Bible into English known as the D*, or
Rheims Bible* In Chapman's Consp* Byron v* i, Byron
clams to have peopled " Artois, Douay, Picardy '* with
the triumphant issue of Victory* The reference is to his
exploits in the wars of the League* In Marlowe's
Massacre, p* 342, Henry says of the Duke of Guise,
" Did he not draw a sort of English priests From Douay
to the seminary at Rheims, To hatch forth treason
'gainst their natural Q* i " The college was temporarily
removed to Rheims in 1578 on account of the disturbed
state of the country* In Middleton's Chess iii* i, the
Fat Bp* (Antonio of Spalato) says, ** Expect my books
against you printed at Douay, Brussels, or Spalato*"
In Gascoigne's Government, Philomusus and Philotimus
are sent to the University of D*, where they make great
profiting* In ii* 2, Phylautus describes it as ** a proper
city and well replenished with courteous people and
fair women." In iu* 5, Gnomaticus says/ 4t I OJD know
very learned and faithful men there and herewithall it is
but a little town and the University but lately erected*'*

DOUCHE* See DUTCH*

DOVE* A river rising in the Peak of Derbysh*, and, after
forming the boundary between Derbysh* and Staffs*,
falling into the Trent below Burton, The scenery of
Dovedale is amongst the finest of its kind in England*
Drayton, in Idea (1594) xxxii* 7, says, "The Peak
[boasts of] her D*, whose banks so fertile be*"

DOVER* The chief of the Cinque Ports, on the English
Channel, just W* of the S* Foreland in Kent ; 73 m*
S*E* of Lond* and about 35 from Calais* It is on the
site of the ancient Roman Dubris* On the E* of the
town is the castle, which contains a unique Romano-
British ch* and the Roman Pharos* The keep and
defences date from Norman times* The W* heights
are also fortified, and the modern town lies in the valley
between the E* and W* heights. It has always been
the chief port of arrival and departure for the Continent,
and in olaer times was regarded as the key to England*
The white chalk cliffs command a splendid view of the
Channel, and the one on the S*W* of the town is known
as Shakespeare's cliff, and is generally supposed to be
the scene of Gloster's attempted suicide in Lear. In
iv* i, 76, Gloster asks Edgar, " Dost thou know D* *****
There is a cliff whose high and bending head Looks
fearfully in the confined deep/' In iv* 6, ii, Edgar
describes it: "How fearful And dizzy 'tis to cast one's
eyes so low; The crows and choughs that wing the
midway air Show scarce so gross as beetles ; half way
down Hangs one that gathers samphire — dreadful trade 1
Methinks he seems no bigger than his head; The
fishermen that walk upon the beach Appear like mice ;
and yon tall anchoring bark, Diminished to her cock ;

155

DOVER

her cock, a buoy Almost too small for sight; the
murmuring surge That on the unnumbered idle
pebbles chafes Cannot be heard so high/' Gerarde,
Herbal 428, says, " Rock Sampler grpweth on the rocky
cliffs at D." Dray ton, in Polyolb xviii* 763, speaks of the
sea-gods robbing 4t D*'s neighbouring cleaves of Sam-
pyre/' Though the poet has somewhat exaggerated the
height of the cliff, it is mere pedantry to question the iden-
tification on that ground* The actual height is aboutgspft*
In Lear, the French K* and Cordelia land at D. Iniii. i,
36, Kent sends a gentleman to make his speed to D. to
bring to Cordelia the report of Lear's condition* In Hi.
6, 90, Gloucester bids Kent lay the K. in a litter u and drive
toward D." In iii. 7, 18, Oswald reports that the K.'s
knights " are gone with him toward D." j and in line 50
Gloucester admits, in answer to Re#an, that he has sent
Lear to D. ; and, having torn out his eyes, Regan com-
mands, ** Go, thrust him out at gates and let him smell
His way to D." In iv* i, 44, Gloucester asks the old man
to overtake him ** hence a mile or twain F the way
toward D." ; iv. 3, 4, and 7, and v* take place in the
opposing camps at D., and iv. 6 is in the fields near D.

In K"./* v* i, 31, the Bastard announces, " All Kent
hath yielded ; nothing there holds out But D* Castle."
It was, in fact, Hubert de Burgh's determined defence
of D* Castle against the Dauphin that proved the turning
point in his enterprise and forced him to return to
France* In Hi iii* pioL 4, the K. is described as em-
barking 4i at D* pier " ; but this is a slip t the actual
embarkation was at Southampton, and most editors
accordingly correct the line and read " at Hampton
pier.'* In H6 A* v. i, 49, the K* directs Gloucester to
see the French ambassadors '* guarded And safely
brought to D* ; where inshipped Commit them to the
fortune of the sea*" In Peele's Ed. L i* i, the Q* Mother
announces, " Lo \ at last arrived in D. road Longshank,
your k*": where road, of course, means roadstead,
In Trouble* Reign (Haz;*,v. 203),a messenger brings word
in regard to the French, " Thy land is theirs and not a
foot holds out But D. Castle." In Dekker's Shoemaker's
i. i, Lacy directs Askew to haste ** to D." on the way to
France* In Massinger's Madam iii* 2, Lacy says of
Frugal, 44 1 saw him take post to D* and, the wind Sitting
so fair, by this he's safe at Calais." In B. & F* Scornful
L i, the lady describes a trip to France: 44 The thing by
her commanded is, to see D.'s dreadful cliff, passing in a
poor water-house ; the dangers of the merciless Channel
rtwixt that and Calais, 5 long hours' sail." In Three
Ladies ii*, Simony says that Friar Austin, when he came
to christianize England, ** landed about Rye, Sandwich,
or D." Bede, however, fixes his landing in the Isle of
Thanet. In Jonson's Tub i. 2, Pan boasts that his
ancestor To-Pan " came in with the conqueror, mad
Julius Csesar, who built D. Castle, and beat the first
kettle-drum avore 'nun, here vrom D* on the march/'
It is true that Caesar thought of landing at D., but he
was deterred by the height of the cliffs, and actually
landed between Walmer and Deal. Needless to say, he
neither built D. Castle nor marched upon Lond. In
VaL Welsh, ii. i, Octavian says, 4t Great Julius Caesar
Suffered 3 base repulses from the cliffs Of chalky D."
In Davenport's Matilda v. 3, news is brought that
** Lewis the Dolphin with 600 sail is let in at D." He
actually landed at Stonor : D. held out for John* In
Wilson's Pedter 374, the Pedler describes a huge
monster *' From D. to Wayd [i.e. probably St. Nicholas
at Wade, a vilL at the W* end of the Isle of Thaxiet, due
N. of Dover, so that the monster would stretch the whole
breadth of Kent] we esteem him to be larger in length*'

156

DOVERCOT

In Tomkis' Albumazar i. 3, Pandolfo, looking into the
magic mirror, cries, 4t I see D* Pier, a man now landing,
attended by 2 porters, that seem to groan under the
burden of 3 loads of paper." Ronca explains, " That's
Coriatus Persicus." The allusion is to Coryat, the
eccentric traveller and author of Coryat's Crudities.
In verses prefixed to Coryat's Crudities (1611) on various
curiosities to be seen in England, Peacbam mentions
" Caesar's wine yet in D." A cask of wine was shown in
the Castle which was said to have been brought there by
Julius Caesar. In W* Rowley's Shoemaker iv. i, 374,
the shoemaker's wife says, " Thou shalt hire some friend
to fire a tree upon the coast at D*, as near the beacons as
can be possible." A beacon was kept constantly ready
at D. to signal the approach of an enemy from the sea.
In Greene's Friar ii*, Bacon boasts that he will build a
brazen wall to ring 44 the English strand From D* to the
market-place of Rye." In Jonson's Alchemist in. 2,
Face speaks of his accomplice Doll as " our castle, our
Cmque-port, our D. Pier, pur what thou wilt." Nash,
in his Prognostication, describes himself as " sitting upon
D* cliffs to quaint myself with the art of Navigation*"
In Three Ladies ii., Lucre mentions D. as one of the
resorts of foreign traders who " great rents upon little
room do bestow." Archbp* Parker, writing to Sir
William Cecil in 1563, laments that " D* Castle, Walmer
and Deal Castles, Queenborough Castle, be forsaken
and unregarded for any provision " ; and in 1565 he
urges that money should be spent on 44 the repairing
and maintaining of D* haven."

In Piers B. iv. 131, the author recommends that all
persons taking money out of England to Rome should
forfeit it M who so fynt hym at D." The law at the time
was " that no pilgrim should pass out of the realm to
parts beyond the seas but only at D." In Chaucer's
C. T* A* 4347, the Host twits the Cook: " Many a Jacke
of D. hast thou sold That hath been twies hot and twies
cold*" It seems to mean a pie that has been cooked more
than once ; and hence an "old, hashed-up story, a chest-
nut. An old jest-book was published in 1604 with the
title A Jack of Dover*. Presumably these stale pies
were sold by the purveyors of refreshments to the
travellers who passed through D. : a jack of D. would
thus be the equivalent of the modern refreshment room
sandwich. In Glapthorne's Wit v. i, Mendwell relates
how " 'Twixt Deal and D., one fishing for flounders
drew a Spaniard's body up, slain in the late sea-fight."
In Shirley's Honoria iv. 3, Maslin anticipates more
modern projects : 4* I'll build a bridge from D* cliff
to Calais " ; to which one of the countrymen replies,
44 This may be done ; but I am of opinion We shall not
live to see it." In Chivalry, Bowyer says of a sentinel in
France, ** The mongrel snorted, you might hear him to
D." In Brome's Moor v. i, Meanwell tells how he and
Rashly pretended a quarrel at bowls upon Blackheath ;
took horse and *4 forecast to meet at D., and in one
barque passed over into France*" Nash, in Pierce G. i,
says, " A man standing upon Callis sands may see men
walking on D* cliffs."

DOVERCOT (or DOVERCOURT)* VilL in Essex near
Harwich* There was a famous cross in the dbu
which was reputed to have spoken ; a rumour
was also spread* according to Foxe, Book of Martyrs
ii. 303, that the door of the ch* could not be
shut, and crowds were attracted to see the miracle*
Fulke, in his Rejoinder x*, says, "Who went a pilgrimage
to the Roods of Boston, D., and Chester i Were they
not Papists i " Bale, Image of Both Churches xiii*,
speaks of 3 poor young men of Suffolk who were

DOVER ROAD

hanged "for the rotten rood of D/' This was probably
for being concerned in the burning of it in 1533* In
Grim i* 2, Forrest asks, " Have you not heard how the
rood of D* did speak, confirming his [Dunstan's]
opinion to be true £ " In Ray's Proverbs, there is one
44 D*, all speakers and no hearers " ; and in an inscrip-
tion at St* Peter's belfry, Shrewsbury, we have: "But
when they clam, the harsh sound spoils the sport, And
'tis like women keeping D*" Possibly, as Nares sug-
gests, the phrase may have arisen from the noise made
by the throng of pilgrims*

DOVER ROAD* The road from D* to Lond* ; or it may
mean the roadstead, or harbour, of D* In Histrio iii* ipo,
Mavortius says to his serving-men, 44 The Callis-
cormorants from D* R* Are not so chargeable as you to
feed/' The reference is to the soldiers who have served
in France and return by the D* R* to England, begging
their way and enforcing their demands doubtless by the
strong hand*

DOWGATE* One of the old water-gates of the City of
Lond,, W* of Lond* Edge*, at the bottom of D* Hill*
Stow thinks it was originally called Downe-gate, from
the steepness of the hill ; but it is more probably from
the Celtic Dwr-gate or Water-gate* It gave its name to
the D* ward, which was bounded by Swan Lane to the E»
and D* Hill to the W*, and extended N* not quite as far
as Cannon St* From D* Wharf ran the ferry across to
St. Saviour's Dock, which, according to legend, was
managed in the zoth cent* by one John Overy, whose
effigy is still to be seen in St* Saviour's Ch* He was a
famous miser, and on one occasion feigned to be dead
in order to cheat his men out of a day's meals* He had
himself duly laid out, but when he heard the rejoicing
of his servants over his death he rose from his bier in a
rage, and one of them, thinking it was the devil, knocked
his brains out with an oar* There is perhaps a reference
to this story in Beguiled (Dods. ix* 235), where the Nurse
says, 44 He does strut before her in a pair of Polonian
legs, as if he were a gentleman usher to the grand Turk
or to the Devil of D*" In Dekker's Satiro. iii* i, 243,
Tucca says to Miniver, 44 My little Devil a D*, I'll dam
thee/' There was an old Ballad called The Devil of D.
and his son, on which a play was based, produced in
1623, but now lost* The steepness of D* Hill caused it
to be flooded when there was heavy rain : Stow tells
of a boy who was carried away by such a rush of water
and drowned* In Jonson's Epigram to Inigo Marquis
Would-be, he says, " Thy canvas giant at some channel
aims, Or D* torrents falling into Thames ; And strad-
dling shows the boys' brown paper fleet Yearly set out
there, to sail down the street*" In More iL i, Harry the
prentice praises " George Philpots at D*" as the "best
backswordsman in England*" In Davenant's Wits iii* i,
Mrs* Snore taunts Queasey: "Remember thy first call-
ing ; thou set'st up with a peck of damsons and a new
sieve ; when thou brok'st at D* corner, 'cause the boys
flung down thy ware*" In the list of taverns in News
BarthoL Fair, we find " The Swan at D* ; a tavern well-
known*" It was visited by Pepys, who describes it as
44 a poor house and ill-dressed, but very good fish and
plenty/' Robert Greene died at the house of a shoe-
maker in D* in 1593*

DOWNS* A famous roadstead off the E* coast of Kent
between the N* and S* Forelands, so called because it
lies opposite to the E* end of the N* Downs of Kent*
In H6 B* iv* i, 9, the1 Capt*, after the sea-fight, says,
44 Whilst our pinnace anchors in the D*, Here shall they
[the prisoners] make their ransom on the sand/*

DRUSIAN STREET

DRAYTON BASSET* A vill* in Staffs., 9 m* SJS* of
Lichfield* In T. Heywood's Ed. IV A* 41, Howard says
that the K* " is hunting here, at D* B*"

DRESDEN* The capital of Saxony on the Elbe, 116 m*
S* of Berlin* It contains a magnificent palace with a
court adjoining called the Zwinger* In the picture
gallery is the famous Sistine Madonna of Raffael* Its
stables were the finest in the world : Fynes Moryson
cannot praise them enough* In Glapthorne's Wallen-
stein L i, Wallenstein invites the Marquess Branden-
burg and others to a personal meeting at D* This was
in 163?* and his object was to secure for himself the
kingdom of Bohemia*

DREUX* An ancient town in France (the Roman Duro-
casses) on the Biaise, 41 m* W* of Paris* In 1593 it was
taken by Henri IV from the nobles of the League, after
a determined resistance of 18 days, as the result of the
battle of Ivry* In Chapman's Consp* Byron iL i, Savoy
says of Byron, " How served he at your famous siege of
D* i " and proceeds to give a vivid description of the
assault on the city* In v* i, Byron says, 4* None but my-
self, that won the day at D* ; A day of holy name and
needs no night*" Byron was in charge of the investment
of the town, but it was Sully, if we may believe bis own
account (Memoirs v*), who must have tie chief credit of
taking the citadel*

DROPPE* In Wilson's Pedler 378, the Pedler tells of a
huge monster : " He hath devoured all the old women
in Affricke and now he hasteth into D* with all speed ;
merchant men can tell you that use there to traffic/' I
conjecture a misprint for Dieppe, g*i>*

DRUM* The name of a tavern in Lond* There was a D*
Alley on the N* side of Drury Lane, near Princes St*,
which may indicate its position* In T* Heywood's
Lucrece ii* 5, in the list of Roman (Lond*) taverns given
by Valerius, we have *4 The gardener hies him to the
Rose, to the D* the man of war*"

DRURY LANE* A street in Lond* running from Broad
St*, Bloomsbury, to Wych St*; it debouches into
Aldwych, in which the S* end of it has been absorbed*
It took its name from D* Place, a mansion built by Sir
Roger D., who died in 1495, which was afterwards
called Craven House : it was taken down, in 1800 and
Astley's Olympic Pavilion built on its site* A portion of
it became the Craven Head Tavern, but the new Ald-
wych has removed the last traces of it* The old name of
the st. was Via de Aldwych, which has been happily
preserved in the recent improvements ; and part of it
was called Prince's St* during the reign of James I*
The Cockpit, or Phoenix, Theatre was on the E* side of
the Lane, and its name was long preserved in Cockpit
PL, later known as Pitt Court* The present Theatre
Royal was founded in 1663* and the Cockpit ceased to be
used as a theatre* In St, Hilarys Tears (1642), the
author speaks of " Covent Garden, Long-Acre, and
D* L*, where those doves of Venus [the wanton ladies]
do build their nests*" In Middleton's Chess ii* i, the
Black Knight, exhibiting a sheaf of letters from various
women of bad character, says, 4t These from the nun-
nery in D* L*" In Brome's Covent G* iii* i, Clotpoll
asks, " Art not acquainted with my 2 poetical D*-L*
writers, the cobler and the tapster i " References to
D* L* are common in the i8th cent*, and its reputation
as a haunt of vice was well maintained* Glapthorne's
Hollander was " acted at the Cock-pit in D* L*"

DRUSIAN STREET* Probably the author means the
road running through the arch of Drusus at Rome* The

157

DUBLIN

arch spans the Via Appia inside the Aurelian wall, at
the extreme S* point of the city. In Tiberius 3662,
Tiberius orders, " Watch well the sts*, the D* sts*" :
where I think we should read st* in the and case*

DUBLIN* The capital of Ireland, on the E. coast, on
Dublin Bay. In Fair Women i* 100, Browne claims that
he is no better known in Lond* than he is in Ireland,
" chiefly in D», where are as great feasts as this we had
to-day.*' In Webster's White Devil ii* i, Flamineo says of
the Dr*," He was once minded, because Ireland breeds no
poison, to have prepared a deadly vapour in a Spaniard's
fart, that should have poisoned all D." In the long list
of topers in Bacchus, " The i5th was one Maudlen
Moonface, a merry gentlewoman of D* ; with her she
brought a glass full, nose high, of Aquavit®*" Dekker,
in Lanthorn> says, " Look what difference there is
between a civil citizen of D* and a wild Irish Kerne."
James Shirley was in D. from 1636 to 1640, and wrote
half a dozen of his plays there, including the absurd
St. Patrick. See also DEVELING.

DUCKING-POND* The sport of ducking or duck-
hunting with dogs was a favourite one with the citizens
of Lond* The principal D. Ps* were on Islington Green,
in the Back Rd. near White Conduit House, and in East
Lane ; but the sport was also pursued at the Dog and
Duck in Hertford St., Mayfair, at Jenny's Whim in
Pimlico, at the Dog and Duck in Rptherhithe, near
the present entrance to the Commercial Docks, at the
Dog and Duck in St George's Fields, Lambeth, and
elsewhere. In Brome's Academy ii. i, Camelion tells his
wife, " I have a match to play at the d*-p*" ; and he
makes many references in the play to his devotion to
this sport. In his Damoiselle ii* i, Amphilus says, " If
I can but purchase him [a certain dog] and my own
whelp prove right, I will be Duke of the D*-P*"

DUCK LANE* A lane in Lond* running N* from Little
Britain into W* Smithfield* It was rechristened Duke
St* later, and is now included in Little Britain* Strype
says in his edition of Stow's Survey of London (1720),
" It is generally inhabited by Booksellers that sell
second-hand books*" But there were also publishers of
new books there* Friar Bacon was printed " for W*
Thackery at the Angel in D. L*" Other booksellers in
the Lane were J* Hardesty, J* Huntington, T* Jackson,
and W* Whitewood* T* Heywood's Dialogues " are to
be sold by Thomas Slater at the Swan in D.-l* 1637."
In Brome's Covent G. ii*, Mihiel says, " Go, borrow me
a gown and some 4 or 5 law-books, for, I protest, mine
are in D.-L," i.e. sold to the booksellers there* Alexander
Gill, in his rhymes on Ben Jonson's Magnetic Ladyf says
of that play, " From Buckler's Bury let it not be barred,
But think not of D* L* or Paul's Churchyard " : which
shows that D. L* publishers were regarded as quite re-
spectable* In Whetstone's Promos B* i* 5, the Merchant
Tailors ask for a place to present their pageant ; Phallax
asks : " How say you to the end of D* Alley 5* " to which
the Bedell objects, " There all the beggars in the town
will be*" In iv* i, Gresco, a good substantial officer,
orders his 3 blue-coated beadels, " Search Ducke Alley,
Cocke Lane, and Scouldes Corner " for idle vagabonds*
In Davenant's Wits v*, Mrs* Snore says to Thrift,
" Remember the warrant thou sent'st for me into D* L*,
'cause I called thy maid Trot*"

DUKE HUMPHREY'S WALK* Applied to a part of
St* Paul's Ch*, Lond*, on the S* side of the nave, where
there was a monument supposed to be that of the good
D* Humphrey of Gloucester ; he was, however, buried at
St* Albans, and the monument in question belonged to

158

D UNBAR

John Beauchamp, constable of Dover, who died in
1358* From the custom of fellows in want of a dinner
betaking themselves to St* Paul's to see if they could
meet with someone who would invite them arose the
phrase " to dine with D. Humfrey " : which meant to do
without dinner* Dekker, in Hornbook} chap, iv,, says,
"All the diseased Horses in a tedious siege cannot shew so
many fashions as are to be seen for nothing every day in
D. Humfryes walk*" The point of the joke is that
"fashions" was commonly used for "farcy," a disease
of horses* See Shrew iii* 2, 53. Nash, in Pierce A* 3,
says, " I retired me to St. Paul's, to seek my dinner with
D* Humfrey*" In W. Rowley's Match Mid. ii. i,
Jarvis says of Alexander and ancient Young, "Are
they none of D. Humfrey's furies, do you think,
that they devised this plot in Paul's to get a dinners'"
In Mayne's Match iii* 3, Plotwell calls Seathrift " your
penurious father who was wont to walk his dinner
out in Paul's," and Timothy adds : "Yes, he was
there as constant as D* Humphrey*" This may be the
explanation of the difficult passage in 83 iv. 4, 176,
where his mother asks Richd., " What comfortable hour
canst thou name That ever graced me in thy company i "
To which he answers : " Faith, none but Humphrey
hour, that called your Grace To breakfast once forth of
my company*" It is suggested that " Humphrey hour "
means the hour of hunger ; but the explanation may
be questioned* See also under PAUL'S (Si.)*

DUKE'S PLACE* Lond*, at the N* part of what is now
Duke St., Aldgate. It was called after Thomas Howard,
Duke of Norfolk, beheaded 1573. It was the seat of a
priory of the Holy Trinity, founded by Matilda, Q* of
Henry Beauclerc ; and in 1633 a new ch., dedicated to
St. James, was built in the priory precinct, which be-
came notorious for the celebration of irregular marriages*
It was taken down in 1874, but St* James PL retains the
name* In Reasons in a Hollow Tree, we are told of the
funeral sermon preached over " an old man that died
in the parish of St* James, near D* P., Aldgate," which
held the record for brevity : " Ashes to ashes/ dust to
dust, Here's the hole, and in thou must*"

DUKE'S THEATRE* A theatre in Portugal Row, Lin-
coln's Inn Fields, Lond,, opened by Davenant in 1660 :
it was originally Lisle's Tennis Court* The company left
it in 1671* Davenant's Playhouse deals with this theatre*

DULICHIUM* One of the Echinades, a group of islands
in the Ionian Sea between Ithaca and the mainland of
Acarnania* It is not certainly identified, but it formed
part of the dominions of Odysseus (Ulysses)* In T*
Heywood's Iron Age v*, Menelaus says, " I ever thought
the son of Telamon Did better merit the Achillean arms
Than the Dulichian k*," 1*0* Ulysses*

DUNBAR* An ancient town in Scotland in Haddington-
shire, 29 m* E* of Edinburgh* In Bacchus, one of the
topers is " Alexander Addlehead, from Dun Baur, a
Scot, who offered to his god a dozen of red herrings*"
In Greene's James IV v* i, Sir Cuthbert brings word t
" The K* of England hath besieged D* With mighty
force*" This is supposed to be just before the battle of
Flodden, but it is quite imaginary. In Sampson's Vow
i. 3, 6, Grey says to Argyle, " D. can witness where we
skirmished last*" The reference is to a slight skirmish
between the English and French on 31 March, 1560*
Milton, in Son. to Cromwell 8, says that Cromwell pur-
sued his work " while * * . D* field resounds thy
praises loud*" Cromwell defeated the Scots under
Leslie at D* on 3 Sept*, 1650*

DUNBQYNE

DUNBOYNE* A vill* in Co* Meath, Ireland, 10 m* N*W*
of Dublin* It gave its name to an Irish country-dance*
In Jonson's Irish, Dermock says, " Tey musht eene
come and daunsh in teyre mantles now ; and show tee
how teye can foot te fading and te fadow, and te phip a'
D*, I trowe*"

DUNDALK* A spt* in Ireland, the capital of Co* Louth,
on the Castleton, 50 m* N* of Dublin* Shane O'Neill
besieged it in 1566, when, according to Stndey, it was
defended by Stucley* In line 972, Gainsford says,
44 Brave Capt. Stukley, welcome to D*"

DUNDEE* An ancient city of Scotland, in Forfarsh*, at
the mouth of the Tay some 8 m* from the open sea*
It was originally walled, and was made a Royal Burgh
by William the Lion* It was called the second
Geneva, on account of the seal of the inhabitants for
the Reformation* In Sampson's Vow u, i, 67, Miles
says, " Instead of nutmegs and ginger, I will send her
the 3 bawbees I got at D*"

DUNECASTRUM* A name invented by Greene, who
in his Never too Late makes his pair of lovers fly from
Caerbranck (Brancaster in Norfolk) to D* Probably he
means Doncaster, g*i>*, though its Roman name was
Danunu

DUNGHILFORD* Obviously a fictitious name* In
Brome's M. Beggars v* i, Randal says, " Were you ever
at Dt, where I was born s* "

DUNKIRK (i*e* DUNKBRQXJE; Du* DUYN KERCHE, or
Ch* of the Dunes)* A town in France on the Straits of
Dover, 2,2, m* E* of Calais and 174 N* of Paris* As the
name shows, it was originally a Flemish town ; it was
said to have been founded by St* Eloi. Lying on the
boundary between the Spanish Provinces and France,
and close to England, it was held from time to time by
each of these powers* In 1558 the English were expelled
from it by the French ; and in 1559 it was handed over
to the Spaniards* The French captured it again in 1646.
but it was soon recovered by Spain* The French, under
Turenne, look it in 1658, but at once, in virtue of an
agreement between Mazarin and Cromwell, handed it
over to the English, who held it till 1662, when Charles
II sold it to Louis XIV* During the wars many priva-
teers were fitted up there, and were known as Ds* or
Ders* In Dekker's Hon. Wh* A* i* 7* Hipolito says, " A
harlot is like D*, true to none : Swallows both English,
Spanish, fulsome Dutch. Back-doored Italian ; last of
all, the French." In Massinger's New Way v* i, Marrall
charges Overreach with having ruined "An army of
whole families who. yet alive, And but enrolled for
soldiers, were able To take in D*" In Dekker's Hon.
Wh* B* i* i, Ludovico says, 4* This villain would fight
more desperately than 16 Dunkerkes*" In his // it be
339, Bartervile, beset by his creditors, says, " To raise
this De* siege thus cast I about," In his Satiro* i* 2, 364,
Tucca says to Horace, ** I'll march through thy des*
guts for shooting jests at me*" In Marmion's Leaguer iv*
2, the Bawd says, " Well, they may talk of D, or of Callis
Enriched with foreign booties*" In T, Heywopd's
I* jRT* JWf* B* 336, a Spaniard brings word to Medina :
" We have discovered riding along the coasts of France
and Dunkerke an English navy*" In Brome's Moor v* i,
the Host says to Winloss, " You have been 6 years gone,
And all of them in prison, saving one In Dunkerk, as I
ween*" In B* & F* Beggars' iii* i, one of the Boors
swears, " Devil a D*l What a rogue's this juggler I"
A lost play entitled The Siege of JD*, with Alleyn the
Pirate, is recorded by Henslowe 1603* There are many
references to the privateers ; and the name is applied

DUNMOW

also to sergeants and loose women* In Dekker's North-
ward i* 3, a servant reports, 44 Mr. Philip is taken
prisoner*"— •" By the Ds*s"' asks Bellamont*—
"Worse," says the servant, "by catchpoles*" In
Nash's Lenten, ad fin*, he prays for the Yarmouth
fishermen: "God keep you from the Ders*!" In
B* & F. Hon. Man v* 3, Montague, addressing La-Poof
and his sailors, says, " Oh, ye dog-bolts* That fear no
hell but D* 1 " In Shirley's Bird iv* i, Bonamico, ex-
hibiting his birds, says, " This was a rail, which being
sent unto an English lady was ta'en at sea by Ders*"
In Glapthorne's Hollander i* i, Sconce says* "The
villainous Ders* at sea met with the herring-busses and
made stockfish of them," z,e* thrashed them soundly*
In Middleton's No Wit i* i, Savourwit tells us that Lady
Twilight, "crossing to Guernsey, was taken by the
Ds*" In Underwit iii* 3, Engine tells of a man who
" went to sea in a Hollander and was taken by the De*"
Dekker, in News from Hell (1606), tells how the Devil,
leaving Gravesend, "struck in among the Dunkerks,
where he encountered such a number of all nations,
with the dregs of all kingdoms* vices dropping upon
them, that he had almost thought himself at home*"
In Massinger's Milan iii* 2, Julio says of Gracco, " He
looks * * * as if he came from a close fight at sea under
the hatches with a she-D*," z*e* a courtesan* In B* & F*
Elder B* iv* 2, Andrew says, " They look ruefully * * *
As if they had been quite shot through 'tween wind and
water By a she-D*" Dekker, in Bellman 164, speaking
of certain swindlers, says, "When they have well-
freighted, these Des* hoist sail and to sea they go*"
A D* cloak was used in the sense of a walking-stick or
staff ; just as was a Plymouth cloak* In Glapthorne's
Hollander iii* i, Mixum asks, " What is a D* cloak i "
And Pirke replies : " Behold this cane, this staff of
office ! "

DUNMOW* A town in Essex, 38 m* N*E* of Lond*
There was an ancient priory there, dedicated to the
Virgin Mary* It was said that K* John having perse-
cuted with his unlawful passion the daughter of Robert
Fitzwater, the Castellan of Baynard's Castle (g*v*), she
fled to the nunnery at Dunmow and was there poisoned
by the K*'s order* In Downfall Huntington y* i, Skelton
records* " Matilda, shunning John's pursuit, became A
nun at D* Abbey*" The whole story is told in Daven-
port's Matilda v* i and 2* Burton, A. M+ iii* 2, 3, says
that for love " Kings will leave their crowns, as K* John
for Matilda, the nun at D*" D* is chiefly famous for the
flitch of bacon which was on offer from the prior to
"any pair that after a twelve-month of matrimony could
make oath that they had never had a quarrel, and never
regretted their marriage*" It is recorded that it was
successfully claimed 88 times between 1244 and 1772*
In Piers C* xi* 276, we read, " Thie don hem to Done-
mowe ; bote the deyel hem helpe To folwen for the
flicche, feccheth thei hit nevere ; Bote thei bothe be
forswore* that bacon thei tyne*" In Chaucer C* 7** D*
218, the wife of Bath says of her husbands, " The
bacoun was nat for hem, I trowe, That som men han in
Essexe at D," In Jonson's BarthoL v* 3, Leatherhead
says of Hero, ** She will not be taken, After sack and
fresh herring, with your D* bacon*" In Tom Tyler
(Anon, Plays ii* 395), Strife says of Tyler : " I will teach
him to know The way to D*/' i.e* how to live at peace
with his wife ; and on p* 316, Tailor says, " You may
now go for bacon to D*" In Sampson's Vow L i, 68,
Ursula says to the newly-married couple, 4* If either of
you repent your bargain within a twelve-month, then
you shall fetch no bacon at Dunmowe*"

159

DUNS INANE

DUNSINANE* One of the Sidlaw Hills in Scotland,
7 m* N*E* of Perth and 15 SJ3* of Birnam Wood* It is
over 1000 ft. high and commands an extensive view.
On its summit are still to be seen the lines of circum-
vallation of a castle, which is said to have been the castle
of Macbeth* In Mac, iv* i, 93, the Apparition declares,
* Macbeth shall never vanquished be until Great
Birnam wood to high D. hill Shall come against him*"
Note that in this passage the accent is on the 2nd syllable.
The whole of Act V takes place in D* Castle and its neigh-
bourhood* Inv*a, i :2, Caithness says of Macbeth: "Great
D* he strongly fortifies*'' In v* 3, 2, Macbeth says, " Till
Birnam wood remove to D* I cannot taint with fear " ;
and again, in line 60, " I will not be afraid of death and
bane Till Birnam forest come to D," In v, 4, 9, he
" keeps still in D*" In v* 5, 45, he says, " And now a
wood comes toward D*" ; and in v. 8, 30, vows, " I will
not yield, Though Birnam wood be come to D**'

DUNSMORE* A heath on the N*W* road between
Coventry and Daventry, abt* 10 m* from each. In
H6 C* v* i, 3, Warwick, lying in Coventry, asks where
the Earl of Oxford is, and is told " By this at D*, march-
ing hitherward/' A full account of the situation will be
found s.v. COVENTRY, Heylyn,s.i;* PALESTINE, says, "Our
citizens of Coventrie and Warwicke show the bones of
the dun-cow of Dunsmeare heath, and the bones of I
know not what giants, slain by Earl Guy/' Drayton, in
Polyolb. xiii* 311, describes D* as lying 4t Where those %
mighty ways, the Wading and the Fosse, Our centre
seem to cut*""

DUNSTABLE* A town in S* Beds*, at the intersection of
Icknield and Watling Sts*, 33 m* N*W* of Lond* One
of the Elinor Crosses was erected here, but was pulled
down by the Puritans* In H8 iv* i, 27, a gentleman says,
" The Archbp* of Canterbury Held a late court at D*,
6 m* off From Ampthill where the princess [Catharine
of Arragon] lay ; to which She was often cited by them
but appeared not*" Cranmer held his court in the
priory of the Black Canons, founded by Henry I in 1131,
and the divorce was pronounced in the Lady Chapel on
May 23rd, 1533* la Oldcastle ii* 2, Murley says, " No
Master I, but plain William Murley, the brewer of D*"
In Defcker's Northward i* i* the Chamberlain says,
44 Your captains were wont to take their leave of their
Lond* pole-cats at D* ; the next morning, when they
had broken their fast together, the wenches brought
them to Hockley r thr Hole ; and so the one for Lond*,
the other for Westchester/' In Jonson's Gipsies, when
it was performed at Bever Castle, the lines were added*
44 Make it a jolly night, For 'tis a holy night, Spight of
the Constable Or Dean of D." In Latimer's Sermon on
Rom* xv* 4, he says, 44 There were some good walkers
among them that walked in the k/s highway ordinarily,
uprightly, plain D* way/' Fuller quotes as a Beds* pro-
verb, '* As plain as D* way/' as descriptive of anything
plain and simple without either welt or guard to adorn
it* This proverb also occurs in the Cobler of Canter-
burie* The reference is to the long, straight stretches of
Watling St* on both sides of D*, particularly to the
northwards, after its descent into the plain at D* itself*
So Jonson, in his Intro* to Coryat's Crudities, says,
Her? up the Alps, not so plain as to D*, he's carried
like a cripple/' Nash, in Almond for a Parrot 19, speaks
of 44 a good old d* doctor here in Lond/' And Florio
defines Carlonct as * plainly, d* way, homely fashion*"
In Nash's Wilton, Jack says, " I was stepping to her
with a D. tale made up my market* A holy requiem to
their souls that think to woo women with riddles/' In
Phillip's Grissitl 154, Politick 'Persuasion says, " I am
plain D*, I may say to you*" This proverbial use of the

160

DUNWICH

name is found at least as late as Richardson's Clarissa
(1748)* In Wise Men i. i, Proberio jestingly apostro-
phises Simplo, a plain, honest fellow, as " Thou D,
breed*" In Nabbes* C* Garden v* 6, Warrant says,
44 For Latin, I have less than the Dean of D/' In Dek-
ker's Northward i* i, Greenshield says, 44 This honest
knave is called Innocence; he dwelt at D, not long
since*" One of the characters in Trag* Richd. II is
Symon Ignorance, the Baylie of D* : his mark is *4 a
sheephook with a tar-box at end on 't/' Keller thinks
that there is some connection between this usage of D.
and the word Dunce ; but he is clearly wrong. A
play on St. Catharine was performed by the boys of the
monastery school at D* in iiio> the costumes being
borrowed from the abbey of St* Albans*

DUNSTAN'S, SAINT. There were a churches dedi-
cated to St* Dunstan in Lond* The best known was St*
D* in the W., in Fleet St* on the N* side, between
Fetter Lane and Chancery Lane* It was built in 1337; it
escaped the Gt. Fire, and stood till 1831, when it was
replaced by the present building* The projecting clock,
or " Dial!/' was there in Shakespeare's time, but the a
figures that struck the hours were not set up till 1667,
though Scott, in the Fortunes of Nigel, makes Moniplies
speak of " The two Iron Carles yonder, at the Kirk be-
side the Port, banging out sax o' the clock." The church
ran lengthwise along the st*, and at the E. and W* ends
were a number of booksellers' shops* The and quarto
of Hamlet was 44 Printed by I* R* for N* D* and are \to be
sold at his shop under St* Dunstons Ch, in Flee.t St*
1604*" Another edition was " Printed by W* S* for John
Smethwicke and are to be sold at his shop in Stl\ D*
Churchyard in Fleet-st*, under the Diall." The Qq* of
1 6 1 1 and 1636 were published at the same place*
Smethwick also published 3 Qq* of Romeo and Juliet,
the ist dated 1609, Other St* D* printers and book-
sellers were Thomas Marsh, the publisher of Stow's
Chronicles ; William Griffith, who issued the ist (un-
authorized) edition of Gorboduc; Richard Marriott,
Matthias Walker, and John Browne. In Middleton's
Five Gallants, Frippery has clients in St* D* parish (i* i)*
Nearly opposite to the ch* at No* 2 Fleet St* was the
Tavern of St* D. and the Devil, commonly known as
The Devil Tavern (g*i>*)* In Dekker's Edmonton iv. i,
Cuddy says, 44 The Devil in St* D* will as soon drink
with this poor cur as with any Temple-Bar laundress
that washes and wrings lawyers*" In Jonson's Staple,
prol*, the author says, 44 What is it to his scene, to know
If D* or the Phoenix best wine has i ** In B* <fc F*
Thomas iii* i, Thomas speaks of the devil being 44 sick
of a calenture, taken by a surfeit of stinking souls, at his
nephew's at St* D/' He means the Devil of the Devil
Tavern, opposite the ch*

St* D* in the E* is on St. D* Hill, close to the corner
of Gt* Tower St* It was reduced to bare walls by the
Gt* Fire and restored by Wren, who modelled the tower
on that of St, Nicholas at Newcastle-on-Tyne* It was
rebuilt in 1817* In Fair Women i* 273, Browne asks
Mrs* Drury where Mrs, Saunders lived* She answers :
44 Against St* D* Ch*" Browne asks : " St* D* in Fleet
su1"— " No," says the lady, "near Billingsgate, St* D»
in the E* ; That's in the W*"

DUNWICH* Spt, town in Suffolk, 28 m* N*E* of Ips-
wich* It was formerly the seat of the Bishopric of E,
Anglia, and had several important buildings ; but the
encroachments of the sea have reduced it to insignific-
ance* In Bale's Johan 373, Verity says of the K+,
44 Great monuments are in Ipswich, D* and Bury which
noteth him to be a man of notable mercy*" John
granted the town a charter of incorporation because of

DURHAM

the assistance it had rendered him in the civil war* In
Wilson's Pedler 276, thePedler describes a huge monster
as being "in breadth from Donwish to Porchmouth*"

DURHAM* The capital of Co, Durham, 258 m* N* of
Lond* It is the seat of a bishopric, and the Cathedral
and castle stand magnificently on the heights over-
looking the Wear* In B* & F* Scornful i. i, Sir Roger
says to Welford, ** I knew a worshipful and a religious
gentleman of your name in the bishopric of D*" In
Brome's Northern ii* i, Fitchow says of Constance,
44 She is northern ; her uncle sent for her to make her
his child out of the bishoprick of D*" Fox, Bp* of D*,
is one of the characters in Ford's Warbeck* In iv* 3,
Warwick says of the K*, " His Fox of D* would not fail
at last*" He was Richd* Fox, one of Henry's trusted
advisers, and was made bp», 1st of Exeter, then of Bath
and Wells (1491), then of D* (1494), and finally of
Winchester (1500)* He founded Corpus Christi Col-
lege, Oxford ; and died in 1528*

DURHAM HOUSE* The Lond. house of the Bps. of D**
built by Anthony de Beck, bp* in the reign of Edward I,
and rebuilt by Thomas Hatfield in 1345* It stood on the
S* side of the Strand, just W* of Ivy Bridge Lane, and was
44 high, stately, and supported by lofty marble pillars*"
Cuthbert Tunstall conveyed it to Henry VIII, and it re-
mained in the hands of the Crown until Elizabeth be-
stowed it on Raleigh* James I built his New Exchange
on the site of its stables; and in 1768 the brothers
Adam bought the house itself and rebuilt upon its site
the block of buildings known as the Adelphi (brothers) :
the names of the 4 brothers being perpetuated in John,
Robert, James, and William Sts* D* St* preserves the
ancient name* In More v* i, when Sir Thos* is arrested,
a warder asks, 44 From whence is he committed 4 Who
can tell s1 tr And is answered, " From D. H*, I hear**'

DUTCH. It was first used of all those who spoke some
kind of German speech, including both High and Low
Germans* After the beginning of the iyth cent*, when
the United Provinces had become independent, the
word was gradually restricted in English to the in-
habitants of the Netherlands, particularly those of
Holland* Before that it is often synonymous with
German* Hence Dland* is used for Germany* Fynes
Moryson, in Jftner* (1605) iii* 2, 4, says of the Nether-
lands, 4t The people for language and manners hath
great affinity with the Germans, both being called
Dmen* by a common name*" Boorde, in Intro, of
Knowledge (1547) xv* 163* says, *4 In Denmark * * *
their speech is Douche*" Heylyn, Microcosmographie*
p* 29, says, 44 D* [is spoken] though with different
dialects in Germany. Belgium, Denmarke, Swethland,
and Norway*" In Chapman's Alphonsus ii* 2, 125,
Edward asks, 44 Good aunt, teach me so much D* to ask
her pardon*" To which the Empress responds, 44 Say
so : Gnediges Frawlin, vergebet mirs*" In i* 2, 23,
Collen speaks of '* the brave Duke of Saxon, Dland's
greatest hope*" In Middleton's J?* G* v* i, Tearcat says,
44 Ick bin dorick all Dlant* gereisen " : i*e* 44 1 have
travelled through all Germany*" Dekker, in Lanthorn
188, says that before the confusion of tongues 44 there
was no Germaine to thunder out the high and rattling
D*" In Ado iii* 2, 33, Don Pedro speaks of Benedick as
having a fancy to strange disguises 44 as to be a Dman*
to-day* a Frenchman to-morrow**' In Glapthorne's
Wit i* i, Tristram says that Holdfast, the Cambridge
student, has 44 spoiled his eyes witii prying on small D*
characters," z*e* German print, For distinction's sake
High D* is used for what we should call German, and
Low D* for Flemish* La Jonson's Alchemist ii* i*

DUTCH

Mammon speaks of *4 a treatise penned by Adam on the
Philosopher's stone, and in High D*" Surly asks :
44 Did Adam write, Sir, in High D, i "— " He did," says
Mammon, 44 which proves it was the primitive tongue*"
In Jack Drum v* 233, Sir Edward says, " M* Ellis, pray
you let us hear your high D* song." In B* & F. Fair
Maid L ii* 2, Forobosco asks : ** What language shall's
conjure in i High-D*, I think, that's full in the mouth*"
In Davenant's Albovine iv* i, Gondibert says, " He'll
pray in no language but the High D*" In Kyd's Cor-
nelia i., Cicero says, ** Neither could the flaxen-haired
High D* Once dare to assault it," z+e* the Roman Em-
pire : the reference being to the tribes of inland Ger-
many* In Brome's Novella iv* 2, Horatio says of the
disguised Fabritio, " There he stands, translated out of
sober Italian into high D*" In Chapman's Alphonsus
iii* i, 52, Brandenburg says to Prince Edward, '* When
you have drunk a dozen of these bowls So can your
majesty with a full mouth Troll out high D*" In
Hercules iv* I, 1890, Drpmio, with audacious ana-
chronism, for the scene is in ancient Thebes, asks,
44 What wilt thou give me* if I flout yonder slave now in
high D* i " and then proceeds, 44 Hear you, mein Herr,
ich bringe euch unndt heng euch selbes, I think I have
dt* him 1 " In B. & F Elder B* ii* 4, Andrew says that
Eustace 44 speaks high D*," though he can't talk Greek,
i*e* he is drunk* In All's iv* i, 78, Parolles appeals to his
captors : 4t If there be here German or Dane, Low D*,
Italian, or French, let him speak to me*" German not
being known to ordinary Englishmen, D* is used for any
unintelligible speech ; as in the modern phrase " double
D*" In Marlowe's Faustus iv., Wagner speaks a few
words of Latin, and the Clown exclaims, 44 God forgive
us, he speaks D* fustian " : fustian, like bombast, being
used for high-flown, inflated language* The D* or
German pronunciation of English is the subject of
frequent jest, and Dmen* are introduced for comic effect
in many of the plays* In I,* L* L* v* 2, 247, Katharine
says to Longayille, ** Veal, quoth the Dman* Is not veal
a calf S1 " This somewhat obscure joke is explained by a
passage in Dodypoll ii* a, where the Dr* says, 44 Hans,
fait and trot me be right glad to see you veale." To
which Hans replies : " What, do you make a calf of me,
M* Dr* < " In Haughton's Englishmen there is a Dman*,
Vandal, amongst the suitors who talks a kind of broken
English, as thus (iv* 2) : 44 Oh de skellum Frisco, ic
weit niet waer ic be, ic go and hit my nose up dit post,
and ic go and hit my nose up dandern post* Oh, de
villain J Well, waer ben ic news' " There is a D* Nurse
in Middleton's Quarrel, who talks a similar kind of
lingo* When asked whose child this is, she answers,
44 Dis gentleman's so he to me readen*" In Dekker's
Shoemaker's iii* i, the D* skipper says, 44 Ic heb veale
gedrunck": on which Firk comments, "They may
well be called butter-boxes, when they drink fat veal
and thick beer too*" There is a drunken Dman* (Hans) in
Wealth, and a comic D* sea captain (Bumble) in Dave-
nant's Plymouth*

Personal appearance, character, and dress of the Dutch.
In Dekker's Horn Wh* B* i* i, Lodovico says, " There is
a saying when they commend nations; it goes: the
Irishman for his hand * * * the Dman* for beard." In
Massinger's Guardian ii* 5, Calipso, speaking of the
charms of the women of different countries, mentions
44 the plump D* frow*" In Heywood's Lucrece iii* 5,
Valerius sings, 44 The thrifty Frenchman wears small
waist, The D* his belly boasteth*" In Shirley's Fair One
ii* i, the Tutor asks, 4t Are not Italian heads, Spanish
shoulders, D* bellies, and French legs the only notions
of your reformed English gentleman t " In Glap-

161

DUTCH

thorne's Wit i. i, Tristram says that Holdfast has
learned at Cambridge to prove by logic that " the moon's
made of a Holland cheese ; and the man in 't a swag-
beilied D* burger/' In M. W. W. iii. 5, 121, Falstaff
speaks of himself in the buck-basket: " I was more than
half stewed in grease, like a D* dish/' In Jonson's Vol-
pone i. if Moschus says, " You shall have some will
swallow A melting heir as glibly as your D. Will pills
of butter*" In Haughton's Englishmen i. i, Frisco
claims that he can speak perfect D* ; but, he says, ** I
must have my mouth full of meat first/' In Ford's
Trial ii. i, when Fulgoso says, " I know upon which
side my bread is buttered," Guzman replies : ** But-
tered t D* again I" In Dekker's Westward iii* 4,
Honeysuckle speaks of "a D. supper, butter and
onions*" In Marston's Insatiate iv., Zucco says* " The
Dman. shall loathe salt-butter, before I re-love thee."
In Glapthorne's Hollander iii* i, Sconce speaks of " this
D* blood of mine, Guilty of bacon-grease and potted
butter/' In Davenant's Plymouth ii* i, Cable says that
he has ruined his singing-voice "with eating butter
when I lay among the D* ships at Delph." In Chaunti-
cleers v*, Welcome says you must bait a trap for " a D*
mouse with butter or bacon/' In Middleton's No Wit
i* 3, Savourwit says, " A Dman* will work butter out of
a thistle/' Nash, in Pierce C. 3, speaks of a proverb as
being *' as hoary [i.e. mouldy] as D* butter/' In B* & F*
Malta iv* 2, Norandine, hearing the hoarse cries of Oriana
from her tomb, says it is " The spirit of a Dman* choked
with butter/' Indeed, Butter-box was a common nick-
name for a Dman* In Dayenant's Plymouth iii* i, when
Seawit says that Bumble is a Dinan*, Inland exclaims,
"Hows' a butter-box $"' Ddoney,inGentfeCnz/*i*2i,
says, 44 We have not men enow, but we must entertain
every butter-box*" In Massinger's Renegado ii* 5,
Grimaldi talks of ** being trussed up at the mainyard
By some Low Country butter-box/'

The D* j(and the Germans also) were heavy drinkers*
Heylyn (s.v. BELGIUM) says that " they are much given
to our English beer*" In T* Heywood's Lucrece iii* 5,
Valerius sings, 44 The Russ drinks quass ; D*, Lubeck
beer*" In Jonson's Devil i. i, Iniquity promises Pug
that he shall go " to St* Kathern's to drink with the D*
there " : it was at St* Katharine's wharf that the D*
boats mostly came in* In Wealth B* 4, Hance, a drunken
Dman*, says, " Gut naught ic mot watt, to sent Cafrin,
to mi laman store " : apparently he means " Good
night ! I must go to St* Katharine's to my countryman's
[or my mistress'] door*" In Davenant's Wits ii* i,
young Palatine says he has told Lady Ample, ** She
must die, and her velvet hood be sold to some D* brewer
of Ratcliffe*" In Dekker's Hon. Wh. B* iv* 3, Lodovico
says, " We'll trouble your house, Matheo, but as Dmen*
do in taverns, drink, be merry, and be gone*" To which
Orlando replies : " Indeed, if you be right Dmen*, if
you fall to drinking, you must be gone*" In Barry's
Ram ii* i, Will Smallshanks says, 44 My brother swallows
it with more ease than a Dman* does flap-dragons " :
a flap-dragon being a raisin or other small article
steeped in spirits and then set on fire ; to swallow it was
a common feat with hard drinkers. In Marston's Mal-
content aL i, Bilioso says, " Your lordship shall ever
find Amongst an hundred Dmen* fourscore drunkards*"
In v* i, a ballad is sung, w The Dman* for a drunkard,
The Dane for goldefr locks/' In Dekker's Hon. Wh. A.
i. 3, Fustigo says, ** Our drunken ship reeled like a
Dman*" In Jonsbn's Cynthia v* 2, Anaides says of the
44 accost " of Amorphus, " O 'tis too D*, He reels too
much/' In Middleton's Trick to Catch v. 2, Witgood

'<*'<' 162

DUTCH

abjures, amongst other things that are the cause of
youth's undoing, " D* flap-dragons*" In Ed. HI iii* i,
K* John speaks of " those ever bibbing Epicures, Those
frothy Dmen., puffed with double beer, That drink and
swill in every place they come*" In Shirley's Pleasure
v* i, Bornwell proposes to 4* whirl in coaches to the D*
magazine of sauce, the Steelyard, where deal and back-
rag and what strange wines else shall flow into our room
and drown Westphalias, tongues, and anchovies*" The
Steelyard was a well-known drinking house in Lond* In
Tourneur's Revenger i* 3, Vendice speaks of " D* lust,
fulsome lust, drunken procreation, which begets so
many drunkards*" In B* <5c F* Span. Cur. i* i, Leandro
tells of a courtesan who " ended in the D* [way] ; for
to cool herself she kissed him drunk i' th' morning*"
In Massinger's Great Duke ii* 2, Caponi says, " They
[the Italians] drink more in 2 hours than the Dman* or
the Dane in four-and-twenty*" In Jack Drum v* 233,
Sir Edward says, " M* Ellis, pray you let us hear your
high D* song " ; and Ellis responds with a drinking
song, ** Give us once a drink, for an the black bowl,"
etc* In Dekker's Shoemaker's ii* 3, Lacy enters disguised
as a D* shoemaker, and sings, " Der was een bore van
Gelderland, Frolick sie byen ; He was als drunk he cold
niet stand, Upsolce sie byen ; Tap eens de canneken ;
Drincke, schone mannekin," i.e. 44 There was a boor
from Gelderland, Jolly they be ; He was so drunk he
could not stand ; That's what they be ; Clink then the
cannakin; Drink, pretty mannikin/' In Marston's
Insatiate v*, Gonzago says, ** When we were young, we
could 'a drunk down a Dman*" In Nash's Wilton K. i,
Jack says, " With the Dane and the Dman* I will not
encounter; for they are simple honest men, that with
Danaus' daughters do nothing but fill bottomless tubs
and will be drunk and snort in the midst of dinner*"
In Glapthorne's Privilege iii* i, Adorni says, 44 The
Dman* drinks his buttons off, the English doublet and
all away*" In Noble Soldier iii* 3, Baltasar says, "" I can
be drunk with the D*" In Ev. Worn. L v* i, Acutus says
of Philautus, 44 He will drink down a Dman*" Nash, in
Pierce F* i, says, 44 He is crafty drunk, as many of the
Dmen* be that will never bargain but when they are
drunk/' In Chapman's Csssar ii. i, 115, Ophioneus
advises : " Thou shalt drink with the Dman*, cheat with
the Englishman, brag with the Scot, and turn all this to
religion." Burton, A. M. i* 2, 2, 2, says, « Our Dmen.
invite all comers with a pail and a dish, making barrels
of their bellies." The phrase " to drink upsey freeze "
apparently means to drink in D* or Frisian fashion,
and we find sometimes ** upsey D." in the same sense*
In Jack Drum ii. 364, Sir Edward says, 44 Drink D*,
like gallants ; let's drink upsey freeze/' In Jonson's
Alchemist iv* 4, Subtle says, ** I do not like the dulness
of your eye ; It hath a heavy cast, 'tis upsee D*" In
Chapman's Alphonsus iii. i, 30, Alphonsus says,
44 Schinck bowk of Rheinpfalz and the purest wine ;
Well spend this evening lusty upsy D/' In B. & F*
Beggars' iii. i, one of the boors says, " Sit down, lads,
and drink we upsey D." Dekker in Bellmanf p. 26, says,
" Teach me * * * how to take the German's upsy-freeze,
the Danish rouse*" In Seven Sins he speaks of 4* all the
learned rules of drunkenness, as upsy freeze, crambo,
Parmezant, etc*"

The D* are represented as dull, phlegmatic, and too
lazy to be jealous* _In Goosecap i* 2, Fowle Wether says,
" Would I might never excell a D* skipper m cmnrMiip,
if I did not put distaste into my cairiage.of^Mmose*"
In Shirley's Ball iv* 3, Lucina speaks of tI*er.5pMeg-
matic D/' In Jonson's Volpom & ^taj feStous Cor-

DUTCH

vino says to his wife, " I'm a Dman*, I ; for if you
thought me an Italian, You would be damned ere you
did this/' In Massinger's Milan iy* 3, Mariana, after
giving some instances of the misbehaviour of the
Duchess, says, 4t To a Dman* This were enough ; but
to a right Italian A hundred thousand witnesses/' In
B* & F* French Law. iii* i, Champernal says, ** I am no
Italian To lock her up ; nor would I be a Dman* To
have my wife my sovereign, to command me/' At the
same time the men were uxorious* In Glapthorne's
Hollander ii* i, Mrs* Mixum says, " If you will marry
your daughter to the most complete man, let him be D*
They are the rarest men at multiplication/'

The D* women were good managers and capable in
business, but not too precise in their morals, which was
probably true of those whom our soldiers met in the
camps in the Netherlands* In Webster's Law Case iii* i,
Ariosto says, " Your Dwomen* in the Low Countries
take all and pay all, and do keep their husbands silly
[r«e* ignorant] of their own estates/' In Middleton's
Trick to Catch iii* 3, Mrs* Florence is described as " a D*
widow ; that's an English drab*" Marston has a play
entitled The D* Courtesan : in i* i, Frevile says of her,
" I wiU shew thee a pretty nimble-eyed D» tanakin,"
r\e* a girl : a diminutive formed from Ann* In Armin's
Moreclacke A« 4, Mary says to Tabitha, ** He that shall
marry thee is matched i' faith to a D* snaphaunce, you
will strike fire with words*" The ** snaphaunce " is a
musket with a flint-lock ; and is used for an impulsive
woman who goes off easily* It appears to have been of
Dutch origin* In Lawyer i*, Vaster says to his wife,
44 Be petulant, you whore, sprightly, frolick, as a D*
tanakin*" In iv*, Thirsty says, ** Now could I dance like
a D* froe [woman] ; my heels are as light as my head*"

The D* are represented as mean in their treatment of
their mercenaries, and brutally cruel in thehourofvictpry*
The massacre of the English at Amboyna (g*p*) intensified
this feeling* In Webster's A+ & Virginia ii* 2, one of the
Roman soldiers complains, 44 We dine to-day as Dmetu
feed their soldiers," Le. very meagrely* In B* & F* Fair
Maid 7* ii* i, Alberto says, " I am apt for mischief, apt as a
Dman* after asea-fi ght, when his enemy kneels afore him*"
In Glapthorne's Hollander iv* i, Sconce cries, ** As if
there could be any mercy in a Dman* 1 " In Lady
Mother ii* i, Grimes says, 4f The Capt* fell on like a
tyrannical D* man-of-war that shows no mercy to the
yielding enemy/'

Holland was the home of some of the most pro-
nounced sects of the Puritans, which especially flourished
in Amsterdam, g*v* In Mayne's Match v» 6, Mrs*
Scruple says of Salewit, 44 Surely I take this to be some
D* elder/' In Brome's Covent G* iii* 3, Lucie says that
Mihil " carried himself as civilly for a gentleman that
should not look like one o' th' fathers of the D* church at
five-and-twenty*" In Cartwright's Ordinary iii* 5, Sir
Christopher says, *4 Kit's as hungry now as a besieged
city, and as dry as a D* commentator*" In Strode's Float*
JsL v* 7, Hilario says, "He never was at the University
* * * And yet lectures as good divinity As commonly
we find in most D* systems Or City-conventicles**'

The D* dressed in baggy slops or breeches, short
doublets, and large felt hats* In Middleton's JR* G* ii* 2,
the Tailor says to Moll, 44 You say you'll have the great
D* slop, Mrs* Mary ; your breeches then wiU take up a
yard more/* In h& Nof WitL 3, the stage direction is :
44 Enter a little D* boy in ^reat slops/' la Dekker's
Northward iii* i, the tailor recQ$am£ttds " a short D*
^waist with a round Catherine wheet ~fed&ngale/f In
?(Jascoigne's Steel Gloss, epiL 31, he speafes of** Women

163

DUTCH

masking in men's weeds With dkin* doublets and with
jerkins jagged*" In T* Heywopd's Challenge iii*, the
Maid says, 4* Your D* cassock is a comely wear*" To
which Manhurst retorts : 4i It hath been, but now adays
it grows shorter and shorter*" In Webster's White Devil
i* 2, Flamineo, speaking of Camillo, says, *4 Like a D*
doublet, all his back Is shrunk into his breeches*" In
Glapthorne's Hollander iv* i, Sconce says, 4t When this
old cap was new, 'twas a D* felt/' In his Wit ii* i,
Valentine says, ** A haberdasher would have snaked his
block-head as if he had been trying a D* felt out*" In
Underwit L i, Underwit orders ** a Lond« D* felt with-
out a band, with a feather in 't/' Lyly, in Euphues Anat.
Witf p* 140, speaks of u the D* hat " as an article of
fashionable attire*

The Dutch were famous navigators ; and their ships
were not above making free-booting attacks on mer-
chants in the North Sea* They were also largely engaged
in fisheries, and there was considerable rivalry between
them and the English* In Tw. N. iii* 2, 29, Fabian says
to Sir Andrew, " You are now sailed into the North of
my lady's opinion ; where you will hang, like an icicle on
a Dman/s beard*" There is probably a reference here
to the Ajrctic expedition of the Dman*, William Barendsz
which set out in 1596 and had to spend the winter in the
Arctic Circle* In Jonson's Alchemist iii, 2, Face tells
how a Spaniard has come in " in 6 great slops Bigger
than 3 D* hoys " : the 44 hoy " being a D* vessel rigged
like a sloop and built round in the bottom to accommo-
date as much merchandise as possible* Nash, in Saffron
Walden F* 2, says, "'Tis an unconscionable gorbellied
volume, bigger bulked than a D* hoy*" In Davenant's
Wits iii* i, the Elder Palatine says, 4t If Morglay hear 't,
he'll think me as dull as a D* mariner*" In B* & F,
Prize iii* 2, Jaques describes how a lady's hood fell in
the posset, " and there rid like a D* hoy*" In Jonson's
Augurs the Groom says to Notch, ** Hey-day J what's
this** a hogshead of beer broke out of the King's
buttery, or some D* hulk *"' In Tuke's Five Hours Lt
Geraldo thinks the Spanish k* " should have more
money than these D* swabbers/' In Middleton's jR* G.
ii* i, Laxton says, ** She slips from one company to an-
other, like a fat eel between a Dman/s fingers*** In
Nabbes' Spring, Lent says, 44 1 have 1000 herrings de-
spight of the Dman/s wasteful theft, let them rob the 4
seas never so often*" Dekker, in Catchpol (1613), says
that the drumsticks in the Masque "were the shin-
bones of 2 D* free-booters/' There was much trade
between England and Holland, and the D* or Zealand
dollar, a silver coin of the value of 3/-, was familiar*
In Jonson's Alchemist iii* 2, Subtle promises Tribula-
tion, 44 You shall » * * with a tincture make you as good
D* dollars As any are in Holland/' In Jonson's Volpone
iv* i, Sir Politick enters in his diary that he had " a dis-
course With a D* merchant *bout ragion del state/'
In Davenant's Plymouth iii* i, Inland says, " These
carrot-eating D* have filched already most of the bullion
out of the land ; they exhaust our gold and send us
pickled herrings/'

The D. were reputed to be excellent shoemakers*
In Dekker's Shoemaker*st Lacy disguises himself as a D*
shoemaker and takes service with Simon Eyre* In
Greene's Qnip, p. 246, Cloth-Breeches protests, ** The
drunken Dman*, this shoemaker, abuseth our common-
wealth; for our new upstart fools like no shoe so well as a
Dman* maketh, when our Englishmen pass them far*"
In Beguiled, we are told of 44 a D. cobler*"

Miscellaneous references to articles produced in Hollmd.
In the xyth cent* the cultivation of hops on an extensive

DUTCH CHURCH

scale was introduced into England by the example of
the D* Ale was brewed from malt and could not be kept
long ; beer, brewed from malt and hops/ kept much
better* In Nabbes' Totenham iii* 2, Changelove says,
44 1 love beer best, The planting of hops was a rare pro-
jection in the D*" In Jpnson's Ey. Man O* v* 4, Carlo
says of Puntarvolo, " His face is like a D. purse with the
mouth downward, his beard the tassels." The purse was
a bag with the mouth gathered up by a string ending in 2
tassels* The D* or Flanders mares were highly esteemed
as coach-horses* In Tomkins* Albumazar iii, 5, Trin-
culo says, " I will go to this astrologer, and hire him to
turn my 4 jades to 2 pair of D* mares/' In Davenport's
New Trick L i, Anne, receiving an offer of marriage from
Lord Scales, anticipates, amongst other advantages of
the match, " a caroach with 4, 4 great D* mares*" In
B, & F* Prize iii* 2, Maria says, " Tell the Dman* That
brought the mares, he must with all speed send me
Another suit of horses*" Windmills are still a charac-
teristic feature in D* landscapes* In Randolph's Muses*
iii* i, Banausus says, " I have a rare device to set D*
windmills upon Newmarket Heath and Salisbury Plain,
to drain the fens." D* tapestries were famous from the
I4th cent* onwards; and in the reign of James I
tapestry looms were set up at Mortlake and weavers im-
ported from Holland* In Mayne's Match ii* 3, Aurelia
compares Timothy to 44 a mute in the hangings." To
which he replies : ** Why, Lady, do you think me
wrought in a loom £ some D. piece weaved at Mort-
lake £ " Heylyn says that the D. invented clocks ; and
Huyghens, who died at The Hague in 1695, laid down the
theory of the pendulum as applied to clocks* In B. & F*
Wit Money iii* x, Lady Heartwell says sarcastically to
the gentlemen, ** You are not daily mending, like D.
watches*" In Lawyer iii*, Curfew asks Nice whether his
watch is " French or D*" The author of Old Meg, p* 12,
disparages women " that like D* watches have larums
in their mouths." In Ford's Trial ii. i, Fulgoso, being
challenged to fight with swords, says, 44 My weapon is a
D* iron truncheon*" In Dekker's Westward ii* i,
Justmiano says to Judith, " Will you steal forth and
taste of a D* bun < " In Ford's Queen iii., Pynto says,
44 The good man was made drunk at the Stillyard at a
beaver of D* bread and Rhenish wine*" In Glapthorne's
Hollander i. i, Urinal says that Sconce looks " like a dry
D* pudding*" In Killigrew's Parson v* 4, Jolly speaks of
men 44 with horns as big as D* cows," z*e* manifest
cuckolds* Taylor says that coaches were first introduced
into England by a Dman*, one William Boonen, in 1584.
The Flemish portrait-painters, especially Antonio
Moro, Rubens, and Vandyke, were well known in
England ; these 3, indeed, resided in Lond* for some
time* The D* genre pictures of drinking scenes and the
like were also familiar* In Shirley's Pleasure i* i, Born-
well reproaches his lady with her extravagance, which
included "Pictures of this Italian master and that
Dman*" In Middleton's Quiet Life L i, Lady Cressing-
ham says, 44 1 have got a D* painter to draw patterns "
for her silks* In Dekker's Bellman 87, he says, describ-
ing a drunken scene, 44 The whole room showed afar off
like a D, piece of Drollery ; a painter's prentice could
not draw worse than they themselves made*"

Miscellaneous references* In Webster's White Devil iiL
i, Bracmano says, 44 An unbidden guest should travel as
Dwomen* go to church, bear their stools with them*" In
B* & F. Gentleman 111/4, the Lady says* *4 What a style
is this J tnethinks it goes like a Duchy lope-man/' r*e* a
D* runner, at full speed* In Dekfcer's Hornbook Proem,
we have, 44 Sound an alhrum and 'Kke-a D*«cryer make

DYRRHACHIUM

proclamation with the drum*" The D* used a drum
where in England the town-crier employed a bell*
In Dekker's Westward iii* 3, Justiniano speaks of one
44 looking as pitifully as Dmen*, first made drunk, then
carried to beheading*" The D* made condemned
criminals drunk before executing them ; probably
founding the practice on Proverbs xxxi* 6. In Marston's
Insatiate ii* i, Zucco says, 4t My wife is grown like a D.
crest, always rampant," A lion rampant appears in the
coats of arms of most of the D. provinces. Armin, in
Ninnies, speaks of " a D* tannakin sliding to market on
the ice/' The canals in Holland are often frozen in
winter and are used as highways by skaters*

References to individual Dutchmen, In Dekker's
Fortunatus i* i, Fortune speaks of 44 This D* botcher
wearing Munster's crown, John Leyden, born in Hol-
land poor and base*" He was the leader of the Ana-
baptists (1510-1536) who took Munster and reigned
there for a short time* In Mayne's Match ii., Aurelia
says, " Do ye think I'm the D* virgin that could live by
the scent of flowers 4 " This was a certain Eve Fleigen,
who was said to have lived for 14 years, from 1597 to
1 6 1 1, without food ; in the account of her life printed
in 1611, under her portrait, it is said : " Exigui se
oblectat floribus horti," Le* 44 She delights herself in the
flowers of a scanty garden*" In verses prefixed to
Coryat's Crudities (1611), on the Sights of London,
Peacham mentions, " The great long Dman." In
B, <Sc F* Pestle iiL 2, the Citizen says of Ralph, " I saw
him wrestle with the great Dman* and hurl him*" This
was a huge German fencer who lived for a time in
Lond., and is often referred to* An account of him is
given s.v. GERMANY*

Reference should be made also to the articles on
BELGIUM, FLANDERS, HOLLAND, Low COUNTRIES, and
NETHERLANDS*

DUTCH CHURCH. The ch* of Austin Friars, Lond*,
q.v. It was granted to the D* by Edward VI for their
religious services* In WapuU's Tarrieth B, 4, Helpe
says, 44 To sell a lease dear, whoever that will, At the
French or D* ch* let him set up his bill* What an
Englishman bids they will give as much more."

DUTCH HOUSE OF MEETING* Used for the Still-
yard, q.v. In Dekker's Westward v. a, Birdlime wishes
to speak 44 with the gentlewomen here that drunk with
your Worship at the D* house of meeting*" See ii* 3,
where the incident is described.

DUTCH WALK* See under EXCHANGE*

DYBELL* A cant name for prison* La T. Heywood's
Ed* IV A. 73, Hobs says, " My son's in D* here, in
Caperdochy, i' the gaoL"

DYRRHACHIUM (the Latin name for EPIDAMNUS, the
modern DURAZZO)* It lay on the E* coast of the Adriatic
Sea, in Illyricum, abt* 65 m* N* of the Acroceratmian
promontory* About the beginning of the 3rd cent* B*c*
it placed itself under the protection of Rome, in order to
escape the inroads of the Illyrian pirates. It was the
scene of the contest between Pompeius and Caesar
during the winter 0649-48 B.C., in which Csesar was un-
able to dislodge his rival from his entrenchments, but
ultimately succeeded in enticing him to PharsaKa, where
the decisive battle was fought resulting in Caesar's
victory* The scene of Chapman's G&sar ii (except sc* i)
and iii* is laid in and about D* In B* & F* False One L x,
Achillas says of Pompey and his men, "They at
Dirachium Fought with success ; but knew not to make
use of Fortune's fair offer /'

1164

E

EAGLE AND CHILD* A bookseller's sign in Lond*
T* Heywood's Love's Mistress was 44 Printed by Robert
Raworth for John Crouch and are to be sold by Jasper
Emery at the sign of the E* & C. in Paul's Churchyard*
1636*" One of the quartos of Othello was ** Printed by
N* CX for Thomas Walkley and are to be sold at his shop
at the E* & C* in Britain's Burse* 1633."

EAMDEN* SeeEMDEN.

EAST* The countries to the E* of Europe, especially
India and China* In Mac* iv* 3, 37, Macduff protests,
44 1 would not be the villain that thou think'st For the
whole space that's in the tyrant's grasp And the rich E*
to boot*" In A. & C* i* 5, 46, Alexas brings Cleopatra a
message from Antony: " All the E*, Say thou* shall call
her mistress*" In Greene & Lodge's Looking Glass
iii* 2, 1223. Oseas predicts. "From the E* shall rise A
lamb of peace* the scourge of vanities/' z*«* the Messiah*
Spenser, F* Q. iii* 4, 23, speaks of 44 The wealth of the
E* and pomp of Persian kings*" Milton, P* L* if. 3, tells
how " the gorgeous E* * , Showers on her kings barbaric
pearl and gold."

EAST ANGLES* The Angles who settled in the E*
counties of Britain at the time of the English Conquest*
In Merlin i* 2, 74, Artesia is the sister of "Warlike
Ostorius, the E* Angle k," See also ANGLES*

EAST CHEAP* A st* in Lond* running E* from the junc-
tion of Cannon St* and Gracechurch St* to Gt* Tower
St* The famous Boar's Head Tavern (g*t>*) was at the
W* end of E* C*, just where the statue of K* William IV
now stands* In H4 A* i* 2, 145, Poins tells the prince/*
" I have bespoke supper to-morrow night in E*c*"; and
in 176, Falstaff, as he goes, says, " Farewell ; you shall
find me in E*c." The scene of ii* 4 is the Boar's Head
Tavern, E.c* In 14, the prince tells how he has won the
hearts of the drawers that 44 when I am K* of England,
I shall command all the good lads in E*c*" In 485,
Falstaff, impersonating the prince, and being asked,
41 Whence com^you < " answers : '* My noble lord, from
E*" In H4 B* ii* i, 76, the Hostess, appealing to the
Chief Justice against Falstaff, describes herself as " A
poor widow of Kc*" In ii* 2, 161, Bardolph informs the
prince that he will find Falstaff " at the old place, my
lord, in E*c*" : ii* 4 takes place there* Pistol marries the
hostess, and in H5 ii* 3, she describes Falstaff s death,
which evidently takes place in the Boar's Head* In
Fam. Vict.t Ha%* p* 326, Prince Hal says to his com-
panions, after the robbery on Gad's Hill, 44 You know
the old tavern in E*-ce* : There is good wine ; besides,
there is a pretty wench That can talk well " — doubtless
Doll Tearsheet* Stow describes E.C* as " a flesh-market
of butchers, there dwelling on both sides of the st* ;
it had sometime also cooks mixed among the butchers*"
He relates how in 14x0, on the eve of St* John Baptist,
there was a great disturbance, caused by the king's sons
Thomas and John, for which the mayor and aldermen
were called to account* This may have suggested to
Shakespeare the choice of the Boar's Head as the scene
of Prince Hal's revels* Lydgate, in Lickpenny, says,
44 Then I hied me into E* C* ; One cries 4 ribs and beef '
and many a pie; Pewter pots they clattered on a
heap ; There was a harp, pipe, and minstrelsy*" In
Eastward iv. i, Slitgut speaks of his master as 44 a poor
butcher of Ex*" In Jonson's Ev* Man 0* ii* i, Carlo says
of Puntarvolo, " I'll ha' him jointed, Fll pawn him in
E*c* among the butchers*" In Dekker's Shoemaker's Hi. i,

Eyre says to Firk, " Have not I ta'en you from selling
tripes in E*c* and set you in my shop ** " and in v* 4 he
says to his men, 44 Beleaguer the shambles, beggar all E*c*,
serve me whole oxen in chargers*" In T* Heywood's
Prentices sc* iv*, p. 82, Eustace cries," O that I had with
me as many good lads, honest prentices, from E*c*.
Canwick St*, and Lond* Stone to end this battle*" In
Wager's Longer B* i, Moros says, " In S* Nicolas
shambles there is enough [meat] or in E*ce* or at St*
Katherins*" Dekker, in Bellman, speaks of E*-ce* as a
favourite haunt of foysts, or pickpockets* In Deloney's
Craft ii* 8, Tom says, " I went into E*-Ce* * * * Imme-
diately the wenches * * * forsook the butchers* shops
and inticed me into a tavern*"

EASTERLINGS* The peoples living on die continent
of Europe, East of the English Coast ; in particular,
the Low German tribes from the Elbe to the Rhine*
In Bale's Johan (Farmer, p* 247), Pandulph says, 44 On
the East side we have Esterlings, Danes and Nqrways*"
Spenser, F* Q* ii* 10, 63, tells how Constantine " in
battle vanquished Those spoilfulPicts and swarming E*"

EATON* See ETON*
EBOSIAN* SegEsusus*

EBUSUS (the modern IVICA). The southernmost of the
Balearic Islands, in the Mediterranean, 90 m* East of
the Spanish coast* In Middleton's Chess v* 3, the Black
Knight, in a list of fish esteemed by the Romans,
mentions " the salpa from E*" The salpa is a kind of
stock-fish* Pliny, Hist, Nat. ix* 32, says, 4* Circa Ebu-
sum salpa, obscenus alibi, et qui nunquam percoqui
possit, nisi ferula verberatus*" In Nabbes' Microcosmus
iv*, Temperance mentions as articles of luxurious diet
" Idumaean palms candied with Ebosian sugar*"

ECBATANA* A famous city in the centre of Media,
abt* 300 m* N*-East of Babylon* It is commonly identified
with the present Hamadan, and lies at the foot of Mt*
Elwend at an elevation of 6000 ft* above the sea* It
was used as their summer residence by the Persian, and
later by the Parthian, kings* It is mentioned m Ezra vi*
2, under the name of Achmetha* There appears to have
been another E* in Atropatene, at the site of the present
Takht-i-Sulayman, Milton, P*L* xi* 393, describes
Adam as beholding 44 Where The Persian in Ecbatan
sat " ; and in P* JR* iii* 286, the Tempter points out to
our Lord, " E* her structure vast there shows*"

ECRON, or EKRON* See ACCARON*

EDEN* The name in Hebrew tradition of the garden in
which the Lord God put the man whom he had formed
(Gem ii* 8)* It is derived from the Sumerian name of the
Plain of Babylonia, and was applied to the dist* round
the sacred city of Eridu, at the head of the Persian Gulf*
In Rz ii* i, 42, the dying John of Gaunt speaks of Eng-
land as " This other E*, demi-paradise." In Machin's
Dumb Knight iii*, Mariana says to her brother, " O be
thy days as fruitful in delights As E* in choice flowers*"
In Marston's Insatiate v*, Rogero says of woman, 44 God
in E*'s happy shade this same creature made*" In Dek-
ker's Babylon i* i, the Cardinal asks, " Why were our gar-

' dens E* 4 why our bowers Built like those in Paradise i. "
Jonson,inForerf xi*,says that true love is "A form more
fresh than are the E* bowers, And lasting as her flowers*"
In Day's Travails (Bullen, p* 12), Sir Anthony, speaking
of England, says, " My country's an island, defenced
with streams such as from E* run*" According to

165

EDINBURGH, or EDENBOROUGH

Gen. ii* 10, 4 rivers took their origin in the Garden of E.
Milton, P. L. iv* 131, describes the beauty of E. ; in 210
he says, ** E. stretched her line From Auran eastward
to the royal towers Of great Seleucia, built by Grecian
kings, Or where the sons of E, long before Dwelt in
Telassar " (see // Kings xix* 13)* From 569 it appears
that in Milton's conception there was a mm. N. of E.
From xii. 50 it is clear that Babylon was to the W. of E.
The word is used figuratively in P. R+ i. 7* where it is
said that by his victory over the Tempter our Lord
44 E. raised in the waste wilderness/'

EDINBURGH, or EDENBOROUGH. The capital of
Scotland, on the S. side of the Firth of Forth in Mid-
Lothian, 392 m. N, of Lond. In Greene's James IV L 2,
Andrew says, " I am one that knew your Honour in
Edenborough." In Jonson's New World,, the Printer
says, " One of our greatest poets (I know not how good
a one) went to E* on foot and came back." The reference
is to jonson's own visit to Scotland in 1618. In his lost
poem entitled "E" he describes the city as "Edin-
borough the heart of Scotland, Britaine's other eye/' In
Brome's Antipodes L 6, the Dr. says that Peregrine's trav-
eller's tales are ** like the reports of those that beggingly
have put out on returns from Edenburgh." The refer-
ence may again be to Ben Jonson's journey. Three of
the scenes in Ford's Warbeck are laid in E. The scene of
a^ large part of Sampson's Vow is laid in E, during the
siege of Leithin 1560* In 111*3,4, Crossesays/'Monlucke,
Bp. of Valens, Desices safe convoy by your honour's
forces From the red Brayes to Edenborough Castle/*
The Castle overlooks Princes St., on the S. side of the
city. The Perm. Pz7g, of Taylor, the Water-Poet, was
from Lond. to E. This work contains a brief descrip-
tion of the city and the author's adventures therein.
Fynes Moryson, Itinerary i, iii. 5, was another visitor
to the city during our period

EDINGTON. A Scottish fortress taken by Surrey in the
campaign against Perkin Warbeck in 1497. It is a hamlet
with the ruins of an ancient fortalice, 3$ m* E. of
Chirnside, Berwickshire* In Ford's Warbeck iv. i, Sur-
rey says, " Can they Look on the strength of Cundrestine
defaced i The glory of Hedon-Hall devastated i that
Of Edington cast down i "

EDMONDSBURY. See BURY ST. EDMUNDS.

EDMONTON. Vill. in Middlesex, 7 m. N. of Lond. ;
originally called Adelmeton. John Gilpin's adventures
have immortalised the Bell Inn. Charles Lamb died
and was buried here. In Oldcastle iii. 2, Acton gives a
list of villages in which the rebel troops are quartered :
Some here with us in Highgate, some at Finchley,
Tot'nam, Enfield, E., Newington." The scenes of
Drayton's Merry Devil and of Dekker's Edmonton are
laid in this village. The former is based on the story that
a certain Peter Fabell, who is buried in the ch., cheated
the devil by his skill. He lived in the reign of Henry VII.

EDMUNDSBURY, SAINT (see BURY ST. EDMUNDS).
In KJ. iv. 3, n, Salisbury says, " Lords, I will meet
him [the Dauphin] at S. E." ; and in v. 4, 18, Melun
tells the English Lords, "He [the Dauphin] means to
recompense the pains you take By cutting off your heads;
thus hath he sworn Upon the altar at S. E/' Drayton,
m Polyolb. a. 380, asks, " What English hath not heard
St. Edmond Bury's name i "

EDOM. The tribe living East and S. of the Dead Sea in
Palestine. The Eites. showed great cruelty to the Jews
at the time of the taking of Jerusalem by Nebuchad-
rezzar 597 B.C., and were thenceforward regarded

166

£GYpr, or JEGYPT

by them with peculiar enmity. In Darias> p. 89,
Zorobabel, referring to this, speaks of the " Temple
which the Eites. burnt without fain." In Mariam i. 2,
Alexandra says of Herod, " My curse pursue his breath-
less trunk and spirit, Base Eite,, the damned Esau's
heir 1 " The Eites. were descended from Esau ; and
Herod, according to one account, was of Idumean or
Eite. descent. In Milton, P.R. ii. 423, the Tempter
asks, What raised Antipater the Eite., And his son
Herod placed on Judah's throne, Thy throne, but gold,
that got him puissant friends £ " In his Trans. Ps.
Ixxxiii. 21, amongst the enemies of Israel are " The
tents of E., and the brood Of scornful Ishmael." In
Hemings'/ewes Trag. 560, the defence of " the country
of the Eites /' against Titus is assigned to Eleasar.
Eite* was used as a term of abuse by the Puritans* In
Alimony iii. 4, Benhadad the Puritan assails the soldiers :
I proclaim you all Eites* ; dragooners of Dagon ;
ding-dongs of Dathan/'

EELY* See ELY.

EGEANSEA. See AEGEAN SEA.

EGER. A town in Bohemia, 91 m. W. of Prague. In the
castle is still to be seen the room in which Wallenstein
was murdered in 1634. E., or Egers, as it is called, is
the scene of Glapthorne's Wallenstein. In v. 2, Lesle
says, " Egers is grown proud, Dares with Vienna stand
in competition/'

EGYPT, or -EGYPT (En* « Egyptian, ^E. «• -flEgypt,
^En. =r ^Egyptian). A country in N. Africa, W. of the
Red Sea, stretching along the Nile from its mouth to the
N. boundary of Nubia* The history of E. extends back
to the time of Menes, some 4000 years B.C., and the
country was ruled by a succession of dynasties, numbered
from i. to xxvi., until 525 B,c., when it was annexed by
Cambyses to the Persian Empire. Of its history up to
this point the Elizabethans knew very little except what
they had learned from Greek legends and from the Old
Testament. In Massinger's Virgin L i, the K. of Mace-
donia speaks of " The ^Sn. Hercules, Sesostris, That
had his chariot drawn by captive kings/' The Greek
legends of Sesostris gathered round the explo its of User-
tesen III of the issth Dynasty, who 1 ived about 3500
B.C., but the details are mostly fabulous* In Tw. JV* v. i,
121, the D, says, 4t Why should I not, Like the En. thfe
at point of death, Kill what I love i " The allusion is to
a story told in the Ethiopica of Heliodorus of how
Thyamis, an En. pirate, killed Charicles, with whom he
was in love, when he was in danger of being captured
by his enemies*

Allusions to the sojourn of the Chosen People in
E., as told in Genesis and Exodus, abound. Milton,
P. L. xii. 157, relates how the patriarchs came
From Canaan to a land hereafter called Ev divided by
the r. Nile/' In the following lines the history of Israel
in E., the Plagues, and the Exodus are related* In
P. J?. iii, 379, the Tempter says, *' Their fathers in the
land of E. served " ; and promises our Lord that he
shall reign "From E. to Euphrates and beyond/'
In Bale's Promises iv., Pater Coelestis says, " The sons oi
Jacob into E. did their brother sell/' When Falstaff,
in H4 A. ii. 4, 520, says, " If to be fat is to be hated, then
Pharaoh's lean kine are to be loved," he is referring to
the story of Pharaoh's dream in Gen. xli* In Jonson's
Epicoene iii. 2, Truewit speaks of « All E/s 10 plagues/'
In Marlowe's Tew i., 2, Batabas prays, " The plagues of E,
and the curse of heaven Inflict upon them 1 " In Jonson's
Alchemist v. 3, Ananias speaks of Subtle and his crew as
44 Worse than the grasshoppers or lice of E/' : these

EGYPT, or JEGYPT

being 2 of the plagues* In Wilkins* Enforced Marriage
iii*, Ilford says to the usurers, "Good security, you
En* grasshoppers J " In iii* i, Ilford wishes Scar-
borow " as many good fortunes as there were grass-
hoppers in E." In Middleton's Chess, Ind*, Loyola says,
44 1 thought my disciples had covered the earth's face and
made dark the land* like the En. grasshoppers." Milton,
P* L* i* 339, says, " the potent rod Of Atnram's son, in
E*'s evil day, Waved round the coast, up-called a pitchy
cloud Of locusts*" In Middleton's Pftcenix ii* 2, the
Capt* says, ** The En* plague creeps over me already; I
begin to be lousy*" Dekker, in Bellman, speaks of 44 the
idle drones of a country, the caterpillars of a Common-
wealth, and the £in* lice of a kingdom*" In Day's Tra-
vails (Bullen, p. 59), Zariph says of the Christians, " The
lice of E* shall devour them all." In Tw* TV* iv* 2, 48,
the Clown says to Malvolio in his dark room, " There
is no darkness but ignorance ; in which thou art more
puzzled than the Ens, in their fog " (see Exodus x, 21).
In Randolph's Muses' L 4, Mime says, ** In me . * «.
self-love casts not her En* mists*" In Andromana v* a,
Plangus leaves his mistress ** hemmed in with' a despair
thicker than En* darkness." The last Plague was the
destruction of the first-born* Milton, P* JC* i* 488, tells
how ** Jehovah, when he passed From E* marching,
equalled with one stroke Both her firstborn and all her
bleating gods*" In As ii* 5, 63, Jaques says, ** I'll rail
against all the firstborn of E*" He means those who are
heirs to great wealth, and is thinking of Psalm Ixxviii* 52,
translated in the Great Bible, " He smote all the first-
born in E*; the most principal and mightiest in the
dwellings of Ham*" In Ado iii* 3, 142, " Pharaoh's
soldiers in the reechy painting " were doubtless repre-
sented as being drowned in the Red Sea* In Bale's
Promises vi., Pater Coelestis says, ** Sesack, the K. of E*,
took away their treasure*" This is the K. known as
Shishak, or Sheshonk I, who reigned 945-924 B.C.
(see J Kings xiv* 25). In Chivalry, Bowyer swears,
44 Not we [retreat] by the life of Pharo*** In Jonson's
Ev. Man L, Bobadil's favourite oath is *' By the foot
of Pharaoh*" In P*L. iv* 171, Milton recalls how
Asmodeus by the fishy fume was " sent from Media
post to E." (see Tobit viii* 3)* Milton, P* £* i* 721,
speaks of the time ** when E* with Assyria strove In
wealth and luxury." These were the 2 rival empires of
the East until the fall of Nineveh in 606 B.C. Cambises
takes place partly in E*, at the time of the successful
attack of that K* on the country ; and Cambises com-
plains, " The Egiptians against us repunge as varlets
slave and vile*"

When Alexander the Gt* conquered the Persian Em-
pire in 330 B.C. E. came under his sway, and the city of
Alexandria is the memorial of the glory he won there.
In Lyly's Campaspe iii* 4, Hephaestion stirs up Alexander
to war by saying, " Behold all Persia swelling in the
pride of their own power ; and the Ens* dreaming in
the soothsaying of their augurs and gaping over the
smoke of their beasts' entrails*" On the death of Alex-
ander and the partition of his empire, E* fell to Ptolemy
Lagos, and passed in succession from him to his
descendants, who all bore the name Ptolemy, the last
being Ptolemy XV* Their queens, who bore the name
of Cleopatra or Berenice, were frequently associated
with them in the throne. The Ptolemies were Greek by
birth, not En*, though they adopted many of the old
En* court manners and customs* " Ptolemy, the most
sacred K* of E*, ist of that name," appears in Chap-
man's Blind Beggar ; he reigned 323-285 B*C* One of
the queens in Jonson's Queens is ** Fair-haired Berenice,

167

EGYPT, or JEGYPT

E*'s fame " : explained by Jonson in a note to be the
daughter of Ptolemy Philadelphus and wife of Ptolemy
Euergetes* She dedicated her hair to Venus on condi-
tion of her husband's safe return from an expedition
into Asia, and, her vow having been fulfilled, her hair
was taken up into the sky and became the constellation
known as Coma Berenices — so at least the graceful
legend ran* In Massinger's Believe i* 2, Flamimus,
speaking about 190 B*C*, charges the Carthaginians with
having chosen 4t to pay homage and fealty to the En*
Ptolemy, or indeed any, than bow unto the Roman*"
But the name which figures most largely of all the En*
monarchs in the Elizabethan dramatists is Cleopatra VI,
who, along with her brother Ptolemy XIV, succeeded to
the throne in 51 B*c. She was then a girl of 17, her
brother a boy of 10* In 48 B+c*, Pothinos, an influential
eunuch, persuaded Ptolemy to assume sole control, and
Cleopatra was driven into exile. At this moment
Pompeius came to E* as a fugitive after the defeat of
Pharsalia, and was treacherously murdered by Ptolemy*
Caesar shortly afterwards arrived in E*, and, after a
narrow escape from destruction in Alexandria, restored
Cleopatra along with her younger brother Ptolemy XV, *
and took her back with him to Rome as his mistress*
She bore him a son, who was called Caesarion* On
Caesar's death in 44 she returned to Alexandria* During
the civil war which followed Antony was put in charge
of the East : he summoned Cleopatra to appear before
him at Tarsus, and she went to meet him there and suc-
ceeded in completely fascinating him and carrying him
back to E* with her in 41* Antony returned to Rome
after a time and married Octavia, the sister of Octavian*
But the fascination of Cleopatra drew him back to E*
In 36 he went against the Parthians and, summoning
her to meet him at Antioch, he gave her the dominion
over Phoenicia, Cyprus, Cilicia, and other districts in
the East* He came back from Parthia defeated, but she
met him and kept him from returning to Rome ; and
in 34 he revenged his defeat on the Parthians, and
coming back to Alexandria he conferred the lordship
of the whole of the East on her and her sons Caesarion,
Alexander, and Ptolemy* War was now declared on
Antony by Octavian, and Cleopatra accompanied her
lover to the battle of Actium, but her flight was the
cause of his defeat, and together they went to E*
closely followed by Octavian* Antony committed
suicide, and the Q., after a vain attempt to charm the
austere Octavian, followed his example* The death of
Pompeius is an incident in Chapman's C&sar v* i, 244,
etc. The earlier intrigue with Julius Caesar is the sub-
ject of B. & F* False One, and, we may add incidentally,
of Bernard Shaw's Caesar and Cleopatra ; and the later
intrigue with Antony is treated in Shakespeare's A* <£ C*»
in Daniel's Cleopatra, and in Dryden's All for Love.

In Jonson's Poetaster v* i, Caesar speaks of Cornelius
Gallus as "the first provost That ever let our Roman
eagles fly On swarthy E*" Gallus was sent by Caesar to
E* immediately after the battle of Actium to complete
the defeat of Antony* In Massinger's Milan ii. x,
Tiberio speaks of the Duchess as " she that lately
Rivalled Poppaea in her varied shapes, Or the En. Q*'*
In Mariam i. 2, Alexandra says that if Antony had seen
Mariamne 44 he would Have left the brown En. clean
forsaken*" The story of Cleopatra dissolving a costly
pearl in vinegar for a toast to Antony impressed the
popular imagination* In Jonson's Volpone iii* 6, Vol-
pone promises to Celia 44 A rope of pearl ; and each
more orient Than that the brave En* Q* caroused*"
In Greene's Friar ix*, Bacon promises the Emperor

EGYPT, or MGYPT

Frederick " wines richer than the JEn* courtesan
Quaffed to Augustus' kingly counter-match/' In Shir-
ley's Venice iii* 4, Thomazo says, " Let the banquet be
as rich as the En. Q* made for Marc Antony/' In
Marmion's Companion i* i, Valeria says, " Could the
En* Q* Rather endure the poignant stings of adders Than
that of death which wounded Antony 4 And must I then
survive you s1 " In Mason's Mulleasses 2063, Timoclea
says, ** The JEn* Q. Ne'er died more daring/' In
Mariam iv. 8, Mariam speaks of Cleopatra as " that face
That to be Egtpt's pride was born/'

Milton, P* Z* ix* 443, refers to the dalliance of the
sapient king Solomon "with his fair En. spouse"
(see I Kings iii, i). The lady was probably the daughter
of Pesebkhenno II, the last king of the XXI Dynasty,
According to Matthew ii, 13, the Virgin Mary took our
Lord to E. in his infancy to escape from the jurisdiction
of Herod* In Candlemas, p. 14, the Angel says to
Joseph, " Take Mary with thee and in to Egipt flee/'
So, in York M> P. xviii* 79, Joseph says, " Unto Egipte
wend we will/' In Milton, P. R. ii* 76, the Virgin Mary
tells how she was ** enforced to fly Thence into E* till
the murderous king Were dead/' In A*D* 640 the Arabs
took Alexandria, and thenceforward E. was under the
rule of the Moslems. By the direction of the Caliph
Omar the famous library was ransacked and all the books
consumed by fire* Till 868 the viceroys were appointed
by the Caliphs of Bagdad and Damascus ; but they then
asserted their independence, the most famous of the
Sultans of E. being the chivalrous Saladin* In 1517
Selim, the Turkish Sultan, conquered the last in-
dependent ruler of E. and made it a part of the Ottoman
Empire. In Greene's Orlando i. i, 30, the Soldan of
E. is one of the suitors for the hand of Angelica* In
Marlowe's Tomb. A. i* 2, Zenocrate is described as the
daughter of " The mighty Soldan of ^Sgyptia/' This
was Farag, who was defeated by Tamburlaine in Syria ;
but Marlowe is in error in making Tamburlaine actually
enter E* In Selimus, the En. Soldan Tonombey comes
to assist Acomat in his fight against his brother Selim.
This is supposed to be in 1512. In line 2418 Selim says,
4* Acomat brings with him That great 53n* bug, strong
Tonom-bey, Usan-Cassano's son/' This is not quite
accurate : Tuman Bey was not descended from Usum-
Cassanes, but was a slave who was elected Sultan of E.
in 1516, 4 years after Selim 's accession, and was defeated
and put to death by him at Cairo in 1517 ; neither did
he come to help Acomat. In Day's Travails, the Sultan
Agmed I claims to be " emperor of Babilon, Catheria,
-flEgipt, Antioche."

The religion of ancient E. was a curious conglomerate
of sun and star worship with the more primitive adora-
tion of totem-animals* The supreme god was Ra, the
sun-god, but he was supposed to be incarnated in the
sacred Apis Bull ; and other animals were worshipped
in a similar way. There were also a number of semi-
human deities, of whom Osiris, with his mother Isis,
was the chief, Milton, P. L* i. 480, mentions " Osiris,
Isis, Orus " as having " abused Fanatic E. and her
priests to seek Their wandering gods disguised in
brutish farms/' In Brome's Concubine iii* 9, the K* says,
44 He's no son of mine That with less adoration dares
look up On thy divinity than the JEns* Gave to the Sun
itself/' In. Milkmaids L 3, Ranolf says of Lord Callow :
" I have lighted upon one of the En. idols ; taught with
some engine to put off his hat and screw his face a little ;
I cannot speak to it like a man/' In the same scene
Dorigene says, " We came but as the Ens. to adore the
rising sun and to fall down before it/r In Lyly's Midas

168

EGYPT, or &GYPT

ii. r, Sophronia says, " They honour Lust for a god as
the xEns* did dogs." Milton, P. JR. iii. 416, calls the
gods which Israel worshipped 4* the deities of E/f :
he is thinking of the golden calf, and of the calves which
Jeroboam set up at Bethel and Dan* The En* priests
were credited with profound skill in sorcery ; they were
also thought to be expert in astrology and philosophy.
This was due largely to the account of the priests who
withstood Moses with enchantments. In Daniel's Cleo-
patra iv. 3, the chorus says, " Mysterious E*, wonder-
breeder, Strict religion's strange observer." In Lyly's
Endymion iii. i, Cynthia says, ** If the soothsayers of E*
can find remedy, I will procure it." In Chapman's Rev.
Hon. L i, 155, Selinthus says, "No En. soothsayer Has
truer inspiration than your small courtier's." Spenser,
F. <?. v., prol. 8, speaks of ** those aen* wisards old
Which in starrede were wont have best insight/' In
B* & F* Wild Goose L 3, Mirabel fears that, if he marries
the learned Dillia, his ist son must be Aristotle, his and
Solon, " And I must look En. god-fathers Which will
be no small trouble." Burton, A. M. iii. i, 2, 3, says,
** Plato and Pythagoras left their country to see those
wise En. priests."

The hieroglyphic inscriptions of E., being hitherto un-
interpreted, were supposed to have a mystical signifi-
cance. In Jonson's Alchemist ii. i, Subtle says, " Was
not all the knowledge Of the ^Bns* writ in mystic
symbols i " In Underwit ii* 2, Device says, " Your
Hieroglyphick was the Egiptian wisdom/' In Histrio
B* a, Chrisogonus says, ** This time We call a year
whose hieroglyphick was Amongst the Ens. figured in a
snake Wreathed circular, the tail within his mouth."
In Jonson's Poetaster v* i, Maecenas says, 44 By that
beast [the ass] the old Ens. Were wont to figure in
their hieroglyphs Patience, frugality, and fortitude/'
This is pure imagination : the Ens. used the head and
ears of an ass to symbolize a stupid and ignorant person,
but it was not an ordinary hieroglyphic character. In
Massinger's Guardian ii. 3, Mirtille gives Adorio a gem
with the Rape of Proserpine engraved on it, from his
mistress, and says, 44 She presents you this jewel in
which, as by a true En. hieroglyphic, you may be in-
structed." The Ens* preserved the bodies of the dead by
mummification. Hakluyt, in Voyages ii. i, 301 (1599),
says, ** These dead bodies are the Mummie which the
Physicians * . * make us to swallow." Mummy was
often used as a medicine* Falstaff, in M. W. W* iii* 5,
18, says that if he had been drowned he would have
been 44 a mtn* of Mummie*" Sandys, in Travels 133,
saw 44 The Mummes, lying in a place where many
generations have had their sepulture, not far above
Memphis*" Bacon, in Sylva viii* 771, says that the
mummies of ££* have lasted " as is conceived, some of
them 3000 years/'

The Ens* were dark and swarthy in complexion, and
were credited with being expert in lying and treachery*
Probably, however, the speakers were thinking of the
Gipsies, who were supposed to be Ens* In JW* JV* D. v* x,
ii, Theseus says, 44 The lover . * * Sees Helen's
beauty in a brow of E*" In Brome's Moor iii* i, Quick-
sands says, " Why think'st thou, fearful Beauty, has
Heaven no part in IB. 4 Is not an -JEthiope's face his
workmanship As well as the fairest ladies' t " Dark
women were regarded as repulsive in the reign of the
blonde Elizabeth* In Tiberius 684, Sejanus says that
a man who will climb must adapt himself to all circum-
stances : " Brag with the French, with the IBn* lie/'
The wealth of E* was proverbial, possibly from
Hebrews xL 36, where Moses is described as refusing

EGYPT, or JEGYPT

" the treasures of E/' In Lyly's Endymion v* 3, Gyptes
says, " I choose rather to live by the sight of Cynthia
than by the possessing of all E/* Barnes, in Parthenophil
xlviii. 3, wishes " No diamonds the En* surges under**'

E* is a rainless country, and depends altogether for
its fertility upon the annual rising of the Nile* The
mud or slime left by the falling of the river was the
most precious possession of the land, and was rich in
harvests with little need for cultivation. It was supposed
to produce also serpents/ crocodiles, and other venom-
ous beasts by spontaneous generation* In H8 ii* 3, 93,
the old lady speaks of a woman " who would not be a Q»
For all the mud in E*" In A. <Sc C* ii* 5, 78, Cleopatra,
in her wrath, prays : " Melt E* into Nile, and kindly
creatures Turn all to serpents J " and in 94 she cries :
44 O I would thou didst, So half my E* were submerged
and made A cistern for scaled snakes." In ii* 7, 30,
Lepidus says, " Your serpent of E* is bred now of your
mud by the operation of your sun ; so is your crocodile*"
In Massinger's Renegado iii* i, Mustapha apostrophises,
44 O land of crocodiles Made of accursed slime, accursed
woman I " Bacon, in Sylva viii* 767, says that there is
44 little or no rain " in E* ; and that 44 the water of Nilus
is sweeter than other waters in taste " (see also under
NILE)* The crocodile was the best known of the animals
of E* Many legends gathered round it : as that it wept
in order to attract its prey ; and that the dogs drank of
the Nile at a run in order to avoid it* In Selimus 441,
Baiazet says, " Even as the great .SSn* crocodile Wanting
his prey, with artificial tears And fained plaints his
subtil tongue doth file To entrap the silly wandering
traveller, So playeth crafty Selimus with me/' In
Chettle's Hoffman i* i, Hoffman says, " Thou couldst
shed tears As doth the En* serpents near the Nile*" la
Locrine iii*, prol*, Ate tells a story of " an Ma. crocodile "
that was stung to death by an adder* Lyly, in Enphues
England, p* 356, says, " Wine should be taken, as the
dogs in E* drink water, by snatches*" Lodge, in Arts, to
Gosson 9 (Eliz* Pamph*), tells how 44 the dastardly
ichneumon of E* Besmears herself with clay " as a pro-
tection against the bite of the asp* In Tiberius 3073,
Drusus says, "Me thought I saw Martichora, The
dreadful hideous JEn.. beast, Faced as an hydra like
some uncouth man Whose ears hang draggling down
unto her feet * * * With lion's claws and scorpion's
poisoned sting*" This fabulous monster is described
by Aristotle in Hist, Animal, ii* i, p* 53, Ctesias being
quoted as his authority ; but he makes it an Indian,
not an En*, beast* The name is the Persian Mard-khora,
i.e* man-eater* The Sacred Ibis (Ibis Religiosa) was
indigenous to E*, and was greatly valued because it kept
the snakes down by killing them and eating their eggs*
In Selimus 3523, Selim says* 44 The JEn. ibis hath ex-
pelled Those swarming armies of swift-winged snakes*
. * * Those ibides met them in set array And eat them
up like to a swarm of gnats*" In 2539 he says, " I, like
^flB/s bird, Have rid that monster*" Greene, in Pandosto
51, speaks of the " bird Ibys in E* which hateth serpents,
yet feedeth on their eggs*" In Middleton's Chess v* 3,
the Black Knight, in a list of fish esteemed by the
Romans, mentions the " golden-headed coracine out of
E*" This co*acine is a Nile fish, Sparus Chromis*
Pliny, Hist. Nat, ix* 33, says, " Coracinus in -ffigypto
principatum obtinet*"

The palm-tree grows freely in E*, and dates are one of
its principal exports* In Nash's Summers, p* 70, Christ-
mas says, " I must rig ship to E*for dates*" In Lyly's
Gallathea v* 3, Haebe says, ** The JSns* sever cut their
dates from the tree because they are so fresh and green/'

169

EGYPT, RIVER OF

The plant which produces the drug Nepenthes* some
kind of opiate, is stated by Homer (Odyss. iv* 338) to
be from E* "where the rich glebe evermore Yields
herbs in foison, some for virtue known, Some baneful*"
Milton, in Comus 676, speaks of " that Nepenthes which
the wife of Thone In E* gave to Jove-born Helena*"
The wife of Thone was called Polydamna* Other drugs
and spices were produced in E. In Greene & Lodge's
Looking Glass ii. i, 438, Remilia speaks of" The precious
drugs that ^E/s wealth affords/' Barnes, in Parthenophil
xvii* 17, says, " En* gums and odours Arabic
I loathe*" In Carliell's Deserv. Fav. 3855, the Hermite
says, " 1 must attribute His sudden curing to a sovereign
balm That an En* gave me/' Some of the En* stones,
especially Syenite and Diprite, are extremely hard* In
Chapman's Consp. Byron ii* i, 147, Byron says, 44 Though
he prove harder than En* marble, I'll make him malle-
able as th' Ophir gold/' The art of hatching eggs by
artificial heat was known to the Ens* In Jonson's Al-
chemist ii* i, Surly says scornfully to Subtle, " That you
should hatch gold in a furnace, Sir, As they do eggs in
E* ! " In Chapman's Rev. Hon. i* i, 67, Selinthus says
that Abrahen "has hatched more projects than the
ovens In E* Chickens*"

The Gipsies, as the name implies, were believed to
have come from E*, though they really were of Hindu
origin* They first appeared in England about the be-
ginning of the 1 6th cent*, and quickly established a
reputation for themselves as fortune-tellers and sor-
cerers ; besides being shrewdly suspected of petty
thefts* They are often called by the fuller name Ens*
In A. & C. iv* 10, 38, Antony says of Cleopatra, " O
this false soul of E* 1 * * * this grave charm* * * * Like
a right gipsy hath, at fast and loose, Beguiled me to the
very heart of loss*" Lyly, in Euphues England, p* 309,
says, " Thus, with the En*, thou playest fast and loose*"
This was a common Gipsy trick, like the modern
44 pricking the garter*" In Per, iii* 3, 84, Cerimon says,
" I heard of an En* That had 9 hours lien dead, Who
was by good appliance recovered*" The original of this
speech in Wilkins' novel, The Painful Adventures of
Pericles, Prince of Tyre (1608) is : " I have read of some
Ens* who, after 4 hours' death, have raised impoverished
bodies to their former health*" In Oth. iii* 4, 56,
Othello says, " That handkerchief Did an En* to my
mother give," and proceeds to relate its magical pro-
perties* In Middleton's Gipsy iii* i, Sancho says, " If
you ask whence we are. We are En* Spaniards*" In
his Widow iii* 3, Violetta says of Brandino, " Francisco
is a child of E* to him," i.e. a mere gipsy* In Jonson's
Gipsies, Jackman sings, " Thus the Ens* thro'ng in
clusters*" Harman, in Caveat Intro*, speaks of " the
wretched, wily, wandering vagabonds, calling and nam-
ing themselves Egiptians*" In Shirley's Sisters iii* i,
Giovanni says of the Chaldaean fortune-tellers : "They
do not come for money like your starch-faced Ens*"
The starch of Elizabethan days was yellow* In Middle-
ton's Chess iii* i, the Black Q/s Pawn speaks of " a
magical glass I bought of an En*" In Brome's Moor iv*
5, the Inductor of the Masque comes in with a blackened
face, and says he will devise a husband for Millisent
" such as I shall draw, Being an JEn* prophet*" Dekker,
in Lanthorn viii*, says of the Moon-men J " By a by-
name they are called Gipsies, they call themselves
Egiptians/' In Whetstone's Promos ii* 7, " a Giptian "
is led out with 5 other prisoners to execution*

EGYPT, RIVER OF* Used in the O* T* several times
for the brook which divides E* from Syria* It is the

EISEL

Wady-el-Arish, which flows into the Mediterranean be- I
tween Pelusium and Gaza* Milton, P* L, i* 421 , calls it
" the brook that parts E* from Syrian ground/'

EISEL* In Ham* v* i, 299, Hamlet says to Laertes.
44 Woo't drink up e. «* eat a crocodile s1 " Some of the
editors, remarking that in the Folio the word is printed
with a capital initial and in italics as if it were a proper
name* interpret it as meaning some river : either the
Yssel in Holland, or by conjecture the Nile* Most*
however, take it to mean vinegar,

ELBE* A r* in Germany, rising in Bohemia and flowing
in a northerly direction into the North Sea at Cuxhaven,
between Holstein and Bremen* Hamburg is at the head
of the estuary* abt, 85 m* from the sea* Its total length
is between 600 and 700 m. In H5 i. 2, 45, the Archbp*
of Canterbury says* 44 Their own authors faithfully
affirm That the land Salique is in Germany Between the
floods of Sala and of E." (old edns, Elve), So in line 52,
44 Which Salique . * , 'twixt E* and Sala Is at this day
in Germany called Meisen." This is almost verbatim
from Holinshed* See SALA*

ELDEN, or ELDON-HOLE* One of the wonders of the
Peak of Derbyshire* It is a natural chasm some 30 yards
long by 15 wide* and of great depth, and lies abt* 4 m*
W* of Castleton* In Jonson's Love's Welcome, Accidence
includes amongst the wonders of the Peak " St* Anne
of Buxton's boiling well. Or E*, bottomless like HelL"

EL DORADO* The name given by the Elizabethans to
Manoa, the chief city of Guiana* in S* America* because
of its supposed wealth* Raleigh led an expedition to
discover it in 1585* Milton* P* L* xi* 411, represents
Adam as seeing in spirit " yet unspoiled Guiana, whose
great city Geryon's sons [z>. the Spaniards] Call E* D*"
Burton. A* M, ii* 3, 3, says. 44 1 would see those inner
parts of America, whether there be any such great city
of Manoa, or Eldorado, in that golden empire."

ELEALE (now EL-AL)* A vill* in the land of Moab, a
little more than i m* N* of Heshbon. Milton, P* L* i*
411, says that Chemos was worshipped **in Hesebon
„ * * And E, to the Asphaltic pool*"

ELEPHANT* An inn in the chief city of Illyria* In
TW* jZV* iii* 3, 39, Antonio says, 4t In the S* suburbs at
the E* Is best to lodge " ; and in iv* 3, 5* Sebastian
complains that he could not find Antonio " at the E*"
There was an E. Alley on the N* side of Maid Lane,
Southwark, leading to the East end of the Bankside,
which possibly suggested the name to Shakespeare* The
famous E* & Castle in Newington was not built till the
middle of the xyth cent* There was an E* Inn in Fen-
church St*

ELEPHANTIS, or ELEPHANTINE* An island in the
Nile, just opposite to Syene* In Jonson's Alchemist ii. i*
Mammon says, " I will have * * * mine oval room
Filled with such pictures as Tiberius took From E*"
The allusion is to Suetonius, Vit. Tiberii 43, 44 Cubicula
plurifariam disposita tabellis ac sigflhsf Jascivissimarum
picturarum et figurarum adornavit librisque Elephan-
tidis instruxit*"

ELEUSIS* A town in Attica, standing on a height a little
way from the sea abt* 12 m* N.W. of Athens, with which
it was connected by the Sacred Way along which the
great Eleusinian procession passed once a year to cele-
brate the Mysteries of Demeter* There was another E*
in Boeotia, near Lake Copais* In Nabbes* Microcosmus
iii*, Sensuality mentions ** Eleusinian plaice " amongst
dainties for the table.

ELTHAM

ELIENNIETH. A mtn* in Wales, mentioned by Jonson
in his Wales. But as among the other " mtns*" he men-
tions Talgarth, which is not a mtn*, but a market town
(in the N* of Brecknock), it would be waste of time to ask
what he may have meant by E.

ELIS* The capital of the dist* of E*, which lies on the W*
coast of the Peloponnesus between Achaia and Messenia*
In the time of Pausanias it was one of the most splendid
and popular cities of Greece, and contained the largest
gymnasium in the country* Some 25 m* S JB* of E* was
Olympia, where the Olympic games were celebrated*
These were originally under the control of Pisa, but
passed at a very early date into the hands of the Eleans,
who elected from among themselves the 10 Hellanodici,
or Judges* In Nero i* 3, Nero boasts, 44 Not Bacchus
* * * Struck amazed India with wonder As Nero's
glories did the Greekish towns, E* and Pisa and the rich
Hycense*" The allusion is to Nero's visit to Greece in
A*D* 67, when he contended in Music in the Olympic
Games* In Chapman's Consp. Byron v* r, Henri says to
Byron, " In this dissension I may say of you As Fame
says of the ancient Eleans That in the Olympian con-
tentions They ever were the justest arbitrators, If none
of them contended or were parties*" In Andromana ii* 6,
in the fictitious war between the Iberians and Argives,
Plangus " with a winged speed Fell down to the Elean
straits*" Probably the mouth of the Gulf of Corinth is
intended, if anything*

ELMO, SAINT* The fort at the extremity of the ridge
separating the 2 harbours of Valetta on the N.E. coast
of Malta* On it stands one of the most powerful light-
houses in the Mediterranean* In B* & F* Malta i* 3,
Valetta, the Grand-Master of the Knights of St* John,
after whom the city was named, speaks of ** That great
marvellous slaughter of the Turks Before St* Elme,
where 25,000 Fell, for 5000 of our Christians." The
reference is to the repulse of the Turks from St* E* in
1565.

ELSINORE (Danish, HELSINGOR)* Spt* on the N*E* of
Zealand, on the narrowest part of the Sound, 22 m* N,
of Copenhagen* Close by is the castle of Kronburg,
built in 1574* It was the birth-place of Saxo Grammati-
cus* In Ham. i* 2, 174, Hamlet asks Horatio, t4 What is
your affair in E. i " and in ii. 2, 278, he asks Rosen-
crantz and Guildenstern, ** What make you at E* 4 "
In line 387, he welcomes the players 44 to E.," and again
in 573* These passages fix the scene of the play, which is
not elsewhere indicated. (See also HELSEN*)

ELTHAM* A vilL in Kent, 8 m* S*E. of Lond*, at the foot
of Shooter's Hill* There was a royal palace here which
was much frequented by the Plantagenet kings, but was
not used as a royal residence after the reign of Henry
VIII, though it was visited by Elizabeth and James I*
The great hall, built by Edward IV, still remains : a
noble Gothic structure 100 ft* long, 36 broad, and 55
high* In H6 A* i* i, 170, Exeter says, 44 To E* will I,
where the young K. is," and in 176 Winchester adds :
" The K* from E* I intend to steal." In iii* i, 156,
Gloucester says, " At E* Place I told your Majesty*" In
Chaucer, Legend of Good Women 497, Venus says to him,
44 Whan this book is made, yive it the quene, On my by-
half e, at E* or at Sheene*" In Oldcastle, 2 of the scenes
are laid in an ante-chamber in the Palace of E*
In iii* a, Acton says, "The k. is secure at E/r; in
iii* 4, the K*, in disguise, tells Sir John he comes
" from the court at E." ; and in iv* i, Sirjohn says he
won his gold 44 in play of the keeper of E» Park." In
Fair Women ii* 620* Browne says, 44 Crossing the field

170

ELVAS

this morning here from E* [we] Chanced by the way to
start a brace of hares*" At Christmas 1515 the Story
of Troylous and Pandour, by William Cornish, was
played before the K* at E* by the children of the Chapel
Royal* Jonson, in Epigram xcvii*, says, " See you yond
Motion s* not the old fa-ding, Nor Capt* Pod, nor yet
the E* thing " ; and in Epicoene v* i, Morose says, ** I
dwell in a windmill ; the perpetual motion is here, and
not at E." This was a machine supposed to be capable of
perpetual motion which was exhibited at E. Palace by
its inventor, Cornelius Drebbel, who came to England
in 1610 and had apartments granted to him at E, Palace*
It was a hollow glass globe representing the heavens,
which was kept revolving round a small ball in the centre,
representing the earth* In Vendenheym's Relation of the
Journey of Lewis Frederick, Prince of Wirtemberg, to Eng-
land, under date Tuesday* i May i6io,itissaid: "His
Excellency went to E* Park to see the perpetual motion;
the inventor's name was Cornelius Trebel, a native of
Alkmaar, a very fair and handsome man*" Peacham, in
his Sights of England (1611), mentions " the heavenly
Motion of E*"

ELVAS, The strongest fortress in Portugal, abt* u m*
W* of Badajoz* It is the seat of a bp*, and has an old
cathedral* It is the scene of part of Shirley's Maid's
Revenge.

ELY* An episcopal city in Cambridgesh*, on the Ouse,
67 m* N*E* of Lond* A monastery was founded here by
Q* Etheldreda about A*D* 670* In 1107 E* was made the
seat of a bishopric by Henry I ; and Henry VIII con-
verted the conventual ch* into a cathedral* The transept
dates from the reign of William Rufus : the nave and W*
tower were built in 1174* The Bp* of E* in H$ i* i was
John Fordham, who died 1435* The Bp* of E* appears
as one of the Council in R$ iii* 4* In iv* 3, we are told
that he has fled to Richmond ; and in iv* 4, 468, Stanley
says that Richmond has been stirred up by " Dorset,
Buckingham, and E*ff to claim the Crown of England*
This was John Morton, who was made Bp* of E* in
1478 : he was committed in custody by Richd* to the
D, of Buckingham, who confined him in what was
known from this circumstance as the Bishop's Tower in
Brecknock Castle ; after Buckingham's disgrace he per-
suaded him to call in the Earl of Richmond* Henry VII
made him Archbp* of Canterbury in 1486, and it was
he who built the central tower of the cathedral there*
In 1487 he became Lord Chancellor ; in 1493 he was
created a cardinal ; and he died at the age of 91 in 1500*
There is a Bp* of E* in Downfall Huntington, which is
placed in the reign of John* In iii* i, Fitzwater says to
him, " E*, thou wert the fox to Huntington*" In More
iii* 2, Fawkner, who has been arrested for a st* riot, says,
44 The fray was between the Bp*'s men of Eelie and
Winchester*" In B* & F* Wit S. W. iii* i, the fiddler's
boy, being asked what countryman he is, says, ** Sir,
born at E* ; we all set up in Ela*" The joke turns on the
44 E " or " La," the note to which the viol was tuned*
In Greene's Friar v* 8, Ralph says, 44 I'll send to the
Isle of Eely for 4 or 5 dozen of geese*" E* was famous
for goose-breeding* Drayton, in Polyolb. xxiV, says there
was 44 abundant store " of fish and fowl bred there*

ELY HOUSE* The Lond* residence of the Bps* of E*
It was on the site of the present E* Place, which runs N*
from Charterhouse St* near Holborn Viaduct* Origin-
ally the H. had a fine gate opening into Holborn, built
in 1388* The death of John of Gaunt, described in Rz
ii* i, took place at E* H*, which was often let by the Bps*
to noblemen* In R3 iii* 4, 32, Richd* says to the Bp* of

ELYSIUM

E*, *4 When I was last in Holborn I saw good straw-
berries in your garden there ; I do beseech you, send
for some of them*" Sir Christopher Hatton got a lease
of it in 1576, and erected Hatton H. on part of the
estate* Hatton Gardens mark the site* The Spanish
ambassador Gondomar lodged at E* H*, and during his
residence in 1621 the last Mystery Play ever represented
in England up till recent years was acted there* Lady
Hatton held the house till 1646 ; and in 1633 the per-
formers in Shirley's Masque, The Triumph of Peace,
assembled at E* and Hatton H*, and marched thence
down Chancery Lane to the Banqueting House at White-
hall, where the Masque was presented* In 1773 the
property was transferred to the Crown, and 37 Dover
St., Piccadilly, was made over to the see of E* in its stead*
All the buildings were then taken down except the
ancient chapel of St* Etheldreda, which, after being
used as a National School and as a Welsh Episcopalian
Ch*, was purchased in 1874 by the Lazarist Fathers and
opened as a Catholic Chapel by Cardinal Manning in

1879*

ELYSIUM* The Elysian Plain was in Greek mythology
the abode of the blessed dead* Homer places it in the
W* near the Ocean stream ; Hesiod and Pindar identify
it with the blessed Isles* Later it was conceived as in the
lower world* It is used by the Elizabethans as a syno-
nym for Heaven : a region of perfect bliss. In Two
Gent, ii* 7, 38, Julietta says, " There I'll rest as after
much turmoil A blessed soul doth in E*" In Tw* N.
i* 2, 4, Viola says of her brother, supposed to be drowned,
44 My brother he is in E/* In Cymb. v, 4, 97, Jupiter
calls the Ghosts " poor shadows of E*" In Marlowe's
Fanstus i* 3, the hero says, 44 This word damnation
terrifies me not, For I confound Hell in E* ; my ghost
be with the old philosophers*" In Marston's Malcontent
v* 4, Mercury says, " Cylienian Mercury calls 4 high-
famed Genoan Dukes to come And make this presence
their E*" In Span. Trag. iv* i, the maid says of Horatio,
'* He sleeps in quiet in the Elysian fields*" In Marlowe's
Ed. II i. i,*Gaveston says, 4t The sight of Lond. to my
exiled eyes Is as E* to a new-come soul*" In Champions
iii,, George says, " How pleasant is this place ! the
farther that I go, The more elizium-like it doth appear*"
In Marlowe's Tamb. A* v* 2, Zabina speaks of 4i The
blasted banks of Erebus Where shaking ghosts * * *
Hover about the ugly ferryman To get a passage to
Elisian [sic] " ; and further on Tamburlaine says,
44 Hell and Elisian swarm with ghosts of men That I
have sent from sundry foughten fields*" In Ford's Tfs
Pity i* 3, Giovanni says, " I would not change This
minute for E*" In B* & F* Rule a Wife v* 4, Perez says
to Estifania, 44 Hast ne'er a knife nor never a string to
lead thee to E* 4 " In Jack Drum iii* 278, Katharine says
to the supposed ghost of Pasquil, 44 Thrice sacred spirit,
why dost thou forsake Elizeum pleasures i " In Mas-
singer's Virgin iv* 3, Theophilus says to Dorothea:
44 Weigh the remembrance Of the Elysian joys thou
mightst have tasted, Hadst thou not turned apostata to
those gods That so reward their servants*" In Suck-
ling's Aglaura v* i, the heroine says, 44 Our priests as-
sure us an E* ; and can that be E* where true lovers
must not meet ** " Milton, PX* iii. 472, tells of Cleom-
brotus, "who, to enjoy Plato's E., leaped into the sea*"
He is said to have drowned himself after reading
Plato's Phaedon* Hence it is used metaphorically of
any state of perfect bliss and happiness* In H5 iv* i,
291, Henry says that the labouring man "all night
sleeps in E*" In H6 B, iii* 2, 399, Suffolk says he would
breathe his soul into the body of the Q*, 44 And then it

171

EMATHIA

lived in sweet E*" In H<5 C* i* 3, 30, Richd * of York says,
** How sweet a thing it is to wear a crown, Within whose
circuit is E/' Hence for anything that is the object of
supreme desire* In Venus 600, Adonis is called the E*
of Venus : " Worse than Tantalus is her annoy To
clip E* and to lack her joy*"

EMATHIA* A dist* of Macedonia around Edessa* After
the Roman Conquest it formed the 3rd district of
Macedonia* In Caesar's Rev* v* i, Anthony says,
** We'll meet the enemy in Macedon ; ^Smathian fields
shall change their flowery green, And dye proud Flora
in a sadder hue*" Milton speaks of Alexander as 44 the
great En* conqueror " (5onn*iii»to). InKyd'sCornefta
iv*, Cassius says, 44 Egypt, E*, Italy, and Spain Are full
of dead men's bones by Csesar slain*" In Casar's J?ei>*
v* i* Cassius says, ** Why died I not in those En. plains
Where great Domitius fell by Caesar's hand i " i.e. at the
battle of Pharsalia in Macedonia* Milton, P* R. iii* 290,
speaks of Seleucia, Nisibis, and other cities in the East as
** Built by En. or by Parthian hands*" Seleucia was
built and Nisibis rebuilt by the Seleucid kings of Syria,
who were descended from Seleucus Nicator, one of the
generals of Alexander the Gt*

EMDEN* Near the mouth of the Ems, the capital of the
principality of East Friesland* It is now decayed, but
in the i6th cent* it was a famous port, and one of its
princes, Count John, made a treaty in 1563 with
Elizabeth* In the next year it was visited by an English
fleet, which was received with much pomp* Its noble
Rath-haus, built in 1573, remains as an evidence of its
former greatness* In Marlowe's Faastus v*, Faust says,
** Of Wealth 1 Why, the Signiory of E* shall be mine."
In Barnavelt iv* 3, amongst Sir John's letters is one from
** grave Embden/' In T* Heywood's /* K. M* B* 295,
the Burse at Rome is said to be ** built after the manner
of Frankford and Embden," with streets and pent-
houses* Henslowe, in 1594, describes a play entitled
The Merchant of Eamden*

EMIMS* A legendary race of giants who \pere supposed
to have lived in Palestine, East of the Jordan, in what
was afterwards the land of Moab* In Milton, S. A+
1080, Harapha says he is ** of stock renowned As Og
of Anak, and the E* old That Kiriathaim held/' See
Gen* xiv. 5*

EMMANUEL COLLEGE* University of Cambridge,
founded by Sir Walter Mildmay in 1584. It stands at
the S* corner of St* Andrew St. and Emmanuel St. In
Middleton's Quiet Life ii* i, Mrs* Knavesby, confessing
her sins, says, " A handsome scholar, one of E* C*, fell
in love with me/'

EMMAUS, or EMAX* A vill. in Judaea, 7 or 8 m* W* of
Jerusalem* It was the scene of our Lord's manifestation
of himself to 3 of his disciples recorded in Luke xxiv. 13*
The vill* of Kolonieh is the most likely site ; but the
Onomasticon places it at E* Nicopolis, now Amwas, 30
m* from Jerusalem* In J* Heywood's Four PP. ii* i,
the Palmer says that in the course of his pilgrimages he
went " round about to Amias*" In York M. P* xl* 14,
the ist of the 3 disciples says he is going " To Emax,
this castle beside us/'
EMONY (i*e* HJEHONIA)* The dist* in N* Greece lying S*
of the Haemus range ; specially applied to Thessaly*
In Kyd's Cornelia i., Cher, the poet, referring to the
battle of Pharsalia, says, 44 War that hath sought the
Ausonian fame to rear In warlike E*" Spenser, in
Astrophel 3, says of Sir Philip Sidney : fi A gentle
shepherd born in Arcady, About the grassy banks of
Hcemony Did keep his sheep/'

ENGLAND

EMPEROR'S HEAD* The name of a tavern in Venice,
mentioned in Chapman's May Day iii. i, where Lodo-
vico says, 44 1 have housed the Capt* in the E. H*
Tavern*" The name was probably invented by Chap-
man for the occasion*

ENDFIELD* See ENFIELD*

ENEPEUS* See ENIPEUS*

ENFIELD* A vill* in Middlesex, n m* N* of Lond.
The manor house was the residence for a time of the
Princess (afterwards Q.) Elizabeth. N*W* of the town is
E* Chase, the remains of an ancient forest which
originally belonged to the citizens of Lond*, but was
ultimately enclosed in great part, the Chase itself be-
coming the property of the Crown* During the reign of
James I it was stocked with deer, and the K, frequently
hunted there* In Merry Devil? p* 245, Sir John says,
** Neighbour Banks of Waltham and goodman Smug,
the honest smith of Edmonton, as I dwell betwixt you
both at Ev I know the taste of both your ale-houses*"
In Oldcastle iii* a, " Highgate, Finchley, Tot'nam, E*,
Edmonton, etc*, etc.," are mentioned as being the
quarters of the rebels* In Dekker's Witch i* 2, we hear
of one " Mr* Ranges that dwells by E*" In ii* i, Cuddy
says, 4* No hunting counter I leave that to E* Chase
men*" In Merry Devil, p. 350, Mounchessey promises
Millicent: 44 1 will convey you hence unto a lodge I have
in E* Chase*" In Dekker's Northward iii* 3, Feather-
stone says, " His wife shall come and receive some small
parcel of money in E* Chase at a keeper's that is her
uncle/' In a letter to Sir William Cecil, 1563, Bp*
Grindall asks for " your warrant in Hatfield Park or E.
Chase," z\e* for a doe* Dekker, in Jest$T describes a class
of swindlers called Reachers, who " walk together male
and female and will have you a house to dwell at about
Endfield, Brainford, or any place within 6, 7, or 8 m*
of L,pnd." Drayton, in Polyolb. xvi. 259, speaks of E. as
" A forest for her pride, though titled but a Chace."
In Merry Devil, p. 2543, Fabel says, " We'll first have
Envil in such rings of mist As never rose from any
dampish fen."

ENGLAND (E*=England, Eh»— English, Eman*=Eng-
lishman)* The part of the Island of Great Britain S. of
the Tweed and East of the Severn : excluding, that is,
Scotland and Wales* The following plays deal more or
less directly with English history :
/* The Legendary pre-Roman period*

Sackville's Ferrex and Porrex ; Hughes' Misfortunes
of Arthur ; Anon* History of King Leir and his three
Daughters ; Shakespeare's King Lear ; Anon* No~
body and Somebody (reign of Elidure) ; Anon* Birth
of Merlin; Anon* Locrine*

IL Roman period from Julius Cxsar (or rather Claudius)
to about A.D. 400*

Shakespeare's Cymbeline (reign of Claudius);
Beaumont and Fletcher, Bonduca ; Fisher's Fuimus
Troes ; Anon* The Valiant Welshman (Caractacus)
W* Rowley's Shoemaker a Gentleman.
IIL Anglo-Saxon period (from 450 to 1066)*

Middleton's Mayor of Queenborough (Hengist and
Horsa) ; Anon* Knack to Know a Knave (Edgar) ;
Anon* Edmund Ironside ; Brewer's Lovesick King
(Canute) ; Dekker's Old Fortunatus (Athelstan)*
IV. Post-Conquest period (from 1066 onwards).

Anon* Fair Em* (William I) ; Dekker's Satiro~
mastix (William II) ; Anon* Look about You (Henry
I) ; Anon* Fair Maid of Bristowe flRichard I) ;
Bale's Kingjohan} Anon* Troublesome Reign of King

172

ENGLAND

John; Shakespearefs King John; Munday and
Chettle's Downfall of Huntington (John) ; Munday
and Chettle's Death of Huntington (John) ; Daven-
port's King John and Matilda ; Munday 's John a Kent
and John a Cumber ; Greene's Friar Bacon and Friar
Bungay (Henry III) ; Chapman's Alphonsus of Ger-
many (Henry III); Wentworth Smith's Hector of
Germany (Henry III) ; Peele's Edward I ; Anon*
George a Greene (Edward I) ; Marlowe's Edward II ;
Anon* King Edward III ; Anon* Tragedy of Richard
II; Shakespeare's Richard II; Anon* Life and Death
of Jack Straw (Richard II) ; Shakespeare's Henry IV
(two parts) ; Anon* Famous Victories of Henry V ;
Shakespeare's Henry V ; Anon* Sir John Oldcastle
(Henry V) ; Day and Chettle's Blind Beggar of Bed-
nail Green (Henry VI); Shakespeare's Henry VI
(three parts) ; Anon* True Tragedy of Richard Duke
of York (Henry VI) ; Contention of the Two Famous
Houses of York and Lancaster (Henry VI) ; Anon*
True Tragedy of Richard HI (Edward IV and Richard
III) ; T* Heywood's Edward IV (two parts) ; Shake-
speare's Richard III; Ford's Perkin Warbeck
(Henry VII); Shakespeare's Henry VIII ; S* Row-
ley's When you See me, you Know Me (Henry VIII) ;
Anon* Sir Thomas More (Henry VIII) ; Anon*
Lord Cromwell (Henry VIII) ; Dekker's Sir Thomas
Wyatt (Mary) ; T* Heywood's // you Know not Me
(Elisabeth) ; Anon* Life and Death of Thomas
Stukeley (Elizabeth); Peele's Battle of Alcazar
(Elizabeth) ; Sampson's Vow-breaker (Elisabeth)*

General references to geographical features and climate.
In Mac. iii* i, 31, Macbeth says. " Our bloody cousins
are bestowed In E* and in Ireland*" In iv. 3, 43, Mal-
colm says* " Here from gracious E* have I offer Of
goodly thousands*" In KJ* ii* i, 26, Austria speaks of
44 E* hedged in with the main* That water-walled bul-
wark* still secure And confident from foreign purposes*"
In Rz ii* i. 61, Gaunt celebrates 4t E** bound in with the
triumphant sea, Whose rocky shore beats back the en-
vious siege Of watery Neptune*" In Chapman's Trag.
Byron v. 2, 141, Byron describes E. as " the isle that,
of the world admired, Is severed from the world*" In
Kirke's Champions ii* i, Andrew speaks of Britain as
** An island * * * Whose lovely waist proud Neptune
circles round. Her craggy cliffs ambitiously threat
heaven And strikes pale terror to the mariner* The
inhabitants * * * Well skilled in science and all human
arts ; A government of peace and unity/* In Err. iii* 2,
128, Dromio, in his geography of his cook-maid, says of
E** " I looked for the chalky cliffs, but I could find no
whiteness in them ; but I guess it stood in her chin by
the salt rheum that ran between France and it*" In H5
v* 2, 378, the French k* speaks of ** the contending
kingdoms Of France and E* ; whose very shores look
pale With envy of each other's happiness*" For further
references to the chalk cliffs of the S.E* coast, see s.v.
ALBION* In #5 iii* 5> 16, the Constable says of the Eh*,
44 Is not their climate foggy, raw, and dull, On whom,
as in despite, the sun looks pale. Killing their fruit with
frowns ** " In Jonson's Devil ii, i, Meercraft says to
Fitsdottrel, 44 Now you perhaps fancy the smoke of E*
rather i "

The patron saint of E* is St* George* He was a
soldier, born in Cappadocia during the reign of Dio-
cletian and martyred at Nicomedia on April 33rd, 303*
Legend told of his slaying of a dragon somewhere in S*
Palestine, where a ch* was dedicated to him at Lydda,
where his relics were preserved* Our Australian Light

ENGLAND

Horse, digging trenches in this neighbourhood in 1917,
found a mosaic inscription in honour of 4t George the
beloved of God," which is supposed to have been his
tombstone* Richd* I invoked his aid in his ist crusade ;
in 1222 the synod of Oxford made him a saint ; and in
the reign of Edward III he was formally adopted as the
patron saint of E*, and of the order of the Garter,
instituted in 1348* The insignia of the Order include a
collar of gold with an enamelled figure of St* George and
the dragon as a pendant ; a garter of dark-blue velvet
edged with gold, worn below the left knee, with the
motto : 44 Honi soit qui mal y pense " ; an eight-
pointed star, and a blue mantle* From the ist year of
the reign of Henry V his day (April 23rd) has been ob-
served as a national festival; and by a curious co-
incidence it is also Shakespeare's birthday* The cross
of St* George was our earliest national flag, and is a
plain red cross, placed vertically and horizontally on a
white ground* The figure of St* George slaying the
dragon appears on some of our coins, especially the old
half-crown and the modern gold coins* It was a popular
ale-house sign in E* In L. L* L. v* 2> 620, Biron com-
pares the face of Holofernes to 44 St* George's half-face
[z*e. profile] in a brooch." Iii K.J. ii* i, 288, the Bastard
prays, 4t St* George that swinged the dragon, and e'er
since Sits on his horse back at mine hostess* door, Teach
us some fence J " In R2 i* 3, 84, Bolingbroke cries :
44 Mine innocency and St* George to thrive 1 " In H5
iii* i, 34, the K* says to his men, " Cry God for Harry,
England, and St* George I" In H6 A* i* i, 154, Bedford
says, 44 Bonfires in France forthwith I am to make, To
keep our great St* George's feast withal*" 4t God and
St* George " is the Eh* battle-cry (see H6 A* iv* 2, 55 ;
H6 C. ii* i, 204, iv* 2, 29 ; R3 v* 3, 270)* " Eh. George "
is one of the Seven Champions in Kirke's play, where he
is said to be the son of the Earl of Coventry ; doubtless
because of his prominent place in the annual Coventry
pageants* In Chapman's Usher i* 2, Strofczo speaks of
44 The Eh* sign of great St, George*" In T* Heywood's
Ed. IV A* i*, Edward says of Falconbridge, " Let this
Phseton Look he sit surely, or, by E*'s George, 1*11 break
his neck." In Sampson's Vow i. 2, 47, Clifton says,
44 Cry St* George and a fig for St* Dennis*" Spenser,
F* Q* i* 10, 61, identifies him with his red-cross knight,
and says, " Thou St* George shalt called be, St* George
of merry E*, the sign of victory*" In Jonson's Ev.
Man /* iii* i, Bobadil swears, ** By St* George, I was the
first man that entered the breach*" Puttenham, Art of
Poesie (1589) ii* (cancelled pages), says, 44 K* Edward III,
first founder of the famous order of the Garter, gave this
posie with it, Hony soit qui mal y pense*" In H6 A* iv*

1, 15, Talbot says to Falstaff, ** I vowed, base knight,
when I did meet thee next, To tear the Garter from thy
craven's leg " ; and in line 34, he says, 44 When first
this order was ordained, my lords, Knights of the
Garter were of noble birth, Valiant and virtuous, full of
haughty courage, Such as were grown to credit by the
wars ; Not fearing death, nor shrinking for distress,
But always resolute in most extremes*" In H6 B* iv* i,
39, Suffolk says, ** Look on my George 1 I am a gentle-
man*" In R$ iv* 4, 366, Richd* swears 4t by my George,
my garter, and my crown*" In Webster's White Devil iv*

2, Lodovico says, ** The Eman*is knight of the honoured
Garter, dedicated unto their saint, St* George*" In
Kirke's Champions i* i, his father says to George,
44 England's red cross shall George, then St* George,
wear*" Later, James says to him, "Let thy white
standard bear A bloody cross, to fill the world with fear*"
In T* Heywood's Fortune iv* i, the boy says of an ap-

173

ENGLAND

preaching ship, 4* She bears the Cross of E* and St*
George/* In Webster's Cuckold iii. 3, Rochfield reports
that 3 Spanish men-of-war, " having spied the Eh.
cross advance, Salute us with a piece to have us strike/'
In More iv* 2, More says/ ** To prevent in French wars
E/s loss Let german flags wave with our Eh* cross/'
In Trag+ Richd. Hi. 3? 177, Woodstock says of Arundel,
4* He did with fame advance the Eh* cross/* In Greene's
James IV v* 3, Douglas says. *' O Eh* k* . . * The
roseal cross is spread within thy field. A sign of peace,
not of revenging war " (see also GEORGE* ST*).

The lion was first used as part of the armorial bearings
of E* by Richd* I ; at first he bore 2 lions passant
guardant in pale or ; but in 1194 he added the 3rd lion*
as it now appears in the ist and 4th quarters of the
shield* Heylyn (s.v. BRUTISH ILES) says* " The Armes
of E* are Mars [i»e* gules] 3 lions passant guardant Sol
[i.e. Or]* They are compounded of the lion of Aqui-
taine and the 2 lions of Normandy." In Chapman's
Alphonsus v* i, 439, Alexander says. 4t At last the Eh*
lions fled*" In H6 A* 1.5, 28, Talbot exclaims : " Hark,
countrymen I Either renew the fight Or tear the lions
out of E/s coat*" In Greene's James IV v* 3* Douglas
says, " O Eh* k*, thou bearest in thy crest The k* of
beasts that harms not yielding ones/' In Smith's Hector
iv* 2, 986. Artoys says* 44 'Twas I that quartered with the
Eh* lions The arms of France, in opening Edward's
title/' Artoys had suggested to Edward III his claim
upon the Crown of France.

Historical allusions* In Ham. v* 2, 39> Hamlet tells
how he wrote a letter as from the K* of Denmark*
conjuring the K* of E* to do as he wished* " As E* was
his faithful tributary*" Shakespeare evidently dated the
play during the Danish domination of E* in the begin-
ning of the nth cent* In H$ i. 3, 169, Westmoreland
says, 44 Once the eagle E* being in prey, To her un-
guarded nest the weasel Scot Comes sneaking* and so
sucks her princely eggs*" In Webster's Law Case iv* 2*
RomeHo speaks of *' the horrid powder-treason in E*" :
referring to the Gunpowder Plot of 1605*

Land tenure in England. In Webster's Cuckold iii* i*
Lessingham says* ** The tenure by which land was held
In villanage [is] quite extinct in E/f Serfdom gradually
died out in E* in the i4th cent*, but the tenure of the
Villein was perpetuated for a long time in the form of
copyhold tenure*

Patriotic Praise of England. In K.J. v* 7, 117, the
Bastard says. " Come the 3 corners of the world in arms
And we shall shock them* Nought shall make us rue,
If E* to itself do rest but true*" In H6 C. iv* i, 40,
Hastings says, " Why, knows not Montague that of it-
self E* is safe, if true within itself 4 " In Trouble. Reign,
ad fin*, the Bastard says, '* If E/s peers and people join
in one Nor Pope nor France nor Spain can do them
wrong*" In Wealth 292* Remedy says, " Consider
Emen* how valiant they be and fierce ; No land can do
them harm but by falsehood and stealth* Remember
what number of men, of artillery and good ordinance,
Specially the grace of God, which is our chief further-
ance/* In Rz i. 3, 306, Bolingbroke says, " Then, E/s
ground* farewell ! sweet soil* adieu J My mother and
my nurse, that bears me yet 1 Where'er I wander* boast
of this I can, Though banished, yet a true-born Eman 1"
In ii. i, 40, Gaunt utters his famous panegyric: "This
royal throne of kings, this sceptered isle, This earth of
majesty, this seat of Mars, This other Eden, demi-
paradise; This fortress, built by Nature for herself
Against infection and the hand of war ; This happy
breed of men* this little world ; This precious stone set

ENGLAND

in the silver sea Which serves it in the office of a wall
Or as a moat defensive to a house Against the envy of
less happier lands ; This blessed plot, this earth, this
realm, this E*, This nurse, this teeming womb of royal
kings* This land of such dear souls, this dear, dear land.
Dear for her reputation through the world." In #5 ii.,
chor* 15, we read : " O E*. model to thy inward great-
ness, Like little body with a mighty heart, What might'st
thou do* that honour would thee do, Were all thy
children kind and natural i " In H6 B* i* i, 128, York
boasts, ** I never read but E/s kings have had Large
sums of gold and dowrie with their wives*" In H6 B* i*
i, 238, York speaks of " Fertile E/s soil/' In H6 B* iv*
8, 52, Clifford appeals to Cade and his followers :
44 Spare E*, for it is your native coast*" In H$ i, 3, 22,
the Lord Chamberlain says, ** An Eh* courtier may be
wise And never see the Louvre." In Span. Trag. it,
the K* of Spain says, '* Portingale may deign to bear our
yoke When it by little E* hath been yoked*" In Crom-
well iii. 3, Cromwell boasts, ** No Court with E. may*
compare Neither for state nor civil government." In
Dekker's Fortunatus v* 2* Fortune declares, " E. shall
ne'er be poor, if E, strive Rather by virtue than by
wealth to thrive*" In Massinger's Maid Hon. L i,
Bertoldo says, ** Look on E*, The empress of the
European isles And unto whom alone ours [i.e. Sicily]
yields precedence : When did she flourish so, as when
she was The mistress of the ocean, her navies Putting a
circle round about the world i " In Chapman's Consp*
Byron iv* i, Byron is quoted as having said to Elisabeth,
"Your empire is so amply absolute That even your
theatres show more comely rule* True noblesse, royalty,
and happiness, Than others' courts ; you make all state
before Utterly obsolete; all to come, twice sod/'
Later he says, " Treason was never guide to Eh* con-
quests*" In T. Heywood's Captives iii* 2* Ashburne
says, ** 1 tell thee, peasant, E/s no brood for slaves*"
In S* Rowley's When you E* 4, Henry VIII, sending
Brandon to lilt in the tournaments in France, com-
mands him, ** Bear thee like thyself, an Ernan.* dread-
less of the proudest." In Lawyer v. i* the Abbot says,
" Oh, happy Emen*, if your sore eyes Did not look
squint on your felicities*" In T. Heywood's Maid of
West B* iii*, Mullisheg says, " These Eh* are in all things
honourable, Nor can we tax their ways in anything, Un-
less we blame their virtues." In pay's Travails (Bullen,
p* 31), Robert Sherley says* "'Tis the nature of our Eh*
coast, Whate'er we dp for honour, not to boast/f In
Chapman's Alphonsus i. 2, 208, Cullen says, 4* I know an
Eman** Being flattered, is a lamb ; threatened, a lion/'
In ii* 2, 68, Edward says, " We say in E* that he is a man
That like a man dare meet his enemy/* In Smith's Hector
L 1*9, the Palsgrave says, 44 No martial tutor fits a prince
But he that is a trueborn Eman/* In iii* 2, 757, the
Bastard says, ** Of all nations in the world I hate To
deal with Emen*, they conquer so/'

Especially are the English praised for their valour. In
K.J. ii* i, 274, John says, *4 1 bring you witnesses, Twice
15,000 hearts of E/s breed, To verify our title with our
lives." In H$ i. 2, in, Canterbury, speaking of the
battle of Crecy, says, ** O noble Eh., that could enter-
tain With half their forces the full pride of France* And
let another half stand laughing by*" In H$ iii* i> *7>
Henry says, " On, on, you noblest Eh*, Whose blood is
fet from fathers of war-proof* * * * And you, good
yeomen, Whose Limbs were made in E*, show us here
The mettle of your pasture/' In iii. 6, 158, Henry says,
44 1 thought upon one pair of Eh* legs Did march 3
Frenchmen/' In H6 A* i* a, 30, Alencon confesses/

174

ENGLAND

44 E* all Olivers and Rowlands bred During the time
Edward III did reign* More truly now may this be
verified, For none but Samsons and Goliases It sendeth
forth to skirmish." In H6 A* iv* 7, 54, Lucy says,
44 Submission, Dauphin 1 'tis a mere French word ;
We Eh* warriors know not what it means*" In T. Hey-
wood's Maid of West A. iv* i, the Spanish Capt. admits,
44 These Emen*, Nothing can daunt them : Even in
misery They'll not regard their masters*" In Kyd's
Soliman i., Erastus speaks of 44 Eh* Archers, hardy
men-at-arms, I-cleped Lions of the Western world*" In
Devonshire i* i, Fernando says, " The world cannot
boast more resolution than the Eh* hearts seasoned for
action*" In T* Heywood's Maid of West B* iv*, the D*
of Florence confesses, 44 These bold Emen*, I think,
are all composed of spirit and fire : the element of earth
hath no part in them*" Per contra, the French estimate
of the English is occasionally presented* In H$ iv* 3, 37*
the Constable of France boasts. ** Our approach shall
so much dare the field That E* shall couch down in fear
and yield*" In Trouble* Reign (Haz*, p* 238), Lewis asks,
** Why are the Eh* peerless in compare £ E* is E*,
yielding good and bad, And John of E* is as other
Johns*" The phrase 4* merry E*" occurs as early as
Cursor Mundi (i4th cent*), where Brutus is called "first
conqueror of Meri Ingland*" In H6 B* iy* 3* 9, Holland
says, " It was never merry world in E* since gentlemen
came in*" In Peele's Ed. /, p* 34, the harper predicts
"A Welchman shall be k* and govern merrie E."
Spenser, F. Q* i* 10, 61, speaks of 44 St* George of merry
E*, the sign of victory*" In Cartwright's Ordinary iv* 3,
Moth says, 44 So did the Saxons Upon thylke plain of
Sarutn done to death The lords of merry E*" : a curious
misuse of the word for a professed antiquary like Moth,
for these lords of merry E* were Britons and their
murderers the Saxon ancestors of a part of the Eh*
nation*

English characteristics. Heylyn (s.v. BRUTISH ILES)
says, ** The Eh* are commonly of comely feature,
gracious countenance, for the most part gray-eyed,
pleasant, bountiful, courteous, and much resembling
the Italians in habit and pronunciation* In matters of
war they are both able to endure and resolute to under-
take, the hardiest enterprises ; in peace, quiet and not
quarrelsome ; in advice or counsel, sound and speedy*
Finally, they are active, hearty, and cheerful*" Andrew
Boorde, in Intro, of Knowledge (1543) i*, describes the
Eman. as fond of new fashions, and prefixes to the
chapter a woodcut of an Eman* naked, and with a pair
of huge scissors in his hand, unable to decide what he
will wear : he boasts that all men fear him and that he
lacks nothing, and that he will have his own way*
44 Emen*," he adds, ** are bold, strong, and mighty ;
the women be full of beauty and they be decked gaily*
If they were true within themselves, they need not to
fear, although all nations were set against them*" Lyly,
in Euphues England, p* 385, says, 4* I perceive in E* the
women and men are in love constant, to strangers
courteous, and bountiful in hospitality*" Again, on
p* 397, he says, " An Eman* hath 3 qualities : he can
suffer no partner in his love, no stranger to be his equal,
nor to be dared by any*" In T* Heywood's Lucrece iii* 5,
Valerius sings of the Eman*, " Nothing so full of hazjard
dread, Nought lives above the centre, No fashion, health,
no wine nor wench, On which he dare not venture*"
Just above Scssvola speaks of " an Eman*— a strange
people in the western islands — one that for variety in
habit, humour, and gesture puts down all other nations
whatsoever*" In Chapman's.4/pAo7wa$ 11*3,113* Edward

ENGLAND

says that 44 Eh* courtship [i.e. courtliness of manner,
chivalry] bears it from the world*" I adopt Brereton's
emendation— bears, for leaves* In Dekker's Hon. Wh. E.
i* i, Lodovico says, 4* There's a saying : the Irishman for
his hand, the Welshman for a leg, the Eman* for a face*"
In Ford's Sacrifice i. i, Fernando says of E*, 44 I'll tell
you what I found there : men as neat, As courtly as the
French, but in condition Quite opposite* Put case that
you, my lord, Could be more rare on horseback than
you are, If there — as there are many — one excelled You
in your art, as much as you do others. Yet will the Eh.
think their own is nothing Compared with you* a
stranger ; in their habits They are not more fantastic
than uncertain ; In short, their fair abundance, man-
hood, beauty No nation can disparage but itself*" In
H$ B. i* 3, 341, Falstaff says, 4* It was alway yet the
trick of our Eh* nation, if they have a good thing, to
make it too common*" In Merck. L 3, 73, Portia, speak-
ing of the young Baron of E*, says, 4t He understands
not me nor I him ; he hath neither Latin, French, nor
Italian ; he is a proper man's picture, but alas J who
can converse with a dumb show* " In Nash's Wilton i*3,
Jack says, " That which was [the Israelites'] curse, we
Emen* count our chief blessedness : he is nobody that
hath not travelled." Later on, i* 4, he says, " Our Emen*
are the plainest dealing souls that ever God put life in*
They are greedy of news and love to be fed in their
humours and hear themselves flattered the best that may
be*" In Davenant's Rhodes A* 88, Villerius says, " The
Eh* lion ever loves to change His walks, and in remoter
forests range*" In John Evangel. 356, Eugenio says,
" The courtesy of E* is oft to kiss*" In Chapman's
Alphonsus ii* 3, 94, when Edward shocks his bride by
kissing her, Alphonsus explains, ** Prince Edward used
his country fashion*" Erasmus was struck with this
custom, and not unpleasantly, when he visited Sir
Thomas More* In Ham. v* i, 170, the gravedigger ex-
plains that Hamlet has been sent to E*, because his mad-
ness ** will not be seen in him there ; there the men are
as mad as he*" In Marston's Malcontent iii* i, Bilioso
says, ** Your lordship shall ever find amongst an hundred
Emen* fourscore and ten madmen." In Fletcher's
Pilgrim iv. 3, the Master of the Mad-house says of the
Eh*, 4* They are mad everywhere, Sir." In Middleton's
Gipsy i* if Roderigo says, ** It's as rare to see a Spaniard
a drunkard as an Eman. to pay his debts*" In Dekker's
Match me i* i, Bilbo says, *4 *Tis some Eman* has stolen
her* I hold my life, for most thieves and bravest coney-
catchers are amongst them*" In Noble Soldier iii* 3,
Baltasar says, ** I can turn arrant thief with the Eh*"
In Chapman's C&sar ii* i, 116, Ophioneus says, 44 Thou
shalt * * . cheat with the Eman*, brag with the Scot,
and turn all this to religion*" The Eh. thieves had, how-
ever, the reputation of avoiding murder* In Massinger's
Guardian v* 3, Alphonso says, ** Imitating the courteous
Eh* thieves, they have not done one murder*" In
B* & F* French Law iy* 5, a gentleman says, " We use
you kindly In that, like Eh* thieves, we kill you not,
But are contented with the spoil*" In Massinger's
Guardian ii* i, Alphonso, deploring the practice of
duelling, charges this sin upon 44 France, and in strange
fashions her ape, E." In Glapthorne's Hollander ii* i,
Mrs. Mixum says, 44 1 have tried some Emen., and they
are meacocks verily ; and cannot lawfully beget a child
once in 7 years*" In Milkmaids iii* i, Raymond says,
44 1 am not like your dull, cold Eman* That can attend
his mistress a whole day * * * yet check his blood*"
In Marston's Malcontent v* 3, Malevole says that young
married lords go to E*, ** because there are no brothel-

175

ENGLAND

houses there, nor courtezans* Your whore went down
with the stews, and your punk came up with the
Puritans,**

The position and character of the English women* In
Jonsonfs Volpone i, i» Volpone says, " I wonder at the
desperate valour Of the bold Eh*, that they dare let
loose Their wives to all encounters*'* In Massinger's
Guardian ii* 5, Calipso describes " The Eh* fair com-
panion that learns something From every nation and
will fly at all/' In Glapthorne's Privilege iii. i* Adorni
says, " In E, Where public houses are prohibited There
are the bravest lasses**' Heylyn (s.v. BRUTISH ILES) says,
44 Our women questionless are the most choice work of
nature, adorned with all beauteous perfection. As their
beauty, so also their prerogatives are the greatest of any
nation ; neither so servilely submissive as the French,
nor so jealously guarded as the Italian ; but keeping
so true a decorum that E«, as it is termed the purgatory
of servants and the hell of horses, so it is acknowledged
the Paradise of women*" Burton, A. M. iii* 3, i, 2, says,
44 We will permit our wives and daughters to go to the
tavern with a friend, and suspect nothing to kiss coming
and going* E* is a paradise for women and hell for
horses*" Lyly, in Euphues England, p« 312, says* " The
ladies in E* as far excell all other countries in virtue as
Venus doth all other women in beauty**'

English fashions in dress. In Merch. i* 2, 79, Portia
says of the young Eh* baron : " How oddly he is suited !
I think he bought his doublet in Italy, his round hose
in France, his bonnet in Germany, and his behaviour
everywhere*" In T* Heywood's Lucrece iii* 5, Valerius
sings, after enumerating the fashions of many nations :
44 The Ernan* is for them all, And for each fashion
coasteth " ; and again, after speaking of various kinds
of cloth, ** Oh, your Eman*, he loves to deal in all
things " ; and again, " Of all felts that can be felt Give
me your Eh* beaver," In Jonson's Volpone iii* 2, Lady
Politick says, " What will the Italians say of me $* The
Eh* lady cannot dress herself*" In B* & F* Pair Maid L
iv* 2, Forobosco says that the Man in the Moon is
44 An Eman* that stands there stark-naked, with a pair
of shears in one hand and a great bundle of broadcloth
in t'other, cutting out of new fashions." In Nash's
Wilton H* 2, Jack says, 44 1 being a youth of the Eh* cut
ware my hair long, went apparelled in light colours, and
imitated 4 or 5 sundry nations in my attire at once*" In
Shirley's Fair One ii. i, the Tutor says, "Are not
Italian heads, Spanish shoulders, Dutch bellies, and
French legs the only notions of your reformed Eh.
gentleman t " In Chapman's Bussy i. i, Montsurry says
that the Eh*, when they travel, 4< Come home delivered
of a fine French suit " ; and Henri replies : " They
much wrong their real worth In affectation of outlandish
scum." In Glapthorne's Privilege iii* i, Adorni says of
the Eh*, 44 They hate a cut domestic, but imitate the
French precisely gallants, wear their long Parisian
breeches with 5 points at knees ; then they have their
doublets so short in the waist, they seem as 'twere begot
upon their doublets by their cloaks*" In Devonshire iv*
i, Manuel says, " Other nations, especially the Eh*,
hold themselves no perfect gentlemen till frenchifyed*"
In Yarington's Two Trag. i. i, the Neighbour says,
44 *Tis our Eh* manner to affect Strange things, and
prise them at a greater rate Than home-made things
of better consequence*" In W« Rowley's Match Mid,
iii* i, the Widow says, 4t We have no other proof in use
that we are Eh*, if we do not $any them," i*e* the French*
She has just ordered net ruff to be hollowed in the
French fashion* In Trag. Richd. U iii* a, 147, Wood-

176

ENGLAND

stock exclaims, " Is ft possible that this fellow, that's
all made of fashions, should be an Eman* 4 " Hall, in
Satires iii* i. 69, describes a fashionable man's dress :
44 A French head joined to neck Italian ; Thy thighs
from Germany and breast from Spain ; An Eman. in
none, a fool in all*" Lyly, in Euphues Anat. Wit, p. 106,
says, 44 Be not like the Eman* which preferreth every
strange fashion before the use of his country*" Dray ton,
in Ep. to Reynolds (1627) 93, says, "The Eh. apes and
very zanies be Of every thing that they do hear and see*"
In Mac* ii* 3, 16, the Porter says, 4* Here's an Eh.
tailor come hither, for stealing out of a French hose*"
In Webster's Malfi iv* 2, amongst the madmen is "an
Eh* tailor crazed i' the brain with the study of new
fashions*"

English love of eating, drinking, and smoking. In Mac.
v. 3* 8, Macbeth exclaims, 44 Fly, false thanes, And
mingle with the Eh. epicures*" In Jfte i* 3, 67, Boling-
broke says, " Lo, as at Eh* feasts, so I regreet The
daintiest last." In Fletcher's Pilgrim ii. i, Alphonso
says of the Porter, " He stinks of muscadel like an Eh.
Christmas " : Christmas being celebrated in E* with
feasting and banqueting* Compare Jonson's Christmas,
Nash's Summers, where Christmas is introduced
ordering dainties for his festival, and Herrick's Cer. of
Christmas in Hesperides* The staple of the feasts was " the
old Eh* roast beef." In #5 iii* 7, 160, the Constable
says of the Eh., 44 Give them great meals of beef and
iron and steel, they will eat like wolves and fight like
devils," In H6 A* i* 2, 9, Alencon says of the Eh*,
44 They want their porridge and their fat bull-beeves ;
Either they must be dieted like mules And have their
provender tied to their mouths Or piteous they will
look, like drowned miqe*" In Davenant's Wits i. i,
Meager complains that he has had to " abstain flesh as
if our Eh* beef Were all reserved for sacrifice." In
Peele's Old Wives, p* 187, Sacrapant speaks of 4* A chine
of Eh* beef, meat for a king and a king's followers."
In Massinger's Guardian ii* 3, Carlo enumerates " the
pith of an Eh* chine of beef " among the delicacies he
has prepared for breakfast* In Stucley 842, Mackenner
says, 4* These Eh* churls die if they lack their bed And
bread and beer, porridge and powdered beef." In
B* & F* Rule a Wife iii* 3, Cacafogo says he will 44 eat
as I were in E*, where the beef grows*" In their Women
Pleased iii. 2, Penurio can keep a secret if 44 wrapt up in
beef, In good gross beef* The Eh* have that trick To
keep intelligence*" In their Fair Maid L iv* 2* Foro-
bosco says, *4 Provide a great and spacious Eh* ox, And
roast him whole with a pudding in his belly." In their
Pilgrimage i* i, Incubo speaks of an Eh* cow as *4 a beast
of quality." In Brome's Academy iv* 2, Galliard says,
44 You shall not Outface the French man with your great
bull-beef And mustard Eh* looks." In Sampson's Vow
v* i, 132, Clifton says, " Give me the Eh* chine, and
that feeds men, And they that feed well certainly will
fight/' Mead was originally the national drink ; but
beer came into common use, being introduced from
Holland in the i6th cent*, and the Eh* gained the
reputation of being the hardest drinkers in the world*
Boorde, in Dietary (1542), speaks of beer as a natural
drink for Dutchmen, which " of late is much used in E,
to the detriment of many Eh* oxen*" Itt Cromwell ii* 2,
Hodge says, 44 Would I could find my master Thomas
in this Dutch town 1 He might put some Eh* beer into
my belly*" In Massinger's Great Duke ii* 2- Petruchip
says, " Such as eat store of beef tnay preserve their
healths with that thin composition called small beer,
as 'tis said they do in E*" In B* & F* Beggan* iii* x, one

ENGLAND

of the Boors cries out, " Come, Eh* beer, hostess, Eh*
beer by the barrel 1 " In Webster's Weakest i* 2* Bunch
says, " Well fares E*, where the poor man may have a
pot of ale for a penny " ; and in ii«. 3, he rejoices the
heart of Jacob by telling him, " There's a tun of Eh*
stark beer, new come to Newkirk this day at 2 stivers a
stoup*" In Middleton's No Wit L 3, Savourwit says,
44 He's a little steeped in Eh* beer/' In B* & F* Pestle iv*
2, Pornpiona says, 4t My father oft will tell me of a drink
In E* found and nipitato called Which driveth all the
sorrow from your hearts*" Nash, Summers (Dodsley,
viii* 60), says, " Never cup of nipitaty in Lond* came
near thy niggardly habitation*" Nipitato was a kind of
strong beer* In Oth. ii* 3, 78, lago says that he learned
his drinking song 44 in E., where indeed they are most
potent in potting : your Dane, your German, and your
swag-bellied Hollander are nothing to your Eman* He
drinks you with facility your Dane dead-drunk; he
sweats not to overthrow your Almain ; he gives your
Hollander a vomit ere the next pottle can be filled*"
In T* Heywood's Lucrece iii* 5, Valerius, after enumerat-
ing all sorts of national drinks, sings, 4* The Eh* none
of these can scape. But he with all makes merry*" In
B* & F* Beggars' iv* 4, Higgen says the bowl must be
" upsey-Eh*, strong lusty Lond* beer*" In their Pilgrim
iii* 6, one of the Keepers says, 4f These Eh* are so malt-
mad, there's no meddling with 'em/' In their Captain
iii* 2, Piso says of the Eh*, ** Not a leak at sea can suck
more liquor* You shall have their children christened
in mulled sack, and at 5 years old able to knock a Dane
down*" In their Malta ii* i, Norandine says that Eh*
cloth has 4i A twang of its own country that spoils all ;
A man shall ne'er be sober in it/' In v* I, he says, " Do
they think to bind me to live chaste, sober, and tem-
perately ** They may as soon tie an Eman* to live so*"
In Glapthorne's Privilege iii* i, Adorni says, ** Your Eh*
outdrinks the Dutch* The Dutchman drinks his buttons
off, the Eh* doublet and all away*" In Lyly's Sapho iii*
2, Molus sings, " O * that's a roaring Eman* Who in
deep healths does so excell From Dutch and French he
bears the bell*" In Dekker's Wonder i* i, Nicoletto
says, 4t I'll drink as hard yet as an Eman* And they are
now best drinkers; they put down The Dutchmen
clean/' Tobacco-smoking, or the drinking of tobacco,
as it was commonly called, was introduced into E» from
America in the latter part of the i6th cent* and rapidly
became popular, in spite of K* James's Counterblast*
Baker, in Chron. Elizabeth 65, says, " Drake brings
home with him Ralph Lane, who was the first that
brought tobacco into E/' Raleigh got his first tobacco
from Lane, and his example had a good deal to do with
making the practice of smoking fashionable* Harrison
speaks of it as being ** greatly taken up and used in E*"
in 1573* There are few comedies of Lond* life after
1585 that do not contain references to it* In Jonson's
Ev* Man O* iii* i, Shift says, 4* It pleases the world (as
I am her excellent tabacconist) to give me the style of
Signior Whiffe/' He professes to teach " the most
gentlemanlike use of tabacco," including such varieties
of smoking as "the Cuban ebullition, Euripus, and
Whiff/' In Noble Soldier ii* i, Baltasar says the K*
takes sia ** as the Eh* snuff tobacco and scornfully blow
the smoke in the eyes of heaven*" In B* & F* Pestle L 2,
the Citizen's wife, coming on the stage among the young
gallants, says, "Fie, this stinking tobacco kills me!
Would there were none m E* J ** Burton, -A* M* iii* 3, i,
2, says, ** Germany hath not so niany drunkards, E*
tobacconists * * * as Italy alone hath jealous husbands/'
Poor adulterated tobacco was known as Eh* tobacco*

177

ENGLAND

In B* & F* Wit Money iv* 5, Valentine says to Fountain
and the rest that the taverns will allow them ** but Eh*
tobacco with half pipes*"

The English Inns had a great reputation for comfort*
Earle, in Microcos., says, 44 There is no place in the
world where passengers may so freely command as in
the Eh* inns, and are attended for themselves and their
horses as well as if they were at home, and perhaps
better*" Fynes Moryson, in Itinerary iii* 3, 151, says,
** The world affords not such inns as E* hath "; and
proceeds to commend the service, the food, the music,
and the reasonableness of the reckoning* *' Lastly," he
adds, " a man cannot more freely command at home in
his own house than he may do in his inn/' In H4 A* iii*
3, 94, Falstaff asks, ** Shall I not take mine ease in mine
inn s1 " The Eh* were fond of dancing, and had their
own country dances, like the Roundel, the Trenchmore,
the Morris, the Jig, and the Dump; but they also
adopted from other nations dances like the Galliard,
Lavolta, Pavin, etc* In B* & F* Princess i* i, Riniero says
that the people of Tidore " take as much delight in a
baratto, a little scurvy boat, as the dancing Eh* in carry-
ing a fair presence/' In H$ iii* 5, 32, Bourbon says,
44 They [the Eh J bid us to the Eh* dancing schools And
teach lavoltas high and swift corantos/' Fencing was
also widely cultivated, and the combats on the stage
were carried out with professional skill* In Dekker's
Hon. Wh. A* iv* i, Matheo says of Lodovico, 4* It's more
rare to see him in a woman's company than for a
Spaniard to go into E* and to challenge the Eh* fencers
there*" Swords and tilting staffs were made in E*,
though the former had not the same reputation as the
Toledos. In Webster's White Devil v* 6, Flaminio in-
quires, 4t O, what blade is 't .< a Toledo or an Eh* fox 4
In B* & F* Friends i* i, Marius says he has iiot spent his
5 years of travel " to bring home an Eh* tilting-staff/'
The Eh* are satirised for being fond of going to see
strange monstrosities, such as were exhibited in fairs,
etc* In Temp* ii* 2, 29, Trinculo says of Caliban, 44 Were
I in E* now and had but this fish painted, not a holiday
fool there but would give a piece of silver ; when they
will not give a doit to relieve a lame beggar, they will lay
out 10 to see a dead Indian*" In B* & F* Fair Maid /* y*
2, the Clown advises Forobosco to go to E* : " you will
never get so much [he says] as in E/' In Merlin v* 2, 52,
Edol says, ** Take her hence And stake her carcase in
the burning sun Till it be parched and dry, and then
flay off Her wicked skin and stuff the pelt with straw To
be shown up and down at Fairs and Markets ; Two pence
a piece to see so foul a monster Will be a fair monopoly
and worth the begging/' In Mayne's Match iii* 2,
Timothy is "made up*' as a sea-monster, and ex-
hibited in Fish St*, Lond*

English tradet manufactures^ and commerce. The most
important commercial product of E* was wool, which
was manufactured into various kinds of cloth in the
eastern counties, in Kendal, and in the W* country
around Bath, and was exported in large quantities to the
Continent* Lead and tin were mined in Cornwall, and
coal in Newcastle* Eh* beer was also exported, especially
to the Netherlands* In Merch. L 3, 30, Shylock tells us
that one of Antonio's ventures was ** for E/* In H6 C*
i* 4, 123, York says to Margaret of Anjou, ** Thy father
bears the type of k* of Naples Yet not so wealthy as an
Eh* yeoman*" In Wealth 292* Remedy says, ** Many
other realms For our great wealth would dare not be
bold To strive again E* or any right withhold*" Trading
establishments, known as Factories, were set up in the
most important foreign ports* The Eh* Hottse in Afit-

M

ENGLAND

werp was the famous Hop van Lyere, granted to the
Eh* merchants in 1558* In Cromwell ii* 3, one of the
characters is ** The governor of the Eh. Factory " in
Antwerp, In Lamm D* 3, the ** Governor of the Eh*
House " in Antwerp appears ; in part v* 3, he says,
"This is the sum Of all the wealth at this time may be
found Within the Eh,-house*" In Meas. i. 2, 34/ the
ist gentleman says to Lucio, 4* I had as lief be a list
of an Eh* kersey as be piled for a French velvet/' In
Dekker's Hon. Wh. B. iv* 2, Lodoyico says of Candido,
44 Would it not be a good fit of mirth* to make a piece
of Eh* cloth of him* and to stretch him on the tenters i "
In Studey 1874. the ship-master describes his lading as
'* packs of Eh* cloth*" In B* & F* Malta ii* i, Norandine
says of Eh* cloth* " That's a good wear indeed**' In
Trag. Richd. II i* i, 102* York says of Thomas of Wood-
stock, ** Let others set in silk and gold (says he), A coat
of Eh* frieze best pleaseth me*" Drayton, in Polyolb.
xi* 17, speaks of the men of Cheshire as " Clad in warm
Eh* cloth*" Hentzner, in his Travels, says, " Everybody
knows that Eh* cloth is much approved of for the good-
ness of the materials, and imported into all the kingdoms
and provinces of Europe*"" Further details will be found
under the names of the great Eh* trade-centres*

The chief coins circulating in E* during our period
were the silver penny, deeply marked with a cross, so
that it could be easily broken into halfpennies and far-
things— hence comes the constantly recurring pun about
bearing crosses ; the groat and half-groat ; the silver
crown and half-crown, first coined by Edward VI ; the
testoon, or shilling, first coined by Henry VII ; the gold
noble, originally worth 6/8, but now raised to io/-;
the angel, worth 6/8 ; and the rial, or sovereign, named
after Henry VIII, and half-rial, or half-sovereign*
The mark was not a coin, but was a term used for money
reckonings, and was of the value of 13/4* Foreign coins
were also freely circulated, especially the French crown,
the Dutch dollar, the portigo, and the Dutch doit
(half a farthing)* In Davenport's Nightcap i. 2, the
Clown says, ** If you dislike the penny, pray let me
change it into Eh* half-pence." In Merck* ii* 7, 56,
Morocco says, ** They have in E* A coin that bears the
image of an angel Stamped in gold*" In Chapman's
Alphonsus L i, 145, Alphonsus, referring to the million
pounds said to have been paid by Richd*, Earl of Corn-
wall, to the D* of Brunswick for the ransom of the
Archbp* of Mentz, says, ** The Eh* angels took their
wings and fled*" In frag* Richd. II L i, 90, Arondel
says, ** A tun of high prized wines of France Is hardly
worth a mark of Eh* money*" In Ado ii* 3, 32, Benedick
says that the woman he marries must be " noble or not
I for an angel*"

Natural products of England, The crocus, or saffron,
was largely used both in medicine and cookery* It was
prepare^, from the stigmas of Crocus Sativus. In B. &
F* Prize i* 2, Livia says, ** Selling (which is a sin un-
pardonable) Of counterfeit cods or musty Eh* crocus,
Sooner finds me than that drawn fox Moroso." In
Jonson's Volpone iii* 2, Lady Politick, wanting a poultice
for Volpone, asks for " Some Eh* saffron, half a dram
would serve*" In W. T. iv* 2, 48, the Clown says, " I
must have saffron to colour the warden pies*" The bur
is the prickly seed-vessel of the Burdock (Arctium Lappa)
and of the Goose-grass (Gallium Aparine). In Day's
Humour ii* 2, Octavio says, " I am like an Irish beggar
and an Eh, burr, will stick dose where I find a good
nap*" In As L 3, 13, Rosalind says, " They are but burs,
Cousin, thrown upon thee in holiday foolery ; * * * our
very petticoats will catch them/* The Red Deer or

ENGLAND

Stag, the Fallow Deer* and the Roe Deer were all
common in E* in Tudor times, though the first-named
is now found only in Scotland and in the N* of E.
In H6 A. iv* 2, 48, Talbot says, 44 If we be
Eh* deer, be then in blood, Not rascal-like to
fall down with a pinch." The Eh* breed of
Mastiffs had a great reputation. In H5 iii. 7, 150,
Rambures says, 44 That island of E* breeds very valiant
creatures ; their mastiffs are of unmatchable courage*"
In H6 A* i. 5, 25, Talbot says, 44 They called us for our
fierceness Eh* dogs*" In Dekker's Hon. Wh. B* ii* i,
Orlando, abusing Bellafront's father, calls him ** an
Eh* mastiff." In Webster's Malfi iv* i, Bosola refers to
44 Eh* mastiffs that grow fierce with tying*" In Mas-
singer's Renegado i. 3, Francisco speaks of 44 Eh.
mastiffs that increase their fierceness By being chained
tip*" In Davenant's Favourite i. i, Saladine says of
Thorello, who has just returned to Italy from his travels,
44 He rides, and manages your Eh* mastiff, Sir." In
Goosecap v*, Momford says, " 3 things there be that
should your anger swage, An Eh* mastiff and a fine
French page*" In Devonshire iv* i, Manuel says the
French " are lovers of short nags and Eh* mastives*"
In Chapman's Alphonsus v* i, 475, Saxon says, 4t There
let the Judas, on a Jewish gallows, Hang by the heels
between 2 Eh. mastiffs*" The Wolf was formerly
plentiful in E* : Edgar tried to extirpate them by ex-
acting an annual tribute of 300 skins from the kings of
Wales, but it was not till the reign of Henry VII that the
wolf became extinct S* of the Tweed* In Webster's
White Demi iii* 2, Francisco refers to the 44 tribute of
wolves paid in E." In Middleton's JR* G* iii* 3, Sir Davy
says to the catchpols, 4* Look to your prey, my true Eh*
wolves*" Hall, in Satires iv* 3, says, 4* An Eh* wolf, an
Irish toad to see, Were as a chaste man nursed in Italy,"
i.e. there is no such thing*

Capital punishment was the penalty for many offences,
and the gallows was a familiar object in the Eh* landscape.
In/erommo(4*£*D*,p*47o),the hero says to Balthasar,
" Thou art full as tall as an Eh* gallows, upper beam and
all*" Gipsies wandered through the country, telling for-
tunes and stealing poultry. In Middleton's Gipsy ii. i,
Alvarez says that his fellows are 4t no red-ochre rascals,
umbered with soot and bacon, as the Eh* gipsies are,
that sally out upon pullen, lie in ambuscade for a rope of
onions " (see under EGYPTIANS)* The religion of E. was
Protestant, and the mass of the population were in
hearty sympathy with the principles of the Reformation,
and hated the Pope and the Jesuits with whole-hearted
vigour* For proof, see under BABYLON and ROME. In
B. & F* Chances iii* i, Peter says, 44 The Pope's Bulls
are broke loose too, and 'tis suspected They shall be
baited in E." In their Pilgrim iv. 3, the Spanish parson
addresses the Eh* madman as "Thou Eh* heretic!"
In True Trag. iii* (Haz*, p. 128), the Messenger says
that Edward VI " brought the Eh* service first in use,"
i.e. the Book of Common Prayer.

English language, literature, and art. The language is
called Eh*, and sometimes ** the King's Eh*" In HS v.
2, 103, the French Princess says, *4 I cannot speak your
E*" ; and in 126 Henry says, " I am glad thou canst
speak no better Eh*" In 265 he begs her, 44 Break thy
mind to me in broken Eh." In M. W. W. ii. i, ^42, the
Page says of Nym, " Here's a fellow frights Eh. out of his
wits*" In ii* 3, 62, the Host says/' Mock- water, in our Eh.
tongue, is valour." In iii* i, 80, the Host says, 44 Let Caius
and Evans keep their limbs whole and hack our Eh." In
v* 5, 150, Falstaff says of Evans, ''Have I lived to stand
at the taunt of one that makes fritters of the Eh* tongue i "

ENGLISH COLLEGE

In Merch. L 2, 77, Portia swears that she has " a poor
pennyworth in the Eh*" In Rz i* 3, 160, the banished
Mowbray complains, ** The language I have learned
these 40 years, My native Eh*, now I must forego/*
In H4 A* iii* i, 193, Mortimer laments, " My wife can
speak no Eh/' In Lupton's All /or Money D 4, Sir Laur-
ence Livingless, a Romish priest, says, ** Had not they
[St* Paul's Epistles] been, and the New Testament, in
Eh*, I had not lacked living/* In Histrio ii*, Gulch says
of the prologue to the play, ** Here's no new luxury or
blandishment, But plenty of Old E/s mother words/'
In Elements 24, the Messenger exhorts clerks to write
44 in our Englysshe tongue," because there are many,
** As well of noble men as of mean estate, Which nothing
but Englysshe can understand/' He advises that Latin
words should be translated into Eh*, so that "All subtle
science in Englysshe might be learned/' In M. W. W.
i* 4* 5> Quickly says, when Dr. Caius comes, " Here will
be an old abusing of God's patience and the K/s Eh/'
In Haughton's Englishmen i, 2, Frisco calls Delion *4 a
clipper of the K/s Eh/' In Satiro* iv* 3, 128, Tucca
quotes Horace as saying of Sir Vaughan, ** Thou clipst
the K/s Eh*" The metaphor is taken from the clippers
of the K/s coin* Eh*, or plain Eh*, is used for the simple,
straightforward meaning of anything* In M* W* W* i* 3,
54, Pistol says that Sir John " has translated Mrs*
Ford's will out of honesty into Eh*" In Shirley's
Pleasure iv* 2, Littleworth says, " A man would think
that creeping on one's knees Were Eh* to a lady*" In
B* <fc F* Prize iv* 3, Bianca says, ** I speak good honest
Eh* and good meaning*" In Juggler 37, Dame Coy
opines, " No tale can be told but that some Eh* may be
picked thereof out*" In Underwit v* i, Courtwell says,
" To love or to be loved is to be gulled ; that's the
plain Eh* of Cupid's Latin*" In Wise Men yii* 2,
Insatiato says, " This is a riddle, yet this Eh* I pick out
of it, that you may have a husband*" In Day's B* Beggar
v*, Strowd says, 44 It's an arrant lie, my lord, that's the
plain Eh* of it." Nash, in Lenten (Harl* Misc*, voL ii,
P*3i6), says, "Many of you have read these stories,
and could never pick out any such Eh.," z*e* any such
meaning* The verb " to Eh*" means to translate into
Eh* In W* Rowley's Shoemaker ii* 3, 77, Leodice says
of her conduct, " Thus 'tis eh't* ; I cannot be
without his company*"

Eh* players not infrequently visited Germany and
France* In All's iv* 3, 298, Parolles says of Capt*
Dumain, " He has led the drum before the Eh* trage-
dians*" In the 1 6th cent. E* was really a musical nation ;
every man of education could sing his part at sight, and
play the lute ; and the names of Tye, TaUis, Gibbons,
Morley, and many others stand high amongst those of
the world's great composers* Fynes Moryson, in
Itinerary iii* 3, 151, says that in Eh* inns the traveller
44 shall be offered music, while he eats * * * and if he
be solitary, the musicians will give him the good day
with music in the morning*" Milton, in Sonn. to Lowes,
says that he 44 First taught our Eh* music how to span
Words with just note and accent*"

ENGLISH COLLEGE* An establishment for E* Roman-
ists at Rome* In Tomkis' Albumazar L 13, Ronca says,
** Have at Rome J I see the Pope, his cardinals, and his
mule, The E* C* and the Jesuits*"

ENGLISH COLONY (used for VIRGINIA, q.v.). In
Massinger's Madam iii* 3, Lacy says of the pretended
Indians, " They have lived long In the E* c* and speak
our language*" In Eastward iii* 3, Seagul says of
Virginia, " A whole country of E* is there, man ; bred

EPEIROS

of those that were left there in '79. They have married
with the Indians and make *em bring forth as beautiful
faces as any we have in England*"

ENGLISH PALE* The dist, in Ireland over which E*
control was established* It lay around Dublin, but its
exact boundaries varied from time to time* The same
name was given to the E* dist* round Calais* Boorde, in
Intro, of Knowledge (1547) iii* 132, says, ** Irland is
divided in 3 parts, one is the Englysh p*, and the other
the wild Irysh/' In Marlowe's Ed. II ii* 2> Lancaster
says, ** The wild Oneyl with swarms of Irish kerns
Lives uncontrolled within the E. p*" In Stucley 934,
Herbart speaks of a body of troops as " some company
of the E. p*" In Fair Women L 106, Browne, speaking of
Dublin, says that the people are " As civil in the E. p*
as here." In S* Rowley's When You C* 3, the K* says,
** Now in Ireland The Burkes rebel and makes hourly
roads To burn the borders of the E* P/' The reference
is to the Irish rebellion of 1535*

ENIPEUS* One of the principal rivers of Thessaly,
flowing from Mt* Othrys through the Pharsalian plain,
into the Peneus* In T. Heywood's Dialogues 5244, lo,
describing the rivers of Thessaly, says, *4 Next poplar-
shadowed E* glides/' In Lyly's Woman in Moon iv* i,
Pandora invites Iphicles, " Meet me on Enepeus' sedgy
banks." In Antonie ii* 610, Charmion says, ** Frame
there Pharsaly and discoloured streams Of deep E."

ENISPE* A town in Arcadia, mentioned by Homer in the
Catalogue of the Greek ships* Its exact site is not
known* In Shirley's Arcadia iii* 2, one of the Rebels
says, 44 The new frisk we danced at E* to-day will serve
rarely as the prologue*"

ENNA* An ancient city in the centre of Sicily, 60 tru
N*W* of Syracuse* 5 m* S. of the city was the lake arid
glade, with a grotto, supposed to lead down to the in-
fernal regions, where Proserpina was carried off by
Pluto* Milton, P* £* iv* 269, speaks of " that fair field
of E*, where Proserpin gathering flowers * « * by
gloomy Dis Was gathered/'

ENVIL* See ENFIELD*

ENYS* Identified by Pedler with the peninsula on which
Pendennis Castle stands, on the W* side of the entrance
to Falmouth Harbour* In Cornish M* P* i* 2592, Solo-
mon gives to the Carpenter *4 An E. hag Arwennek,"
z*e« E* and Arwennek*

EPEIROS (EPIRUS) * Dist* on W* coast of Greece between
the Acro-CeraunianPromontory and the Ambraciot Gulf*
It now forms the S* part of Albania. It became a Roman
Province, and Augustus founded its capital, Nicopolis,
now Arta* At the break-up of the Greek Empire in
A*D* 1204, Michael, of the house of Angeli, got possession
of Durazzo and founded a strong principality in E*,
52tolia, and Thessaly* The EL&abethans projected
these Kings or Dukes of E* into the past ; thus we find,
in Machin's Dumb Knight i* i, a D* of Epire appearing
in the lists against the K* of Cyprus* In Massinger's
Virgin i. i, the 4* kings of Epire, Pontus, and Macedon "
are taken prisoners by Diocletian, In his Emperor ii* i,
" Cleanthe, daughter to the k. of Epire," is one of the
candidates for the hand of the Emperor Theodosius*
In Chapman's Caesar ii* 4, 126, the K* of E* comes
to offer his services to Pompey at Dyrrachium* There
was no such K* at this time* In Gascoigne's Government
ii* i, Gnomaticus says, "History accuseth Nilo for
selling of E." The reference appears to be to Mtlo
(not Nilo), an officer of Perseus, K* of E+, who after the
battle of Pydna in 166 B*C* surrendered Bercea to the

EPHEREIAN

Romans* In T* Heywood's Gold. Age i*, Vesta commits
the infant Jupiter to the care of " the K* of Epire's
daughters/' In Act II, " Jupiter and the Epyriens "
conquer Lycaon* The commoner legend made Crete
the home of the god's infancy* Milton, Son. to Vane 4,
speaks of the time " when gowns, not arms, repelled
The fierce Epirot and the African bold/' Pyrrhus, K*
of E*, was a formidable enemy of the Romans 280-373
B*C* Burton, A. M* i. a, 4> 7, says of the death of Prince
Henry, " Scanderbeg's death was not so much lamented
in E*** ; for Scanderbeg, see s.v. ALBANIA* In Florio's
Montaigne i. i, he is called " Scanderberg Prince of E/'
The scene of Massinger's Old Law and Shirley's Corona-
tion is laid in E* Neither of these plays has any historical
foundation*

EPHEREIAN (belonging to Ephyra, the old name of
CORINTH, g*i>*)* In Mason's Mulleasses 1867, Timoclea
says to Mulleasses, " Kings shall not come to Corinth
where thou mayst, not with a common E* trull, Purchase
a minute's pleasure ; but with me* * * Spend years of
sweet content*"

EPHESUS (En* =» Ephesian)* A city near the W* coast
of Asia Minor on the Cayster* It was famous for the
great temple of Artemis (Diana), which was burnt down
by Herostratus on the night of the birth of Alexander
the Gt* and rebuilt with extraordinary magnificence*
The inhabitants were notorious for their luxury, wealth,
and devotion to the black arts* By the i5th cent* it had
become a wretched village named Ayasaluk, and it so
continues* Shakespeare makes E* the scene of the
Comedy of Errors instead of the obscure Epidamnum,
the scene of his original, the Menaechmi of Plautos.
The supposed date is the 3rd cent* B*a • In i* i, 17, the
D* says, ** If any born at E* be seen At any Syracusan
marts and fairs ; Again, if any Syracusian born Come
to the bay of E*, he dies " t E* being an Ionian and
Syracuse a Dorian city, this enmity is natural enough*
In i* a, 96, Antipholus of Syracuse says, ** They say this
town, is full of cozenage, As, nimble Jugglers that deceive
the eye, Dark-working sorcerers that change the mind,
Soul-killing witches that deform the body, Disguised
cheaters, prating mountebanks*" In Per*, iii* a and 4
and v* 2 and 3 are laid at E*, the last scene being in the
temple of Diana, where Thaisa is High Priestess : the
time is during the reign of Antiochus the Gt*, in the
early part of the and cent* B*C* In Nabbes' Hannibal v+ i,
Hannibal says, " Antiochus being already vanquished
And fled to E*" This was after the battle of Magnesia,
190 B*C, In Tiberius 3152, we are told that Germanicus
went to Armenia by way of E* In Cartwright's Slave v*
i, Cratander says to Atossa, " The Ens* Shall know a
goddess greater than their own, And you depose our
magnified Diana*" In Fisher's Fuimus iii* 3, Lantonus
celebrates the praise of Diana, the goddess of the moon,
and says, "Thou, fair Phoebus' sister [z*e* Diana], Nor
DeHan dames nor the En* towers Shall bla^en more thy
praise/' z*«* neither Delos nor E*, though famous seats
of Diana's worship, shall praise her more than Britain*
The burjimg of the temple is alluded to in B* & F*
CormfM rv* i, where the Uncle of Onos says, ** He did
emquire at E* for his age, But, the church-book being
burnt with Dlan's temple, He lost his aim/* Jonson,
in his Execration upon Vulcan, speaks of u your fireworks
had at E*" In T* Heywood's Maid of West B, iv*, the
D* of Ferara says, " Herostratus was so hated through-
out E* they held it death to name hinou" In Davenport's
Matilda iii* a, John apostrophises the Q«, " O ye cruel
one, Crueller than the flame that turned to cinders The

EPIDAURUS

fair En* temple*'* Spenser, F* Q* iv* 10, 30, speaks of
** the famous temple of Diana Whose height aft E* did
oversee*" In Jonson's Catiline i* it Catiline enumerates
44 En* pictures " among the articles of luxury bought by
the Roman aristocrats* En* is used like Corinthian
(q,v.)f in the sense of a jolly boon companion* In
M* W* W* iv* 5, 19, the Host calls to Falstaff, 44 Art thou
there i It is thine Host, thine En*, calls*" InH^B*ii*2,
163, the Page describes Falstaff's companions as ** Ens,
of the old ch.," i*e* of the old heathen ch* before the
founding of the Christian ch* there* In Middleton's
Family L 3* Mrs* Purge, a Puritan, says, 44 1 cannot find
that either plays or players were allowed in the prime ch*
of E* by the elders*" The allusion is to the primitive ch*
of E* founded by St* Paul, who addressed the elders
of E* at Miletus (Acts xx* 17)* In Davenant's 17* Lovers
v* 4, Ascolm promises to set up a statue ** in lasting gold,
by old En* art designed*" Probably he is thinking of
Demetrius, the maker of silver shrines for Artemis
(Acts xix* 34)* In Gascoigne's Government ii* i, Gnoma-
ticus says, " St* Paul in the 6th chapter of his Epistle
to the Ens* saith : Children, obey your parents in the
Lord*" In Juventus, p* 133, Good Counsel says, '* St*
Paul unto the Ens* giveth good exhortation, saying,
Walk circumspectly, redeeming the time " (Eph. v* 15)*

EPHRAIM* The 2nd son of Joseph, and the ancestor of
the tribe of Ephraim, which was settled in the centre of
Palestine and became the most powerful of the northern
tribes, so that E* is often used for the name of the N*
Kingdom* The Forest of E*, where Absalom was killed,
was East of the Jordan, near Mahanaim, but has not
been definitely identified* In Peele's Bethsabe iii* 5,
Joab says of Absalom, " This shady thicket of dark E*
Shall ever lower on his cursed grave*" Milton, 5* -4*
a8a, recalls " how ingrateful E* Had dealt with Jephtha*"
(see Judges xii* i)* In 988, Dalila predicts that she will
be ** Not less renowned than in Mt* E* Jael who * * *
Smote Sisera sleeping*" In Trans. Ps» Ixxx* 9, he says,
44 In E**s view and Benjamin's And in Manasseh's sight
Awake thy strength*"

EPIDAMIUM* The Ff* reading in -Err* for the name of
the birth-place of the twin brothers (i* i, 421* etc*)*
No doubt Shakespeare wrote Epidamnum as W* W.
does in his translation of the Mensechmi ; but the name
of the place was actually Epidamnus* The scene of the
Menzchmi is laid there, but Shakespeare shifts it to
Ephesus* It was a city on the coast of Illyricum on the
Adriatic Sea* The Roman writers always call it Dyr-
rhachium : it is now Duraszo*

EPIDAURUS* There were 3 ports of this name in ancient
Greece, one abt* 100 m* N* of Epidamnus on the coast
of Illyricum, now Ragusa Vecchio ; a and on the East
coast of the Peloponnesus in Argplis ; and a 3rd, E*
Limera, on the east coast of Laconia* In the and there
was a famous temple of Asclepis or ^Bsculapius, and it
was alleged that it produced a special breed of serpents,
sacred to him, and endowed with extreme keenness of
sight* In Jonson's BarthoL ii* i, Overdo, in his disguise,
says, " Fain would I meet the Linceus now, that eagle's
eye, that piercing Epidaurian serpent, as my Quintus
Horace calls him, that could discover a Justice of the
Peace under this covering " (see Horace, Sai* i* 3, 37)*
In Randolph's Muses9 i* 4, Mime says, 44 We can spy
forth The least of faults with eyes as sharp as eagles Or
the Epidaurian serpent*" Milton, P*L. ix* 507, says
that Satan in the form of a serpent was lovelier than
" the god in E*" The FL in Err. i* i, 95, read : '* 2,
ships from fat making amain to us, Of Corinth this, of E*
180

EPIRUS

that/* Most modern editors read " E*," but it seems
clear from v* i, 349 that the right reading is Epidamnum;
the Abbess says, " By men of Epidamnum he and I And
the twin Dromio all were taken up/'
EPIRUS* SeeEpEiROS*

EPPING* A mkt* town in Essex, at the N* extremity of
Epping Forest, 1 6 ra* N.-East of Lond* Londoners went
out there for picnics, as they do stilL In Glapthorne's
Wit ii* i, Holdfast declares that he is *4 Sir Gefferies son
of E*" In Nabbes' Bride iii* i, Raven says, " I have a
little country house near E* ; Thither I would convey
you*" In Long Meg xiv*, the story is told of Meg and
some others going to make merry " at E* Mill/'

EPSOM* In Surrey, 15 m* S*W* of Lond* Famous for its
mineral springs containing magnesium sulphate, or
E* salts* In Killigrew's Parson v* 4, Sad speaks of people
travelling to 4* the Es*, Burbons, and the Spaws to cure
those travelled diseases these Knights-errant have
sought out for you," to wit, the venereal disease*

ERCOCO (now usually ABKKEKO)* A port on the W* shore
of the Red Sea, at the most N* point of Abyssinia*
Milton, P* L* xi* 398, describes Adam viewing ** The
empire of Negus to his utmost port E/r : Negus being
the K* of Abyssinia*

EREBUS* A region of darkness supposed in the Greek
mythology to lie between the earth and Hades* It is
used vaguely by the Elizabethans for Hell* In Merck, y*
i, 87, Lorenzo says of the man that hath no music in
himself: ** The motions of his spirit are dull as night,
And his affections dark as E*" In #4 B* ii* 4, 171, Pistol
says of Doll : " 111 see her damned first * * * With E*
and tortures vile also*" In/* C* ii* i, 84, Brutus says of
Conspiracy : " Not E* itself were dim enough To hide
thee from prevention/' In Marlowe, Tamb* A* v* i,
Zabina speaks of "A hell as hopeless and as full
of fear As are the blasted banks of E/f In Span.
Trag. (A.B.D. iv*, p* 507), the ghost prays, "Solicit
Pluto, gentle Proserpine, To combat Acheron and
E* In hell "—whatever that may mean 1 In B* & F*
Thomas iv* 2, Launcelot, describing how he and
his friends painted the town red, says, " Windows
and signs we sent to E/r In Barnes' Charter i* 5,
Lucretia Borgia, about to murder her husband Gismond,
appeals to " You grisly daughters of grim E* Which
spit out vengeance from your viperous hairs," z*e* the
Furies* In Milton's Comas 804, Comus says, " The
wrath of Jove Speaks thunder and the chains of E* To
some of Saturn's crew*" In Peele's Alcazar ii*, the
presenter describes the shrieks of Abdilmunen's ghost as
rousing " these nymphs of E*," i*e* the Furies* In
Jonson's Poetaster iii* i, the 2nd Pyrgus, in true Pistol
vein, exclaims, " Damned be thy guts unto K* Pluto's
hell And princely E*" In Locrine i* i, 244, Corineus
says, " Wert thou as strong as mighty Hercules * * .
Thou couldst not move the judge of E*" Milton, P* £*
ii* 883, describes the opening of the gates of Hell,
44 which on their hinges grate Harsh thunder, that the
lowest bottom shook Of E/* Percy, in Ccelia (1594)
xix* 2, says, " Then quick, thou grisly man of E*,
Transport me hence unto Proserpina," Le. Charon*
The author of Zepheria (1594) v, 7, speaks of Passion
44 Christening the heavens and E* anew*" In B* & F*
Mad Lover i* i, the Fool says, 44 The Iron Age [is] re-
turned to E*" : meaning that the war is over*

ERICINE (= Mt* Eryx in W*,Sicily^ a m* from the coast
and 6 from Drepanaj now MONTE S* GITJLIANO)* It
rises, an isolated peak, from a low plain : on its summit

ESCURIAL

was a temple to Venus, said to have been founded by
^Eneas ; hence she is often called Venus Erycina* In
T* Heywood's Dialogues 6209, Venus says to Cupid,
44 Here on the top of the Mount E* Ambush thyself, a
place sacred to me**' In his 5* Age v*, Juno says,** I met
him [Jupiter] on the mtn* Erecine And took him for the
young Hyppolitus/' The context seems to require a
mtn* in Boeotia, but I can find none of this name, unless
it is a mistake for Mt* Helicon, on the borders of Boeotia
and Attica* But in B* Age ii*, Heywood seems to regard
Eryx and E* as different; for Venus complains that
Adonis has made her leave " Paphos, Gnidon, Eryx,
Erecine, and Amathon*" In Greene's Orlando iii, 3, 968,
Orlando calls Venus " fair Erythea " ; which seems to
be a compound of Eryx and Thea (goddess). In his
Orpharion (Wks* xx* 12), he describes Erycinus and the
temple of Venus there* In B. & F* Woman Hater i* i,
the D* apostrophizes Venus as " Thou laughing
Erecina/' In Cowley's Riddle v*, Aphron says,
"Clariana Is pure and white as Erycina's doves*"
Marlowe, in Hero and Leander (Sest* II), says, "And
them, like Mars and Erycine, display," alluding to the
trick played by Vulcan on Mars and Venus*

ERIDANUS* The Greek name for the Padus or Po, the
great river of N* Italy, g*y* In Nabbes' Hannibal v* 3,
Hannibal, burned up by the poison he has taken, cries :
44 My heart J my heart J Quench it, E* I but it would dry
Thy waters up*" There is some appropriateness in
making Hannibal speak of this river, which he had
crossed when he invaded Italy*

ERLOND* See IRELAND*

ERUINES HILL* In Dodypoll iii* 4, Alberdure, in his
mad fit, says to a peasant, 44 Thou art he that in the top
of E* h* Danced with the moon and eat up all the stars*"
This hill probably existed only in the madman's imagin-
ation*

ERYMANTHUS* Range of mtns* on the N*W* boundary
of Arcadia, in Greece* It was the haunt of the boar
slain by Herakles* In Milton's Arcades 100, the song
begins, 44 Nymphs and shepherds * * * Trip no more
in twilight ranks, Though Erymanth your loss deplore/'
In Brome's Cf* Beggar iv* 2, the mad Frederick cries,
44 Perhaps she [Diana] hunts to-day P the woods of
Merathon or E*" According to another form of the
legend, the forest haunted by the Boar was in Thessaly*
So in T* Heywood's 5* Age 132, the boar of 44 the Ere-
manthian forest Devasts the fertile plains of Thessaly/'
Barnes, in Parthenophil, Elegy xi* 7, asks : 44 Was it con-
cluded * * * That underneath the Erymanthian Bear
Beneath the Lycaonian axletree * * * should remain
my fear 4 " Apparently he means the Gt* Bear ; but
he has probably mistaken the boar for a bear and then
transferred him to the sky*

ERYTHRAEAN SEA (the RED SEA)* The name is used by
Herodotus : eruthros being Greek for red* Milton,
in Ps* cxxxvi* 46, says, 44 The ruddy waves he cleft in
twain Of the E* main*"

ERYX*

ESCURIAL* Thefamous monastery and palaceof the Kings
of Spain, built by Philip II in 1584 at the town of Escu-
rial, 27 m* N*W* of Madrid* Its full title is El real Sitio de
San Lorenzo el real del Escorial* It is a vast building
of grey granite in the form of a rectangular parallelo-
gram* The ground plan is in the shape of a gridiron, in
memory of the martyrdom of St. Lawrence* In Noble
Soldier iv* 2, the K* speaks of " our rich E/* This would
seem to indicate that the K* of Spam intended is Philip

181

ESHTAOL

II; though the story is quite imaginary* Hall, in
Satires v* 3, 37, calls it ** The vain bubble of Iberian
pride That over-croweth all the world beside : Which,
reared to raise the crazy monarch's fame, Strives for a
court and for a college name/* Burton, A* M. ii* 2, 3,
says, ** In the king's palace in E* the air is most tem-
perate/* Donne, Anatomy of World : Funeral Elegy
(1611), says that no tomb would be worthy of his mis-
tress, ** Though every inch were 10 Es*"

ESHTAOL* A town in the tribe of Dan, now Eshua*
It lies 13 m* due W* of Jerusalem, close to Zorah, in a
fertile basin* In Milton's 5. A. 181, the chorus say to
Samson, ** We come, thy friends and neighbours not un-
known, From E, and Zora's fruitful vale/'

ESQUILINE* The largest of the 7 hills of Rome, lying
on the East side of the city, S* of the Viminal* In Nash's
Summers, Christmas says, " The Romans dedicated a
temple to 111 Fortune in Esquilius, a mtn* of Rome/'
This was the Ara Malae Fortunae mentioned by Cicero,
De Nat. Deorwn iii* 25* Its exact site has not been de-
termined. In Fisher's Fuimus v* i, Hulacus says to
Caesar, " Throw Palatine on ^Esquiline, on both Heap
Aventine, to raise one pyramid For a chair of estate ;
but shun the Senate-house/' The E, was the plebeian
quarter of Rome, and was regarded as a kind of slum
area* The burial-place for slaves and malefactors was
just outside the E* Gate or Porta Esquilina, and rubbish
of all sorts was flung out there* Spenser, in Raines of
Rome iv*, pictures Rome as lying on her back under her
7 hills, and says, " On her left hand [lay] the noisome
E/' In Histrio iii*, Chrisogonus calls the plays
of the time " Such rotten stuffs, More fit to fill the
paunch of E* Than feed the hearing of judicious ears*"
In Tiberius 3661, Tiberius says, " Post, post away some
to the Capitoll, Some to port K, mt* Pallatine*" Hall,
in Satires iv* i, 58, says that Crispus murdered his
guest, " And in thy dung-cart didst the carcass shrine,
And deep entomb it in Port-e*" Spenser, F* Q* ii* 9, 33,
says that the back-door of the house of Temperance out
of which the rubbish and offal of the kitchen were
thrown " cieped was Port E*" C/* Hor* Ep. xvii* 58,
and v* 100* Hence Port E* is used for the outlet of the
bowel* In B* & F* Thomas iii* i, Hylas asks the physi-
cians, if a man has indigestion " Are we therefore to
open the port vein [i*e* the Vena Porta] Or the port e* £ "
In their Prophetess iii* i, when a suitor asks Geta, the
ignorant .32dile, for piles, he answers : 4* Remove me
those piles to Port E*, Fitter the place, my friend*''

SSEX* A county on the East coast of England, N, of the
estuary of the Thames* It gave their title to the Earls of
E* The people were mostly engaged in agricultural
pursuits, and their Lond, neighbours were never tired of
laughing at their rusticity of manners and their alleged
slowness of intelligence: they were nicknamed E*
calves, also known, Hke the Cotswold sheep, as E, lions.
E. cheese was well known and highly esteemed* The
E* men, like their Kentish neighbours, were not indis-
posed to rebellion against the Government, and took an
'active part in Jack Straw's rising in 1381* The Earl of E*
wh6 apjkats in JK./. was Geoffrey Fitz-Peter, Chief
Justice of England, Who died in 1:313* In Trouble. Reign
(Has*, p* 333), Jtfhn says to him, " E*, thoushait be ruler
of my realm/' In H55 C* i* i, 156, Northumberland says
to Warwick, " 'Tis not thy S* power Of E,, Norfolk,
Suffolk, nor of Kent, Cain s& the D* up in despite of me*'*
The county gave his title to Walter Devereux, who was
created Earl of E* in 1572* His son Robert succeeded

ESSEX HOUSE

to the title in 1576* He was the prime favourite of
Elizabeth for many years, but was executed for high
treason in 1601* In Chapman's Trag+ Byron iv* i,
Byron says, 4t The matchless Earl of E* * * * Had one
horse likewise that the very hour He suffered death * * *
died in his pasture*" In v. i, Byron says, " The Q* of
England Told me that if the wilful Earl of E* Had used
submission, and but asked her mercy, She would have
given it, past resumption*" In Jonson's Alchemist iv* i,
Mammon tells the disguised Doll that she is no longer
to learn physic and surgery *' for the constable's wife Of
some odd hundred in E* ; but come forth And taste the
air of palaces*" Nash, in Prognosticationf says, " If the
parson of Hornchurch in E* take not heed, there may
hap to prove this year some cuckolds in his parish*"
Hornchurch is a vill* 19 m* S* of Chelmsford ; the point
of the joke is the perennial Elizabethan jest on the Horn,
the symbol of a cuckold* In Killigrew's Parson iii* 5,
Jolly asks the Capt*, 44 Have you no friends in the close
committee i " To which he replies : " Yes, yes, I'm an
E* man," £*e. a simpleton, and therefore have many like
me on the committee* In Middleton's Michaelmas i* i,
Cockstone says, 4t One Mr. Easy has good land in E* ;
He is yet fresh and wants the city powdering*" Easy is
made a butt for the jokes of the city men* In ii* 3,
Quomodo says, 4* We shall have some E* logs yet to keep
Christmas with " : meaning that they will make money
out of the E* clodpole* In Goosecap L i, Bullaker says of
Sir Gyles, the fool of the play, " His chief house is in E*"
In Vox. Borealis (1641), it is said of Sir J* Suckling, the
Governor of Berwick, and his followers : ** Away they
did creep Like so many sheep, And he like an E*
calf-a." In Eastward L a, Quicksilver says, 44 These
women are like E* calves, you must wriggle 'em on by
the tail still, or they will never drive orderly*" In
Dekker's Northward L 3* Philip says, 4* The E. man
loves a calf*" In Alimony v. 5, Medler says, ** You
would wish that his puny baker-legs had more E*-
growth in them," i *e* more calf* In Haughton's English-
men i* i, Frisco speaks of the paint dropping from a
lady's face " like a piece of dry E* cheese toasted at the
fire/' In Elinor Rummyng v*, we read of ** acantleof E*
cheese full of maggots quick." Taylor, in Poems iii* 26
says* ** I saw a rat upon an E* cheese*" In Piers B* v* 93,
Invidia says, ** I wolde be gladder, bi God, that Gybbe
had meschaunce, Than though I had this woke ywonne
a weye of E* cheese*" In Davenant's Plymouth i* 2,
Carrack speaks of the diet of sailors as *4 fulsome butter,
E* cheese, dried stockfish*" E* men took part in Jack
Straw's rebellion in 1381* In Jack Straw i*, Hob Carter
says* ** I have brought a company of E* men for my
train*" In Trag. Richd. II L 3, 335, Cheney says, " The
men of Kent and E* do rebel"? and in ii* 3, 186,
Woodstock (Gloucester) says, " I'll to Plashy, brothers;
If ye ride through E*, call and see me*" Plashy is in E*
According to Old Megf p* i, E*-men were famous " for
the Hey/' £*e* a kind of country dance*
ESSEX HOUSE* A palace on the site of the Outer Tem-
ple, Lond*, on the S* side of the Strand, at its East end,
where E* St* and Devereux St* are now* Originally the
town h* of the Bps* of Exeter, it passed successively
through the hands of Lord Paget, the Earl of Leicester,
and the Earl of E* It is the ** stately place wherein doth
lodge a noble peer, great England's glory and the world's
wide wonder/' of Spenser's Prothalamion* The last bit
of the old h* disappeared in 1777* Swetnam was "Printed
for Richard Meighen and are to be sold at his shops at
St* Clements Ch*over-againstE»H*, and at Westminster
'HalL 1630*"

&STOTILAND

ESTOTILAND* The part of N* America between Baf-
fin's Bay and Hudson's Bay* Milton, P. L. x. 686, points
out that but for the inclination of the axis of the earth
the heat of the sun 4* had forbid the snow From cold E*"

ETHAM* A rock in which Samson took refuge from the
Philistines* It has been probably identified with Beit
Atab, near Zorah, abt* 10 m* S.W* of Jerusalem, where
there is a cavern suitable for Samson's purpose* See
Judges xv* 8* In Milton's 5* .A* 253, Samson describes
how he was retired ** Safe to the rock of E*"

ETHIOPIA, or ETHIOPIA (JE. » Ethiopia, Ep* »
Ethiop, Ee* = Ethiope). Is used vaguely for the whole
of Africa S* of Egypt and the Sahara desert* Heylyn
divides it into JE. Superior, which is practically Nubia
and Abyssinia, and IE. Inferior, which stretched from
the Red Sea to the Atlantic and from the S. of Abyssinia
to the Cape of Good Hope* JB. Superior was under the
sway of a series of monarchs, all called Prester John,
and included 70 minor kingdoms* The point that most
impressed the Elizabethans was the blackness of the
Ens/ skins ; and, as Elisabeth was a blond, to have a
dark complexion and hair was regarded as a blemish in a
woman, and to call one an Ep* was a distinct insult*
In Locrine ii*, prol* 7, Ate says, ** When Perseus married
fair Andromeda * * * Lo, proud Phineus with a band
of men, Contrived of sunburnt .52ns*, By force of arms
the bride he took from him*" Andromeda was the
daughter of Cepheus, K* of ££*; and Phineus, his
brother, tried to prevent her marriage to Perseus, but
was turned to stone by the Gorgon's head. Ate is there-
fore inaccurate* In iv. i, 31, Corineus boasts, 44 If all the
coal-black JEns* Should dare to enter this our little world
Soon should they rue*" Milton, in Trans* Ps. Ixxxvii* 1 5,
says, ** I mention Babel to my friends, Philistia full of
scorn, And Tyre, with Ep*'s utmost ends ; Lo, this
man there was born*" E* is one of the characters in
Darius. In Hester (A*P. ii* 385), a proclamation is headed,
44 We Assuerus k* and high regent From India to En*
plain*" In Marlowe's Tomb. B* i. 3, Techelles says he
has marched to Zanzibar, ** where I viewed the En*
Sea," Le. the sea off the East coast of Africa* In Shirley's
Pleasure iii* i, Scent thinks it would be cooler to travel
44 through E*" than to move amongst ladies* In Chap-
man's Blind Beggar, 44 Black Porus, the En* k*," is one
of the enemies of Ptolemy* The name was probably
suggested by that of the Indian K* who was defeated by
Alexander the Gt*, but there is nothing historical in
Chapman's play* Milton, P. L* iv* 282, uses 44 Ep*
line " for the Equator ; and says that Mt. Amara is
44 under the Ep* line*" It is really about half way be-
tween the tropic of Cancer and the Equator* In Two
Gent, ii* 6, 26, Proteus says, " Silvia Shows Julia but a
swarthy Ee*" In Ado v* 4, 38, Claudio will hold his
mind to marry Leonato's niece " were she an Ee*" In
L.L.L. iv* 3, 1 1 8* Dumain apostrophizes his lady:
44 Thou for whom Jove would swear Juno but an Ee*
were " ; and in iv* 3, 268, the K*, chaffing Birpn about
his dark lady, Rosalind, says, ** Since her time . * *
Ees* of their sweet complexion crack*" In M. N. D. iii*
2, 257, Lysander cries to Hertnia, 44 Away, you Ee* ! "
Bacon, in Sylva iv* 399, says, 44 The heat of the sun
maketh men black in some countries, as in IE. and
Guiney*" In Per* ii* 2, 20, Thaisa describes the device
of the knight of Sparta as ** a black Ee* reaching at the
sun*" In JRom* i* 5, 48, Romeo says of Juliet : 4* She
hangs upon the cheek of night Like a rich jewel in an
Ee*'s ear*" The whiteness by contrast of the teeth of
black folk is referred to in W. T* iv* 4, 375, " This hand

ETON

as white as * * * En*'s tooth*" In As iv* 3, 35, Rosalind
speaks of Phebe's letter as ** Ee* words, blacker in their
effect Than in their countenance." In Abington iv* i,
Philip says, 44 The sky that was so fair 3 hours ago Is in
3 hours become an Ep." The proverb that it is lost
labour to try to wash an Ee* white is often referred to;
doubtless with an allusion to Jeremiah xiii* 23, " Can the
En. change his skin, or the leopard his spots i " In
Marston'sMa/content iv* 3, Jacomo complains, 44 I washed
an Ee* who,for recompense, Sullied my name." In B* & F.
Prize iii* 2, Petruchio says, 44 1 sweat for 't, so I did; but
to no end : I washed an Ep*" In Webster's White Devil
v* 3, Zanche says of the 100,000 crowns she promises to
Lodovico, ** It is a dowry, Methinks, should make the
sunburnt proverb false And wash the Ep* white " :
Zanche herself being a Moor* In Glapthorne's Privilege
iv. i, Trivulci says, "An Ep* cannot be washed white*"
In his Lady Mother i. 3, Bonville says, 44 There's that
within renders her as foul as the deformed'st Ee*" In
v* 2, Thorowgood says, 44 I question thy wit that dares
to hang this matchless diamond in the ear of Ee* Death*"
In Mariam v* i, Herod speaks of 44 JEn* dowdy*" In
Day's Law Tricks v* i, Horatio exclaims, 44 Midnight,
thou Ee*, Empress of black souls I " In Brome's Moor
iii* i, Quicksands asks, 44 Is not an Ee*'s face his [i*e*
God's] workmanship, As well as the fairest ladie'ss1"
Chaucer, C. T. I* 353, says of St* Jerome, " His flessh
was blak as an Ethippeen for heete*" Jonson, in Dark-
ness, on the authority of Pliny, Nat. Hist, v* 3, tells us
that f4 The JEps. never dream*" In Marston's Mal-
content ii* 4, Maquerelle mentions 44 En* dates " among
the ingredients of her cordial* In Nabbes* Bride v* 7*
one of the treasures in Horten's museum is 44 the horn
of an JEn. rhinoceros*" In M. W. W. ii* 3, 28, the Host
jocularly addresses Caius, 44 Is he dead, my JEn+ S1 "

ETHIOPIAN OCEAN* Originally the part of the Indian
Ocean washing the eastern shore of Africa, but trans-
ferred about the beginning of the I7th cent, to the S*
Atlantic on the W* side of Africa. Milton apparently
uses it in the former sense when, in P. L* ii* 641, he
describes a fleet coming from Bengala or Ternata and
Tidore, 4t Through the wide E* to the Cape." Heylyn,
however (s.v. ETHIOPIA INFERIOR), says that 44 it hath
on the East the Red Sea, on the W* the -Ethiopian O."

ETON. A town in Bucks* on the left bank of the Thames,
just opposite to Windsor* The famous college was
founded by Henry VI in 1440* In M. W. W. iv* 4, 75,
Page plans that 44 in that time shall Mr* Slender steal
My Nan away and marry her at E*" In iv* 5, 68, Bar-
dolph complains that 44 so soon as I came beyond E*"
one of the Germans who had hired the Host's horses
threw him off into a slough of mire* In iv. 6, 24, Fenton
informs the Host of Page's plan that Nan is 44 to slip
away with Slender and with him at E* Immediately to
marry*" In v* 5, 194, Slender says, ** I came yonder at
E* to marry Mrs* Anne Page, and she's a great lubberly
boy*" In Jonson's Gipsies, *4 Long Meg of Eaton " is one
of the 44 good wenches of Windsor " who came in to
dance* In Middleton's Chaste Maid iv* i, Allwit says
that Sir Walter has one son *' Can make a verse and now's
at E* College**' Drayton, in Polyolb xv. 319, after speak-
ing of Windsor, says, 44 Eaton is at hand to nurse that
learned brood, To keep the Muses still near to this
princely flood." Nicholas Udall was head master of E*
from 1534 to 1541 : in 1538 the E* boys acted before
Thomas Cromwell, and the custom of performing both
Latin and English plays was well established before
1560.

ETRURLA

ETRURIA* Dist* on W* coast of Italy, N* of Latium : the
modern Tuscany. The spelling Hetruria is often found,
but is incorrect* Catiline fixed the headquarters of his
forces at Faesulae in E*, in 63 B*a, and he was defeated
and killed early in the next year at Pistoria* Jonson, in
Catiline iv* 2, makes Cicero say, " Their camp's in Italy,
pitched in the jaws Here of Hetruria/' In May's
Agrippina iv*335, Petronius speaks of the good old times
when"Fabritius * * * in earthen pots Drunk small En*
wine/' Milton, P*L* i* 303, speaks of " Vallombrosa,
where the En* shades High over-arched embower*"
EUBIDES* The islands off the W* coast of Scotland, now
called the Hebrides* Pliny, Nat * Hist* iv* 30, calls them
the Hebudes, and says that they were 30 in number*
Drayton, Polyolb. B* ix., speaks of "the scattered E*" as
being in the Albanian seas, near the Arrans*
EUBCEA* The largest island in the -ffigean Sea, lying off
the coasts of Attica, Boeotia, and Thessaly* From the
latter it was separated by the Eubceic Sea* Like the
neighbouring Boeotians, the inhabitants had the reputa-
tion of bucolic stupidity* In Marmion's Antiquary v*,
Bravo relates how Hercules seized Lychas by the heels
and 44 shot him 3 furlongs length into the Euboick Sea/'
Milton, P* JL* ii* 546, tells how Alcides threw Lichas
from the top of (Eta " Into the Euboic Sea*" Lodge, in
his Answer to Gossan, p* 8, says, " It is reported that the
sheep of Euboia want their gall* Men hope that Scholars
should have wit, brought up in the University, but your
.sweet self, with the cattle of Euboia* since you left your
College, have lost your learning/' The channel between
E* and the mainland was called the Euripus, and was
famous for its rapid and variable currents* In Sehmus
2375, the Q* of Amasia, when summoned by Selim to
yield, says, ** First shall the overflowing Euripus Of
swift E* stop his restless course*" Spenser, JF* Q* ii. 7,
54, calls Hippomenes, who won Atalanta by defeating
her in a foot-race, " The En* young man/' He really
came from Onchestos, a city of Boeotia on the mainland
adjoining E* In his Virgil's Gnat 586, he says of
the Greeks returning from the siege of Troy: "Some
on the rocks of Caphareus are thrown, Some on th'
Euboick cliffs in pieces rent*"

EUPHRATES* A river in Asia rising near Diadin and
flowing in a S*E* direction to the Persian Gulf* Its
total length is 1600 m* According to the Bible account,
it had its source in the Garden of Eden* Babylon stood
upon its banks* In A & C* i* a, 105, the Messenger
says, ** Labienus Hath with his Parthian force extended
[z*e* taken possession of] Asia From E*" The accent is
on the ist syllable, as it usually is in the i6th cent.
In Greene's Orlando i* i, Rodamant speaks of " that
wealthy Paradise From whence floweth Gyhon and
swift E*" Constable, in Diana (1594) vii* 8, 5, says of
Paradise: "This on the banks of E* did stand*" In
Nero iv* 4, Nimphidius says, " Jf we have any war, it's
beyond Rhine and E*," which were practically the W*
and Eastern boundaries of the Roman Empire at that
time* In B* & F* Lover's Prog, iv* 4, Lisander exclaims,
44 Can all the winds of mischief from all quarters, E.,
- Ganges, Tigris, Volga, Po, Paying at once their tribute
to this ocean Make it swell higher ** " In Greene's
Orlando iv* a, Orlando says, " Else would I set my
mouth to Tygres streams And drink up overflowing E."
In Caesar's Rev. m* 4, Caesar says of the flame of his
ambition: "Nor E* nor sweet Tyber's stream Can
quench or slack this fervent boiling heat*" In Cyrus, D. 3,
Dinon says, " Now are we at the' banks of E*" t the
word is often used in this play, ,and always with the
accent on the ist syllable* In Kyd's Cornelia iv*, Caesar
says, " Henceforth Tiber shall salute the seas, M6t&<

EUROPS

famed than Tiger or fair E/' Milton, P*L* i* 419,
makes " the bordering flood Of old E*" the N* limit of
the worship of Baalim and Ashtaroth* In P, £* xii* 114,
Michael, who is in Eden, speaks of Abraham before his
call as " on this side E* still residing," z*e* in Ur of the
Chaldees* In P* JR* iii* 273, the Tempter points out to
our Lord the countries " As far as Indus east, E* west."
In 384 he predicts that our Lord, if he will worship him,
shall reign " From Egypt to E* and beyond*" Milton
always accents E* on the 2fld syllable* In Wilson's
Pedler 1440, the Pedler speaks of " a tale of the Pro-
phecy of Jeremy when God bad hide by the river E*"
(see Jeremiah xiii* 4)*

EURIPUS* The channel between Eubcea (g*v*) and the
mainland, on the East coast of Greece* It is remarkable
for its rapid and frequently changing current* Hence
it became the name for a gentlemanlike way of smoking
tobacco, by holding it for some time in the lungs and
then emitting it* In Locrine iv* 4, Humber says, " What
Euphrates, what light-foot E*, May now allay the fury
of that heat Which, raging in my entrails, eats me up i "
In Caesar's Rev* v* i, Cassius says, " Why died I not
in those Emathian plains Where great Domitius fell by
Caesar's hand, And swift E* down his bloody stream
Bare shields and helms and trains of slaughtered men i "
The reference is to the battle of Pharsalia, where
Domitius Calvinus was slain* Pharsalia is 35 m, from
the E*, so that there is considerable poetic licence in
the phrase* Possibly E* is a misprint for Enipeus, the
river which flows past Pharsalia* Burton, A. M* iii* 4,

1, i, says, " I will show you a sea full of shelves and
rocks, sands, gulfs, euripes, and contrary tides*" In
Jonson's Hymenxi, Opinion says of the troubles of the
married: "E* that * * * ebbs and flows 7 times in every
day Toils not more turbulent or fierce than they*"
In Jonson's Ev. Man O, iii* i, Puntarvolo speaks of
" the practice of the Cuban ebullition, E*, and Whiff "
in the smoking of tobacco*

EUROPE (Ea* = Europa, Ban* = European)* The West-
ern quarter of the Old World, from the Urals to the
Atlantic* The name is due to the Greeks : they con-
nected it with the legend of the abduction of Ea*, the
daughter of Agenor, or Phoenix, by Zeus, who took
the form of a bull in order to effect his purpose* In
Ado v* 4, 45, Claudio says to Benedict, " We'll tip thy
horns with gold And all Ea* shall rejoice at thee As once
Ea* did at lusty Jove/' In M. W. W. v* 5, 3, Falstaff
says, "Remember, Jove, thou wast a bull for thy Ea/'
In Temp, ii* i, 134, Sebastian blames the K* " That
would not bless our E* with thy daughter, But rather
lose her to an African*" In W. T. ii. a, 3, Paulina says
of Hermione: "No court in E* is too good for thee/'
In H4 A* iii* 3, 52, Falstaff says to Bardolph, " The sack
thou hast drunk me would have bought me lights as
good cheap at the dearest chandler's in E*" In H4 B* ii*

2, 146, Falstaff signs himself, " Sir John with all E*"
In iv* 3, 24, he speaks of himself as " simply the most
active fellow in E*" In H$ ii* 4, 133, Exeter tells the
Dauphin, " He'll make your Paris Louvre shake for it,
Were it the mistress-court of mighty E*" In iii* 7, 5, the
Constable says of the horse of Orleans, " It is the best
horse of E*" In H6 A* i* i, 156, Bedford says that the
bloody deeds of his soldiers " shall make all E* quake/*
In H6 C* ii* i, 71, Edward speaks of Clifford as " The
flower of E* for his chivalry/' In Cym. ii* 3, 149,
Imogen protests she would not have lost her bracelet " for
a revenue of any king's in E*" In Jonson's Ev+ Man O* iv*
2, Sogliardo expresses his opinion that Shift is "the tallest
man living within the walls of E/' In Marlowe's Tamb. B*
i* i, Orcanes boasts that he will " make fair E*, mounted

184

EUROTAS

on her bull, Alight, and wear a woeful mourning
weed/' In Greene & Lodge's Looking Glass L i,
Marsilius speaks of ** Tanais, whose swift-declining
floods Invirons rich Ea* to the N/' In Good Wife v* 3,
Arthur says, " The wealth of E* could not hire her
tongue To be offensive/' In Hughes' MisforL Arth.
iii* i, Arthur says, " To-day all E* rings with Arthur's
praise/' In Massinger's Maid Hon. L i, Bertoldo speaks
of " England, The Empress of the Ban. isles/* In his
Madam iii* 3, Luke says to the supposed Indians,
44 You are learned Bans* and we worse Than ignorant
Americans/' In W* Rowley's Airs Lost L i, 25, Medina
speaks of the streights of Gibraltar which divide Africa
44 from our Christian E/' Milton, P* L. x* 310, tells how
Xerxes, 44 over Hellespont Bridging his way, E. with
Asia joined/' In Son. to Fairfax i,, he addresses him :
44 Fairfax, whose name in arms through E* rings/' In
Son. to Skinner 12, he speaks of his work in defence of
liberty: 44 my noble task, Of which all E. rings from side
to side/' Davies, in Nosce, says that the sun makes
44 the Ban* white/' In Hymns of Astrxa (1599) viii* i,
he apostrophises " E* J the earth's sweet Paradise I "
In Mason's MuLleasses 667, Borgias says, *4 Should there
depend all E. and the states Christened thereon, I'd sink
them all," Le. all Christendom*

EUROTAS (now the BASILI-POTAMO)* The only river of
any size in Laconia* It rises on the borders of Arcadia,
and flows S*-East into the Laconian Gulf, after a course of
abt* 45 m* Sparta lay on its right bank, 25 m* from its
mouth* In Chapman's C&sar ii* 4, 133, Pompey says,
44 But as the Spartans say the Paphian q*, The flood
E* passing, laid aside Her glass, her ceston, and her
amorous graces, And in Lycurgus* favour armed her
beauties With shield and javelin : so may Fortune now/'
The legend is taken from Plutarch, De Fortana Roman-
orum 4* Spenser, F* Q* ii* 3, 31, compares Belphoebe to
44 Diana by the sandy shore Of swift E/' Artemis
(Diana) was specially honoured in Arcadia and Sparta*
Milton, Ode on Death of Fair Infant 25, speaks of
44 Young Hyacinth born on E/ strand, Young Hyacinth
the pride of Spartan land/' He was the son of Amyclas
of Laconia, and was accidentally killed by Apollo on
the banks of the E* Davies, in Orchestra (1594) 71, says
that Castor and Pollux " taught the Spartans dancing
on the sands Of swift E*"

EUXINE (the Greek name for the BLACK SEA). It was
originally called Axeinos, or inhospitable, from the
dangers which its navigation presented, but the name
was changed to Euxeinos, or hospitable — either euphe-
mistically, as the Greeks called the Furies the Eumenidse,
or gentle goddesses, or because by fuller acquaintance
with it the sea lost its terrors* In Marlowe's Tamb. A*
L i, Ortygius crowns Cosroe 4* Chief Lord of all
the wide, vast E* sea*" In Chapman's Bussy v* i,
Monsieur exclaims, *4 Not so the surges of the E* sea
Swell, being enraged * * , As Fortune swings about
the restless state Of virtue/* Spenser, P* Q* ii* 12, 44,
speaks of 44 The wondred Argo which in venturous
peace First through the E* seas bore all the flower of
Greece/' In Cesar's Rev, iii* 2, Caesar boasts, 44 1 dis-
played The Eagle on the Euxin Sea/' The reference is
to Caesar's campaign against Pharnaces 47 B*C* In
Fisher's Fmmus ii* 7, the Ghost of Camillus reminds
Caesar that 44 This nation led the Gauls In triumph
thorough Greece to fix their tents Beside Euxinus*
gulf*" The reference is to the Gallic incursions of
Brennus in 279 B*c*, when, after being repulsed from
Delphi, numbers of the Gauls settled near Byzantium*
In Kyd's Cornelia iv*, Caesar enumerates amongst his

185

EXCHANGE

conquests 4* The earth that the E* Sea Makes sometimes
marsh*" See also BLACK SEA*

E VENUS (the modern FIDHARO)* R. of £2tolia, rising in
Mt* CEta and flowing to the Gulf of Corinth* It was pro-
verbial for the violence of its current* Here Hercules
slew the centaur Nessus, who attacked him as he was
carrying Deianeira over the stream* In T* Heywood's
B* Age i*, Nessus says, " This is E* flood, A dangerous
current full of whirlpools deep And yet unsounded/'

EXCELLENCE' (His) HEAD* A tavern in Hyde Park,
Lond*, more properly named the Maurice H*, from the
famous Prince Maurice of Orange, who died in 1625*
In Shirley's Hyde Park iv* 3, Mrs* Carol asks, 44 Is the
wine good $" " and the milk-maid answers : 44 It comes
fromH*E*H/'

EXCHANGE (C, = Change)* The first E* in Lond* was
in the st* running S* from the W* end of Cheapside,
which still retains the name of Old Change* It was
established for the receipt of bullion, the changing of
foreign coin, and the distribution of new coinage. Later
a 2nd E* was established in Lombard St* In 1566 Sir
Thomas Gresham laid the ist stone of a new E. in Corn-
hill, which was completed in the following year* It was
a four-storied building with a bell-tower ; the pia^as
round it were supported by marble pillars, and were
allocated to small shops, 100 in number* They were
chiefly taken up by milliners, but all sorts of goods likely
to attract fashionable ladies were sold there* In 1570
Elisabeth paid a state visit to the building and caused
it to be proclaimed 44 The Royal E/' Samuel Rolle says
of it: "Was it not the great storehouse whence the
nobility and gentry of England were furnished with
most of those costly things wherewith they did adorn
either their closets or themselves i Here, if anywhere,
might a man have seen the glory of the world in a
moment*" Sidney, in Remedy for Love, calls it 44 Corn-
hiirs Square E*" It was destroyed by fire in 1838*
It was rebuilt and opened by Q* Victoria in 1844*
Another E. was built on the site of Durham House on
the S* side of the Strand, where Courts' Bank now stands,
and opened by James I in 1609. He gave it the title of
" Britain's Burse," but it is commonly spoken of as the
New E* The upper story was occupied by milliners'
shops, and it gradually came to rival The Royal or Old
E* as a fashionable resort for ladies* The Exeter C*
on the site of the old Exeter House on the N* side of the
Strand was not built till the reign of William and Mary*
i* The Exchange as a place of business^ In the
Three Ladies (Has., vi* 364), Diligence testifies that
44 Usury was seen at the E* very lately*" In Jonson's
J5i>* Man L ii* i, Kitely sends word to Lucar:
"He shall ha' the grograns, at the rate I told him,
And I will meet him on the E* anon/* In iii* 2,
he speaks of himself as "Lost i' my fame for ever,
talk for th' E*" In B* & F* Pestle, Ind*, the Citizen
speaks of a play entitled " The Life and Death of Sir
Thomas Gresham, with the building of the Royal E*"
In Haughton's Englishmen L 2, Laurentia bids Harvey
44 Go to th' E* ; crave gold as you intend*" In Mayne's
Match i* 3, Warehouse asks his nephew, who is choosing
his profession, " Which place prefer you < the Temple
or E* i " i.e. Law or Commerce. In Field's Weathercock
L 2, Pouts says to Abraham, " Sirrah, I'll beat you with a
pudding on the C/' In Dekker's Hornbook vi*, he says,
" The Theater is your poet's Royal E*f upon which
their Muses (that are now turned to Merchants) meeting,
barter away that light commodity of words for a lighter
ware than words, Plaudites*" Scene I of Good Wife
takes place "upon the E*" In Cooke's Greene's Quoqae,

EXCHANGE

P* 565* Staines says, ** I dined this day in the E* amongst
the merchants/* In Tomkis' Albumazar iv* 3, Cricca
says to Antonio, ** The E* hath given you lost, And all
your friends worn mourning 3 months past/' S* R*, in
Letting of Humours Blood (1611) Sat Lt says/* Sometimes
into the Reall E* he'll drop . * * And there his tongue
runs byass on affairs, No talk but of commodities and
wares/' In Davenant's Plymouth iv* i, Trifle says, " I
have writ to a merchant and I know it will be published
on the E/' In his Favourite iv*,Thorello says/* After
ev'ry raging storm Merchants and mariners flock to th'
E* To hear what mischiefs done at sea/' The building
of the E. by Gresham is the subject of the later part of
T* Heywood's I* 1C* M* B* " It is," says a Lord, 44 the
goodliest thing that I have seen ; England affords none
such/' The Q. says, '* Proclaim this place to be no
longer called the Burse, but be it for ever called the
Royal E/' In Middleton's Five Gallants iv* 7, Mrs*
Newcut says, ** Upon 13 of the clock, and not the cloth
laid yet i Must we needs keep E. time still s1 " Mrs*
Newcut wants to be a fine lady now that her husband
has made money* The meaning of the passage is ex-
plained by what Harrison says in his Description of
England (1587) : " The nobility, gentry, and students do
ordinarily go to dinner at n before noon. The Mer-
chants dine seldom before 13 at noon/' E* time being
from ii to 13, the merchants could not dine before 13*
In Middleton's Black Book (1604), p* 28, the devil says,
44 Being upon E. time, I crowded myself among mer-
chants/' In Marmioa's Leaguer i* 5, Agurtes says,
44 Some design is now on foot and this is my E. time/'
In Jonson's Ev. Man L iii* 3, Kitely asks, " What's
o'clock i" and Cash replies: " E* time, Sir/' In
Dekker's Northward v* i, Featherstone defines Exchange
time as " 13 at noon/' In Webster's Law Case L I,
Leonora complains, " The E. bell makes us dine so
late/'

3* The Exchange as a place for shopping and a fashion-
able resort. In Cooke's Greene's Quoque L i, Longfield
says of Spendall the Mercer, who is badgering him to
buy : 44 This fellow has an excellent tongue ; sure he was
brought up in the E/' In Mayne's Match iii* 3, Plotwell
speaks of 44 One Mrs* Holland, the great seamstress on
the E/' Jonson, in Underwoods lx*, says, " Oh, what
strange Variety of silks were on the E*" In Perm. Parl
36, it is predicted that " Sempsters in the E* shall be-
come so conscionable that a man without offence may
buy a falling band for 12 pence*" In Shirley's Fair One
iv* 3, Violetta says, " I want some trifles, the E* will
furnish me/' In Shirley's Hyde Park L 3, Mrs* Carol
begs Fairfield to heap insults on her : 44 The more the
merrier, I'll take 't as kindly As if thou hadst given me
the E*" ; and in iii. 3, she says to him, ** Would I had
art enough to draw your picture ; It would show rarely
at the E/' In T* Heywood's Hogsdon L i, Chartley says,
44 I'll unto the E* to buy her some pretty novelty " ; and
in iii* 3, he says, ** There are brave things to be bought
in the City ; Cheapside and the E* afford variety and
rarity/' In Jonson's Epicoene i* i, Clerimont says of
La-Foole: "He has a lodging in the Strand * * * to
watch when ladies are gone to the china-houses or the
E*, that he may meet them there by chance, and give
them presents, some 300 or 300 pounds worth of toys/'
In iv* 3, Lady Haughty tells Epicoene that when she is
married she shall " go with us to Bedlam, to the china-
houses, and to the E/' In the Alchemist iv* 3, Subtle
promises Dame Pliant that she shall have " 6 mares To
hurry her through Lond*, to the E*, Bethlem, the china-
houses*" In BarthoL i* i, Littlewit, praising his wife's
habit, says, 44 1 challenge all Cheapside to show such

186

EXCHANGE

another; Moorfields, Pimlico Path, or the E*" In
Marmion's Leaguer ii* i, Trimalchip announces, *' I am
to meet the Countess at th' E* within the hour*" In
Gamester iv*, Mrs* Wilding says to Leonora, ** You are
sad still, Leonora ; Remove these thoughts ; come, I'll
wait on you now To the E* : some toys may there strike
off Their sad remembrance*" In Shirley's Riches iii*,
Gettings swears 4* By our Royal C* which yields gentle
ware*" In Chaunticleers viii*, when the tinker and the
ballad-seller have persuaded Gum to hold their wares
for them, he says, " Now do I look like one of the pillars
of the E*" on which goods were hung for display* In
Killigrew's Parson iv* 7, Jolly says, " When the ribands
and points come from the E*, pray see the fiddlers have
some/' In Brome's Couple ii* i, Lady says, " Will you
go with me, Nephew, to the E* i I am to buy there
some toys for the country*" The subject of one of
Heywood's plays is The Fair Maid of the E* In Nabbes*
Totenham ii* 6, Franke promises Cicely, " The E* shall
be thy wardrobe to supply Thy will with choice of
dressings*" In Cockayne's Obstinate iii* 3, Lorece pro-
mises Vandona, " You shall go to the E* when you will,
and have as much money as you please, to lay out*" In
Jonson's Ev. Man O* iv* 3, Brisk talks of 44 an Italian
cut-work band I wore, cost me 3 pounds in the E*"
There was a portico called the Dutch Walk* In W*
Rowley's Match Mid. iii* i, the Widow makes an ap-
pointment to meet Randall " on the C* in the Dutch
Walk*" Scoloker, in preface to Daiphantus (1604), says,
" His lineaments may be as Royal as the E* with ascending
steps, promising new but costly devices and fashions*"
The women in charge of the shops seem to have been of
doubtful reputation* In B* & F* Wit S. W. i* I, Old-
craft boasts that in his youth he could give 4t a true
certificate Of all the maidenheads extant : how many
lay 'Mongst chambermaids, how many 'mongst E.
wenches, Though never many there, I must confess,
They have a trick to utter ware so fast*" In Massinger's
Madam iv* 4, Mary speaks contemptuously of " E.
wenches, Coming from eating pudding-pies on Sunday
At Pimlico or Islington/' In Greene's Quip (Harl*
Misc*, vol* II, p, 346), Clothbreeches defends them in
comparison with the Frenchwomen: " Our English
women of the E* are both better workwomen and will
afford a better pennyworth*" In Glapthorne's Hollander
ii* i, Mrs* Artless says of her daughter: •* 'Ere I would
make her a lady, she should be a New E* wench*" In
Dekker's Westward i* 3, Mrs, Honeysuckle talks of a girl
being " as stale as an E*sempster or a court laundress/'

3* The Exchange as a haunt of thieves and bad char-
acters. In Awdeley's Fraternity of Vagabonds, it is said
of the Cheater or Fingerer : " Their trade is to walk in
such places where as gentlemen and other worshipfull
Citizens do resort, as at Paul's or at Christ's Hospital,
and sometime at the Royal E*" In Greene's Thieves
Falling Out, Stephen says, " The gentleman Foist must,
as the cat, watch for the mouse, and walk Paul's, West-
minster, the E*, and such common haunted places*"

4* The Old and New Exchanges distinguished. In
Massinger's Madam L i, Luke complains of being sent
to buy things for the ladies " from the Old E." In iii* i,
Shavem says, " I know not what a coach is To hurry me
to the Burse or old E*" : the Burse being the new E*
In B* & F* Wit S* W. v* i, Gregory says or his promised
wife: " I'll not change her for both the Es*, New or the
Old/' In Davenant's Wits iv*, Thwack promises, " You
shall, if my projections thrive, Stable your horses in the
New E* And grase them in the Old*" In Barclay's Lost
Lady iii* i, Phillida, forgetting that she is a Thessalian of
ancient times, says, 44 If they be divulged, we shall be

EXCHEQUER

defamed on the Es/' In Webster's Law Case L i, Con-
tarino says that the women ** have a kind of E* among
them too. Marry, unless it be to hear of news, I take it
theirs is, like the New Burse, thinly furnished with tires
and new fashions/' I suspect " thinly " is wrong : it
should be ** mainly " or " finely " or something of the
kind* Lust's Dominion was "to be sold by Robert
Pollard at the sign of the Ben Jonson's Head on the
back-side of the Old-E*" Killigrew's Parson was
" Printed by J* M. for Henry Herringman and are to be
sold at his shop at the sign of the Blew Anchor in the
Lower Walk of the New E. 1663" In Brome's Anti-
podes L 6, the Dr. says that foreign travel is not near so
difficult as for some man in debt and unprotected to
walk " from Charing Cross to th' Old E." Donne, Elegy
xv. (1609), asks, " Whether the Britain Burse did fill
apace And likely were to give the E* disgrace/' In
Brome's Academy, the subtitle of which is The New
Exchange, a school for courtly manners, dancing, and
other elegant accomplishments is conducted at the New
E* In ii. i, a letter is brought in, addressed to *' Mrs*
Hannah Camelion at her shop or house in or near the
New E/' In Jonson's Magnetic iv* 6, Compass says,
44 Stay you with us at his ch. Behind the Old E.," z*e*
St. Bartholomew's, E*, q.v.

5* Local References. In W* Rowley's Match Mid* iv*
2, Moll, being surprised with Randall by the watch at
the corner of Gracechurch St. and Cornhfll, says to him,
44 Go you back through Cornhill ; I'll run round about
the C., by the ch. corner, down Cateaton St., and meet
you at Bartholomew Lane End." In News BarthoL Fair,
in the list of taverns we find " the Ship at the E." The
Spanish Tragedy (1603) was printed by " T. Pavier at
the sign of the Cat and Parrots near the E." Romeo and
Juliet was " Printed by Thomas Creede for Cuthbert
Busby and are to be sold at his shop near the E. 1599*"
See also BURSE, BRITAIN'S BTJRSE.

EXCHEQUER. The department of State concerned with
the collection and administration of the royal revenues
in England. It was controlled from the time of Henry
III by the Chancellor of the E*, as permanent deputy of
the Chancellor, and had its local habitation at West-
minster. In Webster's Wyat viii*, the Sheriff says to
Homes, ** Here is a hundred marks ; Come to the E*,
you shall have the rest."

EXECUTION DOCK. On the left bank of the Thames,
just below Wapping New Stairs. Here pirates were
hanged. In Cooke's Greene's Quoque i. 2, Bubble says to
Staines* " O Master, have the grace of Wapping before
your eyes, remember a high tide ; give not your friends
cause to wear their handkerchiefs/' Taylor, in his
Descriptions of Tyburn, says, ** There's a kind of waterish
Tree at Wapping Whereas sea-thiefes or Pirates are
catched napping." See also WAPPING.
EXETER. The county town of Devonsh., on the left
bank of the Exe, 164 m. from Lond. It is on the site
of the Roman Isca Dunoviorum. On the N. side of
the city are the ruins of the old castle called Rougemont,
which was dismantled during the Civil War. The cathe-
dral was founded in 1049, and is remarkable for its
richly decorated W* front. In JR5 iv. 2, 106, Richard says,
44 When last I was at E. The Mayor in courtesy showed
me the castle And called it Rougemont*" In Jte ii. i,
281, Northumberland enumerates among the adherents
of Hereford 44 Rainold Lord Cobham, That late broke
from the Duke of E." The real name of the runaway,
as we learn from Holinshed, was Thomas (son of
Richard, Earl of Arundel), and the D, of E. in question
was John Holland, the son of Joan, the fair maid of Kent,

EZION GEBER

and her ist husband, Thomas Holland, Earl of Kent
She afterwards became the wife of the Black Prince and
mother of Richd. II, who was consequently the D. of
E/s half-brother. The D. of E* who appears in HS and
H6 was Thomas Beaufort, 3rd son of John of Gaunt, so
called from his birthplace, the castle of Beaufort in
Anjou. He was Lord Chancellor under Henry IV, who
created him Earl of Dorset. In 1416 Henry V made him
D. of E* In HS ii. 2, 39, Henry commands : " Uncle of
E., enlarge the man Committed yesterday " ; and in
iii. 3, 51, he is ordered to " go and enter Harfleur ;
there remain." But, in defiance of this, he is represented
in later scenes as present at Agincourt, which he was
not. In iii. 6, 6, Fluellen says, *' The Duke of E. is as
valiant as Agamemnon ; and a man that I honour with
my soul and my heart and my duty and my life and my
living and my uttermost power." And in line 95, he tells
the K. that " The D* of E* has very gallantly maintained
the bridge." In v* 2, 83, he is made one of the com-
missioners to draw up the treaty with the French K*
He died in 1426, and therefore was not, as represented
in H6 A* iii* i, at the coronation of Henry VI in 1431*
The D. of E. in H6 C* was Henry Holland, created D*
in 1443* He was faithful to the Lancastrian cause, and
was wounded badly at Barnet* After the battle of Tow-
ton, in H6 C* ii* 5, 137, he urges the K* to flee, who re-
plies : ** Nay, take me with thee, good sweet E/' He is
with K. Henry when he is taken prisoner in iv. 8* He
was kept in custody by Edward IV for a while, and was
ultimately found dead in the sea between Dover and
Calais in 1446 ; how he came there no one knows. In
T* Heywood's Ed. IV B. 135, the Keeper speaks of the
44 D. of E. found dead And naked, floating up and down
the sea, 'Twixt Calice and our coast*" The Marquisate
of E* is now in the elder branch of the Cecil family*
Thomas Cecil, eldest son of the famous Lord Burghley,
was created Earl of E. 1605. The title was raised to
Marquess in 1801* In R3 iv* 4, 503, ** The haughty pre-
late, Bp* of E.," brother of Sir Edward Courtney, is re-
ported as being in arms against Richd. This was Peter
Courtney, who was the cousin, not the brother, of Sir
Edward* The Lond. house of the Bps. of E* was called
E* House, and lay on the S* side of the Strand on the site
of Essex St. It passed at the Reformation into the hands
of Lord Paget ; then to the Earl of Leicester ; and finally
to the Earl of Essex, from whom it was called Essex
House* It must not be confounded with the E* House
on the N* side of the Strand, called after the ist Earl of
E*, which was on the site of Burleigh St* and E. St., and
was pulled down in 1676* In T. Heywood's Fortune iii.
4, 2 pirates are charged that they *4 have of late spoiled a
ship of E*" In Ford's Warbeck iv* 5, Astley says to the
supporters of Warbeck, t4 E* is appointed for the
rendezvous." In v* i, Dalyell reports: "All the Cornish
At E* were by the citizens repulsed*" This was in 1499*
There is evidence that plays were performed in E. by the
members of the Trade Guilds as early as 1332* There
was a regular playhouse there in the reign of Henry VIII*

EXETER COLLEGE, OXFORD* Founded by Walter
de Stapledon, Bp* of E*, in 1314. It stands on the East
side of Turl St., above Lincoln and opposite to Jesus*
John Ford appears to have been entered at E* in 1601.

EZION GEBER* An ancient city in the S* of Edom at the
head of the Gulf of Akabah* In Glapthorne's Wit ii* i,
Thorowgood, in the disguise of a university scholar,
says to Grace, ** I'll read the dialect of the Alanits or
E* G* which the people use 5 leagues beyond the sun-
rising/' It is hardly necessary to say that the gentleman
is talking through his hat*

187

FAENZA (the ancient FAVENTIA)* A city in N* Italy, 19 m*
S*W* of Ravenna and 170 m* N* of Rome* F* sur-
rendered to Caesar Borgia in 1501* In Barnes* Charter
iii* i, Astor asks, " What availeth it When, our State
lost, the Faventines compounded That I should hold
both life and liberty 4 " In iv* 5, Caraffa speaks of Astor
and his brother as "Phaenzse's hope/'

F.32SUL32* An important city of Etruria, on a hill 1000 ft*
above the valley of the Arno, 3 m* N*E* of Florence j
(now FIESOLE)* Sulla made it a Colonia and settled a
number of his veterans there ; and it was chosen by
Manlius as the headquarters of his army in the Catili-
narian conspiracy, 63 B*c* In Jonson's Catiline iii* 3,
Catiline says, " Manlius at F* is by this time up With
the old needy troops that followed Sylla " ; v* i is laid
in 4* Etruria, the country near F*" Milton, P* L* i* 389,
compares Satan's shield to the moon, " whose orb
Through optic glass the Tuscan artist views At evening,
from the top of Fesole*" The reference is to Galileo,
who spent the latter part of his life in or near Florence*
Milton visited him in 1638-9, when he was a prisoner in
the Inquisition*

FAITH'S (SAINT)* A ch* in the crypt of old St* Paul's
Cathedral, Lond*, under the choir* Stow says that it
served for the stationers and others dwelling in Paul's
Churchyard, Paternoster Row, and the places near ad-
joining* It dates from the middle of the i^th cent* and
was destroyed in the Gt* Fire* In Dekker's Shoemaker's
iv* 3, the servant reports that Master Hammond is to be
married 44 at St* F* Ch* under Paul's*" In B* & F*
Pestle v« i* Humphrey, having lost his mistress Luce,
says, ** In the dark I'll wear out my shoe-soles In pas-
sion in St. F. Ch* under Paul's " : where it is to be
noted that 4* Paul's " rhymes with " soles*" In S* Row-
ley's When You D* 2, the Cobbler says, *4 Though I sit
as low as St* F*, I can look as high as Paules*"

FALCON* A booksellers' sign in London* (i) It was the
sign of what is now No* 32 Fleet St* on the S* side* The
name is retained in F» Court* A doubtful tradition as-
serts that Wynkyn de Worde printed at the sign of the
F* The ist edition of Gorbodac was " Imprinted at
Lond* in Flete strete at the sign of the Faucon by Wil-
liam Griffith " j the same imprint is found in Harman's
Caveat 1567, and Pickering's Horestes was printed there
the same year* It was here that John Murray started his
publishing business* (2) There was another F* in the
Strand* Cockayne's Obstinate was " Printed by W* God-
bid for Isaac Pridmore and are to be sold at his shop at
the sign of the F* beyond the New Exchange in the
Strand* 1657*"

FALCON* A tavern sign* There was a F* Tavern on the
Bankside a little E* of Blackfriars Bdge*, which is said
to have been frequented by Shakespeare and the other
playwrights of his time* Epps' cocoa factory now oc-
cupies its site* There was also a F* Inn in Stratford, just
dpposite New Place* Shakespeare's crest was "A
falcon, his wings displayed argent, standing on a wreath
of his colours, supporting a spear of gold steeled.'*

FALERNtTO* The Fakrnus Ager was in N* Campania,
in Italy, on the N* bank of the Volturnus* flt was cele-
brated for the excellence of its wine* Nash* in Lenten
( P* 3°4)/ speaks of " one right cup of that ancient wine of
F/' Milton, P.R. iv* 117^ mentions ** Their wines: of
Setia, Cales, and Falerne*'r In Nabbes'

Sensuality promises Physarider, ** Shalt drink no wine

But what Falernus or Calabrian Aulon Yield from their
grapes*" In Lxlia iii* i, 46, Stragalcius says, " Quin
ego vini Falerni cantharum putem dulciorem*" In
May's Agrippina ii* 306, Crispinus says, 44 Let's * * *
drown our cares in rich Falernian wine As ancient as
Opimius' consulship/' Opimius was consul 121 B*c*, and
that year was famous for the excellence of its vintage*

FALMOUTH. A spt* in Cornwall at the mouth of the
Fal, 269 m* W* of Lond* It has a magnificent harbour,
but until the reign of James I it was a mere fishing
village* Jane of Navarre, the 2nd wife of Henry IV,
landed here when she came over to marry the K*
About 1613 Sir John Killigrew obtained the K*'s per-
mission to build a new quay, and laid the foundation of
the future prosperity of the town* In T* Heywood's
Maid of West A* iii* 5, Bess says, " There's a prize
Brought into F* road, a good tight vessel*" Drayton,
in Polyolb. L 162* calls it Flamouth, and says, ** In her
quiet bay a hundred ships may ride Yet not the tallest
mast be of the tall'st descried*"

FAMAGOSTA* The chief town of Cyprus, on the E,
coast, some 5 m. from the site of the old capital Salamis,
It was taken by the Turks after a long siege in 1571*
In Dekker's Fortunatus L 2, Shadow says, 44 1 am out of
my wits to see our F* fools turn half a shop of wares into
a suit of gay apparel*" The scene of Ford's Lover's
Melan. is laid at 44 F* in Cyprus," some time during the
Persian period before the conquests of Alexander
the Gt* Dekker, in Strange Horse-race (1613), describes
Niggard as haying in his pocket, to victual him for his
voyage, 44 2 dried cobs of a red herring, reserved by a
fishmonger at the siege of F." In Mason's Mulleasses
445, Eunuchus says, ** I was a freeborn Christian's son
in Cyprus When Famagusta by the Turk was sacked*"

FANCHURCH* See FENCHURCH ST.

FANGRINGOSSE, Possibly Fangcross,avill*inE*Riding,
Yorks*, is intended* In Wilson's Pedler 249, the Pedler
offers for sale ** as fine Jenuper as any is in F* wood."

FARARA*

FARNHAM* There are several Farnhams in England,
but the one intended in the passage following is perhaps
F* Genevieve, a vill* in Suffolk, about 14 m* S*W* of
Harling, where Strowd lived, or it may be a misprint
for Barnham, which lies 6 miles to the West of Harling,
on the Little Ouse, just over the border of Suffolkt fii
Day's B* Beggar &, Sir Robert says to Strowd, 44 Strowd,
Strowd, you think to have the land at Farnarou"

FARNSFIELD* Vill* in Notts*, abt* 15 m. N* of Notting-
ham* In Downfall Huntington iii* 2, Robin says, *4 The
nuns of F* * * * Gave napkins, shirts, and bands to him
and me/'

FARO* Apparently a misprint for FANO, a town about the
centre of the E* coast of Italy* The names of the places
mentioned in the following text (Ascoli, Foligno, An-
cona, Samegaglia, Pesaro, Recanati) are all in that
neighbourhood, and there is no Faro in those parts. In
Cockayne's Trapolin ii* 3, Horatio speaks of 44 Faro,
for handsome women most extolled*"

FARRINGDON* Two of the 26 wards of the City of
Lond* are F* Within and F* Without* Originally they
were i ward, which covered roughly the dist* between
Holborn and Cheapside on the N*, and the Thames on
the S* from Friday St* to Temple Bar* The ward took
' its name from one W* Farindon, who'bought the Alder-

FATIGAR

manry in 1281* The division was made in 1391, the
boundary between the 2 wards being the Fleet Ditch,
now covered by F* St. In Dekker's Northward v* i,
Bellemont says, " Your conscionable greybeard of F*
Within will keep himself to the ruins of one cast waiting
woman an age*"

FATIGAR* One of the kingdoms in N*E* Africa, subject
to the Emperor of Abyssinia* In Cockayne's Obstinate
iii* 3, the Emperor of both the Ethiopias is described as
"also emperor of Goa,Carrares, F*, etc*" See under AJDEA.

FAUBOURG* The suburb of a city, applied specially to
certain suburbs of Paris, now included within the city,
but formerly outside the walls* In Davenant's Rutland,
p* 223, the Londoner, in his comments on Paris, says,
44 1 will pass into your fauxbourgs by Pont Rouge/'

FAVENTINES* See FAENZA*

FAYAL, One of the Azores islands* Its capital, Horta,
is the best port in the islands, and has a considerable
trade in wines and fruit* The islands were colonised by
the Portuguese early in the 1 5th cent*, and, like the rest
of the Portuguese dominions, were in the hands of
Spain from 1580 to 1640 ; all were then returned to
Portugal* In T* Heywood's Maid of West A* ii*, 2 and 4
are laid at F,, which has been taken by the English from
the Spaniards* In iii* 3, Capt* Goodlack brings word :
44 The general is in health, and F* won from the
Spaniards*" The Azores were the theatre of a large
amount of naval warfare between England and Spain in
the latter part of the reign of Elizabeth* In The Earl of
Essex9 Ghost (1624), Essex says, 44 In the year 1597, my
Spanish voyage towards the Terceras was intended for
F* to assail the Adelantado there, and thither I shaped
my course*" The Terceras is another name for the
Azores*

FEATHERS* A tavern in Lond*, in Fleet St*, near Shoe
Lane* The sign was doubtless the Prince of Wales' F*
In T* Heywood's Lucrece ii* 5, Valerius, in his catalogue
of taverns, mentions the F* as the one to which the ladies
hie : 44 To the F* ladies, you*"

FEKENEL (f*e* FEOCK on the salt-water river)* It is on
the W* side of Falmouth Harbour, abt* 5 m* N* of Fal-
mouth* In Cornish M*JP* iii* 93, Pilate gives to the
Gaoler, " F* ol yn tyen," z*e* 44 F* all entirely*"

FENCHURCH STREET (originally FANCHURCH Si*)*
Lond*, running from the corner of Aldgate and Leaden-
hall St* to Gracechurch St*, which it enters almost
opposite to Lombard St* The name is derived from the
fenny character of the ground, caused by the Lang-
borne, which flowed through it* The church was St*
Gabriel Fen Ch*, which stood in the middle of the st*:
it was destroyed in the Gt* Fire and never rebuilt*
Other churches in the st* were St* Dionis Backchurch
on the N* side, and St* Benet's Gracechurch at the S*
side of the corner of F+ and Gracechurch Sts* These
have both been removed of late years* Famous taverns
in the st* were the King's Head, the Mitre, and the
Elephant* Ironmongers* Hall is on the N* side* In
Good Wife iii* 3, Amminadab asks, " How many parsons
are there t " And Ripkin answers : 44 The Parson of F*,
the Parson of Pancras*" In Haughton's Englishmen iv* i,
Delion asks, " Wat be name dis st*, and wish be de way
to Croshe-friars i V Heigham answers : ** Marry, this
is F*-st*, and the best way to Crutched-Friars is to follow
your nose*" To which Delion answers : "Vanshest*!
How shance me come to Vanshe st* i " The 2nd title of
T* Heywood's Fair Maid of the Exchange is 44 the
pleasant humours of the Cripple of Fdnshnrch"

FESCENNIUM

FENS, THE* The low-lying, marshy dists* in Lines*,
Cambridgesh*, and the neighbouring counties in the E*
of England* In Brome's Sparagus iii* 3, Sam says,
44 The island of 2 acres here, more profitable than twice
10,000 in the Fens, till the drainers have done them*"
A great enterprise for the draining of the fens was under-
taken in 1634 by the D* of Bedford, but it was not at
first successful*

FERMO* The old Firmum Picenum, a city 4 m* from
the Adriatic in Italy, 110 m. N*E* of Rome* La Barnes'
Charter iv* 5, Guicchiardine, as chorus, tells how Caesar
Borgia betrayed 44 the Prince of F* at Sinigaglia/' This
was in 1499*

FERRARA* A city in N* Italy, 4 m* S* of the Po, 53 m*
S*W* of Venice, and abt* 200 rn* N* of Rome* It con-
tains an ancient castle, the seat of its dukes, a cathedral
dedicated to S* Paolo, and a university in which is pre-
served the tomb of Ariosto* The room is still to be seen
in the hospital of Santa-Anna in which Tasso was con-
fined for over 7 years* The Casa Guarini was the
residence of the author of H Pastor Fido* F* originally
formed part of the Papal States, but was granted by the
Pope to Borso, the head of the Este family, in 1450*
In 1597 it was reclaimed by Clement VIII, but in the
interval it was in the hands of the Estes* The court,
during the i6th cent*, was one of the most cultured and
artistic in Italy* F* was known to Chaucer, who in C* T*
E* 51, traces the course of the Po 4* to Emaleward, to
Ferrare and Venyse*" In Cockayne's Trapolin ii, 3,
Horatio calls it " Civil F*, Ariosto's town*" In Gas-
coigne's Supposes iv* 6, Litio asks, ** Have you not often
heard of the falsehood of F* i " In Barnes' Charter iv* 3,
Lucretia recalls how 44 the Marquess Mantoua Did in
F* feast my lord and me*" In T* Heywood's Maid of
West B* iii*, the chorus relates how Spencer, beuig ship-
wrecked, 44 Upon a chest gets hold and safe arrives Ir th*
Marquis of Farara's country*" In H8 iii* 2, 323, Surrey
brings as a charge against WoIsey:"You sent a large
commission To Gregory de Cassado to conclude With-
out the K.'s will or the state's allowance A league be-
tween his Highness and F*" Wolsey's object was to get
the help of F* in opposing the policy of the Emperor in
1527 ? the D* was Alphonso I* Wolsey's agent in Rome
was Gregory de Cassalis : Shakespeare follows the mis-
take of Hall and Holinshed in calling him Cassado*
The most famous of the Dukes of F* was Ercole or
Hercules II, who reigned 1534 to 1559* The scene of
Gascoigne's Supposes is laid in F* during the time of the
** County Hercules*" He also figures in Marston's
Parasitaster (though there is nothing historical in the
story) and is the Dux Ferrariae mentioned in L&lia i* 4,
91* The hero of Shirley's Opportunity is a D* of F*, who
is a suitor for the hand of the Duchess of Urbino* In
Mason's Mutteasses, a D* of F* joins the D* of Venice
in an imaginary expedition against Florence* In B. &
F* Custom iii* 2, Zabulon says that Hippolyta is the
sister of *4 F*'s royal 4uke*" In Jonson's Cynthia i* i,
Amorphus assures the company that the wine he offers
them is derived authentically "from the D* of F/s
bottles*" This is only one of the allusions to foreign
courts and countries by which Amorphus tries to prove
himself a much-travelled man* The scenes of Middle-
ton's Ph&nixf Shirley's Love's Cruelty and Imposture^
and Nabbes' Unfortunate Mother are laid at F.
FESCENNIUM* A small vill* in ancient Etruria, near
Falerii, abt* 30 m* due N* of Rome* It is only remem-
bered through the name 44 Fescennine verses," which
was applied to extempore effusions sung at weddings

FESOLE

and other rustic festivals, and marked by extreme
licentiousness of language. They were supposed to have
originated at F*, though the authority for this is not very
strong* Jonson, in Underwoods 243, says, " We dare not
ask our wish In language Fescennine*" In Cartwright's
Ordinary v* 4, Rimewell says, " Mr* Hearsay told us
that Mr* Meanwell was new married, and thought it
good that we should gratify him and show ourselves to
him in a Fescennine*"

FESOLE* See FJESUUE*
FESSE* See FEZ*

FETTER LANE* Lond*, running S* from Holborn into
Fleet St*, which it enters about half way between Lud-
gate Circus and Temple Bar* The town hostel of the
Bps* of Norwich was here* It was originally Faiteres-L*,
or Faitur L*, and according to Stow was so called from
the Fewters, or idle people, lying there* It is called Viter
L* in the I3th cent* It was the most Westerly st* con-
sumed in the Gt* Fire* Jonson and Dryden both lived
for a time in F*L*; and so did Lemuel Gulliver, who
tells of a long lease he had " of the Black Bull in F* L*"
At No* 32 was the Moravian Meeting House, where
John Wesley held the first Watchnight service in Eng-
land* In the I7th cent* it would appear to have been
a haunt of pawnbrokers* In Barry's Ram iii. 4, Throate
says, " Beard, take thou these books, go both to the
brokers in F*-L*, lay them in pawn for a velvet jerkin
and a double ruff/* In Jonson's Ev* Man O* iv* i,
Fungoso says, " 40 shillings more I can borrow on my
gown in F* L/'

FEVERSHAM* A town in Kent on a creek of the E*
Swale, 47 m* E* of Lond* and 8 m* W* of Canterbury*
The abbey was founded by Stephen, and he and his Q*
were buried there* It was surrendered to Henry VIII
in 1538, and granted by him to Sir Thomas Cheyney*
In Fam. Viet* i* i, Henry says to his companions after
the robbery, "Now, whither shall we go**" And they
reply : ** Why, my Lord, you know our old hostess at
F*" To which he responds, ** Our hostess at F*, blood I
what shall we there i We have a thousand pound about
us, and we shall go to a petty ale-house i " The scene of
Feversham is mostly laid there ; and in i* i, Franklin in-
forms Arden : " The D* of Somerset Hath freely given
to thee and to thy heirs All the lands of the Abbey of
F*** The hero of W* Rowley's Shoemaker is Crispine,
the son of a British prince, who has apprenticed himself
to a shoemaker at F* The story is fully told in Deloney's
Craft L 5* The name is now usually spelt Faversham*

FEWS* A Barony in Co* Armagh, some m* N* of Dun-
dalk, which belonged to the O'Neiis* It contains the
Few mountains* In Stacley 892, O'Neale, at Dundalk,
says, ** Come, go back into the Fewes again " ; and in
911, the Lieutenant speaks of ** the North Gate [of
Dundalk] that opens toward the Fewes*"

FEZ, or FESSE* One of the most important cities in
Morocco, with which it was incorporated in 1548* It
lies 197 m* N*E* of Morocco and 85 m* from the
Mediterranean* It was founded by Edris in 793, and
soon became the greatest seat of learning in W. Africa*
It had a university, a magnificent library, and 700
mosques* Its fine palace is said to have been built by
Christian slaves* It has a large trade, and until quite
recently had a monopoly of the manufacture of the
Turkish national headdress, which takes its name from
the city* The peculiar red dye used for the f * is obtained
from a berry which grows there* In Marlowe's Tomb.
A* in* i, the Kings of F*, Morocco, and Barbary ate

FIFE

found amongst the supporters of Bajazeth against Tam-
burlaine* After his victory over them Tamburlaine
makes his friend Techelles K* of F* In Stacley 1424,
Hotalla, the Portuguese ambassador, informs Philip of
Spain, 44 Lately from the K* of F*, Muly Mahomet, to
my royal master Hath ambassage been sent to crave his
aid Against Mullucco, brother to that K*ft Sebastian of
Portugal went to Mahomet's assistance, but was killed
in the battle of Alcasar in 1578, In Peele's Alcazar i*,
the Moor says, ** Our enemies have encamped them-
selves not far From F*" In T* Heywood's Maid of West
A* v* i* we are introduced to Mullisheg, " the amorous
k* of F.," who falls in love with Bess, but magnani-
mously bestows her on her old lover, Spencer* In Lust's
Domin. v* i, the Q*-mother says, "Your deceased K*
made war In Barbary, Won Tunis, conquered F*, and,
hand to hand, Slew great Abdela, K* of F*" The de-
ceased K* is apparently Philip I, but the story is imagin-
ary, save for the general fact that in the early i5th cent*
there was constant war between Spain and Morocco.
In T* Heywood's Captives i* i, when Mildew wants to
sell some young girls, Sarleboys asks, " What say you to
Morocho, F*, Algiers 4 " z*e* as markets for them* In
Milton's P* L* xi* 403, Adam is shown in vision 4* The
kingdoms of Almansor, F», and Sus*" Almansor was
Caliph of Bagdad 754-775* His dominion extended
over N* Africa*

FICKETT'S FIELD* A piece of ground abt 10 acres in
extent, now known as Lincoln's Inn New Sq*, in Lond*
It belonged to the Priory of St* John of Jerusalem till
the dissolution of the monasteries, and was also known
as Templars F* In Oldcastle ii* 2, Acton says, " From
Lond* issue out 40 odd thousands into Picket F* Where
we appoint our special randevous*" "Where's that
Picket f* i " asks Murley* And Acton replies : ** Be-
hind saint Gfles-in-the-f*, near Holborn*"

FIDES, TEMPLE OF* A famous temple on the Capito-
line Hill at Rome* It was founded by Numa, and re-
stored in the ist Punic War* It was often used for
meetings of the Senate, and was the scene of the session
which preceded the murder of Tiberius Gracchus* In
Tiberius 3197, the stage direction runs : " Enter Caligula
and Macro from F* t."

FIELD OF BLOOD* A translation of the Hebrew
Aceldama* See Matthew xxvii* 6-8, and Acts i* 19*
The traditional site is S* of Jerusalem, on the N*E*
slope of the Hill of Evil Counsel, overlooking the valley
of the Son of Hinnom* In York M+ P* xxxii* 370, Pilate
says, " The F* of B* look ye it call*" In line 350, its
owner says, " Calvary locus men calls it " ; a curious
mistake*

FIENZA* In Massinger*s Maid Hon* iii* i, Gonsaga, at
Sienna, says that the Duchess ** at this instant is at F*"
Some of the editors read Piensa, which is probably
right — Pienza being a town in Italy, 15 m* S*E* of
Sienna* It was the birthplace of Pius II, and an im-
mense palace was built there by his nephew, Pius III*

FIFE* A county on the E. coast of Scotland between the
Firths of Forth and Tay. The palace of Falkland was
the seat of the Macduffs, and the cross of Macduff
may still be seen on the Ochil Hills* In Mac* i* 2, 48,
Ross says that he has come "from F* Where the
Norweyan banners flout the sky*" La ii* 4, 36, after the
murder of the K*, Macduff says, ** I'll to F*" In iv* i,
72, the witches bid Macbeth, " Beware the Thane of F*,"
i*€* Macduff ; and consequently, in iv* i, 150, Macbeth
says, " The castle of Macduff I will surprise ; Seize
upon F*'* The- next scene is laid at " F* Macdufifs

190

FILL-POT LANE

Castle," z*e* Falkland Castle* In v* i, 47, Lady Macbeth
soliloquises, " The Thane of F* had a wife ; where is
she now $"' In H4 A* i* i, 71, the K* says, ** Of prisoners,
Hotspur took Mordake, the Earl of F*" This Murdoch
was the son of the D* of Albany, Regent of Scotland ;
and was also Earl of Menteith, though Shakespeare
follows Hollinshed's mistake in making them different
persons, and in speaking of Murdoch as eldest son to
the beaten Douglas*

FILL-POT LANE (now PHILPOT L)* In Lond*, running
S* from Fenchurch St* to East Cheap, It was named
from Sir John Filpot, once Lord Mayor, who in 1378
equipped 1000 soldiers at his own expense and with
them captured John Mercer, a notorious pirate, and 15
Spanish ships laden with great riches* He lived in the
L* and was the owner thereof, says Stow* In Jonson's
Christmas, Christmas sings* " Kit cobler it is, I'm a
father of his, And he dwells in the 1* called F*"

FINCH LANE (more properly FINKE'S L*)* In Lond*>
running from Cornhill to Threadneedle St*, to the Et of
the Royal Exchange* It was named in honour of Robert
Finke, who built the ch* of St* Bennet Fink in Thread-
needle St* Deloney, in Craft ii* 10, mentions " Anthony
Now-Now, the firkin fidler of Finchlane." He is said to
have got his nickname from his singing of Dowland's
lovely air, ** Now, O now, we needs must part*"

FINCHLEY* A vill* in Middlesex on one of the main
approaches to Lond* from the N*W*, 8 m* N* from the
Post Office* It is mentioned by Acton in Oldcastle iii* a,
as one of the villages where his army of rebels is
quartered : " Some here with us in Hygate, some at F*"

FINISTERRE, CAPE* In N*W* Spain* In Eastward iii*
3, Seagul says, " When I come to C* Finister, there's a
forth-right wind continually wafts us till we come to
Virginia*" Chaucer's Shipman (C* T* A* 407), " knew
well alle the havenes as they were, From Gootland to
the C* of Fynystere*"

FINSBURY* A dist* in Lond*, N* of .Cripplegate and
Moorgate* The name is still preserved in F* Circus,
F* Pavement, etc* It was during the Elizabethan times
an open field, and was a favourite walk for the citizens
and their wives* In H4 A* iii* i, 357, Hotspur chaffs his
wife for saying " in good sooth " : ** Thou giv'st such
sarcenet surety for thy oaths As if thou never walk'st
further than F* * * * leave 4 in sooth ' To velvet-
guards and Sunday-citizens*" In Goosecap iii* i, Sir
Gyles says, ** I love day-light and run after it into F.
Fields in the evening to see the windmills go*" In
Stucley 610, Blurt is described as " Sir Bailif of F*" ;
and in 615 he says that Jack Dudley is " in F* Jail for
hurting a man behind the Windmills last Saturday "
(see WINDMILL)* In Glapthorne's Hollander iii* i,
Fortress says, " Our orders are such as the most envious
Justice at F* shall not exclaim on*" Duels were often
fought there. In K. K. K+ (Dods* vi* 591), Honesty says,
44 Bad-minded men stand in F* Fields near Lond* and
there be shot to death*" In Shirley's Wedding iv* i,
Landby says, ** Rawbone has challenged Master Lodam;
the place F*"

The Fields were specially used for the practice of
archery* Marks, both rovers and butts, were set up
there, to the number of 160, and were distinguished
by names such as ",Dunstan's Darling," 44 Lee's
Leopard," " Mfldmay's Rose," and the like* No ob-
structions were permitted that would obscure the ar-
chers' sight of the marks* Tfae*Ayme for Finsburie
Archers, published in 1594. gives a listvof the marks with

FISH STREET, NEW

their names and distances, which were reckoned as so
many score, z.e* of yards* Some of the marks were in the
shape of a Turk* In Dekker's Shoemaker's iii* i, Hodge
says, " If I stay I pray God I may be turned to a Turk
and set in F* for boys to shoot at*" In Jonson's Ev* Man
/* i* i, Stephen asks, 44 Because I dwell at Hogsden,
shall I keep company with none but the archers of
F* i " In Davenant's Wits i* i, Young Palatine professes
his conversion from his wild courses : " This deboshed
whinyard I will reclaim to comely bow and arrows and
shoot with haberdashers at F*, and be thought the
grandchild of Adam Bell*" In Perm. ParL 31, it is en-
acted " that there shall great contentions fall between
soldiers and archers ; for some shall maintain that a
Turk can be hit at 13 score pricks (z*e* 240 yards) in
F* Fields, ergo the bow and shafts won Bullen " (see
BOULOGNE)* In Jonspn's BarthoL v* 3, Quarlous says
to Overdo, 44 Nay, Sir, stand not you fixed here, like
a stake in F*, to be shot at*" In Davenant's Playhouse i* r,
the Poet speaks of 44 that famous duel which in the fields
of F* was fought whilom at Rovers with long bow and
arrows ; it began at day-break and ended at sun-set-
ting*" The Fields were naturally a haunt of beggars* In
MidoUeton's Hubburd, p*-^9, a wounded soldier goes
begging there on Sunday : " and I saw the tweering
Constable of F* making towards me*"

The Fields were also used for the drilling of the City
Train-bands ; and these citizen-soldiers came in for a
good deal of fashionable ridicule till in the Civil War
they proved their mettle* In Shirley's Fair One v* i,
Fowler speaks of ** a spruce Capt* that never saw service
beyond F* or the Artillery Garden*" In Jonson's Devil
iii* i, Meercraft advises Gilthead to get his son " his
posture book and 's leaden men To set upon a table
'gainst his mistress Chance to come by, that he may
draw her in, And show her F* battles/' In Shirley's
Honoria iv* 3, Fulbank boasts, " I was knocked down
thrice and lost my beard At taking of a fort in F/'
In his Riches ii*, the Soldier says to the Courtier, 4t Some
fellows have beaten you into belief that they have seen
the wars, that perhaps mustered at Mile-end or F/'
In Killigrew's Parson v* 4, Sad says, ** You have missed
that man of war, that knight of F*" In Brome's Couple
i* i, Wat says, " He would ha' so beaten you* as never
was citizen beaten since the great battle of F*-Field*"
In Nabbes' Bride it* 6, one of the Blades, having been
beaten by Theophilus, says, *' There is more valour in
some than what's only shown in a F* muster*" In T*
Heywood's Hogsdon iv* 3, Luce's Father says, ** When
I was young, I had my wards and foins and quarter-
blows, Tuttle, F*, I knew them all*" The City Hounds
were kept in F* Peacham, in Worth of a Penny (1647),
says that, rather than dine at a superior's table, 44 any
noble spirit had rather dine with ray Lord Mayor's
hounds in F* Fields*" The scene of Jonson's Tub is
F* Hundred ; and 4 of the characters, a knot of clowns,
dub themselves ** the Council of F*"
FISH STREET, NEW (now called FISH ST* HILL)* In
Lond., running S* from East Cheap to Lower Thames
St* It was the main thoroughfare to Lond* Bdge* before
the new approach by K* William St* was made* Here
the Monument was erected in memory of the Gt* Fire
of 1666, and over against it was the Black Bell Inn,
which stood on the site of the Lond. house of Edward
the Black Prince* At the S* end of the Hill is the Ch* of
St* Magnus* In H6 B* iv* 8, i, Cade cries to his rabble,
44 Up F* St* I Down St* Magnus corner 1 Kill and knock
down ! Throw them into Thames I " In Middleton's
No Wit ii. i, Weatherwise, the Astrologer, says, 44 Sol

191

FISH STREET, OLD

in Pisces ! The sun's in N* F* St*" In his Black Book i
(1604), p* 17, he says, " There was an house upon
F*-st*-hfil burnt to the ground once/' In News BarthoL
Fair, in the list of taverns, we have " Kings Head in
N* F*-st* where roysters do range**' In Prodigal ii* 4,
Lancelot says to Oliver, 4t Let's meet at the King's Head
in F* St*" The site of the tavern is marked by King's
Head Court, near the Monument*
FISH STREET, OLD* Lond*, which used to run W,
from Bread St* to Old Change* The E* end of it dis-
appeared to make room for Q* Victoria St*, and the W*
end was absorbed in Knightrider St* The Ch* of St.
Nicholas on the S* side of Knightrider St* used to be in
O* F* St* It was the original fish-market of Lond*, and
is mentioned in the Statute 8, Edward I, as Elde-
fis-strate* There were many taverns in it, at which fish-
dinners were served with good wine to wash them down*
Curiosities from the sea, such as huge or strange fish and
alleged mermaids, were exhibited in the st* In Chau-
cer's C* T* C* 564, the Pardoner warns the company to
keep them from wine, ** And namelly fro the white wyn
of Lepe That is to selle in Fysshstrete or in Chepe*"
In Perm, ParL 41, it is enacted that " salmon shall be
better sold in F*-st* than the beer shall be at Billings-
gate*" In Jonson's BarthoL v* 3, Littlewit, explaining
his puppet-show, says, *' I make * * * Hero a wench
o' the Bankside who, going over one morning to (X F*-
St*, Leander spies her land at Trig Stairs*" Later on,
Leatherhead says, 44 Hero of the Bankside Is come over
into F*-st* to eat some fresh herring*" In Brome's City
Wit i* i* Josina sends Bridget " to Mrs* Parmisan
the cheesemonger's wife in o* F*-st*" In Davenant's
Rutland , p* 215, the Parisian says, *4 Oh, the goodly
landskip of O* F* St* which, had it not the ill luck to be
crooked, was narrow enough to have been your founder's
perspective," z*e* telescope* In Mayne's Match iii* 2,
Timothy is disguised and exhibited as a sea-monster,
44 Just like a salmon upon a stall in F*-st*" ; and in iii* 3,
he complains, ** Within this fortnight I had been con-
verted Into some pike ; you might ha' cheapened me
In F*-st*" In Temp* ii* 2, 20, Trinculo says, u Were I in
England now, as once I was, and had but this fish
[Caliban] painted, not a holiday fool there but would
give a piece of silver*" Doubtless he would have ex-
hibited him in F*-st* In B* & F* Wife ii* i, Tony tells,
" There was a drunken sailor that got a mermaid with
child? the infant monster is brought up in F*-st*" In
the list of taverns in News BarthoL Fair, we find 44 the
Bores Head in O* F*-st*" ; and " O* F*-st* at the Swan*"
Tokens of both these taverns may be seen in the Beaufoy
collection* In the dedication of Day's Humour to Sig-
nior Nobody, he says, 4t Till I meet you next at your
great Castle in F* St* I'll neither taste of your bounty
nor be drunk to your health*" Evidently there was an
Inn in F*-st, with the popular sign of a man with a head
and legs, but no body* In Middleton's Inner Temple 22,
Fasting Day says, " F* St* loves me e'en but from teeth
outward," Le. because on fast days more fish was sold*
T* Heywood's Traveller was "Printed by Robert
Raworth dwelling in O* F*-st* near St* Mary Maudlins
Ch* 1633*" This ch» was near to DoHttle Lane* In Jon-
son's Cim$trrias, when Gambol announces, ** Here's one
out of Friday st. would come in," Christmas replies,
** By no means, nor out of neither of the F*-sts* admit
not a man ; they are not Christmas creatures ; fish and
fasting days J Foh J " Gambol consequently gives
orders, 4* Nobody out o' Friday St*, nor the 2 F* sts*,
there, do you hear t** In B* & F* Prize v* 2, Jacques
says that if Maria, the shrew, is thrown into the sea

FLANDERS, or FLAUNDERS

she would spoil all the fishing : " the 2 F* sts* would sing
a woeful misereri*" Dekker, in Bellman, speaks of
44 both Fishstreetes " as haunts of foysts, or pickpockets*
FLAMINIAN WAY (the VIA FLAMINIA)* One of the
great Roman roads in Italy, leading from Rome to
Ariminum* It was constructed by C* Flaminius in
220 B*C*, and restored by Augustus 27 B*C* Like the
Appian Way, it was lined with sepulchral monuments
for some distance out of the city* Thomas May, in lines
on Massinger's Actor 9, describes the funeral of Paris,
the actor : " his ashes laid In the F* W*, where people
strowed His grave with flowers*"

FLANDERS, or FLAUNDERS (Fg* = Fleming, Fh* =
Flemish)* A country in the Netherlands, including the
provinces of E* and W* F*, now part of Belgium ; Dutch
F., which became part of the United Provinces ; and
some of the departments in N* France* In 1384 F* went
to the Dukes of Burgundy by the marriage of the
Countess Marguerite to Philip the Bold ; and in 1477,
by the marriage of its heiress Mary to the Archduke
Maximilian, it was transferred to the house of Haps-
burg* It remained part of the Austrian dominions
until the abdication of Charles V (1556), when it passed
to the Spanish branch of the Hapsburgs* By the Treaty
of Utrecht in 1713 it reverted to Austria* By the
settlement of Vienna in 1815 the Spanish Netherlands
were united with Holland, but in 1830 Belgium was
separated from Holland and made into a separate
kingdom* The manufactures of F* in the time of Eliza-
beth included, as Heylyn tells us, "linens, scarlet
worsted, saies, silk velvets, and the like stuff." It also
exported butter, cheese, and other agricultural produce*
Its breed of heavy horses was especially valued in
England for the drawing of carriages, which in those days
of bad roads needed strong animals* It had a very con-
siderable trade with England* In the reign of Henry II
a large number of Flemings came over and settled in
England, and a further immigration took place in the
reign of Edward III* The English cloth manufacture
was much benefited by these expert artificers, but they
were regarded with much jealousy by the working
classes, who thought that they were taking the bread
out of their mouths* Fynes Moryson, in Itinerary iii* 2*
4, says that owing to the commercial importance of
Bruges 44 F* gave the name to all Netherland*" In many
of the quotations following Fg* must not be interpreted
too narrowly*

Sir Thopas, the hero of Chaucer's Tale, was ** yborn
in Flaundres al biyonde the see at Poperyng " : which
is a town in W* F* close to the French border* The
scene of the Pardoner's Tale is laid in ** Flaundres*" In
the Shipman's Tale, the absence of the merchant in F*,
where he had business in Bruges, gave Dan John his
opportunity* In the prol* to C, T*> we are told that the
Squire " hadde been somtyme in chyvachie In Flaun-
dres, in Artpys, and Picardie " : probably in the ex-
pedition which was sent to assist the citizens of Ghent
against the French K» in 1383 under Spenser, the war-
like Bp* of Norwich* In World Child, p* 170, Manhood
says, " Manhood mighty am I named in every country
* * * for gentle Artois, Florence, F*, and France and
also Gascoigne, all have I conquered as a knight*"
Hycke, p* 88, names F* as one of the countries that he
has visited* In Wealth 426, 111 Will says, *« By war in F*
there is wealth*" In Chivalry, which apparently is
placed in the reign of St* Louis of France, there is a
D* of F* amongst the characters* In H6 C* iv* 5, 21,
Hastings advises Edward to go to Lynn and 44 ship from
thence to F*" This was in 1470, after Warwick's de-
192

FLANDERS, or FLAUNDERS

fection* In Day's B* Beggar i*, Beaufort says to Gloster,
" Thou wilt abuse her As once thpu didst the Earl of F*'
wife/' The reference is to Jaqueline, the wife of John of
Brabant, whom Gloster had persuaded to leave her
husband and marry him* In B* & F* Rule a Wife i* i,
Clara says, " Capt., I hear you're marching down to
F* To serve the Catholic K*" The scene is in Valladolid,
and the reference to the wars in F* between Philip II of
Spain and the United Provinces*

The Flemings in England. In Chaucer, C* T* B* 4586,
we are told : ** Certes, he Jacke Straw and his meynee
Ne made never shoutes half so shrille Whan that they
wolden any Fleming kill*" In Lickpenny, Lydgate tells
how, outside Westminster Hall, " Fgs* began on me for
to cry Master, what will ye copen or buy i Fine felt
hats or spectacles to read i " In Three Ladies ii*,
Mercator says, ** De Frenchman and Fgs* in dis country
be many." In Skelton's Magnificence, fol* v*, when
someone calls ** Fancy ! " Fancy, not wishing to answer,
says, " It was a Fg* hight Hansy*"

Character and appearance of the Flemings. Heylyn
says, " They are much given to our English beer/' In
M. W. W. ii* i, 23, Mrs* Page calls Falstaff " this
Fh* drunkard*" In Wealth 400, Wit says, " Such
drunken Fgs* your company still mar*" In Dekker's
Westward ii* 2, Birdlime says, " Frenchmen love
to be bold, Fgs* to be drunk*" In Fulwell's Like,
Has*, iii* 325, Tosspot has a train of " Fh* servants
that will quaff and carouse and therein spend their
gain*" In Ford's Warbeck i* i, Dawbeny says that
Warbeck is only fit " to be a swabber to the Fh* After
a drunken surfeit*" In Webster's Weakest ii* 3, Bunch
says, " This F* is too thrifty a country, for here the
women heel their husbands' hose themselves*" In
Dekker's Babylon 262, Fidell says,"" The Capt* swears,
Fg*-like, by 20*000 devils*" In Davenant's Plymouth
v* i, Inland desires to embrace Bumble ** in a F* hug,
embracing coarsely, like 2 lofty younkers of the Hague*"
In Jonson's Alchemist iv* i, Subtle says of Surly, ** He
does look too fat to be a Spaniard," And Face replies :
** Perhaps some Fg* or some Hollander got him in
D'Alva's time*" In Nabbes' Microcosmus y*, Tasting
says, ** I have converted more butter into kitchen stuff
than would have victualled a Fh* garrison*" In Nabbes'
Spring, Christmas says, " Though thou be fat as a Fg*,
I'll have Lent choke thee*" In Jonson's 2sv* Man L iii*
2, Cob opines that fasting-days " are of a Fh* breed,
for they ravin up more butter than all the days of the
week beside*" In M* W. W* ii* 2, 316, Ford says, " I
will rather trust a Fg* with my butter than my wife with
herself*" In Boorde's Intro, of Knowledge 147, the F*
man says, "Buttermouth Fg* men do me call*" In Dek-
ker's Hon. Wh. A* i* 2, Viola says, 4* I long to have my
patient husband eat up a whole porcupine to the intent
the bristling quills may stick about his lips like a Fh*
mustachio, and be shot at me*"

Flemish occupations and industries,. The Fh* were
much occupied in fishery in the North Sea, and the
word " hoy," meaning a small sloop-rigged vessel, was
borrowed from them* In B* & F* Gentleman iii* i,
Clerimont speaks of ** Some lean commander of an angry
blockhouse To keep the Fh* eel-boats from invasion*"
In Marlowe's Ed. II ii* 4, young Mortimer says,
44 Here in the river rides a Fh* hoy; Let's all aboard*"
Dekker, in Hornbook Proem, speaks of men ** driven,
like a Fh* hoy in foul weather, to slip into our school*"
In B* & F* Prize v* 2, Jaques says that if Maria is thrown
into the sea, " she would make god Neptune as weary
of the Fh* Channel as ever boy was of the school*"

FLANDERS, or FLAUNDERS

Textiles and other articles of clothing were the staple
of the manufacturing industry* In Jonson's New Inn ii.
2, Tipto says, ** I would put on the ruff * * * And cuffs
of F*" In Brief Conceipt of English Policy (1581), the
author complains that Englishmen will not be con-
tented with kersie, ** but it must be of F* dye*" In
Davenant's Platonic ii* i, Sciolto speaks of ** A corslet
edged with F* purl " : purl being a fringe made of
twisted gold or silver wire* In Brome's C£* Beggar L i,
Gabriel describes one of the Drs* as " He that affects
gay clothes and F* laces*" The Merchant, in prol* to
Chaucer's C* T* A* 272, had " Upon his heed a Flaun-
dryssh bevere hat*" In Davenant's Favourite iv* i, a
lady says, ** She's needs compare her F* peak to mine*"
The peak was a part of a lady's headdress projecting
over the forehead* In B* & F* Pilgrimage i* i, Incubo
mentions, "A cloak of Genoa velvet With Fh* buttons*"
In Jonson's New Inn ii* 2, Tipto speaks of ** A cloak of
Genoa set With Brabant buttons*" There are still 5
button-factories in Brussels* Injuventus B* 4, Hypocrisy
savst " If I had not been, Thou haddest not been worth
a F* pin*" In Life of Thomas Parr (1635), it is stated:
" There was no starch used in England till a F* woman,
one Mrs* Dinghen Vanden Plasse, brought in the use of
starch 1564*" Swords were made in F*, but they were
regarded as much inferior to the Spanish, or Toledo,
swords* In Jonson's Ev. Man L iii* i, Bobadil, examin-
ing the sword which Stephen has bought, says, *4 This a
Toledo, pish I A Fg* by heaven 1 I'll buy them for a
guilder a-piece*" F* mares were specially valued as
carriage-horses in England* They are of a heavy and
powerful breed, and are now imported for use in lorries
and brewers' carts* In B* & F* Wit Money iii* 2,
Valentine says to Lady Heartwell, ** What though you
have a coach lined through with velvet And 4 fair F.
mares i " In Shirley's Fair One iii* 5, Brains wishes
that he had "a caroch and 6 F* mares*" In his Game-
ster iii. 3, Hazard says of the knight: "He will talk you
nothing but postilions, Embroideries for his coach, and
F* mares*" In B* & F* Scornful i. 2, the Traveller has
" a F* mare that leaped " to the sun* In Massinger's
Madam ii* 2, Anne demands from her suitor " my
caroch, Drawn by 6 F* mares*" In B* & F* Wit S* W.
i* i, Oldcraft says, 44 At first snap she's a Countess,
drawn with 6 mares through Fleet St., and a coachman
sitting bareheaded to their F* buttocks*" In Dekker's
Edmonton iv* i, Mother Sawyer affirms that city wives
are the true witches ; " Those by enchantment can
turn ploughs and teams To F* mares and coaches*"
In Ford's Trial iii* i, Benatsi cries, " F* mares J
Stately ! " In Marlowe's Jew iii* 4, Ithamore says,
44 Here's a drench to poison a whole stable of F* mares*"
In Lawyer v*, Nice says, " He has sold his caroch with
4 F. mares*"

In Davenant's Love Hon+ iv. 2* Vasco says, *4 If I com-
mand thee to cut off these ladies' heads, thou'lt do it
with the dexterity of a Fg*" Taylor tells of the skill of
the Fh* executioners and the training they had to
undergo* In Chaucer, C* T* B* 4357, Roger says,
** Sooth play quaad play, as the Flemyng saith," i*c*
" A true jest is an evil jest*" In H* 349, we read * 44 The
Flemyng seith and lerne it if thee leste> That litel
janglyng causeth muchelrest," Le. " Least said, soonest
mended*" In T* Heywood's J* K. M. B* 271, John says,
" If I do not make a F* reckoning of it— and that is,
as I have heard mad wags say, receive it here and revel
it away in another place — let me be spit out of the room
of good fellowship*" In B* & F* Cure ii* i* Pachico tells
of ** the miraculous maid in F* who lived 3 years with-

193

FLEET BRIDGE

out any other sustenance than the smell of a rose/'
See s*v* BRABANT,

The Fh. language was a dialect of Low German* In
Webster's Weakest there is a Fg*, Jacob, who speaks a sort
of mixture of Fh* and English, thus : " Come floux, be-
tall gelt, Lodowick gelt I Ware been de France crown i
de rix daler i de Anglis skelling tf Lik dore, see de
creet, de chalke; eane, twea, dree, viar guildern for
brant ween/' z*e* " Look sharp, pay money, Lodovic
money 1 Where are the French crowns, the rix dollars,
the English shillings < Look there ; see the chalk, the
score : one, two, three, four guilders for brandy/*
See also s*t>* DUTCH, HOLLAND, Low COUNTRIES,
NETHERLANDS*

FLEET BRIDGE* One of the 4 bdges* across the Fleet
Ditch, Lond* It connected Ludgate Hill with F* St*
There was a bdge* at this point as early as the reign of
Richd* I* A stone bdge* was built in 1431 by the Mayor,
John Wels, which had a stone coping with iron pikes
and provision for lights on the S* side* This was de-
stroyed in the Gt* Fire and replaced by a stone structure
of the same width as the st* and high enough to allow
barges to get under it* After the Ditch had been covered
in to the N* of F, St, the S* coping was left* Thebdge*
was finally taken down in 1765* In Barry's Ram iiL,
Shortshanks* wife has gone " down toward F* B*" ;
Thomas says later that she went in by the Greyhound
), and so struck into Bridewell, Beard, on the con-

trary* thinks she went along Shoe Lane* In Mayne's
Match i* 4, Newcut asks, " Didst look to hear such
language beyond Ludgate < " and Bright answers, 4* I
thought all wit had ended at F* B,, but wit that goes by
the score ; that may extend, if rt be a courtier's wit,
into Cheapside," The idea is that wit was to be found
amongst the lawyers in the Temple, W* of F* B., and
courtiers (who went on tick with the citizens), and did
not extend into the city* In Jonson's Ev. Man O* ii* i,
Sogliardo says, " There's a new motion of the city of
Nineveh with Jonas and the whale to be seen at F*-b/'
In Chauntideers v*, Welcome says of Bung : " He has
tricks enou' to furnish all the tapsters between Charing
Cross and F. B*," i*e* in the Strand and F* St* F* St*
was amply supplied with taverns : for a list, see under
FLEET ST*

FLEET DITCH* The Fleet was a stream rising in the
Hampstead and ffighgate Hills, N* of Lond*, and flowing
through Kentish Town, Camden Town, and St, Pan-
eras to Battle Bdge* ; thence to Holborn Bdge*, and so
into the Thames at Blackfriars* Above Holborn it was
known as the Hole-bourn ; and it was also called the
River of Wells* from the many wells or springs that fed
it, like Clerkenwell, Skinnerswell, Fagswell, Todswell,
Loderswell, and Radswell. Near Holborn it was called
Turnmill Brook, from the mills on its banks* In the
I3th cent* it was easily navigable up to Holborn Bdge*,
and was 10 ft* in breadth* Already in 1356 we find that
it was choked up by the filth that was constantly thrown
into it from the tanneries and lay-stalls on its banks*
In the i6th cent* it had become a common sewer and
was called F* D* In 1652 it is reported quite impassable
for boats on account of the garbage thrown in from the
butchers' shops and cook-shops* The Gt Fire cleared
off all the crazy buildings on the d*-side, and it was
widened to 40 ft* and the channel deepened so that
barges could once more go up to Holbonu Edges*
spanned it at the bottom of Ludgate Hilt— the F* Bdge.
—at Bridewell, at F* Lane, and at Holborn. But it soon
reverted to its old filthiness, and in 1733 it was covered

FLEET PRISON

in from Holborn to F* Bdge* and the F* Market was
established over its course. In 1766 the rest of the d*
was covered in from F* Bdge* to Blackfriars* It now
flows under Farringdon St* and New Bridge St*, and
empties itself into the low-level sewer, though provision
is made for diverting it, if necessary, into the Thames*
In Jonson's Famous Voyage there is an amusing account
of how Sir Ralph Shelton and Sir Christopher Heyden
rowed up the D* from Bridewell to Holborn, in which
the filthy condition of it is described with malodorous
minuteness* In W* Rowley's Match Mid, iv* 2, Jarvis
speaks of " one of my aunts (videlicet bawds), a widow
by F*-d*" In Davenant's Wits i* 3, Thwack says, " I
have a strong mind to re-edify The decays of F*-D* ;
from whence I hear The roaring vestals late are fled
through heat Of persecution*" In Davenant's Plymouth
v* i, Cable speaks of ** the distressed daughters of old
Eve, that lie wind-bound about F*-D*" In Epilogue to
Ei>* Man O*, Jonson calls it 4* our city's torrent, bent to
infect The hallowed bowels of the silver Thames*"
In B* & F* Pestlef the Prologue proposes as the subject
of a play in honour of the City : " The Life and Death of
fat Drake, or the Repairing of F*-privies*"

FLEET LANE* A st* in Lond* running W* from Old
Bailey, a little S* of the prison, to the F* Ditch (now
Farringdon St*)* It was chiefly occupied by taverns and
cook-shops, and was the boundary of the F* liberties
northward* John Felton was lodging in F* Lane before
he set out for Portsmouth to murder the D* of Bucking-
ham, and one of the witnesses at his trial was Elizabeth
Josselyn, who kept a circulating library in F* L* In
Massinger's Madam i* i, Anne reviles the cooks hired
by Holdfast, " Fie on them ! They smell of F,-l* and
Pie-corner*" Jonson, in Famous Voyage, speaks of the
banks of the F* Ditch, ** on whose banks Your F*-l.
Furies and hot cooks do dwell*" Tourneur's Revenger
was " Printed by G* Eldand and are to be sold at his
house in F*-L* at the sign of the Printer's Press* 1607*"

FLEET PRISON. This famous prison lay on the E* side
of the F* Ditch, Lond*, a little N* of the junction of
Ludgate Hill and F* St* The site is supposed by Mr*
Roach Smith to have been originally a Roman amphi-
theatre* The ist mention of its use as a p. occurs in the
reign of Richd* I, when Nathanael de Leveland was ap-
pointed to keep the K*'s gaol of F* Bdge* The prisoners
were taken by boat along the F* Ditch and entered by a
water-gate* It was long used as the p* of the Star
Chamber and Chancery Courts, but when the former
was abolished in 1643 it was made a p. for debtors,
bankrupts, and persons guilty of contempt of court*
The chief officer was named the Warden of the F* The
original p, was burnt down by Wat Tyler's rabble and
rebuilt* It was again burnt down in the Gt* Fire, and
once more by the Gordon rioters* It was re-erected on
the E* side of Farringdon St*> which runs along the
course of the F* Ditch, now entirely covered in ; it was
finally abolished in 1846, and its site is now occupied
partly by the London, Chatham and Dover Railway
and partly by the Farringdon St* Memorial Hall,
Prisoners were allowed to live anywhere within the
liberties of the F*, which were bounded by Ludgate Hill,
Old Bailey, F* Lane, and F* Ditch* In the p* and the
Liberties marriages were permitted to be celebrated by
members of the clergy who lived there* No questions
were asked and no formalities insisted on* These F*
marriages were abolished in 1774* Among the notable
prisoners who have been confined in the F* may be
mentioned the poet Surrey, Bp, Hooper, and many of

FLEET STREET

the Marian martyrs : Wycherley ; William Herbert,
Earl of Pembroke; Prynne, and Lilburne. In£fyB*v.
4, 98, the Chief Justice commands, " Go, carry Sir John
Falstaff to the F* ; Take all his company along with
him." In Skelton's Colin Clout 1158, we have: "Take
him, Warden of the F., Set him fast by the feet/' In
Look about iii., the K. says, " Warden of the F., Take
you the charge of Gloster." In Fam. Viet. (Hazlitt, 336),
the Judge says to Prince Henry, " I commit you to the
F* until we have spoken with your father/' In Mar-
lowe's Ed. II Li, Gaveston says of the Bp. of Coventry :
44 He shall to prison and there die in bolts/' To which
the K* replies : "Ay, to the Tower, the F., or where
tLou wilt/' In Eastward ii* 2, Quicksilver says to Sir
Petronel, whose creditors have laid to arrest him, ** Let
'em take their choice ; either the K/s Bench, or the F.,
or which of the 2 Counters they like best/' Jonson, in
Famous Voyage, tells of the 44 outcries of the damned in
the Fleet/' Bradford, in his paraphrase of Ps. Ixxix.,
says, " How miserable they handle Thy bondservants,
the prisons of the K/s Bench, Marshalsea, F., Newgate,
and in many other places doth to all the world cry out/'
In Massinger's Madam iv. 3, Hoist says, " I'll be re-
moved to the F* and drink and drab there In spite of
your teeth/* In Shirley's C. Maid ii. 2, Hornet says,
** I see my chattels seized and I am already marching to
the F/' In Middleton's R. G. iv. i, Moll sings, 44 She
lay with one of the navy, Her husband lying i' the F/'
In Field's Amends iv. i, there is a reference to the F*
marriages* Bold tries to persuade Lady Brightwell to
yield to his unlawful passion, and says, *' Newness of the
trick, if nothing else, might stir ye/' To which she replies :
44 'Tis a stale one, and was done in the F. 10 years ago/'
FLEET STREET, Lond., running W, from the bottom
of Ludgate Hill to Temple Bar, the site of which is now
marked by the Grinin, It was originally a mere path
along the river bank : its existence as a road dates from
the i2th cent, when the Knights Templars took up
their abode on the river side and built the Temple Ch*
It took its name from the F* river, which it crossed at its
E* end. At first it extended up what is now Ludgate
Hill, as far as Old Bailey, In Elizabethan times the
lawyers occupied the Temple, which they had held
since the middle of the i4th cent. At the W. end of the
st* was Temple Bar, which came into existence some
time about the end of the I3th cent* At the other end
was Ludgate, which stood just W* of St. Martin's at the
end of Old Bailey. Just west of Shoe Lane stood The
Conduit, originally erected in 1388 and rebuilt with
great magnificence in 1478 : it had a stone tower with
St. Christopher on the top and angels lower down,
and a chime of bells worked by " an Engine placed in
the tower." Starting from Ludgate on the N. side of the
st*, and going W,, Shakespeare would pass in succession
the Belle Savage Inn, The Rose Inn, F. Bdge*. Shoe Lane,
Peterborough Court, Fetter Lane, St. Dunstan's Ch., and
Chancery Lane ; turning back and going E* on the S. side,
the great gate of the Temple, the Queen's Head, the
Hand, the Falcon, the Star and Ram, from which Ram
Alley got its name, the entrance to the White Friars, the
Bolt-in-Tuti, the Boar's Head, the Cock and Key,
Hanging Sword Alley, Salisbury House, St. Bride's Ch.,
and F, Bdge*, with a view, down the stream, of Bride-
well on the W. and Blackfriars on the E. bank ; while,
looking N., he would see on the E* bank the frowning
pile of the F. Prison* The Inns of Court, and the great
houses of the nobles stretching along the Strand, made
F. St. a fashionable suburb. In Mayne's Match L 4,
Bright and Newcut, the Templars, camnot conceive

FLEET STREET

that wit can extend further E. than F. Bdge. In Shirley's
Love Maze iii. 3, Lady Bird's steward 44 lies in F. St."
In B. & F. Wit S. W. L i, Oldcraft says of his niece :
44 at first snap she's a Countess drawn with 6 mares
through F. St." In Jonson's Ev. Man L ii. i, Down-
right avers, " If I swallow this, I'll ne'er draw my sword
in the sight of F. St. again." The lawyers, or Templars,
were familiar figures in the st* In Stucley 153, Newton
tells old Stucley, whose son is in the Temple, " Th*
other day I saw him come up F.-st. with the Lord
Windsor and Lord Aburganny/' In Mayne's Match i. 3,
Plotwell greets Bright and Newcut, the Templars,
44 What, my F.-st. friends * " In Dekker's Northward
i. 2, Doll says, " I'm as melancholy now as F.-st. in a
long vacation/' There was quarrelling enough, but
much of it was done for effect. In Dekker's Northward
ii* 2, Featherhead says, 44 Your husband is as tame as a
fray in F.-st. when there are nobody to part them."
The lawyers were not, however, reckoned as quite equal
in gentility to men of title. Dekker, in Hornbook vi.,
says, 44 By sitting on the stage, if you be a knight, you
may happily get you a Mistress; if a mere F.-st.
Gentleman, a wife/* Here is the premonition of the
44 bad baronet " of later fiction.

There were many taverns in F. St. In Nobody 1139,
Nobody tells how, "coming through Fst., there at a
tavern door 2 swaggerers were fighting." In Massin-
ger's Trick to Catch iv* 5, Audrey sings, 44 Let the usurer
cram him, in interest that excel, There's pits enough to
damn him before he comes to hell ; In Holborn some,
in F.st, some " : where I suppose she means taverns and
houses of ill-fame. In Stucley 564, Sparing demands
£30 from Stucley 4t for tavern suppers and for quarts
of wine at the Greyhound in F. St." In Barry's Ram iii.,
Thomas says that Will's wife 44 went in by theGreyhound
and so struck into Bridewell," I fail to find this tavern
in Bell's monograph on F. St., but it is clear from the
Ram Alley passage that it was close to the F. Bdge. on
the S* side of the st* In Barry's Ram ii,, Throate says,
44 Meet me straight at the Mitre-door in F, st." This
famous inn occupied the site of Hoare's Bank on the S*
side of the st., near Mitre Court, but it is not the same
as the present Mitre in Mitre Court. In 1603 the jury
presented the Mitre, because it had a back door into
Ram Alley by which persons wanted by the police could
convey themselves into the sanctuary of Whitefriars.
Its balcony was burnt in the Gt* Fire. In a volume of
poems by Richard Jackson, published 1625 or there-
about, the first is entitled Shakespeare's Rime which he
made at the Myter in Flete Strete. It was Dr. Johnson's
favourite tavern. In T. Heywood's Witches ii, Gener-
ous praises the wine he drank " at the Myter in F.-st."
In W. Rowley's Match Mid, i. 3, the Capt, asks, " How
shall we keep our word with Saunder Bloodhound in
F* st, after dinner at the Fountain i " This was the build-
ing next to Inner Temple Gate, now No. 17* The upper
part was a chamber belonging to the Crown, and it was
successively known as the Hand, the K/s Arms, and the
Prince's Arms ; and later as the Fountain. The build-
ing has been happily preserved and in part excellently
restored* Other F. St. taverns were the Devil, opposite
to St. Dunstan's ; the King's Head at the corner of
Chancery L. ; the Boar's Head by Whitefriars St. ; the
Bolt-in-Tun just W* of it ; the Horn, now Anderton's
Hotel ; the Cock, of Tennyspnian fame, near the corner
of Chancery Lane ; the Rainbow on the opposite side,
and many more*

Tobacconists' shops speedily sprang up in F* St* or,
at all events, tobacco was added to the commodities

PLEGETON

sold in other shops* The St. Dunstarfs Register tells of
several shopkeepers who were summoned for selling
tobacco without licence, or annoying the judges with the
smell of the weed, or keeping open at unlawful hours*
Dekker's Lanthprn tells how rogues lie in wait for the
Gull, ** to note in what tobacco-shop in F*-st* he takes a
pipe of smoke in the afternoon/' Other businesses were
carried on in F* St. It was the headquarters of the
** cappers/r or hat-makers, from the I3th cent* onward*
In Dekker's Shoemaker's i* i, Eyre speaks of " the
courageous cordwainers ; the flower of St, Martin's,
the mad knaves of Bedlam, F* St*, Tower St*, and White-
chapel *" Deloney, in Craft ii* 5, tells the story of
"Peachey, the famous shoemaker of F.-st* * * * as
good a shoemaker as any is in F*-st*" Akin to the cord-
wainers were the saddlers, one of whom had a sign of a
man on horseback over his shop ; in Jonson's Epicoene
iv* i, Dauphine says he saw Morose sitting over a cross-
beam of the roof, " like him on the saddler's horse in
F* St*" In Stucley $6$, Spring introduces us to '* Sharp,
the cutler of F*-st/' S. R*, in Letting of Humours Blood
(1611), speaks of " Rapiers and daggers * * * As good
as any F* St* hath in shop/' The printers and book-
sellers, who in the kind of Journalism have now taken
possession of the st*, entered it in 1500 in the person of
Caxton's partner, Wynkyn de Worde* His sign was the
Sun, opposite Shoe Lane* The Ordinarye of crysten men
was " Emprynted in the Cyte of Lond* in the Flete
stret in the syne of the sonne by Wynken de Worde the
yere of our lorde Mcccccii*" William de Machlinia had
a press even earlier than de Worde, " by Flete-brigge/'
Richard Pynson came in 1503 to the George, next St*
Dunstan's Churchyard, and was succeeded there by
Robert Redman* Thomas Berthelet had the sign of the
Lucretia Romana in F* St*, near to the conduit* Other
printers of the i6th cent* were John Way land at the
Blue Garland ; John Butler at the St* John Evangelist ;
and Robert Copeland at the Rose Garland. Richard
Tottel, publisher of the famous Miscellany, was at the
Hand and Star, between the 2 gates of the Temple, now
No* 7* Darius was " Imprinted at London in Fleete-
street beneath the Conduite at the sign of S* John
Evangelist MDLXV*" The 2nd quarto of Hamlet was
44 Printed by I* R* for N. L* and are to be sold at his
shop under St* Dunstan's Ch* in F* St* 1604*'* Another
edition was ** Printed by W* S* for John Smethwicke
and are to be sold at his shop in St* Dunstan's Church-
yard in F*-st*, under the DialL" Other St* Dunstan's
printers were William Griffith, Richard Marriott, Mat-
thias Walker, and John Browne* The ist quarto of
Midsummer Night's Dream was sold at the shop of
Thomas Fisher,** at the Signe of the White Hart in
Fleete-streete* i6oo/* John Hodgets published many
plays of Dekker, Day, Webster, and Heywood at the
sign of the Flower-de-Luce at the corner of Fetter Lane
and F* St* Henry Wykes published at the Black Ele-
phant, Lawrence Andrewe at the Golden Cross, Thomas
at the King's Arms (No. 17), Anthony Clarke at the
White Hart, and Richard Bankes next the White Hart*
Phillip's Grisstt was ** Imprinted at London in Fleete-
streat beneath the Conduit at the signe of St* John
Evangelist by Thomas Colwell/'

A disreputable business in irregular marriages was
carried on within the liberties of the F* Prison

In Barry's Ram iv*, Thomas Smallshanks says to his
friends, " Hurry the wench to Fv-street ; there my father
and I will this morning be married " ; and in the next
scene one of them says to Thomas, ** Away with her to
F*-st* ; go, the curate stays for you/*

196

FLORENCE

F* St* was a usual place for the exhibition of puppet-
plays, or ** motions " as they were called* In Middleton's
Trick to Catch i* 4, Dampit speaks of 44 motions of F*-
St*, visions of Holborn/' In Jonson's Volpone v* 2, the
ist Merchant says of the trick that has been played on
Sir Politick: *4 'Twere a rare motion to be seen in F*-st/'
See also under F* BDGE* In verses prefixed to Coryat's
Crudities (1611), Peacham mentions amongst other
curiosities " The F*-st mandrakes*" In Webster's Wyatt
sc*xii, Arundel says, "Wyat is marched down F* St*,
after him I " In 1554 Wyat attacked Lond* and marched
up F* St* as far as Ludgate, which was closed against
him; and in the mel£e that followed he was taken
prisoner* In Brome's Moor iv* 5, Quicksands says of the
Inductor of the Masque : " He made the speeches last
year before my Lord Marquess of F* Conduit*"

FLEGETON* See PHLEGETHON*
FLEMING* See FLANDERS*
FLEUR-DE-LYS* See FLOWER-DE-LUCE*

FLINT* Capital of Flintsh., N. Wales* It lies on the S*
side of the estuary of the Dee, 197 m. N*W* of Lond*
The ruins of the castle stand on a rocky eminence
N*E* of the town* It was built by Henry II, and dis-
mantled in 1647 by order of Parliament* In Rz iii* 2,
209, Richd* says, " Go to F* Castle ? there I'll pine
away*" The next scene, in which Richd* surrenders to
Bolingbroke, is laid in " Wales ; before F* Castle*"

FLINTSHIRE* The most N* county in Wales* In
Jonson's Wales, Evan, being insulted by Jenkin, says,
" I is angry and hungry too, if you mark me ; I could
eat his Flintseer face now*"

FLODDEN* A vill* in Northumberland, just S* of the
Tweed, 50 m* N*W* of Newcastle* Here was fought the
battle of F* Field, Sept. 9, 1513, in which the Scots were
defeated by the Earl of Surrey, and the K*, James IV>
slain* A stone pillar still marks the spot where he fell*
The full title of one of Greene's Plays is The Scottish
History of James IV, slain at Flodden. Deloney, in
Newberie ii*, quotes a ballad, " At F* Field the Scots
came in, Which made our Englishmen fain, At Bram-
stonegreene this battle was seen ; There was K* Jamie
slain/'

FLORENCE (Fe* — Florentine) ; the Roman FLORENTIA
and Italian FERENZE* The capital of Tuscany, on the
Arno, 125 m* N* of Rome* It was founded as a colony
for Sulla's veterans in the early part of the ist cent* B*c*
Its greatness as a commercial centre began in the loth
cent* A.D* In the I3th cent*, and the first quarter of the
I4th, it attained the highest point of its greatness, in
spite of the quarrels between the Guelphs and the
Ghibellines which continually disturbed its peace* To
this period belong the Duomo of Santa Maria del Fiore
with its campanile and baptistry, the Ch* of Santa Maria
Novella, the poems of Dante, and the art of Cimabue
and Giotto* A terrible outbreak of the Black Death in
1348 was the occasion of Boccaccio's Decamerone. In
the latter part of the i4th cent* the Medici family first
appears on the stage, where it was destined for 300 years
to act the leading part* In 1434 Cosimo the Elder was
recalled from banishment, and finally destroyed the
ascendancy of the Albizsi, who for about 50 years had
held the chief power in the city* Piero the Gouty suc-
ceeded him in 1464, and was followed by his son Loren~
20, known as the Magnificent* After the murder of his
brother GiuHano in 1478 he held undivided authority in
F*> and carried on the enlightened policy of his grand*

FLORENCE

father by encouraging art and literature, until his Court
became the centre of the Renascence movement* His
son Pietro succeeded him in 1493, but was expelled by
the citizens for his betrayal of Leghorn and Pisa to the
French K*, Charles VIII* From 1494 to 15121 F* re-
tained its liberty* but through the influence of the
Popes Leo X and Clement VII, both members of
the Medicean family* the Medici were reinstated : the
successive dukes being Alessandro (1529) ; Cosimo I
(*537)> who was created Grand D* of Tuscany by
Pope Pius V in 1567 ; Francesco I (1574). whose in-
trigue with Bianca Capella horrified Europe ; Ferdi-
nand I (1587), who paid much attention to his navy and
did good service against the Turks ; Cosimo II (1609) ;
Ferdinand II (1627) > Cosimo III (1670) ; and Giovan
Gastone (1723), at whose death in 1737 the family be-
came extinct* the Grand-Dukedom passing to the D*
of Lorraine, husband of Maria Theresa, who was
shortly elected Emperor* In 1859 the last of the Haps-
burgs was expelled, and in the following year Tuscany
was united to N* Italy under the House of Savoy*
In 1865 F* became the capital of the new Kingdom of
Italy, and continued so until the seat of Government
was transferred to Rome in 1870* The chief buildings
beside the Duomo are the Palazzo Vecchio, the Churches
of Santa Croce and San Lorenzo, and the Uffizi, Pitti,
and Ricardi palaces* The names of Savonarola, Machia-
velli, Galileo, and Guicciardini lend lustre to the fame
of F* F* was one of the wealthiest cities in Europe, and
her bankers supplied most of its monarchs with funds ;
and she had world-famed manufactures of woollen cloth,
jewellery and goldsmith's work, and rich brocades*
Her university, which includes the famous Accademia
della Crusca, was founded in 1348*

In AUfs iii* i, 3, 5, 6, and iv* 1-4 are laid in F*,
or in the camp of the Fes* The Fes. and Senoys
are by the ears (i* 2)* But whether there is any
historical reference — the story is taken from Boc-
caccio— is quite uncertain* Bertram goes to F* as a
volunteer, and is appointed General of the Horse by the
Duke* Middleton's Women Beware tells the story of
Bianca Capella's flight from Venice, and her subsequent
intrigue with Francesco I* Shirley's Traitor deals with
the life of Lorenzino de Medici, who murdered D*
Alessandro in 1529 : though he was not killed as in the
play, but survived his victim n years* In Barnes'
Charter, there are references to the attack made on F* by
Charles VIII of France in 1494* In ii* i, Charles says,
" Hence was it that we did capitulate So strictly with
the crafty Fe* Whom we well knew favoured Alphonso's
part*" In Chapman's Consp. Byron i* i, 200, K* Henry
speaks of his marriage "with the Great D/s niece*"
This was Marie de Medici, niece of the Grand Duke
Ferdinand I*

Many other plays have their scene in F*, but the
alleged historical details are mostly imaginary* B* & F*'s
Women Pleased concludes with the marriage of the
Duchess of Florence to the D* of Sienna : this is unhis-
torical* In their Fair Maid L, one of the characters is
the Grand D* of F*, and another is the Admiral of F*
who has rescued the fleet of Genoa from the Venetian
gallies, and is ordered to attack the Turks at sea* In
iii* a, the D* speaks of the sad example " At Rome be-
tween the Ursins and Colonnas, Nay, here at home in
F* 'twixt the Neri And the Bianchi*" The Orsini-
Colonna troubles at Rome and the Nen-Bianchi
struggles at F* occurred about the middle of the i4th
cent*, 200 years before there was any Grand D* of
Florence* The Great Duke of Florence, in Massinger's

FLORENCE

play of that name, is called Cozimo — presumably
Cosimo I — and he has a nephew Giovanni, but the plot
is taken from an old English story and has no historical
foundation* In Mason's Mulleasses, an expedition
against F* is undertaken by the Dukes of Ferrara and
Venice, in order to win the hand of the D*'s daughter*
The D* is called Borgias, and is obviously intended for
Caesar Borgia* The supposed date must be about 1500,
for Borgias is addressed, in line 1809, as Valentine,
and Borgia was made D* of Valentinois in 1499* But he
was never D* of F* In K+ K. Hon. Man, ** Medesa,
D* of F*," is clearly meant for " Medici," but which of
them is not clear* In Dekker's Wonder, the D, of F* has
a son Piero and a daughter Fiametta, who marries the
Prince of Pisa. In iii. i, Torrenti's brother tells of having
led forth " a fleet Of gallant youthful Fes*, all vowed
To rescue Rhodes from Turkish slavery*" This must
have been after 1522, when the Turks took Rhodes* A
D* of F* is one of the personages in Shirley's Master.
Piso, the son of a usurping D* of F*, occurs in Sharp-
ham's Fleire. The actors in T* Heywood's Maid of West
find their way at last to the court of the D. of F* The
scene of Cockayne's TrapoKn is laid at F, during the
reign of an imaginary D* Lavinio* In Shirley's Bird, a
fictitious Rolliardo, Prince of F*, is suitor for the hand
of Eugenia, daughter of the Earl of Mantua* A Palatine
of F* is mentioned in Suckling's Brennoralt. The original
location of Jonson's Ev. Man L was F*, but he changed
it in the later editions to Lond* T* Heywood's Maiden-
head takes place in part at F*

In Ford's Trial, the scene of which is at Genoa in the
1 6th cent*, reference is made in i* i to " the Turkish
pirates in the service Of the Great D* of F*" In Web-
ster's White Devil iii* i, Antonelli brings word to
Lodovico: "The Pope on 's deathbed At the earnest
suit of the Gt* D* of F* Hath signed your pardon*"
The D* is Francesco I ; the Pope, Gregory XIII, who
died 1585* In Marlowe's Faustus vii*, the Pope shows a
dish which ** was sent me from the Cardinal of F." If
the Pope be Adrian VI (1522-3), the Cardinal will be
Giulio de Medici, who became Pope in 1523 under the
name of Clement VII* In B. & F. Wife ii* i, Tony
says, " There was a fish taken, A monstrous fish, with a
sword by his side, a long sword, A pike in 's neck, and a
gun in 's nose, a huge gun, And letters of mart in his
mouth, from the D* of F*" Cleanthes responds : " This
is a monstrous lie" : and Tony admits it. If anything is
meant, it may be an allusion to hostilities between
Florence and Naples* Henslowe mentions a play (Cosmo
de Medici), now lost, as produced 1590-7* In World
Child i* 170, Manhood says, " Mighty am I named in
every country? F*, Flanders, and France, and also
Gascoigne, all have I conquered as a knight*" Probably
he is thinking of the French defeat of the Fes* by
Charles VIII* Claudio, in Much Ado, is "a Fe*";
Lucentio, in Shrew i* i, 14, is "Vincentio's son,
brought up in F." Michael Cassio, in Oth. i* i, 20, is a
Fe* In All's v* 3, 158, Diana says, ** I am a wretched Fe*
Derived from the ancient Capilet*" The Capulets,
however, belonged to Verona, not F* In Oth. i* 3, 44,
it is stated that " Marcus Luccicos," evidently one of
the Venetian generals, " is now in F*" In Jonson's
Alchemist iv* i, Mammon says that Doll has " such a
forehead as yet the Medici of F. boast*" Galileo was
born at Pisa, but died at F*, and was buried in Santa
Croce* In Webster's Half, ii* 4, the Cardinal refers to
" that fantastic glass Invented by Galileo the Fe*"
The allusion to the telescope is an anachronism, as it
was not invented till 1609, some time after the supposed

197

FLORES

date of the play, which is definitely stated in ii* 3 to be
1504, though there is a subsequent reference (Act in*)
to the battle of Pavia (1535)* In Jonson's Staple iii* 2,
Thomas reports a news item ** from F." : '* They write
was found in Galileo's study A burning glass * * * to
fire any fleet that's out at sea*" Nicola Machiavelli,
the author of The Prince, was born in F* in 1469 and
died there in 1537 : he was buried in Santa Croce* In
Marston's Ant. Rev, B* iv* i* Antonio speaks of " that Fe*
Deep* deep-discerning* sound-brained Machevell*"
Dante was born in F* in 1265* but was banished* and
died in Ravenna in 1321* Chaucer* C* T* D* 1135*
speaks of ** the wise poete of F* That highte Dant*"
The Chorus in Barnes' Charter is spoken by the Fe*
historian Francis Guicciardini (1483-1540)* In Crom-
well i* 3, Bagot says* " This is the lodging of Master
Friskibull, A liberal merchant and a Fe*" This was
Francesco Frescobaldi, the story of whose treatment by
Cromwell is related in Foxe's Book of Martyrs. In
Greene's Friar ix. 112, Vandermast includes F* amongst
the universities to which he has given the non-plus*
In Dallington's Method for Travel (1598)* F* is said to be
the place where the best Italian is spoken* In Mucedorns
L i* 46, Anselmo suggests that Mucedorus should dis-
guise himself ** like a Fe* or mountebank*" i*e* a travel-
ling physician*

The Fes* were credited with the finest manners in
Italy* In Oth* iii. i. 43* Cassio says of lago: " I never
knew A Fe* more kind and honest " : he does not mean
that lago was a Fe** for in v* i, 89, lago calls Roderigo
** my dear countryman " — and Roderigo* according to
ii* i, 312, is " this poor trash of Venice " — but that he
has never met even a Fe* kinder than lago* In Shirley's
Courtier ii* 3* Laura says* ** You Fes* insinuate with
great subtlety in human natures " : where human
means humane, cultured. In K. K. Hon. Man E* 3,
Lelio says* ** Fear not, my Lord* the Fes* are men That
honour right/' In Noble Soldier v* 3* Malateste says*
44 Just is your indignation* high and noble* And the
brave heat of a true Fe*" In Davenant's Platonic v* 2*
Fredoline says* 4* You are a Fe* : one of the subtle tribe
That think yout neighbours have no brains*" F* gave
its name to the Florin* ^rhich was first coined there in
1252 * it was a gold coin* with a lily on one side and a
figure of St* John the Baptist on the other* In Marlowe's
Jew ii* 3* Barabas says, " I learned in F* how to kiss
my hand* Heave up my shoulders when they called me
dog*" In iv* i* he tells of debts owing to him in F*
In Middleton's Channeling iii* 4. Beatrice says. 4* Look
you* Sir, here's 3000 golden florens*" In Davenant's
Siege v** Florello will not give up Bartolina 4* for the
wealth of F/' In Middleton's Quiet Life i* i, Lady
Cressingham has sent designs for silks to the factors
44 at F* and Ragusa, where these stuffs are woven*"
In Marston's What you i* i* Randolpho speaks of 44 a
Fe* cloth-of-silver jerkin." In Jonson's New Inn i* 2*
Tipto advises Lord Beaufort to wear " the Naples hat
With the Rome hatband* and the Fe* agat." The
passage is repeated almost verbatim in B. & F*
Pilgrimage i* i* In Greene's Quip (Harl* Misc.. vol* II*
p* 220). we are told of "costly breeches who had
girt unto them a rapier and dagger gilt* point pendente,
as quaintly as if some curious Fe* had trickt them up*"
In Middleton's Quarrel iv* 2, the surgeon exhibits
"a narcotic medicament* made of iris of F*" This is
the Fe* Lily (Iris Florentina), Fe* was also the name
for a kind of meat-pie* baked in a plate or basin* with
a cover of paste* In Hake's Newe Pauls Churchyard
D. iii** we read of "custards* tarts* and fes* the

FLOWER-DE-LUCE, or FLEUR-DE-LIS

banquet to amend." In Shirley's Ball v. i* Fresh-
water speaks of 4* F* From whence we have the art of
working custards Which we call Fes*" In Dekker's // it
be 281. Rush talks of '* pie* custard* fe*, and tart*" In
T* Heywood's Witches iii*, 44 Custard, Flawn, Fes."
form part of the bill of fare for the wedding feast* In
B, & F* Woman Hater v* i, Lazarillo speaks of 44 cus-
tards, tarts, and fes." Duelling was rare in F* In B* &
F* French Law, i* i, Cleremont, speaking of duels, says
there have been only 3 in Venice in as many years j
44 In F* they are rarer*"

FLORES* The westernmost island in the Azores, g*v*
Taylor, WTcs* i* 131, says, " Our ship did ride at anchor
at the isle of F* One of the isles of the Azores*" It was
" At F* in the Azores " that Sir Richard Greville lay
before the famous fight described in Tennyson's

FLORIDA* Originally meant the whole E. coast of N*
America as far N* as Newfoundland* The Spaniards
made several attempts to possess themselves of it, and
the French had no better luck* So the name came to be
used contemptuously of a kind of imaginary El Dorado ;
it was even travestied into Stolida and Sordida ; affairs
of gallantry were called adventures of F. ; and houses
of ill-fame were called Terra F. The English Coloniza-
tion of Virginia cut off the N* part of it, and the name
became restricted to the Peninsula, which, with brief
intervals, remained in the possession of Spain until it
was ceded to the United States in 1819* It was first dis-
covered by the Spaniards in 1513* An interesting de-
scription of it is found in Robert Tomson's account of
his travels in 1556-1558. In Sir John Hawkins' Second
Voyage to the West Indies 1564-5, he tells how the
people smoked a kind of herb, dried, " with a cane and
an earthen cup in the end " ; how there are unicorns
and lions and tigers there, to say nothing of a serpent
** with 3 heads and 4 feet*" Drayton, in Polyolb. ix* 320,
tells how Madock discovered America *4 Ere any ear had
heard the sound of F*" In Cuckqueans iv. 8, Claribel
says he has visited 44 Guinie, F., and Brasiles*" In
Armin's Moreclacke, there is a song : 4t Have o'er the sea
to F*" In Deloney's Craft ii. 5, Stukeley and Strang-
widge say, 4t When they would be seeking us in Fleet-st*
we would be seeking out the coast of F*" In Marmion's
Leaguer iv* i, Pandar says of the Leaguer, which was a
well-known house of ill-fame, " It has the credit to be
styled the Terra F*"

FLOWER-DE-LUCE, or FLEUR-DE-LIS* The old
armorial bearing of the Kings of France, thought by
some to represent an iris, by others a lance-head* It was
also borne by the Kings of England until the Peace of
Amiens (1803) in token of their claim to the throne of
France. It was a popular sign both for taverns and
booksellers' shops* There was a Flower-de-Luce tavern
at the corner of Shoe Lane and Fleet St* which once
belonged to Sir John Walworth, who built the Conduit
opposite to it* In Poverty (Lost Plays 336), Misrule
says, 44 Let us go straight to the Fleur-de-Lys ; there
shall ye find a man will play at dice with you
for an hundred pound*" In Middleton's Mad World
iv* 3, Folly-Wit, disguised as a courtesan, says to
Gumwater, "I bind you to meet me to-morrow
at the Flower-de-Luce yonder between 9 and io»"
There was another tavern of the same name in Fleet St*
at the corner of Fetter Lane, the name of which is pre-
served in Fleur-de-Lis Court, which then ran into Fleet
St* under what was afterwards Peek's Hotel/ There was
another in Turnmill or Turnbull St* In Middleton's

id*

FLUSHING

Quiet Life iii* 2, Margarita says to Franklin, ** Ma fille
conversera avec vous a la Fleur-de-lis on Turnbull st*"
A 4th was found in Lombard St* In T* Heywood's
Ed. IV B* 145, Jane Shore orders, ** See my trunks be
conveyed forth to Mrs* Blages, an Inn in Lombard St*,
the Flower-de-Luce*" There was also a Flower-de-
Luce Tavern at Feversham* In Feversham iv* 3, Ales
says, 4* Get you to Feversham to the Flowre de Luce
And rest yourselves/' The ist Quarto of M. W. W.
was " Printed by T* C* for Arthur Johnson, and are to
be sold at his shop in Powles Church-yard at the sign
of the Flower de Leuse and the Crown*"

FLUSHING (or VLISSINGEN)* Spt* in Holland on the S*
of the island of Walcheren on the N* side of the estuary
of the W* Schelde* It was one of the cautionary towns
handed over to Q* Elisabeth in 1585 as security for the
men and money sent to help the Dutch* It was the usual
landing-place of the volunteers who went from England
to assist the Dutch in the i6th cent* In Feversham v. 4,
Will, one of the murderers, says, " Therefore must I go
aboard some hoy And so to F*' ' The Epilogue tells how
he was afterwards ** burnt in F* on a stage*" In Jonson's
Ev. Man O. iii* i, Shift claims to have seen " F*, Brill* and
the Hague * * * in my Lord of Leicester's time," z*e*in
1585* In his Underwoods Ixii*, he says of the Lond,.
Trainbands : " He that but saw thy curious captain's
drill Would think no more of F* or the Brill*" In
Middleton's Quarrel iv* 4, Trimtram says of the pander,
bawd, and whore : " They lived by F*, by Sloys, and the
Groyne " ; the double entendre is obvious* In T* Hey-
wood's Challenge ii* i, the Clown says, with the same
wretched pun, " In F* there is good riding, but not
without danger, for many at a high tide have been like
to have been cast away in the road*" Greene, Quip
(p* 247)* says of the Walloon and the Dutchman: " Let
them be launching to F*, for they shall be no triers of
my controversy/* In Massinger's New Way iv, i,
Greedy says, " I will not have you feed like the hangman
of F*, alone, while I am here*" No one, of course, would
eat with the executioner* In a letter from Mont to
Bullinger (1572), he says, "In F* alone, a very small
town, there have been hung some Spanish persons of
rank, who were taken prisoners at sea*" Davis, in
Mirum in Modum (1602), says, " Since our English were
Flusheniz'd [i.e. infected with the vices of F*] Against
good manners and good men they kicke, As beasts they
were*"

FLYING HORSE* The sign of a bookseller's shop in
Lond* It was no doubt a representation of Pegasus*
Davenant's Britannia was ** Printe4 by John Haviland
for Thomas Walkley and are to be sold at his shop at
the F* H* near York House* 1637*" Agrippina was
published at the same place in 1639*

FOLIGNO* A town in central Italy, in a winding valley
in the Apennines, 76 m. N* of Rome* In Cockayne's
Trapolin ii* 3, Horatio speaks of " F*, full of sug'ry
streets among the Apennine": where sug'ry seems to
mean sticky, muddy*

FONTAINEBLEAU* A town in France in the midst of
the forest of F*, 37 m* S* of Paris* The forest covers
40,000 acres* Louis VII had a residence here, and the
chapel which he built was dedicated by our Thomas a
Becket* Francis I founded the present palace, which was
restored and augmented, first by Louis XIV, and then
by Napoleon I and Louis Philippe* The palace has 6
courtyards, and the gardens are magnificently laid out*
In B* & F. Lover's Prog, i* 2, porilatts tells how he has
been set: upon by bandits 44 Twixt this [Paris] and F*,

FORTUNE THEATRE

in the wild forest*" The meeting between Henri IV
and Biron on June I3th, 1602, took place at F*, and is
described in Chapman's Trag. Byron iii* 2*

FONTAINE FRANCHISE* Vill* in France, on the
boundary between Burgundy and Franche-Comte, abt*
4 m* N*E* of Dijon* Here, in 1595, Biron won a great
victory over the Spanish troops who were fighting for
the League* In Chapman's Consp* Byron ii* i* Savoy
relates, " A league from F* F* * * * he pashed them aft
Flat as the earth, and there was that field won*" In
v* i, 146, Byron says, " None but I at F. F* burst The
heart-strings of the Leaguers*"

FONTARABBIA (now FUENTERRABIA)* A frontier for-
tress on the coast of Spain, on the Bay of Biscay, 20 m*
S*W* of Bayonne* It is abt* 35 m* N*W* of Roncesvalles,
where Agramonte, the Saracen, defeated the Paladins
of Charlemagne, though Charlemagne was not killed
there, as Milton seems to suggest* Milton, P* L* i, 587,
speaks of the troops sent from Africa, " When Charle-
magne with all his peerage fell By F*"

FORLI (a town in Italy, the ancient FORUM LIVII)* It lies
at the, foot of the Apennines, 38 m* S*E* of Bologna*
In Cockayne's Trapolin ii* 3, Horatio characterizes it
as ** odd-humoured Forty*"

FORRES. A town in Elginsh*, Scotland, 160 m* N* of
Edinburgh* The castle, the ruins of which are still to be
seen, was the occasional residence of the early kings of
Scotland* In Mac. i* 3, 39, Banquo asks Macbeth,
" How far is 't called to F* i " The next scene is in the
palace of F*, where Duncan welcomes Macbeth* The
whole of Act III, except Scene 5, is laid there ; and it
is clear that ** the blasted heath " was in its neighbour-
hood*

FORTUNATE ISLES* Fabulous islands supposed to lie
somewhere in the Western Ocean* They were the home
of the blessed dead, and in them the golden age had
returned* Some writers identified them with the Cana-
ries* The idea is derived from the Greek and Latin
writers* In Massinger's Maid Hon. i* i, Astutio speaks
of " 3 crops in a year in the F* I*" In the old Timon i* 4,
Pseudocheus speaks of those who are more fortunate
" Than those that live in the lies F*" In Shirley's
Gamester iii. 3, Wilding says, ** I swell with imaginations
like a tall ship bound for the F* L" Jonson uses it to
mean England* In Ev* Man 0* Ind*, Mitis asks, "What's
his scene i " Cordatus answers : " Marry, Insula For-
tunata* Sir*" " O," says Mitis, 44 the F* Island*" So,
in the Penates , Mercury hails the K* and Q* : ** Hail,
K. and Q* of the Islands Called truly F*"

FORTUNE TAVERN* A tavern in Lond. I have not
been able to locate it exactly* In T* Heywood's Lucrece
ii* 5, Valerius, in his song of the taverns, says, " The
fool to the F* hie*"

FORTUNE THEATRE* A theatre in Lond*, erected by
Henslowe and Alleyn between Golding (now Golden)
Lane and White Cross St*, at the point now indicated by
Playhouse Yard* The contract for the building with Peter
Street is still preserved* It was 80 ft* square and cost
£520* It was opened by the Admiral's men in Novem-
ber or December 1600, destroyed by fire in 1621, and
rebuilt 2 years later in the more usual round form, with
a figure of F* over the door* It was finally dismantled
by the Puritans in 1649, and pulled down in 1662. In
Middleton's R. G* v* i, Moll says, " One of them is a
nip ; I took him once in the two-penny gallery at the
F*" In Tomkis' Albumazar ii* i, Trincalo says, 44 Then
will I confound her with compliments drawn from the

199

FORUM

plays I see at the F* and Red Bull/' In Field's Amends
ii\ i, Lord Fee-simple says, ** Faith, I have a great mind
to see Long Meg and the Ship at the F/' Long Meg was
performed first in 1594, and evidently retained its
popularity ; of The Ship nothing is known. In iii* 4,
the Drawer says, ** All the gentlewomen went to see a
play at the F* and are not come in yet, and she believes
they sup with the players/' In Jensen's Poetaster iii* i,
Tucca says to Histrio (the actor), *4 You grow rich, do
you <i and purchase, you twopenny tear-mouth £ you
have F. and the good year on your side, you stinkard i "
The above references are to the original theatre* Jonson,
in his Execration upon Vulcan, refers to its destruction*
** F*, for being a whore, Scaped not his justice any jot
the more ; He burnt that idol of the Revels too/' In
Randolph's Muses' i. i, Mrs, Flowerdew, the Puritan,
imprecating vengeance on the theatres, prays that " The
F* [may be] whipt for a blind whore/' In T* Heywood's
Traveller iv* 6, Reignald says, " I'll rather stand here
like a statue in the fore-front of your house, for ever,
like the picture of Dame F* before the F* playhouse."
La Vox Borealis (1641), we read of " a lamentable
tragedy, acted by the prelacy against the poor players of
the F* play-house/' The players had staged a play,
The Cardinal's Conspiracy, and were arrested for intro-
ducing altars, images, and crucifixes on the stage,
Middleton's #* G. was " acted on the Postage " ; and
in the prologue the poet predicts ** A Roaring Girl Shall
fill with laughter our vast Theater/' Melton, in The
Astrologaster, speaks of men going " to the F*in Golding
Lane, to see the tragedy of Doctor Faustus/'

FORUM* Is the ist element in the names of a large
number of towns in the Roman Empire (Forli, Frejus,
etc*), just as in England we have Market-Rasen, Market-
Drayton, Market-Bosworth, etc* In Rome itself there
were many Fora. In the following passage it seems that
the F, Augusti at Rome is intended. It lay N*E. of the
F* Romanum, on the site marked by the 3 surviving
pillars of the Temple of Mars Ultor in the Via Bonella*
In Richards* Messallina ii* 805, Messallina says, " He
must not live at F. ; Though it be near at hand, 'tis too
far off/' The scene of Chapman's C&sar i* 3 is " The F.
before the Temple of Castor and Pollux," g*i>*

FORUM ROMANUM* See MARKET-PLACE*

FOSSE* One of the ancient military roads built by the
Romans in Britain* It began at Totness, and ran N*
through Exeter* Bath, Leicester, Newark, and Lincoln
to Barton-on-Humber* Drayton, in Polyolb* xiii* 312,
describes it with some poetical licence as running
** from Michaels utmost mt* To Cathnesse/'

FOSTER LANE* St* in Lond*, running N* from Cheap-
side to Gresham St* past the General Post Office* It
was originally Fauster L*, and got its name from the
Ch* of St* Vaast, or Vedastus, which was built there
early in the i6th cent* on the site of an older ch* It was
partially destroyed in the Gt* Fire, and was taken down
and rebuilt in 1694, with a particularly fine spire* Here
John Manningham heard a sermon on 19 Dec* 1603,
by " one Clappam, a black fellow with a sour look but a
good spirit*" At the Cheapside corner was the Dagger
Tavern, noted for its pies* F*L* was chiefly occupied
by goldsmiths and jewellers, and there were also some
booksellers' shops* The W* side was almost all cleared
away for the Post Office,and many houses on the E* side to
make room for the Goldsmiths' Hall* One editionof Skel-
ton's Colin Clout, about 1550, was "Imprynted at Lond.
by Jhon Wallye dwelling in F* I/* John Evangel, was

FRAMLINGHAM

" Imprinted at Lond* in F* L* by John Waley*" Youth
was " Imprinted by John Waley dwelling in F* L*"

FOUNTAIN* In As iv. i, 155, Rosalind says, " I will
weep for nothing like Diana in the f/' The reference is
probably to the Cross in Cheapside* Stow says, " On
the E. side of the same Cross was then [1595] set up a
curiously wrought tabernacle of grey marble and in the
same an image alabaster of Diana, and water conveyed
from the Thames trilling from her naked breast for a
time, but now [1603] decayed/' As the date of the play
was 1600, the allusion would be well understood by the
audience* For reference to Fountain Tavern, see under
FLEET ST*

FOX* The sign of a bookseller's shop in St* Paul's
Churchyard. The 1604 quarto of H4 A* was ** Printed
by Valentine Simmes for Matthew Law and are to be
solde at his shop in Paules Churchyard at the signe of
the Fox. 1604." The 1605 quarto of 83 was " Printed
by Thomas Creede and are to be solde by Mathew
Lawe dwelling in Paules Churchyard at the signe of the
Foxe neare St* Austin's gate* 1605*" Yarington's Two
Tragedies was published at the same place by Lawe, 1601 *

FOY, or FOWEY* Spt. in Cornwall near the mouth of the
Fowey, abt* 15 m* W. of Plymouth* It furnished 47
ships to the fleet of Edward III in his French wars,
the largest number of any port in England : its services
against the Spanish Armada are recorded in a painting
in the church* It has a good harbour, well defended*
One of the ships in the great navy met by Hycke-Scorner
(p. 88) on its way to Ireland was "the Anne of Fpye."
There is no doubt here a reference to the fact that it was
in the Anne of Fowey that Edgecombe sailed to Ireland to
settle the affairs of the Geraldines in 1488* In T* Hey-
wood's Maid of West A. i* 4, Spencer says to Bess,
" I have a house in F*, a tavern called the Windmill :
that I freely give thee/' Bess answers : 4* I'll not fail to
visit F* in Cornwall " : ii* i, 3 ; iii* i, 3, 3, 4, 5 ; iv* 2
are laid at F., in the Windmill Tavern or its neighbour-
hood* Nicholas, who slew John Dory in the ballad
(see under PARIS), was the son of a widow near F*

FOY'S (SAINT)* Ch* at Milan* Probably S* Fedele's is
meant* It is an elegant ch* built for the Jesuits by St*
Carlo from the designs of Pellegrini. In connection with
it is the repository of Public Archives* It is now the
most fashionable ch. in Milan* In Jonson's Case v* i,
Christofero says, "At the old priory behind St* F*,
That was the place of our appointment, sure*" The
scene is laid in Milan*

FRAMLINGHAM* A town in Suffolk on the Ore, 87 rcu
N*E* of Lond* The castle, the ruins of which are still
to be seen, was built by Redwald, K* of the East Angles,
at the end of the 6th cent* It belonged in succession to
the Bigods, the Mowbrays, and the Howards* It was
sold in 1635 to Sir Robert Hitcham, who settled it on
Pembroke Hall, Cambridge* Here Mary found shelter, on
the death of Edward VI, until the succession was settled*
In Webster's Wyat ii., Wyat says to Q. Mary, " Come,
let us straight from hence from F*" In T. Heywood's
/* K. M* A* i., Dodds speaks to Q* Mary of the
time " when We made first head with you at Fromag-
ham " : this spelling represents the local pronunciation
(c/* Birmingham and Bromicham). F* is the scene of
Prince Edward's love-making in Greene's Friar* In iv*
33, the K. says, " He posted down from the Court To
Suffolk side, to merry F*, To sport himself amongst my
fallow deer/' In x* 159, Margaret says, " I will straight
to stately F* And in the abbey there be shorn a nun/*

200

FRANCE

There was no abbey at F*, but there was a Hall of the
Guild of the B* V* Mary, where a mansion called the
Guildhall now stands*

FRANCE (Fn* = Frenchman, Fd* = Frenchified, Fh* =
French, Fen* = Frenchmen)* The country on the W*
coast of Europe, stretching from the English Channel
to the Pyrenees, and from the Atlantic to the Rhine
and the Alps, It first appears in history as Gallia,
Englished Gaul, when in the ist cent* B*c* it was
conquered by Julius Caesar* The inhabitants were of
Celtic stock, but they soon adopted Latin as their speech,
and modern Fh* is thus one of the Romance languages*
For 400 years Gaul remained a part of the Roman
Empire, and was Christianized throughout by about
A*D* 250* During the 5th cent* the German tribes began
to settle in various parts of Gaul ; notably the Visigoths
in the S* and the Franks in the N*E* By the beginning
of the 6th cent* the Franks had established their ascend-
ancy, and henceforth the land is properly called F.,
and the people and language Fh* Clovis, who died in
511, may be regarded as the founder of modern F* His
line, the Meroyings, held supreme power till 687, when
Pepin of Heristal, the Mayor of the Palace, became
practically master of F* : his grandson, Pepin the Short,
dethroned Childeric, and was crowned K* in 754* His
son was the famous Charlemagne, who reigned 771-814*
In 843 his great empire was divided and F* fell to
Charles the Bold* His descendants, however, failed to
hold their own, and in 987 Hugh Capet was elected K*
and the Caroling line definitely came to an end* The
conquest of England by D* William of Normandy brought
that country into close connection with F,, and ultimately
led to the wars of the reigns of Edward III* and of Henry
V*and VI* which form the chief interest of many of our
historical plays* Finally,aboutthemiddleof the 1 5th cent.,
the English were driven from F*, of which their kings had
held large provinces for over 350 years, and only Calais
was left to them, and this last fragment was lost in the
reign of Q* Mary* The Kings of France during our
period were Francis I (1515), Henri II (1547), Francis
II (*559)> Charles DC (1560), Henri III (1574)* During
the later years of his reign the country was thrown into
2 hostile camps, and the Wars of the League resulted
in the establishment of the Bourbon line of kings in the
person of Henri IV of Navarre (1589)* He was suc-
ceeded by Louis XIII in 1614, Louis XIV (1643), anc^
Louis XV (1715)*

Geography and climate. In Err* iii* 2, 124, Dromio
finds F* in the forehead of the kitchen-maid, and recog-
nises it by the " salt rheum that ran between " it and
her chin, England* In Greene's Orlando L 3, 402, a
soldier speaks of the wealth of Charlemagne drawn from
his mines ** found in the mountains of Transalpine F*" :
the mines are mythical, and Transalpine F* means
merely that F* is N* of the Alps* In HS v* 2, 37, Bur-
gundy celebrates " this best garden of the world, Our
fertile F*" In Ford's Sacrifice i* i, Fernando, speaking
of F*, says, ** To give the country due, It is on earth a
paradise*" Heylyn (s*v* FRANCE) says ** The soil is
extraordinary fruitful**'

Historical allusions. F* is often used for the Gaul of
Roman times* In Caesar's Rev, ii* 4, Sempronius says,
44 1 marvell of what mettle was the Fn* who, when he
should have stabbed Marius, they say he was astonished
with his looks*" The story is that a Gaul was sent into
the prison to kill Marius, who had been captured by
Sulla in the ist Civil War 88 B*c*, but he was so daunted
by his appearance that he flung down his sword, crying,
" I cannot kill Caius Marius*" Lodge, in. Wounds of

FRANCE

Civil War, has a version of the same story, and makes
the Gaul talk broken English * In Chapman's Caesar L i,
28, Cato reproaches Caesar with having recruited his
army from the scum of " Britain, Belgia, F., and Ger-
many*" In Caesar's Rev. L 3, Antony says, " Caesar oft
hath sacrificed in F* Millions of souls*" In Kyd's
Cornelia, Cicero calls the Gauls 44 the fierce and fiery-
humoured Fh*" In Tiberius 1799, Vonones says,
44 Spain must find horses, F* an enemy, Because that
Brermus scaled the CapitoL" In Nero v* i, Tigellinus
calls Julius Vindex 44 that giddy Fn*" ; and later the
Messenger says, 44 Vindex is up and with him F* in
arms." In B. & F* Prophetess ii. 3, Diodes says to Niger,
** For thy news Be thou in F* pro-consul*" In Jonson's
Volpone iv* 2, Mosca says to the Advocate, 4t Mercury
sit upon your thundering tongue Or the Fh* Hercules,
and make your language As conquering as his club*"
This was Hercules GalHcus, celebrated by Lucian*
His statue had chains leading from his tongue to the ears
of his auditors.

France after the departure of the Romans. In Hester
(A.P* ii. 265), Ambition says, "If war should chance
either with Scotland or F., this gear would not go right " :
an unusually daring anachronism* B* & F* Thierry
tells the story of Brunhild and her 2 grandsons, Theodo-
bert II of Austracia and Theodoric II of Burgundy,
about A*D* 600* In L*L*L« iv* i, Rosalind quotes a
proverb : 4i that was a man when K* Pepin of F* was a
little boy." In Lear, the husband of Cordelia is the K*
of F. According to Holinshed his name was Agannipus,
and ** he was one of the 12 kings that ruled Gallia in
those days*" B* & F* Brother is concerned with Rollo,
D. of Normandy, and his murder of his brother Otto*
It is unhistorical* Heming's Fatal Contract deals with
Fredegonda of Neustria and the later Meroving times*
A princess of F* is one of the characters in L. L* £*
As the supposed date is about 1427, this lady may be
presumed to be the daughter of Charles VII* The scene
of -4s Yon Like It is laid in F*, but Lodge's Rosalynde,
on which it is based, refers to no particular historical
period. The scene of Airs Well is for the most part in F*,
and the K* of F* plays an important part in it* The story
was written by Bocaccio in 1356* Acts II & III of
King John take place in F*, and relate the story of the
meeting between John and Philip Augustus of F*, and
the arrangement for the marriage of Louis the Dauphin
to Blanche of Castile in 1200* The capture of Arthur
belongs to 1202, and the visit of Pandulph to England
fell in 1213* Act V deals with the invasion of England
by Louis the Dauphin in 1216* Acts III, IV, & V of
HS tell the story of the campaign which led up to
the battle of Agincourt in 1415, the conclusion of the
Treaty of Troyes, and the marriage of Henry and
Katharine of F* in 1420* The Fh* K* is Charles VI,
le Bien Aime** In H6 A*, we have the story of the
wars in F* from 1422 to the death of Joan of Arc in
1431, and the marriage of Henry with Margaret of
Anjou in 1445* The Fh* K* is Charles VII, le Vic-
torieux* H6 C* iii* 3 is laid in F*, and describes the
embassy of Warwick to demand the hand of the Lady
Bona in 1470* The K* is Louis XI* In Ford's Warbeck
i* i, K* Henry complains of the support given to Lam-
bert Simnel by 44 Charles of F." This was Charles VIII*
Massinger's ParL Love is placed in the reign of this
same K* (1483-1498)* In Barnes' Charter, one of the
incidents is the war between Charles VIII and Pope
Alexander VI in 1494* Chapman and Shirley's Chabot
tells the story of Phillipe de Chabot, Admiral of F*,
who fell from power in 1541 but was restored by

201

FRANCE

Francis I in 1542* The details are, however, freely
modified* Chapman's Bnssy and Byron plays have to dp
with almost contemporary Fh* history* Bussy D'Ambois
belongs to the reign of Henri III (1574-1589) and
Byron to that of Henri IV (1589-1610)* Marlowe's
Massacre is concerned with the massacre of St. Bar-
tholomew in 1572* Other plays whose scene is laid in F*
are B* & F* Brother, Thierry, French Law., Elder B.f
Wild Goose, Gentleman, Hon. Man, and Lover's Prog,;
Webster's Weakest; Massinger's Dowry, Unnatural
Combat; Tourneur's Atheist; and Chivalry, which be-
longs to the reign of a K* Lewis, who has a son Philip :
this would seem to point to Louis IX (St* Louis), but
all the details are unhistorical* In May's Heir iv* 2,
Euphues boasts that his ancestors ** have been props of
the Sicilian crown * * * 'Gainst the hot Fh* and Nea-
politans/' In Sec. Maid. 2373* the Tyrant says* " I'll
doom thee with a death beyond the Fn*'s extremist
tortures*" The reference is to the frightful tortures in-
flicted on Ravaillac, the murderer of Henri IV, in 1610,
the year before this play was licensed* In Sampson's
Vow ii* 3, 6, Mortique speaks of Mary Q* of Scots as
44 the dowager of F*" As a matter of fact, she was Q* of
F* at this time (August 1560), as her husband, Francis
II, did not die till December of that year* In B* & F*
Prize iii* 2, Maria wants new tapestries " of the civil
wars of F*," i*e* the wars of the League* Milton, in Son.
to Skinner 8, advises him to cease worrying about " what
the Swede intend and what the Fh*" The allusion is to
the 30 Years' War*

The Peers of F* were 12 famous Paladins in the Court
of Charlemagne, of whom Oliver and Orlando, or
Roland, are the best known* In Skelton's Magnificence
fol* xviii*, Magnificence mentions " Charlemagne that
maintained the Nobles of Fraunce " amongst the
world's great heroes. Dekker, in Armourers, says,
44 Deceit hath more followers than the 12 peers of F*"
They were Englished into Douzepers* In York M* P*
xxvi* 8, we have " Nowdir with duke nor dugeperes*"
In Spenser's Jf7. Q. iii, 10, 31, Braggadochio is described
as 44 Big looking like a doughty Doucepere." Hence
4* Peer of F*" is used humorously for an old-fashioned,
punctilious person* In B* & F* Scornfnl L a, young
Loveless addresses his steward Savil, ** 'Tis well said,
my old Peer of F."

The patron Saint of F* was St* DeniSt Some tradi-
tions identified him with Dionysius the Areopagite
of Acts xvii* 34, who was supposed to have been the
ist Apostle of F*, but he really was an archbp* of Paris
who was martyred in A.D* 272* In Kirke's Champions i*
i, we have " George for brave England stands, Denis
for brave F*" In H$ v* 2, 220, Henry says to Katharine,
44 Shall not thou and I between St* Denis and St* George
compound a boy, half F*, half English i " In H6 A*
i. 6, 28, Charles says, " No longer on St* Denis will we
cry ; But Joan la Pucelle shall be F*'s saint*" In Club
Law iv* 6, Puff appeals, " Nay, for St* Dennis, good
Fn* 1 " In Sampson's Vow L 2, 48, Clifton says, " Cry
St* George and a fig for St* Dennis 1 "

The two chief orders of Knighthood in F* were the
Order of St* Michael founded by Louis XI., and the
Order of the Holy Ghost instituted by Henri III in
1578* In Chapman's Trag* Byron v* 4, 99, Byron is
described as " Charles ^Constant of Byron, knight of
both the orders*" In Webster's White Devil iv* 2,
Lodovico points out amongst the ambassadors " The
Fn* there, Knight of the Holy Ghost*"

The Fh* lilies, Flowers-de-luce, or Fleurs-de-lys,
were borne in the ancient royal arms of Ff They were

FRANCE

added to the coat-of-arms of the English kings in the
time of Edward III as a sign of his claim to the throne
of F., and were retained by our sovereigns until 1802*
In H6 B* v* i* 1 1, York boasts that his hand shall hold a
sceptre " On which I'll toss the flower-de-luce of F*"
In H6 A* i* i, 80, the Messenger says to the English
lords, " Cropped are the Flower-de-luces in your arms."
Minot, in Poems iv* 25 (1352), says, " Then the rich
Floure de lice Won there ful little prise ; Fast he fled
for ferde*" Sidney, in Astrophel Ixxv*, says of Edward IV :
44 He made the Floure-de-luce so fraid." In Kirke's
Champions iv* i, Denis reads a prophecy : " The Fleur
de lys and Harp must join Before the riddle you un-
twine," z.e, the champions of F* and Wales must unite*
In Smith's Hector iv* 2, 986, Artoys says, " 'Twas I that
quartered with the English Lions The arms of F*, in
opening Edward's title*" It was Artoys who suggested
to Edward III his title to the Crown of F*

French national character* Heylyn (s.u* FRANCE) says
of the Fh*: "As now, so in Caesar's time, they were
noted for overmuch precipitation in all affairs, both
martial and civil ; entering an action like thunder and
ending it like smoke* The Fh* is said to be like a flea,
quickly skipping into a country, and as soon leaping out
of it* This Fh* nation is endued chiefly with Phrygian
wisdom ; whence it is said that the Italian is wise be-
forehand, the German in the action, the Fh* after it is
done* They are very litigious* They are great scoffers,
yea, even in matters of religion* The women are witty,
but apish, wanton, and incontinent* Their chief exer-
cises are Tennis and Dancing*" Boorde, in Intro, of
Knowledge (1542) xxvii*, describes the Fn* as delighting
in gorgeous apparel and having a new fashion every
day; "they have no great fantasy to Englishmen;
they do love singing and dancing and musical instru-
ments ; and they be high-minded and stately people*"
In H5 iv* prol* 18, we read : " The confident and over-
lusty Fh* Do the low-rated English play at dice/' In
Merch. i* 2, 60, Portia says of the Fh* Lord, Le Bon:
44 God made him, therefore let him pass for a man.
He J why, he hath a horse better than the Neapolitan's ;
a better bad habit of frowning than the Count Palatine ;
he is every man in no man ; if a throstle sing, he falls
straight a capering ; he will fence with his own shadow ;
if I should marry him, I should marry 20 husbands*"
In Davenant's Wits v*, Ample says, " My ancestors were
of the fiery Fh* And taught me love, hot eagerness, and
haste*" In Dekker's Westward ii. 2, Birdlime says,
44 Fen* love to be bold*" In Shirley's Courtier iv* i,
Volterre says, " I'll prefer the Fh* ; whom, though a
surly Don calls an impertinent people, giddy triflers,
yet in my esteem they merit highly ; they are active,
even in discourse." In Kyd's Soliman i*, Erastus charac-
terizes the Fh* knight as " the sudden Fn*" In Dave-
nant's Albovine iii. i, we are told of a ** Fh* skirmish
where the onset is hot and fiery, but the retreat cold and
tame." In his Cr* Brother ii* i, Foreste says, " The Fh*
have fiery nimble spirits ; but they are all useless made
By forward and affectate violence* Their valour is to
attempt, not to perform. 'Tis a giddy nation and never
serious but in trifles." Rabelais, Gargantua L 48, says,
" The Fh. are worth nothing but at the first push. Then
they are more fierce than devils* But if they linger a
little, and be wearied with delays, they will prove more
faint and remiss than women." In Devonshire iv* i,
Manuel says the Fh. are "all fire, the soul of compliment,
courtship, and fine language; witty and active; lovers
of fair ladies, short nags, and English mastiyes; proud,
fantastic, yet such a pride and such fantasticness it be-

302

FRANCE

comes them/' In B* & F* Elder B v* 2, Miramont says,
44 Let us be right Fen* ; violent to charge, But, when
our follies are repelled by reason, 'Tis fit that we re-
treat and ne'er come on more*" In All's iii* 3, 39 i*
Parolles describes F, as " a dog-hole " and, later, " a
stable ; we that dwell in *t jades/* La iv* 5, 43, the
Clown says that the devil's " fisnomy is more hotter in
F*" than in England* In H6 A* iii* 2, 68, Talbot ex-
claims, " Base muleteers of F* ! Like peasant foot-boys
do they keep the walls And dare not take up arms like
gentlemen/* In iv* i, 138, the K* says, 44 Remember
where we are : In F,, among a fickle wavering nation/*
In iv* 6, 48, young Talbot exclaims, " If young Talbot
fly * * * like me to the peasant boys of F* To be shame's
scorn and subject of mischance/' In iv* 7, 54, Lucy
says, " Submission, Dauphin ! *Tis a mere Fh* word/*
In H6 A* i* 3, 23, the Dauphin denounces his own troops
as 44 Dogs ! cowards 1 bastards ! " In K. /* v* 3, 130,
the Bastard describes the Fh* as thrilling and shaking,
" Even at the crying of your nation's crow, Thinking his
voice an armed Englishman/' Nash, in Pierce C* i, says,
** The Fn* is wholly compact of deceivable courtship,
and for the most part loves none but himself and his
pleasure**' In Tiberius 684, Sejanus, advising the am-
bitious man to be all things to all men, bids him
44 Brag with the Fh*, with the Egyptians lie*" In #5
iii* 6, 156, Henry boasts that he thought 44 upon one
pair of English legs Did march 3 Fen*," and excuses his
arrogant tone by saying, ** Forgive me, God, That I do
brag thus* This your air of F* Hath blown that vice in
me " : the next scene in the Fh* camp exhibits the
bragging temper of the Fh* leaders* In Greene's
James IV iii* 3, the Surveyor says, " For all your Fh*
brags I will do my duty*" In Sampson's Vow i* 3, in,
Grey says there is 4* Nothing but circumvention in the
Fh." And Clifton adds : 44 By my Hollidam, jugglers,
Constant in nothing but inconstancy, That's the Fh*
merchandise*" In Sharpham's Fleire iii* 130, Fleire
says, 44 O, y' are of a Fh* humour, Sir, as inconstant as
impatient*" In H6 A* i* i, 25, Exeter asks, " Shall we
think the subtle-witted Fh* Conjurers and sorcerers,
that* afraid of him [Henry YL By magic verses have
contrived his end i " In K, /* iu* i, 322, Elinor exclaims :
44 O foul revolt of Fh. inconstancy I " In Ford's Heart
ii* 3, Orgilus, with bold anachronism, professes, 44 I'll
tear my veil of politic Fh. off." In Jonson's Volpone ii* i,
Sir Politick says, 44 Ay, ay, your Mamaluchi* Faith,
they had A hand in a Fh* plot or two*"

In B* & F* Wild Goose i* 3, Mirable says, 4* You talk
of F* : a slight unseasoned country, Abundance of gross
food which makes us blockheads." In Nash*s Wilton,
Jack asks, 44 What is there in F* to be learned more than
in England, but falsehood in fellowship, perfect slovenry,
to love no man but for my pleasure, to swear * Ah I par
la mort Dieu * when a man's hams are scabbed." In
Goosecap i. iy Bullaker says of Rudesby : " He will come
into the presence, like a Fn., in foul boots*" In
H"5 iv* 5, we have various Fh* oaths, as " O diable," " O
Seigneur," "Mort de ma Vie*" Modern humorists
have made fun of their Sacre bleu, Ventre bleu, Mort
bleu, etc. In Chapman's Cassar ii* i, 115, Ophioneus
says, " Thou shalt * * * drink with the Dutchman,
swear with the Fn* * * * and turn all this to religion*"

In Jonson's Magnetic iii* 4, Compass speaks of 44 F*,
that garden of humanity, The very seedplot of all
courtesies*" In his Devil iii* i, Fitfcdottrel instructs
Pug, " Remember kissing of your hand and answering
with the Fh, time, in flexure of your body*" (I am dis-
posed to suggest as an emendation, 44 tlae Fh* turn and

FRANCE

flexure*") In Ev. Man O* iv* 3, Macilente says, " His
seniors smile and salute in Fh* with some new compli-
ment*" In Ham,, Laertes goes to F* to learn good
manners and courtesy* In Dekker's Hon. Wh+ A* i* 12,
Bellafront says, " There's a Fh* curtsey for you*" In
Ford's Sacrifice L i, Fernando says, ** The Fh* are pass-
ing courtly, ripe of wit, Kind* but extreme dissemblers."
In Webster's Malfl i* i, Antonio, asked how he liked the
Fh* court, replies : " I admire it ; In seeking to reduce
both state and people To a fixed order, their judicious K*
Begins at home*" In B* & F* Princess L x, Piniero speaks
of the Fh* as excelling ** in courtship." In their Friends
i* i , Marius says, 44 1 have not spent my 5 years* travels to
bring home a Fh, compliment*" In Chester MJP.t Noah's
Flood loo, Noah's wife says to him/* For all thy frankish
fare I will not do after thy read," i.e* for all your elaborate
courtesy* In Erom^s Academy L i, Erasmus relates that
Matchill " sent his son, a little lad, into F* to be bred
there*" In B* & F.French Law. i* 3, Dinant says, " I am
a Fn*, And for the greater part we are born courtiers."
In R3 i. 3, 49, Richd* says, " Because I cannot flatter
and speak fair, Smile in men's faces, smooth, deceive,
and cog, Duck with Fh* nods and apish courtesy, I must
be held a rancorous enemy**' In Jonson's Cynthia v. 2,
Mercury appears as a Fn. and makes an exaggerated
bow to the company ; and Crites comments, 44 The Fh*
quirk this, Sir*" In Shirley's Pleasure iii* a, Frederick
says, " This language should be Fh. by the motions of
your heads and the mirth of your faces." In B* & F*
Thomas i* 2, Sebastian says, 44 No more of your Fh*
shrugs, I advise you*" In Ford's Sacrifice L i, Fernando
says, ** You shall have A Fn* ducking lower than your
knee At the instant mocking your very shoe-ties*" In
Webster's Cuckold v* i, Woodroff says, *4 Carry it Like a
Fh* quarrel and cut each other's throats With cringes
and embraces." In Shirley's Courtier L i, Volterre says,
" I have brought from F* the nice amorous cringe that
so enchants the ladies*" In Jonson's Case ii* 3, Aurelia
says, *4 She should make Fh* court'sies so most low That
every touch should turn her over backward*" In
Middleton's Five Gallants iv* 6, Pursenet asks, 4t Where's
comely nurture i the Italian kiss Or the Fh* cringe with
the Polonian waist 4 Are all forgot i " In Killigrew's
Parson i* 3, when Jolly tries to embrace the Capt*, who
has just returned from his travels, the Capt* " stands in
a Fh* posture and slides from his old way of embracing*"
In Brome's Sparagus iv* 9, Money-lacke says, " Look
that you congy in the new Fh* bum-trick*" In Jonson's
Ev. Man O* i* i, Fastidious Brisk is introduced as 44 the
fresh Fd* courtier*" In Goosecap i. i, it is asked : " Can
ye not know a man from a marmoset in these Fd. days
of ours s1 " In Trag. Richd. II L 2, 70, Nimble knows
not what title to give to Trissilian, 44 unless you'll be
Frenchefyd and let me lay the Mounsier to your
charge*" In Jonson's Cynthia v* 2, Amorphus says,
" Your Fd* fool is your only fool, lady ; I do yield to
this honourable monsieur in all civil and humane
courtesy*"

In M. W. W. i. 3, 93, Falstaff says to Bardolph and
the rest, "Falstaff will learn the humour of the age,
Fh. thrift, you rogues; myself and skirted page*'*
In Davenant's Rutland iii* 218, the Parisian says, " We,
your poor Fh* frogs, are fain to sing to a salad/* In
Fam* Fief*, p* 363, the Capt* says, " But give the Fn*
a radish root And he will live with it all the days of his
life*" In M. W* W* iii* 3, 182, Caius says, 44 'Tos no de
fashion of F* ; it is not jealous in F/' Per contra, in
Greene's Orlando ii, i, Sacrepant says, " Than the Fh*
no nation under heaven Is sooner toucht with sting of

203

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jealousy*" This passage, however, stands quite alone :
the Italians are usually spoken of as intensely jealous,
but this fault is never attributed to the Fh*

In Marston's Malcontent iii* i, Bilioso says, ** You
shall ever find * * * amongst an hundred Fen* 40 hot-
shots," i.e. men of loose morals in sexual matters* In
Cromwell Hi. 3, Cromwell says, " Lust dwells in R, in
Italy, and Spain, From the poor peasant to the Prince's
train*" In Jonson's Volpone iii* 7, Corvino speaks of
"some young Fn* Knew every quirk within lust's
labyrinth And were professed critic in lechery*" In
Massinger's Guardian ii* i, Calisto, being asked " Are
these Fen* such gallants i " replies : " Gallant and ac-
tive ; what we call immodest with them is styled bold
courtship ; they dare fight under a velvet ensign at 14*"
In Shirley's Ball iv* 2, Frisk says, u Dere is no love like
de Fh* love j love is hot and de Fh* is hot*" But in
Glapthorne's Hollander ii. i, Mrs. Mixum says, ** Your
Fh. is with a woman as with an enemy, soon beaten off*"
The diseases resulting from sexual excess were very
commonly called " Fh*" In H$ v* i, 87, Pistol laments :
" My Nell is dead i' the spital Of malady of F*" The
word " Syphilis " is derived from the name of the
shepherd in the poem of Fracastoro (1530), entitled
Syphilis sive Morbus Gallicus. In Jonson's Ev. Man O*
iv* 2, Carlo exclaims, " The Fh* pox I our pox ; 'sblood,
we have 'em in as good form as they, man, what ** "
In Dekker's Hon. Wh. B* i* i, Lodovico, after enumerat-
ing the excellences of other nations, concludes, " The
Fn*, what a pox hath he i " In Marston's Malcontent v*
i, we have a verse, " The Dutchman for a drunkard,
The Dane for golden locks, The Irishman for usque-
baugh, The Fn* for the pox*" In Jack Drum ii* 180,
John complains, " De fine wench take de Fh* crown
and give me de Fh* poc*" In Dekker's Hon. Wh. B* v*,
Catharina asks, " Bawd, are the Fh* chillblains in your
heels That you can come no faster t " In Eastward v* 4,
Quicksilver sings, " Shun usurers, bawds, dice, and
drabs, Avoid them as you would Fh* scabs*" In Dekker's
Westward iii. 3, Justiniano uses the comparison, " As
common as lice in Ireland or scabs in F/' In his
Hon. Wh. A* i* 6, Hippolito says to Bellafront, ** In the
end you show [your lover] a Fn. trick, and so you leave
him that a coach may run between his legs for breadth*"
In i* 8, Bellafront calls the Bawd 44 the letcher's Fh*
disease*" In Haughton's Englishmen ii* a, Mathea says,
if she speaks Fh*, " They'll say the Fh* et caetera in-
fected me*" In B* & F* Wild Goose L i, De Gard says,
** They cannot rub off their Fh* itches*" In their
Double Mar. i. 2, Villo says that the Court ladies will
help Castruccio " to the Fh* cringe ; they are excellent
surgeons that way*" la Chapman's Widow's Tears v. i,
the Governor will give "old and withered widows to Sur-
geons Hall to be stamped for salve for the Fh* measles*"
In Three Lords (Has., vi. 499), Simplicity says to Fraud,
** The Fh* canker consume ye J " Greene, in Thieves
Falling Out (1592), speaks of " men diseased of the Fh*
marbles," a corruption of the Fr* morbilles* In Tour-
neur's Revenger i* i, Vendice threatens, " If I meet her,
PU, Hke the Fh* mole, heave up hair and all*" Cooke,
in Greene's Quoque, p* 560, says, " May the Fh* cannibal
eat into thy flesh And pick thy bones." In H* Shirley's
Mart* Soldier iv* 3, the Camel-driver says, " I hear
whole lordships are spent upon a fleshly device, yet the
buyer had nothing but Fh* repentance and the curse of
Chirurgery for his money*" In T* Heywood's Royal
King itu, the Capt. speaks of one infected with this
disease as having ** all his body stung with the Fh* fly*"
In Webster's A. dp Virginia iii* 2, a Lictor says, u Your

FRANCE

Fh* fly Applied to the nape of the neck for the Fh*
rheum Is not so sore a drawer as a lictor*" In Nabbes*
Totenham iii* i, James says, ** I had rather a Fh* con-
sumption should wear my hair off than a round cap,"
Le. a citizen's cap* In Middleton's Blurt i* 2, Lasarillo
says, " The commodities which are sent out of the Low
Countries and put in mother Cornelius' dry-fats are
most common in F*" : Motner Cornelius* tubs were
the common remedy for this disease*

In M. W. W. iii* 3, 57, Falstaff says of Mrs* Ford :
"Let the Court of F* show me such another*" In
Massinger's Guardian ii* 4, Calipso, enumerating the
different kinds of women she has seen, speaks of w The
lusty girl of F*, the sober German*" In B* & F. Span.
Cur. L i, Leandro, discussing the beauties of different
nations, says, " Some prefer the Fh* For their conceited
dressings*" In Dekker's Westward iii* 3, Justiniano
says, ** Many Frenchwomen coming out of the Isle of
Wight [sc. to Winchester] there were many punks in the
town."

French fashions in dress. In H8 i* 3, 14, the Lord
Chamberlain laments the spells of F* that have juggled
the English visitors to the Field of the Cloth of Gold
into strange mysteries : " Their clothes are after such a
pagan cut, too, That sure they've worn out Christen-
dom*" Benedict, in Ado iii* 2, 33, is *' a Dutchman to-
day, a Fn* to-morrow*" In Ham. i* 3, 73, Polonius
speaks of the careful and suitable dress of the Fh* *
" For the apparel oft proclaims the man ; And they in
F* of the best rank and station Are most select and
generous, chief in that*" In T* Heywood's Lucrece iii* 5,
Valerius sings, ** The thrifty Fn* wears small waist " :
where the pun should be noted ; and later, speaking of
hats, he sings, 44 The Fh* inconstant ever*" In Jensen's
Volpone iii* 6, Volpone says, " I will have thee Attired
like some sprightly dame of F*" In Shirley's Fair One
ii, if the Tutor says, 44 1 will not read F* to you ; it is
unnecessary; all the Fh* fashions are here already/'
In Chapman's Bussy i. i, Montsurry says that the
English, when they travel, " Come home, delivered of
a fine Fh* suit*" In Skelton's Magnificence, fpl. xi*,
Courtly Abusion describes his fine clothes as " this new-
found jet from out of Fraunce*" In Dekker's Westward
ii* 2, Birdlime says, ** She's in that Fh* gown, Scotch
falls, Scotch bum, and Italian head-tire you sent her*"
In Davenanf s Platonic v* 7, Gridonell says, ** I dreamt
of Fh* gowns and fine Italian tires*"

Special articles of attire specified as French. Cloak. —
The Fh. cloak was short, reaching barely to the waist*
Puttenham, in Art of Poesie (1589) iii* 24, tells of a
44 pleasant old courtier wearing after the new guise a Fh*
cloke, scarce reaching to the waist." In Killigrew's
Parson iii. 2, Wild says, " They will swear we went into
F. only to have our cloaks cut shorter*" Codpiece point.
— A lace for fastening the front of the breeches* In
Dekker's Match me ii*, Bilbo asks, "" Do you want any
Fh* cod-piece points £" Doublet. — A garment fitting
closely to the body, sometimes with, sometimes without
sleeves : it was often slashed to show the coloured
lining* Occasionally it was thickly padded as a protec-
tion against sword-cuts and thrusts* In B* & F* Beggars1
iv* 4* Higgen says, *4 That ape had paid it* What dainty
tricks in his Fh* doublet with his bastard bullions J "
In Nash's Wiltont Jack says, ** I knew I should be cut
like a Fh* summer doublet*" In Brewer's Lingua iii* 5,
the fantastical Gull is described as wearing "a Fh*
doublet*" Davies, in Epigram xxii. says, ** He wears
: * * long cloke and Fh* doublet*" In B* & F* Corinth
iv* i, the Tutor mentions, as a just ground of quarrel,

304

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if one has said ** Your doublet was not exactly Fd*" In
Cooke's Greene's Quoque, p* 555, Spendall says, " Shame
light on him that thinks his safety lieth in a Fh* doublet ! "
Fall. — A collar falling flat over the upper part of the
doublet, as distinguished from the projecting ruff* In
Eastward i. a, Poldavy enters "with a fair gown, a
Scotch farthingale, and a Fh* fall in his arms/' In
Machines Dumb Knight i*, amongst articles of women's
apparel are mentioned " The Fh* fall, the loose-bodied
gown, the pin in the hair/* Farthingale. — A woman's
petticoat stiffened out with whalebone hoops or wires,
not unlike the modern crinoline* In Jonson's Vision^
Phantasie says, " Say the Fh* verdingale and the Fh*
hood were here to dispute/' Greene, in Defence of
Conny Catching, says, 4* Blest be the Fh* sleeves and
breech verdingales/' In T* Heywood's /* K. M. B* i*,
Gresham invokes " a pox of all Fh* farthingales 1 "
Galosh. — The galosh was a shoe with a wooden sole and
an upper of leather* It did not come to mean an over-
shoe till the beginning of the i8th cent* In Fatal Mar.
p* 426 (Bullen), Jacomo says, ** He proves like your Fh*
galoshes that promise fair to the feet, yet twice a day
leave a man in the dirt/' W* M*, in Wandering Jew
(1649) 1 6, says, " By his slashed doublet, high galoshes,
and Italian purled band [he should be] a Fn*" Garter.
— A band worn round the leg to keep up the stockings*
It was not concealed, as at present, by the trousers,
and its tying and adornments were carefully attended
to* In Jonson's Ev. Man O*, Ind*, Asper exclaims,
" That a rook by wearing the Switser's knot on his Fh*
garters should affect a humour ! O, it is more than most
ridiculous 1" Gloves. — Coverings for the hands, made
of supple leather* In Brief Conceit of English Policy
(1581), it is complained that " No man can be contented
with any other gloves than be made in F* or Spain ; nor
cloth but Fh* or Fryseadowe*" Hat. — A covering for
the head usually made of felt, and adorned with a showy
hat-band and often a brooch or plume. In Jonson's
Ev. Man O. iv* 2, Brisk says, " I had on a gold cable hat-
band which I wore about a murrey Fh. hat I had*" In
Stubbes' Anat. Abuses (1583), he says, 4* There is a new
fashion of wearing their hats sprung up amongst them,
which they father upon the Fen*, namely, to wear them
without bands*" Greene, in verses against the Women
of Sicilia in Part II of Mamillia, speaks of " Hats from
Fraunce thick pearled for pride and plumed like a pea-
cock*'' Hood.— A woman's headdress with the front
band depressed over the brows and raised in folds over
the temples* It could thus be pulled down over the face
as a disguise* It was very fashionable during the i6th
cent*, but gradually went out of fashion during the 2nd
quarter of the iyth* It is sometimes used for a fashionable
woman* In Roister ii* 3, Tibet predicts, " We shall go in
our Fh* hoods every day": if their mistress marries a
wealthy husband* In J* Heywood's Pardoner (Has,, i*
203), the Pardoner says, " Here is of our Lady a relic full
good Her bongrace which she wore with her Fh* hood*"
Latimer, in his last sermon before Edward VI (1550),
represents a fashionable lady calling out, *4 Give me my
Fh* hood 1 " In Dekker's Shoemaker's iii* 4, Margaret
says, 44 Art thou acquainted with never a farthingale-
maker nor a Fh*-hood-maker 4 How shall I look in a
hood, I wonder i** In v* i, Eyre refers to her Fh, hood
jestingly, <+ Lady Madgy* thou hadst never covered thy
Saracen's Head with this Fh* flap but for my journey-
man*" In Jonson's Alchemist v* i, Lovewit says, ** They
speak Of coaches and gallants ; one in a Fh* hood Went
in, they tell me/' In Prodigal iii* i, Civet says, ** I mean
to maintain my wife in her Fh* hood and her coach/*

FRANCE

In B* & F* Brother L i, Grandpree says, ** Lechery shall
rise * * * And Bawdry in a Fh* hood plead before her*"
In their Woman Hater iv* i, Gondarino says to the old
Gentlewoman, " I will * * . whisper in thine ear and
make thee understand through thy Fh* hood/' In Mar-
mion's Leaguer ii* 3, Millescent says, " Let me marry
with a pedant and have no other dowry than an old cast
Fh* hood*" In Massinger's Madam iv* 4, the waiting
maid exclaims, at the sight of her mistress, " A Fh*
hood, too J Now, 'tis out of Fashion ! a fool's cap
would show better*" The date is 1632* In Ford's
Queen ii* 780, Mopsa says, 4* The Shaparopns have ever
took place of the best Fh*-hoods in the parish*" Hose. —
The term included the whole covering of the nether
man, both breeches and stockings : these were some-
times distinguished as upper and nether hose, or stocks*
The Fh* hose were particularly full and baggy* In
Middleton's Hubburd, we read of a dandy ** metamor-
phosed into the shape of a Fh* puppet [whose] breeches
were full as deep as the middle of winter on the road-
way between Lond* and Winchester, and so large and
wide withal that I think within a twelvemonth he might
very well put all his lands in them/' In JE/5 iii* 7, 56,
the Dauphin says* *4 You rode like a kern of Ireland,
your Fh* hose off, and in your strait strossers/' In Mac.
ii* 3, 16, the Porter says, 4* Here's an English tailor
come hither for stealing out of a Fh* hose/' The quan-
tity of material required would give him a better op-
portunity* In JRo/Tz* ii* 4, 47, Mercutio says to Romeo,
as he comes in fashionably dressed, as a man in love,
4t Signior Romeo, bon jour 1 There's a Fh* salutation to
your Fh* slop*" The slop is the same as the hose* In
Merch. i* 2, 80, Portia's English suitor got his round
hose in F* In H8 L 3, 41, Lovell speaks of them as
"short blistered breeches"; where blistered means
swollen out* In Trag+ Richd. //ii* 3, 91, Chesney men-
tions 4* Fh. hose " amongst the foreign fashions affected
by Richd* and his favourites* Lyly, in Euphues Anat.
Wit, p* 140, mentions 4t Fh* hose " as an article of
fashionable apparel* In Shirley's Love Maze v* 5,
Thorney describes his master's get-up: "A long Italian
cloke came down to his elbows, a Spanish ruff, and long
Fh* stockings*" Mask. — The mask was made of silk*
and used to conceal the face in masquerades or when the
wearer wished not to be recognized* Cut-work was an
elaborate embroidery with scalloped edges* In Jonson's
Devil ii* i, Fitzdottrel warns Pug, " Let in no lace-
woman nor bawd that brings Fh* masks and cut-
works*" Petticoat. — A woman's skirt* In his Alchemist
v* 2> Face asks, 44 Where be the Fh, petticoats And
girdles and hangers ** " PickadeL — A collar fashionable
in the I7th cent*, with a broad border of lacework* It is
sometimes used humorously for the hangman's halter.
In B* & F* Pilgrim ii* 3, the Outlaw, fixing the halter on
Pedro's neck, says, " This is a coarse wearing * * * but
patience is as good as a Fh* pickadel." Taylor, Works
34, i, speaks of 44 One that at the gallows made her will
Late choked with the hangman's pickadill/' Ruff. — A
stiff circular outstanding collar, fashionable in the I5th
and 1 6th centuries* In Middleton's Mad World i* i,
Follywit says, ** I'll down to my grandsire like a lord ;
a Fh* ruff, a thin beard, and a strong perfume will do it*"
Standing Cottar. — A ruff, as contrasted with a falling
band* In Dekker's Hornbook i*, he says that in Adam's
time there were no ** Fh* standing collars*" Wires. —
Used to stiffen out ruffs and farthingales* In Eastward
v* i, Mrs* Touchstone laments to see her mother
44 without Fh* wires or anything, indeed, that's fit for a
lady*"

305

FRANCE

French tailors were the most fashionable* In Jonson's
Epicoene iv* i, Truewit advises Clerimont, if he wishes
to succeed in love, " Have your learned council about
you every morning, your Fh* tailor, barber, linener,
etc*" In Shirley's Pleasure iv* a, Littleworth says*
44 Your Fh* tailor has made you a perfect gentleman*'*
In B* & F* Rule a Wife iv* 3, Juan says that Peres; is "as
mad as a Fh* tailor that has nothing in his head but ends
of fustians*" In Massinger's Renegado iii* i, Dotiusa
says* ** Get me some Fh. tailor To new-create you/' In
Glapthorne's Privilege iii. i, Adorni, after describing in
detail the dress of a fashionable Englishman, says* ** All
this magazine of device is furnished by your Fh* tayler*"
In Devonshire iii* 4* when Buzsano announces that he
has rare news from F*, Henrico sarcastically asks,
44 Have they banished their tailors and tire-women i "
In Brome's Damoiselle ii* i, Valentine says* " This
morning the Fh* tailor brought a gown home* of the
fashion, for my wife*"" In Webster's Law Case ii* i,
Ariosto says,* " Tailors in F*, they grow to great
abominable purchase and become great officers*"

French national customs and practices. In H$ v. a, 283,
Katharine informs Henry that ** it is not a fashion for
the maids in F* to kiss before they are married/' As we
learn from Erasmus's account of his visit to Sir Thomas
More* it was customary in England for young ladies to
be kissed by visitors to the house* Puttenham* in Art of
Poesie iii* 24* 292, says, " With us the women give their
mouth to be kissed ** (c/» Chapman's Alphonsus ii* 3)*
In Webster's Malfi ii* i, the Duchess says, " I have
heard you say that the Fh* courtiers Wear their hats on
'fore the king*** In B* & F* French Law* i* r * Cleremont
says, 44 These private duels * * * had their first original
from the Fh*" ; and in i, 2, he says, 44 1 think there is no
nation under heaven That cut their enemies' throats
with compliment, And such fine tricks, as we do*" In
iv* 4, he warns the duellists, 4t You must first talk ; It
is a main point of the Fh* method." In Davenant's
Plymouth iii* x, Seawit, speaking of a proposed duel,
says, 44 If they should fight it out after the Fh* way,
where the seconds must encounter too, how will you
find an opposite $"' In his C7* Lovers iv* 4, Altophil says,
44 Your rapier-miracles Are chronicled by the hot-
fencing Fh*" In Nabbes' Unfort. Mother iii* a, Amanda
speaks of a physician "that hath proved more men
mortal than Fh* duels*"

French Dances. In Shirley's Fair One ii* i, the
Tutor says, ** Dancing o* the Fh* cut in the leg is most
fashionable, believe it, pupil, a genteel carriage*" In his
Courtier ii* 2* Volterre says, 44 Your Fh* glide away like
rivers, without a noise, and turning with meanders out-
move you*" Burton, A, M. iii* 3, i, 2, says, ** Germany
hath not so many drunkards * * * F* dancers, Holland
mariners, as Italy alone hath jealous husbands*" In iii*
2, 3, he records : "Nothing so familiar in F* as for citizens'
wives and maids to dance a round in the sts*, and often
for want of better instruments to make good music of their
own voices and dance after it." In Poverty (Lost Playsf
334), Misrule asks/4 Will ye have a Fh* rounds'": the
Round being a circular dance* In Brome's Academy iii* 2,
Camelion says, " I saw last night your new Fh* dance of 3,
What call you it < "—" O," says Strigood, " the Tres-
boun," i.e* the tres bon (very good), with a pun on the
Latin tres, three* A well-known Fh* dance was the
Brawl, a dance resembling a cotillion* Cotgrave de-
scribes it as a dance wherein many (men and women)
holding by the hands, sometimes in a ring, and other-
whiles at length, move altogether* In L* L* JL* iii* i, 9,
Moth asks, " Master, will you win your love with a Fh*

FRANCE

brawl i " — " How meanest thou i " says Armado,
44 brawling in Fh* i " — ** No/* replies Moth, " my com-
plete master ; but to jig off a tune at the tongue's end,
canary to it with your feet, etc*" The pun is too obvious
for the Elizabethans to resist* In Day's Humour ii* 2,
Octavio declares, " Love's nothing but an Italian dump
or a Fh. brawl." In Shirley's Pleasure iii* 2> Celestina
says, " You excel [your horse] only in dancing of the
brawls because the horse was not taught the Fh* way*"
In Jack Drum v* 128, Sir Edward inquires, " Have you
ne'er a page can entertain This pleasing time with some
Fh* brawl or song i n In Massinger's Picture ii* 3,
Ladislaus says, 4t Let the maskers enter ; by the pre-
paration 4tis a Fh. brawl, an apish imitation of what you
really perform in battle*"

Music and Musicians. In H8 L 3, 41, Lovell thinks
that ** a Fh* song and a fiddle has no fellow for winning
the complaisance of the ladies." In Marlowe's Jew iv* 6,
Barabas enters 4* disguised as a Fh. musician with a lute,
and a nosegay in his hat." In Marston's What you ii* i,
Laverdure urges, 44 Sing ! Give it the Fh* jerk, quick,
spart, lightly*'" In Richards' Messallina iv* 1898,
Saufellus speaks of making a wooden Cupid wag " Like
the apish head of a Fh. fiddler when he firks with his
fingers*" In Dekker's // it be 288, Brisco has collected
a band in which are ** Jews' trumps and Fh* kitts," f.e*
small fiddles* In Jonson's Love's Welcome, Accidence
says, " Fetch the fiddles out of F. To wonder at the
hornpipes here." Fynes Moryson, in Itin., iii. 3, 136,
says of the Fh*: "They use much mirth and singing,
in which art they take great delight*"

Occupations and trades. Acrobats. — In Jonson's Epi-
coene ii* i, Truewit warns Morose that after he is mar-
ried, his wife will run away 44 with the Fn* that walks
upon ropes." In Middleton's Women beware iii* 3,
Sordido says, *4 Never went Fn* righter upon ropes
Than she on Florentine rushes." Hairdressers. — In
Greene's Quip (Harl* Misc*, vol. II, p* 230), the Barber
asks his customer, "Will you be fd* with a lovelock
down to your shoulders i " In Glapthorne's Wit iv* I,
Valentine says, "'Tis a peruke; I saw it at the
Fn*'s in the Strand the other day*" Evidently
some well-known Fh* hairdresser is intended* In
Middleton's Blurt ii* 2, Imperia says, " Flaxen hair and
short, too : O, that's the Fh* cut*" Hall, in Satires iii* 7,
33, says of a fop: "His hair, Fh*-like, stares on his
frighted head, One lock amazonlike dishevelled*"
Cooks and food* — In Jonsqn's Epicoene iv* 2, Centaure
exhorts Epicoene, '* Let him allow you your Fh* cook
and 4 grooms." In Massinger's Madam i* i, Lady
Frugal protests, " I'll have none Shall touch what I eat
* * * But Fen* and Italians ; they wear satin And dish
no meat but in silver*" In Harrison's Descr. of England
fasS?), he says that the cooks of the nobility 44 are for
the most part musical-headed Fen* and strangers*" In
Ford's Fancies iv* 2, Romano says, " I keep nor house
nor entertainments Fh* cooks composed*" In Nabbes'
Bride i* 2, we are introduced to 44 Monsieur Kickshaw,
the Fh. cook." Fynes Moryson, in Itiner. iii. 3, 134,
says, ** The Fh. are * * * said to excel others in boiled
meats, sauces, and made dishes, vulgarly called Quelques
choses ; * * * and the Fh* alone delight in mortified [i*e.
gamey, half-putrid] meats*" In Dekker's Westward i* 2,
Mrs* Honeysuckle says, "He never loves any wench
till she be as stale as Fen* eat their wildfowl*" In Dave-
nant's Platonic v* 6, Gridonell speaks of ** a Fh. pie,
some kickshaw made of several strange bits*" In Dek-
ker's Hon. Wh. B* iii., Bots says, ** We have stewed meat
for your Fn*" In Killigrew's Parson iii* 2, the Capt*

FRANCE

says, ** I hate your Fh* pottage that looks as the cook-
maid had more hand in it than the cook*" Later in the
same scene he says, ** This shook together by an English
cook (for your Fh* seasoning spoils many a woman) and
there's a dish for a k*" In Nabbes' Microcosmus iii.,
Tasting talks of ** a Fh* troop of pulpatoons [i.e. deli-
cacies], mackaroons, kickshaws, grand and excellent/'
In Sampson's Vow v* i, 125, Grey says, ** Large
stomachs and empty sallet-dishes Are the Fn/s viands/*
Falconers. — In Ham. ii 2, 450, Hamlet says, " We'll
e'en to it like Fh* falconers, fly at anything we see/'
The English then regarded the French as lacking in the
true sporting spirit, and ready to fly their hawks at any
sort of bird that might turn up : Punch furnishes many
illustrations of the same joke at the Fn/s expense, such
as representing him as firing at a sitting bird or shooting
(infandum dictu !) a fox* In Wilson's Pedler 396, the
Mother says of the Pedler: "He knoweth no more than
the Faukener of F*," i.e. he flies at any thing, talks any
nonsense that comes into his head* Horsemen. — In
Ham. iv. 7, 83, the K, says, ** I've seen myself and served
against the Fh* And they can well on horseback/' He
goes on to tell of the great skill of one Lamond, or
Lamound, in this particular* This may refer to Pietro
Monte, the instructor of Louis VII's Master of the
Horse* In Webster's White Devil ii* 4, the lawyer says
of the Fh* ambassador : " O my sprightly Fn* ! He's an
admirable tilter * * * an excellent horseman*" In iv* 2,
Lodovico says, 4* Now, my lord, I have a rare Fh* rider*"
In his Malfi i* i, Ferdinand says, " You have excellent
riders in F/' In B* & F* Cupid ii* 6, Leontius asks,
" Is the rough Fh* horse brought to the door i They say
he's a high goer*" In Massinger's Old Law iii* 2,
Eugenia says, " The great Fh* rider will be here at 10
With his curvetting horse*" In Dekker's Northward v*
i, Mayberry says, " Away then with a Fh* gallop and to
her * " In Milkmaids i, 3, Ranoff says, 4* As your Fn.,
in Christendom I do not know a ranker rider," z*e* a
more impetuous, reckless rider* Dentists and Physicians.
— In Underwit iv* 5, Sir Richd*, when his wife complains
of toothache, says, 44 I'll send for the Fh* tooth-drawer
in the morning*" In Shirley's Bird ii. i, he scoffs at the
lords : " This perfumes his breath, t'other marshalls his
fine Fh* teeth*" In Ret. Pernass. ii* i, Theodore says,
44 It is requisite that the Fh* physicians be learned and
careful, your English velvetcap is malignant and en-
vious*" In Dekker's Wonder ii* i, Angelo, disguised as a
doctor, says, 44 1 know the garb of the French mounte-
banks whose apish gesture myself shall practise*" In
Chettle's Hoffman ii*, Lorrique enters disguised * like a
Fh* doctor/' Priests.— In B* & F* Wit S. W. iv* i, Old-
craft says, ** He can marry and bury, yet ne'er a hair
on his face, like a Fh* vicar*" Valets and waiting-maids.
— In Dekker's Edmonton iv* i, Mother Sawyer says that
women of fashion are witches who can turn ** ploughs
and teams to Flanders mares And coachmen and huge
trains of servitors To a Fh* butterfly/' In Eastward i. i,
Touchstone says, " Thou wilt swear faster than a Fh*
footboy," In the Puritan i* 4, Pyeboard says of Sir God-
fray : 44 The devil himself is Fh* lackey to him/' In
Dekker's Hornbook v*, he advises the Gull to have
44 your Fh* lackey carrying your cloke and running be-
fore you*" In Goosecap y*, Momford says, 44 3 things
there be that should thine anger swage, An English
mastiff and a fine Fh* page*" He omits to mention the
3rd !

Actors and dramatists. In Middleton's Gipsy ii. 4,
Fernando says, 44 There is a way Which the Italians
and the Fen* use, That is, on a word given, or some

FRANCE

slight plot, The actors will extempore fashion out Scenes
neat and witty*" In Span. Trag. v* i* Lorenzo says, t4 1
have seen the like [i.e. the performance of a new play
at an hour's notice] in Paris, 'mongst the Fh* tragedians*"
In Davenant's Playhouse i* i, the Player says, ** The Fh*
convey their arguments \t.e. plots of their plays] too
much in dialogue, their speeches are too long*" In
Dekker's Northward iv* i, Bellamont decides to have his
tragedy of Astyanax 4* presented to the Fh* court by Fh*
gallants " ; and the Capt* swears, 44 Your Fn* will do a
tragedy enterlude poggy well/' In Hercnlesf prol* 45,
the speaker excuses Plautus for having altered the
Amphitruo in translating it from the Greek by saying,
44 Besides, Fh* and Italians do the same*" In Ret. Per-
nass. i* 2, Judicio says of the dramatist John Marston :
** He thinks he is a ruffian in his style Withouten bands
or garters ornament ; He quaffs a cup of Fn/s Helicon,
Then royster-doyster in his oily terms Cuts, thrusts, and
foins at whomsoever he meets*" The harlequin was a
stock character in the Fh* light comedy. In Marston's
Malcontent iii* i, Bianca says, 4* All your empirics could
never do the like cure -upon the gout the rack did in
England or your Scotch boot* The Fh* Harlequin will
instruct you*"

Trade and Commerce. The Fh* crown was well known
in England* It was a gold coin with a crown on the ob-
verse, issued by Philip of Valois in 1339, and known to
the Fh* as the ficu, worth from 4 to 5 shillings* The pun
on the other meaning of the word, the crown of the head,
is very common* In H4 B* iii. 2, 236, Bullcalf offers
Bardolph " 4 Harry ten shillings in Fh* crowns " to be
excused from service* In H6 B* iv* 2, 166, Cade says
that in Henry V's time " boys went to span-counter for
Fh* crowns " : the idea being that Henry's victories in
F* had made them as common as pennies* In H5 iv* i,
242, the K. says, ** Indeed, the Fh* may lay 20 French
crowns to i, they will beat us ; for they bear them on
their shoulders ; but it is no English treason to cut Fh*
crowns, and to-morrow the K* himself will be a clipper."
Clipping or cutting the coin of the realm was a capital
offence* In Jonson's Ev+ Man O. ii* i, Carlo says, *4 You
should give him a Fh. crown for it ; the boy would find
2 better figures in that*" The figures are the shield and
the crown surmounting it on the coin* In. Ret* Pernass. i.
if Ingenioso says, ** The world shall hardly give me a
cracked crown, although it gives other poets Fh*
crowns*" In Haughton's Englishmen ii* 2, Pigarro tips
the Post generously, and he exclaims, 44 What 1 a Fh*
crowns' sure he knows not what he does*" In Marlowe's
Faustas iv*, Wagner gives the Clown some Fh* crowns ;
and he says, " Mass, but for the name of Fh* crowns,
a man were as good have as many English eounters/'
The allusion is to the depreciation in the value of Fh*
money in England in 1595 owing to the large sums
which had been received from F* in trade, and in pay-
ment of loans by Henri IV* In B. & F* Thomas i* 2,
Sebastian says to Launcelot, 44 Tell me plainly lest I
crack your Fh* crown/' In Marlowe's Massacre i* i,
Guise says, " From Spain the stately Catholics Send
Indian gold to coin me Fh* ecus*" In Jack Drum ii* 177,
John says, 4* Me send a Fh* crown to fetch a fine wench,
de fine wench take de Fh* crown and give me de Fh*
poc*" In Chapman's Rev. Bussy i* i, Monsieur says,
44 A Fh* crown would plentifully serve To buy both to
anything." In Dekker's If it be 298, the Bravo says
punningly, ** We turn away cracked Fh* crowns every
day." One of the results of the " French disease " was
baldness, and many puns are made on this subject* In
Meas. i* 2, 52, Lucio says, " I have purchased as many

207

FRANCE

diseases under her roof as come to " The 2nd

Gentleman interposes : 4* To 3000 dolours a year/*1 The
ist adds : " Ay, and more " ; and Lucio concludes :
44 A Fh. crown more*" In M. N. D. it 2, 97, Bottom
says, " I will discharge it in your Fbu-crown-coloured
beard " : and Quince retorts, 44 Some of your Fh*
crowns have no hair at all." In L. L. L* iii* i, 143, Cos-
tard says, 4* Remuneration ! Why, it is a fairer name than
Fh* crowns," i.e. it has not the same unpleasant con-
notation* In All's ii* 2, 23, the Clown says his answer is
** as fit as your Fh. crown for your taffeta punk " :
it being, with its unsavoury innuendo, a suitable fee for
such a woman*

The chief articles imported from France were wines
and textiles, especially silk and velvet* In T. Heywood's
Lucrece iii* 5, Valerius sings, " The Fh* affects the
Orleans grape*" In Davenant's Wits iv*, Thwack says,
44 Our Fh. and Deal wines are poisoned so with brimstone
by the Hollanders that they will only serve for medicine*"
In Massinger's Great Duke ii*2, Petruchio speaks of the
wines drunk by the northern nations of Europe as 4* Fh.
trash, made of rotten grapes And dregs and lees of
Spain, with Welsh metheglin." In Hester (A. P. ii, 270),
Hardy-dardy says, 4t He that would drink wine and hath
never a vine Must send or go to F." In Chauntideers
xiii., Welcome complains that men would rather " be
drunk like the Fn* with claret than with their own native
beer." In Trag. Richd. II i* i, 89, Arondel claims to
have captured so much wine from the Fh. 44 As that a
tun of high-prized wines of F* Is hardly worth a mark of
English money." In Webster's Weakest i. 2, Bunch says,
44 This F. ... is a goodly country, but it breeds no ale-
herbs ; good water . * * and de vine blanket [i.e. vin
blanquette, one of the Gascony wines], and de vine
coverlid, dat is vine claret for great out-rich cobs."
In Meas. i* 2, 35, the ist gentleman says to Lucio, ** I
has as lief be a list of an English kersey as to be piled as
thou art piled for a Fh* velvet." The manufacture of
velvet was introduced from Italy into F*, and was greatly
encouraged by Francis I, Henri II, and Henri IV* Its
chief seat was, and is still, at Lyons. The joke, such as
it is, depends on the double meaning of 44 Piled":
(r) stripped of hair as the result of the Fh. disease ;
(2). covered with a short furry pile, like velvet. A
particular shade of dark brown was known as Fh. russet*
In Middleton's Chess ii. i, the Black Knight says,
44 Take these letters, burn 'em to Fh* russet." Watches
of good quality were made in F. In Lawyer iii., Curfew
asks, ** How speaks your watch i Who made it, Fh* or
Dutch i "

Various articles are spoken of as French. Almanacs
originally contained astronomical information, but in
the 1 6th and i7th cents* began to be mostly taken up
with astrological predictions both of public events and
of the weather. In Jonson's Fortun. Is/., Johphiel says
that Zoroastres " is confuting a Fh. almanac." Beds. —
In Killigrew's Parson i* 3, Jolly says, ** 'Tis such a sight
to see great Fh. beds full of found children, dozens in a
bed." Beans.— The Fh. bean is Phaseolus Vulgaris :
it has a very fragrant smell in blossom* In Jonson's
Alchemist L i, Face says that Drugger's tobacco smells
** like conserve of roses or Fh. beans." In B. & F.
Bonduea i 2, Judas speaks of 44 Fh. beans, where the
fruits are ripened, like the people, in old tubs." The
reference is to the treatment of the Fh. disease by
medicated baths. Chariots.— Dekker, in hfs Dream
(1630), speaks of ** Dames who each day in Fh. chariots
sat Glistering like angels." Cock. — Gattus means both a
Gaul and a cock ; and from the time of the rebellion

208

FRANCE

of Julius Vindex in the reign of Nero, when it was said
that the Emperor would be waked by the crowing of the
Gallus, the name has been applied to the Fh* In K. /.
v* 2, 130, the Bastard describes the Fh* as thrilling and
shaking, " Even at the crying of your nation's crow,
Thinking his voice an armed Englishman*" CnrtaL —
A bob-tailed horse. In Brome's Northern iii* 3, Squelch
says, 4i If ever I marry, let me be cropt and slit worse
than a Fh. curtal." Dolls, — In the Rates of customs for
1538 there is a duty on Puppets or Babies for children
of 6s. Sd. the gross, which shows that they were im-
ported from abroad. In Jonson's Epicoene iii* 3,
Epicoene says to Morose, " Did you think you had
married one of the Fh. puppets with the eyes turned
with a wire i " Organs. — The great organ-builders of
the 1 6th and i7th cents, were Englishmen and Germans.
The Fh. builders were inferior to them in tone. In Lady
Mother ii* i, Sucket says to Timothy, " Do not squeak
like a Fh. organ-pipe." Pears* — In All's L i, 175,
Parolles says, 44 Your old virginity is like one of our Fh.
withered pears, it looks ill, it eats drily." The scene of
the play is laid in F. Petronels and Calivers. — The petro-
nel was a large pistol which was fired with the butt resting
against the chest : chiefly used by horse-soldiers. The
caliver was a kind of musket. In B. & F. Cure ii. 3,
Lucio asks, "What do you call this guns' a dags'"
And Clara answers : " I'll give *t thee ; a Fh* petronel."
In Cuckqueans iv. 3, Oliver says, 44 1 can help you to a
couple Fh. keleevers." Playing Cards arranged in the
four suits of clubs, diamonds, spades, and hearts were
invented in F* in the i4th cent. In J. Florio's Second
Frutes (1591), p* 69, one of the interlocutors asks,
"What! Be these Fh. cards *" and is answered," Yea,
Sir, do you not see they have clubbs, spades, dyamonds,
and hearts i *' Purls. — Cords of twisted gold or
silver for embroidery. In Goosecap ii* i, Sir Gyles 44 will
work you Fh. purls from an Angel to four Angels a
yard." Rabbits. — In Killigrew's Parson v. 4, Careless
says, " His head and belly look as blue and lank as Fh.
rabbits." Rapiers. — The rapier was a light fencing
sword, and was often used along with the poniard or
dagger* The K*, in Ham. v* 3, 156, bets 6 Barbary
horses against " 6 Fh* rapiers and poniards " on Ham-
let's success in the fencing match. The Fd* dandy, in
Middleton's Hubburdt wore "a glorious rapier and
hangers all bossed with pillars of gold*" In Meas. iv. 3,
15, Pompey speaks of " Master Starve-Lackey, the
rapier and dagger man." In Nabbes' Bride iv. 4, Raven,
being beaten in a fight, cries : " Pox on these Fh.
blades ! No point I " Stick.— A walking-staff* In Jon-
son's Devil iv. i, Fitzdottrel, striking Pug, says, 44 1
must walk with the Fh. stick like an old verger for you."
Wolves. — In Middleton's No Wit iv* i, Savourwit says,
44 Were it to challenge all the wolves in F., I'd be your
half in 't."

The French language is one of the Romance languages
derived from the Latin* It was held in some contempt
by the English common people, although it was a mark
of a man of fashion to be able to garnish his speech with
a few tags of French* In a woman a knowledge of Fh.
was regarded with some suspicion, as an indication of
questionable morality* Chaucer, C. T. A* 126, says that
the Prioress spoke Fh. 4t after the scole of Stratford-
atte-Bowe, For Fh. of Parys was to hire unknowe." No
passage has suffered more from erroneous quotation*
Heylyn (s.v. FRANCE) says, " The language of the Fh. is
amorous. A smooth language truly it is, the people
leaving out in their pronunciation many of their con-
sonants." The English Lord, in Merch. i. 2, 75, " hath

FRANCE

neither Latin, Fh*, nor Italian/* The Duchess of York,
in Rs v* 3, 124, protests, " The chopping Fh* we do not
understand/' In H$ v* 2, the K* speaks slightingly of
his own knowledge of Fh*, " which I am sure will hang
upon my tongue like a new-married wife about her
husband's neck, hardly to be shook off/' " By mine
honour," he goes on, " in true English, I love thee/'
This is all historically absurd : Henry no doubt spoke
Fh* as easily as English* In H6 B* iv* 2, 176, Cade de-
cides that Lord Say is a traitor because he can speak Fh*
Pistol, in HS iv* 4, does not understand Fh*, and has to
get a boy to interpret between himself and Monsieur
le Fer* In Jonson's Cynthia iii* 3, Amoroso tells Asotus,
44 Your pedant should provide you some parcels of Fh*
to commence with, if you would be exotic and exqui-
site/' In Haughton's Englishmen i* i, Frisco says, 4* Pigs
and Fen. speak one language, awee, awee/' In B* & F*
Brother ii* 2, the Cook says, " I'll make you pigs speak
Fh* at table," Le, cry, " Wee, wee," quasi 44 Oui/' In
Shirley's Pleasure iii* 2, Kickshaw says to Celestina,
44 You speak abominable Fh* And make a curtsey like
a dairymaid/* In Glapthorne's Privilege iii* i, Adorni
says, 44 Your Fh* is a thing easily gotten, and when you
have it, as hard to shake it off as 'twere your mother
tongue/' In Davenant's Platonic iii* 3, Jasper says,
" Fh* is the smoothest and most prosperous language
for courtship," Le. courtly use* In Goosecap iv* i, Sir
Gyles observes, " In Fraunce they speak Fh* as well as
their mother-tongue/' In Jonson's Ev+ Man O* ii* i,
the gentlewoman gives as proof of the Knight's learning,
" He can speak the Fh* and the Italian*" In Dekker's
Westward i* r, Justiniano says to the bawd, Mrs*
Birdlime, * You may speak Fh*; most of your kinds can
understand Fh*" La Webster's Law Case i* 2, Romelio
forbids his wife to have anything to do "with a hackney-
coachman, if he can speak Fh*" : the inference being
that he is a procurer in that case* Specimens of English
as spoken by Frenchmen may be found in M * W. W.
(Caius), Henry V (the Princess), Ret. Pernass. (Theo-
dore), Three Ladies, Three Lords, Triumphs Love,
Dekker's Fortunatus, Wonder of a Kingdom (Angelo),
Club Law, Marias and Sulla (Pedro), Dr* Dodypoll,
Anything for Quiet Life (Margarita), Sun's Darling, Jack
Drum (Mons* John), Shirley's Ball (Le Frisk), and many
others* The chief mark of this Flu-English is the sub-
stitution of " d " or " t " for " th," and the pronuncia-
tion of " i " as " ee/'

Law French is the Norman-Fh* in which the old laws
of England were written* In Jonson's Alchemist iv* 2,
Kastrel says, " It goes like law-Fh* And that, they say,
is the courtliest language/' In Tomkis' Albumazar ii* 2,
Trincalo says, 44 He'll boil me in a caldron Of barbarous
law-Fh*" In Stucley 291, Stucley says, " This law-Fh*
Is worse than buttered mackerel, full of bones*" In
Davenant's Playhouse L i, the Player says, " Burlesque
and travestie 4 These are hard words, and may be Fh*,
but not law-Fh/'

Pedlar's French means thieves' slang : it has nothing
to do with Fh*, which is used merely in the sense of an
unintelligible language* In Massinger's Virgin ii* i,
Spungius says, "We were speaking in pedlar's Fh*"
In B* & F* Friends i* 2, Bellario speaks of himself as one
" that, instead of pedlar's Fh*, gives him plain language
for his money/' A book was published in 1592 entitled,
The Groundwork* of Corny-Catching; the manner of
their Pedlers-French and the meanes to understand the
same. In Nash's Summers (Haz*, viii* 69), we read of
"Beggars that profess the pedler's Fh/' In Love
and Fortune iv* i, Lentulo says, "And you can speak

FRANKFURT

any pedler's Fh*, tell me what I say/' In Middleton's
Family v* 3, Club says, " I like that law well ; there's
no quiddits nor pedlar's Fh* in it*" In Underwit
ii* 2, his mistress says to Courtwell, who has been
quoting his poetry to her, ** Out upon 't ! Pedlar's
Fh* is a Christian language to this*" Dekker, in Lan-
thorn, speaking of thieves, says, " For that cause was
this language (which some call Pedlers Fh*) invented,
that they might freely utter their minds to one another,
yet avoid the danger*" He gives several examples of this
curious lingo* In Middleton's .R* G* v* i, Jack Dapper
says, " I'll give a school-master half-a-crown a week
and teach me this pedlar's Fh/' Several examples are
quoted in this scene, of which one may be given here :
44 A gage of ben rom-bouse In a bousing ken of Rom-
vile Is benar than a caster, Peck, pennam, lap, or poplar,
Which we mill in deuse a vile* O I wud lib all the light-
mans, O I would lib all the darkmans By the Salomon,
under the ruffrnans, By the Salomon, in the hartmans,
And scour the queer cramp ring, And couch till a
palliard docked my dell, So my bousy nab might skew
rom-bouse well* Avast, to the pad let us bing " : which
is, being interpreted, ** A quart-pot of good wine in an
alehouse of Lond* is better than a cloak, meat, bread,
butter-milk, or porridge, which we steal in the country*
O I would lie all the day, O I would lie all the night,
by the mass under the bushes, by the mass in the stocks,
and wear fetters, and He till a scoundrel lay with my
wench, so my drunken head might quaff wine well*
Avast, to the highway let us hence*" A Pedler's Fh* is
used for a beggar* In Histrio iv* i, Mavortius laments
the degeneracy of the times, " When every Pedler's-Fh,
is termed Monsigneur*"
FRANCEL IA* The imaginary scene of Suckling's Goblins.

FRANCHE COMT& A province in France, E* of Bur-
gundy and W* of the Jura* Originally a fief of the Duke-
dom of Burgundy, it passed to Spain in 1493, and re-
mained a Spanish province till 1674, when it was, for the
second time and definitely, conquered by Louis XIV*
In Chapman's Trag. Byron iii* i, Brun says, "Your
truest friends advise you for your latest hope To make
retreat into the F* C*" There he would be out of the
Jurisdiction of the French K* In Consp. Byron i* i, 41,
Rochette complains that the Infanta Isabella, who
married the Archduke of Austria, "Had the F*~C« and
Low Provinces*"

FRANCKOLIN* A name for Tarragona, a city in N*E*
Spain, at the mouth of the Francpli* Baltazar Gracian
(1584-1658), a Spanish prose writer of the Gongorist
School, was rector of the Jesuit College at Tarragona*
In Cockayne's Trapolin v* 3, the hero says, " You take
me for a doctor — Gracian of F*, I warrant you — or a
fool in a play, you're so saucy with me/'

FRANKFURT* A city on the right bank of the Main abt*
20 m* E* of its confluence with the Rhine* It was the
most ancient of the 4 free cities of the German Con-
federation and the meeting-place of the Diet* In the
Guildhall, or Roemer, are the Wahlzimmer, where the
emperors were elected, and the Kaisersaal, where they
held their public dinner after election* The Golden
Bull of 1356 is still preserved in the archives* It was a
great commercial and banking centre, and its 2 fairs at
Easter and in August or September were thronged by
tens of thousands of traders from all over Europe* In
Merch. iii* i, 89, Shylock laments the loss of his diamond
which " cost me 2000 ducats in Frankfort/' In B* <5c F*
Fair Maid L iv* 2, Cesario, coming into the inn where
Forobosco is entertaining the company, cries : " How

209

FRANKFURT

now i a Frankford mart here 4 " Marlowe's Jew iv* i,
has debts owing in F, In Cromwell ii* i, Cromwell, in
Antwerp, inquires of the Post, " You go so far as Frank-
ford, do you not i " In T* Heywood's /* K. M* B* 395,
the Burse at Rome is said to be built " after the manner
of Frankford and Embden ; with sts* and pent-houses
where the merchants meet/* The meeting for the elec-
tion of the Emperor, in Chapman's Alphonsus i* 2, is
held in " The Hall of Electors at F/'
FRANKFURT* A city on the Oder in Germany, 50 m* E*
of Berlin : it was the seat of a university which was
founded in 1506* In Greene's Friar iv* 114, Vander-
maast mentions F* as one of a long list of universities
where he has given the scholars the non-plus*
FREE-TOWN, or VILLAFRANCA* A town in Italy,
on the Tanaro, 10 m* S*W* of Verona* It has a fine old
castle* In Rom. L i, 109, the Prince of Verona says to
old Montague, 44 Come you this afternoon To old F*-t*,
our common judgement-place*" Shakespeare got the
name from Arthur Brookes' Romeus and Juliet 1937,
but Brookes makes F*-t* the castle of the Capulets s
** Our castle called Freetowne*"

FRENCH CHURCH. Ch* of St* Anthony's Hospital in
Threadneedle St*, Lond*, granted to the French Protes-
tant refugees by Edward VI* It was destroyed in the
Gt* Fire and rebuilt, but the building of the New Royal
Exchange required an approach in Threadneedle St*,
and it was pulled down* See under ST* ANTHONY'S
HOSPITAL* In Mayne's Match iv* 5, Baneswright says
to Warehouse, ** You must be married, Sir, at the F* Ch ;
I have bespoke the priest, one that will join you I' the
right Geneva form without a licence*" In Wapull's
Tarrieth, B* 4, Helpe says, 44 To sell a lease dear, whoever
that will, At the F* or Dutch ch* let him set up his bill ;
What an Englishman bids they will give as much more*"
FRESSINGFIELD* Vill* in Suffolk, some 5 m* S* of
Harleston* It has a fine old Norman ch* The heroine of
Greene's Friar is Margaret, the Fair Maid of F*, the
Keeper's daughter, with whom Prince Edward falls in
love* The whole story is fictitious* Scenes 8, 10, and 14
are laid at F*

FRIAR, THE* A Lond* house-sign near the Stocks
Market, g*v* In T* Heywood's L K. M* B* 382, Tawnie-
Coat says, " Sure this is the lane ; there's the Windmill ;
there's the Dog's Head in the Pot; and here's the
Fryer*"

FRIARS, THE, An abbreviated name for Blackfriars, #
Friar, formerly F*, St*, running from Carter Lane to Ire-
land Yard, preserves the name* In Jonson's Alchemist
i* i, Subtle mocks Face as " an Honest, plain, livery-
three-pound-thrum, that kept Your master's worship's
house here in the Friers " : it is in this house that the
scene of the play is laid ; in iv* i. Mammon says of Doll :
44 This nook here of the Friers is no climate For her to
live obscurely in*" Lord Cobham had his house in the
F*, and writes to Mellersh in 1605 to let him know if his
house at the F* is seized* In Killigrew's Parson v* i, the
Capt* says, " There's a new play at the Fryers to-day,
f*e* the Blackfriars Playhouse*

FRIARS' BRIDGE* A b* at Greenwich by the Convent
of the Grey Friars, founded by Edward IV, and finally
suppressed by Elisabeth* In OldcastU iii* 4, the K*
(Henry V) orders Butler, " Go down by Greenwich and
command a boat, At the F* B* attend my coming down*"
The b* was over a small brook flowing into the Thames*

FRIBURGUM (i*e* FRIBOXJRG)* The capital of the canton
of the same name in Switzerland, lying on the Saane,

FROGMORE

22 m* E* of the S* end of Lake NeufcMtel* In Bacchus,
the 2oth guest was " one Tom Tospot ; he came from
F*, an Helvetian*"

FRIDAY STREET* Lond*, running S* from Cheapside
to Cannon St*, between Old Change and Bread St* It
gained its name from the fishmongers who sold fish
there for consumption on Friday, the fast day in the
Roman Catholic Ch* At the Cheapside corner was the
Nag's Head Inn* The White Horse was at the end of the
st* on the W* side* St* Matthew's Ch* stood on the W*
side, but has now been pulled down* In Jonson's
Christmas, Gambol announces: "Here's one o' F*-st*
would come in*" Christmas answers : " By no means,
nor out of either of the Fish sts* admit not a man ; they
are not Christmas creatures ; fish and fasting days !
foh ! " Gambol consequently announces : ** No body
out o' F* st* nor the 2 Fish sts* there, do you hear 4 "
In Nabbes* Spring, Shrovetide calls Lent ** This lean
thingut starveling, begot by a Spaniard, and nursed at
the lower end of F* st*" One of Thos* Weelkes' Ayres
(1608) begins : " The Ape, the Monkey, and Baboon
did meet, And breaking of their fast in F* st* Two of
them sware together, etc." In Peek's Jests (1627), we
read that " George was invited to supper one night at
the White Horse in F* St*"

FRIEDLAND* A town in Bohemia, at the junction of the
Wittich and the Rasnitz, 68 m* N*E* of Prague* The
castle, built in 1014, stands on a hill at the S* end of
the town* Wallenstein was D* of F* In Glapthorne's
Wallenstein L i, Leslie says, " These court Parasites and
the Emperor's weak distrusts Puts this disgrace on Frid-
land," **<2* Wallenstein*

FRIESLAND* The most N* of the provinces of Holland*
It is sometimes called W* F* to distinguish it from E* F*
in Hanover* Hycke, p* 88, names Freslonde as one in
the long list of countries he has visited* In Hughes'
Misfort* Arth. v* i, Arthur says, " The Scots and Picts
and Orcades we wan, The Danes and Goths and F*
men*" In Chaucer, Rom. Rose 1093, we read of a jewel
" worth all the gold in Rome and Fryse*" Fryse is not
in the original French, and is added merely to rhyme
with wyse* In Barnavelt iv* 5, Sir John is described as
" Advocate of Holland and W* F*" The name suggested
that it was a particularly cold country, quasi Freeze-land*
In Brewer's Lovesick King ii*, Canute says of Cartes-
munda : " She is colder than Freezeland snow, and yet
she burns me." In Dekker's Dream (1630), " TheMuffe,
the Scythian, and the Freeze-land-boore " are mentioned
as inhabitants of very cold countries* F*produced a breed
of horses that were small but nuggety, and Markham says
they could " make a good career/' In Kyd's Soliman i*,
Basilisco says, ** The grass grew, else had my F* horse
perished*" Hall, in Satires v* 4, 13, scoffs at the farmer *s
son who " hires a Friezeland trotter, half yard deep, To
drag his tumbril through the staring Cheap*" In Glap-
thorne's Hollander iv* i, Urinal says, "Alas, poor
gentlewoman, would they have thee covered with a
Frisland horse, a Dutch stallion s1 " In Rabelais' Gar-
gantua i* 12, the Hero says, " I will bestow upon you
this Frizeland horse*"

FROGMORE* Vill* close to Windsor Castle on the road
to Staines* In M* W. W. ii* 3, 78, the Host first in-
structs Shallow, Page, and Slender, ** Go you through
the town to-F*" Then he says to Caius, " Go about the
fields with me through F*" In iii* i, Evans is waiting for
Caius in a field near F* ; and at line 33, Simple cries :
44 There comes my master, Master Shallow, and another
gentleman from F*, over the stile,"

210

FROMAGHAM

FROMAGHAM* See FRAMLINGHAM*

FRONTIGNAC* A small town on the Gulf of Lyons,
close to Montpellier* in S* France* It is famous for its
muscatel wine and raisins* In Davenant's Wits iv* i*
Young Palatine says* "Nothing could please your
haughty palate but The muscatelli and Frontiniac
grape*" In Alimony L 2, Timon speaks of the poet's
pericranium ** deeply steeped in Frontiniac*"

FRUITERERS* HALL* In Worcester Place* which ran
S* from Upper Thames St* The Mystery of F* in Lond*
was incorporated in 1606 with a master* wardens* and
assistants* and it was their custom to present the Lord
Mayor every year with 12 bushels of apples* In Ford's
Sun iv* i* Folly calls Autumn " This apple-john Kent
and warden of F* H*"

FULBOURN* Vill* in Cambridgesh** 5 m* E* of Cam-
bridge* In Mankind (Farmer, Anon, Plays, p* 23)* Now-
a-days says* " I shall spare Master Wood of F*'*

FULDEN* or FOULDEN* A vill* in Berwicksh** 4 m*
N*E* of Berwick* In Ford's Warbeck iv* i* Surrey says*
44 Can they Look on * * * the pile of F* Overthrown * *
And yet not peep abroad i "

FULHAM* A vill* in Middlesex* abt* 6 m* W* of St*
Paul's* on the N* bank of the Thames* opposite to Put-
ney* The palace of the Bps* of Lond* has been there
since the reign of Henry VII* and stands on the banks
of the river a little W* of the village* It is now practically
a suburb of Lond* In J* Heywood's Weather (Farmer*
p* 100), Merry Report says* " I have been * * * at F** at
Faleborne* and at Fenlow." In Dekker's Northward v* i*
Mayberry says/* He [Featherstone] has land between F*
and Lond*" In Westward iii* 4* Monopoly says. 44 Here's
an honest gentleman was born at F*" In Cromwell i* i*
Hodge* of Putney* speaks of " goodman Car of F* ; O*
he knows the stars*" In Cooke's Greenfs Quoqne L i*
Sir Lionel says* ** To-morrow I remove into the Strand*
There for this quarter dwell* the next at F*" In Jon-
son's Ev. Man O* iii* i* Carlo says of Shift* " He keeps

FURNIVAUS INN

high men and low men* He ! he has a fair living at
Fullam*" The joke depends on the fact that a kind of
dice used for cheating was called Fullam* So* in M. W+
W, L 3* 94* Pistol says* " Let vultures gripe thy guts ;
For gourd and fullam hold* and high and low Beguile
the rich and poor*" In Nobody L 337* Sicophant asks*
44 Give me some bales of dice* What are these i "
And Somebody replies : " These are called high
fulloms* those low fulloms*" In NJ5J). it is stated that
F* was 4t once a noted haunt of gamesters*" and that this
may be the reason for the use of fullam for a false die*
It is also suggested as an alternative that fullam* or
fullom = full one* z\e* a loaded die*

FULLER'S RENTS (more properly FULWOOD'S RENTS)*
A court in Lond.* opposite the end of Chancery Lane*
leading from Holborn into Gray's Inn Walks* It was
chiefly occupied by taverns and ale-houses* and had the
privileges of sanctuary for debtors and other fugitives
from justice* In Brome's Couple ii* i* Careless* having
got hold of some money* says* ** I need no more in-
sconsing now in the forts of F*-R* and Milford-lane*
whose walls are daily battered with the curses of bawling
creditors*" In his Damoiselle i* 2* Bumpsey reproaches
Dryground with his poverty* which makes him "live
confined in Milford Lane or F*R*orwho knows where*"

FURLY= FORLI* The old Forum Livii* a city in N*
Italy* near Ravenna* 170 m* N* of Rome* Caasar Borgia
besieged Catharine Sforza in F** and took it in 1499*
The story of the siege forms the subject of iv* 4 in
Barnes' Charter.

FURNIVAL'S INN* An Inn of Court in Lond** formerly
an Inn of Chancery* and afterwards attached to Lin-
coln's Inn* It stood on the N* side of Holborn between
Leather Lane and Brooke St. where F* I* Buildings now
are* The Society ceased to exist in 1817* and the whole
I* was rebuilt in 1818* Shirley's Bird was " Printed by
B* Alsop and T* Fawcet for William Cooke* and are to
be sold at his shop near F* I* Gate in Holborne* 1633*"

211

GABIL A town in Latium, 13 m* from Rome on the road
to Praeneste* Its site is marked by the ruins of a
mediaeval fortress called Castiglione* It was an im-
portant place in the early days of Rome, but in the time
of the Empire it is described by Horace as deserted :
Lebedus, he says/ is " desertior Gabiis " (Ep. i* n, 7) ;
and Juvenal speaks of it as an insignificant village* In
Sat. x* 100, he says, " Would you rather don the state-
robe of this wretch now being dragged along, or be a
municipal magnate of Fidenae or Gv delivering judg-
ments on weights and measures s1" Creeper's trans*)*
This last passage is imitated in Nero iv* r, where Nero
says, " Would I had rather in poor G* Or Ulubrae a
ragged magistrate, Sat as a judge of measures and of
corn, Than the adored monarch of the world*"

GAD* The 7th son of Jacob, from whom the tribe of Gad
was descended* It occupied the fertile lands to the east
of the Jordan* In Marston's Insatiate L i, we read:
44 Thou Jew of the tribe of Gad, that sure, were there
none here but thou and I, wouldst teach me the art of
breathing*"

GADES* The old name of Cadis;, known to the Eliza-
bethans as Gales, g*v* It was looked upon as the W*
extremity of the world by the ancients* In the old
Timon L 4, Pseudocheus says, " At G* I washed away
Non ultra writ with Hercules* own hand*" G* was a
day's journey from the Pillars of Hercules* In Fisher's
Fuimus iv* 4, Caesar says, " From Ganges to Hesperian
G* Our name doth sound/' In T* Heywood's B* Age v*,
Hercules says, 44 Here stand our pillars with non ultra
insculpt Which we must rear beyond the Pyrene Hills
At G* in Spain*" In Tourneur's Atheist iii* i, D'Am-
ville says of Montferrers and Charlemont that they
were so great and good " that on These 2 Herculean
pillars where their arms Are placed there may be writ
Non ultra*" Milton, P* i?* iv* 77, describes embassies
coming to Rome "From Gallia, G., and the British
west*" In S.A+ 716, the Chorus describes Dalila as
sailing up " Like a stately ship of Tarsus, bound for the
isles Of Javan or Gadire," i,e* G* The women of G*
had a reputation in antiquity for lascivious dances*
Martial has many references to them, and Juvenal
(xi* 1 60) warns his guests not to expect at his banquet
to be entertained by Gaditanean girls dancing their
fandangos* In Massinger's Actor iii* 2, Stephanos says
to Domitilla, " Sit down with this, And the next action,
like a Gaditane strumpet, I shall look to see you tum-
ble*" Hall, in Satires iv* i* says, " He tells a merchant
tidings of a prize * * * Worth little less than * * * G*
spoils," The reference is to the taking of Cadiz in 1596*

GADIRE* A form of Gades, g*p*

GADLIBRIENS* An imaginary tribe near the Antipodes*
In Brome's Antipodes iv* 10, Peregrine says, " Mandi-
vell writes of people Near the Antipodes, called G* :
Where on the wedding night the husband hires Another
man to couple with the bride*"

GADSHILL* A hill on the road from Lond* to Rochester,
2i m* from Rochester and abt* 37 from Lond* It was a
well-known resort of footpads and highwaymen* In
H4 A* i* 2, 139, Poins says, "My lads, to-morrow
morning by 4 o'clock, early at G*I There are
pilgrims going to Canterbury with rich offerings and
traders riding to Lond* with fat purses* If you will go, I
will stuff your purses full of crowns*" The scene of ii* 2*
where the robbery takes place, is " the road by G*" In

iii* 3, 43, Falstaff recalls how Bardolph ran " up G* in
the night " to catch his horse* In Hq B* i* 3, 170, the
Chief Justice says to Falstaff, " Your day's service at
Shrewsbury hath a little gilded over your night's ex-
ploit on G*" In ii, 4, 333, Prince Hal says to Falstaff,
" You knew me, as you did when you ran away by G*"
There is record in the Lansdowne MSS* of an actual
robbery perpetrated on G* in 1590 by 2 thieves called
Custall and Manwaring* They had good horses, and
one of them wore a " vizard grey beard*" The date of
H4 is 1596* In Oldcastle iv* i, the parson-highwayman
gives a list of the places in Kent which, as he humor-
ously says, " pay him tythe*" G* is one of them* In
Jonson's Ev+ Man O* iv* 3, Sogliardo says of Shift :
" He has been the only Bidstand that ever kept New-
market, Salisbury Plain, Hockley i' the Hole, G* He
has done 500 robberies in his time, more or less*" In
Dekker's Westward ii. 2, Birdlime says of a certain lady
of bad repute: "She lies, as the way lies over G*, very
dangerous*" In ClavelTs Recantation (1634), he says,
** I oft have seen Gadd's Hill and those red tops of
mtns. where good people lose their ill-kept purses*"
In Fam. Vict.f p«. 339, Dericke says to the thief, 4* I
know thee for a taking fellow Upon Gad's Hill in
Kent*"

G&TULIA* A dist* in N*W* Africa, lying S* of Maure-
tania, between it and the desert* It stretched from the S*
of the Syrtis to the Atlantic* In Marlowe's Dido iii* i,
larbas says, " Am I not k* of rich G* i " In C&safs Rev.
tti* 2, Csesar says that Juba, K* of Mauretania, was
" Backed with Numidian and Getulian horse*" In Kyd's
Cornelia iii*, the Chorus laments that Romans "run,
like exiled us, From fertile Italy to proudest Spain Or
poorest Getuly." In Lyly's Midas iii* i, Midas says, " I
call to mind my usurping in Getulia*" His conscience
was needlessly active, for he was never there*

GAINSBOROUGH* A town in Lines* on the Trent,
15 m* N*W* of Lincoln and 35 m* N*E* of Nottingham*
The Trent is navigable as far as G*, which is an im-
portant river-port* In Sampson's Vow v* 3, 12, the men
of Nottingham petition the Q* to have the Trent made
navigable from Nottingham " to G*"

GALALE. See GALILEE*

GALATIA* A province in the centre of Asia Minor, so
called from the Galli who settled there in the 3rd
century B.C* In Lyly's Midas iv* i, Midas fears lest " the
petty kings of Mysia, Pisidia, and G*" should find out
that he has asses' ears* G* was not known by that name
till long after the time of Midas*

GALICIA* A province in N*W* Spain* The shrine of
St* James at Santiago di Compostella was a great resort
of pilgrims in the Middle Ages* Like the rest of Spain,
it produces nuts* In Piers C* v* 134, the author, de-
nouncing pilgrimages, would have it provided " that
non go to Galys bote it be for evere*" The pilgrim,
in C* viii* 166, had "shilles [shelles] of Galys" as proof
that he had been there* Chaucer's Wife of Bath (C, T*
A* 466) had been " in Galice at Seint Jame*" In Mar-
lowe's Tomb. B* i* 3, Usumcasanes says to Tamburlaine,
" We have subdued the S* Guallatia And all the land
unto the coast of Spain/' The context shows that S*
Spain is meant* In Middleton's Chess ii* i, the Black
Bp* says of Gondomar, the Spanish Ambassador : " That
Gn* brain can work out wonders*" In Coventry M* P*
of Mary Magdalen 478, the Taverner says he has " wine

212

GALILEE

of Gyldyr and of Galles," i.e. G* In Middleton's
Gipsy ii* if Constanta says, " They that crack me shall
find me as hard as a nut of G*"

GALILEE* The most northerly of the 3 divisions of
Palestine in the ist cent* A*D., lying N* of Samaria and
W* of the Sea of G* The word was also applied to a
porch in front of a ch* In Barnes* Charter v* 5, Alex-
ander offers Caesar Borgia a phial of antidote against
poison : " I bought it/' he says* " of a Jew Born and
brought up in Galily*" In York M. P* xii* 136, the
Prologue says* " Fro God in heaven is sent An angel is
named Gabriell, To Nazareth in Galale/' Milton, P* JR*
i* 135* represents the Almighty saying to Gabriel, " I
sent thee to the Virgin pure In G/' In iiu 233, the
Tempter says to our Lord that he has yet ** scarce viewed
the Galilaean towns*" In Lycidas 109, Peter is called
44 The pilot of the Galilaean lake/' i.e. the Sea of G* or
Gennesaret, lying E* of G. In Heming's Jewes Trag.
X959> Eleasar says, ** Caesar's son has conquered G* And
now is marching to Jerusalem/' The date is A*D* 67*

GALLES* See GALICIA*

GALLIA (Gl* = Gaul)* The Latin name for what is now
France* The form Gaul was used both for the country
and its inhabitants* It is most properly used of the
country and people during the Roman period* In
Brandon's Octavia 117, Octavia says of Marcellus, con-
fusing her husband with the great M* Marcellus, who
won the Spolia Opima from the Gl* Viridomarus in
222 B*C*, " His middle age the stoutest Gls* did fray*"
In Shirley's Honoria ii* 2, Honoria says, " Does he not
look like mighty Julius now, when he returned trium-
phant from the Gls*s"' In Jonson's Catiline iii* 3,
Catiline says, " What the Gl* or Moor could not effect
Nor emulous Carthage * * * Shall be the work of one,
and that my might," i.e. the destruction of Rome* In
B* & F* False One i* i, Achilles says, " 'Tis Labienus,
Caesar's lieutenant in the wars of GL" He was one of
Caesar's most trusted officers in the Gallic Wars of
58-50 B*C*, but on the outbreak of the Civil War he de-
serted to the Pompeians* In Csesar's Rev. ii* 5, young
Cato says, " No Gl* Would with such cruelty thy worth
repay," when his father is about to kill himself* In
Jonson's Poetaster iii* 2, Horace says, " Nor is't a labour
fit for every pen To paint * * * The lances burst in G/s
slaughtered forces* Great Caesar's wars cannot be
fought in words*" In Nero ii* 3, Scaevinus says, ** Shall
we, whom neither The Median bow * * * Nor the
fierce Gl* * * * could Subdue, lay down our necks to
tyrant's axe i " Milton, P* JR* iv* 77, describes em-
bassies coming to Rome " From G*, Gades, and the
British West*" In CymMine, the date of which is the
latter part of the ist cent* A*D*, we read in several pas-
sages of the Roman legions now in G*, which are ex-
pected to invade Britain* See ii* 4, 18 ; iii* 5, 24 ; iii* 7*
4 ; iv* 2, 333 ; and iv* 3, 24* In i* 6, 66, lachimo tells
of a Frenchman " that much loves a Gn* girl at home*"
In i* 6, 201, he says, " From G* I crossed the seas on
purpose and on promise To see your Grace/' Gl* is also
used for the Galli who invaded Greece in the 3rd cent*
B*c. and afterwards settled in Thrace and in Galatia*
In Caesar's Rev. iv* 2* Cassius speaks of " Those con-
quering Gls* that built their seats in Greece*" Mon-
taigne (Fiona's Trans. 1603) i* 48, calls the Galatians
" the Gaules, our ancient forefathers in Asia*" G* is
also used for mediaeval and modern France* In H$ L 2,
216, Canterbury says to the K*, ** You withal shall make
all G. shake*" la v* i, 94, Pistol says that he will swear
he got the bruises which Fluellen has given him 4t in

CALLUS

the G. wars/' In H6 A* iv* 7, 48, the Bastard says of the
Talbots : ** Their life was England's glory, G/s wonder/'
In v. 4, 139* Charles boasts, " I am possessed With more
than half the Gn* territories*" In H6 C* v* 3, 8, Edward
speaks of " those powers that the q* Hath raised in G*"
Kyd, in Soliman i* 3, says, 4* In France I took the stand-
ard from the k*, And give [z*e* assume] the flower of G*
in my crest," i.e. the fleur-de-lys* In King Leir, Has*,
p* 378, Mumford addresses the French army, " Show
yourselves now to be right Gawles indeed, And be so
bitter on your enemies That they may say you are as
bitter as Gall*" In M. W. W. iii* i, 99, the Host says to
Evans and Caius, *' Peace, I say* G* and Gl*/' but Farmer
amended "Guallia and GL," where GualUa means
Wales. In Massinger's Guardian i* 2, Calypso mentions
44 Amadis de Gl*," and in Dekker's Satiromastix i* 2, 492,
Tucca calls Horace 4* My sweet Amadis de Gle/' :
Amadis was the son of Perion of France, and one of
the most famous of the paladins of the old chivalrous
times* His romance was in Don Quixote's library*

GALLOGRECIA* Another name for Galatia, q.v. In
Tiberius 525, Germanicus speaks of " The Galiogretians
proud for to rebel*'* This was in A.D* 15*

GALLOON* In Kirke's Champions iv* i, Denis reads a
prophecy in which it is said that 44 a g* helmet " is neces-
sary for the carrying out of the prediction ; and James
says, " Here is a helmet framed in Normandy, Which
I have worn in all my travels since*" I suppose that
g* means made in Gaul ; otherwise there is no relevance
in James' remark* Possibly we should read " Gallian*"

GALLOWAY* Originally included the whole of the
Peninsula in S*W* Scotland between the Solway Firth
and the Clyde ; later restricted to Kirkcudbright and
Wigtown* Until the i3th cent* it was ruled by its own
princes in feudal dependence on the Kings of Scotland*
The lordship was in the Douglas family till 1455, when
it was forfeited to the Crown* The present Earldom was
created in 1623, and remains in the Stewart family* In
Dekker's Fortunatus, there is a G* at the court of Athel-
stane in Lond* who is described as a Scotch noble* In
Peele's Ed. /, p* 28, Elinor addresses Baliol as 44 Brave
John Baliol, lord of G* and K* of Scots*" He had
gained the title by his marriage with Devergoil, the
daughter and heiress of Allan of G. G* was famous for a
breed of small, strong horses, mostly used for riding*
In H4 B* iit 4, 205, when Doll suggests that he should
be turned out, Pistol exclaims, " Thrust him down
stairs J Know we not G* nags i " He means that Doll
is like a G* nag, because anyone may ride her* In
Trouble. Reign, p* 308, Philip relates how he escaped de-
struction in the Wash : 44 Myself upon a G* right free,
well-paced, Outstript the floods*" In Dekker's Horn-
book v*, he advises the Gallant to ride to the Ordinary
** upon your g*-nag, or your Spanish jennet*" In
Jonson's Barthol. iv* 3, Knockem addresses the north-
country man as " my g* nag*" Drayton, in Polyolb. iii*
28, speaks of 44 the rank-riding Scots [betting heavily]
upon their Gs/* Hall, in Satires iv* 3, 56, asks, ** Sayst
thou that this same horse shaU win the prize Because his
dam was swiftest Trunchefice, Or Runcevall his sire i
himself a G* < "

GALLUS* A small river rising in N* Phrygia* and flowing
into the Sangarius in Bithynia* Lyly, in Euphues Eng-
landt p* 405, says, 44 It fareth with lovers as with those
that drink of the river G* in Phrygia, whereof sipping
moderately is a medicine, but swilling with excess it
breedeth madness*" Blount, Glossographia (1656),

213

GAMAGE

says it is " a river in Phrygia, the water whereof made
men mad/' See Pliny, Hist. Nat. xxxi* 5*
GAMAGE* A coppice at Penshurst named after the Lady
G*, the ist wife of Sir Robert Sidney* Jonson, in Ode to
Penshurst, says, ** Thy copse, too, named of G*, thou
hast there/'

GAMALA* A fortress of great strength on the E* side
of the Sea of Galilee, generally identified with the pre-
sent El Hosan* It was besieged and taken by Vespasian
in the Jewish war which ended in the destruction of
Jerusalem in A*D* 70* In Heming's Jewes Trag. 590,
Titus reports that the ammunition " is brought from
Antioch, within a day's journey of G/'
GAMARA, or AMARA* Mtn« in the middle of Abys-
sinia, where, according to Heylyn, there were 34 palaces,
and a library containing, amongst other things, the
pillars of Enoch and the whole works of Livy* Gondar
now occupies the site* In Cockayne's Obstinate iii* 3,
Carionil, who pretends to be the ambassador of Prester
John of Abyssinia, says/* I in Garama live Magnificent for
silken palaces/' In iv* 2, he says, " I can make famous G*
as pleasing to you As is your native country/' Evidently
Garama in the former passage is a misprint or slip
for G* Heylyn (s.v. TURCOMANIA) says, " The Emperors
of Habassia use to immure up all their younger children
in the hill A/' Milton, P* L* iv* 281, speaks of " Mt*
A*/' ** where Abassin Kings their issue guard," "under
the Ethiop line By Nilus head, enclosed with shining
rock A whole day's journey high/'
GANDIA* A fortified city on the E* coast of Spain, in the
province of Valencia, 210 m* S*E* of Madrid* The eldest
son of Pope Alexander VI was D* of G* He appears in
Barnes' Charter as the D* of Candie, and his murder by
his brother, Caesar Borgia, is the subject of iii* 5*
GANGES* A river in India rising in the Himalayas and
flowing into the Bay of Bengal at Calcutta after a course
of 1540 m* through the N*W* Provinces* In Marlowe's
Dido v* i, 52neas, as he plans the building of Rome,
prophesies : 44 From golden India G* will I fetch, Whose
wealthy streams may wait upon her towers*" In Fisher's
Fuimus iv« 4, Caesar records the fulfilment of this pro-
phecy : ** From G* to Hesperian Gades Our name doth
sound/' In Marlowe's Tomb. A* v* i, Tamburlaine says
of himself: 44 From the bounds of Afric to the banks Of
G* shall his mighty arm extend*" In B* & F* Lover's
Prog, iv* 4, Lisander says, " Can all the winds of mis-
chief from all quarters, Euphrates, G*, etc*, Make it
[this ocean] swell higher i " In Caesar's Rev. i* 6, Caesar
says to Cleopatra, " Thy beauty shining like proud Phoe-
bus' face Whet) G» glittereth with his radiant beams*"
In the old Timon il. 5, Pseudocheus, in the course of his
travellers' tales, says, *4 In G* lies I 30 rivers saw Filled
with sweet nectar*" In Chapman's D* Olive Hi. i, Van-
dome says, " The Persian k* Made the great river G*
run distinctly In an innumerable sort of channels;
By which means, of a fierce and dangerous flood, He
turned it into many pleasing rivers*" The story is taken
from Petrarch's Secretum, p* 358* So, in T* Heywood's
Dialogues iii* 1519, Earth prays that she might have " So
many rivulets of tears as was by thee [Cyrus] Let into
G** drops, thereby to breed Dry waste unto that channel
drowned his steed*" The author's note is " K* Cyrus,
because he had a steed, whom he much loved, drowned
in the river G*, to be revenged thereof caused so many
currents to be cut, that he dried the channel/' In May's
Agrippina ii* 57, Otho says that if Poppaea lived " be-
yond The Indian G*, Scythian Tanais," she would draw
the Emperor thither* Spenser, F* Q* iv* xi, ax, men-

GARRAK RUEN

tions t4 great G*" amongst the largest rivers in the world*
Milton, P. L. iii* 436, compares Satan to a vulture who
" flies toward the springs Of G* or Hydaspis' Indian
streams*" In ix* 82, he tells how Satan surveyed the
world, including " the land where flows G* and Indus*"
Hall, in Quo Vadis, p* 37, says, " We can tell of those
cheap dieted men that live about the head of the G*,
without meat, without mouths, feeding only upon air
at their nostrils*"

GARAMA (misprint for GAMARA, q.v.).

GARAMANTES* A general name for the Libyans in-
habiting the E* oases in the great desert of Africa : in a
narrower sense the name is used for the people of
Phazania, now Fezsan* In T* Heywood's Dialogues iii*
1818, Samson says that, though Fame " Be fled unto
the sun-burnt Garamanti," she will not find his equal
in strength*

GARDEN* The G* in the following passage is probably
Covent G*, q.v. In Westward ii* i, Justiniano says to
Judith, ** You must to the Pawn to buy lawn, to St*
Martin's for lace, to the G*, to the Glass-houses*"

GARDEN ALLEY* There were many gardens in Lond*,
as, for example, those at Gray's Inn, Lincoln's Inn, the
Temple, Covent G*, Bear G*, Paris G*, etc* These were
the natural hunting-grounds of women of bad character,
and in their alleys they plied their trade* In Nobody
1891, Nobody says, ** Somebody doth maintain a
common strumpet in G.-allies and undid himself*" In
Middleton's Quarrel iv* 4, Trimtram says to Meg,
44 Mayst thou live till thou stinkest in G*-as*" In Glap-
thorne's Hollander iii* i, Fortress, the President of the
Twiball knights, is described as " Duke of Turnbull,
Bloomsbury, and Rotten Row, Lord Paramount of all
G*-as*, Gun Alley, and Rosemary Lane*"

GARDENER'S LANE* St* in Westminster, running
from 26 King St* to Delahay St* In Jonson's Staple iii* 2,
Mirth says, " My gossip Tattle knew what fine slips
grew in G* L*," i,e. what illegitimate children were born
there* The pun suggested the choice of this particular st*

GARGAPHIE* A fountain and valley in Bceotia, close to
Plataea* It was here that Actaeon was turned into a stag
and devoured by his hounds for having seen Diana
bathing* In Chaucer, C* T. A* 2626, he says, 44 Ther nas
no tygre in the vale of Galgopheye So cruel on the hunte
as is Arcite/' Probably Chaucer was thinking of Oar-
gaphia, though there are no tigers there* In Jonson's
Cynthia, lad., one of the actors says, 4t The scene [of the
play is] G* : which I do vehemently suspect for some
fustian country," i.e. imaginary* In i* i, Cupid says,
** Diana, in regard of some slanders breathed against her
for her divine justice on Actaeon, hath here in the vale of
G* proclaimed a solemn revels*"

GARGARUS (more properly GARGARA)* One of the peaks
of the Ida range in Phrygia* In T* Heywood's Dialogues
xyiii* 4835, Mercury says, " Phrygia is not far, for in our
view Ida and G* are/'

GARMA (may be intended for the capital of the Gara-
mantes, q.v., or possibly a slip for Gamra, i.e. GAMARA,
q.v.). In Bacchus, the igth guest came from G* in
^Ethiopia, called Goody Goodale*"

GARRAK RUEN* The high land near Mylor in S* Corn-
wall, overlooking the N* end of Falmouth harbour, still
called Carrick Roads, In Cornish M. P. i* 2464, Solo-
mon says to the Mason, " My a re thyurgh plu Vuthek
Ha'n G* R* gans by thyr," z.e* " I will give you the
parish of Vuthek And the G* R* with its land*"

GARTER

GARTER* An Inn in Windsor, on the right side of
Thames St. coming up from the river, just before one
reaches Peascod St* The sign was the G. of the most
noble Order of the Knights of the G* There is no trace
of the G* left, but it probably stood on the site of the
White Hart* Mine Host of the G* plays a leading part in
M* W. W., and scenes i* 3 ; ii* 2 ; iii* 5 ; iv* 3, 5, 6 ;
v* i, are laid in the G. Inn, where Falstaff had his
lodging.

GASCONY «- GASCOIGNE* A dist* in S*W* France
between the Bay of Biscay, the Garonne, and the
Pyrenees* It was named from the Basques or Vasques
who occupied it when the Visigoths drove them put of
N* Spain* It became part of the Dukedom of Aquitania,
and was in the possession of the English Crown from
1153 till 1453* The people of G* had a reputation for
exaggeration and boastfulness* The chief product of the
country was wine. In World Child, p* 170, Manhood
claims to have conquered " France and also G/* The
reference is to the French conquest of 1453* Hycke,
p. 88, claims to have been in ** Brytayne, Byske, and also
in Gascoyne*" In Barnes* Charter L 5, Gascons are
among the troops of Charles VIII in his invasion of
Italy, 1494* In Middleton's #* G* v. 2, Fitsallard ironi-
cally congratulates Wengrave on his son's marriage
with Moll Cutpurse : ** Give you joy, Sir, of your son's
Gaskoyne bride ; you'll be a grandfather shortly to a
fine crew of roaring sons and daughters**' The reference
is to Moll's gasconnading tone : she is the " roaring
girl*" In Piers C* i. 229, the taverners cry/* White wine
of Oseye and of Gascoyne*" In Webster's Weakest iv* 3,
Sir Nicholas says, 4* I promised to bowl a match at
Guynes for a wager, viz* 2 gallons of G* wine*" In
Nash's Wilton 145, Jack says that his friends " know a cup
of neat G>wine from wine of Orleance*" The G*wine
was much stronger than that of Orleans* In Greene's
Quip (p*243), he says, " If the vintner hath a strong G*
wine, he can allay it with a small Rochel wine*" In
Davenant's Wits L i, Pert says, " It is not comely to see
us sons of war walk by the pleasant vines of G., as we
believed the grapes forbidden fruit." Taylor, Works
(iii* 65), says/* No Gascoygne, Orleance, or the chrystall
Sherrant, Nor Rhenish from the Rhine would be ap-
parant*" In Yarington's Two Trag+ i* i, the Neighbour
says, " I had rather drink such beer as this as any Gas-
coine wine*" The scene of H6 A* iv* 3 and 4 is laid in
the plains of G*

GATE HOUSE* A prison near the W* end of Westmin-
ster Abbey, with 2 gates, one to the N*, the other to the
W* It was here that Raleigh wrote, the night before his
execution, the lines, " Even such is time, etc*" Here
also was the birthplace of Lovelace's To Althea from
Prison. It was built in the reign of Edward III and
pulled down in 1776* Taylor, Works (i*9i), says, "The
ocean that Suretyship sails in is the spacious Marshal-sea,
sometimes she anchors at the K**s Bench, sometimes at
the gulph of the Gate-house*" The Gate was used as a
debtors' prison. In Ev* Worn* L L i, Acutus speaks of
the bankrupt husband of an extravagant wife ** carried
from the Gate-house to his grave."

GATH. One of the 5 cities of the Philistines, in the mari-
time plain on the S* coast of Syria, abt. 25 m* W* of
Jerusalem* It was never taken by the Israelites, and re-
mained a thorn in their side until the close of the
monarchy. It was the home of the famous giant Goliath*
It is probably the modern vilL of Dhikrih* In Peele's
Bethsabe ii* i, David says, " The plains of G* and As-
karon rejoice, And David's thoughts are spent in pen-

GELDERLAND

siveness " (cf* II Samuel i* 20)* In iii* i, he speaks of
Achis, mighty K* of G*" Milton, P. L* i* 465, mentions
that Dagon was worshipped "in G* and Ascalon."
In 5* -4* 266, Samson says that if Judah had been united
44 They had by this possessed the towers of G*" In 981,
Dalila predicts that she will be famous " In Ecron, Gaza,
Asdod, and in G." In 1068, Harapha of G* is intro-
duced : in 1078, he says, 44 1 am of G*, Men call me
Harapha*" In 1127, Samson predicts to him, " Thou
oft shalt wish thyself at G* * * * but shalt never see G.
more*"

GAUL. See GALLIA*

GAULTREE FOREST (spelt GUALTREE in the Ff*).
The f* of Galtres lay N* of York, and covered about
100,000 acres* It was a Royal f* till 1670, when it was
cut up and enclosed. H4 B* iv* i, 2, and 3 are laid
in G*F.

GAUNT. See GHENT.

GAYTON* A vill. in Norfolk, 6 m. E* of King's Lynn* In
Mankind 502, Now-a-days says, ** I shall go to William
Baker of Walton ; to Richard Bolman of G*"

GAZA* The modern Ghazseh, a town in Palestine, 50 m.
S.W* of Jerusalem. It was one of the 5 Philistine cities.
It has always been an important frontier fortress* It
still has a population of some 1800* G* is the scene of
Milton's 5* u4. In 435, Manoah says* " This day the
Philistines a popular feat Here celebrate in G*" In
981, Dalila predicts that she will be famous " In Ecron,
G*, Asdod, and in Gath*" In 1558, after Samson's death,
the Messenger reports : ** G* yet stands ; but all her sons
are fallen." In P. X* i. 466, Dagon is said to be honoured
44 In . * * Accaron and G.'s frontier bounds*" In
Marlowe's Tomb* B* iii* I, the K* of Jerusalem brings,
or professes to bring, 100,000 men " from Jerusalem,
Judaea, G,, and Scalonia's bounds."

GEBAL* A mountainous dist* in Palestine, S* of the Dead
Sea, now called Jebal. Milton, in Trans. Ps* Ixxxiii* 25,
says, " G* and Ammon there conspire And hateful
Amalek/'

GEHENNA. The valley of Hinnom, S* of Jerusalem,
where the refuse of the city was thrown and kept
constantly burning : hence it is used in the New
Testament of Hell, "where their worm dieth not and
their fire is not quenched." Dekker, in News from
Hell, speaks of the Devil as " the M* Gunner of G*,"
M. standing for Master*

GELDERLAND* A province of the Netherlands lying
S*E* of the Zuyder Zee* At the rise of the United
Provinces most of G* joined them, but one part, Spanish
G*, remained true to Spain. At the Treaty of Utrecht
this dist. went to Prussia, but in 1814 it became part of
the kingdom of Holland* It was the scene of various
operations in the wars of the i6th and i7th cents*, and
it was at Zutphen, one of its towns, that Sir Philip Sid-
ney was killed. In Dekker's Hon. Wh. B* v* 2, Bots says,
** I ha' been tried in G. and scaped hardly there from
being blown up at a breach*" In Northward iv* 2, Capt*
Jenkin says, " I think she has sent the poor fellow to G."
In both passages the double entendre is the motive for
mentioning the place. In Barnavdt iv* 5, a document is
produced against Barnavelt signed " by the Governor of
G* and Zutphen*" G* was famous for its fat cattle.
Heylyn (s*v.) says, " In 1570 there was a Guelderland
bull killed at Antwerpe which weighed 3200 pounds."

215

GELDERN

GELDERN (= French GUELDRES)* A town in the
Rhenish Provinces, 27 m* N*W* of Dusseldorf* It was
founded in 1097, and was the residence of the sovereigns
of the circle of G* till 1343* It gave its name to a variety
of Rhenish wine* In Coventry M. P. of Mary Magdalen
478, the Taverner says he has 4* wine of Gyldyr and of
Galles*"

GEMONIES* The Scalae Gemoniae, a stone staircase at
the N*E* corner of the Forum at Rome, between the
Career and the Temple of Concord, where the bodies
of executed criminals were exposed* In Jonson's
Sejanus iv* 5, Arrius says, ** May I say it rains or it holds
up, And not be thrown upon the G* t " In Massinger's
Actor L if Lamia says, " Domitian * * * Is so inclined
to blood that no day passes In which some are not
fastened to the hook, Or thrown down from the G*"
Burton, A* M. iii* i, 2* 3, says, " As so many Sejani,
they will come down to the Gemonian scales*" In Scot*
Presb. iii* i, Liturgy defies all torments to make him
recant, including " Cemonian stairs, Phalarian bulls " :
where Cemonian is a misprint for Gemonian*

GENEZARET, or GENNESARET* A very fertile plain
on the W* side of the Sea of Galilee, toward the N* end*
The sea of Galilee is often called from it the Lake of G*
Milton, P* jR* ii* 33, describes the disciples seeking for
our Lord in " each town or city walled On this side the
broad lake G*"

GENEVA* In Switzerland, at the S*W* end of the Lake of
G*, at the point where the Rhone leaves the Lake* In
1499 & became practically independent of the empire,
and under the leadership of Farel and John Calvin it ac-
cepted the reformed principles in religion* Calvin's
dictatorship made it " the moral capital of the half of
Christendom, and the great frontier fortress against the
invasions of Rome " (Webster)* During the Marian
persecution in England many of the British Protestants
emigrated to G*» including John Knox, Coverdale,
Whittingham, Bodley, Sampson, and Gilby* Here, in
1560, they published the G*, or " Breeches/' Bible,
which was the popular version in England until long
after the publication of the Authorized Version in 1611*
Numbers of pamphlets on the extreme Puritan side
were issued from the G* presses, and G* print came to
stand for that type of literature* The G* hat, bands, and
gown became the outward and visible signs of the
Puritan profession* In True Trag. epilogue, it is
said, in compliment to Elisabeth, " leneva, France, and
Flanders hath set down The good she hath done since
she came to the Crown*" But there was little love lost
between the players and the Puritans, and almost all
the references to G* in the plays are scornful and sar-
castic* In New Custom ii* 2, Perverse Doctrine says,
44 Since these Genevian doctors came so fast into this
land, Since that time it was never merry with England*"
In Middleton's Witch L i, Almachildes says to Atnoretta,
when she will not kiss him, " Amsterdam swallow thee
for a Puritan and G* cast thee up again*" In Barry's
Ram v*, Small-shanks taunts Throate, 4* Wert not thou a
Puritan and put in trust to gather relief for the distressed
G*, and didst thou not run away with all the money i "
In B* & F* Fair Maid L ii* 2, the Clown says, " I'll
provide myself with another movable [r*e* mistress] and
we will most purely retire ourselves to G*" In their
Elder B* iv* 4, Andrew says of a song that he overhears :
" This was never penned at G* ; the note's too sprightly*"
In Barry's Ram iv*, Smallshanks, exhibiting Face as a
performing baboon, says, 44 What can you do for the
Pope of Rome i Hark, he stirreth not, he moveth not,

216

GENOA

he waggeth not ; what can you do for the town of G*,
sirrah i " [He holds up his hands instead of praying,]
44 Sure," says Constantia, " this baboon is a great
Puritan*" In Mayne's Match iv* 5, Baneswright says,
44 You must be married At the French Ch* [z*e* the ch*
granted to the French Protestants in Lond J ; I have be-
spoke a priest ; One that will join you in the right G,
form Without a licence/* In Gascoigne's Government,
Philotimus becomes a preacher 44 of singular commenda-
tion " in G*, whilst Philosarchus is whipped " openly
three several days in the market of G* and banished the
town with great infamy*" In Cockayne's Trapolin iv* i,
Bulflesh says of a Puritan : 44 He is a fellow of strange
opinions and hath sent his son to G* to hear Jack Calvin
preach*"

In Pilg. Pernass. iii, i, Stupido says, "Buy two or
three hundred of catechisms of Jeneva's print and I
warrant you will have learning enough*" In Glap-
thorne's Wit L i, Tristram says, "He has already
spoiled his eyes with prying on G* prints*" In Massin-
ger's Milan i* i, Graccho says, 44 If you meet an officer
preaching of sobriety, Unless he read it in G, print, Lay
him by the heels*" In B* & F* Chances iii, i, Don John
says to the Puritan landlady, " Now could I willingly,
were 't not for abusing thy G* print there, venture my
body with thee*" In Merry Devil, p, 245, the Host says,
44 Smith, I see by thy eyes thou hast been reading a little
G* print," z*e, the smith's eyes are bloodshot with drink-
ing, as if he had been reading the small blackletter of the
G* version* In Chapman's D'Olive ii* 2, D'Olive de-
scribes a Puritan weaver: "Purblind he was with the G*
print*" In Webster's Malfi iv* 2, the 3rd madman says,
44 Greek is turned Turk : we are only to be saved by the
Helvetian translation " : which apparently means the
G* Bible*

In Davenant's Wits L i, Palatine says, " I am a new
man, Luce ; thou shalt find me in a G* band that was
reduced from an old Alderman's cuff*" Earle, in his
Microcosm, xxxiv,, says of the She Precise Hypocrite:
" She is a non-conformist in a close stomacher and a ruff
of G* print " : a jocular application of the familiar term*
The Puritans wore small ruffs which are compared to the
small type of the G* Bible* In Davenant's Plymouth iv*
i, Trifle speaks of a Puritan as " Your little-ruffed G*
man or Fleming*" In Mayne's Match v* i, Newcut says
that Salewit looks " like a G* weaver in black who left
the loom and entered into the ministry for conscience*
sake*" In Davenant's Platonic iii* 3, Arnoldo says, " He's
grown demurer than a G* bride*" In Armin's More-
clacke H 4, Tutch says, 4* Nurse shall sing a G* psalm*"
In Cuckqueans iv* 10, Olivel directs the intending
travellers, ** You shall carry in one of your pockets G*
Psalms; in the other Lady Matins* If you be taken by
Spaniards, you shall shew them your Lady Matins;
if by the English, you shall produce them your G*
Psalms*" The Lake of G. is not specially rich in fish,
but several species are found there, including the Carp
(Cyprinus Carpio). In Davenant's Wits iv*, Engine, in a
list of delicacies, mentions "Your aged carp, bred i' the
G* Lake*"

GENOA (It*, GENOVA)* Often called Geane and Jeane in
the i5th and i6th cents* A city in Italy on the Gulf of
Genoa, 75 m* S.E. of Turin* The rapid rise of the hills
on which it is built gives it a most impressive appearance
from the sea* Its origin is lost in antiquity, and it is said
to be older than Rome itself* In the nth and i2th cents*
G* became a formidable sea-power, and about A*D* 1020
drove the Saracens out of Corsica and Sardinia* Rivalry
broke out between G* and Pisa in the i2th cent*,

G&NOVESTAN

which ended in the disastrous defeat of the Pisans in a
sea-fight at Meloria in 1382* The next hundred years
were spent in wars with Venice with varied success :
Venice came off victorious in 1380 in the battle of
Chioggia. From this blow G* never fully recovered*
She had been governed since 1339 by a Doge elected for
life, but internal feuds distracted her until, in 1396, she
renounced her independence and received a governor
nominated by Charles VI of France* In 1558, however,
Andrea Doria threw off the French domination and
established a biennial dogeship, which lasted down to
the time of Napoleon* In 1815 it was united to the
Sardinian kingdom : it is now part of the kingdom of
Italy*

Historical allusions* In Ed. Ill iii* 4, Loraine ascribes
the defeat of the French at Cressy to the flight of " the
garrison of Genoaes That came from Paris, weary with
their march/' The Genoese archers opened the attack,
but the reply of the English bowmen drove them into
flight* In B* & F* Fair Maid 7* i* i, Alberto relates how
his son Cesario returned ** from the rescue of the G*
fleet, Almost surprised by the Venetian gallies " ; and
how " the brave dames of war-like G*" all fell in love
with him* The scene of Ford's Lady's Trial is laid at G*,
and one of the characters is " the gallant of gallants,
G*'s Piero " (i* i)* The date is in the early part of the
i6th cent*, and G* is fighting along with Florence
against the Turks* B* & F* Valour also takes place at G* :
in i* i, Alice speaks of Valentine's son, whom " You lost
at sea among the G* gallies*" In Marston's Malcontent,
the scene of which is laid at G., the D* of G* is the chief
character ; but in his preface Marston asserts that he
has willingly erred 44 in supposing a D* of G*, and in
taking names different from that city's families*" In his
Ant. Rev, A* iii* i, Piero writes: "The Just overthrow
Andrugip took in the Venetian Gulf hath assured the
Genowaies of the justice of his cause*" In Shirley's
Gent* Yen. iv* 2, the D* of Venice thanks Giovanni for
having "suppressed the late insolent Genoese*" La
Dekker's Wonder i* i, Lotti is banished for 44 dealing with
the Genoway*" The scene of Glapthorne's Privilege and
of Day's Law Tricks is laid at G. In Webster's Law Case
the scene is laid in Venice, but the great Genoese
families of the Fieschi, the Grimaldi, and the Doria are
mentioned as pillars of the State. In Jonson's Ev+ Man
L iii* i, Bobadil boasts that he was at " the taking in of
Tortosa last year by the Genoways*" This was in 1597,
the year before the ist production of the play : in the
edition of 1606 the reading was altered to " the taking
in of what do you call it." In Shrew iv* 4, 4, the Pedant
says, " Signior Baptista may remember me, Near 20
years ago, in G." Hycke, p* 88, relates that he has been
44 in Gene and in Cowe."

Trade, and Commerce, of Genoa. It was in G* that
Tuba! heard, in Merc/z* iii* i, 102* that Antonio had an
argosy cast away coming from Tripolis* In Day's Law
Tricks v* 80, we read of44 a Gn* merchant that with much
suit ransomed" the speaker from the Turk. In Dave-
nant's Favourite iii*, we find a prayer that 44 the Geno-
vesse may be dismissed without a tax upon his goods*"
In Killigrew's Parson iv* 7, the Parson says, " 'Tis
she that married the G* merchant*" G* was one of the
most important banking cities in the world* The Bank
of St* George, founded in 1407, was one of the most
ancient and famous in Europe* In Massinger's Madam
iv. 2, Luke, rejoicing in the prospect of his wealth, says/
44 G/s bankers shall look pale with envy When I am
mentioned*" In Davenant's Distresses v* i, Basilente
says to Orgemon, 44 You have received by letters of ex-

GEORGE, SAINT

change from G* enough to furnish your imagined
quality/' Howell, Travels 41 (1643), says, " When a
Jew meeteth with a Genoway, he puts his fingers in his
eyes, fearing to be over-reached by him*" In Jonson's
New Inn iii* i, Pierce says, 44 Mas* Bartholomew Burst
has broken thrice/' To which Tipto rejoins, "Your
better man, the Genoway proverb says*" The Genoese
had learned the value of a judicious bankruptcy*
Rabelais, Pantagmel iv*, prol*, calls the Genoese
"greedy curmudgeons"; and says that their daily
greeting to one another was " Santa e guadagno " —
44 Health and gain to you*" The best-known pro ducts of
G* were articles of jewellery and filigree work, and
cloth of all degrees of fineness* In Merck iii* i, Tubal
returns from searching for Jessica, and tells Shylock
that she " spent in G* in one night fourscore ducats " ;
and that he saw a ring there that she had sold for a
monkey* In Dekker's Fortunatus iv*, the Chorus says,
44 In G* may you take this fugitive Where, having
cozened many jewellers, To England back he comes*"
In T* Heywood's Hogsdon iv. i, Sencer says, " I can
read service and marry, Que genus et flexum, though I
go in Genes fustian*" In Jonson's New Inn ii* 2, Tipto
suggests to Lord Beaufort to wear 44 the cloke of G* set
With Brabant buttons*" The passage is repeated almost
verbatim in B. & F* Pilgrimage i* i* In Dayenant's Wits
iv* i, Young Palatine gives a list of table delicacies, which
includes " The red-legged partridge of the G* hills "
and *4 G* paste*" The former is the so-called red-legged
partridge of Europe (Caccubis JRrz/a), as distinguished
from the grey or English partridge* G. paste was a
sweetmeat made of quinces, spices, and sugar* Other
Genoese products were G* lettuce and G* treacle* It
will not be forgotten that Christopher Columbus was,
as Capt* Smith (Virginia i* i) puts it, " a Genoesian*"
In Cockayne's Trapolin ii* 3, Horatio speaks of " proud
and stately G*, Renowned by her sea-faring citizen,
Colombo*"

GENOVESTAN* Apparently means " from Geneva " :
possibly it might mean " from Genoa," but the first
suggestion suits the context better* In King Leirf Has*,
p* 378, Mumford addresses the French army, "Ye
valiant race of G* Gawles/'

GEORGE, SAINT* The patron saint of England, q.v.
With or without his dragon he was a common sign for
taverns and other houses* In K+ /* ii* i, 388, the Bas-
tard says, " St* G* that swinged the dragon and e'er
since Sits on his horse back at mine hostess' door Teach
us some fence*" In Jonson's Ev. Man O* ii* i, Carlo
says of the knight Puntarvolo, " When he is mounted*
he looks like the sign of the G." In Strode's Float * Isl* L
a, Irato says, " How long shall I, like to a painted G*
Advance my idle sword ** " There were G* Inns in
Lond* on the S*W* of Drury Lane ; on the N* of Snow
Hill, near Holborn Bdge* ; on the W* side of W* Smith-
field ; on the W* side of Aldersgate St* ; in Dogweli
Court off Bouverie St., afterwards Bowyer's Publishing
Office; in Lombard St*; and on the E* side near the S*
end of the Borough High St., Southwark* The G* and
Vulture — the Vulture doubtless a corrupted form of the
Dragon — is in Castle Court, off G* Yard, and dates from
Elizabethan times : Dickens has conferred on it a new
lease of life* In Deloney's Craft i* 10, Mrs* Eyre says,
44 We'll dine at my cousin John Barker's in St* Clement's
Lane, which is not far from the G. in Lumbard-st.
where the merchant-strangers lie*" La Abington i* 2,
Coomes says, " Now do I stand like the G* at Cole-
brook/' This tavern is also mentioned in Deloney's

217

GEORGE'S (Saint) CHAPEL

Craft if. n* In B* & F* Prize L 3, Petrpnius says, 44 We
shall have you look like St* G* at Kingston Running
afoot back from the furious dragon That with her angry
tail belabours him For being lasy/' The merry Host of
the G* at Waltham, named Blague, is one of the char-
acters in the Merry DeviL In Killigrew's Parson L 3,
Sad says, " I cannot amble nor ride like St* G* at
Waltham/' The same sign was used by the booksellers.
The Ship ofFolys was " Imprinted in the cyte of Lond*
in Fletestrete at the sign of Seynt G* by Richd* Pynson*
1509*" The 1660 edition of the Book of Merry Riddles
was " Printed for John Stafford and W* S* and are to be
sold at the G* near Fleetbridg*" Pynson's shop was next
to St* Dunstan's churchyard by the Chancery Lane
corner* Sidney's Apology for Poetry was ** Printed for
Henry Olney and are to be sold at his shop in Paules
Churchyard at the sign of the G* near to Cheap-gate*
1595*"

GEORGE'S (SAINT) CHAPEL* The chapel of the Knights
of the Garter at Windsor Castle* It was ist built by
Edward III, and afterwards re-erected by Edward IV*
Drayton, in Polyolb. xv* 315, speaks of it as " The
Garter's royal seat, from him who did advance That
princely order first, our first that conquered France ;
The temple of St* G*, whereas his honoured knights
Upon his hallowed day observe their ancient rites**'
Hence the figure of St, G* was the badge of the Order*
In R3 iv* 4, 366, Richd* says, " Now by my G*, my
garter, and my crown*"

GEORGE'S (SAINT) FIELDS* A large open space on the
Surrey side of the Thames between Southwark and
Lambeth, named after the adjoining Ch* of S t* George the
Martyr* It is now completely built over, but St* G*'s
Rd*, running from the Elephant and Castle to West-
minster Edge* Rd*, and St* G*'s Circus at the S* end of
Blackfriars Rd* preserve the name. It was a favourite
Sunday resort of Londoners, and was often used for
large gatherings of people, such as the mustering of the
Trainbands; and the welcome of distinguished visitors
like Catherine of Arragon and Charles II* The notorious
Dog and Duck Inn was here, on the site now occupied
by the Bethlehem Hospital : the old sign, dated 1617,
may still be seen, built into the wall of the Hospital
garden* In H4 B* iii* 2* 208, Shallow says to Falstaff,
44 O, Sir John, do you remember since we lay all night
in the windmill in St, G/s Field i " The Windmill is
marked in Fairthorne's Map of London, 1658, and was
probably a tavern* In H6 B* v* i, 46, York says to his
soldiers, " Meet me to-morrow in St* G*'s Field, You
shall have pay and every thing you wish." The passage
in Contention, from which this is taken, says 44 St*
Georges F*" In Ford's Warbeck iii* i, the K* says,
44 From their own battlements they may behold St* G*'s
F, o'erspread with armed men*" This was in 1497, when
the K* assembled his forces there to meet the Cornish
rebels who were at Blackheath* Harman,in Caveat c.xi»,

,' tells how a certain ** counterfeit Crank went to the water-
side and took a sculler and was set over the water into
St* Gs* f*" In T* Heywood's Hogsdon iv* 2, Luce's
father says, " I'll have my sword ; when I was young,
like him, I had my wards and foins and quarter blows,
And knew the way into St* G*'s F* Twice in a morning*
Tuttle, Finsbury, I knew them all/' These were all
places where duels were frequently fought* In Chivalry
C* i*, Bowyer says, "Once I was fighting in St* G/s F*, and
blind Cupid shot me right into the left heel, and ever
since Dick Bowyer hath been lame*" In Long Meg iv*,
there is an account of a duel fought in St* G/s F* between

GERARDS HALL

Meg and a Spanish Lord* In T* Heywood's Ed. IV B*
120, Jane Shore is found by Brackenbury wear the
Marshalsea, and says she has come " To take the air
here in St* G*'s F* and to visit some poor patients that
cannot visit me,"

GEORGE (SAINT) THE MARTYR* Ch* at the corner of
Borough High St*, Southwark, and Long Lane, on the
E* side* The original ch* was of great antiquity, and be-
longed to the Abbey of Bermondsey* The prisoners
who died in the Marshalsea prison were buried here,
amongst them Bp* Bonner* In the Dirige of Bastarde
Edmonde Boner (1569), we find : 44 My flesh is consumed,
there is but skin and bone, In St* G* Churchyard my
grave and I alone/' The present ch* was built in 1734
on the site of the old one* In J* Heywood's Four PP*
i* i, the Palmer mentions** Saynt G. in Sputhwarke" as
one of the saints whose shrines he had visited* Taylor,
Works (ii* 37), says of someone: " He's in Southwark
near St* G* his ch/' There was also a ch* of St. G* in
Botolph Lane, Billingsgate, not far from Eastcheap J
it was destroyed in the Gt* Fire and rebuilt by Wren*
Simon Read, the supposed original of Jonson's Al~
chemist, lived in the parish of St* G/s Southwark*

GEORGE'S (SAINT) PORT* A harbour on the N*E*
coast of Malta, a few miles N* of Valetta* In B* & F*
Malta i* 3, Astorius says to Mountferrat, 44 You must
prepare against To-morrow morning in the valley here
Adjoining to St* G* P*"

GEORGE'S PORT (SAINT). A gate on the S* of the
city of Antwerp, near the Ch* of St* G* In Larnm D* 2,
Alva says, " St* G* P* and Kibdop we assign To Lord
Romero*"

GEORGIA* The dist* between the Black Sea and the
Caspian, S. of the Caucasus* It boasts a long line of
kings, extending over 2000 years* Tamburlaine invaded
Georgia in 1386 and took the K*, Bagrat V, prisoner :
Bagrat haying turned traitor after his submission,
Tamburlaine ravaged the whole country in 1393 ;
George VII having succeeded to the throne,Tamburlaine
again conquered the country in 1403* In 1801 it was
annexed to the Russian Empire* In Marlowe's Tamb.A*
ii* 2, Meander speaks of ** having passed Armenian
deserts now, And pitched our tents under the Gn* hills*"

GEPIDJE. A Gothic tribe who, under their K*, Ardaric,
joined Attila in his invasion of Gaul, and then settled in
Dacia. Their kingdom was ultimately destroyed by
Justinian* In Davenant's Albovine ii* i, Albovine says
to his bride, " Thy father was great k* of the Girpides "
[szc]* This was Cunemuedus, whom Albovine over-
threw and killed, and of his skull made a drinking-cup*
He married Rosamund, the daughter of Cunemuedus,
and compelled her to drink from her father's skull :
she, resenting the insult, plotted his death*

GERARDS HALL* An ancient merchant's house in
Lond*, on the S* side of Basing Lane off Bread St*,
Cheapside. In 1245 it belonged to John Gisors, Lord
Mayor of Lond*, and Stow thinks that G* H* is a cor-
ruption of Gisors' H*, which hardly seems likely* It was
chiefly remarkable for its fine Norman crypt, built of
Caen stone* There was a legend that it was the home of a
giant catted Gerard, and a fir-pole, 40 ft* long, was pre-
served in the H*, which was said to have been his walk-
ing-staff* The H* was destroyed in the Gt* Fire, but the
crypt was not injured* For some time before it had been
a tavern, and a new tavern was put up on the site* In
1 852 it was removed to make way for the new Cannon St*
Station* The stones of the crypt were numbered and pre-
218

GERARIM

sented to the Crystal Palace, where they were used in mak-
ing the foundations of an engine-house* Taylor, Works
(ii* 81), says, "Deliver this letter at G* H* to Christopher
Guppie, a carrier*" Deloney, in Reading, Intro*, says
that the western clothiers " would ever meet upon one
day in Lond* at Jarrats EL, surnamed the Giant, for that
he surpassed all other men of that age, both in stature
and strength/* In Chap. 5, he tells how they enter-
tained the K/s sons " at our host Garrats, who hath a
fair house and goodly rooms/'

GERARIM (a misprint for GERAZIM; more properly
GERIZIM)* The mtn* in Palestine S* of Shechem, now
Nablous, facing Mt* Ebal on the N* of the narrow
valley* According to Dent, xxvii* 12, the Levites who
were to pronounce the blessings of the Law after the
Israelites came into the Promised Land were to stand on
Mt* Gerizim, and those that pronounced the curses on
Mt* Ebal* The author ofMariam reverses this arrange-
ment, doubtless by a slip of memory* In Mariam iv* 8,
Doris prays, *4 Hear Thou, that didst mt* G* command
To be a place whereon with cause to curse ; Stretch Thy
revenging arm/'

GERMAIN, SAINT* There are a old churches dedicated
to St* G* in Paris : St* G* L'Auxerrois, between the
Rue de Rivoli and the Pont Neuf, from the belfry of
which the signal for the massacre of St* Bartholomew
was given ; and St* G*-des-Pres in the Boulevard St* G*,
originally connected with the Abbey of St* G* founded
in the 6th cent* In Devonshire v* i, Manuel confesses
falsely that he has stabbed his father " near St* Gs* in
Paris in a dark night*" Probably St* G*-des-Pres is
meant, as it would be a more lonely place*

GERMAINS (SAINT) = SAINT GERMAIN-EN-LAYE* A
town in France, 14 m* W* of Paris* The French kings
had an ancient royal residence there, which Francis I
replaced by a fine palace* Louis XIV was born there,
but transferred the Court to Versailles* James II of
England resided there after his deposition* It is now
used as a military prison* In B* & F* Wild Goose ii* 2,
Lillia says, " You know Ismena, the fair gem of St*-G* i tf

GERMANY (Ge* = Germanic, Gn* = German)* The
central part of Europe, lying between France and Bel-
gium on the W* ; Denmark on the N* ; Poland and
Hungary on the E* ; and the Alps on the S* It was
divided into High or Upper, and Low or Lower, G*
According to Fynes Moryson, Upper G* included
Austria, Styria, Carinthia, Athesis (the Tyrol), Rhetia
(the Grisons), Vindelicia (round Augsburg and Ulm),
Bavaria, Suevia, Helvetia (Switzerland), Alsatia, and
the Rhine provinces as far N* as Metz : Lower G* in-
cluded Francpnia, Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, Saxony,
Lusatia, Meissen, Thuringia, Marchia, Brunswick,
Mecklenburg, Hesse, Julich, Cleves, Westphalia, East
Frieseland, Pomerania, and Borusia, or Prussia, z*e*
East Prussia* The Netherlands (t*c* Belgium and Hol-
land), as originally a part of the Empire, are sometimes
included in Low G*, but are more often distinguished
from it* In More jii* 2, Erasmus of Rotterdam is called
44 Thou reverent G/' The Gn* or Holy Roman Em-
peror had a titular authority over the whole country,
but the actual government was in the hands of arch-
dukes, dukes, marquesses, bishops, and other magnates*
The Hanse towns, of which the chief were Lubeck,
Hamburg, and Stoade, were practically Under the con-
trol of their own league, and there were 60 Free Im-
perial cities which recognised the authority of the
Emperor, but were really independent*

GERMANY

High and Low German distinguished. In Dekker's
Edmonton iii* i, Cuddy says there are 8 days in the week
in the Low Countries : 44 How dost thou think they rise
in High G*, Italy, and those remoter places i " In
Barnes' Charter iv* 3, the Physician has studied 44 in
France, in Spain, and higher G*" In T* Heywood's
Challenge ii* i, Bonavide asks, 44 What of the women of
high G* i " In Cuckqueans iv* 8, Floradin says that he
has 44 Travelled High Ge* and low Ge*" Boorde, in
Intro* of Knowledge (1543), distinguishes between Base
Almayne and High Almayne, which is S* of Metz : the
Gn* says, 44 1 am a High Almayne, sturdy and stout, I
labour but little in the world about ; I am a yonker ;
a feather I will wear * * * My raiment is woven much
like a sack*" Low G* is sometimes used for Hell* Dek-
ker, in News from Hellt speaks of the devil as 44 our
Lansquenight of Lowe-Germanie/'

General Allusions. In Lear iv* 7, 90, the Gentleman
says, ** They say Edgar is with the Earl of Kent in G*"
In All's iv* i, 78, Parolles begs, 44 If there be here Gn* or
Dane, low Dutch, Italian, or French, let him speak to
me*" In M* W* W+ iv* 3, i,Bardolph brings word to the
Host of the Garter: "Sir, the Gns* desire to have 3 of
your horses ; the D* himself will be to-morrow at Court
and they are going to meet him/' The Ho'st knows no-
thing of this D*, and it appears that these Gns* (who can
speak English) have had the run of the inn for a week*
In iv* 5, we are told that the 3 cozen Gns* have run off
with the horses: Evans brings word that they have
already cozened all the hosts around of horses and
money; and Caius affords the further information: 4t It
is a-tell me dat you make grand preparations for a d* de
Jamany ; by my trot dere is no d* dat de Court is know
to come*" It is hard to see why this incident should
have been brought in, unless there was some allusion
that the Q* and Court would understand* Now
Frederick, D* of Wiirtemberg and Count Mompelgard,
visited Windsor in 1592, and passed through Maiden-
head, Brentford, and Reading* He had from Sir William
Herbert permission to take post-horses on his journey
without any payment* In the quarto of 1603* Evans
says, 4* There is 3 sorts of cosen garmombles, is cosen
all the Hosts of Maidenhead and Readings*" In the
Folio this is altered to 44 3 Cosen- Jermans/' Garmom-
bles seems to be a perversion of Mompelgard, the and
title of the D* of Wiirtemberg* The date of M* W. W.
is probably 1599, but the D* had been in constant corres-
pondence with Q* Elizabeth, and his visit would not
have been forgotten in 7 years*

Allusions to German History. Milton, P*J?* iv* 78,
describes embassies coming to Rome: "Gns* and
Scythians and Sarmatians/' In Chapman's Cssar L i,
28, Cato speaks of Caesar's army as the scum of G* In
Tiberius 260, the Emperor speaks of Germanicus as
44 Roome's shining beacon in rude G*" In Nero v* i,
Tigellinus says, "Spain's revolted, Portingale hath
joined ; As much suspected is of G/' The reference
is to the revolt of Galba in Spain and of Verginius Rufus
in Upper G* in A*D* 68, which led to the deposition of
Nero* In Dekker's Fortunatus i* i, Fortune says, " This
sometime was a Gn* Emperor, Henry V, who, being
first deposed, Was after thrust into a dungeon, And thus
in silver chains shall rot to death/' Probably Henry IV
is meant : he was excommunicated by Paschal II, and
taken prisoner by his revolting son, Conrad* He died
heartbroken in 1106* In K. J. L i, 100, Robert tells how
his father 44 was once dispatched in an embassy To G*,
there with the Emperor To treat of high affairs/' This
may have been in connection with the homage done by

2x9

GERMANY

Richd* I to the Emperor Henry VI, when the latter in-
vested Richd* with the kingdom of Aries. In HS i* 2,
the Archbp* of Canterbury, relating the history of the
Salic Law of Pharamond, declares ** This Salique * * *
between Elbe and Sala Is at this day in G* called Mei-
sen*" In H8 v«. 3, 30, Gardiner refers to the religious
wars in G* which followed the Council of Trent and
lasted till the Treaty of Passau in 1553* If Cranmer is
allowed to have his way, Gardiner predicts 44 Commo-
tions, uproars, with a general taint Of the whole state ;
as of late days our neighbours, The Upper G*, can dearly
witness/* The Emperor of G* in Greene's Friar is
Frederick II, Fredericus Stupor Mundi, who reigned
1213-1350* When Greene makes him say, in sc* iv*,
44 From Hapsburg I have brought a learned clerk " he
is in error, for Frederick was the last of the Suabian
Emperors, and had nothing to do with Hapsburg. In
Marlowe's Faustus, chor* before sc* viii, we are told of
** the Emperor Carolus the Fifth, at whose palace now
Faustus is feasted/' Sc* x* takes place at the Emperor's
Court at Innsbruck* Charles V* was Emperor from 1519
to 1556* Chapman's Alphonsus deals with the disputed
election to the Empire between Alphonso of Castile and
Richd*, Earl of Cornwall, in 1254* In i* i, 12, Alphonsus
claims, 44 1 am the lawful Gn. Emperor/' In Merlin iii*
6, 115* the Saxon invaders of Britain are called " The
offal fugitives of barren G/' Donne, Elegy i* 34 (1600),
speaks of the Gns* scorning ** the Pope's pride/' Smith's
Hector deals with an imaginary contest for the position
of Emperor during the reign of our K* Edward III*

German Religion. The Protestant Reformation may
be definitely dated from 1517, in which year Luther
nailed his Theses to the ch* door of Wittenberg* By
the middle of the cent* the N* States of G* had almost all
accepted the Reformed Doctrines* and the Lutheran Ch*
became dominant* In Marlowe's Faustus i*, Faust
boasts* "I * * * have with concise syllogisms Gravelled
the pastors of the Gn* ch* And made the flowering pride
of Wittenberg Swarm to my problems/'

National Character, Heylyn (s.v. GERMANIE) says,
44 The men of the poorer sort are laborious, painful, and
of sincere behaviour; the nobles either profound
scholars or resolute soldiers, lovers of true honour;
though Tacitus thought otherwise, saying* * The Gaules
fight for liberty, the Belgians for honours, the Germanes
for gain'; They are little addicted to Venus and very
much to Bacchus : whence the proverb, Germanorum
vivere est bibere* They are of a strong constitution and
much inclined to fatness ; They [are] a people that take
more pleasure to be commanded than to command* In
matters of war, this people have been ever in a measure
famous ; yet not so much by valour of conduct of their
Captains, as by their own hardiness* The women are of
a good complexion, though by reason of their intem-
perance in eating and drinking they are somewhat
corpulent : women of good carriage ; good bearers and
good breeders*" In H6 C* iv* 8, 3, Warwick says, " Ed-
ward from Belgia With hasty Gns* and blunt Hollanders
Hath passed in safety through the narrow seas*" There
is apparently a contrast intended between the heavy
Dutch and the more sprightly Gns* The Gns*, along
with the Dutch and the Danes, had the reputation of
being heavy drinkers* In Merch. i* 2, 90, Portia says of
the young Gn* lord that she likes him 44 very vilely in
the morning, when he is sober, and most vilely in the
afternoon, when he is drunk*'* In Oth. ii* 3, 80, lago
says that in potting 44 your Dane, your Gn*, and your
swag-bellied Hollander are nothing to your English/*
In Cromwell iii* 3, Cromwell reports, " In G* and Hoi-

GERMANY

land riot serves, And he, that most can drink, most he
deserves*" In Jonson's Ev. Man O* v* 4, Macilente calls
Carlo " my good Gn* tapster," when he is proposing to
have a carouse* In B* & F* Wild Goose v. 6, Belleur says,
44 Say we pass through G* and drink hard < " In their
Friends i, i, Marius says that he has not travelled " to
bring home a Gn* health*" In Middleton's Gipsy i* i,
Roderigo says, ** It is as rare to see a Spaniard a drunkard
as a Gn* sober*" In Glapthorne's Privilege iii* i, Adorni
says, ** Your Gn* will carouse a score of goblets to pro-
voke his stomach to his bread and butter*" In Dave-
nant's Albovine i* i, Grimold says that Albovine " is a
Gn* in his drink/' In Tiberius 683, Sejanus says that the
man who will climb must be all things to all men :
" Drink with the Germain, with the Spaniard brave/'
Burton, A, M. iii, 3, i, 2, says, " G* hath not so many
drunkards * * * as Italy alone hath jealous husbands/'

Appearance of the Germans* In Nero iv* i,Nero speaks
of overcoming ** the grey-eyed Gn*" Tacitus speaks of
their 44 truces et caerulei oculi " (Germ* iv*)* In Caesar's
Rev. iii* 3, Caesar speaks of the 44 big-boned Gn*" In
Chapman's Alphonsus i* 3, 261, Alexander says, 44 in G*
A man must be a boy at 40 years, And dares not draw
his weapon at a dog, Till, being soundly boxed about the
ears* His lord and master gird him with a sword*"

Dress. In Ado iii* 2, 34, Pedro says of Benedick :
" [He is] a Gn* from the waist downward, all slops*"
In Merch. i. 2, 81, Portia thinks that the young Baron of
England 44 bought his bonnet in G*" In T* Heywood's
Lucrece iii* 5, Valerius, enumerating the hats of various
nations, says, ** The Gn* loves his cony-wool," i.e.
rabbit-skin cap*

German Women. In H5 L 2, 48, the Archbp* thinks that
the Salic Law was due to the French " holding in dis-
dain the Gn* women For some dishonest manners of
their life/' In Massinger's Guardian ii* 5, Calipso,
characterising the women of the nations she has visited,
speaks of " the sober Gn*" In Costly Wh. ii* i, the D*
says, ** Courtesans are strange with us in G*"

German Magic and Proficiency in the Black Art. In
Jonson's Ev. Man O* v* 4, Carlo says to Puntarvplo,
** You may have, as you come through G*, a familiar
for little or nothing, shall turn itself into the shape of
your dog or any thing, what you will*" Faust, in
Marlowe's Faustust is a Gn* ; and in i* 96, he addresses
Valdes as " Gn* Valdes " : this may be a mistake for Her-
man, but if the reading is right it would seem to mean
"Valdes proficient in magic*" In B* & F* Fair Maid L
iv* 2, the Host, speaking of the conjurer Forobosco, says,
44 Were Paracelsus the Gn, now living, he'd take up his
single rapier against his terrible long sword*" In M, W»
W. iv* 5, 71, Bardolph says that the Gns*" Set spurs and
away like 3 Gn* devils, 3 Dr. Faustuses*" In Glap-
thorne's Wit i* i, Thorowgood says that Holdfast has
learned " to walk like Faustus or some high Gn* con-
jurer, in a cap fit for a costermonger/'

German Skill in Mechanics. In Davenant's Wits v*, 5
Thwack says, 44 I'll send him down to country fairs for
a new motion made by a Gn* engineer/' A motion
means a puppet-show, or a mechanical marionette*
The Gn* clocks with moving figures, like the clock in
Strasbourg Cathedral, were very common* In L. L. L.
iii* i, 192, Biron says, " A woman that is like a Gn*
clock, Still a-repairing, ever out of frame, And never
going aright*" In Jonson's Epicoene iv* i, Otter says of
his wife : 44 She takes herself asunder still when she goes
to bed, into some 20 boxes ; and about next day noon is
put together again, like a great Gn* clock ; and so comes
forth and rings a tedious larum to the whole house/'

220

GERMAN SEA

In Middleton's Jf* G* iv, i, Sir Alexander says, " Here,
take my Gn* watch, hang 't up in sight/' In Cart-
wright's Ordinary i* 5, Hearsay speaks of the antiquary
as ** that old Eremite thing That, like an image in a Gn*
clock, Doth move, not walk*" In Dekker's Westward L i,
Birdlime says, " No Gn* clock requires so much repara-
tion as a lady's face."

Miscellaneous allusions. In H4 B* ii* i, 156, Falstaff
speaks of " the Gn* hunting in a water-work " : that is,
in some sort of distemper or water-colour* The picture
was probably one of a boar hunt, that form of sport being
popular in G* In Mars ton's Malcontent^ v* i, Passarello
says of Maquerelle : " She gets all the picture makers to
draw her picture; when they have done she most
courtly finds fault with them ; they, in revenge of this,
execute her in pictures as they do in G*, and hang her in
their shops*" But in Dodypoll i* 2, Moth says, " More
art is shadowed here Than any man in G* can show*"

The Boar was common in the forests of G*, and
was frequently hunted* In Cym+ ii* 5, 16, Posthumus
speaks of lachimo as " a full-acorned boar, a Gn* one/'
In Davenant's Siege i* i, Ariotto says, " We shall live
worse than boars in G*," z*e* we shall be merely prey to
Mervole's exactions* In Coryat's Crudities (1611) 396,
we find : ** Hunting of wild boars is more exercised by
the Gns* than by any other Christian nation/' In Dave-
nant's Italian v* 3, Altamont says, " The cymbals of
India call Castilian cornets forth And Gn* viols wake the
Tuscan lute/' In Chapman's Alphonsus iii* i, 148, when
Edward says, ** Alas ! I cannot dance your Gn* dances,"
Bohemia says, ** We Gns. have no changes in our
dances, An Almain and an Upspring, that is all*" The
former was a grave, the latter a lighter measure* In
Chivalry, Bowyer says of Peter: "His tongue crawls as
fast as the cheese doth in G." In Brome's City Wit ii* 2,
Crasy says, ** The taking of my degree cost me 12
French crowns and five-and-thirty pound of salt butter
in upper G." Heylyn (s*v* GERHANIE) says, ** Their
language is very harsh* by reason of its many con-
sonants*" Germania is used in the sense of the gibberish
spoken by the Spanish rogues ; in Middleton, Gipsy
ii* i, Alvarez says* " The arts of Coco-quismo and Ger-
mania used by pur Spanish pickaroes — I mean, filching,
foisting, nimming, jilting — we defy/'

Special allusions. In Middleton's #* G* ii* i, Moll
says, ** I have struck up the heels of the high Gn/s size
ere now " ; and again (iii* i), " A name which I'd tear
out of the high Gn/s throat, if it lay leiger there*" This
would appear to have been a Gn* fencer of great height
and strength, who was in Lond* at the time* In the
Curtain Drawer of the World (1612) 27, it is said:
** Those escape very hardly, like the Gn* out of Wood-
st*" In Shirley's Opportunity iii* i, Ascanio comes in
disguised as the High Gn* who " has beaten all the
fencers in Europe*" In Noble Soldier ii* 2, Baltasar says,
"Shall I be that Gn* fencer and beat all the knocking boys
before me*"' Dekker, in Owls Almanac (1618) 7, says,
"The G* fencer cudgell'd most of our English fencers now
about a month past*" In Swetnam L 2, Misogonus says,
44 I'll teach you the very mystery of fencing that you
shall beat all the fencers in G*" Dekker, in News from
Hell, says of the Devil: " As for rapier and dagger, the
Germane may be his journeyman*" In Ret* Pernass. iv*
3, Philomusus inquires of the actor Kemp, 4t How doth
the Emperour of G* s1 " Apparently the reference is to
some recent visit of Kemp to G* : English comedians
occasionally visited G* and were acting at Nurnberg in
1604* This play was first printed in 1606* In Shirley's
Courtier iv* i, Orsino says, " There is a famous painter

GIBEON

sojourns here in Mantua, a Gn*, Shadan Wierex*" In
his Honoria iii* i, Maslin says of Fulbank: "He looks
like the pyed piper in G* that undertook to cure the
town of rats*" This is the Piper of Hamelin, immor-
talized by Browning* The story is told in Verstegan's
Restit. of Decayed Intelligence, published in 1634, and
the date is there given as June 26, 1284* The piper's
name was Bunting* The German method of execution
was by breaking on the wheel* In Dekker's Dead Term
(1608), Westminster says of Charing Cross that his
limbs are broken 4t as if he were a malefactor and had
been tortured on the G* wheel*" W* Rowley, in Search
30, says, " There were others that offered to suffer the
Gn* strappado for his [Money's] sake," z*e* hanging up
by a rope and then being suddenly dropped, so as to
dislocate the joints*

GERMAN SEA* On the E* coast of England, more
properly called the North Sea* In Peele's Alcazar ii* 4,
126, Sebastian says of England: ** The G* Seas alongst
the E* do run*" Drayton, in Polyolb. xv* 62, describes
the Gt. Ouse as taking his course 4* directly down into
the G* deep*"

GERSEN. SeeGosHEN*

GESUR, or GESHUR* A small Syrian state on the W*
border of Bashan, S* of Hermon* David married Maa-
cah, the daughter of Talmai, K* of G*, and Absalom
took refuge with him after the murder of his brother
Amnon* In Peele's Bethsabe ii* 3, David says to Ab-
salom, " Live, and return from G* to thy home ; Re-
turn from G* to Jerusalem*"

GET^E* A tribe inhabiting the dist* in Thrace between
Mt* Haemus and the Ister* They are often confused
with the Gothi, but are really quite distinct from them*
(see under GOTHS)* In T*Heywopdrs Dialogues iii* 1757,
Hector speaks of " powerful skill in Geticke weapons
tried/'

GETULY. See GJETUUA*

GHENT (French, GAND), usually spelt GAUNT* A city in
Belgium, 30 m* W* of Antwerp. It was a great trading
city in the Middle Ages* Its cathedral and Hotel de
Ville are amongst the most beautiful in Belgium* It was
besieged and captured by the D* of Parma in 1584*
Chaucer's Wife of Bath (C* T* A* 448) had of cloth-
making " swich an haunt, She passed hem of Ypres and
of Gaunt*" John of Gaunt, D* of Lancaster, was born
there in 1340* The scene of Acts I and II of B* & F,
Beggar's is laid at G* In Jonson's Fortun* Isles, Jophfel
sings of " Mary Ambree Who marched so free To the
siege of Gaunt And death could not daunt/' This lady,
who disguised herself as a soldier, is celebrated in the
ballad beginning, "When captains courageous whom
death could not daunt Did march to the siege of the city
of Gaunt*" Hall, in Epp. i* 5 (1624), says of it : ** Gaunt,
a city that commands reverence for age and wonder for
the greatness*"

GIBEAH* A town, in the tribe of Benjamin in Palestine,
probably to be identified with Tel-el-Ftd, 3 m* N* of
Jerusalem* It was the birth-place of Saul, and the scene
of the outrage described in Judges xix* 14, etc* Milton,
P* L* i* 504, refers to 4t that night In G*, when the
hospitable door Exposed a matron, to avoid worse rape/*

GIBEON* An ancient city of Palestine, now el-Jib, be-
tween 5 and 6 m* N*W«. of Jerusalem* The inhabitants
tricked Joshua by a false embassy and were in conse-
quence condemned to be *' hewers of wood and drawers
of water " (see Josh. ix«. 3-27)* In Monom L 6, Con-

221

GIBRALTAR

stabarus says, ** Make us wood-hewers, water-bearing
wights, Use us as Joshua did the Gibonites*" In Mar-
mion's Leaguer L 5, Agurtes says of some men who are
announced to see him: ** They are my Gibeonites, are
come to traffic with me/* In Peeled Bethsabe iL 3, David
recalls the defeat of Ishbosheth " by the pool of G*"
(see II Sam. ii* 13). The pool still remains, to the S*W*
of the hill on which the vill* stands » Milton, P* L, xii*
265, quotes Joshua's command to the sun, ** Sun, in G*
stand, And thou, moon, in the vale of Ajalon " (see
Joshua x* 12)*

GIBRALTAR* A fortress on the southernmost point of
Spain on the Straits of the same name* The Moors
made it the site of a fortress in the 8th cent., and named
it Gebel Tarik (Rock of Tarik), from their leader* In
1463 it was taken by the Spaniards, and remained in
their possession till 1704, when Sir George Rooke took it
and hoisted the English flag* It was besieged by France
and Spain in 1782, but unsuccessfully* It is still a
British possession* In Stucley 2451, Muly Hamet boasts
that his dominions ** look upon Canaries* wealthy iles
And on the west to Gibaltara's straights*" In line 1562,
Philip of Spain promises that a fleet shall wait the com-
ing of Sebastian " near to the Straits Of Giberalter in a
haven there Called El Porto de Sancta Maria*" In
Middleton's Changeling i* i, Vermandero says of his
father : " An unhappy day Swallowed him at last at G*
In fight with those rebellious Hollanders*" I cannot find
any record of a fight with the Dutch at G* In Davenant's
Plymouth iv* i, Trifle invents the preposterous news
that ** The Spanish fleet that anchored at G* is sunk by
the French horse*" In Day's Travails (Bullen, p* 40),
the Chorus says that Sir Thomas " is come unto the
Streights of Gibralter*" In W* Rowley's All's Lost i* i,
23, Medina speaks of " the streights of Gibbraltar " as
separating Africa from Europe* Milton, P* L* i* 355,
speaks of .the barbarian hordes spreading 4* Beneath G*
to the Libyan sands," z*e* to the south of G* In Dray-
ton's Merry Devil i* 2, 14, the Host says, ** Let me cling
to your flanks, my nimble Giberalters, and blow wind
in your calves to make them swell bigger*" The rock of
G* is the only place in Europe where monkeys are
found: hence the meaning is "monkeys*" There is
probably also some thought of the 44 gibbering " of
these animals* C/* Harvey, Pierce* s Supererogation (i 592)
158 : ** Cumane ass and fool, And dolt, and idiot, and
Gibaltar*" Puttenham, Art of Poesie (1589) ii*, tells
how Hercules set "2 pillars in the mouth of the strait
G*" with the motto Nonplus ultra. In verses prefixed
to Coryat's Crudities (i6n),Vadianus says that Coryat's
fame stretches " from the Magellan strait to G*"
See also JUBALTAR*

GIHON* One of the rivers of Paradise* In Gen. ii* 13,
we read : " the name of the 2nd river is G* ; the same is
it that compasseth the whole land of Cush*" If Cush
means the land of the Cassi, the river will be the Kerk-
hah : others think that the Nile is intended, and that
the tradition was that the 4 great rivers of the world, the
Tigris, Euphrates, Nile, and Ganges, all rose in the
Garden of Eden* In Greene's Orlando L 2, Rodamant
speaks of ** that wealthy Paradise From whence floweth
Gyhon and swift Euphrates*" In his Friar xvi, 66, K*
Henry compares England to ** that wealthy isle Circled
with Gihen and swift Euphrates,** z*e* Paradise* In
Marlowe's Tam6* A* v* i, Tamburlaine says, " I will not
spare these proud Egyptians For all the wealth of G*'s
golden waves*" Possibly Marlowe was confusing G*
with the first river, Pison, ** which compasseth the

GILES (St)-IN~THE-FIELDS

whole land of Havilah where there is gold*" Greene, in
Mourning Garment (Wks* ix* 127), describes the city of
Callipolis as " seated in the land of Avilath compassed
with G, and Euphrates, 2 rivers that flow from Eden*"
Spenser, jp* Q* i* 7, 43, describes Eden as the land
44 Which Phison and Euphrates floweth by And Gehon's
golden waves do wash continually*"

GILBOA* Mtn* in Palestine on the S*E* of the Plain of
Jesreel, now Jebel Fuqua* It is chiefly memorable as the
scene of the defeat and death of Saul. In Middleton's
Tennis , Pallas says of Joshua: 4* At his command Hyperi-
on reined his fiery coursers in And fixed stood o'er Mt*
G*" Pallas is not quite exact in her knowledge of the
scriptures* The passage in Joshua x* 12 runs : " Sun,
stand thou still upon Gibeon " : no doubt therefore G*
is a slip of memory for Gibeon* In Peele's Bethsabe ii* 3,
Hamon says that the blood of Saul and Jonathan " from
G* ran In channels through the wilderness of Ziph "
(see / Sam. xxxi.) * But the wilderness of Ziph was nearly
100 m* from Mt* G* !

GILDED KEY* A bookseller's sign in Lond, The
Honest Lawyer was " Printed by George Purslowe for
Richard Woodroffe and are to be sold at his shop near
the great North-door of Paules at the sign of the guilded
Key* 1616*"

GILDERLAND* See GELDERLAND*

GILES (Sx.) CRIPPLEGATE* Ch* in Lond* at the W*
end of Fore St* The ist ch* was built in 1090, and was
replaced by the present building in the I4th cent* It
escaped the Gt* Fire, and is one of the few old Gothic
churches yet remaining in the City* Margaret Lucy,
the 2nd daughter of Shakespeare's Sir Thomas Lucy,
was buried here, as were John Foxe, Martin Frobisher,
and the John Miltons, father and son* There is an entry
in the marriage register : ** Married Ben Johnson and
Hester Hopkins " July 27th, 1623* This may have been
rare Ben* Nathan Field, the dramatist, and a child of
James Shirley's were christened In the ch*, and here
Oliver Cromwell was married to Elizabeth Bourcher*
Dekker, in Wonderful Year (1603), speaks of the ravages
of the Plague in Lond*, and says, 4t The 3 bald sextons
of limping St* Gyles, St. Sepulchres, and St. Olaves
ruled the roast more hotly than ever did the Triumviri
of Rome*" Limping St* Gyles means St* Gyles in
Cripplegate as distinguished from St* Gyles-in-the-
Fields*

GILES (ST*)-IN-THE-FIELDS* Originally a vill* near
Lond., S* of what is now New Oxford St* It grew up
round a hospital for lepers founded by Matilda, Qt of
Henry I, in 1101, and dedicated to St* Giles, the patron
saint of lepers* It lay S* of High St*, near the present
parish ch* The hospital chapel became the parish ch*,
and so continued till 1623, when it was demolished, and
a new ch* was built and dedicated in 1630* The present
ch* took its place in 1734* The pound and cage stood
in the middle of High St, but were removed in 1656 to
the junction of Tottenham Court Rd* and Oxford St*
Prisoners on the way to Tyburn to be executed passed
the Hospital, and it was customary to give them there a
bowl of wine* After the dissolution of the hospital the
custom was kept up at the Bowl Inn, between the end
of High St* and Hog Lane. Bowl Alley, on the S* side
of High St*, long preserved the name* The Angel Inn
was a rival of the Bowl in this function* Executions not
infrequently took place at St* G/ at the back of the
hospital garden* George Chapman and James Shirley
were buried in the churchyard*

222

GILES (Saint), OXFORD

In Bale's Chronicle of Sir John Oldcastle, we read:
" They had a great assemble in Sainct Gyles-Field at
Lond* purposing the destruction of the land/' In Old-
castle ii* 3, the rendezvous is Picket's Field, " behind
St* G* i* t* field near Holborne*" At which Murley ex-
claims : 44 Newgate, up Holborne, St* G* i* t* field, and
to Tiborne : an old saw*" Bale goes on to say that Sir
John ** was drawn forth into Sainct Giles-Felds where
as they had set up a new pair of gallows " : there he was
executed by being burnt over a slow fire* In Hycke,
p*99, Freewill tells how he got into prison and his friend
Imagination went to look for him t " He walked through
Holborne and walked up toward Saynte Gyles in the
feide," evidently expecting to see Freewill on his way to
Tyburn* The town, as it was still called at the end of
the 1 6th cent*, was a poor dist* and a resort of bad
characters* Harman, in Caveat ii*, tells of his pursuit of a
counterfeit crank, who dodged him by taking a boat to
St* George's F* : " I had thought," says he, " he would
have gone into Holborne or to Saynt Gylles in the felde*"
In Jonson's Devil v* i, Ambler tells how he went with
his doxy to Tyburn, and then had to lend her his shoes
and " walk in a rug by her, barefoot, to St* G*" In
B* & F* Wit S* W. ii* 4, Wittypate and his fellow-
thieves have their rende^ous ** at the Three Cups in
St* G*" In Barry's Ram iii* a, Throate, planning to
abduct Frances, says, 44 Let the coach stay at Shoe-lane
end ; and when she's in, hurry towards St* G* i* t* F*"
In News from the Wood St. Counter (1642), it is men-
tioned in a list of places of a bad reputation* In Brome's
Sparagus v* 6, Hoyden is carried in a sedan ** up to a
lodging in St* Gileses*" In Stucley 580, we are intro-
duced to " Thomas Thump, the buckler-maker of S*
G*" To go by St* G* to Westminster is a proverbial
expression for missing one's way or making a mistake*
Nash, in Pierce E. i, says, " I would not have you think
that all this that is set down here is in good earnest, for
then you go by S* Gyles, the wrong way to Westmin-
ster*" In Deloney's Craft ii* n, the Green K* of St*
Martin's " at St* G* i* t* f* met the rest of his company/'
and shortly after 4* they came to the highway turning
down to Westminster*"

GILES (SAINT), OXFORD* An ancient ch* in Oxford,
at the N* end of St* G* St* In Seven Days the prologue
is spoken by the clerk of St* Gyleses*

GILT BIBLE* The sign of a bookseller's shop in Pater-
noster Row* The relation of Sad and Lamentable
Accidents at Wydecombe was "Printed at Lond* by
G* N* for R* Harford and are to be sold at his shop in
Queen's-Head-Aliey in Paternoster Row at the Gilt
Bible. 1638*"

GILTSPUR STREET* A st* in Lond, running N* from
the W* end of Newgate St* to W* Smithfield* Originally
the part between Cock Lane and Smithfield was called
Pie Corner* Stow says it was at first called Knight-
rider St*, because the knights coming to tournaments in
Smithfield passed along it* Lady Alimony was ** Printed
by Tho* Vere and William Gilbertson and are to be sold
at the Angel without New-Gate and at the Bible in G*
st*"

GINNEY* See GUINEA*

GIPSY* Applied to a wandering race originally from
India, who appeared in England in the i6th cent* They
were supposed to have cotne from Egypt, and the name
is a short form of Egyptian, g*vt In As v* 3, 16, the a
pages sing ** both in a tune, like 2 gipsies on a horse*"
It is used depreciatingly of a dark beauty, the fashion in

GLASTONBURY

Elizabeth's reign being for blondes* In R. & J* ii* 4, 44,
Mercutio says, " Cleopatra to this lady was a g*" In
A* & C* i* i, 10, Philo says that Antony 44 is become the
bellows and the fan To cool a g*'s lust*" In iv* 12, 28,
Antony says, 44 This false soul of Egypt * * * Like a
right g* hath at fast and loose Beguiled me to the very
heart of loss*" ** Fast and loose " was a trick like
Pricking the Garter, by which the gs* cozened the simple
folk* It is also used of a woman in the sense of a baggage
or flirt* In Shirley's Love Maze iv*, Thorold says of a
lady : " She was a very g* You were no sooner parted
but she used me basely*" In B* & F* Gipsy, these people
play a leading part* In Middleton's Dissemblers iv* i,
Aurelia disguises herself as a g* and joins a band of them*
Gs* were usually fortune-tellers and astrologers* Ran-
dolph, in Hey Hon. L i, says, " Troth, and he may
tell you your fortune, gipsie-like, and all out of your
pockets too*" In Lawyer iii*, Robert says, "Sky-
consulting Gypsiemen commit sins dark as night and
blame the stars for it*" The English Gs* had their
head-quarters in the Peak of Derbyshire, as Jonson's
Gipsies indicates* See under EGYPT*
GIRPEDES* See GEPIDJE*

GLAMIS* Vill* in Forfarsh*, Scotland, 45 m* N* of Edin-
burgh : i m* N* of the vill* is the ancient castle* Mac-
beth became Thane of G* by the death of his father
Synel, and was so at the opening of the play* In i* 3, 48,
the ist witch addresses him, " Hail to thee, Thane of G*'*
In 71, Macbeth says, 44 By Sinel's death I know I am
Thane of G*" In i* 5, 16, Lady Macbeth says, " G*
thou art and Cawdor " ; in ii* 2, 43, Macbeth says,
44 G* hath murdered sleep and therefore Cawdor Shall
sleep no more*" In iii* i, i, Banquo says, " Thou hast it
now; k*, Cawdor, G*, all*" But, as a matter of fact,
Macbeth's father was Finley or Finel; and probably
Sinel is merely a compositor's mistake for Finel, just as
in i* 3, 39 he prints Sorres for Forres* Moreover, it was
the tbanedom of Ross, not of G*, that descended to
Macbeth from his father*

GLAMORGAN* A county in S* Wales on the Bristol
Channel* The N* parts of the county are very mountain-
ous* In Jonson's Wales, Howell declares that their music
is as loud as "rumbling rocks in s'eere [z.e* shire]
G*" In T* Heywood's Royal King i* i, the Welchman
says, 44 If ever I shall meet you in G* or Radnock-shire,
I will requite your kindnesses/' Spenser, JF* Q* ii* 10,
33, says of Morgan: "He to those woody hills did fly,
Which hight of him G*"

GLASSENBURY* See GLASTONBURY*

GLASS HOUSE* The first glass manufactory in Lond*
was set up about 1580 in Crutched Friars by James, or
Jacob, Verselyn, a Venetian* Another and better known
one was established in Blackfriars, between Church
Entry, Playhouse Yard, and Water Lane* It was a
fashionable amusement to visit the glass-houses and see
the process of glass-making* Dekker, in Knight's Con-
juring, says of Hell: "Like the g*-h> furnace in Black-
friars, the bone-fires that are kept there never go out*"
In Westward ii* i, Justiniano says to Judith, ** You must
to the Pawn to buy lawn ; to St* Martin's for lace ;
to the Garden ; to the G*-h*" In Killigrew's Parson iii*
i, Mrs* Pleasant says, ** I'll go to a play with my servant
and so shall you ; and we'll go to the g*-h* afterwards*"
Dekker, in Jests, says, ** O Envy, wash thine eyes that
looks flaming like the ceaseless fire of the Glashouse*"

GLASTONBURY* A town in Somersetsh*, 134 m* W*
of Lond* The abbey, of which considerable ruins re-

GLENCORNE, or GLENCAIRN

main, was one of the oldest in England* According to
legend the ist ch* was built there by Joseph of Ari-
mathsa, who also planted the famous G* Thorn from a
slip of the Crown of Thorns placed upon the brow of
our Lord* The actual thorn was destroyed at the
Reformation, but specimens of it are still to be seen in
different parts of the county* The monastery was founded
by Ine in the 8th cent*, but the buildings were restored
by Henry II* The famous Dunstan was appointed
abbot in 946* In J. Heywood's Weather, p* too, Merry
Report has been " at Gravelyn, at Gravesend, and at G*"
In Grim i* i, Dunstan tells of a vision " Which I beheld
in great K* Edgar's days Being that time Abbot of
Glassenbury*" In S* Rowley's When you B* r , Summers
says, " There is other news : the great bell in Glassen-
berie has tolled twice, and K* Arthur and his knights
of the Round Table are alive again***
GLENCORNE, or GLENCAIRN* A vill* in Dumfriessh*
Scotland* In Sampson's Vow i* 3, 17, James Coning-
ham, ** son to the Earl of G*," is mentioned as one of
the hostages to England*

GLENDALE* In the island of Skye, 8 m* W* of Dun-
vegan* In T« Heywood's Ed. IV A* 83, Jockey, who
from his dialect is meant to be a Scotchman, appeals
for justice against "Billy Grime of G*** This probably
means William Graham : Graham, or Graeme, being a
common Scottish name*

GLOBE* The famous theatre on the Bankside, South-
wark* It was begun in Dec* 1598 by the brothers
Richd* and Cuthbert Burbage, who pulled down their
old house, the Theatre in Shoreditch, and used the
materials for the new building* Dr* Wallace has recently
proved that it stood, not where Barclay's Brewery is
situated, S* of Park St* (formerly Maiden Lane), but N*
of Park St*, between Deadman's Place and Horseshoe
Alley* It was a round wooden structure on a foundation
of brick and cement, and had a thatched roof* Over the
door was the sign of Hercules bearing the world on his
shoulders* In Ham. ii* 2, 365, Rosencrantz declares that
the boy actors carry away ** Hercules, and his load too*"
Here Richd* Burbage acted and Shakespeare's greatest
plays were produced, the poet being one of the share-
holders in the house* On June 29th, 1613, a discharge
of pieces in the performance of the play All is True set
fire to the thatched roof, and the whole theatre was de-
stroyed* It was at once rebuilt in an octagonal form and
with a tiled roof* It was pulled down by Sir Matthew
Brand on April i5th, 1644, to make room for tenement
houses* Henry V was probably produced here in 1599,
though others think that it was first played at the Cock-
pit* In the prologue 13, the Chorus says, " May we
cram Within this wooden O the very casques That did
affright the air at Agincourt 1 " Jonson's Ev. Man 0*
was produced the same year ; and in v* 7, Macilente
appeals to the audience, " We * * * entreat The happier
spirits in this fair-filled G* * * * That with their bounte-
ous hands they would confirm This as their pleasure's
patent*" In his Poetaster iii* i, Histrio says that the
theatres are " on the other side of Tyber," i,e* Thames*
And Tucca answers : ** An you stage me, your mansions
shall sweat for it, your tabernacles, varlets, your Gs»,
and your Triumphs I " In Cooke's Greene's Quoque,
p* 558, Scattergood says, " Let's go see a play at the G*"
Jonson, in his Execration upon Vulcan, says* *4 O these
reeds ! thy mere disdain of them Made thee beget that
cruel strategem, Which some are pleased to style but
thy mad prank, Against the G*, the glory of the Bank ;
Which, though it were the fort of the whole parish,

GLOUCESTER

Flanked with a ditch and forced out of a marish, I saw
with 2 poor chambers taken in And razed, ere thought
could urge this might have been* See the world's ruins J
nothing but the piles Left, and wit since to cover it with
tiles*'* Taylor, Works (iii* 3 i),says," As gold is better that's
in fire tried. So is the Bankside G* that late was burned ;
For where before it had a thatched hide, Now to a stately
theatre 'tis turned*'^ In Randolph's Muses i* x, Mrs*
Flowerdew, the Puritan, tells how she heard a brother
pray ** that the G*, wherein, quoth he, reigns a whole
world of vice, might be consumed*" Glapthorne's
Wallenstein was " acted at the G* on the Bank-side
1640*" In prol* to Leaguer, Marmion, speaking of the
rival theatres, says, " The one The vastness of the g*
cannot contain*" In 1607 the Stationers* Register states
that ** a book called Mr* William Shakespeare his history
of K* Lear was played before the K/s Majesty at White-
hall by his Majesty's servants playing usually at the g*
on the Banksyde*" Hugh Holland, in his verses on
Shakespeare, prefixed to the ist Folio, says, " His days
are done that made the dainty plays Which made the G*
of heaven and earth to ring," Lenten, in Young Gal-
lant's Whirligig (1629), describes " His satin garments
and his satin robe, That hath so often visited the G."

GLOBE* A tavern in Shoe Lane, with a passage into
Fleet St., on the N* side at what was formerly No* 134*
In 1629 one J°hn Clopton was the landlord* In T+
Heywood's Lucrece ii* 5, Valerius, in his tavern-list, sings
** The G* the seaman doth not scorn*" In Jonson's
Devil iii* i, Meercraft upbraids Everill with 44 haunting
the Gs* and Mermaids, wedging in with lords still at the
table***

GLOUCESTER (pronounced and often spelt GLOSTER;
Gr* = Gloster)* The county town of Gshire*, on the left
bank of the Severn, 107 m* W* of Lond* It is the ancient
British Caer-Gloui, the Roman Glevum* A monastery,
dedicated to St* Peter, was founded in 679, and was
placed under the Benedictine rule in 1022* The founda-
tions of the present cathedral were laid about the end
of the nth cent* The tower belongs to the i5th cent*
Henry I died here, Henry III was crowned in the
cathedral, then the abbey ch*, Robert, son of William I,
and Edward II were buried in the abbey* The New Inn
in Northgate St* dates from 1450* There are 14 churches
in the city : hence the proverb " as sure as God*s in G*"
The curfew is still rung at the Ch* of St* Michael* In
Earle's MicrocosmogrGphy xv* (1628), he says of the
Carrier : " He is like the vault in G* Ch* that conveys
whispers at a distance*" In Tomkis's Albumazar i» 3,
Ronca says that Albumazar has made an instrument to
magnify sound, so that you may hear a whisper from
Prester John " as fresh as it were delivered Through * *
G*'s list'ning wall*" Burton, AM* i* 3, 3, mentions
" that whispering place of G*" The triforium of the
cathedral, carried in a curve under the E* window,
forms a whispering gallery* In Willis's Mount Tabor
(1639), he says, " fii the city of G*, the manner is, that
when players of interludes come to town they first
attend the Mayor, to inform him what nobleman's ser-
vants they are, and to get a licence for their public
playing*" In Lear i* 5, i, Lear says to Kent, " Go you
before to G," Shakespeare thus makes the residence of
Cornwall to be in G*, so that he may be near to the
castle of the Earl of G*, which is presumed to be ad-
jacent to the city* The town has given their title to many
noble families* In Merlin, there is an Earl of G* who is
purely mythical; and another in VaL Welsh. In Lear,
the Earl of G* is a principal character, and in his castle.

GLOUCESTERSHIRE

which must be assumed to be near the city, scenes i* 2 J
ii* i, 2, and 4 ; iii* 3, 5, 7 are laid* The heath of iii* i
and the farmhouse of iii. 6 are in the immediate neigh-
bourhood. In iii* 5, Cornwall creates Edmund Earl of G*
in his father's place* The prototype of the old Earl is the
Prince of Paphlagonia in Sidney's Arcadia. In VaL
Welsh, iv* 7, Caradoc brings word that " the town of G*"
has been vilely betrayed to the Romans by the Earl of
Cornwall*

The natural son of Henry I was Robert* ist Earl of G*,
created 1109* In Span. Trag. i* 5, Hieronimo in his
mask introduces 3 knights, the ist of whom, he ex-

§lains, is " English Robert* Earl of G*, Who, when K*
tephen bore sway in Albion, Arrived with five-and-
twenty thousand men In Portingale ; and, by success of
war, Enforced the King, then but a Saracen, To bear
the yoke of the English monarchy**' The reference is to
the capture of Lisbon from the Saracens in 1147, in
which some English crusaders assisted, but Robert was
not there at any time, and, indeed, died in England a
week after the capture of Lisbon* Gilbert de Clare,
7th Earl of G*, is one of the characters in Peele's Ed. I.
He was appointed by Henry III Lord Lieutenant of the
kingdom in the absence of Prince Edward. He marries
the K*'s daughter, Joan of Aeon, who dies suddenly in
the course of the play* In R2 L i, 100, Bolingbroke
charges Mowbray, " That he did plot the D* of G*'s
death*" This D* was Thomas of Woodstock, the
youngest son of Edward III, who was created D* of G*
in 1385. He had been removed by the K* from his
Council in 1389 ; in 1396 he was arrested and taken to
Calais (q.v.)t where Mowbray was Governor, and it was
reported that he died of apoplexy* There was little
doubt, however, that he had been murdered, and that
the K* was privy to it* York clearly thinks so (ii. i, 165)*
In iv* i, Bagot, the K/s favourite, whilst trying to throw
the responsibility on Aumerle, admits that 4t G*'s death
was plotted*'* He is a prominent character in Trag.
Richd. IIt where he is called '* Thomas of Woodstock "
and ** plain Thomas*" His murder at Calais is described
in v. i* where the Governor is wrongly called La Poole*
The D* of G* of H4 B*, #5, and H6 A* and B* is Hum-
phrey, youngest son of Henry IV* After his divorce
from Jacqueline of Hainault he married Eleanor,
daughter of Lord Cobham* He was created D* of G*
in 1414, and the next year fought with great valour at
Agincourt* He incurred the enmity of Q* Margaret and
Suffolk, and was arrested in 1447 and a few days later
was found dead in his bed* According to Shakespeare's
account (in H6 B* iii* 2), he was murdered by hirelings of
Suffolk* In Day's B. Beggar i*, Bedford says of him:
44 G* is to blame And Winchester hath neither grace
nor shame*" In H6 C. and R3, Richard* D* of G*, plays
the leading part* He was the 8th son of the D* of York
and younger brother to Edward IV* He was created
D* of G* in 1461* After the murder of the young
princes in the Tower he became K* in 1483, and was de-
feated and slain at Bosworth by Henry VII in 1485*
He was buried in the Grey Friars Ch. at Leicester,
but at the time of the suppression of the monasteries
his tomb was defaced, and it is said that his stone coffin
was used as a drinking-trough for horses till the be-
ginning of the 1 8th cent* In Jonson's Devil ii* i, Meer-
craft proposes to get Fitsdottrel the title of G*, but
Fitsdottrel objects on account of the bad luck of the
Dukes of G* ** Thomas of Woodstock, Fm sure was D*,
and he was made away at Calice, as d* Humphrey was at
Bury ; and Richard the 3rd, you know what end he
came to*" He adds that he has found all this out from

GOAT

the playbooks* So, in H6 C* ii* 6, 107, Richd* himself
says, 44 G**s Dukedom is too ominous."

GLOUCESTERSHIRE* A county in S*W* of England*
The Cotswold Hills are in the N* of the county* Rs ii.$
is laid in the "wilds of G*," where Bolingbroke and
Northumberland are discovered on their way to Berke-
ley, and meet Harry Percy* In H4 A* i* 3, 242, Percy
recalls that it was in G* ** where I first bowed my knee
Unto this k* of smiles, this Bolingbroke*" In Jfte y* 6, 3,
Bolingbroke says, ** The rebels have consumed with fire
Our town of Cicester in G*" (see CIKENCESTER). In
H$ A* iii* 2, 176, the K. directs Prince Henry to march
to the rendezvous at Bridgnorth through G* In H4 B*
iii. 2, Falstaff calls on Justice Shallow in G. In H4 B*
iv* 3, 88, after the battle of Gaultree Forest, Falstaff
asks leave " to go through G*," his object being to
44 visit Master Robert Shallow, Esquire/' He does so,
and v* i and 3 are laid in G* at Shallow's house* In
M. W. W. iii* 4, 42, Slender, Shallow's cousin, says he
loves Mrs* Anne "as well as I love any woman in G*";
and in v. 5, 193, he says he'll make the best in G*
know on 't," Le. of how he has been cheated of Anne
Page. In i* i, 5, Slender describes Shallow as " In the
county of G*, Justice of Peace and Coram." The local
allusions in H4 B. iii* 2, v* i and 3 show that Shakespeare
was well acquainted with this part of G* : it has been
suggested that he took refuge there for a time after his
poaching exploit on Sir Thomas Lucy's deer* Sir
Thomas was certainly the original of Justice Shallow*

GLOYAWE = GLOGAU* A town in Silesia on the
Oder* In Glapthorne's Wallenstein ii* 3, the K* of
Hungary speaks of " the General of your forces of
G*, etc*"

GNIDON = CNIDOS* A city at the extreme S*W*
corner of Asia Minor, at the end of a long peninsula.
It was specially sacred to the worship of Aphrodite
(Venus), and had 3 temples to her divinity* Her statue
by Praxiteles in one of them was one of the finest things
in Greek sculpture* In T* Heywood's B* Age ii., Venus
reproaches Adonis with having made her " leave
Paphos, G*, Eryx, Erycine, and Amathon*" Greene, in
a poem on Silvestro's Lady in Morandot speaks of " The
Gnydian doves whose white and snowy pens Doth stain
the silver streaming ivory*" The dove was sacred to
Venus* Spenser, F. Q. iii* 6, 29* says that Venus
brought Amoretta to her joyous Paradise, " Whether in
Paphos or Cytheron hill, Or it in Gnidus be, I wote not
well." Percy, in Ccslia (1594) v. i, says, ** Fair Q* of
Cnidos, come, adorn my forehead*"

GNOSSUS, or CNOSSUS* The capital of Crete, in the
N. of the island near the coast* It was said to have been
founded by Minos ; and the famous Labyrinth was in
its neighbourhood* In Hon. Law. ii., Benjamin says to
Vaster's wife, " Thou shalt make ebrious waste Of the
sweet Gnossian wines " (see under CRETE). The author
of Zepheria (1594) xxiv* 20 says to Zepheria, ** A veil
immortal shall we put on thee, And on thy head instar
the Gnosian crown. Ariadne doth herself tmdeify,
Yielding her coronal to thy installation/* Ariadne was
the daughter of Minos of Crete*

GOA = XOA or SHOA* A dist* in S* Abyssinia* In
Cockayne's Obstinate iii* 3, it is mentioned as one of the
kingdoms tributary to the Emperor of both the Ethio-
pias* See under ADEA*

GOAT* Apparently the sign of a tavern at Smithfieldv
In B* & F* Wit S. W. iv* i, Lady Ruinous exclaims to
Ruinous, who comes in with a stolen purse, ** The G*

335

GOATHS

at Smithfield Pens I " There was another G* Tavern in
Covent Garden* In Brome's Covent G. ii* i, Belt says,
" Come to my master to the G* in Covent-garden, where
he dines with his new landlord to-day*" It was also a
bookseller's sign* Glapthorne's Wit was " Printed by
lo* Okes for F* C. and are to be sold at his shops in
Kings-st* at the sign of the G* and in Westminster Hall,
1640*"
GOATHS* See GOTHS*

GOLDEN ANCHOR* A bookseller's sign in the Strand*
Lond* Sampson's Vow was ** Printed by John Norton
and are to be sold by Roger Ball at the sign of the G* A*
in the Strand near Temple-Barre* 1636*"

GOLDEN FLEECE, One of the taverns mentioned in the
song of Valerius in T* Hey wood's Lucrece ii* 5 : 44 The
knights unto the G* F*" Most of the names are those of
taverns in Lond,* but I have not been able to identify
this one* The knights go to the G* F. because it is the
name of an order of knighthood instituted in 1430 by
Philip the Good of Burgundy, When the Burgundian
heritage passed into the hands of the K* of Spain
(Charles V) it became the chief Order of Spain*

GOLDEN LANE, or GOLDING LANE* A st* in Lond*
running N» from the E. end of Barbican* opposite Red
Cross St** to Old St* The Fortune Theatre stood be-
tween G* L* and Whitecross St., and the famous
nursery or training-school for actors, in the reign of
Charles II, was in G* L* " It is of no great account,"
says Stow, ** either for buildings or inhabitants*" In
T* Heywood's Hogsdon ii* i, the Wise-woman, giving
a list of fortune-tellers, mentions " Mother Sturton, in
G* L*, is for fore-speaking/' Melton, in The Astrolo-
gaster, says, " Another will foretell of lightning and
thunder that shall happen such a day, when there are
no such inflammations seen; except men go to the
Fortune in Golding-1* to see the tragedy of Doctor
Faustus."

GOLDEN LION* The sign of several taverns in Lond*
There was one in Fetter Lane, another near Hick's Hall
in St* John St*, and another on the W* side of Red Cross
St*, near Barbican* In Grim ii, 4, Harvey says, " The
G* L* is my dwelling place*"

,. GOLDEN TUN* The sign of a bookshop in Creed Lane*
The ist edition of Spenser's Shepherds* Calendar was
44 Printed and sold by Hugh Singleton, dwelling at the
sign of the Gylden Tunne, in Creede Lane, near unto
Ludgate."
GOLD ING LANE* See GOLDEN LANE*

GOLDINGTON, or STOKE GOLDINGTON* A vill*
in Beds., 14 m* W* of Bedford* In Horn Law*> the scene
of which is laid in Bedford (iii). Gripe says,/' Son
Benjamin, you must to G* To view young Bruster's
lands*"

GOLDSMITH'S HALL* The Hall of the Goldsmiths
Company, in Lond*, on the E* side of Foster Lane at the
corner of Carey St* The Hall of Shakespeare's time was
built in 1407* It was used as the Exchequer of the
Commonwealth from 1641 to 1660, and the Committee
for dealing with the sequestered estates of the Royalists
was held there : hence it was nicknamed Squeezing
Hall* It was taken down in 1839 and the present Hafl
erected* In Middleton's Chaste Maid v* 4, Yellow-
hammer, who is a goldsmith, says, *4. I'll have the dinner
kept in G* H*, To which, kind gallants, I invite you all*"
In Brome's Moor iii* 2, Buzzard says, ** 'Tis a rich room,
this; is it not G*H*i"' In Cowley's Cutter L 6, Cutter

226

GOMORRAH

says that Worm " turned a kind of solicitor at G*-H," :
the reference is to the court held there as stated above*
GOLDSMITHS ROW* A row of "10 fair dwellings and
14 shops all in one frame and uniformly built 4 stories
high," stretching on the S. side of Cheapside from
Bread St* to the Cross opposite the end of Wood St*
They were built in 1491 by Thomas Wood, a goldsmith,
and were mainly occupied by men of that trade* Howe
complains in 1630 that many of the younger goldsmiths
had left the R. and moved to Fleet St., Holborn, and the
Strand ; so that the shops were turned to '* milliners,
booksellers, linen drapers, and others*" In 1634
Charles I issued an order that none but goldsmiths were
to occupy shops in the R*, but it was ineffectual. At
present there is only one jeweller's shop in the R*

In Look about xx., Fauconbridge says, " I sought the
G* R* and found him not*" In Marston's Malcontent,
Lad*, Sly boasts, " I'll walk but once down by the G* R*
in Cheap, take notice of the signs, and tell you them
with a breath instantly* They begin with Adam and
Eve ; there's in all just five-and-fifty*" In Wilkins*
Enforced Marriage iv*, Butler says, 44 1 am now going to
their place of residence situate in the choicest place in
the city, and at the sign of the Wolf, just against G. R*,
where you shall meet me. You may spend some con-
ference with the shopkeepers' wives ; they have seats
built a purpose for such familiar entertainments*" In
Dekker's Lanthornf Jack in the Box is described, a sort
of confidence-trick man ; " 'tis thought his next hunting
shall be between Lumbard-st* and the G* R* in Cheap-
side*" In Jonson's Devil iii* 5, Fitzdottrel says, " There's
not so much gold in all the R*, he says, Till it come from
the Mint*"

GOLETTA, or GULETTA* A city in N* Africa, in
Tunis. It was taken from the Spaniards in 1574 by
Selim II, and this is said to have brought about the
death of Don John of Austria. In B. & F* Rule a Wife iv.
i, Estifania taunts the " copper captain,'' Perez, 44 Here's
a goodly jewel ! Did you not win this at G*, Captain ** "

GOLGOTHA* The place outside the walls of Jerusalem
where our Lord was crucified. The word means in
Aramaic a skull ; but it is doubtful whether it was so
called as being the place of execution or from the rounded
configuration of the hill* The traditional site is within
the Ch. of the Holy Sepulchre, but many modern in-
vestigators prefer the hill to the N* of the city under
which Jeremiah's grotto lies. It is used figuratively for a
place of death and destruction* In Jte iv* i, 144, the Bp*
of Carlisle, predicting the wars of the Roses, says,
44 this land [shall] be called The field of G* and dead
men's skulls*" In Mac. i* 3, 40, the Sergeant, speaking
of the exploits of Macbeth and Banquo against the
rebels, thinks " they meant To memorize another G."
In Marston's Malcontent iv. 5, Malevole says, " This
„ earth is only the grave and g* wherein all things that live
must rot*" In his Antonio B* iv. 4, Antonio says, " My
breast is G*, grave for the dead*" In Thracian ii. i, one
of the Lords says, " I think this be the land of G*, In-
habited by none but by the dead*" In Yarington's
Two Trag. v* i, Allenso prays, " Wash away our faults
in that precious blood Which Thy dear Son did shed in
Galgotha*" Milton, P. L* iii. 477, satirizes the pilgrims
44 that strayed so far to seek In G* him dead who lives in
heaven." In Good Wife 1915, Anselm calls the vault
44 this G*" See also CALVARY*

GOMORRAH* One of the « cities of the Plain » de-
stroyed by fire from heaven for the sins of their in-
habitants (Gen. xix*)* These cities lay N* of the Dead

GONGARIAN

Sea, and some ruins, marked Khumran, about i m* from
the sea, are supposed to represent G*

In Bale's Promises iii*, Pater Ccelestis says, " From
Sodom and G* the abominations call for my great
vengeance/' In Phillips' Grissill 386, we read : "As God
did plague Sodom and Gomora in his ire, So will he de-
stroy the wicked with flaming fire." In Greene & Lodge's
Looking Glass L i, the Angel says, ** I have brought thee
unto Nineveh, As Sodom and G*, full of sin." In Jack
Drum iv. 205, Pasquil says, '* Then comes pale-faced
lust — nextSodome; thenGomorha*" In Shirley 'sDu&e's
Mist. iv* i, Horatio says of a lady's over-painted face:
44 Her cheeks represent G. and her sister Sodom burn-
ing." In Webster's White Devil iii* i, Monticelso says
of Vittoria: "Like those apples travellers report To
grow where Sodom and G. stood, I will but touch her,
and you straight shall see She'll fall to soot and ashes."
Mandeville tells of these Sodom apples : 4i whoso
breaketh them or cutteth them in two, he shall find
within them coals and cinders " (see SODOM). The de-
struction of Sodom and G. was the subject of a motion,
or puppet-play* In Jonson's BarthoL v* i, Leatherhead
says, " O the motions that I have given light to I
Jerusalem was a stately thing, and so was Sodom and G.,
with the rising of the prentices and pulling down the
bawdy houses upon Shrove Tuesday " : a Lond. prac-
tice being transferred to the cities of the plain.

GONGARIAN* In the quarto of M, W. W. i* 3, 33,
Pistol says to Bardolph, *4 O base G* Wight, wilt thou
the spigot wield i " Stevens says that this is a parody
on a line in an old play, ** O base G*, wilt thou the distaff
wield i " He had forgotten what play it was, and no one
has yet found the passage. The Ff . have Hungarian, g.v*

GOOD HOPE, CAPE OF. At the S* extremity of Africa.
It was discovered in 1486 by the Portuguese Bartholo-
mew Diaz, who failed to double it, and christened it
Capo dos Tormentos. John II of Portugal changed the
name to Capo de Bon Esperanza, and in 1497 Vasco di
Gama doubled it and opened up the route to India.
In Vol. Welsh, iv. 5, Caradoc says, "Patience Must
steer my reason to the C. of H*" Milton, P. L* iv. 160,
speaks of *4 them who sail Beyond the C. of H., and now
are past Mozambic." Fynes Moryson, in Itinerary iii.
3, 124, says, " The inhabitants of Capo di buona
speranza (the Cape of Good Hope) are exceeding black."
Rabelais, Pantagruel iv* i, describes the course of the
Portuguese to India as being round 44 Cape Bona
Speranza at the S. point of Afric."

GOODRIG « GOODRICH. A vill. and castle in Here-
fordsh., 12 m, S* of Hereford, on the Wye. In H6 A.
iv* 7, 64, one of the titles of Talbot is ** Lord Talbot of
G* and Urchinfield."

GOODWIN SANDS. A shoal off the coast of Kent be-
tween the Isle of Thanet and the S* Foreland. It is 10
or ii m. long and from 3 to 4 broad at its greatest
breadth. It lies some 4 or 5 m. from the coast. It is said
to have been formed by the sea overflowing a part of the
lands of Godwin, Earl of Kent, in 1097 : hence the
name* Sir Thomas More tells a story which has become
a stock instance of the 4* post hoc ergo propter hoc "
fallacy. An old man being examined before a Commis-
sion appointed to inquire into the decay of Sandwich
harbour testified, 4* I think that Tenterton steeple is
the cause of G* S* I remember the building of Tenterton
steeple ; and before the Tenterton steeple was in
building there was no manner of speaking of any flats
or sands ; and therefore I think that Tenterton steeple
is the cause of the destroying of Sandwich haven*"

GORDIUM

In Mercft* iii* i, 3, Salarino speaks of the G. S* as " a
very dangerous flat and fatal, where the carcasses of
many a tall ship lie buried." In K.J* v. 3, u, a Mes-
senger brings word that the Dauphin's supplies " Are
wrecked 3 nights ago on G* s*" The same news is
brought to the Dauphin in v. 5, 13. In Webster's
Weakest v* 3, Villiers says, ** This gentlewoman * * *
' Twixt Sluys in Flanders, where she went aboard, And
G. S., by sturdy adverse winds Was beaten back upon
the coast of France." In Jonson's Case i* i, Juniper asks
the traveller Valentine if he has seen " Jerusalem and
the Indies and G*-s* and the tower of Babylon." In
Carew's Ode on Jonson's New Innt he says, ** Let the
rout say,* The running sands that, ere thou make a play,
Count the slow minutes, might a Godwin frame.' "
In Shirley's Peace, a projector is introduced who will
** undertake to build a most strong castle on G. s*"
In Brome*s Damoiselle i* i, when Dryground tells Ver-
mine that he has a project, Vermine asks : 44 Is't not to
drain the Goodwins i to be lord of all the treasure
buried in the s* there i " Campion, in Book of Airs ii*
(1601), says of his kisses, " Sooner may you count the
stars ... Or G. s* devouring," It is used meta-
phorically for a greedy moneylender* In Jack Drum L
1 60, Drum says of a usurer: "He is a quicksand; a G* ;
a gulf."
GOOSE FAIR. See under Bow.

GOOSE LANE* Lond., off Bow Lane, Cheapside, by
Bow Ch* There was also a G. Alley on the E* side of
Fleet Ditch running into Seacoal Lane* In Ellis, Early
Metrical Romances i. 279, we are told, ** Through G.-L*
Bevis went tho', There was him done right mickle woe ;
That lane was so narrowly wrought That Sir Bevis
might defend him nought*"

GORDIUM (Gn* = Gordian). A town in Bithynia,
afterwards rebuilt by Augustus under the name of
Juliopolis. It was the ancient capital of the Phrygian
kings. According to the legend, Gordius, the ist K.,
was originally a peasant. On being made K. he dedicated
his wagon in the Acropolis, and an oracle predicted that
whoever untied the knot of hide that fastened the pole to
the wagon would rule over all Asia* Alexander the Gt.
visited G. on his way to Persia and cut the knot with his
sword* In Cym. ii* a, 34, lachimo, taking off Imogen's
bracelet, says it is ** As slippery as the Gn* knot was
hard." Hence it is used of anything difficult of solution*
In H5 i. i, 46, Canterbury, praising the K*, says, ** Turn
him to any cause of policy, The Gn* knot of it he will
unloose, Familiar as his garter*" In B* & F* Brother L
it Rollo says, " My title needs . * . my sword ; With
which the Gn. of your sophistry Being cut shall show the
imposture." In Shirley's Honoria i* 2, Alworth says,
" The Gn* which great Alexander could not by subtilty
dissolve his sword untwisted." In Davenant's Rhodes B*
ii. Solyman says, " Even the Gn* knot at last was cut
Which could not be untied." In Chapman's May Day
ii. 3, Lodovico says, " I'll so hamper thy affections in the
halter of thy lover's absence, making it up in a Gn* knot
of forgetfulness, that no Alexander of thy allurements,
with all the swords of thy sweet words, shall ever cut
it in pieces/' In his Chabot i. i, 119, the Chancellor
speaks of the political situation as " A Gn* beyond the
Phrygian knot, Past wit to loose it, or the sword."
Milton, P* L. iv* 348, says that the serpent 4* wove with
Gn. twine His braided train." In Vacation Exercise 90,
he asks, 44 What power * * * can loose this Gn* knot f "
It is most often used of the bond of marriage* In
Brandon's Octavia 1107, Octavia speaks of " This same

237

GORGIAS

ring that knit the Gn* knot " of her marriage with Antony*
In the old Shrew (Haz*, p* 530), Polidor says, " Stay to
see our marriage rites performed, And knit in sight of
heaven this Gn* knot/* In Day's Humour iv* i, Octavio
characterizes marriage as " The Gn* knot which none
but heaven can loose/' In Massinger's Picture ii* 3,
Honoria says, " The Gn* of your love was tied by
marriage/' In Tomkis' Albwnazar v. 6, Antonio says,
44 Conformity of years, likeness of manners, Are Gn*
knots that bind up matrimony/' In these last two
quotations the Gn* knot is not exactly marriage, but the
love and mutual suitability that make marriage firm*
In Greene's Orlando ii* i, 580, Orlando says, t4 This Gn*
knot together co-unites A Medor partner in her peerless
love/' In Mason's Mulleasses 1436, Ferrara says, *4 1
ope my arms To tie a Gn* knot about her waist/' In
W* Rowley's Shoemaker iii* i, 43, Winifred says, " War
not with heaven, Sir, To that is tied my nuptial Gordion."

GORGIAS* A misprint for Gordias, z*e* Gordium's. See
GORDIUM* In Tiberius 2082, Drusus sees in a dream a
monster whose tail was " Woven in G* hundred thou-
sand knots/'

GOSFORD GREEN* An open space just outside the
walls of Coventry, where the lists were erected for the
fight between Bolingbroke and Mowbray described in
#2 L 3.

GOSHEN* Dist* in Egypt granted by Pharaoh to Jacob
and his sons when they came down into that country,
as told in Gen* xlvii* 27* It lay W* of the present Suez
Canal, between it and the Pelusiac mouth of the Nile,
round the city of Pithom (Tel-el-Mashkuta)* The
Vulgate calls it Gessen* In York M. P* xi. 53, the 2nd
Consol says of the Hebrews: "Sithen have they so-
journed here in Jessen 400 year*" In the corresponding
passage in the Towneley M*P* it is called Gersen*
Milton, P* L* i* 309, tells how the Egyptians 4t pursued
The sojourners of G*"

GpTHAM* A vill* in Notts*, abt* 7 m* S. of Nottingham
in the Leake Hills* According to the legend, when
K* John was about to pass through the town in order to
buy a castle in the neighbourhood, the people, not wish-
ing him to do so, industriously played the fool when he
came ; so arose the proverb of the Wise Fools of G*
Properly therefore a man of G*is one who plays the fool
for some wise object, and is not such a fool as he looks,
but the name came to be applied to anyone of pre-
posterous folly* In the reign of Henry VIII was pub-
lished The Merrie Tales of the Mad Men of G., in which,
amongst many others, is told how they stood round a
bush and joined hands in order to prevent a cuckoo in
the bush from flying away* The bush is still shown
about i m* S. of the village* In the Towneley M. P. xii*
180, we read of " the foles of G*" In the Hundred Mery
Tales there is a section headed " Of the 3 wise men of
G." In Richards' Misogonus ii* 3, Cacurgus says, ** The
wise men of G* are risen again*" In K. K. K. (Haz*, vL
568), the townsmen of G, present a petition to K* Edgar
44 to have a license to brew strong ale thrice a week ; and he
that comes to G* and will not spend a penny on a pot of
ale, if he be a-dry, that he may fast*" Nash, in his preface
to Menaphonf p. 8, speaks of 44 the perusing of our Goth-
amists' barbarism*" Dekker, in Hornbook iii*, says, " If all
the wise men of Gottam should lay their heads together,
their jobbernowls should not be able to compare with
thine/' In Chauntideers vi*, Ditty, the Ballad-monger,
has 44 The Seven Wise Men of G/' in his collection* In
J* Heywood's Weather, p* 100, Merry Report mentions
among the places he has visited " Gloucester, Guildford,

238

GOTHS

and G*" In T* Heywood's Hpgsdon iv* i, when Sir
Boniface says, 44 1 proceeded [i*e* took my degree] in
Oxford," Sencer rejoins, 44 Thou would'st say, in G*"
Hall, in Satires ii* 5, 19, says to the simoniacal parson,
44 St* Fool's of Gotam mought thy parish be For this thy
base and servile simony*" Burton, A* M+t Intro*, says,
" Convicted fools they are, madmen upon record ; they
are all of Gotam parish*" Taylor, in Works (1630),
mentions one 44 Gregory Gandergoose, an alderman of
G*," who asked him whether Bohemia was a great town,
and whether the last fleet of ships was arrived there*
GOTHS* A Teutonic people who first appear in history
on the N* of the Lower Danube in the 3rd cent* A*D*,
though their original home was probably on the Baltic*
This was the ancient country of the Get®, and this fact,
along with the similarity of the names, has caused the 2
peoples to be confounded* The Getse and the Gothi, or
Gothoni, are, however, probably quite distinct* During
the 3rd cent* the G* gave great trouble to the Roman
Empire, and made several inroads with varying success*
In the 4th cent, we find them divided into E* and W*, or
Ostrogoths and Visigoths* Both sections were Christian-
ized before the end of the 5th cent*, and Wulfilas (310-
380) gave the world the oldest monument of the Teu-
tonic language in his translation of the Scriptures*
For a time Rome extended her protection to the West
G*, but in 410 Alaric, K* of the W* G*, sacked Rome to
the amazement of the whole civilized world. Theodoric
the Gt* united the 2 branches of the race, and established
the E. Gothic Empire at Rome in 493* With his death
the E* G* pass out of history, but the W* G* set up a
dominion in Spain which outlasted the Empire, and was
one of the most important factors in the formation of the
Spanish nation* The background of Titus Andronicus is
a war between the Romans and the G* in the reign of an
imaginary Emperor Saturninus : Tamora, the Q* of the
G*, is equally unknown to history* The word frequently
occurs in the play, and the G, are variously charac-
terized as warlike (the commonest epithet), lusty, and
trusty; while the Romans speak of them as giddy,
lascivious, and traitorous. But there is nothing in this
but pure conventionality* In Jonson's Queens, one of the
galaxy is " the wise and warlike Goth, Amalasunta*" She
was the daughter of Theodoric the Gt*, and was equally
celebrated for her learning and her capacity for affairs*
In H* Shirley's Mart. Soldier i* i, Henrick (Huneric),
the successor of Genseric A*D* 477, is hailed as 44 K* of
Vandalls and of G*" These were the W* G*, who, with
the Vandals, invaded Africa from Spain under Genseric
in 429* In Cockayne's Trapolin i* i, Montemores says,
** Would G. and Vandals once again would come into
Italy," that he might have a chance of fighting them* In
Skelton's Magnificence fol* xviii, Magnificence mentions
44 Alericus, that ruled the Gothians by sword," as one of
the world's heroes* In W* Rowley's Shoemaker ii* 2, 96,
the Nuntitts announces, 44 Allerick, K* of Goaths, hath
entered France*" In iii* 3, the K* of the G* is called
Huldrick ; but in any case there is an error of over a
century, as the date of the play is A*D* 297* Donne, in
Valediction to Songs and Sonnets (1623), says, ** When
this book is made thus Should again the ravenous
Vandals and the G* invade us, Learning were safe*"
In Hughes* Misfort. Arth* iv* 2, Arthur's allies arc
" Islandians, G*, Norwegians, Albans, Danes*" It
would seem that by G* the Scandinavians are meant,
and it was long held that Scandinavia was the original
home of the G*, or, at all events, was taken possession of
by them at an early date : there is little evidence, how-
ever, to support either of these theories*

GOYAME

In As iii* 3, 9, Touchstone says to Audrey, ** I am
here with thee and thy goats as the most capricious poet,
honest Ovid, was among the G." The double pun will
be noted : capricious is from caper, a goat, Ovid was
banished by Augustus to Tomi, a town of Lower Mcesia,
on the Black Sea, which disk was formerly inhabited by
the Getae and later by the G. In Ret* Pernass. ii* 4,
Academico says, " Good Ovid in his life time lived with
the Getes*" In Brome's Covetit G* iv* i, Cockbrain
speaks of ** Monsters, as Ovid feigned among the
Getes*" To the men of the Middle Ages the destruc-
tion of Rome by the G. seemed a piece of barbarism ;
and so Gothic was used in the sense of savage, rude, un-
cultivated* Jonson, in Prince Henry's Barriers, speaks of
** all the ignorant G. have rased/* In Nero iii* 3, Seneca
says, " O Rome, the Getes, The men of Colchis, at thy
sufferings grieve/' It is impossible to say whether the
author means here the Getse or the G* : probably the
latter. In the old Timon ii. 4, Demeas cries to the
sergeants who have arrested him, " Where hale ye me,
Getes, cannibals, ye cruel Scythians i " : where the
metre demands that Getes should be pronounced as a
monosyllable. In Shirley's Pleasure & i, the Steward
tells Frederick, who is fresh from the university, that his
aunt means 4t to make you a fine gentleman and trans-
late you out of your learned language, Sir, into the
present Goth and Vandal, which is French/* From the
university point of view French is a barbarous tongue
compared with Latin. In B. & F. Wit Money iii. 4,
Lance asks whether all the gentry are to suffer inter-
diction for Valentine's sake : ** No more sense spoken,
all things Goth and Vandal/' In their Philaster v. 3,
Dion speaks of " the goatish Latin " which the shop-
keepers write in their bonds* I take this to be intended
for Gothish, which is a common form of the adjective :
the meaning being barbarous Latin* In Shirley's Courtier
ii* 2, when Volterre speaks in bad Spanish, Giotto calls
it something "between Goth and Vandal Spanish." In his
Honoria i* i, Mammon says of scholars : "Next to the Goth
and Vandal you shall carry The babble from mankind,"
i.e. shall bear the palm for incomprehensible jargon.

GOYAME* A dist* in Abyssinia, round Lake Tsana* In
Cockayne's Obstinate iii* 3, it is mentioned as one of the
kingdoms tributary to the Emperor of both the Ethio-
pias* See under ADEA*

GOZO* A small island in the Mediterranean close to
Malta on the N*W* It has always belonged to Malta,
q.v. In 1551 the Turks ravaged it and carried off a
great many prisoners, though they were unsuccessful in
their attack on Valetta. In B* & F* Malta v*3, Colonna
says, " My name is Angelo Who from the neighbour-
island here of Gozs. Was captive led in that unfortunate
day When the Turk bore with him 3000 souls*" Mon-
taigne (Florio's Trans. 1603) ii. 3, writes in 1580 of
** the island of Gosa being some years since surprised
and overrun by the Turkes."

GRACE, ABBEY OF, or THE NEW ABBEY* E. of
Tower Hill, Lond. It was built by Edward III in 1359
to the honour of God and our Lady of G*, and handed
over to the Cistercians. It was dissolved in 1539, and
was pulled down and replaced by a storehouse for the
Navy. In Deloney's Craft i* 14, Florence and Haunce
are to be married " at the A. of G. on Tower Hill/'

GRACE CHURCH. The Ch* of St. Bennet at the corner
of Gracechurch St. and Fenchurch St. See BENNET'S
(Sx.) and GRACIOUS ST.

GRACE-DIEU. The seat >of the Beaumont family in the
Charnwood Forest dist. of Leicestersh. Here Francis

GRACIOUS STREET

Beaumont was born in 1586* In Bancroft's Epigrams
1639, we read: ** G*-d*, that : under Charnwood stands
alone, As a great relic of religion, I reverence thine old
but fruitful worth That lately brought such noble
Beaumonts forth."

GRACIOUS STREET. Now Gracechurch St., Lond*,
running S. from the junction of Cornhill and Leaden-
hall to East Cheap. It was originally Grass St*, so called
from its being the market for grass, corn, and malt.
The parish Ch* of St* Bennet, which stood at the corner
of Gracechurch St. and Fenchurch St*, was for the same
reason called the Grass Ch* When the reason for the
name was forgotten, it was natural that it should become
Grace Ch*, and the st* becomes Grace's St,, or, more
commonly, G* St* After the Fire it was rechristened
Gracechurch St*, as it still continues* Leaden Hall,
the poultry market for Lond*, was built at the corner
of Gracechurch St* and Leadenhall in 1445 by Simon
Eyre, the hero of Dekker's Shoemaker's. There was a
conduit towards the S. end of the st*, erected by Thomas
Hill's executors in 1491* Taylor mentions the Tabard
near the Conduit in Gracious St. The name is pre-
served in Talbot Court by No* 55* Richard Tarlton, the
clown, kept the Saba Tavern in this st. : other hostelries
were the Cross Keys, the Bell, and the Spread Eagle, g*v.
In Tarlton's Jests* we read that *4 Tarlton dwelt in
G* St* at a tavern at the sign of the Saba," Le. the Q. of
Sheba* In Dekker's Shoemaker's v* 2, Firk says, " Let's
march together to the great new hall in G* St. corner,
which our master, the new lord mayor, hath built/
The last 2 scenes take place in the great hall, and the
open yard before it* This is Leadenhall. In T. Hey-
wood's Hogsdon, Sir Harry, the knight who is no scholar,
lives in G* St. In i* i, Chartley speaks of " Gratiana, the
knight's daughter in G. Street*" In ii* 2, Sir Harry says,
44 My house is here in G* St*" In v. i, Old Chartley tells
the servant that he will be found " At Grace Ch* by the
Conduit near Sir Harry*" Sir Harry's, therefore, was at
the S* end of the st. In W* Rowley's Match Mid. iv, the
watch have come up Gracechurch St*, and kept on
44 straight towards Bishopsgate " j then the Constable
gives the word, 44 Come, let's back to Grace Ch*, all's
well*" In S* Rowley's When You D* 3, the K* (Henry
VIII) says, " Bid Charles Brandon to disguise himself
And meet me presently at Grace Ch* corner." In T»
Heywood's Ed. IV B. 153, Shore says he will go 44 to
one Mrs* Blages, an inn, in G* St." As Jockey has al-
ready told us that Mrs* Blages keeps the Flower-de-
Luce in Lombard St*, it must have been at the corner of
Lombard and Gracechurch Sts* In his F.M.Exch.ii.j,
Barnard says there is to be the rarest dancing 44 at a
wedding in G* st*" The poultry trade spread out from
Leadenhall into Gracechurch St* In Dekker's Shoe-
maker's iii* 4, when Margery asks, " Canst thou tell me
where I may buy a good hair i " Hodge replies : u Yes,
forsooth, at the poulterer's in G. St*" To which Mar-
gery retorts : 44 1 mean a false hair for my periwig."
In Killigrew's Parson v* I, the Capt*, preparing for
Wild's wedding, sends one of the watermen " to G* st*
to the poulterer's." In Jonson's Neptune, the Boy speaks
of** a plump poulterer's wife in Grace's st*" There was
also a bookshop in the st. Jack Straw was " Printed at
Lond. by John Danter and are to be sold by William
Barley at his shop in G* st* over against Leadenhall*
1593*" Harman's Ground work of Corny-catching was
published by the same firm in 1592, and The Pedlefs
Prophecy in 1595* Thersites was ** Printed by John
Tysdale and are to be sold „ * * inAlhallowes,cn.yard,
near unto G. Ch."

129

GRJECIA

GR^CIA* See GREECE*

GRAFTON (more fully, GRAFTON REGIS)* A vill. in
Northants*, on the boundary of Bucks., about 10 m* S*
of Northampton* Here was the country seat of Sir
Richd.Woodville: and here Edward IVmetWoodville's
daughter, Lady Elizabeth Grey, and married her pri-
vately. In T. Heywood's Ed. IV A. i., the K. says,
" Welcome to G*, Mother ; by my troth, You are even
just come as I wished you here/'

GRAIA. A Latinised name for Gray's Inn, q.v. In
Marston's Mountebankst presented at Gray's Inn in
1618, Paradox says that he has come to see the present-
ments " promised by the gallant spirits of G."
GRAMPIANS* A range of mtns* in Scotland, extending
in a N.E* direction from Loch Awe along the N. of
Perthshire, and then dividing into 2 ranges N. and S* of
the Dee respectively* In Fisher's Fuimus ii* 5, Belinus
speaks of " the Albanian realm Where Grampius ridge
divides the smiling dales," Dray ton, in Polyolb* viii*
303, tells of the battle between Agricola and the Britons
under Galgacus, ** at Mt. Grampus***
GRANADA* The capital of the Spanish Province of G.,
at the confluence of the Darro and the Genii, 250 m* S.
of Madrid* It was founded by the Moors in the loth
cent*, and in 1335 it became the capital of the Kingdom
of G* It was finally taken from the Moors by Ferdinand
in 1493, Its chief glory is the Moorish fortress and
palace of the Alhambra, built by Mohammed-ebn-
Alahmar* In the days of its glory it had 400,000 in-
habitants, but since the i6th cent, it has greatly declined.
In the cathedral are buried Ferdinand and Isabella* It
was once a great centre of the silk-weaving industry, but
the production is now very limited* In Lust's Domin. ii*
3, the Q* says, ** Spread abroad In Madrid, G*, and
Medina The hopes of Philip*" In W. Rowley's All's
Lost i* i, 25, Medina speaks of " the streights of Gib-
braltar whose watery divisions their Affricke bounds
from our Christian Europe in Granado and Andalusia."
In Greene's Quip (p. 220), Velvet Breeches has his
" netherstock of the purest Granado silk*" In Jonson's
Cynthia v* 2, the Milliner swears that his goods are " right
Granado silk*** In Brewer's Lingw iii* 5, the fantastical
gull is described as wearing ** a Granado stocking*'*

GRAN CANALE* The great canal in Venice, which runs
through the city under the bridge of the Rialto in an
S-shaped course from the Piazza of Saint Mark to the
island of San Cbiara* In Jonson's Volpone v* 8, the
Avocato says, " Thou, Corvino, shalt be rowed Round
about Venice through the gd* c*, Wearing a cap with fair
long asses* ears." In Shirley's Gent. Ven. iii* i, Thoma-
zo says, " Go to the rendezvous, to Rosabella's on the
G* C*" In Brome's Novella i. 2, Astutta says, " You
were best leap From the top o* the house into the
Cavail [misprint for Canail] grande*" In Dekker's
London's Tempe, Oceanus says, " That Grand Canal,
where stately once a year A fleet of bridal gondolets
appear To marry with a golden ring * * * Venice to
Neptune, a poor landscip is To these full braveries of
Thamesis."

GRANDPRE* A vill* in France on the Aisne in the S.E*
corner of the department of Ardennes, 120 m* N*E. of
Paris* The Earl of G* is mentioned in H$ iii* 5, 44, as
one of the lords summoned by the French K. to Agin-
court* In iii* 7, 138, the Constable refers to him as * a
valiant and most expert gentleman '* ; and it is stated
that he measured the ground between the French and
English forces. In iv* 8, 104, he is mentioned in the

GRASSHOPPER

list of the slain* He was one of the leaders in the main
body of the French army under the Dukes of Alencon
and Bar*

GRANGE* A tavern in Lond*, near Lincoln's Inn Fields
between Carey St* and Clements Lane, near Portugal
Row. It was taken down in 1853, and King's College
Hospital now occupies the site* In Davenant's Play-
house i., the Player says, " Let him send his train to our
house-inn, the G*" The Playhouse in question was the
Duke's Theatre in Portugal Row*

GRANSON (= GRANDSON, or GRANSEE)* A town in
Switzerland on the S*W* shore of Lake Neufch&el*
It was taken by Charles the Bold, D. of Burgundy, in
1475, but in 1476 he was defeated there by the Swiss*
In Massinger's Dowry i. 2, Charalois speaks of " those 3
memorable overthrows At G*, Morat, Nancy, where
* * * The warlike Charalois * * * lost treasure, men,
and life."

GRANTA* The old name of the Cam, the river on which
Cambridge stands* In Domesday Book the town is
called Grantebridge, and the vill* of Grantchester still
keeps the old name. In the Ret, Pernass. ii. i, Philo-
musus says, " Banned be those hours when 'mongst the
learned throng By G*'s muddy bank we whilome sung*"
In v. 4, Ingenioso says, " And thou, still happy Acade-
mico, That still mayst rest upon the Muses* bed, En-
joying there a quiet slumbering, When thou repairest
unto thy G.'s stream Wonder at thine own bliss, pity
our case*" Hall, in Satires i* i, 28, asks " What baser
Muse can bide To sit and sing by G,'s naked side t "

GRANTHAM* A town in Lincolnsh*, on the Witham,
105 m. N.E.of Lond, The parish Ch. of St* Wulfran
dates from the 1 3th cent*, and has a fine spire 284 ft* high*
In Ret* Pernass* iii* i, Sir Radericke, in his oral examina-
tion of Immerito, asks him, ** How many [miles] from
Newmarket to G* 4 " ; and is answered : " 10, Sir*"
The actual distance is about 50 m* But the answer is all
of a piece with the rest ; still, Immerito passes and gets
his preferment* In Randolph's Muses' iii* i, Banausus
mentions among his other projects, " I'll have 2 won-
drous weathercocks Of gold, to set on Paul's and G*
steeple." In W* Rowley's Match Mid. iv., Alexander
threatens the widow that he will strip himself " as naked
as G* steeple or the Strand May-pole." In B. & F. Wit
Money ii* 4, Lance proposes to spread rumours of "whirl-
winds that shall take off the top of G* steeple and clap
it on Paul's*" Taylor, Works (ii* 178), speaks of "a hat
like G* steeple, for the crown was large with frugal brim*"
The steeple seems to have been twisted in a storm at
some time* Dekker, in the Owfs Almanac (1618), says,
44 A little fall will make a salt [f*e* a salt-cellar] look like
G* steeple with his cap to the ale-house.*f Middleton,
in Black Book (1604), p* 21, says, 44 They turn legacies
the wrong way, wresting them quite awry like G*
steeple*" Drayton, in Polyolb. xxv* 241, speaking of old
churches, says, 44 One above the rest * . „ Of pleasant
G* is, that pyramid so high, Reared (as it might be
thought) to overtop the sky, The traveller that strikes
into a wondrous maze* As on his horse he sits, on that
proud height to gaze.**

GRANTLAND. See GREENLAND*

GRASSHOPPER* A name given to the Royal Exchange,
Lond*, from the G*, the crest of Sir T* Gresham, which
formed its weathercock* Hall, in Satires iv* 6, says of the
returned traveller: " Now he plies the newsfull g* Of
voyages and ventures to inquire."

930

GRASSHOPPER

GRASSHOPPER. A bookseller's sign in Lond* Gas-
coigne's Government was " Imprinted at Lond, by H* M*
for Christopher Barker at the sign of the G* in Paules
Churchyard/ A*D* 1575*"

GRAVE, or GRIEF. A fortress of N* Brabant on the Maas,
55 m* S*E* of Amsterdam* It was taken by the D. of
Parma in 1586 and recaptured by Prince Maurice in
1603. In Barnavelt iv« 5, Sir John says, " When Graves
and Vendloe were held by the Spaniard, who rose up
before me to do these countries service i "

GRAVEL INES. Spt* in N* France, on the English
Channel, 12 m.E* of Calais* In J* Heywood's Weather,
p* 100, Report has been " at Gravelyn.at Gravesend,and
at Glastonbury*" It was here that Wolsey met the
Emperor Charles V on 10 July, 1520*

GRAVES* A dist* in Gascony in S.W* France* It is
specially famous for its white wines* In T* Heywopd's
Maid of West A* i. 3, Bess brings wine, saying, ** 'Tis of
the best G. wine, Sir*" Montaigne (Florio's Trans*
1 603) i* 40, asks/* Shall we * * * persuade our taste that
aloes be wine of G* i "

GRAVESEND* A port in Kent on the S. bank of the
Thames, 30 m* below Lond. It is the limit of the Port
of Lond* The fare for a wherry from Lond* to G* in the
1 6th cent* was zd. Ships for distant ports often started
there* In B* & F* Scornful L i, Loveless is going to
France : his brother says, ** You'll hazard losing your
tide to G*" In Love & JF1* ii* i, Simplicity says to Fraud,
" I knew thee when thou dwelledst at a place called G*'*
Seaports are usually a good field for swindlers and
women of bad character. In Dekker's Westward i. i,
Justiniano speaks of women " as stale as wenches that
travel every second tide between G* and Billingsgate/'
In J* Heywood's Weather, p. ipo, Report, in the allitera-
tive list of places he has visited, mentions G* In W*
Rowley's Match Mid. iv* i, Jarvis reveals a plot to carry
Mary " down to the water-side, pop her in at Puddle-
dock, and carry her to G. in a pair of oars*" In Tomkis'
Albumazar iii* 3, Albuma^ar says, " Speak a boat Ready
for G** and provide a supper * . * and thus well fed and
merry, Take boat by night." In Massinger's Madam iv*
i, Fortune tells how he has 2 ships returned from Bar-
bary* near G* In Field's Weathercock iii* 3, the Capt*
bids, " Go and provide oars ; I'll see G. to-night." In
Dekker's Edmonton iii. i, Cuddy says, " This was an ill
night to go wooing in ; thinking to land at ^Catherine's
Dock, I was almost at G*" In Middleton's Quiet Life v*
3, Beaufort says, " My warrant shall overtake him ere
he pass G." In T* Heywood's Fortune iii* i, Anne has
44 a brother lives at G* who soon would ship you over
into France*" There was- good drinking at G* In Look
about vii., Skink says, " At G. I'll wash thy stammering
throat with a mug of ale*" In Dekker's Eastward iv. 4,
Touchstone says, '* For reaching any coast save the
coast of Kent or Essex with this tide, I'll be your war-
rant for a G. toast*" Dekker, in Raven's Almanac (1609),
speaks of Londoners "that in all your lives' time scarce
travel to G*, because you are sworn to keep within the
compass of the freedom*" In Nash's Prognostication,
he says, ** Fishmongers shall go down as far as G* in
wherries and forestall the market*" In Webster's
Weakest i* 2, Bunch tells that he was born 4t at G*"

In letter prefixed to Milton's Comus, he says, *4 The
passage from Genoa into Tuscany is as diurnal as a G*
barge*" There was evidently a daily service of barges
from London to G* Dekker, in News from Hell, says
that Charon's boat 4* is like G* Barge ; and the passen-
gers privileged alike, for there's no regard of age, of sex,

GRAY'S INN

of beauty, of riches ; he that comes in first sits no better
than the last*" The Cobler of Canterbury contains tales
44 told in the barge between Billingsgate and G/' Nash,
in Prognostication, says, " There is like to be concluded
by an Act set down in G. Barge, that he that wipes his
nose, and hath it not, shall forfeit his whole face."
Nash, in Somewhat to Read (1591), says, 4* Only I can
keep pace with G. barge ; and care not, if I have water
enough to land my ship of fools with the Term : the
tide, I should say*" In Deloney's Craft ii* 2, Meg of
Westminster says, 44 I am not so high as Paules nor is my
foot as long as Graves-end barge*" In ii. 10, 44 The
Green K* of St. Martins sailed in G* Barge " on his way
to Flanders* In Sharpham's Fleire ii. 387, Fleire says to
the gallants, " I'll put you in the way of all flesh, I'll
send you to Graves-end, I'll see you in the tilt-boat."

GRAY FRIARS. The monastery of the Franciscan F*
who came to England in the i3th cent* and built their
home on the N* side of Newgate St. in 1225. la 1327
the ch* of the monastery was rebuilt ; in 1429 Whitting-
ton built the f* a large library and over £500 was spent
in equipping it with books. It was seized by Henry VIII
at the Dissolution of the Monasteries, and with un-
wonted generosity presented to the City for the use of
the poor* The ch. became the parish Ch* of Christ Ch*
Edward VI actually incorporated Christ's Hospital on
the site of the old G. F* For further details, see under
CHRIST'S HOSPITAL, CHRIST CH, In T* Heywood's
/* K. M. B* 276, Dean Nowell relates that " Sir Richard
Whittington began the Library of G* F* in Lond."

GRAY'S INN* An Inn of Court in Lond., to which are
attached 2 Inns of Chancery, Staple Inn and Barnard's
Inn. It stands on 30 acres of ground on the N* side of
Holborn and the W* side of G* I* Rd*, formerly G* I*
Lane. It was made up of 4 courts, Coney Ct., Holborn
Ct., Field Ct., and Chapel Ct* N* of the Courts are the
famous gardens, which were laid out by Lord Bacon, the
most illustrious of the members of the I,, about 1600*
The Hall, which still remains, was erected between
1555 and 1560. The Gate from Holborn was built of red
brick in the beginning of the I7th cent*, and has re-
cently been covered with stucco. The I. takes its name
from Reginald de Grey, of the family of the Greys of
Wilton, who held the property, then known as Port-
poole, in the beginning of the i4th cent. : the name
survives in Portpoole Lane, between G* L Rd* and
Leather Lane* After passing through the hands of
Hugh Denny and the Prior of East Sheen, it came to the
Crown at the Dissolution of the Monasteries, and was
rented by Henry VIII to the lawyers, who had pre-
viously held it from the former owners*

Revels were annually held in the Hall under the
presidency of a Lord of Misrule, who gloried in the
title " The most high and mighty Prince of Purpoole p.e*
Portpoole], Arch-Duke of Stapulia and Bernarda, eta"
The ist Masque performed in the L, of which notice
has survived, was written in 1527 by John Roo, who
expiated in the Fleet his allusions to Wolsey in the
Masque* In 1594 Shakespeare's Comedy of Errors was
performed in the Hall, which thus shares with the Hall
of the Middle Temple the distinction of being one of
the 2 surviving buildings in which his plays were pre-
sented* Sir William Gascoigne, the Chief Justice in
Henry IV B*, who committed Falstaff to the Fleet, was
reader at G* I. Lord Bacon had rooms in No* i Coney
Ct*, and took from them the ride which resulted in his
death* Amongst the dramatists, George Gascoigne,
George Chapman, Abraham Fratmce, and James

231

GRAY'S INN FIELDS

Shirley resided for a time in G* L In Dekker's
Westward iii* 2, we learn that Monopoly, the lawyer,
belonged to the I* : " I will have the hair of your head
and beard shaved/' he says, " and e'er I catch you at
G* I*" Taylor, in Works i. 123, mentions " the Green
Dragon against G* L Gate." In H4 B* iii, 2, 36, Shallow
tells how " the very same day did I fight with one
Sampson Stockfish, a fruiterer, behind G* I*" : pro-
bably in G* L Fields, q.v. Barry's Ram was printed by
44 Robert Wilson at his shop in Holborn at the New
Gate of G* L 1611*" Glapthorne's Hollander was
" Printed by L Okes for A* Wilson and are to be sold at
her [sic] shop at Graves- Inne Gate in Holborne* 1640*"
GRAY'S INN FIELDS. The open fields N* of G* I*
Gardens, used as a practice ground for archers, and
afterwards frequented by footpads and other undesirable
characters. In Middleton's R. G* ii* i, Laxton asks
Moll for an appointment to meet her 4t somewhere near
Holborn/' And she replies : 4* In G* L F* then*"
In PasqtuTs Nightcap 1632, we read : " Fairer than any
stake in G. L F*, Guarded with gunners, bill-men, and a
rout Of bowmen bold which at a cat do shoot." Rout
was evidently pronounced to rhyme with shoot*
GRAY'S INN LANE (now raised to the dignity of G. I*
Rd*)* Lond*, running N» from Holborn on the E* side
of G* I* to the junction of Pentonville Rd* and Euston
Rd* James Shirley, the dramatist, lived for a time in
G* L L. X Heywood's 5* Age was "Printed by
Nicholas Okes and are to be sold by Benjamin Light-
foote at his shop at the upper end of Graies Inne-Lane
in Holborn* 1613*"

GREAT OCEAN (the ATLANTIC OCEAN)* In Elements
35> Experience says, " This sea is called the G* O*, so
great is it that never man could tell it since the world
began ; till now, within these 20 years, westward be
found new lands that we never heard tell of before
this*"

GREECE (Gk* — Greek, Gn* = Grecian, Gsh* = Greek-
ish). The S*E* promontory of Europe, S* of the
Olympus and Acroceraunian mtns* The inhabitants
themselves called it Hellas : the name Graecia was given
to it by the Romans, probably from the Epirot tribe
of the Graft, with whom they first came into contact*
In 146 B*C* it became a Roman province under the name
of Achaia* Immediately after the conquest of Constanti-
nople it fell into the hands of the Turks, and remained
a part of the Ottoman Empire till 1830, when it was
constituted an independent kingdom at the Conference
of Lond*

Geographical references. In Shrew, Ind. ii* 95, we are
told of " old John Naps of G*" amongst the friends of
Sly* We should read " Greet," which is a little vilL on
the Tewkesbury Rd* between Gretton and Winch-
combe* In £rr* i* i, 133, JEgeon tells the D*, 44 5
summers have I spent in furthest G*," which seems to
include the Gk* cities of Asia Minor* The same wider
use of the word to include the Gk* cities of Asia Minor
and Africa is found in Per* i. 4, 97, where the people of
Tarsus pray for Pericles of Tyre : 44 The gods of G* pro-
tect you ! ff and in ii* i, 67, where a fisherman of Penta-
polis* in N* Africa, says, ** Here's them in our country
of G* gets more with begging than we can do with
working/* In T* Heywood's Traveller L i, Geraldine
has travelled through " Spain and the Empire, G* and
Palestine*" Hycke, p* 88, has travelled in 44 G*" In T*
Heywood's £* Age iii*, Jason speaks of 44 fertile and
populous G*, G* that bears men such as resemble gods*"
Milton, P* R. iv. 240, speaks of " Athens, the eye of G*"

GREECE

In iii* 1 1 8, the Tempter says that God requires glory/
" and glory he receives Promiscuous from all nations,
Jew, or Gkv Or Barbarous*"

The Mythology of the ancient Gks* is constantly re-
ferred to in the dramas and poems of our period* The
stories most often alluded to are the dethronement of
Chronos (Saturn) by Zeus (Jupiter), and the division of
the universe between Zeus (Jupiter), Poseidon (Nep-
tune), and Pluto ; the rebellion of the Giants against
the Gods of Olympus ; the story of Prometheus ; the
labours of Heracles ; and the incidents connected with
the siege of Troy, the early history of Thebes, Athens,
and Sparta, and the oracles at Delphi and Dodona*
The Gods are almost invariably mentioned under their
Latin names, as follows : Chronos is Saturn ; Zeus,
Jupiter ; Hera, Juno ; Poseidon, Neptune ; Ares,
Mars ; Aphrodite, Venus ; Hephaistos, Vulcan ; Arte-
mis, Diana; Athene, Pallas; Dionysus, Bacchus ; Hera-
cles, Hercules* T* Keywood's Go/rf*, £*, B*, and Iron
Ages are a series of stories from the Gk. Mythology, and
Lyly drew many of his subjects from the same source.
Incidental allusions are exceedingly numerous in all our
playwrights, their knowledge being gained for the most
part from Ovid* Milton, P* L* i. 739, says that Mam-
mon was not " unadored In ancient G*," and identifies
him with Hephaestus or Mulciber*

References to the Trojan War, This famous war was
undertaken by the Hellenes to avenge the rape of Helen,
the wife of Menelaus, K* of Sparta, by Paris, the son of
Priam, K* of Troy* Agamemnon of Mycenae, the
brother of Menelaus, was the leader of the Hellenic
forces, and amongst their chiefs were Achilles, Odys-
seus (Ulysses), Nestor, Ajax the Greater, and Ajax the
Lesser* Of the Trojan heroes Hector stands pre-
eminent ; jSEneas became famous through the legend
which traced the origin of Rome to him, and which
received world-wide currency through the Mneid of
Vergil; Troilus has become immortal through the story
of Cressida's faithlessness* The siege lasted 10 years
and ended in the fall of Troy* That some such expedi-
tion took place in, or about, the i3lh cent* B.c* is highly
probable, but the details of the story are, of course,
legendary* Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida is based
on the incident of Cressida's infidelity to the Trojan
hero* There is no hint of this in Homer's Iliad, and it
is first found in the Roman de Troyest by Benpit de
Saintmore (1175)* Boccaccio told the story in his
Filostrato, and Chaucer followed him in his Troylus and
Chryseyde. In TroiL proL, we are told how 4t from isles
of Greece The princes orgulous * * » Put forth toward
Phrygia, and their vow is made To ransack Troy*"
In i* i, 7, Troilus says, ** The Gks* are strong and
skilful to their strength, Fierce to their skill, and to their
fierceness valiant*" In ii* i, 13, Thersites says to Ajax,
44 The plague of G* upon thee ! " He is probably
referring to the plague which Apollo sent among the
Gks*, as related in the first book of the Iliad. In
ii* 2, 78, Troilus speak of Helen as "A Gn* Queen
whose youth atid freshness Wrinkles Apollo and makes
stale the morning*" In iii. 3, 211, Ulysses says, " All the
Gsh* girls shall tripping sing." The usage throughout
the play is Gk* as a noun, Gn. or Gsh* as adjectives* In
iv* i, 7, Paris speaks of Diomed as 44 a valiant Gk*" In
iv* i, 73, Diomed says of Helen : " She hath not given
so many good words breath As for her Gks* and Trojans
suffered death*" In iv* 4, 78, Troilus says, 44 The Gn*
youths are full of quality : They're loving, well com-
posed with gifts of nature, And flowing orer with arts
and exercise " ; and in 90, 44 1 cannot $ing, nor heel the

232

GREECE

high lavolt, Nor sweeten talk, nor play at subtle games ;
Fair virtues all to which the Gns. are Most prompt and
pregnant/' In v, 5> 24, Nestor says of Hector: "The
strawy Gks,, ripe for his edge, Fall down before him,
like the mower's swath/' In v* 6, 10, Troilus reviles
Diomed and Ajax as "both you cogging Gks/' In
Merch. v, i, 5, Lorenzo says, " In such a night Troilus
methinks mounted the Troyan walls And sighed his
soul toward the Gn, tents Where Cressid lay/' In As iv,
i, 96, Rosalind says, " Troilus had his brains dashed out
with a Gn* club ; yet he did what he could to die before
and he is one of the patterns of Love/* In All's i, 3, 74,
the Clown sings of Helen : " Was this fair face the cause,
quoth she, Why the Gns, sacked Troy $"' In Cor. i* 3,
46, Volumnia says, " The breasts of Hecuba , , *
looked not lovelier Than Hector's forehead when it spit
forth blood At Gn* sword/' In M+ W. W. ii, %t 34* the
Host says to Caius, " Thou art a Hector of G*, my boy/'
Hector was, of course, a Trojan, not a Gk, : the mis-
take may be intentional and humorous, but in Cor, i* 8,
12, Aufidius calls Hector " the whip of your bragged
progeny," 1,0, of the Trojans : where the obvious
meaning is that Hector whipped the Trojans, though it
may mean that he was the whip that they employed
against the Gks, In H6 A, v, 5, 104, Suffolk, going to
woo Margaret of Anjou for Henry, says, " Thus Suffolk
goes, As did the youthful Paris once to G,, With hope to
find the like event in love/' Le. to win Margaret for
himself. In H6 C, iL a, 146, Edward says to Margaret,
44 Helen of G, was fairer far than thou Although thy
husband may be Menelaus," z,e* although he may have
been cuckolded by Suffolk. In H4 B, ii, 4, 181, Pistol
rants about " Caesars and Cannibals and Trojan Gks/'
In Cym. iv, 2, 313, Imogen says, "Pisanio, All curses
madded Hecuba gave the Gks* * , , be darted on
thee 1 " When Hecuba, the mother of Hector, was taken
by the Gks,, she cursed them so vigorously that they
killed her and buried her at Cynos Sema, i*e* the tomb of
the bitch. In Tit. i, 2,, 379, Marcus says, " The Gks,
upon advice did bury Ajax That slew himself/' The
story is told in Sophocles' Ajax* The hero committed
suicide after his fit of madness, and the Atreidse would
have refused htm burial, but were compelled to bury
him by Teucrus and Odysseus, In Tit* v* 3, 84, Marcus
refers to the story told by -flineas to Dido ** of that
baleful burning night When subtle Gks, surprised K,
Priam's Troy/' The fall of Troy is the subject of the
Player's speech in Ham, ii, 3, 473, In H6 C, ii, I, 52,
the Messenger describes the death of the D, of York :
44 He stood against them, as the hope of Troy Against
the Gks, that would have entered Troy/' In Sonnets liii.
8, the poet says of his mistress: 44 On Helen's cheek all
art of beauty set, And you in Gn* tires are painted new*"
In Lucrece 1368, a painting is described, " made for
Priam's Troy, Before the which is drawn the power of
G., For Helen's rape the city to destroy " ; and a de-
tailed account of the siege follows. In Marlowe's Ed. II
ii, 5, Lancaster addresses Gaveston, 44 Monster of men
That, like the Gsh, strumpet, trained to arms And
bloody wars so many valiant knights/' In Marlowe's
Faustus xiii, 31, Faust says, " You shall behold that
peerless Dame of G, No otherways for pomp and majesty
Than when Sir Paris crossed the seas with her," In
Selimus 2480, Selim says, 44 When the coward Gks, fled
to their ships , » * the noble Hector Returned in
triumph to the walls of Troy " (see Iliad xv«). In
Cassafs Rev* i, chor*, Discord says, " 'Twas I that did
the fatal apple fling Betwixt the 3 Idaean goddesses That
so much blood of Gks, and Trojans spilt/' The decision

GREECE

of Paris to give the apple, "for the most beautiful/*
to Aphrodite was the result of her promise that he
should have the most beautiful woman in Hellas ; which
led to his abduction of Helen and the Trojan War, In
Phillips' Grissill 1824, Diligence says that GrissilTs
daughter was " as beautiful as ever the Gsh, Hellin
was whom Paris the Troyan hath won in fight," In
Alimony ii, 5, Joculette talks of ** Thersites, that dis-
figured Gk/' (see Iliad ii. 311 seq+). In Fisher's Fuimus
iii, 7, Cassibelanus says of Nennius: "Could Britain's
genius save a mortal man, Thou hadst outlived the
smooth-tongued Gk,/' Le. Nestor, of sweet speech, the
oldest of the Gk* warriors (see Iliad L 348). La Middle-
ton's Blurt iv, 2, Lasarillo says, " I would I had the
Gks/ wooden curtal to ride away," In May's Heir Lf
Roscio says he is 44 Tired more with wooing than the
Gn, Q, In the long absence of her wandering lord/'
The reference is to Penelope and Odysseus, In Greene's
Orlando L i, 167, Rodamant speaks of Helen as 44 that
Gsh, giglot . * , That left her lord. Prince Menelaus,
And with a swain made scape away to Troy," In
Trouble. Reign, Has,, p, 245, the Bastard says, 4t I shall
surprise his [Richd/s] living foes As Hector's statue
did the fainting Gks/' : where statue seems to mean ap-
pearance. In Massinger's Old Law iv, i, Gnotho says,
44 Do not I know our own countrywomen, Suren [he
means Hiren, i,e, Irene] and Nell of G*^" Milton,
P, L, ix, 18, tells of *' Neptune's ire or Juno's that so
long Perplexed the Gk,, and Cytherea's son [^Eneas]*"
In B* & F, Prize ii, 5, Petruchio denounces vengeance
on Maria, ** Were she as fair as Nell-a-G/'

Allusions to Other Events in Ancient Greek History.
In Cor, iii* i, 107, Coriolanus speaks of the Roman
senate as " a graver bench Than ever frowned in G/r
He is probably thinking of the Court of the Areopagus
at Athens, Later, in 114, he speaks of giving forth
" The corn o' the storehouse gratis, as 'twas used
Sometime in G/' The passage is taken verbatim from
North's Plutarch, The system of doles to the citizens
frpm the Theoric Fund became greatly abused at
Athens frpm the 4th cent, onwards. In Marlowe's
Tamb. A. i. i, Menaphon says to Cpsroe, ** How easily
may you with a mighty host Pass into Grsecia, as did
Cyrus once, And cause them to withdraw their forces
home," Cyrus was never in G, : possibly Darius or
Xerxes is intended. In Middleton's Old Law iv, i, the
Cook speaks of 4t Hiren the fair Gk," The reference is
to Peek's The Turkish Mahomet and Hiren the Fair
Greek. Hiren is meant for Irene* In &4 B, ii* 4, 172
Pistol, drawing his sword, says, ** Have we not Hiren
[quasi iron] here i " In Locrine i, i* 46, Corineus boasts
of his victories over 44 The Gn« monarch, warlike Pan-
drassus," This is purely legendary, Milton, P, £, iv,
212, describes Seleucia as 4* built by Gn, kings/' It was
built by Seleucus, one of Alexander's generals, at the
beginning of the 3rd cent, B.c* In P, £, x, 307, he speaks
of Xerxes setting out " the liberty of G, to yoke." In
P» R. iv, 270, he tells how the Athenian orators " M-
niined over G* To Macedon and Artaxerxes' throne,"
The reference is to the patriotic orations of Demos-
thenes, Isocrates, and the rest against Philip of Mace-
don and the Persians*

Greek Empire. After the division of the Roman
Empire in A,D, 395, the E, half, with its capital at Con-
stantinople, is often spoken of as the Gk, Empire* In
Massinger's Emperor ii, i, Pulcheria says to the Emperor
Theodosius of Amasia, sister to the D* of Athens : f4 If
you think her worth your embraces And the sovereign
title of the Gn, Empress," then marry her*

GREECE

The Turkish Conquest of Greece. In Fulke-Greville's
Mustapha, chor. ii., the Mahometan priests boast of their
swords having bound " lett'red G., the lottery of Arts,
Since Mars forsook her, subtle, never wise/'

Greek = the language of Ancient Greece. In As ii. 5,
6 1, Jaques says that Ducdame " is a Gk. invocation to
call fools into a circle/' Probably he means to suggest
that it is unintelligible to his friends (see below). In
Shrew ii* i, 81, Gremio presents Lucentio as " cunning
in Gk*, Latin, and other languages/* In 101, Tranio
gives Baptista ** a small packet of Gk* and Latin books "
for his daughter's use* In /. C* i* 2, 382, Casca tells
Cassius that Cicero " spoke Gk." In B* & F. Wit. S. W.
i. 2, Witty decides that Priscian is " a very excellent
scholar in the Gk." ; and Sir Gregory mockingly says
that if Achilles spoke but this tongue, " I do not think
but he might have shaken down the walls [of Troy] in a
sennight and never troubled the wooden horse*** In
their Wild Goose ii. 2, when Pinac comes courting Mira-
bel, the servant asks him : " Can you speak Gk* i "
and as he cannot he tells him he has no chance with his
mistress* In Shirley's Honoria i. i, Mammon says that
scholars " think themselves brave fellows when they
talk Gk, to a lady*" Jonson, in the verses prefixed to
ist Folio, says of Shakespeare: "Thou hadst small
Latin and less Gk." In Gascoigne's Government i* 4,
Phylosarcus, a young man about to proceed to the
university, says of himself and his brother: ** We were
also entered into our gk* grammar*" In Jonson's Ev.
Man L i. i, Stephen declares that the hawking and hunt-
ing languages " are more studied than the Gk* or the
Latin*" Milton, in Sonnet on Detraction 14, refers to
Sir John Cheek, who taught " Cambridge and K*
Edward Gk." Sir John was the ist Professor of Gk* at
Cambridge, 1 5 14-1 557* In B* & F. Elder B. L 2, Andrew,
the servant of Charles, says, " Were it Gk., I could in-
terpret for you," but he disclaims knowledge of Syriac
and Arabic* In ii* i, old Miramont says, " Though I can
speak no Gk*, I love the sound on *t ; It goes so thun-
dering as it conjured devils." In their Thomas iii* i,
Thomas says that a physician's head "is filled with
broken Gk/* Gk* not being commonly understood, the
phrase *' it is Gk* to me " means ** it is unintelligible/'
In /* C. i* 2, 288, Casca says of Cicero's speech: "For
mine own part it was Gk. to me*" In Jonson's Alchemist
ii* i, Subtle says of his alchemistical terms : " This is
heathen Gk. to you/' In ii. 5, he says, " Is Ars Sacra a
heathen language s* " Ananias replies, 44 Heathen Gk.,
I take it/'—" How * " says Subtle* " heathen Gk* * "
Ananias replies, "All's heathen but the Hebrew."
In Greene's James IV iv. 2, when Eustace asks Ida,
" Will you wed i " she answers, " 'Tis Gk* to me, my
lord*" In Killigrew's Parson iii. 5, the drawer at the
Devil says, " I'll fetch you that* Sir, shall speak Gk* and
make your worship prophesy." The wine will make the
drinker talk nonsense* In Middleton's Blurt iii* 3,
Imperia says, " Nay, 'tis Gk* to me."

Greek Authors, Orators, Poetsf etc. In Chapman's
Rev. Bussy ii* i, 113, Baligny says, "What said the
princess, sweet Antigone, In the grave Gk* tragedian,
when the question 'Twixt her and Creon is, for laws of
kings 51 " The reference is to the Antigone of Sophocles*
In Massinger's Actor i. i, Paris speaks of " The Gks*, to
whom we owe the first invention Both of the buskined
scene a*nd humble sock," i.e. tragedy and comedy* Gk*
orators, headed by Demosthenes, were the most famous
in the world* In C&sar's Rev. v* i, Cassius speaks of
Rhodes as " my nurse when in my youth I drew The
flowing milk of Gsh. eloquence/' There was a famous

GREECE

school of oratory at Rhodes. Jonson, in Discov. 128,
says, " Which of the Greeklings durst ever give pre-
cepts to Demosthenes ** " In Chapman's Rev. Bussy iii*
2, 47, Clermont says, " Demades (that passed Demos-
thenes For all extemppral orations; Erected many
statues, which (he living) Were broke*" Demades was
contemporary with Demosthenes. The Gk. poets stand
in the first rank of the world's literature* In Jonson's
Poetaster v. i, Vergil says, " Use to read (but not with a
tutor) the best Gks. As Orpheus, Musaeus, Pindarus,
Hesiod, Callimachus, and Theocrite, High Homer; but
beware of Lycophron, He is too dark and dangerous a
dish." Jonson, in Underwoods xlvii*3i,says, "Gk* was
free from rhyme's infection Happy Gk. by this protection,
Was not spoiled." The Seven Wise Men of G. were Solon
of Athens, Chilo of Sparta, Thales of Miletus, Bias of
Priene, Cleobulus of Lindos, Pittacus of Mitylene, and
Periander of Corinth* In Marmion's Companion ii. 4,
Careless says, " I am now as discreet in my conceit as
the 7 Sophies of G." In Jonson's Ev. Man I. iii. 2,
young Knowell protests he did not recognise Brain-
worm, 44 an I might have been joined pattern with one
of the 7 wise Masters for knowing him." G* was famous
for its wisdom ; but in Lyly's Endymion v* 3, Pytha-
goras says, 44 1 had rather in Cynthia's court spend ip
years than in G. one hour." In Middleton's Old Law L
i, the Lawyer calls G* " Our ancient seat of brave
1 philosophers*" In Davenant's Platonic ii* i, Sciolto
says, " Plato was an old Gk* fellow that could write and
read/' In Milton's Comas 439, the Elder Brother asks,
" Shall I call Antiquity from the old schools of G* To
testify the arms of chastity i " In Brewer's Lingua i* i,
Lingua speaks of " The learned Gk* rich in fit epithets*"
In Lyly's Endymion iii. i, Cynthia says, 44 If the philo-
sophers of G. can find remedy I will procure it." In
Chapman's Rev. Bussy L i, 335, Clermont quotes from
Epictetus, whom he calls " the good Gk* moralist."
Later (353) he refers to " The splenative philosopher
that ever Laughed at them all," Le. Dempcritus.

Arts, Luxury * Dress* etc. Milton, P* R. iv* 338, makes
our Lord suggest that " rather G* from us [the Hebrews]
these arts [music and song] derived." This was a com-
mon belief amongst the older theologians. In 360, he
says that the Hebrew prophets taught the rules of civil
government better " Than all the oratory of G. and
Rome*" In Jonson's Volpone iii. 6, Mosca says, " Let's
die like Romans, since we have lived like Gns/' The
Gks* were held to be flatterers and dissemblers* In
Tiberius 685, Sejanus advises the man who would suc-
ceed to dp at Rome as Rome does : " Flatter in Greet
and fawn in Graecia/' In Lyly's Euphues Anat. Wit. 74,
Philautus says, " It is commonly said of Gns. that craft
cometh to them by kind," In Hoffman ii., Clois says to
the actors, who are to disguise themselves as Gks*,
" Within are Gn* habits for your heads*" In T. Hey-
wood*s Lucrece iii. 5, Valerius sings, " Some like breech-
less women go, The Russ, Turk, Jew, and Gn."

Greek Calends. The Romans dated the days of the
month from the Calends, which was the ist of the month,
but there was no such thing in G* Hence the Gk.
calends means " never*" In Shirley's Honoria iii. 2,
Alamonde asks, " When is this day of triumph < " And
Phantasm answers : " At the Gk. Calends." So, in
Rabelais, Pantagruel iii. 3, Panurge says he will be
out of debt "at the ensuing term of the Gk* calends/'
In Brewer's Lingua ii. 2, Phantasies says that the
squaring of the circle, the philosopher's stone, and the
next way to the Indies "will be found out all together,
ad Grxcas calendas" i.e* never.

334

GREECE

Gk* is used in the sense of a frivolous, lively rascal ;
often in the phrase ** merry Gk." The origin of the use
is to be found in the Roman contempt for the Gk*
adventurers who were attracted to the capital of the
Empire* In TroiL iv* 4, 58, Cressida speaks of herself as
44 A woeful Cressid 'mongst the merry Gks." In Tw. N.
iv* i, 19, Sebastian says to the Clown, 44 1 prithee,
foolish Gk*, depart from me/f In Jonson's Case iv. 4,
Juniper addresses Onions, ** Sayst thou so, mad Gk* 4 tr
In Cooke's Greene's Quoque, p* 549, Pursenet says of
Spendall: 44 This is the Agamemnon of all merry Gks.,"
i*e* jolly good fellows* In Dekker's Hon. Wh. A. v. i,
George says there are madmen of all countries in Bed-
lam, " but especially mad Gks., they swarm/' Mathewe
Merygreeke is the clown in Roister. In B. & F* Prize ii.
2, Bianca says, 44 Go home and tell the merry Gks* that
sent you, Ilium shall burn and I as did ^Sneas Will on
my back carry this warlike lady." In Dekker's North-
ward iv* 2, Bellamont, visiting Bedlam, says, " Let's see
what Gks* are within/* In Ret. Pernass. i* i, we have :
" Thou seems a mad Gk* and I have loved such lads
from my infancy*" In T* Heywood's Ed. IV A. 26,
Spicing addresses Falconbridge as 44 My brave Falcon-
bridge I my mad Gk* I " Merry Gk* as applied to a
woman means one of bad character — a courtesan* In
TroiL i* 2, 117, when Pandarus tells Cressida that Helen
loves Troilus better than Paris, she replies, 4t Then she's
a merry Gk* indeed*" In Massinger's Guardian ii. 5,
Calipso, in a list of foreign females, mentions " The merry
Gk*, Venetian courtesan*" In Middleton's Old Law iv. i ,
the Drawer exclaims, ** Here's a consort of merry Gks. ! "

Gk* wines seem to have been highly esteemed in the
1 6th and iyth cents*, though they are now looked upon
as of inferior quality and lacking in body* In TroiL v*
i, i, Achilles says of Hector: ** I'll heat his blood with
Gsh* wine to-night Which with my scimitar I'll cool to-
morrow*" In Massinger's New Way iii. 2, Overbury
says to Lovell, 44 May it please my lord to taste a glass, of
Gk* wine i " In Marlowe's Tamo. B* ii* 3, Orcanes says,
44 With full Natolian bowls of Gsh* wine Now let us
celebrate our happy conquest*" In his Jew i* i, Barabas
speaks of his " Spanish oils and wines of G*" In Shir-
ley's Pleasure i* i, Bornwell says, 44 We have no Gk.
wine in the house, I think," and sends a footman to buy
some* In Ford's Trial iii. i, Benatzi, in a list of luxuries,
says, " Gk* wines — rich I " In Massinger's Very Woman
iii* 5, Antonio says to Pedro, ** Send me 2 or 3 bottles of
your best Gk* wine*" In his Old Law iv* i, the Drawer
says, " Here's the quintessence of G* ; the sages never
drunk better grape*" To which the Cook replies,
44 Sir, the mad Gks* of this age can taste their Palermo
as well as the sage Gks* did before them*" In Marston's
Ant, Rev. A* ii*, Piero says, " Fill out Gk* wines; we'll
have a banquet." In Shirley's Honoria iii. i, Traverse
says, 44 Let me indulge a glass of the Gk* wine*" In
Barnes' Charter iii* 5, Frescobaldi says to Bagnioli,
44 I'll drink a flagon of Gk* wine with thee*" In Chap-
man's Blind Beggar x., Cleanthes says, 44 Let us go to
frolic in our Court Carousing free whole bowls of Gsh*
wine/' In Nabbes' C, Garden iv* i, Dasher says, 4t I will
but present a glass of Gk* sack to the hands of a noble
lord, and return to serve you*" In Greene & Lodge's
Looking Glass ii. 3, 361, Alvida asks, " Will he swear it
to my Lord the King And in a full carouse of Gsh* wine
Drink down the malice of his deep revenge i "

Greek Animals. In Jonson's Ev. Man O. iv* 2, Puntar-
volo is to bring back from his travels ** a Turk's mous-
tachio, my dog a Gn* hare's lip/' The hare is common
inG.

GREENWICH

Greek Monastery. The Gk. religion has always
been that of the Orthodox Gk* Ch., and there are a
large number of monasteries there* In B* & F* Fair
Maid I. v* 3, Prospero relates that Juliana *4 enjoined
me to place her in a Gsh* monastery."

GREEN ARBOUR COURT* A lane in Lond*, leading
from the upper end of Old Bailey into Seacoal Lane* It
was swept away when the Holborn Viaduct was built*
The steps that led into it were called *4 Break Neck
Steps." Prynne's Histriomastix was "Printed for
Michael Sparke and sold at the Blue Bible in Grene A*
in Little Old Bailey* 1633." The Book of Riddles was
"Printed by T. C* for Michael Sparke dwelling in
Greene A. at the sign of the blue Bible. 1629."

GREEN DRAGON* There were several taverns in
Lond* with this sign* The best-known was the one at
56 Fleet St., which still keeps the old name* This is
probably the one referred to by Taylor, who, on the ist
day of his Penniless Pilgrimage i. 122, visited " the G* D*
against Grays Inn Gate*" In Webster's Weakest v* 2*
Bunch says that the best liquor in Ardres is to be had
"at the G. D*" It was also a bookseller's sign. The
ist Quarto of Merch* was "Printed by L R* for
Thomas Heyes and are to be sold in Paules Church-
yard at the sign of the Greene D* i6oo/' Brome's Five
New Plays were " Printed for A* Crook at the G* D* in
St. Paul's Church-yard* 1659*"

GREEN GATE* The name of a house in St* Martins-le-
Grand, Lond* : probably a mistake for Queen G* In
More ii* 2* Lincoln says, 4t This is St* Martin's and
yonder dwells Mutas, a wealthy Piccardye, at the
Greene G." According to Holinshed his name was
Newton, and his house was called Queene G., not
G* G*, and was in Cornhill*

GREENLAND* A large island or continent belonging to
Denmark, lying between Iceland and N* America* A
settlement was made there from Iceland by Red Eric in
986, the people were christianised, and bishops were
appointed over a period of 5 cents. But from the middle
of the 1 3th cent* G* passed out of history until it was re-
discovered by Davis in 1585* It was resettled in 1721*
In Jonson's Devil ii. i, Meercraft gulls Fitzdottrel into
thinking that he is to be Duke of Drowned Land : and
Engine says encouragingly, " It goes like Groen-land,
Sir, if you mark it." In Marlowe's Tomb. B* i* i,
Orcanes speaks of the Christian armies including men
from " Vast Grantland compassed with the frozen Sea*"
In B* & F* Fair Maid I. iv* 2, Forobosco threatens by
his magical power to send the Clown " to G* for a
haunch of venison/' In a letter from Sir Philip Sidney
to Hubert Languet (1577) we are told how Frobisher
passed the Feroe isles and an island which he supposed to
be Friesland discovered by the Venetian Zeni. This was
probably G* In-Cuckqueans iv* 8, Floradin says that he
has *4 travelled Frisland, Iseland* and Greenland*"
Drayton, in Elegy of his Lady (1627), speaks of ships
putting out " Both to our G. and Virginia*"

GREENWICH* A town in Kent on the S, bank of the
Thames* The present Naval College occupies the site
of an ancient royal palace in which Henry VIII, Mary,
and Elizabeth were born* Henry VIII made it his chief
residence and new-named it Placentia* James I and
Charles I used it frequently, but Charles II pulled it
down and began the building of the Naval Hospital,
which was completed in the reign of Anne* G. Park,
in which is the Observatory, built in 1675, was enclosed
in 1433* and covers nearly 200 acres* Shakbag, in
Feversham epi., 4t was murdered in Southwark as he

GREET

passed to Greenewitch where the Lord Protector [the
D* of Somerset : the date is 1551] lay*" In Dekker's
Eastward iv* 4, Golding brings word that " the Colonel
and all his company, putting forth drunk from Billings-
gate, had like to have been cast away on this side G*"
In Pair Women ii* 145, Beane asks, " Must I go first to
G*, Sir ?" " And adds : " I cannot go by water, for it
ebbs ; The wind's at west, and both are strong against
us*" The scene is at Woolwich, which is east of G*
Chaucer's pilgrims passed above 4t Grenewych, ther
many a shrewe is inne, at half way pryme " on the ist
day, U. about 7*30 a*m* (C* T* A* 3907)* It would seem
that Chaucer was residing in G* at this time, for, in
Lenvoy a Scogan 45, he speaks of being " in thende of
which streme," z*e* the Thames, and the MSS* add a
note to the line—"* G*" This would account for the
comment of the poet about the shrews* He was speaking
from painful experience* In Oldcastle iii* 4, the K*, at
Blackheath, orders Butler to " Go down by G* and
command a boat At the Friar's Bdge* attend my coming
down." The easiest way from Kent to Lond* was by
way of G. and the Thames* In Prodigal iv* i, Delia,
being in Kent, says, " I will first go to G*, and so to
Lond*" In Nash's Qmp, he says, "Now, Master
Waterman, there is none so simple but that knows your
fares and what is due between G* and Lond*" In
B* & F* Scornful i* i, young Loveless says it is from
Lond* " a long half-mile by land to G*"

It was at the court at G, that Buckingham's Surveyor
heard the treasonable talk which he reports to the K*
in HB i* 2, 188* In Fair Women ii* 217, Beane says he is
going to Lond* " when I have been at the court at G*"
In Middleton's Chaste Maid i* i, Yellowhammer says,
44 * Honour T and * faithful servant J ' they are compli-
ments for the worthies of Whitehall or G*" Plays were
often performed at G* before the Court* At Christmas
1594 a company which included Kemp, Burbage, and
Shakespeare, performed 2 unnamed comedies there* It
was on the same day on which the Comedy of Errors was
produced at Gray's Inn* Jonson speaks of ** those
flights [of the Swan of Avon] upon the banks of Thames
That so did take Eliza and our James*" In T* Hey-
wood's LK.M. B* 317, Elizabeth says, " We at our
Court of G. will dilate Further of these designs*"
Davies, in Hymns of Astr&a (1599) ix* 3, says, " Em-
press of Flowers ! Tell, where away Lies your sweet
cotirt, this merry May ** In G* garden alleys ; Since
there the heavenly Powers do play*" Skelton, in Colin
Clout 742, speaks of " the order upon G. border called
Observants/' |The Franciscan Observants had a settle-
ment adjoining the palace, granted to them by Edward
IV. They were favoured by Katharine of Aragon, and
so vehemently opposed the divorce that Henry VIII
suppressed the whole Order throughout England*

In Fair Women ii* 458, Browne says to Roger, ** Go

thou unto the hedge corner At the hill foot ; there stand

and cast thine eye Toward G* Park* See if Blackheath

be clear*" In Jonson's Gipsies, one of the gipsies sings of

" The parks and the chases And the finer walled places,

As St* James's, G*, Tibals*" Burton, A. M. ii* 2, 3, says,

Barclay the Scot commends that of G* tower for one

of the best prospects in Europe*" In Straw i*, Jack says,

Upon Blackheath beside G*, there we'll lie*" When

the K* went to meet the rebels, Newton says (in ii*),

jThe K* was rowed with oars As far as G* town*"
GREET* A little vill* in N* Gloucestersh*, near Winch-
combe. In Shrew lad*, ii* 95, " John Naps of Greece "
is mentioned as one of the friends of Christopher Sly :
where we^hould certainly read" G*" Shakespeare knew

GROENLAND

this dist* well, as is shown by the local references in
H4 B* v* i* It is mentioned in the ancient rhyme,
''Dirty Gretton, dingy G*, Beggarly Winchcombe,
Sudeley sweet, Hanging Hartshorn, Whittington Bell,
Dull Andoversford, and merry Frog Mill*"
GREGORY'S (SAINT) CHAPEL* The chapel of St* G*
Priory, Canterbury* It was suppressed by Henry VIII,
and nothing is now left of its ruins* In Deloney's Craft
i* 6, Crispine and Ursula are married ** at St* Gregories
C*"

GRESHAM COLLEGE* In Lond., founded by the be-
quest of Sir T* Gresham for the delivery of lectures on
Divinity, Civil Law, Astronomy, Music, Geometry,
Rhetoric, and Physic to be read in the dwelling-house of
the founder* This house was G, House on the W. side
of Bishopsgate St* Within, with grounds reaching back
to Broad St* The lectures began in 1596, and 7 pro-
fessors were appointed* The house was taken down in
1768, and the lectures transferred to a room in the
Royal Exchange* In 1843 the present C* was built at the
corner of G. St, and Basinghall St* In Shirley's Love
Maze iv* 2, Gerard says that in his Utopia " Lectures
and public readings shall put down G/s foundation for
the liberal arts*" In T* Heywood's /* K. M. B. 301,
G* says, ** Lords, so please you but to see my school Of
the 7 learned liberal sciences, Which I have founded
here near Bishopsgate, I will conduct you*"

GREVE, PLACE DE (now PLACE DE I/HOTEL DE VILLE)*
In Paris, in front of the Hotel de Ville, entered from the
junction of the Quai Pelletier and the Quai de Greve, on
the N* bank of^the Seine* It was for many cents* the
place of execution for criminals* In Chapman's Trag*
Byron v* 4, 112* Harley announces that Byron is " con-
demned to lose his head upon a scaffold at the Greave*"

GREYHOUND* A tavern in Fleet St*, Lond*, evidently,
from the quotations, close to Fleet Bdge*, at the E* end
of the st* In Studey 565, John Sparling, the Vintner,
demands £30 from Stucley " for tavern suppers and for
quarts of wine at the G* in Fleet st*" In Dekker's
Westward ii* 3, Justiniano says, " The G., the G. in
Blackfriars, an excellent rendezvous/* In Barry's Earn
iii* 2, Thomas Smallshanks says, " They went in by the
G* and so struck into Bridewell." The G* was also the
sign of a bookseller's shop in Paul's Churchyard* Venus
and Adonis was " Imprinted at Lend* for William
Leake dwelling in Paule's Churchyard at the sign of the
G* 1599*" Selimus was " Printed for John Crooke and
Richard Serger and are to be sold at their shop in Pauls
Churchyard at the sign of the G.-H* 1638*" Here the
Passionate Pilgrim was published by W* Leake in 1599.

GRISONS, LES* Now the SJB* canton of Switzerland,
and the largest one; in Elizabethan times an indepen-
dent Confederation* In Davenant's Siege i* i, Ariosto
refers to " a skirmish at Milan against the G." The
reference is to the wars of the early i6th cent* between
the French and Milan, in which the Swiss took a great
part, first on one side, and then on the other.

GROCERS HALL* The Hall of the Grocers Company in
Lond* It was built in 1427 in what was then called
Coneyhoop Lane, off the Poultry, E. of the Old Jewry*
It lies between the Poultry and Princes St*, into which
an entrance was made in 1827* The ist H. was destroyed
in the Gt* Fire ; a 2nd was built soon after, and the
present H*, the 3rd, dates from 1798* In B* & F. Pestlt
v. 3, Ralph, the Grocer's apprentice, exclaims, " I die i
Fly, fly, my soul, to G* H*"

GROENLAND, See GREENLAND*

GROLL = GROENLO

GROLL = GROENLO* A town in Gelderland, 80 rn* 1
E* of Amsterdam. In Barnavelt iv* 5, Prince Maurice
says, " Who was the cause no greater power was sent
Against the enemy, when he took the towns Of Olden-
sell, Lingen, G* ^ '*

GROME* See GROYNE*

GRONINGEN (formerly spelt GROYNING or the GROYNE)*
A fortified city in Friesland, on the Hunze, 95 np* N*E,
of Amsterdam* It was taken by the D* of Parma in 1580
and recovered by the United Provinces in 1594* The
name suggested an obvious double entendre to the
dramatists. In Dekker's Horn Wh. B* v* 2, Bpts says,
"At the Groyne I was wounded in this thigh* and
halted upon 't, but 'tis now sound." In Middleton's
Quarrel iv* 4, Trimtram tells the story of a pander* a
bawd* and a whore : " The Low Countries did ever
find 'em bread ; they lived by Flushing* by Sluys, and
the Groyne**'

GROPING LANE. Off Tower Hill* Lond* In News
from Wood St. Counter (1643)* we have : " It is worse than
Pickthatch, Covent Garden, G* L*, Tower Hill/' etc.
GROYNE* See GRONINGEN*

GROYNE* A sailor's corruption of Corunna, a seaport
on the N.W* coast of Spain* In Earl of Essex's Ghost
(1624) "v we read : " This mighty fleet [the Armada]
made to the G* in Galicia, it being the nearest haven to
England*" In Coventry M. P* of Mary Magdalen 478,
the Taverner says he has "wine of Gyldyr and of
Galles, that made at the grome " : where probably
grome is a misprint for G*

GRUB STREET. Lond*, running from 96 Fore St. to
56 Chiswell St. In 1820 the name was changed to Mil-
ton St. According to Stow, it was inhabited by bowyers,
fletchers, and bowstring-makers; and as archery de-
clined their place was taken by bowling alleys and dicing
houses* Its reputation as the resort of poor authors
dates from the latter part of the iyth cent* In Ran-
dolph's Hey Hon., he says, " Let Cupid go to G* St.
and turn archer " ; and again, " Her eyes are Cupid's
G* St. ; the blind archer makes his love-arrows there***
Taylor says, in Works ii* 2, " Strait I might descry, The
quintessence of G.-st. well distilled Through Cripple-
gate/* In News from Hell, the Cardinal says, " This
mess is * * * seasoned with the fees and bribes of all
the whores and thieves that live in Westminster,
Covent-Garden, Holborn, G.-st.," etc* Camilton's Dis-
covery of Devilish Designs was " Printed by T* Fawcet
dwelling in G.-st. 1641." Henry Welby, the Hermit of
G* St., died there in 1636* Dekker, in Raven's Almanac
(1609), says, ** As for the thighs, over which Sagitarius
the archer carries sway, any fletcher in G*-st. or any that
ever shot in a long bow, will stand to the proof thereof*"
GUALLATIA* See GALICIA*

GUARTHENION* A vill. in Wales* In Jonson's Wales,
Evan sings the praises of*' Oatcake of G* With a goodly
leek or onion*"

GUELDERLAND* See GELDERLAND*
GUERNSEY* The second in size of the Channel Islands*
lying in the Gulf of Avranches, abt* 30 m* from the
French coast* In Stubbs* Anat* of Abuses i* 57, we are told
that the English ** have netherstocks not of cloth* for
that is thought too base, but of Jarnsey worsted, silk*
thread, and such like " ; and again* ** Their nether-
stocks are of silk gearnsey, worsted, crewell, or at least
of as fine yarn as is possible to be had*" In JVJSJX,
Jarnsey, in the ist passage above, is taken as being
equivalent to Jersey, but in the light of the spelling in

GUILDFORD

the 2nd, gearnsey, and that Heylyn calls the islands
Jarsey and Gernsey, I venture to suggest that in both
passages G* is intended. In Middleton's No Wit L i,
Savourwit tells how Lady Twilight, " crossing to G.,
was taken by the Dunkirks." Drayton, in Polyolb. i. 51,
calls it "Jernsey, bravely crowned With rough-im-
battled rocks."

GUIANA* A country on the N.E* coast of S* America*
between the rivers Orinoco and Amazon* Part of it be-
longs to Brazil, the rest is divided into British, Dutch,
and French Guiana* It was discovered by Vasco Nunes
in 1504, Sir W. Raleigh ascended the Orinoco in 1595
in search for the Eldorado which was supposed to be in
that part of the world* There is gold in G., but the
mines were not discovered till the beginning of the igth
cent. In M. W. W. L 3, 76, Falstaff says of Mrs. Page :
44 She bears the purse too ; she is a region in G., all
gold and bounty." The allusion was no doubt suggested
by the interest of the Court and Q* in Raleigh's expedi-
tion* In Middleton's Quiet Life i* i, we are told that
young Franklin went on " the late ill-starred voyage to
G.*' This is Raleigh's voyage of 1 595* In Cuckqueans iv*
8, Claribel says that he has visited " Guinie, Florida,
and Brasilea." Evidently G., not Guinea, is the place
intended. Milton, P. L* xi* 410, says that Adam saw in
vision 44 yet unspoiled G., whose great city Geryon's
sons Call El Dorado " : Geryon's sons are the Spani-
ards. Wilby, in Morley's Triumphs of Oriana (1601),
says, " The Lady Oriana Was dight in all the treasures
of G.*' Hall, in Satires iv. 3, 29, says, " Fortunio . * *
gads to Guiane land to fish for gold." Burton, A. JWT*
Intro., says of a pilgrimage to a saint's shrine: " It is
like to be as prosperous a voyage as that of G*" Donne,
Satire iv. (1597) 22, speaks of " a thing stranger * * *
ThanAfric's monsters, G.'s rarities." In Hall, Charac-
ters (1608), The Busie-bodie says, " What every man
ventured in G* voyage, and what they gained, he knows
to a hair*" In Ham., the ist quartofmakes the scene of
the play within the play " Guyana" : perhaps a mistake
for Vienna or Guienne.

GUIENNE* The N* portion of the old duchy of Aqui-
tania, in S.W. France, between the Bay of Biscay and
the Cevennes* It came into the possession of the English
Crown in 1152 by the marriage of Henry II to Eleanor,
daughter and heiress of William, Earl of Poitou and D*
of Guienne* It remained an English possession with
short intervals until 1451, when it was recovered to
France by Charles VII. In Ed. Ill i* i, the D* of Lor-
rain demands from Edward homage to the French K*
for "the Guyen Dukedom entayled to thee." In
Florio's Montaigne i* i, " Edward the Black Prince of
Wales " is mentioned as having " long governed our
country of G*** In H6 A* i. i, 60, a messenger announces
44 G., etc., Are all quite lost." In T* Heywood's Ed. IV
B* i., Edward asserts his title to *4 all these Dukedoms
following: "Aquitaine, Anjou, Guyen, Aguileme/*
In Coventry M* P* of Mary Magdalen 479, the Taverner
says he has " wine of Wyan and Vemage n : where
Wyan means G*

GUILDFORD* The capital of the county of Surrey,
29 m. S.W* of Lond* The keep of an ancient Norman
castle stands on a hill on the S, of the town, and there
is a fine bridge over the Wey* In Death Huntington ii* i,
the K* says, ** You and Earl Salisbury shall hie ye to G*"
In Davenport's Matilda i* i* K* John says to Oxford,
" Post unto G* and being there (Pretending a visit unto
Bruce's lady) Wind into observation of the Castle/'
The scene of i* 3 is G* Castle, which Oxford has seized*

GUILDHALL

GUILDHALL* The common Hall of the City of Loud*
It was in existence in the iath cent., but was rebuilt in
1411, and " of an old and little cottage made into a fair
and goodly house " (Fabyan). Sir John Shaa, Mayor in
1501, added the kitchens, and from that time the Lord
Mayor's banquet has been held there on Nov. 9th, the
day of SS. Simon and Jude. The Gt. Fire destroyed the
roof, but left the walls and crypt comparatively un-
injured : it was at once restored, and a new st. — King
St. — was opened up to give access to it from Cheapside.
In 1864 the Hall was renovated, and the fine open oak
roof, a replica, as nearly as possible, of the original one,
was erected* The Hall is 153 ft. long, 50 broad, and 89
high* It contains the two wooden giants, Gog and
Magog, supposed to represent Corineus and Gog-
magog. The present statues were carved in 1708, but
their predecessors existed as far back as 1415, and were
carried in the Lord Mayor's procession and other City
pageants. In the i6th cent, the main entrance was
graced by a number of statues. William Wilderton,
writing in 1560, says, ** Jesus Christ aloft doth stand,
Law and Learning on either hand, Discipline in the
devil's neck, And hard by her are three direct ; There
Justice, Fortitude, and Temperance stand : Where find
ye the like in all this land i " The Court of Aldermen
and the Court of Common Council sit at the G. ; and
there are held the Court of Hustings, the Lord Mayor's
Court, and the Sheriff's Court. The Library and
Museum have been removed to Basinghall St., and a
building for their accommodation was erected in 1872*
The Museum contains a deed of Conveyance with the
signature of Shakespeare attached. There is also an Art
Gallery in G. Yard.

In R3 iii. 5, 73, Gloucester, at the Tower, says to
Buckingham, " Go after, after, cousin Buckingham, The
Mayor towards G. hies him all in post." Buckingham
goes, and advises Gloucester, " Towards 3 or 4 o'clock
Look for the news that the G* affords " (line 102)*
In True Trag. (Has*, p . 58), the Page announces " The D.
of Buckingham is gone about it, and is now in the G.
making his oration/* More ii. 3 takes place in the G. ;
and in ii* 4 More says, ** I think 'twere best we meet at
the G. And there determine that through every ward
The watch be clad in armour." In Stucley 645, Lady
Curtis says, " Husband, you are sent for to the G., about
the soldiers that are to be despatched for Ireland." In
Dekker's Shoemaker's L i, the Lord Mayor says, " If it
please your cousin Lacy come to the G., he shall receive
his pay/* In Cooke's Greene's Quoque, p. 555, S tames
says to Spendall, " Thou art the highest spirited citizen
that ever G. took notice of." In Glapthorne's Wit iii. i,
Busie says, ** I should have fined for Sheriff, but all G.,
hearing I was a Wit, cried 4 Out upon him J '" In
Straw iii., Tom Miller says, " I have been amongst the
records, and all that I saw in the G. I have set fire on*"
In W.Rowley's New Wonder v*, his wife says that Stephen
44 Is now the Sheriff of Lond*, and in Council, Set at the
G* in his scarlet gown." In T. Heywood's Ed. IV, A.
23t the Lord Mayor says, 4t We will withdraw to G. to
take advice/' In Mayne's Match i* 4, Bright says, " I'
the name of G*, who comes here*1" In Shirley's
Riches iii., Getting swears, " By the Hall ycleped Guild,
and Lond. Wall." In Ibid, i*, Clod says, " You march
[on Lord Mayor's Day] to G*, where you look upon the
Saracen giants, and feed like Saracens till you have no
stomach to Paul's in the afternoon." The reference is to
the Lord Mayor's banquet and the service which fol-
lowed at St.Paul's* In Dekker's Northward v* i, Greens-
land says, " Thou smallest like G., 2 days after Simon

238

GUINGAN^ GU ING AMP

and Jude, of drink most horribly/' In Webster's
Cuckold iv* i, Compass says, " Three Tuns do you call
this tavern 4 It has a good neighbour of G." : meaning
that G* is a great place for drinking* There were several
taverns of this name. Dekker, in Armourers, says, 4t Had
Jove been bidden to dinner to the Guyld hall on Simon
and Jude's Day, he could not have had more welcomes
given him than Money had." In Brathwayte's Barnabys
Journal, the G. Giants are mentioned as the second of
the 7 great sights of Lond* Corbett, in Her Boreale, says,
" O, you that do G. and Holmeby keep, You are good
giants." In verses prefixed to Coryat's Crudities (1611),
Peacham mentions amongst the sights of Lond.
" G. huge Corinaeus." Hall, in Satires vi. i, 9, speaks of
" The crabtree porter of the G. gates." In Jonson's Ev.
Man L i* i, Wellbred writes to young Knowell: 44 Draw
your bill of charges, as unconscionable as any G* verdict
will give it you*" In Middleton's Michaelmas iii. 4,
Shortyard has 44 a little urgent business at G." Look
about was 44 Printed for William Ferrand and are to be
sold at his shop at the sign of the Crown near G. Gate.
1600." The Wars of Cyrus was " Printed by E* A. for
William Blackwal and are to be sold at his shop over
against G. gate. 1594." The earliest recorded per-
formance of a play in the City of Lond* is that of an un-
known drama acted on Twelfth Night 1560 in the G.
before the Lord Mayor*

GUINEA* A dist* on the W* coast of Africa, extending from
Sierra Leone to Benin* It was originally called Bilad Gha-
na, i.e. land of wealth, by the Saracens, but Don Henrique
of Portugal first opened it to European knowledge in the
1 5th cent. Trade with G. extended greatly during the
1 6th cent., and many products of the country became
known, such as G. pepper, the G*-cock or turkey, and
the G*-fowl or hen* The coin called a G. was first struck
in 1663, "in the name, and for the use, of the Company
of Royal Adventurers of England trading with Africa."
In Cowley's Cutter iv* 6, Worm says that Jolly's brother
** went 7 years ago to Guiney " as a merchant. G* hen
became a slang word for a prostitute. In Oth. L 3, 317,
lago says, 44 Ere I would say I would drown myself for
the love of a g*-hen, I would change my humanity with a
baboon." In Glapthorne's Wallenstein iii, 3, Newman
says, " Yonder's the cock o' the game about to tread your
ginny hen." In Jonson's Alchemist iv* i, Face says to Doll,
"Well said, my G* bird*" In Armin's Moreclacke
D. i. Sir William says to his wife, ** Wife, coop up our
ginnie hen," z'.e. their daughter, who wants to marry.
In verses prefixed to Coryat's Crudities (1611), Peacham
mentions amongst the sights of Lond* " St. James his
Ginney hens, the Cassawarway moreover." These birds
were kept in the aviaries in St* James's Park, which gave
its name to Birdcage Walk. In Davenant's Albovme ii.
i, Grimold says, ** I'll bribe your lordship with a Ginny
toothpick." Compare Benedick's undertaking in Ado ii.
i, 274: ** I wiH fetch you a toothpicker now from the
furthest inch of 'Asia." In Nabbes' C* Garden ii, 2,
Warrant threatens to kill Spruce and have his skin
stuffed : " and [I will] shew thee at country fairs and
markets for a Ginney Pigmy," The tradition of a race
of Pygmies in Africa is of long standing. In Webster's
Law Case ii* i, Ariosto says, 4t You have 'pothecaries
will put 4 or 5 coxcombs in a sieve and scarce [i.e.
strain] them through like G. pepper."

GUINGAN = GUINGAMP. A town in Brittany, on the
Trieux, abt. 250 m. W. of Paris* Nash, in Pierce B. 2,
makes fun of the boastful traveller who "saith he hath
adventured upon the barricadoes of Gurney or G*, and

GUINIE

fought with the young Guise hand to hand/* The young
Guise is Henry of Guise : the reference is to the wars of
the eighties in France between the Guise and the
Huguenots (under Henry of Navarre)*

GUINIE* See GUIANA.

GUIPUZCOA* One of the 3 Basque Provinces in N*E*
Spain on the coast of the Bay of Biscay* In T* Heywood's
/* K. JW* B* 355, we read of 14 galleons ** of Guipuscoa"
in the Spanish Armada*

GUISE* A town in N* France* 100 m* N*E* of Paris*
From it the house of G. took its title. The ancient i6th
cent* castle still remains* The ist D* of G* was Claude*
who died 1550 : his son Francis died 1563 ; his son
Henry died 1588; and his son Charles died 1640*
Henry is the hero of Marlowe's Massacre, the subtitle
of which is " The Death of the Duke of G*" He also
appears prominently in Chapman's two Bussy D'Am-
bois plays ; and was the subject of two lost plays,
The G., by Webster, and The Duke of G., by Henry
Shirley* Dekker * in News from Hell, says that all are equal
there : " the D* of Guize and the D* of Shoreditch have
not the breadth of a bench between them."

GUN* A bookseller's sign in Lond* The ist quarto of
Titus Andronicas was ** Printed by John Danter and are
to be sold by Edward White and Thomas Millington at
the little North door of Paules at the sign of the Gunne*
1594*" The and and 3rd quartos came from the same
publisher. Love and Fortune was also published there in
1589* Marlowe's Ed. II was " Printed at Lond* by
Richard Bradocke for William Jones, dwelling near
Holbourne Conduit at the sign of the Gunne* 1598*"
Mucedorus was published the same year at the same
place* Brome's Five New Plays were *4 Printed for H*
Brome at the Gunn in Ivy Lane* 1659*"

GUN ALLEY* Lond.* on the W* side of Little Moor-
fields* where the Moorgate St* station now stands* It
was a place of bad reputation. In Glapthorne's Hol-
lander iii* i, Fortress, the president of the Twiball
knights, is described as 44 Duke of Turnbull, Blooms-
bury, and Rotten Row, Lord Paramount of all Garden-
alleys, G* A*, and Rosemary Lane*"

GUNPOWDER ALLEY* Lond*, on the E* side of
Crutched Friars, N* of John St* In Westward i* i, Bird-
lime says, ** I keep a hot-house in G* A*, near Crutched
Friars*" There is another G. A* on the W* side of Shoe
Lane, where Richard Lovelace died*

GURGUSTIDONIA* An imaginary country which Pseu-
docheus, in the old Timon i* 4, claims to have visited*
** Up to the fields Gn* I rode on horseback ; the Anti-
podes Were distant thence about an hundred m*" The
name is taken from Plautus, Miles Gloriosus i* i, 13,
where Pyrgopolinices says he saved the life of Artotro-
gus ** in campis Gurgustidoniis*"

GURNEY =- GOURNAY* A town in N* France on the
Epte, 38 m* E* of Rouen* For reference in Nash's
Pierce, see under GUINGAN.

GYPTIAN

GUTTER LANE* A st* in Lond* running N. from Cheap-
side to Gresham St* It was originally Guthrun or
Goderoune Lane* It is used punningly for the throat*
In Brathwayte's Cast of Characters (1631) 32, it is said,
'* Whatever he drains from the 4 corners of the City goes
in muddy taplash down G*-L*f r In Dekker's Satiromastix
iii* i, 212, Tucca, who is calling Mrs. Miniver all the
abusive names he can think of, says, inter alia, " Let me
alone with my grannam in G.-L. there*" Prof. Penniman,
in his note on this passage, says that Cheapsidewas once
so called from Guthurun, sometime the owner : I can
find no authority for this statement*

GUYNES. A town in N*W* France some 5 m* S* of Calais.
It belonged to England at the beginning of the reign of
Henry VIII, and the famous meeting between Henry
and Francis of France in 1520, known as the Field of the
Cloth of Gold (which, in H8 i. i, 7, Norfolk speaks of
as " 'Twixt G, and Arde), was held between G. and
Ardres in English territory* In Webster's Weakest iv* 3,
Sir Nicholas says, ** I promised to bowl a match at G*
for a wager, viz* 3 gallons of Gascoigne wine*" In Day's
J5* Beggar i*, Momford reports that "Hance Beamart
has betrayed the Fort of G." This was in the French
wars in the early part of the reign of Henry VI, before
the death of Bedford in 1432. In Trag. Richd. II iv* i,
no, Richd* proposes, in exchange for aid from France,
to surrender up ** Our forts of G. and Callys to the
French."

GUYRON* In Marlowe's Tomb* B* i* i, 17, Gazellus
says, ** Proud Tamburlaine, that now in Asia, Near G.'s
head, doth set his conquering feet." In line 47 he speaks
of him as " marching from Cairon northward " : which
suggests that in the former passage we should read
'* Cairon " for ** G*" Of course, Cairo is not in Asia,
nor was Tamburlaine ever there, but that does not
matter much*

GUYSORS, or GISORS. An ancient French town 33 m*
N.W* of Paris* Near it are the ruins of a strong mediae-
val castle. In H6 A. i, i, 61, a Messenger announces,
44 G., Poictiers, Are all quite lost."

GYAROS* A small rocky island in the -Sigean Sea, 13
m. S*W* of the S. point of Andros in the Cyclades*
It was used as a place of banishment under the early
Roman emperors* It is now uninhabited* In Nero ii* 2,
Tigelunus says to Cornutus, ** 'Tis Nerofs pleasure that
you straight depart To G* and there remain confined,"
In Massinger's Believe v* 2, the practice is put back to
the time of Antiochus the Gt* Marcellus says to him :
44 You are confined unto the Gyarae With a strong guard
upon you." This is quite unhistorical*

GYLDYR* See GELDERN*
GYLES (St.)* See GILES (Sx*)*
GYPTIAN* See EGYPTIAN*

339

H

HAARLEM. See HARLEM.

HABERDASHERS HALL. The Hall of the H. Com-
pany in Lond* It stands in Maiden Lane, opposite to
the Goldsmiths EL The site was bequeathed to the
Company by William Baker in 1478* The original H*
was destroyed in the Gt» Fire. It was used as the meet-
ing-place of the Commissioners of Parliament during
and after the great Civil War, and many confiscations
of cavaliers' property were made there. In Cowley's
Cutter i. 4, Jolly, the Cavalier, says that if he married
the widow of Barebottle who had got his sequestrated
estate, 44 That were as hard a composition for one's own
as ever was made at H.-H."

HABOR. A tributary of the Euphrates rising in Karej
Dagh and flowing S.W. into the Euphrates at Karkaseea,
after a course of abt. 200 m. According to // Kings xvii.
6, the Ten Tribes of Israel, after the capture of Samaria
by Shalmaneser and Sargon, were transferred to " H.,
the river of Gpzan." Milton, P. J?. iii* 376, speaks of
** those 10 Tribes Whose offspring in his territory yet
serve In H/' Milton, like the translators of the A* V.,
evidently regarded H. as the name of the dist., and die-
not know that it was a river*

HACKLEY, or HOCKLEY (£.e. HOCKLIFFE). A vill. in
Bedfordsh., on Watling St., 6 m* N.W. of Dunstable and
5 E. of Leighton Buzzard. In Trag. Richd. II iii* 3, 48,
the scene of which is laid at Dunstable, the Grazier says,
44 Here's my other neighbour, the butcher, that dwells at
H*, has heard his landlord tell strange tidings."

HACKNEY. A vill. N. of Lbnd., a little over 2 rru from
St* Paul's. It is now incorporated in the great city, but
was in the i6th cent, a fashionable country suburb
where many noble families resided. It was a favourite
resort of the citizens for an afternoon's outing, and it
was even suggested that H.-coaches were so called from
their constant employment in taking people there : this
is, however, a wrong derivation*

Jonson, in his Epigram to Mime, says, " There's no
journey set or thought upon, To Brentford, H*, Bow,
but thou mak'st one." In Webster's Cuckold ii. 3, the
ist boy says, ** Did he not dance the hobby-horse in
H* Morrice once i " In Middleton's Black Book, p. 25,
we are told of 2 men hanging in chains " between Mile-
end and H*" In Trag. Richd. II iii. 2, 157, Woodstock
says to the Lord who has come from Court to summon
him thither, " You're pricked more with the spur than
the provender, I see that. I think your dwelling be at H*,
when y' are at home." The point is that the Lord is a
common h*, or cheap roadster, in the service of the K.
H., in the sense of a horse, has no connection with the
place-name. Q. Elizabeth frequently visited H* with
her Court. In Peele's Speeches of Q. Elizabeth UL 7, the
Mole-catcher says that in pursuit of the Q., ** Next was
I pointed to H. ; there they said the Court was gone
into the country."

HADLEIGH. A town in Suffolk on the Brett, 8 m. W* of
Ipswich. The play of Apollo Shroving was written for
the boys of the Free School of H., probably by William
Hawkins, and was performed by them on Shrove
Tuesday, 1636.

HADRIAN, SAINT. In Barnes' Charter ii. i, the Pope
orders Gasper de Fois " on the turret of St. Adrian
plant 6 more cannon." The reference is to the Castle of
St. Angelo, g.v. It was originally the mausoleum of the
Emperor H., built in A.r>. 130. It is amusing to find the
old Emperor turned into a saint.

ffiEMUS. A range of mlns* running from the Black Sea to
the Adriatic across N. Thrace, especially the E. half of
the range, the modern Balkans* In Caesar's Rev. v. i,
Antony, about to fight Brutus and Cassius at Philippi in
Macedonia, S. of the H*, says, " Hemus shall fat his
barren fields with blood." In Fisher's Fuimus ii. 4,
Laberius says, " Waken Gradivus where he sleeps on
top of H." Gradivus is the god of War, Mars, to whom
Thrace was specially sacred. In T. Heywood's Dia-
logues 5341, lo says that the Peneus " waters Hemonian
Tempe." The epithet is not too happy, as Tempe lies
a good way S* of the H* range. Spenser, F* Q. iii.
9, 22, tells how Enceladus, transfixed with the spear of
Bellona, " down tumbled dead From top of H. by him
heaped high." This was one of the legends of the war
between the Giants and the Gods. In vii. 7, 12, he tells
of the assembly of the gods " on H. hill " at the marriage
of Peleus and Thetis. The marriage, however, took
place on Mt* Pelion, not on H.

HAGUE, THE (the Dutch GRAVENHAGEN, or DEN HAAG).
A town in S. Holland, 2 m. from the German Ocean,
abt, 50 m* S.W* of Amsterdam. It is the handsomest
and best-built city in the Netherlands. The court
buildings in the centre of the city were bought by the
States in 1595. It was sacked by the Spaniards in 1572,
1573, and I574 f restored by William I in 1576 ; and in
1584 made the seat of government for the United
Provinces. In Jonson's Ev. Man O* iii. i, Shift boasts,
44 1 have seen Flushing, Brill, and the H*, with this
rapier, Sir, in my Lord of Leicester's time." Leicester
was in the Netherlands 1585-1587. In Barnavelt ii. I*
Barnavelt says, 44 I'll back to the Hage and something
there I'll do." The last scene describes his execution
in front of the court buildings of the H* In Middleton's
Quiet Life i. i, the fashionable Lady Cressingham ex-
claims : " O the new fashioned buildings brought from
the H. ! 'Tis stately ! " In Davenant's Plymouth v. i,
Inland speaks of " 2 lofty younkers of the H." In Cart-
wright's Ordinary iv. i, Credulous inquires, "What
news from Bruxels or the H+ i "

HAILES* An abbey in Gloucestersh., just N. of Sudeley,
near Winchcomb. It was founded by Richd., K. of the
Romans, brother of Henry III. Richd. 's son Edmund
brought the Holy Blood of our Lord from Germany,
and presented a portion of it to the Abbey, where it be-
came an object of great veneration. In 1538 it was
examined by Latimer* He describes it as " inclosed
within a round berall, garnished and bound on every side
with silver." It turned out to be an unctuous gum
coloured like blood. It was subsequently exhibited at
St. Paul's Cross by Hilsey, Bp. of Rochester. The
Palmer in J. Heywood's Four PP. i* i, had been " at
the blood of Hayles." In Bale's Johan 229, " the good
blood of Hales " is mentioned as 44 amongst Sedition's
relics." In his Three Laws iiv Infidelity says, " It was a
good day when we went to the blood of Hales where no
good cheer fails." In Chaucer's C. T. C. 652, " By the
blood of Crist that is in Hayles " is mentioned as a
common oath. Latimer, in Serm. vii. before Edward VI
(1549), speaks of " tiiis great abomination of the blood
of Hales."

HAINAULT. Now one of the S. provinces of Belgium,
between Flanders and Namur* It formerly included a
large part of the French Ddpartement du Nord. It be-
longed during the loth and nth cents, to the Counts of
Flanders ; fell to the house of Burgundy in 1436 ; and

240

HALBERSTADT

passed to the house of Austria in 1477. In 1678 the S*
part was ceded to France, and in 1830 the rest became
part of Belgium* In Marlowe's Ed. II iv* 2, Sir John of
EL says to Q* Isabella, " Will your Grace with me to
Renault And there stay time's advantage with your
son i " This was in 1325* The invitation was accepted
and young Prince Edward was affianced to the D/s
daughter Philippa* In Ed. Ill i* i, Edward sends Derby
as ambassador to 4* our father-in-law, the Earl of Hen-
alt/' to solicit his aid against the French. Spenser, F* Q*
ii* 10, 21, tells of the British chief Ebranck, who ** War-
ryed on Brunchild In Renault/' And in 24, he speaks of
the rivers being stained ** With blood of Henalois which
therein fell/'

HALBERSTADT. An ancient town in Prussian Saxony,
1 10 m* S.W* of BerKn* In Glapthorne's Wallenstein v* 2,
Newman offers to sing" a military madrigal; I learned it
of a red-faced sergeant at H*"

HALF-MOON* A very common tavern-sign in Lend*
There was one in the Strand, at the lower end of Bed-
ford St*; another in Cheapside by Gutter Lane;
another in Aldersgate St* on the W* side ; and another
in Milk St* Taylor, in Works ii* 37, says, " I do purpose
to go dine at the H. Moone in Milk St*" In the Ar-
raignment of Robert Drewerie (1607), it is stated, " The
forenamed meeting together in Aldersgate-st*, went into
the H* Moone tavern to drink/' In Chapman's All Fools,
v* 2 takes place in the H* M* Tavern in Florence*

HALICARNASSUS. A town on the N* coast of the
Sinus Ceramicus in Caria, a little S* of Miletus* It was a
very strong fortress, and its principal citadel was on a
steep rock N* of the city, called Salmacis* At its foot
was a well gushing out near the temple of Aphrodite,
which was supposed to have an enervating influence on
those who drank its waters* In Davenant's Salmacida
Spolia it is stated : " On the top of the right horn of the
hill which surrounds H. is a famous fountain of most
dear water and exquisite taste, called Salmacis*" Here
on the rock E* of Salmacis, Artemisia built the famous
mausoleum in honour of her brother Mausolus, which
was regarded as one of the 7 wonders of the world*
In T* Heywood's Dialogues xiii* 4279, Mausolus says,
44 1 have a stately monument erected In H*, famed for
magnitude, With rare and never-equalled pulchritude/*

HALIFAX* A town in W* Riding, Yorks,, on the Hebble,
36 m* S*W* of York* The cloth manufacture began in
the 1 5th cent*, and was much increased in the latter
part of the i6th cent* by an influx of Netherlander^ who
came over to escape the persecutions of the Spaniards*
It was famous for its ** Gibbet Law," according to which
anyone found within the forest of Hardwick, which was
part of the parish of H*, with stolen goods to the amount
of 13 jD&nce halfpenny was decapitated on a rude sort of
guillotine, the remains of which may still be seen in the
gaol* Hence the proverb, " From Hell, Hull, and H*
good Lord deliver us*" The last execution of this sort
took place in 1650, and during the cent* preceding this
49 persons had suffered death* Nash, in Lenten (p, 324),
says that if the Pope wanted King Red Herring he could
seekhim/'and neitherin Hull, Hell, nor H/* In Taylor,
Works ii* 12, we have " From Hull, from H.* from Hell,
'tis thus, From all these 3 good Lord deliver us/' Dray-
ton, in Polyolb. xxviii* 60, says that Caldor travels along
" by Heading-H*," and in a note adds : " Beheading,
which we call H* Law*" In Deloney's JReadingt one of
the clothiers is " Hodgekins of H*" : in chap* 4 he tells
the K* that " the town of Halyfax lived altogether upon

HAMBURG

clothing," and gets the privilege of hanging at sight
" whosoeyer they find stealing their cloth*" In chap* 8
the story is told of the invention by a certain friar 4* of a
certain gin that shall cut off their heads without man's
help " ; and Hodgekins gets leave of the K* to use it in-
stead of hanging* To " H/* is used in the sense of " to
cut off." In Brome's Coyent G* iv* i, Nick says, 44 Mum,
hold your tongue still in your mouth, lest I h* it with
your teeth*"

HALL, THE (WESTMINSTER HALL, g*p*)* Middleton, in
Black Book Intro*, p* 8, says, " Ploughmen leave their
field to till the H*"

HALLA* In Marlowe's lamb. B. iii. 5, the K, of Soria
says, ** Of Sorians from H* is repaired * * * 10,000
horse." Soria seems to mean Tyre, the old Sor, and H*
must be some city of importance in N* Palestine*
Possibly Aleppo may be intended*

HAM. There are 2 Hams in Essex. W* H* is 4^ m* from
Lond* to the N*E*, E* H* 6J- m* to the E*, but both are
now* in fact as well as in name, part of ** Greater
London*" There is another H* in Surrey, on the Thames,
abt* ip m* S*W* of Lond*, between Richmond Park and
Teddington, where H* House was built for Henry,
Prince of Wales, son of James I* In Dekker's Westward
ii* 3, Whirlpool says, " We'll take a coach and ride to
H*" Probably the Surrey H* is intended* In T* Hey-
wood's Ed* IV A* i* JosseKn says, " My mansion is at H*,
and thence you know I come to help you/' In Dekker's
Edmonton i* 2, Carter says of Somerton : "He has a fine
convenient estate of land in W* H* by Essex*"

HAM, LAND OF* A scriptural name for Egypt, as being
peopled by the descendants of H., the 2nd son of Noah*
In Gerc* x* 6, Misraim (the two Egypts) is one of the sons
of H*, and no doubt the original inhabitants of Egypt
were Hamitic, though the dominant race in historical
times was Semitic in descent. In Psalms cv* 23 (Prayer
Book vn*), it is said : 4* Israel also came into Egypt ;
and Jacob was a stranger in the land of H*" In Middle-
ton's Family v* 3, Gerardine, thinking of this passage,
says to Purge, ** You have made your wife A stranger in
your land of H*" In Mariam i* 6, Constabarus says,
44 Mildest Moses, friend unto the Lord, Did work his
wonders in the land of H*"

HAMATH (now HAHAH)* An important city on the
Orontes, in N* Syria, abt* rop m* S*E. of Antioch* In
Numbers xxxiv* 7, 8, it is mentioned as the N* limit of the
part of Syria assigned to the Israelites* Milton, P* L*
xii* 139* states that God promised to the progeny of
Abraham "all that land From H* northward to the
Desert S*"

HAMBURG* The most important commercial city on
the continent of Europe* It lies on the N. bank of the
Elbe, at the point where it is joined by the Alster, 93 m*
from its mouth* It was a leading member of the Han-
seatic League and a free city of the Empire* It was
famous for its beer* Taylor, in Works iii* 78, speaks of
** kilderkins fraught with H* beer*" In Davenant's Ply-
mouthL 2, Mrs* Carrack boasts/* My husband * * * took
a prize from the Hamburghers*" The late Mr* Carrack
was a seaman* In Davenant's Playhouse i*, the house-
keeper mentions, in a list of applicants for the theatre :
44 The German fool, Yan Boridge of Hamb'rough/'
Heylyn (s*i>* GERMANIE) says of H*: 44 In this town are
777 brewers, i lawyer, i physician, and 40 bakers/*
Fynes Moryson i* (1591), says, *J The citizens are- tin-
measurably ill affected to the English,*' owing partly to
the removal of the English trade to Stoade*

942 Q

HAMES CASTLE

HAMES CASTLE* The castle of Ham in Picardy, on
the Somme, 70 m* N*E* of Paris* It has frequently been
used as a state prison, one of the most distinguished
prisoners being Louis Napoleon, afterwards Emperor of
France* In H6 C* v* 5, 2, after the battle of Barnet, K*
Edward says, " Away with Oxford to H* C* straight/'
This is an anticipation of the event, Oxford escaped
from Barnet, but was ultimately besieged and captured
at St* Michael's Mt* in 1473 an^ sent to H, C*, where he
was kept a close prisoner for 13 years* In True Tragedy,
p* 84, Richd.'s page says, ** The valiant Earl of Oxford,
being but mistrusted, is kept close prisoner in H* C."

HAMMERSMITH* Vill* on the N* bank of the Thames,
6 or 7 m* W* of St* Paul's, Lond* The ch* was built in
1631* In Jonson's Tub i* 2, To-Pan says that his an-
cestor To-Pan beat the first kettle-drum before Julius
Caesar on his march from Dover, " Which piece of
monumental copper hangs ttp, scoured, at H. yet ; for
there they came over the Thames at a low water-mark*"
To-Pan is not so very far out in his identification of the
place where Caesar crossed the Thames* Mr* Montagu
Sharp has recently brought forward many conclusive
reasons for fixing the crossing described in De BelL GalL
v. n, 8, at Brentford, 3 m* W* of H* In Brome's
Covent G* i* i, Cockbrain tells of a west-country gentle-
man who has come to Lond* : " he was to lie at H*
last night*" In his Northern ii* i, Widgin says, " I am a
Cockney and was never further than H."

HAMPSHIRE* A county on the S. coast of England.
In Stucley 354, Stucley asks his father, " How does my
mother, Sir, and all in H* i " This is a slip, as Devon-
shire, not H*, was the home of the Stucley family* In
May's Old Couple iv* 2, Sir Argent Scrape says, " I'll
purchase all in parcels, far from home ; In H. some*"
Edell, Earl of H*, appears in the army of K* Etheldred in
Brewer's Lovesick King. In Cooke's Greene's Quoque,
p* 552, Scattergood describes himself as 44 of the Scatter-
goods of H*" In Trag. Richd. II iv* i, 207, " H*" is one
of the counties granted by the K* to Bagot,

HAMPSTEAD* See HAMSTEAD*

HAMPTON (i.e* SOUTHAMPTON, g*v*). In #5 ii* 2, 91*
the K* tells of the conspiracy of Cambridge and others
" to kill us here in H*'* The Chorus (iii* 4) says, " Sup-
pose that you have seen The well-appointed K* at H*
pier Embark his royalty*" The Ff* read " Dover," but
Theobald's correction to ** H*" is generally adopted as
being in accordance with the facts* In Ther sites (A.P+L
199), Mulciber, having armed Thersites, says, " If Bevis
of H*, Colburn, and Guy Will thee essay, set not by
them a fly*" This Bevis was one of the herpes of mediae-
val romance : a picture of him and the giant Ascupart,
whom he slew, was long preserved in the Guildhall of
Southampton, over Bar-Gate. His story is told in
Drayton's Polyolb. ii*

HAMPTON COURT* A palace on the N* bank of the
Thames, abt* 15 m* W* of Lond. It was built by
Cardinal Wolsey and presented by him to Henry VIII,
who enlarged it considerably* Wren built a 3rd quad-
rangle for William III* Its grounds are now a public
park, and a number of decayed gentlemen and gentle-
women are granted the occupancy of rooms in it* In
Greene's Friar, scene iv* is laid at ".the C* at H*
House," but this is an obvious anachronism* In Nash's
Wilton, the Earl of Surrey exclaims, ** O thrice im-
perial H* C*, Cupid's enchanted castle*" He met his
Geraldine there* The Great Hall was often used for the
production of plays : thus Bristowe was 44 played at H.

HAPPY ISLES

before the K* and Q*" in 1605* Jonson, in Epigram to
Mistress Carey, says, " Retired 'mongst H* shades, And
Phoebus' grove of bays, I plucked a branch." In T*
Heywood's /. K. M* A* 232, Philip says of the Princess
Elizabeth: " We now will have her brought to H* C*,
There to attend the pleasure of the Q," Herrick, in
Tears to Thamesis (1647), recalls his trips up the river
44 To Richmond, Kingston, and to H* C*"
HAMSHIRE* See HAMPSHIRE*

HAMSTEAD, now HAMPSTEAD* A small vill* 5 m* N*W* of
St* Paul's, Lond* Now a suburb of the great city, but in
the 1 6th cent* a separate hamlet, chiefly inhabited by
washerwomen* In the i8th cent* it became a favourite
resort of Londoners* In Jonson's Tub i* i, 44 Old Rasi'
Clench of H*, petty constable," is one of the members
of the self-styled Council of Finsbury, who had set
themselves to find a husband for Mrs* Awdrey Turfe,
the daughter of the High Constable of Kentish Town*
HAMSTEAD HEATH. A piece of open ground,
originally 500 acres in extent, lying N* of the vill. of H*
In 1870 the Metropolitan Board of Works bought the
manorial rights for £45,000, and made it the property
of the citizens. In Jonson's Tub iv* 3, Hilts says to
Metaphor, ** Thou, that when last thou wert put out of
service, travelled'st to H* H* on an Ash-We'nesday,
where thou didst stand 6 weeks the Jack of Lent, for
boys to hurl* 3 throws a penny, at thee*" This shows
that the Heath was already in Jonson's time a holiday
resort for the Londoners* One may still hear on any
Bank Holiday the echo of Jonson's phrase : ** 3 shies a
penny I "

HAND-IN-HAND* A Lond* bookseller's sign* Liberal-
ity was " Printed by Simon Stafford for George Vincent
and are to be sold at the sign of the H*-i*-H* in Wood st*
over against St* Michael's ch. 1602*"
HANGING STONES* The Druidical remains known as
Stonehenge, 9 m* N* of Salisbury. In Middleton's
Quarrel v* i, Chough starts a catalogue of the places
where he could have made conquests of women*
Amongst them is " the H* S* in Wilts." In the names
of most of the places there is a double entendre, as in this*
HANNOW, or HANAU* The capital of the province of
Hanau in Hesse-Cassel, at the confluence of the Kinsig
and the Main, near Frankfurt, 250 m. S.W. of Berlin*
In 1593 it received a large number of refugees from the
Low Countries, whose industry greatly developed its
wealth. It was involved in the 30 Years' War, and was
taken by the Swedes in 1632 and recaptured by the
Imperialists in 1636 after a stubborn resistance. Jonson,
in his Epigram cvii* To Capt. Hungry, says, " Keep your
names Of H*, * * * and Boutersheim For your next
meal." The Capt* got his meals by telling stories of his
imaginary exploits at these places*
HANSTON* In Mankind, p* 23, New Guise says, " First
I shall begin at Master Huntington of Sanston ; from
thence I shall go to William Thurlay of H*, and so forth
to Pilchard of Trumpington." The mention of Trump-
ington suggests that H* and Sanston are to be looked for
in the neighbourhood of Cambridge. Sanston I guess
is meant for Sawston, an old vill* 6 m. S. of Cambridge ;
and H* I take to be Histon, a vill. 4 m* N*W* of Cam-
bridge. Many villages are mentioned in this Morality ;
all of them in Norfolk or Cambridgesh. Obviously the
play was written by someone familiar with this country
— possibly some Cambridge man*
HAPPY ISLES (see FORTUNATE ISLANDS). These fabu-
lous islands of the blessed were often identified with the

243

HAPSBURG, or HABSBURG

Hesperides, g*v* They were supposed to be in the W*
Atlantic, and some thought them to be the W* Indies*
In B, & F* Bonduca i* 2, Petillius, speaking of the ex-
travagant demands of the soldiers, says, ** Orontes must
be sought for, And apples from the H* I." In Locrine ii*
i, 50, Estrild says of Britain: " These are the h* lies/'
In B, <£ F* Prize ii* i, Petronius says, " There they'll
sail, As brave Columbus did, till they discover The h*
islands of obedience."

HAPSBURG, or HABSBURG (originally HABICHTSBURG,
z.e* HAWK'S CASTLE)* A castle, now in ruins, on the Aar,
in the canton of Aargau, Switzerland* It gave their
name to the Counts of H*, from whom was descended
Rudolf, elected K* of Germany in 1273* the founder of
the Royal House of the Hs*, from whom the late Em-
peror of Austria was descended. In Greene's Friar iv*,
the Emperor (Frederick II) says, " From H* have I
brought a learned clerk * * * surnamed Jaques Vander-
mast*" Frederick was a Hohenstaufen, and had no con-
nection with the Hs*, but Greene is speaking in the
language of his own time, when the H* Rudolph II
was Emperor* By H* he means simply Germany, as in
ix*, where Bungay says, ** H* holds none such, None
read so deep as Oxenford contains*" In T* Heywood's
I.K.M. A* 202, Philip and Mary are proclaimed
44 Count and Countess of Hasburg, Majorca, Sardinia*"

HARAN. A very ancient city in N*W* Mesopotamia, on
the Belias, a tributary of the Euphrates, 600 m* N*W*
of Ur of the Chaldees* Its tutelary god was Sin, the
Moon-god, who was also the tutelary god of Ur* There
is, therefore, ground for believing that it was a colony
from Ur, and this would account for Abraham choosing
it for his residence after his migration from Ur* (see
Gen* xi* 31)* It is the Carrae where the Parthians de-
feated and captured Crassus* It is now an insignificant
vilL Milton, P*L* xii* 131, says of Abraham: "He
leaves '* * * Ur of Chaldaea, passing now the ford To
H." Apparently Milton thought that H* was W. of the
Euphrates, and that Abraham would have to cross the
river to get to it*

HAREFIELD. A vill* in the N*W* of Middlesex county,
17 m* from Lond* Here was the seat of the Lord
Chancellor Ellesmere, who married Alice, the widow
of the 5th Earl of Derby. After the Chancellor's death
his widow retained her old title, " Countess of Derby*"
Milton's Arcades is styled, 4* Part of an entertainment
presented to the Countess Dowager of Derby at H*"
The house was destroyed by fire in 1660*

HARFLEUR (spelt HARFLEW in the old editions, HARFLUE
in Holinshed)* A town in France on the N» bank of the
estuary of the Seine, 4 m* E* of Havre* Its fine Gothic
church was built by Henry V as a thank-offering after
the battle of Agincourt. It was taken by Edward the Black
Prince in 1346; and again by Henry V in 1415* In
Ed. HI iii* 3, Prince Edward says, 4* Some of their
strongest cities have we won, As Harflew, Lo, Crotay,
and Carentigne*" In H$ iii*, Chor* 17, we are told that
the K*'s Fleet is " Holding due course to Harflew " ;
and in 27* that the ordnance are 44 With fatal mouths
gaping on girded Harflew " : iii* i, 2, and 3 are laid
before H*, and describe its siege and capture* In iii* 5,
49, the French K* describes the English pennons as
44 painted in the blood of Harflew " ; and in iii* 6, 128,
Montjoy, the French Ambassador, tells Henry, " we
could have rebuked him at Harflew*"

HARFORD* See HERTFORD*

HARTLEY ROW

HARLEM* A city in N* Holland on the Spaaren, 12 m.
W* of Amsterdam* It was taken by Alva in 1572* In
Barnavelt v* 2, the executioner of H* throws dice with
his brethren of Leyden and Utrecht for the honour of
beheading Barnavelt. Utrecht wins* In Larum A* 4,
the Gunner at the siege of Antwerp says, " We have
raised the cannons that came last from Harlam*" This
refers to the cannon taken by the Spaniards at H* in
1573*

HARLESTON* A town in Norfolk, 17 m* S* of Norwich
and 4£ from Fressingfield* In Greene's Friar i* 137,
Prince Edward says, ** Next Friday is St* James' And
then the country flocks to H* fair*" Scene III takes
place at H. Fair, which is held on July 5th : St* James's
Day is 25th July, so that the Prince is 3 weeks late in his
calculation*

HARLING* A town in Norfolk, more fully E* Harling,
20 m* S.W* of Norwich* W* Harling is about 2 m* S*
of it* In Day's B. Beggar, one of the prominent char-
acters is 44 a Norfolk man, one Strowd of H*>r

HARLOWE-BERRY* Probably Harlow is meant, a town
on the border of Herts* in Essex, 20 m* N* of Lond. It
was formerly the seat of a considerable woollen manu-
facture, and its fair, known as Harlow Bush Fair, was
widely celebrated. In Wit and Wisdom (A+ P») i* 2*
Idleness says, " We came over the sea into Kent and we
got us both down to H*-b*"

HARROW* A bookseller's sign in London* Webster's
White Devil was " Printed by Hugh Perry at the sign
of the H* in Britaine's Burse* 1631." The Tragedy of
Hoffman was published at the same place in the same
year* Marston's Tragedies and Comedies was " Printed
by A* M* for William Sheares at the H* in Britaines
Burse* 1633*"

HARROW INN* A tavern on the outskirts of Lond*, but
there is nothing to show exactly where it was* In B* &
F* Coxcomb iii* 2, the Tinker says, " There's ale will
make a cat speak at the H*"

HARROW-ON-THE-HILL* A vill* in Middlesex, 10 m*
RW* of Lond* The Hill is crowned by the ch* of St*
Mary, founded in the reign of William I. It owes its
chief reputation to the school founded by John Lyon of
Preston in 1571 and actually opened in 1611* At first
intended for the poor boys of the neighbourhood, it is^
now one of the great public schools of England* In
J* Heywood's Weather, p* TOO, Report says, in his
alliterative list, he has been '***** at H*-o*-H*" In
Jonson's Ev. Man O* iv* 2 (4 in old edns*)> Puntarvolo
mentions one 44 Signior Clog, that was hanged for the
robbery at H* o' t* h*" Harman, in Caveat 24, mentions
a tavern, 44 Draw-the-pudding-out-of-the-fire in H* o* t*
hyll," which was a common resort of rogues and vaga-
bonds* In Jonson's BarthoL i* i, one of the characters
is introduced as "" Master Bartholomew Cokes of H* o*
t* H*, in the county of Middlesex, esquire*" In iii* i,
after his unfortunate experiences in the Fair, he says,
44 Lord, send me home once more to H*-o-t*-H* again;
if I travel any more, call me Coriat with all my heart " :
" Coriat " being the eccentric author of the Crudities, who
travelled over Europe on one pair of shoes, which he
hung up as a votive offering in his native parish ch*

HARTFORD* See HERTFORD*

HARTLEY ROW* On the S*W* road from Lond*, near
Bagshot Heath, Surrey* Notorious for highway rob-
beries* Parson Haben was robbed here by 7 thieves,
who then made him preach them a sermon in praise of

343

HARWICH

thieving " upon a mold hill at Hartely R*" 2 copies
of the sermon are preserved in MS*, and are printed in
Viles and Furnivall's Rogues and Vagabonds. It is satis-
factory to know that the sermon so pleased the audience
that the preacher's money was returned*

HARWICH* A spt* on the coast of Essex, on a promon-
tory in the estuary of the Stour and Orwell* 70 m* N*E*
of London* It has one of the finest harbours on the E*
coast of England, and is the natural point of departure
for Holland. In Jonson's Staple iii* i, Fitton suggests,
as the subject of a sensational paragraph, that Spinola
has a new project 4* to bring an army over in cork-shoes
and land them here at H*" Spinola was the famous
Spanish engineer whose captures of Juliers in 1622 and
of Breda in 1 625, the year of the production of this play,
were in everyone's mouth* In J* Heywood's Weather,
p* 100, Report includes H, in his alliterative list*
Spenser, JP* Q* iv. n, 33, speaks of the Stour that
** Clare and Harwitch both doth beautify*" In Deloney's
Craft ii*, Sir Hugh lands " at a place called H*" The
scene of Percy's Cuckqueans, written in 1601 for the
Paul's Boys, was in part H* : Colchester and Maldon
being at the same time supposed to be represented by
other sections of the stage*

HASTINGS, A town on the coast of Sussex, one of the
Cinque Ports, 64 m* S*E* of Lond* It has given its name
to the battle in which William the Conqueror defeated
Harold, though the battle was actually fought at Senlac,
where Battle Abbey now stands, some 5 m* inland* The
Lord H. who appears in H6 C* and #3 was descended
from William de H*, the steward to Henry I* He be-
came Baron H, in 1461, and was beheaded on Tower
Hill in 1485* The Lord H* of H4 B* was not a lord at all,
but Sir Ralph H*, beheaded at Durham in 1405* Dray-
ton, in Barons* Wars v* 49, recalls how William the
Conqueror " The fields of H* did defile With Saxon
blood and Harold did surprise*"

HATFIELD. A town in Herts*, 18 m* N.W* of Lond*
Near it is H* House, erected first as the palace of the
Bps* of Ely* It came into the hands of Henry VIII in
1538, and remained a royal palace till 1607, when James
I exchanged it for Theobaldis with Sir Robert Cecil*
afterwards Earl of Salisbury, in whose family it still re-
mains* In H6 B* ii* 2, 13, York mentions ** William of
H*" as the 2nd son of Edward III ; and by a curious co-
incidence it is Salisbury who, in line 33, says " William
of H* died without an heir*" In Oldcastle iii. i, Cam-
bridge says, *' William of H*, and their 2nd brother,
Death, in his nonage, had before bereft*" A play en-
titled Holophernes was acted before the Princess Eliza-
beth at H* House in 1556*

HATTON HOUSE* A mansion built on the site of the
orchard and garden of Ely Place, Holborn (q.v,)f by Sir
Christopher H* in the reign of Elisabeth* It came later
into the hands of the D* of Richmond, whose corpse lay
in state there in 1624* About 1654 it was pulled down
and the present H* Gardens was built on its site* In
Shirley's Peace, which was presented before the K* and
Q* in Whitehall in 1633, " At Ely and H* Houses the
gentlemen and their assistants met and prepared for the
Court/' The Masque was one of the most magnificent
ever presented, and cost at least £31,000* Wright, in
English Actors, tells how in 1648 a company of actors
playing the Bloody Brother were arrested and carried
away 4* to H* H*, then a prison*"

HAVERFORDWEST* The capital of Pembrokesh*, S*
Wales, on the W* Cleddy, 251 m* W* of Lond* In R3 iv*

HEBREW

5, 7, in answer to Derby, Sir Christopher Urswick in-
forms him that Richmond is " At Pembroke or at H», in
Wales*" According to Hall, C/zron*,p* 410, " The earl
arrived in Wales in the evening of August 7th at a port
called Milford Haven, and at the sun-rising removed
to Harrford west where he was received of the people
with great joy*"

HAVILAH* A dist*, according to Gen* ii* n, encompassed
by the Pison, " where there is gold, and the gold of
that land is good*" It is generally identified with N.E,
Arabia, but there is much doubt about its exact locality*
In Mason's Mulleasses 1409, Eunuchus says of Bor-
dello's readiness to come to meals: "You speak of the
days of hunger, when the slave was a stranger in the
land of H*, but the word is retrograde ; the last age is a
golden age with him," Le* he used to be poor, but now
has got into the golden age of the land of H*

HAWTHORNDEN. The home of the poet William
Drummond, 7 m* S* of Edinburgh, on the Esk. Here
Ben Jonson visited Drummond in 1619. and Drummond
embodied his recollections of the visit in the well-known
Conversations. In Jonson's New World (1620), the
Printer says, 4* One of our greatest poets went to Edin-
burgh on foot and came back ; marry, he has been restive,
they say, ever since*"

HAZANOTH. One of the fortresses in which, according
to H* Shirley's Mart, Soldier iii* 4, Huneric, K. of the
Vandals, had Christian prisoners confined* I have not
been able to identify it*

HAZOR (i.e. BAAL-HAZOR). The present Tell Asur, 5 m*
N* of Bethel, in Palestine* Here Absalom had a farm,
where he treacherously slew his brother Amnon (//
Sam. xxiii)* The murder is described in Peek's Beth-
sabe ; and in ii* 3, David says to Absalom, " Hast thpu
slain [Ammon] in the fields of H* i " Ammon was in-
serted by Dyce, but it should be Amnon, not Ammon*
Peele, however, calls the unhappy Prince Ammon
throughout the play, probably by confusion with the
nation Ammon, whose K* is one of the characters*

HEAVEN, A subterranean apartment under Westminster
Hall, granted by Henry VII to Antony Keene in 1485.
But the name was transferred to a house of entertain-
ment opposite the end of Henry VII's Chapel* In
Jonson's Alchemist v* 2, Dapper is instructed by Subtle,
" Her Grace would have you eat no more Woolsack pies,
no Dagger frumety " ; and Doll continues, " Nor break
his fast in H* and Hell*"

HEBREW (commonly spelt EBEEW in earlier English)*

A name first applied to Abraham (Gen. xiv* 13), and
meaning 44 the man from over the river [Euphrates] " ;
then given to his descendants through Jacob, and equi-
valent to Jew, but without the offensive religious and
social associations which have gathered round the latter
name* In Greene & Lodge's Looking Glass iv* i, 1357*
Jonas says, " I am an Hebrue born*" Milton, P* #* iv* 335,
speaks of "our H. songs and harps, in Babylon That
pleased so well our victor's ear " (see Ps* cxxxvii* 3)* In
S. A. 1308, the Officer addresses the Chorus as "Ebrews";
and in 1319, Samson says, " I am an Ebrew*" So, in
1540, the chorus calls the Messenger " An Ebrew*"
In Merch. L 3, 58, Shylock speaks of " Tubal, a wealthy
H* of my tribe*" In line 179, Antonio says of Shylock:
** This H* will turn Christian*" Chaucer, in House of Fame
iii. 343, speaks of " the Ebrayke Josephus*" In T* Hey-
wood's S+ Age ii* i, Josua is called " Duke unto the H*
nation*" In Day's Travails (Bullen, p* 54), Zariph says,
44 The H* God Bless them that cast kind greeting at the

344

HEBRIDES

Jew/' The word is used contemptuously, especially when
amplified by " Jew/* In Two Gent, ii, 5, 57, Launce says
to Speed, " Go with me to the ale-house ; if not, thou
art an H*, a Jew, and not worth the name of a Christian/'
In H4 A* ii. 4, 198, Falstaff, telling his story of the affair
at Gad's Hill, says, " They were bound, every man of
them ; or I am a Jew else, an Ebrew Jew/' The study
of H* as the language of the O*T* was eagerly encouraged
by the Puritans* In Mayne's City Match ii* 2, Banes-
wright, talking about a Puritan lady, says, ** She can ex-
pound, and teaches to knit in Chaldee and work H*
samplers/' The H* language is written from right to
left* In Middleton's Old Law iii* i, Gnotho hopes " the
clerk understands no H* and cannot write backward
what he hath writ forward already/' Dekker, in
Armourers, says that Violence " reads Law as men read
H*, backward/' In Partiall iii* 2, Lucina says, " Dreams
are always read, like H., backwards*" In Chapman's
Sassy iii* 2, 46, Bussy describes a luxurious cleric as eating
pheasants and partridges, and "Venting their quin-
tessence as men read H*," z*e* backwards ! Few people
understood H* : hence it comes to mean something
unintelligible* In Greene & Lodge's Looking Glass L 3,
304, Alcon says of a usurer: ** Thou speakest H. to him
when thou talkest to him of conscience*" In Chapman's
Bussy v* i, Bussy cries : ** Murdered ! I know not what
that H* means/' In B* & F* French Law. ii* i, Clere-
mont says, 4* Yield up my sword I That's H* ; I'll first
be cut to pieces*" In Ev* Worn. L iv* 2, Bos, when
reproached for being too dark, says, " I speak H* in-
deed, like Adam and Eve before they fell to spinning*"
In VaL Welsh, iv* i, when the Roman Ambassador can-
not understand Morgan's Welsh-English, he exclaims,
44 Doth Morgan speak H* or not 5* " In Brome's Queen's
Exch. ii* 2, Jeffrey says, 44 We must forbear ! What H/s
that 4 We understand not what 4 must forbear ' means*"
The H* Cabbala was supposed to have some magic
character* It was in fact the oral tradition of the inter-
pretation of the p.T*, but it was naturally an esoteric
matter to the Gentile, and he attached all sorts of imagin-
ary powers to it* In Underwit ii* 2, Device says, 4* Your
Hieroglyphick was the Egiptian wisdom, your H* was
the Cabala*" In Brewer's Lingua i* i, Lingua speaks of
" The ancient H* clad with mysteries*" One of the
books of the JV*T* is the Epistle to the Hs*, frequently,
but erroneously, ascribed to St* Paul* More probably it
was written by Apollos ; or, as some think, Priscilla* In
Juventus, p* 157, Good Counsel says, M I will shew you
what S* Paul doth declare in his epistle to the Hebrues,
and the x chapiter*"

HEBRIDES* The group of islands lying off the W* coast
of Scotland* There are about 300 of them, of which 80
are inhabited ; the rest are little more than rocks* The
most important are Lewis, N* and S* Uist, Skye, Jura,
Islay, and Aran. Milton, Lycidas 156, pictures the body
of his drowned friend, Edward King, as being hurled
44 beyond the stormy H/' He was drowned in the Irish
Sea* See also EUBIDES*

HEBRON* One of the oldest cities in the world, lying in
a fertile valley in S* Syria, 19 m* S* of Jerusalem* It is
now called Khalil-er-Rahtnan* Abraham was reported to
have settled in its neighbourhood, and to have bought
the cave of Machpelah from the Hittites, who then
inhabited it, as a burial place* There Abraham, Isaac,
Rebekah, Leah, and Jacob were buried, and the mosque
erected over the cave is one of the most sacred places in
the Mahommedan world* David took it as his capital
in the early part of his reign, before he had captured

HEIDELBERG

Jerusalem from the Jebusites, In Peele's Bethsabe ii* i,
David, being told of his son's approaching death, says,
*' Ye sprouting almonds, Droop, drown, and drench in
H/s fearful streams*" In Milton, 5* A. 148, the Chorus
tell how Samson " bore the gates of Azzz * * * up to
the hill by H*, seat of giants old " (see Judges xvi* 3).
According to Joshua xv* 13, Ht originally belonged to the
Anakim, or Giants*

HEBRUE* See HEBREW*

HEBRUS* Now the Maritsa, the principal river of Thrace,
rising at the foot of Mt* Rhodope, and falling into the
^Sgean Sea opposite Samothrace* According to the
Greek legend, Orpheus settled in Thrace after the re-
turn of the Argpnautic expedition* His devotion to the
lost Eurydice inflamed the jealousy of the Thracian
Maenads, and they tore him limb from limb and flung
the remains into the H* In Nero iii* 2, Nero says, 44 They
tell of Orpheus, when he took his lute * * * H* stood
still, Pangseus bowed his head*" In Rurter's Shepherd.
HoL iii* 3, a song begins ; 4* Orpheus on the banks of H*
torn*" Milton, Lye* 63, says of Orpheus : *4 His gory
visage down the stream was sent, Down the swift H*
to the Lesbian shore*" Spenser, in J7* Q* i* ii, 30, says
of the Well of Life : " Ne can Cephise nor H* match this
well*" The waters of the H* were supposed to be speci-
ally pure* In Selimus 2491, Selim says, ** Mars Scatters
the troops of warlike Thracians And warms cold H*
with hot streams of blood*" Mars was specially asso-
ciated with Thrace*

HECATOMPYLOS (" the city of a hundred gates ")*
The ancient capital of Parthia, lying somewhere S*E*
of the Caspian Sea at a distance of 224 m. (Strabo) or
122 (Pliny)* The exact site is uncertain* Milton, P* J?*
iii* 287, says, 4* Ecbatane her structure vast there shows,
And H* her hundred gates*" In Bacchus, the i6th guest
was " a pleasant Parthian of the stately city Catom-
pylon/'

HEDON HALL (= EDIN'S, or ETIN'S HALL)* In Ber-
wicksh*, on Cockburn Law, 4 m* N* of Duns* In Fordfs
Warbeck iv* i, Surrey mentions that " the glory of H*
H*" has been " devasted " by the English. This was in
the expedition against the Scotch, who had supported
Perkin Warbeck in 1497*

HEIDELBERG. An ancient city now in Baden, formerly
the capital of the Palatinate* It lies on the S* bank of the
Neckar, 12 m* from its junction with the Rhine* The
castle, on the W* of the town on a hill 330 ft. above the
Neckar, is the finest in Germany* It was begun in the
1 3th cent*, and much enlarged by the Elector Rupert
and Ferdinand V* K* of Bohemia* Since 1764 it has
been a ruin* In the vaults of the castle was the famous
Tun of H*, constructed 1589-1591* The present Tun,
which holds 49,000 gallons, was made in 1751 to take the
place of the earlier one* The university is the oldest in
Germany, and was founded in 1356 by the Elector
Rupert* After the Reformation it became a stronghold
of Protestantism, and from it was issued in 1563 the
famous H* Catechism* The city suffered much in the
30 Years' War, and was taken and pillaged in 1622 by
Tilly* In Chettle's Hoffman C* 4, Ferdinand is styled
44 Prince of H*, lord of Pomer, and D«x>f Prussia*" This
wild story of revenge has no historical foundation*
In Jonson's Alchemist ii* i, Ananias tells Subtle that
the brethren will not venture any more in the way of
supplying him with materials for converting into gold :
for this reason amongst others, that M one at H* made
it of an egg And a small paper of pin-dust/' In nu i,

345

HELEN'S, SAINT

Tribulation Wholesome reproaches Ananias for up-
braiding Subtle " with the brethren's blessing of H*,"
t*e. their success in making gold as stated above. In
Shirley's Wedding L i, Isaac says of Lodam: "The
barrel of H* was the pattern of his belly/' In Taylor,
Works ii* 74, he says that Coryat needs a cask to hold
his books *4 much bigger than the Hian. bumbard."
In Glapthorne's Wit ii. i, Thorowgood says, " The
little Conduit shall be still, like the great Tun of H*, filled
with wine/' In his Wallenstein v* 2, Newman says,
" And 'twere the tun of H*, I'd drink it off/' Jonson, in
Underwoods Ixx*, speaking of his own stoutness, says,
"But yet the Tun at H. had hoops/' Coryat, in
Crudities 486 (1611), gives a very full account of the Tun
and a picture of himself standing on top of it* According
to his computation it contained about 34,000 gallons*
Herrick, in Epig. on Spnnge (1647), who boasts of his
capacity for beer, says, '* His triumph's poor ; I know
the Tun of H. holds more*" In Cowley's Cutter ii* 5,
Puny says, " We'll drink up a whole vessel * . . so big
that the Tun of Heydelburg shall seem but a barrel of
pickled oysters to it/'

HELEN'S, SAINT* A ch* in Lond., in Gt* St. Helen's
PL, on the E* side of Bishopsgate St* Within* It was the
ch. of the Priory of the Nuns of St* H*, founded 1313,
and also the parish ch* It has a parallel naves, one for
each purpose, divided by a screen* It was one of the
very few City churches that escaped the Gt* Fire*
Here were buried Sir John Crosby and Sir T* Gresham*
In an assessment roll of 1598, the name of William
Shakespeare occurs iQth in the list of inhabitants of the
parish of St* H* as the owner of property of the value of
£5 : probably the furniture of his rooms* A memorial
window to the poet has been placed -in the ch* by an
American donor* In Brome's Covent G* iv* i, the Puri-
tanical Gabriel inquires of Madge, whom he supposes
to have come from Amsterdam, ** how the 2 zealous
brethren thrive there that broke in St* Hellens*" These
were doubtless a couple of Puritans who had interfered
with the ch* services in some way* In T. Heywood's
Ed, IV A. 57, Crosbie says, " In little St* H* will
I be buried*" The altar-tomb with the recumbent
figures of himself and his lady is on the S* side
of the chancel*

HELIAS* The third of the 6 gates of Troy* The prol*
to Troil. 1 6 speaks of " Priam's six-gated city, Dardan,
and Tymbria, H*, Chetas, Troien, and Antenorides."
The list is taken from Caxton's Destruction of Troy iii. 4*

HELICON* A mtn*, or rather a range of mtns*, in Bceotia,
between Lake Copais and the Corinthian Gulf. They
were sacred to the Muses. The 2 fountains, Aganippe
and Hippocrene, issuing from the slopes of the range,
were supposed to inspire those who drank of them with
poetic passion* In Nero i. 4, Lucan, speaking of his
poem on the Civil Wars, says, " I love the unnatural
wounds from whence did flow Another Cirrha, a new
H*" : where, as is common in the i6th cent* writers,
the mtn. is confused with the springs* In Jonson's
Cynthia v, 3, Crites condemns the company of self-
lovers to "Pass to the well of knowledge, H." In
Glapthorne's Wit i. i, Thorowgood asks : " Will the
Cabalists drink their morning's draught of H* with you t "
In Pilg. Pernass. ii* i, Madido says, " There is no true
Parnassus but the grd loft in a wine tavern, no true H*
but a CUJD of brown bastard**' In Ford's Sacrifice ii* x,
Mauruccio, the would-be poet, says, 4* I am rapt with
fury ; and have been for these 6 nights together drunk
with the pure liquor of H*" In Randolph's Hey Hon. v*,

HELLAS

we read of " poor shallow scoundrels that never drank
any H. above a penny a quart." In H4 B* v. 3, 107,
Pistol says, ** Shall dunghill curs confront the Hs* 4 "
I suppose by Hs* he means true poets, though it is
wasted labour to try to discover anything but idle
rhodomontade in much that he says. In Lyly's Maid's
Meta. v*, Phoebus addresses the Muses as " You sacred
sisters of fair Hellicon/' In Ev. Worn. /* ii. i,
Terentia exclaims, " Oh, a fine tongue dipped in H*!"
In Chapman's May Day Hi. 3, Lodovico says, 4* We have
watered our horses in H*," z*e. we too are poets. In his
D' Olive iii* a, D'Olive proposes to have in his house a
statue of a poet with his nose running as if he had a cold
in the head : " it shall like a spout run pure wit all day
long ; and it shall be fed with a pipe brought at my
charge from H. over the Alps and under the sea."
In Brewer's Lovesick ii., Thornton says, *' If there be
any Hellicon in England, 'tis here at Newcastle, every
coal-pit has a relish on't, for who goes down but he
comes out as black as ink t " In Suckling's Goblins iv.,
the devil says of the Poet: "We have set him with his
feet in a great tub of water in which he dabbles and
believes it to be H." In Brome's Ct. Beggar i* i,
Gabriel says of a madman : *' He was a poet that drunk
too deep of H." In his City Wit ii. i, Crasy addresses
Sarpego as " Minion of the Muses, dear water-bailey of
H/' In his Academy ii. i, Lady Nestlecock says of
Whimlby: " Alas, good Knight ! He weeps pure H."
In Marmion's Companion i. 4, Careless declares that he
loves the Horseshoe Tavern " for the sign's sake ; 'tis
the very print of the shoe that Pegasus wore when he
broke up H* with his hoof" (see HIPPOCRENE)* In
Jonson's Poetaster i. i, Luscus swears *4 by the banks of
H." In v* i, Tucca says to Horace, " give me thy wrist,
H* ! " In Ret. Pernass. i* 2, Judicio says of John Mars-
ton: "He quaffs a cup of Frenchman's L," i*c* he
imitates the style of the French poets* In iii* 4, Furor
invokes the Muses, 4* Awake, you paltry trulls of H."
In Dekker's Satiromastix i* 2, 419, Tucca calls Crispinus
" heir apparent of H." Milton, in Epitaph on Af. of
Winchester 56, says, " Here be tears of perfect moan
Wept for thee in H/' Davies, in Idea (1594) lu'i* *4>
says to the stream that flowed by his native place,
** Thou, sweet Ankor, art my H." Spenser, in Amoretti
i* 10, says that his rhymes are " bathed in the sacred
brook Of H." Heliconist is used for a poet* In Dekker's
Satiromastix iv. a, 130, Tucca says to Horace (Jonson),
" Thou'lt * * * bring me and my Heliconistes into thy
dialogues to make us talk madly, wut not, Lucian i "
Hall, in Satires i* 8, 5, says in reference to the religious
poetry of the time, " Now good St. Peter weeps pure
H." Nash, in Lenten, calls Homer " that good old
blind bibber of H."

HELL* Formerly a debtors' prison under Westminster
Hall, but it became a tavern, and was much frequented
by lawyers* In Jonson's Alchemist v* 2, Subtle tells
Dapper, ** Her Grace would have you eat no more Wool-
sack pies, no Dagger frumety " ; and Doll adds, " Nor
break his fast in Heaven and H*" Peacham, in Worth of
a Penny (1647), says that if one marries a wife that is a
perfect " linguist," he were " better to take his diet in H,
than his dinner at home."

HELLAS (i.e* HELLASTON, now HELSTON). A town in S*
Cornwall, on the Cober, 8 m* S.W* of Falmouth. In
Cornish M. P* iii* 673, Pilate gives to the soldiers who
have been guarding the tomb of our Lord " Penryn yn
weth ha Hv" i*e. " Penryn and likewise H*," as the price
of their silence*

HELL-BREE = HELBRE

HELL-BREE = HELBRE* A small island in the mouth
of the river Dee between Cheshire and Flintsh* In
Middleton's Quiet Life v* 3, Water-Camlet says that if
his loquacious wife goes to Ireland " she will be heard
from H*-b* to Divelin*" In other words, her strident
voice will carry right across the Irish Sea* There is
doubtless a double entendre intended both in H,-b* and
Divel-in* In Merlin iii. 4, 130, the Clown says of Mer-
lin: "I think his ancestors came first from H.-b.in
Wales/' Le. he is a child of the devil* Drayton, in
Polyotb. xi* 133, says that " Hilbre lifts his head " out
of the foaming surge near the mouth of the Mersey*

HELLESPONT (now called the DARDANELLES)* The
strait connecting the Propontis, or Sea of Marmora, with
the ^Egean* It is about 40 m* long and from i to 4 tn*
broad* It was bridged by Xerxes in the neighbourhood
of Abydos and Sestos, and it was at this point that
Leander used to swim across to visit his mistress, Hero,
until at last he was drowned* The name was supposed
to be derived from the drowning of Helle there when she
and her brother Phrixus tried to cross it on a ram* There
is always a strong current setting outwards to the £Sgean.
Milton, P.L* x* 309, says, 4t Xerxes * * . over H*
Bridging his way* Europe with Asia joined." In Fisher's
Fuimus i* 2, Caesar says, " I long to stride the H* Or
bridge it with a navy/' In Cesar's Rev. i* 6, Caesar
boasts, " To chase The flying Pompey have I dreadless
passed The toiling H/' This is poetical licence:
Capsar went straight to Egypt after Pompey's flight
thither* In Locrine i* i, 104, Brutus says that he came
" From Graecia, through the boisterous H* * * * unto
the fields of Lestrigon." As Lestrigon was in Sicily
(if anywhere), Brutus was a good deal out of his way*
In Otfz* iii* 3, 456, Othello compares his bloody thoughts
to " the Pontic Sea, Whose icy current and compulsive
force Ne'er feels retiring ebb, but keeps due on To the
Propontic and the H." Pliny (Nat. Hist.) says/' The sea
Pontus evermore floweth and runneth out into Propontis,
but the sea never retireth again within Pontus*"

The story of Leander, popularized by Marlowe's Hero
and Leander f is constantly referred to* In Two Gent.i. i,
22, Valentine charges Proteus with having read "How
young Leander crossed the H*" j and adds : ** You are
over boots in love And yet you never swum the H*n In
As iv* i, 104, Rosalind says, ** Leander went but forth
to wash him in the H* and, being taken with the cramp,
was drowned; and the foolish coroners of that age
found it was 4 Hero of Sestos.' " In Peele's Ed, /, p. 41,
Elinor says, " Shouldst thou * * * with Leander swim
the H* * , * Thy Nell would follow thee*" In Ed. Ill
ii* 2, the K* says, " I will through a H* of blood To
arrive at Cestus where my Hero lies*" In the old Shrew
i* i, Polidore speaks of " good Leander For whom the
Helespont weeps brinish tears*" In Shirley's Master iv*
i, Bombo says, " Hero was a lady of Leander's lake*"
On which Guido exclaims, " There's a new word now
for the Helespont*" In T* Heywood's B. Age i*, Nessus
asks, " Have I not swum the H* When waves, high as
yon hills, have crowned me i " In Marmion's Leaguer
ii* i, Trimalchio, intending to go to Holland's Leaguer,
a brothel on the Surrey side, says, " I'll view this
leaguer and swim Like a Leander o'er the H* That shall
divide me from these Hero-ines*" In Jonson's BarthoL
v* 3, Littlewit, explaining his Motion of Hero and
Leander, says, 4* As for the H*, I imagine our Thames
here."

HELMET* A bookseller's sign in St* Paul's Churchyard,
Lond* Cxsafs Rev. was " Imprinted for Nathanael

HERALD'S OFFICE

Fosbrooke and John Wright and are to be sold in St*
Paules Church-yard at the sign of the H* 1607*"

HELMET COURT* Lond,, in the Strand, opposite
Somerset House, so called from the H* Inn at its corner*
Henry Condell, co-editor of the ist Folio of Shake-
speare's works, left to his wife ** my freehold messuages,
etc*, lying and being in H* C* in the Strand*"

HELSEN = ELSINORE, q.v. In Chettle's Hoffman
ii* C* 3, Jerom says, ** Til retire to my castle at H. and
there write a new poem*"

HELVETIA* Properly the country of the Helvetii* a war-
like tribe of Germans conquered by Julius Caesar
B*C* 58. They occupied the lands between the Jura, the
Rhine, and Lake Geneva, but the name H* came to be
used for the whole of Switzerland* The word is also
used punningly for Hell* In C&safs Rev. iii* 2, Caesar
says, ** The big-boned German and Hn. stout . * *
Can Caesar's valour witness, to their grief*" In S*
Rowley's When You H 3, Gardiner, referring to the
religious wars in Germany, says, ** Half the province of
H, Is with their tumults almost quite destroyed."
Switzerland was divided between the Romanists and
the Protestants during the years following the Reforma-
tion, and there were many conflicts between the 2
parties, in one of which the famous Zwingli was killed
(1531)* In Dekker's // it be 277, Ruffman, the devil,
says punningly, ** I am an Hn* born " : meaning that he
comes from Hell* So Tarpax, the devil, in Kirke's
Champions i* i, tells his son, " Thou art by birth Duke
of Styx, Sulphur, and H*" In Webster's Malfi iv. 2,
the 3rd madman says, " Greek is turned Turk ; we are
only to be saved by the Hn* translation *" The reference
is to the English version of the Bible, known popularly
as the " Breeches" Bible, first published at Geneva
in 1560*

HEMON,HEMUS* SeeHasMUS*
HENAULT* See HAINAULT*

HENLEY* A town in Oxfordsh., on the N* bank of the
Thames, 22 m* S* of Oxford and 35 m* W* of Lond.
The H* Royal Regatta has made the name known
throughout the civilized world* In Greene's Friar ii.,
Bacon asks Burden, " Were you not yesterday at H.
upon the Thames 4 " And then by his conjuring he
brings to Oxford the " Hostess at H., mistress of the
Bell," who reveals that Burden was playing cards with
her at H* the night before*

HENLEY STREET* A st* in Stratford-on-Avon in
which the house stands where Shakespeare is reported
to have been born. It is the road out from Stratford to
H*-in-Arden, and was an inconsiderable st* in the out-
skirts of the town* John Shakespeare established him-
self there in 1551, and in 1556 bought 2 tenements, one
in H* St* next to the birthplace house, and another in
Greenhill St* These passed on to the poet on his father's
death, and in his will he says, " I give unto my daughter
Susanna Hall * * , 2 messuages or tenements situate,
lying, and being in H* St*"

HENUES* In Fam. Viet., Haz*, p* 362, the Capt*, enu-
merating the French forces, speaks of ** The H* with
their cutting glayes and sharp car-buckles," They come
between the Picardes and the Borgondians; and I
suppose the Hainaux, i.e. the men of Hainauit, are
intended* See HAINAULT.

HERALD'S OFFICE* See DERBY HOUSE*

247

HERCULES, PILLARS OF

HERCULES, PILLARS OF, These were generally
understood to be the rocks that guard the entrance to the
Mediterranean by the Straits of Gibraltar : Calpe on
the European and Abyla on the African side* One form
•of the legend was that H* tore the rocks asunder and so
separated Europe from Africa ; another, that he bent
them over the Straits to make a bridge for the cattle of
Gerypn* At all events, they stood to the ancients for
the limit of the world westward* Another form of the
legend was that H* set up 3 brazen pillars near Cadiz,
with the inscription " Ne plus ultra " (see under CALES).
In B* & F* Philaster i* i, Dion says of Megra : " The
trophies of her dishonour [are] advanced beyond H.'
P." In Day's Law Tricks ii* i, Lurda says, " The world
sees Colossus on my brows, H*' P*, here's non ultra -
writ/' In Marmion's Leaguer ii* 3, Autolicus says,
"You shall have trophies * . * set up for you * * *
more than Herculean p*, to advance your fame to a
non ultra," In Chapman's Rev. Bussy iii. i, 5, Maillard
says of the French soldiers: "With such men Methinks
a man might pass th' insulting pillars Of Bacchus and
Alcides." Alcides is H* : Bacchus was said to have
erected similar pillars in India,

HEREFORD* The capital of Herefordsh*, on the Wye,
130 m* N*W* of Lond* The cathedral was built by
William L It was usually pronounced as a dissyllable,
Harford* Henry Bolingbroke, son of John of Gaunt,
afterwards Henry IV, married Mary, the daughter of
Humphrey Bohun, Earl of H*, in 1385, and was created
D* of H* in 1397* In the early scenes of R2 he is called
H*, but after his father's death, when, in ii* 3, 69,
Berkeley addresses him as " My lord of H,," he re-
joins : " My lord, my answer is to Lancaster And I am
come to seek that name in England*" In H4 B* iv, i,
131, Westmoreland, speaking of his quarrel with Mow-
bray, calls him the Earl of H*, and says, " The Earl of H*
was reputed then In England the most valiant gentle-
man/' In 83 iii* i, 195, Gloucester says to Buckingham,
" When I am k*, claim thou of me The earldom of H*/'
but when, in iv* 3, 93, Buckingham claims the fulfilment
of the promise, Richd* refuses to listen to him* His son,
Edward Stafford, the Buckingham in H8, appears to
have used the title, though he was never so created, for
in L i, 300 he is addressed as D* of Buckingham and
Earl of H*, Stafford, and Northampton* He was be-
headed in 1531 ; and in 1550 the title of Viscount H.
was conferred on Walter Devereux, in whose family it
still continues* Oldcastle opens with a fight in the
streets of H* between the followers of Lord Herbert and
Lord Powis* In J* Heywood's Weather, p. TOO, Report
claims to have been at H* In Jonson's Wales, Howell
sings that the Welshman has goat's milk sufficient to
44 buy him silk Enough to make him fine to quarrel At H*
sizes [Le. assizes] in new apparel*" Drayton, in Polyolb.
vii* 166, says, " H* doth show Her rising spires aloft*"

HEREFORDSHIRE. One of the counties in the W*of Eng-
land bordertng on Wales* In H4 A* i. i, 39, Westmoreland
announces to the K* that" the noble Mortimer, Leading
the men of H* to fight Against * * * Glendower, Was by
the rude hands of that Welshman taken*" In Brome's
Couple i* i, Saleware affirms that his kinswoman is " a
gentlewoman of the best blood in H/'— " Yes," replies
Wat, " Welsh-blood*" In Trag. Richd. II iv. i, 313,
" Heriford " is one of the counties granted by the K*
to his favourite, Bushy* H. was famous for its morris-
dancers, of whom an interesting account is given in
Old Meg, published in 1609, and reprinted in Misc.
Antiq.

348

HERTFORDSHIRE

HERMON* The highest peals: in the Anti-Libanus range
in N* Syria* It rises to a height of 9300 ft*, and is snow-
covered during the greater part of the year* Its lower
slopes to the W* and S* are specially fertile* In Peek's
Bethsabe i* i, David speaks of the dew " That hangs,
like chains of pearl, on H* hill*" (see Psalm cxxxiii* 3)*
Milton, P*L. xii* 141, says that God promised to
Abraham's sons " all that land * * . From H* E* to the
great W* sea ; Mt* H*, yonder sea. each place behold In
prospect, as I point them*"

HERMUS* A brook in Attica, on the road between
Athens and Eleusis, between the Cpphissus and the
temple of Apollo on Mt* Pcecilum* It gave its name to
one of the demes of Attica* In England's Helicon (1614),
p*ao, we have "Her golden locks like H* sands* Or
than bright H* brighter*"

HERNE'S OAK* A great oak-tree towards the S* end of
the Little Park at Windsor* It was supposed to be
haunted by the ghost of a certain Herne the hunter.
Lord Redesdale, in a letter to Gcsse, quoted in Gosse's
Life of Swinburne, p* 331, says, "We used to take long
walks together in Windsor Forest and in the Home Park,
where the famous o* of Herne the hunter was still stand-
ing, a white, lightning-blasted skeleton of a tree*" Swin-
burne was at Eton 1849-1853* In M. W. W. iv* 4, 38,
Mrs, Page says, " There is an old tale goes that Herne
the hunter, Sometime a keeper here in Windsor Forest,
Doth all the winter time* at still midnight, Walk round
about an o*, with great ragged horns " ; and Page adds :
" Why, yet there want not many that do fear In deep
of night to walk by this H* o*" A plot is laid to get Fal-
staff there, and the last scene is laid at the o*
HERTFORD (pronounced, and often spelt, HARTFORD)*
The county town of Herts*, on the Lea, 19 m* N. of
Lond* The castle was built by Edward the Elder in 905.
John II of France and David of Scotland were im-
prisoned there in the reign of Edward III* Its site is
now occupied by Haileybury school, abt* 3 m* out of
die town* In Davenport's Matilda i* 3, the K* says to
the Q., "Post thou to Hartford Castle, whither we are
certified young Bruce is fled " ; ii* 3 takes place there*
In Death Hnntington ii* 3, Fitzwater says, "Your
nephew Bruce shall post to H* Castle*" The castle was
taken by the revolting Barons in the reign of John :
later John made Fitzwater governor of H* Castle* In
Oldcastle v* 9, the Bp., being at St* Albans, directs:
" See they be conveyed to H* Size, both this counterfeit
and you, Sir John of Wrotham, and your wench*" The
next scene is at H* in a Hall of Justice*
HERTFORDSHIRE (pronounced HARTFORDSHIRE). One
of the S*E* counties of England, lying N* of Middlesex*
The New River water supply of Lond* was taken from
springs near Ware* The air is salubrious and stimulat-
ing, and there was an old saying : " He who buys a
home in H* pays 3 years' purchase for the air*" In
Merry Devil, p* 346, the Host of the George at Waltham,
going on a poaching expedition, says, " I'll fence with
all the justices in H*— I'll have a buck till I die." In
Three Ladies ii* i, Simplicity says to Fraud, " Thou
didst go into H. to a place called Ware, and thou didst
grease the horses' teeth that they should not eat hay*"
In Piers C. vii* 413, we read : " Ys non so hongry
hounde in Hertforde-shire That thorst lape of that
levynge," z*e* the vomit of Glutton* The name of the
county was probably chosen for the sake of the allitera-
tion. In Trag+ Richd. II iv* i, 231, " Harford-shere " is
one of the counties granted by the K*
Cowley's Cutter L 2, young Truman says to his father,

HESEBQN, or HESHBON

44 He plundered your house in H* and took away the
very hop-poles*'*

KESEBON, or HESHBON* The chief city of the
Amorites, 15 m* E* of the Jordan and 12 N*E* of the N*
end of the Dead Sea* There are still extensive ruins
there* Milton* P* L* i* 408, says that Chemos was wor-
shipped " in H* And Horonaim, Seon's realm*"

HESPERIA* (i) The land of the West* a poetical name
applied by the Alexandrian and Roman poets to Italy*
In Marlowe's Did o i., Cloanthus says, " There is a place,
H* termed by us, Ail ancient empire * * * which now
we call Italia/* Milton, P* L* i* 520, tells of the ancient
Greek gods " who with Saturn old Fled over Adria to
the Hn* fields/;

2. Hesperia is also used of Spain* In Fisher's Fuimas
iv* 4, Caesar says, " From Ganges to Hn* Gades Our
name doth sound*" In T* Heywood's Challenge ii* i,
Hellena says to the Spaniard Bonavida, " Through all
H* you may boast, Though my face please, yet shall my
virtue most*" In Fraunce's Victoria i* 4, 195, Ono-
phrius says to Fidelis, who has just returned from Spain,
44 Reversus es ab oris Hesperiis/'

3* Hesperian is used as the adjective of Hesperides ;
see HESPERIDES*

HESPERIDES* The daughters of Hesperus who had
charge of the golden apples which Ge gave to Hera as a
marriage gift* They had the assistance of the dragon
Ladon in this function* The gardens of which they
had charge are commonly called the H* by the Eliza-
bethans, and their location was fixed by different poets
in different parts of N* Africa, or further W* in the
Islands of the Blessed in the Atlantic Ocean* The
nth labour of Heracles was the getting of the golden
apples, which he accomplished by the aid of Atlas*
In Per* i* i, 27, Antiochus says to Pericles, who
has come to try to win his daughter, ** Before thee
stands this fair H*, With golden fruit, but dangerous
to be touched*" In L* L* £* iv* 3, 341, Biron says,
"For valour, is not Love a Hercules, Still climbing
trees in the H* »* " In Greene's Friar ix* 82, Bungay
undertakes to ** Show thee the tree, leav'd with refined
gold, Whereon the fearful dragon held his seat That
watched the garden called H*" In Middleton's Change-
ling iii* 3, Antonio justifies his proposal to Isabella by
saying, " Shall I alone Walk through the orchard of th'
H*, And, cowardly, not dare to pull an apple i " Mar-
lowe, in Hero and Leander, end of Sest. ii*, says, " Lean-
der now, like Theban Hercules, Entered the orchard
of the H* : Whose fruit none rightly can describe but
he Who pulls or shakes it from the golden tree*" In
Glapthorne's Argalus ii* 2, Strephon says, 4* My arms
are dragons that defend all these ; Now view in me
living H*" In Jonson's JSv* Man O* iv* 4, Fastidius
Brisk tells the company that if a man lives at Court,
44 he shall behold all the delights of the H* to be mere
umbrae and imperfect figures*" In Greene's Orlando i*
i, 56, Mandrecarde declares that Mexico is " richer than
the plot H**' In Barnes' Charter i* 5, Lucretia Borgia
says to her husband, " The Esperian dragons kept not
with more watch The golden fruit than thou my fatal
beauty*" In Devonshire i* 3, Henrico says, "With
greater care than were the dragons supposed to watch
the golden apples growing in the H* shall Henrico wait
on his best-beloved*" In Barnavelt iii* 6, Leidenberch,
contemplating suicide, says, " Is there not Some hid H*,
some blessed' fruit, Moated about with death i " In
Milton's Comus 393, the 2nd Brother says, "Beauty, like
the fair Hesperian tree Laden with blooming gold, had

HIGHGATE

need the guard Of dragon watch." In Brewer's Lingua
iv* 5, Phantastes says, 44 When Hercules had killed the
flaming dragon of Hesperida, with the apples of that
orchard he made this fiery meat, in memory whereof
he named it snap-dragon*" In Marmion's Leaguer iii*
4, Fidelio says, " You see that I have brought you to the
treasure And the rich garden of th' H. ; If you can
charm those ever watchful eyes That keep the tree, then
you may pull the fruit*" In Jonson's Ev. Man L i* i,
Knowefl objects to being regarded as playing ** the
Hesperian dragon with my fruit," because he takes good
,care of his apricots* In W* Rowley's Airs Lost L i,
137, Roderique says of Jacinta: " By rapine's force Well
pluck this apple from th' H*" Harvey, in Pierce**
Supererogation 167, speaks of " the occidental islands
of the Ocean called H*" Milton, P* L* iii* 568, com-
pares Eden to " those Hesperian gardens, famed of old*"
In iv* 250, he again says of Eden: "Hesperian fables
true, If true, here only*" In P* R* ii* 357, our Lord's
banquet is waited on by " ladies of the H*, that seemed
Fairer than feigned of old*" Linche, in Diella (1596),
says of his mistress (xxii* 10): "Her breasts, 2 apples
of H*"
HETHITE* See HITTITE.

HEXHAM* A town in Northumberland on the S* bank
of the Tyne, 20 m* W* of Newcastle* The Bailiff of H*
is one of the characters in K. K. K. (Has., vi* 531)*
Honesty says, " Here is a cluster of knaves ; here lacks
but the Bailly of H*" The time is the reign of Edgar
the Peaceable, but why the Bailly of H* has such a bad
character I do not know*

HEYDELBURG* See HEIDELBXTRGH*

HEYL* A salt-water creek* It is applied to several creeks
on the coast of Cornwall* The context shows that we
must look for one on the E. coast : probably Helford
Creek, 5 m* S* of Falmouth, is intended. Pedler
identifies it with Hayle Bay, just N* of Padstow Creek,
on the W* coast, but that would hardly suit the passage
quoted, for there is nothing W. of it except the ocean*
In Cornish M. P. ii* 2744, the executioner, who is boring
a hole for one of the nails in the cross, boasts, " Nynsus
guas a west the H. An tollo guel," z,e* " There is not a
fellow W* of the H. Who can bore better*"

HIBERNIA* Corrupted form of Iverna, from lerne, the
old name of Ireland* In Fisher's Fmmus iv* 6, the Chorus
sings : " More ghastly monster did not spring From
the Hn* flood With which Morvidius combatting Of foe
became his food*" Geoffrey of Monmouth tells how
" there came from the Irish coasts a most cruel mon-
ster " : Morvidius encountered it, but it " rushed upon
him and swallowed him up like a small fish*" In Chap-
man's Caesar iii* i, 101, Potnpey says, " I'd sooner trust
Hn* bogs and quicksands " than Csesar* In King Leir i*
2> Skalfiger says to Ragan, " Your younger sister [f*e*
Cordelia] he would fain bestow Upon the rich k* of H/'

HIDASPES* See HTDASPES*

HIDE-PARK* See HYDE PARK*

HIGHGATE* Vill* N* of Lond,, 5 m* in a direct line
from St* Paul's* It stands 350 ft* above the level of the
Thames and commands a fine view of the City* In 1386
the Bp* of Lond* allowed the Gt* North Road to come
through his park at H*, and put a toll-bar at the top of
the hill which was thought to have given rise to the
name of the vill*, the High Gate on the hill* The Gate
House Tavern still marks its position* The way to
Barnet and St* Albans by the N*W. Road lay over H*
Hill, which rises pretty steeply from Holloway* At the

349

HIGH STREET

bottom of the hill is Whittington's Stone. Higher up is
Andrew Maryell's cottage, and opposite to it Cromwell
House, built in 1630 for Ireton, Cromwell's son-in-law*
It is now a convalescent hospital for children* Higher
still was Arundel House, where Jonson's Penates was
performed before James I on i May, 1604, and where
Lord Bacon died in 1626* In the main st* of the vill*
were many taverns, and in most, if not all, of them was a
pair of horns, on which the ceremony of swearing on the
horns was carried out* A full account will be found in
Hone's Year Book. H* Green stands at the top of West
Hill, opposite St* Michael's Ch. It was a favourite re-
sort of Lond* people* Drayton, in Polyolb. xvi* 255*
says, " Then H* boasts his way, which men do most
frequent**' In Liberality v* 5, the Clerk says to Pro-
digality, ** Thou art indicted that thou at H*, in the
county of Middlesex, didst take from one Tenacity,
of the parish of Pancridge, £1000*" All the great roads
out of Lond* were infested with highway robbers. The
scene of Oldcastle iii* 2 is " on a road near H*" ; and in
iv* i, Butler reports, " As I scouted to Islington The
gray-eyed morning gave me glimmering Of armed men
coming down H* Hill." In Jack Dram i* i, there is a
morrice dance and a song: "Let us be seen On Hygate
Green To dance for the honour of Holloway." In
Jonson's New Inn iv. i, Barnaby, arriving at Barnet,
tells how he lost his hat : " the wind blew't off at H."
In Jonson's Tub i. 2, Clench says, " Zin Valentine I
He was a deadly zin and dwelt at H*" ; and adds, to
lend verisimilitude to his story, that he lived ** at the
Cock-and-Hen in H." In Tomkis' Albumazar L 3,
Ronca boasts that he has a perspective (z\e» telescope) by
which he can read small print as plainly, 12 long miles
off, as you see Paul's from H*" In B. & F* Wit Money
iii* i, Shorthose, annoyed at the prospect of having to
drive his mistress out of town, prays: "May zealous
smiths so housel all our horses That they may feel
compunction in their feet. And tire at H*/' i.e. before
they have gone 5 m* In Middleton's Trick to Catch iv. 2,
Freedom tells Lucre that his nephew is so melancholy
that " you may hear him sigh In a still evening to your
house at H." In Goosecap iii. i, Rudesby asks : " Would
any ass in the world ride down such a hill as H* is in
such a frost as this, and never light < ** In Dekker's
Northward iii* i, Doll says. ** If you should but get $
or 4 Cheshire cheeses, and set them a-running down
H* Hill," the Welsh capt* would run after them* In
Underwit iv* 3, Courtwell, savagely disparaging his mis-
tress, says of her breasts : " H* compared with 'em is
Paradice*" In W* Rowley's New Wonder iii*, Foster says,
44 He's in Ludgate again." To which Mrs* Foster re-
plies : " No, he's in H* : he struts it bravely*" Ludgate
was used as a prison : the point of the pun is obvious ;
he is not in prison, but in high gait*

HIGH STREET. In Bologna: probably the Strada
Maggiore is intended. It runs from the E. end of the
Corso to the Porta Maggiore. In B. & F. Chances i* i,
Don Frederic arranges to meet Don John " I' th' H* St*"
The scene is at Bologna.

HIGH STREET, PLYMOUTH* Running from the
Guildhall, in Whimple St., to Notte St*, the Parade,
and Sutton Pool* In T* Heywood's Maid of West A* iii*
2, Clem says to Roughman, ** You He, Sir, at the Raven
in the H* St*" In Davenant's Plymouth i. i, Cable says,
44 If you walk but 3 turns in the H*-st*, they will ask you
money for wearing out the cobbles*"

HILBRE* See HELL-BREE*

HISPAHAN

HILIA* In Caesar's Rev, ii. 5, Cato says, " Raze out of thy
lasting Kalenders Those bloody songs of Hs* dismal
fight*" I suspect a misprint for Allia's, g.v*

HIMETTUS*

HINCKLEY* A town lying just off Old Watling St*, on
the border of Warwicksh. and Leicestersh., in the latter
county* It is some 30 m* N.E* of Stratford and 50 from
the Cotswold dist* In H4 B. v. i, 27, Davy asks Shallow,
" Do you mean to stop any of William's wages about the
sack he lost the other day at H* Fair i " The Fair was
held on August 26th, and was for horses, cows, sheep,
and cheese. As Henry IV died on March 20th, Davy
must have had a long memory !

HIND. A tavern in Stepney. I have not been able to
trace any other reference to it. There is a H* Arms now
in Upper North St** Poplar, but whether it represents
the old tavern I cannot say* In Look about xxv*, Lady
Fauconbridge says, ** At Stepney by my summer house
* * * There is a tavern which I sometimes use : It is
the H."

HINKSEY* VilL in England, abt. i m* S* of Oxford*
In Thersites 220, Mater, in her charm for worms, in-
vokes " Mother Brice of Oxford and great Gib of H*"

HINNOM, VALLEY OF* On the W* and S* sides of
Jerusalem, and joining the valley of the Kedron at the
S.E. corner of the city* The " opprobrious hill," or
44 Hill of Offence," where Solomon built temples to
Chemosh and Moloch ( I Kings xi* 7), lay S* of its E* end*
It was used as the rubbish-tip of the city, and the refuse
was kept constantly burning: hence it became the
symbol of Hell, for which the Hebrew form of the name,
Gehenna, is regularly used in the N. T* Milton, P* L. i*
404, says that Moloch led Solomon " by fraud to build
His temple right against the temple of God On that
opprobrious hill, and made his grove The pleasant v* of
H*, Tophet thence And black Gehenna called, the type
of Hell." See also GEHENNA, TOPHET*

HIPPOCRENE (now known as MAKARIOTISSA). A
fountain near Mt* Helicon in Boeotia, sacred to the
Muses* It was said to have sprung from the foot-print of
the horse Pegasus : hence it is called the 4* horse-foot
spring*" In Jonson's Poetaster v* i, Tucca addresses
Horace as Helicon and Virgil as " thy noble H* here " :
where the word is used as equivalent to Poet* Barry, in
Ram prol., speaks of " those ancient streams Which
from the Horse-foot fount do flow." In Day's ParL
Bees v., Poetaster says, " Drink 9 healths of sacred H*
To the 9 Muses ; this will make a poet*" In Dekker's
Westward ii* i, Justiniano swears " by H,, which was a
certain well where all the Muses watered." In Alimony i,,
Timon speaks of M the precious rills of H." In Ford's
Sun ii* i, Delight says, " Not far off stands the Hippo-
crenian well Whither 1*11 lead thee, and * , * to wel-
come thee 9 Muses shall appear." In Marmion's Anti-
quary in* 2, Lionel asks : *4 Have you lately drunk of the
horse-pond or stept on the forked Parnassus, that you
start out so sudden a poet t " Drayton, in Odes (1606)
ix* 12, commends Sack: "Which to the colder brain Is
the true H/'

HIRCANIA* See HYRCANIA*

HISPAHAN (more commonly spelt ISPAHAN)* An im-
portant city of Persia, lying on the Zendarood, abt* 250
m* N*E* of the head of the Persian Gull Its mud walls
were 24 m* in circuit* Timur took it and massacred its
inhabitants in 1387 ; Shah Abbas I made it his capital,
and under him it reached its highest splendour and had

250

HISPANIOLA

a population of upwards of 1,000,000. His 2 palaces
still remain, as well as mosques, colleges, and bridges
built or adorned by him. It is now in a state of decad-
ence and filth, and is no longer a royal residence* In
Milton, P. L. xi. 394, Michael points out to Adam
" where The Persian in Ecbatan sat, or since In H*"

HISPANIOLA. One of the great Antilles in the W.
Indies* It is also known as San Domingo, or Hayti.
It was discovered by Columbus in 1493, and Spanish
settlements were soon made there. It is now the repub-
lic of Haiti. In Devonshire i. 2, the Merchant tells how
44 H. was ravished by Drake " : this was in 1585. In
T* Heywood's /* JC. M* B. 333, Chorus, referring to the
same expedition, the famous Island Voyage, says,
** Drake and Christopher Carlisle set on Cap de Verd,
thenH."

HITCHIN. A town in Herts*, 13 m. N.W* of Hertford.
The poet George Chapman was born near H., and lived
there for some time. In his poem Euthymius Raptus,
he speaks of Homer's visits to him " on the hill next H/s
left hand," z*e. probably Offley Hill, 3 or 3 m. W. of H.
Browne, in his Pastorals, speaks of Chapman as "The
learned shepherd of fair H* hill." Ralph Radclif (1519-
*559)> the author of over 13 plays, mostly on scriptural
subjects, had a school in the dismantled Carmelite
monastery at H., where his plays were performed in
the old Refectory*

HITTITES* One of the 7 nations of Palestine who were
to be dispossessed by the Children of Israel. They were
of Mongol race, and from the i5th cent. B.C. were
prominent amongst the peoples of Asia. They founded
a great empire, which for a time was a dangerous rival to
Egypt, and continued till the end of the 8th cent, to
wield a formidable power. Their capitals were at Car-
chemish, and at Kadesh on the Orontes. and their
curious carvings and inscriptions in N. Syria and Asia
Minor have recently thrown quite a new light on their
importance. Uriah* the husband of Bathsheba, who was
murdered by David's orders, was a Hittite* In Mariam
iv. 7, Herod says that if David had seen Mariamne,
" The Hittits [t Hittite] had then felt no deadly sting, Nor
Bethsabe had never been a Q." In Peele's Bethsabe ii. i,
Nathan says to David, " Thou hast ta'en this Hethite's
wife to thee," i*e. Bathsheba, the wife of Uriah the

» Hittite. In i. 3, David speaks of Uriah's " true conver-
sion from a Hethite To an adopted son of Israel."

HIVE.

HOCKLEY IN THE HOLE. There are two places of the
name : (i) A village lying in the Fleet Valley in Lond.,
N*W* of Clerkenwell Green : the site is marked by
Ray St*, off Farringdon Rd., N. of Clerkenwell Rd.
The name Ray St. dates from 1774, and the further im-
provements of 1856-7 have altered the place beyond
recognition* In the i8th cent, a famous bear-garden
was established there (Pope writes: "Fox loves the
Senate, Hockley Hole his brother "), but in our period
it was still a country village. In Middleton's -R* G* iii. a,
Gallipot cries out : " Are my barns and houses yonder
at Hockley Hole consumed with fire i " In Brome's
Academy iii* i, Matchil says to Rachel, " Depart at your
leasure, you know the way to your old aunt, the apple-
woman at Hockley Hole." m

fe) Hockcliffe in Beds., on the N.W* Road (Watling
St.), between Dunstable and Fenny Stratford* It lies in
the valley of a small stream which flows into the Ousel, a
tributary of the Ouse, and may have got its name
(In the Hole) from a recollection of the London Hockley*

HOGSDON, or HOGSDEN

It had an ill name for highway robbery. Middleton, in
his Black Book, p. 20, says of his villains : "Sometimes
they are clerks of Newmarket Heath; they make many
a man stand at Hockley-in-the-Hole." In Jonson's
Ev. Man O. iv. 5, Sogliardo says of Shift : " He has been
the only Bid-stand that ever kept Newmarket, Salisbury
Plain, Hockley i' the Hole, Gadshiil, and all the high
places of any request*" In Merlin iii. i, 127, the
Clown says to Merlin, " Our standing-house is Hock-
lye-i'-the Hole and Layton Buzzard [4 m. to the WJ,"
i.e. we are either footpads or fools. It was also a place of
assignations. In Dekker's Northward i. i, the Chamber-
lain says, ** Your Captains were wont to take their leave
of their London pole-cats at Dunstable. The next
morning their wenches brought them to Hockley i' the
Hole, and so the one for Lond., the other to West
Chester." Taylor, Works ii* 238, says, 4* Every Gill
Turntripe must be coached to St. Albans, Bruntwood
[z.e, Brentwood in Essex, on the E* road], Hockley in
the Hole, Croydon, Windsor, Uxbridge, and many
other places."

HOE, PLYMOUTH. The cliff at the head of P. Sound,
between Mill Bay and Sutton Pool* At the E. end of it
is the Citadel, and a fine promenade now runs along the
sea-front. It was here that Drake was playing bowls
when the news came of the approach of the Spanish
Armada, and his statue commemorates the incident.
In T. Heywood's Maid of West A. i. 3, Fawcett brings
word from Spencer to Bess : ** He prays you, when 'tis
dark, Meet him o' th' H* near to the new-made fort."
Drayton, in Polyolb. i. 482, says of Corin and the giant
Gogmagog: "Upon that lofty place at P. called the H.
Those mighty wrestlers met."

HOEMONY.

HOG LANE* Now called Worship St., Lond*, on the W*
side of Norton Folgate/ leading to Bunhill Field*
Gabriel Spencer (see under HOGSDON) lived in H*L*
It is probable that Shakespeare lived for a time in H. L*
An entry in Bodleian MS.> Aubrey 8, 45, runs : ** Mr*
Beeston, who knows most of him fr. Mr* Lacy he lived
in Shoreditch at Hoglane within 6 doors f- Norton-
folgate." The reference seems to be to Shakespeare*
See discussion in Cornhill Mag.t April 1916, p. 478*

HOGSDON, 01 HOGSDEN (called in Domesday
Book HOCHESTON* and now HOXTON)* H* is probably
the result of a Hobson-Jobson derivation. A dist* N. of
Lond*, W. of the Kingsland Rd* and N* of Old Street
Rd. Stow describes it in 1598 as 4* a large st. with
houses on both sides." The H* Fields were a favourite
place for afternoon jaunts by the Londoners, and they
were also used as a drilling-ground for the Trainbands*
Here stood a famous tavern, ** The Pimlico," the name
of which is preserved in Pimlico Walk*

In Oldcastle iii. a, Acton names " H., Pancredge p*€*
St. Pancras], Kensington " as villages where the rebels
were waiting. In Jonson's Ev. Man L L i, Stephen says,
** Because I dwell at H., I shall keep company with none
but the archers of Finsbury ! . . ." In Jonson's Al-
chemist v. i, Lovewit says he has heard that " Gallants,
men and women, and all sorts, tagrag [have] been seen
to flock here ... as to a second H* in days of Pimlico
and Eyebright." In v. 3, one of Mammon's projects
was to make a ditch of silver about the city "run with
cream from H." In Jonson's Devil L i, Satan reproaches
Pug for his paltry exploits: "Some good ribibe [i*«.
old woman] about Kentish Town or H*, you would hang
now for a witch*" T. Heywood's Hogsdon is concerned
with such a woman* In Middleton's JR. G* ii. i, Gallipot

HOGS' NORTON

says, " Come, wenches, come ; we're going all to H/'
In Shirley's Wedding iv* i, Capt* Landly exclaims :
44 They point a duel ! At H*, to show fencing upon
cream and cake-bread/' In B* & F* Pestle iv* 5, Ralph
says, 4* March out and show your willing minds, By 20
and by 30, To H* or to Newington, Where ale and cakes
are plenty/' In The Wizard (1640), we have : " You
true ladies abhor it, upon one meeting, or over a H.
cask, to clap up a match/' I suppose the meaning is
4* on a picm'c to H*," but it is not certain* Possibly for
4t cask " we should read " cake*" Ben Jonson fought a
duel in H* Fields with Gabriel Spencer, and killed him,
in 1598* In Brome's Academy iii* a, Strigood says that
Cash is not 4t of those that gall their hands with stool-
balls or their cat-sticks for white-pots, pudding-pies,
stewed prunes, and tansies, to feast their tits at Islington
or H/' The author of Tarlton's Purgatory, in his pre-
face, tells how, being prevented from going to the
theatre by the crowd, " I stept by dame Anne of Cleeres
well, and went by the backside of H/' for a country walk*
In Nabbes' Bride ii. 4, Raven calls the Cheajpside pren-
tices " the learned youth of H/' from their habit of
frequenting that popular resort* In Jonson's Ev. Man L
i* i, Wellbred writes : 44 Do not conceive that antipathy
between us and H* as was between Jews and hogs-flesh*"
In Deloney's Craft i* 12, Haunce says to Florence,
44 Let me entreat you to go to H., and I will bestow a
mess of cream upon you*" Gosson, in School of Abuse
(1579), p* 37 (Arber), says of loose women: "They live
a mile from the city like Venus' nuns in a cloister at
Newington, Ratliffe, Islington, H*, or some such
place."

HOGS NORTON* A humorous corruption of Hock
Norton, a vill* in Oxfordsh*, 34 m* N.W. of Oxford*
On the principle of giving a dog a bad name and then
hanging him, the village became proverbial for rusticity
and boorishness* In Youth ii* 1 10, Youth says to Humil-
ity, " Were thou born at Trumpington and brought up
at H* N* i " In VaL Welsh, ii* 3, Morgan, the comic
Welshman, says, " This fellow was porn at h* N* where
pigs play on the organ." Nash, in StrangeNewsK 4, says,
44 If thou bestowest any courtesy on me and I do not
require it, then call me cut, and say I was brought up at
Hogge N*, where pigs play on the organ/' In Randolph's
Muses* iii* I, Banausus proposes to build a cathedral ch*,
amongst his other wild projects : 44 It shall be at Hog's
N*, with a pair of stately organs ; more than pity 'twere
the pigs should lose their skill for want of practice*"

HOLBORN* One of the main thoroughfares of Lond*,
running W* from the corner of Newgate St. and Old
Bailey to Drury Lane* The traditional derivation is
from a mythical Oldbourne which was reported to have
run down the st* from the Bars to H* Bdge* The name
in Domesday Book is Holeburne, and was probably
another name for the Fleet river* The erection of the H*
Viaduct, opened in 1869, has completely altered the
old st* In the i6th cent* it crossed the Fleet river by a
stone bdge* (H* Bdge*), then ascended steeply to the
corner of Fetter Lane (H* Hill) ; from this point to the
Bars, just W* of Brooke St*, it was called H*, and thence
to Drury Lane, High H* W* of the Bars, which marked
the boundary of the liberties of the City, was a block of
buildings obstructing the st*, called Middle Row:
they were removed in 1868* H* was a great lawyers'
quarter ; on the N* side were Furnival's Inn and Gray's
Inn ; on the S*, Thavies Inn, Barnard's Inn, and Staple
Inn* As one of the main entrances to Lond*, it had
many taverns, amongst which were the George and

HOLBORN

Blue Boar, the Castle, the Old Bell, the Sun, the Bear,
and the Black Bull, At the junction of Snow Hill (or
Snpr Hill) and H* stood the H* Cross, and by it a con-
duit, built in 1577 by William Lamb on the site of an
older one that had fallen into decay. Prisoners from
Newgate and the Tower were taken to Tyburn for exe-
cution along H., and H* Hill was nicknamed Heavy Hill
in consequence*

In Rs iii. 4, 33, Gloucester says to the Bp. of Ely,
44 When I was last in H. I saw good strawberries in your
garden there." Ely Place, the town house of the Bp* of
Ely, was on the N* side of H*, E* of Hatton Garden (see
ELY PLACE)* The Fleet was navigable up to H* Bdge*
Jonson's Famous Voyage describes how Sir R* Shelton
and Sir C* Haydon 44 proposed to go to H* in a wherry "
from Bridewell Dock* Towards the end of the voyage
we have: ""Behold where Cerberus, reared on the wall
Of H* Height (3 Serjeants' heads) looks o'er* They cryed
out Puss* He told them he was Banks That had so often
showed them merry pranks*" The Serjeants are Ser-
jeants at Law in the Inns of Court on the top of H* Hill,
and Banks — or rather the spirit of Banks, transmigrated,
with that of his performing horse, into the body of a cat
— is, as he has explained earlier, one of the cats that
preyed for garbage on the banks of the Fleet. In Hycke,
p* 99, Frewyll, having been put into prison for theft, his
fellow Imagynacyon 44 walked through H. * * . And
walked up towards St* Gyles in the fields," evidently
expecting to see Frewyll led out to execution* In Old-
castle ii* 2, Acton says" that Picket Field is 44 Behind st*
Giles in the field near H*" (see PICKET FIELD)* Murley
retorts : " Newgate, up H., S* Giles in the field, and to
Tiborne : an old saw*" This is the route of prisoners to
execution* In Middleton's Chess ii* i, the Black Bp*
says he undertook to cure Gondomar's fistula " with
a High H* halter," and told him that " 3 turns at Ty-
burn " was the only way to mend him* In Glapthorne's
Hollander iii* i, Fortress prescribes the keeping of the
rules of the Twiball knights " under penalty of being
carried up H* in a cart and at Tiburne executed." In
Selimus 3082, Bullithrumble says, " Marry, that had
been the way to preferment, down Holburne, up
Tiburne*" In Dekker's Northward ii* i, Hornet, who
has got round his neck a copper chain, says, 44 Better
men than old Jack Hornet have rode up H* with as bad
a thing about their necks as this*" Criminals wore the
rope round their necks on the way to the gallows* In
JC. K. Knave Dods* vi* 591, Honesty says, '* You must
bear your sheet and in a cart be towed up H.-HilL"
The prisoners going to Tyburn were dressed in a
shroud* Taylor, Works i* 101, says, "A beggar seldom
rides up H* Hill/' In Shirley's Wedding iv* 3, Rawbones
says, " Now I'm in the cart riding up H* with a guard of
halbardiers." In Middleton's Quarrel iv. 4, Chough
says to Meg, " Mayst thou be drawn from H* to Houns-
low Heath 1 " H* was commonly chosen for the public
carting and flogging of criminals : e+g* Titus Oates was
flogged up H* In Jonson's BarthoL ii* i, Knockem says
to Ursula, " What I my little lean Ursula 1 art thou
alive yet t "-— " Yes," she replies, " and to amble a-foot
to hear you groan out of a cart up the heavy hill*" —
44 Of Holbourne, Ursula, meanest thou so 4 " says he*
In Day's B* Beggar iii*, Canby, when urged by Hadland
to tiarn gipsy and go about fortune-telling, says, " That's
the smooth footpath up H* ; no, Jack/' In Brome's
City Wit iii* i, when Crasy tells Crack he is " in the high
way of preferment," he replies t " Not the high H* way
I hope, Sir*" In T* Heywood's Hogsdon v* 4, Young
Chartley says, " I took post-horse, Rid out of H*, turned

353

HOLDERNESS

by Islington, So hither, wench, to lodge all night with
thee " at Hogsdon* In Middleton's R. G* ii* i, Laxton
asks Moll to meet him ** somewhere near H." And she
answers : " In Gray's Inn Fields then/' These lay just
N* of H* In Barry's -Ram iii* 3, Will Smallshanks, pursu-
ing Lady Sommerfield's daughter, says, " Let's along
Shoe-lane, then straight up H." Shoe Lane runs N*
from Fleet St* to H. In World Child, p. 180, Folly says,
44 In H. was I brought forth and with the courtiers to
Westminster I used to wend, for I am a servant of the
law*" In Middleton's Trick to Catch i* 4, Dampit, the
rascally lawyer, calls his clients " motions of Fleet St*,
visions of H/' In iv* 5, Audrey sings to Dampit, " Let
the usurer cram him, in interest that excel, There's pits
enow to damn him before he comes to hell : In H* some,
in Fleet st. some*" I am not sure whether she means
lawyers or taverns : probably the former. In his jR* G*
iii* 3, Serjeant Curtilax dwells in H. : Moll says, " This
H* is such a wrangling st*" ; and Trapdoor adds :
44 That's because lawyers walks to and fro in it*"

H* had not a good reputation, especially towards the
W* end of it, where the gardens lent themselves to loose
behaviour* In Barry's Ram i* i, Constantia says of her
lover: " What makes he here in the skirts of H., so near
the field and at a garden-houses' he has some punk/'
In News from Hell, the Cardinal mentions H. as a haunt
of whores and thieves* In Middleton's Quarrel iv* i,
persons wishing to learn the gentle art of roaring are
advertised to " repair into H* at the sign of the Cheat-
Loaf" : so called because it was once a baker's shop* In
Jonson's Alchemist i* i, Face picked up Dapper, the
lawyer's clerk, ** in H*, at the Dagger " (q.v.). In the
Actors* Remonstrance (1643)* we read of " the famous
motion of Bell and the Dragon so frequently visited at
H* Edge*"

There were several booksellers in H* Glapthorne's
Wallenstein was " Imprinted by Tho* Paine for George
Hunton and are to be sold at his shop within Turnstile
in H* 1640*" There were 2 turnstiles in H. leading from
Whetstone Park, on the S* side, N* of Lincoln's Inn
Fields* Glapthorne's Hollander was ** Printed by I* Okes
for A* Wilson and are to be sold at her [sic] shop at
Grayes-Inn-Gate in H* 1640," Three Ladies was
44 Printed by Roger Warde dwelling near H. Conduit at
the sign of the Talbot* 1 584*" Three Lords was " Printed
by R* Thomas at the Rose and Crown near H* Edge*
1590*" Marlowe's Ed. II was ** Imprinted by Richard
Bradocke for William Jones dwelling near Melbourne
conduit at the sign of the Gunne* 1598*" Milkmaids
was " Printed by Bernard Alsop for Lawrence Chapman
and are to be sold at his shop in H*, over against Staple
Inne, hard by the Barres* 1620*" John Milton lived
from 1647 to 1649 in a house on the S* side of High H*,
between the Turnstiles, opening backward on Lincoln's
Inn Fields* In 1660* after his deliverance from the
perils of the Restoration, he lived for a short time on the
N«. side of H*, near Red Lion Sq*

HOLDERNESS* A dist* in E* Riding, Yorks*, in the ex-
treme S*E* of the county, N* of the estuary of the
Humber* Hall, in Satires v* i, 65, speaks of " A starved
tenement, such as I guess Stands straggling in the
wastes of H*" Being now drained, it is a very fertile
dist* and well adapted for farming*

HOLE* In the Lond* Counters the prisoners were ac-
commodated according to their ability to pay* The
Master's side was the best and most expensive ; then
came the Knights' ward, the two-penny ward, and
finally the H., which was the cheapest and worst* It was

HOLLAND

also used of the worst quarters in other prisons* From
Enforced Marriage we learn that prisoners in the H. had
straw mattresses* In The Puritan iii* 4, Puttock says of
Pybord : 44 If e'er we clutch him again, the Counter shall
charm him*" And Ravenshaw adds : ** The H* shall
rot him*" In Walks ofHogsdon (1657), there is a sort of
thieves' litany: "Next from the stocks, the H,* and
Little-Ease, Libera nos, Domine*" In T* Heywood's
Woman Killed iv* i, Susan, telling old Mountford of the
arrest of Sir Charles, says, ** He is denied the freedom of
the prison, And in the H* is laid with men condemned/'
In Eastward v* 2, Wolf, the Keeper of the Counter, de-
scribes the penitence of his prisoners : ** Mr* Quick-
silver would be if the H* if we would let him." In Ford's
Warbeck ii* 3, Heron says, rather than let the Scots get
all the glory of helping Warbeck, 44 Let me live first a
bankrupt and die in the lousy H* of hunger/' In Killi-
grew's Parson iv* 2, Wild says, " Make his mittimus to
the h* at Newgate*" In T, Heywood's F. M. Exch. i*,
Cripple asks Bowdier, " Didst thou lie in the Knights'
ward or on the Master's side 4 '* — ** Neither/7 says he*
* Where then," rejoins the Cripple, 44 in the H* i "
In Cooke's Greene's Quoque, p* 563, Spendall, being com-
mitted to prison, asks, ** What ward should I remove
in $"' Holdfast replies : *4 Why, to the twopenny ward ;
it's the likeliest to hold out with your means ; or, if you
will, you may go into the h., and there you may feed for
nothing/' Spendall rejoins, "Aye* out of the alms-
basket*" In Webster's A. & Virginia iii. 4, the Clown
says, ** The Lord Appius hath committed her to ward,
and it is thought she shall neither lie on the knight side,
nor in the two-penny ward ; if he may have his will of
her, he means to put her in the h*" A double entendre is
intended* Middleton, in Black Book (1604), p. 8, says
of certain fools : ** They are dark * * * As is the H* at
Newgate*"

H9LLAND (D.=Dutch,Hr.=Hollander)* The country
in N*W* Europe* on the North Sea, stretching from the
mouth of the Scheldt to the mouth of the Ems, with
Belgium on the S* and Germany on the E* The people
belong to the Low German division of the Teutonic
family, and the language is Low D* Rome partially
conquered the country in the ist cent AJ>* In the 3rd
cent, the Franks came, and, after a long struggle be-
tween them and the Saxons, H* became part of the
Prankish Empire under Charlemagne. During the gth
and loth cents* the Northmen harried the land, with
the result that the people congregated into cities for
safety and laid the foundations of the future greatness of
such places as Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and The Hague*
From the nth to the I4th cent. H* was governed by a
succession of counts, in nominal dependence on the
Empire* Becoming part of the Burgundian territory, it
passed eventually to Don Carlos of Spain (the Emperor
Charles V), and from him it passed to his son Philip of
Spain* H* accepted the principles of the Protestants :
Philip was a devoted son of the Roman Ch. He deter-
mined to make H, conform to the Romish Ch*r and so
began the long struggle in which the D* of Alya repre-
sented the Spanish K* It resulted in the formation of the
United Provinces under William the Silent in 1576,
In the course of this struggle many Englishmen went to
H* to assist the D* against the common enemy, Philip :
amongst them Sir Philip Sidney, who was killed at Zut-
phen, and the Earl of Leicester. The conflict continued
and was merged into the 30 Years' War* In 1648 Spain
finally relinquished her claims, and the United Pro-
vinces were recognized as free and independent* The
policy of Charles II led to war between the English and

353

HOLLAND

the D*, but the Revolution of 1688 completely changed
the position of affairs and made William of Orange K<
of England* In 1814 H* and Belgium were united under
William I, K. of the Netherlands, but in 1831 Belgium
seceded and established itself as a separate kingdom*

Geographical and General Allusions. In Dekker's North-
ward iv* z> Capt* Jenkins speaks of "all the Low Countries
in Christendom, as H*and Zealand and Netherland and
Cleveland too/' Fuller, Holy State (1643) iii. 4, says, "H*
is all Europe in an Amsterdam-print, for Minerva, Mars,
and Mercury — learning, war, and traffic."

Allusions to the History of Holland. In H6 C* iv* 8, a,
Warwick tells that ** Edward from Belgia With hasty
Germans and blunt Hrs* Hath passed in safety through
the narrow seas." In 14,70 Edward had fled for refuge
to the Flemish court of Charles the Bold, who had
married his sister Margaret, and with his connivance he
gathered a body of men and landed at Ravenspur in
1471* In Jonson's Staple iii* i, one of the items of news
is ** One Cornelius-son hath made the Hrs* an invisible
eel to swim the haven at Dunkirk and sink all the ship-
ping there/' This was in 1635, when war was going
on between the D* and Spinola : the Spaniards held
Dunkirk and their fleet was assembled there. This is a
curious anticipation of submarines* In Davenant's
Wits v* 3, Thwack tells of an ape 4* led captive by the Hr*
because he came aloft for Spain and would not for the
States**' There are many allusions to apes that were
trained to show sympathy with Protestantism and dislike
to the Pope in this way. This particular ape was, how-
ever, of an opposite mind. In Marmion's Companion ii*

1, Spruce boasts, 44 1 serve your women as the Hrs. do
by some towns they get : when they have won them
they slight p.e* dismantle] them straight." In Glap-
thorne's Wit v* i, Busie says, ** Let's drink a health to
H* and the mad boys that trail the puissant pike there."
In Davenant's Plymouth iii. i, Trifle says, '* We have
peopered the H. hulks ; I saw 3 of *em sink/' The
reference is to the D* privateers, between which and the
English merchants there was constant friction. So, in
Shirley's Riches iu'., the Soldier asks Riches, " Were you
never taken by the Hr. i " In Devonshire ii«. i, the
Soldier speaks of the good service of the Hrs* There
were 16 sail of the Hrs* in the attack on Puntal* In
Undermt iii* 3, Engine tells of a man who ** went to sea
in a Hr* and was taken by the Dunkirke." In Brome's
Of* Beggar i. i, Gabriel talks of a treasure *' of deeper
value than all the Hrs* have waited for these 7 years out
of the Spanish plate fleets." In Webster's Northward iv*

2, BeUamont says he will fight " like a Hr. against a
Dunkirk/' La the above 5 quotations Hr* means a D.
man-of-war* Sidney, in Astrophel (1581) xxx. 7, says,
** H/s hearts, now so good towns be lost. Trust in the
shade of pleasing Orange tree," i.e* of William the Silent,
who was Prince of Orange* Hall, in Characters (s*v* The
Busie-bodie), represents the Busybody as knowing
** whether H. will have peace and on what conditions."
In B* & F* Cure i* i, Lamoral speaks of " H., with those
Low Provinces that hold out Against the arch-duke."
The date is the reign of Philip II of Spain. The Pro-
testantism of H* was of an extreme Puritan type, and
was not at all popular with the English, at any rate with
those that frequented the playhouses. In Jonson's Al-
chemist £ti* a, Subtle speaks to Tribulation and Ananias,
whose names declare their Puritan character, of " the
Hrs*, your friends*"

The Dutch were great Traders and Merchants, In Jon-
son's Alchemist iii. a, Subtle promises to make of pewter
** as good D* dollars As any are in H/' In Davenant's

HOLLAND

Wits iv., Thwack says, M Our French and Deal wines are
poisoned so with brimstone by the Hrs. that they will
only serve for medicine*" In Webster's Law Case i. i,
Romelio says, " The Hrs* scarce trade More generally
than L" In iv. a, reference is made to the E* Indian
trade of H : ** How ! go to the E. Indies i and so many
Hrs* gone to fetch sauce for their pickled herrings I
Some have been peppered there too lately." The allu-
sion is to the massacre of the English by the D. in
Amboyna, Feb. i6aa. Burton, A. M. iii. 3, i, a, says,
44 H. [hath not so many] mariners as Italy alone hath
jealous husbands."

H. was famous for its linen, which was called first H
cloth and then H* In H4 A* iii. 3, 82, when Falstaff de-
clares that the shirts the Hostess had bought for him
were " dowlas, filthy dowlas " : she retorts, 44 Now, as I
am a true woman, h. of 8s* an ell." In H4 B. ii, a, 36,
Prince Hal says punningly to Poins about his lack of
shirts, ** The rest of thy low countries have made a shift
[another pun] to eat up thy h." In Dekker's Hon. Wh.
B* iv* i, Bryan says, ** I preddee let me see some hpllen
to make linen shirts." In Tomkis* Albumazar ii. 6,
Pandolo orders his daughter to ** lay out the fairest H*
sheets " to welcome his mistress. In B. & F. Pilgrimage
i* i, Incubo, in an inventory of fine clothes, mentions
44 the ruff and cuffe of H." In Three Lords, Dods*, vi.
484, Simplicity asks, " What do you lack i fine lockram,
fine canvas, or fine H* cloth < " In Glapthorne's - Wit
iii. i, Thorowgood asks, " Would'st trust me for 40 ells
of H* i " In Middleton's Quiet Life i. i, Franklin speaks
of ** H., where the finest linen's made." In Goosecap v. i,
Rudesby says to Hippolita, " If the sun of thy beauty do
not white me like a shippard's h*, I am a Jew to my
Creator." In Wit Woman 1070, Balia says, 44 If he have
e'er an odd piece of ordinary shepherd's H*, I pray you
I may have a pennyworth in it." In Middleton's R. G.
ii. i, Mrs. Openwork says to her husband, ** Keep you
your yard to measure Shepherd's h/' It is contrasted
with " noble women's linen." In Ev. Worn. I. iv* i,
the Hostess says, 4t I shall go to court attired like an old
dairy woman, a ruff h* of 8 groats, 3 inches deep, of the
old cut/* In Ford's Queen iii. 1771, Pynto tells of a
drunken man who " lay all night in pure h. in's stock-
ings and shoes/' Gosson, in Pleasant Quips, speaks of
** These H. smocks as white as snow*"

H* has always had a high reputation for butter and
cheese* In Mayne's Match ii. i, Dorcas laments that
" the price of H* cheese is very much increased," so
that the u brethren " are feeling the strain. In More iii*
a, Randal, disguised as Sir Thomas, asks Erasmus, " I
pray you, Erasmus, how long will the H* cheese in your
country keep without maggots s1" In Middleton's
Quarrel v* i, Russell " will believe the sun is made of
brass" — and Chough interpolates, 44 And the moon of
a H* cheese "— " rather than this impossibility." In
B* <Sc F* Fair Maid L iv* a, Forobosco proposes to divide
the year "as a chandler with his compass makes a
geometric proportion of the H* cheese he retails by
stivers." La Greene's Quip (p. 330), he speaks of a beard
" trimd with Christ's cut, round like the half of a H.
cheese/' In Glapthorne's Wit i. i, Tristram says,
" You make the ignorant believe by Logick the moon's
made of a H* cheese/' In Shirley's Imposture v* i,
Bertoldi says, ** Would I were a mite in a H. cheese
now 1 " Nash, in Pierce B. a, satirises the would-be
politician who lives " all the year long with salt butter
and H. cheese in his chamber." Dekker, in Bellman, says,
"Rats going to the assault of a H* cheese could not more
vaKafltlyJay about them."

HOLLAND

H. had a large fishing industry in the North Sea/ and
there was much jealousy between the D. and English
fishermen. In Jonson's Staple iii. i/ the news from the
Netherlands has been brought by " eel-boats out of H*"
In Glapthorne's Hollander i* i/ Popingate says, ** I am
come as hot from the sea as a Hr. from herring-fishing*"1
The drunkenness of the D* was proverbial* In Oth. ii*
3/ 8o/ lago says that in drinking 4* your swagbellied Hr.
is nothing to your English* He gives your Hr* a vomit
ere the next pottle can be filled/' In B* & F. Rule a Wife
i* 5* Castro says/ u I scorn the Hrs* : they are my
drunkards*" The D* are represented as great eaters of
bacon/ butter/ and other greasy foods* In Shirley's Ball
v* i/ Freshwater/ in the description of his adventures in
foreign parts/ says/ " I caught a surfeit of boar in H."
See also DUTCH/ FLANDERS/ Low COUNTRIES/ and
NETHERLANDS.

HOLLAND* One of the 3 old divisions of Lines*/ con-
taining most of the Fen country, in the S* and S.E* of
the county* In Brome's Northern i* 2/ Widgin says/
" Our ancestors flew out of H* in Lines* to prevent per-
secution*" Spenser/ F* Q* iv* n/ 35/ tells of an old
prophecy that the Welland " shall drown all H* with his
excrement."

HOLLAND HOUSE* A mansion in Kensington in H.
Park/ lying N. of Kensington Rd*/ between H* Walk and
Addison Rd* It was built in 1607 for Sir Walter Cope.
By his daughter's marriage to Henry Rich/ created
Earl of H* in 1622. it passed into the Rich family* The
Earl was beheaded in 1649, but his house was restored
to his widow* In Wright's Historia Histrionicat we read :
44 In Oliver's time the players used to act privately 3 or
4 miles out of town/ now here/ now there ; sometimes in
noblemen's houses, in particular H* H. at Kensington*"

HOLLAND'S LEAGUER* A notorious house of ill-
fame in Southwark, at the corner of Holland St* and
Bankside/ just E* of where Blackfriars Edge* now spans
the river. It was originally an old moated manor-house/
but fell to low uses* Leaguer is used in the sense of a
military camp, the women being supposed to be the
soldiers* In Nabbes* Totenham iv* 4, the Tapster says
of the trick Ballamie is playing: " Here's a Totenham
Court project translated over the water from Holland."
Marmion's Leaguer takes its name from this place/ and
the scene is partiy laid there* In iv+ 2/ one of the women
says/ ** Some term us the L*" ; and it is so called
throughout the play. In Glapthorne's Hollander i. i/
Popingaie boasts/ "None such soldier had H* L*"

HOLLOWAY. A dist. in N* London/ stretching along
the H* Rd. from Highbury to Highgate* As it was on
the Gt* North Rd./ it had many taverns and houses of
entertainment/ amongst them the famous Mother Red-
cap Tavern/ the sign of which still remains. In Jack
Drum i* i/ the Morrice dancers sing/ " Let us be seen/
On Hygate-greene/ To dance for the honour of H*" In
Jonson's Tub ii* i/ Hilts says/ 4* That I would fain see/
quoth the blind George of H." In Pardoner, Haslitt/ i*
232, we have : " Marry that I would see/ quod blind
Hew/'

HOLMBY HOUSE* A fine mansion in Northants*, 6 m,
N*W. of Northampton* It was built by Sir Christopher
Hatton/ and demolished by order of the Commonwealth
Parliament* Here Charles I was seised by Cornet Joyce
on June 4th/ 1647* It was only a mile or two N* of
Althorp, where Jonson's Masque/ The Satyr, was per-
formed in 1603 before the Q* on her way from Scotland
to Lond* In the course of the Masque Nobody sings/

HOLY LAND

44 There's none of these dancers doth hope to come by
wealth to build another H." There may be a humorous
allusion intended to the reputation Sir Christopher had as
a dancer/ and a suggestion that he got the money to build
H* for that reason* There were 2 giants in front of the
house/ which were destroyed by Joyce when he ar-
rested the K. Corbett/ in Iter. Boreale, says/ " O you
that do Guildhall and Holmeby keep/ You are good
giants and partake no shame With those 2 worthless
trunks of Nottinghame."

HOLMEDON HILL* One of the Cheviot Hills on the
boundary of Northumberland/ near to Wooler. It was
here that Percy defeated the Scots on 14 Sept* 1402* It
was really 3 months later than Glendower's defeat of
Mortimer/ though Shakespeare/ in H4 A.i. i/ makes them
contemporaneous* In line 55 Westmoreland announces:
44 On Holy-Rood day Young Harry Percy and brave
Archibald/ That ever valiant and approved Scot/ At H.
met/" and Sir Walter Blunt saw 10/000 Scots ** balked
in their own blood on H/s plains*" In i* 3/ 24/ Northum-
berland speaks of the 44 prisoners Which Harry Percy
here at H* took." In v* £/ 14, Hotspur exclaims/ " O
Douglas/ hadst thou fought at H* thus/ I never had
triumphed upon a Scot*"

HOLMHURST HILL* The hill on which St. Albans is
built (see ST. ALBANS)* In W* Rowley's Shoemaker v. 2/
iSy/ Crispin says, ** A beauteous monastery On H* H*
where Albon lost his head Offa shall build*" In iv* 2/
28/ it is called Holnurst H*

HOLY GHOST* A bookseller's sign in St* Paul's church-
yard* The sign would doubtless be a dove in flight*
Shakespeare's Venus and Adonis was 4t Imprinted at
Lond* for William Leake dwelling at the sign of the H*
G* in Paule's Church yard* 1602."

HOLY LAMB* A bookseller's sign in St* Paul's Church-
yard* Wily Beguiled was ** Printed by H* L* for Clement
Knight and are to be sold at his shop in Paules Church-
yard at the sign of the H*L. 1606." In Dekker's Baby-
lon, p* 21 5/ Plain Dealing says that Truth 44 dwells at
the sign of the H.L*"

HOLY LAND* W* Palestine/ and particularly Judaea/
as being the scene of our Lord's crucifixion and resur-
rection. The earliest example of its use in English in
JV*£*X>* is in Robert of Gloucester, 1297. In. Rz v. 6/ 49,
Bolingbroke says/ " I'll make a voyage to the H* L* To
wash this blood off from my guilty hand*" In H4 B* iii*
i/ io8/ the K* says/ 4* We would/ dear Lords/ unto the
H. L." In iv. 5/ 21 1/ the K. explains that he had a pur-
pose " To lead out many to the H. L* Lest rest and lying
still might make them look Too near unto my state*"
In Greene's Friar iv*/ Elinor speaks of '''Edward's
courageous resolution Done at the H* L, 'fore Damas
walls." As a matter of fact/ Edward was never at Damas-
cus* In Massinger's Renegado v* i/ Francisco speaks of
44 Knights that in the H* L. Fought for the freedom of
Jerusalem/' In Bristowe A$, Harbert advises Sentloe/
44 Go to brave Richd* in the H* L/' In Jonson's Magnetic
i* i/the Boy states as one of the constituents of a successful
play *4 the knight to travel between the acts and do
wonders in the H* L, or elsewhere/' la T. Heywood's
Traveller i. i, Wincott's wife says to Geraldine/ ** My
husband hath took much pleasure in your strange dis-
course about Jerusalem and the H. L." In Webster's
Law Case ii* 3/ Leonora says/ 44 I have some earth
Brought from the H*L*/ right sovereign To staunch
blood*" Milton/ A L* iii. 5£6/ speaks of " Beersaba,
where the H* L* Borders on Egypt."

355

HOLYWELL STREET

HOLYWELL STREET* Shoreditch, Lond*, continuing
Bishopsgate St* N* It is now called High St Richd*
Burbage, the actor, lived and died in H* St*, and in the
immediate neighbourhood were the Theatre and The
Curtain, g*v*

HONEY LANE* Lond*, off Cheapside, opposite Bow
Ch* It was named, like Bread St*, Milk St*, Fish St*, etc*,
from the commodity sold there* Honey was a much
more important article of diet before the introduction of
cane-sugar* In Jonson's Christmas, Father Christmas
m a song, introduces the masquers to his audience,
one of them '* With orange on head And his ginger-
bread, Clem Waspe of H* L* 'tis/'

HONORfi, RUE SAINT* One of the principal sts* in
Paris, running E* and W* from the Rue Royale to the
Rue des Halles* N* of, and parallel to* the Rue de Rivoli*
In Davenant's Rutland, p* 223, the Londoner, in his
critical account of Paris, says, ** Lae rue St* Antoine,
St* H*, and St* Denis are large enough for the vista*"
Fynes Moryson, in Itinerary i+ 2, 188 (1595), says of the
sts. of Paris: " Among them the fairest is that of St*
Dennis, the 2nd St* H*, the £rd St* Antoine, and the 4th
St* Marline/'

HOOP* The sign of a tavern in Plymouth* LaDavenant's
Plymouth i* i, Seawit says, ** Your hostesses daughter at
the H* desired I would speak with you*"

HOPE THEATRE* On the Bankside, Southwark* It was
originally a bear-garden, but was rebuilt as a combined
playhouse and baiting-ring by Philip Henslowe and
Jacob Meade in 1613. It stood between the Bankside
and Maiden Lane, to the W* of Bear Garden Alley*
Jonson's BarthoL was produced here in 1614* The
house fell out of use as a playhouse in 1616, partly be-
cause the playgoers found the smell of the animals
offensive, but continued to be used for bear-baiting
until 1682* In Jonson's BarthoLf Ind*, the scrivener
reads : " Articles of agreement between the spectators
or hearers at the H* on the Bankside in the county of
Surrey and the author of Bartholomew Fair" Later the
author says : " Though the Fair be not kept in the same
region that some here perhaps would have it, yet think
that therein the author hath observed a special decorum,
the place being as dirty as Smithfield and as stinking
every whit*"

HOREB* The name used in Deuteronomy for the mtn*
where the Law was given to Moses* It is a mtn*, or
range of mtns** in the Sinaitic Peninsula : the actual
peak is now generally identified with Ras Sufsafeh*
In Jack Drum i* 122, Sir Edward says, " I care not to be
like the H* calf, One day adored, the next pashed all in
pieces " (see Exodus xxxii*)* In Conf* Consc. i* 2*
Philologus says, ** Elias the Tishbite for fear of Jezebel
did fly to H/' (see / Kings xix*)* Milton, P* L* i* 7, in-
vokes the Heavenly Muse " that on the se^et top Of
Qreb, or of Sinai, didst inspire That shepherd who first
taught the chosen seed," z*e* Moses*

HbfeN {more fully the H* ON THE Hoop) A tavern in
Fleet St*, on the site now occupied by Anderton's
Hotel (Nos* 162-165)* The sign has been traced back
to 1385, when the house belonged to John Phippe, a
currier ; the next owner was Thomas Atte Haye, who
combined the businesses of goldsmith and brewer* In
T* Heywood's Lucrece ii* 5, Valerius, in his list of the
taverns of Rome (i*e* Lond*), sings : '* The townsman to
the H*" In Underwit ii* 2, Thomas is sent to find out
the lawyer Sackbury, and reports : " Inquiring at the H*
tavern, I heard he had been there*" Middleton, in

256

HOSIER LANE

Hubburd (1604), p* 67, says, " They were to dine to-
gether at the H* in Fleet St*, being a house where their
lawyer resorted*" It was, of course, near the lawyers'
quarters in the Temple* On p* 77 the lawyer advises the
young would-be gallant that 4* his eating must be in
some famous tavern, as the H*, the Mitre, or the Mer-
maid*"

HORN ALLEY* A lane in Lond* off the E* side of Alders-
gate St*, about midway, now Edmund PL In Alimony i*
2, Timon says of the play : " My scene is H* A., the
name it bears is Lady Alimony*" No doubt the locality
was chosen for the sake of the double entendre on
,** horns," which the Elizabethans seem to have thought
very funny*

HORNCHURCH* A vill* in Essex on Bowles Brook, 19
m. S*W* of Chelmsford* In Nash's Prognostication, he
predicts: ** If the parson of Hornechurch in Essex take
not heed, there may hap to prove this year some
cuckolds in his parish*" This is the horn joke again*

HORN'S ORDINARY* An eating-house in Lond*, but it
is possible that it is a fictitious name for a brothel, with
the usual Elizabethan play on the word horn* In
Jonson's Ev. Man O*iv* 2, Carlo says of Sogliardo : " He's
a leiger at H* O* yonder*"

HORONAIM* A city of ancient Moab, E* of the Jordan*
Its site has not been certainly determined* Milton,
P* I,* i* 409, says that Chemosh was worshipped " in
Hesebon And H*, Sean's realm*"

HORSE-FOOT-FOUNT, HORSE-POND* See HIPPO-

CKENE*

HORSELYDOWN* A dist* in Southwark extending
from the E* end of Tooley St* to Dockhead* The H*
stairs are just at the foot of the Tower Edge* A fair used
to be held here, of which there is a painting at Hatfield
House by Hofnagle* Fair St. still preserves its memory*
In Humorous Lovers (1617), one of the characters says,
44 I'll set up my bills that the gamesters of Lond., H*,
Southwark, and Newmarket may come in and bait the
bear here before the ladies."

HORSE POOL. A pond on the N*W* side of W* Smith-
field, 44 where the inhabitants of that part of the City
did water their horses*" In Jonson's BarthoL ii* i,
Quarlous, proposing to duck Dame Ursula, says, " Do
you think there may be a fine cucking-stool in the Fair
to be purchased s* one large enough, I mean* I know
there is a pond of capacity for her*"

HORSE-SHOE TAVERN* A tavern in Lond* The sign
was a common one : there was one on Tower Hill and
another in Drury Lane* In Marmion's Companion L 4,
Careless says* ** Entreat him to meet me at the H* tavern
at dinner ; I love that house for the sign's sake, 'tis
the very print of the shoe that Pegasus wore when he
broke up Helicon with his hoof." The fountain of
Hippocrene on Helicon was said to have sprung from
the hoof print of Pegasus* There was also a H* Tavern
at Daventry, to the host of which — Mr* Andrew Hilton
— Taylor dedicated his Scourge of Baseness.

HORTON* Vill* in S* Bucks., near Windsor, abt. 20 m*
W* of Lond* Here John Milton lived, in his father's
house, from 1632 to 1638 and wrote most of his earlier
poems*

HOSIER LANE* In Lond., running from W* Smithfield
to King St* Stow describes it as *4 not over well built or
inhabited, having all old timber houses"; and says
that during Bartholomew Fair all the houses were made
public 4t for tippling and lewd sort of people*" In

HOSPITAL

Barry's JRam v* 2, Smallshanks informs Throate that the
supposed heiress whom he has married is 4* the wench I
kept in H*-L/'

HOSPITAL* See CHRIST'S HOSPITAL*
HOSTIA*

HOTHERSFIELD (= HUDDERSFIELD)* A town in
W* Riding, Yorks* The name is still locally pronounced
Huthersfield* In Downfall Huntington i* 3, Little John
says,"AtRowford, Sowtham, Wortley, H* Of all your
cattle money shall be made And I at Mansfield will
attend your coming/1'

HOUND* A tavern in Waltham mentioned in one of
Tarlton's/esft*

HOUNDSDITCH* St. in Lond* running N,W* along the
line of the old City moat from Aldgate to Bishopsgate*
The name was originally applied to the whole extent of
the City moat, but became confined in the i6th cent*
to this section of it* It probably got its name from the
City Hounds, which were kept in kennels there* The
moat was filled in early in the i6th cent* and the st* was
paved in 1503* It was mainly occupied by brokers* z*e*
old clothes dealers* of whom many are still to be found
there, though the centre of the trade has shifted east to
Petticoat Lane* now more respectable under the title of
Middlesex St* In Nabbes' C* Garden ii* a* Warrant says
to Spruce, " Thou buy'st thy laundry in Long-Lane or
H/' In Dekker's Seven Sins, Cruelty, "spying the
brokers of H*, he stops* calling them all his dearest
sons/* In Jonson's Ev. Man L iii+ 2, Brain, being asked
where he got his coat, says, " Of a H* man, Sir, one of
the devil's near kinsmen, a broker*" Dekker, in Knight's
Conjuring (1607), speaks of " all the brokers in Long
Lane, H*, or elsewhere/' Rowland, in Liking of
Humours (1611), calls H* " the brokers' Row*" Middle-
ton, in Black Book, p, 16, says, " Let brokers become
honest and remove to heaven out of H**' Taylor, in
Works iii* 7, says, " Was H* H* called, can any tell. Be-
fore the brokers in that street did dwell i No, sure it was
not, it hath got that name From them*" In ii. 3, he says,
" I come from H*, Long Lane, and from Bridewell,
Where all that have lived ill have all not died well*"
In Middleton's No Wit i* i, Weatherwise exclaims :
** Some lousy fiddler run away with your daughter 1
May Clerkenwell have the first cut of her, and H* pick
her bones J " In W* Rowley's Match Mid. iv* i, Crack
writes : " I Randal Crack of Carmarden, do love thee
Mary Ploodhounds of H*, dwelling near Aldgate and
Bishopsgate*" In Dekker's Devil's Last Witt, one item
runs : " My will is that all the brokers in Long-lane be sent
to me with all speed possible ; and for their brethren (the
rest of their Jewish tribe in the synagogue of H*) let
them be assured they shall not be forgotten*" In his
Strange Horse-race (1613)* Dekker says, " The Brokers
went both away likea couple of hounds in astring together*
and lie buried at the grate which receives the common
sewer in the midst of H/' In T*Heywood*s£cf* IFA*2i,
Spicing* he and his rebels having been driven back from
Bishopsgate, says, 44 We are all like to feed hogs in H/'
See also DOGSDITCH*

HOUNSLOW* A town on the great Western coach road
in Middlesex* n m* W* of Lond* Owing to its position
it had many excellent taverns for the accommodation of
travellers. Adjoining the town is the Heath, which was
notorious for the frequency of its highway robberies*
There appears to have been a sword factory on the
Heath : it has, however, given place to a large manu-
factory of gunpowder* In Cromwell iv* a, after Crom-

357

HUNGARY

well's exaltation, Seely and his wife wait upon him *
and Cromwell exclaims : " What men are these f My
honest Host of H* and his wife," and proceeds to help
them* In Jonson's Ev. Man O* iii* i, Shift undertakes to
teach Sogliardo the Whiffe, which consists in taking 2
whiffs of tobacco, drinking 3 cups of Canary, and then
riding from Lond* to puff out i whiff " at H., a 2nd at
Staines, and a 3rd at Bagshot/' In Middleton's Quarrel
iv* 4, Chough prays that Meg may " be drawn from
Holborn to H, Heath," where executed felons were often
hung in chains* It was near enough to Lond* for an
afternoon's excursion* In Jonson's New Inn iv* 3
Pinnacia tells how her lover would hire a coach-and-
four and run " to Rumford, Croydon, H* or Barnet, the
next bawdy road," with her* In Underwit L i, Under-
wit has " an old fox blade made at H* heath*'"

HULL* The third largest spt* in England, at the mouth
of the Humber, in E* Riding, Yorks*, 34 m* S.E* of
York* It received its charter as a free borough from
Edward I (who gave it the name of Kingston-on-Huli)
in 1299* and from that time it rapidly grew in import-
ance* Chaucer's Shipman (C* T* A* 404) was un-
rivalled in seamanship "from Hulle to Cartage*"
Barclay, in Ship of Fools (1517), begins: "Where may
we best argue (*) At Lyn or else at Hulle i To us may
no haven in England be deneyed*" In Beguiled (Dods.,
ix* 308), Robin Goodfellow professes, " By birth I am a
boat-wright's son of H/' In Massinger's New Way L 3,
Order says, " There came not 6 days since, from H*, a
pipe Of rich Canary*" In Sampson's Vow v* 3, 13, the
men of Nottingham have petitioned the Q* to have the
Trent made " navigable to Gainsborough, So to Boston,
Kingston, Humber, and H*" The author forgot that H*
and Kingston are the same place* H, was noted for its
ale, which was known as H* cheese* Taylor, in York
for my Money, says, " There I got a cantle of H* cheese,"
and explains that H, cheese is composed of malt and
water, and is cousin gennan to the mightiest ale in
England* Taylor, in Works ii* 12, says, " From H*, from
Halifax, from Hell, 'tis thus, From all these 3 good
Lord deliver us*" This is a familiar Yorkshire proverb,
and is called the Thieves' Litany* The magistrates of
Hull were noted for their severity in dealing with
thieves and vagabonds* In allusion to this, Nash, in
Lenten (p*324), says to the friars who want K* Herring,
"Let them seek him* and neither in H** Hell, nor
Halifax*" See also HALIFAX*

HUMBER* The estuary between Yorks* and Lines*
which receives the waters of the Ouse and Trent* In
Nobody 255* Vigeaius says, " Thus well divide the
land ; all beyond Trent and H* shall suffice one moiety*"
In Fisher's Fuimus ii* 5, Belinus calls it " curl-pated H*,
Neptune's heir/' In Sampson's Vow v* 3, 13, the men
of Nottingham are reported to have petitioned that the
Trent should be made " navigable to Gainsborough,
So to Boston, Kingston, H*, and Hull*" The river is
said to have taken its name from Hv the Hunnish chief,
who drowned himself there after his defeat by Locrine*
The story is told m Locrine iv* 4, and by Spenser in
F* Q* ii* 10, 16* Milton, in Vacation Exercise 99, speaks
of" H. loud that keeps the Scythian's name/' Spenser,
in the river list in F* Q* iv* ii, 30, calls it " storming H/'

HUNGARY (Hn* = Hungarian)* In E* Europe, wedged
in between Russia, Poland, Austria, and the Balkan pro-
vinces* It corresponds roughly to the Roman provinces of
Pannonia and Dacia* The Romans abandoned it to the
Goths in A J>* 274* It was successively taken possession
of by the Huns under Attila, and the Lombards under

HUNGERFORD

Alboinus, or Albovine, the hero of Davenant's play
Albovine, about 530* At the close of the gth cent* the
Magyars* a Mongolian people, crossed the Carpathians
and overran Hungary and Transylvania, where they
long formed the ruling caste* It was ruled by Magyar
kings from Stephen the Saint (loop) to the death of
Andrew III in 1301* Then Wencislaus usurped the
throne and founded a dynasty which lasted till 1527,
when Hungary fell into the hands of the House of
Hapsburg* The Turks, after the capture of Constanti-
nople in 1453, attacked H*, and ultimately Solyman the
Magnificent utterly defeated the Hns* at the famous
batde of Mohacs in 1536, The sultans held the greater
part of the country till they were finally expelled in 1686.
The Crown of H* remained in the Hapsburg family,
and, except during the long reign of Maria Theresa,
was worn by the reigning Emperor until the end of the
late war, when the *4 Dual Monarchy " was broken up*
In Davenant's Albovine ii* i, Grimold says to Albovine,
** Since my last services in H* you remain in my tally
6000 ducats/' In Marlowe's Tamb+ B* i* i, Uribassa
announces to the Sultan, " K. Sigismond hath brought
from Christendom More than his camp of stout Hns*
That * * * Will hazard that we might with surety hold*"
Sigismond, who reigned from 1386 to 1437, was de-
feated by the Turks at Nicopolis in 1396* In Whet-
stone's Promos B. ii* 2, Corvinus is described as " the
high and mighty k* of Hungaria and Bcemia*" The date
is indeterminate, but probably Matthias Corvinus is
the K* intended* In Selirrms 540, Selim I* speaking of
Samandria, says, ** Here the Hn* with his bloody cross
Deals blows about to win Belgrade again*" Selim
reigned 1512 to 1520* Earle, in Microcosmography lii*,
says a templar is as proud of repulsing a catchpole " as
an Hn* of killing a Turk*" In Middleton's R> G* v* i,
Trapdoor claims to have served "in H* against the
Turk at the siege of Belgrade*" So, in Jonson's Ev+
Man /. ii* 2, Brainworm says he has served 44 in all the
late wars in Hungaria*" In Meos* i* 2, i, Lucio says,
** If the duke [of Vienna] with the other dukes come not
to composition with the K* of H*, why then all the dukes
fall upon the K*" To which a Gentleman replies :
44 Heaven grant us its peace, but not the K* of H.'s*"
The date of the play is quite indefinite* In Glapthorne's
Wattenstein i* 2, the Emperor says, ** Despatch a trusty
messenger unto the K* of H*" This was Ferdinand II*
In Webster's White Devil v* i, Lodovico and Gasparo,
the conspirators, are disguised as ** 2 noblemen of H*"
who had served against the Turk at Malta and had then
joined the order of the Capuchins in Padua* In Chap-
man's Alphonsns i. i, 143, Alphonsus says that he has
" rained a golden shower Of bright Hn. ducats and
crusadoes Into the private coffers of the Bp*," i*e. money
extorted from H.

Hn* is used with a punning reference to 4* hungry,"
to mean a hungry, needy fellow* In M* W+ W. i* 3, 22*
Pistol addresses Bardolph, 4t O base Hn. wight ! wilt
thou the spigot wield i " In Merry Devil i* 4, the Host
says, 44 1 have knights and colonels at my house and
must tend the Hns*," i*e* hungry fellows. In Dekker's
Westward v* 2, Sir Gosling says to the musicians, 44 Play,
you lousy Hns* ! " In Shirley's St. Patrick v. i, Rodo-
inant calls 2 soldiers whom he discovers eating their
dinner ** my brace of Hns*" In Merry Devil, p* 251*
Blague says to his companions, " Come, ye Hn. pilchers,
we are once more come under the Zona Torrida of the
forest*" Dekker, in News from Hell, says of a miser :
44 The lean jade Hn. would not lay out a penny pot of
sack for himself*" Dekker uses the word in this sense

HUNTINGDON

very often in his prose writings* In Marmion's Leaguer
iii* 2* Trimalchio says. 4t I am in mine appetite an Hn*"
Hall, in Satires v* 2, says of the objects of his satire
they are " So sharp and meagre that who should them
see Would swear they lately came from H*" In
Brewer's Lingua ii* i, Appetitus says, " Give me no
sceptre but a fat capon's leg, to shew that I am the
great K. of H.," i*e* the K* of hungry fellows. Lupton.
in London Carbonadoed (1632) iii. 12, says, " The middle
ile [of St. Paul's] is much frequented at noone with a
company of Hns*, not walking so much for recreation,
as neede." In Gascoigne's Government i* 5, Eccho says
to the procuress Pandarina, " Why, were you not mother
of the maids unto the Q* of H* i " Maximilian was
K* of H* at the date of the play, but I can find no point
in the allusion, unless Eccho means 44 the Q* of the
Hns*" in the slang sense noted above* The princess
Elizabeth, daughter of Alexander II, a king of H* in
the 1 3th cent., was canonized, and her day was observed
on Nov. igth. In order to flatter Q. Elizabeth, this day
was celebrated in her honour by joustings and other
festivities. Possibly, therefore, in this passage the Q. of
H. means Elizabeth of England. In Massinger's Madam
iv* 4, Luke, reproaching the women for their love of
foreign fashions, speaks of "your Hungerland bands and
Spanish quellio ruffs*" I suppose by Hungerland he
means Hungary* In Dekker's Match Me ii., Bilbo says,
** I have excellent Hn* shag bands for ladies " : shag
being a kind of rough velvet* The scene of Massinger's
Picture is laid in H* Hn. horses are described by
Blundeville as having great hooked heads and long
manes and tails ; their pace was a hard trot* Fynes
Moryson, in Itinerary i* 2, 174 (1594), records the buying
of a Hn. horse in Padua for 20 crowns*

HUNGERFORD* A town on the borders of Berks, and
Wilts, on the Kennet, 60 m* W* of Lond* It gives their
title to the Barons of H* In H6 A. i* i, 146, Lord H* is
reported as having been taken prisoner by the French.
This was Sir Walter H«, who was created Baron in 1422*
In H6 C* iv* i, 48, Clarence says, ** Lord Hastings well
deserves To have the heir of the Lord H." Edward
Hastings, son of the William Hastings of Rs, married
Mary, the daughter of Thomas, 4th Baron H., and in
this way the Baronage came into the Hastings family*
It is now held by the Earl of Loudon (Abney-Hastings*)
In the passage from Massinger's Madam quoted in
preceding entry, Gifford reads : ** Hungerford bands*"
44 Hungerland " is Symons' emendation required by the
context*

HUNGERLAND* See HUNGARY*

HUNS. A tribe who first appear from the lands N. of the
Caspian in A*D. 372* They reached their highest fame
in the 5th cent* under the famous Attila* They finally
settled, partly in Great Bulgaria in S* Russia, and partly
in White Bulgaria on the Danube* In Fisher's Fuimus
ii* 8, there is a song in which the lines occur : ** Locri-
nus' eldest son Did drown the furious H*" The legend
of these wars between Locrine and the H*, or Scythians,
is told in the play of Locrine : it is needless to say that
they are entirely unhistorical* Rabelais, Gargantua i. 54,
speaks of men 44 worse than the H. or Ostrogoths*"

HUNTINGDON* The county town of H.-shire, on the
Gt* Ouse, on the North Road, 58 m* N. of Lond* At
the Grammar School, founded by David of Scotland in
1200, Oliver Cromwell was educated* It gives their
title to the Earls of H* Towards the end of the i6th
cent* Robin Hood was raised to a mythical peerage as
the Earl of H*, or Huntington* Munday and Chettle's

258

HYBLA

plays of the Downfall and the Death of Robert Earl of
Httntington date from 1598 ; and in Look about Skink
speaks of " young Robin Hood, the Earl of Huntington/'
His life in the greenwood may have suggested the title
In Davenport's Matilda L i, Matilda says to the K*,
** Remember, pray, your vows to my betrothed, Earl
Robert Huntingdon " ; and the K* replies, " For
Huntington he like a heap Of summer's dust into his
grave is swept/* The H* mentioned in H$ v* 2, 85 was
John Holland, who afterwards married the widow of
Edmund, Earl of March* He is one of the characters in
Oldcastle. He is also mentioned in Fam* Vict.t Has.,
p* 363. George Hastings, the grandson of the Hastings
of JRj, was created Earl of H* in 1529, and the earldom
still continues in his family. An Earl of H. is one of the
characters in Webster's Wyat.

HYBLA. A town in Sicily, at the mouth of the Cantaro,
some ip m* N* of Syracuse* It was close to, if not iden-
tical with, the Greek colony of Megara Hyblaea* The
Latin poets celebrate the quality of its honey, and its
reputation in this respect is perpetuated in the name of a
vill. close to its site, Mellili. In H4 A* i. 2> 47, Prince
Hal says that the Hostess is as sweet "as the honey of
H*" In 7* C* v* i, 34, Cassius says to Antony, " For
your words, they rob the*H. bees And leave them honey-
less*" In Lyly's Endymion iii* 4, Eumenides says,
44 Mistresses are as common as bees in H*" In Mar-
lowe's Dido v* i, ^Eneas compares the rays of the sun to
44 labouring bees That load their thighs with H*'s honey-
spoils*" In Day's Part. Bees v*, Poetaster boasts, " No
bee that frequents H* takes more pains Than we do in
our canzons." In Jonson's Penates, Maia speaks of 44 all
that H/s hives do yield*" In Fisher's Fuimus iv* 4,
Cassibelan adjures the speckled bees, " Buz not about
sweet H/s bloomy head*" In Dekker's Westward ii* i,
Justiniano says, 44 See what golden-winged bee from H*
flies humming crura thymp plena." In Chapman's Usher
iii* 2, Bassiolo swears his friendship will last "while
there be bees in H/' In Milkmaids i* 3, Ferdinand calls
a swarm of bees "your people of H/' Lyly, in Sapho
prol*, says, " In H*, being cloyed with honey, they ac-
count it dainty to feed on wax*"

HYDASPES (now the JELUM)* One of the chief rivers of
the Punjaub* It rises in the Himalayas and falls into
the Indus atMithun Kote* Here Alexander fought with
Pprus and founded Nicaea and Bucephala in memory of
his victory. In Caesar's Rev. iii* a> Caesar says of
Alexander : " He through H* and the Caspian waves
Unto the sea his praise did propagate*" In T* Heywood's
Dialogues iii. 1806, Alexander says, " I golden-waved H*
passed*" In Jonson's Penates , Maia sings, " The odour
that H* lends Or Phoenix proves before she ends*" In
Nero iv* i, Nero says to Poppsea, " For thee H* shall
throw up his gold*" Milton, P. L* iii* 436, compares
Satan to a vulture which ** flies toward the springs Of
Ganges or H*, Indian streams/*

HYDE PARK* Now applied to the open space in Lond*
lying between Park Lane and Kensington Gardens, and
extending from Oxford St* to Knightsbridge* It covers
386 acres, but originally it included Kensington Gardens
and with them made an open park of over 600 acres* It
is the ancient manor of Hide, which belonged to the
Abbey of Westminster until it was taken possession of
by Henry VIII. From his time to the end of the reign of
James I it was reserved as a royal hunting-ground for
deer, heron, and other game ; and it was enclosed by a
paling fence* A succession of small pools ran along the
S* side of the P*, which were united into the Serpentine

HYPERBOREANS

river in 1730* Early in the reign of Charles I the Ring,
or Tour, was formed : it was a circular drive about 90
yards in diameter, and lay some 150 yards N. of the E*
end of the Serpentine. It was used for horse, foot, and
coach-races, and soon became a fashionable resort ; and
cakes and cream were provided for the visitors at the
Cake House* During the Commonwealth the P* was
sold to 3 private buyers, but was resumed by the Crown
at the Restoration and became still more popular with
the aristocracy and gentlefolk of the town.

In Jonson's New World, the Factor asks of the new
world in the Moon: " Have they any places of meeting
with their coaches and taking the fresh open air, and
then covert when they please, as in our H, P. or so i "
In Staple pro!*, Jonson asks : *' What is it to his [the
author's] scene to know How many coaches in H* P* did
show Last spring i " In his Devil i. 3, Fitfcdottrel pro-
mises, " I'll go bespeak me straight a gilt caroch for her
and you to take the air in ; yes, into H. P*" In Shirley's
Ball iv. 3, Winfield says to the ladies, " I do allow you
H. P. and Spring Garden/' In his Fair One i* 3, Fowler
says, 44 There is no discourse so becoming your gallants
now at a horse-race or H* P. — what ladies* lips are soft-
est, etc*" One of his plays is called Hyde Parkt and
Acts III and IV take place in the P* and give a vivid
description of a footrace between an Irishman and an
Englishman ; and of a horse-race on which the ladies
bet Spanish gloves to scarlet stockings* The whole
should be read by the student* In Mayne's Match v* 2,
Dorcas stipulates that she is to have " My footman to
run by me when I * * * take the air sometimes in H*
P/' In Brome's Merry Beggars ii* i, Vincent says,
" Shall we make a fling to Lond. and see how the spring
appears there in Spring Gardens and in H* P., to see the
races horse and foot ; to hear the jockeys crack ; and see
Adamites run naked afore the ladies 4 " In Killigrew's
Parson i* 3, Jolly says, " To H. P. or so I may venture on
your lady-fair days when the filly-foals of 15 come
kicking in/* Randolph, Poems (1634) 11*539, satirises one
whose ambition it is to " Keep his race-nags, and inH, P.
be seen*" In Davenant's Wits L 2, Palatine advises his
son, " So live that usurers shall call their money in, re-
move their bank to Ordinaries, Spring Garden, and
H. P*" In Glapthorne's Wit ii. r, Holdfast says, ** I do
intend to scour Hide P* this summer*" In Brome's
Couple i* i, Wat tells Careless, " All your hidden ways
in Hide-parke races are trod out and all your bowling
booties beaten bare off o* the Grounds and Allies*" In
Brome's Academy iii* i, Matchil says to Rachel's lover,
" She shall not jaunt to this nor that town with you nor
to Hide-P/' In his Northern ii* i, Fitchow surmises that
Luckless has come to invite her forth 4t info the air of
Hidepark or Maribone*" Iti Cowle/s Cutter iii. i,
Aurelia says to Jolly, who is proposing to marry the
widow Barebottle, 4* You'd be very proud of a soap-
boiler's widow then in Hide-Pv Sir I "

HYMETTUS* A range of mtns* S*E. of Athens, some
4 or 5 m* from the city* In T* Heywood's Dialogues iv*
2237, Jupiter says of Timon : " His tedious clamours in
mine ears sound shrill (Near unto Athens) from Himet-
tus hill*" In Brome's Ct , Beggar iv. 2, the mad Frede-
rick cries : " Carry me up to H* top, Where she [Diana]
affects to walk and take the air." Milton, P* J?* iv* 247,
says of Athens: "There flowery hill H.,with the sound
Of bees' industrious murmur, oft invites To studious
musing*"

HYPERBOREANS* A legendary race who were sup-
posed to inhabit the furthest recesses of the North,

359

HYPPANIS

beyond Boreas, i*e* at the back of the North Wind*
Hence the word is used to mean Northern* In
B* & F* Friends iv* i, Marcus says* ** Betwixt the
parched Indians* short-breathed men, And longest-
lived, cold H*, Lives not a constant woman/* In Greene's
Orlando iv* I, 994, Ogier says that the 12 Peers of
France have " made our galleys dance Upon the Hyper-
borian billows* crests*"

HYPPANIS* The river Hypanis, now the Bug, which
flows into the Black Sea at Olbia* In Randolph's Muses1'
v* 3, Roscius says that the Fates gave to human life *4 a
thread no longer than the beasts of H*" In Florio's
Montaigne (1603) i* 19, we find: "Aristotle saith, there
are certain little beasts alongst the river Hyspanis that
live but one day.** The reference is to Aristotle, Hzsf*
AnimaL y* 19* He says that the river Hypanis in the
Cimmerian Bosporus brings down certain sacks* from
which, when they are burst, there comes forth a winged
four-footed animal which lives and flies about till
evening and then dies* Evidently he means some species
of insect belonging to the group Ephemeridae, or day-
flies*

HYPPON (= HIPPO REGIUS). A spt. in Numidia,
abt* 150 m* W* of Carthage* It was afterwards famous
as the seat of St. Augustine's bishopric* In Kyd's
Cornelia v*, the Messenger* relating the death of
Metellus Scipio, says, ** A sudden tempest takes him
by the way And casts him up near to the coasts of H***
This was in 46 B*c*, just after the battle of Thapsus*

HYRCANIA* A dist* on the S*E* coast of the Caspian
Sea* N.E. of Media* It was rugged and mountainous*
and Vergil (Mn. iv. 367) gave currency to the idea that
its tigers were specially ferocious* Milton, P* .R* iii* 317,
speaks of hosts coming from 4* the Hn* cliffs of Cau-
casus*" In Cyrus i* i, Cyrus addresses his army as ** Ye
Persians, Medians, and Hns*" ; and later the prowess of
the Hn* archers is praised* In Chapman's Tra|* Byron
iv* 2, 126, Byron says that Alexander the Gt* " was said
To teach the rapeful Hyrcans marriage**' In v* i, he
refers to Pompey's conquest of the Hns* In Merck, ii, 7,
41, Morocco says, " The Hn* deserts * * * are as

HYTHE, or HIVE

thoroughfares now For princes to come view fair
Portia*" In Chapman's Trag. Byron iv* 2, Byron,
praising Philip II of Spain, says, *4 He spent not [his
treasure] on Median luxury Nor dear Hn* fishes." The
Caspian Sea is noted for its fine salmon, and especially
for its sturgeon, from which most of the world's supply
of caviare and isinglass is obtained* The passage is
taken from Plutarch, De Alexandri Magni Virtute.

In H6 C* i* 4, 155, York says to the Lancastrians,
" You are more inhuman, more inexorable, O, ten times
more, than tigers of H*" In Macbeth iii. 4, 101, Mac-
beth says to Banquo's ghost, ** Approach thou like * * *
the Hyrcan tiger * * * and my firm nerves Shall never
tremble*" In Ham. ii* 2, 472, Hamlet begins the speech
he wants the player to recite : " The rugged Pyrrhus
like the Hn* beast." In Brandon's Octavia 1032,
Octavia says of slighted love : ** No fierce Hn* forest doth
possess So wild a tiger." In Selimus 1237, Zonara says
to Acmat, " The Hircanian tigres gave thee suck*"
In Marlowe's Dido v., Dido, in a passage translated from
Vergil (Mn. iv* 367), says to ^Eneas, " Tigers of H* gave
thee suck*" In Massinger's Lover ii. 7, Uberti speaks of
Farneses pursuing ** Such a revenge as no Hn. tigress,
Robbed of her whelps, durst aim at*" In T. Heywood's
B* Age i*, Deyaneira speaks of being attacked 4* By the
Hyrcan tigers or the Syrian wolves." In Cockayne's
Trapolin iii* 2, Mattemores denounces Hipolita as
" more cruel than Hn* tigers*" In Nabbes* Microcosmus
iii*, Sensuality says, 4* We'll count the beasts lurk in
Hircania's dens*" In Chapman's Chabot v* 2, 118, the
Advocate says, 44 What tiger of Hn* breed could have
been so cruel < " Heylyn (s*v*) says, " These forests give
lurking holes to infinite number of tigers, celebrated in
all writers for their horrible fierceness.*' Daniel, in
Sonnets after Astrophel (1591) xi, 12, exhorts his mis-
tress, 44 Restore thy fierce and cruel mind To Hyrcan
tigers and to ruthless bears***

HYTHE, or HIVE* One of the Cinque Ports, in Kent,
half-way between Dover and Dungeness, 60 m* S.E* of
Lond* It is at the foot of a steep hill* In Wager's The
Longer A 3, Moros comes in singing, ** Broom, broom,
on Hive Hill The gentle Broom on Hive Hill,'

260

IAGO, CASTLE OF SAINT. The scene of B* & F*
Cure v* 3* It is in Seville, but I cannot find any refer-
ence to it further* St* lago being the patron saint of
Spain, his name is used generically for a Spanish castle*

LAGO'S (SAINT) PARK* See JAMES* (SAINT) PARE*

IAGO (SAINT) STREET* In Seville* running S*E* from
the Ch* of Santa Catalina, in the E* of the city* In
Tuke's Five Hours iii* a, Don Carlos says, 44 At the and
house Beyond the ch* in St* I/s St* He entered/'

IAPYGIUM (now CAPO SANTA MABIA DI LEUCA)* The
promontory at the extreme S*W* point of Italy* at the
tip of the heel* In T* Heywood's Dialogues xiy* 4393,
Crates tells of a rich men who " being from Sycion unto
Cyrra bound, Were in the mid way near I* drowned " :
a violent storm indeed*

IBERIA. The dist* S* of the Caucasus* between the Black
and Caspian Seas, roughly corresponding to the modern
Georgia* It became a province of the Roman Empire in
A.D* 115* Arbaces, K* of I*, is the chief character in
B* & F* King, and the scene of the play* except Act I*
is laid in the metropolis of I* In Chapman's Caesar ii* 5,
133, the K* of I* offers his services to Pompey in his war
against Caesar* The incident is entirely fictitious* The
scene of J* S/s Andromana is L, but the whole play is
non-geographical ; it is an adaptation of a story in
Sidney's Arcadia* Milton* P* P. iii* 318, tells of hosts
of soldiers coming from ** the Hyrcanian cliffs of Cauca-
sus and dark In* dales*"

IBERIA* The Greek name for the Spanish Peninsula,
derived from the river Iberus* It is used poetically for
Spain* In Larwn G* i, a soldier speaks of the 4* great
deluge of In* blood " in the wars in the Netherlands*
In Massinger's Maid Hon. L i, Bertoldo, praising Eng-
land* says : 44 The In* quaked, her worthies named*" In
Shirley's Arcadia v* a* the champion of Musidorus is
44 Palladius of I*" In Milton's Comas 60, the prol* tells
of Comus 4* Roving the Celtic and In* fields*" In
Nabbes' Hannibal L a* the Capuan lady says to the
soldier, ** 111 fill thy burgnet with In* gold Stamped into
medals*" Drayton, in Polyolb. xv* 353* says, 44 1* takes
her name of crystal Iberus*" Milton, P* .R* ii* aoo, says,
44 Remember * * * How he surnamed of Africa dis-
missed, In his prime youth, the fair In* maid*" The
reference is to the story that Scipio Africanus, when he
was 25, restored a young Spanish girl, of whom he was
enamoured, to her parents* Hall, in Satires v* a, 37,
calls the Escurial " The vain bubble of In* pride*" In
Kirke's Champions iv* i* Denis reads a prophecy : 44 Us
earth must yield a knight That must extinguish this
great light*" The reference is to St* James of Spain*

IBERUS* The Latin name for the Ebro, the largest river
in N*E* Spain* It rises in the Cantabrian mtns. and
flows in a S*E* course to the Mediterranean* It is used
poetically for Spain* Daniel, in Epist* Ded. to Cleopatra
75, claims that English poetry should " to I*, Loyce, and
Arve teach that we part glory with them/'

ICELAND, ISLAND, or ISLING* An island a little
larger than Ireland, on the border of the Arctic Ocean,
between Norway and Greenland* It belongs to Den-
mark, but since 1919 has had complete Home Rule*
Heylyn (s*v*) says it is ** a damnable cold country I "
In Elements* p* 34, Experience, in his geography lesson,
says, ** There lieth I* where men do fish, But beyond
that so cold it is, No man may there abide/' In Hughes'

361

Misfort. Arth. iv* a* among Arthur's allies are enumer-
ated 44 Islandians, Goths, Norwegians, Albans, Danes*"
In Cuckqneans iv* 8, Floridin says that since he left
Oxford he has ** travelled Frizland, Iseland, and
Greenland*" In Brewer's Lingua iv* 5, Gustus speaks of
"Jet or marble fair, from L brought*" The I* dog,
with pointed snout, short ears, curled tail, and short
legs, was imported into England in the i6th cent*,
and was a fashionable lap-dog amongst ladies* In
H$ ii* i, 44, Pistol abuses Nym, "Pish for thee,
I* dog ! thou prick-eared cur of I* ! " In Massinger's
Picture v* i, Ubaldo says, " Would I might He Like a
dog under her table, and serve for a footstool, So I might
have my belly full of that Her Isling cur refuses*" In
B* & F* Corinth iv* i, Onos cries : " Hang, hair, like
hemp, or like the Isling cur's ; For never powder nor
the crisping-iron Shall touch these dangling locks*" In
Barry's Ram iii* 3, Oliver Smalishanks promises Mrs*
Taffata, ** You shall have jewels, a baboon, parrot, and
an I* dog*" In Alimony v* 3, we have 44 Lies the fault
there, you Island cur i " Fleming, in English Dogs v*
37 (1576)* speaks of " Iseland dogs, curled and rough
all over, greatly set by*" Swetnam, in Arraignment of
Women (1615), says, ** If I had brought little dogs from
Island, you would have wooed me to have them."
Deloney, in Craft i* 10, describes the shoes worn in
England in the I5th cent* as 44 very sharp at the toe,
turning up like the tail of an Island dog/' L, like other
N. countries, was supposed to be plentifully supplied
with witches* Burton, A. M. L a, i, a, says, ** Dith-
marus Bleskenius, in his description of I*, reports that
almost in every family they have yet some such familiar
spirits*"

ICENI* A British tribe who seem to have lived in Essex
and Herts* Boadicea, the wife of Prasutagus, K* of the L,
revolted against the Romans in A*D* 63, and, being de-
feated, committed suicide* In B* & F* Bondnca iv* 4,
Junius says, 4* See the Icenian Q. in all her glory From
the strong battlements proudly appearing*"

ICONIUM. An ancient city in Asia Minor, now Koniyeh,
at the foot of the Taurus range, 310 m* E* of Smyrna*
It was incorporated in the Ottoman Empire in 1486,
and is the capital of the vilayet of Caramania* In Sell-
mas 1117, Acomat (Achmet) says, ** My nephew Maho-
met Departed lately from L" The plot of the play is
cast about the beginning of the i6th cent*

IDA* A range of mtns* in Phrygia, one branch of which
encloses the plain of Troy. The highest peak is Gar-
garus (4650 ft*) The rivers of Troy, Scamander and
Simois, rise in the I* range* The range is covered with
woods, and is described by Homer as rich in wild beasts*
It was in I* that Paris fed his flocks and won the love of
the nymph CEnone; and here he made his famous
judgment on the beauty of the 3 goddesses, Hera, Arte-
mis, and Aphrodite, which ultimately led to the Trojan
War* In Marlowe's Tomb. B* iii* 5, the Messenger com-
pares the hosts of Tamburlaine to " the quivering leaves
Of I/s forest, where your Highness* hounds Pursue the
wounded stag*" In Taming of a Shrew (Has*, 513),
Ferando swears: "More fair and radiant is my bonny
Kate Than silver Zanthus when he doth embrace The
ruddy Simies at I/s feet/' In Jonson's Poetaster L i,
Ovid says, " Homer will live whilst Tenedos stands*
and Ide, Or to the sea fleet Simois doth slide/' Nero,
in the play of that name (iv* i), says of Poppaea: " Such
Venus is, when on the sandy shore Of Xanthus, or on I/s

IDA

pleasant green She leads the dance/' In Webster's
White Devil i* 2, Flamitieo tells Camillo that he need
not be jealous if some flattering knave calls Vittoria's
brow " the snow of L or ivory of Corinth*" In B. & F*
Valentinian iv* 4, Maximus says that the funeral pile
of ^Ecius " will be more and greater Than green Olym-
pus, I., or old Latmus Can feed with cedar/' In Chap-
man's Chabot ii. 3, 173, Chabot says to the K., " You
* * * showed your royal palms as free and moist As L,
all enchased with silver springs*"

In Greene's Friar xvi*, the Emperor, speaking of
Elinor and Margaret of Lincoln, says, 4t If but a 3rd
were added to these 2, They did surpass those gorgeous
images That gloried I* with rich beauty's wealth/' i*e.
the 3 goddesses* Lyly, in Maid's Meta. iii* i, speaks of
" the mtn* L groves Where Paris kept his herd*" In
Caesar's Rev. i* chor*, Discord avows : " 'Twas I that
did the fatal apple fling Betwixt the 3 Idaean goddesses
That so much blood of Greeks and Trojans spilt." In
Rutter's Shepherd. HoL lii* 3, Mirtillus calk CEnone
44 The fairest nymph that ever I* blessed*" In Chapman's
May Day iii* 3, Aurelio says, ** Celestial sphere, wherein
more beauty shines Than on Dardanian L, where the
pride Of heaven's selected beauties strived for prise*"
In T* Heywood's Dialogues xviii* 4795, Mercury says of
Paris: " There lives with him a smug Idaean lass":
meaning CEnone. The scene of Peele's Arraignment is
laid in I*, and i* 3 ends with a song : " O L, O L, happy
hill 1 This honour done to L may it continue still 1 " In
Marmion's Leaguer L 4, Philautus says, " Did you never
hear of * * * 3 Goddesses that strove on I* hill, Naked
before a shepherd, for a ball With an inscription, * Let
the fairest have it s" " Spenser, F. Q* ii* 7, 55, speaks of
the golden apple "For which the Idaean Ladies dis-
agreed," Milton, P. L* v* 383, says that Eve was fairer
than " the fairest goddess feigned Of 3 that in Mt. I*
naked strove," According to one form of the legend,
Ganymede, the cup-bearer of the gods, was the son of
Tros, and was carried off from Mt. I* by Zeus in the
form of an eagle* In Marmion's Leaguer iii. i, Philautus
says, " For this cause [i*e* his beauty] Jove took up
Ganymede from I* hill To fill him wine*" Milton,
Penseroso 29, makes Melancholy, the daughter of Vesta
and Saturn, begotten "in secret shades Of woody L's
inmost grove*" In Brewer's Lingua iii* i, Anamnestes
says that the siderite, or magnet," was found out in L
by one Magnes, whose name it retains." The more
usual derivation is from Magnesia, where the magnet
was supposed to have been first discovered.

IDA* The loftiest point of the mtn* range that forms the
back-bone of Crete. It is the centre of the island, and
is now called Psilpriti. It was connected with the legends
about the early life of Zeus, and there was a cave in its
side sacred to him* Milton, P. L. L 51 5, says that the
Greek gods of the dynasty of Zeus were " first in Crete
And I* known*"

IDALIA* A town in Cyprus, near to a grove sacred to
Aphrodite* In Massinger's Parl Love ii* 3, Clarindore
begs Bellisant to dissuade her admirers from extravagant
compliments : " Or, when you dance, to swear that Venus
leads The Laves and Graces from the In* green*"
Jonson, in Epig. cv* ii, says that if Lady Wroth were
dancing, "all would cry, the In. Q* Were leading forth
the Graces on the green*" In Hymen, he speaks
of the planet Venus as "the bright In* star*" In
T. Heywood's Mistress iii*, a song begins : " Phoebus,
unto thee we s£ng, Oh thou great In. king*" But why
the epithet should be given to Phoebus I do not know*

263

ILION, ILIUM, or ILLION

In Cockayne's Obstinate L i, Carionil says, "As thou
hast me, In* archer [z.e. Cupid], so On her use thy
eternal stringed bow." In May's Agrippina iii* 162,
Pallas calls Venus " the In* Queen."

IDUM^SA* The Latin form of Edom, the land lying S*
and E* of the Dead Sea, and extending to the Gulf of
Akaba* It was inhabited by the descendants of Esau,
who were the object of special hatred on the part of the
Jews, especially after the Babylonish captivity* Herod
the Gt* was an In* according to the story of Josephus
(see also EDOM). In Mariam i* 2, Alexandra, speaking
of Herod, says, " My gracious father Did lift this In*
from the dust*" In Nabbes' Microcosmus iv,, Temper-
ance mentions amongst luxurious dainties " In* palms
[z.e* dates] candied with Ebosian sugar."

IEO* The island of Ceos, now Zea, one of the Cyclades,
m ths JEgean Sea, 13 m, S. of the S. point of Attica*
Sir Thomas Shirley attacked it in 1603, but was repulsed
and taken prisoner. The incident is described in Day's
Travails, and the Chorus says (Bullen, p. 40) that he
"is come to L in the Turk's dominion*"

ILFORD. Vill* in Essex, 7 m. N.E* of Lond., on the
Roding* In Day's B. Beggar ii., young Strowd sends his
man Swash to Chingford for £100, and promises " Soon
towards evening I'll meet thee at I* for fear of base
knaves*" In Tarlton's Jests (1611), we are told:
" Tarlton rode to I. where his father kept," and there
made a poor fellow so drunk that next morning, " mean-
ing to go towards Lond., he went towards Rumford to
sell his hogs " : Rumford being exactly in the opposite
direction.

ELION, ILIUM, or ILLION (L = Ilion, Im* = Ilium)*
Synonym for Troy, the famous city in the N.W* corner
of Asia Minor, between the Scamander and the Simois,
abt. 5 m* from the Hellespont* It was the scene of the
Trojan War, which the Greeks undertook to avenge the
rape of Helen by Paris* In Lucrece 1370, a painting is
described of the " power of Greece, For Helen's rape
the city to destroy Threatening cloud-kissing I* with
annoy " ; in 1534 Sinon's words are described as burn-
ing like wildfire " the shining glory Of rich-built I."
In Z,* L. £,* v* 2, 658, Hector is spoken of as " the heir of
I." In TroiL ii* 2, 109, Cassandra exclaims : " Troy
must not be nor goodly L stand ; Our firebrand brother
Paris burns us all"; in iv* 4, 118, Troilus says to
Diomed, " Name Cressid, and thy life shall be as safe
As Priam is in L" ; in v* 8, ii, when Hector is killed,
Achilles cries : " So, L, fall thou next ! Now, Troy,
sink down ! " In this play Im* is used for the citadel of
Troy, L for the city itself* In i. 2, 46, Pandar asks
Cressid, " When were you at Im* i " and a line or two
further down, "Was Hector armed and gone ere ye
came to Im* i " In 194, Paudarus says, " Shall we stand
up here And see them [the Trojan warriors] as they pass
towards Im. s"' In Ham. ii* 2, 496, the player recites :
" Then senseless Im*, Seeming to feel this blow, with
flaming top Stoops to his base*" Here the meaning
is the palace of Priam* In Marlowe's Faustus xiii*,
Faust exclaims, on seeing the vision of Helen: "Was
this the face that launched a thousand ships And burnt
the topless towers of Im* i " In his Tomb. B* iv* 4,
Tamburlaine proposes to build a city " whose shining
turrets Shall cast the fame of L's tower to hell." In
B* & F* Prize ii* 2, Bianca says, " Im. shall burn and I,
as did -Sneas, Will on my back carry this warlike lady**'
^Eneas carried his father Anchises out of the flames of
Troy* In Wilson's Pedlerf I* is used as a synonym for
Lond*, and its destruction is predicted* In Kyd's

IUSSUS

Cornelia ii*, Cicero apostrophises " Fair Im*, razed by
the conquering Greeks/' In Locrine iii. i, 48, Hecuba is
called " the Q. of Im." In Sackville's Ferrex iii* i, Gor-
boduc talks of " I/s fall made level with the soil/' In
Richards' Messalina ii. 961, Silius says that Messalina is
44 More pleasing sweet to my innate desire Than was to
Synon Illion's lofty fire/' Milton, P* L. i. 578, speaks of
44 the heroic race * * . That fought at Thebes and Im/'
W* Smith, in Chloris (1596) xxv* n, says, " Love made
a chaos where proud I* stood/' In Fletcher's Valen-
tinian ii* 5, a song says of Love : " I., in a short hour*
higher He can build, and once more fire/' In T* Hey-
wood's Iron Age, Im. is generally spelt Islium: though
doubtless the " s " was silent, as in island*

ILISSUS. A small stream in Attica, rising in Mt*
Hymettus, and flowing through the S. part of Athens
towards the Phaleric Bay, which, however, it only
reaches in wet weather, as it dries up completely in the
warmer part of the year. Milton, P* JR* iv. 349, says of
Athens : 4* there I* rolls His whispering stream*"

ILLYRIA, or ILLIRIA* The Greek and Roman name
for the dist* on the E* shore and inland of the Adriatic
Sea. It is defined by Heylyn as bounded on the E* by
Dalmatia, on the W* by Histria, on the N* by Croatia,
and on the S* by the Adriatic Sea* Its chief town was the
spt* of Zara* The scene of Twelfth Night is laid in " a
city of I* and the sea-coast near it." Zara is probably in-
tended* The historic period is quite indefinite* In H6
B* iv+> i, 108, Suffolk says, " This villain here, Being
captain of a pinnace, threatens more Than Bargulus the
strong In* pirate." Bargulus, whose real name was
Bardyllis, is mentioned by Cicero in De Officiis. He was
first a collier, then a pirate, and finally K* of I* He
was defeated and killed by Philip of Macedon, the father
of Alexander* Cicero calls him 44 Bargulus, Illyrictts
latro." In C&sar's Rev. iii. 5, Cassius says, " Brutus,
thou hast commanded * * * the Ilirian bands*" In
Marlowe's Tomb. B. i* i, Orcanes says, 44 We have re-
volted * * * Ins., Thracians, and Bithynians, Enough
to swallow forceless Sigismund/' Sigismund, the
German Emperor, was defeated by the Turks at Nico-
polis in 1396* In T* Heywood's Iron Age A* ii*, Achilles
speaks of Hector as having conquered 44 Pannonia, L,
and Samothrace*" In Tiberius 559, Germanicus says of
Tiberius : 4t He tamed the foxes of Illiria*" The refer-
ence is to the subjugation of the Pannonians by Tiberius
in 10 B.C. Milton, P* L* ix* 505, says that Satan, when
changed into a serpent, was lovelier than " those that in
I* changed, Hermione and Cadmus/' These two, Cad-
mus of Thebes and his wife, Harmonia, came to I* and
were changed into serpents (see Ovid Metam. iv* 562)*
In Deloney's Newberie i*, John says, " The people of
Illyris kill men with their looks." The origin of this
idea has not been discovered*

ILLYRIAN SEA* The Adriatic Sea, on the E. coast of
which Illyria lies* In Locrine i. i, 108, Brutus says that
after leaving the land of the Lestrigonians (Sicily), 44 We
passed the Cicillian Gulf And so transfretting the
Illirian sea Arrived on the coasts of Aquitaine." He has

, just informed us that he came from Graecia to Sicily by
way of the Hellespont* Evidently the author knew Httle
of geography*

ILSINGTON* Vill* in Devonsh., 13 m* S*W, of Exeter*
Here John Ford, the dramatist, was born in 1586*

ILVA (z*e* ELBA)* An island off the coast of Tuscany, 5 m*
from the mainland* It has been famous from old times
for its iron mines* In Thersites 30* Thersites, wanting a

363

INDIA

helmet, says to Mulciber, ** I would have some help of
Lemnos and I." Hazlitt suggested Ithalia for I*, in
order to rhyme with galea in the next line* Ithalia, or
^Ethalia, was another name for Elba, and also for Lem-
nos, I incline to accept the emendation, but I think Elba
is meant : there would be no point in repeating Lemnos
by another name.

IMAUS* The name given in Mercator's Atlas (1636) to
the range of mtns. running N. from the N.E. corner of
Afghanistan to the Arctic Ocean, now called the Bolor
range* The name is sometimes used for the Himalayas,
but the context shows that the Bolor range is meant in
the passage following* Milton, P* L* iii. 431, compares
Satan to '* a vulture, on Imaus bred, Whose snowy ridge
the roving Tartar bounds [which, being short of food]
flies toward the springs Of Ganges or Hydaspes, Indian
streams, But in his way lights on the barren plains
Of Sericana/'

INACHUS* A river in the Argolis, flowing past Argos into
the Argolic Gulf* lo was said to be the daughter of the
river-god I* In T* Heywood's Dialogues 5246, lo, in a
list of the rivers of Thessaly, says, 44 'Mongst these, my
father, good old I*, Lifts up his reverend head*" The
poet apparently thought the I* was in Thessalv*

INCURABILI, HOSPITAL OF* At Venice : possibly
the Old Lazaretto is meant, which lay on an island S.E*
of San Griorgio. In Jonson's Volpone v* 8, Volpone's
property is " confiscate To the h. of the L"

INDIA (Is* = Indies, In. = Indian). From the Persian
Hind, a river (the Indus), through the Greek ; L is
properly the region of the Indus, Sindh* It was gradu-
ally extended to cover all I* E. of the Indus, and now in-
cludes also Further I* The form Inde, or Ynde, pro-
nounced with a long vowel, to rime with mind, came
through the French, and an early adaptation of the
Latin I* was Indie, with the plural Indies. When
Columbus discovered the islands off the E* coast of
America it was supposed that they were connected
with the islands E. of Ceylon, and they were called Is* ;
whilst the natives, both of the islands and the continent
of America, were called Ins* When fuller knowledge
showed the error of this supposition, the In. peninsula
and islands were distinguished as E* Is* and the Ameri-
can islands as W* Is*, or, rarely, N. Is* About the middle
of the 1 7th cent. Hindu began to be used for the natives
of Asiatic I., and it gradually became the regular name
for them, whilst In* was restricted to the natives of
America* Pretty much all that was known to our
authors of the history of I. was that it was the E* limit
of the ancient Persian Empire, and that Alexander the
Gt* reached the Indus and defeated Porus at the Hydas-
pes in 327 B*C* They were familiar with the Spanish
conquest of the American Is* and the exploits of the
English seamen there* Both E* and W. Is* suggested the
thought of great wealth in gold and gems, and it is most
often of this that the dramatists think in their references*
In many passages it is difficult to decide which of the
Is* is referred to, as both had this connotation. There
was much curiosity about the American Ins., and they
were even exhibited as shows in Lond*

India in the sense of Continental India. In JMT* JV* D* ii*
i, 69, Titania asks Oberon, " Why art thou here, Come
from the furthest steppe of L 4 " In 124, Titania says
of the mother of her changeling: " In the spiced In* air
Full often hath she gossiped by my side/* In ii* i, 22,
Puck says that the changeling was "stolen from an
In* King " and in iii* 2, 375, Oberon speaks of him as

INDIA

44 'her In. boy/*" In Merck, iii* 3, 373, Bassanio mentions
that Antonio had ventures "in I*" In Troil. L 3, 80,
Pandarus says that Troilus is not himself* Cressida says
that he is ; and Pandarus answers : " Condition I had
gone barefoot to I." i.e. he is no more himself than I am
able to perform an impossible feat* In Kirke's Cham-
pions ii* i, Ancetes says to the Emperor of Trebizond,
That shield From the In* provinces was sent as
tribute/' In Marlowe's Tomb. A* i* 3, Tamburlaine
says, " Not all the gold in I/s wealthy arms Shall buy
the meanest soldier in my train/' In B* v* 3, Tambur-
laiae says, ** I meant to cut a channel [between the
Mediterranean and the Red Sea] That men might
quickly sail to I*" : an interesting anticipation of the
Sues Canal* The much-travelled Hycke, p* 88, had
been " in Caldey, Tartare, and Inde/' In Nero iv* i,
Nero says to Poppsea, " The Seres and the feathered
man of lad Shall their fine arts and curious labours
bring*" In Chapman's Trag. Byron iv* 2, Byron says
that Alexander the Gt* taught " The Ins* to adore the
Grecian gods*" In Milton's Comas 139, Comus says,
" Ere the nice morn on th' In* steep From her cabin'd
loophole peep " : where In* means little more than
Eastern* In Hester, p* 385* a proclamation runs : " We,
Ahasuerus, k* and high regent from I* to the Ethiopian
plain " (see Esther i* i)* The scene of Greene's Orlando
iv* is partly laid in L In Shirley's Gent. Yen. iii* i,
Thomaso says, " I'll return with In* spoils Like Alex-
ander*" In Elements, p* 35. Experience says* " This
said N* part is called Europa, and this S* part called
Affrica, this E* part is called Ynde, but this new lands
found lately been called America/' In YorkM.P.-skrL
387, Thomas says, u To Ynde will I turn me and travel
to teach*" St* Thomas was said to have introduced
Christianity into I* Milton, P* /?* iv* 74, describes em-
bassies coming to Rome " From I* and the Golden
Chersonese, And utmost In* isle, Taprobane*" In P* L*
i* 781, he speaks of " the pygmean race Beyond the In*
mount," Le. the Himalayas* In iii* 436* he calls Ganges
and Hydaspes " In* streams*"

East Indies (= Asiatic India and the Islands of the
Malay Archipelago). In Jonson's Magnetic ii* i, Polish
tells Diaphanous, ** Her aunt has worlds to leave you ;
The wealth of 6 E*-In* fleets at least*" The reference is
to the fleets of the English E* In* Company* founded
£599* In Tomkis* A&umazar i* 5, Albumazar says,
4 My almanack* give 't th' E* I* company ; There they
may smell the price of cloves and pepper*" In B* & F*
Prize iv. 3, Bianca says to Livia, ** Thy lips shall venture
as many kisses as the merchants do dollars to the E*-Is*"
In Middleton's Quiet Life i* i, Franklin says* " Your
lordship, minding to rig forth a ship To trade for the
£. Is*, sent for me*" In Launching, the poet says, " My
brother would powder up my friend and all his kindred
For an E* In* voyage " : powder means to salt-down
meat* In Marlowe's Tamb. A* i* i, Cosroes is acclaimed
B* of * , . E. L and the late discovered Isles*** By
these last the W* Is* are meant* in spite of the flagrant
anachronism* In Dekker's Fortunatus i* 3, Andelocia
says, " Gold riseth like the sun out of the E* Is*, to shine
tipon every one*" In B* & F* Fair Maid L ii. 3* the
Clown says of England: "Another shows bawdy E*
In* pictures, worse than ever were Aretine's*" In. Milk-
maids v* i, Ranoff says of his mistress: "Thou look'st
like the Phoenix of the E* Is** burning in spices* for
doves, mace* and nutmegs are in thy breath*" In
Webster's Law Case I i, Romelio is represented as
trading to the " E* Is/' ; in iii* 3, he proposes to send 3
inconvenient surgeons * to the E* Is*/' where he hopes

364

INDIA

they will catch " the scurvy or the In* pox/' This is un-
fair to the E* Is* : it is generally believed that this
disease was introduced into Europe from the W* Is* by
the Spanish discoverers* In Cowley's Cutter i* 4, Col*
Jolly enters " in an La* gown and night-cap*" In Tw* JV*
iii* 3, 86, Maria says that Malvolio ** does smile his face
into more lines than is in the new map with the augmen-
tation of the Is/* Mr* C* H* Coote, in a paper contri-
buted to the New Shakespeare Society, June i4th, 1878,
gives good reason for supposing that this new map was
one published to go with the 2nd edition of Hakluyt's
Voyages about 1599* It contained much hitherto un-
known detail in I*, Ceylon, Cochin-China, and Corea,
and also more parallels of latitude and longitude than
had been used in earlier maps* It seems to have been
drawn by Mr* Emmeria Mollineux, of Lambeth, and to
have been published separately as a companion to
Hakluyt's Voyages. Fuller, Church Hist. (1656) i. 6, ii,
says," All far countries are E* Is* to ignorant people/*

North-West or North-East Passage to India. At-
tempts were made by a succession of English navigators
to find a passage to I. through the Arctic Ocean* John
Cabot tried in 1496, and discovered Newfoundland ;
Willoughby followed in 1553, and further expeditions
were made between 1576 and 1616 by Frobisher, Davis,
Hudson, and Baffin : all without success* In Massin-
ger's Madam ii* 3, Sir Maurice says to Plenty, " I will
undertake To find the N* passage to the Is* sooner Than
plough with your proud heifer*" In Brewer's Lingua
ii* 3, Phantastes opines that "the next way to the Is/*
will be discovered "ad Graecas calendas/' Le. never*
For further illustrations, see under NORTH-EAST PASSAGE*

India was proverbial for its wealth in gold and gems,
In Tw. N. ii* 5, 17, Sir Toby addresses Maria as " my
metal of I*," Le. my girl of gold* In H4 A* iii* i, 169,
Mortimer says that Glendower is " As bountiful as
mines of L" In H8 L i, 31, Norfolk says that at the
Field of the Cloth of Gold the English " Made Britain I*;
every man that stood Showed like a mine*" In TroiL i* i*
103, Troilus says of Cressida : " Her bed is I* ; there she
lies, a pearl/' In H6 C* iii* i, 63, K* Henry says, " My
crown is * * * Not decked with diamonds and In* stones/'
In Dekker's Shoemaker's v* 5, Lacy protests that he would
not lose his Rose " for all I/s wealth*" In the old Shrew
(Haz., p*5°7)> Aurelius says he has got by merchandise
"precious, fiery-pointed stones of Indie*" In Dekker's
Fortwiatus L i, Fortunatus speaks of his inexhaustible
purse as " an In. mine in a lamb's skin*" In Marlowe's
Dido v. i, ^tieas says, " From golden L Ganges will I
fetch " to enrich the newly built Carthage* In Greene
and Lodge's Looking Glass i* i, 101, Rasni says, " I'll
strip the Is* of their diamonds/* In Lady Mother L 3,
Bonville says, ** Persuade an In* who has dived Into the
ocean and obtained a pearl To cast it back again*" In
Ford's Sun L i, Raybright says, *4 Honesty's a fine jewel*
but the Is* where it grows is hard to be discovered*" In
Greene's Alphonsus v* 3, 1614, Alphonsus promises
Iphigina* " The In* soil shall be at thy command Where
every step thou settest on the ground Shall be received
on the golden mines*" In Milton, P* L. ii* 3, Satan's
throne ** outshone the wealth of Ormuz and of Ind/'
Toft, in Laura (1597) vii* 6, speaks of pearls ** so just and
round That such in I* rich cannot be found*" Some of
these passages may, however, allude to the gold mines
of Peru and Mexico* Indian Devil is used in the sense
of money^because of the wealth of the Is* In Tourneur's
Revenger i* 3, Vendice, being offered money as a bribe,
says, ** This In* devil will quickly enter any man but a
usurer ; he prevents that by entering the devil first/'

INDIA

Indian Customs and Practices. In Massinger's Milan
L 3, Sforsa says, ** The slavish In* princes, when they
die/ Are cheerfully attended to the fire By the wife and
slave that, living, they loved best/* The reference is to
the Suttee* In Tiberius 165, Tiberius says, " Arabians
[are] simple fools and Ins* droyles," **e* dull slaves*
The Ins* were clever in cheating those who bought from
them, as every traveller to the East knows they still are*
In Massinger's Maid Horn i* i, Adorni hopes that
Fulgentio's words are " not like In* wares* and every
scruple To be weighed and rated*" In H* Shirley's
Mart. Soldier iv* 3, the Camel-driver says, " I fare hard
and drink water ; so do the Ins* ; so do the Turks*" He
is thinking of the Mahommedan Hindus, who are for-
bidden to drink wine*

The Indians were dark in colour. In Merch* iii* 3, 99,
Bassanio says that ** Ornament is * * * the beauteous
scarf Vailing an In* beauty." Dark women were re-
garded as ugly by the admirers of the blonde Q* Eliza-
beth : an In* beauty means a beauty that is really ugly
if her face could be seen* In Brewer's Lovesick King iii*
i, Grim says, " 700 black Ins* or Newcastle colliers
your Worship keeps daily to dive for treasure 500
fathom deep for you*" The scene of the play is New-
castle* Davies, in Nosce, says that the sun " Makes . * *
the East In* red*" Barnes, in Parthenophil Sonn* Ixxv*
5, says to Cupid, " Seek out thy kin Amongst the
Moors and swarthy men of Ind*"

The historians of Alexander's campaigns in I*
brought back the report of an ancient sect of philoso-
phers in I., called Gymnosophists, who almost entirely
abjured clothing. In Massinger's Believe ii* i, Chrysa-
lus relates that Antiochus went " To I* where he spent
many years With their gymnosophists*" Heylyn (s.i>* I*)
says, " These Gymnosophists were to the Ins* as the
Magi to the Persians * * * and are called by the Ins*
Brachmanni* They are held in great reverence, and live
for the most part a very austere and solitary life in caves
and deserts ; feeding on herbs and wearing poor thin
weeds ; and for a certain time abstain from all kind of
vice*" The Brahmins had been heard of, and were con-
sidered to be a kind of philosophical priests* Burton,
A+M. Intro*, couples together "Britain Druids, In*
Brachmanni, ^Ethiopian Gymnosophists*"

Various things described as Indian. In Jonson's Al-
chemist ii* i, Mammon says, ** My meat shall all come in
in In** shells*" In T* Heywood's B. Age ii*, Meleager
speaks of the Calidonian boar as having 4* tusks like
the In. Oliphant's*" In Davenant's Wits ii*, Pert says
of the elder Palatine : ** All he swallows is melting con-
serve and soft In* plumb*" The In* plum is Flacourtia
Cataphracta. In B* & F* Fair Maid L iv. 3, the Mule-
teer, who has got money by showing strange beasts, says,
** Your cameSon or East- In* hedgehog gets very little
money*" The Common Chamelion is found in S* Asia*
In Davenant's Nightcap i* i, Abstemia says, " You are
just like the In* hyssop, praised of strangers for the
sweet scent, but hated of the inhabitants for the in-
jurious quality*" Gascpigne, in Steel Glass 767, speaks of
44 The crimosine and lively red from Inde*" In Greene
and Lodge's Looking Glass ii* i, 536, Rasni says, ** Herbs,
oils of Inde, alas 1 there nought prevail*" In Fisher's
Fuimus L 2, Caesar says, " The Peltean Duke [z*e*
Alexander] Did eastward march, adorned with In*
rubies ." In Davenant's Italian v. 3, Altamont says, " The
cymbals of I* call Castilian cornets forth*" In Cyrus
G. 3, Panthea says, 4* Make sweet fumes of In* cassia**'
In H* Shirley's Mart, Soldier ii* 3, Bellizarius says, " La*
Aramaticks were nothing scented unto this sweet

365

INDIA

bower*" In Nabbes* Microcosmus iii., Bellanima talks
of " an air making perfume which no In* balsam can
imitate**' Lyly, in Euphues Anat. Wit., p* 101, says,
44 Amomus and Nardus will only grow in I*" In Wil-
son's Swisser L i, Clephis says, ** Thou never leav'st
licking till, like an In* rat, thou hast devoured the bowels
of his honour*" The In* Rat, or Rat of Inde, is the In*
Ichneumon, or Mongoose* Holland, in Pliny i* 103,
speaks of ** Rats of Inde, called Ichneumones*"

In* Blue, or Indigo, became known in Europe early
in the I4th cent. It is obtained from certain plants of the
leguminous order* In Skelton's Magnificence fol. xviii*,
Courtly Abusion promises Magnificence a mistress with
44 the strains of her veins as azure Inde blue." Milton,
P. L* ix* 1 103, says that Adam and Eve made their first
clothing from ** The fig-tree — not that kind for fruit re-
nowned, But such as to this day to Ins* known In Mala-
bar or Decan spreads her arms Branching so broad and
long that in the ground The bended twigs take root,"
Le. the Banyan (Picas Indicus). 44 There oft [he goes on]
the In* herdsman * * * shelters in cooL" In Jonson's
Neptunef the Poet describes the tree of Harmony:
44 brought forth in the In* Musicana first," and proceeds
to describe the Banyan : ** from every side The boughs
decline, which, taking root afresh, Spring up new boles*"
Davies, in Orchestra (1594) xc. 3, speaks of " the bashful
bride Which blusheth like the In* ivory Which is with
dip of Tyrian purple dyed*" In Philotus 61, Flavius
compares Emily's breasts to 4t In. ebur*"

Indies and India in the sense of the West Indies and
America, specially Spanish South America. Fabulous
wealth came to Spain from her American possessions*
In Err. iii* 3, 136, Antipholus, catechising Dromio about
his kitchen-maid, asks : ** Where America, the Is. i "
And Dromio answers : 44 Oh, Sir, upon her nose, all o'er
embellished with rubies, carbuncles, sapphires, declin-
ing their rich aspect to the hot breath of Spain*" In
Merch. i* 3, 19, Shylock says that Antonio " hath an
argosy bound to the Is." In H8 iv* i, 45, one of the
Gentlemen, looking at the Q*, says, ** Our K, has all the
Is* in his arms * * * when he strains that lady*" In
Jonson's Alchemist iii. 3, Subtle promises Ananias
wealth enough 44 to buy Spain out of his Is*" In Mas-
singer's Madam iii* 3, Lacy asks Luke to " Receive these
Ins., lately sent him from Virginia, into your house*"
They were really Englishmen disguised* In Marlowe's
Massacre L i, Guise says, ** From Spain, the stately
Catholics Send In* gold to coin me French ecues,"
In B, & F* Cure i. 3, Lucio speaks of ** the In. maid the
Governor sent my mother from Mexico*" In Tuke's
Five Hours i., Qeraldo says that the K* of Spain is
44 master o* th' Is* Where money grows**' In Middle-
ton's Blunt iv. 3, Lasarillo says, ** The Spanish fleet is
bringing gold enough, All from the Is*** In Noble
Soldier iii* 3, the K* of Spain says, " I would not have
thy sin scored on my head For all the In* treasury*" In
Devonshire i* 3, the merchant recalls how ** Drake, that
glory of his country and Spain's terror, Harrowed the
Is*" In Ford's Fancies L 3, Livio speaks of a clever man
as 44 One whose wit's his Is*," i.e* the source of his
wealth* In Dekker's // it be i* i, Charon says, "Men,
to find hell, New ways have sought, as Spaniards did to
the Is*" In Mayne's Match iii* 3, Quartfield says of the
supposed strange fish that is being exhibited : " We
took him in the Is* near the mouth of the Rio de la
Plata," so that practically all S* America is included in
the term* In Dekker's Northward v* i, Bellamont says,
"You gallants visit citizens' houses as the Spaniard
first sailed to the Is* ; you pretend buying of wares or

INDIA

selling of land, but the end proves 'tis nothing but for
discovery and conquest of their wives for better mainten-
ance/' In Webster's Law Case iii* i, Crispiano says,
44 The K* of Spain [Philip II] suspects that your Rome-
lio here has discovered some gold mine in the W* Is/*
Spenser, F* Q* ii* pro* 2, asks : " Who ever heard of th*
In* Peru i " In Jonson's Magnetic v* 5, Needle calls
Alderman Parrot' s rich widow " an In* mag-pie," be-
cause she has. like a magpie, hidden her wealth t4 in
little holes in the garden*" In B* & F* Cure iv* 2, Mal-
roda speaks of women of the town as ladies " That make
their maintenance out of their own Is*" La the same
play (v* 3) Syavedra says that the reconciliation between
Vitelli and Alvarez ** will be A welcomer present to our
master Philip [1*6* Philip II of Spain] Than the return
from his Is*** In W. Rowley's Shoemaker iv* 2, 160,
Hugh says, " Could I give In. mines, they all were
yours " : a curious anachronism, as the date of the
play is A*D* 297*

West Indies specifically so catted. In Span. Trag* iii* 14,
the K* of Spain says, ** We now are kings and com-
manders of the W. Is*" But his statement that the
Portuguese once were so is inaccurate* In Middleton's
Gipsy iv* 3, Roderigo says to Alvarez, " Send me to the
W* Is., buy me some office there**' In Marlowe's Jew
iii* 5, Ferneze says, " Gold's to be gotten in the W.
Ind*" In Tailor's Hog hath Lost his Pearl iii* 3, when
Hog the usurer enters, Haddit cries : '* Here comes half
the W,-Is., whose rich mines I mean this night to be
ransacking*" In Noble Soldier v* 2* Baltasar says, t4 You
were better sail to Bantom in the W* Is* than to Bara-
thrum in the Low Countries/* In Devonshire L 2, the
Merchant says, " Did not Spayne fetch gold from the
W. Is* for us 4 " In T. Heywood's Challenge i* i, Aldana
says, 44 How, Mistress daughter, have you conquered the
W* Is* that you wear a gold-mine on your back i " In
Dekker's Satiromastix iii. i, 226, Tucca says to Mrs*
Miniver, ** Thou shalt be my W* Indyes and none but
trim Tucca shall discover thee*" Herrick, in Ode on
Country Life (1647), speaks of the cares " The indus-
trious merchant has, who for to find Gold, runneth to
the W* Lade*** Note the rhyme*

In* is used for a native of America, most often of the
Spanish America. In Temp, ii* 2, 61, Stephano, seeing
Caliban, says, 44 Do you put tricks upon us with savages
and men of Ind $"* In Oth. v. 2, 347, Othello speaks of
himself as ** one whose hand, Like the base In*, threw a
pearl away Richer than all his tribe*" So the Qq* : the
Ff* read 44 ludaean," but there can be little doubt that
the Qq, are right* Compare Habington's Castara :
** So the unskilful In* those bright gems Which might
add majesty to diadems *Mong the waves scatters " ;
Howard's Woman's Conquest : " Behold my Queen—-
Who with no more concern I'll cast away Than Ins* do a
pearl that ne*er did know Its value *' ; and Drayton's
Matilda : *4 The wretched In. spurns the golden ore*"
Nash, in Pierce L 3, says, "The Ins* have store of gold
and precious stones at command, yet are ignorant of their
value/* In Chapman's Rev. Hon. iv* 2, 136, Caropia
says, " I prize My life at no more value than a foolish
Ignorant In* does a diamond*" In Cowley's Cutter ii. i,
Aurelia says, ** The poor wench loves dyed glass like an
In/* La Jonson's Eastward m. 3, Seagul says the Vir-
ginian colonists have ** married with the Is/' In Chap-
man's Mid. Temp., the principal actors are In* princes
from Virginia, In Lost $ Domin* i. 3, Mendoza says,
** To beg with Irju slaves I'll banish you*** The Spaniards
enslaved the natives of Spanish America and treated them
with terrible cruelty. In Chivalry B* 4, Katharine says

266

INDIA

to Pembrook, " You vanquish beauty with no lesser awe
Than In* vassals stoop unto their lords/' In Marlowe's
Famtus i. 119, Valdes tells how 44 In* moors obey their
Spanish Lords*" In Dekker's // it bef p. 307, Rufman
says, *4 The Ins. are warm without clothes, and a man is
best at ease without a woman."

Ins. from America were exhibited as curiosities in
England* Frobisher brought some over in 1577 ; and in
1611 5 Indians were brought to Lond*, of whom one
died and his body was exhibited as a show* In Temp, ii*
2, 34, Trinculo says of the English : *' When they will not
give a doit to relieve a lame beggar, they will lay out 10
to see a dead In." In H8 v* 4, 34, the Porter says to the
crowd, 44 Have we some strange In* with the great Toole
come to Court, the women so besiege us i " The double
entendre needs no explanation : there may be a refer-
ence to Arthur Severus O'Toole, in honour of whom
Taylor, the Water Poet, in 1622, wrote a poem in which
he says, ** The great O'Toole is the tool that my muse
takes in hand*" When, in Middleton's Quarrel iv* 4,
Meg says, '* I and my Amazons Stript you as naked
as an In*," she is thinking of one of these unfortunate
exhibits, who were shown in puris naturalibus.

The American Ins*, specially those of S* America,
were sun-worshippers* In Harcourt's Voyage to Guiana
(1613), he says, ** As touching religion, they have none
among them more than a certain observance of the sun
and moon*" The sun was the chief object of worship
amongst the Peruvians, whose Incas were supposed to be
the children of the Sun* In L. £* L* iv. 3, 222. Biron
says, 44 who sees the heavenly Rosaline, That, like a rude
and savage man of Inde At the first opening of the
gorgeous east, Bows not his vassal head, and stricken
blind Kisses the base ground i " It may be noted that
Inde rimes with blind* In Glapthorne's Wallenstein v* i,
the Emperor says, " They all look on him As supersti-
tious Ins* on the sun, With adoration*" The American
Ins* have flat noses. In Shirley's Hyde Park iii* 3, Mrs,
Carol says to Fairfield, " Your nose is Roman, which
your next debauchment at tavern, with the help of pot
or candlestick, may turn to In*, fiat**'

Indian Customs and Practices. Montaigne's Essay, Of
the Caniballes (Florio's trans* i* 30), gives a full and in-
teresting account of the manners and customs of the
American Ins. In Glapthorne's Wallenstein iv* 2, Leslie
says, ** La* princes Do carry slaves into the other world
To wait on them/' Spenser, F* Q* ii. ii, 21, speaks of
" arrows * * * Headed with flint, and feathers bloody
dyed, Such as the Ins* in their quivers hide**' In iii* 12,
8, he speaks of the painted plumes *' Like as the sun-
burnt Ins. do array Their tawney bodies*"

Various things described as Indian. In Marston*s
Malcontent ii* 4, one of the components of Maquerelle*s
aphrodisiac is " pure candied In* eringoes." In Ford's
Trial ii* i, Guzman speaks of " pearls which the In*
cacique presented to our countryman De Cortez*"
Cacique means a native prince of an American tribe.
In Jack Drum i* 326, Brabant says of his brother: *' His
jests are like In* beef, they will not last*" In B* & F.
Pilgrimage i. i, Incubo asks : 44 What do you hear of our
In* fleet tf They say they are well returned*" This was
the Spanish Plate Fleet which brought the tribute from
the W* Is* to Spain year by year* Nash, in Lenten, speaks
of 44 In* canoes or boats like great beef-trays or knead-
ing troughs*" In Davenant's Distresses ii*, Claramante,
who is disguised as a man, says, *4 1 shrink like the In,
flower which creeps within its folded leaves when it is
touched*'* This is Mimosa Pudica, or the Sensitive Plant,
a native of tropical America* In his Love Hon., Alvaro

INDIA

speaks of ** the chaste In* plant that shrinks and curls its
bashful leaves at the approach of man/' In Underwit,
Justina says, '* In L there is a flower, they say, Which,
if a man comes near it, turns away/' In Alimony v, 2,
the Officer says, ** Here be those In. rats that cant and
chirp in my pocket/' i.e. coins*

Indian Weed used for Tobacco. In Kirke's Champions
L i, Tarpan advises the Clown, " If they cloud the air
with I/s precious weed, Kindle that fuel — let thy chim-
ney smoke too/' In Marmion's Companion ii. 4, Care-
less (who really speaks for the poet after an evening at
the Apollo Club) says, 44 Thence do I come, my brains
perfumed with the rich In* vapour/' Dekker, in Horn-
book, apostrophizes tobacco as " Thou beggarly mon-
arch of Ins* and setter-up of rotten-lunged chimney-
sweepers " ; and again : " As for the nose, some make
it serve for an In* chimney/' In Ret. Pernass. L i, 447,
we have : " Long for a reward may your wits be warmed
with the In. herb/' Taylor, in Works, speaks of
" carousing In* Trinidado smoke/' In Day's Law
Tricks ii. i, Adam says, 44 He is in love with the In.
punk, Tobacco." In Jonson's Ev. Man 7* iii. 2, Boba-
dill, speaking of tobacco, says, " I have been in the Is*,
where this herb grows/' In Middleton's R. G. ii. i,
Laxton says of Mrs. Gallipot, who " minces tobacco "
in her husband's shop: ""She's a gentlewoman born,
though it be her hard fortune now to shred In. pot
herbs." Tobacco was first brought into England in 1565;
i*1 I573/ Harrison, in Chronology, says, " In these days
the taking-in of the smoke of the In. herb called Tabaco
by an instrument formed like a little ladel is greatly
taken up and used in England/* King James' Counter-
blast was issued in 1604. Dray ton, in Polyolb. xvi. 351,
praises the good old times 4* Before that In. weed so
strongly was imbraced." Scoloker, in Preface to
Daiphantus (1604), says, ** If I seem mystical or tyran-
nical ... it is an In. humour I have snuffed up from
divine Tobacco." Donne, Satire (1593) i* 87, speaks of
one ** which did excel The Ins. in drinking his tobacco
well/' In Sharpham's Fleire L 359, when Sparke swears
44 by the divine smoke of tobacco," Petoune says,
44 Profane not the In. plant."

The East and West Indies specifically differentiated. In
As iii. 2, 93, Orlando's verses begin : 4t From the E* to
W. Ind. No jewel is like Rosalind/' The succeeding
rhymes (wind, mind, hind, etc.) show the pronunciation,
In M* W* W. i. 3, 79, Falstaff says of Mrs* Ford and
Mrs* Page : 44 They shall be my E. and W. Is, ; and I
will trade to them both." In Day's Parl. Bees vii*,
Acolastes says, " Had I my will, betwixt my knee and
toe I'd hang more pearls and diamonds than grow In
both the Is." In T. Heywood's Traveller i. i, Delavil
says, 44 A scholar is to seek When a plain pilot can direct
his course From hence unto both the Is." In Massin-
ger's Guardian v* 4, Severinus, on seeing Alphonso's
treasures, exclaims : " The spoils, I think, of both the
Is." In Davenant's Favourite v. i, Cramont, being
challenged to fight by Amadore, replies : " Not for the
wealth of both Is." In Shirley's Honoria iii* i, Traverse,
the lawyer, says, " Wax [Le. sealing-wax] more precious
than a trade to both the Is." In Ford's Sun ii. i, Health
says, 44 Who, for 2 such jewels [health and youth] would
not sell the E* and W. Is* S1 " In Suckling's Aglaura iv* i,
Aglaura says., " Wouldst thou not think a merchant mad
If thou shouldst see him weep and tear his hair Because
he brought not both the Is* homes'" In Dekker's
Wonder iii. i, PhiUppo says, ** This proud fellow talks
As if he grasped the Is* in each hand." In iv* r, Tor-
renti says, 44 I'd melt both Is* but I'd feast 'em all/' In

INNER TEMPLE

Shirley's Gamester iv. i, Hazard says, 4* If thou part'st
with her for less than both the Is. thou'lt lose by her."
In Spenser's F.Q.i. 6, 2, Una 44 wandred had from one
to other Ynd Him for to seek " : where Ynd rhymes
with behind and find* Milton, P. L. v. 339, describes
Eden as producing ** Whatever Earth, all-bearing
mother, yields In I. East or West." Spenser, in Amoretti
xv. 3, says, ** Ye tradeful merchants that , * * both the
Indias of their treasure spoil/'

North Indies — apparently used for the W. Indies* In
Satiromastix v* 2, 161, Sir Vaughan says, " I rejoice
very near as much as if I had discovered a New-found-
Land, or the N. and E* Is/' Nether Inde is also used for
the W* Is. and N, America. Drayton, in Polyolb* xvii*
347, says that Elizabeth " sent her navies hence Unto the
nether Inde, and to that shore so green, Virginia which
we call*"

Is. is used vaguely without any indication whether E*
or W. Is. are intended. In Jonson's Case i. i, Valentine,
in his travels, has seen 44 Constantinople and Jerusalem
and the Is*,*' and many other places* In his Alchemist ii*
i, Mammon promises, when he gets the philosopher's
stone: "I'll purchase Devonshire and Cornwall And
make them perfect Is*" In his Ev. Man O, ii. if
Fastidius Brisk affirms, 44 1 possess as much in your wish
as if I were made Lord of the Is." In Marlowe's Ed* II
i. 4, the K. says, " Ere my sweet Gaveston shall part
from me, This isle shall fleet upon the ocean Ajad wander
to the unfrequented Inde." In his Faustus i*, Faustus
will have his spirits 44 fly to I. for gold." In Davenant's
Siege iii* 2, Ariotto says, ** I have not the Is. nor the
philosopher's stone." Sidney, in Astrophel (1581)
xxxii* is, says of Stella's charms : ** No Indes such
treasures hold."

Indian Customs and Practices not definitely specified*
In Davenant's Wits iv. i, Palatine speaks of lying
** 7 days buried up to the lips like a diseased sad In* in
warm sand."

INDUS. The great river rising in Thibet and flowing in a
generally S. direction through the Punjaub, past Hydera-
bad, to its mouths in the Indian Ocean. Its length is abt,
1650 m* Spenser, F. Q. iv. 7, 6, says that the ears of the
giant were 4* More great than th* ears of Elephants by I*
flood." In the list of rivers in iv. ii, 21, he calls it
*' deep I." Jonson, in Neptune's, ad fin., speaks of a
ship coming "From aged L laden home with pearls."
In Milton, P.L. ix* 82, Satan surveys all the world from
Darien " to the land where flows Ganges and L" In
P.-R* iii* 272, the Tempter shows to our Lord the old
Assyrian Empire " As far as I. E., Euphrates W."

INGHAM. In Bale's Laws iv., Infidelity says he has a
pardon in his sleeve 44 of our Lady of Boston, L, and
St. John's Friary." There are 3 villages of the name :
(i) 8 in. S.W. of Lincoln; (2) 1 6 m*N.E* of Norwich;
(3) 4 m* N, of Bury St. Edmunds* But there does not
appear to be any trace of a shrine of the Virgin in any of
them. Is it possible that I. is short for Walsingham,
where there was a famous shrine of the Virgin i See
WALSINGHAM*

INNER TEMPLE, One of the 4 great Inns of Court in
Lond. It lies on the E* side of the Temple, and is ap-
proached by a gateway of the time of James L The Hall
is modern, and was opened in 1870, but it stands on the
site of the great Hall and Refectory of the Knights
Templars (see INNS OF COURT and TEMPLE for further
details). James Becket had a bookseller's shop at I* T*
Gate in Fleet St. in 1640* Glapthorne's Argalus was
"Printed by R* Bishop for Daniel Pakeman at the

267

INNSBRUCK

Rainbow near the L T. Gate* 1639*" Beaumont sup-
plied the Masque performed by the members of the
L T. on the marriage of the Princess Elisabeth in 1613*

INNSBRUCK* A city on the Inn, the capital of the Ty-
rol, 60 m* S* of Munich. After the union of the Tyrol
with Austria in 1363 it was a favourite residence of the
Emperors* The monument to Maximilian I in the
Franciscan Ch. is one of the finest pieces of sculpture in
the world* Some of the best steel imported into England
came from L Scene x* of Marlowe's Faustas is laid in
the Court of Charles V at I. In Oth* v* a, 252, Othello
says of his sword: **It is a sword of Spain, the Ise
brookes temper/' This may mean L, Isebrook being a
recognized spelling of I* in the i6th cent* Modern
editions mostly read "ice brook's," Nash, in Lenten
(p. 306)* says* " As for iron: about Isenborough, and
other places of Germany, they have quadruple the store
that we have/'

INNS OF COURT* Legal societies in Lond*, established
about the end of the i3th cent. Their chief function is
the admission of persons as barristers* They constitute
what J3 practically a legal University* There were 4
principal I*, with others subordinate to them, as
follows :

(i) Lincoln's Inn with the Inn of Chancery. FurnivaTs
Inn, and Thavie's Inn ; (3) Inner Temple with Clifford's
Inn and Clement's Inn ; (3) Middle Temple with New
Inn ; (4) Gray's Inn with Staple's Inn and Barnard's
Inn* Serjeants* Inn was limited to Serjeants-at-Law,
and ceased to exist with them in 1877* There were some
other minor Inns like Lyon's Inn, Scrope's Inn, and
Chester (or Strand) Inn* which have passed out of
existence* la H$ B* iii* 2, 14, Shallow says that his
cousin William, who is at Oxford, " must to the Inns o' C*
shortly," and goes on to say that in his time " you had
not 4 such swinge-bucklers in all the L o' c*" as the 4
whom he has just mentioned. In H6 B* iv* 7, 2, Cade
orders his followers* " Go some, and pull down the
Savoy ; others to the I* of c. ; down with them all/'
Jonson dedicated his Ev* Man O* "to the noblest
nurseries of Humanity and Liberty in the Kingdom,
the I* of C/' Lawyers are called I* o* C* men, and they
had trie character of being decidedly rowdy and fast*
In Barry's Ram iii* i, Throate says, " Corne you to seek
a virgin in Ram Alley, So near an Inn-of-C* < " In i. i,
Smallshanks says, ** No puny Inn-a-c* but keeps a
laundress at his command." In Middleton's JR* G* ii* 3,
Laxton, waiting in Gray's Inn Fields for Moll, says,
** Yonder's two L-o-c* men with one wench ; but that's
not she/' In Mayne's Match ii* 4, Atirelia speaks
of Bright and Newcut as u Two L-o'-C* men * * * known
dadders^ through all the town"; and defin?s cladders as
"Catholic lovers, from country madams to your glover's
wife, or laundress." In Jonson'sBa?tM*, Induction, the
Stagekeeper suggests that it would be a good scene to
nave a pump on the stage and a punk set on her head and
"soused by my witty young masters o' the I* of C*"
In Glapthorne's Wit iii* i, Knowell speaks of girls having
" wit sufficient to withstand the assaults of some young
L-a-c* man*" In Jonson, Ev. Man O* i* i, Sogliardo
boasts that he has " a nephew of the I* of C/* Bade,
in Mfcroamwgrm&p xsH., defines a tavern as " tne i.-
a-c. msm*$ entertainment/* In Jonson's Demi m. i,
GtEithead tells fais son he will learn in business ** that
in a year snail be wortfaso . . . Of sending you to tbe
L of C, or France/' Masques a^d Revels were fre-
<lt*eatly celebrated by tbe various L: the last being
performed at the Inner Temple in 1734* Details will

268

IONIAN SEA

be found under the several I* In Dekker's Northward ii*
2, Bellampnt says. " she doth clip you as if she had fallen
in love with you at some L-a-c* revels*" Shirley's Peace
is entitled, The Masque of the Gentlemen of the Four
Honourable Societies or L o* C* A Master of the Revels
was appointed* In Shirley's Sisters ii* a, Lucio speaks
of one of the characters as " Some monarch of I* of C. in
England, sure/' In Nabbes' Totenham ii* 5, Stitchwell
says of his wife : " I have trusted her to a Maske and the
I* a C* revelling ; she knew the way home again with-
out a cryer/'

INQUISITION CHAPEL (MADRID), The L was in the
N*W* part of the city, in the Calle de Isabel la Catolica,
which runs N* from the Plaza de Santo Domingo to the
Ministry of Justice* In Middleton's Gipsy i* 4, Louis
says, " Diego, walk thou the st* that leads about the
Prado ; I'll round the W. part of the city ; meet me at
the L c*"

INSKEITH (z*e* INCHKEITH)* An island in the Firth of
Forth, on the E* coast of Scotland, a little over 3 m* N,
of Leith* In Sampson's Vow. L 3, 20, the Herald is in-
structed to convey the Scots hostages 44 from the red
Brayes to I*" In iii* 3, i, Crosse brings word that the
Bp* of Valens is " Newly anchored in the haven of I/'

INVERNESS* An ancient city in Scotland on the Ness,
abt* \ mile from its mouth, at the head of Moray Firth,
155 m* N*W* of Edinburgh* The. castle of Macbeth,
in which he murdered Duncan, is said to have been on a
hill S*W, of the town* It was razed to the ground by
Malcolm Canmore, who built another on the S* of the
town on the site now occupied by the courthouse and
gaol* In Mac. i. 4, 43, Duncan says to Macbeth, " From
hence to I* And bind us further to you " ; and the rest
of Acts I and II take place in Macbeth*s castle at I*

IONIA* A dist* on the W* coast of Asia Minor, extending
from Phocaea to Miletus* It was colonized by the Greeks
about 1050 B*C*, and included the cities of Ephesus and
Miletus, and the islands of Samos and Chios* In Ant.
i* 2, 107, the Messenger brings Antony word of Labie-
nus : " His conquering banner shook from Syria To
Lydia and to I/' This was in 40 B*C*, when Labienus*
having allied himself with Orodes, K* of Parthia, over-
ran the whole of Asia Minor after routing Antony's
lieutenant* In T* Heywood's Dialogues xiii* 4271,
Mausolus boasts, " The great'st part of L I laid waste*"
In Chapman's C&sar iii* i, 126, Pompey says that the
Roman Genius is not " rocked asleep soon, Hke the In*
spirit*" The reference is to the easy acquiescence of the
Ins* in the Persian rule, but in the passage in Plutarch's
De Fortuna Romanorwn ii* from which this is taken the
words are "neque subito sopitus ut Colophoniorum/'
Colophon was an In* city on the coast of Asia Minor,
15 m* N* of Ephesus* The Ionic order in architecture is
more ornate than the Doric, but less elaborate than the
Corinthian* It is characterized by the spiral volute of
die capitals* Hall, in Satires v* 2, 36, says, " There
findest thou some stately Doric frame Or neat Ionic
work." The name In* was applied by the Hebrews, in
the form of Jayan, to the whole of the Hellenic world.
Milton, P. L. i* 508, speaks of the Greek gods, Saturn,
Jove, etc*, as " The In* gods—of Javan's issue held

IONIAN SEA* The portion of the Adriatic Sea between
Greece and S* Italy: it is sometimes used as synonymous
mth the Adriatic* The I* Islands take their name from
it. In A. & C*iii*7,23,Antony,speaking of Caesar, says,
Is it not strange That from Tarentum and Brundu-

IOS

sium He could so quickly cut the I* sea And take in
Toryne 4 " This was in 31 B*C*, just before the battle of
Actium* In Caesar's Rev* i. 6, Caesar says, " To chase
the flying Pompey have I cut The great I* and Egean
seas/' This was in 48 B*C*, after the battle of Pharsalia*
In the old Timon iii* 3, Pseudolus tells Gelasimus at
Athens that the ship which is to transport him to the
Antipodes " as yet is in the I* sea " ; whereupon
Gelasimus sends a messenger to Pyrseum to enquire
44 If any ship hath there arrived this day From the I*
Sea/' In Randolph's Muses' v* i, Mediocrity speaks of
the Isthmus of Corinth as " the small isthmus That
suffers not the -SSgean tide to meet The violent rage of
the L wave/' In Hercules iv* 3, 2255, Jove, in the person
of Amphitruo, claims to have subdued the pirates who
44 awed * * * the L, .Sigaean, and Cretick seas/'

IOS* The chief town of the island of the same name in the
^igean Sea, lying N* of Thera and S* of Naxos. It was
famous as the burial place of Homer* In Lyly's Galla-
thea, prol*, he says* " I* and Smyrna were 2 sweet cities,
the ist named of the Violet, the latter of the Myrrh ;
Homer was born in the one and buried in the other/'

IPSWICH* The county town of Suffolk, at the head of
the estuary of the Orwell, 68 m* N*E* of Lond* It re-
ceived its ist charter from John in 1199* In Bale's
Johan 272, Verity says of John : ** Great monuments are
in L, Dunwich, and Bury, Which noteth him to be a
man of notable mercy*" Wolsey was born in I*, and
founded a college there in 1528, of which the gateway
still remains* It was overthrown at his fall* In H8 i* i,
138, Buckingham, speaking of Wolsey, says, " I'll to the
K* and quite cry down This I. fellow's insolence*" In
iv* 2, 59, Griffith says of Wolsey: "He was most
princely ; ever witness for him Those twins of learning
that he raised in you, I*, and Oxford ; one of which fell
with him*" In Mayne's Match ii* 2, Aurelia says of the
Puritan maid, Dorcas : "As though She were inspired
from I*, she will make The Acts and Monuments in
sweetmeats ; quinces Arraigned and burnt at a stake*"
The reference is to Prynne's book, The News from Ips-
wich and the Divine Tragedy, Recording God's Fearful
Judgments against Sabbath-breakers. 1636*" for which
he was sentenced to lose the rest of his ears. In Dekker's
News from Hellt he says, " The miles [between England
and Hell] are not half so long as those between Col-
chester and I* in England*" The Ch* of St* Mary pos-
sessed an image of the Virgin which was credited with
special virtues and was the object of numerous pil-
grimages* Sir Thomas More, in Works, p* 140, says,
44 They will make comparisons between our Lady of
Ippiswitch and our Lady of Walsingham ; as wening
that one image more of power than the other*"

IRASSA* A dist* on the N* coast of Africa, abt* 75 m* E*
of Cyrene, where Pindar (Pyth. ix, 114) locates the
wrestling between Heracles and Antaeus* Milton, P. R.
iv* 564, says, ** Satan . * * fell, as when Earth's son,
Antaeus * * * in I* strove With Jove's Alcides and, oft
foiled, still rose, Receiving from his mother Earth new
strength*"

IRELAND (Ih* = Irish, In* = Irishman, len* =* Irish-
men)* The island separated from Englatfd by the
Ih* (or St* George's) Channel* It was inhabited by
a branch of the Celts, and the language was akin to
the Gaelic and Welsh* It was christianized by St*
Patrick in the early part of the 5th century, but there
were some Christian communities there before his
arrival* It was governed by local chieftains, who were
often at war with one another* In 1155 Pope Hadrian

269

IRELAND

IV granted I* to Henry II of England, and the beginning
was made of the English settlement in and around
Dublin, in what came to be known as the English Pale*
Richard II visited L, but no English king crossed the
Ih* Channel again until James II, after his flight from
England, went to I* and began the campaign which
ended in the battle of the Boyne* Elizabeth's policy was
successful in bringing all I* under English control, and
James I, by his colonization of Ulster, laid the founda-
tions of the future prosperity of the N*E* of the island,
and incidentally furnished an outlet for energetic but
impecunious English and Scotch men, who went there,
as they did to Virginia, to repair their fortunes*

Geographical features* The channel separating Eng-
land from I* was known as the Rase of L Hycke, p* 88,
tells how, on his travels, he met " a great navy full of
people that would into Irlonde," and he rejoices that
they 44 were all drowned in the rase of Irlonde*" About
fth of the surface of I* is covered with bogs. In Err. iii*
2, 119, Dromio says that I* is in the buttocks of his
kitchen-maid : ** I found it/' he says, ** by the bogs/'
In T* Heywood's Ed. IV A. 28, Spicing, the rebel, says
to the Londoners, " We made your walls to shake like
Ih* bogs*" Armin, in Ninnies Pref ., says, 44 1 have in this
book gone through I* ; if I do stick in the bogs help me
out, not with your good skene head rne*" In Jonson's
Ev. Man O. ii* n, Carlo talks of ** our nimble-spirited
catsos that will run over a bog like your Wild Ih."

Allusions to history. In Mac. ii 3, 144, Donalbain,
after the murder of Duncan, takes refuge in I* In K. J.
i* i, n, Arthur lays claim to I* as part of the possessions
of the K* of England. In Bale's Johan 1364, Private
Wealth arranges for the publication of the interdict laid
on England in John's reign ** In Wales and in Erlond/'
In Marlowe's Ed. II L 4* the K. appoints Gaveston
" governor of L" This was in 1308, and Gaveston held
the office with vigour and success for over a year* In
R2 L 4, 52, Richard decides to *' make for I* presently "
in order to deal with ** The rebels that stand out in L"
He goes thither in the interval between ii* i and ii* 2,
and in ii* 2, 141, Bagot says, " I will to I. to his Majesty/'
During his absence Bolingbroke returns to England, as
he relates in H4 A* iv* 3, 88 : '* When he was personal in
the Ih* war " ; and in v* i, 53, he says that Richd.
** held So long in his unlucky Ih* wars That all in Eng-
land did repute him dead*" This was in 1399* In Trag.
Richd. II, one of the characters is the Duchess of I*
This lady was the wife of Robert de Vere, whom Richd.
had created D* of I* He was drivenjnto exile by Glouces-
ter and his party in 1387, and died in the Netherlands*
In H6 B* i* i, 194, Salisbury refers to York's ** acts in I*
In bringing them to civil discipline/' York was sent as
viceroy to I* in 1449* In iii* i* 283, news comes that
44 the rebels in L are up," and the task of quelling the
rebellion is committed to York, who accepts it with the
view of making I* his base for an attack on the Lancas-
trians* Accordingly, in iv. 9, 24, it is reported that ** The
D* of York is newly come from L [and] is marching
hitherward*" In v* i, York enters with bis army of Ih*
in the fields between Dartford and Blackheath, and says,
44 From I* thus comes York to claim his right*" This
was in 1450* In Ford's Warbeck L 3, Clifford informs
the K* that Warbeck shapes his course ** for L" War-
beck landed at Cork in 1492 and secured many partisans
there* In H8 ii* i, 42, one of the gentlemen speaks of
"Kildare's attainder, Then deputy of I.; who re-
moved, Earl Surrey was sent thither " : Kildare had
besieged Dublin in 1534, and was deprived of his posi-
tion in consequence* In iii. 2* 260, Surrey upbraids

IRELAND

Wolsey with having sent him " deputy for I." in order
to get him out of the way when Buckingham was ar-
rested and executed. In Peeie's Alcazar v* i, 157, Stuc-
ley says, ** There was I graced by Gregory the Gt. That
then created me Marquess of I." The Pope encouraged
Stucley to attack I, in 1578, and gave him this title, but
he turned aside to help Sebastian and was killed at
Alcazar. Stucley had previously been sent to I* by Cecil
in 1565, entered into negotiations with Shane O'Neil,
and defended Dundalk against him in 1566* The story
is told in Stucley. In H5 v. proL 31, we have : '* Were
now the general of our gracious Empress* As in good
time he may, from I, coming, Bringing rebellion
broached upon his sword, How many would the peace-
ful city quit To welcome him! " The Earl of Essex left
England to suppress Tyrone's rebellion on March 27th
1599, and returned, after failing to do anything, on
Sept. 38th. This fixes the date of this passage (not
necessarily of the whole play) as being between these
dates. In Ret. Pernass- iv. 2, Sir Roderick says, " What
have we here i 3 begging soldiers. Come you from
Ostend or from L 1 " The reference is to beggars who
pretended to have served in the Ih* expedition of Essex.
In Jack Drum L i. Drum says that a usurer ** will waste
more substance than Irelond soldiers/* Again the
reference is to the cost of Essex's expedition. In
Chapman's Bnssy iv. i, 153, Pero says, " Whence is
it You rush upon her with these Ih. wars More full of
sound than hurt i " This passage appears only in the
and edition of the play, and probably refers to the
futile revolts of Tyrone and Tyrconnel in 1607, and of
O'Doherty in 1608. Armin, in Ninnies Pref., says, " If
you should rebel like the Ih*, 'twere much/' La Jonson's
Epicoene ii. 3, Morose threatens that his nephew's for-
tune ** shall not have hope to repair itself by Constanti-
nople, I., or Virginia/' The reference is to the efforts
made by James I to colonize Ulster in 1611, when the
title of Baronet was created to raise funds for this pur-
pose, and desperate men were invited to repair tneir
fortunes by settling there. In Cooke's Greene's Quoque
i. a, Staiaes says, " I am spent ; my refuge is I* or
Virginia/'

The patron Saint of L is St* Patrick. He was a Scotch-
man, born at Kilpatrick near Dumbarton, and went as a
missionary to L in the early part of the 5th cent*
Shirley's St* Patrick gives a highly imaginative story of
his career. In Kirke's Champions, Patrick appears as the
champion of L Patrick became a favourite name in I.,
and In. are often called 4* Patricks," or ** Pats/' In
Dekker's Hon. Wh.B~ ui* i, Orlando, speaking of Bryan,
the Ih. footman, says, " Little St. Patrick knows all."
The arms of I*, according to Heylyn, are " Blue, an Ih*
harp Or, stringed Argent/'

The Shamrock (Trifolium Minus) was used by St.
Patrick as an emblem of the Trinity, and so became the
national plant of I. It was often eaten by the native Ih.
In Sharpham's Fteire iii. 342, Fleire names amongst
his customers ** Master Oscabath the In., and Master
Shamrough his lackey/' Taylor, in Sir Greg* Nonsense
(1622), says, "" All the Hibernian kernes in multitudes
Did feast with shamerags steeped in usquebaugh/'
Wither, in Abuses Stript (1613) i. 8, speaks of people who
** feed on shamrootes as the Ih. do/'

flfattmal character. Boorde, in Int ro, of Knowledge wf
describes the In. as loving to wear a saffron shut
(saffron being supposed to be fatal to lice), hasty in
temper ; keeping a hobby, a garden, and a cart ; he
can make good Ih. frieze, aqua vitae, and good square
dice ; he is bitten by lice, eats sitting on the ground ;

IRELAND

boils his food in a beast's skin, and lives in poverty in his
own country. Heylyn (s.i?. IRELAND) says, " The people
are generally strong and nimble of body, haughty of
heart, careless of their lives, patient of cold and hunger,
implacable in enmity, constant in love, light of belief,
greedy of glory ; in a word : if they be bad, you shall find
nowhere worse ; if they be good, you shall hardly meet
with better/* In Dekker's Hon. Wh. B. i. i, Lodovico
says of the Ih. : ** they are very proper men, many of
them, and as active as the clouds ; and stout, exceeding
stout ; why, I warrant this precious wild villain would
fight more desperately than 16 Dunkirks." The Ih*
native soldiers were known as gallowglasses and
kerns. According to Dymmok, Ireland (1600), 7, the
Galloglasses were " picked and selected men of great
and mighty bodies, cruel without compassion/* They
were armed with pole-axes or hatchets. The word
is the Ih* gall-oglach, Le. a foreign warrior* Dymmok,
Ireland 7, describes the kern as " a kind of footman,
slightly armed with a sword, a target of wood,
or a bow and sheaf of arrows with barbed heads,
or else 3 darts." The word is the Celtic " Ceit-
hern," pronounced "kehem." In R2 ii. i, 156, the
K. says, ** Now for our Ih. wars ; we must supplant
These rough, rug-headed kerns/' In H5 iii* 7, 56, the
Dauphin says to the Constable, ** You rode like a kern
of I., your French hose off, and in your strait strossers,"
z*e. tight-fitting trews. Theobald absurdly takes it to
mean with no breeches, but their own skins I In H6 B*
iii. i, 310, the Cardinal says, " The uncivil kerns of I*
are in arms/' Later, in 361, York tells how Cade in I*
" Opposed himself unto a troop of kerns," and disguised
himself ** like a shag-headed crafty kern " to spy on
them. In iv. 9, 26, news is brought that ** The D. of
York is come from I* And with a puissant and a mighty
power Of gallowgiasses and stout kerns Is marching
hitherward." In Mac. i. 2, 13, the Serjeant reports :
** The merciless Macdonwald . . . from the western
isles Of kerns and gallowglasses is supplied." But Mac-
beth "Compelled these skipping kerns to trust their
heels/* In v. 7, 17, Macduff says, ** I cannot strike at
wretched kerns whose arms Are hired to bear their
staves." In Marlowe's Ed. II ii. 2, Lancaster says,
** The wild Oneyl, with swarms of Ih. kerns, Lives un-
controlled within the English Pale." In Hughes' Mis-
fort. Arth. iii* i, Arthur describes Modred's army as
made up of ** sluggish Saxons crew and Ih* kerns."
Dekker, in Lanthorn, says, " Look what difference there
is between a civil citizen of Dublin and a wild Ih.
kerne." Drayton, in Idea (1594) xxv. 12, says, 4* Let the
Bards within that Ih. isle . . * mollify the slaughtering
Gallowglass/'

The native Ih. were also known as the Wild Ih., as
distinguished from the English-Ih. of the Pale ; and as
red-shanks, from their going bare-legged* Boorde, in
Intro, of Knowledge iii*, says, " The other part of I. is
called the wild Irysh ; and the Redshankes be among
them." In Middleton's Quarrel ii* 2, Chough calls the
Scotch and the Ih. " redshanks." In Ford's Warbeck
iii. 2, we have the direction : " Enter Warbeck's fol-
lowers disguised as 4 Wild Ih. in trowses, long-haired,
and accordingly habited/' In Brome's Covent G* ii. i,
Crosswiil says to his son, who- is studying the Law,
** Dost thou waste thy time in learning a language that
I understand not a word of 4 I had been as good have
brought thee up among the wild Ih." : who, of course,
talked Erse* In Dekker's Match me iv. i, the K* says,
" Sirrah, cast your darts elsewhere." And Cordolente
responds : " Among the wild Ih., Sir." The reference

270

IRELAND

is to the dart which was carried as a badge of office by
the Ih. footboys in London* In his Lanthorn 3, he says :
" The devil's footman was very nimble of his heels,
for no wilde-Ih* man could outrun him/* In Middle-
ton's Phcsnix i* 5, the jeweller's wife asks : ** Would he
venture his body into a barber's shop, where he knows
'tis as dangerous a place as L < " The English in the
Pale were in constant danger of attacks by the wild Ih.
The English charged them with savage cruelty. In
Webster's White Devil iii* 2, Francesco de Medici says
of Brachiano,"Like the wild Ih*, I'll ne'er count thee
dead Till I can play at football with thy head/'

To break wind in an In/s presence was regarded as a
deadly insult* In Dekker's Hon. Wh. B* i* i, Bryan says*
44 Dow knowest an In* cannot abide a fart*" In Mar-
ston's Malcontent iii* 3, Mendozo says* " The D* hates
thee*" And Malevole adds : " As Irishmen do bum-
cracks." In Webster's White Devil ii. i, Flamineo tells
of a doctor who 4t was minded to have prepared a
deadly vapour in a Spaniard's fart that should have
poisoned all Dublin/' In Ford's Sun iv* i, Folly says,
44 Hey-hoes ! a god of winds ! there's four-and-twenty
of them imprisoned in my belly ; and how sweet the
roaring of them will be, let an In. judge ! " Nash, in
Pierce D* i, says, " The In* will draw his dagger and be
ready to kill and slay, if one break wind in his company*"
In B* & F* Cure iv. 3, Bobadilla says of the effeminate
Lucio : "He looks as if he were murdering [z*e* trying to
suppress] a fart Among wild Ih* swaggerers*"

Dress and general appearance. In T* Heywood's
Lucrece iii* 5, Valerius sings of the headgear of various
nations, " The German loves his cony-wool, The In*
his shag too " : where shag means a cap of rough
frieze* In Webster's White Devil v* 3, Francesco says to
Zanche, 4t Lest thou should'st take cold, I covered thee
with this Ih* mantle," z*e* a cloak of rough frieze : a
double entendre may be suspected* Heylyn (s*i>*
FRANCE) speaks of ** The trouzers which are worn by the
Ih. footmen, and are called in Latin braccae/* Shirley, in
Love Tricks i* i, uses the phrase " as close as a pair of
trusses to an In/s buttocks*" In T* Heywood's Chal-
lenge iii., Manhurst says, " I am clean out of love with
your Ih* trowses ; they are like a jealous wife, always
close at a man's tail*" See also above the quotation from
H$ iii* 7, 56* In the directions for the dumb show in
Hughes' Misfort* Arth* ii* i, we have : " A man bare-
headed with long black shagged hair down to his
shoulders, apparelled with an Ih* jacket and shirt,
having an Ih* dagger by his side and a dart in his hand*"
Dekker, in Hornbook iii*, says, 4f It was free to all nations
to have shaggy pates as it is now only for the In*" In
B. & F* Coxcomb ii* 3, Antonio, who is disguised as an Ih.
footman, is addressed by Maria as " Sirrah Thatched-
head*" In Dekker's Hon. Wh. B* i* i, Lodovico says,
" It goes, the In* for his hand, the Welshman for a leg,
the Englishman for a face, the Dutchman for a beard."

Customs and practices of the Native, or Wild, Irish. It
was the custom, both in I* and Scotland, to use a withy
instead of a rope in hanging malefactors* In Oldcastle v*
ii, the In* prays: "Let me be hanged in a withe after
my country — the Ih* — fashion/' The Ih* were in-
veterate gamblers* In Webster's White Devil i* 2,
Flamineo compares Camillo to " an Ih* gamester that
will play himself naked, and then wage all downwards at
hazard*" The Ih* game was a kind of backgammon :
the object of the game is to remove all the men from the
board after they have completed the round ; the tech-
nical word for this is "bearing." The after-game, or and
game, was often very long protracted and difficult to

IRELAND

finish* Barclay, in Ship of Fools (1509) 14, says,
" Though one knew but the Yrishe game Yet would he
have a gentleman's name*" In Tarltorfs Purgatory 74,
we have : " Her husband, that loved Ih* well, thought
it no ill trick to bear a man too many." In B* & F»
Hon. Man v* i, Montague, wishing to qualify himself as
a good, domesticated husband, says, " I shall learn to
love ale and play at two-hand Ih." In Shirley's St.
Patrick, the Epilogue says, "Howe'er the dice run,
gentleman, I am the last man borne still at the Ih.
game." In Middleton's JR. G* iv* 2, Gallipot says,
" Play out your game at Ih., Sir ; who wins < " And
Mrs* Openwork adds : " The trial is, when she comes
to bearing " : with an obvious double entendre* In
Webster's Law Case iv* 2, Sanitonella tells of a law-case
which " has proved like an after-game at Ih*," z*e. has
been long protracted* In B. & F* Scornfal v* 4, the Lady
says, ** I would have * * * been longer bearing than
ever after-game at I* was." Howell, in Familiar Letters
(1650), says, " Though you have learnt to play at
backgammon, you must not forget Ih*, which is a more
serious and solid game/' It was the custom for the
women to offer to kiss the men when they wished to
show affection* In W* Rowley's Match Mid. i* i, the
Widow says, " I was bred in L, where the women begin
the salutation." The Ih. were apt to get noisy and rowdy
in their social gatherings ; and the word Hubbub was
coined from the Ih* war-cry 44 Abu " : to mean a noisy
gathering* In Ford's Warbeck ii* 3, when a masque is
proposed in connection with Warbeck's visit to L in
1492, Astley says, ** There have been Ih. hubbubs where
I have made one too*" The Ih* jig was, and is, a well-
known lively dance. In Middleton's Women beware iii.
3, the Ward says : " Her heels keep together, so, as if
she were beginning an Ih* dance*" Dekker, in Catchpolf
says, " The dance was an infernal Itu-hay, full of mad
and wild changes*" The Bards, or Filid, formed an im-
portant element in the literary life of L during the earlier
times, and individual members of the order were still
credited with the power of prophecy. In #3 iv* 2, 109,
Richd* says, " A bard of L told me once I should not
live long after I saw Richmond*" The Ih. lords were
for the most part impecunious, through the constant
disturbances in the country* In Massinger's Madam iii.
i, Dingem tells Goldwire that an Ih* lord has offered
Shavem ** 5 pound a week " to marry him.

The Irish belonged to the Roman Ch*, and after the
Reformation in England religious animosity fanned the
flame of political controversy between the 2 countries.
In Cowley's Cutter i* 4, Cutter tells of the arrival
of an Ih* priest " in the habit of a fish-wife * * . he's to
lie lieger here for a whole Ih* college beyond sea/' In
Ford's Warbeck L 3, the K. says that Warbeck has "ad-
vanced his fiery blaze for adoration to the superstitious
Ih*" In Jonson's Devil v* i, Ambler tells how he had
" to walk in a rug, barefoot, to St. Giles's/' Whereon
Meercraft exclaims t " a kind of Ih* penance*" Funerals
were celebrated with vigils or wakes, where much
whisky was drunk, with the usual effect* In Webster's
White Devil iv* i, Brachiano says, " Ye'd furnish all the
Ih* funerals With howling past wild Ih." In Devonshire
iv* 2, the Friar says, " We, though friars in Spain, were
born in I*" The national instrument was the harp, which
appears in the coat-of-arms* In Underwit ii* 3, Court-
well says, " I shall hear sadder notes Upon the Irich
harp*" Drayton, in Odes (1606) i. 71, says, " The Ih* I
admire And still cleave to that lyre As our Music's
mother." In verses prefixed to Coryat's Crudities (1611),
Vadianus says of the author : " Tom is an Ih* harp

271

IRELAND

whose heartstrings' tune As fancies wrest doth strain or
slack his cord*" The bagpipes were also native to I*
In Dekker's // it be 288, Brisco speaks of " Welsh harps,
In* bagpipes, Jews' trumps, and French kitts*" The
national drink was usquebaugh, Le. " uisge beathe,"
water of life, or aqua vitae : our modern whisky* It was
distilled from malted barley* In M* W. W+ ii* 2, 318,
Ford says, " I will rather trust an In* with my aqua-
vitae bottle than my wife with herself/' In T* Hey-
wood's Lucrece iii* 5, Valerius sings : " The Briton he
metheglin quaffs, The Ih* aqua-vitae**' In Marston's
Malcontent v. i, there is a song : " The Dutchman for a
drunkard, The Dane for golden locks, The In* for
usquebaugh, The Frenchman for the pox*** In B. & F*
Coxcomb ii* 3, Antonio, disguised as an In* footman, is
addressed by Maria as " aqua-vitae barrel." In Perm.
ParL 35, it is enacted : " He that takes Ih* aqua-vitae by
the pint may by the Law stumble without offence and
break his face**' In Marston's Insatiate iv* 4, Zucco
says, "The In* shall have aquayity, the Welshman
cheese*** In Webster's Law Case iii* 2, the surgeon talks
of " choking an In., that were three quarters drowned,
with pouring usquebaugh in's throat**' In Cartwright's
Ordinary i. 4, Sheer says, " The Ih* savour of usque-
baugh*" Almost the only manufacture of I* was a rough
kind of frieze of which rugs were made* In W* Rowley's
New Wonder ii* i, Stephen says, " It had been better
thou hadst been pressed to death under 2 Ih* rugs**'
Ih* money was a base coinage and of little value* In
Middleton's Phoenix iii* i, Falso says, ** Your master
feeds you with lean spits, pays you with Ih* money."

Natural Products of Ireland. Animals: The Ih*
horses, known as hobbies, were small, ambling ponies*
In Boorde, Intro* of Knowledge iii* 131, the In* says :
" I am an Iryshe man * * * I can keep a hobby*" In
Stucley 1910, Stucley presents " 30 Ih* jades " to Philip
of Spain. Dekker, in Hornbook iv*, says that the Gull
must " keep an Ih* hobby, an Ih* horseboy, and himself
like a gentleman*" In Davenant's Albovine iv. i,
Grimold says, " Be cropeared like Ih* nags*" In Daven-
port's Matilda iii* 2, the K* says, " They would have
called a scare-crow stuffed with straw, And bound upon
a 10 groats Ih* garron The glorious Richmond on his
fiery steed*" The Ih* rat was supposed to be readily
killed by incantations, or magic rhymes. In As. iii* 2,
188, Rosalind says, " I was never so be-rhymed since
Pythagoras* time, when I was an Ih. rat*** Randolph,
in Jealom Lovers v. 2, says, " My poets Shall with a
satire steeped in gall and vinegar Rhyme *em to death,
as they do rats in I." In Jonson's Poetaster EpiL, the
author says of his critics : 4t I could rhime them to death,
as they do Ih. rats, in drumming tunes*" Sidney, in
ApoLfor Poetry 72, prays ** not to be rimed to death, as is
said to be done in L" In Jonson's Staple iv*, Intermean,
Censure, speaking of Pennyboy Canter, says, 44 1 would
have * * * the fine madrigal-man in rhyme to have run
him out of the country, like an Ih* rat**' I* is free from
venomous snakes* According to tradition, they were all
expelled by St. Patrick* Boorde, in Intro, of Knowledge
iii«, says, ** In lerland is stupendous things ? for there is
neither pyes nor venomous worms * , * English mer-
chants do fetch of the earth of Monde to cast in their
gardens, to keep out and kill venomous worms*** In P.2
iL i, 157, the K* says, " We must supplant those rough,
rug-headed kerns, Which live like venom, where no
venom else, But only they have privilege to Hve.** In
Dekker*s Hon. Wh. B* iii* i, HippoEto calls Bryan
" that Ih. Jtidas, bred in a country where no venom
prospers but in the nation's blood*" Flamineo, in

IRELAND

Webster's White Devil ii. i, says, " I. breeds no poisons."
In Fisher's Fnimus iii* i, Cassibelan says, " Ih* earth
doth poison poisonous beasts*** In Brome's Concubine
iv* 9, Horatio says, " I'll undertake to find more toads
in I* Than rebels in Palermo*** Hall, in Satires iv* 3,
says, " An Ih* toad to see Were as a chaste man nursed
in Italy,*' z.e* there is no such thing* Connected with
this was the belief that Ih* wood is deadly to spiders*
The roof of Westminster Hall was built of Ih* wood for
that reason (see WESTMINSTER HALL)* In Jonson's Al-
chemist ii* i, Mammon says that cedar wood, which is
proof against worms, is " like your Ih* wood 'gainst
cobwebs*" Lice were, however, plentiful enough ; saf-
fron and staves-acre were used to destroy them. In
Dekker's Westward iii* 3, Justiniano says, " There were
many punks in town, as common as lice in I**' In Mid-
dleton's Blurt i* 2, Lazarillo says, " Your Ih* louse doth
bite most naturally 14 weeks after the change of your
saffron-seasoned shirt/' In Wise Men vii. i, Insatiato
says, " This saffroning was never used but in I*, for
bodily^ linen, to dissipate the company of creepers*"
NashfiaLenten Pref*, (p. 289), speaks of the " quantity of
Staves aker we must provide us of to kill lice in that
rugged country of rebels," z.e* I. There were large
numbers of wolves in I* up to the end of the i7th cent*
In 1662 the House of Commons was moved to take
measures to deal with " the great increase of wolves "
in I. The last of them is said to have been killed in
1710. In As v* 2, 1 19, Rosalind says, " No more of this ;
'tis like the howling of Ih* wolves against the moon*"
In Day's Gulls iv* i, Dorus says, " Like an Ih* wolf, she
barks at her own shadow*** Other products : There are
some good marbles to be obtained in L, particularly the
black marble of Kilkenny and the white of Connemara*
Spenser, -F* Q. ii* 9, 24, speaks of " Jett or marble far
from I, brought**' A variant reading is Iceland.

There are still about 120 curious round-towers in
different parts of I* They are circular in shape and
somewhat tapering towards the top* They are usually
near to a ch. They date between the 8th and the i3th
cents., and were probably intended as refuges in times of
inter-tribal war* Nash, in Lenten (p*3i6), says that
Hero's Tower was "such another tower as one of our
Ih* castles, that is not so wide as a belfry, and a cobler
cannot jerk out his elbows in."

The Ih* language, or Erse, is a branch of the Celtic
family of the Indo-European group. It is still spoken in
parts of I*, and a patriotic attempt to revive it is now
going on* In H4 A* iii* i, 241, Hotspur, being asked to
hear Lady Mortimer sing in Welsh, says, " I had rather
hear Lady, my brach, howl in Ih*** Probably the dog
was an Ih. terrier* In Dekker's Match me iii*, Gazetto
says, " I do speak English when I*d move pity, when
dissemble, Ih**' Dekker, in Lanthorn, says that before
the confusion of tongues there was *4 no unfruitful,
crabbed Ih." The Ih* pronunciation of English is
ridiculed in many plays. The chief points are the use
of " sh ** for " s," the sharpening of the flat mutes
(" P " for " b," etc.), the substitution of " t " or " d "
for " th," and the pronunciation of " i " as " e**' It
is nothing like the Ih. brogue as we understand it,
which is a product of the i8th cent., and in some points
reproduces what was then the current pronunciation,
«.£. "say" for "sea," " jine " for "join*" Examples are
Captain Macmorris, " an In*, a very valiant gentleman,**
in H5 iii. 2 ; Bryan, the Ih. footman in Dekker's Hon. Wh.
B*; the In* in Oldcastle; the disguised Andelocia in
Dekker's Fortanatus ; the disguised Antonio in B* & F*
Coxcomb ; and the 4 footmen in Jonson's Irish Masque.

272

IRELAND YARD

The Irish in England. The Ih* who had come over to
England were usually of the lowest class* Many of them
were beggars ; and we find others employed as chimney-
sweeps, costermongers, footboys, foot-racers, and
beaters for game* In Day's Humour ii* 2, Octavio says,
" I am like an Ih. beggar, will stick close where I find a
good nap/' Dekker, in Bellman, says, " An Ih* Toyle
is a sturdy vagabond who stalks up and down the country
with a wallet at his back in which he carries laces, pins,
points, and such like, and so commits many villainies/'
In Dekker's Hon* Wh. B* i* i, Lodovico asks : " Why
should all your chimney sweepers be Irishmen £"
And Carolo explains that it is because St* Patrick keeps
purgatory: "he makes the fire and his countrymen
could do nothing if they cannot sweep the chimneys/'
In Noble Soldier iii* 3, Baltasar says, " I can be a
chimney sweeper with the Ih/' In Jonson's Alchemist
iv* if Face says that Doll's father was 4t an Ih* costar-
monger*" In Dekker's Hon. WH. B* i* i, Lodovico says,
44 In England all costermongers are len/' In his
Fortunatus iv* a, Andelocia and Shadow enter " dis-
guised as Ih* costermongers," and talk the usual English-
Ih* lingo* In his Westward ii. 2, Birdlime says, " len*
love to be costermongers/' In Field's Amends ii* 3,
44 Enter Maid like an Ih* foot-boy with a dart*" The
dart was carried as a badge of office* Brathwayte, in
Time's Curtain Drawn (1631), mentions " two Ih*
lacquies " amongst the attendants of a courtier* Bryan,
44 an Ih* footman," is one of the characters in Dekker's
Hon. Wh. B* Talking of him, Lodovico says, " You
have many of them like this fellow, especially those of his
hair, footmen to noblemen and others, and the knaves
are very faithful where they love*" In Middleton's
Quarrel iv* 4, Trim wishes that Meg may be escorted by
" 10 beadles running by, instead of footmen " ; and
Chough adds : 4* with every one a whip, 'stead of an Ih*
dart*" In B* & F* Coxcomb ii, 3, Antonio disguises him-
self as 44 an Ih* footman with a letter." Middleton, in
Black Book, says, " Away they ran like Ih* lacqueys/'
In Puritan i* 4, Pyeboard says he will cause the devil
44 with most Ih* dexterity to fetch his [Sir Godfrey's]
chain*" In Shirley's Hyde Park iii* i, a race takes place
on the stage between 44 an Ih* and an English footman."
and is run amid shouts of " A Teague I A Teague J
Well run, Ih*l" In Dekker's Hbn* Wh. B* iii* i,
Orlando, speaking of Bryan, the Ih* footman, says,
" That Ih* shackatory beats the bush for him and knows
all*" Shackatory is possibly a corruption of the Italian
" Cacciatore " ; a hunter, or beater*

IRELAND YARD* A court in Lond*, on the W* side of
St* Andrew's Hill, formerly Puddledock Hill, off Q*
Victoria St*, near Blackfriars Bdge* Shakespeare bought
a house here* The Deed of Conveyance is shown in the
Guildhall Library* It is described as 44 abutting upon a
st* leading down to Puddle Wharf, and now or late in
the tenure or occupation of one William L" : from him
no doubt I* Y* got its name*

IRISH SEA* The sea between England and Ireland :
sometimes known as St* George's Channel* In Mar-
lowe's Ed+ II L 4, Mortimer speaks of "that vile torpedo
Gaveston, That now, I hope, floats on the I* seas/' It
is called the Rase of Irlonde by Hycke, p* 88 : hi
rejoices that all the ship's company of Virtues were
44 drowned in the Rase of Irlonde/' Drayton, in Polyolb*
ix* 146, speaks of Car narvonsh* as " that straitened point
of land Into the I* sea which puts his powerful hand/'
In note prefixed to Lycidas, Milton says, " In this
Monody the Author bewails a learned friend unfortun-

ISLANDS, THE

ately drowned in his passage from Chester on the L
Seas, 1637*" Burton, A. M+ i* a* 3, 10, says, " Our
whole life is an I* sea, wherein there is nought to be ex-
pected but tempestuous storms and troublesome waves*"
In iii* 2, 5, 3, he says : 44 An I* sea is not so turbulent
and raging as a litigious wife.*'

ISCA (now the USK)* A river rising in, and flowing
through, Brecknocksh* and Monmouthsh* into the
estuary of the Severn at Newport, after a course of 60 m.
In Locrine iii* it 68, Camber says that he has an army
"in the fields of martial Cambria Close by the boisterous
Iscan's silver streams*" Browne, in Britannia's Pas-
torals ii* 3, says, "Not Pelops* shoulder whiter than
her hands, Nor snowie swans that jet on I/s sands/*

ISEBROOK, ISENBOROUGH* See INNSBRUCK*

ISHMAEL, CHILDREN OF* The descendants of Ish-
mael, the son of Abraham by Hagar : the Arabs, It is
applied also, though wrongly, to the Turks* In Web-
ster's Malfi i* i, Castruccio tells of a jest his wife made
** of a captain she met full of wounds." She ** told him
he was a pitiful fellow to lie, like the children of Ismael,
all in tents*" There is a play on the double meaning of
tent : a tabernacle and a roll of lint for bandaging or
probing a wound* In Jonson's Alchemist iv. 3, Doll, in
her assumed mad fit, talks of raising " the building tip of
Helen's house Against the Ismaelite*" This is intended
to be mere nonsense* In Day's Trai>ai7s(BuIlen, p, 17), Sir
Antony says to the Turkish Bashaw, " Stir not, thou son
of Ismael, or thou diest*" Spenser* F* Q. iii* 3, 6, speaks
of " the Africk Ismael " as a remote part of the world :
apparently identifying the Saracens who conquered N*
Africa with the Iftes* Milton, in Trans* Ps* Ixxxiii* 22,
speaks of "the brood Of scornful I*" amongst the
enemies of Israel,

ISIS* Strictly the name of the Thames, from its source in
the Cotswolds, close to Cirencester, up to its junction
with the Cherwell, just below Oxford: Oxford and
Cambridge being often referred to as the universities of
the I* and the Cam respectively* Indeed, it is poetically
used as a synonym for the Thames from source to
mouth* In Fisher's Fuimus ii* 8, there is a song:
"Brutus by I/ current a and Troy did frame/' In
Csesar's Rev, iii* a, Caesar, recounting his own exploits,
says, " I* wept to see her daughter Thames Change her
clear christal to vermilion sad*" He refers to his defeat
of the Britains at the Thames* Peele, in Farewell to
Drake (1589), says, " Pleasant Thames from L* silver
head Begins- her quiet glide*" Spenser, in his river-list
in F* Q. iv* 1 1, 24, says that the mother of the Thames is
" The Ouze, whom men do I* rigntly name ; Full weak
and crooked creature seemed she, And almost blind
through eld, that scarce her way could see/' Drayton,
in Idea (1594) xxxii* 9, says, " Cotswold commends her
I* to the Tame*"

ISLAND, ISLING* See ICELAND*

ISLANDS, THE* Specifically for the Spanish I* in the
Atlantic (the Azores and W* Indies), especially in the
phrase " the island voyage " = an expedition against
the Spanish islands* In T* Heywood's Maid of West A*
i* i, the Capt* says, " Most men think the fleet's bound
for the L" The reference is to the expedition against the
Azores in 1597* In Dekker's Northward ii* a, Kate says,
" He pretended he would go the Island voyage/' This
refers to the expedition to Hispaniola in 1585* Dekker,
in Hornbook v*, says, " If you be a soldier, talk how often
you have been in action: as the Portingale voyage, Cales
voyage, the Island voyage*" Drake led this expedition,

373

ISLINGTON

which consisted of 21 ships, manned by 2000 volunteers*
They took San Domingo, Cartagena, and St. Augustine,
and returned in 1586 with a booty of £60,000. In B* & F.
Custom iii* 5, the Governor of Lisbon says that Hippo-
lyta has lent the city 100,000 crowns "Towards the
setting forth of the last navy Bound for the I."
ISLINGTON (also spelt ISENDONE, ISELDONE, YSELDON,
EYSELDON, and HISSELTON). One of the N. suburbs of
Lond*, lying N. of Clerkenwell as far as Highgate and
W. of Hackney as far as St* Pancras, and covering about
3000 acres* Until the igth cent, it was a rural vill.,
quite separate from the City* Latimer, in Sermon before
Edward VI (1550), says, '* What is Lond* to Ninive i
Like a vill*, as L or such another, in comparison of
Lond/* In 1559 Elizabeth was beset by a number of
rogues ** in her coach near Islyington " (Letter of
' Fleetwood to Cecil). In Laneham's Letter (1575), it is
described as " the worshipful village of L in Middlesex,
well known to be one of the most ancient and best towns
in England next Lond. at this day/* In Oldcastie, Acton
mentions L as one of the villages round Lond. where the
rebels are assembled (iiu 2). There they are to draw to a
head (iiu 4) ; and in iv. i, Butler says that he was scout-
ing near to L when he saw " armed men coming down
Highgate Hill/* In Jonson's Tub i. i, Hugh mentions
** In-and-in Medlay, cooper of I., and head-borough "
as one of the self-styled Council of Finsbury. In T*
Heywood's Hogsdon v. 4, Chartley, on his way to Hox-
ton, ** rid out of Holborn, turned by I." In Middleton's
Quarrel iv* i, Chough says he heard the " roarers
from the 6 windmills [in Finsbury Fields] to L" In
Shirley's C. Maid iv. i, Close, when found wandering
about by the watch, explains : ** I have been at I. about
business." In Davenport's New Trick iii. i, Friar John
says, " We are now at I* ; what hope have we to get to
Crutched Friars before the gates be shut i " The fields
were a haunt of thieves and beggars. In T. Heywood's
Royal King iv., the Clown says, ** Let me find you be-
tween Wood's Close stile and L with * Will it please
your worship to bestow the price of 2 cans upon a poor
soldier ? * " They were also used as a practising ground
for archers and for the trainbands. In Glapthome's
Hollander it. i, Sconce speaks of ** the great training
last summer when the whole city went in arms to take
in L** Duels were often fought there, one of the most
famous being that between Sir James Stewart and Sir
Geofge Wharton in 1609, when both were killed. In
Cooke's Good Wife v. 3, Old Arthur says to Old Lusam,
** Meet me to-morrow morning beside L and bring thy
sword and buckler, if thou dar'st/'

It was a favourite place for outings with the citizens,
and the many dairies there supplied them with cream
and cakes. Nash, in Wilton 35, says, ** He made it as
light a matter as to go to I. and eat a mess of cream."
In Massinger's Madam iv. 4, Mary speaks of " Exchange
wenches Coming from eating pudding-pies on a Sunday
At Pimlico or I." In Shirley's Pleasure i* 2, Celestina,
finding fault with her coach, says : ** Twill hackney out
to Mile-End, or convey your city tumblers, to be drunk
with cream and prunes at I/' In Glapthorne's Wit ii. i,
Valentine says, " You can have your meetings at I. and
Green Goose Fair, and sip a zealous glass of wine." One
of the favourite dishes was a whitepot, made of milk,
eggs, and sugar, baked in a pot. In Dekker's Shoe-
maker's v. 4, Eyre says to Margery, ** Away, you L
white-pot 1 " Withers, in Britannia's Remembrances
(1628), says, " Hogsdone, I., and Tothnam Court For
cakes and cream had there no small resort/* The scene
of Jordan's Walks of L and Hogsdon (1641) is laid at the

ISRAEL

Saracen's Head, I*, and the poet says, " Though the
scene be I., we swear We will not blow ye up with bottle
beer, Cram ye with creams/' In Brome's Couple ii. i,
Careless offers to escort his aunt to ** L, Newington,
Paddingtpn, Kensington, or any of the city out-leaps,
for a spirt and back again." In his Academy iii. 2,
Strigopd says that Cash is " none of those that feast
their tits at L or Hogsden/' Lodge, in Answer to Gosson,
p* 30, says to his opponent, ** I would wish him, beware
of his I* and such like resorts." In Middleton's JR. G.
iii. i, Laxton, in Holborn, sees ** two Inns-a-Court men
with one wench : they walk toward I. out of my way."
In Deloney's Craft i. 12, John and Florence "Appointed
the next Sunday to go to I. together, and there to be
merry." Gosson, in School of Abuse (1579), p. 37
(Arber), says of loose women : " They live a mile from
the City Hke Venus' nuns in a cloister at Newington,
Ratcliffe, L, Hogsdon, or some such place."

The Ducking Ponds were on I. Green, near White
Conduit House, in the Back Road, where the reservoir
of the New River Head afterwards stood* They were
so called because they were used for the sport of duck-
hunting. In Jonson's Ev+ Man LL i. Stephen says, " Be-
cause I dwell at Hogsdon, shall I keep company with
none but the citizens that come a-ducking to I. ponds i "
In Field's Amends iii. 4, Feesimple says, " Let the pond
at I* be searched ; there is more have drowned them-
selves for love this year than you are aware of." In
Field's Weathercock iii, 3, Pendant says, " I think the
pond at I. Will be her bathing tub, and give an end To
mortal misery/' Davenant, in Long Vacation, says :
**Ho,ho! To 1. 1 Enough; Fetch Job my son and our
dog Ruffe ; For there in pond through mire and muck
We'll cry, * Hey, duck there, Ruffe, hey, duck 1 * "
The reservoir for the New River, constructed in 1613,
was at I. In Middleton's Triumph of Truth, in the tide,
we read : *' The running stream from AmweU Head in-
to the astern at IsHnton." In B* & F. Wit 5. W. iv. i,
Pompey says, ** Direct him and his horses toward the
New River by I/'
ISLIUM* T* Heywood's peculiar way of spelling ILIUM, q*v.

ISMENUS. The eastern of the two rivers, or rather
brooks, on which Thebes in Bceotia stands. It is now
called Ai lanni. Milton, P* J?. iv. 575, describes how the
Theban monster, the Sphinx, ** Cast herself headlong
from the Ismenian steep," z.e. from the cliffs near
Thebes.

ISRAEL. The name given to Jacob after his wrestling
with the Angel at the brook Jabbok : meaning ** he who
strives with God " (see Gen. xxxii. 28). It became the
national name of the Hebrews, first in the form ** chil-
dren of I*/' and then simply 4* Israelites," or ** I." It is
almost always used of the Hebrews of the Bible story,
and has not the offensive connotation which was at-
tached to ** Jew." In Ham. ii* 2, 422, Hamlet exclaims
to Polonius, " O Jephthah, judge of L, what a treasure
hadst thou I " The reference is to an old ballad begin-
ning : " I read that many years ago When Jepha, Judge
of I., Had one fair daughter and no more Whom he
loved so passing well " (see Judges xi. 34). In Bale's
Promises ivv Pater Ccelestis says, " I will punish them,
all I. shall it see." The reference is to the tribes who
fought against L In Greene & Lodge's Looking Glass
iii. i, Jonas says : " Lo, L, once that flourished like the
vine, Is barren laid," In Marlowe's Jew ii. i, Barabas
prays : " O Thou that with a fiery pillar ledst The Sons
of I. through the dismal shades " (see Exodus xiii. 21).
In Marston's Malcontent iii* 2, Malevole says to Bilioso,

274

ISTER

an elderly husband with a pretty young wife, ** Elder of
L, when did thy wife let thee He with her i " The allu-
sion seems to be to the story of Susanna and the Elders
told in the apocryphal book of Susanna. In Skelton's
Magnificence fol* xvii., Magnificence speaks of 44 Syrus
[z*e* Cyrus] that solemn czar of Babylon That Israeli re-
leased of their captivity*** In Gascoigne's Government L
4, Gnomaticus says, " When the people of L provoked
Him at sundry times. He did yet at every submission
stay His hand from punishment/' In King Leir, Haz*,
p* 372, Leir says of his food : ** It is as pleasant as the
blessed manna That rained from heaven amongst the
Israelites " (see Exodus xvi. 13)* In Candlemas Prol*,
we are told, "Herod * * * commanded his knight forth
to go anon Into all Israeli to search every town and
city " for the new-born king*

Milton uses the word frequently. In P* L. i. 412, he
speaks of the apostasy of " I* in Sittim " (Numbers xxv.);
in 432, of the frequent lapse of ** the race of I*" into
idolatry; in 482, of I* worshipping the golden calf
(Exodus xxii.) ; in xiL 267, of their victory over the
Canaanites at Ajalon (Joshua x*)* In P*-R* i* 216, our
Lord reveals his early ambition ** To rescue L from the
Roman yoke " j in 254, our Lord is known to the Magi
as the " K* of I*" (Matthew & i) ; in ii* 36, the disciples
rejoice in the hope that through our Lord 44 The king-
dom shall to I* be restored " ; and appeal to the " God
of I/1" to send his Messiah forth ; in 89, Simeon's word
is quoted : ** to the fall and rising he should be Of many
in I/* (Luke ii. 34). In ii* 311, the Tempter says, " Ail
the race Of I* here had famished, had not God Rained
from heaven manna " (Exodus xyi* 31) ; in 442, our
Lord predicts that David's offspring shall " reign in L
without end**' In iii* 279, the Tempter says of Salman-
assar: " [his] success I. in long captivity still mourns."
Shalmaneser took Samaria and carried the 10 tribes into
captivity into Assyria 722 B*C* In 378, he speaks of the
ip tribes as " lost Thus long from L" In 410, David's
sin in " numbering I." is referred to (/ Chron. xxi* i) ;
in 441, our Lord is called " I/s true king/' In Milton's
S* A. 179, Samson is said to have been ** the glory late
of I*'* In 285, the Chorus recalls how Jephtha " De-
fended L from the Ammonite " (Judges xi* 4) ; in 1428,
Jehovah is called " the Holy One Of I*** I* was also used
by the Puritans to mean the true ch*, the L of God*
In Wise Men iv. 2, Rusticano's Puritan wife, when it is
suggested that marriage should be abolished, objects t
" How shall the I* of God be multiplied i " Land of L
is used for Palestine* In York M. P* xii* 114, the Prol*
says, " He Qacob] says the sceptre shall not pass Fro
Juda of Israeli Or he come that God ordained has "
(see Gen. xlix* 10)*

ISTER. The old Greek name for the Danube (q.vj,
especially the part near the mouth of the r,, which was
all that they knew definitely* In T. Heywood's B, Age
iv*, Phoebus says, " We will decline our chariot towards
the west Till we have washed our coach-steeds and our-
self In I/s icy streams," Spenser, in the list of rivers in
F* Q* iv*»n, 20, mentions " Fair I,, flowing from the
mtns* high/*

ISTRIA* The triangular peninsula at the head of the
Adriatic Sea, between the Gtilf of Trieste and the Gulf of
Quarnero. Until 1919 it was part of Austria-Hungary.
It now belongs to Italy. In Middleton's Widow iii* i,
Ansaldo says, " I should have been at I* by daybreak."
Probably Capo d'l* is meant (#*!>*}.

ITACUS* In Webster's Cuckold ii* 3, Compass thinks if
Blackwall were left uninhabited ** our neighbours from

ITALY

Bow might come further from the I* and inhabit here/*
This is a hitherto unsolved puzzle* Unless it is a pun-
ning reference to Ulysses, the Ithacan bowman, I* is
probably a misprint

ITALY (Id* = ItaKanated, In* = Italian)* The peninsula
in S* Europe, E* of Spain and W* of Greece* It was the
central province of the Roman Empire, and many plays.
a list of which will be found under Rome, deal with
episodes in the history of I* during the Roman Empire
and later Republic. After the fall of Rome it came
successively — at least so far as the northern part is con-
cerned— under the sway of the Ostrogoths, the Lom-
bards, and the Franks : the German emperors, too, had
vague rights which they asserted at intervals, whilst all
the time the Popes at Rome exercised more or less
temporal power* By degrees the great cities of the
North gained in influence, and became practically in-
dependent states, constantly at war with the Popes, the
Emperors, and one another* Chief amongst these were
Florence, Venice, Milan, Cremona, Pavia, Genoa, Man-
tua, Ferrara, Bologna, and Pisa* La the S*, Naples was
the predominant city* In the I2th cent* the Normans
established the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, with
Naples as its capital* In 1194 it fell to the Emperor
Henry VI, but in 1265 the Pope conferred it on Charles
of Anjou* A few years after Sicily was divided from
Naples, the Angevins ruling at Naples and the House of
Aragpn in Sicily until 1442, when Alphonso V of Aragon
reunited the 2 kingdoms. After his death they were"
again divided till the end of the cent*, when Ferdinand
of Spain possessed himself of them both* They con-
tinued under Spanish rule till 1707, when they were
formed into an independent kingdom under a branch of
the Spanish Bourbons. So they remained (except in
Napoleon's time, when Naples was made into a nomin-
ally independent kingdom, first under Joseph Bona-
parte, then under Murat) until they were liberated by
Garibaldi in 1860* Thus, during our period there were
the free cities in the N*, the Papal States in the centre,
and the kingdom of the two Sicilies in the S* tinder the
Spanish Kings. Details of the historical allusions in
the plays will be found under the headings of the various
cities above mentioned* About one-fourth of the plays
of our period have their scene in Italy during the i6th
and I7th cents* All travelled Englishmen visited Italy,
and the plays are full of references to the manners,
customs, dress, and character of the Italians*

General references. In Kirke's Champions ii* i, An-
tony speaks of I* as " Mother of arts and nurse of noble
spirits." In Lucr. 106, Tarquin speaks of ** the fields of
fruitful I." In Shrew i. i, 4, Lucentio calls Lcanbardy
44 The pleasant garden of great I*" In All's ii* i, 12, the
K* says to Bertram, who is going to Florence, ** Let high
I* * * . see that you come Not to woo honour but to
wed it." The Ft read " higher," but the sense is the
same, viz, N*, or Upper, L

Historical references. In /* C. i* 3, 88, Casca believes
that Caesar intends to be k* ** and wear his crown . * „ In
every place save here in L" In iii. i, 264, Antony pre-
dicts that "Domestic fury and fierce civil strife Shall cum-
ber all the parts of I." : which was grievously fulfilled
in the civil wars that followed Caesar's death* In A*
& C. i* 2, 97, the Messenger tells how Caesar has driven
Antony's wife and brother from I* : this was in 41 B*c.
In i* 4, 51^ mention is made of the pirates : ** many hot
inroads They make in I." — this was in the winter of
40 B.C* La R2 iv* i, 97, Carlisle tells that Norfolk " re-
tired himself to L" and died at Venice* He died there
on Sept* 20th, 1399 ; Richard's deposition took place

275

ITALY

the next day, so that Carlisle could not have known of
Norfolk's death at that time* In All's ii* 3, 307, Bertram
says, ** His present gift Shall furnish me to those In*
fields Where noble fellows strike/' The reference is to
the constant wars between the great cities of N* I* In
Davenanfs Rhodes B* v*, Roxolana speaks of ** In* courts
Where little princes are but civil hosts*" z.e* the numer-
ous small courts of N* I* The most popular Saint of
I* (hence her " champion " in the quotation which
follows) was Antony of Padua* who died there in 1231*
In Kirke's Champions i* i, Antony says, *' The rear is
brought up by Antony, Who goes a champion forth for I/'
Ecclesiastical Pretensions of Italy , as the seat of the Pope
of Rome* In .RT*/. iii* i, 153, John says : ** No In* priest
Shall tithe or toll in our dominions.** So, in Trouble*
Reign, Has*, p. 355, John says, 4* Never an In* priest of
them all shall either have tythe, toll, or polling penny
out of England*" Milton, in Sonn. on Massacre in Pied-
mont n, says, " Their martyred blood and ashes sow
O'er all the In* fields, where still doth sway The triple
tyrant," i.e. the Pope* See also under ROME and BABY-
LON*

National Characteristics. Heylyn (s*v* ITALIE) says,
" The people are for the most part grave, respective,
and ingenious ; excellent men, but for 3 tilings * (i) in
their lusts they are unnatural ; (2) in their malice un-
appeasable ; (3) in their actions deceitful* They will
blaspheme sooner than swear, and murther a man rather
than slander him* They are exceeding jealous over their
wives* The women are generally witty in speech,
modest in outward carriage, and bountiful where they
bear affection ; and it is proverbially said that they are
magpies at the door, saints in the church, goats in the
garden, divels in the house, angels in the street, and
syrens in the windows*" In Haughton's Englishmen i* i,
Frisco says he can tell an In, " by these 3 points : a
wanton eye, pride in his apparel, and the devil in his
countenance*" Nash, in Wilton K* i , 146, says, " I*, the
paradise of the earth and the Epicure's heaven* It makes
jijtrn to kiss his hand like an ape, cringe his neck like a
starveling, and play at heypass, repass, come aloft
when he salutes a man* From thence he brings the art
of atheism, the art of epicurizing, the art of whoring,
the art of poisoning, the art of Sodomitry* It maketh a
ma" an excellent courtier, a curious carpet-knight, which
is by interpretation a fine dose letcher, a glorious hypo-
crite/' The standard of courtly manners was set in I,
and the recognized authority on the subject was Baldas-
sare Castiglione's Cortigiano. In Dekker's Westward i* i,
Birdlime says " The young gentlewoman * * * hath
read in the * In* Courtier * that it is a special ornament to
gentlewomen to have skill in painting***" In Cooke's
Greene's Quoqae, p* 565, Staines says, ** The most exact-
est nation in the world, the In* ; whose language is
sweetest, clothes neatest, and behaviour most accom-
plished*" In Massinger's Guardian iL i, Calipso says
of the French : " Their free breeding knows not the
Spanish and In* preciseness practised among us*" In
B* & F* WUd Goose i* 2, Mirabel says, " I* for my
money t Their policies, their customs, their frugalities,
Their cottrtesiesso open, yet so reserved too* Their very
pick-teeth speak more man than we do And season of
- mope? safe*'** In Chapman's Consp* Byro& iL i, Henry
speaks of the English,.1* whose grave natores scorn The
empty compliments of L" In Middletoo's Gallants rv*
^Pteeoet asfes: " Whsre's comely onatere * the In*
kiss, or the French cringe <fr Coryaf, in Crudities
fx6il)v QKvxtiBOS as at cjc&iie unique custom that "the
Ins* do always at their meak use a little fork when they

376

ITALY

cut their meat/* In JonsOn's Volpone iv* i, Sir Politick
instructs Peregrine, who has just come to I*, "You
must learn the use And handling of your silver fork at
meals*" In his Devil v* 4, Meercraft proposes to bring
into fashion in England** The laudable use of forks * * *
as they are in I." In his Epicoene ii* i, Morose bids
Mute, " Shake your head or shrug* Your In* and
Spaniard are wise in these ; and it is a frugal and comely
gravity*" In B* & F* Elder 5* i* 2, Eustace says, ** I'll
vouchsafe him the new In* shrug* [He bows*] " In
Jonson's Ev* Man O* iii* 3, Fastidius says, " Oh, your
wits of I* are nothing comparable to her ; her brain's a
very quiver of jests/' In B* <£ F* Fair Maid L ii* 3,
Forobosco says, 4t These Ins* are most nimblepated/'
In* subtlety and craft was crystallized, in English
opinion, in MacchiavelH, whose work, The Prince, was
well known and cordially disliked* In Chapman's Trag.
Byron iii* i, Byron says, " There are schools Now broken
ope in all parts of the world, First founded in ingenious
I*, Where some conclusions of estate are held That for a
day preserve a prince, and ever Destroy him after*" In
M. W. W. iii* i, 104, the Host cries : " Am I politic i
Am I subtle i Am I a Machiavel i " Nash, in Pierce
68, says, " I comprehend * * * under hypocrisy all
Machiavilism/' Greene, in Groats Worth of Wit (1592)
35, asks : " Is it pestilent Machivilian policy that thou
hast studied*1" The prologue to Marlowe's Jew is
spoken by Machiavel: "Who now the Guise is dead, is
come from France:" he says, "Though some speak
openly against my books, Yet will they read me, and
thereby attain To Peter's chair/' In Shrew ii* i, 405,
Gremio says, "An old In* fox is not so kind " as to give
all his property to his son before he dies* In Cym. v*
5, 196, lachimo says, " Mine In* brain 'Gan in your
duller Britain operate Most vilely " : on which Pos-
thumus addresses him as " In* fiend ! " In Noble
Soldier iii* i, the Q* says, " A true In* spirit is a ball Of
wildfire hurting most when it seems spent*" In iii* 3,
Baltasar says, ** I have a private coat for In* stilettos*"
Dekker, in Last WiUt says of Hypocrisy : " After this he
travelled into L, and there learned to embrace with one
arm and stab with another*" In Webster's Law Case ii*
if Contarino says, " I have not ta'en the way, like an In*,
To cut your throat by practice," Le. by treachery* In
Jonson's Cynthia i* 4, Asotus says, " I do not offer it
you after the In* manner/' Le. hoping that you will not
accept it* In Ford's fTis Pity iv* 4, when Sorranzo
says, " I burn ; and blood shall quench that flame,"
Vasques rejoins, " Now you begin to turn In*" In
Massinger's Guardian ii* 3, Camillo says to Adprni,
" Show yourself an In*, and, having received one injury,
do not put off your hat for a second/' In Marmion's
Antiquary v* i, Lorenzo says, " I hate to differ so mucji
from the nature of an In* as not to be revengeful*"
Nash, in Wilton M. 3, says, ** All true Ins. imitate me in
revenging constantly and dying valiantly*" In Shirley's
Gent. Ven. v* a, FJorelli says, 4* The innocence of a saint
Would not secure his life from an In* When his revenge
is fixed/* In Noble Soldier v* 3, the Q* speaks of " the
In/s second bliss, revenge/'

In Cym. iii. 2, 4, Pisanio asks : " What false In*, As
poison-tongued as handed, hath prevailed On thy too
ready hearing £ " In iii* 4, 15, Imogen says, " That
drug-damned L hath out-craftied him And he's at some
hard point/' In Marlowe's Jew ii* 3, Barabas says, ** I
studied physic and began To practise first upon the In* ;
There I enriched the priests with burials." Nash, in
Pierce C*4, apostrophizes L : " O Italic, the academy of
manslaughter; the sporting-place of murder; the

ITALY

apothecary-shop of poison for all nations I " In Jon-
son's Ev. Man /* in* 2, Bobadil, prating tobacco, says,
** Had you taken the most deadly poisonous plant in all
L, it should expel it/* In Sharpham's Fleire L 481,
Fleire says to Sparke, an Englishman, "You cannot
poison so well as we Ins/' Hence an In* salad means a
poisoned salad* In Webster's Devil iv* i, Flamineo says,
44 1 do look now for a Spanish fig or an In. salad daily/'
In Killigrew's Parson v* 4, the Parson asks the Capt*,
44 Can any of you digest spunge and arsenick < " The
Capt* exclaims: * Arsenick ^ What's that?"' and the
Parson explains : " An In. salad which I'll dress for
you/' In Shirley's Maid's Rev* iii* 2, Sharkino says, " I
have probatums of In* salads," i*e* approved prescrip-
tions for their making. In Cromwell iii. 3, Cromwell
says, " Lust dwells in France, in Italic, and Spain/'
In T* Heywood's Traveller i. i, Geraldine says, " The
French is of one humour, Spain another ; The hot In.
has a strain from both," z*e* is both amorous and jealous*
In Middleton's jR. G. ii* i, Laxton says of the heroine:
44 Such a Moll were a marrow-bone before an In. ; he
would cry buona roba till his ribs were nothing but
bone/' In his Mad World iii., Mawworm says, 44 There
is the key given after the In. fashion backward ; she
closely conveyed into his closet/' In bis Gipsy i* i,
Roderigo says, 4t It's as rare to see a Spaniard a drunk-
ard as a German sober, an In. no whoremonger/' In
Ford's Sacrifice i* 2, Ferentes says, ** A chaste wife or a
mother that never stepped awry are wonders, wonders
in I." In Davenant's Albovine i* i, Valdaura's mother
tells her ** The curled youth of I. Were prompt in
wanton stealths and sinful arts/* In Brome's Covent G.
iii* i* Mihil calls Nick's paramour ** your Italick mis-
tress." In B. & F. Custom iv. i, Duarte says, " He was
of I*, and that country breeds not Precisians that way,
but hot libertines." Hall, in Satires iv. 3, says : "An
English wolf, an Irish toad to see, Were as a chaste man
nursed in I." There were no wolves in England nor
toads in Ireland*

Burton, A. M. iii. 3, i* 2, says, 44 Germany hath not so
many drunkards, England tobacconists, France dancers.
Holland mariners, as I. alone hath jealous husbands."
In Jonson's Volpone ii* 3, Corvino says to his wife, " If
you thought me an In., You would be damned ere you
did this, you whore." In Massinger's Milan iv. 3,
Mariana, telling Sfom of his wife's behaviour, says,
** To a Dutchman This were enough, but to a right In*
A hundred thousand witnesses/' In his Great Duke ii* i,
Giovanni says, " I was allowed (Against the form
followed by jealous parents In Italy) full liberty to par-
take His daughter's sweet society*" In B* & F. French
Law. iii. i, Champernell says, 4t I am no In. To lock her
up ; nor would I be a Dutchman To have my wife my
sovereign." In Massinger's Emperor v* 2, Theodosius
says, 44 The wise In* * * * For a kiss, nay, wanton look,
will plough up. mischief And sow the seeds of his re-
venge in blood*" In Machin's Dumb Knight iv* i,
Epire says, " I see That lean In* devil, jealousy, Dance
in his eyes*" In Webster's Cuckold v* i, Clare says,
44 Are you returned with the In* plague upon you.
jealousy $"' In Shirley's Gent. Ven. L i. Cornari says*
44 Our nice Ins. Impose severely on their wives." In
T* D/s Banquet L 4, Tymethes says, 4* Hunger and
lust blows ope castle doors, In* padlocks**' In T* Hey-
wood's Maid of West B* iv*, Gopdlack says, " Beware of
these Ins*, They are by nature jealous and revengeful/'
In Nabbes' Unfort. Mother iii* i, Fidelio says, " My In*
nature Begins to break her prison and grow violent/'
In Dekker's Westward iii* 3, Justiniano says, *4 You Ins*

ITALY

are so sun-burnt with these dog-days that your great
lady there thinks her husband loves her not if he be not
jealous." Middleton, in Mad World i* i, says, 44 There's
a gem, Kept by the Ins* tinder lock and key*" In Day's
Gulls iii* 2, Violetta complains that she and her sister
are kept in servitude ** as Englishmen keep their felons,
and Ins* their wives ; we never stir abroad without our
jailors." Burton, A. M. iii* 3, i, a, quotes a proverb :
44 1* [is] a paradise for horses, hell for women**'

In All's ii. i, 19, the K* advises Bertram : 44 Those girls
of I., take heed of them . . * beware of being captives
Before you serve." In Cym* L 3, 29* Imogen tells how
she intended to make Posthumus swear, 4' The shes of I*
should not betray Mine interest and his honour." In

1, 4, 71, lachimo objects to Posthumus preferring Imo-
gen to the ladies of L In iii* 4, 51. Imogen says, ** Some
jay of I* , * * hath betrayed him/' In v* 5, 161*
lachimo tells how he and his friends praised 4t our loves
of I* For beauty that made barren the swelled boast Of
him that best could speak, for feature laming The shrine
of Venus or straight-pight Minerva. Postures beyond
brief nature, for condition A shop of all the qualities that
man Loves woman for*" In Day's Humour iii, i, Flori-
mel speaks of 4t our In. dames who cause their friends
to clap their jealous husbands in prison that they may
surely know where to find them*" In Glapthorne's
Privilege iii. i, Frangipan says, "Our In* courtesans
excel all other nations." In Chapman's Usher iii* 2,
Bassiolo says his friendship will last ** while In* dames
Be called the bona-robas of the world*"

Englishmen who imitated In* manners and vices were
called Id* In Cooke's Greene's Quoque, p* 565, Bubble
asks: "What's the lowest price of being Id**"'
Ascham, in The Scholemaster (1570), defines *' an Eng-
lishman Id*" thus : " He bringeth home into England
out of I* the religion, the learning, the policy, the ex-
perience* the manners of I* That is to say, for religion
papistry or worse ; for learning, less commonly than
they carried out with them ; for policy* a factious heart,
a discoursing head, a mind to meddle in all men's
matters ; for experience, plenty of new mischiefs never
known in England before; for manners, variety of
vanities and change of filthy living." Hall, in Virgide-
miarium i* 3, satirizes the playwright who 44 with terms
Italianate, Big-sounding sentences and words of state "
patches up his pure iambic verse. In Goosecap iv. i,
Fowlewether tells of" an Italianate Frenchman " he had
met. In VaL Welsh. L 4, Cadigune says, " My brain Itali-
anates my barren faculties To Machivilian blackness."
Nash, in Pierce B*2, says of the would-be traveller:
44 All Italionato is his talk/' In Webster's Law Case iii*

2, Romelip, disguised as a Jew, says, 4* I could be a rare
Id* Jew/* In Cuckqueans ii* 7, when Floradin proposes
to journey into I*, Rafe says, ** Having already horns, as
you have [£,«* being a cuckold], then likewise being Italic-
nate so might you become devil incarnate." Buckley,
in Felic. Mam (1603) iv- 317, quotes a proverb "An
English man Id. is a devil incarnated." The Ins, had
a similar saying: "Tudesco Italionato e un Diavolo
incarnato/* Lyly, in Euphues England, p* 295, says, ** If
any Englishman be infected with any misdemeanour,
they say with one mouth,* He is Id/" Similarly,
Italionism is used for an In* practice* Nash, in Wilton
M. 3, speaks of ** some new Italionism whose murderous
platform might not only extend on his body, but his
soul also."

Italian Dress and Personal Appearance. In Cym. v. i,
23, Posthumus says, 4* I'll disrobe me Of tfeese In*
weeds and suit myself As does a Briton peasant*"

277

ITALY

Strictly, Posthumus should appear in the armour of a
Roman soldier, but he was probably dressed like a con-
temporary In. gentleman. In 82 ii. i, 21, York blames
the K. for following " Report of fashions in proud I* j
Whose manners still our tardy, apish nation Limps after j
in base imitation." In Jonson's Staple i. i, Pennyboy ;
asks Fashioner, the tailor, " Tell me what authors thou
readst to help thy invention ; In. prints < or Arras
hangings i They are tailors' libraries." In his Cynthia
ii. i, Philautia says of a headdress : " 'Tis after the In*
print we looked on t'other night*" Print is used in these
passages in the sense of the goffering or pleating of a
ruff t with a pun in the first passage on the other mean-
ing of '* a printed book," In Field's Weathercock i. 2,
Pout says of Strange : " He looks like an In. tailor out of
the laced wheel that wears a bucket on his head." The
laced wheel is a wide ruff ; the bucket a tall hat without
a brim. In Shirley's Fair One ii* i, the Tutor says, " Are
not In. heads, Spanish shoulders, Dutch bellies, and
French legs the only notions of your reformed English
gentleman 4 " In Dekker's Westward ii. 2, Birdlime
says, ** She's in that In* head-tire you sent her." In
Cooke's Greene's Quoque, p. 565, Staines says, ** It has
been the fashion in England to wear your hat thus, in
your eyes ; your In. is contrary, he doth advance his hat,
and sets it thus." La Jonson's Ev. Man O* iv* 2,
Fastidius tells how in a duel his opponent cut off ** 6
purls of an In* cut-work band I wore, cost me £3 in the
Exchange*" Cut-work is a kind of deeply scalloped em-
broidery. In Webster's White Devil i. if Lodovico says,
" 111 make In* cut-works in their guts/' In T. Hey-
wood's F* M. Exch. 42, Phillis offers for sale " Fine
falling-bands [z.e. flat collars] of the In* cut-work." In
Marlowe's Ed. II i. 4, Mortimer says of Gaveston : 4* He
wears a short In. hooded cloke Larded with pearls*"
In Cromwell iii. 3, Hales says, " They that are rich in
Spain spare belly-food To deck their backs with an In.
hood And silks of Seville*" In Shirley's Love Maze v. 5,
Thomey describes his master as wearing " a long In*
dbak coming down to his elbows." In Trag. Richd* II
£* 3t 9** ** In* cloaks " are mentioned among the foreign
fashions affected by the K* and his favourites. The
English Lord in Mercfc* i. 2, 80, 4* bought bis doublet in
L" In Dekker's Hornbook i., the author says that in the
golden age there was ** no In.'s close strosser," z.e. tight-
fitting breeches. In Webster's Malfi ii, i* Bosola says,
** The Duchess, contrary to our In. fashion, Wears a
loose-bodied gown." In T. Heywood's Lncrece iii. 5,
Valerius sings of "The In. in her high chapine."
Coryat, in Crudities (1611) 261, says, " There is one
thing used of the Venetian women that is not to be ob-
served amongst any other women in Christendom. It is
called a Chapiney, which they wear under their shoes*
By how much the nobler a woman is, by so much the
higher are her Chapineys." Puttenham, in Art of Poesie
(1589) i* 15* 49> says, " The actors did walk upon those
high corked shoes which now they call in Spain and I*
Shoppini." Fynes Moryson, in Itin. (1617) iv. i, 172,
says, " The women of Venice wear chpppines or shoes
3 or 4 hand-breadths high." In Ham. it. 2, 445, Hamlet
says to the actor who plays the women's parts, ** Your
Ladyship is nearer heaven than when I saw you last by
the altitude of a Cfaoppine." L,ytyti&EnphmesAnat«Witf
p. 140, mentions ** the In. hilt " as part of a fashionable
man's equipment. In Greene's Quip, p, 230, the
Barber asks : ** Will you have your Worship's hair cut
after the In* manner* short and round, and then
frounced with the curlig-irous, to make it look like to a
half-moon in a mist.'" IaA&iJ0*yii,2,Hoysays,"Art

1
278

ITALY

has taught her to repair a decayed complexion with an
In. fucus," z*e. a cosmetic. In Brome's City Wit ii. 2,
Crasy professes to supply ** mineral fucuses, pomatums,
fumes. Italian masks to sleep in."

Food and Cookery. In Massinger's Great Duke ii. 2.
Petruchio says, ** Ins. * * . think, when they have
supped upon an olive, A root, or bunch of raisins, 'tis a
feast." Fynes Moryson, in Itin. iii. 2, 113, says, " The
Ins* generally, compared with the English or French,
are most sparing in their diet*" In Massinger's Guardian
ii. 3, Carlo speaks of " our In. delicate, oiled mush-
rooms." In Davenant's Rutlandt p. 214, the Parisian
speaks of the Londoner's ** opinion of his beef before the
veal of I." In Ford's Fancies iv* 2, Romano disclaims
** In. collations, rich Persian surfeits." In Massinger's
Madam i* i, Lady Frugal says, " I'll have none touch
what I shall eat. . * * But Frenchmen and Ins. ; they
wear satin. And dish no meat but in silver." Certain Ins*
set up eating-houses in Lond*, which from the delicacy
of their cookery and the refinement of their service be-
came fashionable. In Shirley's Pleasure v* i, Bornwell
says, ** I have invited A covey of ladies and as many
gentlemen Tomorrow to the In. ordinary ; I shall have
rarities and regalias To pay for, madam ; music, wanton
songs, And tunes of silken petticoats to dance to."

Music and Dancing. In Day's Humour ii. 2, Octavio
says, ** ^Love's nothing but an In* dump or a French
brawl," i.e. is either doleful or quarrelsome* In Ford's
Sun ii. i, Signer Lavolta, an In. dancer, says, " Me
tesha all de bella corantoes, gagliardas, pianettas, etc*"
Painting and Statuary. In W. T* v* 2, 105, it is
stated that the supposed statue of Hermione was
"Newly performed by that rare In* master, Julio
Romano." This was Giulio Pippi, a disciple of Raphael's
— a painter, not a sculptor — who flourished 1492-1546*
In Shirley's Pleasure i. i, Bornwell mentions, among the
extravagances of a fashionable lady, " Pictures of this In*
master and that Dutchman." Jonson, in Discoveries,
p. 707, says, " There lived in this latter age six famous
painters in L, who were excellent and emulous of the
ancients : Raphael de Urbino, Michel Angelo Buona-
rota, Titian, Antony of Corregio, Sebastian of Venice,
Julio Romano, and Andrea Sartorio."

Horticulture* The In* terraced or hanging gardens
gave the model to Europe. A good example is the
Vatican Garden, begun in the early i4th cent, by
Nicholas V* In B. & F. Prize iii* 2, Maria says, " Take
in a garden of some 20 acres And cast it of the In*
fashion, hanging." In Davenant's Plymouth i* 2, Trifle
speaks of "A stately edifice, For orchards, curious
gardens, private walks, Like an In. palace."

The Drama and Literature* Whatever the influence of
the In. drama upon the English, a point much disputed,
In. stories were very extensively used for the plots of our
comedies and tragedies* About one-fourth of the plays
of this period have their scene in L, though hardly any
local colour is used. The In. actors were famous for
their improvisations ; and the Masque, so popular in
the reign of James I, was of In* origin. The 61* stage
was much more elaborately arranged and decorated than
the English. In Hercules ProL 45, the speaker excuses
Pkutus for modifying his Greek originals by saying :
** Besides, French and Ins. do the same." In Kyd's
Span* Trag+ v. i, Hieronimo says, ** The In. tragedians
were so stop of wit that in one hour's meditation they
would perform anything in action." In Middleton's
Gipsy iL 4, Fernando says, " There is a way Which the
Ins. and the Frenchmen use, That is, on a word given
or some slight plot, The actors will extempore fashion

ITALY

out Scenes neat and witty/' Whetstone mentions in
1582 the visit to England of certain 4* comedians of
Ravenna [who] were not tied to any written device
[but who had] certain grounds or principles of their
own/* Hall, in Characters (1608), p* 139, says that
the Vain-glorious man is " a Spanish souldier on
an In* Theater; * bladder full of wind/* Gascoigne,
in Steel Glas, p* 59 (Arber), speaks of ** These
Enterludes, these new In* sports/' In prologue
to Government, he says, ** An Enterlude may make you
laugh your fill ; In. toys are full of pleasant sport/* In
Marlowe's Ed. II L i, Gaveston says of the K* : " Music
and poetry is his delight. Therefore I'll have In* masks
by night/' In Histrio. ii. 322, Landolpho, an In., says
of the play : ** I blush in your behalfs at this base trash*
In honour of our I* we sport As if a synod of the holy
gods Came to triumph within our theatres*" The Harle-
quin (In. ** Arlecchmo ") was a stock character in the
old In* comedies, and originally represented a simple
Bergamese manservant* In Day's Gulls iii* i, the Page
says, 4* I, like a harlequin in an In* comedy, stand making-
faces at both their follies*" In Wilkins' 'Enforced Mar-
riage i*, Hartley says, ** The knight would have made an
excellent zany in an In* comedy/* In Day's Travails
56, one says, ** Here's an In* Harlaken come to offer a
play to your Lordship/* Heywood, in ApoL for Actors
ii* 43, speaks of " the Doctors, Zawnyes, Pantaloones,
Harlakeenes in which the French, but especially the Ins*,
have been excellent/' The sonnet-form was perfected —
it may almost be said, created — by the In. poet Petrarch,
who found many imitators in the Elizabethan age
from the Earl of Surrey onward. In Ret. Pernass. i. 3,
Judicio says, " Sweet honey-dropping Daniell doth
wage War with the proudest big In* That melts his
heart in sugred sonnetting/' Samuel Daniel's sonnet-
sequence To Delia was published in 1592*

Professions and Occupations. The country districts of I*
were infested with banditti : a band of them appear in
Two Gent. v. 3, 4* In Massinger's Guardian v* 3,
Alphonso says, " Since Severino commanded these
banditti (though it be unusual in I*) they have not done
one murder." The Mountebank, or travelling quack, is
a familiar figure on the Elizabethan stage. He sold his
medicines from a public stage and was usually accom-
panied by a zany, who enlivened the proceedings and
drew the crowd by his jokes and antics* In Bristowe
B. 3, Challener disguises himself as ** an In* doctor*" In
Jonson's Volpone ii* i, Volpone disguises himself as a
mountebank, with Nano as his zany* Peregrine, ob-
serving him, says, " They are most lewd impostors ;
Made all of terms and shreds ; no less beliers Of great
men's favours than their own vile medicines ; Which
they will utter upon monstrous oaths, Selling that drug
for id., ere they part* Which they have valued at 12
crowns before*" Dekker, in Hornbook ii*, says, ** Send
[the doctors] packing, to walk like In* mountebanks*"
In Shirley's Bird ii* i, Bonamico says, ** I* is full of
juggling mountebanks that show tricks with oils and
powders*" In Triumphs Love iv*, Bomelio, disguised as
a mountebank, says, " I am Italiane, Neopolitane*"
These fellows performed all sorts of juggling tricks*
King James, in Demonology i. 105, says that the devil
teaches men tricks with cards, dice, etc*, ** as they who
are acquainted with that In* called Scoto, yet living, can
report*** Jonson, in Epigram cxv*, says that the Town's
Honest Man " doth play more parts Than the In* could
do, with his dore " : where his " dore," or " dor," may
mean his familiar spirit, in the form of a beetle, or
possibly his fool, or zany* Probably Jonson is thinking of

ITHACA

Scoto* for in Volpone ii* i, Volpone, in his mounte-
bank's disguise, calls himself " Scoto Mantuano/*

The glass-workers at Murano, near Venice, led the
way in this industry in modern Europe, and it was by
j them that the art was introduced into England in the
i6th cent* In Sharpham's Fleire i* 445, when Fleire says
that he is an In., the Knight replies, " O then thou canst
make glasses." Travellers found that bugs were
common in the In* inns. In Davenant's Rutland,
p* 225, the Londoner speaks of them as "those other
slow enemies which were bred in L"

The In. language, like French and Spanish* is an out-
growth from Latin. Dante exalted it to the dignity of a
literary language, and in the i6th cent, it was the mark
of a travelled and educated gentleman to speak In*, or,
at least, to know a few sentences and phrases in that
tongue* Heylyn (s.v. ITALIE) says, ** The language is
very courtly and fluent? the best whereof is about
Florence and Siena." In Cooke's Greene's Quoque,
P* 565, Sfaines says, ** Your In* is smooth and lofty and
his language is cousin-gennan to the Latin*" In Merch.
L 2, 75, Portia complains that the English lord ** hath
neither Latin, French, nor In/f In Ham. in"* 2, 274,
Hamlet says that the story of the play within the play is
" extant in choice In*" In Jonson's Cynthia iii* 3,
Amorphus says, ** Your pedant should provide you
some parcels of French or some pretty commodity of In*,
if you would be exotic and exquisite*" In Chapman's
D'Qlive ii. 2, D'Olive says that 4t to make a few graceful
legs and speak a little In." is all that is necessary to cut a
figure at Court* In Randolph's Muses1 iii. 4, Alazon
asks Eiron, "You understand the In.£" and he replies,
** A little, Sir ; I have read Tasso/'

Italic type, or Italica, was the type used by Aldus
Manutius of Venice : it slopes from right to left, whilst
the roman type was erect. In B* & F* Valour iv. i,
Lapet, intending to print the story of his misfortunes,
bids the printer ** put all the thumps in Pica Roman '*
and the kicks ** in Italica ; your backward blows all in
Italica." The In*, or Roman, hand in writing was the
most fashionable for ladies, and was taught by the pro-
fessors of the art* In Cpwley's Cutter iii* 4, Aurelia says,
" My hand, I'm sure, is as like hers as the left is to the
right ; we were taught by the same master* pure In/*
See also under ROME*

ITHACA (now THIAKI)* The smallest island but one of
the Ionian group, in the Adriatic, or Ionian, Sea, off the
coast of Acarnania* It is famous as the home of Odys-
seus, or Ulysses, and the scene of Penelope's patience
and constancy* In TroiL i* 3, 70, Agamemnon addresses
Ulysses : " Speak, prince of I*" In Cor* i. 3, 94, Valeria
says to Virginia, "You would be another Penelope;
yet they say all the yam she spun in Ulysses* absence
did but fill I* full of moths*" In Marston's Malcontent
iti* 2, Malevole says, "Ulysses absent, O In., the
chastest Penelope cannot hold out/* In Massingef's
Great Duke L 2, Contarmo says of Lidia: " Had Circe
or Calypso her sweet graces, Wandering Ulysses never
had remembered Penelope or I/' Ulysses spent some
time with these ladies on his way home from Troy, but
ultimately broke away from them. In Greene's Orlando
ii. i, 470, Sacrepant asks : " Shall such a syren offer me
more wrong Than they did to the Prince of L^"
Ulysses escaped the Syrens by stuffing his comrades*
ears with wool, and having himself tied to the mast of
his ship whilst he sailed past them. In T* Heywood's
Iron Age A. iv*, Ajax addresses Ulysses as ** king of I/'
In Marmion's Leaguer iy* i, the Pandar says of his
establishment: " 'Tis an island which, had Ulysses seen,

279

ITHALIA

He would prefer before his I/* Herricfc, in Welcome to
Sack (1647), speaks of the joy of the returning merchant
" when fires betray The smoky chimneys of his I/' In
his Parting Verse, he calls Penelope " that chaste queen
of I/* In Beguiled., Dods* ix. 267, Fortunatus says,
** Thus have I passed The beating billows of the sea By
I/s rocks/*

ITHALIA, i\e..S3THALiA, another name for Lemnos, q.v.;
and for Eva, q.v.

IVEL (YEOVTL). A town in Somersetstu on the Yeo, 33 m*
S*W* of Bath* In Middleton's Quarrel v* i, Chough, the
Cornish bumpkin, boasts, *4 1 could have had a whore at
And Trimtram adds ; ** Or as you came at

Plymouth/* And
I/' [quasi, evil]*

IVY BRIDGE* An arch under which ran a road to the
Thames, at the end of I* B* Lane, which used to run
from the Strand to the river, between Bedford House
and Durham House, nearly opposite Exeter Hall, Stow,
in 1603, says that the bdge* had been taken down, but
the lane still continued to mark the boundary between
the Duchy of Lancaster and the City of Westminster*
In Haughton's Englishmen iy* i, when Delion, trying to
find his way to Crutched Friars in the dark, runs into a
post and asks what it is, Frisco tells him, mockingly,
44 'Tis the May-pole on I. B., going to Westminster***

IVY LANE

The next minute he informs the unhappy Frenchman
that they have reached the furthest end of Shoreditch I
In Deloney's Newberie ix*, Jack says, " I would have
this trunk borne to the Spread Eagle at Iviebridge/*

IVY LANE. A st, in Lend*, running N. from Paternoster
Row to Newgate St* It is mentioned by name as early
as 1312 in a writ of 5 Edward II* Stow says that it was
so called from the ivy which grew on the Prebend
houses* Possibly it was named after St. Ive, who preached
in England in the 7th cent* and died at St. Ives in
Huntingdonshire ; St* Ives in Cornwall is named after
htm too. In Dekker's Shoemaker's iv« 5, Firk remembers
that he has to attend a meeting of ** a mess of shoe-
makers at the Woolsack in I* L**' In Jonson*s Owls,
Capt* Cox introduces the ist owl : ** This bird is Lond*-
bred As you may see by his homed head, And had like
to have been ta'en At bis shop in I* L. Where he sold by
the penny Tobacco as good as any/' Armin, in Ninnies,
tells how John was robbed of a pair of boots that he was
taking home from a cobbler's in Newgate Market, ** as
he was going through J* L**' Brome's Five New Plays
were "Printed for H. Brome at the Gunn in I. L*
1659.*' T* Heywood's Maid of West was " Printed for
Richard Royston and are to be sold at his shop in Ivie
L* r

aSo

fACAKTRES* An old kingdom in the island of Java, in
the E* Indies* It included the present provinces of
Batavia, Buitenzorg, Krawang, and Praenger* Burton,
A. M+ iii* 2, 2, 3, says of a woman : ** If he be rich, he is
the man ; she will go to J* or Tidore with him*"

JACOBINS* A monastery of Jacobin monks in Seville*
In Tuke's Five Hours ii* r* Don Antonio says, " Is not
this the market-place, behind the J* ** "

JACOB'S STONE* A block of reddish-gray sandstone
26 inches long, 16 wide, and n thick fixed under the
seat of the Coronation Chair in the Chapel of Edward
the Confessor at Westminster Abbey* It was brought
from Scotland by Edward I in 1297, where it had been
used for centuries at the Abbey of Scone in the corona-
tion of the Kings of Scotland* It was believed to be the
stone on which Jacob slept at Bethel, and which he sub-
sequently set up as a sacred pillar (see Gen* xxviii* 18)*
La T* Heywood's Royal King L i, the Prince says, 44 If I
ever live to sit on Jacob's stone thy love shall with my
crown be hereditary*"

JAERTIS (= the ancient JAXARTES, now SYR-DARIA, or
YELLOW RIVER)* A river flowing through N* Turkestan
into the Sea of Aral* Samarcand is not actually on the
Syr-Daria, but is not far from its head-waters* In Mar-
lowe's Tomb* B* iy* 2, Tamburlaine upbraids Samarcand
with the cowardice of his son Calyphas, and speaks of
him as a** shame of nature which J* streams, Embracing
thee with deepest of his love, Can never wash from thy
distained brows*"

JAGO'S (Sx.) CHURCH* A ch* in Cordova* In Daye-
nant's Distresses iv*, Orgemon says* 44 The house which
fronts upon J* Ch* is the only place to which he doth de-
sign his visits*"

JAMANY (z*6* GERMANY)* In M* W* W* iv* 5, 89, Caius
says, ** It is tell-a me dat you make grand preparation
foraD*deJ*"

JAMES (ST*)* or SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELLA* A city in
Galicia in N*W* Spain* 300 m* N,W* of Madrid, near
the coast* It contained the shrine of the apostle J* the
Great, the brother of John, who was put to death by
Herod (Acts xii. 2)* The legend, confusing him with J.*
the brother of our Lord and ist Bp* of Jerusalem, re-
lated that he visited Spain* then returned to Jerusalem*
and was thrown from the battlements of the Temple by
the Jews* His body was conveyed to Spain, and was
discovered at Santiago by the indication of a star* Hence
the name Compostella, plain of the Star* A shrine was
forthwith built in 835, but was destroyed in 997 by the
Moors* The saint's body was* however, respected, and
the present cathedral was erected to contain it 1078-
ii 88* It became one of the most popular places of
pilgrimage in the Middle Ages, the pilgrim's sign being
a scallop shell, and St* J. was recognized as the Patron
Saint of Spain* Langland, in Piers B* Prol* 47, tells of
palmers and pilgrims who plighted them together to
4* seke seynt lames " ? and Chaucer's Wife of Bath had
been " in Galice at Seint Jame " (C* T* A* 466)* In
Elynour Rumming, we are told of drunken Ales who
** was full of tales Of tidings in Wales And St* lames
in Gales*" The Milky Way was called " the Way to St*
J*": the numerous stars representing the pilgrims*
Montaigne (Fiona's Trans* 1603) ii* 15, says that " Those
of Marea d'Ancona * * * go on pilgrimage rather unto
J* in Galicia " than to their own Lady of Loreto* See
SANTIAGO and COMPOSTELLA*

J

JAMES (ST.), CHURCH OF* There were churches
dedicated to St+ J* in Lond* during our period, in
Clerkenwell, N* of the Green, originally the choir of a
Benedictine nunnery founded about noo — the present
building dates from 1788 ; in GarKck-hithe, built in
1606, destroyed in the Fire, and rebuilt by Wren ; and
in Duke's Place, Aldgate, built on the site of the con-
ventual ch* of the Holy Trinity in 1623 and pulled down
in 1874* In Reasons in a Hollow Tree, we are told of " an
old man that died in the parish of St* J*, near Duke's PI.,
within Aldgate," whose funeral sermon was of com-
mendable brevity: ** Ashes to ashes, dust to dust;
Here's the hole and in thou must/' St* J* Clerkenwell
had a lofty spire, which fell down in 1633 after haying
stood for 500 years* In Pasquil's Palinodia (1619), it is
said of the Strand Maypole : " It No city, town, nor
street can parallel, Nor can the lofty spire of Clerken-
well*" _

JAMES (SAINT) FAIR* Was held annually in Westmin-
ster on St* J*' Day, 35th July* In Deloney's Craft, it is
said of the Green King of St* Martin's : ** St* J* his day
at last being come, he called up his wife betimes, and
bad her make ready, if she would to the Fair," but he
dragged her all the way to Bristol, where there was also a
Fair on St* J*' day* In Cowley's Cutter v* i, Will says
that the cook " looked like the ox that's roasted whole
in St* J*'s Fair*"

JAMES (SAINT) PALACE* A royal palace in Lond*, at die
W* end of the Mall, facing St* J*'s Park* It was origin-
ally a hospital for lepers dedicated to St* J* It was taken
possession of by Henry VIII in 1528 and turned into a
Palace* The brick gate-house facing St* J/s St. and
part of the Chapel date from this time* It was improved
and fitted up in 1620 for the Infanta of Spain, who was
to have married Prince Charles* Here Q* Mary died
and Charles II was born* Charles I walked from St* J/s
to Whitehall on the morning of his execution* Though
it is no longer a royal residence, the official title of the
English Court is " our Court of St* J*'s*" The mustering
of the Guards in the Colour Court at n every morning
is still one of the minor sights of Lond* In Middleton's
Tennis, the characters in the Induction are the palaces of
Richmond, St* J*'s* and Denmark House* St* J* speaks
of " my new gallery and tennis-court " : which Rich-
mond depreciates as being built of brick* The reference
is to the improvements made in 1619-20 for the Infanta*
In St. Hilary's Tears (1642), we read : ** If the Prince
were but at St* J**s, there would be something done*"
In T* Heywood's /* K. M. B* 343, the Q* says, ** Dismiss
our camp, and tread a royal march Toward St* J*rs*"

JAMES'S (ST*) PARK* A park in Lond** of abt* 60 acres,
lying opposite St* J* Palace, between The Mali and
Birdcage Walk* Facing the W* end of it is Buckinjgham
Palace ; on the E* are the Horse Guards, the Admiralty,
and the Treasury* It was formed and walled in by
Henry VIII, and greatly improved by Charles II* In
Jonson's Gipsies, one of them speaks of ** The parks and
chases And the finer walled places* As St* J.* Green-
wich, Theobalds*" In Dekker's Babylon, p* 260, Pari-
del says of Titania (Elizabeth): "Not an arrow be shot
at her until we take our aim in S. lagoes Park*" Paridel
is William Parry, who was believed to have plotted the
assassination of Elizabeth in 1584 : S* lagp's Park is
obviously St. J* Park* Deloney, in Newberie vi*, tells how
the clothiers presented their petition to Henry VIII,
** His Majesty walking in St* James, his Park/' T~
481

In

JAMESTOWN

verses prefixed to Coryat's Crudities (1611), Peacham
mentions amongst the Sights of Lond* " St* James his
Ginney Hens, the Cassawarway moreover/' These birds
were kept in the aviary, which gave its name to Bird-
cage Walk. He goes on: "The Beaver i' the Park
{strange beast as e'er any man saw) " : these beavers
were kept in the ornamental water of the Park*
JAMESTOWN* A town in Virginia, U.S.A., on the James
River, 8 m. S.W. of Williamsburg* Here in 1608 the
first English settlement in N, America was made,
and it remained the seat of government until 1798, It
has now altogether disappeared, save for a few ruined
buildings* In Cockayne's Obstinate ii* i, Lorece, in his
ridiculous story of his alleged travel, says, ** I came at
last to Virginia* In conclusion, at James Town Port I
took horse and the next morning arrived in Wales/'

JANUS, TEMPLE OF* At Rome, on the N.E. side of the
Foruxn Romanum, in front of the Curia Hostilia* It was
said to have been built by Numa, The gates of the
Temple were opened when war was declared, and con-
tinued open as long as it lasted. They were only 4 times
closed from the time of Numa to the birth of Christ, 2
of these dates being in the reign of Augustus. J* was the
God of beginnings, or openings : his festival was on
ist January, which bears his name* He was represented
with 2 faces, one looking backward and the other for-
ward* Chaucer, in C* T* F. 1352, describing the winter,
says. ** J«. sit by the fyr with double berd And drinketh
of his bugle horn the wyn/* In Marlowe's Tomb- B. ii* 4,
Tamburlaine says, ** Behold me * * * Breaking my
steeled lance with which I burst The rusty beams of J/
temple-doors. Letting out Death, and tyrannizing War
To march with me*" In Massinger's Maid Hon* i* i,
Adorni says of Bertoldo: "In his looks he seems To
break ope J/ Temple." In Webster's -A* & Virginia i. 4,
Virguiius cries : ** Let J/ temple be devolved," z*e*
thrown open. In Jonson's Poetaster iii* r, Crispinus
says that Rhadamanthus ** dwells at the Three Furies,
by J/ temple/' To which Horace replies, ** Your pothe-
cary does, Sir*"

JAPAN* The large group of islands off the E* coast of
Asia* They became known to Europe about the middle
of the i6th cent, through the voyages of the Portuguese,
one of whom, Antonio Mota, landed there in 1542*
Xavier visited J* in 1549, and inaugurated a Christian
Mission* Heylyn, in 1621, says that there were 200
Jesuit missionaries there* There were many collisions
between the Government and the native Christians,
which culminated in the great persecution 1614-1637*
This may be the point of the following passage, written
in 1607. In Barnes' Charter v, i, Baglioni says, ** This
basilisk hath been often mounted where there hath been
hot and dangerous service in the lie of J*" The remain-
ing references show that J* was regarded as a very re-
mote place* In Davenant's Love ii* 3, Frivolo says,
** We are forgot, like creatures of J., Things hardly to
be searched for in the map." In Davenport's Nightcap
iv. 2, Lodovicp, being asked what sort of a wife he
would choose, if he were still unmarried, says, " Were I
to choose then, as I would I were, So this [my present
wife] were at J,, I would wish a wife": of whom the
description follows* In Tomkis' Albwnazar i* 5,
Atbumafcar has, amongst other marvellous things, made
at* almanack ** for the meridian and height of J*" In
MQknmds L 3, Ranoff says, " I would your Lordship
had been with me at Japan; I protest they are the best
riders*" Burton, A. M+ i. 2, 4, 6^says, ** in Japonia it is a
common thing to stifle their ch&diien, if they be poor/'

JERICHO

In iii. 2, 3, he says of lovers : " Another will take a jour-
ney to J. . . * if she say it." In Jonson's Staple iii. 2,
one of the Customers inquires* ** Ha' you . «. * any
miracle Done in J. by the Jesuits, or in China i " In
Marston's Mountebanks, the Mountebank says, ** If any
be troubled with the Tentigo, let him travel to J*"

JAQUES, SAINT (or ST* JAQUES LE GRANT*, z*e. JAMES THE
APOSTLE, the brother of John, as distinguished from
James the Less). In the following passage the ch* re-
ferred to is probably San Jacopo Soprano, in Florence*
It stands on the W. side of the Arno, in the Borgo San
Jacopo, between the Ponte Vecchio and the Ponte San
Trinita. The ch* dates from the nth cent. There is
another San Jacopo in Florence, on the W* side of the
Via Faenza, between Via San Antonio and Via Nazion-
ale, of the I2th cent. In All's iii. 4, 4 ; iii* 5, 37, 98 ;
iv- 3, 58, we learn that Helena has come to Florence on a
pilgrimage to St* J* le Grand, or great St. J.

JAQUES, SAINT* A nunnery in Malta. In Marlowe's
Jew iii. 3, Abigail sends Ithamore to ** the new-made
nunnery," and bids him " inquire For any of the Friars
of St. Jaques."

JAQUES PORT* One of the gates of Cordova* In Dave-
nant's Distresses iii* i, Androlio asks : ** Which way
went he i " And the servant replies. " Through Jaques
Port."

JARRATS HALL. See GERARD'S HALL*

JAVAN* According to Gen* x* 2, 4, J. was the son of
Japhet and father of Elisha, Tarshish, Kittim, and
Rodanim, i.c. of the ^SoHans (*0 Spaniards, Cyprians,
and Rhodians. It is the same word as Ionian, and was
used by the Assyrians. Egyptians, and Hebrews for the
peoples of the western Mediterranean coasts, including
the 3igean Islands* Milton, P*L* i. 508, speaks of
Saturn and Jove as " The Ionian gods — of J.'s issue
held Gods/' In 5* A* 716, the Chorus says that Dalila
** comes this way sailing Like a stately ship Of Tarsus,
bound for the isles Of J* or Gadire."

JEBUSITES* The original inhabitants of Jerusalem, from
whom David took the city (// Samuel v. 6). Hence the
word was used to signify an enemy of the people of God*
The Jews called the Gentiles J. ; the Protestants con-
ferred the same name on the Romanists, especially the
Jesuits ; and it was used generally as a term of abuse*
In Marlowe's Jew ii. 3, Barabas calls Lodowick, who
has fallen in love with his daughter, " This offspring of
Cain, this Jebusite, That never tasted of the Passover /*
Purchas, in his Pilgrimage (1614) 18, calls the Jesuits
44 that Jebusitical society." In Jack Dram i. 156, Drum
says of Mammon, the usurer : ** Let the Jebusite depart
in peace." In Chivalry C* i, Bowyer says, ** And I He,
call me Jebusite/' Latimer, in sermon on Lord's Prayer
vii., says, " We should fight against the Js. that are
within us," i«e. our sins.

JANEVA. See GENEVA.

JERICHO* A town in Palestine, near the Jordan, some
18 m* E. of Jerusalem* It was taken and destroyed by
Joshua, but rebuilt in the time of Ahab. In Greene and
Lodge's Looking Glass v. i, 1878, when Jonah preaches
in Nineveh, Adam says, " 'Tis one goodman Jonas that
is come from J*" In Milton, P* K* ii* 20, the disciples
go to seek for Jesus " in J*, The city of palms/* In
// Sam, x* 5, we are told that David sent his messengers,
who had been maltreated by the Ammonites, to J*, to
tarry there till their beards were grown* Hence came
the phrase to go to J*, meaning to go into retirement for
a time* T.Heywood, in HierarcMe B*iv, says, "Bid

383

JERSEY

such young boys to stay in J* Until their beards were
grown, their wits more staid/' In Look about xiii*, when
the porter asks Gloster, who has been sent to prison,
"Whither must you nows1 " he replies, with a stammer,
"To je-je-richo, I think; 'tis suchah-h-humorousEarl/'
In Jonson's Tub ii* i, Hilts, ordered to go to St*Pancras,
says, ** An you say the word, send me to J*" In Apius
7818, Haphazard says, ** Well, sith here is no company,
have with ye to Jerico*" In J. Heywood's Four PP.,
p* 8, the Pardoner says to the Palmer, " At your door
myself doth dwell Who could have saved your soul as
well As all your wide wandering shall do Though ye
went thrice to J*" In Thradan ii* 2, Palemon says,
" Come, we'll embark us in this hollow tree, And sail to
J*, Music ! shall we dance * " " Ay, ay," says the Clown,
'* we'll dance to J/' The Rose of J. is not a true rose,
but a cruciferous plant (Anastatica Hierochuntina), also
called the resurrection flower, because it revives under
the influence of moisture* It is often called the Rose of
the Virgin, or Mary's Flower. In Three Kings of Cologne
(1400) 90, it is related that " dry roses which be cleped
the roses of Jerico " grow on the road by which the
Virgin Mary went to Egypt. Lydgate, in Mm* Poems 96,
calls the Virgin " This Rose of J*, freshest on live/'
In Candlemas 13, she is styled " Of Jerico the sote rose
flower." Herrick, in Good wishes for the Duke of York,
prays : 4* May his pretty Dukeship grow Like t' a rose
of J/'

JERSEY* The largest of the Channel Islands, abt 15 m*
off the N*W* coast of France* The knitting of stockings
and other worsted articles was long a staple industry in
the island* In B. & F* Scornful i. i, the younger Love-
less says, " If I be not found in carnation J. stockings,
I'll ne'er look you in the face again." Middleton, in
Hubburd, p* 84, says, " All his stock [is] not worth a J.
stocking." Harrison, in his England ii. 7, satirizes " the
women's diversely coloured stocks of silk jerdsie." In

and he informs us they cost gs. _w

- G. i, the Governor of Scilly points out, ** On this side
Brittaine and on that side Garsie." Drayton, in Polyolb.
i. 49, apostrophizes, " Fair J. * * . Peculiarly that
boast'st thy double-horned sheep." See also under
GUERNSEY.

JERUSALEM* A city in S. Palestine, 17 m. due W. of the
N. extremity of the Dead Sea and 37 m* from the
Mediterranean* The original name appears to have been
Yeru-shalem, probably meaning ** Hearth of Peace/*
This became in Greek lerousalem or Hierousalem, and
later lerosolyma, or Hierosolyma ; sometimes abbre-
viated to Solyma* The city was originally in the hands
of the Jebusites, but was taken by David at the begin-
ning of his reign and made the capital of his kingdom*
The city of David was probably on the S. part of the E*
hill, on the N* plateau of which Solomon built the
Temple where the Mosque of Omar now stands* The
buildings of the growing city gradually extended over
the W* hill, now known as Mt. Zion* Destroyed by
Nebuchadrezzar in 588 B.C., it was rebuilt after the
return of the exiles in 538, and remained the capital of
Judaea till its destruction by Titus A*D. 70* It fell into
the hands of the Mohammedans in 637, when the
Caliph Omar erected a mosque on the Temple Hill,
afterwards reconstructed on a magnificent scale by
Abd-el-Melik* The recovery of the Holy Sepulchre
from the Mohammedans was the object of the Crusades
of the nth cent* : the Crusaders took the city in 1099,

283

JERUSALEM

and the Christian kingdom of J. was founded under
Godfrey of Bouillon, which lasted till 1187, when Saladin
took the city and restored the Mohammedan power* The
Crusades that followed had no permanent success, and
J* remained under the rule of the Arabs until, in 1517,
it was added by Selim to the Ottoman Empire*

References to Scripture History. In Bale's Promisesvi*,
Esaias says, " The K* of Judah in J* did dwell*" In
Greene and Lodge's Looking Glass i. 2, the Angel pro-
mises Jonah, when he has done his work at Nineveh,
44 I'll carry thee to Jewry back again, And seat thee in the
great J." In Hester (A. P. ii. 279), Hester says, quite un-
historically, " I was born and eke bred in J." The Monk,
in Chaucer's C. T. B. 3337, says that Nabugodonosor
44 Twyes wan J. the citee " (see // Kings xxv. i and 8)*
In Candlemas, p. 9, Herod says, " I be here in my chief
city Called J." In Everyman, p* 53, Gooddeeds speaks
of " Myssias of Jherusalem King/' In Milton, P. R. iii.
234, the Tempter reminds our Lord that he has only
been once a year in " J* few days' Short sojourn." In
283, he recalls how the Babylonians " J* laid waste, Till
Cyrus set them free." In iv. 544, he bears our Lord
through the air, " Till underneath them fair J*, The
Holy City, lifted high her towers*" The scene of
Heming's Jewes Trag. is laid partly at J., and describes
the destruction of the city by Titus in A.B* 70* In B, &
F. Cure ii* i, Pachieco says, ** One pease was a soldier's
provant a whole day at the destruction of J." In Darius,
p* 89, Zorobabell reminds Darius* 44 J* thou didst pro-
mise To build up every whit." Darius is confused with
Cyrus, who allowed the Jews to return to J* after the
captivity in Babylon. The destruction of J. was the
subject of puppet plays, though it was not apparently as
popular as the destruction of Nineveh* In Marston's
Courtesan iii* i, 4 ** motions ** are mentioned : 4i Nine-
veh, Julius Csesar, Jonas, or the destruction of J/r
In Jonson's BarthoL v. i, Leatherhead says of his
puppet-plays: " J. was a stately thing and so was Nine-
veh." In Henslowe's Diary, mention is made of a play
called /., acted in 1591.

References to subsequent History, including the Crusades.
In Massinger's Actor iii* i, Julia says of Domitian : 4t The
legions that sacked J. under my father Titus are sworn
his." In KJ. ii* i, 378, the Bastard advises John and
Philip, " Do like the mutines of J*, Be friends awhile and
both conjointly bend Your sharpest deeds of malice on
this town." At the siege of J. by Titus A*D* 70, the 3
parties amongst the Jews sank their mutual animosities*
Shakespeare may have got his information from Mor-
wyn's translation of Ben Gorton's History (1575). In Da-
venant's Plymouth i. i, Cable complains: *' This town is "
dearer than J. after a year's siege/' The sufferings of
the Jews from famine towards the close of the siege were
frightful* In T* Heywood's Prentices, the siege of 1099
is described/ and the coats-of-anns of the Lond. City
Companies are said to have been emblazoned on the
shields of the Crusaders. In Massinger's Renegado v. i,
Francisco speaks of the " knights that in the Holy Land
Fought for the freedom of J." In Peele's Ed. I i. i . the
Queen-mother says, " Now comes lovely Edward from
J/' Prince Edward went crusading in 1271* In H4 A.
i. i, 102, Henry says, ** We must awhile neglect Our
holy purpose to J*" His pious intention was never ful-
filled* Though Saladin took J* in 1187, the Kings of J.
still maintained some show of authority in Palestine :
the daughter of the last of them, John di Brenn, married
Frederick of Naples, and he and his successors assumed
the title* So, in H6 A* v* 5, 40, Reignier, the father of
Margaret of Anjou, is entitled '* K* of Naples and J*" ;

JERUSALEM CHAMBER

and in H6 C* v» 7, 39, Clarence says that ** Reignier to
the K* pf France hath pawned The Sicils and J*" for
the ransom of Margaret, He sold Naples, the two Sicilies,
and Provence to Louis XI for 50,000 crowns for this
purpose : no doubt his titular claim to J* was included,
but it was not worth much* In Marlowe's Tomb. B* ii* i,
Frederic speaks of Orcanes of Natolia having gone to
help " the Kings of Soria [£*e* Tyre] and J." against
Tamburlaine : there was no king at this time.

The Order of the Knights of St* John of J* began
with a small hospital dedicated to John the Baptist and
erected in J. in 1048 for poor pilgrims* In 1113 the
Order received the sanction of the Pope, Pascal II, and
rapidly grew in power and influence, adding to its
ministration to the sick the duty of fighting against the
Infidel* Being expelled from Palestine, they first went
to Cyprus in 1291 ; and in 1310 conquered Rhodes,
which they held till 1523, when Solyman drove them
out* They then went to Malta, which was granted to
them by Charles V in 1530* The badge of the Order
was a white Maltese cross, and it has received a new
interest from its adoption by the modern St* John
Ambulance societies* In B* & F* Malta i. 3, Gomera
addresses Valetta: "Great-Master of J/s Hospital From
whence to Rhodes this blest fraternity Was driven, but
now among the Maltese stands *' ; and in iii. 3, he calls
it an order " Which princes through all dangers have
been proud To fetch as far as from J."

Pilgrimages to J. were frequent all through the Middle
Ages, and the pilgrims received in many cases a J* mark,
consisting of a cross tattooed on their arms or bodies*
Chaucer's Wife of Bath had been thrice at J, (C* T* A*
463). The Palmer, in J. Heywood's Four PP* i, boasts,
44 At Hierusalem have I been Before Christ's blessed
sepulchre*" In Marlowe's Jew iv. i, Barabas professes
to the Friars his willingness ** To fast, to pray, and wear
a shirt of hair, And on my knees creep to J./7 as penance
for his sins* In Massinger's Guardian iv. i, when Calista
protests against her abduction, Duraszo says, ** There
are a shoal of young wenches would vow a pilgrimage
beyond J* to be so cheated/' In T* Heywood's Traveller
L if Geraldine says, ** I have seen J* and Rome, have
brought Mark from the one, from the other Testimony.7'
In The Gamester i* i, Wilding says he " would undertake
to go a pilgrimage to J*, and return, sooner " than ask
his wife's consent to his intrigue with Penelope* In
Dekker's If It Be 285, the Pilgrim says, " We pilgrims
to J. bound this night desire repose*" In B* & F* Malta
v* 2, Gomera vows ** to tread a pilgrimage To fair J*
for my lady's soul*" Travellers without the motive of a
pilgrimage visited J* In Middleton's No Wit iii* i,
Pickadill says, " There's a brave travelling scholar, one
that has been all the world over, and some part of J*"
In Jonson's Case i* i, Valentine, returning from his
travels, admits to having seen 44 J* and the Indies and
Goodwin Sands, and the tower of Babylon and Venice*'*'
It was a long journey : hence when, in Juggler 36, Dame
Coy says ** A more fool is not from hence to J,," she
means in the whole world* In Trag. Richd. II iii* 3, 80,
tiie Butcher, terrified by the K/s exactions, says, ** I
would my wife and children were at J* with all the
*

Hie Mt, of Olives stands E* of the city* In Dekker's
Babylm L i, the Empress speaks of ** sons and daughters
that Like olives nursed up by J* Heightened our glories*"
There is probably a reminiscence of Psalm cxxviii 3:
44 Thy children [shall be] like olive plants round about
thy table/" Owing to the Jewish idea that the kingdom
of the Messiah was to be marked by the descent of a new

284

JESUS COLLEGE, OXFORD

J* from heaven, and the adoption of this idea by the
author of the book of Revelation (c* xxi), J* came to be
used for Heaven* In H6 C* v* 5, 7, when Somerset is
ordered off to execution, Margaret says, ** So part we
sadly in this troublous world, To meet with joy in sweet
J/' The parson in Chaucer's C* T* L 51, undertakes to
show his hearers the way 44 Of thflke parfit, glorious
pilgrymage that highte J* celestial*" In Yarrington's
Two Trag. L 2, Pandino says, " We do await The blessed
hour when it shall please the Lord To take us to the just
J*" In Devonshire iv* 2, the Friar says to Dick, who has
been condemned to death, " We come to set your feet
on the right way To Palestine, the New J*"

Drayton, in Eng. Helicon (1614), p*44, says, "Bedeck
our Beta * * * With cowslips of J/' This flower is the
Lungwort (Pulmonaria Officinalis)* T* Robinson, in
Mary Magdalene (1620), 324, commends "couslips of
Hierusalem so nice*"

J* Artichoke has really nothing to do with J*, but is a
corruption of the Italian ** Girasole Artiaocco," or Sun-
flower Artichoke* It was introduced into Europe in
1617* In H. Shirley's Mart. Soldier v* i, the Clown says,
44 These Christians are like artichokes of J* : they over-
run any ground they grow in*" In Mayne's Match ii* i,
Dorcas says, 44 The price of sprats, J* artichokes, and
Holland cheese is very much increased, so that the
brethren can't live in their vocation*"
JERUSALEM CHAMBER* A hall at the W* front of
Westminster Abbey, leading S* to the Deanery* It was
built by Abbot Littlington towards the end of the i4th
cent., and was probably the Hall of the Deanery* Three
inscriptions run round the fireplace : " O pray for the
peace of J." ; " Build thou the walls of J*," and " J*
which is above is free*" Hence the name* It is used as
the Chapter House of the Abbey, and the Revision of the
Bible in 1870 was made within its walls* Henry IV died
there. In H4 B* iv* 5, 234, the K* is told that the room
where he swooned is called J*, and says, ** Laud be to
God ! even there my life must end* It hath been pro-
phesied to me many years I should not die but in J* ;
Which vainly I supposed the Holy Land ; But bear me
to that chamber ; there I'll He ; In that J* shall Harry
die."
JESSEN* SeeGosHEN*

JESUS COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE* University of Cam-
bridge, originally a Priory of Nuns of the Benedictine
Order* It was dissolved by Henry VII in 1496 and
handed over to John Alcock, Bp*of Ely, to be converted
into a College. It got its name from the chapel of
the Priory* which was dedicated to the name of J* It
stands in J* Close, between J* Lane and the Cam* A
J* College MS* mentions the production of 44Club Law
fabula festivissima " at Clare Hall in 1599-1600*

JESUS COLLEGE, OXFORD* University of Oxford,
situated at the comer of Turl St. and Market St., oppo-
site Exeter College* It was founded by Hugh ap Rice
in 1571, and refounded by Sir Leoline Jenkins, another
Welshman, in 1660* Most of the Principals have been
Welsh, and so have many of the students* In The Puri-
tan L 2, Pyeboard gives an account of his career at Ox-
ford : ** I have been matriculated in the University,
wore out 6 gowns there, seen some fools and some
scholars, some of the city and some of the country,
kept order, went bare-headed over the quadrangle, eat
my commons with a good stomach, and battled with
discretion ; at last I was expelled the University only
for stealing a cheese out of J* College/* The Welshfond-
ness for cheese is a common jest with our dramatists (see

JESUS GATE and STREET

tinder WALES)* In Dekker's Northward iv* i, Capt*
Jenkin, a Welshman, says, ** I ha' picked up my cromes
in Sesus [sic] College/*

JESUS GATE and STREET. In Whetstone's Promos B*
i* 4, Phallax, arranging for a City Pageant in the town of
Julio, says, " On J. G* the 4 virtues I trow Appointed
are to stand/' In scene 6, one of the men, ** apparelled
like green men at the Mayor feast," says that they are
waiting ** In J* st. to keep a passage clear That the K*
and his train may pass with ease/' The whole scene is a
Lond* one, and as the K* would come to the City from
Westminster, Ludgate is probably meant by J* G., and
Ludgate Hill or Cheapside by J, St* See ST* ANNE'S
CROSS.

JEW (Jh* = Jewish), Lat* Judaeus, Properly a member
of the tribe of Judah, but since after the Babylonish
Exile Judah was the only tribe that returned to Palestine
in any large numbers, J* came to be synonymous with
Hebrew* During the ist cent* AJD* Christian writers
used J. for an opponent of Christ, as, for example, in
St. John's Gospel, and so the word took on an oppro-
brious connotation* During the Middle Ages the Js»
were largely engaged in money-lending, and J* came to
mean a money-lender, a usurer, with the added sug-
gestion of craft and unscrupulousness* From the nth
to the I5th cents* the Js* were treated with abominable
cruelty in all parts of Europe* They were subject to
violent extortion by the Kings ; they were tortured and
burnt by the Ch*, especially in France and Spain ; in
the Anglican Liturgy (Collect for Good Friday) they are
classed with Turks, Infidels, and Heretics ; they were
charged with unnatural crimes, especially with the
ritual murder of children, as in Chaucer's story told by
the Prioress and the popular legend of Hugh of Lincoln ;
they were expelled from England in 1390, from France
in 1307, from Spain in 1493* In Germany and Italy
they were confined to certain quarters of the cities, called
Ghettos, and were compelled to wear the distinctive
yellow gaberdine. It was not till the reign of Charles II
that they obtained legal recognition in England, and
only in 1858 was the last disability removed and Js*
permitted to sit in Parliament*

The word used as a National Name without any
Offensive Connotation* The Pardoner, in Chaucer's
C* 2** C* 351, says that he has among his relics ** a
sholder boon Which that was of an hooly Jewes sheep " :
probably he means a J* before the time of Christ* So
the Merchant (E* 3377) calls Solomon " this J*" In
Merch. ii* 3, n, Launcelot calls Jessica " Most beautiful
pagan, most sweet J/' In Marlowe's Jew ii* 3, Barabas
says, ** As sure as heaven rained manna for the js*, So
sure * * * shall he die/' In Merch. iii* i, 61, Shylock
says, ** I am a J* Hath not a J* eyes ** Hath not a J*
hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections, passions i
fed with the same food, hurt with the same weapons,
subject to the same diseases, healed by the same means,
warmed and cooled by the same winter and summer, as
a Christian is $"' Heming's Jewes Trag. relates the story
of the taking of Jerusalem by Titus in A*D* 70* Milton,
P* JR* iii: 358, speaks of " Samaritan or J/'

Jew as opposed to Gentile. In Merch. ii* 6, 51, Gratiano
says of Jessica: " She is a Gentile and no J*" In Jero-
7217720, the Epilogue says, ** Good night, kind gentles,
for I hope there's never a J* among you all/' The same
pun is intended in Merck. L 3, 178, where Antonio says
to Shylock, " Hie thee, gentle J/' Milton, P* R. iii*
118, says that God demands glory ** Promiscuous from
all nations,!*, or Greek, Or Barbarous/' In Sharpham's

385

JEW

Fleire ii* 331, when Sparke enteres with "Save ye,
Gentles/' Ruffel says, " Then we are enemies to the
Jewes*"

Jewish Abstinence from Pork. In Merch. L 3, 34, Shy-
lock, asked to dinner by Bassanio, says, " Yes, to smell
pork ; to eat of the habitation which your prophet the
Nasarite conjured the devil into " (see Matthew viii* 28).
In iii* 5, 39, Jessica says, " In converting Js* to Christians
you raise the price of pork*" In Day's ParL Bees x*,
Impotens says, ** This J*, though he will eat no pork,
eats bees." In Jonson's Ev. Man O* v* 4, Carlo says of
pork: " No marvel though that saucy, stubborn genera-
tion, the Js*, were forbidden it ; for what would they har
done, well pampered with fat pork, that durst murmur
at their Maker out of garlic and onions i " In Dave-
nant's Wits L 2, the elder Palatine will not give the
younger " so much as will find a J* bacon to his eggs,"
z*e* nothing at all* In Webster's Malfi iii* 2, an officer
says, ** He could not abide to see a pig's head gaping ;
I thought your Grace would find him a J*" In B* & F*
Prophetess i* 3, Geta, who is carrying the body of a huge
boar, says, " I shall turn J* if I carry many such bur-
dens*" In their Prize L 2, Livia, when Rowland says
** If wealth may win you," replies scornfully, ** If a hog
may be High-priest among the Js*"

Jewish Distinctive Dress. In Merch. L 3,113* Shylock
says, ** You spit upon my Jh* gaberdine*" The Gaber-
dine was a loose upper garment* In T* Heywood's
Lucrece iii* 5, Valerius sings* ** Some like breechless
women go — The Russ, Turk, J*, and Grecian/' In
B* & F* Custom ii* 3, Rutilio, seeing 2, men approaching,
says, 4t One, by his habit, is a J*" In Glapthorne's
Hollander iii* i, Sconce says, ** The Js* at Rome Wear
party-coloured garments, to be known From Christians*"

Jew used with a general Opprobrious Connotation. In
Chaucer, C* T* B* 1749, the Prioress says that Satan
** hath in Jewes herte his waspes nest," and throughout
the tale they are called " cursed Jewes*" In Two Gent.
ii* 5, 58, Launce says to Speed, " Go with me to the ale-
house ; if not, thou art an Hebrew, a J*, and not worth
the name of a Christian*" In Merch. ii* a, 119, Launce-
lot says, " I am a J* if I serve the J. any longer*" In ii* 8,
4, Salanio calls Shylock " the villain J*," and in 14,
" the dog J*" In Ado ii* 3, 372, Benedick says, ** If I
do not love her, I am a J*" In Merch. ii* a, 112* Launce-
lot says, ** My master's a very J*" ; in 34, " The J* is the
very devil incarnal/' In H4 A* ii* 4, 198, Falstaff says,
4 * They were bound, every man of them, or I am a J* else,
an Ebrew J*" Barabas, the hero of Marlowe's Jew f is an
example of every kind of enormity* In Ford's *Tis Pity
iv, 3, Putana says, " Dost think I am a Turk or a J* 4 "
In Middleton's Phoenix OL i, Falso says, " If men be Js**
Justices must be cruel." In Day's B* Beggar ii*, Strowd
says, " I'll meet thee, else call me J*" In Massinger's
Madam v* 2, Luke says, ** I am styled a cormorant, a
cut-throat J*" In Brome's Moor iii* 3, Arnold brings
word " the old J* Quicksands Has lost his wife*" Cam-
pion, in Book of Airs (1617) iii*, says, " Safer may we
credit give To a faithless wandering J*"

Jew as an Unbeliever. In Piers C* xx* 96, Faith " gan
foully the false lewes to despisen/* In C* xxii* 34, he
says, " The luwes that weren gentel-men, lesu thei dis-
piseden, Both hus lore and hus lawe, now aren thei lowe
cheorles/' " Liver of blaspheming J/' is one of the in-
gredients of the witches' cauldron in Macbeth iv* i, 26*
In FulwelTs Like iii* 336, Virtuous Living says, " O
gracious God, how highly art Thou of all men to be
praised, of Christians, Saracens, Js*, and also Turks*"
In Ingelond's Disobedient 82, the devil says, " O all the

JEW

Js. and all the Turks, in the end they fly hither [Le. to (
hell] all and some/* In Goosecap v. i, Rudesby says to
Hippoiita, ** If the sun of thy beauty do not white me
like a shippard's holland, I am a J. to my Creator/' In
Wapull Tarrieth G. 4, Faithful Few says, " The Jh.
infidel to God doth more agree Than such as Christianity
do so misuse" : a rare sentiment in those days. It was
believed that a Jew who mocked at our Lord on His way
to the Cross was condemned to live until Has Second
Coming, and meanwhile to wander through the world.
Taylor, in Life of Parr (1635), p. 214. says, "John
Buttadeus, if report be true, Is his name that is styled
the Wand'ring J/'

Jews as Moneylenders and Usurers, In Pzers C. v* 194,
Reason speaks of " Lumbardes of Lukes that lyven by
lone as lewes/' Shylock* in Merck., is a typical money-
lender, and in L 3, 70, defends his taking of interest by
the example of Jacob's dealings with Laban. In Mar-
mion's Companion it. 4, Careless says to Emilia, ** Thy
father is an usurer, a J/* Nash, in T^z7to;zK*2,says/*All
Js. are covetous/* In Wise Men iii. 3, Hermito says,
44 Usury was wont to be a thing odious among Christians
and used by none but Js/* Jh. moneylenders occur in
Wilson's Three Ladies, Daborne's Christian Turned
Turk, and Rowley's Three English Brothers. Dekker, in
Seven Sins vi. 40, speaks of ** brokers that shave poor
men by most Jh. interest/* In Brome's Antipodes iii. 4,
Lefoy says, "Usury goes round the world, and will do
till the general conversion of the Js/* In Shirley's Bird
iL 2, Rolliardo says, " I heard a pound of flesh, a J's. de-
mand once " : the reference being to Shylock's bond in
Merck. In Middleton's R. G. iii. 3, Curtlax says that
Dapper is ** as damned a usurer as ever was among Js/'
Heylyn (s.i;. PALESTINE) says of the Js,: " They are now
accounted a perjurious vagabond nation, and great
usurers/*

Jews as Implacable and Cruel* In Merch* iv* i, 80,
Antonio says, '* You may as well do anything most hard
As seek to soften that — than which what's harder < —
His Jh* heart/' In Two Gent* ii. 3, 12, Launce says, ** A
J. would have wept to see our parting/* In Marlowe's
Jew iu 3, Barabas says, " We Js. can fawn like spaniels
when we please ; And when we grin we bite*" In iii. 3,
Abigail says, ** I perceive there is no pity in Js/* In
B. & F. Custom ii* 3, Rtitflio says to Zabulon, " That
you'll help us We dare not hope, because you are a J. ;
And courtesies come sooner from the devil Than any
of your nation." In Day's Travails (Bullen, p. 55),
Zariph says, ** Zariph is a J*, A crucifying hangman,
trained in sin, One that would hang his brother for
his skin."

Jews as Experts in the use of Poisonous Drugs. In Mar-
ston's Malcontent v* 3, when Mendozo asks Malevole,
** Canst thou empoison < " he replies, 4t Excellently ;
no J., 'pothecary, or politician better." In Massinger's
Milan v* a, Francisco, disguised as " a J. doctor,"
poisons the lips of the dead Marcelia, and so kills Sforza
when he kisses her. In B. & F. Wife iv. i, Sorano says
he got the drug with which he intends to poison Al-
phonso from ** A J., an honest and a rare physician."
In Selinms 1684, Selimus says, " Baiazet hath with him
a ctinfling J*, Professing physic, and so skilled therein As
if he had powder over life and death ; Withal a man so
stout and resolute That he will venture any thing for
gold," This J. poisons Baiaset and himself at the same
time. In Webster's Law Case iii. 2, Romelio appears
disguised as a J., in order to murder Contarion, and he
swears to give the surgeons 10,000 ducats "by my
Jewism."

286

JEW

Jews as Old Clothes Dealers. In Ev. Worn. L iv, i,
the City Wife says, *' You may hire a good suit at a J/s
or at a broker's/'

Jew's Ear. Properly Judas's Ear, ** auricula Judae/*
a fungus growing on the trunk of trees, especially on the
elder, on which Judas is said to have hanged himself.
In T. Heywood's Witches iii., it is said, " All the
sallets are turned to Jewes-ears." In Nabbes* Totenham
iii, 6, Slip says, ** If I find them not, count me no wiser
than an apothecary that looked for Jewes ears on an old
pillory."

Jew's Eye. Used proverbially for anything very
precious. Probably there is a kind of pun on jewel. In
Merch. ii. 5, 43, Launcelot says to Jessica, *4 There will
come a Christian by, will be worth a Jewes eye." Jewes
is the gen. sing., not = Jewess.

Jewish care about Genealogies, as Evidenced in Bk. of
Chronicles, etc* In Davenant's Italian iii. 2, Florello
says, " I'm an old J. at genealogies,"

Jew as a term of endearment : probably with a sort of
punning reference to Jewel In L. L. L. iii, i, 136, Cos-
tard calls Moth 4t My sweet ounce of man's flesh J My
incony J. J " In M. N. D. iii. i, 97, Flute, as Thisbe,
calls Pyramus, ""Most brisky Juvenal and eke most
lovely J."

Wealth of the Jews. In Marlowe's Jew i. i, Barabas
tells of his great wealth, and adds : " Rather had I, a J*,
be hated thus i nan pitied in a Christian poverty/'

Persecution of the Jews* In Chapman's Alphonsus v. i,
471, Edward says, " I would adjudge the villain to be
hanged As here the Js, are hanged in Germany/* The
custom was to hang Js. up by the feet between 2 savage
dogs. In H. Shirley's Mart. Soldier iv. 3, the Clown
says ** a J. burns pretty well ; but he burns upward :
the fire takes him by the nose first."

Jews as Murderers of Children* See Chaucer's Prioress*
Tale. In Marlowe's Jew iii. 6, Jacomo asks of Barabas :
" Has he crucified a child £ " And Barnadine answers,
" No, but a worse thing."

Jews as Sweaters of the Currency. In 1230 Js. had to
pay J of their movable property for their alleged clipping
of the coin of the realm. In Piers C. vii. 241, Avarice
confesses, ** Ich lerned of Jewes To weie pans with a
peis, and pared the hevyeste."

Jews as Magicians, Fortune-tellers, and Astrologers. In
Marston's Malcontent v. i, Maquerelle says, " A Chal-
dean or an Assyrian, I am sure 'twas a most sweet J*
told me * court any woman in the right sign, you shall
not miiss/ "

Jew's Harp, or JewTs Trump. A musical instrument
consisting of a flexible metal tongue in a lyre-shaped
frame. It is held between the teeth, and the note is pro-
duced by striking the tongue with the finger and varying
the size of the resonant cavity of the mouth. It is not
clear why it was so called. The suggestion that it is a
corruption of Jaws* Harp cannot be sustained. In Lyly's '
Campaspe ii. i, Psyllus, listening to the quarrel between
Diogenes and Manes, says, " O sweet consent between a
crowd [Le. hurdy-gurdy] and a J/s harp I " In B. & F*
Span. Cur. iv. 5, Diego, mocking his expectant heirs,
says, " I do bequeathe ye commodities of pins . . *
ginger-bread, and Js.-trumps." In their Hum. Lieut, v*
2, the Lieut. ** has made a thousand rhymes and plays
the burden to 'em on a J/s-trump." In their Captain ii*
2, Jacomo says, ** I had rather hear a J/s-trump than
these tees/* In Shirley's Opportunity iv. i, As^anio
says, "Pimpinio has a great ambition to challenge
Orpheus to play with him on any instrument from the
organ to the J/s trump." In B. & F, Lover's Prog. i. i,

JEWIN STREET

Leon mentions among Malfort's qualities for charming
a lady, " playing on a gittern or a J/s trump/* In East-
ward ii* 2, Quicksilver says of Security, the usurer: " O
'tis a notable Jews-trump i I hope to live to see dog's
meat made of the old usurer's flesh*" In Dekker's
// it be 288, Brisco has collected a band including
** whole swarms of Welsh harps, Irish bagpipes, Js/
trumps, and French kitts."

JEWIN STREET* Lond., running E* from Aldersgate
St. to the junction of Red Cross St* and Gore St* It has
its name from its being the only place of interment
allowed to be used by the Jews in Lond. for a consider-
able time* Stow describes it as full of " fair garden plots
and summer-houses for pleasure "; and Howell,in 1657,
says it was " a handsome new St., fairly built by the
Company of Goldsmiths." Here John Milton lived
from 1660 to 1664.

JEWRY (= JUDAEA)* The land of the Jews ; sometimes, as
in the first 2 quotations, used for Palestine as a whole*
In Greene and Lodge's Looking Glass i. i, 24, Rasni
boasts* " Great J*'s God that foiled stout Benhadad,
Could not rebate the strength that Rasni brought*" In
v* 4, 2120. Adam, who is annoyed at having to fast, says,
** Well, goodman Jonas, I would you had never come
from J* to this country*" In Candlemas, p. 10, Herod is
called, ** My Lord of all Jurye*" In M* W. W. ii* i, 20,
Mrs* Page exclaims, after reading Falstaff's letter,
" What a Herod of J. is this ! " Herod was the villain of
the Mystery Plays* In H$ iii. 3, 40, Henry says, " The
mad mothers with their howls confused Do break the
clouds, as did the wives of J* At Herod's bloody-hunting
slaughtermen*" This again is a reminiscence of the
Mystery Plays* In Ant. i* 2, 28, Charmian says, " Let
me have a child to whom Herod of J* may do homage/'
In iii* 3, 3, Alexas says to Cleopatra, " Herod of J* dare
not look upon you But when you are well pleased**' In
iii* 6, 73, Caesar mentions ** Herod of J*" amongst
Antony's allies* In iv* 6, 12, Enobarbus says, " Alexas
did revolt ; and went to J* in Affairs of Antonv*" In
R2 ii. i, 55, Gaunt speaks of " The sepulchre in stub-
born J* Of the world's ransom, blessed Mary's son."
In Three Ladies i*, Love says, " For lucre men come
from Italy, Barbary, Turkey, from J*" In Mariam iv* 3,
Herod says to Mariam, " Art thou not Juries Queen s1 "
In True Trag., p. 128, it is said of Q. Elizabeth:
** Babies in Jury sound her princely name*" In Tiberius
151, Asinius speaks of ** The palms of Jury*" Hall, in
Satires iv* 3, says, " The palm doth rifely rise in Jury
field*" J* is also used as a name for the Ghettos, or Jews'
quarters, in the various cities of Europe. Hash, in
Wilton,, says, " All, whether male or female, belonging
to the old J* [at Rome] should depart*" See for the
London Jews* quarters under OLD JEWRY*

JHERUSALEM (see JERUSALEM). The spelling is due to
an attempt to combine the normal spelling with Hiero-
solima*

JOAN'S (Sr*)* See JOHN'S (ST.), PRIORY OF*

JOHN (Si,) EVANGELIST* A bookseller's sign in Fleet
St*, Lond*, opposite the Conduit* John Butler, assistant
to Wynkyn de Worde, set up a printing office here*
Here Thomas Colwell printed at this sign Phillips'
Grissil, Darius (1565), and Gurton (1575)* Wapull's
Tarrieth was " Imprinted in Fleete-streate beneath the
Conduite at the sign of Saynt J. E* by Hugh Jackson*
1576*"

JOHN (St*) LATERAN (SAN GIOVANNI IN LATERANO).
The famous ch* in Rome, at the S.E* corner of the city,
in the Piazza di Porta San Giovanni at the E* end of the

JOHN'S (St.) COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE

Via di San Giovanni in Laterano* It occupies the site of
the house of Plautius Lateranus, who was put to death
by Nero* Constantine gave it to the Pope as his epis-
copal residence, and founded the ch., helping to dig the
foundations with his own hands* The Lateran Palace
remained the residence of the Popes until the Baby-
lonian Captivity (1309)* An inscription on the entrance
styles it ** Omnium Urbis et Orbis Ecclesiarum Mater
et Caput*" Its chapter still takes precedence of that of
St* Peter, and here the Pope is crowned. In Barnes'
Charter iii* i, Astor says, *4 I was now going to our
Lady's Mass In St* J. L*" In Tarlton's News, we read :
" It was Pope Joan, that honest woman, that as she went
in procession through the Lataran was brought to be4
in the streets."

JOHN (ST.) STREET* Lond*, running N* from W.
Smithfield to Clerkenwell Rd., and continuing thence
as St* J* Street Rd* to the Angel at Islington* It was the
main road from the City for travellers to the north* At
No* 16 is still to be found the Cross Keys Tavern, on
the E. side of the st* ; further on is Red Bull Yard, whicfc
marks the site of the Red Bull Playhouse, q.v. Hicks'
Hall, the sessions house of the County of Middlesex^
from which the milestones on the Gt. North Rd. were
measured, was near the entrance of St. J/s Lane : it
was built in 1612 and pulled down in 1783 J the site is
marked by a mural tablet. The name of the street was
derived from the neighbouring Priory of St* J* In Barry's
Ram iv*, Beard says, ** I now will trudge to St* J*-st. to
inform the Lady SommerSeld where thou art*" Taylor,
in Carrier's Cosmographief says, ** The carrier of Dain-
tree doth lodge every Friday night at the Cross Keys in
St* J/s st*" Webster, in Monuments, speaks of ** the now
demolished house " of the Knights of St* J* of Jerusalem
44 in St. J/s St*"

JOHN'S (ST*) CATHEDRAL* The cathedral ch. of the
Knights of St* John of Jerusalem at Malta* It was built
in 1580 by John de la Cassiere, the Grand Master. It
contains many tombs of the Grand Masters and Knights
of the Order. In B. & F* Malta iv* i, Orana, having re-
ceived a sleeping potion, like Juliet, ** is buried in her
family's monument in the temple of St. John."
JOHN'S, ST., CHESTER* An ancient ch. in the S.E.
corner of the city, near the Dee. It is Norman in style,
and was for a time used as the cathedral during the nth
cent* In Munday's John Kent i., Chester says, " At St,
J* shall be solemnized the nuptials of your Honors and
these virgins ; for to that ch. Edgar, once England's k*,
was by 8 kings rowed royally on St* John Baptist day/'
JOHN'S (ST.) COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE. Founded by
the Lady Margaret, Countess of Richmond, in 151 1, on
the site of a priory of St. John the Evangelist dissolved
in the 2nd year of Henry VIII* The 2nd court was
built mainly by Mary, Countess of Shrewsbury, 1599-*.
1603* The College stands between St. J* St* and the
river, next to Trinity. St* J* plays a distinguished part
in the history of the English drama. John Bale was one
of its earliest students* Robert Greene took his degree
there in 1578* Thomas Nash graduated there in 1585,
but was sent down for some act of insubordination : it
is said for refusing to act in a play Terminus et non.
Terminus* He bore no malice, however, for in his Lenten,
p. 308, he says of Roger Ascham : 4* He was a St* J* man
in Cambridge, in which house I once took up my inn for
7 years together lacking a quarter, and yet love it still,,
for it is, and ever was, the sweetest nurse of knowledge in
all that University*" Ben Jonson is said to have been at.
St* J*, but the evidence is far from conclusive*

JOHN'S (St.) COLLEGE, OXFORD

Amongst plays produced at St. John's are Thomas
Legge's Ricardus Tertius (1573, etc*) ; the Plutus of
Aristophanes, in Greek (i536)--(the earliest definite re-
cord of a performance in Cambridge) ; Thomas Wat-
son's Absolom (circ* 1545) ; Abraham Fraunce's Vic-
toria (1575) ; Hymen&us (1578-9) ; SUvonus (1597) ;
Machiavellus (1597) ; Terminus et non Terminus (1586) ;
Edward Cecil's Mmttia (1615); and, most noteworthy of
all, the Pernassus Trilogy (1598-1601)* In Cowley's
Cutter iv. 4, Truman says, " I'll send for my son Tom
from St. J. Cambridge ; he's a pretty scholar/' As this
play was first performed at Cambridge, under the name
of The Guardian, no doubt it is the Cambridge St* J*
that is meant*

JOHN'S (ST.) COLLEGE, OXFORD* Founded by Sir
Thomas White in 1557, on the site of the older St*
Bernard's College, a Cistercian foundation which was
dissolved as a monastic establishment by Henry VIII*
The tower and gateway and the ist quadrangle date
from this time* The College stands in St* Giles St*,
next above Trinity, on the E* side of the street* James
Shirley was a student at St* J*, though he graduated
later at Cambridge* St* J* took a leading part in the
dramatic activities of the University* Here were pro-
duced Narcissus (1602-3), ^d* in conjunction with
Christ Ch*,a series of plays on the occasion of the visit
of James I in 1605* Amongst them were Alba, Ajax
Flaggelifer, Matthew Gwinne's Vertumnusf Daniel's
Quern's Arcadiaf and an open-air interlude on the lines
of the witches' prophecy in Macbeth, which may have
suggested the treatment of the subject by Shakespeare
the next year* The MS* of Griffin Higg's True Relation,
etc*f of Thomas Tucker is preserved in the College
Library, and gives an account of the plays produced in
1607-8, amongst which were Philomela, Time's Com-
plaint, Seven Days of the Week, Philomathes, and Ira
seu Tumulus Fortunae. George Wilde's Love's Hospital
was produced at Laud's expense on the visit of Charles I
in 1636*

JOHN'S (ST*) HEAD* Sign of a tavern in Lend* in St*
Martyn's Lane, Aldersgate* In Glapthome's Wit v* i,
Busie says, ** You shall with me to the St, J*H*; there
is a cup of pure Canary*"

JOHN'S (ST*), PRIORY OF* The Priory of St* John of
Jerusalem in Clerkenwell, founded in noo by Jordan
Briset foe the Knights Hospitallers, and endowed with
the revenues of the Knights Templars when that Order
was dissolved in 1334* It stood on what is now St* J*
Square, and St* J. Gate was the gate-house of the Priory*
The Order was very wealthy, and its Prior was Primus
Baro Angliae. It was suppressed in 1541, and the build-
ings passed to the Crown* They were bequeathed by
Henry VIII to the Lady Mary, afterwards Q., but in the
reign of Edward VI Somerset got hold of them and blew
a large part up with gunpowder in order to use the stones
for his new mansion in the Strand* The Gatehouse has
now returned to its original owners, and is the head
office of the St* John Ambulance Association* In Bale's
Laws iv*, Infidelity has a pardon in his sleeve " from St*
J* Friary/' In Straw iii., the Mayor says, " The rebels
are defacing houses of faostelity, St* J. in Smithfield,
the Savoy, and such like*" The reference is to the pre-
ceptery of the Priory, which was burnt by the rabble of
Wat Tyler and Jack Straw* The ch* of St* John
Clerkenwell, in St* J* Square, occupies its site, and in
the foundations are some of the stones of the original ch*
It is not exactly in Smithfield, but a little way North*
In Day's B* Beggar i*, Cardinal Beaufort says, " Gloster,
thou wrong'st me, withold'st St* Johnses ; Look to 't ;

288

JORDAN

for fear when I get entry I pull not down the Castle o'er
thine ears*" Gloster replies, ** Cardinal, to spite thee
I'll keep Elinor, And wed her in St* Johnses*" Later the
Cardinal threatens, ** I'll rouse you and your minions
Out of St* Johnses ere a week be spent*" The reference
appears to be to the Priory* The dist* round the Priory
was called St* J* In Look about v*, Skink, who is
wanted by the police, complains, " There's a rogue in a
red cap, he's run from St* J* after me*" In Middieton's
Mad World iii* 2, the Courtezan, supposed to be dying,
sends her commendations ** to all my good cousins in
Clerkenweil and St* J." The neighbourhood had a
bad reputation* In Randolph's Muses iv* 3, Plus brings
before the magistrate " a gentlewoman of St* Joans, is
charged with dishonesty*"

JOHN'S (ST*) WOOD (formerly GREAT ST* J* WOOD)*
A wood lying W* of Regent's Park, Lond., belonging to
the Priors of the Hospital of St* John of Jerusalem* On
the suppression of the Priory in 1541 it fell into the
possession of the Crown, and was used as a hunting-
ground* During the last 100 years it has become a
populous residential suburb, specially affected by artists*
In Jonson's Tub ii. i, Hilts says, 44 My capt* and myself
* * * at the corner of St* J* Wood, Some mile W* o'
this town [z*e* Pancras] were set upon By a sort of country
fellows that not only Beat us, but robbed us most
sufficiently*" In Jonson's Magnetic v* 5, Sir Moth tells
of a poor squire that would walk in his sleep ** to St* J*
Wood And Waltham Forest, scape by all the ponds And
ditches in the way*"

JOPPA (now JAFFA)* A spt. on the coast of Palestine, 30 m*
N.W* of Jerusalem, of which it is the port* The harbour
is little more than an open roadstead, but as there is no
other S. of the Bay of Acre it has always been the usual
outlet from S* Palestine* In Greene and Lodge's Look-
ing Glass iii* i, 956, Jonas says, ** My mind misgives ;
to J. will I fly, And for a while to Tharsus shape my
course " (see Jonah i* 3)* In Downfall Huntington ii* i,
Prince John says, " Here are letters from His Majesty
Sent out of J* in the Holy Land*" Richd* I recovered J*
from Saladin in 1191* In Bacchus, the iith guest was
** a Jew born in J* ; he had to name Christopher Crab-
face, a man famous in astrology/'

JORDAN* R* in Palestine running S* from Lake Huleh,
through the Sea of Galilee, into the Dead Sea. In it our
Lord was baptised. In Bale's Promises vii*, Pater
Codestis says to John the Baptist, " Thou shalt wash him
[Jesus] among them in J., a flood not far from Jerusa-
lem." La Peele's Bethsabe iii. 3, Cusay advises Davip
** To pass the river J* presently*" In Harrowing of Hell
106, John says, ** Ich am Johan That thee followed in
flumj." In YorkM* P*xxi*54, the Angel says, "My lord
Jesus shall come this day Fro Galylee unto this flood Ye
Jourdane call*" In Spenser, F. Q* i* 2, 30, the Well of
Life " Both Silo * * * and J* did excel*" Milton, P* £*
xfi* 145, mentions ** the double-founted stream J* [as]
the true limit eastward " of the land of Promise. The
allusion is to the idea that the J* was formed by the con-
fluence of 2 streams, the Jor and the Dan J In iii* 535,
more correctly, Paneas is spoken of as " the fount of J/s
flood*" In P, J?. i* 24, it is related how Jesus came from
Nazareth "to the flood J*" to be baptised* In 119,
Satan, in quest of our Lord, ** to the coast of J* * * *
directs his easy steps*" In 329 the scene of the Baptism
is described as ** the ford Of J*" In ii* 25, the disciples
consult " on the bank of J*, by a creek, Where winds with
reeds and osiers whispering play*" In iii* 438, our Lord
recalls how " the Red Sea and J* once he [God] cleft,
When to the Promised Land their fathers passed " (see

JORPATA

Joshua iii,)* The use of J* for a chamber-pot may be de-
rived from its being employed as the name of the bottles
in which pilgrims brought water from the river J,, but
it is not at all certain* In H4 A, ii* i, 22, the carrier com-
plains that the Rochester innkeepers "will allow us
ne'er a j*" In Hf B. ii* 4, 37, Falstaff orders, " Empty
the j*" In Thradan iv* 2, the Clown says, ** Behold your
sweet phisnpmy in the clear streams of the river J.** *
with an obvious double entendre* In a song in Jonson's
Augurs, we have, ** My lady will come with a bowl and a
broom And her handmaid with a jorden*" Earle, in
Microcosmography xiii*, describing a tavern scene, says,
" The Js,, like swelling rivers, overflow their banks*"
J* Almond is probably a corruption of Jardin (Garden)
Almond* In Field's Amends iii* 3, Bold mentions
amongst the ingredients of a night-mask, " J* almonds,
blanched and ground, a quartern*"

JORPATA (£,e, JOTAPATA ; now KHURBET JEFAT), A city
of Galilee, taken by Vespasian A,D, 67 after a fine de-
fence* It lies abt, 20 m* due E* of the promontory of
CarmeL In Heming's Jewes Trag+ 821, Vespasian asks :
" How far are we now from J, i "

JOSAPHAT, VALLEY OF* The ravine between Jeru-
salem and the Mt* of Olives, on the E. and S* sides of the
city* It is often called the Valley of the Kedron, from
the brook that runs down it* From Joel iii* 2, 12, 13, it
was inferred that the Last Judgment would take place
there* It contained several places of interest to pilgrims,
such as the place of the stoning of Stephen, the Garden
of Gethsemane, the pool of Siloam, and the so-called
tomb of Absalom* The ch, of the tomb of the Virgin
marks the traditional site of her assumption, and is just
N* of Gethsemane. In Piers C* xxi* 413, our Lord says
that he will drink no more wine 4* til the vendage [z,e*
vintage] valle in the vale of losaphat, And drynke ryght
rype most [must] resurreccip mortuorum*" The Palmer,
in J* Heywood's Four PP* i,, says, 44 To J* and Olyvete
On foot, God wot, I went right bare*** In York M* P*
xlvi* 97, which describes the appearance of the Virgin to
St* Thomas and her assumption, Thomas says, 44 This
is the Vale of J* in Jury so gent***

JOURDANE* See Jordan,

JUBALTER (= GIBRALTAR, g*v*)* In Marlowe's Tomb.
A* iii* 3, Tamburlaine has a vision of reigning from
Mexico " unto the straits of J." In Tamb. B, i* 3,
Usumcasanes reports, " We kept the narrow strait of J*"

JUDJEA. The S* of the 3 divisions of Palestine in the ist
cent*, lying W* of the Dead Sea* It corresponded
roughly to the territory of the tribes of Judah and
Simeon* In Greene and Lodge's Looking Glass i* I,
Rasni, K* of Assyria, says, " I have made J*'s monarch
flee the field*" This was not true : in the time of Jonah
(i,e* the reign of Jeroboam II in Israel) the Assyrians had
not yet attacked Judah* In Greene's Friar ix*, Bacon
promises Frederick a rich feast, including ** cates of J*"
The passage is corrupt : nothing was imported from
J* except balm, and it has been suggested that we
should read : " balm of J," In Nabbes* Bride iv* i,
Horten says, "Yet we must from Memphis and J*
Fetch balsam, though sophisticate*" In Mariam i* i,
Mariam says, ** Yet had I rather much a milkmaid be
Than be the tnonarch of J*'s queen*** In Candlemas,
p* 18, Miles says to Herod, ** Through Jerusalem and
Jude your will we have wrought*" In York M* P* xvii*
120, the ist K* says of our Lord, ** He shall be k* Of
Jewes and of Jude*" Milton, P* j& ££. 157, speaks of J*
as being reduced under Roman yoke* In S.A+ 252,
Samson relates how " the Philistines; * * *. Eoteired J*,
seeking me*" See Judges xv* 9*

JURY

JUDAH* The 4th son of Jacob and Leah, and the an-
cestor of the tribe of that name* It had assigned to it
on the conquest of Canaan the dist* in S* Syria between
the Dead Sea and the Mediterranean, though it never
succeeded in occupying the coastal dist*, which was held
firmly by the Philistines* After the Babylonish captivity,
the great majority of the returning exiles belonged to the
tribe of J*, and the name Jew came to be equivalent to
Hebrew* In Peek's Bethsabe ii* i, Nathan says to David,
** Thus saith the Lord thy God [I gave thee], J* and
Jerusalem withal," In his Alcazar iii, i, 26, the Legate
says, " His Majesty [the K, of Spain] doth promise to
resign The titles of the Islands of Moloccus That by his
royalty in J* he commands," But we should certainly
read India for J* In King Leirf Has,, p* 376, Leir says to
Cordelia, ** The blessing which the God of Abraham
gave Unto the tribe of J* light on thee " (see Gen., xlix*
9-12)* In York M* P* xii, 114, the Prologue says, " He
[z,e, Jacob] says the sceptre shall not pass Fro Juda land
of Israeli Or he corne that God ordained has*" La
Milton, P* L* i* 457, it is related how ** Ezekiel * * *
surveyed the dark idolatries Of alienated J," (Ezekiel
viii* 14)* In P* R+ ii* 440, David is called ** the shepherd
lad Whose offspring on the throne of J* sat So many
ages*" In 424, it is related how Antipater ** his son
Herod placed on J.'s throne," This was Herod the Gt*,
who was made K* of J* 40 B*c* In iii, 282, it is recalled
how the Babylonians led captive " J* and all thy father
David's house,** In 5*, A. 256, Samson relates how *4 the
men of J*" betrayed him (Judges xv* 9) ; and adds :
44 Had J* that day joined, or one whole tribe, They had
by this possessed the towers of Gath*" In 976, Dalila
expects that her name will be detested *4 In Dan, in J*,
and the bordering tribes," In Nativity Ode 221, it is
said that Osiris " feels from Juda's land The dreaded
infant's hand*" Bethlehem was in J* Juda is one of the
characters in Darius.

JUDE* See JUDJEA*

JUDITH* A bookseller's sign in Lond*, showing J* with
the head of Holofernes in her hand* Skeltpn's Elynour
Rumming was *4 Printed at London by Richard Lant,
for Henry Tab, dwelling in Paul's Churchyard at the
sign of J," (n*d*)*

JULIO (= GYULA), A town in Hungary, 120 m. S,E. of
Buda-Pesth* Heylyn tells how it was betrayed to the
Turks by its governor, Nicolas Keretsken, who was
punished for his perfidy by Selimus by being put in a
barrel stuck full of nails and rolled up and down till he
died* The scene of Whetstone's Promos is laid ** in the
city of J., sometimes under the dominioa of Corvimis,
k* of Hungary and Bcemia*" Corvinus reigned 1458-1491*
Shakespeare, in Meas., transfers the scene to Vienna,

JULIUS, TEMPLE OF* Probably tite Temple of Venus
Genetrix, erected by Julius Caesar in the Forum Julium,
is intended* It lay N*E* of the Forum Romanunv *& the
angle formed by the present Via de Marforio and Via del
Ghetarellto* It was begun in 48 B*c* and dedicated in
46 B*C* In May*s Agrippina i* i, 338, amongst the great
buildings of Rome are mentioned ** Julius' temple,
Claudius' aquaeducts*"

JUPITER STATOR, TEMPLE OF* At Rome, built by
Romulus at the spot where the Romans rallied when on
the point of defeat by the Sabines. It stood by the Porta
Mugionis, at the junction of the Via Sacra with the Nova
Via* It was destroyed in Nero's Fire, but was rebuilt*
In Jonson*s Catiline, the scene of iv* 3 and v* 6 is ** the
T* of J* S," In iv* 2, the Praetor says, ** Fathers* take
your places Here in the house of J* the Stayer/*

JURY* See JEWRY,
b T

K

KATHARINE WHEEL* See CATHARINE WHEEL* |

KATHERINE'S (SAINT) (Ks*- Katherines, K's.=
Katherine's). A hospital founded in 1148 by Matilda,
wife of King Stephen* It stood immediately E. of the
Tower of Lond., on the bank of the Thames* It received
much help from Q. Eleanor and Q. Phttippa, and the
patronage still remains in the hands of the Q* Consort*
It was suppressed by Henry VIII, but reconstituted by
Elizabeth in 1556 for the maintenance of a master, 3
brethren, 3 sisters* and 10 bedeswomen* The ch* was a
fine Gothic building, but it was pulled down with the
rest of the hospital in 1835-7 to make room for St*
Krs. Docks which now occupy the site* The hospital
was removed to the N*E. corner of Regent's Park* There
was, however, before the building of the present docks,
a landing-place at the E. end of the precinct, known as
St* K's, Dock, and it would appear to have been used
specially by the Dutch mariners* The Precinct, or
Liberty, extended from the Tower to Radcliffe, and had
the usual reputation, of a waterside dist* In Jonson's
Alchemist v. i, Face says, "These are all broke loose Out
of St* Ks*, where they use to keep The better sort of mad
folks " : an unkind reference to the bedesmen and
women of the hospital* In T* Heywood's L £"* M* B* 326,
the Q* says to Dr* Parry, ** Though at our Court of
Greenwich, thou wert crost In suing to be Master of St*
Ks, To do thee good seek out a better place." In
Defcker's Babylon 260, Paridel, who stands for Dr*
William Parry, says, " I did but beg of her [the QJ
the mastership Of Santa Cataryna, 'twas denied me*" In
T* Heywood's Ed * IV A* v*, the Master of S* Ks* appears
and brings to the King " Of poor St* Ks*, £500 " as a
benevolence* In Webster's Weakest iii*4, Bunch exclaims,
"For England, for Lond*! O St* Kathern's Dock ! "
In W* Rowley's New Wonder iii*, Richd* says, w This
tide should bring them Into St, Catherine's Pool*" In
Dekker's Edmonton iii* i, Cuddy, going to woo
Katherine, says to the Witch's dog, '* Land me but at
K's* Dock, rny sweet K's. Dock*" Then, when he has
been ducked by the spirits, he says, ** Thinking to land
at K's* Dock, I was almost at Gravesend "; r*e* I was
almost killed. In Jonson's Magnetic ii* i, Polish says,
44 How now, goody Nurse, Dame Keep of Katerns i
What ! have you an oar in the cockboat, 'cause you are
a sailor's wife, and come from Shadweli {** : which is
just beyond St. K's* In Eastward iv* i, Slitgut, at
Cuckold's Haven, sees Winifred in the Thames, and
says, "A woman, i' faith, a woman 1 though it be almost
at St, Ks*, I discern it to be a woman*" Later in the
scene the Drawer rescues Winifred and says, " I am
glad it was my good hap to come down thus far after
you to a house of my friend's here in St* K's."

In Jonson's Devil i* i, Iniquity suggests to Pug to go
" to St* Kathern's, To drink with the Dutch there, and
take forth their patterns " : which indicates that it was
pronounced Katterns* La Wealth 288, Hance the
Fleming says, " Gut naught ic mot waft to sent Cafrin
to mi lantnan store "; and in 299, he says, " Ic myself
comt from sent Katryns." Cafrin and Katryn are
modifications of Katharine* In Jonson's Staple iii* i,
Thomas announces as an interesting news item: u The
perpetual motion is here found out by an ale-wife in
St. K's* at the sign of the Dancing Bears*" In Jonson's
Aagars, Notch and Slug, the masquers, say, "We do
come from among the brew-houses in St* K's." ; and
later, " Our project is that we should all come from the
Three Dancing Bears in St* K's." Then John Urson

290

conies in with the 3 bears and sings while they dance,
** Then to put you out of fear or doubt, We come from
St* Katherine-a ; These dancing 3, by the help of me,
Who am the post of the sign-a*" He goes on: "To a
stranger there, If any appear, Where never before he has
been, We shew the iron gate, The wheel of St* Kate,
And the place where the priest fell in*" The Iron Gate
is one of the gates of the Tower, also called St* K's, Gate,
just above 'the hospital. The wheel of St* Kate is the
Katherine wheel, the symbol of the martyrdom of the
saint, who was put to death on a jagged wheel ; there
was a Catharine Wheel Tavern at the W. end of Little
Tower Hill, close to the hospital* In Wager's The Longer,
B* i, Moros says, " At St. Katherine there be good
puddings at the sign of the Plough, you never did eat
better sauserlings." In Middleton's K* G. iv. 2, Moll
sings, "She says she went to the Burse for patterns;
You shall find her at St* Kathern's " : i,e* in a place of
bad repute* In T* Heywood's Ed. IV A, i*, Smoke says
to the rebels advancing on the E* of Lond*, " See how
St*Ks. smokes; wipe, slaves, your eyes, And whet
your stomachs for the good malt-pies*" Dekker, in News
from Hell, says of Hell: "It stands farther off than the
Indies ; yet if you have but a side wind, you may sail
sooner thither than a married man can upon St* Luke's
day to Cuckolds Haven from St*Ks*," f*e. just across the
Thames* See Cuckold's Haven* Deloney, in Craft i* 14,
tells how John the Frenchman's wife was ** going
toward St*Ks*to see if she could meet with some of her
countryfolks that could tell her any tidings of her
husband*"

KATHARINE'S (SAINT)* A ch* at Fierbois in Touraine,
where Joan of Arc found her sword* In H6 A i* 2, 100,
Joan of Arc says, " Here is my keen-edged sword* * . ,
The which at Touraine, in St* K's* churchyard, Out of a
great deal of old iron I chose forth*"

KATHERINE'S (SAINT) FORT* A fort on St* K* Mt*,
an eminence ^Soft. high, E. of Rouen, between the
Seine and the Aubette, In Chapman's Trag. Byron v, i,
one of the charges laid against Byron is " You would
have brought the king before St* K* fort, to be there
slain." This was at the siege of Rouen in 1593." The
whole story isolated in Florio's Montaigne i* 23*

KATHERINE'S (SAINT) NUNNERY* Probably the
Priory of the Holy Trinity is meant* St* Katherine Cree,
or Christchurch, was built on its site on the N* side of
Leadenhall St*, Lond. The old ch. was taken down in
1628, and the present one built* It is here that the
famous " Lion " sermon is preached every i€th October,
to commemorate the deliverance of Lord Mayor John
Gayer from the paws of a lion in Africa in 1648. In
B* & F, Thomas iv. i, Michael says " This morning a
man of mine at St. K. N* told me he met your mistress."
The Aunt of Mons* Thomas is the Abbess of St* K*
Scenes 4 and 8, Act V. take place in the Abbey of St* K,

KEGYLLEK* A farm in the parish of St* Budock, dose
to the boundary of the parish of Falmouth, in S, Corn-
wall* In Cornish M. P* i* 2593, Solomon gives to the
Carpenter "Tregenver ha K*," Le. Tregenver and K*

KENDAL (more fully, KnosBY-m-K*)* The largest
town in Westmoreland, on the E* bank of the Ken or
Kent, 341 m* N*W* of Lond* It was the head of a
Barony conferred by William the Conqueror on Ivo de
Talbois, and on a hill E* of the town are the ruins of the
castle of the old Barons* The tide Earl of K* has been
held by royal and other persons* Henry Momford, Earl

KENILWORTH

of K., is one of the characters in George-a-Greene, but
he is a mythical personage* The earldom only dates
from 1414, whereas the play takes place in the reign of
Edward IIL In the i4th cent. Edward III established
a number of Flemings in the town, who founded the
cloth-weaving industry which has been ever since the
staple industry of the place* Specially well known was
the coarse green cloth called K. green* It was used for
the dress of foresters, archers, etc. In Nobody 378,
Nobody says, " If my breeches had as much cloth in
them as ever was drawn betwixt K. and Canning St.
they were scarce great enough to hold all the wrongs
that I must pocket/' The Lond. clothiers were chiefly
found in Canning, or Canwick, St., and nearly 200 pack-
horses were employed in bringing to Lond. the doth
made in K* In H.4 A ii. 4, 246, Falstaff tells how " 3
misbegotten knaves in K. green" came at his back and
let drive at him. ** Why/' says Prince Hal, " how
couldst thou know these men in K. green, when it was
so dark thou couldst not see thy hand S1 " In Death
Huntington we are told " all the woods are full of out-
laws that in K. green Followed the outlawed Earl of
Huntington/' i.e. Robin Hood. In Downfall Huntington
iii. a, Robin Hood says, " Bateman of K. gave us K*
green." In Jonson's Love's Welcome, six Hoods appear
who ** tell of ancient Robin Hood " : the i st, Green-hood,
is "in K. green, As in the forest-colour seen." Laneham,
in his Letter 47, tells of a minstrel at the Kenilworth
pageant who wore " a side-gown of K* green." In
Middleton's Black Book p. 25, the Devil says of a poor
wretch: "His hose and doublet being of old K. green,
fitly represented a pitched field," the vermin being the
corporals ! Hall in Satires iv. 6, says of the discontented
countryman : " Now doth he inly scorn his K. green/'
One of the clothiers in Deloney's Reading is " Cuthbert
of K/' Corpus Christi plays were kept up at K. until the
reign of James I.
KENILWORTH. See KILLINGWORTH.

KENNINGTON. Dist. in Lond., on the Surrey side of
the Thames, opposite the Vauxhall Bridge, and S. of
Lambeth. There was a royal palace there up till the
time of Henry VII. One of the oldest Masques in
England was celebrated at K* in honour of the accession
of Richd, II in 1377. 130 men on horseback rode from
Newgate through Cheap, then over Lond. Bdge. to
K., where they entertained the young King with games
and dances* Alleyn, the actor, bought the manorial
rights of K. in 1604, and held them for 5 years, when he
sold them for nearly twice what he gave for them*

KENSINGTON. Formerly a vill. to the W. of Hyde
Park; now a populous suburb of Lond* It was a
favourite resort of the citizens who wanted a day's out-
ing in the country* In Oldcastle iii. 2, Acton reports that
the rebels are quartered in a dosen villages round Lond.,
one of which is " Kensington." In Brome's Couple ii. i,
Careless expresses his willingness to escort his aunt to
44 Paddington, K., or any of the city out-leaps, for a
spirt and back again." In his Academy ii. i, Valentine
asks Hannah, " When shall we take coach to K. or
Padington, or to some one or other o* the city outleaps,
for an afternoon, and hear the cuckow sing£" In
Deloney's Craft ii. n, we are told of a certain merry
company: "They went to K., where they brake their
fast and had good sport by tumbling on the green grass."

KENT (Kh*= Kentish* Kn.= Kentishmen), The county
in the S.E. of EnglancU It is the natural landing-place
for visitors from the Continent, friendly or otherwise*
Here disembarked Julius Caesar between Walmer and

KENT

Thanet 55 B.C. ; here Hengist and Horsa founded 'the
ist Saxon kingdom in England A.D. 457 ; here Lewis
the Dauphin of France landed in 1216. Augustine and
his monks began their missionary campaign in Kent in
597, and Canterbury became the seat of the ist English
Bp* ; and the murder there of Thomas a Becket in 1170
gave England her most popular saint, and indirectly one
of her greatest poems, the Canterbury Tales. Wat
Tyler's insurrection in 1381, and Jack Cade's in 1450,
testify to the independence and initiative of the Kh.men;
and Sir T. Wyatt began his attack on Q* Mary from
Maidstone in 1554* In Middleton's Queenborough ii. 3,
Hengist says he will make choice of his ground " About
the fruitful flanks of uberous K., A fat and olive soil ;
there we came in." In K.J. iv. 2, 200, Hubert announces
to John the arrival of " a many thousand warlike French
That were embattailed and ranked in K/'; and in
v. i, 30, the Bastard tells ** All K. hath yielded [to the
Dauphin] ; nothing there holds out But Dover
Castle." In Trouble. Reign, Has., p* 293, a Messenger
announces : " There is descried on the coast of K* an
hundred sail of ships, which of all men is thought to be
the French fleet." In H6 B* iii. i, 356, York reflects:
" I have seduced A headstrong Kh. man, John Cade of
Ashford, To make commotion." In iv* i, 100, the Capt*
takes Suffolk prisoner " off the coast of K*" and informs
him *4 The commons here in K. are up in arms*" In
iv* 2, 130, Stafford addresses the rebels as " Rebellious
hinds, the filth and scum of K*, Marked for the gallows,"
In iv. 4, 57, the King exhorts Lord Say, "Trust not the
Kh. rebels." In iv. 7, 60, Dick asks Lord Say, " What
say you of K*S"' and Say answers, 44 Nothing but this ;
'tis bona terra mala gens"; and goes on: "K., in the
Commentaries Caesar writ, Is termed the civilest place
of all this isle ; Sweet is the country because full of
riches ; The people liberal, valiant, active, wealthy."
See Caesar, De Bello Gallico v»4. Alexander Iden, " an
esquire of K.," kills Cade ; and in iv* 10, 78, the 'dying
Cade says, " Tell K. from me, she hath lost her best
man." In H6 C. i. i, 156, Northumberland speaks of
the strength of Warwick and the Yorkists in " Essex,
Norfolk, Suffolk, and K."; and in i. 2, 41, York says,
"You, Edward, shall unto my lord Cobham, With
whom the Kn. will willingly rise* In them I trust; for
they are soldiers, Witty, courteous, liberal, full of spirit/' „
In iv* 8, 12, Warwick, who has gone over to the side of
the Lancastrians, says, "Thou, son Clarence, Shalt
stir up in Suffolk, Norfolk, and in K* The knights
and gentlemen to come with thee/' In Rs iv. 4, 505, a
messenger informs Richd., ** In K. the Guildfords are
in arms." According to Hall, Chron* 393, "In
K. Richd* Guildford and other gentlemen collected
a great company of soldiers and openly began war/'
In Straw i., the Archbp. reports: "The commons
now are up in K." The reference is to Wat Tyler's
rebellion* In Trag. Richd. II. i. 3, 235, Cheney reports :
"The men of K* and Essex do rebel " ; and in iv. 3,
the High Sheriff of K. appears to protest against the
King's exactions. In Wyat, sc. xi, p. 44, Brett says,
44 Wyat, for rising thus in arms with the Kh. men
dangling thus at his tail, is worthy to be hanged." In
World Child 168, Manhood swears by " St. Thomas
of K.," Le. Thomas a Becket. In 170 he boasts, ** Calais,
K.,and Cornwall have I conquered clean." The reference
is to the victory of Henry VII over the Cornish insur-
gents on Blackheath in K. in 1497. In Bale's Lam ii.,
Infidelity swears " by the blessed rood of K/' This was
the famous rood at Bexley Abbey, called the Hood of
Grace* In Phantasie of Idolatries, the author says of it:

291

KENTCHURCH

44 He was made to juggle, His eyes would goggle, He
would bend his brows and frown ; With his head he
would nod Like a proper young god, His shafts would
go up and down/' It was publicly exposed by Henry
VIIPs Commissioners in the market-place of Maidstone,
and the trick by which it was worked explained* Lyly,
in Pappe with an Hatchet (Eliz* Pamph.* p. 77), tells of
** one that had learned of the holy maid of K. to lie in a
trance, before he had brought forth his lie*'* This was
Elizabeth Barton, a servant-maid, who became a nun,
and uttered revelations when in trances and epileptic
convulsions* She was hanged at Tyburn, poor wretch,
in 1534*

K* has been a territorial title in the English peerage
since 1067. In Lear, Shakespeare introduces an Earl
of K* In Span. Trag. i*, Hieroninxo tells how in the
reign of English Richd*, Edmund, Earl of K*, ** came
and razed Lisbon walls and took The King of Portingale
in fight ; for which He after was created D* of York/'
This is a glorious muddle* In the reign of Richd* II,
Edmund, Earl of Cambridge, led an expedition into
Portugal in 1381, and was created D. of York in 1385 for
his successes in Scotland* The Earl of K* at that time
was Thomas Holland* In Ite v. 6, 8, Northumberland
says, " I have to Lond* sent The heads of Oxford,
Salisbury, Blunt, and K/' The Earl of K* was taken at
Cirencester, which he was holding for Richard* This
was Thomas Holland, who held the title 1397-1400 :
the son of the last-named Thomas Holland* Edmund,
Earl of K*, the son of Edward I, is one of the characters
in Marlowe's Ed. //* He was executed in 1330 for an
alkged plot to restore Edward II, whom Mortimer
represented to fa'm as still alive, in order to trap him*
Spenser, F. Q. ii* ro, 12, says, " Canute had his portion
from the rest, The which he called Canutium, for his
hire, Now Cantium, which K* we commonly inquire.'*
Canute was one of the captains in the service of the
legendary King Brute*

It was a boast of the Kn* that K* had never been
conquered* In Middleton's R. G*iii, Moll says/* The
purity of your wench I wpuld fain try, she seems like
K* reconquered, And, I believe, as many wiles are in
her." Peeie, in his Jests , speaks of " the fruitful county
of K/* as "a climate as yet unconqtfered." K* is
indeed equated to the whole of Christendom beside ;
and " all K* and Christendom " is a common phrase
for all Europe* In Wise Men v. 4? Proberio says to
the Usurer, "Is there any man in Christendom or
K* that you will trust***' Spenser, in Shep. Calen.,
September, says, " Sith the Saxon king Never was wolf
seen . . * Nor in all K., nor in Christendom**' In
Jonson's Tub ii* i, Turfe says, " I love no trains of K*
or Christendom, as they say*" In Old Meg p* i, we are
told Herefordshire for a morris dance puts down ** not
only all K*, but very near * * * three quarters of
Christendom*" In Th&rsites 314, the Hero says, " I will
have battle in Wales or in K*" In Jonson's Tub i* 3, Pan
commends K* above Middlesex, " for there they landed
All gentlemen and came in with the Conqueror*" Nash,
in Lenten, p* 300, says, ** William the Conqueror, having
heard the proverb of K* and Christendom, thought he
had won a country as good as all Christendom when he
was enfeoHed of K*" In Middleton's Hubburd p* 83, he
addresses his visitors, " My honest nest of ploughmen 1
the ofcly Kiags of K*" In RespribKca v* 6, Avarice says,
** I woukl have brought half K* into Northumberland,
and Somersetshire should have raught to Cumberland*"
Fuller, Cfmrch Hist, iii* n* 14, calls K* " The English
land of Goshen/'

KENTISH TOWN

The great number of travellers through K* from and
to Lond* made it notorious for highway robberies* In
Hycke, p* 104.* Frewyil says, " That rock of Tyborne is
so perilous a place, Young gallants dare not venture into
Kente " : i.e * to repair their fortunes by robbery* In
H4 A* ii* i, 59, the Chamberlain tells Gadshill, " There's
a franklin in the wild of K. hath brought 300 marks
with him in gold '* : the idea being that he will be a
good subject for GadshilTs operations. The wild of K*
means the Weald of K*, the dist., formerly covered with
forest, between the chalk hills and the border of Sussex*
In Middleton's Michaelmas ii* 3, one of the parties to
a deed is ** Master John Blastfield, Esq*, of the Wold of
K*" In T* Heywopd's Ed. IV A, i*, Falconbridge says,
" We do not rise like Tyler, Cade, and Straw, For some
common in the wield of K* That's by some greedy
cormorant enclosed/* Later in the Play, it is predicted
that ** Chains of gold and plate shall be as plenty As
wooden dishes in the wild of K/'

The custom of Gavelkind, by which all the male
children of the deceased inherited equally, prevailed in
K* only* Harrison, in Descript. of England ii* 9, says,
** Gayell kind is all the male children equally to inherit,
and is continued to this day in K*, where it is only to my
knowledge retained, and no where else in England*"
Earle, in Microcos. viii*, says of the Younger Brother:
** He loves not his country for this unnatural custom [i*e*
primogeniture], and would have long since revolted
to the Spaniard but for K* only, which he holds in
admiration/*

K*, being a maritime county, had considerable fishing
industries* In Locrine ii* 5, Trumpart calls on " the
Colliers of Croydon, and rusticks of Royden, and fishers
of K*" to lament the death of Strumbo. Kh* oysters were
specially esteemed* The chief beds are at Queenborough,
Rochester, Milton, Faversham, and Whitstable* In
Cooke's Greene's Quoqnef p* 571, Bubble says that his
eyes are closed " as fast as a Kh* oyster/' Nash, in Wilton
E* i, tells of one who had " eyes like two Kh* oysters/*
The Kh* orchards were famous* In Sampson's Vow iv*
2, 163, Motiier Pratle says, 4* I dreamed my husband
when he first came a wooing, came i* the likeness of a
Kh. twindle pippin/' K* supplied a good part of the
firewood of Lond* In Middleton's Chaste Maid i* 2,
AHwit congratulates himself that he has in his backyard
** a steeple made up with Kh. faggots*'* The Kh* girls
were famous for their beauty* Drayton, in Dowsabel,
says, "Her features all as fresh As is the grass that
grows by Dove, And lithe as lass of K*" In Dekker's
Northward i* 3, Philip says, " The Kh* man loves a
wagtail," i*e* a light woman* In Spenser's Step. Ca/*,
February 74, Cuddie says that the dewlap of his bullock
is"aslytheaslassofK/'

KENTCHURCH (or KENDER CHURCH)* Vill* in Here-
fordsh*, is m* S*W* of Hereford, from which John a
Kent, the hero of Munday's John Kent, appears to have
taken his name* John a Kent's barn and John a Kent's
oak are still shown in the neighbourhood* John himself
was a sort of Welsh Faust, who lived in the early part
of the 1 5th cent*

KENTISH TOWN. One of the N* suburbs of Lond*,
lying between Camden Rd* and Haverstock Hill* In the
1 6th cent* it was a rustic village* In Jonson's Ta6, the
heroine is the daughter of Tobias Turfe, the High
Constable of K. T., and several of the scenes are laid at his
house there* Jonson makes him talk a kind of country
dialect of the Somerset type* In his Devil i* i* Satan,
mocking the petty exploits of Pug, says, " Some good

393

KENT STREET

ribibe [old woman] about K* T. or Hogsdon you would
hang now for a witch/' Dekker, in Rod for Runaways
(1613), speaks of K. T. as a vill. by Pancridge (i.$. St
Pancras), and tells a story of some Londoners who took
a Sunday walk out there*

KENT STREET. The present Tabard St*, the name
having been changed in 1877* It runs from St* George's
Ch. in the Borough, Southwark, to the Old K. Rd*, and
until the formation of Gt* Dover St* was the main road
from the S. into Lond. " It was ill-built," says Strype
(B* iv. 31), ** chiefly inhabited by Broom Men and
Mumpers/' It was an extremely disreputable slum
throughout its history* In Greene's Quip, p* 226, he says,
"When velvet was worn but in kings' caps, then
Conscience was not a broom man in K.-St*, but a
Courtier/' In News from Hell, the Cardinal speaks of
" all the whores and thieves that live in Southwark, Bank-
side, and K.~St." When Harman (Caveat ii.) had his
copper stolen, he ** gave warning in Southwark, K* St.,

• and Barmesey St., to all the tinkers there dwelling/' In
Three Lords, Dods., vi. 422, Simplicity asks : t4 Ladies,
which of ye dwelt in K. St* *"' In T, Heywood's Hog s-
don ii. i, one of the citizens' wives that come to the
Wisewoman to have their fortunes told dwells in K.-st.
In Davenant's Plymouth iv. i, Topsail cries : " What's
here i K. St., or Bedlam broke loose i "

KERNESDALE. An invented name for an imaginary
place in Ireland, the dale of the Kerns* In Middleton's
Quiet Life iv* i, Knavesby, suggesting to Water-Camlet
that he should go to Ireland to escape his wife's tongue,
points out on a map " K*, admirable feed for cattle."

KEW. A vill* on the Thames in Surrey, 9 m* W. of St*
Paul's, Lond., opposite to Brentford* The Palace and
Botanical Gardens date only from the time of George III.
In Middleton's Mad World iii* 3, Folly-wit says, " You
shall go nigh to have a dozen blyth fellows carry me
away with a pair of oars, and put in at Putney or shoot
in upon the coast of Cue/'

KIBDORP PORT* One of the gates of Antwerp on the
S.E. of the city* In Lamm B. 4, Champaigne says,
44 Your army is at K. P. you say i " And later (D* 2),
Alva says, ** Kibdop we assign to Lord Romero." The
Rue Kipdorp still preserves the name*

KIDCOCKS* A very curious attempt at spelling Chef de
Caux, a point 3 m* below Havre, at the mouth of the
Seine in France* Henry V dropped anchor off this
point in 1415, and immediately proceeded to invest Har-
fleur. In Fam. Viet., Haz*, p* 357, the Archbp. of Bruges
announces to the King of France that Henry " is already
landed at K. in Normandie upon the river of Seine*"

KILBORN (or KILBURN)* Formerly a vilL in S.W*
Hampstead, but now a large suburb of Lond. stretching
from Kensal Green, to St. John's Wood* In Jonson's
Tub. i* i, the self-styled Council of Finsbury has deter-
mined to marry Awdry Turfe to 44 Clay of K., a tough
young fellow and a tile-maker."

KILDARE* A county in Leinster, Ireland. In 1316 John
FitzGerald was created Earl of K* Gerald, the 8th Earl,
was Lord Deputy of Ireland for 33 years, and died in
1513. This is the Earl of K. mentioned in Ford's War-
beck i* i, as a supporter of Lambert Simnel. He was de-
prived for a time of his office, but was reappointed in
1495. His son Gerald succeeded him, but was com-
mitted to the Tower by Henry VIII and died a prisoner
there in 1534* In H8 H. i, 41, one of the gentlemen
speaks of 44 K/s attainder, Then Deputy of Ireland, who
removed, Earl Surrey was sent thither*" In S* Rowley's

KILLINGWQRTH

When You C* 2, Brandon states : ** Stout Pearcie . . .
Was by the Earl of K. late put to death." This refers
to the ipth Earl, Thomas, who openly revolted on hear-
ing of his father's committal to the Tower, and besieged
Dublin* He was subsequently taken by treachery, and
he and his 5 uncles were executed at Tyburn in 1537.
The 2oth Earl was created Marquess of K. and Duke of
Leinster in 1761 and 1766 ; and the titles still remain
in the Fitzgerald family.

KILKENNY* A town in Ireland, capital of Co. Kilkenny,
61 m* S.W. of Dublin. In B. & F. Coxcomb ii. 3,
Antonio comes in disguised as an Irish footman, and
the servant introduces him as " a K. ring." Nobody
seems to have found any meaning for this phrase. I
would suggest that it is a misprint for " K. rug." Shir-
ley, in Mart. Soldier 11*3, speaks of " larrones, rugs, and
vagabonds " : where it seems to mean a fellow in a
rough frieze cloak* Spenser, F. Q. iv. 1 1, 43, tells of the
" stubborn Newre whose waters gray By fair K. and
Rosseponte boord." Bale's Baptyste and Temptation
were acted at K. on August soth, 1553* the day on which
Q. Mary was proclaimed.

KDLLINGWORTH (now spelt KEKILWORTH). A vill. in
Warwicksh*, between Warwick and Coventry, 5 m. S*
of the latter and abt. 15 m. from Stratford-on-A.von.
The castle was a residence of the Anglo-Saxon kings,
but was destroyed in the Danish wars* It was rebuilt
in the reign of Henry I by Geoffrey de Clinton, and was
given by his grandson to King John. Simon de Mont-
fort had it for a time, and his forces rallied there after
the battle of Evesham, when it was besieged and taken
by Henry III. He gave it to his son Edmund. Edward
II was imprisoned there before his removal to Berkeley*
In Marlowe's Ed, II iv. .6, Leicester says, "Your
Majesty must go to K." ; and Act V, Sc* i takes place
there. Leicester tries to comfort the King: " Imagine
K. Castle were your court And that you lay for pleasure
here a space." Next it came into the hands of John of
Gaunt, and Henry IV made it a royal residence, which
it continued to be till 1562, when Elizabeth granted it to
Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester. In H6 B. iv. 4, 39,
on the news of Cade's rebellion Buckingham advises the
King to ** retire to K* Until a power be raised to put
them down/' Leicester entertained Elizabeth here with
a series of magnificent pageants in 1575* The descrip-
tion of them may be read in Laneham's Letter, or in
Scott's Kenilworth. There is little doubt that Shake-
speare, then a lad of ii, would be taken by his father,
who had recently been Chief Alderman of Stratford,
and as a prominent local personage would be likely to
receive an invitation to be present, to see this great show ;
and Oberon's description of the place whence Puck is to
fetch the " little western flower " is a rewuscence of
one of the pageants (M. N+ D. ii. 3> 148-168). Eligaibeth
is 4* the fair vestal throned by the west " at whom Ctipid
shot his dacts in vain ; ajad the little western flower on
which the bolt of Cupid fell is poor Arny Robsart*
Jonson's Owls was presented at K* in 1626 ; and he says
that Capt. Cox, who acts as prelocutor, 44 was foaled in
Q* Elizabeth's time, When the great Earl of Lester In
this castle did feast her." He would seem to have taken
part in the Hox Tuesday Play which the Q. saw at
Coventry at the time of this visit to K* ; for Jonson goes
on: "Beinga littleman When the skirmi§h began 'Twixt
the Saxon and the Dane, For thence the story was ta'en,
He was not so well seen As he would have been of the Q*"
The gatehouse of the castle is in perfect coaditkm, and
-is used as a dwelling house ; Caesar's Tower is afso well

KIMBOLTON

preserved, and there are extensive ruins of the other
portions of the Castle*

KIMBOLTON* A town in Hunts ., n m* W.of Hunting-
don and 63 N. of Lond. Its ancient castle, now the
seat of the D. of Manchester, was the residence of
Catharine of Aragon after her divorce from Henry VIII,
and she died there on 8th January, 1 536* In H8 iv. i, 34>
one of the gentlemen says of Catharine : " Since [the
divorce] she was removed to K*, "Where she remains now
sick." The scene of iv* 2 is laid at K* The Ff* spell it
Kymmalton*

KING STREET* Originally ran from Charing Cross,
Lond*, to the Palace of Westminster : all that is now left
of it is a small fragment at the S* end, from Charles St*
to Gt. George St* Though it was the main thorough-
fare from the Court of St* James's to Westminster, it
was narrow and ill-paved* Here lived Lord Howard of
Effingham and the mother of Oliver Cromwell, and
according to Jonson, Conversations with Drwnmond, the
poet Spenser died "for lack of bread in K. St."
Donne, Satire iv* (1597) 80, says of Westminster Abbey:
44 The way to it is K*'s st*" In Jonson's Staple iii* 2,
Mrs. Tattle boasts that she has all the news from " the
conduits in Westminster ; long and round Wool-staple,
with K/s-st. and Canon-Row to boot*" Middleton, in
his Black Book, p* 25, tells of ** black cloth snatched off
the rails in K.'s St* at the Q/s funeral*" Glapthorne's
Wit was ** Printed by lo. Okes for F* C* and are to be
sold at his shops in Kings-st* at the sign of the Goat, and
in Westminster Hall* 1640*" So was Brome's Sparagus
in the same year. In Cowley's Cutter i* 6, Worm says
that Cutter was " Cromwell's agent for all the taverns
between K/s-st* and the Devil at Temple Bar." La
B* & F. Hum. Lieut, iv* 4, Leonatus mentions a K.-st*
in the Capital of Greece, in which the scene is laid*
KING'S ARMS* A bookseller's sign in Load* T* Key-
wood's Maidenhead was " Printed by Nicholas Okes for
John Jackson and Francis Church, and are to be sold
at the K* A. in Cheapside* 1634*"

KING'S BENCH, An ancient Lond* prison, on the E*
side of Borough High St*, Southwark, immediately N*
of the White Lion prison and some 30 houses S* of the
Marsfaaisea* Layton's Buildings now occupy the site*
It was removed in 1755 to the junction of Blackman St*
and Newington Causeway* In 1879 it was sold and the
site cleared* During the Commonwealth it was known
as the Upper Bench Prison* In Skelton's Colin Clout,
the judges of the preacher against the prelates cry :
" The K. B. or Marshalsy, Have him thither by-and-
by." In Hycke, p. 94, FrewyE says, 4* At the K* b.,
Sirs, I have you sought." In Straw £i*, Newton reports :
** They [the rebels] have spoiled all Southwark, broke
up the Marshalsea and the K. B*" In Eastward ii* a,
Quicksilver advises Sir Petronel, whose creditors have
laid to arrest him, ** Let 'em take their choice ; either
the K* B* or the Fleet, or which of the a Counters they
like best*" Taylor, in Works i* 91, says, " The Ocean
that Suretyship sails in is the spacious Marshalsea;
sometimes she anchors at the K* B., sometimes at the
golph of the Gate-house*" In Middleton's Inner Temp*
?o> Christmas bequeaths to " my 2nd son, In-and-in,
his perpetual lodging in the K* B*" In T« Heywood's
Ed* IV B. 130, Jane Shore asks : '* Have you bestowed
our benevolence on the poor prisoners in the common
gaol of the White lion and the King's B.^" InMiddk-
ton's Ha&fenf, p* 79, we are told of ** decayed gentle-
men's wives whose husbands lie for debt in theK.B/r
La B. & F. Wit Money, L z, Lance, warning his young

KINGSTON-ON-HULL

master against wasting his estate, says, " The K* B* is
enclosed, there's no good riding."

KING'S BRIDGE* The gangway leading to the stairs just
E* of Westminster Hall from the Palace Yard. There were
several of these so-called bridges, which did not cross
the river, but were merely approaches to the various
landing-stages* In Look about v*, Skink, who is being
pursued by the watch, says, '* At K, B* I durst not
enter a boat*"

KING'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE* Founded by
Henry VI in 1441 under the title of " The Kyng's C*
of our Lady and Seynt Nicholas." It stands on the W*
side of Trumpington St*, between Caius and St.
Catherine's. The chapel, the finest example of per-
pendicular Gothic in the world, was completed in the
early part of the reign of Henry VIII, the late King
haying left a large sum of money for that purpose* The
original design of the C. was on a magnificent scale, but
it was never fully carried out. Nash, in Lentenf p. 299,
speaks of 4* the imperfect works of K. C* in Cambridge,
which have too costly large foundations to be ever
finished." Thomas Preston, the author of Cambises,
was fellow of K. in 1 556* Elizabeth visited Cambridge
in 1564. and various entertainments were given. The
ist was a performance of the Aulularia of Plautus on
Sunday, August 6th, in K/s C* Chapel ; on Monday a
tragedy, Dido, by Edward Halliwell, a Fellow of K*,
was played in the C. ; and on Tuesday Udall's Ezechias
in English. In 1608 the performance of a lost play by
Phineas Fletcher in K. was the occasion of 44 foul and
great disorder " : probably the students disapproved of
the play and expressed their feeling with emphasis*

KING'S HEAD. A common tavern sign in Lond* (i)
There was a K. H. in New Fish St*, the site of which is
marked by K* H* Court, Fish St* Hill* In News
Barthol. Fair, in the list of Lond* taverns, we have
44 K* H. in New Fish-st., where roysters do range**'
In Prodigal ii* 4, Lancelot says to Oliver, ** Let's meet
at the K* H* in Fish st*"

(2) Another K* H* was in Fleet St., near Temple
Bar. It used to be identified with the house at the W*
corner of Chancery Lane, destroyed in 1799* This,
however, was known as the Harrow, and in Hogarth's
Burning of the Rwnps, the sign of Henry VIII's Head
is shown on the S. side of Fleet St., close to Temple Bar,
with a Puritan hanging in effigy from it. It was certainly
on the N. side of the St., for it was opposite the Queen's
Head, which was between the Temple Gates, but

-probably close to Temple Bar* In Barry's Ram v* i,
Smallshanks says that Throate " hath not a member
in his palsy body but is more limber than a K* H.
pudding took from the pot half sod." Ram Alley is off
Fleet St., so that the Fleet St* K* H* is probably in-
tended* In T. Heywood's Lucrece ii* 5, Valerius' list of
taverns begins; "The gentry to the K* H." In Jon-
son's Magnetic iii* 4, Rut advises Sir Moth, ** Have your
diet-drink Ever in bottles ready, which must come From
the K* H." Probably the Fleet St* tavern is meant in
both passages, but it is impossible to be certain. In
Middleton's Hubburd, p* 79, we read of *4 decayed
gentlemen's wives whose husbands lying for debt in the
K. Bench they go about to make monsters in the K*
H. Tavern," z*e. to make cuckolds of their husbands*

(3) In Killigrew's Parson ii. 3, Wanton speaks of ** the
sign of the K* H* in the butchery*" There was a K.
H. on the W* side of W. Smithfield*

KINGSTON-ON-HULL* The full name of Hull (q.v.)
given to it by Edward I*

294

KINGSTON-ON-THAMES

KINGSTON-ON-THAMES* A town in Surrey, on the
S* bank of the Thames, 12 m* W* of Lond* It is a very
ancient town, and many Roman remains have been
found there. It is held by many that Caesar crossed the
Thames at this point* From 901 to 978 the English
Kings were crowned here on the stone which now stands
in the market-place, whither it was removed in 1850
from the Chapel of St. Mary* There was a castle which
was taken by Henry III, but has now entirely disap-
peared. Throughout our period Kingston Edge* was
the first bdge. over the Thames above Lond* In Peele's
Ed. I, p. 71, Elinor, after sinking at Charing Cross and
coming up at Potter's Hive, says, 4* I will straight To
Kings-town to the Court And there repose me." In
Jonson's Tub i. 2, Pan tells how Julius Caesar crossed
the Thames at Hammersmith, " vore either Lond., ay,
or K* bdge., I doubt, were kursined*" The present
stone bdge. was erected in 1827 to replace a wooden one
which had been there since at least the I4th cent. In
Middleton's Five Gallants iii* 2, Tailby goes to K* to see
his mistress and is robbed in Coombe Park on the way.
In B. & F. Prize L 3, Petronius says to Petruchio, who
proposes to tame his shrewish daughter, ** To-morrow
we shall have you look like St. George at K., running
a-foot back from the furious dragon." In W* Rowley's
Match Mid. i*, Randall sees Carvegut and Bottom
44 come prancing down the hill from K." Later Bottom
laments that they have missed the man whom they
meant to rob : 4t This was staying in K* with our un-
lucky hostess that must be dandled and made drunk
next her heart." This was probably the hostess of the
George. Herrick, in Tears to Thamesis (1647), recalls his
pleasant trips up the Thames, "" To Richmond, K*,. and
to Hampton Court."

KIRIATHAIM (now KUREIYAT). An ancient town in
Moab, on the E. of the Dead Sea, 13 m. N*E* of the
mouth of the Arnon. According to Gen. xiv. 5, it was
originally a town of the Emims, a legendary giant race.
In Milton, S. A. 1081, Harapha draws his descent from
a stock of giants t4 renowned As Og, or Anak, or the
Emims old That K. held."

KIRSENDOM* See CHRISTENDOM*

KISHON (now EL-MUKATTA)* A river in Palestine, rising
in the mtns* of Gilboa, and flowing in a N*W* direction
through the plain of Esdraelon, until it reaches the
Mediterranean just N. of Mt* Carmel. After rain the
fords are difficult and the plain is reduced quickly to a

KYMMALTON

quagmire* Milton, in Trans. Ps. Ixxxiii. 37, says, " Do
to them * . * as is told Thou didst to Jabin's host, When
at the brook of K. old They were repulsed and slain.*'
See Judges v. 19-22.

KNAVES ACRE (otherwise PTJLTENEY ST.). Lond., a
little N* of Piccadilly Circus, and S. of Golden Sq*,
running from Glasshouse St. to Wardour St. The W.
end of it is now Brewer St. Strype describes it as " but
narrow, and chiefly inhabited by those that deal in old
goods and glass bottles." In Marlowe's Faustus iv. 18,
the Clown says, ** How, how, knaves-acre J Ay, I
thought that was all the land his father left him."

KNIGHTRIDER STREET. Lond., running E, from
Addle Hill to Q. Victoria St* The present st. includes
Gt. and Little K. Sts. and Old Fish St. Stow derives
the name from the knights who rode along it from the
Tower to the jousts in Smithfield* In the Stone House in
this st. lived the famous Linacre, court physician to Henry
VII, and founder of the Royal College of Physicians.

KNIGHTSBRIDGE. A rural dist. near Hyde Park
Corner, so called from the stone bdge. which crossed
the Westbourn at what is now the Albert Gate of Hyde
Park. It was notorious for highway robberies, and its
loneliness made it a favourite resort of duellists* The
Chapel of the Holy Trinity E. of the Albert Gate marks
the site of an old lazar house or hospital. In Shirley's
Hyde Park iv* 3, when Lord Bonvile insults Venture,
Rider says, " Come to K.," sc* to fight it out. In Long
Meg ix*, we are told how *' Harry the ostler * . * would
needs to K* a shroving, where they had good cheer and
payed frankly."

KNIGHTS' WARD* In the Counters and the Fleet
prison, q.v. In Middleton's Chaste Maid v. 4, Yellow-
hammer says of Sir Walter: "He lies i' th' K*' w."
In T* Heywood's F* M. Exch. 24, the Cripple asks :
" Didst thou lie in the K* W. or on the Master's side ^ "
In Chapman's Bussy i. 2, 135, Barrisor says jestingly,
44 Here's a sudden transmigration with D'Ambois —
out of the k. w* into the duchess' bed*" See also under
COUNTER, HOLE, TWOPENNY WARD*

KNpCKERS-HOLE* Vill. in Cornwall* In Brome's
City Wit iii. i, Jane Tryman leaves in her will to the
poor of the parish of K.-H. ** £10, and £40 towards the
reparation of their ch*"

KULLAINE* See COLOGNE*

KYMMALTON* See KIMBOLTON*

395

LABYRINTH* A building said to have been constructed
with many winding passages by Daedalus near Gnossus
in Crete for the safe confinement of the Minotaur.
Theseus penetrated the L. by the aid of a clue supplied
to him by Ariadne and killed the monster* The word
came to be applied to any tortuous maze. In H6 A, v.
3, 188, Suffolk soliloquizes : " Suffolk, stay I Thou mayst
not wander in that L; There Minotaurs and ugly treasons
lurk/' In Venus and Adonis 684, the windings of a
hare ** Are like a L to amaze his foes/*" In TroiL ii. 3, a,
Thersites exclaims, ** How now, Thersites ! What, lost
in the 1* of thy fury < " In Milton's Comas 277, when
Comus asks, "What chance, good Lady, hath bereft you
thus 4 tr she replies, ** Dim darkness and this leafy L."
In Dekker's Westward iv. a, Justiniano says, "You
swore you would keep me in a 1. as Harry kept Rosa-
mond, where the Minotaur, my husband, should not
enter/' Henry II was said to have kept Rosamund
Clifford in a maze or 1. at Woodstock, to protect her
from the jealousy of his Queen* In T* Heywood's Ed.
IV B., the Q* says, " There was once a K*, Henry the
Second, who did keep his Q* Caged up at Woodstock in
a I/' Spenser, in Raines Rome ii., says, " Crete will
boast the L. now rased/' In Webster's Cuckold v. i,
Clare says, " Til be the dm To lead you forth this L"
LACEDJEMQN (Lian. = Lacedaemonian). Either (i)
Sparta itself, or (2) the territory (Lacooia) of which
Sparta was the capital, i.e. the S.E. province of the
Peloponnesus* It was inhabited by the Dorians, who
in the 7th cent. B.C. subjugated the neighbouring dist*
of Messene* The constitution was fixed by Lycurgus
in the gth cent. B.C., and continued with little change
down to the dose of its history. In Homer, Menelaus
is the King of L*, and it was from his Court there that
Paris ran away with Helen*

In Ford's Heart, the scene of which is laid at
Sparta (i* a), Amyclas says, "Messene bows her
neck To L/s royalty/' This fixes the supposed
date of the play to 668 B.C., the year when the and
Messeniati war came to an end. In iv. I, Tecnicus
exdaims, " O Sparta, O L., double-named^ but one
In fate!'* In Marmion's Companion iii* 5, Dotario
says to JEtmlia, ** Bright Helen, I will be thy Paris,
And fetch thee, though thou wert at L/' Spenser,
F* 0* iii. 9, 34, says, " Sir Paris * * * From L. fetched
the fairest dame That ever Greece did boast/' In Tim.
iL a, 160, Timon says, ** To L* did my land extend/*
In iii* 5, 60, Alcibiades, pleading for his old friend, says,
** His service done At L. and Byzantium Were a suffi-
cient briber for his life/' Alcibiades marched into L.
at the head of an Athenian force in 419 B.C* In Gas-
coigne's Government ii. i, Gnpmaticus relates how
Lycurgus went to Delphi, " requiring of the Lacedemo-
nianes that they would observe those laws until his re-
turn/' In Greene's Orlando i, i, 330, Sacrepant says,
** Saluting me by that which I am not, he presageth
what I shall be ; for so did the Lfans* by Agathocles,
who of a base potter wore the kingly diadem/' Agatho-
cles was a potter who became Tyrant of Syracuse about
317 B*C*, but he had nothing to do with the Lians*,
except in so far as Syracuse was a Dorian colony ; and
the story seems to be Greene's own invention. In
Edwardes* Damon x*, Eubulus says, " Upon what fickle
ground all tyrants do stand Athenes and L. can teach
you/* Lian* is used in the sense of a complaisant woman,
with reference to Helen's readiness to desert her hus-
band for Paris. In Middleton's Changeling iii. 3, Lollio

says to Isabella, " Come, sweet rogue ; kiss me, my
little Lian/' In Dekker's Hon. Wh. A. iii* i, when
Fustigo asks Viola, " When snail's laugh again i " and
she replies, " When you will, cousin," he says, " Spoke
like a kind Lian." In Marston's Malcontent iii. 3,
Mendozo says, " My project is to banish the Duchess,
that I might be rid of a cunning Lian." The Lian. boys
were taught to steal without being caught, but if caught
they were severely punished. In Marmion's Leaguer L 5,
Agurtes says, " Steal like a Lian*" See also LACONJA,
SPARTA.

396

LACONIA (= LACEDJEMON, g.i>.). In Ford's Heart i. a,
Amyclas, after the conquest of Messene, says, " L. is a
monarchy at length." This was in 668 B.C., at the end
of the and Messenian war. In Glapthorne's Argalus i* i,
Demagoras boasts, 4* I, to whose very name Ln* matrons
have paid tributary vows." In Chapman's C&sar iii. i,
153, Pompey says that the Genius of Rome is not " by
land great only, like Lns." The terse method of speech
affected by the Spartans gave rise to the word laconic,
meaning terse, brief* In B. & F. French Law. v* i,
Cleremont says, *' If thou wilt needs know How we are
freed, I will discover it, And with laconic brevity."
Davenant, in Man's Master ii. i, says, " This laconic
fool makes brevity ridiculous."
LADAMA. See under SAMARIA.

LADON. R. in N. Arcadia, flowing S* into the Al-
pheius. In Glapthorne's Argalus i. a, Clitophon says,
4* Virgin, Pleasing as L* that does coolly flow Through
our green meadows." In Milton's Arcades 97, the song
begins : " Nymphs and shepherds, dance no more By
sandy L/s Hlied banks." Barnfield, in Affectionate
Shepherd (1594) 131, says, ** We'll go to L;, whose still
trickling noise Will lull thee fast asleep amids thy joys*"
L/ETHE. See LETHE*

LAHORE* The capital of the Punjaub, in N.W* India,
a8o m* N.W* of Delhi, on the Ravi. Its history goes
back to the most ancient times, but it came to the zenith
of its glory in the i6th cent* under Akhbar (155$-
1605), who rebuilt the walls and erected many of its
most famous mosques and other buildings* Milton,
P. L. xi* 391, mentions amongst the great capitals of the
world, " Agra and L. of Great Mogul/'
LAMB* A London sign. Used by Veale's bookshop in
St. Paul's Churchyard. New Custom was " Imprinted
for Abraham Veale dwelling in Paul's Churchyard at the
sign of the L. 1573*" An edition of Colin Clout was also
printed here. " The L. in Lombard St." was the sign
of Water-Camlet, the mercer's shop, in Middleton's
Quiet Life ii* a*
LAMBECHIA* See LAMBETH*

LAMBERT HELL* St. in Lond* running N. from Thames
St. to the W* end of Old Fish St* It was also called
Lambeth H*, by which name it is now known* In
Yarrington's Two Trag. i. 4, a neighbour says, " Bring
the body unto L. H* Where Beech did dwell."

LAMBETH. Dist. on the S. side of the Thames, between
Battersea and Southwark* Now densely populated, but
in the i6th and i7th cents* it was a low swampy tract
of open country, and was known as L. Marsh* The only
buildings of any importance were the palaces of the
Archbp. of Canterbury and the Bp* of Rochester* The
former, L. Palace, stands a little S. of St* Thomas's
Hospital, just below L* Bdge. It became the residence
of the Archbps* at the beginning of the I3th cent*, but

LAMBETH HOUSE

nothing of the original building remains. The Chapel,
the oldest of the present buildings, was erected by
Boniface about 1350* The so-called Lollards Tower was
built by Chicheley 1434-1445, and had an image of
Thomas a Becket in a niche facing the Thames* The
fine Gate-house dates from about 1500. The Hall is due
to Juxon, and bears the date 1663. The residential por-
tion was built by Howley 1839-1834* In Marlowe's
Ed* II i* i, the Archbp* of Canterbury entreats the
company ** To cross to L* and there stay with me*"
L* Place, the residence of the Bps* of Rochester* stood
in what is now Carlisle St. It was built about 1200 :
one of its last occupants was Bp* Fisher* Henry VIII
gave it to the Bps. of Carlisle* and it was thenceforward
known as Carlisle House, though none of them ever re-
sided there. It was pulled down in 1827*

The streets known as L* Upper and Lower Marsh
preserve the name of L* Marsh and indicate its central
point* It was notorious as a haunt of thieves, prostitutes,
and other bad characters* Jonson, in Epigram xii*, calls
Shift " not meanest among squires That haunt Pickt-
hatch, Marsh-L., and Whitefriars*" In Fortun. Isles,
Westminster Meg " goes to the stew, And turns home
merry By L, Ferry." In Alchemist i* i, Doll mentions
the " bawd of L/' as one of Subtle's clients* In Barnes*
Charter iii* 5, Bagnioli says of certain disreputable
characters : ** They, transported from Lambechia land,
Fall anchor at the Stilliard tavern.** In Middleton's
-R* G* v* 2, Greene says, " That L. Joins more mad
matches than your 6 wet towns 'Twixt that and Wind-
sor Bdge." In Dekker's Westward iv* i, Birdlime says,
4* I'll down to Queenhive, and the watermen which were
wont to carry you to L* Marsh shall carry me thither
[to Brentford]." In Massinger's Madam v. 2, Luke says
of the gentlemen's sons who have turned prentices:
" When we look To have our business done at home,
they are Abroad in the tennis court, or in Partridge
Alley, In L* Marsh, or a cheating ordinary*"" In Glap-
thorne's Hollander i* i, Popingate says to Artless, the
brothel-keeper, " L. Marsh is held a nunnery to your
college " ; and in iii* i, Sconce speaks of prostitutes as
" maids of L* Marsh*" In Field's Weathercock, iv* 2 is
laid in L* Fields* It was customary to fire a salute on the
L* bank of the river when the Lord Mayor came to
Westminster on the day after SS. Simon and Jude to
pay his respects to the K. In Sharpham's Fleire iii. 350,
Fleire speaks of " the gunners that make ' em fly off with
a train at L* when the Mayor and aldermen land at
Westminster."

LAMBETH HOUSE* The palace of the Archbp* of
Canterbury at Lambeth, #*v. Puritans were often im-
prisoned there* In Cowley's Cutter iii. 6, Cutter tells of
a fifth-Monarchy man, Mr* Peak, who ** was prisoner in
L*-H*"

LANCASHIRE* A county on the N*W* coast of England.
In Oldcastle v* i, Sir John, the highwayman-priest,
finding Kent too hot for him, says, ** Farewell,
Kent ; come, for L*" : where he would be out of the
way* In v* 8, Lord Cobham comes in disguised as a
carrier, and the Mayor of St* Albans says, " O, 'tis L*
carrier ; let them pass/' In B* <£ F. Prize L 3, Maria
vows she would marry Petrttchio " Before the best man
living or the ablest That e'er leaped out of L* ; and they
Are right ones*" In Deleter's Northward L 3, Philip says,
44 The L. man [loves] an egg-pie," i.e* a light woman*
Drayton, in Polyolb. xx\rii* 68, mentions the L* egg-pie,
Markham, in Country Gentleman (1611), says that
"your W*~country, Cheshire, an4 L* dogs" have the

LANCASTER

greatest mouths and deepest flews* Drayton. in Polyolb*
iii. 37, says that the western dogs are ** Not heavy as
that hound which L. doth breed/' L. bagpipes and
hornpipes (pipes with a horn bell and mouthpiece) were
famous. T* Heywood, in Witches iii* i, says, " No witch-
craft can take hold of a L. bag-pipe." In Dekker's Witch
iv* i, Ann says, ** There's a L* hornpipe in my throat j
hark, how it tickles it, with doodle, doodle, doodle,
doodle/' Hornpipe comes to be used of a kind of dance*
In his News from Hell, Dekker says, " Lucifer himself
danced a L* horn-pipe*" In Northward L 3, Bellamont
says, ** O Master Mayberry I before your servant to
dance a L* horn-pipe ! " £.e* to play the fool. Drayton,
in Polyolb. xxvii* 22, says that the L* nymphs" For
the horn-pipe round do bear away the bell." In Old
Meg, p. i, L. is said to be famous ** for Horne-pypes."
After the Reformation L. remained a stronghold of
Roman Catholicism* In Dekker's Westward iii* 2,
Monopoly says, 4* Catchpoles are as necessary in a city
as sumners [z*e* officers of the ecclesiastical courts whose
duty was to detect Roman Catholics] in L*" In Middle-
ton's Inner Temp. 129, Dr. Almanac says that Fasting
Day ** would try awhile how well he should be used in
L*" King James, in Book of Sports (1618), says, " Our
County of L* abounded more in Popish Recusants than
any county in England."

T* Heywood's Witches was based on an account of the
trial and execution of 12 witches in L. in 1612* There
was another prosecution of L. witches in 1634, the year
in which the play was published* The play was popular,
and there are several references to it* In Kirke's
Champions i* i, the Clown says, " Mother, were you not
one of the cats that drank up the miller's ale in L* wind-
mills < " In Field's Weathercock v* 2, Nevil says to Sir
Abraham, *4 O thou beyond Lawrence of L* 1 " He was
a noisy clown in the play, which must therefore have
been performed before it was printed* La Puritan iii. 5,
the Capt* says, 4* I sent a spirit into Lankishire t'other day
to fetch back a knave drover*" In Nabbes' Totenham i.
2, one of the tenants says, " He thought it in his con-
science she was a L. witch." In Jonson's Devil i* i,
Satan, twitting Pug, says, " You would make, I think,
An agent to be sent for L. Proper enough." In v* 3,
Meercraf t asks : " Did you ne'er read, Sir, little Darrel's
tricks With the boy of Burton, and the seven in L, i "
These were 7 members of the family of one Starkey,
for bewitching whom Edmund Hartley was executed at
Lancaster in 1597* ki Cowley's Cutter iii* 5, Puny asks,
** How came you to know all this, my little pretty witch

LANCASTER* The county town of Lancashire, on the
left bank of the Lune, 7 m* from its mouth, 240 m. N.W.
of Lond* The castle dates from Roman days, and the
S.W* tower is said to have been built in the reign of
Hadrian* It was much damaged £n 1322 by Robert
Bruce, but was restored by John of Gaunt, who erected
the Gateway Tower, and added to the Ltmgess Tower
the turrets which have caused it to be called John of
Gatint's Chair* It is now used as the county gaol* It
gave its title to the House of L*, which has played such
an important part in English history*

The ist Earl of L* was Edmund Crouchback (z.c. the
Crusader), the 2nd son of Henry III, who received the
title in 1267. He appears in Peele's Ed. I as the D. of L* ;
and in i. i, contributes " Out of the dutchy of rich L.
£3000 " for Edward's proposed hospital for old soldiers.
In x*, " Mary, duchess of L.," is mentioned as one of
those attending on Q* Elinor, but the context shows that
** Mary, Mayoress of Lond." is meant* Edmund of L/s

207

LANDAFFE

wives were (i) Aveline; (2) Blanche* His son Thomas
succeeded to the title, and was one of the leading op-
ponents of Gaveston in the reign of Edward II, He is
one of the characters in Marlowe's Ed. II; in i, i,
Gaveston says, ** That Earl of L* do I abhor," In ii. 2,
he announces as his device a flying fish with the motto
44 Undique Mors Est " : the allusion being to Gaveston,
whose death he has determined on " whether he rise or
fall," In ii. 5, he takes part in the arrest of Gaveston*
In iii* 3, he is himself captured by the K* and executed
at Pontefract* His brother Henry was restored to the
earldom at the beginning of the reign of Edward III,
and, dying in 1345, was succeeded by his son Henry
Wryneck, who served valiantly in the French wars and
was made D* of L*, the only previous D, in England
having been Edward the Black Prince, who was created
D. of Cornwall some 14 years before. His 2nd daughter,
Blanche, married John of Gaunt, 4th son of Edward III,
who was created D* of L* in 1362. In Spam Trag. i*,
Hieronimo says, " Brave John of Gaunt, the D, of L*,
With a puissant army came to Spain, And took our K,
of Castile prisoner/' The 2nd wife of John of Gaunt
was Constance, the widow of Pedro the Cruel, and in
her right he took the title of K* of Castile, but his at-
tempts to eject Henry of Estramadura from the throne
were futile, and he never took him prisoner. He did,
however, go to Spain early in the reign of Richd* II,
and made a treaty with Henry's son John, by virtue of
which his daughter Catherine became Q, of Castile and
the ancestress of Isabella of Castile and the succeeding
Spanish monarchs until 1700* Through his eldest
daughter, Philippa, who married John I of Portugal, he
became the ancestor of all the subsequent kings of that
country* In 1396 he married his mistress, Catherine
Swynford, and his children by her were legitimized
under the name of Beaufort, q.v. He was the patron of
Wyclif^and of Chaucer, whose wife was a sister of
Catherine Swynford's* He is one of the characters in
JRs* In i* i, i, the K. addresses him, " Old John of
Gaunt, time-honoured L," He is present at Coventry
in i* 3, and hears the sentence of banishment pronounced
on his son Henry Bolingbroke* In ii. i, the K, visits him
on his death-bed in Ely House, where he died in 1399*
He plays a prominent part in Trag* Richd. IL In R? ii.
3, Henry Bolingbroke returns to claim his father's title :
4* If that my cousin king be King of England," he says
(ii. 3, 124), " It must be granted I am D. of L*" ; and
in 70, he refuses to answer to any other name. In iv* i,
Richd. abdicates and L. is made K, In v. 5, Richard is
murdered, exclaiming, " The devil take Henry of L. ! "
In H4 A, iv, 2, 61, Hotspur recalls " He came but to be
D. of L." ; and in v* i, Worcester reminds him, ** You
swore That you did nothing purpose 'gainst the State,
Nor claim no further than your new-fall'n right, The
seat of Gaunt, dukedom of L*" In H6 B* ii, 2, York
claims the throne on the ground that John of Gaunt
was the 4th son of Edward III, whereas his ancestor
Lionel, D, of Clarence, was the 3rd, and vows that his
sword shall be stained " With heart-blood of the house
of L." The Prince John of L* whose name occurs
frequently in H4 A* & B* was the 3rd son of Henry IV,
and was created Ear! of Bedford at the accession of
HenryV, With the death of Henry VI the male line of
L* became extinct. In JRj i* 3, 6, Anne addresses his
corpse, " Pale ashes of the hotjse of L* ! " In R3 v* 5,
27* Richmond says, " AH this divided York and L,, O
now let Richmond and Elizabeth, The true succeeders
of each royal house, By God's fair ordinance conjoin
together ! " Henry VII was the great-great-grandson of

298

LAODICEA

John of Gaunt through John Beaufort, Earl of Somerset;
Elizabeth was the daughter of Edward IV, Jonson, in
Ev. Man I*, prolv speaks of the Wars of the Roses as
44 York and L.'s long jars," In T* Heywood's Witches
ii, i, Generous orders Robert, " Take the grey nag and
those bottles fill at L. there where you use to fetch it*"

LANDAFFE* See LLANDAFF,

LANDERSEY, Town in France in the department of
Le Nord, no m. N*E, of Paris, In S* Rowley's When
you G* i, Brandon reports : ** The Emperor is marching
now to L* There to invade the towns of Burgundy."
The reference appears to be to the invasion of Burgundy
by Charles V in 1544.

LANE, THE, See CHANCERY LANE,

LANERCHY, or LANERGH (now LANER)* A vill* in the
parish of St, Allen in S. Cornwall. In Cornish M* P* i*
2400, K. Solomon says to the Messenger, " My a re
thyugh Bosuene, Lostuthyel, ha L,," Le. " I will give
you Bosvene, Lostwitheil, and L*"

LANGLEY (now KING'S LANGLEY)* A vill, in W, Hert-
fordshire, abt* 20 m, from Lond*, on the Birmingham
road. The scene of R2 iii* 4 is laid at the D* of York's
palace at L, In Trag. Richd. II ii, 3, 109, the Duchess of
Ireland says, " I'll home to Langly with my uncle
York/'

LANGTON, or LANGDON* A vill* in Essex, 20 m, E.
of Lond, In Day's B. Beggar iii*, Canby says to young
Strowd, " Haste away with the reprieve, take horse at
L*» and make speed*" Strowd objects : " Why, I was
robbed too last night myself at L/*

LANGUEDOC, A large province in S,E* France, on the
Gulf of Lyons, W* of the Rhone. It was so called from
the fact that the people used ** Oc " as the affirmative,
whereas further north they used " Oui," or 4* Ouil ":
hence the language was called " Langue d'Oc," and the
name was later transferred to the province. In Brome's
Sparagas iii, 4, Wat speaks of the wonders which the
precious plant Asparagus ** hath wrought In Burgundy,
Almaine, Italy, and L,, Before the herborists had found
the skill To plant it here."

LANKISHIRE* See LANCASHIRE.

LANTCHIDOL. The part of the Indian Ocean between
Java and New Guinea. In Marlowe's Tamb. B, i* i,
Orcanes speaks of 44 the oriental plage Of India where
raging L. Beats on the regions with his boisterous
blows*"

LAODICEA. A city in S.W* Phrygia, near the r* Lycus,
100 m, E* of Ephesus* One of the most important cities
in Asia Minor in the ist cents* B.c* and A*D*, it is now
a heap of ruins* In C&safs Rev. v* i, Cassius says, " L*,
whose high-reared walls Fair Lyeas washeth with her
silver wave, With Tursos, vailed to us her vaunting
pride," This was in 42 B*c*, when Cassius captured
these cities* Lyeas is a misprint for Lycus* In Mason's
Mulleasses 1701, Mulleasses asks : " Do you Christians
* * * like the Lns* unto Pallas, offer The blood of
virgins 4 " Suidas records that virgins were annually
offered in sacrifice to Pallas in Ilion. In Revelation iii* 15,
the Lns. are said to be " lukewarm and neither cold nor
hot " : hence Ln* was used to mean a person who is in-
different in matters of religion. Bacon, in Essay z'zz*, says,
44 Certain Lns* and lukewarm persons think they may
accommodate points of religion by middle ways*"
Fuller, Church History (1656) i* 3, 2, says, " That the
first professors in Christianity were but lukewarm in
religion will * . * be easily believed by such who have
felt the temper of the English Lns* now-a-days/'

LAPANTHM

LAPANTH32 (possibly LAPATHUS, spt* on N* coast of
Cyprus, is intended ; or more likely it is a variant for
LEPANTO : certainly " the Lepanthean battle " appears
for the battle of Lepanto in Swetnam L i)* In Thradan
i* 2, Tityrus says, " Lovers are like the winds Upon L/s
shore that still are changing/* The passage is copied
from Greene's Mmapkonf where Menaphon says, ** As
upon the shores of Lapanthe the winds continue never
one day in one quarter, so the thoughts of a lover never
continue scarce a minute in one passion/* Brereton, in
article in Mod. Lang. Review Oct* 1906, has given
several other similar examples, which prove the de-
pendance of Thradan on Menaphon.

LAPLAND (or LAPPIA, as Heylyn calls it)* The country
of the Lapps, in N.W* Europe : the W* portion be-
longing to Norway and Sweden and the E. to Russia*
The Lapps are short of stature, the average height of
the men being 5 ft* Their speech is akin to the Finnish*
They had a great reputation for skill in magic, especially
in the raising of winds* Eden, in Hist, of Travayle
(1577), says, " They tie 3 knots on a string hanging at a
whip* When they loose one of these they raise tolerable
winds; when they loose another the wind is more
vehement; but, by loosing the 3rd they raise plain
tempests*" The men were really the sorcerers, but in
England L* witches are more commonly spoken of, and
they are described as preternaturally ugly. In Err. iv* 3,
n, Antipholus of Syracuse, bewildered by his adven-
tures in Ephesus, says, " Sure L* sorcerers inhabit
here/* In Look about xxvii*, John says, " 3 times, like
the northern Laplanders, He backward circled the
sacred font, And 9 times backwards said his orisons*'*
In Glapthorne's Hollander ii* i, Sconce says of the
inventor of an ointment: " He's reported to have achieved
the salve in L* among the witches*** In Shirley's
Admiral iv* i, Didimo addresses a supposed witch as
44 Great Lady of the Laplanders**' In his Duke's Mist.
iu, Horatio says, " I dare encounter with an army [of
witches] out of L.*' In Habington's Arragon i* i, we
have : " Your Lordship Shall walk as safe as if a L* witch
Preserved you shot-free." In T* Heywood's Witches v*,
we have: " Then to work, my pretty Ls* ; pinch here,
scratch**' In Webster's Cuckold iv* 3, Lessingham says,
44 1 will rather trust The winds which L* witches sell to
men/' In B* & F* Fair Maid L iv. 2, the Clown says of
Forobosco: "Now for his conjuring, the witches of L*
are the devil's chair-women to him, for they will sell a
man a wind to some purpose ; he sells wind and tells
you 40 lies over and over*" In T* Heywood's Witches v*,
after the discovery of the Witches, Bantam says, ** I'll
out of the country and as soon live in L. as Lancashire
hereafter*" Dekker, in his Dream (1620), speaks of ** The
Laplandian witch*" Giles Fletcher, in his treatise Of
the Russe Commonwealth (1591), says of the Laplanders
that 44 for practice of witchcraft and sorcery they pass all
nations in the world." Milton, P. L. ii* 665, compares
Sin to "the nighthag . * * riding through the air * * *
to dance With L* witches*" Burton* A. M. i* 2, i, a*
says, 44 Nothing so familiar as for witches and sorcerers
in L* . * * to sell winds to mariners and cause tempests."
In B. & F* Chances v. 3, John says, " Sure his devil
Comes out of L., where they sell men wind For dead
drink and old doublets." In Middleton*s Gipsy iv. 3,
Rodcrigo, looking at the picture of the woman they want
him to marry, cries : ** Marry a witch I have you
fetched a wtfe for me out of L*s*" In Davenant's
U. Lovers iv* i, Heildebrand says, " The nicest maid in
Lombardy, strictly compared [with Arthiopa] Looks like
a withered L* nurse/' W. Rowley, in Search 13, caUs the

LATIN

keeper of a bawdy house ** an old Laplander*" There
were also supposed to be giants in L*, which is curious,
considering the diminutive size of the Lapps* In Mar-
lowe's Faustus i* 125* Valdes promises Faust that the
spirits 44 shall guard us, Like L. giants, trotting by our

" sides*** In Tomb. B* i* i, Orcanes speaks of *4 Giants as
big as hugy Polypherne " in Grantland* z.e* Greenland.
In Underwoods xvi*, Jonson says of Drayton's Mooncalf:
44 Give me leave to wonder, as to us Thou hadst brought
L* or * * * some monster more Than Afric knew/*

LARASSA (= EL-ARAISCH, or LAKASHE)* A city on the
W* coast of Morocco, near the mouth of the Wad-al-
Khos, some 40 m. W* of Alcazar* It was a flourishing
port, and was strongly fortified* In Stucley 2506,
Stucley says, " We have L. and Morocco, both Strong
towns of succour, to retire unto."

LARISSA* An important town in Thessaly, on the S*
bank of the Peneius, some 25 m* N* of Pharsaius. It is
still a considerable place under the name of Yenisheher.
In Cssar's Rev, i* 3, Caesar says, ** The flying Pompey to
L* hastes And to Thessalian Tempe shapes his course,
Where fair Peneus tumbles up bis waves/* This was
after the battle of PharsaHa* In Marlowe's Tomb. B* i, 3,
Tamburlaine says to Zenocrate, " Now rest thee here on
fair L* plains."

LATARAN* See JOHN (Saint) LATERAN.

LATIN* Properly an inhabitant of Latium (g*u.), but used
as a synonym for Roman* In Fisher's Fuimus iii. 5,
Belinus says, "Thick lay the Ls., scattered on the
shore*** The word is used in its proper sense in Kyd's
Cornelia iii., where Cicero speaks of " This stately town,
so often hazarded Against the Samnites, Sabins, and
fierce Ls/*

LATIN* Properly the language of Latium (g.v*), but used
for the language spoken in ancient Rome, and em-
bodied in its literature* After the break-up of the
Empire of the West it formed the basis from which
were developed the vernacular languages of Italy, Spain,
Portugal, and France* Roumansch (spoken in parts of
the Grisons) and, in the main, Roumanian are also based
upon it* The classical L*, however, continued to be
used as the common language of learned men in all the
countries of Europe, and it was the chief subject of in-
struction in the grammar schools. It still remains the
language of the services of the Roman Ch*, and was
employed in diplomacy till the end of the I7th cent*
Every educated man in England in the i6th cent* knew
some L*, and the L. phrases which are frequently intro-
duced into the plays of this period show that at any rate
a large part of the audience knew enough of the lan-
guage to appreciate their meaning. Jonson, in the
verses prefixed to the ist folio of Shakespeare, says that
Shakespeare had ** small L* and less Greek," but he
certainly learned his L* grammar at the Stratford
Grammar School, and could probably read Ovid and
Vergil, Plautus and Terence for himself. In M* W+ W.
iv, i, the catechism on his L* declensions to which
little William Page is subjected is doubtless a transcript
from litde William Shakespeare's experience. Slender
kn-ew little L*, for in the same play (i. i, 185), when
Bardolph says, " Conclusions passed the careires," he
says, " Ay, you spake in L. then*" Quickly, of course,
knew nothing of it: in iv* i, 51, she suggests that
44 Hang-hog [£*e* hunc, hoc] is L* for bacon." But there
were no grammar schools for girls, and only a few ladies,
like Lady Jane Grey, were in any sense scholars. In
£. L* L., Costard has evidently got some smattering of
L* at the school of Holofernes ; in iii. i, 140, he reflects :

199

LATIN

44 Remuneration ! O, that's the L* word for 3 farthings " ; !
and in v* i, 83, he says, " Thou hast it ad dunghill, at
the fingers' ends, as they say " : to which the school-
master, ** I smell fake L. : dunghill for unguem*" In
Merck, i* 2* 75, Portia, who could evidently talk L* her-
self, complains that the young English lord "hath
neither L., French, nor Italian/' In Shrew i* 2, 29,
when Hortensio uses an Italian sentence, Grumio says,
" Nay, 'tis no matter, Sir, what he 'leges in L." In
ii* i, 8x, Lucentio is presented as a student from Rheims,
** cunning in Greek, L*, and other languages*" In H6
B* iv* 7, 63, when Lord Say speaks of Kent as ** bona
terra, mala gens," Cade shouts, " Away with him J he
speaks L*" Even Cade knew L* when he heard it* In
H8 iiL i, 42, Q* Katharine protests against Wolsey's
using L. in his address to her : " O good my lord, no
L." : not that she did not understand it, but that her
poor friends and attendants may hear her wrongs. In
Killigrew's Parson iii* 2* Careless says that " they say
there are other gentlemen poets without land or L* ;
this was not ordinary." In iv* 2, the Capt. says, 44 1 be-
take me to my constable's staff, till you subscribe,
4 Cedunt arma togas * ; and if it be false L*, parson, you
must pardon that too*" In Goosecap L 4, Fowlewether
says that women are as subtle " as the L* dialect, where
the nominative case and the verb, the substantive and
the adjective, the verb and the adverb, stand as far
asunder as if they were perfect strangers one to another*"
In L 4, Momford says, ** There is not one woman
amongst one thousand but will speak false L* and break
Priscian's head*" In Alimony ii* 2, Hoy says of the lady:
" For the L*, she makes herself as familiar with the
breach of Priscian's head as if it were her husband's*"
In Mankind , p* 8, New Guise says, " Ay, ay ; your body
is full of English-L*/' i*e. dog-L* In FulwelTs Like*
Dods*, iii* 328, Hance the Dutchman says, ** Ich le-le-
learned some La-la-latin when Ich was a la-la-lad*" In
Chapman's Hum. Day ii*, Lemot says, 4t Now must I
say, * Lupus est in fabula,' for these L* ends are part of a
gentleman and a good scholar**' In Preface to Tarlton's
Purgatory, the author says of Tarlton: "He was only
superficially seen in learning, having no more but a
tee insight into the L* tongue*" In Middleton's R. G*
ii* i, Mrs* Openwork says, ** I had my L* tongue and a
spice of the French before I came to him*" In Cdoke's
Greene's Quoqae, p* 548, Bubble says, ** It is needful a
gentleman should speak L, sometimes, is it not, Ger-
vase * " " O, very graceful. Sir/' is the reply* On p*
565, Staines says, ** I can speak Greek and L* as
promptly as my own natural language*" In Randolph's
Muses iii. 4, Eiron, whilst denying any knowledge of
other languages, says/' Indeed theL* I was whipt into."
In W» Rowley's Match. Mid. i. i, we find young Tim,
an ignorant fellow, acquainted with several L. words*
In Marston's Malcontent iii* i, Bilioso says to the fool,
"111 salute her in L."; Passarello retorts, "O, your
fool can understand no L." ; to which Bilioso replies,
^Aye, but your lady can."

One of the objects of the Reformers was to substitute
English for L* in the services of the Roman Church*
In Bale's Lam iii., Avarice says, " Let them have their
creed and service all in L* that a L* belief may make a L*
soul." There is probably a pun here on the word latten,
which means a base metal like brass* The same pun
occurs in Gavsecap v*, where Sir Gyles says, " There
was a L candlestick here, and that had the languages, I
am sure/' In Wit Woman 1550, the Priest says, " A
Priest without L. may turn him to the belfry and make
him a sexton*" In Chapman's Bossy v* i, Monsieur

LATIUM

says, ** Illiterate men say L* prayers by rote, Not know-
ing what they say/' In As iii. 2, 337* Rosalind says that
Time ambles " with a priest that lacks L. ; for he sleeps
easily because he cannot study*" In Cockayne's Trapo-
lin ii. i, Trapolin says, ** I'd to Rome and turn friar if I
had any L* in me*" In B* & F. Elder B* ii. i, Miramont
scoffs at ** Thy dapper clerk, larded with ends of L*,
And he no more than custom of his office." From its
ecclesiastical use L* was supposed to be specially
efficacious in dealing with the devil and other spirits*
In Webster's White Devil ii. 3, the Conjurer says that
certain impostors in his profession would " make men
think the devil were fast and loose, With speaking fustian
L*" The conjuration in Marlowe's Faustus iii* is in L*
In Ham. L i, 42, when the Ghost appears, Marcellus
says, ** Thou art a scholar ; speak to it, Horatio," i'.e*
in L. In B. & F* Nightwalker ii* i, Toby says,
44 Let's call the butler up, for he speaks L*, and that
will daunt the devil." In Ret* Pernass. ii* 4, Academico
says, " This honest man could never abide this popish
tongue of Latine*" L* was used in legal documents*
In H5 v* 2, 369, Exeter quotes from the treaty : " Thus
in L*, 'PraeclarissimusfiliusnosterHenricus, rex Anglian,
et hseres Francia**' " In Tourneur's Revenger iv* 2,
Vendice says, " There are old men that are so poisoned
with the affectation of law-words that their common
talk is nothing but Barbary-L*," f.e* the barbarous L* of
the Law* In B* & F. Philaster v* 3, Dion says of the
merchants: 4t They know no language but that gibberish
they prattle to their parcels, unless it be the goatish L*
they write in their bonds": where goatish means
Gothic, barbarous* When Chaucer's Somnour was
drunk, ** Than wolde he speke no word but Latyn "
(C* T* Prol* 638). In T* Heywood's Witches i. i, Whet-
stone quotes a few L* tags and Shakstone thinks " he's
piece of a scholar*" — *' What," says Arthur, " because
he hath read a little scrivener's L* s1" In Cowley's
Riddle i* i, Callidora says that Law is of no use ** but
to undo men and the L* tongue*" Good wine was said
to make a man talk L*, ie* gabble unintelligibly* In
Nabbes' Bride i. 4, Rhenish says of his wine : " There's
that will make the crookedest horner in the lane speak
L* with the Beadle of Vintners hall. " Medical men
use L* in their prescriptions to-day* In Ibid, v* 4,
the Servant introduces 4( Mr* Plaster, the learned
surgeon, that speaks nothing but L*, because either he
would not be understood or not contradicted." In
Cowley's Cutter i. 4, Jolly says, ** He . * . spoke false
L., which becomes a Doctor worse than a beating." In
Prologue to Tomkis' Albwnazar, written to be played at
Cambridge, we have " L. is our mother-tongue," f,e. in
the University* L* is used as a general term for lan-
guage* In Kirkers Champions i, i, the Clown says, " A
soldier's L* for the lie is the stab*"
LATIUM* A dist* in ancient Italy, stretching along the
coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea from the Tiber to Cam-
pania, and from the sea to the Apennines. Here ^Eneas
was said to have landed and founded Alba Longa, the
mother city of Rome* L* was naturally the ist part of
Italy to become subject to Rome ; and it is hence used
as equivalent to the imperial city* In Cssafs Rev. v* I,
Antony swears *4 by the gods that brought the brave
Trojan to old L*" In Fisher's Fuimus iv* 4, Caesar says,
** Had Britain nursed but such another champion [as
Nennius] L. might have trembled with contrary fates*"
In Kyd's Cornelia i*, Chor., the song ends: " If Peace
descend not soon, L* will be destroyed*" La May's
Agrippma iii* 209, Seneca says, " Now armies are afoot
To stain with Latian blood Phillipi plains*" The

300

LATMOS

reference is to the battle of Philippi in which Octavian
defeated Brutus and Cassius* Spenser, F* Q* iii* 9, 42,
says of £ineas : " At last in L. he did arrive/'

LATMOS (generally in the Latin form, LATMUS)* A
mtn* near the W* coast of Asia Minor in Caria, at the
head of the Latmic Gulf, near Miletus. It is noted in
mythology as the place where the Moon came down to
meet her lover Endymion* In Fisher's Fuimus ii* 6,
Hulacus says, ** So may Endymion snort on Latmiati
bed/' In Thracian L 3, Palaemon speaks of *' jolly
swains Such as was Luna's love on Latmus Hill/' In
Shirley's Riches ii*, the Courtier says, " Thus looked the
Moon when she went to the mountain L* to visit her
Endymion/' In B* & F* Valentinian iv* 4, Maximus will
erect a pyre for JBcius " which will be more and greater
Than green Olympus, Ida, or old Latmus Can feed with
cedar." In Massinger's Actor ii. i, Caesar says, ** On L*'
Hill Fair-haired Calliope on her ivory lute Sung Ceres'
praises/' In Brome's Ct. Beggar iv* a, Frederick, in his
mad fit, says, ** Set me upon Mt* Lathmos, where I may
see and contemplate the beauty of my adored Diana/'
In B* & F* Maid's Trag. L 2, Night says to Cynthia,
44 Or, if thou woo't, then call thine own Endymion From
the sweet flowery bed he lies upon On Latmus' top/'
Weelkes, in Morley's Triumphs of Oriana(i6oi), begins
his madrigal, 44 As Vesta was from L* hill descending/'
E.D., in trans, of Theocritus' Idyl xxi., says, "The
Moon . . * came to L* grove, where with the dainty lad
she lay." In B* & F. Shepherdess i* 3, Cloe tells how
Phoebe conveyed Endymion " to the steep head of old
Latmus/'

LAURENCE (SAINT) PORT. Spoken of as one of the
gates of Verona. I have not been able to find any such
gate, In Davenant's £7* Lovers i. i, Brusco says, ** Away!
Let's to St* Laurence Port." The scene of the play is
Verona*

LAURENTUM* An ancient town in Latium, near the
coast, between Ostia and Lavinium, i6m. S.W*of Rome*
It was represented as the ancient capital of Latium and
the residence of K* Latinus. In Richards' Misogonus,
the "Prologue states, "Whilom there in L* dwelt a
gentleman."

LAURETTA. SeeLoRETTO*

LAVINIA (either a misprint for LAVINIAN or a mistake
for LAVINIUM)* An ancient town in Latium, i m* from
the sea-coast and 17 m* S* of Rome. It was said to have
been founded by JE&eas on his arrival in Italy, and
named by him after his wife L., daughter of K. Latinus*
To the last its Penates were regarded with peculiar
reverence by the Romans as those of their mother-city.
In Marlowe's Dido iii*, Venus says of JEneas: "His
armed soul, already on the sea, Darts forth her light
to L/s shore." Probably we should read " unto " and
44 Ln/' In Act v* i, tineas says, 4* Now will I haste unto
Ln* shore/'

LAWER COUNTRIES* See Low COUNTRIES* In Dek-
ker's Northward iv* i, the Capt* says he was never so
cozened ** since I came out of the L* C/*

LAWRENCE LANE* A narrow st. in Lond* running N.
from Cheapside* W* of King St., to Gresham St.,
formerly Cateaton St. It was named from the Ch. of
St* L, Jewry at its N* end* Here was the well-known
Bosom's, or Blossom's, Inn, g*i>. It was the way from
Cheapside to the Gttildhall'before King St* was opened
out in 1667. In Middleton's Triumphs of Truth, the
direction for the procession is : 4* It goes on front the
Standard till it comes to St* L* L* end." In the Triumph

LEADENHALL

of King Charles (1641), " They all entered the city at
Moorgate ; from which place to Bishopsgate, and so
through Cornhill, to St* L/s L* end in Cheapside."

LAWRENCE (SAINT) JEWRY* A ch* in Lond* at the
corner of Gresham St* and King St* It was so called
from the number of Jews that lived in the neighbour-
hood* It was destroyed in the Gt* Fire, and rebuilt by
Wren in the Corinthian style with a tower and short
spire. It was the most costly of his city churches* Sir
T* More delivered a series of lectures in the old ch*, to
which ** resorted all the chief learned of the City of
Lond*" Here Sir Rd* Gresham was buried* 4* Robert
Wombewell, vicar of St* Laurence in the J.," was one
of the Commissioners who tried Sir John Oldcastle.
In More v. 4, Sir Thomas, at his execution, reminds the
Sheriff, 44 You were a patient auditor of mine when I
read the Divinity Lecture at St* Laurances/'

LAWRENCE (SAINT) POULTNEY (now POUNTNEY)* A
ch* in Lond* at the corner of Candlewick St* and L* P.
Lane* It was called after Sir John P*, Mayor of Lond*
in the reign of Edward III, who built a chantry chapel
in the ch*, and in his mansion adjoining founded the
College of Corpus Christi* Latimer was at one time
priest of St* L. P* It was destroyed in the Gt* Fire, the
flames bursting out first in the steeple, and was not re-
built* In H8 i. 2, 153, the Surveyor says, 44 The D* [of
Suffolk] being at the Rose within the parish St* L* P*,
did of me demand What was the speech among the
Londoners Concerning the French journey." The
Crypt of the Rose still remains between Duck's Foot
Lane and St* L* P* Hill* In Middletpn's Aries, it is
stated, '* Sir J* P* founded a College in the parish of
St. L. P* by Candiewick St."

LAXFIELD. A vill* in Suffolk, near the source of the
Blythe, 6 m. N. of Framlingham. In Greene's Friar x*
7, Lambert, one of the suitors for Margaret's hand, says*
** In L* here my land and living lies " ; and in 41,
Serlsby, another of her suitors, says* 44 L. here is mine,
Of ancient rent £700 a year*"

LAYTON BUSSARD* See LEIGHTON-BUZZAED*

LAZARETTO* The quarantine station at Venice, on a
small island near the city, founded in 1403* It was the
first quarantine station in Europe* In Fynes Moryson's
Map, the old L* is shown on an island S,E* of San
Giorgio, and the new one on an island NJB* of the city*
In Jonson's Volpone iv* i, Sir Politick has a scheme for
ascertaining by present demonstration whether any ship
from Soria or the Levant is guilty of the plague ; 44 and
where they use To lie out 40, 50 days sometimes. About
the L* for their trial, I'll save that charge * * * aid in an
hour clear the doubt*" According to Fynes Morysosn £.
i, 74, all travellers from the East had to present a
Bolletion della Sanita, or be shut up in the L* 40 days*

LEADENHALL* Ofctgiaally a mansion belonging to Sir
Hugh Nevill, standing at the intersection of Grace-
church St* and Cornhill at the S.E. corner. It came
into the possession of the City of Lond. during the 14th
cent* It was used sometimes as a Court of Justice, and
once, in 1326, the Commons met there* The wholesale
poultry market was held in the Carfax, or meeting of
the 4 sts*, just opposite, where stood a conduit with 4
spouts* In 1445 Simon Eyres erected on its site a hall
for a granary, with a chapel on the E. dedicated to the
Holy Trinity: it was taken down in 1812* It was roofed
with lead, which according to one legend was dug up
in making the foundations* During the i6th cent* it be-
came a market for meat, poultry, wool, vegetables,

LEATHERHEAD

leather, cutlery, and other commodities* It was burnt
down in the Gt* Fire, but speedily rebuilt* In 1730 it
was largely rebuilt again, and in 1813 many of the older
parts, including the chapel, were removed* The present
market was commenced in 1881* In Three Lords, Dods*,
vi* 412, Dissimulation says, " Once in a month I stole
in o' th' market-day to L* and about/' Greene, in
Quip (HarL Misc* v* 411), says, "Did you not grease the
sealers of L. thoroughly in the fiste [z.e* bribe them] they
would never be sealed but turned away*" The sealers
were the inspectors who certified to the quality of hides
and leather by affixing a seal to them* In Dekker's
Shoemaker's v. 5, the King says to Simon Eyre, ** That
new building Which at thy cost in Cornhill is erected,
Shall take a name from us ; we'll have it called The L*,
because, in digging, You found the lead that covereth j
the same*" In More iii* i, Doll says that but for Master i
More " We would have locked us up in L* And there ;
been burnt to ashes with the roof." In Haughton's i
Englishmen iv* i, when Alvaro asks, " What do ye call dis
street < " Heigham informs him, "Why, L*, Could you !
not see the 4 spouts as you came along i tf The st* from |
the corner, running E* to Aldgate, was, and is, called L* j
St*, and originally L* had an opening into it, though it
now opens into Gracechurch St* only* In W* Rowley's
Match Mid. iv* 2, Sim arranges with Randall to meet
Moll " just at the great crossway, by the Nag's Head
Tavern at L*,** and Randall interrupts : " Was high,
high pump there as hur turn into Grace's St**" —
44 There's the very place/' says Sim* In Shirley's
Honoria ii* i, Phantasm promises to transmute ** dull
L* to gold*" Greene, in Quip, speaks of leather being
sold there; and Gosson, in Players confuted (1581), says,
** This argument cuts like a L* knife, where, if one
pour on steel with a ladle, another comes and wipes it off
with a feather*" The Groundwork of Coney-catching was
" Printed at Lond* by John Danter for William Barley,
and are to be sold at his shop at the upper end of
Gracious st* over against L* 1592*" Straw was published
at the same place in 1593. In T* Heywood's Ed+
IV A. i* i, Falconbridge, the rebel, says, " At L* we'll
sell pearls by the peck As now the mealmen use to sell
their meal."

LEATHERHEAD* Vill* in Surrey on the Mole, 18 m*
S.W* of London* Elynour Rtimmrn* the heroine of
Skelton's poem, " dwelt in Sothray, In a certain stead,
Beside Lederhede," It is stated by Dalloway that the
house still exists near the bridge*

LEBANON. Mtn. range in N, Syria. It has been famous
from the earliest times for its noble cedars and pines.
The cedars were used in the building of the temple of
Solomon, and are often referred to in the O*!T» In
Locrine L i, the dying Brutus compares himself to ** a
lusty cedar worn with years That far abroad her dainty
odour throws 'Mongst all the daughters of proud L*"
In Chapman's Trag. Byron v* i, Byron says of his trial:
** Like a cedar on Mount L* I grew and made my judges
show like box-trees*" In Greene's Friar viii*, Prince
Edward promises Margaret that she shall wanton on the
waves ** in frigates Topt with the lofty firs of L*" In
Greene and Lodge's Looking Glass L i, Remilia speaks
of ** the mustering breath of ^Eolus That overturns the
pines of Libanon*" In Dekker's Babylon i* i. the Em-
press speaks of " cedars Uprising from the breast of
Lybanus."1 In Peek's Bethsabe ii. i, David, being told
that his son must die, exclaims : " Wither, ye cedar trees
of L*" In Mason's Mulleasses 1734, the hero speaks of
"curled cedars * * * on Syrian Lybanus/' Milton, P*L.i.

LEGHORN, or LIVORNO

447, says," Thammuz came next behind, Whose annual
wound in L* allured The Syrian damsels to lament his
fate." Thammus, the Greek Adonis, was said to have
been killed by a boar in L*, and annual festivals were
held in his honour at Antioch*

LEE, or LEA* River in England, rising in Beds* and flow-
ing S* between Middlesex and Essex into the Thames at
BlackwalL In Locrine iv* 3, Locrine tells of a secret
chamber he has built for Estrild ** Nigh Deurolitum by
the pleasant L* Where brackish Thamis slides with silver
streams*" Deurolitum is Romford, which is not actually
on the L., but a few miles E. of it* Spenser, J7* Q. iv* 1 i,
39, speaks of ** The wanton Lv that oft doth lose his
way*" In his Ruines of Time 135, he speaks of the
Thames sliding ** in silver channel, down along the L*"
Milton, in Vac. -Ex* 97, calls it ** sedgy L*" Drayton,
in Odes (1594) xxxii* 12* says, ** The old L* brags of the
Danish blood*" The reference is to Alfred's defeat of
the Danes on the L* A.D* 896*

LEE (probably LEIGH is intended)* A town in Essex on
the N* bank of the Thames estuary, near its mouth*
In Webster's Cuckold ii. 4, Woodroff says, " I should
by promise see the sea to-morrow As low [z*e* as far
south] as L. or Margate."

LEEDS* City in Yorks*, on the Aire, 185 m* N* of Lond*
It was a Roman settlement, and formerly possessed a
castle on Mill Hill, built by Ilbert de Laci in the reign of
William I* In Downfall Huntington iii* 2, Robin Hood
says, ** Sharpe of L* sharp arrows for us made " ; and
later the Prior says, " We'll frolic with the nuns of L*"

LEENE* A tributary of the Trent, flowing into it about i
m* beyond Nottingham* In Sampson's Vow iii* 2, 55,
we are told how Cratch was condemned by Abolt Cab-
bidge to ** cool his proud flesh in the L* for making in-
surrection on the High-day," i.e* Sunday* In v* i* 71,
Ball says, ** See, Joshua is entered ; one cup of brisk
Orleance Makes him i* th' temper he was when he
leaped into L*"

LEG* A common hosiers* and bestsellers' sign in Lond*
There was also a Leg Tavern in King St*, Westminster*
In H4 B* ii* 4, 271, Falstaff says that the Prince loves
Poins because ** he wears his boots very smooth like
unto the sign of the Leg*" We find the same sign at Foy*
In T* Heywood's Maid of West A. ii. i, Clem says, " My
father was a baker ; [he dwelt] in the next crooked st*
at the sign of the Leg*"

LEGHORN, or LIVORNO* A port on the Ligurian Sea,
on the W* coast of Italy, 160 m* N*W* of Rome* In
1451 it came under the dominion of Florence, and by
the encouragement of the Medici rose to be one of the
most important mercantile cities of Italy* Its original
name was Ligorno, whence the Hobson-Jobson Leg-
horn. In Davenant's Wits iv* i, the elder Palatine says
sarcastically to the younger, ** Why, sure you have no
factors, Sir, in Delph, L*, Aleppo, or the Venetian isles*"
In T* Heywood's Captives v* i, Thomas says, " His last
letters were dated from Leagahorne*" In Ford's Tzs Pity
ii* 2, Hippolita charges Soranzo with having caused her
to counsel her husband ** To undertake a voyage to
Ligorne," on which he died* In his Fancies i. i, Troylo
says, " Well he merited The intendments o'er the gallies
at L*" In Day's Travails (Bullen, p* 40), the Chorus
informs us ** Sir Thomas is come unto the Streights of
Gibralter, then to Legorne." In Day's Law Tricks i. i,
Polymetis speaks of a temple "decked With all the relics
and the choicest gems Marcellis, Pisa, or Ligorne could
yield." In Cockayne's Trapolin iv* i, Mattemores says,

303

LEICESTER

44 The butcher doth very well deserve to be sent into the
galleys at Ligorn," z*e* as a prisoner*

LEICESTER (pronounced and often spelt LESTER). The
county-town of Leicestersh., on the Soar, 97 m* N*W*
of Lond. It was a British town and the site of a Roman
station called Ratae, or Ratiscorion* Two of the gate-
ways and part of the Hall of the old castle are still stand-
ing. The earldom was at first in the Beaumont family ;
it then passed to the Montforts, and Simon, the Great
Earl, conferred lustre on the title. Robert Dudley was
created Earl of L. by Elisabeth in 1563. The present
Earl holds the title in descent from Thomas William
Coke, created 1837* In the Abbey adjacent to the old ch.
of St. Margaret, Wolsey died and was buried. Richard
III passed a night here (at the Blue Boar Inn in High-
cross St.) on his way to Bosworth, and was buried in the
Franciscan convent near the present St. Martin's Ch*,
though the local legend maintains that his body was
thrown off Bow Bridge into the Soar* In Bristowe, one
of the Lords who return with Richd* from the Crusades
is the Earl of L. : this was the gallant Robert of L.,
who took the command in Rouen in the absence of the
K* and drove back the forces of Philip of France, who
had treacherously invaded Normandy* There is an
Earl of L* in Davenport's Matilda ; he is opposed to
the K., and in i. i, is branded by Oxford as 4t imperious
Leister/' This was Simon de Montfort, the father of
the Gt. Earl* The great Simon is mentioned in Chap-
man's Alphonsus i. 2, 204, where Bohemia suggests that
Richd. of Cornwall should " hie him home to help the k*
his brother Against the Earl of L* and the barons." The
date of the scene is 1357* before the struggle between
Henry III and the Barons had begun* In Peele's Ed. I,
p* 31, David of Wales says, ** Might I see the star of L*'s
loins, It were enough to darken and obscure This Ed-
ward's glory." This was the Lady Elinor, daughter of
Simon de Montfort, who on her way from France to
marry Llewellyn of Wales was captured by Edward and
detained at the English Court* In Marlowe's Ed. II L i,
Lancaster says, ** 4 Earldoms have I besides Lancaster :
Derby, Salisbury, Lincoln, L." This was Thomas of
Lancaster, who was created Earl of L* in 1301* His
brother Henry succeeded him in 1324, and perpetuated
his memory by founding in L* a hospital for old men
in 1330* It was called Trinity Hospital, and still remains.
In Jonson's Oiv/s, presented at Kenilworth, Capt. Cox
says of his hobby-horse: "He was foaled in Q* Eliza-
beth's time When the great Earl of Lester In this castle
did feast her*" This was Robert Dudley (see KILLING-
WORTH)* In R3 v. 2, 12, Richmond says of Richd*:
** This foul swine Lies now even in the centre of this
isle Near to the town of L." In v* 5, 10, Derby an-
nounces that young George Stanley is "safe in L*
town*" In True Trag., p* 116, Stanley tells Richmond,
" The K. is now come to Lester, and means to-morrow
to bid thee battle in Bosworth." In verses prefixed to
Coryat's Crudities (1611), Peacham mentions amongst
the curiosities of England *' K* Richd/s bed-sted i'
Leyster*" In HS iv. 2, 16, Griffith relates to the Q*, of
Wolsey : ** At last, with easy roads he came to L.,
Lodged in the Abbey," and there died*

LEICESTERSHIRE* A county in the centre of England*
In Trag . Richd. II iv* i, 234* " Lester-shere " is one of
the counties granted by the K* to Greene* Li H6 C* iv.
8, 15, Warwick sends Montagu to Buckingham,
Northampton, and L*, where " thou shalt find Men well
inclined to hear what thou commandest*" In Middle-
ton's Trick to Catch ii, i, when Lucre hears that Wit-

LEMNOS

good is ** a L* gentleman," he says, " A simple country
fellow, I'll work it out of him."

LEIGHTON-BUZZARD* A town in Bedfordsh*, 18 m.
S*W* of Bedford, and 5 W* of HocklMe. It has a fine
old market-cross* In Trag. Richd. II lii* 3, 53, the Bailiff
of Dunstable informs Nimble, " His name is Cowetayle,
a rich grazier, and dwells here hard by, at Layton-
Bussard*" In Merlin iii. 4, 127, the Clown says, " Our
standing-house is at Hocklye i' th' Hole and Layton-b*"
A buzzard is often used for a foolish person, and the
Clown means that his ancestors were thieves and block-
heads*

LEIPSIC* The most important commercial city in
Saxony, 65 m* N.W* of Dresden and 90 m* S.W* of
Berlin* The University was founded in 1409, and was
the largest in Germany until quite recent years, when
Berlin outstripped it in numbers* It is a centre of the
book-trade* In Jonson's Staple iii* i, one of the items of
sensational intelligence is "They write from Libtzig
The art of drawing farts out of dead bodies Is by the
brotherhood of the Rosie Cross Produced unto per-
fection*" In 1614, ii years before the production of
this play, the fabulous Society of the Rosy Cross was
introduced to the world in a pamphlet published at
Cassel ; it was really an elaborate joke, but it was taken
seriously, and a great controversy raged on the subject
for many years* Cassel is 120 m, W* of L*, and the L*
scholars were involved in the discussion of the alleged
powers of the Rosicrucians. Dallington, in Method of
Travel (1598), says that for those who wish to learn
German " Lipsick is the best " place to visit.

LEITH (since 1920 a part of the city of Edinburgh)*
Formerly an independent burgh on the Firth of Forth,
it was besieged by the English in 1560, and recovered
from the French, who had held it since 1549 in the
interest of Mary of Guise* The siege of L* forms the
historical background of Sampson's Vow.

LEMNOS (Ln* = Lemnian), now STAUMENE. An island
in the N. of the ^Egean, abt. 40 m. W* of the mouth
of the Hellespont. Its volcanic character is perhaps the
origin of the legend that when Hephaestus (Vulcan), the
god of fire, was thrown from heaven by Zeus he fell
on the island of L* and was picked up and cared for by
its inhabitants. In Thersites 196, when the hero wants a
suit of armour made for him by Vulcan he says, " I
would have some help Of L. and Ithalia": Ithalia being
another name for L*, or more probably here for Elba,
q.v. In Alimony ii* 5, Tilly-vally speaks of ** Vulcan's
smutted look, Blackened with Ln* sea-coal*" Jonson
says, in his Execration upon Vulcan, "No marie the
clowns of L* took thee up ; For none but smiths would
have made thee a god*" In Massinger's Virgin iii. i,
Dorothea, deriding the ancient gods, says, ** The Ln*
smith sweats at the forge for hire*" Hence Ln, is used of
alchemists* In Jonson's Mercury, Mercury says, 44 1
will stand close up, anywhere, to escape this polt-fepted
philosopher, old Smug here of L*,and hissmoky family."
Vulcan was lamed by his fall : hence pelt-footed. In
Fisher's Fuimus iv* i, Csesar asks, ** What Ln. chain
shackles our mounting eagle i " i.e. forged of iron, as by
Vulcan. In Lyly's Sapho iv* 4, Vulcan sings, 4* My shag-
haired Cyclops, come, Let's ply our Ln. hammers
lustily*" In T* Heywood's S. Age ii., Hercules speaks
of ** The best Vulcanian armour L* yields*" In his B*
Age v., Vulcan says, 4* I fell down from the moon into L*
isle, where I still live*" In Middleton's Tennis 227,
Pallas says, 4t 'Tis Pallas calls, thy daughter, Jupiter,
Ta'en from thee by the Ln. Mulciber*" Mulciber, or

303

LEMSTER, LEMPSTER, or LEMNSTER

Vulcan, broke open the head of Jupiter with his sledge-
hammer, when Pallas sprang forth from it in full
armour* Spenser, F* Q* iv* 5, 4, says that the girdle of
Florirnell was made by Vulcan "for Venus, ** And
wrought in Lemno with unquenched fire/* Milton,
P. L. i. 746, tells how Mulciber (Vulcan) " Dropt from
the zenith, like a failing star, On L*, the JEg&rn isle/'
Barnes, in Parthenophil, Canzon xv* 1, says, 4* Vulcan in
L. isle Did golden shafts compile For Cupid's bow/'
Vulcan made an invisible net in which he caught his
wife, Venus, along with Mars, and so exposed them to
the mockery of the gods* Zouche, in his Dove (1613),
speaks of Mars and Venus hanging "in Ln* net/'
LEMSTER, LEMPSTER, or LEMNSTER (now spelt
LEOMINSTER). A town in Herefordsh* on the Lugg, 12
m* N* of Hereford, It was famous for the quality of its
wool* Drayton, in Polyolb. vii. 145, says that the L*
wool ** seems to overmatch The golden Phrygian fell,"
and adds : " Where lives the man so dull * . * To
whom did never sound the name of L* ore i " L* ore
is the usual name for L* wool : the origin of the word is
doubtful, but it seems to have left a trace of itself in
Orleton, a vill* 8 m* N* of L* In Greene's Friar x* 61,
Serlsby says his flocks yield forth " fleeces stapled with
such wool As L. cannot yield more finer stuff/' In
Skelton'sE/y/zoizr Humming iii*, we read that some of the
ale-wife's customers pay her with ** a bag full Of good
L* wool/* In Jonson's Wales, the Chorus sings : ** But
then the ore of L*, By Got, is never a sempster, That,
when he is spun, e'er did Yet match him with her thrid/'
Herrick, in Oberorfs Palace (1647), speaks of a bank of
moss ** far more Soft than the finest L* ore/' In Dray-
ton's Dowsabel, the skin of that maiden is " as soft as
L. wool/' Moryson, in Itinerary iii. 3, 142, says, ** L*
justly boasteth of the sheep's wool * * * with which no
part of Europe can compare, excepting Apulia and
Tarentum/' He also praises " the bread of L/'
LENINGBERGE. See LDNINGBERGE*

LEO, CASTEL DI SAN* A fortress in Italy, near the
coast of the Adriatic, 18 m. S*W* of Rimini and 120 m*
SJB* of Mantua* In Massinger*s Lover £L 4, Gonzaga,
D* of Mantua, finding that Mantua is going to be taken
by the Florentines, says to Uberti, ** Raise new forces
Attd meet me at St* L/s fort/'

LEON* A dist* in N*W* Spain* It was one of the king-
doms which sprang up in the roth cent* after the with-
drawal of the Saracens, the ist K* being Ordono (1013)*
It was ultimately united to Castile in 1230* In Devon-
shire v. r, Henrico says, ** The K* of Spain's 7 kingdoms,
Gallicia, Navarre, the 2 Castiles, L*, Aragon, Valentia,
Granada, and Portugal to make up 8*" In T* Heywood's
/* K. JWT* A* 202, Philip and Mary are proclaimed ** K*
and Q. of Naples, Cicilia, L., and Aragon*"

LEONARD, SAINT, CHAPEL OF* The shrine and
tomb of St* L* were at Corbigny, near Autun, to which
his body was removed from its original tomb at St* L.-
des-bois in 887* He died during the last quarter of the
6th cent. In J* Heywood's Pardoner 206, the Pardoner
appeals lor money for ** the holy chapel of sweet St*
Leonarde Which late by fire was destroyed and marred*"

LEONARD'S (SAINT). The parish ch* of Shoreditch at
the corner of High St* and Hackney Rd* The old ch*,
with its square tower and fine peal of bells* was taken
down in 1736, and the present one built on its site* The
Theatre and Curtain were in the neighbourhood, and
many actors were buried at the ch*r amongst them
Will Somers, the fool of Henry VIII ; Richard Tarle-

LERNA

ton ; James Burbage and his son Richard Burbage ;
Gabriel Spencer, who was killed in a duel by Ben
Jonson; William Sly; and Richard Cowley* In
Wilkins' Enforced Marriage ii* i, the Clown says, when
he starts from Lond* for Yorkshire, ** I will cry, and
every town between Shoreditch ch* and York bdge*
shall bear me witness."

LEPANTO (the ancient NAUPACTUS). A port on the N,

shore of the Gulf of Corinth, some 20 m. from its en-

trance, at the head of the Bay of Lepanto. It belonged

to the Venetians in the Middle Ages, but was taken by

Bajazet II in 1499* The bay was the scene of one of

the most famous seafights in the i6th cent., when the

united Papal, Spanish, and Venetian forces destroyed

the naval power of the Turks on yth Oct*, 1571* In

Jonson's Cynthia iv* i, Philautia says that Amorphus

" looks like the Venetian trumpeter in the battle of L* in

the gallery yonder": a painting or tapestry of the

battle is meant* In Randolph's Muses* iii* 4, Eiron says,

** The last valour shewn in Christendom was in L*"

Alazon mistakes L* for the name of a man, and Eiron

explains, ** L. was no man, Sir, but the place made famous

by the so-much mentioned battle betwixt the Turks

and Christians*" In Alimony iii. i, the Citizen says,

** Never was fleet better prepared since the battle of L/'

In Davenant's Siege i* i, Ariotto says, " I saw Piracco do

good service at the battle of L*" In his Courtier iv, i,

Giotto says, " Perhaps in a skirmish at L. some Turk

circumcised you with his scimitar*" In Swetnam L i,

the Capt* tells of the death of Lorenzo ** In the Lepan-

thean battle not long since " ; and in i* 3, lago speaks of

** That still memorable battle of L/' In Nabbes' Un-

fort. Mother ii* i, Amanda says that " on my maiden-

head [is] an oath of great antiquity ; the cavaliers used

it before the battle of L/' In Glapthorne's Privilege i* i,

Trivulci says to Doria, " Thy father returned from the

slaughter of Haly Bassa at L/' In Webster's Law Case

iv* 2, when Contilupo says that Romelio was born " in

anno '71, my Lord"; Crispiano says, "Very well,

'71 ; the battle of L* was fought in it." Lodge, in Wits

Miserie (1596), makes Lying say that " in the battle of L*

he only gave Don John de Austria incouragement to

charge afresh after the wind turned." Nash, in Lenten,

p. 310, describes the scene at the herring-fair at Yar-

mouth as "a confused stirring to and fro of a L*-like

host of unfatigable flood-bickerers and foam-curbers*"

LEPHER.

LERMA* City in Spain in Old Castile, on the S* bank of
the Arlanza, 25 m* due S* of Burgos* It possesses a fine
old palace built by the Cardinal-D. of Lerma, one of the
leading figures in Gil Bias* A lost play of Henry Shir-
ley's, registered in 1653, was entitled The Spanish Duke
of Lerma.

LERNA* A marshy dist. at the head of the Argolic Gulf
in the Peloponnesus, about 5 m* S. of Argos* It was the
haunt of the many-headed Hydra slain by Herakles,
the blood of which was a deadly poison. In Yarrington's
Two Trag., Truth, as Epilogue, says, " Our play * * *
must encounter with a greater foe Than great Alcydes
p*e. Herakles] slew in L* lake/' In Fisher's Fuimus iv* 3,
Cassius says, ** Their envy, Like the Lernaean adder,
faster grows The more 'tis pruned." The legend told
that for every head that Herakles cut off 2 sprouted
from the Hydra's neck* In the old Timon v* 2, Timon
says to Laches, " If thou wilt follow me, then change thy
shape Into a Hydra that's in L* bred*" In Marlowe's
Tomb. A* iv* 4, Bajazeth prays : 44 Winged snakes of L*,
cast your stings. And leave your venoms in this tyrant's

LERNESSUS, or LYRNESSUS

dish/* In Chapman's Bussy iii* i, Bussy says to the D*
of Anjou, ** Your foul body is a Lernaean fen Of all the
malaxes breeding in all men/' In B* & F* Friends iv* i,
M* Tullius says of Armanus : " O see the spring from
whence comes all my woe, Whose flattering bubbles
show like crystal streams, But I have found 'em full of
Lernaean poison/' In Richards' Messallina v* 2604,
Messallina, dying, says, *4 A dim black fog raised from
the Lernean fen Obscures my sight/' In Kyd's Cornelia
ii*, Cornelia says, ** Would Death had steeped his dart
in L/s blood ! " Note that Lernaean is pronounced with
the accent on the ist syllable* In Tiberius 1696, Julia
asks, of the orchard of Tiberius : " What, doth the smoke
of L* lurk thereby?"' : where smoke is an obvious mis-
print for snake* In B* & F* Maid's Trag. iv* i, Evadne
says, 4* I do present myself the foulest creature, Most
poisonous, dangerous, and despised of men L* e'er bred,
or Nilus/' Spenser, F* Q* i* 7, 17, speaks of 4t That
renouned snake Which great Alcides in Stremona slew
Long fostered in the filth of L* lake*" But the Strymon,
if that is what he means by Stremona, is nowhere near
L* In Mason's Mulleasses 2329, Borgias cries : ** Up
from the dark, earth's exhalations, Thicker than L/s
foggy mists, and hide me/'

LERNESSUS, or LYRNESSUS* A town in Mysia,
some 10 m* S.E* of Adramyttium* One of the 13 Trojan
towns taken by Achilles* In T* Heywood's Iron Age A*
v*, Ulisses claims all the conquests of Achilles as virtu-
ally his own : ** 'Twas I sacked Thebes, Chriscis, and
Scylla, with L* walls/'

LESBONA* See LISBON*

LESBOS (Ln* = Lesbian)* Island off the N* W* coast of
Asia Minor, just opposite to the Gulf of Adramyttium,
abt* 7 m* from the mainland* Its chief town was Myti-
lene* It is chiefly famous for its school of Lyric Poetry,
adorned by the names of Leches, Arion of Methymna,
Alcaeus, and, above all, Sappho* The dist* around
Methymna produced the highly esteemed wine which
Horace, Od. i. 17, 21, describes as " innocens," z\e* whole-
some* In Lyly's Maid's Meta. iv* 1,71, Aramanthus says,
44 Sometime I was a prince of L* Isle*" Chapman's
Cdssar v* takes place partly at L*, *4 compassed in with
the £5gean Sea That doth divide Europe from Asia*"
In B* & F* False One i* i, Labienus tells how, after
Pharsalia, Pompey, " taking horse with some few of his
friends, he came to L*" Of course, he went to L* by sea,
taking ship at the mouth of the Peneus* Milton, Lye* 63,
tells of Orpheus : ** His gory visage down the stream was
sent, Down the swift Hebrus to the Ln* shore/' This
was after the Thracian women had torn him to pieces*
His head drifted over the sea to L* and was buried there*
In Nero iv* 7, Petronius says, " The old Anacreon
crowned with smiling flowers, And amorous Sappho on
her Ln* lute, Beauty's sweet scars and Cupid's godhead
sing*" In B* & F* Corinth ii* 4, when Crates calls for
wine, the vintner asks, 44 Chios or L*, Greek 1 " In their
Bonduca i* 2, Petillius complains that the soldiers will be
satisfied with nothing but ** wine from L*" In Cart-
wright's Slave iii* i,a song occurs about *4 This Ln. wine
which, with its sparkling streams, Casts glories round our
faces/' InDavenant'slfctf/and (Works iii* 205), Diogenes
speaks of " pleasant vapours of Ln* wine*" In JKstrio
iv* 107, Vourcher says^ ** The law shall stand like to a
waxen nose Or Ln* rule, on whose uncertainty Our
certain ground shall stand invincible/' The Ln* rule
was a carpenter's rule made of lead, which could be
bent round an angle (see Aristotle Eih+ JVic* v* 10, 7)*
* In Greville's Mttstapha, Chor* i*, tfcte Bashas call laws

LETHE

44 These Ln* rules * * * Giving Right narrow, Witt
transcendent bounds/' According to Lyly's Midast
Midas tried to annex it to his kingdom, but in vain*
In iv* 2, Coryn says, ** He that fishes for L* must have
such a wooden net as all the trees in Phrygia will not
serve to make," £»&» a powerful fleet* In v* 3, Mydas
says, 44 1 perceive that L* Will not be touched by gold,
by force it cannot/' L* here stands for England, and
Midas for Philip II of Spain* In Randolph's Muses' iii*
3, Colax says, 44 The Ln* lions in their noble rage Will
prey on bulls or mate the unicorn*" I suspect Ln* is a
misprint for Libyan* There are no lions in L* Lyly, in
EupJmes Anat. Wit, p* 74, refers to " the widow of L*
which changed all her old gold for new glass*" No
source has been found for this story*
LESTER-SHIRE* See LEICESTERSHIRE*

LESTRIGON* The country of the Laestrygonians, a
fabulous race of giants mentioned in Homer, Od . x* 80*
Their supposed abode was in Sicily, and later writers
fixed it as near Leontini* In Locrine £* i, 105, Brutus
says, " From Graecia through the boisterous Hellespont
We came unto the fields of L* Whereas our brother
Corineius was*" The route from Greece to Sicily by
way of the Hellespont is amusing*
LETHE (more properly the river of L*, f*e. forgetfulness)*
A mythical river in the infernal regions, the drinking
of the water of which produced forgetfulness. In
Ham. i. 5, 33, the Ghost says to Hamlet, ** Duller
shouldst thou be than the fat weed That roots
itself in ease on L* wharf, Wouldst thou not stir
in this*" In Wilson's Cobler 677, Charon says that
to accommodate the crowds that are now coming
to hell, ** Cocytus, L*, Phlegeton, shall all be digged
into Styx*" In T* Heywood's Gold. Age v*, EpiL,
it is announced: "Pluto's made Emperor of the
ghosts below, Commanding hell, where Styx and L*
flow*" In Locrine iii* 6, 1 5, Humber invokes *4 You fear-
ful dogs that in black Laethe howl": where Lsethe
means simply Hell, Milton, P* L. ii, 583, makes " L*,
the river of oblivion," one of the rivers of Hell, but
separate altogether from the 4 rivers, Styx, Acheron,
Cocytus, and Phlegiton* In 604, he makes it the
boundary between the hot and the cold regions of Hell ;
the spirits of the damned "ferry over this Lan* sound"
to get from one to the other* W* Smith, in Chloris
(1596) xxxvii* 12, says, 44 My sad soul * * * seems as a
ghost to Styx and L* flying/* In Mason's Mulleasses
1933, Ferrara says, ** Drink L* freely, for thou art re-
venged*" In Philotus 123, Flavius conjures the spirits
44 By L*, Stix, and Acherone/*

Hence it is used for oblivion* In Tw. N. iv* i, 66,
Sebastian, after his interview with Olivia, says, ** Let
fancy still my sense in L* steep*" In H4 B, v* 2, 72,
Henry V, referring to his committal to prison by the
Chief Justice, says, 44 May this be washed in L* and for-
gotten < " In 83 iv* 4, 250, Richd* says he will give all
he has to Elizabeth's children, 44 So in the L* of thy
angry soul Thou drown the sad remembrance of those
wrongs Which thou supposest I have done to thee/*
In Ant. ii* 7, 114, Antony says, ** Come, let's all take
hands, Till that the conquering wine hath steeped our
sense In soft and delicate L*" In Selimus 1810, Baiaset,
invoking Night, says, ** Henceforth thy mantle in black
L* steep And clothe the world in darkness infernal*"
In B* & F* Sea Voyage ii* i, Aminta says, 4# Your good-
ness is the L* In which I drown your injuries*" In
T* Heywood's Iron Age ii*, we have 44 The proudest
nation that great Asia nursed Is now extinct in L/*
305 u

LEUCADIA

In Gismond of Salerno ii*, the Chorus says, ** The flood
of L* cannot wash out thy fame/' From L* is formed an
adjective: lethied, or leathy* In Ant. it* i, 27, Pompey
prays that "sleep and feeding may prorogue his
[Antony's] honour Even till a Lethied dulness/* Mar-
ston, Insatiate iv*, says, ** A devil lias drowned thy soul
In leathy faculties." L* is also used as a translation of
the Lat* letum = death* In /* C* iii* if 206, Antony
says to the corpse of Caesar, " Here thy hunters stand,
Signed in thy spoil and crimsoned in thy L/' Lodge, in
PMlis (1593) x* 3, says of Swans: "When they feel
themselves near L/s brim They sing their fatal dirge/*
Wilson apparently thought that Lethse, as he spells it,
was the plural of Letha, for in his Inconstant L 2, Ara-
mant says, ** She's a sea of nectar To which the Letha*
of my cares do run And lose themselves for ever/'

LEUCADIA* An island, about the same size and shape
as the Isle of Man, lying off the coast of Acarnania in the
Adriatic Sea* In T* Heywood's Dialogues iii* 1933,
Lucretia says, " Who shall the Ln* sisters' beauty cite i "
The note explains that the Leucades, who were ravished
by Castor and Pollux, are intended* They were Phoebe
and Hilaeira, and were the daughters of Leucippus* But
they had nothing to do with L* : apparently the name
Leucippus suggested the epithet Ln* Barnes, in Par-
thenopMt, Elegy ix*, says, " Let me * * * fling myself
* * * Into the deep waves of the Ln* god," i*e. into the
sea near L*

LEVANT* Originally used for the East in general ; then
specifically for theE* of the Mediterranean and the coun-
tries and islands there* In Fisher's Faunas v* 6, Caesar
speaks of ** Rome's empire whose command encloses
The whole L/* In Sdimas 46, Baiaset says, " The
Persian Sophi, mighty Ismael, Took the L* clean away
from me/' where it is spelt and pronounced Levan-te*
This was Ismail I (1499-1524)* In B* & F* Wit
Money ii* 4, Valentine says, ** Fright me the kingdom
with a sharp prognostication that shall scour them like
L* taffaties." Le. silk fabrics from the East, which were
very thin and glossy* Dekker, in Wonderfal Year
(1603), says, ** Tailors with their shears would have
cut the seas, like L, taffaty, and sailed to the W* Indies
for no worse stuff to make hose and doublets of than
beaten gold/* In Jonson's Volpone iv* i, Sir Politick has
y a scheme for determining whether there is plague on any
I ship "newly arrived fromanysuspected partof all theL/'

ILEVITE. A member of the IsraeHtish tribe of Levi, which
was set apart for priestly functions* Langland, in Piers
B* xiL 115, says, ** Arena Dei, in the old kwe Ls* it
kepten*" In Scot Presb. L 2, Dipwell says, ** Like to
that river through which once Ls* did bear the holy ark,
New River flows " (see Joshua iii* 8). Hence it is used
for a clergyman, and particularly for a private chaplain*
Olapthorne, in Wit iv*, says, " There shall a Ktue L*
meet you. and give you to the lawful bed/' if* marry
you to your lover* In B* & F* Scornful iv* i, Abigail says
of Sir Roger, the Chaplain : ** My little L* hath forsaken
*ne/* Hall, in Phanse&sm (1608), p* 42, says, "They
£the Jews] paid to their Ls*, your Ls* must pay to you ?
5bfar cures must be purchased, your tithes abated or
compotmded for/*

USWSOUE (= LBTOSHAM)* A vifl, in Kent* 6 m* S*E*
*of Loud** of which it is now a suburb* Here
lived Sir L* Spurcod* one of the characters in the
Prodigal. In i* 3* he says to Cyvet,*** Please you come to
L. To my poor house* you shall be kindly welcome/*
JSianyof the Allowing scenes are laid there*

306

LIBYA

LEYDEN, or LEYTE. A city ui Holland 20 m* S*W* of
Amsterdam* It took a prominent part in the War of
Liberation in the i6th and iTth cents* Its famous
university was founded in 1575* In Shirley's Fair One
iii* 4, Aunwell says to Manly, who is disguised as a
physician, *4 Doctor ! Art a Parisian, a Paduan, or a L*
doctor i " In Lamm A* 3, Danila announces, 44 From
Leyte doth Julian de Romero bring 500 foot/' In
Barnavelt iii* 5, Grotius says to Hogerbeets, *4 Back you
then to L/' In v. 2, the hangmen of Harlem, L*, and
Utrecht throw dice to decide which of them shall be-
head Barnavelt*

LEYMSTER (= LEINSTER), The S*E* province of Ire-
land* In Jonson's Irish,, the Masquers say, '* We be
Irish men of Connough, L*, Ulster, Munster/*

LIBANON* See LEBANON*

LIBBARD'S HEAD (i*e* LEOPAKD*S HEAD)* A sign in
Lombard St*, Lond* In HI B. u\ i, 30, Quickly says
of FaJsta££ : " He is indited to dinner to the Lubber's H*
in Lumbert St., to Master Smooth's the silkman*"
Lubber's is Quickly's mistake for L*

LIBURNIA* A dist* on the E* coast of the Adriatic* N* of
Illyricum: now Croatia* The Ln* galleys with their one
large lateen sail were adopted by the Romans for naval
war, and supplanted the galleys with high bulwarks
which they had previously used* Ln* slaves were
specially valued for their sise and strength, and were
used as Lecticarii, or litter-bearers, at Rome in the early
Empire* In Jonson's Sejanas v* 8, Arruntius apostro-
phises Sanquinius, ** Get thee Ln* porters, thou gross
fool, To bear thy obsequious fatness." In Massinger's
Actor L if Latinus speaks of ** A litter borne by 8 Ln*
slaves tf at Rome*

LIBYA* The general name among the ancients for N*
Africa from Egypt to the Atlantic* In Marlowe's Dido iv
Carthage is called " The kingly seat of S* L*/' Le* L*
S* of Europe* In iii*, Dido asks : ** Am not I Q* of L* 4 "
In Chettle's Hoffman, I* i, Martha says, ** Dido, being
driven into a Lybian cave* was there enticed By ^neas/'
In Jonson's Poetaster v* i, Vergil reads from his Mmid :
* Meanwhile, the bruit and fame [of Dido's love for
jEneas] Through all the greatest Ln* towns is gone."
Cf. Mn+ iv* 173 : *4 Extemplo Libya magnas it Fama per
urbes*" The garden of the Hesperides was supposed
to be in the west of L., and Hercules, who brought away
the golden apples thence, is called the Ln* Hercules*
In Greene's Friar ix* 95, Bungay conjures up the tree
of the Hesperides, and then says, " Jove's bastard son,
thou Ln* Hercules, Pull off the sprigs from off the
Hesperian tree*" In T* Heywood's Dialogues 5558*
Argus says, " Methinks I look like Ln* Hercules Leading
the dog of Hell/' In Sampson's Van?* iv* i* 34, Clifton
speaks of ** the Libian Hercules/' In B* <5c F* Horn*
Lieztf* iv* 3, the lines occur in a song: ^Omphale this
spell put in When she made the Ln* spin/' i*e* Hercules*
The shrine of Jupiter Ammon, or Amun, was in the Ln*
desert, 12 days* journey from Memphis* In May's
Agrippina iv* 474, Petronius speaks of " Ln* Ammon's
farthest woods/' Milton, in P* L* iv* 377, identifies
Jupiter Ammon with ** Ln* Jove,** and both with " old
Cham,** the son of Noah* In Nativity Ode 203, he says
that at the birth of our Lord " The Libyc Hammon
shrinks his horn/* In Caesar's Rev* L i, Discord s#ys,
" Coal-black Libians shall manure the ground in thy
defence," £*e* Pompey's* After the death of Pompeius,
his sons went to Africa and were defeated there at Thap-
sus by Caesar* In Fisher's Fmams iiL 2> Laberius says,

LICHFIELD

44 A Roman never daunted was with looks, Else had not
Samartanes and Ln, bugbears Been captive led in
chains*" In Ant. iii* 6, 69, Caesar mentions ** Bocchus,
k* of L*," amongst the allies of Antony. In this Shake-
speare follows Plutarch, but Bocchus, who was K* of
Mauritania,, was faithful to Octavian, whilst Bogud, his
brother, went over to Antony* Milton, P* L. i* 355, re-
ferring to the conquest of N. Africa by the Vandals,
says that they " spread Beneath Gibraltar to the Ln*
sands/' In W. T. v. i, 157, Florizel pretends that Per-
dita ** came from L.," and was daughter of the warlike
Srnalus, K* of L*

L* was hot and sandy, and the Syrtes, or quicksands,
of the coast were a well-known terror to sailors* In
Troil. i* 3, 328, Nestor speaks of the brains of Achilles
being ** as barren as banks of L/* In the old Shrew,
Has*, p. 534* the D. says, " This angry sword [should]
hew thee smaller than the Libian sands/* Milton, P. L.
xii* 635, speaks of ** vapour as the Ln* air adust/* In
C&sar's Rev. i* 5, Cornelia says, " Not Libian quick-
sands shall this union part*" In Chapman's Bussy v* i,
Monsieur says, " Not so the sea raves on the Ln* sands
As Fortune swings about the restless state Of virtue*'*
L, was famous for its lions : the lions of the Atlas
ranges are the fiercest of their kind* In the old Timon iv*
2, Timon prays : ** Thou* Nature * * * me transform
into a dire serpent Or griesly lion, such a one as yet
Ne'er L* or Africa hath seen/' In Massinger's New Way
v* i, Overreach exclaims, ** Like a Ln* lion in the toils,
My fury cannot reach the coward hunters/* In Jonson's
Catiline v* 6, Petreius reports that Catiline " ran * * *
Into our battle, like a Ln* lion upon his hunters, scornful
of our weapons*" In his Epigram on Inigo Jones, he says,
44 The Ln* lion hunts no butterflies**' In VaL Welsh, iv*
7, Caradoc says of himself: " Caradoc fought like a Ln*
lion*" In Davenant's Plymouth ii* i, Seawit says,
sarcastically, 44 Who hath chased my little Ln* lion thus
into a foam i *' In T* Heywood's Gold. Age iii*, Saturn,
exhorted to be patient, cries : 4t Command the Libian
lions abstinence I " In Chapman's C&sar ii*"2, 20, the
Nuntius says of Pompey : - " as in L* an aged lion, Urged
from his peaceful covert, fears the light * * * so Pom-
pey/' Linche, in Diella (1596) xxi* n, says, ** So fierce
a lion L* never bred**' In Brandon's Octavia 1032,
Octavia says, 44 No fierce Hyrcanian forest doth possess
So wild a tiger, nor no Ln. coast " : which is quite true,
as there are no tigers in Africa. Spenser, F. Q* ii* 2, 32,
speaks of " a bear and tiger being met In cruel fight on
Lybicke ocean wide/* i.e. on the shores of the Ln*
Ocean* In Kyd's Cornelia iv*, Cassius says, 4* The Ln*
bears Devour the bodies of our citizens/* Spenser,
F. Q. ii* 8, 17, describes a knight riding " a Ln* steed/'
i.e. an Arab horse or Barbary* In May's Agrippina iii*
333, Montanus asks, "Will it be lawful to eat Ln*
mushrooms And British oysters without being cited
Before the censor i " In iv* 368, Petronius mentions
*4 Ln* purple-wings *' amongst Roman table luxuries*
The bird called Porphyrio, or the Purple Gallinule, is
meant*

IrlCHFIELD* Episcopal city in Staffe., 115 m* N.W* of
Lond* Its cathedral, dating from the i2th and I3th
cents., is of extreme beauty* In True Trag.f Has*,
p* 113, Richmond says, "Therefore let us towards
Aderstoe amain * * . From thence towards L* we will
march next day/* Atherstone and L. are both on Old
Watling St* L* is about 20 m* W* of Bosworth, where
Richmond defeated Richd* In T* Heywood's Ed. IV A.
49, the Tanner of Tamworth tells us that he gave his
daughter Nell ** a half year's schooling at L*** ; and

LIMBO

later he suggests to the disguised K* that he should bind
himself " to a shoemaker in Liechfield." L* is abt. 5 m*
from Tamworth*

LICORIS* Another name for Mt* Parnassus, the highest
peak of which is still called Lykeri by the inhabitants*
In T* Heywood's Dialogues iv. 214, Timon recalls how,
at the flood of Deucalion, ** Scarce was one skiff saved
on L* mt*"

LIDIA.

LIECHTENSTEIN* The smallest of the old German
principalities, abt* 15 m* long and on an average 5
broad : on the right bank of the Rhine, abt* 20 m. S*
of the E* end of Lake Constance, between Switzerland
and the Tyrol* The Princes belong to the Este family*
In Jonson's Staple iii* 2, Fitton tells of a letter from D*
Maximilian of Bavaria to the Baron " of L., Lord Paul,

1 think*"
LIGORNE. See LEGHORN.

LIGURIA. The dist* in N*W* Italy N* of the Gulf of
Genoa, and extending thence to the Alps* In Caesar's
Rev. iii* 2, Caesar boasts : 44 Proud Tiber and Ln* Poe,
Bear my name's glory to the Ocean main*'* The head-
waters of the Po are in L* Amber was found in L*, to
which Lyly refers in Euphues. Anat. Wit, p* 109:
" The firestone in L*, though it be quenched with milk,
yet again it is kindled with water*" C/. Erasmus,
SimUia 600 B*

LILIBY (= LILYBJEUM)* The promontory, now Cape
Boco, at the extreme W* point of Sicily. Near it was the
famous city of Lilybaeum, now Marsala, which played
an important part in the Punic wars* and continued all
through the Middle Ages to be one of the most pro-
minent cities of the island* In T* Heywood*s S. Age iii*,
Pluto directs that Typhon should be buried under
Sicily : 44 Upon his left spacious Pachinne lies, And on
his legs the land of L*"

LILLE. The former capital of Flanders, now capital of
the French Department of Le Nord, 125 m* N* of Paris*
It was chiefly engaged in the spinning of flax and the
manufacture of various textile fabrics* In Lodge's Wits
Miserie (1596), the Usurer is described as wearing a
jacket of " Lisle grogram of the worst/*

LIMBO* Properly the ablative of Limbus, generally used
in the phrase ** in limbo," but used also as a nominative*
It means a region on the outskirts of Hell, divided into

2 parts : ** Limbus patrum/' where the saints of the
O.T. were detained till our Lord descended into Hades
to release them, and 44 limbus infantum," where tin-
baptized infants were bestowed* In York M. P* xxxvii*
198, when our Lord has " harrowed Hell," it is said:
" What thanne, is lymbus lorne, alias 1 '* The same
phrase occurs in the Towneley M. P. xxv* 213* T. Hey-
wood, in /. K. M* (Works i. 221), says, ** I am freed
from L, to be sent to hell." It is commonly used as a
synonym for hell* In Att's v* 3, 261, Parolles reports of
Bertram: "He was mad for her [Diana] and talked of
Satan and of L. and of Furies, and I know not what*"
In Tit. iii. i, 149, Titus says, ** O what a sympathy of
woe is this, As far from help as L. is from bliss/* In
Hughes's Misfort. Arth. i* i, Gorlois speaks of ** chan-
nels Tblack of L. lake." In Brome*s Covent G. v. i,
Crossewill says, " My daughter is resolutely bent to be
an ape-leader in L./' i*c* to die unmarried* To lead
apes in hell was the proverbial doom of old maids* In
Trag. Richd. II i* 2, 8, Tressilian says of the Carmelite
Friar, who has failed to poison the King's Uncles: " A
deeper hell than L patrum hold him J " In Greene's

307

LJMBOURG

Alphonsas ii* a, 594, Ladius says, 4* This same martial
knight * * * lent our k* then such a friendly blow As
that his gasping soul to Lymbo went/* In Locrine iii* 6,
51, Humber rants about " burning sulphur of the L*-
lake/* In Kirke*s Champions L i, Tarpax, the devil, calls
his mistress Calib 4t Q* of Limbony/' In Beguiled 1992?
Dis is called ** The Prince of L. lake/*

It is also used for prison* In Err. iv* 2, 32, Dromio
says his master " is in Tartar L, worse than hell/' In
H8 v* 4, 67 , the porter says of the unruly crowd : ** I'll
have some of 'em in L* Patrum*" In Never too Late
(*59°)/ 56, Greene says/* If coin want, then either to L*
or else clap up a commodity/' In Day's Gulls L 3,
Dametus says, ** Such another word aiid I'll send you
to L instantly/* Milton, P* L* iiL 495, invents a new L*,
** The Paradise of Fools," which he places on the outer
shell of the stellar universe, beyond the Primum Mobile
** o'er the backside of the World far off.** To be in
** L patrum " is used in the sense of to be drunk* In
B«. & F* Captain iv* 2, the boy says, ** All the rest * * ,
are in 1* patrum Where they lie sod in sack/*

L3MBOURG* A province in N.E* Belgium* In Tuke's
Five Hours ii* i, Don Antonio tells, " Some horse were
sent from the army, under my command, to cover the L*
frontiers, much exposed to the enemies' inroads/* The
date appears to be about 1573* L* was one of the Spanish
provinces*

LJMEHOUSE* A dist* on the N* of the Thames, between
Wapping and Poplar, opposite to Cuckold's Haven* It
got its name from the Lime-kilns, which have been there
for the last 6 cents, at least* In Dekker's Edmonton £ii. i,
Cuddy threatens the dog, " 1*11 throw you in at L* in
some tanner's pit or other/' It was, and is, the theatre
of a large shipping trade, and riverside industries are ex-
tensively carried on* In Tor/ton's Jests, it is said that
** at low fall, the watermen get afraid of the cross-cables
by the L/' In Launching, it is said: ** The E* Indian
gates stand open wide to entertain the needy and the
poor ; Lyme house speaks their liberalify/* In Dekker's
Westward ii* 3, when Sir Gosling proposes to go an ex-
cursion to Blackwall or L*, Judith declines t ** every
room there," she says, ** smells too much of tar/* Like
all waterside places, its morality was of a low order. In
Middfeton's Qmet Life ii* i, Knavesby says, ** We will
be married again, wife ; which some say is the only
supersedeas about L* to remove cuckoldry/' In Web-
ster's Cuckold ii* 3, Compass, talking of the birth of
children, says, " It varies again by that time you come at
Wapping, Radcliff, L*, and here with us at Blackwall,
our children come uncertainly ** J the reason being the
absence of the husbands on voyages. In ii, 3, he men-
tions L. and Shadwell as amongst "the suburbs of
Lond/* : where suburb is used in its common sense of a
haunt of immoral women* In H8 v* 4, 63, the porter
says of the young fellows who had been throwing stones
at his man: "These are the youths that thunder at a
playhouse and fight for bitten apples ; that no audience,
but the tribulation of Tower Hill, or the limbs of L*,
their dear brothers, are able to endure/* The words
** tribulation '* and " dear brothers "suggest a hit at the
Puritans, fottt it is hard to see the relevance of such
names to a Puritan meeting* I am rather disposed to
think that these were 3 gangs of young hooligans which
infested Tower Hill and L* respectively, and were known
by these tides, just as in Melbourne we have** poshes '*
of larrikins, called after the localities they infest— the
Bouri^St*ptsh,theCtolli£^woodptisl^etc* Anaudience
composed of these fellows would welcome a disturbance.

308

LINCOLN

LIME STREET* In Lond*, running at the back of
Leadenhali market from Fenchurch St* to Leadenhall St*
It escaped the Gt* Fire, and the house numbered 46 had
a pair of folding doors dated 1631, It was pulled down
in 1875* In S* Rowley's When You. D* 2, the Cobler
speaks of himself as 44 the merry cobler of Limestreete/'
Iii W* Rowley's Match Mid. iii*, Alexander says to Moll,
44 Meet this gentleman at the Nag's Head corner, just
against Leadenhall ; we lie in L*-St*, thither he shall
carry thee/' Middleton, in Black Book, p* 12, says,
44 1 told her that I had a warrant to search from the
sheriff of Limbo*"— " How i from the sheriff of L* st* i "
replies Mrs* Wimblechin, for so she understood the
word Limbo, as if Limbo had been Latin for L* St*
Dekker, in Jests, speaks of 44 Mflk st.. Bread st*, L* st*,
and S* Mary Axe ** as the residential quarters of the
merchants of Lond.

LIMNASPHALTIS* See ASPHALTIS*

LINCOLN* County-town of Lines*, on the N* bank of
the Witham, 132 m* N.W* of Lond. It is one of the
most ancient cities in England* Spenser, F* Q* iii* 9, 51,
says that " Fair L*," like Troynovant (Lond*), was the
work of Brute, and he reckons these 2 the fairest cities
in the world. The old British town was on the top of the
hill beyond the N* gate* The Roman town corresponded
with the ""above fill" portion of the city. The castle
was built by William the Conqueror in 1086, and the
Minster, most of which is of a much later date, was
founded at the same time by the Bp* Remigius and con-
secrated in 1092* Other interesting buildings are the
Newport or N* Gate, of Roman origin ; the Exchequer
Gate, Pottergate and Stonebow; the old episcopal
palace ; and the Jews House, near which little St* Hugh
of L* was said to have been crucified by the Jews in
1255* This is the ** yonge Hugh of Lyncoln, slayn with
cursed Jewes," of whom Chaucer's Prioress tells (C* T*
B* 1874)* The city played a great part in earlier English
history* The castle was often besieged in the various
civil wars : kings were crowned here and parliaments
held in the Chapter House. Hence the proverb, quoted
by Greenshield in Dekker's Northward i* i, ** L* was,
Lond* is, and York shall be*'* An Earl of L* is one of the
characters in Dekker's Fortunatus, which is dated in the
reign of Athelstane* Henry de Lacy, Earl of L*, is one
of the characters in Greene's Friar, in the latter part of
the reign of Henry III* He was a trusted counsellor of
Edward I and one of the Ordainers in the reign of his
successor* By marriage with his daughter, Thomas
of Lancaster became Earl of L* In Marlowe's Ed. II
i* i, he says, " 4 Earldoms have I besides Lancaster :
Derby, Salisbury, L*, Leicester/* The title, however,
returned to the Lacy family, and we find Sir Hugh Lacy,
Earl of L*, as one of the characters in Dekker's Shoe-
maker's, the date being 1445. In True Trag., p* 92,
Morton says, " Who but K. Richd* bears sway, and
hath proclaimed John Earl of Linclone [misprint for
L*] heir apparent to the Crown/' He was the son of John
de la Pole, D. of Suffolk, and Elizabeth, sister of Ed-
ward IV* He was killed in tke battle of Stoke in 1487*
In Ford's Warbeck i* i, he is spoken of as ** The high-
born L*, son to de la Pole/* The title is now held by the
D. of Newcastle, whqse ancestor, Edward Clinton, was
created Earl of L* in 1572* The Bp* of L* who appears
in H8 was John Longland, the King's confessor ? he
designed the Longland Chapel in L* Cathedral* He died
in 1547.

In JL* /* v* 6, 41, the Bastard says, 44 Half my power,
Passing these flats, are taken by the tide ; These L.

LINCOLN COLLEGE

Washes have devoured them/' The Wash is the bay S*E*
of L. It is full of dangerous sandbanks* In Three Lords,
the Three Lords of L. are Desire, Delight, and Devotion* ;
In2C.jKr+.K:.,Dods.vi533,Honesty says to Coney-catcher,
** We are as near Ion together as the cates of Banbury be
to the bells of L." : Banbury was notorious for its
Puritanism, with its opposition to bells, organs, etc* :
hence* the phrase means ** we are as far apart as pos-
sible/* The bell in the central tower of the Minster is
known as " Great Tom/' The original bell was cast in
1610, but was recast in 1834* It weighs 5 tons 8 cwt.
In B. & F. Prize iii. 2, Petruchio complains : 4 Had I
not every morning a rare breakfast, Mix*d with a
learned lecture of ill language Louder than Tom o* L* ?'
In B. & F* Nightwalker iii. 4, Toby says of the women :
" I have heard some of their tongues, like Tom-a-L*,
3 m. off/' In verses prefixed to Coryat's Crudities
(1611), Peacham mentions amongst the sights of Eng-
land " the skirts of old Tom a L*" The proverb " Like
as the Devil looked over L*" seems to refer to one of
the grotesque gargoyles on the Cathedral* It is quoted
in J. Heywood's Proverbs (1563)* In Shirley's Sisten,
the Prologue says, " Pox of him, say I, That looked o'er
L*" L* had a reputation for the green dye used in the
cloth made there, which was only rivalled by Kendal*
In Robin Hood's Garland, we are told " He clothed his
men in L* green." Skelton tells us that Elynour Rum-
min's nuke, i.e. hood, was " of Lyncolne green/' Spen-
ser, F. Q. vi* 2, 5, says of Sir Tristram : 4* All in a wood-
man's jacket was he clad Of L* green/' Drayton, in
Polyolb. xxvi* 319, describes Robin Hood's men as " all
clad in L* green." Processional Plays were performed
in L. on July a6th in honour of St* Anne* They were
suppressed in the ist year of Elizabeth's reign*

LINCOLN COLLEGE, Oxford, founded in 1437 by
Richard Flemmyng, Bp. of L* It stands on the E* side
of Turl St, iust S* of Exeter College* Sir William
Davenant, the dramatist, was entered at L* C*

LINCOLNSHIRE* The county on the E* coast of Eng-
land, S* of the Humber* About a third of it is occupied
by the Fens, which are artificially drained. The wide
grazing lands of the county have been long famous,
and the breeds of bullocks and sheep are well known*
In Underwit v. 3, the Footman states that ** Sir Walter
Littleland is well known in L* near the Fens/' In
Middleton's Mad World ii* 3, when the masqued thieves
affirm that they are L*-men, Sir Bounteous says, " O,
the honestest thieves of all come out of L. ; the kindest
natured gentlemen ; they'll rob a man with conscience ;
they have a feeling of what they go about, and will steal
with tears in their eyes." In B. & F* Fair Maid L iv* 2,
when the Muleteer asks Forobosco how ^ much the ox
will cost that he proposes to roast whole in Madrid, he
says, ** A hundred French crowns, for it must be a L* ox
and a prime one/' In Middleton's JR. G. ii. i, Trapdoor
boasts, 44 1 have kept a bridge myself and drove 7 at a
time before me," but adds, aside, ** they were all L*
bullocks*" In H4 A* i* 2, 85, Falstaff complains that he
is as melancholy " as the drone of a L* bagpipe." In
Armin's TVmm'es, for a Christmas festivity, 4* a noise of
minstrels and a L* bagpipe was prepared*" Drayton, in
Polyolb. xxv*, says of L* : " girls in Lincoln green Whilst
some the rings of bells andsome the bagpipes ply, Dance
many a merry round*** In Tor/ton's Purgatory, we have:
44 This Stephano was the chief gallant of all the parish
for dancing of a L* hornpipe in the churchyard on
Sundays*" Drayton, in Polyolb. xxui* 266, says, 44 Bells
and bagpipes next belong to Liacolneshire." In Trag.

LINE

Richd. II iv* i, 333, ** Lyncolneshere " is one of the
counties granted by the K. to Greene. The scene of
Lvly's Gallathea is laid in L*

LINCOLN'S INN* One of the Four Inns of Court in
Lond* It stands between the N. end of Chancery Lane
and L* I* Fields, S* of Holbora* In 1221 the site was
assigned to the Black Friars on their arrival in England ;
from them it passed into the hands of the De Lacies,
Earls of Lincoln, hence the name* The lawyers ob-
tained the use of it about 1300, and in 1580 bought it
outright. The gatehouse in Chancery Lane and the old
Hall were erected in the reign of Henry VII, and the
buildings facing into Chancery Lane a little later. The
rest of the buildings are comparatively modern* In
More v* 4, More, on the scaffold, reminds the Sheriff,
** When I studied the law in L. L, I was of council with
ye in a cause*" Sir Thomas was a bencher of L* I.
Richard Edwards, the author of Damon, also belonged
to that honourable body* Fuller tells us that Ben Jonson
helped in the building " of the new structure of L* L" :
probably the part in Chancery Lane* Prynne's Histrio-
Mastix is dedicated to ** the students of the 4 famous
Itins of Court, and especially those of L* L" Prynne
was buried in the vaults below the old chapel* Jonson,
in Devil i. 6, speaks of 44 The walks of L* I* Under the
Elms/' In Marston's What you iii* i, a lawyer is called
" the glorious Ajax [quasi, a jakes] of L* I., laps up
nought but filth and excrements/' In Jpnson's Devil ii*
2, Mrs* FitzDottrel sends word to Wittipol ** to forbear
his acting to me At the gentleman's chamber-window in
L*-L there, That opens to my gallery."

LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS* The square immediately
W* of L. I*, Lond* It was at first a mere open piece of
waste ground, but it was laid out in 1618 by Inigo Jones,
with the Arch Row on the W*, Portugal Row on the S*,
and Holborn, or Newman's, Row on the N* ; on the E*
were the buildings of the Inn. It was supposed to be
the same size as the base of the Gt* Pyramid, but was
actually 12 acres in extent — ij- acres less. About 1656
there were many proposals to build the whole of the
space over, but on the petition of the Society of L* I*
Cromwell stopped them* In Glapthorne's Wit i. x,
Thorowgood asks whether Valentine and Sir Timothy
have come to town 4t to see L. I* F* built." The date is
1639* A theatre was opened by Davenant in Portugal
Row in 1662, which is the scene of his Playhouse. In i*,
the Housekeeper says, " There are so many Tom-
tumblers [applying to take the theatre] that you'd think
L*-L-F* a forest of wild apes." In Nabbes' Bride ii* i,
Squirrell, the Vintner, says, 44 The errants of L* L f. are
the best maintainers of my profit's occasion/' In De-
loney's Craft ii* 5, Peachy says, " Stutely and Strang-
widge, if you be men, meet me in Lincolnes Inne-f*
presently." ***** And so into the f* they went " and
fought*

LINE (the EQUATOR)* "Under the Line" means at the
Equator* In B* & F* Corinth iv. i, Crates tells Ones that
if his opponent accepts his challenge, ** you may crave
To choose the place, which may be Calicut Or under-
neath the L." In H8 v* 4, 46, the Porter's Man says of a
red-faced man : ** All that stand about him are under the
L*, they need no other penance/* In Temp, iv* i, 237,
Stephano, stealing a jerkin from the Lime or line-tree,
where it is hanging, says, 44 Now is the jerkin under the
L* ; now, jerkin, you are like to lose your hair and prove
a bald jerkin*" Travellers crossing the Equator were
liable to contract fevers which caused them to lose their
hair* *

LINGEN

hot ; I protest I have been cooler under the L/' In
Webster's Law Case iii* 3, Romelio, who is going to ship
the surgeons who know his crime to the E* Indies, says,
** Let them prate when they are beyond the L/'

LINGEN* A town in Hanover, on the Ems, 100 m* E. of
Amsterdam* In Barnavelt iv* 5, Orange asks : 44 Who
was the cause no greater power was sent against the
enemy when he took Oldensell, L*, Groli i "

LINGIS (SAINT) PARK* In Kyd's Span. Trag. iii* 2,
Lorenzo says to Pedringano, 4* Meet Serberine at St* L/
P* ; Thou know'st 'tis here, hard by* behind the house/*
I have failed so far to discover either the saint or his
park* Various emendations have been suggested: as
Liugis, Leugis, Leuges, Luges,but Schick's Luigi's seems
the most likely, though Luigi is Italian, not Spanish*
The traditional name of the centurion whose spear
pierced our Lord's side on the Cross was Longinus,
which was shortened into Lungis* The word is used
for a long, awkward fellow, as in B* & F* Pestle ii* 3,
where the citizen's wife says, ** The foul great lungies laid
unmercifully on thee*" But he was not a saint*

LINLITHGOW* An ancient city in Scotland, capital
of the county of the same name, 17 m* W* of Edinburgh*
The ancient palace, now in ruins, was a favourite resi-
dence of the Kings of Scotland* Sir David Lyndsay's
Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis was acted at L* in 1 540 before
James V and his court* in a jousting field near the town,

LINTERNUM, or LITERNUM* A vilL on the coast of
Campania, between the mouth of the Vulturnus and
Cumae : its site is marked by Tor di Patria* It was at
the mouth of a river of the same name, the delta of which
formed a marshy lagoon* It was chiefly famous because
Scipio Africanus retired there to die, in disgust at his
treatment by the people of Rome* In Nabbes' Hannibal
v. 3, Scipio says, "At L*, My country villa, I will
terminate My after life/' Gascoigne, in Steel Glas, p* 67
(Arber), says, "Scypio condemns the Roman rule
Which suffered him, that had so truly served, To lead
poor life at his Lyntemum farm/*

LION,. A tavern sign* In Dekker's Westward n* 2, Mono-
poly says, ** I'm to sup this night at the L, in Shore-
ditch/* Act ui* 2 is laid outside this Inn* Probably the
Red L* is meant ; it stood on the E* side of Bishopsgate
St* Without* In Fevenham i£* i, Black Will says,
** Canst thou remember since we trolled the bowl at
Sittingburgh p*e* Sittingbourae] where I broke the
tapster's head of the Lyon with a cudgel-stick s1 " In
Chapman's May Day L i, Quintiliano says, ** The hostess
of the L* has a leg lie a giant*" The scene is in Venice*

LION KEY* A wharf or landing-place on the N* side of
the Thames in Lond*, between Billingsgate and Lond*
Bdge* Stow says it was called after one Lion, owner
thereof* In Fair Women ii, 290, Roger relates that he
followed Sanders " to L* quay ; saw him take boat, And,
in a pair of oars, as soon as he, Landed at Greenwich/'
In Underwit iii* 3, Engine suggests as a useful project
44 a bridge from L* k. to Flaunders." In B. & F* Prize
v*2, Jaquessays, " Wellgetus to Paris. Away toLyon-k*
and ship *em presently/' InT*HeywcKxfsErf*JFA*64,
the disguised King says, " At L* quay I landed in their
view, Yet none of them took knowledge of the King/*

LIPSBURY* In Lear ii* 2, 9, Kent says to Oswald, " If I
had thee in L* pinfold, I would make thee care for me/'
No one has yet succeeded in identifying L* I suggest
that the phrase is a misprint for ** Westbury Pen Hole/'
The scene of the encounter between Kent and Oswald is
in the courtyard before Gloucester's castle, presumably

LISIMACHIUM

near Gloucester* Now, Shakespeare knew Gloucester-
shire minutely, as he knew no other county in England,
except Warwick : the proof is in H4 B* v* i, and the
references to Greet, Tewkesbury, etc* Hence we should
naturally look for L* in Gloucestershire* The ending
-bury is quite common there : we have, for example,
Lantbury, Tetbury, Sodbury, Thornbury, Oldbury,
Henbury, Tewkesbury, Westbury* Of these Lantbury
looks most like L* But what Kent wanted was a quiet
place where he could thrash Oswald without inter-
ruption, and a penfold, or pound, in the middle of a
village would not have served his turn : it would be
altogether too public* Now, in Pen Park, near West-
bury, some 4 m, N* of Bristol, is a huge cavern, possibly
the remains of an old lead mine : it is known as Pen
Park Hole, or Pen Hole* This would be the very place
for Kent's purpose* ** W " with the first limb exag-
gerated would not be unlike a capital " L," and the long
** s " would be almost indistinguishable from " p,"
so that a compositor might easily misread Westbury as
L* Penhole he would not understand, and would almost
unconsciously change it to the familiar pinfold : he re-
tains, however, the capital " P," and so gives us " L*
Pinfold*" It is true that in the only other passage in the
ist folio where pinfold occurs (Two Gent. L 1. 114) it is
printed with a capital, so that that point does not go for
much* I make the suggestion for what it may be worth*

LISBON* The capital of Portugal, on the N* bank of the
Tagus some 8 m. from the sea. It was the last place in
Portugal to be taken from the Moors* Alphonso I be-
sieged it for some months in 1147, and took it with the
help of some English and French crusaders who were
on their way to Palestine* In Span* Trag. i., Hieronimo
says of Edmund, Earl of Kent: "When English
Richard wore the diadem, He came * * * and razed L*
walls, And took the K* of Portingale in fight*" The
reference is to the expedition of 1381, when Edmund,
Earl of Cambridge (not of Kent), came to help Ferdi-
nand of Portugal against John of Castile* Ferdinand,
however, turned traitor to the English, with the result
that in 1383 they ravaged Portugal and dethroned
Ferdinand* In the dying speech of Stucley, in Peele's
Alcazar v. i, 164, he says, " My sails I spread and with
these men of war In fatal hour at L* we arrived " :
fatal because Stucley offered to help Sebastian against
the Moors and was killed at Alcazar. In B. & F* Custom
ii* 3, Rutilio says, " The ship that took us was of Portu-
gal, And here in L. we may hear of her*" In Merch* iii.
2, 272, we learn that one of Antonio's ventures was to L*,
which had considerable trade with England* In Bacchus,
one of the worshippers of Bacchus is " David Drie-
throat, from Lesbona in Portugale," who brought a cup
of Canary as his offering* In Davenant's Wits iy *, among
the delicacies enumerated by Young Palatine is ** Mar-
malade, made by the cleanly nuns of L/* This would
naturally be orange marmalade: there were other
marmalades made from quinces, cherries* etc* These
nuns came from Sion, in Middlesex, at the dissolution
of the Monasteries by Henry VIII, and after temporary
sojourns in Zuruck see, Mechlin, and Rouen, finally
established themselves in L* B* & F* Four Plays is sup-
posed to be performed at L* on the occasion of the

. marriage of K. Emmanuel the Fortunate to Isabella
of Castile in 1497. The last 4 acts of their Custom, and
Shirley's Maid's Rev. take place at L.

LISIMACHIUM (z*«* LYSIWACHIA)* A city at N*E* end
of the Thracian Chersonese, just where the Dardanelles
open out into the Sea of Marmora* It was built by

310

LISLE

Lysimachus, King of Thrace, 309 B*C*> and made the
capital of his kingdom* It was destroyed by the Thra-
cians in the war between Philip of Macedon and the
Romans, but restored by Antiochus the Gt* It has now
disappeared except for some ruins near the village of
Baular. In Tiberius 1806, Vonones reproaches the
Romans because in the war against Mithridates they
would not be satisfied " Except he yield up L." In line
2154, we are told that Germanicus, in his journey to
Armenia, bent his course " from Ephesus To L*"

LISLE* See LILLE*

LITHUANIA. The dfct. lying S. of the Gulf of Finland
and N. of Poland* It was a powerful independent king-
dom in the i4th cent*, but in the i8th it was divided
between Russia and Prussia. Chaucer's Knight ** In
Lettowe hadde reysed and in Ruce " (C* T. Prol. 54)*
In Suckling's Brennoralt iii* i, Brennoralt says, " The
Lns. Are of the wilder sort of creatures, must Be rid
with cavesous and with harsh curbs/' Cavezous is a
misprint for cavesons (French cavecons), a nose-band
used for breakbg-in horses* Burton, A. M* i. 3, i* 2,
says, ** Nothing so familiar as for witches and sorcerers,
in Lapland, L*, and all over Scandia, to sell winds to
mariners and cause tempests*"

LITTLE BRITAIN. A st* in Lond. running W* from
Aldersgate St., by St* Botolph's Ch., to the point at the
top of K* Edward St* where the pump used to stand ;
thence it turns N* along what was originally called Duck
Lane to St* Bartholomew's Hospital. It was named
from the City mansion of the D* of Bretagne, which was
situated there. It was a great st* for booksellers and
publishers, especially in the part from the Pump to St*
Bartholomew's. Harman's Fraternitye of Vagdbondes
was 4* Imprinted at Lond* by lohn Awdeley dwelling
in 1* Britayne strete without Aldersgate* 1575*" He »
described in another imprint as " dwelling by Gt. St*
Barthelmewes beyond Aldersgate*" Rawlins's Rebellion
was ** Printed by I. Okes for Daniell Frere, and are to
be sold at the sign of the Red Bull in L. Brittaine*
1640*" Middleton's Old Law was " Printed for Edward
Archer at the sign of the Adam and Eve in L* Britaine*
1656*"

LIVONIA* Formerly one of the Baltic Provinces of
Russia, lying S*W* of Petrograd, S. of the Gulf of Fin-
land, and E. of the Gulf of Riga. It was almost unknown
to the rest of Europe until 1158, when merchants from
Bremen formed trading settlements there* It was
Christianized in 1186 by the monk Meinhard, and a
bishopric was founded soon after with Riga as its centre*
For a time it was held by the Danes, but at the end of
the I2th cent, it became attached to Poland* From the
middle of the i6th cent, its possession was continually
disputed between Russia* Poland, and Sweden. In
1660 it was ceded to Sweden, and remained a Swedish
province till 1721, when it was finally annexed to Russia*
With Courland, it now (since 1919) forms the Republic
of Latvia* In Cuckqueans iv* 8, Claribel says that* since
he left Oxford, he has "visited Moldavia and L.,
Pamphlagonia, and Silesia*" Burton, -A* M. i* 2, r, 2,
tells of one who "sailed to L* on set purpose to see those
familiar spirits which are there said to be conversant
with men," and who was successful in getting information
from them by second-sight*

LIXA. An imaginary place in the altogether imaginary
play Andromana. The background is a war between the
Argives and the Iberians. In J* S/s Andromana ii* 6,
the Messenger relates : *4 *Tis scarce 3 hours since the
brave Plangus marched from L* with an army*"

LOIRE, or LOYRE

LLANDAFF* An episcopal city in Glamorgansh. on the
Taff, 2 m. N*W* of Cardiff and 163 m. W* of Lond* In
Bale's Johan 1563, Private Wealth declares that the
Pope's Interdict shall be published in Wales and in Ire-
land by ** The bp* of Landaffe, seynt Assys, and seynt
Davy*"

LO, SAINT* The capital of the Department of La
Manche, France, on the Vire, 158 m* W* of Paris* In
Ed. Ill iii* 3, Prince Edward announces : " Some of their
strongest cities have we won, As Harflew, Lo, Crotay,
and Carentigne." This was in 1346, just before the
battle of Cressy.

LOCRI (or, more fully, L. Epizephyrii). A Greek colony
on the E. side of the Bruttian peninsula, the " toe " of
Italy* Its ruins are near the modern town of Gerace*
It was famous for the legislation of Zaleucus, who lived
about 660 B.C*, in which careful provisions were made to
prevent any innovation or change in the laws* In
Chapman's Rev. Bussy iii* i, Clermont says, " The Lan*
Princes, therefore, were brave rulers : For whosoever
there came new from country And in the city asked,
' What new i * was punished*" In the 2nd Punic war it
revolted to the Carthaginians, but was recaptured by
Scipio in 305 B.C. In Nabbes* Hannibal i. 5, a messenger
announces : " New Carthage; Sagunt ; Locris ; Tarra-
con : All these are re-o'ercome by Scipio/*

LODI* A city in N. Italy on the right bank of the Adda,
some 16 m. S* of Milan. It is the centre of one of the
richest dairying districts in Italy, and has an extensive
trade in cheese and other dairy-produce* It produces
more Parmesan cheese than Parma itself* InDavenant's
Wits iv* i, young Palatine speaks of 4t Parmesan of
Lodi " in a list of delicacies for the table*

LOEGRIANS (Britons = inhabitants of Logris)* The
form found in the French Arthurian romances. In
Fisher's Fmmw ii* 5, Belinus says of part of his army:
** All brave L., armed with pike and spear." In Chretien
de Troves* Chevalier de la Charrette, Lancelot says,
" Unes chevaliers fut, ce veez, Del r&mme de Logres
nez."

LOGIE* See LOWGAVE*

LOGRIS* An old name for England, derived from the
name of Locrine, the mythical son of Brute* Spenser,
F* Q* ii* 10, 14, makes the Severn the boundary between
Cambria (Wales) and L* Milton, P* #. ii. 3&>/ compares
the women who wait on the banquet spread by the
Tempter for our Lord to " faery damsels met in forest
wide By knights of Logres, or of Lyones, Lancelot, or
Pelleas, or Pellenore*" Spenser, F* <?. iv* n, 36, calls
the Tweed " the limit betwixt L* land And Albany*"
The name is sometimes applied specifically to Kent,
Deloney, m Craft i* 5, speaks of ** the virtuous Q* of
Logria which now is called Kent."

LOGRONO* A town in Spain on the N. bank of the
Ebro, just at the junction of the provinces of Navarre,
Alava, and Sori, 150 m, H.E. of Madrid* In Baccfas,
one of the worshippers of Bacchus is " a Spaniard, of
the city of Logronio, named Blayner Bloblip, who,
gratifying his god with 2 limpns and an orange pill, with
a most lowly leg he leapt aside*"

LOIRE, or LOYRE* One of the longest rivers in France,
rising in the Cevennes and flowing in a general N.W*
direction past Orleans and into the Bay of Biscay below
Nantes. The Roman name was Liger. In Kyd's

Cornelia iv*, Caesar boasts, " The Gauls Did live

to see my soldiers drink at L*" See also LOYCE*

311

LOLLARDS' TOWER

LOLLARDS' TOWER. A tower at the S.W. corner of
Old St. Paul's, Lond., which was used as the Bp. of
Lond/s prison. It was here that Richard Hunne was
murdered by the officers in charge of him in 1514*
There was another L. T. at the W. end of the chapel of
Lambeth Palace, but it is doubtful whether this was ever
used for the confinement of Lollards. In Jonson's
Staple v* i, Pennyboy, the usurer, goes mad, and arrests
and imprisons his a dogs in a couple of closets, ** the
one of which he calls his Lollard's T*, t'other his Block-
house, 'cause his a dogs* names are Block and Lollard."

LOMBARD STREET* Lond., running from the
Mansion House, on the S. of the Royal Exchange, to
GracechurchSt. It took its name from the L. merchants
who settled there in the i^th cent. : in 1318 a grant to
them of a messuage abutting on Lombard St. on the
S* and toward Cornhill on the N* was confirmed by
Edward II. They were money-changers, bankers,
agents for foreign traders, andmoney-lendeis. Themeet-
ings of the merchants were held in the st. until the
building of the Burse, afterwards the Royal Exchange, by
Gresham. Gresham lived at No. 68, now Martin and
Co.'s ; the Goldsmiths Company were at No. 67. The
Cardinal's Cap and the Salutation Taverns were in the
st* On the S. side is the noble ch. of St. Mary Wolnooth,
on the N* Allhallows and St* Edmund King and Martyr*
In Davenanfs Wits ii. 4, Palatine says, " All gold £ the
stalls of L. st. poured into a pursed" In T. Heywood's
L JC M., B. i. 264, Ramsie, meeting Dr. Nowell, exclaims:
** Master Dean of Paul's, 'Tis strange to see you here in
Lumber St., This place of traffic, whereon merchants
meet." In Fair Women, ii., Sanders, coming home late,
explains that he has been at a friend's " in Lumberd St.
at supper.'1" Mercers as well as bankers lived in the st.
In H4 B. ii. i, 31, the Hostess informs Snare that Fat-
staff ** is indited to dinner to the Lubber's Head in
Ltimbert St., to Master Smooth's the silkman." The
Lubber's Head is Quiddy's way of saying the Libbard's,
or Leopard's, Head* In Middleton's Quiet Life ii* 2,
we learn that Water-Camlet, the mercer's, shop is
44 the Lamb in L. st." In T. Heywood's Ed. IV,
A* i. 64, 2 other signs are mentioned t the K* says,
** Here's L* st, and here's the Pelican ; And there's
the Phoenix in the Pelican's nest/* The Phoenix
Fire Office is still there at No. 19, and the Pelican
at No. 70-^next to Change Alley. In Ibid. B. 145,
Jane Shore orders her trunks to be conveyed "To
Mrs. Blage, an Inn in L* St., The Flower-de
Luce." In Deloney*s Craft L 10, Mrs. Eyre speaks of
"the George in Lumbard st. where the merchant
strangers He." In Brome's Cozzp/e ii. i, Alicia says, "All
Cheapside and L.-st. could not have furnished you with

*£UC15> .Aae lvl«i«- is ours, ^jneape, L. St., our
own." Thersites was " Imprinted at London by John
Tysdale and are to be sold at his shop in the upper end
of L. St. in Alhallowes ch. yard near unto Grace ch."
to T. Heywood's /. K. M. B. 295, one of the Lords says
that the Exchanges of Frankford and Embden " have
sts. and penthouses Like Lumber St. before this Burse
JGresham's] was built." The Lumbard is used for the
Exchange. In Ibid. B. 369, Gresham says, « Well stay
'ante on tae Ltttriharrf ttfi t krm /v%««^* *» From Torltons

** a goldsmith in

(Ld, « Lombard), The <Kst* in N. Italy
m tiie kingdom of the Lds* They were a

LOMJ&AflDy

Teutonic tribe who under their K. Alboin, or Albovin,
descended in A.D. 568 into Italy and took possession of
the valley of the Po, where they established a kingdom
which lasted over 200 years* They were finally subdued
by Charles the Gt. in 774. Meanwhile they had adopted
the language and religion of their subjects, though in the
Arian, rather than the orthodox, form of Christianity;
and the race which resulted from their fusion with
the _ Italians proved itself to be of great vigour and
ability* L. was joined to the kingdom of Piedmont, the
germ of United Italy, by the Peace of Villafranca after
the campaign of 1859* During the i3th cent, many of
the Lds. went to England to escape the troubles between
the Guelfs and Ghibellines, and became the leading
merchants and bankers in Lond. They had a messuage
assigned to them in Ld. St., which still perpetuates their
name ; but by the end of the reign of EHzabeth they had
all left Lond. In J* Heywood's Weather, p. 100, Merry
Report claims to have visited " Louvain, London, an§.
L." In Shrew i. i, 3, Lucentio says, " To see fair Padual
nursery of arts, I am arrived for fruitful L., The plea^
sant garden of great Italy." In Cockayne's Trapolin i. i,
Mattemores says, " I'll fight for Florence ; Nor shall
the Longobardy Mantuans E'er win a flag while I at a
in the field." In B. & F. Prophetess v. i, the Chorus a2
nouncest ** GoodDioclesian, Weary of pomp and state
retires himself To a most private grange in L." Scene -
takes place in L. before the farm of Dioclesian. Thi
is a curious mistake : in A.D. 305 Diocletian resigned th
purple and retired to a farm in Dalmatia. The Lds. wert,
in Pannonia before they invaded Italy, but were neve
as far south as Dalmatia. Davenant's Albovine deals*
with the reign of AltapiTlh his~{7. Lovers iii* i, Ram-
-pino says, ** Gqleafctc. . . Sold uTto Heiirislwsnd, thi
Lds.' K." He reigned, for 6 months only, in 744. In
Barnes's Charter i. 4, Alexander, the Pope, allots to the
D* of Gandy " all the signories in L., From Porta d/
Volane to Savona." This was Alexander VI (1493-*
1503). In T. Heywood's Prentices, p. 85, Robert says,
" We have entered Even to the midst of fertile L., B
writers termed the garden of the world." The scene c
Wilson's Swisser is laid in L* in the 7th century.

The wines of L. were of inferior quality* I
Jonson's Volpone i. i, Mosca speaks of " the merchant
who hath filled his vaults With Romagnia, and rid
Candian wines, Yet drinks the lees of Ld/s vinegar*'
In Laelia iii. 2, 17* on the contrary, Brulio appeals t,
Stragalcius : " lit tibi arridet vinurn Lombardium." It*
T. Heywood's Lucrece iii. 5, Valerius, in his song abou?
the, dress of the various nations, says, " The Spaniard
loves bis ancient slop, The Ld. his Venetian " : which
was a tight-fitting pair of breeches. Ld. is used for *
moneylender or pawnbroker. In Langland's Piers C. v<
194, bespeaks of ** other Lumbardes of Lukes fr".e*LuccaI
that liven by lone as Jewes"; andin C. vii.249, Avaricef
confesses: ** Ich lerned among Lumbardes a lesson, and
of Jewes, To weie pans with a peis, and pared the i
este," and in 244* " with Lumbardes letters ich le
gold at Rome." In Roister ii. 2, Dobinet says, " If 1
have ttot one Lumbardes touch [Le. touchstone, to dL „
tinguish good money from bad] my luck is bad." In?
Day's Gulls ii. i, the Page says, " I have seen much gold j
lying upon Lds/ stalls, and could never finger penny r*
it." So B, & F., in Candy iv«. 2, speak of " an usurer r
Ld. Jew." In More, two of the characters, Francis r
Barde and Caveler, are described as Lds. Ld* came to L*
used £n the sense of a pawnbroker's shop. In Dekker's
Northward v. i, Kate says," His apparel lies if th' Lum-
bard. In Shirley's Pleasure iv. 2, the Steward says to

@&£M^&

LONDON/ 1593, by John Norden

LONDON

Littleworth," Your coat and cloak's a brushing in Long-
Lane L*" Long Lane was full of pawnbrokers' shops*
Nash, in Lenten, p* 325, tells how Madam Cornificia
44 sent all her jewels to the Jewish Ld, to pawn/' Fuller,
in Church History (1656) iii* 13, 10, says, " A Ld* unto
this day slgnifieth a bank for usury or pawns/' In
Jonson's Volpone ii* i, Volpone, disguised as a mounte-
bank, says, ** I am not, as your Ld* proverb saith, cold
on my feet ; or content to part with my commodities at
a cheaper rate than I am accustomed : look not for it***
L* is used in the sense of Italy as a whole* In T. Hey-
wood's Iron Age B* ii*, Hector predicts that the glories
of Troy shall be revived in 4* Lumbardies Rome, great
Britain's Troynovant*" Rabelais, in Gargantua i* 3,
says that Grangousier would not eat Bolonia sausages,
** for he feared the Ld* bit," Le. poison*
LONDON (Ler* = Londoner)* The capital of Eng-
land, on the Thames, some 50 m* from its mouth.
The original site was on the N* bank of the river,
but it gradually extended to the S*, or Surrey,
side* No attempt will be made to give any account
of the history of L*, but some points may be set
down to help the student to form a correct idea of the
city in which Shakespeare and his fellow-dramatists
lived and worked* The old Roman city was surrounded
by a wall, stretching like a bow from the Tower to a
point near Blackfriars Bdge., and along the r* side back
again* The r* wall had completely disappeared by
Shakespeare's time, but Billingsgate and Dowgate still
indicate where entrance was gained to the city from
the r* On the land side the gates ran in order, starting
with the Tower Postern, Aldgate, Bishopsgate, Moor-
gate, Cripplegate, Aldersgate, Newgate, Ludgate* All
these gates have now disappeared, but a correct idea
of their form may be gained from St* John's Gate,
Clerkenwell, which happily still remains, or from the
gates of York* In Shakespeare's time they were used
both as dwelling-houses and as prisons* The establish-
ment of the Inns of Court in the i4th cent* led to the
extension of the city westward along Fleet St* and Hoi-
bora, and Temple Bar indicated its new limit, so that
the phrase " from Tower to Temple " was used for the
whole town* The Strand was, as the name implies,
near the tiver, with the houses of the great nobles on its
S* side* From Charing Cross, King St* led down to the
quite separate city of Westminster* On the E* and N*,
too, there had been some extension beyond the walls,
but the modern suburbs of Bromley, Bow, Hackney,
Islington, and Kensington were still a ring of separate
villages, and beyond them again lay Barking, Tottenham,
Highgate, Hornsey, Hampstead, and Hammersmith*
Crossing the r* by the Bdge*, a little E* of the present
L* Bdge*, we find the Ch* of St* Mary Overy, the palace
of the Bp* of Winchester, and stretching W* the houses
of the Bankside, the Theatres and Paris Garden, and
little more*

Within the city everything has to be reconstructed,
for the Gt* Fire swept it from Pudding Lane to Pie
Corner, and hardly anything of Shakespeare's L* re-
mains except the old lines of the sts*, which, luckily for
the antiquarian, were not altered in the rebuilding* The
sts, must be imagined lined with gabled and timbered
houses, like Staples Inn or Crosby Hall (now re-erected
at Chelsea)* For Wren's churches we must substitute
Gothic buildings, and we must almost double the
number, for 89 were destroyed by the Fire and only 45
were rebuilt* Fortunately tfre old: type of ch* is still
represented by the Savoy Chapel, All Hallows Barking,
St* Andrew's Undershaft, St* Giles Cdpplegate, St*

LONDON

Helen's Bishopsgate, St* Margaret's Westminster, St*
Saviour's Southwark, and the noble conventual ch* of
St* Bartholomew the Great, Smithfield, all of which
escaped the Fire* The dome of St* Paul's must be re-
placed by a gothic tower, which formerly had a lofty
steeple, destroyed by lightning in 1561 and not rebuilt*
Altogether there were about 109 churches within the
city area, and the air must have been continually throb-
bing with the sound of their bells* Old L* was a city of
running waters* In almost every st* of importance there
was a conduit, or water-standard, and on these the
citizens were dependent for their water supply* All
these have disappeared* There were, of course, no
trams or cabs or omnibuses : only a few private car-
riages, drawn by heavy Flanders mares* The sts* were
badly paved, and consequently the river was the
pleasantest and most-frequented thoroughfare from one
part of the city to another, as well as to Greenwich and
Westminster* The houses and shops were distinguished
not by numbers, but by signs, which must have added
much to the picturesqueness of the sts* The houses
were all inhabited, the shopkeepers living at their shops
and the merchants at mansions in the city* It must be
remembered that the city was hardly lighted at all at
night, and that there was no system of drainage : all the
sewage of the town ran down the st* channels into the
Fleet Ditch or the Thames*

The principal buildings of Shakespeare's time which
still remain, apart from the churches mentioned above,
are the Tower, the Temple with its church and hall, Lin-
coln's Inn and Gray's Inn, the Guildhall, Staples Inn,
Crosby House, the Charterhouse, St* John's Gate; and,
further afield, Westminster Hall, parts of St* James's
Palace, and Lambeth Palace* The main thoroughfares
intoL. were Oxford Rd* from the W*, the Gt*NorthRoad
from the N*, and the Old Kent Rd*, or Pilgrims Rd*,
from Kent and the Continent* According to Heylyn, the
city in 1621 was ** wondrous populous, containing well
nigh 400,000 people, which number is much augmented
in the Term time*" Shakespeare never mentions L* out-
side of his historical plays, and even in them there is very
little specific notice of L* streets or buildings. On the
other hand, Jonson, Massinger, Beaumont and Fletcher,
Field, Middleton, Shirley, Dekker, Nash, Haughton,
Marmion, Heywood, Barry, Rowley, and Glapthorne
place the scenes of many of their comedies in L*, at" 5
show a minute knowledge of every detail of its tcr >
graphy* There is hardly a st. or ch. or public builc
or tavern which is not mentioned in one or other of t&i
plays* - •%

General references. In Ret. Perrca^. VMJ, Furor ex-
claims: "Farewell, musty, dusty, rusty, fusty L* That
cheatest virtue of her due desert And sufferest great
Apollo's son to want*" In York. Tragedy i*, Samuel,
the serving man, says, " Anything is good here that
comes from L*" In More w. 3, More says, ** Of all
people that the eart& affords, The Lers* fare richest at
their boards*" In Greene and Lodge's Looking Glass,
Oseas proclaims, at the end of Act I : "Sin reigns m
thee, O L*, every hour*" The whole play is an at-
tempted parallel between Nineveh and L* In Tfoee
Ladies (which is also a satire on L* manners) h^ Sim-
plicity says, " No biding in L* for Conscience and Love*"
In World Child 180, Folly says, " In L* is my chief
dwelling*" In J* Heywood's Weather, p* 100, Report
claims to have been " at Louvain, at L*, and in Lom-
bardy*" In Davenant's Rutland iii* 214, the Parisian says,
** A Ler*'s opinion of himself is no less noted than his
opinion of his beef before the veal of Italy*" The whole

313

LONDON

description of L* by the Parisian in this Masque should
be read* In T* Heywood's Captives v* 3, Ashburne says,
44 You shall see what welcome Our Lv so much spoke
of here in France, Can give to worthy strangers/* In
Wager's The Longer, D* 5, Discipline prays: ** God
preserve L., that noble city, where they have taken a
godly order for a truth/'

London as the capital of England. In Rz iii* 4, 97,
the Q* says, ** Come, ladies, go To meet at L* L/s King
in woe/* In R3 i& i> i> Buckingham says to young K*
Edward, " Welcome, sweet Prince, to L,, to your cham-
ber/* In H4 B* v* 3, 64, Davy says, " I hope to see L*
once ere I die/' In Dekker's Northward i* i, Green-
shield quotes a proverb : ** Lincoln was, L* is, and York
shall be/* Nash, in Pierce, D. 3, says, ** The poets have
cleansed our language from barbarism and made the
vulgar sort here in L* (which is the fountain whose
rivers flow round about England) to aspire to a richer
purity of speech than is communicated with the com-
munaHty of any nation under heaven/'

London as the centre of trade* In Hf A* i* 2, 140,
Poins tells of ** traders riding to L* with fat purses/'
In Marlowe's Jew iv* i, Barabas has debts owing in
44 Florence, Venice, Antwerp, L.* Xeville/' In T* Hey-
wood's /* K+ M. B. 301, Gresham boasts of the wealth
of the L* merchants : he drinks a pearl to the health of
the Q*, and says, "A L* merchant thus treads on a K/s
present/' In Dekker's Northward v* i, Kate says, " [I
travel] to L., Sir, as the old tale goes, to seek my for-
tune/' The sub-title of B* & F* Pestle is ** The L*
Merchant/' The 12 principal City Companies or
Trade-guilds,BWith the date of the foundation of each
and the location of its Hall, are as follows : Mercers
(*393)r Cheapside ; Grocers (1345), Poultry ; Drapers
(1374), Throgmorton St. ; Fishmongers (1363), Upper
Thames St* ; Goldsmiths (1327), Foster Lane ; Skin-
ners (1327), Dowgate Hill ; Merchant-Taylors (1466),
Threadneedle St. ; Haberdashers (1448), Gresham St. ;
Salters (1530), St* Swithins Lane ; Ironmongers (1464),
Fenchurch St. ; Vintners (1363), Upper Thames St* ;
Clothworkers (1480), Mincing Lane* In B. & F* Pestle
ii* 3, the Citizen's Wife says of Ralph: ** The 12 Com-
panies of L* cannot match him/*

London measure « full measure with a little over, as
the L* mercers used to give* In Middleton, Quiet Life
jii* a, George says to Water-Camlet, 44 Your wife says
%at you give not L. measure/* Brome, in Pro!* to
* Covert, G*, says, " 'Tis not in book as cloth ; we never
say, * Make-t. measure * when we buy a play/* Suck-
ling, in Aglamr, Prol., says, ** Men ever get All they can
in ; will have «* measure/' In Cartwright's Ordinary
iii* 5, Rimewell says to Catchmey, with his long beard,
44 1 say you are too forward By the length of your L*-
measure beard*" In Middleton's JR. G* ii* i, when Moll
asks, " Was he any more than a man t " Laxton replies t
44 No,norsomuchbyayardand a handful, L*measure/*
The Author of Reasons in a Hollow Tree (HarL Misc.,
iv* 179) thinks that the Lord's Prayer " should have
been two yards and a half longer, by L* measure."

London pins. In Skelton*s Elynour Rummin vii*,
Sibbill gives Elynour 44 a clout of L* pins in payment
for her quart of ale " : the clout being a definite measure
for pins and needles*

Lmdm roads (i*e. roads to London). In H4 A. ii* i, 16,
the carrier con3|dains of the inn in Rochester: ** I th*«k
tlxis be the most villainous house in all L* road for fleas/*
This is the Old Kent Rd* InH^B.ii*2,i84,Poinssays
that Doll Teassheet is " as common as the way between
St-AIbansand L*,"z>* the Gt* North Road. JaEastward

LONDON

Ti* 2, Quicksilver says that villainy is " the L* highway to
thrift," Le* the common and easy way* In Wilkins*
Enforced Marriage ii* 2, Robin says, " The dust upon
L* way was so great that not a lord, gentleman, knight,
or knave could travel, lest his eyes should be blown out/*

London pageants* festivals, etc. The Chorus, in #5 v*
24, tells how, on Henry's return, 44 L* doth pour out her
citizens, The mayor and all his brethren in best sort,
With the plebeians swarming at their heels, Go forth
and fetch their conquering Csesar in*" In Jte v* 5, 77,
the Groom says, 44 O how it yearned my heart when I
beheld In L* sts*, that coronation day, When Boling-
broke rode on roan Barbary*"

London atmosphere. In Davenant's Rutland, p* 228*
there is a song: "L* is smothered with sulphurous
fires ; Still she wears a black hood and cloak Of sea-coal
smoke*"

London churches. In Abington i* 2, Coomes says that
Francis has as many whores as there are churches in L* :
"Why," says Philip, "that's a hundred and nine/*
Stow reckons 114 parish churches in L. and Southwark :
5 of these are in Southwark, so that Philip's count
exactly agrees with Stow.

London gates. In H6 B* iv* 8, 24, Cade asks, " Hath
my sword therefore broke through L* gates, that you
should leave me at the White Hart in Southwark 4 "

London prisons. Taylor, in Works, says, 44 In L* and
within a mile, I ween, There are of jails or prisons full
18, And 60 whipping-posts, and stocks and cages/*

London taverns. In Rz v* 3, 6, Bolingbroke directs the
lords to " Inquire at L*, 'mongst the taverns there/* for
his unthrifty son Henry* In HS ni* 2, 12, the Boy, at the
siege of Harfleur, says, ** Would I were in an ale-house
inL/'

London walls. In Fair Women i* 169, Drury says that
44 Roger is trusty As any fellow within L. walls*** In
Brome's Couple ii* i, Alicia says to her customer, " You
could not have been so fitted on the sudden else within
L* walls." In B* & F* Pestle ii* i, the Citizen's Wife says
of Humphrey : " I believe thou hast not thy fellow with-
in the walls of L* ; an I should say the suburbs too I
should not lie."

The Bishop. In H8 iv* i, 102, the 2 prelates who walk
on each side of the Q* are " Stokesly and Gardiner :
the one of Wichester, the other L*" John Stokesly was
Bp* from 1529 to 1539*

The Lord Mayor. In Trag. Richd. II i* i, 1 13, Wood-
stock says, ** Hie thee, good Exton : Good Lord Mayor,
I do beseech ye, prosecute With your best care a means
for all our safeties/* The date is 1387, as stated in ii* i,
in* Nicholas Exton was Lord Mayor in 1386 and 1387,
so that ** Good Lord Mayor " must be taken as ad-
dressed to him* In Fam. Viet., Haz*, p* 331, the Lord
Mayor and Sheriffs commit Prince Henry to prison for
rioting in Eastcheap* The date is given as the i4th year
of Henry IV (p* 333)> *•*• 1412* The Mayor that year
was William Waldren, mercer; the Sheriffs, Ralph
Lovenhinde and William Sevenocks* The Mayor of L*
comes to welcome Henry V on his return from Agin-
court (#5 y* Chorus 25)* This was Nicholas Wotton*
In H6 A* i* 3, 57, the Mayor enters to stop the fight
between Gloucester and Winchester, and humorously
remarks : " Good God, these nobles should such
stomachs bear I I myself fight not once in 40 year/*
This was probably John Coventrie, a mercer, who "was
Mayor in 1425* In H6 B* iv* 5, 4, the Lord Mayor
craves aid from Lord Scales to defend the city from
Cade. His name was Thomas Chalton, also a mercer*
In R$ i&, the Mayor is cajoled by Buckingham into

LONDON

coming in deputation with the citizens to ask Richd.
to accept the crown* He was Edmond Sha, a goldsmith*
In H8 ii* i, 151, we are told that the K* has directed the
Lord Mayor to stop the rumour about his intended
divorce from Catherine of Arragon* But this is a slight
anachronism : the scene takes place in 1521 ; and it
was not till 1527 that there was any thought of the
divorce* The Mayor comes 5th in the coronation pro-
cession of Anne Boleyn (H8 iv* i), " bearing the mace/*
This was Sir Stephen Pecocke, haberdasher* The Lord
Mayor is also present at the christening of Elizabeth
(H8 v, 5) in the same year* In Peele's Ed. I, the Mayoress
of L. is poisoned by Q. Elinor by means of a snake :
in dying she calls on her husband, ** John Bearmber,
Mayor of L*" There is no such name in Stow's list ;
indeed* the whole story is an absurd legend* In More i*
and ii+, the Mayor plays a considerable part : it was
in the year when More was under-sheriff and the May
Day riots took place, £*e* 1517* The Mayor was John
Rest, a grocer* In Youth, ii* 106, Riot says, " The
Mayor of L* sent for me forth of Newgate for to come
for to preach at Tyburn*" In Bale's Johan 272, Verity
says, ** The City of L* through his [John's] mere grant
and premiss was first privileged to have both Mayor and
Shrieve, where before his time it had but bailiffs only***
The ist Mayor was Henry Fits Alwin, elected in 1189,
in the reign of Richard I, but John granted several
charters to the city confirming its right of self-govern-
ment* Donne, Elegy i* 34 (1633), says, " We will scorn
his household policies * * * As the inhabitants of
Thames* right side Do L/s Mayor*'* There was con-
siderable rivalry between the citizens of the borough of
Southwark and the city of L*

London citizens. In Massinger's New Way iv* i, Lord
Lovell says he will not marry Margaret and so leave his
issue " made up of several pieces, one part scarlet, And
the other L* blue*** L* blue was a particular dye for
cloth : here it is used depreciatingly of the L* citizen's
blood as compared with the scarlet of the aristocracy*
La Eastward i* 3, Girtred says to her sister, ** Do you
wear your quoiff with a L. licket ; I must be a lady,
and I will be a lady*" -ZV*E*ZX does not contain licket :
it is clearly some appendage to a lady's headdress which
distinguished a citizeness*

London cooks. A cook, evidently of L*, is one of the
pilgrims in Chaucer's C* T. In Jonson's Epicoene iii* i,
Clerimont says, 4* there's good correspondence between
[the musicians] and the L* cooks*'* The musicians
learned from the cooks where there was a feast going on,
and came to offer their services*

London prentices. The apprentices of the tradesmen
in Cheapside and elsewhere : they were a picturesque
feature in the life of the city, and at the cry of" Clubs "
swarmed out of the shops to protect any of their number
who had got into trouble. Chaucer sketches one of them
in the fragment of the Cook's Tale. His name was
Perkyn Revelour* He was a lover of dancing and
pageants and dicing, and occasionally found himself in
Newgate* In Scott's Fortunes of Nigel, there is a vivid
picture of the life of these young fellows* There is a
contemporary picture* still more vivid, in Eastward*
In T. Heywood's Prentices, he tells how Godfrey of
Bulloign apprenticed his 4 sons in L*, and how they
went to Jerusalem and helped to take it, and each re-
ceived as his reward a royal crown* The hero of B. & F+
Pestle is a L* grocer's apprentice* In Merry Devil i* 4,
Faber speaks of " The frank and merry L*. prentices***
In Massinger's Renegado L 3, when Grimaldi strikes
Gazet the shopkeeper, Gazet exclaims ; " The devil

LONDON

gnaw off his fingers ! if he were In L*, among the clubs,
up went his heels For striking of a prentice/' In Dek-
ker's Hon. Wh. A* iii* i, when Fustigo insults Candido,
the mercer, the prentices rush in and belabour frtrn with
their clubs* In iv* 3, when Crambo strikes Candido,
George, the prentice, cries : " 'Sfoot, clubs, clubs !
Prentices, down with 'em J *' and a number of prentices
rush in and disarm Crambo* In T* Heywood's Ed. IV
A. 17, a prentice cries : ** L* prentices, be ruled by me ;
Die, ere ye lose fair L**s liberty***

London waits. A body of wicd-instrument players,
appointed by the city authorities, who played during
the night, especially in the weeks immediately preceding
Christmas* In Jonson's Epicoene i. i, Cleremont says
of Morose : " The waights of the City have a pension
of him, not to come nigh that ward.** The name seems
to be connected with the root of watch, and implies that
they kept awake during the night, but it came to be used
as a synonym for the Hautboys, which were their chief
instruments* In Famous History of Dr. Fawtas (E* E*
Prose Rom* iii* 178), we have " Lastly was heard by
Faustus all manner of instruments of music—as lutes,
viols, waits, hornpipes*'* Butler, in Principles of Music
(i 636) ii, i, 93, speaks of ** the waits or hobpys*** These
town musicians were hired to play at weddings and other
festivities: thus, in Armin's Moredacke i. i, at the
wedding of Sir William at Mortlake, Humil asks,
4* What, are the waits of L* come i " and goes on :
"Play in their highest key then*'* Whereupon the
serving-man says, ** Sound, Hoboyes," and the direction
is " Hoboyes play**'

Londonfs Joy. The name of a pudding* In Vox
Borealis (1641), Jamie says, *' They call a bag-pudding
L/s Joy*"

London Lavender (= a pawnshop)* Lavender used to
be placed amongst clothes which were stored away ;
hence to lay in lavender meant to put away for a time :
the transition to putting into pawn is obvious* In
Shirley's C. Maid iii* i, the Player says, " He wore them
[a uniform] that day and sent them up to taste our L*
lavender*"

The following is a list of plays the scene of which is
laid in London :•— Shakespeare : parts of all the English
History plays ; Jonson: Ev. Man in Humour, Epicoene,
Alchemist,. Bartholomew Fair, Devil is an Ass, Staple of
News, Magnetic Lady, Tale of Tub (innorthernsuburbs) ;
Beaumont and Fletcher : Scornful Lady, Wit without
Money, Monsieur Thomas, Knight of Burning Pestle,
Woman's Prize, Coxcomb, Wit at Several Weapons,
Nightwalker; Massinger: City Madam; Marlowe:
Edward II (in part); Peele: Edward I (in part);
Field : Woman is a Weathercock, Amends for Ladies ;
Ford : PerMn Warbeck (in part) ; Middkton : Trick
to Catch the Old One, Chaste Maid in Cheapside,
Roaring Girl, Fair Quarrel, Michaelmas Term, Family
of Love, Your Five Gallants, Anything for a Quiet
Life, No Wit like a Woman's; T* Heywood : English
Traveller, Fair Maid of the Exchange, Wise Woman
of Hogsdon, Edward IV (in part), // You Know not Me ;
Dekker: Shoemaker's Holiday, Witch of Edmonton,
Westward Hoe, Northward Hoe ; Chapman, etc. : East-
ward Hoe; Marston: Dutch Courtesan*, Webster:
Sir Thomas Wyatt, Cure for a Cuckold ; Cowley : The
Cutter of Coleman Street; Shirley: Witty Fair One,
Hyde Park, Lady of Pleasure, Wedding, Love in a Maze,
Ball, Gamester, Example, Constant Maid, Honoria and
Mammon*, Haughton : Englishmen for my Money;
Marmion : Fine Companion ; Davenant : Wits, Play-
house to Let; Barry: Ram Alley; Mayne:

315

LONDON BRIDGE

Match ; Cooke : Greene's Tu Quoqne ; Cartwright :
Ordinary ; Rowley : New Wonder; Glapthorne :
Hollander ; Wit in a Constable ; KilHgrew : Parson's
Wedding ; Brome : Northern Lass,. City Wit, Sparagas
Garden, Covent Garden Weeded, Mad Couple, Court
Beggar f Damoiselle, English-Moor, New Academy, Anti-
podes ; Nabbes: Bride, Covent Garden, Toteriham
Court ; Sharpham : The Fleire, Cupid's Whirligig ;
Anon : Arden of Feverskam, London Prodigal, Puritan,
Sir Thomas More, Thomas Cromwell (in part), London
Chaanticleers, Warning for Fair Women, Nobody (in
part) ; Yarrington : One of the Two Tragedies. The
Old Chronicle Plays in large part: Trag. of #3,
Famous Viet, of HS, King John, Contention of York and
Lancaster, Trag+ of R2, etc*

LONDON BRIDGE* The only b. over the Thames in L*
in the Elizabethan period* Dion Cassius speaks of a b*
over the Thames in the reign of the Emperor Claudius :
it is certain* at any rate* that there was a b* in 1008
which was pulled down by the ships of Olaf the Nor-
wegian* It was at once replaced* but was washed away
by a flood in 1090* and its successor* also of wood, was
burnt down in the reign of Stephen* The first stone b*
was begun by Peter, chaplain of St* Mary Colechurch,
a true Pontifex Maximus, in 1176* The legend runs
that he founded the arches upon woolsacks, which has
been ratfonalistically explained to mean that the money
for the work was raised by a tax on wool* The b* was
33 years in building* had 19 stone arches with a wooden
drawbridge to admit of the passage of ships* and was
936 ft* long and 40 wide* There was a chapel to St*
Thomas a Becket upon it, and there the builder was
buried* Another fire did great damage in 1212, and an
order of 44 Brethren of L* B*" was instituted in 1352 to
raise money for repairs* There was a gate at each end
over which the heads of traitors were exhibited in
terrorem* During Elizabeth's reign a new gate and
tower were erected at the Southwark end, and the famous
Nonsuch House, 4 stories high* over the nth and lath
arches* Houses and shops ran along the whole length
of the B* on each side* The B* gradually became unsafe,
and, after many attempts at repairing it* was replaced
in 1824 by the present structure, which is 100 ft. W*
of its predecessor* Hentzner, in his Travels (1612),
describes it as follows : " On the S* is a b* of stone 800
ft* in length of wonderful work ; it is supported upon
20 piers of square stone, 6p ft* high and 30 broad, joined
by arches of about 20 ft* diameter* The whole is covered
on each side with houses so disposed as to have the ap-
pearance of a continued st., not at all of a b* Upon this
is built a tower on whose top the heads of such as have
been executed for high treason are placed on iron spikes:
we counted above 30*" Fynes Moryson, in Itinerary
(1617), says. " The B* at L* is worthily to be numbered
among the miracles of the world * * * The houses built
upon the B* [are] as great and high as those of the firm
land, so as a man cannot know that he passeth a b** save
that the houses on both sides are combined in the top,
making the passage somewhat dark, and that in some

* lew open places tike r* of Thames may be seen on both
sides/* ILupionv in London and the Country Carbona-
&>e&. <i632& says, ** It may be said to be polypus, be-
cause it is sb well famished with legs : every mouth is 4

, 'titefes fiBedibL eig^and-forty hours, and then as a child

* feifc s&fabtf, as soon as they be empty, like a lion it
ioac& and is woiscJroas impatient* * * » It is some
parep^|iee"tc* tlie water-man's gains ; many go over here
which oAerwise should row or saiL" Spenser, F+ <X iii.
9* 45/ says of Troyoovant {JU); "tfratwitfi thewaves Of

316

LONDON BRIDGE

wealthy Thamis washed is along, Upon whose stubborn
neck (whereat he raves With roaring rage and sore himself
does throng) * * . She fastened hath her foot, which
stands so high That it a wonder of the world is song In
foreign lands; and aU which passen by, Beholding it
from far, do think it threats the sky*" Boorde, in
Intro, of Knowledge i* 119, says of L* : 4* There is such a
b* of pulchritudeness that in all the world there is
none like*"

In Jonson*s Tub i* 2, To-Pan boasts that his ancestors
came over with Julius Csesar, 4* vore either L*, ay, or
Kingston B*, I doubt, were kursin'd*" In Bale's Jphan
272, Verity says of John : "" In his days the B* the citizens
did contrive*" In B. <Sc F. Pestle, Ind*, the Citizen sug-
gests, as subjects for a play, " The story of Q* Elinor ;
or, The Rearing of L* B* upon woolsacks*" In Chavnti-
cleers viii*. Curds recalls the days ** when we danced
The building of L* B. upon woolpacks*" In H6 B* iv* 4,
49, it is reported: "Jack Cade hath gotten L. B*," and
m iv* 5> 3> 44 They have won the b*, filing all those that
withstand them*" This was in 1450* In T* Heywood's
Ed . IV A* L, the Recorder says* " The rebels will either
make assault at L* B* or else at Aldgate, both of which
entrances should be strongly fortified*"

The arches often needed repairing* In Jonson's
Staple ii* 4, Shunfield says that old Pennyboy ** minds a
courtesy no more Than L* B* what arch was mended
last*" In Dekker's Satiromastix iii. i, 278, Tucca says
to Mrs* Miniver, " Thy teeth stand like the arches under
L, b*," z.e* there are frequent gaps between them.
Dekker speaks of "your stiff-necked rebatoes [i*e.
ruffs] that have more arches for pride to row under than
can stand under 5 L, Bs/* The gates were seldom free
from the ghastly ornaments of traitors' heads* In &
iii* 2* 72. Catesby affirms that the princes make high ac-
count of Lord Hastings : ** For they account his head
upon the B*" In B. & F* Pestle ii* 8, Merrythought
soliloquises : ** I have seen a man come by my door with
a serious face, in a black cloak, without a hatband,
carrying his head as though he looked for pins in the st* ;
I have looked out of my window half a year after, and
have spied that man's head upon L* B*" In Wilkins*
Enforced Marriage ii* i. Ilford tells Wentloe that his
face looks 4* worse than a knave's head shook 7 years
in the weather upon L* B*" Lyly, in Pappe with an
Hatchet (Ekz* Pamphlets, p. 73), hopes to see Martin
Marprelate "look over all the city at L* B*" In Bale's
Jokdn 289, Imperial Majesty orders Sedition to be
executed, ** And on L* B* look ye bestow his head*" In
Nash's Wilton A* 2, the Hero says, "La a camp be many
quarters, and yet not so many as on L* B*" B* 6c F*, in
Corinth iv* i, transfer the B* to Corinth and speak of
** the poles on Corinth b* That bear the traitors* heads*"
In Trag. JRfcM. II L 2, 115, Nimble hopes ** that when
I have passed the L* B* of affliction I may arrive * * *
at the Westminster Hall of promotion*"

As the piers occupied quite one-half of the breadth
of the r,, the banking up of the tide caused a difference
of level on the 2 sides of the B* of as much as 4 ft* :
hence there was great danger in trying to ** shoot the b*,"
and the noise of the rushing water was loud* The figure
in Cor* v* 4, 50 was no doubt suggested to the poet by
what he had often seen as he crossed the B* on his way
to th& Bankside theatres : " Ne'er through an arch so
hurried the blown tide As the recomforted through the
gates*" There is a similar allusion in Lzzcn 1667:
** As through an arch the violent roaring tide Outruns
the eye that doth behold his haste, Yet in the eddy
boundeth in his pride Back to the strait that forced him

LONDON STONE

on so fast : In rage sent out, recalled in, rage being
past:" Shirley, in Brothers, Prol*, appeals to his
audience: "As you were shooting the B*, let no man
shift or stir*"" la his Gamester iii* 3, the Gamester
44 desperately will shoot the B* at midnight Without a
waterman/* In Jpnson's Devil i* i, Iniquity promises
to take Pug to Billingsgate : 44 From thence shoot the B*,
child, to the Cranes in the Vintry*" In Eastward iv. i,
Slitgut, watching the r* from Cuckolds Haven, exclaims :
** Lord, what a coil the Thames keeps I it runs against
L*-b*, as it were, even full-but/' Trimtram, in Middle-
ton's Quarrel iv* 4, says, 4t I'll practise to swim too, Sir,
and then I may roar with the water at L* B* : he that
roars by land and by water both is the perfect roarer/'
In Shirley's Pleasure iv* 2, Fred, who is going to the
Bear at the B.-foot, says, " We'll have music ; I love
noise* We will outroar the Thames and shake the B*,
boy/* Morose, in Jonson's Epicoene iv* 2, mentions
L* B*, along with Paris Garden, Billingsgate, and other
places, as a locality ""where the noises are at their
height and loudest/* In B* & F* Prize L 3, Sophocles
says that Maria is such a talker that " The noise of L, B.
is nothing near her/* In Middleton's- Quiet Life iv. i,
George says, " There is such a noise as if it were a tene-
ment upon L* B* and built upon the Arches ** : with a
pun upon the Court of Arches, where divorce cases were
tried. In Nabbes' Totenham L i, Worthgood, approach-
ing London, says, ** Sure I hear the B/s cataracts/*

People crossed the river to Southwark by the B* in-
stead of taking the ferry* Overbury, in his Character of a
Waterman (1614), says, " L* B* is the most terrible eye-
sore to him that can be/* In World Child i* 180, Folly
says, *4 Over L* B* I ran And the straight way to the
Stews I came/* The Stews were on the Bankside,
Southwark* Suicides were sometimes committed from
the B* True-wit, in Jonson*s Epicoene ii. i, wonders that
Morose is still alive when there is ** L. B* at a low fall
with a fine leap to hurry you down the stream/* In
Davenant's Wits iiu i, the elder Palatine says, " You
may as soon Take me for a whale, which is something
rare, you know, o* this side of the B/* Whales were
occasionally stranded below the B*, but not above it.
In Jonson's Volpone ii. i, Sir Politick regards the ap-
pearance of " 3 porpoises above the B/* as a serious
portent* This was on January io,th, 1605* But in East-
ward iii* 3, the Drawer takes the fact that " there was a
porpoise even now seen at L*-B/' as merely an indication
of a coming tempest* In Middleton*s Quarrel ii* 2*
44 as long as the water runs under L* B/* is used to mean
44 for ever*'* In Gamester iii* 3, Dwindle says of a great
glutton: 44 Would he had L* B* in his belly too ! '* In
Nash's Lenten, p* 326, mention is made of a4* Bedlam hat-
maker's wife by L* B*,'* who claimed to be the Messiah*
The Bear at the Bridgefoot was a famous tavern {see
under BEAR)* During the reign of Elisabeth a Dutch-
man, Peter Morris, set up waterworks at the N* end
of the B* for the pumping up of the river-water and the
supplying of it to the citizens* houses* In Nash's
Wilton, A* 4, Jack says, 44 The wheel under our city b*
carries not so much water over the city as my brain hath
welled forth in gushing streams of sorrow/* So much
for ** that brave B*, the bar that thwarts the Thames,"
as it is called in Peele*s Alcazar.

LONDON STONE* One of the most venerable relics in
L* It was probably the Roman miliarium* which stood
in the centre of the city, and from which the miles on
the roads out of L* were numbered* It used to stand on
the S* side of Canwick (now Cannon) St*, but was
shifted to the N* side in 1742 j and again in 170,2 it was

LONG ACRE

removed as an obstruction, and would have been de-
stroyed but for the exertions of Mr* Thomas Maldon.
It was then built into the wall of St* Swithin's Ch* in
Cannon St*, set in stone and protected by an iron cage,
where it may still be seen* The original position was
35 ft* S*W* of its present location* In H6 B* iv* 6, the
direction is: 44 Enter Jack Cade and the rest, and strikes
his staff on L* S*" Then he says, ** Now is Mortimer
Lord of this city* And here, sitting upon L, S., I charge
and command that the Pissing Conduit run nothing but
claret wine this first year of our reign*" According to
Hall, he struck it with his sword* Lydgate, in Lick-
penny 71, says, " Then went I forth by L* Sv Through-
out all Canwick St*, Drapers much cloth me offered
anon*" In T* Heywood's Prentices, p* 82, Eustace says,
44 Oh that I had with me As many good lads, honest
prentices, From East Cheap, Canwick-st*, and L. S/'
In Middleton's Aries, one of the worthies celebrated is
44 John Hinde, a re-edifier of the parish ch* of S* Swithin
by L* S/' In Glapthorne's Wit ii* i, Valentine speaks
of 44 Tom, the draper's man at L* S/' In Dekker's
Shoemakers iv* 5, Firk, being asked if he is sure of his
news, replies : ** Am I sure that Paul's steeple is a hand-
ful higher than L* S* i " In Haughton's Englishmen iv*
i, Frisco, leading the unhappy foreigners round L* in
the night, says, ** I have the scent of L* S* as full in my
nose as Abchurch Lane of Mother Wall's pasties*" In
the list of Taverns in News BarthoL Fair, we have ** the
Bores Head near L* S*" This is the famous Boar's
Head in Eastcheap, a few yards E* of L* S*

LONDON WALL* The old wall of the city of L* ran
in a circle from the Tower, by way of Aldgate, Bishops-
gate, Aldersgate, Newgate, and Ludgate, to the Bridge-
gate at the entrance to L* Bdge. Posterns were after-
wards broken through at Moorgate and Cripplegate,
and at Christ's Hospital* Water-gates at Dowgate and
Billingsgate gave admission to the city from the r* The
circuit was a little over 2 m* The wall, built in Roman
times, was from 9 to 12 ft* thick, and 20 ft* high. The
portion along the river-side from the Fleet R* to L* Bdge*
had been subverted long before the reign of Henry II,
according to William Fitsstephen's evidence, but the
part on^the land side, with its gates and ditch, was kept
in repair, and the gates closed at night, until the i7th
cent. Since then it has gradually disappeared until none
of the gates are now left, and the only fragments of the
wall still visible are in the churchyard of St* Alphege,
L* Wall ; a bastion at St* Giles, Cripplegate ; a small
portion in St* Martin's Court, Ludgate HiU ; and an-
other in George St*, Trinity Sq*, Tower Hill* The st*
called L* Wall runs W* from Bishopsgate St* to Wood
St., along the S* side of the wail, which was still stand-
ing in a ruinous condition along the N* side of the st* in
1761* In Shirley's Riches iii*, Gettings swears,4* By the
Hall ycleped Guild, and L* Wall/' In Brome*s Wit iii, 3,
Crasy says he met Dpi Tryman ** about L* Wall/' In
Jonson's Ev+ Man L iv* 4, Brainworm tells us that Cob,
the water-bearer, " dwells by the Wall/*

LONG ACRE, A st* in Lond* running N*E, from St*
Martin's Lane to Drury Lane* It was first called the
Elms, then Seven Acres, and finally L* A. from a narrow
strip of land on the N* side, which belonged to the
Abbot of Westminster* The name occurs as early as
1556, when Machyn relates in his Diary that one
Rechard Eggylston was killed 44 in the L* Acurs, the
back side of Charyng Cross/' It seems to have been
from the time of Charles I a favourite haunt of coach-
makers, but it shared the bad reputation of its neigh-
bours, Drury Lane and Covent Garden* In Spiritual

LONGAVILLE

Courts Epitomized (1641), Scrape-all, the proctor, says,
44 All Bloomsbury, Covers-Garden, L*-a*, and Beech-
lane were as fearful of me as of a constable/' In St.
Hilary's Tears (1643), the author speaks of 4* Covent-
Garden, L*-a*, and Drury-Lane, where those doves of
Venus, those birds of youth and beauty (the wanton
ladies) do build their nests/* In Alimony ii* i, the Boy
says, 4* She [Lady Alimony] will make a quick despatch
of all his L*-a*," z.e* of his estate*

LONGAVILLE (= LONGUEVILLE)* A town in Normandy,
27 m* N. of Rouen* It gave their title to the Dues de L*,
one of whom was prominently engaged in the wars of
Henry of Navarre against the League. Probably the
name of L* in L. L. L* was suggested to Shakespeare
through this fact* There are French lords of L* in
Dekker's Fortunatus, and in B* & F* Gentleman and
Hon. Man*

LONG LANE. A st* in Lond. running E. from W*
Smithfield to Aldersgate St. on the N* side of the old
Priory of St. Bartholomew* It was chiefly occupied by
pawnbrokers and old-clothes dealers* In Vol. Welsh.
v* 4, Morgan says, ** Cornwall, you are as arrant a knave
as any Proker in Longlanes*" This was in the time of
Caractacus I In Dekker's Northward ii* i, Doll says to
Jack Hornet, ** If all the brokers in L* 1. had rifled their
wardrobe, they would ha* been damned before they had
fitted thee thus*" In Dekker's Westward ii* a, Birdlime
says, ** She searched the middle aisle in Paul's and
pressed 3 knaves, hired 3 liveries in L* L*, to man her*"
In Shirley's Pleasure iv. 2, the Steward says to Little-
worth* ** Your coat and cloak's a brushing In L*-l*
Lombard " : where Lombard means pawnshop* Nash,
in Pierce, C* 3, laments that "swords and bucklers go to
pawn apace in L. L*" In 1634* Cromes, a broker of
L. L., was imprisoned for lending a ch* robe with the
name of Jesus upon it to the players in Salisbury Court*
Taylor (Works ii* 3) couples L* L* with Houndsditch
and Bridewell as places of ill-fame* In Shrew iv* 3, 187,
Petruchio, after dwelling on the poor clothes that he
and his wife are wearing, says, ** Bring our horses unto
L* L* End/' The scene is in N* Italy, but probably the
mention of the old clothes suggested to Shakespeare
the name of the lane : certainly an Elizabethan audience
would not be slow to take the point* In Nabbes'
C. Garden i* i, Ralph says of the players at the Cockpit:
** They are men of credit ; they make no yearly pro-
gress with the anatomy of a sumpter horse, laded with
the sweepings of L*-L*, purchased at the exchange of
their own whole wardrobes*" In ii* 2, Warrant says to
Spruce, ** Thou buyest thy laundry in L.-l. or Houns-
ditch*" In Dekker's Last Will, the Devil writes : ** Item,
my will is that all the brokers in L*-l* be sent to me with
all speed possible, because I have much of them laid
to pawn to me/' In Puritan i* a, Pyebord says, " Where
be your muskets, calivers, and hot-shots i In L* L*,
at pawn, at pawn*" Fuller, Church Hist. (1656) vi* i, 5,
speaking of his work, says, " My wardrobe * * * will
be but as from the second hand fetched from L*-l.,"
and in vi* 4, 2, he says, " Brokers in L*-L, when they
buy an old suit, buy the linings together with the out-
side*"" Richard Olive, the printer, dwelt in L* L* and

, lor Thomas Creede, Lyly's Maid's Meta. and
Greene's GroatsimrthofWit (15915)* The imprint of the
latter describes Richard Olive as ** dwelling in long 1*
L/*: the repetition is probably a misprint, not a
description*

LONGOBARDS* See LOHBABBY*

318

LORRAINE

LORD MAYOR'S BANQUETING HOUSE, A house
erected near the Tyburn conduit-head in Lond* for the
entertainment of the Lord Mayor and Aldermen when
they came out to inspect the source of their water-
supply. It stood N* of Oxford St, where Stratford PL
is now* It was a rustic building with gables and a
thatched roof, and was taken down about 1750* In
Jonson's Devil y* i, Ambler tells, " I got the gentle-
woman to go with me And carry her bedding to a con-
duit-head, Hard by the place toward Tyburn, which
they call My Lord Mayor's banqueting house*"

LORENZO'S (SAINT) MONASTERY* There is a ch* of
San L* in Venice, in the E* part of the city, in the Rio d£
San L*, a little W* of the Arsenal : this may be the place
intended* In Middleton's Blurt iii* i, the scene of which
is laid in Venice, Fontanelle writes to Violette: "Meet
me at the end of the old chapel next St* L* m*" The
next scene is laid there*

LORETTO* A city in Italy, 15 m* S*W* of Ancona and
120 m* N*E* of Rome* It derives its fame from the
presence there of the Santa Casa, or Holy House : this
is said to be the house in which our Lord lived at
Nazareth* When it was in danger of being destroyed by
the Turks the angels carried it through the air and set
it down at Tersato in Dalmatia. This was in 1291 ;
in 1394 they shifted it to a laurel grove near Recanati,
and the next year brought it to its present site* It is a
brick building 28 ft* by ia|* and 13^ ft* high* It con-
tains a small black cedar-wood image of the Virgin and
Child, said to have been carved by St* Luke* It is
enclosed in the cathedral, and has been for centuries a
most popular resort of pilgrims, and is still visited by
half a million annually* In Webster's Malfi iii* a,
Bosola suggests to the Duchess " to feign a pilgrimage
To our Lady of L*, scarce 7 leagues From fair Ancona " :
it is really only 15 m. away. In Chapman's Trag. Byron
i* i, Vidame says that La Fin is near arriving : ** For his
particular journey and devotion Vowed to the holy Lady
of L* Was long since past/' In Davenport's Nightcap
111* 3, Dorothea, being asked to deny the paternity of
her son, says, ** Enjoin me first upon my knees to creep
From Verona to L/r : which would be about aoo m*
Burton, A. M. Intro*, satirizes those who run ** to our
lady of Sichem or Lauretta, to seek for help/' Mon-
tefiP?e .(Florio's Trans* 1603) ii* 15, says that " those
of Galicia [go on pilgrimage] rather unto our Lady of
Loreto " than to their own shrine of Santiago*

LORNE* An ancient name for a dist* in Argylesbire,
Scotland, the chief town of which is Oban* The eldest
son of the D* of Argyle bears the title of Marquis of
L ^ ^* Gentleman v* i, his wife calls Marine,

who has been gulled into the belief that he is the D* of
Burgundy, ** This gentleman, the Lord of L*, my
husband," Le* the lost or forlorn lord* Mr* Oliphant
thinks the reference is to some ballad.

LORRAINE* A dist* on the N*E* boundary between
France and Germany, W* of Alsace* It took its name
Lotharingia from Lothair II (855-869), and then in-
cluded almost the whole of Holland and Belgium* The
name was subsequently restricted to Upper L* In the
nth cent* it was conferred on Gerard of Alsace, whose
descendants held the dukedom until the death of the
last D*, Stanislas, titular K* of Poland, in 1766, when it
was united with France* In 1871 a large part of it was
annexed to the German Empire, but restored to France
in 1919. Li H5 i* a, 70, the Archbp* of Canterbury says
that Hugh Capet usurped the crown of Charles, the

LOSTRIGON

dL of Loraine, sole heir male Of the true line and stock
of Charles the Gt/* ; further, he says that Isabel, the
grandmother of Lewis X (it should be IX) was " Lineal
of the Lady Ermengare, daughter to Charles, the fore-
said d* of Loraine/' Hugh Capet was elected K* of
France in 987 : Charles of L*, the heir of the Carolings,
opposed him, but was taken prisoner and died in prison
at Orleans, Lewis K is St. Lewis : his grandmother
was Isabel, niece of the Count of Flanders and wife of
Philip II (Dieudonne)* The point of the Archbp/s
argument is that the French kings claimed the crown
through the female line, and therefore could not logic-
ally plead the Salic Law against the claim of Henry V.
In Ed. IIIr the D. of L* appears as the ambassador from
France to demand homage from Edward (i* i), and at
the battle of Crecy, where, as a matter of fact, he was
slain (iii* 3 and 4)* This was D* Rudolph. In Chapman's
Trag. Byron iv* i, the Capt. tells Byron, " The horse
the D. of L* Sent you at Vimie * * * pined away and
died/' This is Charles, who was D* from 1545 to 1608,
Probably the same D. is referred to in B* & F* Chances
iii* i, where Peter brings word " The D. of L* now Is
7000 strong ; I heard it of a fish-wife/* In Marlowe's
Faustus vii*, the Cardinal of L* is present at the Pope's
banquet. He was John, brother to D, Claude, who died
in 1550* In Marlowe's Massacre v*, a friar brings word
toDumaine: ** Your brother, the Cardinal of L., by the
K/s consent, is lately strangled unto death/' This was
the brother of D* Henry, and the 3rd Cardinal of L,
La Devonshire iv* i, Manuel pretends that he ** left his
father at Nancy in L/' In T* Heywood's Ed. IV B* 100,
Edward complains of Burgundy's breach of faith : ** the
place appointed [for our meeting] Was Cales, not L*/*
he says*

LOSTRIGON (i*e* L^ESTRYGON)* The Laestrygones were
a race of cannibal giants visited by Odysseus (see Od. x*)*
They were supposed to have lived near Leontifli, in
Sicily* In Mason's Mulleasses 1863, Timoclea says,
** I am no Lamia nor L.," £,e* not an unnatural monster*

LOSTWITHEEL* Ancient town in Cornwall on the
Fowey, 5 m* S* of Bodmin* In Cornish M* P. L 3400,
K. Solomon says to the Messenger* ** My a re thyugh
Bosuene* Lostuthyel, ha Lanerchy,'* z*e* " I will give,
you Bosvene, L*, and Lanerchy/'

LOTHBURY* A st* in Lond*, N* of the Bank of England,
running E* from the corner of Moorgate St* to Throg-
morton St* Stow says* " This st* is possessed for the
most part by founders that cast candlesticks, chafing
dishes, spice mortars, and suchlike copper or laton works,
and do afterwards turn them with the foot, making a
loathsome noise to the by-passers, and therefore by
them disdainfully called Lothberie/' One can hardly
believe that this derivation was seriously suggested*
When Hotspur, in #4 A* iii* i, 131, says he " had rather
hear a brazen canstick turned "than a ballad-singer, he
was probably thinking of a L* experience* In Jonson's
Alchemist ii» i, Mammon, in the expectation of getting
the philosopher's stone, says, " I wSl send to L* for all
the copper/' In Gipsies, Patrico prays that the K* may
be delivered " from the candlesticks of L*," amongst
other disagreeable noises* In Davenport's New Trick ii*
i, Mrs* Changable threatens to make her husband's
house as noisy ** As if you were to lodge in L*, Where
they turn brazen candlesticks*** Afnongst the taverns
mentioned in News BarthoL Fair is " the Windmill in
Lothburry/* There were also booksellers in the st*
Youth was ** Imprinted in L* over against St* Margaretes
Ch* by me Wfilyam Copland/* He also printed an

LOUVRE

edition ofHowleglas in 1548* Abington. was " Imprinted
for Joseph Hunt and William Ferbrand and are to be
sold at the corner of Coleman st* near Loathburie/*
There was a conduit at the corner of L* and Coleman St*
In Armin's Moreclacke, C* 3, Ferris says to John, " Your
nose is like L* conduit that always runs waste/1"

LOTTERY HOUSE* The first English public lottery was
drawn on n January 1569, in a wooden shed at the W*
door of St* Paul's* Wager's The Longer was ** Imprinted
at Lond* by WyUyam How for Richarde Jofanes, and
are to be sold at his shop under the Lotterie H/* It is
undated, but was published just about 1569, In The
Great Frost (1608), the Countryman speaks of the L*
"in the nth year of Q* Elisabeth* It was held at the
W* door of St* Paul's Ch*" In Induction to Jonson's
Barthol, the Book-holder says of the would-be critic of
the Play : " He shall put in for censures here, as they do
for lots in the L* ; marry, if he drop but 6d. at the door,
and will censure a crowns-worth, it is thought there is
no conscience or justice in that*"

LOUNDRES* Flemish for Lond* ; C/* French Londres*
In Webster's Weakest iii* 4, Jacob van Smelt says, ** For
England, for L*, they segt/'

LOUVAINE, or LOVAINE* A town in Belgium, 18 m*
E* of Brussels* The University, founded in 1425, had
no fewer than 6000 students annually during the i6th
cent* It was one of the chief strongholds of the Roman
Catholic faith* L* is one of the places visited by Merry
Report in J* Heywood's Weather, p. 100* In Greene's
Friar ix* 113, Vandermast claims to have given the
non-plus to them of** Rheims, L*, and fair Rotterdam/*
Ascham, in Scholemaster (1570), says, " More Papists be
made by your merry books of Italy tfiay by your
earnest books of L*" In B* & F* Elder JB* ii* i, Mira-
mont says to Charles, " The University L* for thy sake
Hath tasted of my bounty/' He had paid for Charles as
a student there* In Massinger's [Madam iii* a, Frugal is
reported by Lacy to have retired into a monastery:
" I saw him," he says, " take post for Dover * * , and
by this he's safe at Calais, And ere long will be at L/*
Dekker, in Double P* P* (1606), says of the Papist volant ;
44 Better does he thrive at Louayne than in Lond*. for
Rome lends him a free tongue there." In Davenant's
Plymouth iy* i, one of Trifle's ridiculous reports is :
" Antwerp is plundered, the cannon brought before L/'

LOUVRE* A palace in Paris on the N* bank of the Seine,
S* of the Rue de Rivoli and E* of the Tuileries* The site
was chosen and the building begun by Philip Augustus*
It was rebuilt by Francis I, and the work was continued
by Charles DC, Henri III, Henri IV, and Louis XIII ;
it was not completed, however, until the time of
Napoleon III* It was originally a royal palace, but in
1793 was converted into a National Museum and Art
Gallery* In H5 ii* 3, 133, Exeter says to the Dauphin,
44 He [Henry] Will make your Paris L. shake for it,
Were it the mistress-court of mighty Europe*" In H8
i* 3> 23* the Lord Chamberlain says, ** I would pray our
monsieurs To think an English courtier may be wise
And never see the L*" In Middleton's Blurt L i,
Fontinelle says, *• The darkest dungeon her eyes can
make as lightsome as the fairest chamber in Paris L/'
In B* & F* French Law. iii* 3, Cleremont promises La
Writ to meet him " to-morrow morning in the L/* In
Davenant's Rutland, p* 333, the Londoner says, " I
point not with great wonder at the L*, the feme of the
palace consisting more in the vast design of what it was
meant to be than in the largeness of what it is/'
319

LOVE LANE

LOVE LANE* A st* in Lond* running S* from Eastcheap
to Lower Thames St., a little E* of Pudding Lane*
There is also a L* L* running from Wood St. to Alder-
manbury, but in the following passage the mention of
Pudding L* would seem to indicate that the former is
intended* In Jonson's Christmas, Venus says, ** I am
Cupid's own mother : I dwell in Pudding L* — ay, for-
sooth, he is prentice in L. L., with a bugle-maker, that
makes of your bobs, and birdbolts for ladies."
LOW COUNTRIES (Cs* = Countries, Cy. = Country)*
Properly, countries on the seashore, but specially ap-
plied to the Netherlands, including Holland and Bel-
gium. In Dekker's Northward iv. 2, Jenkin speaks of
44 all the L. Cs* in Christendom, as Holland and Zealand
and Netherland and Cleveland.*' Most of the references
are to the wars in the Netherlands between the United
Provinces and the K* of Spain, in the late i6th and early
lyth cents* Large numbers of Englishmen served in
these wars against the Spaniards as volunteers, amongst
them Ben Jonson, who was there about 1595. In Char>-
man's Rev. Bossy i* i, Monsieur, the D* of Anjou, is
taking his leave for Brabant, where he is going pro-
fessedly to help the Dutch against the Spaniards, and
Clermont speaks of him as ** The toward victor of the
whole L» Cs*" The prophecy was not fulfilled, for the
expedition was a complete failure* In Shirley's C. Maid
iii. i. Clement says, ** If the K. of Spain had but that
politick head, I know who might go fish for the L* Cs.,"
z"*e. no one could successfully oppose him* In Jonson's
Vdpone ii* i, Sir Politick says that Stone, the Fool,
** received weekly intelligence * * * out of the L* Cs.,
in cabbages." Cabbages were first brought into England
from Holland about the beginning of the iyth cent*
Evelyn, in Acetaria n (1699), says, "'Tis scarce a
hundred years since we first had cabbages out of
Holland." In Massinger's New Way i. a, Furnace,
the cook, says that he raises ** fortifications in the pastry
such as might serve for models in the L* Cs*" In
Jonson's Staple v* i, Picklock says that the deed he
possesses ** is a thing of greater consequence than to be
borne about in a black box like a L* Cy* vorloffe," z.e*
furlough* In Brome's Covent G* iii. i, Cockbrain
boasts, ** I have seen the face of war and served in the
L* Gs», though I say it, on both sides." Dekker, in
BeHnum* says of certain beggars: ** These carry the
shapes of soldiers, and can talk of the L* Cs*, though
they never were beyond Dover." In T* Heywood's
Traveller ii. 2, Reginald promises to make young Lionel
as safe from his father ** as you were now in the L. Cs*,
Virginia, or the Indies " : all of which were used as
places of refuge by people in difficulties,. Earle, in
Microcosmog. viii*, says of the Younger Brother: "His
last refuge is the L. Cs., where rags and lice are no
scandal*" Jonson, in Underwoods Ixu 203, wishes that
Vulcan had been "fixt in the L,Cs* where you might
On both sides do your mischief with delight*"

There are many complaints about the low rate of the
soldiers* pay* In Shirley's Riches, sc* 2, the Courtier says
to the Soldier," You have 12 pence for your service in the
I*. Gs*" In Dekker's Edmonton iii* i, Cuddy says, 44 Ask
any soldier that ever received his pay but in the L* Cs*,
and hell lei tfcee there are 8 days in the week there
lEffldfoy*" III KITE'S Ctogwras in* i, the Clown says,
*• 3Ebef that m tte L. Cy* garrisons kill men for $/- a
Ts^^pitoies to us*** Consequently the &MiexB were
not good IM^KS* In Ghpchorae's HoUfan&r iv* i,
Scooce say|5> " Tis hereditary to L. Cy* soldiers to wear
off rec&oi3ttiigs*** Tiiere was naturally a good deal of
loose living ia tbecainps*

LOW COUNTRIES

Philip asks : *4 Would not this woman deceive a whole
camp in the L* Cs* i " In Glapthprne's Hollander L i,
Sconce complains of " the gentle itch which I obtained
IntheL*Cs*" In Middleton's Blurt L 2, Lasarilio says,
" The commodities which are sent out of the L* Cs*
and put in mother Cornelius' dry-fats are most common
in France*" These dry-fats, or tubs, were used in the
treatment of syphilis. In Tuke's Five Hours iv. i,
Sancho says, ** I shall soon forget my damsels in the
L* Cs*" There was plenty of hanging done in the wars*
In Webster's White Devil ii* i, Flamineo says, 44 When
knaves come to preferment, they rise as gallowses are
raised in the L* Cs+, one upon another's shoulders*"
The imposts in the L* Cs. were very heavy* In the same
play (iii* i) Monticelso says that whores are " Worse
than those tributes i' the L* cs* paid Exactions upon
meat, drink, garments, sleep*"

The Dutch had the reputation of being fond of beer,
and of butter, cheese, and greasy foods in general* In
B. & F* Fair Maid /* iv. 2, the Clown, acting as Zany
for Forobpsco, says, " When he was in the L* Cs* he
used nothing but buttered beer, coloured with alligant,
for all kinds of maladies ; and that he called his catholic
medicine* Sure the Dutch smelt out it was buttered
beer, else they would never have endured it, for the
name's sake " : the Dutch being Protestants, and there-
fore hating the name Catholic* In Ford's Sun ii* i,
Folly says, " Another stept but into the L* Cs* and was
drunk dead under the table*" In iv* i, he avers that drink-
ing is ** a humour in fashion with gallants and brought
out of the L. Cs*" Nash, in Pierce, E. 3, says, ** Let
me descend to superfluity in drink, a sin that, ever since
we have mixed ourselves with the L* Cs*, is counted
honourable*" In Lawyer iv., Vaster says, ** A piece of
cheese of the L*-Cy* dairies, This is the usual diet of the
fairies." In Three Lords, Dods* vi*, 413, Simony says,
44 In Scotland and the L. Cs* where they are reformed,
they cannot abide me*" Dekker, in Catchpol, says,
** Hypocrisy came into the L* Cs* where he would not
talk unless he drank with you and called you Myn
Leeuin Broder, only to overreach you of your bargain*"

The L* Cs. is often used for the lower parts of the
body, especially the sexual organs* In Middleton's
Quarrel iv. 4, Trimtram says of the pander, bawd, and
whore: "The L. Cs. did ever find them bread." In
Underwit v. 4, Underwit says, " She will do you service
in a L* Cy* leaguer," Le. a brothel. In Middleton's
R. G. v* if when Trapdoor is asked where he has served,
he says, " Not in the L, Cs., if it please your manhood,
but in Hungary*" In H4 B. ii. 2, 26, the Prince says to
Poins, " The rest of thy L* Cs* have made a shift to eat
up thy Holland, and God knows whether those that
bawl out the ruins of thy linen shall inherit his king-
dom*" In other words, Poins has sat through the tail of
his shirt : note the puns on Holland (i.e. linen) and
shift, and the allusion in the last sentence to the revolt
of the Netherlands. In Dekker's Northward v* i, Bella-
mont talks of a citizen lying " in his own L* Cy* of
Holland, his own linen I mean*" In his Satiromastix
ii* i, 28, Mrs* Miniver says, ** I ha' some things that
were fetched as far as some of the L* Cs*, and I paid
sweetly for them, too*" In Middleton's R. G* ii. i, Mrs*
Openwork says to her husband, who has just spoken
to Moll, "How now£ Greetings*1 Love-terms £ I
send you for Hollands, and you're i' the L* Cs* with a
mischief!" Ia'B+&F.Wild Goosev*6,Belleur,whohas
decided to give up travel in order to be married, says,
** No more for Italy ; for the L* Cs* I*" The L* Gs* is
also used for Hell* In. Noble Soldier v* 2, Baltasar says,

LOWESTOFT

44 You were better sail to Bantam in the W* Indies than
to Barathrum in the L* Cs/' In Brewer's Lovesick King
iv*, Grim says, ** If you would rake hell and Phiegitan,
Acaron and Barrathrum, all those L* Cs* cannot yield
you such a company " as his colliers* See also HOLLAND*
FLANDERS, NETHERLANDS, DUTCH*

LOWESTOFT* A spt, in Suffolk, 23 m* S*W* of
Norwich* on the most easterly point of England* The
birthplace of Thomas Nash*

LOWGAVE* See Addenda*

LOW PROVINCES (= Low COUNTRIES* g*i>*)* In B* &
F* Cure L i, Lamoral speaks of ** Holland, with those
L* P* that hold out against the arch-duke/'

LOYCE (a misprint for LOYRE = LOIRE, £*P*)* Daniel, in
Ernst. Ded. to Cleopatra, says that English poetry ought
" to Iberus, L*, and Arve to teach That we part glory
with them*"

LUBBER'S HEAD* 'See LIBBARD'S HEAD*

LttBECK* One of the Free Cities of Germany, at the
confluence of the Wackenitz and the Trave, 10 m* from
the Gulf of Lubeck, 150 m* N*W* of Berlin* It was the
principal emporium of the Baltic, and carried on an
extensive trade* In Chettle's Hoffman H* 3, Hoffman
says of Prince Charles: "He did perish in the wrack
When he came first by sea from L* haven*" In Faire Em,
L 3, the Marques of L* is present in the Danish court*
He is an entirely imaginary personage* In Marlowe's
Jew iv* i, Barabas talks of debts owing to him " In
Frankfort, L** Moscow, and where not/' The beer of
L* was noted for its strength* Nash* in U7z7fcm,E. i,says,
" Thy horses shall kneel up to their knees in spruce
beer and L* liquor." In T* Heywood's Lucrece iii* 3,
Brutus professes, "" Were it in L* or double-double beer,
I'd pledge it," and in iii* 5, Valerius sings, " The Russ
drinks quass : Dutch, L* beer, And that is strong and
mighty*" In Glapthorne's Wallenstein iii* 3, Newman
says, ** I think you're drunk with Ls* beer*"

LUCANIA. A dist* in ancient Italy in the S* of the
peninsula, on the Gulf of Tarentum, lying W* of
Apulia and N* of Bruttium* Venusium, the birthplace
of Horace, was on the borders of Apulia and L* In
Jonson's Poetaster iii* 2, Horace says, " Ln* or Apulian,
I not [Le. know not} whether, For the Venusian colony
ploughs either " : a translation of Hor,, Sat * ii* i, 35*

LUCAR'S (SAINT) ; SAI^UCAR-DE-BARRAMEDA* A spt* in
Spain* at the mouth of the Guadalquiver, 18 m* N* of
Cadiz* It was here that Columbus started for his 3rd
voyage in 1498, and Magellan for his circumnavigation
of the world in 1519* In B* & F* Cure i* i, Lamoral tells
that he saw Alvarez ** land at S* L*" on his return to
Seville from banishment*

LUCCA* City in N* Italy, near the coast, 40 m* W* of
Florence* During the Middle Ages it was constantly at
war with Pisa and Florence* In Davenant's Siege L i,
the Pisan Colonel says, ** Twice have we sent to Florence
for redress Of injuries received from those of L*" In
his Cr* Brother iii* 4, the scene of which is Sienna,
Foreste says to Lucio* " The sun will fail ye Ere ye
reach L*" In Oih* i* 3, 44* the D* asks : " Marcus
Lucdcos, is not he in town i " and is answered : " He's
now in Florence*" Probably Luccicos means " of L/' :
some editors would read Lucchese* He was, it
may be guessed, one of the military officers in the
pay of Venice* In Langland's Piers C* v* 194, he speaks
of "Lumbardes of Lukes that Mven by lone as Jewes/'
In the shrine in the nave of St* Martin's Cathedral is

LUDGATE

preserved a cedar-wood crucifix, said to have been
carved by Nicodemus* la Langland's Piers C. ix* 109,
Piers swears ** by the rode of Lukes***1 The staple
manufacture was silk, but L* olive oil was also cele-
brated* In Davenantfs Wits iv* i, Engine enumerates
amongst other dainties ** snails soused in L* oil/' In
the neighbourhood of L* there are several mineral
springs which have long had a reputation for the cure of
various ailments* In Webster's Malfi ii* i, Bosola ad-
vises Castruccio and the old Lady, ** Get you to the
wells of L* to recover your aches/' In Ford's Sacrifice
iv* 2, the D* of Pavia says, ** I mean To speed me straight
to L* where perhaps Absence and bathing in those
healthful springs May soon recover me/' In B* & F*
Fair Maid. /* v* 3, Juliana being ill, the physicians
" Prescribed the baths of L* as a means For her re-
covery/* In Webster's Malfi iii* a* Cariola advises the
Duchess to " progress to the baths of L* Or go visit the
Spa In Germany*" Montaigne (Florio's Trans. 3603)
ii* 15, satirizes the men of Liege for preferring " the
Bathes of Luca " to their own Spawe. In Cockayne's
Trapolin ii* 3, Horatio characterizes it as " industrious
L/'

LUCERA (the ancient LTJOERIA). A city and the seat of a
bp* in S* Italy, 65 m* N*E* of Naples* The cathedral and
bp/s palace are noteworthy buildings* In Brome's
Concabine v. 9, AHnda says* ** I beg my father's aid to be
removed Back to my country Naples; and, in that,
Into the Magdalene nunnery at L/r

LUCRECE* A bookseller's sign in Lond* The Trial of
Treasure was " Imprinted in Paules churchyard at the
sign of the Lucrece by Thomas Purfoote. 1567*"

LUCRINE LAKE* A salt-water lagoon at the head of the
bay in the Gulf of Naples, between Baiae and Puteoli.
It was separated from the sea by a broad sandbank*
and from Lake Avernus by a sandy flat* It was used for
the cultivation of oysters, which had a great reputation*
In May's Agrippina v. 476, Anicetus tells how Agrip-
pina escaped from Nero's plot to drown her in the Bay
of Baise and ** through L* 1* To her own house was carried
at the last*" In Jonson's Catiline i* i, Catiline, inveigh-
ing against the aristocrats, says, ** The r* Phasis Cannot
afford them fowl, nor L* L. Oysters enow*" In Nabbes*
Microcosmasm., Sensuality promises Physander "cockles
of L*" : no doubt he means oysters. Drayton, in
Polyolb. xix* 118, says that the oysters of Walfleet excel
those ** on the Lucrinian coast/* Milton, P* JR* ii* 347,
speaks of ** all fish * * * of shell or fin, And exquisitest
name, for which was drained Pontus, and L. bay, and
Afcic coast/'

LUDGATE* One of the old gates of the City of Loud*,
overstriding L* Hill just W. of St* Martin's Ch* Tradi-
tion assigned its building to a fabulous K* Lud in the
year 66 B*C* The old wall came down from New-gate to
L*, and went on to the Thames* The gate was rebuilt
by the Barons, who were opposed to K* John, in 1215,
the stones being taken from the Jews' houses which they
had pulled down* In 1260 it was repaired and adorned
with statues of K* Lud and his sons : the heads of the
statues were knocked off by the Puritans in the reign
of Edward VI* but replaced by Q* Mary* In 1586 i the
old gate was taken down and a new one erected with K»
Lud and his sons on one side and Q* Elisabeth on the
other* It was gutted, but not destroyed, in the Gt* Fire*
In 1760 the materials were sold to a certain Blagden, a
carpenter, and the venerable building was removed*
The statue of Elisabeth was placed cm the tower of St*
Dunstan's in Fleet Stv and when the ch* was rebuilt in

LUDGATE HILL

1830 was let into the wall over the vestry porch, where
it still stands* K* Lud and his sons were stored away in
the bone-house, but in 1830 they were bought, along
with the old church clock, and set up by Lord Hertford
on his new house in Regent's Park, which he called St*
Dunstan's* The gate was guarded by a Watch and
dosed every night : it was not till 1753 that the postern
was allowed to be kept open all night*

In the ist year of Richd* II Ludgate was made into a
prison for debtors and bankrupts* In 1419 it was dis-
qualified as a prison and the mi-nates were removed to
Newgate, but so many of them died there of gaol-fever
that those who survived were brought back to L* a few
months later by order of Sir Richard Whittington and
the debtors* prison re-established* According to the
story, which was dramatized in W.Rowley's New Wo/ider,
a certain Stephen Forster was in his youth confined in
L*, but was released by the generosity of a rich widow
whom he afterwards married* He became Lord Mayor
in 1454, and his widow in 1463 enlarged the prison by
adding a quadrangle and a chapel, and also laid on water
for the prisoners and had the roof leaded* It remained a
prison to the end, when the prisoners were removed to
the Lond* workhouse* In More ii. 2, Williamson reports,
44 Shreye More an hour ago received Some of the Privy
Council in at L/' This was on the occasion of the
prentices* riot. In Webster's Wyat, p* 47, Wyat says,
** Soft, this is L* : stand aloof! I'll knock/' This was
in the rebellion of 1554, when Wyat led his followers up
Fleet St* to L., but Lord William Howard closed the
gate against him and answered his knock with ** Avaunt
thee, traitor, thou shalt not come in here*" He then fell
back to Temple Bar, where he was arrested* "From Aid-
gate to L *" is used, like ** from the Tower to the Temple,"
for the whole of the city* Lyly,in Pappe with an Hatchet
(Eli?* Pamphlets, p. 73), says, "We hope to see him
[Martin] stride from Aldgate to L*and look over all the
city at Lond* Bdge*" In Dekker's Shoemaker's L i, Eyre
adjures his prentices, " Fight, by the Lord of L* I " z.e*
K* Lud* In Mayne's Match i* 4, Newcut, the Templar,
says, in reference to Plotwell, the mercer, ** Sirrah
Bright, Didst look to hear such language beyond L* 4 "
and Bright rejoins : ** I thought all wit had ended at
Ffeet-Bdge*** The Fleet St* lawyers and wits regarded
the citizens beyond (£,e* to the east of) L* with contempt*
In Pmitan i. 3, Frailty, catching a whiff of the Corporal's
breath, exdatms, ** Foh I I warrant, if the wind stood
right, a man might smell him, from the top of Newgate
to the leads of L*,** £ *e* a furlong off* There appears to
lave been a dock on the gate, for, in Middleton's R. G*
ii* 2, Sebastian says, ** The clock at L., Sir, it ne'er goes
true*" In B* & F* Pestle iii* 3, the Citizen's wife cries,
** Away, George, away I raise the watch at L* I " In
Glapthorne's Wit iv* i, Busie says, ** A sedan shall carry
them unseen through the watch at L* into Whitefriars*"

Allusions to L* as a debtors* prison are numerous* In
Jensen's Ev. Man O* v* 7, Fallace says her husband
** kept a poor man in L* once 12 years for 16 shillings*"
In W* Rowley's New Wonder i* i, Brewen says of Forster :
44 He's now in L., Sir, and part of your treasure lies
bttried with him*" In Act V we have the account of
Stephen Fotster's purpose to enlarge the prison* He
gives directions that the prisoners should be conveyed
44 From L* unto Newgate and the Counters," in order
tte he may ** take the prison down and build it new,
With leads to walk on, chambers large and fair " ; and
later he says, ** The plumbers and the workmen have
surveyed The ground from Paddington ; whence HI
have laid pipes To Lotut to convey sweet water into L*"

LUD'S TOWN

In Massinger's Madam i* 3, Frugal says that to borrow
money at interest is ** The certain road to L* in a citizen/*
Taylor (Works ii* 38) calls it " K. Lud's unlucky gate,"
and (ii* 91) he says, ** The ocean that Suretyship sails in
is the spacious Marshalsea ; sometimes she anchors at
Newgate rd*, sometimes at L* Bay*" In Dekker's West-
ward iii* 3, Monopoly says, " If I could meet one of those
sergeants I would make them scud so fast from me,
that they should think it a shorter way between this
[Shoreditch] and L* than a condemned cut-purse thinks
it between Newgate and Tyburn*" In Glapthorne's
Wit ii* i, Valentine says that wives, by their extrava-
gance, " see their husbands lodged in L/* In Dekker's
Satiro. iv* 3, 107, it is said of Horace (Ben Jonson) :
"He fafog and rants for all the world like the poor
fellow under L*," z*e* the prisoner who clapped his dish
and kept up a monotonous cry of "Pity the poor
prisoners," in order to get alms from the passers-by*
In Jonson's Ev. Man O* i* i, Cordatus says, ** Beware
you commerce not with bankrupts or poor needy Lud-
gathians," z*e* people who have been in L* for debt* In
Brome's Northern iii* 3, Luckless says, " If she be not
mistress of her art, there is no bankrupt out of L* nor
whore out of Bridewell*"

In Hycke, p> 99, Frewyll tells how Imagynacioun ** to
L. took the way," and there went into an apothecary's
shop and stole a bag of gold* In Nabbes' C* Garden iv* 3,
Dasher says, ** A country gentleman to sell his land is,
as it were, to change his copy ; which changing of copy
ends many times in the city freehold at L*" Dekker, in
Seven Sins, makes Politicke Bankruptism enter the City
by L* and receive a welcome " by a bird picked out of
purpose amongst the Ludgathians*" In Bellman, he
speaks of ** Citizens that have been blown up [£.«* made
bankrupt] without gunpowder, and by that means have
been free of the Grate at L*" The grate was the opening
through which the prisoners solicited alms from the
passers-by* In verses prefixed to Coryat's Crudities
(1611), Vadianus says of the author: **L*, the floodgate
of great Lond**s people* With double doors receives a
wight so dapper*"

LUDGATE HILL* Originally L* stood across the st* just
W* of St* Martin's, Lond* : the st* as far as L* was called
Fleet St*, and that from L* to St* Paul's Bowyer Row or
L* St* Later, the part between the Fleet Bdge* and L*
was called L* Hill, and when the gate was removed the
whole st* from the Fleet Bdge* to St* Paul's took that
name* Barclay's Lost Lady was ** Imprinted at Lond*
by Jo* Okes for John Colby and are to be sold at his
shop at the sign of the Holy Lamb on L* H*" The
date is 1639*

LUDLOW* A town in Shropshire on the Teme, 143 m*
W* of Lond* The castle, the ruins of which are in a fair
state of preservation, was repaired by Edward IV and
made the court of the Prince of Wales* In R3 ii. 2, 121,
after the death of Edward IV, Buckingham suggests that
** Forthwith from L* the young prince be fetched Hither
to Load*": which is accordingly done* During the
reign of Henry VIII, and subsequently, the Lords-
Presidents of the Marches held their courts there, and
during the Presidency of the Earl of Bridgewater in
1634 Milton's Comas was ** presented at L* Castle*"
In B. & F* Nightwalker iii* 4, Alathe, disguised as a
pedlar, offers for sale *4 a Ballad of the witches hanged at
L*" : no doubt in one or other of the British Solomon's
witch-hunts*

LUD'S TOWN* An affected archaism for Lond*, in
reference to the legend that a mythical king, Lud, re-

333

LUDUGORY, CAPE

paired the tity, which had been built by Brute under the
name of Troynovant (i>* New Troy), and gave it his
own name, L* T*, which was also preserved in Ludgate,
q.v. In Cym. iii* i, 33, the Q* recalls how Cassibelaun
44 Made L* T* with rejoicing fires bright." In iv* 2, 99,
Cloten threatens to set the head of Guiderius " on the
gates of L* T/' : referring to the practice of fixing the
heads of traitors on the gates of Lond* In v* 5, 481,
Cymbeline gives order to " march through L* T/' to
ratify the peace with the Romans*

LUDUGORY, CAPE. Probably Cape Caccia on the W*
coast of Sardinia in the dist. of Logudoro is intended*
In Ford's Trial iii* 4, Banatzi says, 44 1 was born at sea,
as my mother was in passage from C* L, to C* Cagliari,
toward Afric* in Sardinia/'

LUGG* A river on the borders of England and Wales,
rising in Radnorsh** and after a course of about 40 m*
falling into the Wye a little S, of Hereford* In Death
Huntington ii. 2, Young Brian speaks of the " Lord
of the March That lies on Wye, Lug, and the Severn
streams/'

LUKE'S (SAINT). The parish ch* of Chelsea, near the
Thames* Here Sir Thomas More was buried, also the
mother of the poet John Fletcher* It dates from the i4th
cent*: the chapel in the S* aisle was added by Sir Thomas
More about 1530*

LUKE'S, SAINT* A ctu in Padua* In Shrew iv* 4, 88
and 103, Biondelio tells Lucentio, " The old priest of
St*L* ch* is at your command," and later: "My master
hath appointed me to go to St* L. to bid the priest be
ready/' I can find no such ch* in Padua, nor was there
any ch* of St. Luke in Lond*

Also a country suburb of Vienna* In Meas. iii* i, 376,
the D* says, "I will presently to St*L*: there, at the
moated grange, resides this dejected Mariana/' I can
find no S* L* at Vienna : was Shakespeare thinking of
Chelsea, the old parish ch* of which was dedicated to
St* Luke i It was a country vilL, where there were no
doubt moated granges*

LUMBARDY, See LOMBARDY*

LUMBER, or LUMBERT, STREET* See LOMBARD
STREET*

LUNINGBERGE (= I.TJNEBURG)* A town in Hanover,
28 m* S*E* of Hamburg* In Chettle's Hoffman B* i,
Lorrique says, ** Were I at L. and you catched me thus,
I should go near to ask you "At whose suit ** * ** and again,
"Here is the Duke's heir of Leningberge/'

LUSITANIA* One of the 3 Roman provinces in the
Iberian peninsula, roughly corresponding to the modern
Portugal* In Caesar's Rev. iv* i, Cassius says, "Brutus,
thou hast commanded The feared Celts and Ln* horse**'
La Nero iv* 5, Poppsea speaks of ** Otho, who is now
under pretext of governing exiled to L/* Otho was sent
as governor of L* because Nero was jealous of his at-
tractions for Poppaea* In May's Agrippina v* 345, Otho
announces : 44 The government of L* By Nero's grace
and favour is bestowed On me*" This was in A*I>* 58*
In Jonson's Blackness, Niger, having been told to seek
for freedom in a land ending in -tania, tries Mauritania,
then ** swarth L*/f then Aquitania, and finally Brittania*
In B* & F* Bonduca i* 2, Petillius complains that the
soldiers are so fastidious that 44 No oil but Candy, Ln*
figs, And wine from Lesbos now can satisfy *em/*

LUTETIA (more fully, L* PARISIORUM)* The Roman
name for what afterwards became Paris* In Greene's
Friar ix* 114, the quartos represent Vandermast as

3*3

LYCAONIA

boasting that he "has given the non-plus To them of
Frankfort, Lutrecht* and Orleans/' Fleay conjectures
L/' for the unintelligible " Lutrecht," and Ward ac-
cepts it* In iv* 50, the Emperor mentions Paris as one
of the universities that had been visited by Vandermast :
which seems to demand that it should be in this list.
In Marlowe's Massacre v** Henri says, ** Here we'll He
before L*-walls Girting this strumpet city with our
siege*" This was in 1589, after the murder of the D* of
Guise* In Shirley's Ball v* i, Freshwater says, " Paris
was built by the youngest son of Priam, and was called
by his name ; yet some call it L* because the gentle-
women there play so well upon the lute " : a truly in-
genious derivation ! In T* Heywood's Dialogues i* 414,
Adolphos says of St* Christopher : 44 He in the chief ch*
of L* stands*" There was a colossal wooden statue of
the Saint in Notre Dame at Paris, erected in 1413 and
destroyed in 1785*

LUTRECHT* There is no such pkce as Lutrecht, and
the obvious correction to Utrecht can hardly be main-
tained, because the University of Utrecht was not
founded till 1636* See, however, under LBTETIA,

LUX (= LDXEXJTL, or LUXEN)* A town in France in the
Department of Haute-Saone, abt* aoo m* S*E* of Paris*
In Chapman's Consp* Byron if* i, Savoy, speaking of the
battle at Fontaine Fran^oise, says, ** The Baron of Lux
Set on their charge so hotly, that his horse Was slain/*
This was Edme de Malain, who afterwards joined in
Biron's conspiracy*

LUXEMBOURG* A public garden in Paris, on the S* of
the Seine in the angle formed by the Boulevards St*
Germain and St* Michel. The Palais de L* was btult
at its N* end in the beginning of the I7th cent* as the
residence of Marie de Medici, and was converted by
Napoleon I into a hall for the meetings of the Chamber
of Peers* The picture galleries are famous in the arts-
tic world* In Davenant's Rutland, p* 221, the Parisian
says, 4i L. and the Tuileries no ill accommodations for
the citizens of Paris ** (as compared -with Moorfields in
London)*

LUZ* The old name of Bethel, g*y* (see Gen* xxviii* 19)*
Milton, P* L* iii* 513, tells of Jacob ** in the field of Luz
Dreaming by night under the open sky/'

LYBANUS* See LEBANON*
LYBIA* See LIBYA*

LYCJEUS* A lofty mtn* in Arcadia from which a magni-
ficent view of a large part of the Peloponnesus is obtained*
It was the seat of the worship of Zeus, and Pan was
supposed to have been born there and had a temple osa
the mountain* In Milton's Arcades 98, the song begins:
** Nymphs and shepherds, dance no more ; On old L*
or Cyllene hoar Trip no more in twilighf ranks/*" In
Nabbes* Microcosmas i&* Sensuality promises Phy-
sander* " From some height we*ll number The pines
that crown L/*

LYCAONIA* A dist* in the centre of Asia Minor* After
the fall of the Persian Empire it came successively under
the dominion of the Seleucidae at Antioch and Eumenes
of Pergamos* Under a local chieftain named Amyntas
during the ist cent* B*C*, it became an important in-
dependent kingdom, and Amyntas was one of the allies
of Antony in Teas war with Octavian* After his murder
L, became part of the Roman Empire* In Ant* in, 6, 75*
Caesar enumerates *4 Polemon and Amyntas, The Kings
of Mede and L*/' amongst the allies of Antony* It was
part of the kingdom of Midas* In Lyly's Midas iii* i,

LYCEUM

Midas says, ** I call to mind My cruelties in L." Barnes,
in. ParthenophU xi* 8, asks : ** Was it concluded * * *
that * * * Beneath the Ln* axle-tree Where ceaseless
snows and frost's extremity Hold jurisdiction, should
remain my Fear £ "

LYCEUM* A garden, E* of ancient Athens, used as a
gymnasium, and dedicated to Apollo Lyceius, a little
way outside the city walls* It was the place where
Aristotle taught as he walked about in die grounds,
-whence his school was called the Peripatetic school*
Milton, P. .R* iv. 253, makes Satan say to our Lord,
** Within the walls then view The schools of ancient
sages — his who bred Great Alexander to subdue the
world, L* there*" Satan is wrong: the L* was not
within the walls*

LYCIA* The dist* in S*W* Asia Minor between Caria and
Pamphylia, extending from the Taurus range to the
coast* It was inhabited by a people distinct from the
Greeks, whose federal constitution was the admiration of
Strabo and Montesquieu* They preserved their in-
dependence until 546 B.C., when they were conquered
by the Persians* and henceforward fell under the sway
of the successive empires of the Eajst, retaining, how-
ever, much of their primitive constitution* L. became
part of the Roman Empire. With the rest of Asia Minor
it came under the rule of the Turks* In Davenant's
Rhodes A* iu, ** Pioneers from L* brought " are in the
army of Solyman, the Turkish emperor* The country
was mountainous and well watered, and became a sort
of Arcadia in Asia Minor* In Shirley's Arcadia v* 2,
Pyrocles chooses as his champion ** Daiphantus of L*"
L* is the scene of B* & F* Cupid's Rev., which is based on
Sidney's Arcadia, Bk* II, and in i* i it is stated that the
Lns* were the inventors of the worship of Cupid* A
K* of L* is one of the characters in T* D/s Banquet. In
Apias 426, Apius prays : ** O gods above, bend down to
hear my cry As once he did to Salmasis, in pond hard
Lyziaby*" SeeSALMACis.

LYCUS (the name given by Polybius to the ZABATUS, or
GREATER ZAB)* A r* of Assyria, rising in the mtns* of
Armenia and flowing into the Tigris a little S. of the
mounds of Nimroud, the site of the ancient Oalah, a
few m* S* of Nineveh* In Greene and Lodge's Looking
doss iv* i, Jonah says, ** Behold sweet L* streaming in
his bounds, Bearing the walls of haughty Nineveh " ;
and in i* z, 10, Rasni speaks of" great Ninxvie, Rounded
with L* silver flowing streams*" Nineveh was actually
on the Tigris*

LYDFORD* A vill* in Devonsh* on the borders of
Dartmoor, 31 m*W* of Exeter* It has an ancient castle
which was formerly used as the prison for the tin-
mining districts* The summary administration of
justice there gave rise to the phrase "L. law "; which
means hanging a man first and trying Mm afterwards*
Langland, in Rich. Redeless (1399) iii* 145, says, "Now,
he the lawe of lydfford, * * * thflke lewde ladde ought
evyfl to thryve*" Jewell, RepL to Harding (1565), 356,
says, "Heere he thought . * * to charge us with the
Law of L*" W* Browne (1645) is the reputed author
<of a verse ** I oft have heard of L* law, How in the morn
tbey hang and draw, And sit in judgement after*"
Bloimt, G&wspgr. s*v* (1656), defines L*law "to hang
men first and Indite fHVm afterwards***

LYDIA. A dist* on W* coast of Asia Minor, between
Mysia on the N» and Caria on the S» Under the rule of
Croesus (560-546 B*a) it became the dominant state of
Asia Minor, Croesus had the reputation of fabulous

LYDIA

wealth, and the tragedy of his fall impressed the
mediaeval imagination* His story is told by the Monk
in Chaucer's C. 2\ B* 3917* In Cyras, Cyrus says,
" Cresus is foiled and fled to L*" In Massinger's
Actor ii* i, Latinus says, in the play within the play, ** I
have hoarded A mass of treasure, which, had Solon
seen, The Ln* Croesus had appeared to Him Poor as the
beggar Irus*" Solon was reported to have visited
Croesus, and, after being shown his treasures, to have
advised hfrn to call no man happy till his death* It was
said that Crcesus had a son who was dumb from his
birth, but who suddenly gained the power to speak
when he saw his father's life in peril at the
taking of Sardis* In Tiberius 1328, Germanicus says,
** Speak to my joy, More joy unto joy-robbed Ger-
manicus Than was the Lidian Cressus* dumb-born son,
Stopping his father's execution*" Surrey, in Eng. Helicon
(1614), p. 68, asks, "When Crcesus, King of Lyde,
was cast in cruel bands, * * * What tongue could tell
his woe ** " In Ant. i. a, 107, the Messenger reports of
Labienus : ** His conquering banner shook from Syria
To L. and to Ionia*" This was in 41 B.C., when Labie-
nus, who had taken refuge after the battle of Philippi
with Orodes, K. of Parthia, overran all Asia Minor and
routed Antony's lieutenant. In iii* 6, 10, Caesar reports
that Antony has made Cleopatra ** Of lower Syria,
Cyprus, L*, Absolute queen*" The Ff* have Libya, but
the correction was made by Johnson from Norths
Plutarch. This was in 34 B.C* In Massinger's Act or v* i,
Caesar says to Domitia, 44 Ln* Omphale had less com-
mand O'er Hercules than you usurp o'er me*" Om-
phale was the daughter of Jardanus, King of L* : Her-
cules was sold to her by Hermes, and she divested him
of his lion skin and made "him spin amongst her maids*
In T* Heywood's B. Age v*, Omphale says, ** We are
Queen of L* And this our vassal*"

After their conquest by Cyrus the Lns* were forbidden
to bear arms, and devoted their energies to music and
dancing* Their music was of an effeminate type, con-
trasted with the severe martial strains of the Dorians,
and the wild orgiastic dithyrambs of the Phrygians* In
Middleton's Quarrel i* i, Russell says, ** Most un-
pleasing shows to the beholders A Ln* ditty to a Doric
note." In T. Heywood's Mistress i. i, Admetus says,
** Change your Arcadian tunes to Lidian sounds, Sad
notes are sweetest where deep woe confounds*" In
Marmion's leaguer i* 4, Fidelio tells of a lady with ** a
voice sweeter than the Ln* tunes*" Spenser, F* Q* iii*
i, 40, says, ** Sweet Music did divide Her looser notes
with Ln* harmony*" Milton, U Allegro 136, asks :
" Ever against eating cares Lap me in soft Ln* airs*"
In Massinger's Actor i* 3, Paris says of the actors : ** We
show no arts of Ln* panderism*" A King of L* is one
of the characters in T*D.'s Banquet. Mt* Tmolus
(S* of Sardis) was named after a Ln* King, and was
famous for its wine* In Ford's Sun iv* i, Autumn says,
** Thou shalt command The Ln* Tmolus and Cam-
panian mts* To nod their grape-crowned heads into
thy bowls*" In Mason's Mulleasses 3381, Mulleasses,
dying, says, ** Stoop down, thou Ln* mount, bend thy
cold head*" Probably Mt* Tmolus is intended* In
Lyly's Sapho v* i, Venus says, ** This shaft is headed
with Ln* steel, which striketh a deep disdain of that
which we most desire*" In Brome's Ct. Beggar iv* 3,
Ferdinand, affecting to be mad, says, ** I would but live
to subdue the Pisidians and so to bring the Lns* under
tribute*" In IV Heywood's Challenge i* i, Bonavida
says, ** For wisdom, Rome presented a Cornelia and
Lidia a Sosipatra " I have not been able to identify this

LYEAS

wise lady* In Tiberius 3001, Macro says, ** What Lidian
desert, Indian vastacy, So hateful monster ever nou-
rished * " Probably he is thinking of the Chimera,
whose home was in Lytia, near to L*, but possibly
Lidian is a misprint for Lician, or for Libyan, the
deserts of Africa being notorious for producing savage
monsters* Donne, Elegy ix* (1633) 29, says, " Xerxes'
strange Ln* love, the platane tree, Was loved for age,
none being so large as she.*' See Pliny Hist. Nat. xii*
1-3-

LYEAS (a misprint for LYCUS), A river in Phrygia, now
Tchoruk-Su, flowing into the Maeander* Laodicea lay
about a mile from the Lycus* In Cxsafs Rev. y* i,
Cassius speaks of his conquest in 43 B.C. of ** Laodicea,
whose high-reared walls Fair L* washeth with her silver
wave/'

LYMBO* See LIMBO*

LYMOGES* A city in France in the department of Haute-
Vienne on the Vienne, 236 m* S* of Paris* It was an
ancient Roman town : Vidomar, Viscount of L., having
found some golden statues of a Roman emperor and his
wife, refused to give them up to Richd. Cceur-de-lion,
who was his suzerain* Richd* consequently besieged him
at Chaluz-Chabrol, and was killed by a poisoned arrow
from the castle in 1199* L* was himself killed by
Faulconbridge in 1200. He is one of the characters in
K.J., where he is called Archduke of Austria, as in
Trouble. Reign. This is an absurd mistake* The Arch-
duke of Austria was Leopold VI, who succeeded in 1 184*
But he had nothing whatever to do with the death of
Richd*

LYNCOLNESHERE* See LINCOLNSHIRE*

LYNN (LYNN REGIS, or KING'S LYNN)* A port in Nor-
folk, on the estuary of the Ouse, 96 m* N* of Lond* It
was first called Bishop's L*, but the name was changed
to King's L* by Henry VIII. In H6 C. iv* 5, 21, after
the defeat and capture of Edward in 1470, he asks of his
friends who are arranging for his escape from Middle-
ham Castle: " Whither shall we then < " and Hastings
replies : ** To L., my Lord ; and ship from thence to
Flanders*" En Fair Women ii* 1079, James tells the
story of a woman who, ** sitting to behold a tragedy At
Linne, a town in Norfolk," was so moved that she con-
fessed to having murdered her husband* In Day's B.
Beggar ii*, Young Strowd, who is a Norfolk man, says
of his 2 companions : ** They can talk of nothing but
how they sell a score of cow-hides at Lynmarte," Le.
L* market* In Brewer's Lovesick King ii*, Randolfe

LYZIA

" orders his coal-ships from Newcastle to ** put in at Lyn
and Yarmouth and let Lond* be the farthest of their
journey." In Hall's Characters (1608), one of the topics
of the Busybody's conversation is ** the report of the
great fish taken up at Linne*" In verses prefixed to
Coryat's Crudities (1611), Peacham mentions amongst
the sights of England 4* K* John's sword at Linne, with
the cup the Fraternity drink in/'

LYNTERNUM* See LINTERNBM*

LYONES* The old name in the Arthurian romances for
Cornwall* Milton, P.R. ii* 360, compares the atten-
dants at the banquet spread for our Lord by the
Tempter to ** Faery damsels met in forest wide By
knights of Logres or of L., Lancelot, or Pelleas. or
Pellenore*"

LYONS* The second city in France, at the junction of the
Rhone and Saone, 240 m* S*E. of Paris* Its archbp. is
the metropolitan of all Gaul* In Bale's Laws iv*,
Hypocrisy says, " As for L*, there is the length of our
Lord in a great pillar* She that will with a cord be fast
bound to it shall sure have child, for within it is hollow
all*" This was a hollow pillar said to be of the exact
height of our Lord* In Chapman's Rev. Bussy v, i,
when Clermont advises Guise to retire, he says, ** The
Archbp* of L* tells me plain I shall be said then to
abandon France In so important an occasion/' In
Consp. Byron iii* i, Roncas says that " the archbp* of L*,
Pierce Pinac," said that he had never seen a face of worse
presage than that of Byron* In Chivalry , the servant of
the D* of Bourbon is #* Peter de Lions/' In Middleton's
Quiet Life iii* 2, Franklin junior professes to be a French-
man " de L*" A lost play, Raymond Duke of Lyons, was
acted in 1613*

LYON'S INN* An Inn of Chancery in Lond*, belonging
to the Inner Temple* It was originally a tavern with the
sign of the Lion, and was converted into an Inn of
Chancery in the reign of Henry VIII* It stood on the
site of the Globe Theatre in Newcastle St*, off the
Strand : it was sold by the members in 1863, and the
theatre was erected in 1868* The now defunct Opera
Comique occupied a part of the site. In a letter from
W* Fleetwood to Lord Burghley in 1584, he relates how
a tailor, having quarrelled with a clerk, raised the pren-
tices, and ** thinking that the clerk was run into L+ !*•
brake down the windows of the house*" In Brome's
Moor iii* i, Phillis says, ** I have a cousin that is a Re-
torney of L* L, that will not see me wronged."

LYZIA*

325

M

MACEDONIA (Mn* = Macedon, Mnn. = Macedonian)*
The country N* of Thessaly, from Thrace on the E* to
Ulyria on the W*" Philip II (359-336 B*C*) established
the supremacy of M* over the whole of Greece, and his
son Alexander the Gt* (336-323) marched into Asia,
and in the victories of Granicus, Issus, and Gaugamela
destroyed the Persian Empire and became the master of
the Eastern World, He penetrated as far as India,
where hedefeatedPorus in the Punjaub, and in Egypt he
founded Alexandria at the mouth of the Nile* After his
death his empire was divided amongst his generals, and
after a long period of intestine war and confusion M*
was conquered by the Romans and made into a province
168 B*C-, Emilius defeating the last K*, Perseus, at
Pydna* In the middle of the i5th cent* it passed into
the hands of the Ottoman emperors.

Most of the Elizabethan allusions are to Alexander
and his father Philip* In Vol. Welsh, iv* 7, Cartamanda
speaks of ** Philip, k* of Mn., Whose boundless mind
of sovereign majesty Was like a globe whose body circu-
lar Admits no end*" Alexander is the hero of Lyly's
Campaspe : in ii* 2, Hephaestion asks : ** Is the son of
Philip, k* of Mn*, become the subject of Campaspe s1"
In HS iv* 7, 20, Gower says, ** I think Alexander the gt*
was born in Mn* ; his father was called Philip of Mn*,
as I take it " ; and Fluellen proceeds with his memorable
comparison of Monmouth, the birthplace of K, Henry,
with Mn*, both beginning with ** M*," and both possess-
ing a river with salmon in it* In Chapman's Trag. Byron
rv* i, Byron speaks of Alexander as ** the little, yet great
Mn/* He is said to have been short of stature* In
Clyomon, v. 431, Clyomon says, 4t The conqueror of con-
querors, who Alexander hight, is returning to Mn." In
Massinger's Madam iv* 2, Luke says, 44 The valiant Mn.
Having in his conceit subdued one world Lamented
that there were no more to conquer/' In Davenant's
Platonic iii* 4, Fredeline says, ** Aristotle * * * fooled
the drunken Mnn* Out of a thousand talents to buy
books/' Aristotle was Alexander's tutor; and Alex-
ander in a drunken fit killed his friend Clytus* In
Marlowe's Tomb. A* i* i, Ceneus says to Cosroe, 4* We
w3l invest yottr highness Emperor, Whereat your
soldiers will conceive more joy Than did the Mnns* at
the spoil Of great Darius and his wealthy host/' Darius
was the last K. of Persia, who was defeated by Alexander*
In Suckling's Bremoralt ii* i, there is a round : " The
Mh* youth left behind him tfn'g truth That nothing is
done with much thinking : He drank and he fought till
he had what he sought ; The world was his own by
good drinking*" In Nabbes* Hannibal ii* 4, Syphax says,
"What's Rome or Scipio to Sophonisba*1 in whose
richer beauty more's comprehended than the Mnn*
could from leas many conquests boast himself owner of*"
In Skelton's Magnificence, fol* xviL, Magnificence men-
tions, in his list of heroes, 4f Alexander of Macedony k*,
That all the orient had in subjection/' In Chapman's
Csssar iii. i, 122, Pompey says that the gods have not
made the Roman genius 44 grow in conquests for some
Ettk time As did the genius of the Mns*" In Fraunce's
Victoria fv* 8, 2022, Narcissus says, 4t Persei Macedo-
nian regts Fflius Ex principe factus est faber ferrarius/'
Alexander* die son of Perseus, last k. of Mn., is said by
l%tarch, Vit* Mm* PanK 37, to have been an expert
goldsmith: this is probably what Fraunce was thinking
of* In Milton, JP»JR* m* 32, the Tempter says to our
Lord, ** The son Of Mntu PhiKp had ere these [years]
Won Asia/* Alexander overthrew the Persian Empire

3*6

when he was only 25* In P* R+ iv* 271, it is related how
the Greek Orators ** fulmined over Greece To Mn* and
Artaxerxes' throne/' Milton is thinking of the speeches
of Demosthenes against Philip of Mn* In Brandon's
Octavia 1390, Plancus calls Alexandria " That fair city
by that great Mnn* monarch builded/' In Chettle's
Hoffman ii*, Mathias says, ** Their caparisons exceed
The Persian monarch's when he met destruction From
Philip's son and his stout Mns." In Hester ii* 286, the
Scribe speaks of Haman as " Aman, a Mn* born/'
Haman is called an Agagite in the Hebrew text of Esther,
but a Mnn* in the LXX version* In Per* ii* 2, 24, the
2nd knight in the tourney is " a Prince of Mn*" : with a
Spanish motto on his shield 1 In C&sar's Rev* iii* 2,
a lord says, ** From vanquished M*, Triumphing o'er k*
Persius' overthrow, Conquering ffinflius in great glory
came/' The reference is to the triumph after the battle
of Pydna 168 B*C* In Tiberius 1058, the Archflamen
greets Germanicus as equalling in glory "Paulus
Emilius of proud Mn/' In Nero ii. 3, Scaeyinus speaks
of the Romans " whom neither The Median bow nor
Mnn* spear * * * could subdue/' An entirely un-
historical K* of Mn, is one of the characters in Mas-
singer's Virgin, and there is a Euarchus* k* of Mn., in
Shirley's Arcadia, who is taken from Sidney's Arcadia*
In Selimus 2030, Selimus says, "We mean to rouse
false Acomat And cast him forth of M/' In Kirke's
Champions v., there is an imaginary K* of Mn* whose
daughters have been turned into swans, but recover
their human shape through the efforts of the Champions,
and marry 3 of them* Mnn* is used humorously for a
valiant soldier. In Shirley's Honoria iv* 3, Fullbank
says, " I thought myself as brave a Mnn* as the best of
them*" In his Gent. Ven. iii* i, when Thomazo says,
44 I'll return with Indian spoils like Alexander," Meli-
piero adds : ** Spoken like a true Mnn*"

MACHAERUS* A fortification 6 m* E* of the Dead Sea
in the Moabitish territory, 12 m* from the N* end of the
Sea* It was fortified by Herod the Gt*, who made it one
of his principal residences, and it was here that Herod
Antipas imprisoned and beheaded John the Baptist* It
is now a heap of ruins called Mukwar* In Milton,
P. R. ii* 22, M* is mentioned as one of the places where
the disciples went to seek our Lord on His disappearance
from Galilee before His baptism*

MACHDA* The capital of Prester John's kingdom in
Abyssinia* One is tempted to identify it with Magdala,
which was made his principal stronghold by K* Theo-
dore and was taken and destroyed by the English in
1868* But Magdala is not mentioned by the old geo-
graphers; and I am disposed to think that M* is
derived from Maqueda, the Q* of Sheba who visited
Solomon, and from whom the kings of Abyssinia
claimed to be descended* Prester John is a vague and
shadowy figure, and was originally located in Asia ;
but from the i3th cent* onward he was identified with
the K* of Abyssinia* Heylyn says that all the kings of
Guagere, as he calls Abyssinia, were called John, ** with
the praenomen of Presbiter," and that they were sprung
from Solomon and Maqueda, the Queen of the South*
Probably Marlowe confused the name of the Q* with
that of her supposed capital* In Marlowe's Tam&* B*
i* 3, Techelles reports : ** I have marched along the
r* Nile to M*, where the mighty Christian Priest, Called
John the Gt*, sits in a milk-white robe*"

MADEIRA

MADEIRA* The largest island of the Madeiras, lying in
the Atlantic Ocean, 360 m* W. of the coast of Morocco*
The islands were colonised by Portugal in 1420, and
are still a province of that country* The vine was
introduced in the early part of the i6th cent*, and
M* wine, which resembles a full-bodied brown sherry,
began to be made and exported* In H4 A* i* 2, 128,
Poitts says to Falstaff, " How agrees the devil and thou
about thy soul that thou soldest him on Good-Friday
last for a cup of M. and a cold capon's leg < "
MADIAN* See MEDIANITES*

MADRID (also spelt MADHILL)* A city in the centre of
Spain, in the province of New Castile, on the left bank
of the Manzanares* It was made the capital of Spain by
Philip II* in 1560* Heylyn (s*v* SPAINE) says* '* M*, the
king's seat, whose residence, though the country be
neither fruitful nor pleasant, hath made that place, of
a vilL, the most populous town of all Spain*" In
Middleton's Gipsy ii* i, Alvarez says, 4* Now being
entered Madrill, the enchanted circle of Spain, have a
care to your new lessons*" In B* & F* Cure ii* i,
Pachieco speaks of ** a famous courtezan, lately come
from M/' In Jonson's New Inn iv* a, Tipto says,
44 They are here, have been at Sevill in their days,
And at M. too/' In ii* 2, Tipto says, 44 Don Lewis of
M* is the sole master now of the world/" Le. in fencing*
In Dekker's Match me i+, Gazetto says, " 111 mount my
jennet and take the way to Madrill/* In Kyd's Span.
Trag. iii* 14, the K* of Spain welcomes the Viceroy of
Portugal to M* : 44 'Tis not unknown to us for why you
come, Or have so kingly crossed the raging seas " : an
even more curious bit of geography than Shakespeare's
sea-coast of Bohemia* In Jonson's New Inn ii* 3, Tipto
speaks of ** my gloves, the natives of M*," i.e* made of
Spanish leather. In Davenport's New Trick iii* i, Friar
John says, ** The best wheat's in Spain ; what say you
now to a couple of cheat-loaves baked in M* i" In
Wilson's Inconstant i. i, Tonsus says, " Nor can your
ruff, though printed at M*, But suffer censure*" The
ruff was a Spanish article of apparel : printed means
pleated* The scenes of Middleton's Gipsy, Shirley's
Brothers and Ct. Secret, Last's Dominion,, and The Noble
Soldier are laid at M*
MAEANDER* See MEANDER*

MAENALUS* A lofty mtn* in Arcadia, specially sacred to
the god Pan* In Milton's Arcades 102, the poet adjures
the nymphs and shepherds of Arcadia : ** From the
stony M* Bring your flocks and live with us*"
MAEOTIS* The Sea of Azov, a shallow lake, lying N*
of the Black Sea, with which it is connected by the
Straits of Yenikale, immediately E* of the Crimea* It
is about 200 m* long, and abounds in fish* Milton
P* L* ix* 78, says of Satan : *4 Sea he had searched and
land From Eden over Pontus and the pool M*, up
beyond the river Ob*"

MAESTRICHT* A strongly fortified city in Holland,
dose to the Belgian frontier, on the Maas, 56 m* E* of
Brussels* In the War of Liberation it was besieged by
the Spaniards in 1579, by the Prince of Orange in 1580,
and by Frederick Henry in 1632* In Lanan A* 3,
Danila says* 44 From Nastricht [an obvious misprint]
first there comes a thousand horse/' sc+ to help the
Spanish in the siege of Antwerp* In Lady Mother ii* i,
Crackby boasts: "My Capt/s courage at M* did con-
clude Papenham's overthrow/* The reference is to the
siege of 1632, but unfortunately for Crackby's accuracy
Pappenheim was killed at Lutzen a few months before
the siege of M*

MAGORES

MAGDALA* A town or castle on the W* shore of the
Sea of Galilee, from which Mary the Magdalene derives
her name* In the Legenda Aurea it is called Magdalo,
and is said to be 2 m* from Nazareth* The name
means a tower, and there were probably several such
in Galilee* In Magdalen 59, Syrus, the father of Mary,
says, ** The castell of Maudleyn is at my wylddying " ;
and in 81 he bequeaths it to Mary*
MAGDALEN COLLEGE (pronounced MAUDLIN).
University of Oxford* It stands at the E* end of the
High St*, on the N* side, on the banks of the Cherwell,
over which the M* Bdge* connects it with the Water
Walk* The Tower of the C* is one of the most con-
spicuous features of Oxford* It was founded by William
of Waynflete, bp* of Winchester, in 145?* oa the site of
a hospital founded by Henry III in 1232. The ist stone
of the new building was laid in 1473* The books of the
C* show that scriptural plays were performed there from
an early date. The ist recorded performance of a play
ia Oxford is at M* in 1486, and there is record of a
comedy in 1535 and of a tragedy in 1540* The comedy
was called Piscatort or the Fisher Caught, and was
written by John Hoker, one of the Fellows* Amongst
its distinguished students were Wolsey and John Lyly*.
MAGELLAN, STRAITS OF* Separating the Continent
of S* America from Terra del Fuego. They were dis-
covered by Fernando M* in 1520* In Underwit v* 3,
Underwit says, ** She is still like the bottom of the map,
terra incognita* I have been a long time hovering about
the M* streights, but have made no new discoveries/1"
The coarse jest needs no explanation* Milton, P* L* x«.
687, explains that if the axis of the earth had not been
inclined to the Ecliptic, it would have " forbid the snow
From cold Estotiland, and south as far Beneath M/'
In verses prefixed to Coryafs Cradftzes{i6ii), Vadianus
says that Coryat's fame ** finds no other bound Than
from the M* strait to Gibraltar/* See under Mayor's
Lane*

MAGGOT-A-PIE, or MAGPIE* A tavern in the Strand,
London* In Shirley's Ball i* i, Freshwater says, " I do
He at the sign of Donna Margeritta de Pia in the
Strand " j which Gudgeon interprets : 44 At the M*~a-P*
in the Strand/'

MAGNESIA* More fully M* ad Sipylum, to distinguish
it from M. ad Maeandrum* A city of Lydia, on the
slopes of Mt. Sipylus, on the S* bank of the Hennus*
Here the Scipios inflicted a crushing defeat on Antiochus
the Gt* in 190 B*C* It continued to flourish during the
Byzantine empire, and later was for a time the residence
of the Sultan* It is now called Manissa* In SeZlmts 86,
Baiazet says, " Carcut in fair M* leads his life/'
MAGNUS (SAINT)* Ch* in Lond*, at the bottom of Fish
St* Hill, just at the foot of old Lond* Bdge* It was one
of the oldest churches in Lond* It was destroyed in the
Gt Fire and rebuilt by Wren* In i?59 the footway
tinder the steeple was made in order to widen the
approach to the Bdge* In H6 B* iv* 8, i, Cade cries :
"Up Fish St* ! down St M* corner 1 kill and knock
down! throw them into Thames I " InT*Heywoods
Hogsdon ii* 2, when Sir Boniface addresses Sir Harry
"Vale, vir magne/' the latter, not knowing Latin,
replies : ** You shall not have me at St* Magnes, my
house is here in Gracious st/' Nash, in Lenten,
p* 311, describes a dash of swords: "that from
Salomon's Islands to St* M* corner might cry dang
again," i.e* all round the world,

MAGOKES* The country of the Great Mogul or
Emperor of Delhi, which included the greater part of

3*7

MAHANAIM

Hindustan* In Tomkis* Albumazar L 5, Albumazar
directs that his almanac should be given to the East
India Company, that they may "know the success of
the voyage of M." Heylyn (s.v. INDIA INTRA GANGEM)
says that all the 47 Provinces of India, except Narsinga
and Calacute, "are under the command of the great
Magor, Mogul, or Mongul."

MAHANAIM (f*e. the 2 hosts). A name given by Jacob
to the place where he met the angels of God* It was
clearly on the E. of the Jordan and N* of the Jabbok*
The exact site is uncertain, but it may probably be
identified with the Wady Suleikhat, near the Jordan,
14 m* N* of the point where the Jabbok flows into it*
It afterwards became an important place, and on the
death of Saul Ishbaal made it his capital* Milton, P* L*
xL 214, refers to the time " when the angels met Jacob
in M., where he saw The field pavilioned with his
guardians bright/*

MAIDEN LANE, or MAID LANE. A st. in Southwark,
now called Park St* It ran W* from Deadman's PI.,
now Red Cross St., to Gravel L., parallel to the Bank-
side* In the original lease of the Globe Theatre site
it is said to be ** upon a L. there called M. L., towards
the S*" It has been long supposed that the Globe was
on the S. of M. L., and a bronze memorial tablet let
into the wall of Barclay's Brewery declares : ** Here
stood the Globe Playhouse of Shakespeare." But Prof*
Wallace has lately brought evidence, which seems to be
conclusive, that the actual site was on the N* of M* L*t
between Deadman's PI* and Rose Alley.

MAIDENHEAD. A town in Berks*, near the right bank
of the Thames, 25 m. W* of Lond*, and 6 m* N*W* of
Windsor. In M. W* W. iv* 5, 78, Evans tells how the
3 cozen-germans ** has cozened all the hosts of Readins,
of M., of Colebrook, of horses and money*** In
Middleton's Quarrel iv. 4, Trimtram wishes that Meg
may 44 be burnt at Colebrook for destroying of M*,*'
where the double play on the names is obvious* In the
same punning fashion, Chough, in v* i, says he could
have had a whore "at M. in Berks*? and did I come in
by M* to go out by Staines 4 "

MAIDENHEAD* The sign of a tavern in Islington*
Taylor, Works i. 140, says, 44 1 stole back again to
Islington to the saga, of the Maydenhead ; after supper
we had a play of Guy of Warwick, played by the Earl
of Darbie his men*** There was a M* Tavern at the
Temple end of Ram Alley, the worst of all the dens of
infamy in that notorious court*

MAIDSTONE* The county town of Kent, on the Med-
way, 32 m* S*E* of Loud* Wat Tyler broke open the
prison and released John Ball* Sir T* Wyatt raised the
standard of rebellion here in 1554* M. is the assize-town
for the county, and condemned criminals were executed
on Penenden Heath, i m* N.E* of the town* In
Middleton's Quinborottgh ii* 3, Simon, the tanner, says,
** I have such a trick of stretching, too ! I learned it of
a tanner's man that was hanged last sessions at M*"

MAINE* A province in France, lying S* of Normandy,
and N* of Anjou and Touraine* Henry II was born at
&s capital, Le Mans ; he was Count of Anjou and M.,
and on his accession to the Crown of England these
plaices passed to England* Philip II of France
claimed it in Arthur's nasme from John, and ultimately
took possession of it* During the wars in the earlier
part of the reign of Henry VI it was conquered by the
English, but it was ceded to Rene, the father of Margaret
of Anjou, on her marriage wM Henry VI, and the

MALAGA

English were finally driven out of it two years later by
Dunois* In K.J. i* i, n, Chatillon demands for
Arthur : " Ireland, Poictiers, Anjou, Touraine, M*,"
and the claim is repeated in ii. i, 152* In ii* i, 487,
John offers it as a dowry to Blanche if she marries Lewis
the Dauphin. In H6 A* iv* 3, 45, York announces :
44 M., Blois, Poictiers, and Tours are won away." In
v* 3, 95, Suffolk speaks of Rene as *4 D. of Anjou and
M"; and in 154 Rene (Reignier) consents to the
marriage of Margaret, ** upon condition I may quietly
enjoy mine own, the country M* and Anjou." In
H6 B* i* i, 51, the treaty is read making this grant ; and
in 209, Warwick cries : 4( O father, M* is lost : thatM*
which by main force Warwick did win." In iv. i, 86,
the Capt. charges Suffolk : " By thee Anjou and M*
were sold to France." In iv. 2, 170, Dick says, " We'll
have the Lord Say's head for selling the dukedom of M*"
In iv. 7, 70, Say protests : " I sold not M., I lost not
Normandy." In Davenport's Matilda i. 3, John is up-
braided by Fitz- water with the loss of ** Anjou, Brittain,
Main, Poictou, and Turwin." In Trag. Richd. II
i. i, 35, Lancaster recalls "the warlike battles won
At Cressey field, Poyteeres, Artoyse, and Mayne," by
Edward the Black Prince*

MAINE. A river rising in N. Bavaria and flowing into
the Rhine a litde above Mayence* In Marlowe's Faustus,
vii* 7, Faust says, " Coasting the realm of France, We
saw the river M. fall into Rhine, Whose banks are set
with groves of fruitful vines."

MAINZ* SeeMENTZ*

MAJORCA. The largest of the Balearic Isles, abt* 150 m*
E* of Spain, in the Mediterranean* The islands were
annexed to the crown of Aragon towards the close of
the I3th cent. In T. Heywood's 7.2C.M., A* 202,
Philip and Mary are proclaimed ** Count and Countess
of Hasburge, M., Sardinia." In Partial^ i* i, Feredo
speaks of 44 the great D* of M*, our near neighbouring
isle*" The scene is in Corsica*

MALABAR, A dist* on the W* coast of India, N* of
Cochin and S* of Canara, between the Nilghiri Hills
and the Arabian Sea* Milton, P* L. ix* 1103, says that
the fig-tree from which Adam and Eve made them-
selves clothing was ** not that kind for fruit renowned,
But such as, to this day to Indians known, In M* or
Decan spreads her arms," £«£* the banyan or " Ficus
Indicus*"

MALAGA* A spt* on the S. coast of Spain, 70 m* N*E»
of Gibraltar, at the head of a bay in the Mediterranean.
It had a large trade in wine, called M*, and in raisins,
oranges, and figs* In Middleton's Witch i* i, Gaspero
says of his servant : " He hath not pledged one cup
but looked most wickedly Upon good Malego." In
Dekker's Northward iii. i, Doll says, " I have learnt to
mingle water with my M." Day, in Law Tricks i* 2,
says, ** 1*11 put all my love into one quart of Maligo*'*
In Middleton's Gipsy iii. i, Sancho sings : " Peter-
see-me shall wash thy noul, And m* glasses fox thee*"
In Ford's Queen iii*, Pynto says, 44 1 will swim through
a whole Element of dainty, neat, brisk, rich claret,
canary, or maligo*" In Dekker's Satiromastix iv* 2, 112,
Tucca calls his poetical associates "those maligo-
tasters." Rowlands, in Knave of Hearts (1612) 20, says,
44 Bring in a quart of Maligo, right true, And look, you
rogue, that it be Pee and Kew*" Potatoes were also
imported thither from America* In Ford's Sun ii* i,
the Spanish confecianador boasts that he has for sale,
inter o&z, ** potatoes of M***

MALDON

MALDON. A town in Essex, on the Chelmer, 9 m. E* of
Chelmsford* In Percy's Cuckqueans, the stage direction
runs : " Harwich, In middle of the stage Colchester,
with image of Tarlton* The raunger's lodge, M., a
ladder of ropes trussed up near Harwiche/* Evidently
all 3 places were represented at the same time by
different sections of the stage*

MALEGO, MALIGO. See MALAGA.

MALFI* A port on the E. shore of the Adriatic in Dal-
matia, 7 m* N.W* of Ragusa. It is the scene of the
earlier part of Webster's Malfi, the date of the play being
supposed to be 1504, as is clear from ii. 3, where
Bosola reads the nativity of the infant of the Duchess :
" The Duchess was delivered of a son anno Dom* 1 504 —
that's this year — taken according to the meridian
of M."

MALMSEY, A sweet wine, originally made in the neigh-
bourhood of Monemvasia, or NapoH di Malvasia, a town
on the E. coast of the E. promontory of the Morea,
42 m* S.E* of Sparta, In L* L. L+ v. 2, 233, Biron names
44 metheglin, wort, and m." as 3 sweet drinks. In
R3 i+ 4, 161, the murderer proposes to chop the body of
Clarence " in the m.-butt in the next room," and in 277,
says to him, ** I'll drown you in the m.-butt within/'
In B. & F* Wit Money iii. i, Roger tells how Tom
the coachman is so drunk "that he lies lashing
A butt of m. for his mares P' In H4 B* ii. i, 42,
the Hostess calls Bardolph " that arrant m*-nose
knave." In Bale's Johan 2088, Dissimulation says,
** It passeth malmesey, capric, tyre, or hyppocras/*
In Wit Woman, F*4, Errinta describes an old man
44 with a palsy hand, a malmsie nose*'* In Barnes*
Charter iii. 3, Frescobaldi says, ** First did I wash my
liver, lungs, and heart With headstrong Malvesie."
In Chaucer C. 7\ B. 1260, Dan John brought with
him "a jubbe of malvesye*" In Magdalen 476, the
Taverner says, " Here is wine of Mawt and Malmeseyn."
In Chester MP. of Noah's Flood 233, the gossip sings :
44 Here is a pottle full of Malmsine, good and strong."

MALO, SAINT. A harbour on the N* coast of Brittany,
200 m. W* of Paris. It stands on the rocky islet of Aron,
and communicates with the mainland by a causeway
called Le Sillon* In Stacley 1877, the Capt. says of
Vernon : ** This gentleman . * . came from Brittain
[z.e* Brittany] as a passenger ; for at St. Mallows we
had cause to touch, And there we found this honest
gentleman." In Davenant's Rutlandt p. 226, the
Londoner says of the French : ** Their larding is
diversified from bacon of Mayence to porpoise of St.
M."

MALTA* An island in the Mediterranean, about 60 m*
due S. of Sicily* St. Paul was shipwrecked in the Bay
which still bears his name, and it is said that the island
was Christianized by him* After the downfall of the
Roman Empire the Saracens took M. and held it till
1127, when the Norman knights, under Roger II, cap-
tured it and held it for about a cent* In 1194 it passed
to the Emperor Henry VI, and so became dependent on
the kingdom of the Two Sicilies. In 1530 Charles V
granted it to the Knights of St* John of Jerusalem, and
28 successive Grandmasters of the Order ruled the
island until 1798* They were frequently attacked by the
Turks, who in 1551 ravaged the neighbouring island of
Gozo and in 1 565 besieged M* for 2 months* They were
repelled, however, and Valetta was built in 1566.
Through the i6th and iTth cents* intermittent warfare
took place between the Knights and the fleets of the

MALTA

Turks, and owing to the number of slaves captured in
these fights Valetta became one of the largest slave-
markets in Europe* Napoleon seised M. in 1798, but it
was soon reduced by the English, and by the Treaty of
Paris in 1814 it was handed over to Great Britain,

The scene of Marlowe's Jew is laid in the island ; all
Jews had been expelled in 1492, but they had returned
since the coming of the Knights. In i* i, Barabas says,
44 Long to the Turk did M. contribute ; Which tribute
. * * The Turks have let increase to such a sum As all
the wealth of M. cannot pay." In i. 2, the Turks come
to demand their tribute, and Ferneze, the Governor,
obtains a month's respite. On their return the Turks are
betrayed and M* freed. All this is romance ; there was
no such Governor as Ferneze, and M* never paid
tribute to the Turks. Dekker, in News from Hell, calls
one of his characters ** my rich Jew of M." W. Rowley,
in Search 19, describes a moneylender as having a
vizard " like the artificial Jewe of Maltaes nose/' Both
references are doubtless to Marlowe's play. So, in
Cowley's Cutter ii* 3, Puny says, ** I'm the very Jew
of M*, if she did not use me ... worse than a rotten
apple/' B. & F. Malta takes place during the grand-
mastership of La Valette (1557-1568), and is full of
fights with the Turks* In ii. i, there is a sea-fight in
the harbour, and Norandine reports : "All their silver
crescents then I saw Like falling meteors spent and set
for ever Under the Cross of M/' The Red Cross on a
white ground is the well-known sign of the Knights of
St* John. In Barnes* Charter iii. 3, Frescobaldi says,
44 I fought at M. when the town was girt With bull-
beggars of Turkie." As the action of the play takes
place before 1503, this is something of an anachronism.
In Massinger's Renegado ii. 5, Asambeg, viceroy of
Tunis, upbraids his followers : " You suffered Those
thieves of M., almost in our harbour, To board a ship
and bear her safely off." In B. & F* Fair Maid /* v. 3,
Prospero says he was a prisoner for 12 years in the
Turkish gallies ; then " Some ships of M. met the
Ottoman fleet, Charged them, and boarded them, and
gave me freedom." In Webster's White Devil v. i,
two of the conspirators come disguised as " noblemen of
Hungary that vowed their service against the enemies of
Christ, went to M* [and] were there knighted." In
Kyd's Soliman i., 4t a knight of M/' is one of the visitors
in honour of the nuptials of the Prince of Cyprus* In
Davenant's Favourite iii* i, Eumena asks : ** Yond
slaves, are they those of Maltha, whom I bought from
the gallies of Algiers t" In Massinger's Maid Hon.,
Gonzaga and Bertoldo are both Knights of M. Camiola
says to the latter, 44 You are, Sir, a Knight of M*, by
your order Bound to a single life," and in i. i, Antonio
says to him, " You are a Knight of M,, and have served
Against the Turk*" In PartMl iv* i, Fidacia wishes for
her enemy : ** May his aimed-at happiness be Some
piece of flesh who hath served prenticeship In the M.
galleys,** i.e. a woman who has been the common pro-
perty of the galley-slaves there* In Glapthorne's
Hollander iii* i, Fortress says, 4t Our order, like the
Knights of M*, does admit no persons espoused/*
Harrison, in Desc. of England, speaks of a kind of lap-
dogs " called Melitei, of the island M*, whence they
were brought hither*" This was a kind of spaniel,
44 Canis Brevipihs." They are mentioned in Fleming's
English Dogs (1576) as " little, pretty, proper and fine/*
Lyly, in Euphues Englandt p. 415, says, 44 If I had
brought, ladies, little dogs from M* . . * I am sure that
you would have wooed me," In Hash's Summers? p. 70,
Christmas says, " I must rig ship to Pfcrygia for wood-

MALVEXN HILLS

cocks, to M* for cranes/* In Magdalen 4.74, the Taverner
says, " Here is wine of mawt and Malmeseyn," where
mawt may perhaps mean M*

MALVERN HILLS, A range of hills running for abt*
10 m* N* and S* between Herefordsh* and Worcestersh*
They will be ever memorable for the " ferly of fairy "
that befell William Langiand ** on a May mornynge on
Malverne hulies " (Piers C* i* 6)* La Thersites 199,
Mulciber, having armed Thersites, says, " If M* H*
should on thy shoulders light, They shall not hurt
them/' In Brewer's Lovesick King iv* 3, he says that
his colliers with their picks could "make a dale of
Mauburn h*" Drayton, in Polyolb. vii* 53, says, ** Mal-
verne, king of h*, fair Severn overlooks/* Bacchus is
dedicated to ** Sir Richard Swash, Lord and Master on
Mt* Malvorn"; and later, the author says that to
rehearse all the names of the company " were no less
labour than to make * . * a louse to leap over the high
tops of Me. h*" The author of Old Meg, p* ii, says that
the old men of Hereford danced a morris ** as if Mawl-
borne H* in the depths of winter, when all their heads
are covered * * * with snow, had shook and danced at
some earth-quake*"

MALVESEB. See MALMSEY*

MAMELUCO, or MAMELUKE* Properly the military
body, originally 'made up of Circassian slaves, who
seized Egypt in 1254 and retained the government of it
till the beginning of the igth cent* The word was also
used of cross-breeds between the whites and the natives
of Brazil* In Jonson's Volpone ii* i, Peregrine, drawing
out Sir Politick, suggests: "Your baboons were spies
And were A kind of subtle nation near to China/* Sir
PoL, not to be beaten, says, " Ay, ay, your Mamaluchi/'
In the old Timon v* i, Pseudolus says to Gelasimus,
who is about to take a flight on Pegasus, " Fly to Pindus
hill ; on right and left hand there thou shalt behold the
Marnaluccian inhabitants,*' and then he reaches the
Zodiac. In the written guide which he gives Gelasimus
he sets down the distance from Pindus to the Mamaluces
59 m. This is, of course, all elaborate fooling* Heylyn
(s.i>* E<OTT) says, " These Mamaluckes were the off-
spring of Georgia and Colchis, vulgarly called the
C&cussi/*

MAMORAH (now called MEHEDIA)* A port on the N*W*
coast of Morocco, at the mouth of the Wad Sebou,
which is navigable from M. to Fes* In T* Heywood's
Maid of West A* ii« 4, the surgeon says he is on a ship
** now bound for M*, A town in Barbary."" In iv* 4,
Chorus, we are told that Bess has ** Put into M*, in
Eferbary," and the news is brought to the K* of Fez*
In v* i, Mullisheg says he would not make Bess weep
** for M/s wealth*" In part ii*, act tii*, Bess says, ** I,
without thee, came to M*"

MANASSE* The elder son of Joseph, from whom the
tribe of M*, or Mh *, descended* Half the tribe received
lands on the E* of the Jordan, the other half along with
I^jhraim occupied the central part of W* Palestine, in
what was afterwards Samaria* Milton, in Trans* Ps*
tax* 10, says, ** In Ephraim's view and Benjamin's,
And in M/s sight, Awake thy strength/* la B* & F*
Elder B+ in. 5, Miramont addresses Brisac: ** He shall,
Jew; Thoo ol the tribe of many asses, coxcomb J**

MAH-OT-THE-MOON* A tavern in Cheapside, Lond*
IB Bliddletoo/s Qmet Life iii* 3, Sweetbail says thai
Franfciih is " at the Man-in-the-Moon, above stairs/'

MAN, ISLE OF* An island in the Irish Sea, almost
equidistant from the coasts of England, Scotland, and

MANICO

Ireland* From the close of the gth cent* until 1266 it
was ruled by a succession of Norwegian and Icelandic
kings, the last of whom, Magnus VI, sold it to Alexander
III of Scotland* In 1344 the Earl of Salisbury, by
marriage with the heiress to the throne, became K* of M»,
and thenceforward the island came under English con-
trol* In 1406 it was granted to Sir John Stanley, and it
remained in his family-— carrying the title K* in Man-
till 1825, when it was bought by the British Parliament
and its present constitution given to it* In H6 B* ii* 3, 1 3,
Henry sentences Eleanor, the wife of the D* of Glou-
cester, to be banished and to live " With Sir John
Stanley in the I* of M/f In the next scene Stanley
informs her accordingly* He was the grandson of the
original grantee* The Duchess is said to have been
confined in the crypt of St* German's Cathedral on
St* Patrick's Isle, off the coast near Peel* In Marlowe's
Ed. //i. i, Edward creates Gayeston ** Earl of Cornwall,
K* and lord of M." This was in 1307 ; but the lordship
of M* was an empty title* In Nash's Simmers, p* 70,
Christmas says, " I must send to the I. M* for puffins/*
The Manx puffin ("Proceliaria Anglorum") used to be
very common, and is still found on the Calf islet*

The name lends itself to an obvious pun. In Day's ParL
Bees iv*, Armiger, satirising the courtiers, says : " These
pied-winged butterflies Ne'er landed in the I* of M*,'*
z*e* they have never become true men at all* The word
is also used in the sense of the microcosm of man* In
Cooke's Green's Qttoqae, p* 560, Will Rash says, ** Love
runs through all countries, will travel through the
I* of M* in a minute/* In Dekker's Satiromastix iv* i, 89,
Horace says, ** All our understanding faculties Sit there
in their high court of parliament Enacting laws to sway
this humorous world, This little I* of M/' In Marston's
Mountebanks, the Mountebank says, ** If any woman
be troubled with the falling sickness, * * * she must
avoid the I. of M/' Harrison says that the witches of
the I* of M* " oftentimes sell winds to the mariners,
inclosed under certain knots of thread***

MANCHA, LA* The elevated plateau in the centre of
Spain, stretching from the Sierra Morena northwards to
the Alcarria* It is a desolate and barren dist* It is
chiefly memorable as the country in which Cervantes*
"Don Quixote " lived, and from which he took his title*
In May's Heir L, Clerimont speaks of " The witty knight,
Don Quixote de la Mancha/'

MANCHESTER* A city in Lanes*, on the Irwell, 180 m*
N*W* of Lond* There was a Roman station there, and
the town suffered greatly at the hands of the Danes*
But little is known of its early history, and it is only once
mentioned in the plays of this period* In Fair Em, the
heroine is the daughter of the Miller of M* in the reign
of William I ; and several of the scenes are laid in M*
in or near the Mil!* One of the clothiers in Deloney's
Reading Intro* is ** Martin Byram of M/' Fynes Mory-
son, in Itinerary iii* 3, 144, says, ** M* is an old town
* * * rich £n the trade of making woollen cloth * * * and
the cloths called M* Cottons are vulgarly known*"

MANICO* In Marlowe's Tanib. B* i* 3, Techelles, telling
the story of his (fabulous) march through Africa, says :
" I did march to Zanzibar * * * where I viewed The
Ethiopian Sea, rivers, and lakes, But neither man nor
child in all the land ; Therefore I took my course to
M* ; And by the coast of Byather at last I came to
Cubar, where the Negroes dwell*" M* would therefore
seem to lie between Zanzibar and the Bight of Biafra*
There is a dist* called Manica, near the E* coast of
S* Africa, just S* of the Zambesi, but this seems too far

330

MANNINGTREE

S* Heylyn calls the whole district in S* Africa from Zanzi-
bar across to Loandaand the Congo, Manicongo ; and M*
might well be a shortened form of this cumbrous word*

MANNINGTREE* A town in Essex on the estuary of the
Stour, 58 m* N*E* of Lond* It possessed the privilege
of holding fairs on condition of the exhibition of a
certain number of plays annually* The Essex oxen were
famous for their size and quality, and the roasting of one
whole would be a common accompaniment of the fair*
In H4 A* ii* 4, 498, the Prince apostrophises Falstaff as
*" that roasted M* ox with the pudding in his belly, that
reverend vice, that grey iniquity," the Vice being an
invariable character in the Moralities* Dekker, in
News from Hell, says, ** You shall have a slave drink
more ale in 2 days than all M* does at a Whitsun-ale*"
Nash, in Choosing of Valentines, speaks of ** seeing a
play of strange morality shewen by bachelrie of M*"
In Dekker's Seven Sins, he says, " It was acted, like
the old Morals at Maningtree, by tradesmen/'

MANNOCK-DENNY* The local name for Cadir Idris,
g*i>* In Peek's E<L /, vii*, Lluellen says, " Every man
take his standing on M*-d* and wander Hke irregulars up
and down the wilderness*" In ii*, Guenthian says to
Lluellen, ** You might as soon move Monk Davey into
the sea as Guenthian from his side/' where a probable
conjecture for Monk Davey is Mounchdenny or M*-d*
Drayton, in Polyolb* iv* 455, calls it Mounchdeny*

MANOA* The legendary capital of Guiana, otherwise
known as El Dorado, g*v* Burton* A. JHT* ii* 2,, 3, says,
" I would see those inner parts of America, whether
there be any such great city of M* or Eldorado in that
golden empire/'

MANSFIELD* A town in Notts*, 13 m* N* of Notting-
ham* It is in the heart of the Robin Hood country* In
Downfall Hnntington i* 3, Little John says to Robin,
** I at M* will attend your coming/' M* is the scene of
the Ballad of The King and the Miller of M+, in Percy
JReliques iii* 2* In Jonson's Love's Welcome, the scene of
which is in Notts., one of the characters is ** Master
A* B* C* Accidence, schoolmaster, of M/'

MANTES* A town in France on the Seine, 29 m* N.W*
of Paris* In Chapman's Trag. Byron v. i, Byron says,
** It would have stirred the image of a k* Into perpetual
motion to have stood Near the conspiracy restrained
at M*" Apparently the reference is to the k/s acceptance
of the Catholic faith at M* in 1593 ; and the suggestion
is that Byron saved him from the plottings of the dis-
appointed Protestants*

MANTINEA* One of the largest cities in Arcadia,
on the borders of Argolis, abt* 16 m* W* of Argos*
It was the scene of 5 great battles in the time
of the ancient Greeks, the most important being
that in which Epaminondas defeated the Spartans,
but lost his own life, in 363 B*C* In Shirley's
Arcadia ii* i, Musidorus says to Miso, "Meet her
this evening at M*at her father's*" In Glapthorne's
Argalns iii* i, Philarchus says, ** Amphialus is in the
grove 'twixt M* and his castle*"

MANTUA* A city in N* Italy, 80 m* W* of Venice, 90 m*
S*E* of Milan, and 25 m* S* of Verona* It was the birth-
place of Vergil* From 1329 to 1708 it was ruled by the
Dukes of the Gonzaga family* It gave its name to a sort
of silk, and, through a confusion with the French
manteau, to the word m*-maker* In Cockayne's
Trapolin ii* 3, Horatio calls it : ** Glorious M*, Virgilius
Maro's birth-place*" Chaucer, in Ifg. of Good Women
924, says, " Glorie and honour, Virgile Mantuan, Be

MANTUAN PORT

to thy name I " Davies, in Orchestra (1594) 128, prays :
4* O that I had * * * the Man of M/s charmed brain J "
In B* & F* Valentirdan ii* 2, Lycias claims to be a
Roman and a Mn* In Cromwell iii* 2, Cromwell says,
** The men of M* And these Bononians are at deadly
strife " ; and he gets a passport for Bedford to M* The
reference may be to the war in 1511, which resulted in
the restoration of the sons of Bentivoglio to Bologna* In
Shirley's Ball v* I, Freshwater says, 4* I saw little in M*
beside dancing upon the ropes ; only their strong beer
was better than any I ever drank at the Trumpet*"
Freshwater is romancing wildly, and no credit can be
attached to his travellers' tales* In Two Gent., the scene
of iv* i and v. 3 and 4 is a forest on the frontiers of M*
One of the outlaws is a Mn* In Coryat's Crudities (1611)
117, it is said that the town of Mirandula, 12 m* from
M*, was almost depopulated, because "the Bandits
* * * make their abode in it as it were their safe sanctuary
and refuge/' Valentine flees from Milan to M*, whither
he is fofiowed by Silvia* The D* pursues them and
overtakes them in the forest, where all things are made
even* In Shrew ii* i, 6p, Hortensio is introduced to
Baptisto in Padua as ** Licio, born in M/' In iv* 2, 79,
the pedant says he is " of M/' ; and Tranio tells him
that ** 'Tis death for anyone in M. To come to Padua/'
In Rom. i* 3, 28, the Nurse reminds Lady Capulet
that, when Juliet was weaned, " My Lord and you
were then at M*" In iii* 3, 148, Friar Laurence
advises Romeo, banished from Verona, to ** pass to
M*" and sojourn there* When Lady Capulet
hears of it, in iii. 5, 88, she plans to "send to
one in M*" to poison him* In v. i, 67, Romeo
is in M* and buys poison from the apothecary there,
though " M/s law is death To any he that utters them*"
The letters sent to M* miscarry, and Romeo returns
44 in post from M*" to Juliet's tomb* In Davenant's
Cr.BrotherL i, Foreste says, " The treatise lately written
to confute The desperate sect in M., calls it you The
author s* " The reference is to the disputes about the
succession in M* on the death of Vincenso II in 1627*
The scene of Day's Humour is laid partly at Venice and
partly at M. There is war between Venice and M*, and
in ii* i, Octavio says, ** I cut some few of the Mns/
throats*" It is quite unhistorical* The scene of
Massinger's Lover is laid in M* and the neighbourhood ;
the D* is called Gonsaga, but the story is entirely
imaginary* Shirley lays the scenes of his Bird, Coari&r,
and Imposture (in part) at M* In T* Heywood's Maid of
West B*, after the shipwreck of Act III, Goodlack gets
to M*, and the D* of M*, who is at war with Ferrara, is
one of the characters in Act iv* In Cockayne's Trapolin
L i, Mattemores says, 44 1 will fight for Florence, Nor
shall the Longobardy Mns* E'er win a flag while I am
in the field*" A play, now lost, was presented at Court
in 1579 entitled ** The Duke of MUan and the Duke of
Mantua" The scene of Carlell's Deserv. Fav. is prob-
ably intended to be M*, though it is not so stated* It is
taken from Solozarno's La Dnqaesa de M*f and it is clear
from line 2299 that it is within a day's journey of
Florence* In L* L* L* iv* 2, 97, Holofernes cries : " Old
Mn* ! who understandest thee not, loves thee not*"
The reference is to the poet Baptista Spagnolus
Mantuanus (Mantuan, 1448-1516), whose Edogaes were
used as a schoolbook in the i6th cent.
MANTUAN PORT* One of the gates of Bologna, leading
out to the road to Mantua* Probably the W* gate, called
Porta San Felice, is intended* In Cromwell iii* 2,
Cromwell, in Bologna, says to Bedford, 44 Could you
but get out of the Mantua p*, Then were you safe/'

MAPLE DOWN

MAPLE DOWN* A place in Kent, some 12 m* N*W, of j
Maidstone, near Wrotham* In Brome's M. Beggars i., j
the next rendezvous of the Beggars is fixed "Neither j
in village nor in town, But 3 mile off, at Maple-down/* |
MARATHON. A plain on the coast of Attica, 18 m* j
N*E. of Athens in a direct line, 22 m. by the N* road,
and 26 m. by the S*> which is the easier one* It is famous
for the victory won by Miltiades and the Athenians over
the Persians in 490 B.C. The tomb of the 192 Athenians
who fell is still to be seen, and is called the Soro. La
Wilson's Cobler 186, the soldier says, ** In the conflict
of Arbaces, general of Persia, at M., I rescued the
colours of Boeotia/' In Brome's Ct+ Beggar iv* 2,
Frederick, who is mad, says of Diana : ** Perhaps she
hunts to-day I* th' woods of Merathon or Erymanthus*"
MARCELLIS. See MARSEILLES*

MARCH* The land on the boundaries of two adjacent
countries, specially applied to the borderland between
England and Scotland, often called the N* Mes., and
to that between England and Wales* In H$ i. 2, 140,
Canterbury says, when an invasion by the Scots is dis-
cussed, ** They of those mes* Shall be a wall sufficient
to defend Our inland from the pilfering borderers*'*
In H6 C. ii* i, 140, Warwick, arriving in Herefordsh*,
says, " We are come to join with you, For in the mes*
here we heard you were/* In Vol. Welsh* L i, the father
of Caradoc is styled ** the great Earl of M*/* where the
Welsh m* is meant* In Death Huntington ii* 2, Brian
speaks of ** the Lord of the m* That lies on Wye, Lug,
and the Severn streams/* The younger Mortimer of
Marlowe's Ed. II was created Earl of M., i*e. of the
Welsh M., in 1328, His grandson, the 3rd Earl, married
Philippa, daughter of Lionel, 3rd son of Edward III*
He was succeeded in the earldom by his son Roger, and
he again by his son Edmund, who died in 1424 without
issue* Roger's daughter Anne married Richd* of Cam-
bridge, and the title of Earl of M* descended to their son
Richd., D* of York ; and so to his son Edward, after-
wards Ed* IV* The man referred to as the Earl of M.,
and husband of Glendower's daughter, in H4 A* i* 3, 84,
iv* 3* 93, and v* 5, 40, was not the Earl of M* at all, but
Edmtmd, the 2nd son of Edmund and Philippa, and
unde of the young Edmund, Earl of M* In H6 B* ii* 2,
36, Richd* of York bases his claim, to the crown on his
descent through his mother from Lionel* In iv. 2, 144,
Cade claims to be the grandson of a twin brother of
Roger Mortimer* In H6 C* i* i, 106, Henry admits that
Richd/s grandfather was Roger Mortimer, Earl of M*,
but asserts a superior claim as the son of Henry V* In
it* i, 179, Warwick addresses Edward of York as ** brave
Earl of M./' and in 191 says, " No longer Earl of M*,
but D, of York ; The next degree is England's royal
throne/' In Peele's Ed, I, the supposed potter claims,
in x£i., " No potter I, but Mortimer, the Earl of M/'
This is an anachronism. The ist Earl of M. was created
by Edward II*

MARCYLLE* See MARSEILLES*

MARE MAJORE. An old name for the Black Sea, used
by Marco Polo. In Marlowe's Tomb. B. i* 3, Then-
damas says, ** I crossed the gulf called by the name
Mare Majore of the inhabitants."

MARE ROSO* The Red Sea* In Marlowe's Tomb. B.
ifi. 5, Calipane makes Almeda ** K* of Ariadan Bordering
on M* R., near to Mecca***

MARERUBRUM* The Red Sea* In W* Rowley 's AO*s
Lost i* i, 37, Roderique says of the Moors : *' They
come to sacrifice their bloods to tis* If that be red, a

MARKET-PLACE

mare rubrum we'll make so high to quench their silver
moons," i.e* the crescent standards of the Turks*

MARGARET ($T.) AT CLIFFE. Spt. on E* coast of Kent,
just N* of the S. Foreland and S* of Walmer* In T*
Heywood's /. K. M.B* 343, Drake reports that the
Admiral of the Spanish Armada and other noble
prisoners "are by this time landed at St. Margrets
from whence your Admiral brings them up by land/'

MARGARET'S (SAINT)* Ach.inLond.,inLothbury,
opposite to the N. front of the Bank of England* It was
destroyed in the Gt. Fire, and rebuilt by Wren. Youth
was "Imprinted in Lothbury over against St* Mar-
garet's ch* by me, Wyllyam Copland/' Jyl of Breynt-
ford's Testament has the same imprint*

MARGARET'S HILL (SAINT)* The open space in front
of the Town Hail Chambers, Southward It got its
name from the ch. of St* Margaret on the Hill, which
was disused in 1539 and the site employed for the build-
ing of the Town Hall. It was the scene of the South-
wark, or S. M/s, Fair, which was 2nd only to St*
Bartholomew's Fair and was established in 1550*
Hogarth has immortalised it in his picture. An edition
of The Merry Devil was "Printed by A* M* for Francis
Falkner, and are to be sold at his shop near unto
S* Margarite's-hill in Southwarke* 1626."

MARGATE* A town in the Isle of Thanet, Kent, 90 m*
E. of Lond* Its fame as a watering place began only in
the i8th cent*; till then it was merely an obscure
fishing village* In Webster's Cuckold ii* 4, Woodroff
says, " I should by promise see the sea to-morrow As
low [z*e* as far SJ as Lee or M/r

MARGIANA. Dist. in the W* of Central Asia, lying
between Hyrcania, Scythia, Bactriana, and Ariana* It
corresponds to the modern Khorasan. It had a splendid
climate and was very fertile* Milton, P*J?* iii* 317,
describes troops coming ** From Arachosia, from
Candaor east, And M*, to the Hyrcanian cliffs Of
Caucasus."

MARIA DEL POPOLO, SANTA* A ch* in Rome, in the
Piazza del Popolo, near the gate of the same name* The
ch* was founded in 1099, but its present form is due to
Alexander VII, who restored it in the middle of the
1 7th cent. The gate was built in 1561 from the design
of Michel Angelo, and is the principal entrance to the
city from the N* In Barnes' Charter ii* i, Alexander
orders Castillian to ""fortify upon the tower of St*
Sebastian, affronting that port where proud Charles
should enter, called S* M. di P."

MARIA, PUERTO DI SANTA* Spt* on the S*W. coast
of Spain, at the mouth of the Guadalete, just opposite
to Cadiz, about €o m* N*W* of Gibraltar* In Stuchy
1562, Philip promises to send 50 gallies to help
Sebastian, " Which, on the 4th of June, near to the
straits Of Giberalter, in a haven there Called El Porto
de Sancta M., shall wait His coming on toward
Apheryca/* In B* & F* Pilgrimage i. i, Incubo takes his
leave because he has to get to the gallies this night " for
in the morning They put from Port Saint Mary's*"
The scene is at Ostina, so he would have 80 m* to go*

MARKET-PLACE. Used of the Forum Romanum in
Coriolamts and Julius Cssar. It lay in the valley between
the Palatine, Capitoline, and Quirinal hills, and was
about 200 yds. long by 70 wide at the N. end* It was the
centre of the political and social life of ancient Rome*
In Cor. ii* 3, Coriolanus appears in the market-place to
solicit the votes of the citizens* In iii* 3, he is banished
by the people assembled there by the tribunes* The

333

MARK LANE

scene of the offering of the crown to Julius Caesar,
described by Casca in /* C» i* 2, was the market-place,
and there Caesar's body was brought in iii* 2 and his
funeral oration pronounced by Antony*

MARK LANE. A st* in Lond., running S* from Fen-
church St* to Gt* Tower St* At its N.E* corner was a
manor called Blanch Appleton, where a market or mart
was kept in old times, though it had long been dis-
continued, says Stow* Hence the lane was called Marte
L* ; this was corrupted into M. L*, and even, as in the
quotation, into St. M**s L. On the E* side, between
Crutched Friars and Gt. Tower St., stands the Corn
Exchange — the Old Exchange opened in 1747, and the
New in 1827* Hence M* L. in modern parlance means
the Corn Market. In Dekker's Kings Entertainment, on
March isth, 1603, the City Companies were seated on
stands, 4* the first beginning at the upper end of
St. Mark's L., and the last reaching above the Conduit
in Fleetstreete*" In Prodigal v* i, Flowerdale says,
"To-morrow I crave your companies inM.L*" — where
he evidently lived.

MARK'S (SAINT)* A ch* and convent in Florence, at the
N. end of the Piazza San Marco* Savonarola's cell is
still shown in the convent* In Middleton's Women
beware (the scene of which is in Florence) i* 3, we have
a representation of ** a yearly custom and solemnity,
Religiously observed by the D. and States, To St* M.'s
temple, the I5th of April." If this was to celebrate
St. M/s Day (April 35th), Middleton is slightly out in
his date*

MARK'S (SAINT)* A ch* in^ Milan, in the Strada Pon-
tarcio, in the N. of the city* It was built in 1254* In
Webster's Malfi v. 2, the Dr* tells of a man afflicted with
lycanthropia who " met the D* 'bout midnight in a lane
Behind St* M* ch*" In B* & F* Woman Hater iii* 4, the
Pander makes an appointment with the Mercer to meet
a woman at his house — " the fair white house at the
further corner of St. M* st*" In both these cases I
suspect that the authors are thinking of Venice, though
the scenes of the plays are laid in Milan*

MARK'S (SAINT)* An ancient Basilica in Rome in the
Piazza Venezia, N* of the Capitol* It was founded by
Pope Mark in 337, and rebuilt in 833 by Gregory IV,
and again by Paul II in 1468* In Barnes' Charter ii. i,
Charles VIII orders: " Cause 10 brass pieces with their
shot and powder To be drawn out of S* M*"

MARK'S (SAINT)* The famous ch* at the E* end of the
Piazza San Marco at Venice* It was founded in 828 to
receive the body of St. Mark (which had been brought
from Alexandria), burnt down in 976, refounded in 977,
completed and consecrated in mi* The Treasury of
St* Mark is off the S* transept, and was stored with a
large number of relics and objects of art of the greatest
value ; it was used as a sort of reserve fund by the State,
and in 1797 many of its treasures were turned into
money* The Campanile, near its S.W* corner, was

1 finished in 1155, and has recently been restored after
its downfall a few years ago* In Jonson's Volpone iv* i,
Sir Politick notes in his diary a visit to St* M* and what
he did there* In iv* 2, Mosca, complimenting the ad-
vocate Voltore, says, " They're bound to erect your
statue in St* M*" In Massinger's Renegado L i, Fran-
cesco tells of the scorn done to him by Grimaldi 4f in
S* M*, To me as I stood at the holy altar*" In i£* 5,
Asambeg says to Grimaldi, ** Thou hast blasphemed the
Othoman power, and safer At noonday might'st have
given fire to St* M., Your proud Venetian temple*" In
Marston's A/if* Rev. iii* i, Antonio- asks, "Is this

MARSEILLES

St. M* Ch.^"; and there the whole scene takes
place, in front of Andrugio's tomb. In Davenant's
Wits i* i, Pert, returning from his travels, says,
"Meager and I have not" — and Palatine inter-
rupts, " The treasure of St* M., I believe, Sir*" The
Palmer in J* Heywood's Four PP. L has visited " Saynt
Mark in Venis*" In T* Heywood's /. JST* M. B* 295, one
of the Lords says, " I have been in Venice, In the
Realto there called S* Marks ; *Tis but a bauble, if
compared to this," z*e* Greshanfs Exchange* The
noble Lord is a little mixed in his recollections of Venice*
In Day's Travails, p. 53, Sir Antony, being at Venice,
asks, " What tidings at St* Marke < "

MARK'S PLACE (SAINT). The Piazza di San Marco, in
front of St* M. at Venice. In Jonson's Volponer ii. i is
laid in ** St* M* P*, a retired corner before Corvino's
house*" Later on in the scene Volpone appears as a
mountebank Dr* and apologizes for retiring on this
occasion " into an obscure nook of the Piazza." Prob-
ably the Piazza is meant by St* M. St* in the following
passages* In Middleton's Blurt ii. i, Hippolito asks :
" Do you know the gentleman that dwells in the midst
of St* M. St* i " and in Chapman's Usher v* 3, Cor-
tezza tells of a maid who tried to commit suicide by
throwing herself from a tower u in St* M* st*," pre-
sumably the Campanile. In Marston's What Yon iii* i,
Simplicius says, ** I know you dwell in St. Marke's
Lane at the sign of the Muscat." This is in Venice, but
probably Marston invented the Lane without any
definite idea of it, except that it was near St. M*

MAROFUS* An imaginary island, somewhere in the
East* In Com. Cond. 238, Cardolus says, " Who dares
alive presume to tread Within M* isle £ "

MARROWBONE PARK* See Marybone*

MARS, FIELD OF* The Campus Martius at Rome, £*v*
In Massinger's Actor v* i, the Tribune reports that the
body of the astrologer Ascletario "Was with all scorn
dragged to the Field of Mars And there" burnt*

MARS, TEMPLE OF. Probably the Temple of Mars
Ultor at Rome is intended* It was built by Augustus in
his Forum, as a thank-offering for his victory at
Philippi, 42 B.C. ; three of its fine Corinthian columns
may still be seen in the Via Bonella* In Richards*
Messallina v* i, 2091, Pallas says, ** From the high top q*
the temple of god Mars Let a bright burning torch ir
th' dead of night Waft our approach."

MARSEILLES. The ancient Massilia ; a spt. on the
N*E* shore of the Gulf of Lyons, 408 m* S.E* of Paris*
It was colonized by Greeks from Phocaea about
600 B*C*, and has been an important commercial port
throughout its history* It is now the 3rd largest city
in France. The Massiliots aided Rome in the 2nd Punic
War* In Nabbes* Hannibal ii. i, Syphax says, " Hath
not Scipio Joined unto him MassiHa's k* £ " Massilia,
however, was a republic and had no k* The city took
part with Pompeius in the Civil War between him and
Caesar, and in 49 B*C* it was besieged and taken by the
latter* In B* & F* False One ii* 3, Caesar says, " I razed
Massilia in my wanton anger*" In Magdalene the
heroine visits " Marcylle " in order to convert the k*
It was often chosen as a place of exile during the earlier
days of the Roman Empire* In Jonson's Catiline iv* 3,
Catiline says, " Let it be given out here in the city That
I am gone, an innocent man, to exile Into Massilia*"
The laws of MassiHa prohibited theproduction of Mimes
in the city* William Alley, in Poor Marts library (1565),
commends its ** great gravity " in this respect.

MARSHALSEA

In Shrew ii* i, 378, Gremio promises to give to his
wife "an Argosy That now is lying in Marcellus road**'
In All's iv* 4, 9, Helena says, 4< I duly am informed
His Grace is at Marceliae, to which place We have con-
venient convoy*** In iv* 5, 85, Lafeu says, ** His High-
ness comes post from Marcellus " to Rousillon, which
lies on the opposite side of the Gulf of Lyons* In v* i,
Helena arrives there, and the scene is laid in a st* of the
city* In Jonson's Ev. Man. L ii* 2, Brainworm pretends,
** I have been at M* * * * a gentleman-slave in the
galiies." In B* & F* French Law. i* i, Cleremont says
that Champernel is ** as tall a seaman as any that ever
put out from M/' In T* Heywood's Captives i* i, the
Clown informs the audience : ** They call this place
Marcellis Roade, the chief haven town in France/' and
it is the scene of the play* It is also the scene of Mas-
singer's Unnat. Com. ; and in i* i, Montreville says,
44 Here's brave young Beaufort, The meteor of Mar-
sellis, one that holds The governor his father's will and
power In more awe than his own*" In his Part. Love
i* 4, Chamont says of Beaupre : ** She was bestowed
upon A pirate of Marsellis, with whose wife She lived
5 years/' In Day's Law Tricks i* i, Polymetis speaks of
44 the choicest gems Marcellis, Pisa, or Ligorne could
yield/'

MARSHALSEA* A prison in Lond*, connected with the
Court of the King's Marshall* It was used as a prison
for debtors, and for persons charged with contempt of
lite Courts of the Marshall, the King's Palace, and the
Admiralty. It stood in the Borough High St*, South-
war^ on the E. side, opposite to the end of Union St*
Towards the end of the i8th cent* it was removed to the
site of the Old White Lion prison close to St* George's
Chu The Court was abolished and the prison pulled
down in 1849* Skelton, in Colin Clout 1164, says of an
unauthorized preacher: " The King's Bench or
Marshalsy, Have him thither by and by*" In Straw ii*,
Newton reports: "They [the rebels] have spoiled
all Southwark, broke up the M* and the King's bench/*
This was in 1381* In Bale's Johan 387, Sedition says,
** Get they false witnesses they force not of whence they
be, Be they of Newgate or be they of the M/' In Poverty
340, Envy says to Poverty, " Thou art come alate out
of M/* In H8 v* 4, 90, the Chamberlain says, " Go,
break among the press and find a way out To let the
troop pass fairly, or 111 find A M* shall hold ye play
these 2 months/* In the Puritan, L 4 and itu 5 take
place in the M* prison* In iii* 5, the prisoners are heard
crying : " Good gentlemen over the way, send your
relief*" Taylor, in Works L 91, says, ** The ocean that
Suretyship sails in is the spacious M/' In T* Heywpod's
Ed. IV B* 130, to Jane's inquiry, "What prison's
this i " Jocky replies : 44 The M*, forsooth/' In his
Royal King i&+ i, the Clown says, ** We have houses
rent free, and goodly ones, to choose where we will :
the Marfaalsie, the Counter, Newgate, Bridewell ;* and
would a man desire to dwell in stronger buildings «* "
In his Fortune v* i, the Purser says, ** Set sail from the
fetal Marshal seas*" Deloney, in Newberie vL, tells how
Wokey sent the clothiers to prison : ** 4 days lay these
men in the Marshalsey*** Tie word is also used for a
prison generally* la Studey 1349, the Provost of Cadiz
safs; of Studey: **He*s here within the palace yet
ready to go'tmto the M/* In Greene's Alphomas iv* 3,
1379, Amtjrath orders the Provost : " Go, carry Fabius
presently Unto the Marshalsie; there let frtm rest,
Qapt sure and safe in fetters all of steel/* This is in
Constantinople.

MARTIN'S-LE-GRAND (Saint)

MARSHLAND* The low-lying dist* in Lines* and Cam-
bridgesh* There were many projects for draining these
Fens in the lyth cent* In Nabbes' C* Garden i* 4, Jerker
says, ** 'Tis more improbable than the projection of
draining M* with a windmill."

MARTIN-DE-Rfi, SAINT* A town in France, on the
Isle of Rhe, 1 1 m* N*W* of La Rochelie* It has a large
trade in white and red wine* In B* & F* Pilgrimage i. i,
Diego, bringing in wine, says, 44 Here 'tis, and right St*
M/'

MARTIN, PORTE SAINT* One of the gates of the
ancient city of Paris, on the N*E* of the city, at the point
where the Boul* St* Denis becomes the BouL St* Martin*
The main road from the N* entered by this gate* La
Davenant's Rutland, p* 222, the Londoner says to the
Parisian, ** I entered your city at P* St* M*" Fynes
Moryson, in Itinerary L 2, 188, says of Paris : 44 The
streets are somewhat large, and among them the fairest
is that of St. Dennis, the 2nd St* Honore, the 3rd St*
Antoine, and the 4th St* Martine/'

MARTIN'S (SAINT)* A ch* in Lond*, on the N* side of
Ludgate Hill, E* of the Old Bailey* Its slender spire is
to be seen in all views of St* Paul's taken from the W*
It is said to have been founded by the British King
Cadwallo ; at all events, it was rebuilt in 1437, with a
curious spire-steeple, destroyed in the Gt* Fire, and
rebuilt by Wren* Davenport's Crpwne for a Conqueror
was "Printed by E* P* for Francis Constable, and are
to be sold at his shop under St* Martin's Ch* at Ludgate*
1639*"

MARTWS-IN-THE-FIELDS (SAINT)* A ch* in
Lond*, now on the E. side of Trafalgar Sq*, but formerly,
as the name implies, in the open country* It was built first
in 1535, but the old ch*, being too small for the growing
parish, was pulled down in 1721 and the present fine
building erected* Here Francis Bacon was christened ;
and it was a favourite place for burials, amongst many
others who were interred here being George Heriot,
well known to the readers of The Fortunes of Nigel ;
Sir John Davis, the poet; Mayerne, the physician;
Dobson, the painter; and, later, Nell Gwynne* It gave
its name to St* Martin's Lane, Charing Cross, which wajs
laid put in 1613 and soon became a fashionable resi-
dential st* In Mtddleton's Quarrel iv* 2, the CoL directs
in his will ** the disposure of my body in burial at St*
Martin's i' the Field*" In his Five Gallants i* i, Arthur
brings in a trunk of apparel ** from St* Martin's-in-the-
Fields/* The Booke of Fortune, attributed to Sir T*
More, was ** Imprinted by me, Robert Wyer, dwelling
in Saynt Martyns parish, in the Dtike of Suffolk's rents,
beside Charing Cross/'

MARTIN'S-LE-GRAND (SAINT)* A collegiate Ch* in
Lond*, with the right of sanctuary, founded in 750,
enlarged in 1056, and chartered by William I in 1068*
It stood on the E* side of St* M. Lane, now St*
M*-le-g*, on the site of the present Post Office* The
curfew was rung from its tower, and at its sound the
gates of the city closed for the night* The ch* was
destroyed at the dissolution of the Monasteries in^the
reign of Henry VIII, but the right of sanctuary remained
till 1697, and as a result St* M* Lane became the resort
of all manner of criminals and debtors* Many foreign
artificers also settled within the sanctuary, and it
became notorious for the sale of cheap clothes and boots,
sham jewellery, copper lace, known as St* M* lace* and
all sorts of second-rate finery* When the ch* was pulled
down a tavern was built on its site, called St* M* in the

334

MARY AUDRIES (SAINT)

Sentree, or Sanctuary. In News BarthoL Fair, in the
list of taverns, we find: "Now of late, St. Martin's in
the Sentree*"

In Dekker's Shoemaker's L i, Eyre speaks of the
shoemakers as "the flower of St. M*" Deloney, in
Craft ii* 10, says, " There dwelt in St. M* a jolly shoe-
maker, he was commonly called the Green King/' In
Reading vi*, the visitors to Lond* "viewed in St*
M* shoemakers*" Dekker, in Hornbook iii., advises the
Gull to " fetch thee boots out of S* Martens*" Lyly, in
Pappe with an Hatchet (Elis* Pamph*), p* 56, accuses
Martin Marprelate of drawing " divinity from the
Colleges of Oxford and Cambridge to Shoemakers'
Hall in Sainct Martins*" In Dekker's Westward ii*
i, Justiniano says to Judith, "You must to the
Pawn to buy lawn ; to St* M* for lace*" So Milton,
Areopagitica (Fletcher), p* 114, "our Lond* trading
St* Thomas in his vestry, and add to that St* Martin and
St* Hugh — that patron saint of shoemakers — have not
more vendible ware, ready made*" In Northward i* 3,
when Jack Hornet is to be dressed up as Doll's father,
with a chain about his neck and so forth, Doll says,
" For that St* M* and we will talk*" In Massinger's
Madam iv* 3, young Goldwire, being assured that he is
to inherit a fortune, says to Shave'em, his mistress,
" Cheapside and the Exchange Shall court thy custom,
and thou shalt forget There e'er was a St* M*" In
the Accounts of Revels at Court (1573), there is an entry
of " Copper silver fringe " bought of " John Wever
of St* M*" St* M* rings were gilt copper rings,
and St* M* stuff or ware meant counterfeit goods*
Mynshull, in Essays of a Prison (1618) 33, says,
" They are like the rings and chains bought at
S* Martines, that wear fair for a little time, but
shortly after will prove Alchimy, or rather pure
copper*" In Dekker's Northward ii. i, Hornet, with
a brass chain about his neck, says, "Your right
whiffler hangs himself [fits himself with a chain] in
St* M* and not in Cheapside*" In Brome's Moor iii* 3,
Banelass mentions amongst his conquests "the
streight spiny shop-maid in St* M*" In Braith-
waite's Honest Ghost (1658), we have "By this he travels
to St* M* Lane And to the shops he goes to buy a chain."
Becon, in Jewel of Joy (1560) ii* 19, says, " Certain
light brains will rather Wear a Marten chain, the price
of viiid* than they would be unchained*" In Comptefs
Commonwealth (1617), p* 38, St* M*'s rings are defined
as "fair to the eye, but if a man break them asunder
and looke into them, they are nothing but brasse and
copper* In Greene's Quip* p* 346, we read of " a
frenchman and a millainer in S* M*, and sells shirts,
bands, bracelets, Jewells, and such pretty toys for gentle-
women*" In Moret ii. 3 is laid in St* M*-le-g*, and
Lincoln says, "This is St*M*,and yonder dwells Mutas,
a wealthy Picardye, De Bard, Peter Van Hollocke,
Adrian Martine, With many more outlandish fugitives*"

MARY AUDRIES (SAINT)* A variant of St* Mary
Overies, #*i>* Taylor, in Works ii* 163, says, "Now
here I land thee at S* Mary Audries*"

MARY AXE (SAINT)* A st* in Lond*, running N* from
Leadenhall St* to Camomile St* There was a ch*
dedicated to St* Mary in the street in old times, but it
had been turned into a warehouse before Stow's day* A
shop at the corner with the sign of The Axe gave it its
specific name* Dekker, in Jests, mentions " Milk St*,
Bread St*, Lime St*, and S. Mary Axe ** as quarters
inhabited by city merchants,

MARY-LE-BOW (SAINT)* See Bow CHURCH*

MARY'S (SAINT) CHAPEL

MARY MAGDALEN (SAINT)* A ch* in Lond., in Old
Fish St* at the junction of Old Change and Knightrider
St*, destroyed in the Gt* Fire and rebuilt by Wren* It
was much damaged by a fire in 1886, and was con-
sequently taken down* Thomas Lodge belonged to this
parish* There was another ch* of St* M. M* in Milk St*,
which was not rebuilt after its destruction in the Gt*
Fire* In Middleton's Five Gallants i* i, Frippery, the
broker, speaks of having customers in the parishes of
St* Bride's, St* Dunstan's, and St* M* Maudlin's* It
is impossible to say which of the two is meant* T* Hey-
wood's Traveller was "Printed by Robert Raworth,
dwelling in Old Fish-st*, near St* M* Maudlins Ch*
1633*"

MARY OVERIES (SAINT), now ST* SAVIOUR'S, SODTH-
WARK* An ancient ch* on the W* side of the Borough
High St*, Southwark, just over Lond* Edge* Its taU
square tower is almost as prominent a feature in
pictures of Old Lond* as the steeple of St* Paul's* It is
mythically connected with a certain Mary Audrey, the
wife of a Thames ferryman, who is said to have founded
a sisterhood there ; at any rate, there was a priory at
this place in the I3th cent*, which was burnt down in
1313* When it was rebuilt the ch* was dedicated to St*
M* Magdalene, and was probably called St* M* Overy,
or O*, because it was over the river from Lond* The
poet Gower gave generously to its enlargement and
is buried in the ch* James I of Scotland was married
there in 1434* At the dissolution of the Monasteries the
ch* was bought by the inhabitants as their parish ch*,
and, being united with the priory ch* of St* Saviour's,
took that name* The Lady Chapel is part of the old ch* ;
the tower dates from the i6th cent*, and had a fine peal
of 13 bells* Edmund Shakespeare (the brother of the
dramatist), John Fletcher, and Philip Massinger are
buried there* It shared with St* Antholin's (g*t>*) the
favour of the Puritans* In Dekker's Shoemaker's iii* i,
Hodge says his coins " jingle in my pocket like St* M*
Overy's bells*" In The Puritan, two of the serving-men
of the Puritan widow are Nicholas St*-Tantlings and
Simon St*-MXX: they are described in i* 3 as
"Puritanical scrape-shoes, Flesh a good Fridays,"
Dekker, in Jests 10* 14, tells how " A couple of serving-
men, having drunk hard in Southwarke, came to take
water about 10 or ii of the clock at night at S* M*-o«.
Stairs*" In Deloney's Reading xi*, Cole says, " Me-
thinks these instruments sound like the ring of S* M* O*
bells*" In verses prefixed to Coryafs Crudities (1611),
Vadianus says that for joy at Coryat's return "St-
Marie O* shot the Bdge*" In Urquhart's Rabelais i* 37^
the Friars appeal to " Our Lady on the other side of the
water, St* M> Over*"

MARY (SAINT), WHITECHAPEL, or ST* M* MAT-
FELLON (r.e* S* MARIAE MATRI ET FUJO}* An ancient
ch* in Whitechapel, dating from 1339 at least* It was
originally a chapel of ease to Stepney, and was called
the White Chapel, whence the name of the parish* It
stands at the W* end of the Whitechapel Rd. on the
S* side, just this side of Union St* Brandon, the sup-
posed executioner of Charles I, was buried here j and it
was a centre of Puritan teaching during the Common-
wealth* In Cowley's Cutter Iv* 5, Cutter speaks of " our
brother Zephaniah Fats, an opener of revelations to the
worthy in Mary WhitechappeL"

MARY'S (SAINT) CHAPEL* At Angers, in which Lewis
and Blanche were married* The cathedral of Angers is
dedicated to St* Maurice; possibly St* M* may be
meant for St* Maurice, but it is more probably the Lady

335

MARY'S (SAINT), CAERNARVON

C* of the Cathedral. In Trouble. Reign, Has*, p. 351,
John says, "Prepare the marriage rites Which in
S. Maries C* presently Shall be performed/'

MARY'S (SAINT), CAERNARVON, The chapel-of-ease
to the parish clu of C*, the ch* itself being some distance
from the town* In Peele's Ed. I p. 24, the Harper says
to Lluellen, ** Your father, by foul weather of war, was
driven to take sanctuary in St. M* at Carnarvon, where
he begat your worship and your brother David/*

MARY'S (SAINT), NOTTINGHAM. The principal ciu
in Nottingham, said to have been built in the 7th cent.,
now enlarged and modernized. It stands on a hill, and
its tall square tower is conspicuous in ail views of the
city* In Sampson's Vow L i, 53, Ursula says to the
lovers, ** To St* Maries presently I The Priest stays,
the clerk whines to say Amen/' In ii. i, 71, Bateman
says, 4* Commend me to the bells of St* Maries and tell
*em my chops water to chime all in/'

MARY (SAINT) SPITAL. A Priory of St. M., founded by
Walter Brune, or Brewen, and his wife, Rosia, in 1197*
It stood at the point where Bishopsgate St. Without
becomes Norton Folgate, on the E. side of the St.,
between Spital Sq. and White Lion St. In the corner
house of the latter one of the jambs of the old gateway
may still be seen, built into the wall. It had 180 beds
for the sick at the time of the dissolution of the religious
houses by Henry VIII, but it had to go all the same, and
the site was used for private mansions. A part of the
churchyard was, however, left, with an open-air pulpit,
and from this annual sermons were preached on Mon-
day, Tuesday, and Wednesday of Easter Week, on the
Resurrection. After the Gt. Fire the sermons were
removed, first to St* Bridget's, Fleet St., and then to
Christ Ch* in Newgate St. They were attended by the
Lord Mayor and Aldermen in state. Rowley's New
Wonder tells the story of the benefactions of Waiter
Brune : in ivv he says, " Near Norton Folgate have I
bought ground, * . . to erect this house, Which I will call
St* M. Hospital/' In Skeltoa's Colin Clout 1177, the
Prelates complain: "At Paul's Cross and elsewhere,
Of>enly at Westminstere And M* Spittle they set not by
t*s a whittle/*

MARY THE VIRGIN (SArar)* A ch* in Lond* at the
comer of Aldermanbury and Love Lane, It was
destroyed in the Gt* Fire and rebuilt by Wren* John
Hemminge and Henry Condell, the editors of the ist
Folio of Shakespeare, are buried here*

MARY (SAINT) THE VIRGIN, OXFORD* The Uni-
versity Ch. of Oxford, on the N* side of High St-, at
the corner of Catherine St. It was founded by Alfred
the Great, but the present ch* was built during the reign
of Henry VII, and the interior was restored in the early
part of the rgth cent. Here the University sermons are
preached* Earle, in Microcosmography ii*, says of the
young raw preacher : ** His collections of study are the
notes of sermons, which, taken up at St. Mary's, he
utters in the country." The University Ch. of Cam-
bridge is Gt* St. Mary's, but as Earle was an Oxford
man it may be assumed that it is to the Oxford St*
Mary's that he is referring* So, in xliii., Earle says of
the bold^forward man : " He never defers St. Mary's
beyond his regency, and his next sermon is at Paul's
Cross,** Le* he takes the earliest opportunity of preach-
ing before the University, So Burton, A. M. Intro.,
says, ** Had I been as forward as some others> I might
have fiaply printed a sermon at Paul's Cross, a sermon
in St* Mane's* Oxon/' Burton, like Earle, was an
Oxford man*

MASSAGETAE

MARY'S PORT (SAINT)* See MARIA, PUERTO BI SAITCA.
MARY'S (SAINT), YORK. A Benedictine Abbey,
founded by Alan, Earl of Richmond, on the N* bank of
the Ouse at York, just beyond Lendal Bdge. The ruins
are extensive and are very interesting ; the grounds are
used as a public park, under the name of the Museum
Gardens* In Downfall Huntington ii* 2, Scarlett says of
a certain priest : " He is of York and of St* M* cloister/'
MARYBONE (or, more fully, MARYLEBONE)* Lying
between Oxford St* and Regent's Park* Was, in the i6th
cent* a country vill* near Lond* It took its name from
a little chapel dedicated to St* Mary-le-Bourne, Le. on
the Bourne or brook which gave its name also to Tyburn*
Others think it is a corruption of St. Mary-la-Bonne.
This chapel was replaced by a ch* on the W. side of
i High St., near its junction with Maryiebone Rd., which
j is represented in Hogarth's picture of the Rake's
I Wedding. It was pulled down in 1741 and replaced by
the present ch,, now a chapel-of-ease to the new ch* on
the S* side of Maryiebone Rd., opposite to the York
Gate of Regent's Park. M* Park and M* Park Fields
corresponded to what is now Regent's Park* In Jonson's
Tub iii* 5, Hugh, having been robbed between Hamp-
stead Heath and Kentish Town, " went to the next
Justice, One Master Bramble, here at M." In v. i,
Scriben says, "The clock dropped 12 at M/' In
Middleton's R. G. ii* 3, Laxton, entering in Grays-Inn-
Fields with a coachman, says, ** Prithee drive thy coach
to the hither end of M. Park, a fit place for Moll to get
in/' In his Quarrel iv. 4, Trimtram gives as the reason
why the pander, the bawd, and the whore were ** buried
near M. Park " that they were hanged at Tyburn. In
Fragmenta Regalia (1641), we are told of a duel fought
between Lord Essex and Sir Charles Blount "near
M. Park." In Brome's Northern ii. i, Fitchow surmises
that her sister has come ** to invite me forth into the air
of Hide-Park or M." In Nabbes' Totenham i. 6, Worth-
good says, " This, sure, is Marrowbone-park and he the
keeper/'

MARYBOSSE FERRY. In Boss Alley, on the S* side
of Thames St., Lond., there was a boss, or drinking
fountain, continually running, erected by Sir Richard
Whittington* On the N. side of Thames St., opposite
to Boss Alley, was St. Mary's Hill, with the church of
St* Mary-at-Hill upon it. The boss was in the parish of
St* Mary, and would naturally enough be called M*
It is close to Billingsgate, and the ferry would therefore
be that from Billingsgate, at the bottom of Boss Alley,
across the Thames* In Wilson's Pedler noi, the Pedler
says, ** To pass through M. F. they have chosen, In the
which sea unto death they shall be frozen/'

MARYGOLD. A bookseller's sign in Lond* H* Shirley's
Mart. Soldier was "Printed by I* Okes, and are to be
sold by Francis Eglesfield at his house in Paul's church-
yard at the sign of the M/*

MARYLEBONE* See MARYBONE*

MASHAM* A town in N* Riding Yorks., 30 m* N.W* of
York* In H$ ii. prol. 24, ** Henry, Lord Scroop of M*,"
is named as one of the conspirators ; and in ii* 2, 94,
he is condemned to death* He was the grandson of
Henry ie Scroop, the ist Baron M*

MASSAGETAE* A Scythian tribe living to the E* of the
Caspian Sea, on the E. bank of the Araxes* Cyrus was
killed in fight with them and their Q* Tomyris* Hero-
dotus (i* 315) describes them as savage and warlike,
having their wives in common, and killing and eating
their old people. In Tiberias 1 135, Germanicus, speaking

MASSIC HILLS

of the Angrivarii in Germany, says, " Not Massagetes
were so cruel called/* La Antonie L igi, the Chorus
says, " To shun them go we should To Scythes and
Massagetes Who near the Pole reside/*

MASSIC HELLS (now MONTE MASSICO)* A range of
hills in N* Campania in Italy* They still produce a wine
which ranks second only to the famous Falernian* In
Nabbes* Hannibal L i, Maharball says of the Cartha-
ginians at Capua : " We drink no wine But of Cam-
pania's Mascicus***

MASSELIA* Sea MARSEILLES*

MASSINGHAM* A yilL in Norfolk abt* 28 m* N*W* of
Norwich* In Mankind, p* 23, Nought says, " I should
go to William Patrick of M*; I shall spare Master
Allington of Bottisham, and Hammond of Swaffham***

MASTER'S SIDE* See COUNTER, FLEET PRISON*

MAUBORN* SeeMALVEBN*

MAUDLEYN* See MAGDALA*

MAURETANIA* The old name for the dist* in N*W*
Africa including Morocco and part of Algiers* In Mar-
lowe's Dido iv*, Dido commands her guards "With
Mn* darts to wait upon " Aeneas* In Jensen's Catiline
L i, Catiline assures his followers that the armies near
hand are ** commanded by our friends : one army in
Spain by Cnaeus Piso, the other in M* by Nucerinus*"
In his Blackness, ** black M/' is the first place ending in
-tania, one of which is to be the abode of liberty
(Britannia being naturally the one intended)* In T* Hey-
wood's Maid of West A* v* i, Clem addresses the K* of
Fez as 4* Great monarch of the Mns*" In Cooke's
Greene's Quoque, p. 555, Spendall speaks of " a Mn*
Moor*" In Marlowe's Tam&* A* iii. 3, the Basso an-
nounces that the Turks have "now in arms 10,000
Janissaries, Mounted on lusty Mn* steeds," i *e* Barbary
horses. In May's Agrippina iv* 473, Petronius, inveigh-
ing against Roman extravagance, says, 4* The Mn*
grounds To get wild beasts are searched" for the
amphitheatre* See also BARBARY* MOROCCO, MOOR*

MAURICE (or, more fully, THE GRAVE M*, £*e* GRAF)* A
house of entertainment in Hyde Park* It was named
after Prince M* of Nassau, the son of William the
Silent, governor of the United Provinces (1584-1625)*
He was popular in England as the champion of Pro-
testantism against Spain* It was called the Lodge in the
latter part of the xyth cent*, and, later still, the Cake
House* It stood about the centre of the Park, and was
pulled down in 1730 when the Serpentine was con-
structed* The Lond* Directory records still a taverns
with the sign of the Grave M*, one in Whitechapel Rd*,
the other ia St. Leonard's Rd* In Shirley's Hyde Park
iv* i, Fairfield says, ** I'll try what sack can do ; I have
sent my footman to the M* for a bottle**' Later the inn
is called " His Excellence* Head*"

MAURUS (a MOOR, 3*1;*)* In Tit. iv* 2, 20, Demetrius
reads from a scroll : ** Integer vitae, scelerisque purus,
noti eget Mauri jaculis nee arcu," to which Chiron
responds ** O* 'tis a verse in Horace ; I know it well ;
I read it in the Grammar long ago*" This couplet is
twice quoted in Lily's Grammar, first as an example of
the use of the ablative after verbs of lack, and then in
the section " De generibus carminum/'

MAUSOLEUM* The tomb erected by Artemisia at
Halicarnassus in the middle of the 4th cent* B*C* to the
memory of her husband Mausolus* K* of Caria* It was
accounted one of the 7 wonders of the world* In Mar-
lowe's Tomb. B* ii* 4, Tamburlaine, on the death of

MEANDER

Zenocrate, exclaims: " In as rich a tomb as Mausolus
We both will rest*" In Webster's Gamester iv*, Beau-
mont predicts : ** When I am dead, Thy tears shall
raise a monument of pearl, To outdo the great Mausolus*
sepulchre*"

MAWLBORNE HILLS* See MALVEEN HILLS*

MAWT* See MALTA*

MAYENCE* SeeMENTZ*

MAYNE* See MAINE*

MAYOR'S LANE* Apparently some st* in the neigh-
bourhood of Bunhill Fields, Lond I suspect a pun is
intended with Magalhaen ; I cannot find a M* L*, but
the name may have been given jestingly to City Rd*, or
Worship St* On further consideration I am disposed to
read Magel L*, z*e* Magalhaen. In B* & F* Friends i* 2,
Blacksnout says that he got a wound in the groin ** at the
siege of Bunml, passing the straights 'twixt M* L* and
Terra del Fuego, the fiery isle/* The Straits of Magal-
haen lie between S* America and Terra del Fuego*

MAY-POLE* There was a M* set up annually in Lond*
in Leadenhall St,, opposite St* Andrew Undershaft,
so called from the M* which towered above the ch*
steeple* In the intervals it was hung on a set of hooks
let into the wall of Undershaft Alley* It was last erected
on the 4* Evil May-Day " of 1513. It was kept on its
hooks till 1549, when it was destroyed by the Puritans
as an Idol. Another M*, 100 ft* high, stood on the site
of the ch. of St* Mary-le-Strand* It was destroyed by
the Puritans in 1644, but another, 134 ft* high, was set
up at the Restoration of Charles II* It gradually decayed
and was replaced by another, a little further W*, in
1713* This was removed in the time of Sir Isaac
Newton and the timber used as a support for Huyghens*
telescope in Wanstead Park* M. Alley preserves its
memory* In Rowley's Match Mid. iv*, Alexander
threatens to strip himself " as naked as Grantham
steeple or the Strand M*'* In Pasquin's Palinodia (1619)
B* 3, we have : *4 Our approach Within the spacious
passage of the Strand Objected to our sight a summer-
broach, Ycleped a M,, which in all our land No city,
st*, nor town can parallel, Nor can the lofty spire of
ClerkenwelL" In Middleton's #* G. iii, 3, Trapdoor,
exhorted to stand up, says, " Like your new M*"

MAZlfeRES* A town in S* France, on the Lets, 29 m*
N*E* of Foix ; but in the passage following the author
appears to confuse it with Najarra, or Nagero, an old
town in N* Spain, 140 m* N* of Madrid* It was formerly
a favourite residence of the Kings of Navarre. In
Smith's Hector L 3, 73, the Bastard of Spain tells how
the Black Prince ** opposed me at M* and won the day***
Scene i of Act III is laid at M*

MAZZARA* An ancient division of Sicily, including the
W* part of the island* Its chief town was Palermo* In
Davenant's Platomc L i, Fredaline says that Phylamont
rules " all that rich Masara yields*"

MEANDER* A river in Asia Minor, rising in Phrygia*
and flowing W* by a proverbially circuitous course to
die Aegean Sea, dose to Miletus* It abounded in
swans* In Glapthorne's Argalus ii* a, Aminta says,
" Winding M* first shall straightly run Ere Clitophon's
false heart do serious prove*** In Dekker's Westward
ii* 3, Jttstiniano says, " Come, drink up Rhine, Thames,
and M* dry*" In Nash's Summers, p* 70, Christmas
says, 4t I must rig ship to M* for swans*** In Chapman's
Usher iii* a, Bassiolo swears he will keep his friendship
"While there be bees in Hybla, or white swans In

MEATH

bright M/' In Milton's Comas 230, a song begins : ]
44 Sweet Echo that liv'st unseen By slow M/s margent
green/' Spenser, F* Q* iv* n, 2,1, calls it "Maeander
intricate/* Davies, in Orchestra (1594) 53, says, " I love
Maeander's path Which to the tunes of dying swans
doth dance Such winding slights/* In Preface to
Zepheria (1594) 8, the author says, " Ye fetcht your pens I
from wing of singing swan, When * * * she floats
Adown M* streams*" Tofte, in Laura (1597) xiv* i>
says, ** The swift M*, turning, winds so fast And with
his stream in circle-wise so runs, That wanton-like from
whence he springs at last Back to his fountain-head
again he comes/' Hall, in Satires iv* 3, says that " M*
[breeds] heath/* In Antorae ii. 347, the Chorus says,
** The bird in death That most Maeander loves So
sweetly sighs his breath When death his fury proves/'
The word is used generally of any winding path or
course* In Temp, iii* 3, 3, Gonzalo says, ** Here's a !
maze trod indeed through forth-rights and ms/' |
T. Heywood, in Witches iv* 326, says, " The more I I
strive to unwind myself From this M*, I the more
therein Am indicated/'

MEATH* SeeMENTZ*

MECCA* A town in Arabia, near the E. coast of the Red
Sea, abt* 45 m* E. of the port of Jiddah* Here Mohammed
was born about A *D* 570, and here he began to preach
his doctrine of the unity of Allah* After 10 or 12 years
he and his followers left M*in 623, and from this Sight,
or Hijira, all Mohammedan dates are reckoned* He
returned and conquered M* in 630, and died there in
632. His coffin, it was said, remained suspended in the
air without any visible support. The Ka'aba, an ancient
heathen shrine, became the centre of Mohammedan
worship, the most revered object being the Black
Stone, set in the S*E* comer of the Ka'aba, which is
itself in the middle of the great Mosque. It is the
ambition of every Mohammedan to make the Pilgrimage
to M. at least once in his life, and scores of thousands
of pilgrims travel thither every year* In Marlowe's
FOHZ&* B* iii* 5, Caliapine invests Almeda "K. of
Atiadan Bordering on Mare Rosa, near to M/' In
Jooson's AagEors, Vangoose, by his Ars Catoptrica (a
soft of magic lantern), promises to show the company
** de pilgrim dat go now, two, dre tousand mile to de
great Mahomet at de Media/' In T* Heywood's
Maid of West A. iv* 3, Mullisheg says, ** Our God shall
be our pleasure ; For so our Mn* prophet warrants us*"
In Nash's Lenten, p* 303, one Mr. Harborne is credited
with having so spread the fame of England that the pagans
"talk of Lond* as frequently as of their prophet's tomb
at M*" In Marlowe's Tomb. B* i* i, Orcanes swears by
** Sacred Mahomet whose glorious body Closed in a
coffin mounted up the air And hung on stately M/s
temple-roof/* In S* Rowley's When You B. i*, Summers
says, "Mahomet, that was buried i' th' top ofs du at
Meca* his tomb fell down/' In Nash's Wilton E* 3, we
liave: " We being Moechi [z*e* adulterers] fetch our
antiquity from the temple of Moecha where Mahomet
is hung up " : where there is, of course, an allusion
to Mohammed's permission of a plurality of wives*
Constable, in Diana (1594) iv* 5, says of Mahomet :
•" In midst of M/s temple roof, some say, He now
faangs, without touch or stay at all/* In Mason's
Muttmsses 693, Mulleasses addresses Mahomet as

** Thott God of Mecha, mighty Mahomet/' In B* & F*
Scornftd iii. 2, the Capt* says to Loveless, ** M* shall
sweat and Mahomet shall fall, And thy dear name fill
lip his monument*"

2*8

MEDIA

MECHLIN* A city in Belgium, 14 m* S*E* of Antwerp,
famous for its lace. In Middleton's Chess iv* 4, the
Black Knight promises a Savoy dame that she should
have a child ** If she could stride over St. Rumbaut's
breeches: A relique kept at M/' This Rumbaut is
Rumoldus, or Rumbold, said to have been Bp* of
Dublin, and to have been murdered at M* A*D* 775*
His body was miraculously discovered, and the cathedral
was built in his honour, with a massive square tower,
300 ft* high, which is still the principal object of interest
in the city* Here were preserved the miraculous
nether garments of the Saint*

MECKLENBURG* Dist* in N* Germany on the Baltic,
E* of Holstein* It was divided into 2 duchies, M*-
Schwerin and M.-Gustrow. In the 30 Years' War they
were sold by the Emperor to Wallenstein, and the Dukes
expelled. They were subsequently restored by Gustavus
Adolphus* In Glapthorne's Wallenstein ii* 3, the K» of
Hungary speaks of Wallenstein as " Your General of
your forces Of Gloyawe, Mechlenburg, Saga, Fridland/'
Wallenstein was D* of Friedland, in W* Prussia, then
part of Poland ; Glogau and Sagan are in the N* of
Silesia*

MEDDELLOM* See MEDDLEHAM*

MEDIA (Ms* = Medes, Mn. = Median)* The country
lying S* of the Caspian Sea, E. of Armenia and Assyria*
Its capital was Ecbatana* The Ms* were probably of
Indo-European stock, doseiy aH-n to the Persians*
Cyrus of Anshan united the Ms* and Persians under his
rule, and founded the Medo-Persian Empire 538 B.c*
After the downfall of the Persian Empire the Ms* were
subject to the Greeks and the Syrian kings* Then they
came under the rule of the Parthian kings, on the E*
frontier of the Roman Empire* Their subsequent his-
tory is bound up with that of Persia, of which they form
a part. In old times the Ms* were famous for their
courage and their skill in horsemanship and the use of
the bow* Later they gained a reputation for luxury both
in dress and living* M* is one of the characters in Darius.
In Cyrus i* i, Cyrus addresses his army as ** Ye Persians,
Ms., and Hyrcanians." In Respublica ii* i, Respublica,
meditating on the mutability of things, says, " Where is
the great empire of the Ms* and Persians i " In Middle-
ton's Changeling i. i, when Alsemero kisses Beatrice,
Jasperino exdaims, ** How now 1 the laws of the Ms*
are changed sure/* The idea that the laws of the Ms*
and Persians could not be changed got currency from
the statements in Daniel vi* 9 and Esther i* 19, but it
does not seem to have any authority from history* In
Partiall i* 3, Lucina says, * Your commands, lie to
laws of Ms* and Persians, I have obeyed*"

La C&sarrs Rev. iii* 4, Caesar says, ** I'll fill Armenians
plains and Mns* hills With carcasses of bastard Scithian
brood*" This was to be in revenge for the defeat and
death of Crassus in 53 B.C* In Octavia 504, ByUius says,
** I was in M* when Phraates slew Great" Tatianus
fighting for my lord*" The reference is to the defeat of
Antony's generals in 36 B*C*, by Phraates IV, K* of
Parthia* In Ant. iii* i, 7, after the defeat of Pacorus of
Parthia, in 38 B>c., Silius urges Ventidius "Spur through
M*, Mesopotamia, and the shelters whither The routed
fly*" In iii* 6, 14, Caesar complains that Antony has
given ** Great M** Parthia, and Armenia " to his son
Alexander* This arrangement was to take effect after
Antony had conquered these lands, which he never did*
In iii* 6, 75, Caesar says that amongst Antony's allies are
"Polemon and Amyntas, The kings of Mede and
Lycaonia/' This is a slip : Polemon was K* of Pontus ;

MEDINA SIDONIA

the K* of M* was Artavasdes, who allied himself with
Antony after the disasters of 36 B.c*, in which he had
fougnt along with Phraates, but had later given shelter
to Antony's fleeing troops* In Nero ii* 3, Scaevinus
says, ** Shall we, whom neither The Mn* bow nor
Macedonian spear . * * could Subdue, lay down our
necks to tyrant's axe i " In Marlowe's Tomb. A* L i,
Cosroes announces : " The plot is laid by Persian noble-
men And captains of the Mn* garrisons To crown me
emperor of Asia*" He is made Emperor, but is con-
quered by Tamburlaine, who founded the Persian
dynasty of the Timurides* In Kyd's Cornelia L,
Cicero asks, "Were they [the Romans] the heirs To
Persia or the Ms*, first Monarchies*"* Milton, P. R.
iii* 320, introduces troops of soldiers ** Of Adiabene, M*,
and the S. Of Susiana*" In P. R. iii* 376, he recalls how
the Ten Tribes of the N* kingdom of Israel " yet serve
In Habor and among the Ms, dispersed." (See II Kings
xvii* 6*) In P* L. iv. 171, he tells how the devil Asmodeus
was " with a vengeance sent From M* post to Egypt*"
(See Tobit viii* 3*)

In Chapman's Trag. Byron iv* i, Byron says that
Alexander the Gt* did not spend his treasures 4t On
Mn* luxury, banquets, and women*" In Massinger's
Maid Hon. iii* i, Bertoldo says, 4t All delicates Prepared
by Mn* cooks for epicures, When not our own, are
bitter*" In Taming of a Shrew, Has;*, p* 513, Fernando
promises Kate : " Thou shalt have garments wrought
of Mn. silk*" In Massinger's Bondman i* 3, Timoleon
sarcastically advises the Syracusans to humour their
conquerors : " Cover the floors on which they are to
tread With costly Mn* silks*" In Noble Ladies, Cyprian
promises Justina ** Fine Mn* linen and barbarian silks*"
In Marlowe's Tamb. A* L 2* Tamburlaine promises
Zenocrate " Thy garments shall be made of Mn* silk*"
In Jonson's Magnetic i* 5, Polish, in a couple of atrocious
puns, says, " the Persians were our Puritans, Had the
fine piercing wits," and the Ms. were " the middle-men,
the lukewarm protestants*"

MEDINA SIDONIA* A city in the extreme S* of Spain,
on a hill 21 m* W* of Cadiz* It gave their title to the
Dukes of the house of Guzman el Bueno. The fact that
the D* of M* Sidonia commanded the Spanish Armada
made the name familiar to Englishmen* In Webster's
Weakest i* 2, we have mention of ** Hernando the great
D* of M*" There is a D* of M* in B* & F* Rule a Wife.
In Lust's Domin* ii* 3, the Q* says, ** Spread abroad in
Madrid, Granada, and M* The hopes of Philip/' In
Dekker's Babylon 257, Como, speaking of the Spanish
Armada, says : u This squadron stout Medyna does
command*" In B* & F* Pilgrim iv* 3, Julietta says,
" I have a business from the D, of M*"

MEDITERRANEAN ELE* Used humorously for Paul's
Walk, the middle aisle of St* Paul's, Lond*, g*i>* Dekker,
in Hornbook iv*, says, after speaking of Paul's Walk :
"Your Mediterranean He is then the only gallery
wherein the pictures of all your true fashionate and
complemental Guls are, and ought to be, hung up*"
(See under PAUL'S (SAINT)* See also below*)

MEDITERRANEAN SEA* Between the S* of Europe
and the N* of Africa, from the Straits of Gibraltar to
Syria* In Temp* L 2, 234* Ariel announces : " For the
rest of the fleet Which I dispersed, they all have met
again And are upon the M* flote Bound sadly home for
Naples*" In L* JC* L* v* i, 61, Armado swears : u Now,
by the salt wave of the Mediterraneum, a sweet touch,
a quick venue of wit/' The M* is much salter than the
open ocean, and salt is an emblem of wit* La the old

MELIBOEA

Timon iii* 3, Pseudocheus says to Gelasimus, " If any-
thing can help thee that doth grow * * * in the M* S*,
It shall be had forthwith*" In Thracian iii. 3, the
Alcalde of Africa says, " Our sable ensigns never yet
before Displayed beyond the M* S/' In B* & F*
Span, Cur. v* 2, Diego, asked what dish he prefers, says,
" For me some 40 pound of lovely beef, Placed in a
M* S. of brewis*" Dekker, in Dead Term, says in the
name of St* Paul's : ** Thus doth my middle He shew
like the M* S* in which as well the merchant hoists up
sails to purchase wealth honestly as the rover to light
upon prize unjustly." (See previous article.) In Shirley's
Gamester iii*, Wilding says that the vessel he has been
chasing has struck sail, and cries : " Aboard, my new
lord of the M*" In B* & F* Pilgrim iv* 2, Alinda, pre-
tending to be mad, says, " I must sup with the moon
to-night in the M*"

MEDLEY, probably =MADELEY* A town in Shropsh**
13 m* S.E* of Shrewsbury* In Swetnam iv* 2, Swash
says of Misogonus (Swetnam) : ** He came to M* to eat
cakes and cream at my old mother's house*"

MEDWAY* A river in England, rising in Sussex and
flowing in a N.E* direction across Kent to Chatham and
Sheerness where it enters the estuary of the Thames*
It is navigable up to Penshurst, 20 m. from Chatham*
In Jonson's Ode to Penshurst, he says, ** If the high-

, swollen M. fail thy dish, Thou hast thy ponds that pay
thee tribute fish*" In Webster's Monuments^ it is
directed that in the scene shall appear ** Thamesis and
M*, the 2 rivers on whom the Lord Mayor extends his
power, as far as from Staines to Rochester*" Spenser,
F. Q* iv* n, describes at length the marriage of the
Thames and the M*, which he christens ** the lovely
Medua/' In his Shep. Cal^ July 81, Morrell speaks of
44 The salt M*, that trickling streams Adpwn the dales
of Kent, Till with his elder brother Themis His brackish
waves be meynt*" Drayton, in Polyolb. xviii* 109, says,
44 This M* still has nursed those navies in her road Our
armies that had oft to conquest borne abroad." Milton,
in Vacation Exercise 100, calls it " M* smooth."
Drayton, in Idea (1594) xxxii* 8, says, ** Kent will say
her M* doth excell*" Bryskett, in Astrophel (on the
death of Sir Philip Sidney), says, " The M*'s silver
streams that wont so still to slide Were troubled now
and wroth*" Penshurst was Sidney's home*

MEISSEN* The March of Meissen lay along the N.
frontier of Bohemia from the Saale to the border of
Silesia, crossing the Elbe where the city of Meissen
stands* In H$ i* 2, 54, the Archbp* of Canterbury says
that the Salique land 44 'twixt Elbe and Sala Is at this
day in Germany called Meisen*" This identification
probably arose from the name of the river Saale, but
it is more than doubtful* The Salian Franks lived in
Holland* and extended their territory later as far S* as
the Somme* In Milkmaids iii* 2, the Indictment runs :
"Dorigen Ebroistene, daughter to Guido Ebroistene*
in the province of Mysen, gentleman, etc*"

MELFORD* A vill* in Suffolk, 18 m* W* of Ipswich*
generally called Long M* In H6 B. i* 3* 25* a petition
is presented 4t against the D* of Suffolk for enclosing the
commons of M*" In the Contention the petition calls
it" long M*"

MELIBOEA* An ancient town on the coast of Thessaly,
at the base of Mt* Ossa, now Aghia* The purple dye of
M* was almost as famous as that of Tyre in ancient
times* and the shellfish from which it was obtained is
still found off the Thessalian coast* Milton* P*L*xL 242,

339

MELILLA

represents Michael as wearing a 4t vest of military purple
* * * Livelier than Meliobean, or the grain Of Sarra,"
£.«. Tyre.

MELILLA* A port in Morocco on the W* side of the
G. of Mv abt* 170 m. E* of the Straits of Gibraltar* In
Stwdey 3461, M. is mentioned as one of the towns in
Morocco held by the Portuguese at the time (1578)*
MELIND* A spt* on the E* coast of Africa, abt* 100 m*
N* of Mombasa* It was visited by Vasco di Gama on
his ist voyage to India, and was taken by the Portuguese
in 1605* It is now in British East Africa* Milton, P* L*
xi* 399> mentions ** Mombasa, and Quiloa, and M** And
SofaLa" amongst the S. African kingdoms shown in
vision to Adam* Rabelais* in Gargantua i* 8, quotes
the opinion of " the K* of Melinda's jeweller " on the
value of an emerald.

MEMNONIUM* A name applied to Susa (g.v*) by
Herodotus (v* 54), because of a tradition which ascribed
its foundation to Memnon, the son of Tithpnus* Milton*
P.Ir* x* 308, describes Xerxes as coming to invade
Greece 44 From Susa* his Memnonian palace high*"
MEMPHIS (Mn* = Memphian)* The ancient capital of
Lower Egypt, on the Nile, 120 tn* from its mouth* a
little S* of die modern Cairo* Here the first 6 dynasties
ruled, and in the immediate neighbourhood the 3 great
pyramids were built by Chufu, Chephren, and Men-
kaura, of the 3rd dynasty* some 3800 years B*C* It was
the abode of Ptah, and the seat of the worship of the
Apis bulls* whose mummies were interred in the so-
called Serapeum at Sakkarah close by* The site is now
quite deserted and desolate* In H6 A* i* 6, 22, Charles
says of Joan of Arc : " A statelier pyramis to her 111
rear Than Rhodope's or M* ever was." SotheFf*; but
the emendation "Rhpdope's of M*** is inevitable*
Pliny (Hist* Nat. xxxvi* 12) says that the 3rd pyramid
was built by Rhodope of Naucratis, a friend of Aesop's*
and contemporary of Sappho's* This is* of course* a
mistake* The 3rd pyramid was built by Menkaura, of
the 3rd dynasty* In Jonson's Barriers the Lady of the
Lake laments the destruction of K* Arthur's palace,
which ** did the barbarous Mh* heaps outclimb/' In
Cesar's jftev* ii* 3, Cleopatra says to Caesar, ** I will show
thee all the cost and curious art Which either Cheops
[i*e. Chufu] or our M* boast/' In T* Heywood's
Dialogues iii* 1656, Earth says, " Where be those high
Pyramides so famed By which the barbarous M* first
was named i " Milton, P* L+ i* 694, speaks of ** Babel
and the works of Mn* Kings " as examples of the most
enduring of human buildings*

In Marlowe's Tomb. A. i* 2, Zenocrate, the daughter
of the Soldan of Egypt, is seised by Tamburlaine on her
way "To M* from my uncle's country of Media";
iv* i is laid at M*, and the Soldan cries : ** Awake, ye
men of M*, hear the clang Of Scythian trumpets 1 "
In B* & F, Bondnca ii. 4, this line is burlesqued, Judas
exclaiming ; " Awake, ye men of M* ! Be sober and
discreet/' In Chapman's Blind Beggar i* r, 112, Irus
says, ** I am but a shepherd's son, at M* born/' Milton,
P* £* i* 307, speaks of the overthrow of "Busiris and
IKS Mn* chivalry " in the Red Sea* (See Exodus xiv*}
Mtlton look the name of the K* from Raleigh, but it is
itntetofkal* The priests of Egypt, and especially of
M*, were credited with occult powers* In Davenant's
Wi^ii* 4* tiie elder PaJatinespeaks of his books* ** which,
though not penned By dull Platonic Greeks or Mn*
priests, Yet have the blessed mark of separation Of
authors silenced for wearing short hair/' In Davenant's
iv. 3,Altamontsays/4 Ifook * * * like to a Mn.

MENTZ, MAINZ, or MAYENCE

priest That had direction made of hecatombs," In
Daniel's Cleopatra iv* 3, Cesario says, ** Who can that
deny Which sacred priests of M* do foresay t " In
Chapman's Rev* Horn i* i, 163, Selinthus says, " I can
speak this, Though from no Mn* priest or sage Chal-
daean*" In K. K. Hon. Man C. 3, Sempronio says, "An
ox in M* with his poaring tongue Licking in doctious
weeds did so foretell My following death/' The
reference is to the Apis bull* Poaring = poring, i. e*
meditating, musing* See N.E.D., s*v. PORE. Milton,
Nat. Ode 214, says, " Nor is Osiris seen In Mn*
grove or green, Trampling the unshowered grass
with lowings loud*" He confuses Osiris with Apis*
In Rutter's Shepherd. HoL v* 2, Alcon says, 44 This
rare mirror is Made of a Mn* stone that has a

Er To bring a deadly sleep on all the senses/'
tian magic has always been famous* In Nabbes*
iv. i, Horten complains that though we have
plenty of aromatic herbs in England, "yet we
must from M* and Judaea Fetch balsam though
sophisticate/' In Cockayne's Obstinate ii* 2, Carionil
talks of ** swimming violently up those rocks From
which the Mn* Nilus tumbles down*" In Tiberius 1698,
Julia speaks of monsters like " Theban sphinx or M*
crocodile*" In Scot. Presb. iii* i, Liturgy says, 44 You are
more cruel than the crocodile That mangles Mns* on
the banks of Nile*"

MENSECK (= MINSK)* A province of W* Russia, E. of
Poland, to which it formerly belonged. In Suckling's
Brennoraltf the Palatine of Mensek is the chief of a
rebellious confederacy against the K. of Poland, Sigis-
mond : presumably Sigismond III, who came to the
throne 1587*

MENTEITH* Dist* in S* Perthsh., Scotland* In H4 A*
i* r, 73, the Earl of M. is one of the prisoners taken by
Hotspur at Holmedon* He was the same person as the
Earl of Fife* mentioned just above as another of the
prisoners* In Sampson's Vow i* 3, 16, " George Gram,
2nd son to the Earl of Menteich," is one of the Scots
hostages*

MENTZ, MAINZ, or MAYENCE* A city in Hesse-
Darmstadt on the Rhine, nearly opposite its confluence
with the Main* It was the seat of an archbp* who was
one of the 7 Electors* It was at the height of its glory
in the i3th cent*, and was called " Goldene Maintz*"
The cathedral, with its 6 towers, is one of the finest in
Germany* Here Gutenburg invented printing in 1440*
Hatto, archbp* in 914, was said to have been devoured
by mice (or rats) in the Mouse-tower, on an island in
the Rhine opposite Bingen, some few miles down the
river from M* He is one of the characters in Costly
Wh., and exclaims in his agony, ** The Lord Archbp*
of Meath and die by rats * ": where Meath is a curious
mistake for Mentz* In Ford's Sacrifice iii* 2, Fernando
tells how he saw in Brussels " The D* of Brabant
welcome the Archbp* Of M, with rare conceit* * * * In
nature of an antic " ; the ladies of the court took part
in it — a thing which he had never seen before, and which
was much commended* This is an allusion to the per-
formance of the Q* and her ladies in a masque at White-
hall, which had just taken place and aroused the indig-
nation of Prynne* The Archbp* of M* appears as one
of the Electors of the Empire in Chapman's Alphonsas.
In i* 2, 14, he says, ** Next seat belongs to Julius Florius,
Archbp* of M*, Chancellor of Germany, By birth the
D* of fruitful Pomerland/' His real name, however, was
Gerhard, and he had nothing to do with Pomerania* He
also appears in Smith's Hector* In Bacchus, one of the

540

MERATHON

worshippers of Bacchus is ** a German, born in M*, his
name was Gotfrey Grouthead," who ** came wallowing
in*" In Davenant's Rutland, p. 226, the Londoner says,
** Their [the Parisians'] larding is diversified from
bacon of M. to porpoise of St. Malo/' Rabelais,
Gargantua i. 3, tells how Grangousier was " furnished
with gammons of bacon of Mayence." In Deloney's
Newberie ii*, Jack tells of ** the wicked spirit of Mogunce
who flung stones at men and could not be seen/'
Mogunce is Moguntia, the Latin name for M* The story
is told in the Nuremburg Chronicle L 357*

MERATHON (= MARATHON,

MERCERIA. The part of Venice where all the best shops
are. It is entered by an archway under the Torre del
Orologio, in the Piazza di San Marco, just to the right
as one comes out of the cathedral* In Brome's Novella
L 2, Nanulo says, " He means to send anon A Merca-
dente from the M*, The famous pedler woman of this
city With her most precious wares,"

MERCHANT TAYLORS* HALL. The M. T* of Lond.
received their ist Charter in 1327. Their ist Hall was
behind the Red Lion in Basing Lane, Cheapside ; but
in 1331 one Edmund Crepin sold his house in Thread-
needle St*, between Fish Lane and Bishopsgate St., to
John of Yakley, on behalf of the Company* There they
built a Hall with a ground floor and 3 upper stories, and
attached to it were 7 almshouses* It was destroyed in
the Gt* Fire and rebuilt in 1671* In Dekker's Hornbook
i., he says of the Golden Age : " T* then were none of
the 12 Companies ; their H., that now is larger than
some dorpes among the Netherlands, was then no bigger
than a Dutch botcher's shop*" James I and Prince
Henry dined in the H* on June 7, 1607, and Ben Jonson
wrote the entertainment* In the Song of Four Famous
Feasts (1606), we have: ** The M. T* Company, the
fellowship of fame, To Lond.'s lasting dignity, lives,
honoured with the same*" In Jonson's Magnetic v* 5,
Sir Moth says, " We met at M.-T.-H* at dinner in
Thread-needle-st*" John Webster, the dramatist, was
a member of the Company, and wrote his Monuments
in its praise* In it he says that ** Worthy John Yeacksley
purchased first their Hall*" In Skelton's Magnificence,
fol* xvi., Magnificence says to Liberty, ** What, will ye
waste wind and prate thus in vain** Ye have eaten
sauce, I trow, at t* h*"

MERCHANT TAYLORS' SCHOOL. Lond*, in Suffolk
Lane, in the parish of St* Lawrence Poultney* It was
founded by the Company in 1561, and part of the old
Manor of the Rose (g.i>.) was bought for its accommo-
dation. The ist headmaster was Richard Mulcaster,
under whom the boys appeared at Court in 1573 in a
Latin pky, and frequently afterwards* When the
Charterhouse School was removed to Godalming in
1873 the Company bought the site and transferred their
school thither* Amongst the pupils at the School were
Nathanael Field, James Shirley, Thomas Lodge, and
Edmund Spenser*

MERCIA* One of the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon
Heptarchy, founded in A*D* 626* It included all the
country between the Thames, the Severn, and the
Humber* In Brewer's Lovesick King i* i , Edel announces
to Etheldred that ** The traitorous Osbert D* of Mertia "
is in alliance with the Danes* In Locrine v* prol* 16, Ate
says, ** Stout Thrasimachus * * * Gives battle to her
[Gwendoline's] husband and bis host Nigh to the
river of great Mertia/' Apparently the Severn is meant,
for after the battle, described in scene 4, Sabren drowns

MERMAID

herself in that river* Drayton, in Polyolb. ix*, tells of
the wars between the Mns+ and the Welsh in the old
days*

MERIBAH (f*e. strife)* A name given to the place where
the Israelites " strove " with Moses, because they had
no water, and where he brought water out of the rock
for them* It is also called M*-Kadesh, and must be
located somewhere near Kadesh, abt* 50 m* S* of Beer-
sheba* Milton, in Trans. Ps. Ixxxi* 32, says, *' I tried
thee at the water steep Of Meriba renowned*"

MERMAID* A famous Lond* tavern, in Bread St*, with
passage entrances from Cheapside and Friday St* Its
tokens are inscribed **Ye M* Tavern, Cheapside*"
Jonson calls it Bread St/s M* ; and Aubrey says it was
in Friday St* A certain Haberdasher, W*R«, whose shop
was between Wood St* and Milk St*, describes it as
** over against the M* Tavern in Cheapside." It was a
favourite inn of Ben Jonson ; and though the story of
Sir Walter Raleigh's M* Club is probably mythical,
Beaumont, in his verses to Ben Jonson — ** What things
have we seen done at the M. ! " — is a sufficient witness
to those convivial meetings of the poets, which inspired
Keats* Lines on the M. Tavern* The host in 1603 was one
Johnson, as appears from the will of Albian Butler, of
Clifford's Inn, who owed him i7/-% The inn was
destroyed in the Gt* Fire*

In Jonson's BarthoL L i, Littlewit says, ** A pox on
these pretenders to wit ! your Three Cranes, Mitre,
and M*-men: not a com of true salt, not a grain of
right mustard amongst them all. They may pay 2<f* in
a quart more for their Canary than other men* But
give me the man can start up a Justice of wit out of
§/- beer and give the law to all the poets and poet-
suckers in town*" In Devil iii* i, Meercraft taunts
Eyerill for 4* haunting the Globes and Ms*, wedging in
with lords still at the table*" In Epigrams xi*, he says,
44 That which most doth take my Muse and me Is a
pure cup of rich Canary wine Which is the M/s now,
but shall be mine*" In Epigrams cxxxiii. (The Famous
Voyage), he says that the 2 Knights "At Bread-st*'s M*
having dined, and merry, Proposed to go to Holborn in
a wherry*" In Middleton's Five Gallants ii* i, Pursenet
suggests that the company should sup ** at the M*," but
Goldstone says, " The Mitre for neat attendance,
diligent boys, and — push! — excells far*" In B* & F»
Wit Money ii* 4, Valentine says, ** Draw me a map from
the M* ; I mean a midnight map to 'scape the watches*"
Later he says, ** Meet at the M*" In Mayne's Match
iii* 3, Timothy rejoices that he has escaped shipwreck,
for then he might have been " converted into some pike
and made an ordinary, perchance, at the M/' Dekker,in
Armourers, says, 4* Neither the M* nor the Dolphin, nor
he at Mile-end-green, can when he list be in good tem-
per when he lacks his mistress, that is to say, Money*"
Tom Coryat sent a letter from the Mogul's Court in
1615 to ** The worshipful Fraternity of Sireniacal [i*e*
Cyrenaical, from the Cyrenaics, an ofishoot of the
Epicureans] gentlemen that meet the ist Friday of every
month at the sign of the M* in Bread St* in London,"
and mentions among them Ben Jonson and John
Donne* In the quarto of Jonson's Ev* Man /*, the M* is
the inn which in the later edition of 1616 is called the
Windmill* In Middleton's Hubbwrd, p* 77, the young
gallant is advised that ** his eating must be in some
famous tavern, as the Horn, the Mitre, or the M*" In
Dekker's Satiromastix iv* 2, 76, Tucca says to Horace
(Jonson), ** A gentleman shall not * * * sneak into a
tavern with his m* but he shall be satyred and epigram'd

341

MERMAID

upon.** M* here means a mistress, but the reference to
Jonson's connection with the M. tavern is obvious*
There was another M* in Cornhill mentioned in the
list of taverns in News BarthoL Fair, another at the
S. side of Charing Cross, and yet another on the S. side
of Gt. Carter St., near Addle Hill. Suckling, in Sad
One iv. 4, has a M* Inn in Sicily* Miss Wotton has
recently called attention to another M* Tavern at the
corner of Aldersgate and Gresham St* It is now the
Lord Raglan, and there is evidence that it was there in
early Plantagenet times. The landlord in Shakespeare's
time was William Goodyeare, who was connected with
the Warwickshire family of the Gooderes,one of whom
adopted Michael Drayton. Miss Wotton argues that
Draytonmust have visited this tavern* and that probably
Shakespeare often spent an evening with him there.

MERMAID. A common house-sign in Load. In
Beguiled, Dods, ix. 304. Cricket says, " He looks like a
tankard-bearer that dwells in Petticoat Lane at the sign
of the M." The Hundred Merry Tales was printed by
Johannes Rastell, the brother-in-law of Sir T. More,
** at the sign of the M* at Powlys Gate, next to Chepe
syde. 1526.**

MERMIDONS* See MYRMIDONS*

MERGE* The ancient name for the dist. in Nubia lying
E. of Khartoum, between the Nile, the Atbara, and the
Rahad* It was very fertile and well watered by irrigation
from its enclosing rivers, and was often spoken of as
an island* It was a great centre of caravan trade, and
*was consequently wealthy and 'prosperous. In B. & F*
Valentinian iv* 4, Maximus says of the dead Aecius :
** Let's burn this noble body ; sweets as many As sun-
burnt M* breeds I'll make a flame of, Shall reach his
soul in heaven/* In Greene's Orlando iv. 2, 1086,
Orlando says, " Tell him I'll up to M*, I know he knows
that watery, lakish isle.** In Caesar's Rev. i* 3, Caesar
speaks of Pompey as ** guarded with Numidian horse
And aided with the unresisted power That M* or the
seven-mouthed Nile can yield.** Nash, in Wilton 148,
says, on what authority I know not, " The Ethiopians
inhabiting over against M. feed on nothing but scor-
pions.** In Locrine ii* 5, Albanact says, ** 111 pass the
Alps to watery M*, Where fiery Phoebus in his chariot
Casts such a heat, yea, such a scorching heat, And
spoileth Flora of her chequered grass*** Milton, P* JR*
iv* 71, speaks of it as ** where the shadow both ways
falls, M., Nilotic isle/* It was within the Tropics, and
therefore the shadow falls sometimes to the N*, some-
times to the S.

MERSAGANNA(= MARSA GHAMART). A port in Tunis/
dose to the site of Carthage. la EL Shirley's Mart-
Soldier iii. 4, Eugenius demands from Huneric, K. of
the Vandals, w Free all those Christians which are now
Thy slaves in M.": the Vandals having at one time
(A*D* 428-533) a kingdom in N* Africa*

MERSEY. R* rising near Huddersfield in Yorksh* and
flowing W. to the magnificent estuary at the entrance
of which Liverpool stands* Drayton, in Polyolb* xi,
says, ** Proud M* is so great in entering of the main,
As he would make a shew for empery to stand/*

MERTHYN* A manor in the parish of Constantine, in
&E* of Cornwall, on the N* shore of Helford Creek,
abt. 5 m+ S* of Falmouth. In Cornish M* P* iii. 94, it
is one of the places given by Pilate to the Gaoler for his
good services*

MERTIA*

MESSENB

MERTON COLLEGE. University of Oxford, founded
in 1264 by Walter de Merton, Chancellor of England
and afterwards Bp. of Rochester* It stands on the S.
side of King St., next to Corpus Christi. In its registers
is contained the account of the election in 1285 of the
Rex Fabarum, or King of Beans, who was a sort of
Master of the Revels, and the office is there stated to be
of ancient custom. The author of the True and Faithful
Relation of the Rising and Fall of Thomas Tucker, etc.,
which contains an invaluable account of the perform-
ances of plays and pageants in the University during
parts of 1607 and 1608, was written by Griffin Higgs, a
Fellow of M. Nicholas Grimajld, the author of Christus
Redivivus (1543) and Archipropheta (1548), was a
Fellow and Lecturer of M. from 1540 to 2547.

MESOPOTAMIA* Dist* between the rivers Tigris and
Euphrates, the seat of the Babylonian and Assyrian
Empires* In Bale's Promises v., David says, ** Thou
threwest them [the Israelites] under the K. of M " (see
Judges iii. 8. where the Hebrew has Aram ; a probable
conjectural emendation is Edom). In Ant. iii* i, 8,
after the victory of Veatidius over the Parthians, Silius
exhorts him : " Spur through Media, M., and the
shelters whither The routed fly." In Greene's Alphonsus
iii. 2, 838, Amurack says, " You, Bajaset, go post away
apace to * * . M., Asia, Armenia, and all other lands
Which owe their homage to high Amurack/' In Mar-
lowe's Tamb. A. i* i, Ortygius crowns Cosroes " D* of
M. and Parthia/' In Jonson's Case v* 2, Valentine
begins a traveller's tale : " Gentlemen, having in my
peregrination through M/* In Dekker's Shoemaker's
iii* if Eyre cries to his journeymen, ** Here, you mad
Mns+, wash your livers with this liquor*" He is fond
of names like this : he uses Cappadocians and Assyrians
in the same way* In Day's B. Beggar iv*, Canby,
describing a motion, or puppet-play, says, ** You shall
see the stabbing of Julius Caesar in the French Capitol
by a sort of Dutch Mns/*

MESSEGON* SeeMEZAGA*

MESSALINE* In Tw* N. ii* i, 18, Sebastian says,
44 My father was that Sebastian of M* whom I know
you have heard of/' In v* i, 239, Viola says, ** [I am]
of M., Sebastian was my father,'* where it is a tri-
syllable* No such place is known. The suggestion that
Mytilene is meant has little to support it. In the story
of Apolonius and Sillat from which Shakespeare derived
the plot of the play, the brother and sister who corres-
pond to Sebastian and Viola are the children of Pontus,
D* and Governor of Cyprus, and are shipwrecked on a
voyage from their father's court. Now, according to
Heylyn, Famagusta, the capital of Cyprus, well known
at this time through its famous siege by the Turks in
1571, was also called Salamine, and I conjecture that
M* is a mistake for Salamine. Fynes Moryson, in
Itinerary i* 3, 313 (1596), calls the port of Cyprus " Le
Saline/* which may possibly be what Shakespeare wrote*
Fuller, Holy State (1643) i* ii, calls Epiphanius ** Bp*
of Salamine in Cyprus/'

MESSENE* The capital of Messenia, the country in
Greece in the S.W* of the Peloponnesus* Messenia was
conquered by her neighbour Sparta in 3 wars which
ended 724 and 668 B.C. respectively* From this latter
date Messenia was a part of the Spartan kingdom*
Ford's Heart is supposed to take place at the end of the
and Messenian war; and in i* 2* Amydas announces:
** Laconia Hath in this latter war trod under foot M/s
pride ; M* bows her neck To Lacedaemon's royalty."

34*

MESSINA

MESSINA. A city in RE* Sicily, on the Straits of M*,
130 m* E* of Palermo* Pedro of Arragon took it from
the French, and it remained a possession of the Spanish
royal house from 1382 to 1713* The scene of Ado
is laid at M*, probably at the time of the visit of Pedro
of Arragon after his victory over the French in 1282*
In Massinger's Very Woman, the scene of which is laid
at Palermo, one of the characters is a D* of M* In
Phineas Fletcher's Sicelides (1615), Cosma, a light
nymph of M,, figures. In Davenant's Platonic i* i,
Fredaline says, ** There lives within M*, 3 leagues hence,
One Buonateste*" Act IL i of Ant. takes place in
Pompey's house at M* M* and its neighbourhood is
the scene of B* & F* Philaster.

MEUSE, A river rising in the Ardennes in N. France, and
flowing past Sedan and Namur through Belgium into
the North Sea, after a course of 580 m* Bryskett, in
Astrophel (1591), says that at the news of Sidney's
death " The Thames was heard to roar, the Rhine, and
eke the M*" Hall, in Ep. L 5, says he had 4* a delightful
passage up the sweet river Mosa*"

MEXICANA* Used for N* America by Heylyn, who
divides America into 2 parts, M. and Peruana, the
former including what we call the United States,
Canada, and British N* America* In Middleton's No
Wit ii* 3, Weatherwise says, 4* There should be an
eclipse, but not visible in our horizon, but about the
western inhabitants of M, and California.*' Fuller,
Holy State (1642), uses M, for N* America; in iv* 13,
he says, " There is a tree in M, which is so exceedingly
tender that a man cannot touch any of its branches but
it withers presently/'

MEXICO. A country in N* America, stretching from the
S* of the United States to the isthmus of Panama* In
the 1 6th cent* it included California and Texas* It was
discovered and conquered by the Spaniards early in the
1 6th cent., and remained a part of the Spanish empire
until it declared itself independent in 1821* Indeed, it
was commonly called Nova Hispania* In Greene's
Orlando i* i, 53, Mandricarde declares : ** I am Mandri-
carde of M*, Whose climate fairer then Tyberius [i*e*
Tiberias] Seated beyond the sea of Trypoly, And richer
than the plot Hesperides*" In Marlowe's Tomb. A*
iii* 3, Tamburlaine, in the spirit of prophecy, dreams of
a Persian fleet circumnavigating India " Even from
Persepoks to M., And thence unto the straits of
Jubalter*" In Merck, L 3, 30, Shylock mentions,
amongst Antonio's ventures, *4 He hath [an argosy] at
M*," which, in iii* 2, 271, we learn has been lost* This
shows that Antonio was not a very cautious merchant,
for only Spanish ships were permitted to trade to M.
In Mayne's Match i* 4, Newcut, the Templar, speaks
contemptuously of a merchant's velvet jacket which
44 knows the way to M. as well as the map*"1 In B. & F*
Cure L 2, Lucio tells of " an Indian maid the governor
sent my mother from M*" Lucio is the son of Don
Alverez of Seville* In Cockayne's Obstinate ii* 3,
Phyginois declares his readiness to 44 Post afoot to M/*
Milton, in P* L* xi* 406, says of Adam : ** in spirit
perhaps he also saw Rich M** the seat of Montezume*"
Montezume was the last emperor of M** conquered
by Cortes 1519-20* In verses prefixed to Coryat's
Crudities (1611), Hoskins says, " Fame is but wind,
thence wind may blow it * * * From M* and from Peru
To China and to Cambalu*" The chief city of the
country was at first known as Teuschtitlan, but since
1530 it has been called M* It is beautifully situated, and
is one of the finest cities in the world* Montaigne

MICHAEL'S (SAINT)

(Florip's Trans*, 1603), iii* 6, speaks of ** amazement-
breeding magnificence of the never-like-seen cities of
Cuzco and M*"

MEZAGA* A river in Morocco, close to Alcazar* There
is a plain of Meshara, just S* of Alcazar, from which the
river, evidently the AJkhas, may have got a second-name*
There is also a town Mazaga, near the mouth of the
Oum-er-beg, further S., but this seems too far away to
be the one intended* In Stucley 2488, Sebastian asks,
** Advise us, Lords, if we this present night Shall pass
the river of M* here Or stay the morning**' Stucley
advises him to await the enemy where he is; but
Sebastian decides to cross at sunrise* so that he may be at
Alcazar by 10 o'clock* In Peele's Alcazar iii*, Sebastian
says, *' See this young prince conveyed safe to
Messegon."

MICHAEL HOUSE* A college in Cambridge, founded
by Hervey de Stanton in 1324; it was merged in
Trinity College in 1546* In the accounts of M* H* in
1386 certain theatrical properties are mentioned which
proves that at that date dramatic performances in the
University had begun to be given by the students*

MICHAEL'S MOUNT (SAINT). A conical mass of
granite abt* 250 ft* high, forming a small island in
Mount's Bay, opposite Marazion, in S* Cornwall. It
is connected with the mainland by a causeway at low
water* It got its name from a legend that St* Michael
once appeared sitting on the seaward-facing crag, still
called St* M* Chair* Another legend stated that it was
brought from Greece by the great wrestler Corineus*
who overthrew the giant Goemagot and fiung him into
the sea, for which he received the whole W* country of
England and called it after himself, Corineia — after-
wards Cornwall* Corineus is one of the characters in
Locrine* In Middleton's Quarrel ii* 2, Chough, the
Cornishman, says, ** I am as high as the Mt* in love with
her already,"" and later in the scene he appeals to
Corineus: ** O Corineus, when Hercules and thoti wert
on the Olympic Mt* together, then was wrestling in
request*" Trimtram adds, ** Ay, and that Mt. is now
the Mt* in Cornwall — Corineus brought it thither under
one of his arms, they say*" Milton* in Lyddas 160,
speaks of " the fable of Bellerus [in ist edition, Corineus]
old Where the great vision of the guarded Mt* Looks
towards Namancos and Bayona's hold*" Act V. sc* i of
Ford's Warbeck takes place at St* M. Mt., where
Katharine Gordon had taken refuge after Warbeck*s
failure at Exeter* In Spenser's Shep. CaL July, 41,
Morrell asks: " St* Michel's Mt* who does not know
That wards the W* coast i " Donne, Satire ii* (1593),
speaks of " all the land From Scots to Wight^ from Mt*
to Dover strand*"

MICHAEL'S PORT (SAINT)* A port in Malta, at the
head of Sabina Bay in the NJE* of the island* In
B* & F* Malta i* 3* Oriana writes to the Turks ; ** Put
in at St* M*, the ascent at that port is easiest/'

MICHAEL'S (SAINT)* A ch* in Famagosta, in Cyprus,
It is likely, however* that Dekker was thinking of the
bell of St* M*, CornhilL In Dekker's Fortunatus L 2,
Fortunatus says, 4* Women are like the great bell of
St* M* in Cyprus* that keeps most rumbling when men
would most sleep*" Was this the "dreadful bell"
which Othello ordered to be silenced **

MICHAEL'S (SAINT)* There were several churches in
Load* dedicated to St* Michael: i* A fine ch* with a
noble tower on the S* side of Cornhill, E* of St* M.
Alley* It was destroyed, all but the Tower, in the Gt*

343

MIDDLEB URGH

Fire and rebuilt by Wren* The tower, which is an
imitation of the Magdalen Tower at Oxford, has been
since restored; and the whole ch. was elaborately
repaired and enlarged by Sir Gilbert Scott in 1858* It
had a fine peal of bells* In Three Ladies ii., Simplicity
says, " The parsonage of St. M. 1 by'r Lady, if you
have nothing else, You shall be sure of a living besides
a good ring of bells/* In Pride and Lowliness (1570), we
have the couplet: " Higher, as they suppose, than any
steeple In all this town, St. M. or the Bow/' 2* A ch.
in Wood St. at the corner of Huggin Lane, destroyed in
the Fire and rebuilt by Wren. Liberality was " Printed
by Simon Stafford for George Vincent, and are to be
sold at the sign of the Hand-in-Hand in Wood st*, over
against St. M. Ch/' 3. A ch. in Crooked Lane, which
abutted on the Boar's Head Tavern. It was taken down
in 1831 in making the approach to Lond. Bdge. 4. Other
churches destroyed in the Fire and rebuilt by Wren
were St. M. Bassishaw, on the W. side of Basinghall st. ;
St. M. Paternoster Royal, in Tower Royal, where
Whittington was buried ; St. M. Queenhythe, in
Upper Thames St., pulled down in 1876* 5. St. M. le
Querne, or ad Bladum. at the corner of Cheapside and
Paternoster Row, was destroyed in the Fire and not
rebuilt* It is not clear which is intended in the follow-
ing : In World Child, p. 182, Folly says, ** I swear by
the church of St. Michael I would we were at stews/*
In B* & F* Thomas v* 9, Hylas says, ** Did not I marry
you last night in St. M. chapel i "

MEDDLEBURGH. The ancient capital of Zealand, on
the island of Walcheren, nearly opposite to Harwich.
It was formerly the centre of an extensive trade with
England, France, and the Indies, but its importance has
declined since the ryth cent. Between 1384 and 1388
the wool-staple for England was removed from Calais
to Middleburgh ; hence the anxiety of the Merchant, in
Chaucer's C. T* A. 277, that " the see were kept for
any thing Betwixe M. and Orewelle/* In Middleton's
Michaelmas ii* 3, Quomodo says, "They'll despatch
[the cloth] over to M* presently and raise double com-
modity by exchange/' In Barnavelt iv. 5, Barnavelt says,
44 When flie Sluice was lost and all in mutiny at Middle-
borough, who durst step in before me to do these
countries service i " The reference is to events in the
wars of Prince Maurice, 1600-1604. In T. Heywood's
Challenge ii. i, the Clown says, ** At Middleborough,
night or day, you could scarce find the Exchange
empty/*

MIDDLEHAM* A town in N* Riding Yorks. on the Ure,
abt. 40 m. N.W. of York. It had a fine castle, the ruins
of which are still very considerable* In George-a-Greene
v*, Old Mttsgrove gives K. Edward a sword of which he
says, ** K. James at Meddellom Castle gave me this,"
and the K* rejoins, 4t To mend thy living take thou
Meddellom Castle/' There is nothing historical ia this
story* Scene v* of Act V. in H6 C. took place in the
Archbp. of York's park near M* Castle*

MIDDLESEX. The smallest county but one in England
HI area, and the largest but one in population owing to
* the fig* €hat LotKt, N* of the Thames, is within its
la Uberattty v. 5, the clerk of the court
iigalty, " Them art indicted that thou at
in_the county of M. didst take from one
Bjsh of Pancridge, £iooo/' In T*
r 11*4, the ClowBsays to Geraldine,

-JT TBV-T-y, .If— — ' ***^T, *"•"• '*"" """""V^W, «««KV» ** «-**^* WTJUXMIKf •WHCJaUKI.jr

of M. had been turned to a mere bottle of hay, I had
been enjoined to have found you out/* In Brome>

MJDIANITES

Ct. Beggar ii. i, Citywit says, " I am M. indeed, born
i' th' City/* In Jonsonrs Ev. Man L i. i, Stephen
affirms that his uncle, old Knowell, ** is a man of a
thousand a year, M* land," which was reckoned un-
commonly fertile. Lond. was strongly Puritan, and the
Players had constant conflicts with the M. justices and
juries, who were opposed to the drama ; indeed, it was
through their dismantling the Theatre and Curtain that
the Burbages went over to the Bankside, which, being
in Surrey, was out of their jurisdiction. The juries were
disposed to be severe in their verdicts, especially in
cases of alleged witchcraft* In Jonson's Devil i. I* Satan
accuses Pug of souring the citizen's cream that some old
woman ** may be accused of it and condemned by a
M. jury, to the satisfaction of the Londoners' wives."
Habington, in Epilogue to Arragonf says, ** Though a
M. jury on this play should go, They cannot find the
murder wilful/' In Middleton's Trick to Catch iv. 5,
Dampit says to Gulf, 44 Thou inconscionable rascal I
thou that goest upon M. juries and wilt make haste to
give up thy verdict, because thou wilt not lose thy
dinner/' In Brome's Northern iv* i, Squelch, the
Justice, says, ** As I am in my right mind and M., I will
shew my justice on thee." The sub-title of Brome's
Covent G. is The M+ Justice of Peace. In Nabbes*
Totenham i* 4, Cicely says, ** Let but an honest jury
(which is a kind of wonder in M.) find you not guilty/'
In Middleton's Chaste Maid ii. 2, Allwit inveighs against
4t ravenous creditors that will not suffer Th'e bodies of
their poor departed debtors To go to the grave, but e'en
in death do vex And stay the corps with bills of M*,"
i*e* bills issued from the M* courts* In Cooke's Greene's
Quoque, p. 560, Rash says, 4t Love runs through the Isle
of Man in a minute, but never is quiet till he comes
intoM/' The play on the words is obvious. According
to Old Meg, p. i, M. men were famous " for tricks above
ground," i*e. for rope-dancing.

MIDDLE TEMPLE* One of the 4 Inns of Court in
Load.- It lay on the S. side of Fleet St. between the
Outer and the Inner Temples (see under Inns of Court
and Temple)* The Hall (an unrivalled example of
Elizabethan architecture) still remains, in which
Shakespeare's Twelfth Night was acted in February
1602. John Marston and John Ford were members of
the M. T. Chapman wrote a Masque for the M. T* and
Lincoln's Inn on the occasion of the marriage of the
Princess Elizabeth and the Elector Palatine in 1613.

MIDDLETON* The name of more than a dozen villages
in various parts of England. I cannot determine which
of them is the origin of the following jingle. In Lylyfs
Maid's Meta. iii., Joculo says, 44 1 am so weary that I
cannot go, with following a master that follows his
mistress that follows her shadow that follows the sun
that follows his course." And Frisco chimes in: ** that
follows the colt that followed the mare the man rode
on to M/'

MIDDLE WALK* See PAUL'S (SAINT).

MIDIANITES* A tribe of predatory Bedawin who occu-
pied the country E. and S.E. of Palestine, N. of Arabia,
and E, of the "Gulf of Akabah. They oppressed the
Israelites for 7 years, and were finally driven out by
Gideon (Judges FI). The word was afterwards used for
any enemies of God's people. In Bale's Promises v*,
David says, ** Oppressed were they 7 years of the M/*
In his Laws ii., Idolatry says, ** I dwelt among the
Sodomites, The Benjamites and M., And now the
popish hypocrites Embrace me everywhere/* In
Milton's 5+ A. 281, the Chorus tells how Gideon went
344

MIDLAND SEA

" in pursuit Of Madian and her vanquished kings/'
In Trans* Ps. IxxxiiL 33, he says, 4* Do to them as to
Midian bold That wasted all the coast*"

MIDLAND SEA (the MEDITERRANEAN SEA, g*z?*)* Cow-
ley, in ProL to Carter, says, " The M* S* is no where
clear From dreadful fleets of Tunis and Argier/*

MILAN* A city in the centre of the plain of Lombardy in
N* Italy, 150 m* W* of Venice and 300 m* N*W* of
Rome* It is said to have been founded by Bellovesus, K.
of the Celts, in the 6th cent* B.C. It was the and city in
Italy in the days of the Roman Empire, and under the
bishopric of St. Ambrose became the resolute champion
of orthodoxy against the Arians* It was attacked by the
Huns and the Goths* and utterly destroyed by Uraia
the Goth in A*D* 539* During the Lombard rule M* was
the centre of the native Italian party, and when Charles
the Great conquered the Lombards in 774 M* received
special privileges* In 1163 it was again razed to the
ground by Frederic I, but in 1 167 the Milanese returned
and rebuilt their city* The democratic party, under the
Torriani, ruled the city from 1237 to 1277, when they
were expelled by the Visconti, who held supreme power
till 1450* The successive lords were Otho (1277),
Matteo (1310), Galeazzo (1322), Azzo (1328), Lucchino
(*339)> Giovanni (i349),Bemabo (1354), Gian Galeazzo,
the ist D*, and founder of the Duomo (1385), Giovanni
(1402), and Filippo (1412-1447)* The Sforza family
succeeded and held the dukedom till 1535. Francesco,
the ist Sforza D», was succeeded by Galeazzo Maria
(1466), and he by his young son, Gian Galeazzo* Lodo-
vico, " the Moor," son of Francesco, seized the supreme
power in 1480, but in 1501 he was taken prisoner by the
French and died in captivity* From that time to 1714
M* was under the Spanish crown, then it passed to
Austria* In the revolutionary wars it was capital of the
Cisalpic Republic, and eventually of the Napoleonic
Kingdom of Italy. In 1814 it passed back to Austria,
but, with Lombardy, became part of the kingdom of
Sardinia, soon to be the kingdom of Italy, at the Peace
of Villef ranca (1859). M* lies in a circle round the great
Duomo, its walls being 7 m. in circumference* The
Castello on the S*E* side of the Piazza d'Armi on the W*
of the city was built in 1358, destroyed in 1477, and
rebuilt by Francesco Sforza* M. was famous in our
period for its ribbons, hats, and other articles of haber-
dashery, the dealers in which came to be known as
Millainers* It also made swords and armour of the
finest quality*

Prospero, in the Tempest i* 2, tells how he was D. of
M*, and how his brother expelled him and made 4t poor
M/' tributary to Naples* This is all unhistorical* It
would appear from Prospero's story in i* 2, 140 that
Shakespeare imagined M* to be on the sea-coast. In Two
Gent*, Valentine goes to M* from Verona, whither he is
followed by Proteus* Silvia is the daughter of the D* of
M., and most of the scenes of Acts IL-V* are laid there*
La K. /* iii* i, 138, Pandulph announces himself as
u of fair M* Cardinal/' Lingard, however, denies that
he was ever a Cardinal* In Ado iii* 4, 16, Margaret
quotes ** the Duchess of M/s gown that they praise so/*
In Costly Wh.> the Prince of Millein and the Palatine of
the Rheine are suitors for the hand of Euphrata* Forsa
(z*e* Sforza), D* of Myllan, is one of the characters in
K. K. Hon. Man. Chaucer, in C* T* B* 3589, tells the
story of " Grete Baraabo, Viscounte of Melan," who
was "imprisoned by his nephew and son-in-law, Gian
Galeazzp, in 1385 ; Chaucer was sent to Italy to treat
with this very Barnabo in 1378* In Marlowe's Faastus

MILAN

vii* 66, the Pope says, 4* Here is a dainty dish was sent
me from the Bp* of M/* The scene of Jonson's Cose is
laid in M» There is a war going on with the French, who
** mean to have a fling at M. again " (i* i) ; the date is
19 years after " The great Chamont, the general for
France, Surprised Vicenza " (i* 2)* The son of Count
Ferneze was then between 3 and 4 years of age, and was
the godson of the Emperor Sigismund* who died in
1437 (v* 4)* The action of the play is thus fixed to 1460 ;
but there were no French wars at that date, and I sus-
pect that Jonson intended the taking of Vicenza to be
in 1494, when Charles VIII invaded Italy ; and the
attack on M* to be that of Francis I, in 1515, when
Massimiliano Sforza was D., who is spoken of in the
play as the leader of the forces of M*, whilst the
imaginary Ferenze is Count of M* In Ford's *Tis Pity
L 2, Grimaldi is spoken of as having done ** good service
in the wars Against the Milanese " — probably these same
wars between 1494 and 1525* In Sacrifice i* i, Bianca, the
Duchess of Pavia,is said to have been " daughter Unto a
gentleman of M*, no better, Preferred to serve £' the D.
of M/s court/' In Davenant's Siege L i, Ariotto speaks
of " a skirmish at M* against the Grisons/' This was also
in the wars of the early 1 6th century, when the Swiss were
employed by the French* In B* & F* Women Pleased
ii* 5, the D* of M* is mentioned as a suitor for the hand
of Belvidere, the daughter of the D. of Florence* In
Massinger's Lover v* 3, news is brought that ** the great
John Galeas " is dead, and his brother Galeazzo thus
** the absolute lord of M*" This fixes the supposed date
to 1402, but there is nothing else historical in the play*
In Chapman's Corasp* Byron v* i, the 3D* of Savoy pro-
poses to Henri IV to bring an army into Savoy, but
Henri replies, " Where you have proposed * * * my
design for M*, I will have no war with the K* of Spain/*
In Trag+ Byron i. i, Byron asks his friends ** in passing
M* and Turin " to pretend that they have come to
treat of his marriage with the daughter of the D* of
Savoy. In Webster's Malfi iii. 5, the Duchess advises
Antonio ** to take your eldest son And fly towards M*";
he does so, and the last Act takes place there* Massinger's
Milan takes place at the time of the Battle of Pavia (1525),
according to Act III* TheD* is called Ludovico, though
he was really Francesco. The scene of the play is M.,
except parts of Act III* The scene of Dekker's Hon. Wk*
is M., in the reign of an imaginary duke, Gasparo
Trebazzi* In Davenant's Love Hon+ L i, Prospero says*
** Close by the valley Lies conquered by my sword a
Millain knight*" The scene of T* Heywood's Maiden-
head is laid in part at M*, and the D. of Millenie is one
of the principal characters* In Cockayne's TrapoKn L i,
the Grand D* of Florence says, ** Sforza, the D. of
Milain, Hath promised me the matchless Isabella, His
sister, for my wife*" An imaginary D. of Millaine is one
of the characters in Greene's Alpkonsos* A pky, now
lost, was presented at Court in 1579 entitled The. Dake
of M+ and the Duke of Mantua* The scene of Middle-
ton's Dissemblers is laid in M* The heroine of Shirley's
Servant is Leonora, who is called the Princess of M*
and is the daughter of Gonzaga, D* of M*

In Marston's Ant. Rev~f A* Ind*, Alberto says, "M*
being half Spanish, half High Dutch, And half Italian,
the blood of chiefest houses is corrupt and mongrelled/1"
In Greene's Alphonsas iv, 2, Cariaus testifies: "When
my feet in Millaine land I set, Such sumptuous triumphs
daily there I saw As never in my life I found the like/*
In Cockayne's TrapoKn ii. 3, Horatio calls it " great
Milain/* In W. T» iy* 4, 192, the servant says of
Autolycus; "No milliner can so fit his customers

345

MILDRED'S, SAINT

with gloves." In H4 A. i. 3, 36, Hotspur tells how the
lord that brought him the King's message ** was per-
fumed like a milliner/" In Davenant's Italian L i,
Altamont says, " A Millanoise showed me to-day for
sale bright and spacious jewels /' In Alimony ii* 2, the
Boy says, " She was a tire-woman at first in the suburbs
of M." In Shirley's Ball v. i, Freshwater says he found
M, "a rich state of haberdashers/* In Davenant's
Favourite iv. i, the Lady complains : ** I fear you have
not sent to M. yet For the carkanet of pearl/' In
Greene's Quip, p. 246, we are told of "a Frenchman and
a miiiainer in St. Martin's, and sells shirts, bands, brace-
lets, jewels, and such pretty toys for gentlewomen/'
In Brief Conceipt of English Policy (1581), it is stated that
men will not be contented with ** ouche, brooch, or
aglet but of Venice making, or Millen, nor as much as
a spur but that is fetched at a Millener. There were
not of these Haberdashers that sells French or Millen
caps, glasses, knives, daggers, swords, girdels, and such
things, not a dozen in all London ; and now from the
Tower to Westminster along, every st. is full of them*"
In B. & F* Valentinian ii* 2, Claudia satirises ** the
gilded doublets and M. skins" (z\e. gloves) of the
courtiers. In their Maid's Trag+ iv. i, Melantius scoffs
at " your gilded things, that dance In visitation with
their M* skins/' In their Elder B* v* i, Cowsy boasts
of his good sword, ** A M* hilt and a Damasco blade/'
Jonson, in his Execration upon Vulcan, says, " Would
you had Maintained the trade at Bilboa or elsewhere,
Struck in at M* with the cutlers there/' In his New Inn
iL 2, Tipto recommends to Lord Beaufort ** the M*
sword, the cloke of Genoa/* The passage is copied
verbatim in B* & F. Pilgrimage i* i* In Webster's
Law Case v* 4, Romelio asks, ** Can you tell me whether
your Toledo or your M* blade be best tempered f "
In Brewer's Lovesick King ii*, Thornton says, " All this
have I got of a cunning man for two poor Millan
needles/' Lauson, in Secrets of Angling (1653), recom-
mends hooks made ** of the best Spanish and M*
needles/*

MILDRED'S, SAINT. A ch. in Lond., on the N* side
of the Poultry, at the corner of St. M. Court* It was
destroyed in the Gt. Fire, rebuilt by Wren, and finally
taken down in 1872* In Middieton's Quiet Life iv. 2,
Knavesby says, ** I'll bring you [to Lombard St.]
through Bearbinder Lane/' Mrs. Water-Camlet replies,
4* Bearbinder Lane cannot hold me ; I'll the nearest
way over St* M. ch/' An early edition of Colin Clout
was ** Imprinted by me Rycharde Kele dwelling in the
powltry at the long shop under saynt Myldredes
chyrche." Like was " Imprinted at the long shop ad-
joining unto St* M* Ch* in the Pultrie by John Allde.
1568." Middleton's Blurt was " Printed for Henry
Rocfcytt, and are to be sold at the long shop under
St* M. ch* in the Poultry. 1602." There was another
St* M* ch. in Bread St., on the E* side at the corner of
Ckonon St., destroyed in the Gt. Fire and rebuilt by
Wren*

MILE END*

beginning < rf „ MVW. •*»v, «.,.« *u.^,u. m^ Tr JLLH.^.-

diapel Rd* M. E. Green was S*"o?Se 5u£ Sl/where
y Green now is. It was used as the training
~J ior the citizen forces of Lond*, as well as for
— _* ateid siuaws of various kinds* The vili. was still in
tfae cotmtry, and citizens used to go out tiere of an
afternoon to eat cakes and drink cream. Criminals were
also htmg m chains at M* E. Green* Kemp, in Nine
Days' Wander (1600), tells Bow,wfeen he had started on

A hamlet in Lond., E. of Whitechapel,

346

MILE END

his famous dance to Norwich, " Multitudes of Londoners
left not me, either to keep a custom which many hold*
that M. E. is no walk without a recreation at Stratford
Bow with cream and cakes, or else for love they
bear towards me." In Contention, Haz., p. 502, Cade
orders the rebels : ** Go to Mflende-greene to Sir
James Cromer, and cut off his head too." In Look
About v*, Slink, trying to escape from arrest, complains,
"M. E/s covered with *Who goes there?"" In
S* Rowley's When You, D. 4, Black Will complains that
** for a venture of 5 pound he must commit such petty
robberies at M. E/* In Dekker's Shoemaker's L i,
Lacy reports that in preparation for the French ex-
pedition " The men of Hertfordshire lie at M.-e/'

In All's iv. 3, 302, Parolies says that Capt. Dumain,
when in England, ** had the honour to be the officer at a
place there called M.-E*, to instruct for the doubling
of files*" In B. & F. Pestle v* i, the citizen's wife
exhorts Ralph : 4* I would have thee call all the youths
together in battle-ray and march to M* E* in pompous
fashion." In Three Lords, Dods., vi. 451, Policy says,
" Myself will muster upon M.-E.-Green That John the
Spaniard will in rage run mad," In Shirley's Riches ii*,
the Soldier says, ** Some fellows have beaten you into
belief that they have seen the wars, that perhaps
mustered at M*-E. or Finsbury /* In Jonson's Ev. Man L
ii. 3, Brainworm, having deceived Knowell in the dis-
guise of an old soldier, says, " He will hate the musters
at M.-e. for it to his dying day." In iv* 4, Formal says
of Brainworm's stories of his wars : ** They be very
strange, and not like those a man reads in the Roman
histories or sees at M*-e/* In Middleton's jR* G% i* 2,
Laxton says of Moll : ** Methinks a brave captain might
get all his soldiers upon her, and ne'er be beholding to
a company of M.-e. milk sops*" In T. Heywood's
Ed. IV A. i, the Lord Mayor says to the rebels that the
way te Bow shall be safe, ** Although thou lie encamped
at M.-E.-Green," and that they will not dare to molest
the travellers* Indeed, M.-E* Green had some reputa-
tion for highway robberies* In T* Heywood's F* M*
Exch., Act I opens with an attempted robbery there,
which is frustrated by the opportune arrival of the
Cripple of Fenchurch* Milton, in Sonn. on the De-
traction 7, says of the title of his Tetrachordon : " Cries
the stall-reader, * Bless us 1 what a word on A title-page
is this I * and some in file Stand spelling false, while one
might walk to M.-E* Green," i.e* about a mile*

In B* <5c F. Thomas iii. 3, amongst the Fiddler's
ballads is one entitled 4t The Landing of the Spaniards
at Bow, with the Bloody Battle at M*-e/' The same inci-
dent seems to be referred to in the 3 following passages.
In their Pestle ii* 2, Michael asks his mother, " Is not all
the world M*-e*, mothers'": to which Mrs* Merry-
thought replies, ** No, Michael, not all the world, boy ;
but I can assure thee, Michael, M.-e* is a goodly matter;
there has been a pitch-field, my child, between the
naughty Spaniels and the Englishmen, and the Spaniels
ran away, Michael, and the Englishmen followed," In
T* Heywood's F* M* Exch.f vol. ii., p. 45, Frank says,
" Cripple, thou once didst promise me thy love When
I did rescue thee on M.-e. Green." In B* & F. Wife
Epi*, " the action at M*-e/* is mentioned* In Shirley's
Pleasure i. 2, Celestina, dissatisfied with her new coach,
says, " To market with* t ; 'Twill hackney out to M*-e/*
In HI B. iii. 2, 298, Shallow says, " I remember at
M.-e* Green, I was then Sir Dagonet in Arthur's show/f
This was an exhibition of shooting given by a society
called ** The Fellowship of Prince Arthur's Knights/'
There were 58 of them* In Yarington's Two Trag. v* a,

MILETUS

the Officer directs : " Let his body be conveyed hence
to M*~e*-green And there be hanged in chains/' In
Middleton's Black Book, p* 25, we read of ** two men
in chains between M.-e. and Hackney/' M* E* was
apparently a fashionable quarter for residence* In
B* & F* Wit Money iii, 2, Valentine says, " Why should
madam at M*-e. be daily visited, and your poorer
neighbours neglected i tr In Day's B* Beggar ii*, Old
Strowd says, 4t Come along with me to M*-e* to my
lodging*" Dekker, in Armourers, says, " Neither the
Mermaid nor the Dolphin nor he at M.-e*-green can
when he list be in a good temper when he lacks his
mistress, that is to say, Money*" The reference is to
some well-known tavern*

MILETUS* One of the chief cities of Ionia, on the W*
coast of Asia Minor at the mouth of the Maeander* In
T* Heywood's Dialogues xiii* 4273, Mausolus boasts :
** The great'st part of Ionia I laid waste And my great
army to Miletum passed/' This was 362 B.C. In
Gascoigne's Government ii* i, Gnomaticus says, ** His-
tory accuseth Cillicon for betraying of M/' I think
he must mean by Cillicon, Syloson, who* along with his
brothers, seised by treachery the island of Samos about
530 B*C*; his brother, Polycrates, shortly afterwards
conquered M., but he had previously banished Sylospn.
The Persians, however, sent a fleet and reinstated him.
Sir John Beaumont, in verses on Francis Beaumont's
Salmacis, says, " With fair Mylesian threads the verse
he sings." ** Milesian tales " were the Greek and Roman
name for wanton tales, after the fashion of the Milesiaca
of Aristides, the earliest prose romances known*

M3LFORD HAVEN* A long indentation of the sea in
the W* coast of Pembrokesh., S* Wales* It runs 10 m*
inland, and is abt* a m* across* It is one of the best and
safest harbours in the United Kingdom* The town of
M* is on the N* side of the H* La Cym* iii* a, 45,
Leonatus writes to Imogen to meet him ** in Cambria, at
M* H*" She accordingly journeys thither, and Scene IV*
is laid " in the country near M* H." In iv* 3, 335, the
Capt. announces to Lucius, " The legions garrisoned in
Gallia * * * have crossed the sea, attending You here
at M* H*" In R3 iv* 4, 535, Catesby brings word : " The
Earl of Richmond Is with a mighty power landed at M."
In Ford's Warbeck v* 2, Warbeck speaks of the day that
dawned for Richmond and his supporters, ** When first
they ventured on a frightful shore At M* H/' In Peek's
Ed. I ii* 13, Lluellen brings his friends *4 disguised to
M* H/f to stay the landing of the Lady Elinor from
France* Drayton, in Polyolb. v* 275, commends 44 M*,
which this isle her greatest port doth call/*

MILFORD LANE. A lane in Lond*, running S* from
the Strand, opposite St* Clement Danes, between
Essex St* and Arundel St* It was a narrow st** inhabited
by poor people for the most part, and having a bad
reputation* It is now mostly occupied by printing
offices* In Brome's Couple ii* i, Careless, having got
hold of some money, exclaims, ** I need no more
inscpnsing now in Ram Alley, nor the sanctuary of
White-fryers, the forts of Fullers-rents, and M*-l,,
whose walls are daily battered with the curses of bawling
creditors/* In Brome's Damoisette i* 3, Bumpsey taunts
the impecunious knight, Sir Humfrey Dryground, with
the wretched pittance ** which now maintains you where
you live confined in M* L, or Fuller's Rents, or who
knows where/*

MILK STREET* Lond*, running N* from Cheapside to
Gresham St*, between Wood St* and Lawrence Lane*
It was originally the part of the market where milk and

MIMS (SOUTH)

butter were sold* The Ch* of St* Mary Magdalene,
destroyed in the Gt* Fire and not rebuilt, was in this
street* Here Sir T* More was born. Taylor, in Merry-
come-twang, tells of a friend who invited him " to go
dine at the Half-Moone in M. St*" In Jonson's
Christmas, Carol asks, " Shall John Butter of M* St*
come in s1 *' and Gambol replies, *4 Yes, he may slip in
for a torch-bearer, so he melt not too fast*" In B* & F*
Pestle iii* 4, Ralph says, ** O faint not, heart I Susan,
my lady dear, The cobbler's maid in M* St* for whose
sake I take these arms, O let the thought of thee Carry
thy knight through all adventurous deeds*** Dekker, in
Jests, mentions ** M* st*, Bread St*, Lime St*, and S*
Mary Axe " as places where the respectable citizens
used to have their dwellings. Mayberry, in Dekker's
Northward, lived there, for in v. i he says, " Let's
once stand to it for the credit of M.-st/'

MILLAINE* See MILAN*

MILLBANK. A dist* running along the N., or rather the
W., bank of the Thames from Old Palace Yd* to Peter-
borough House, between the positions now occupied
by the Westminster and Vauxhall Bdges* Towards its
S* end, the M* Penitentiary was built in 1821 ; it has
since been pulled down, and its site is occupied by the
Tate Art Gallery. M* St* preserves the name* In
Cowley's Cutter L 5, Jolly says that Cutter and Worm are
always changing their residence : ** To-day at Wapping,
and to-morrow you appear again at M*, like a duck that
dives at this end of the pond and rises unexpectedly at
the other/' Wapping is in the extreme E*, M* in the
extreme W* of Lond*

MILTON* A vill* in Berks*, 2& m. S. of Abingdon* In
Abingdon ii* i, Philip says he has been "over the
meads, halfway to M."

MILVIAN BRIDGE (PONS MILVIUS, now PONTE MQLLE)*
The bdge* by which the Via Flaminia crossed the Tiber,
a m, N* of Rome* It was here that Cicero arrested the
ambassadors of the Allobroges on their way to the city
at the time of the CatiHnarian conspiracy. In Jonsoa's
Catiline iv* 6, Sanga brings word to Cicero* " You must
instantly dispose your guards Upon the M* B*, for by
that way They mean to come.*' The next scene is at
the M* B*, and describes the arrest of the Allobroges*

MIMS (SOUTH). A small vill. in N. Middlesex, on the
borders of Herts., and on the Great North Road from
Lond* In B* & F* Wit Money iii* i, the servant who,
much against his will, is ordered to drive his mistress
out of Lond., prays that the horses may tire atHighgate,
that all the innkeepers at St* Alban's may be too drunk
to entertain the lady, that there may be neither mtisic
nor food nor a bed for her; and then goes on : "LetM.
be angry at their St* Bel swagger, And we pass in the
heat of it, and be beaten, Beaten abaminabiy." St*
Bel means Sanctos Bell, or Saunce Bell, the little bell
rung by the priest during the celebration of Mass ; it
is very insignificant as compared with the bells in the
ch* tower, and so is used for anything trifling* See
N.E.D* s.v* SANCTUS BELL. Hence St. Bel swagger
means the silly, trifling roystering of the drunken inn-
keepers of St* Alban's. The next lines "[May] all
my lady's linen [be] sprinkled With suds and dish-
water I" fre* ditch-water) may be a sarcastic allusion
to Mims Wash, a shallow ford on the road about i m.
S* of M* The smallness of the vill* and the absurdity
of its name give such point as there is to the jest. [I am
indebted for this article to the late Prof* C* E. Vatighan,
as well as for very many other valuable suggestions.]

347

UINCIUS

MINCIUS (now MINCIO). A river in N* Italy, rising in
the Rhaetian Alps, and flowing into the Lago di Garda,
from which it issues at Peschiera and runs S* into the
Po past Mantua, the birth-place of Vergil* Milton,
Lye* 86, invokes it as " thou honoured flood, Smooth-
sliding M*, crowned with vocal reeds/' Milton invokes
it as representing Latin Pastoral Poetry, because Vergil
wrote the Eclogues ; and the description is taken from
2sc» vii* 12 : ** Hie virides tenera praetexit arundine ripas
M*"

MINEVER, SAINT* Vill* in Cornwall, a Httle N* of the
river Camel, near its mouth, 24 m. S*W* of Launceston*
In Bromefs City Wit iii* i, Jane Tryman leaves in her
will 4t to my nephew, Sir Marmaduke Trevaughan, of
St* M., £1000 in gold/'

MINORIES* An abbey of the Nuns of the order of St*
Clare, founded in 1293 by Edmund of Lancaster* It
was surrendered to Henry VIII in 1539. Its site is
indicated by the st* called the M*, running from Aldgate
High St* to Tower Hill* It was formerly almost entirely
occupied by gunsmiths* In Bale's Laws iiL, Infidelity
says to Mosei Lex, " I would ye had been at the M*,
Sir, late yester-night, at CompHne*" Lex replies, *' At
the M*J Whys' What was there ados'" Infidelity
answers, '* For such another would I to Southampton
go/' I suppose the reference is to the papistical
character of the service, which pleases Infidelity* In
Davenport's New Trick i. 2, Slightall, who is looking out
for an impudent lass, sends Roger to seek for one ** in
Turnball, the Banke side, or the M/' Evidently the st*
had gained an evil reputation*

MINT* The M* in Lond* was in the Tower until 1811,
when the present building on Tower Hill was erected
for the purpose* A M* was also established by Henry
VIII in Suffolk House opposite St. George's Ch.,
Southwark, which gave the name to the dist* round.
The inhabitants claimed for it the privilege of sanctuary,
and it became a refuge for all sorts of swindlers and
vagabonds, until the privilege was definitely abrogated
by Act of Parliament in the reign of George I* In
B* & F* Wit Money ii* 4, when Francisco asks him for
£100, Valentine replies : " There's no such sum in
nature ; forty shillings There may be now in the M*,
and thaf s a treasure/* In T* Heywood's Ed, IV
A* 26, Falconbridge, encouraging his rebels, says,
** The M* is ours, Cheape, Lombard St*, our own/'
Is Jooson's Demi iii* 5, Fitz-Dottrel says, ** There's
not so much gold in all the Row, he says, Till it come
from the M*"

MINTIUM (~ MINCIO)* A river in N* Italy, rising in
Lake Guarda, and flowing S* into the Po, 9 m* below
Mantua* Daniel, in Epist. Ded* to Cleopatra 65, prays
that ** the music of our well-tuned Isle Might hence be
heard to M,, Am, and Po*" See MINCIDS.

MIRAPONT (probably should be MYRAPONT, ie. the
Lycian Sea, which Hes round the coast of Lycia, of
which Myra is the chief seaport)* Brutus had conquered
Lycia, shortly before the battle of Philippi* In C&safs
Rev* iv* i, Cassius says that Brutus commands ** all the
coasters on the M/'

MIRMIDONS* See MYRMIDONS*

BIISENUM* TheprcMK)ntoryattheN*endoftheBayof
Hagafe^ so called from the trumpeter of Aeneas who was
Iw«e44feei^ Behind it is a land-locked harbour which
was made the naval station for the Roman fleet by
Augustus* In Ant* ii 2, 163, Caesar says that Pomf>ey
lies ** about the mt* M* ** ; ii* 6 takes place near M*,
and ii* 7 on board Ptmpefs galley off M*

MITRE

MISERGA* Defined as being in the confines of Persia*
In Bacchus, the I4th guest is " Hodge Heaviebreech :
he came from M., a city in the confines of Persia*"

MITRE* A Lond* tavern sign* There were 2 famous M*
Taverns: one in Bread St,, Cheapside, the other in
Fleet St* i* The M* in Bread St* was either at the
corner of Bread St* and Cheapside or had an entrance
from the latter thoroughfare, as it is sometimes called
the M* in Cheap* It is mentioned in the vestry books of
St* Michael's before 1475* It was burnt down in the
Gt* Fire, and not rebuilt* In More ii* i, Robin says,
** The head-drawer at the Miter by the Great Conduit
called me up, and we went to breakfast into St* Anne's
Lane*" In News Barthol Fair, " The Miter in Cheape "
is in the list of Lond* taverns* In Wilkins* Enforced
Marriage iii* i, Ilford says, " I, Frank Ilford, was
inforced from the M* in Bread-st* to the Compter in the
Poultry." In iii. 3, Scarborow says, ** We'll meet at
the M*, where we'll sup down sorrow*" In W* Rowley's
Match Mid. ii* 2, Capt* Carvegut proposes : " Come,
we'll pay at bar, and to the M. in Bread-st*, we'll make
a mad night on't." La Jonson's Ev. Man L iv. i (ist
edition), the M* takes the place of the Star of the later
editions* In The pleadings of Rastett v. Walton (1530),
Nicholas Sayer deposed that ** he and William Knight
were desired by the said Rastell and Walton, being at
the M* in Cheap, to view such costs, etc*" In Dekker's
Westward iv* i, Lucy, guessing who has put his hands
over her eyes, says, " O, you are George, the drawer at
the M/'

2. The M* in Fleet St* was on the S. side of the st*
at No. 39, now occupied by Hoare's Bank. It had a
passage into M* Court, and a back way into Ram Alley*
It was certainly in existence in 1603 ; it was kept by the
widow Sutton in 1629 and by one Alsop 10 years later*
The wooden balcony was set alight in the Gt* Fire, but
the tavern itself escaped* It was Dr* Johnson's favourite
inn, and was the dining-place of the Royal Society
and the Society of Antiquaries* It was closed in 1788,
and the present M* Tavern in M* Court took over the
name, together with the Johnson tradition, which does
not, however, really belong to it, in spite of the cast of
Nollekens* bust which it displays* The old Tavern
was reincarnated as Saunders' Auction Room, and was
finally demolished in 1829 to make more room for
Hoare's Bank* In Barry's Ram ii. 4, Throate says,
** Know what news and meet me straight at the M* door
in Fleet-st." A little before, Smallshanks says to
Frances, " We will be married to-night, we'll sup at
the M*, and from thence will to the Savoy." In T* Hey-
wood's Witches ii., Generous says, ** It comes short of
that pure liquor we drunk last term in Lond* at the
Myter in Fleet-st*," and later, Robert says of Generous :
** Since he was last in Lond* and tasted the divinity of
the Miter, scarce any liquor in Lancashire will go down
with him ; sure he will never be a Puritan, he holds so
well with the Miter"; and again, in Act III, Generous
says, ** I durst swear that this was Myter wine*" In
Middleton's Hubburd, p* 77, the young gallant is
advised that ** his eating must be in some famous tavern,
as the Horn, the M*, or the Mermaid*"

In the following passages it is not certain which of the
Ms. is intended, though in most of them I think the
Bread St* tavern is meant* In Jonson's Ev. Man O*
iii* i, when SogHardo asks which is the best house to
dine at, Puntarvoio says, ** Your M* is your best house/'
In iv* 4, Puntarvolo commissions Carlo to "bespeak
supper at the M* against we come back*" In v* 3,
Macflente says, "Our supper at the M* must of

MOAB

necessity hold to-night," and the next scene is laid there*
In BarthoL i* i, Littlewit says, ** A pox o' these pre-
tenders to wit J your Three Cranes, M*, and Mermaid-
men I " In Middleton's Five Gallants ii, i, there is a
discussion as to the relative merits of the Mermaid
and the M*, and Goldstone says, ** The M* for neat
attendance, diligent boys, and — push 1 — excells far"j
ii* 3 is "in a room at the M/' In his Mad World v* i,
Sir Bounteous says, " This will be a right M* supper,
a play and all/' In T* Heywood's Hogsdon ii* 2, Sencer
says, 44 Being somewhat late at supper at the M*, the
doors were shut at my lodging/' In his Lucrece ii* 5,
in the list of Roman (London) taverns, Valerius says,
44 The churchman to the M/*

MOAB* The country E* of the Dead Sea and the lower
Jordan in Palestine* According to Judges iii* 12, Eglon
K* of M* took Jericho and oppressed Israel for 18 years*
In Bale's Promises v., David says of Israel : 4t Thou sub-
duedst them 18 years to Eglon the K* of M/' Milton, in
Trans. Ps. Ixxxiii* 23, speaks of " M*, with them of
Hagar's blood That in the desert dwell " among the
enemies of Israel* The god of the Moabites was Che-
mosh* Milton, P. L* i* 406, speaks of " Chemos, the
obscene dread of M/s sons/'

MODENA (the ancient MUTINA)* A city of N* Italy, S*
of the Po, some 200 m* N* of Rome* Here Mark Antony
was defeated by the forces of Hirtius and Pansa 43 B*C*
It was under the government of Dukes of the D'Este
family until 1859, when it became part of the kingdom
of Italy* In Ant. i* 4* 57, Caesar reminds Antony,
4' When thou once Wast beaten from M*, where thou
slewest Hirtius and Pansa, consuls, at thy heel Did
famine follow*" In Middleton's .ft* G* v* i, Trapdoor
claims to have visited over a dozen Italian cities, one
of which is M* In Cockayne's Trapolin ii* 3, Horatio
concludes a long list of the chief cities of Italy with
44 M*, happiest of them all*'* In iv» 2, the Grand D* of
Tuscany says that his sister had " refused The youthful
Dukes of M. and Parma/' The scene of Laelia is laid
at M*, in the ist half of the i6th cent* In iii. i, 2 pro-
verbs are quoted : 4t Taurus Modinensis habet durum
cornu sed molle corium," and M Semel in anno taurus
non reperietur Modenae/'

MODIN (now EL-MEDYEH)* A town in Palestine, 17 m*
N*W* of Jerusalem* It was the home of the Maccabaean
family, and a fine tomb was erected there in their
honour by Simon, the last of the 5 great brothers*
Milton, P*#* iii* 170, tells how Machabeus ** David's
throne usurped, With M* and her suburbs once content/'

MOGUL (a form of MONGOL, applied specially to the
followers of Jenghis Khan in the I3th, and of Berber
in the i6th cents*)* The M., or the Great, or Grand, M*
is used of the Emperors of Delhi* In Middleton's
Gipsy ii* i, John says, *4 1 will do anything ; kill the
Great Turk, pluck out the M/s eye-teeth/' as Huon of
Bordeaux plucked out 44 four of the Admiral's greatest
teeth " and brought them to Charlemagne* In Jonson's
Augurs, Vangoose undertakes, by his 44 Ars catoptrica **
to show the company 44 de Tartar Cham mit de groat
K* of Mogull/* M/s breeches seem to mean a kind of
long drawers or loose trousers* In B* & F* Fair Maid L
iv* a, the Host says, 44 Oh, let him have his shirt on and
his m/s breeches ; here are women i' th* house/* The
Spanish and Portuguese form was Mogor* In Tomkins*
Albumazar i* 5, Albumazar has prepared an almanac by
which merchants may 44 know the success of the voyage
of Magores," z*e* the voyage to the country of the great
M*

MOMARAH

MOGUNCE. SeeMENTZ*

MOLDAVIA* One of the Danubian provinces lying N*
of Wallachia and E* of Transylvania* It was governed
by princes called Voivodes, and during the i6th cent*
was under the control of the Turks, who exacted tribute
and claimed the right of veto on the appointment of the
Voivodes* England was interested in the Danubian
provinces at this time, and in 1593 sent Edward Barton
as ambassador to Constantinople to support the claim
of Michael the Brave of Wallachia to independence*
Judging by the reference in Jonson's Epicoew, some
Moldavian prince had visited England shortly before
1609* In y* i, La-Foole says that Daw drew maps
(Le. portraits) " of Nomentack when he was here, and
of the Prince of M*" In B* & F* Pestle, Ralph visits the
court of the K* of M* in iv* 2, and wins the love of
his daughter, but rejects her advances* In Cuckqaeam
iv* 8, Claribel says that since leaving Oxford he has
44 visited M* and Livonia, Pamphlagonia and Silesia*"

MOLE* A river rising in N* Sussex, and flowing through
Surrey into the Thames opposite Hampton Court*
Its length is 42 m*; near Mickleham it disappears
underground for a time — hence its name* Spenser,
F* Q* iv* ii, 32, mentions : 4t M*, that like a mousling
mole doth make His way still underground, till Thamfs
he overtake*" Milton, Vac. Ex. 95, calls it ** sullen
Mole that runneth underneath/'

MOLOCCUS, or MOLUCCAS* Often known as the
Spice Islands, a group of islands in the E* Indies
between Celebes and New Guinea. The Portuguese
made the first settlements there in 1510, but the
Spaniards arrived later, and there was much dispute as
to the possession of the islands until the Dutch took
them in the early part of the i7th cent* In Peele's
Alcazar iii* i, 26, the Legate says in the name of Philip
of Spain : 44 His Majesty doth promise to resign [sc+ to
Sebastian of Portugal] The titles of the islands of M.,
That by his royalty in India he commands*" Spenser,
F* 0*, v* 10, 3, says that the fame of Mertilla (Elizabeth)
** it self enlarged hath From th' utmost brink of the
Armericke [Armoric] shore Unto the margent of the
Molucas*" Wilbye, in First Set of Madrigals (1598),
speaks of *' Coral and ambergris sweeter and dearer
Than which the South Seas or Moluccas lend us/'
Heylyn quotes from DuBartasz "From the Moluccoes
[come] spices " (p* 12)* In B* & F* Subject iii* 4,
Theodore, introducing his sisters to certain gentlemen,
says, " Nay, keep off yet, gentlemen J What would ye
give now to turn the glove up and find the rich M* 5* **
The coarse jest need not be explained,

MOLOSSI* A tribe in Epirus, originally dwelling to the
S* of the Ambratiot Gulf, but afterwards obtaining the
mastery of the whole of Epirus from the Ambradot Gulf
to the Aous* There are many references in the classical
writers to Molossian hounds* In Greene's Mamillia ii*,
we read of 44 Sarcas, the K* of the Mollosians/' In
Locrine L i, 47, Corineus boasts how he had con-
quered 4* The Grecian monarch, warlike Pandrassus,
And all the crew of the Molossians*" This is quite un-
htstoricaL In Lyly's Maid's Meta. ii* 2, Belisarius tells
how " the blind Molossians worshipped a toad and one
of them, drinking a health with his god, was poisoned*"
Fleming, in English Dogs (1576), says, ** A country in
Epirus called Molossia harboureth many stout, strong,
and sturdy dogs ; for the dogs of that country are good
indeed/'

MOLUCCAS* See MOLOCCUS*
MOMARAH (= MAMOEAH, g*i?*)*

349

MOMBAZA

MOMBAZA* A town on the E* coast of Africa, just N* of
Zanzibar, 1400 m* S* of Cape Guardafui* It has one of
the finest harbours in the world* It was visited by
Vasco di Gama in 1498, and was taken by the Portuguese
in 1528, in whose possession it remained till 163 i, when
it was retaken by the natives* The castle, which still
remains, was built by the Portuguese in 1635 on a hill
S* of the town* M* is now under British control*
Milton* P* L. xi. 399, mentions 4t M*, and Quiloa, and
Melind, And Sofala" amongst the S* African kingdoms
shown in vision to Adam.

MONA* The old name of the Isle of Anglesey, off the
N»W* coast of Wales* It was the principal seat of
Druidical worship, and was invaded by Suetonius
A.D* 61* He was recalled, however, by the revolt of
Boadicea (Bonduca), and the island was not conquered
by the Romans till AJX 78* In B* & F* Bonduca i* 2,
Suetonius says, ** My will to conquer M. and long stay
To execute that will, let in these losses." Spenser,
F. <?* iii* 3, 48, tells of a prediction that the fire of the
old British blood shall ** be freshly kindled in the fruit-
ful lie Of M." The reference is to the accession of
Henry VII, who was popularly supposed to have been
born in Anglesey, though he was really born at Pembroke
Castle* Milton, Lye. 54, speaks of " the shaggy top of
M* high/'

MONACO* . The smallest sovereign principality in Europe,
covering less than 8 sq. m* It lies most picturesquely on
the shore of the Gulf of Genoa, 9 m* E* of Nice. The
principality has been in the Grimaldi family since the
I2th cent*? it is now under French protection* In
Ford's Sacrifice i. i, Petruchio tells us that the Duchess
of Pavia was a lady in the court of Milan : "And passing
late from thence to M*, To visit there her uncle, Paul
Baglione the Abbot, Fortune * * . presents her to the
D/s eye*" In ii* 2, D'Avolos says, ** I have here 2,
pictures to be sent for a present to the Abbot of M*, the
Duchess* uncle*"

MOlSfMOUTH* The county town of Monmouthsh*, at
the confluence of the Wye and Monnow, 128 m* W* of
Lond* Hie castle, now in ruins, came into the pos-
session of John of Gaunt, and here Henry V was born
in 1388* Mshire* is now an English county, but was
formerly regarded as part of Wales* M* was noted for
ftie manufacture of fiat round caps, much worn by
soldiers and seamen* In H4 A* v* 2, 50, and v* 4, 59,
Ptince Henry is called Harry M* by Hotspur* The
Induction of H4 B. 29, speaks of him in the same way*
In L i, 19, Lord Bardolph calls Falstaff " Harry M/s
brawn, the hulk Sir John*" In H$ iv* 7, n, Fluelen,
after pointing out that the K. was born at M., and
Alexander the Gt* at Macedon, draws a comparison
between the 2 places : *4 There is a river in Macedon ;
and there is also moreover a river at M* — it is called
Wye at M. ; and there is salmons in both*" In H6 A*
ii. 5, 23, Mortimer calls the late K. " Henry M*" In
H4 B* ii» 3, 45, Lady Percy calls him simply M- In
H6 A* iii* i, 198, Exeter quotes a prophecy ** that Henry
born at M. should win all and Henry born at Windsor
lose all*" The same prophecy is quoted in The Puritan
iL i* In Vof* Welsh. L i, the Bardh says, ** Twice The
base usurper Mttnmouth got the day " (against Octa-
•*&•$» IntedsS^sNorika^^

that Sfyaaax (£*e* Astyaaax) was ** a M* man/' and proves
it by affirming ** Hector was grannam to Cadwalader ;
when she was great with child, there was one young
Styanan of Mshire. was a madder Greek as any is in
all England/*

MONTEPULCHENA

Monmouth Caps* In H$ iv* 7, 104, Fluelen says,
** The Welshmen did good service in a garden where
leeks did grow, wearing leeks in their M* caps*" In
Eastward iv* 4, Touchstone says, ** You may drink
drunk, crack cans, hurl away a brown dozen of M. caps
or so, in sea-ceremony to your bon voyage.*' In Jonson's
Wales, Howe! sings that the Welshman may ** Get him
as much green velvet perhap, Shall give it a face to his
M. cap." In verses prefixed to Coryat's Crudities
(1611), Austin says that the author *' Slept in his
clothes . . * Sans M* cap or gown of rug." In W*
Rowley's Search 31, the felt-makers complain of the
popularity of " M*-caps*"

MONS* The capital of Hainault in Belgium, 31 m* S*W*
of Brussels. It was a strongly fortified city, and reached
its greatest prosperity during the reign of the Emperor
Charles V* In Tuke's Five Hours ii. 2, Octavio says
of the Marquis d'Olivera : ** They say he did wonders
at the siege of M." The reference is to the siege by
Alva in 1572, when the town had been occupied by
Count Lodowicke, who tried in vain to hold it against
Spain.

MONTAGUES CLOSE* A st* in Southwark, running
round St* Saviour's Cathedral on the N* and W* sides,
on the site of the old cloisters* It took its name from a
mansion built there by Viscount Montague after the
dissolution of the monasteries. It was here that Mont-
eagle was living when he received the mysterious letter
which gave the clue to the Gunpowder Plot of 1605 ;
and in consequence of this persons residing in M, C*
were exempted from actions for debt or trespass, so
that it became a sanctuary, with the usual result that
it grew to be the resort of bad characters and had to be
suppressed* In Brome's Couple v* i, Saleware gets a
letter : " Come with this bearer over into M. c*, where
you shall find your wife with a private friend at a private
lodging*"

MONTALBAN, or MONTAUBAN. A town in S* of
France, on the Garonne, 342 m* S. of Paris* It was the
castle of the knight Renaud, or Rinaldo, in the old
romances* Milton, P* X* i* 583, speaks of the knights
who " jousted in Aspramont or M." Deloney, in
Reading ix., says that Dove, when Jarrat had taken htm
to his inn, " thought himself as safe as K* Charlemaine
in mt* Albon*"

MONTARGIS* An ancient town of France, on the
Loing, 60 m* S* of Paris* In Peele's Ed. I ii* 336,
Guenther announces to Lluellen that his love, Elinor,
and her brother have been captured by ships of
Bristow " As from M* hitherward they sailed*"

MONTE ALTO* See ALTOHONTE*

MONTEFIASCONE* A town in central Italy, on the
E* shore of Lake Bolsena, 50 m. N.W* of Rome* It is
famous for its muscatel wine* In Cockayne's Trapolin
ii* i, Trapolin, being banished, laments: "Farewell,
my draughts of M* and Bologna sausages*" Fynes
Moryson, i* 2, 143* says that its white and red Muskedine
is ** one of the most famous wines in Italy*"

MONTENEGRO* A small dist* on the E* coast of
the Adriatic, Just S* of Herzegovina* In Marmion's
Antiqapry iii. 4, the Antiquary claims that his great-
grand&ther was ** Jovanno Veterano, de M*"

MONTEPULCHENA(= MOTTTEPULCIANO). An ancient
Etruscan town in Tuscany, abt* 90 m* N* of Rome*
Cardinal Bellarmine was bom there* In Middleton's
J?* G- y* i, Trapdoor mentions ** M/' as one of the many
cities in Italy which he has ambled through*.

350

MONTFAUQON

MONTFAUgON* A hill oa the N*W* of Paris, N* of the
Pare Monceaux, where the Lutheran ch* now stands*
It was used as a place of execution for criminals.
In Marlowe's Massacre (Dyer's edition), p. 231,
after the murder of the Admiral, Anjou says, " Unto
Mount Faucoa will we drag his corse; And he that
living hated so the cross, Shall being dead be
hanged thereon £n chains." In Coryat's Crudities
20, we read: "A little on this side Paris, even at
the town's end, there is the fairest gallows that ever
I saw, built upon a little hillock called Mt* Falcon,
which consisteth of 14 fair pillars of freestone ; this
gallows was made in. the time of the Guisian massacre,
to hang the Admiral of France, Chatillion, who was a
Protestant, anno dom* 1572*" Fynes Moryson, in
Itinerary i. 2, 190 (1595), says, " The dead bodies [of
criminals] are carried out of the gate of St* Martin to be
buried upon Mont-falcon*"

MONTFERRAT* An ancient duchy in Italy, in the
S* of Piedmont, just N. of Genoa. In Merch. i* 2, 126,
Nerissa reminds Portia of Bassanio's visit " In company
of the Marquis of M*"

MONTMORENCY* A town in France, 9 m* N. of Paris*
It possesses an old chateau and ch* Anne de M*
(1492-1567) is one of the characters in Chapman's
Chabot* His portrait in the play is much more attractive
than history warrants*

MONTROSE* A spt* in Forfarsh., Scotland, at the mouth
of the S* Esk, 60 m. N.E. of Edinburgh in a direct line*
It gave their title to the Earls of M* In Dekker's
Fonunatus, M*, a fictitious Lord of Scotland, is one of
the characters* The time is the reign of Athelstan in
England*

MONTSURREAU* A town in France at the junction of
the Loire and the Vienne, 155 m* S*W* of Paris* The
Earl and Countess of M., or Montsurry, are important
characters in Chapman's Bussy.

MOOR (Mh* = Moorish). Originally meant an in-
habitant of Mauretania, in N.W* Africa ; then extended
to the people of mixed Berber and Arab stock, who
lived in the same dist* and crossed over into Spain and
founded the Mh* kingdoms there in the 8th cent* Up
to the iyth cent* the Ms* were spoken of as black, and
the word was often used as equivalent to negro : some-
times in the form Black-a-M* Heylyn describes them
as " of a duskish colour, comely of body, stately of gait,
implacable in hatred, constant in affection, laborious
and treacherous." In T#*, the villain of the piece is
" Aaron that damned M/' (v* 3, 201)* He has a " fleece
of woolly hair " (ii. 3, 34) ; he is " a coal-black M*"
(iii* 2, 78) ; his child by Tamora is " a blackamoor*
as loathsome as a toad Amongst the fairest breeders of
our clime " (iv* 2, 67) ; " a black slave " (iv* 2, 120) ; " a
thick-lipped slave" (iv*2, 174)* Aaron speaks of himself
as " a black dog " (v* i, 122)* He is " barbarous "
and "misbelieving*" Clearly Aaron is regarded as
a negro* Othello is "the M* of Venice." In i*
i, 66, Roderigo calls him " the thick-lips." In i* i, 88,
lago speaks of him as " a black ram," and in 1 10, as " a
Barbary horse." In i* 2, 70, Brabantio speaks of his
" sooty bosom." In i* 3, 291, the D* says to Brabantio,
" Your son in law is far more fair than black." In iii*
3, 263, Othello himself says, " Haply for I am black
* * * she's gone " ; and in iii* 3, 387, he says of
Desdemona : ** Her name * * * is now begrimed and
black As mine own face." In spite of his " free and
open nature " and his approved valour, it can hardly be
doubted that Shakespeare thought of Ijim as a negro*

MOQJ*

In March* iii* 5, 42, Lorenzo says to Launcelot, " I shall
answer that better than you can the getting tip of the
negro's belly ; the M* is with child by you " : where
negro and M. are synonymous.

In T* Hey wood's Traveller L i, Geraldine says,
"Even the M., He thinks the blackest the most
beautiful*" In Dekker's Hon. Wh. B, ii. i, Bellafront
says, "Blackness in Ms* is no deformity " ; in A. ii. i,
Hippolito upbraids Beilafront because she is ready to
entertain anyone, " Be he a M*, a Tartar, though his
face Look uglier than a dead man's skull*" In Jeronimo
i* 3, Lazarotto says, " I have no hope of everlasting
height, My soul's a M., you know, salvation's white/'
In B* & F* Spam Car* y. i, Jamie says to Violante,
" You are so far from fair, I doubt your mother Was
too familiar with the M. that served her." In Webster's
White Devilt Zanche, who is described as a M., is
evidently black* Flamineo calls her "my precious
gipsey " (v. i) ; she thinks that the 100,000 crowns she
gives to Francisco " Should make that sun-burnt
proverb false, and wash The Ethiope white." She
boasts, " Death cannot alter my complexion, For I shall
ne'er look pale." She says to Francisco, " I ne'er loved
my complexion tfll now, 'Cause I may boldly say with-
out a blush, I love you*" In v* i, Francisco conies to
Brachiano's court, disguised as a M. ; he calls himself
MuKnassar, and " hath by report served the Venetian
in Candy These twice 7 years ; " he has become a
Christian and has done " honourable service 'gainst the
Turk " (v* i) ; in short, he is a replica of Othello*
Zanche, who is black, says of Hrn : " That is my
countryman, a goodly person." In B* & F. Subject iii. 4,
Theodore* introducing some ladies to his friends, says,
" Dp ye like their complexions £ They be no Ms." In
Maid in Mill ii. i, Bustopha says, " There's as deadly
feud between a M. and a miller as between black and
white*" In Massinger's Very Woman iii. i, the Mer-
chant says of the 2 Ms* he has just sold : " You never
had such blackbirds*" Davies, in JYbsce, says that the
sun " Makes the M* black." In Chapman's May Day
iii* i, Angelo says, " As of Ms., so of chimney-sweepers,
the blackest is most beautiful." In Greene's James IV
v. 4, the Lawyer says, " Sooner may the M. be washed
white Than these corruptions banished from this realm*"
In Caesar's Rev. L i, Csssar speaks of " The proud
Parthian and the coal-black M." In Wilson's Cobler 100,
Sateros boasts, " The coalblack M. that revels in the
Straights Have I repelled*" In Middleton's Triumph
Truth, the Moor says, " I being a M*, then, in opinion's
lightness, As far from sanctity as my face from white-
ness*" In Massinger's Unnat. Com. iv* i, Malefort
speaks of a man as ** M.-lipped, flat-nosed, dim-eyed*"
In Brome's M. Beggars i* i, Oldrents says, " I will no
longer strive to wash the M*" In his Moor iii* i,
Millicent speaks of "the M., the blackamore you
spake of; would you make me a negro.*" In contrast,
we find a European, who had been kidnapped and
brought up amongst the Ms*, described in Thradan
v* 2 as " this White M*"

Used definitely of the Inhabitants of Barbary without
any Implication as to Co/ozzr* In Tomkis* Albumazar
iii* 8, Trincalo says, " I remember, while I lived in
Barbary, a pretty song the Ms* sing " ; the first words
are " Alcoch dolash," which are Arabic* In Jonson's
Catiline iii* 3, Catiline boasts that he will do " what the
Gaul or M. could not effect," i.e. destroy Rome. In
Cesar's Rev. ii* 5, Cato says, " No Parthian, Gaul, M*,
no, not Caesar's self, Would with such cruelty thy worth
repay/' In Kyd's Soliman i*, " The M* upon his hot

MQQRD1TCH

Barbarian horse ** comes to grace the nuptials of the
Prince of Cyprus, In Jonsoa's Poetaster iiL i, the 2nd
Pyrgus promises, ** You shall see me do the M.," and
proceeds to recite a speech of the Mh* King in Peele's
Alcazar iL 3* Throughout this latter play and Stadey,
M* is used for an inhabitant of Barbary* In Dekker's
Satiromastix ii* 2, 53> Horace Qonson) says that
Crispinus (Marston) and Fannius (Dekker) "cut an
innocent M* i* the middle, to serve him in twice, and,
when he had done, made Ponies work of it/f Apparently
the reference is to the patching up of Stadey out of
Peek's Alcazar and other plays, for performance by the
Paul's boys. Barnes, in ParthenophU Ixxv* 5, bids Cupid,
because of his cruelty, ** Seek put thy kin Amongst the
Ms/* In B. & F«. Vahntiman i* 3, Aecius asks, " Were
our fathers The sons of lazy ms* * "

The Moors as Conquerors of Spain. In Davenant's
Distresses iiv Androlio says, ""Such scratching for
females was ne*er heard of since first the hot Ms* did
overcome Spain/* In Noble Soldier ii. i, Baltasar is
** a brave soldier employed against the Ms/* in Spain*
In Lady Mother i* 2, Sir Geffrey says, " The Spanish
Basolas manos sounds as harsh as a Morisco kettledrum/*
In T* Heywood's Challenge ii* i, the Clown says,
44 Spain I there are so many Mores m* t that I know you
would hope of nothing less " (than to find beauties
there)* In W* Rowley's AlFs Lost i* i, 47, which is
concerned with the defeat of Roderique, the Gothic
KL of Spain 711-714 A*D*, Julianus says to the K*,
4* Spain is wasted in her noble strength, On which pre-
suming, 'tis to be supposed, The Moore is thus en-
couraged/' In Ford's Warbeck iii* 3, K. Henry says that
Ferdinand of Spain ** Comes near a miracle in his
success Against the Ms., who had devoured his country/'
In Thradan iii* 3, the Alcalde says, ** In Africa the
Ms* are only known And never yet searched part of
Christendom*" The supposed date is long before the
Mh* invasion of Spain* In B* & F* Cure ii* i, Lazarillo
says to the Alguazier, ** Are you not a Portuguese born,
descended of the Ms. i "

The Moors were Mahometans in religion* In W*
Rowley's AXTs Lost ii* 6, 44, Antonio says, ** Persuade
fae to turn Turk, or Moore Mahometan* For by the
lustful laws of Mahomet I may have 3 wives more*"
la SSarfowe's Jew ii* 3, a M* is offered for sale in the
market "bot at 300 plates'* (i*e, about £5), a plate being
ttoe 8th part of a piastre, or Spanish dollar* In Mas-
singer's Very Woman iii* I, two Ms* are sold for 25
cfaequins (about £12) for the two* The Morris-pike was
supposed to be of Mh* origin? hence the name* In the
BaUad ofAgencourt quoted in T* Heywood's Ed* IV A*
52, we havei *'O, the French were beaten down, Morris-
pikes and bowmen/'

M* is used vaguely of an Eastern, with reference to
sun-worship, pearl-diving, etc*, as in Marlowe's JetvLif
where Barabas envies ** The wealthy M* that ia the E*
rocks Without control can pick his riches up And in
fcts bouse heap pearls like pebble-stones*" In Tamb*
B* Hi* 4, Olympia calls the soldiers of Tamburlaine
** These barbarous Scythians, full of cruelty, And Ms*,
in whom was never pity found/* In Jonson's Sefanas
v* 10, Lepidus compares Sejanus to the sun " as gazed
at and admired as he, When superstitious Ms* adore
feigfat/* la Hero i* 4, Scaevtae speaks of "TheM*
that in the boiling desert seeks With blood of strangers
to imbrue Ms jaws/' In Massinger's Lover i. z,
Hortensio exclaims : ** As Ms* salute The rising sun
with joyful superstition, I could fall down and worship/'
In Chapman's Biwd Beggar L 61, Aegiaie says, " I will,

MOORFIELDS

M*-like, learn to swim and dive Into the bottom of the
sea for him/* In Lady Mother iii* i, Bonville says,
** There's virtue enough here to excite belief in Ms*
that only women have heavenly souls*'* The Mahometans
were said to deny that women had souls*

The word lends itself to puns* In Merch. iii* 5, 42,
Launcelot says, " It is much that the M* should be more
than reason/' In Tit * iv. 2, 52, whea the Nurse asks :
44 Did you see Aaron the M* i " Aaron answers : " Well,
more or less, or ne'er a whit at all, Here Aaron is*" A
pun may be intended in Ham* iii* 4, 67, where Hamlet
asks his Mother : ** Could you on this fair mountain
leave to feed And batten on this m* 1 "

M* is also used to mean an aboriginal American, or
a dark man of any nation* In Davenant's Playhouse iii.,
Pedro is described as ** a slave employed by the Mh*
king to conduct Drake to Panamah/' Spenser, P* Q*
vi* 7, 43, says of the giant Disdain : ** On his head a
roll of linen plight, Like to the Mores of Malabar, he
wore/' In B. & F. Princess, the inhabitants of Ternata
in the E. Indies are called Ms* In Marlowe's Faustas
i* 119, Valdes says, ** Indian Ms. obey their Spanish
lords," z*e* ia America*

MOORDITCH. The part of the old city moat of Lond*
lying between Bashopsgate and Moorgate* It was kept
full of water by the drainage &to ^ °f ^e adjoining fen
of Moorfields, and was the depository for all kinds of
filth and rubbish* Stow records efforts to cleanse it in
1540 and 1549 ; and in 1595 it was thoroughly cleansed
and made a little broader. In 1638 it was covered in with
brick arches ; and in the course of the next 20 years
buildings began to be erected on it*

In More iii* a, Faulkner, who has had his hair cropped
by the order of More, says, " More had bin better a
scoured Moreditch than a notched me thus*" In Nobody
754, Nobody promises: "I'll empty Mooreditch at my
own charge and build up Paules-steeple without a
collection/' Nash, in Lenten, p, 326, speaks of the
astonishment of the "common people about Lond*, some
few years since, at the bubbling of M*" Possibly the
bubbling was due to some putrefactive action, and it
may have been this that led to the cleansing of 1595.
Dekker, in Hornbook i*, says that to purge the world
44 will be a sorer labour than the cleansing of Augeaes
stable, or the scouring of Mooreditch*" In his News
from Hell, he says, *4 Look how Moor-ditch shows, when
the water is three-quarters out, and by reason the
stomach of it is overladen, is ready to fall to casting/*

It seems to have been used for the ducking of scolding
women. W* Rowley, in New Wonder ii*, says, 44 'Twill
be at Moorgate, beldam ; where I shall see thee in the
Ditch, dancing in a cucking stool/' In H4 At i* a, 86,
when Falstaff says, " I am as melancholy as a gib cat
or a lugged bear," the Prince suggests, 4* What sayest
thou to a hare, or the melancholy of M* t ** Taylor, in
Penniless, says, ** My mind is attired with moody, muddy,
M* melancholy/' The old Bedlam hospital was dose
by, on the E* side of Moorfields, and the reference may
be to some wretched Bedlam who haunted the neigh-
bourhood*

MOORFIELDS. A low-lying, marshy piece of ground
immediately N» of the old city wall of Lond*, between
Bishopsgate and Cripplegate* In Norden's Map (1593)
it is shown as an oblong, measuring about 320 yards
from E* to W*, and 200 from N* to S* Finsbury
Circus occupies a part of it* In 1415 a postern,
called Moosrgate, was broken through the wall to give
access to it ; ta 1527 it was drained, but continued to be

MQORGATE

a " noisome and offensive place, being a general lay-stall,
a rotten morish ground, crossed with deep stinking
ditches'* (Howes, Continuation of Stowrs Annals, 1631)*
In 1 606 it was laid out in walks and became a popular
summer resort for the citizens* It was also used as a
training ground for the citizen forces and as a place
for the bleaching of linen* It was a favourite haunt of
beggars, especially of the poor lunatics from Bedlam,
which lay on its E* side ; and duels were frequently
fought there* The concourse of citizens drew thither
fortune-tellers, ballad-singers, and pick-pockets* A few
summer-houses began to be erected on it, but it was not
built over till after the Gt* Fire — indeed, it remained
partly open ground till the end of the i8th cent* In
Jonson's Ev. Man /* ii* 2, Brainworm says, ** My old
master intends to follow my young master, dry-foot,
over M* to Lond* this morning " ; and this scene is
laid there. In iv* 4, Knowell tells how he engaged the
disguised Brainworm ** this morning, as I came over
M*" The next scene is laid in M*, where Matthew and
the rest have gone out for a stroll* In BarthoL i* i,
Littlewit, praising his wife's dress, says, ** I challenge
all Cheapside to show such another; M*, Pimlico-
path, or the Exchange, in a summer evening*" In
Jonson's Underwoods lx*, he says, ** O what strange
Variety of silks were on the Exchange, Or in M*, this
other night*'* In Braithwaite's Whimsies (1631), we
read of ** the flourishing city-walks of M*" In Mayne's
Match iii* 3, Bright says that his father "would com-
mend the wholesomeness of the air in M*" In
H8 v* 4, 33, the Porter, annoyed by the crowd, asks
indignantly, ** Is this M* to muster in i " In B* & F*
Pestle y* 3, Ralph says, ** Then took I up my bow and
shaft in hand, And walked into M* to cool myself;
But there grim, cruel Death met me again, And shot
this forked arrow through my head*''

In JReZ* Pernass iii* i, Sir Radericfc says, " I am going
to M* to speak with an unthrift*" In Mayne's Match
ii* 6, Plotwell says, ** We have brought you a gentleman
of valouxp who has been in M* often ; marry, it has been
to squire his sisters and demolish custards at Pimlico*"
Peacham, in Worth of a Penny (1641), says, " Go among
the Usurers in their walk in Moor Fields*" In Mas-
singer's Madam iv* 4, Anne says of Hebe and Iris :
44 They were sure some chandler's daughters, Bleaching
linen in M/' In Davenant's Rutland, p* 221, the
Parisian says of M* : ** Because the place was meant
for public pleasure and to shew the munificence of your
city, I shall desire you to banish the laundresses and
bleachers, whose acres of old linen make a shew like
the fields of Carthagena, when the 5 months' shifts of
the whole fleet are washed and spread*" In Shirley's
Riches iii*, Gettings swears by ** our Royal Change, and
by M*" In The Great Frost (1608), the Countryman
commends ** your new, beautiful walks in M*" Donne,
Elegy xv* (1609) 27, refers to " New-built Aldgate
and the Moorfield crosses*" In Raleigh's Ghost (1626),
mention is made of "our new Moorfield walks/'
W* Rowley, in Search Intro*, says to his readers,
*4 There hath been many of you seen measuring the
longitude and latitude of Morefields any time this
2 years/' In Field's Weathercock iv* 2> Pouts says,
44 Zopns ! I see myself in M* upon a wooden leg,
Begging three-pence*" la Jonson's Alchemist L i,
Subtle pictures Mammon, after he has got the
philosopher's stone, "dispensing for the pox, Walking
M* for lepers*" The Author of Penn* ParL opens
by enacting that anyone who does not laugh at
his book "shall be condemned of melancholy, and

MORENA, SIERRA

to be adjudged to walk over M* twice a week, in a
foul shirt and a pair of boots, but no stocking/' In
More ii* i, Kit says to Harry, 4* If thou beest angry,
I'll fight with thee at sharp in M* ; I have a sword to
serve my turn." In Massinger's Madam i 2, Plenty
says to Lacy, ** How big you look ! Walk into M*, I dare
look on your Toledo*" In Jonson's BarthoL i* i, Mrs.
Littlewit quotes ** the t'other man of M*" as having told
her mother's fortune* In Dekker's Northward ii* 2,
Mayberry says, " Your sister shall lodge at a garden-
house of mine in M/'

MOORGATE* A gate in the wall of Lond., made in 1415
to admit the citizens to Moorfieids* It was restored
in 1472 and rebuilt in 1672 in noble style* It was
pulled down in 1762, and the stones sunk in the
Thames to protect the central arches of Lond* Bdge.
It stood at the junction of M* St* and Lond* Wall.
In W* Rowley's New Wonder ii* i, Stephen says,
"At M*, beldam, I shall see thee in the ditch
[z".e* Moorditch] dancing in a cucking stool/' In
Jonson's Ev. Man L i* 2, Edward KnoweE says, ** I
am sent for this morning by a friend in the Old Jewry,
to come to frim [from Hogsdon]; it's but crossing
over the fields to M*" Dekker, in Seven Sins,, says
of Lying : ** Espying certain colliers with carts most
sinfully loaden for the City, he mingled his footmen
carelessly amongst these, and by this stratagem of coals
bravely through Moore-gate got within the walls/*
There is a pun on the meaning of Moor, viz*, a negro*

MORA* A town in Spain, 18 m. S*E* of Madrid, and abt,
30 m* from Toledo* In B* & F* Maid Mill v* 2, Gillian
explains that Florimel's nurse Araminta, " In a remove
from M* to Corduba, Was seized on by a fierce and
hungry bear/'

MORAT* A town on the N*E. shore of the Lake of Mprat
in Switzerland, 8 m* N* of Freybourg* It is chiefly
memorable for the defeat inflicted by a small army of
Swiss on the huge host led by Charles of Burgundy in
1476* In Massinger's Dowry L 2, Charalois recalls his
father's exploits *4 In those 3 memorable overthrows At
Granson, M*, Nancy, where his master, The warlike
Charalois, lost treasure, men, and life/'

MORAVIA* A margravate in the Austrian Empire, S*E*
of Silesia and Bohemia* The horses bred in the plain
of the Hanna were highly esteemed* In Jonson's
Epigram cvii* to Capt* Hungry, he says, " Tell the gross
Dutch those grosser tales of yours * * * fill them full
Of your Moravian horse, Venetian bull."

MOREA* A name given to the Peloponnesus in S* Greece,
according to the popular etymology, because of Its
resemblance to a mulberry leaf in shape. Donne* in
Progress of Soul (1601) xxxi*, says* ** As rf ttnmarraded
From Greece M* were, and that, by some Earthquake
unrooted, loose M* swum/*

MORECLACK* See Mo

MOREH* The Oak, or Terebinth, of M. Is mentioned in
Gen. xtu 6 as the scene of a Divine revelation to
Abraham* The A. V+ translatian, ** plain of M.," is
incorrect* This sacred tree was in the neighbourhood
of Shechem, but its exact position cannot be identified.
Milton, JP. L* xii* 137, says of Abraham : ** I see his
tents Pitched about Sichem and the neighbouring plain
ofM/r

MORENA, SIERRA* The mtn* range in Spain, S* of
the central plateau, and separating Andalusia from La
Mancha* In May's Heir i*, Clerimont speaks of " the
most sad penance of the ingenious knight, Don Quixote,

353

MOR1AN

on the mountains of S* M/' The story is told in
Book iii* c* n of Cervantes* Don Quixote.
MORIAN (= MOOR, g*i>.)* In T* Heywood's Maid of West
B. 2, Clem says, ** The same M* intreated me to He with
him/* Lyly, in Euphaes England, p* 297, says, ** A fair
pearl in a M/s ear cannot make him white/*
MORISCO* Properly used of the Moors who remained
in Spain after they were conquered by the Christians*
By a great breach of faith they were ultimately expelled
by Philip III* It seems, however, to be used loosely for
anything Moorish* In Dekker's Match Me ii*, Bilbo
asks, ** Do you want no rich spangled M* shoe-strings i **
A little before he has called them ** Barbarian shoe-
strings/* M* is used in the sense of a Morris-dance, or
a Morris-dancer* Dorialus says, *4 There's mad mes*
in the state " (B. & F*. Cupid ii. 3) ; York says, " I have
seen Him [Cade] caper upright Hke a wild M." (H6 B.
iii* i, 365) ; Mullisheg says, ** In wild Moriskoes we
win lead the bride " (T* Heywood's Maid of West B* i.).
MORLAK. Spt* on N. coast of Brittany* Sacked by the
Earl of Surrey in July 1522. In True Trag,, Epilogue,
it is said of Henry VIII ; ** Then after, Morle and
Morles conquered he, And still he kept the Frenchmen
at a bay/* Morles is meant for M*, the scansion
requiring a dissyllable.

MORLES* VilL in Normandy, close to Bayeux, about
half-way between Havre and Cherbourg* In True
Trag.f Epilogue, it is said of Henry VIII: "Then,
after, Morle and Maries conquered he/' Morle is
Morles, Morles is Morlaix, g*p*

MOROCCO* The country in N*W* Africa, anciently
called Mauretania* The native name is Marrakush*
From the 8th cent, onwards it has been governed by a
succession of Mohammedan dynasties ; Hamed Sherif
el-Mansur was the Sultan from 1579 to 1603, and this
was the time of M/s greatest splendour* In 1578,
Sebastian of Portugal was defeated at Alcasar ; in 1585,
the Company of Barbary Merchants was founded in
Lond*, and Elizabeth sent an ambassador to M., who
was well received* The inhabitants are a mixed race
of Berbers and Moors with a strong infusion of Jews*
The Elizabethans regarded them as black* InMerdft*i*2,
the Prince of M* is announced as one of Portia's suitors ;
and she says, ** If he have the condition of a saint
and the complexion of a devil, I had rather he should
sterve me than wive me*** In ii. 7, he chooses the golden
casket, and so fails* In Middleton's Chess v. 3, the Black
Knight tells how ** Fat Sanctius, K, of Castile, was
killed by a herb, taken to make him lean, which old
Corduba, K. of M*, counselled his fear to/1" This old
Corduba was Miramoline* In Kirke's Champions iii* i,
George, having redeemed Sabrina, is imprisoned by her
father Pomil, who is moved thereto by " the M* king,
our champion's rival/' In Marlowe's Tomb* A* iii* i,
the K* of M* appears as one of the dependents of
Bajaseth* Tamburlaine defeats him, and makes Usum-
casane K* of Moroccus* In T* Heywood's Maid of West
A*, iv* 3 and the whole of Act v* are placed in the court
of the K* of M*, whose name is given as Mullisheg* To
him says Clem, ** Mavst thou never want sweet water
to wash thy black face in, most mighty monarch of M/'
In Chapman's JRep* HOTU i* i, 70, Mura is called
** Governor ?th' Ms/* Milton, P* L* i, 584* speaks of
iswlio" Jousted in * * * DamascoorMarocco
sood/*' These joustings took place in tihe wars
between ttste Moots and Spaniards* In xL 404, Adam
is shown in vision ** The kingdoms of Almansor* Fez
and Sus, Marocco and Algiers and Tremisen/*

tie

MOSCOW

The capital of M* has the same name* The city lies
at the foot of the Atlas range, abt* 350 m* S*W« of
Gibraltar* It was one of the most flourishing cities in
the Mohammedan world, with a population of about
700,000, but it now has less than a tenth of that number*
In Stucley 2505, Stucley says, " We have Larassa and
M* both, Strong towns of succour to retire unto*" In
Peele's Alcazar i* 2, the Moor orders Pisano to march
by " those plots of ground That to Moroccus leads the
lower way*"

MORTIMER'S CROSS* In the parish of Kingsland, in
Herefordsh*, some 13 rcu N. of Hereford* Here Edward,
afterwards Edward IV, defeated Pembroke in 1461*
Act ii. i of H6 C* apparently takes place near the
battlefield*

MORTIMER'S HOLE* An underground passage from
the river Leene to Nottingham Castle, said to have been
constructed by Mortimer to enable him to visit Q*
Isabella secretly* Other explanations have been sug-
gested, but probably it was merely a passage made to
convey provision into the Castle if it should be besieged*
In Sampson's Vow v. 3, 114, the Q* says, " To-morrow
we'll survey The under-minirigs and unpaced greise
That _ Mortimer and Isabell did devise To steal their
sportive dalliances in, Of whom your stately fortress
does retain The Labyrinth, now called M* H/' A full
description of the building of it is given in Drayton's
Barons' Wars vi* 30 seg*, where it is called " the Tower
of Mortimer*"

MORTLAKE. A town on the S- bank of the Thames,
some 9 m. W* of St* Paul's, in Surrey* James I set
up a manufactory of tapestry here, which attained
considerable celebrity. In Mayne's Match ii* 3, Timothy
says, ** Why, lady, do you think rne Wrought in a loom *
some Dutch piece weaved at M. i " In Dekker's West"
ward iii* 3, Justiniano asks : ** Hath he not a child at
nurse at Moreclacke i " Armin's Moreclacke is laid
inM*

MOSCHI. A Colchian tribe living S.E* of the Black Sea,
N* of the mtns* of Armenia. In Nero iii* 3, Seneca says*
** O Rome, The men of Colchis at thy sufferings grieve,
The Mosch condemned to perpetual snows/' Mosch is
Bullen's satisfactory conjecture for the Qq* reading
" most*"

MOSCOW* The old capital of Russia, lying about the
centre of the country on the Moskva, 400 m. S.E* of
Petrograd* It began to rise to importance towards the
end of the I3th cent., and in 1367 the Kremlin, or cen-
tral fortress of the city, was surrounded by stone walls*
Under Ivan III and IV in the i6th cent* it became the
capital of all Russia, though it had hard fighting to do
against the Mongols, who burnt it to the ground in
1 571 * It soon recovered, however, and its position made
it in the iTth cent* the centre of Russian trade* An
English company was formed to carry on the large fur
trade, and so M* became interesting to English people*
It was now a large city 14 m* in circumference, though
Heylyn says that both the churches and houses are
mostly " made with wood and dirt*" In Ed. II J iii* i,
the Polish Capt* says to the K* of France, " From great
Musco, fearful to the Turk, I bring these servitors to
fight for thee/' In Marlowe's Jew iv. i, Barabas claims
to have debts owing to him ** In Frankfort, Lubeck, M*,
and where not*" Greene, in Qai>, p. 239, satirizes the
skinner who swears that a worthless fur " is a most
precious skin and came from Musco/* T* Smith, in
Vojrage in Russia (1605), compares a ship in a storm to
"a Musco beare bayted with excellent English dogs/'

354

MOTHER REDCAP

In Webster's Malfi v* 2, Ferdinand, pretending to be
mad, says, " I am studying the art of patience, to drive
6 snails before me from this town [Milan] to M*"
Jonson, in Epigram xxxii*, says that " the cold of
Mosco ' ' had not been able to kill Sir John Roe* The
scene of B* & F* Subject is laid in M. and the neighbour-
ing country, and a war with the Tartars forms its
enveloping action* In Milton, P* L* xi* 395, Adam
beholds in vision ** where the Russian Ksar in Mosco
[sat]."

MOTHER REDCAP* A famous tavern which still is to be
found on its old site, though it has been pulled down and
rebuilt at least twice. It stands in High St., Camden
Town, at the corner where it is joined by Camden Rd*
and Kentish Town Rd* It is said to have been the favour-
ite resort of Moll Cutpurse, the heroine of Middleton's
JR. G* La Bacchus, one of the characters is Tom Typsay,
** wellnear choked with a marvellous dry heat, which he
of late had got by lifting overlong at old M* R**s*" In
T, Heywood's Hogsdon iv* 3, Sencer says, " This, over
against M* R.'s, is her house ; 1*11 knock/* In Ran-
dolph's Muses iii. i, Micropepes says, ** I have seen in
M* R*'s hall, in painted cloth, the story of the Prodigal/7
A lost play by Drayton and Munday, produced in 1597*
was entitled M* .R*, and dealt with the story of the old
witch whose name survived in this tavern* In Dekker's
Satiromastix iii* i, 263, Tucca says to Mrs* Miniver,
44 1*11 name thee no more, M* R,, upon pain of death***
In v* 2, 316, Tucca says, " Run, R., ware horns there***
The allusion is probably to the play by Drayton and
Munday mentioned above* There is another old tavern
with the same sign in Holloway Rd*, at the corner of
Whitley Rd* : it is hard to say which of the 2 is in-
tended in the above quotations* M* R* is said to have
been a witch who was carried off by the Devil during the
time of the Commonwealth* The name was used for a
variety of cap* In W. Rowley's Search 31, the felt-
makers complain that their trade is destroyed by the
popularity of caps : " that was Monmouth-caps, Wan-
tige caps, round caps, Mother-red-caps*"
MOULINS* A city in France on the Allier, 195 m* S*E*
of Paris* In the I4th cent* it became the residence of the
Dukes of Bourbon, and the ruins of the old chateau are
still to be seen* In Webster's Weakest i* i, a gentleman
reports : ** a mighty power had in charge To meet the
D* [of Anjou] at Mullins/'
MOUNT, THE* See MICHAEL'S MOUNT, SAINT*
MOUTH* A Lond* tavern, probably the Bull and M*
close to Aldersgate St* at the N* end of Butchers* Hall
Lane, which led up to it from Newgate St* The Post
Office buildings on the W* side of St* Mattin*s-le-grand
have absorbed the site* The original name is said to
have been " The Boulogne M/' In T* Heywood's
Lucrece ii» 5, Valerius, in his list of Roman (Lond*)
taverns, says, ** Unto the M. the oyster wife*** There
was also a M* Tavern in Bishopsgate St* Without* In
T* Heywood's Ed. IV A* ax, Spicing says, " There's
hot drmktng at the M* of Bishopsgate* for our soldiers
are all mouth**' In his /* K* M* B* 270, John says to
Timothy, " A man might find you quartered betwixt
the M* at Bishopsgate and the preaching place in the
Spittle*" In Dekker's Satiromastix iii* i, 245* Tucca
says to Mrs* Miniver, ** 1*11 dam thee up, my wide M*
at Bishopsgate*" In his-Lanthorn, he speaks of " the
Father of Hell looking very terribly with a pair of eyes
that stared as wide as the M* gapes at Bishopsgate*"
MOZAMBICK* A province on the E* coast of Africa,
opposite to Madagascar* The capital of the same name

MtfNSTER

is on a small island off the coast, some iSoo m* N* of the
Cape of Good Hope* It was visited and taken by the
Portuguese at the beginning of the i6th cent*, and was
made the centre for their S* African possessions* Milton,
P* L* iv* 161, says, ** to them who sail Beyond the Cape
of Hope, and now are past M., off at sea N*E, winds
blow Sabaean odours from the spicy shore Of Araby the
Blest*"

MUCARE* In Marston's Insatiate ii*, Abigail says, ** My
husband goes to M* to renew the farm he has*" Later in
the play the same place is called Maurano and Mawrano*
But both scene and personages in this play are purely
fictitious*

MUFFE. A name applied with some degree of contempt
to the Germans and Swiss* It appears to have been
originally a Dutch nickname for the Westphalians* In
Marlowe's Tomb* B* i* i, Uribassa reports t " K* Sigis-
mund hath brought from Christendom Sclavonians,
Almain rutters, Ms*, and Danes*" Florio translates
Stiticofczi ** swearing or swaggering muffs or dutchmen*"
Dekker, in his Dream (1620), speaks of ** The M*, the
Scythian* and the Freeze-land boor " as inhabitants of
specially cold countries. In his Satiromastix i* 2, 426,
Tucca says, 44 Marry m*, my man a* gingerbread, wilt
eat any small coal < " Lodge, in Wits Miserie (1596),
dresses Lying in " the French doublet, the Ms* cloak*
the Toledo rapier," etc* Moffen is still used by the
Dutch as a nickname for the Germans (like the French
Boches).

MUGGLE ST*(=MuGWELL,orMoNEWELL,Sx*)*Londv
running S* from the front of St. Giles Cripplegate to
Silver St* A hermitage with a well stood at the N* end
of the st., from which it is said to have derived its name*
William Lambe bought the hermitage in the reign of
Edward VI and erected on its site a set of almshouses
called after him* Barber Surgeons* Hall is in M*St. In
Brome's Moor iii* i, Phillis says, " I have an old aunt
in M*-st*, a midwife that knows what's what as well's
another woman."

MULLENS* See MOULINS*

MUNSTER* The S.W* of the 4 old divisions of Ireland,
including the counties of Clare, Cork, Limerick, Tip-
perary, and Waterford* In Jonson's Irish* Dennise
introduces himself and his fellows : ** We be Irish men
of Connough, Leymster, Ulster, M***

MONSTER* The chief town of Westphalia in Prussia
on the Aa, 250 m* W* of Berlin* It is a well-preserved
example of an old German town, and has a very in-
teresting old Cathedral* It was here that the Anabaptists
under Johann Matthyssoon, Johann Bockhold of Ley-
den (best known as John of Leyden}, Knipperdolling,
and others tried to set up a Theocracy in 1535-6*
Matthyszoon was killed in a sally? and John proclaimed
himself King* He delivered all sorts of fantastic pro-
phecies, took 4 wives, whom he subsequently beheaded
in the market-place with his own hands, and generally
introduced profligate licence amongst his followers*
The town was besieged and taken in 1535, and John and
his leading officers were executed and their bodies hung
up in iron cages, which are still to be seen on the tower
of St* Lambert's Ch* It was at M* that the treaty of
Westphalia was signed ini648 in the Hall still called the
Frieden Saal* In Bale's Johan 291, Imperial Majesty-
says, ** The Anabaptists — the city of M. was lost through,
their debate " : a curious anachronism* In DekkePs.
Fortan&tas i* i, Fortune speaks of " This Dutch botcher
wearing M**s crown. John Leyden, born in Holland

355

MURANO

poor and base, Now rich in empery and Fortune's
grace*" In Davenant*s Playhouse i*, the Player says,
** Your Kings of M* pay in prophecies only/' Hall/ in
Characters* says of the Unconstant man : ** Of late he
is leapt from Rome to M*, and is growen to giddy
Anabaptism/'

MURANO. A town on an island in the Venetian lagoon,
abt* i m* N* of Venice* It has been famous for its glass
manufactories since the nth cent* Harrison* in Descrip*
of England (1587), says of Venetian glass : " Such is the
estimation of this stuff that many become rich only with
their new trade unto M* from whence the very best are
daily to be had/'

MURCIA* A city and province in S JB* Spain* abt* 310 m>
from Madrid* It was taken from the Moors in 1369*
M. is the scene of Shirley's Doubtful Heir.

MUSCO* See. Moscow*

MUSCOVY (Me* = Muscovite)* Properly the dist*
around Moscow, but applied to the whole of Russia*
Heylyn gives the boundaries of Muscovie as Tartary on
the E*, Livonia* Lithuania, and Sweden on the W*,
the Frozen Ocean on the N*, and the Caspian and
Turkey on the S* (see under RUSSIA)* In JEcf* /// iii. i,
before the battle of Cressy* K. John of France stations
** My eldest son* the D* of Normandy* Together with
this aid of Mes/* on the higher ground* It has just been
stated by a Polonian Capt* that he has brought men
** from great Musco *' to help the French* This was
during the reign of Simeon the Proud* who first took
the title of Grand D* of all the Russias* In Selimas 540*
Selim says* 4* Basilius* the mighty Emperor of Russia*
Sends in his troops of slave-born Mes*" This was
Basil V (1505-1533)* In Marlowe's Massacre, p. 234,
the D* of Anjou, receiving the ambassadors who offer
Mm the crown of Poland* says that the K* of Poland will
have to manage 44 The greatest wars within our Christian
bounds* I mean our wars against the Mes.* And on the
other side against the Turk*" Ivan the Terrible (i533~
1584) was constantly at war with the Swedes and the
Poles* Sidney* in Astrophel (1581), says that "the
Boles* right k* * , * means * * * To warm with ill-made
fee cold M." Ik ii, 10, he says* * Now* like slave-born
Me,, I caH it praise to suffer tyranny/' In L*L*L+
, v*. a» 121, Bbyet announces that the K* and his com-
panions are comimg to "visit the Princess ** apparelled
thus* Lifee Mes* or Russians/* The ladies chafe them
oofi of countenance, and, as they retire* the Princess
says, **ao adieus, my frozen Muscovits**: where
Muscovits rhymes with wits* They were in " shape-
less gear *' ; and Rosalind thinks they are ** sea-sick,
coming from M/f The idea was probably suggested by
the fact that Ivan the Terrible had sent an embassy to
England to secure a wife for himself from Elizabeth's
Court; had again commissioned an Knglfshtyian,
Anthony Jenkinson* to convey his compliments to
Elisabeth in 1567, and 3 years later had written an auto-
graph letter to the Q* In Day's Travails, p* 37, we are
toJd that Haly " Is graced by the Muscoyian Emperor/'
This was Michael Romanoff* An imaginary Great D*
of Muscovia is one of the characters in B* & F* Subject,
Iki JoBsonfs Low Re$t.f Robin tells how Love is
"wrapt wp in furs, like a Me*, and almost frozen to
death/* Nash, in Pierce, says that Greediness had
te cap furred with catskfns after the Mtiscovie
' In Somewto to Read (1591)* he says that the
acs Ills eaussv usevant muffe, after the* M*
/* Habington, in ^jrcgora ii. ir speaks of "the
long aigfet Which benumbs the Me,'r In Davenant's

MUSSELBURGH

Platonic iii* 4, Fredaline says, ** He is less apt for love
than Mes* Benighted when they travel on the ice/* In
B* & F* Cure ii* 2, Alvarez, mocking Lucio's coldness
in love* says* ** Did the cold Me* beget thee That lay
here lieger in the last great frosts'" Habington,in
Castara (1640), Arber, p* 91, speaks of "the cold Me*
whose fur and stove Can scarce prepare him heat
enough for love/f In Wit Woman 913, Bizardo says
to Braggardo, who has grown a beard* ** I fear some
will say you have robbed a Me/f: the Russians
being a bearded race* In B* & F* Hon. Man iii* 3,
Mallicorn says> "We are true Mes. to our wives, and
are never better pleased than when they use us as
slaves* bridle and saddle us." He is speaking by con-
traries. Heylyn says of the Mes* : ** It is the fashion
of these women to love that husband best which beateth
them most/' Fuller, Holy State (1642) iii* 13, says,
" The Me* women esteem none loving husbands except
they beat their wives***

Dekker, in Dead Term, says, " No stoves [£.e* vapour
baths] in M* can put a man into more violent sweats/*
Burton* A. M. i* a, a, a, says, " Their chief comfort,
to be merry together in an ale-house or tavern, as our
modern Mes. do in their mede-inns/' In B* & F*
Captain ii. 2, Piso says of Capt* Jacomo : " His hide
is ranker than the M. leather, And grained like it/*
Russia leather is tanned with birch-bark oils* and has a
peculiar smell and a dark colour* In Marston's Mai"
content i* 7, Passarello says of Maquerelle : ** She were
an excellent lady, but that her face peeleth like M* glass/*
M* glass is mica ; it was used for lanterns, hence called
M* lanterns. Dekker, in News from Hell, says, " A wise
man might have taken it for the snuff of a candle in a
Muscovie lanthorn/* Jonson's Devil ProL says, " Would
we * . . were M* glass That you might look our scenes
through as they pass/' One of the ingredients of the
aphrodisiac prescribed by Maquerelle in Marston's
Malcontent ii* 4 is " lamb-stones of Muscovia/* The
bears for the sport of bear-baiting were imported from
Russia* In Cowley's Cutter L 5, Worm says, ** The
Emperor of M* has promised to land 10,000 bears in
England to over-run the country ** : which Jolly thinks
is ** in revenge of the late barbarous murder of their
brethren here/*

MUSKO* A Muscovite, or Russian* In AlVs iv* i, 76,
Parolles says, ** I know you are the Muskos* regiment
And I shall lose my life for want of language*"

MUSSELBURGH* A town in Scotland, at the mouth of
the Esk in the Firth of Forth, 6 m* E. of Edinburgh* In
its neighbourhood was fought the battle of Pinkie, in
1547, when the D* of Somerset defeated the Scots with
great slaughter. In Wit and Wisdom ii* i, Idleness says,
" I have been at Musselborough at the Scottish field/*
In his Nine Days Wonder (1600), Kemp tells how, on
his dance to Norwich, he met an old soldier at Rock-
land to whom " Kert's Field and Musselborough fray
Were battles fought but yesterday/* In Brome's Ck
Beggar iv* 3, Ferdinand says, ** The battle of Musle-
borough Field was a brave one/* In Sampson*s Vow,
v. 3, 94, Elizabeth speaks of ** The bloody sweat that
Muslborough bred/* Deloney, in Craft ii* ii, tells how
Tom Drum came " from the winning of Mustieborow/*
A ballad in Choyce DroUery (1656) begins : " On the lath
day of December In the 4th year of K* Edward's reign
two mighty hosts, as I remember, At Muscleborough
did pffeh on a plain/* In Jn?* N+ ii* 3, 90, Sir Toby
starts gmgmg fNg ballad* *4O the iath day of
Deceiafeer " : wierethe O should be printed O*, £*e, On.

MUSWELL HILL

MUSWELL HELL. A hill in Hornsey, some 5J m* N*
of the Lond* Post Office* On the top of the hill was a
famous spring, the M*, under the protection of our
Lady of M*, tie waters of which performed miraculous
cures* One of the patients was an unnamed K* of
Scotland* It was frequented by pilgrims in the Middle
Ages* The site is now occupied by the Alexandra
Palace* In J* Heywood's Four PP i*, the Palmer men-
tions " Muswel " as one of the shrines which he has
visited*

MUTINA (the Roman name for MODENA, #*!>*)* In
Antonie iii* 948, Antony says, " I bare* mean while
besieging M., Two consuls* armies*"

MUTTON LANE, Lond,, between Vine St, and
Clerkenwell Green* It shared the bad reputation of the
district* In Davenport's New Trick i* 2, Slightall
wanting a loose woman* sends Roger to search, amongst
other places* " White Fryers* St* Peters st*, and M* L*"

MYCANIAN* See MYCONUS,

MYCENAE* One of the most ancient cities in Greece* at
the N*E. extremity of the plain of Argos* It was the
royal city of Agamemnon, and the scene of his murder
by Clytemnestra and the subsequent vengeance of
Orestes* It was taken by Argos, 468 B*C*, and was never
again inhabited* Its ruins are of the greatest interest as
illustrating the Heroic Age of Hellenic history* M* is
the scene of the play Horestes. Early in the play a
Messenger announces, "Horestes purposeth to invade
this Mycoene city strong/* In Nero i* 3, Nero mentions
it as one of the Greek towns which he has amazed with
his artistic glories. This is an error, as the city was in
ruins in his time* In T* Heywood's B* Age ii*, Atreus
prays, if he does not kill the Calidonian boar, that he
may nevermore ** Mycenes visit*" In May's Agrippina
161, Octavia says, " Thou hast at Rome beheld A feast
more black than e'er M* saw*" The reference is to the
banquet at which Atreus served up to Thyestes the
flesh of his own sons*

MYCONUS* An island in the Aegean Sea, N*E. of Delos,
loo m* W* of Miletus* According to tradition, the in-
habitants lost their hair at an early age : as both Pliny
and Strabo avouch* Lyly, in Euphues England, p* 358,
says, 4* To be without hair amongst the Myconians is
accounted no shame, because they be all born bald*"
In his Sapho iii. i, Pandion says, " To be bald among the
Mycanians it was accounted no shame, because they
were all bald*"

MYLESIAN* See MILETUS*

MYRMIDONS* A tribe settled near Phthia in ancient
Thessaly who were led by Achilles to the Trojan War*
In Troll, i* 3, 378, Ulysses calls Achilles " the great

MYT1LENE

Myrmidon*" In v* 5, 33, Ulysses says that ** his mangled
M*" have roused the drowsy blood of Achilles* In
v* 7, i, Achilles cries : ** Come here about me, you
my M*," and in v* 8, 13, he appeals to them : ** On M*,
and cry you all amain, Achilles hath the mighty Hector
slain*" In T* HeywocxTs Iron Age A* iii*, Ajax says to
Achilles, ** Let thy Patroclus lead thy Mirmidons*" In
Greene's Orlando ii* i, 490, Sacrepant's man says to
him, " Stand you in dumps, like to the Mirmydon
Trapt in the tresses of Polixena i " Achilles fell m lov€
with Polixena* In Locrine iii* i, 46, Locrine speaks of
the sons of Priam " Slain traitorously by aH the
Mermidons*"

The M* were credited with extraordinary callousness
and cruelty* In Span. Trag. ivv p* 504," Senex says,
"My cause, but slightly known, Might move the
hearts of warlike M*'* In Chapman's Rev. Hon*
it* 2, 49, Selinthus says, **Not a soldier here but's
an Achilles, Valiant as stoutest Myrmidon*" The
word is used of any faithful follower* In B* & F*
PMaster v* 4, the Capt* cries, ** Come, my brave
M*. Let us fall on \ " In Partiall iii* 3, the serving-
man refers to his boon-companions as "our Mynni-
donians." In B* & F, Prize ii* a, Livia says, " This
quarter fierce Petruchio Keeps with his m*** In Tw* N*
ii* 3, 29, the Clown says, " The Mermidons are no
bottle-ale houses*'* This is mere fooling ; but it may
have been suggested by the ancient legend of the
mission of St* Matthew to the Mermidoaes, as they are
called in the old English poem Andreas* They are
represented as cannibals, who eat and drink nothing
but human flesh and blood : hence they would have no
alehouses* I venture to suggest ha* as an emendation
for are : 4* The Mermidons ha* no bottle-ale houses ** :
the Clown implying that Sir Toby and he, who love
good ale, are far higher in the scale of humanity than the
savage M*

MYSEN* See MEISSEN*
MYTER* See MITRE*

MYTELENE* The capital of the island of Lesbos, in the
Aegean Sea, off the coast of Asia Minor* It is still a
flourishing city* It was the home of the poetess Sappho,
and her head appears on some of its coins* In Per. iv* 3,
Marina is brought by the pirates to M* and sold to a
brothel-keeper* The scenes of iv* 5 and 6 are laid in
M*, and of v* i off the coast of M* In the old Timon
v* i, Demosthenes says, " What is the end of his
journey i* not Sparta, not Thebes, not M* itself; but he
travels to the Antipodes*" Hall* in Satires vi. i, says
they " would their face in stamped com express As did
the Ms* their poetess*"

357

N

NABATHEANS* The inhabitants of the Northern part
of the Arabian peninsula. They settled also in Idumaea,
and their city Petra was a great entrepd t for commerce
in the products of the East* In Lady Mother iv* i,
Thorowgood says, "You do appear more glorious
Than the red morn when she adorns her cheeks "With
Nabathean pearls/*

NAG'S HEAD, A tavern in Lond,, at the E* corner of
Cheapside and Friday St* In Ret. Pernass. L 6, Phan-
tasma says, ** I promised to bring you to a drinking Inn,
in Cheapside, at the sign of the Nagges Heade." In
Feversham ii* a, Michael says that Master Ardea supped
"at the Nages head at the 18 pence ordinary/' Nash, in
Saffron WaLden, says Watson first told him of Gabriel
Harvey's vanities and hexameters *' one night at supper
at the N* H* in Cheape/* There was another N* H* at
the S* corner of Lombard St* and Gracechurch St.,
opposite Leadenhall Market (see under LEADENHAUL).

NAMANCOS* A town on the coast of Galicia, in North-
W* Spain, near Cape Finisterre. Milton, in Lye. 162,
speaks of the angel looking from St* Michael's Mt* " to-
ward N* and Bayona's hold/' There is nothing between
the S. of Cornwall and the North of Spain except sea.
NANCY* The old capital of Lorraine, on the Meurthe,
219 m* E* of Paris* Charles the Bold was defeated and
killed at the battle of N. in 1477, A large piece of
tapestry, found in his tent after the battle, is preserved
in the Galerie des Cerfs in the old Ducal Palace ; and
the place where his body was found is marked by a cross.
In Massinger's Dowry L 2, Charalois tells how his father
** did as much as man In those 3 memorable overthrows
At Granson, Morat, N,, where his master, The warlike
Charalois, lost treasure, men, and life/' In Devonshire
iv* i, Manuel says he left his father " at N, in Lorraine/'
NANTES. A city in France, on the right bank of the
Loire, 35 m* from its mouth. It was a strongly Catholic
city, but when it was taken by Henri IV in 1598 it was
there that he signed the famous Edict of Toleration,
afterwards repealed by Louis XIV in 1685, In Bale's
Lam ii*, Sodomy says, ** Pope July sought to have a lads
from the cardinal of N/*

NANTWlCH* A town in Cheshire, on the Weaver, 17 m,
SJEL of Chester* It had as many as 300 salt-works in
the i6th cent* In Brome's Crew ii* i, Vincent suggests
to HflHard " a journey to the Wise Woman of N*, to
ask if we be fit husbands for them," z*e* Merial and
Rachel* Drayton, in Polyolb. xi* 61, celebrates the
** 2 renowned Wyches, The Nantwyche and the North,
whose either briny well For store and sorts of salts
make Weever to excell/*

NAPAE. A wooded glen in the island of Lesbos, men-
tioned in Strabo ix* 436* In Peek's Ed* I vi. 35* Joan
speaks of the Thames as ** wallowing up and down On
Flora's beds and Napae's silver down,"
NAPLES (Lat* NEAPOLIS, It* NAPOLI); Nn*=Neapolitan*
A city in Italy, on the Northern shoreoftheBay of Naples,
120 miles S*E* of Rome in a direct line* The site is one of
the most beautiful in the world* Neapolis originally was
a Greek colony, though the date and circumstances of
Its odgirt arc uncertain* It fell under the dominion of
Rome, and after the break-up of the Roman Empire
was for over 4 cents, an independent republic* About
1050 the Normans established their authority over the
S. of Italy and Sidry, and in 1130 Count Roger assumed
title of K* of the Two SidBes* In 1194, &Y default of

male issue, the kingdom passed to the Emperor Henry
VI of tike house of Hohenstaufen, his successors being
Frederick II, Conrad, Conradine, and Manfred* In
1265 Charles I of Anjou defeated and slew Manfred,
and was granted the kingship of the Two Sicilies by the
Pope ; but in 1382 a popular revolution, the Sicilian
Vespers, turned the French out of Sicily* Under the
Aragonese, and then the Kings of Spain, Naples and
Sicily remained until 1707* The Austrians then held
fleeting possession until 1733, when Don Carlos (son
of the Bourbon Philip Vof Spain) founded the Bourbon
line of kings, who retained their throne till 1860, when
they were expelled by Garibaldi, and Naples became
part of the united Kingdom of Italy*

In Tempest there is an Alonzo, K* of N*, and his son
Ferdinand* Whilst there is nothing historical in the
story, the names were probably suggested by those of
Alphonsus I (1434) and his son Ferdinand I (1458) ; or
of Alphonsus 11(1494) and his son Ferdinand II (1494)*
In H6 A. v» 3, 94, Suffolk says of Margaret of Anjou :
" Though her father be the K* of N*, D* of Anjou and
Maine, yet is he poor/' In v* 4, 78, he is called
" Reignier, K* of N/' ; and in v* 5, 39, " The K ofN*
and Jerusalem " ; and again, in H6 B* i, i, 48, ** Reignier,
K* of N*, Sicilia, and Jerusalem/' In v* i, 118, York
calls Margaret ** Blood-besported Neapolitan, Outcast
of N*, England's bloody scourge/' Reignier's poverty is
again referred to, in H6 C* i* 4, 121 ; and in ii* 2, 139,
Richd* calls Margaret " Iron of N* hid with English
gilt, Whose father bears the title of a K*, As if a channel
should be called the sea*" Q* Joanna I left the kingdom
of the Two Sicilies to Rene (Reignier) of Anjou in 1435,
but Alphonso of Arragon also claimed the throne*
Rene reached N*in 1438, but in 1441 Alphonso besieged
and took the city, and Rene retired to France, though
he continued to the end to call himself K* of N* and
Sicily.

The scene of B* & F* Double Mar. is laid partly at
N*, during the reign of " Ferrand, the libidinous tyrant
of N/' In i* i, Virolet speaks of him as *' this Arra-
gonian tyrant," and says that he " seized on the govern-
ment/' Ferdinand I, the natural son of Alphonso of
Arragon, and a man of great cruelty, is intended* He
reigned from 1458 to 1494, and, though cordially hated
by his people, did much for N* He established printing
there, and introduced the manufacture of silk* He
built the Castel del Carmine and the beautiful Porta
Capuana, and erected a lighthouse on the Molo* The
scene of B. & F* Wife is also laid in N* The K* is
Alphonso, but his throne has been usurped by his
44 unnatural and libidinous brother, Frederick*"
Alphonso retires to a monastery, but is ultimately
restored to ius kingdom* There is nothing historical in
this ; but, as Sir Adolphus Ward suggests, the idea may
have been suggested by the imprisonment of Alphonso
of Leon by his brother Sancho of Castile in the nth
cent* and his ultimate restoration* Massinger's
Guardian is laid partly in N. ; the K* is Alphonso, but
there is nothing to show whether Alphonso I or II is
meant, unless, indeed, an allusion to the Indies may be
taken as more consistent with the later of the 2 monarchs,
who died in 1495* The scene of Webster's Law Case is
laid in N, in the time of Philip II of Spain* 3 of Shirley's
plays have their scene in N* : The Young Admiral, The
Royal Master, and The Two Gentlemen of Italy. In
Gascoigne's Supposes i. 4, presents are taken from
D* Hercules of Ferrara to the K* of N* As Hercules II

358

NAPLES

was D* from 1508 to 1559, the Emperor Charles V
was the K. of N* intended* In Barnes' Charter
(the date of the action in which is 1494-1503) i* i,
Sforza proclaims Charles VIII of France ** Un-
doubted heir unto the crown of N* By lawful right
of the great house of Anjou"; and in ii. i, Guic-
chiardine says ** The D* of Orleans, Lewis XII,
conjointly knitting forces, Doth march in arms with
Ferdinand of Spain : These regain N* and divide that
realm/* This was in 1494, but their hold of N* did not
last long* Ferdinand II returned from Ischia, whither
he had fled, and soon recovered his throne* In Greene's
Alphonsas there is a Belinusr K. of N., and the action
takes place there* Alphonsus probably is intended for
Alphpnsus V of Arragon ; but Belinus is an entirely
imaginary person* In Swetnam, one of the characters
is an imaginary Lisandro, Prince of N. The scene of
Dekker's // it be is laid at N* during the reign of
Alphonso, but he is merely a generalized figure* In
T* Heywood's Maideriheadf we are told in Act i* that
Milan has captured N. after a siege of g months* This
is unhistorical altogether* In May's Heir iv* 2, Euphues
boasts that his ancestors ** have been props of the
Sicilian crown 'Gainst the hot French and Nns*"

Tfie Nns. had a bad reputation as poisoners and in-
ventors of various methods for secret assassination. In
Marlowe's Ed+ II v. 4, Lightfoot says* *4 1 learned in N*
how to poison flowers ; To strangle with a lawn thrust
down the throat; To pierce the windpipe with a
needle's point ; Or* whilst one is asleep* to take a quill
And blow a little powder in his ears ; Or open his
mouth and pour quicksilver down*" Nash* in Wilton
142, says, " The Nn* carrieth the bloodiest wreakful
mind, and is the most secret fleering murderer* Where-
fore it is grown to a common proverb, *I'U give him the
Nn. shrug ' when one means to play the villain and
makes no boast of it'.' Dekker, in. Hornbook ii., says,
44 Who knows not that the Nn* will embrace you with
one arm and rip your guts with the other i There's not
a hair in his mustachio but, if he kiss you, will stab you
through the cheeks like a poinard*" In Chapman's
Alphonsus i* i, 178, Lorenzo says, " Julius Lentulus, A
most renowned Nn*, Gave me this box of poison*"

The Nns. speak with a very marked nasal twang. In
Oth. iii* i, 4, the Clown says to the musicians, ** Have
your instruments been in N* that they speak i' the nose
thus ** " Some commentators see a reference to the Nn*
Punchinello ; others think there is an allusion to the loss
of the nose, which is a common effect of the Nn, disease
(syphilis)*

Nn. horses were highly esteemed. Moryson, Itinerary
iii* 133, speaks of ** English coursers bred of the Nn.
horses and English mares*" In Merch. i* 2, 42, Portia
says of the Nn* prince : ** That's a colt indeed ; for he
doth nothing but talk of his horse " ; and in 63, she says
that the French lord "hath a horse better than the
. Nn.'s." In Chapman's D'Olive iii* 2, D'Olive satirizes
** the travelling humour ; as if an ass for going to Paris
could come home a courser of N*" In Massinger's
Maid Hon. i. i, Antonio says, ** I have horses Of the
best breed in N*, fitter far To break a rank than crack a
lance ; and are, In their career, of such incredible swift-
ness They outstrip swallows*" In B* & F* Friends £uL 2,
Sir Pergamus boasts, ** In that career, Ere I could stay
my Nn. steed, [Ij Unhorsed some 15 more*" In their
Fair Maid L i* i, Mentivole asks, ** Is the Nn* horse
the Viceroy sent you In a fit plight to run ** " In Peek's
Polyhymnia 152, Carey is ** On mighty horse of N*
mounted fair*" Gervase, in English Horseman (1617),

NAPLES

says, " Next to the English horse I place the courser of
N*, which is a horse of a strong and comely fashion, of
great goodness, loving disposition, and an infinite
courageousness »"

Syphilis is called the Nn. disease. It is said to have
made its first appearance in Europe at N* about 1494.
In TroiL ii* 3, 20, the Qq. read : " After this, the ven-
geance on the whole camp ! or rather, the Nn* bone-
ache; for that, methinks, is the curse dependent on
those that war for a placket/' In Davenport's Nightcap
iv. i, Morro asks of Abstemia : " Came this nice piece
from N*, with a pox to her i " and Timpania answers,
" And she has not Neapolitanized him, I'll be flayed for
it*" In Ford's Sacrifice iv. i, D'Avolo advises Manruc-
cio to ** pass to N* and set up a house of carnality ; you
need not fear the contagion of any pestilent disease, for
the worst is very proper to the place*" In Milkmaids iv.
i, Ferdinand says, ** The Nn* canker has searched into
his bones, and he lies buried in ulcers*" In T* Heywood's
Captives v. 3, Mildew prays, ** May the disease of N*
fake both the judge and the jurors." In Alimony i* 3,
Haxter says, ** I got a snap from a Nn* ferret*" In
Shirley's Admiral ii. i, Cesario prays, ** All the diseases
N* ever groaned with overtake Vittori J " In Glapthorne's
Hollander ii. i, Sconce says, ** If I should obtain the Nn*
beneach |Y boneache], a crick £' the back, or so, from
her, 'twould be but a scurvy touch." In Cartwrighf s
Ordinary i* 3, Hearsay says, ** Refined People feel N* in
their bodies ; and An ache in the bones at 16 passeth
now For high descent." Fuller, Holy and Profane State
(1642) v* i, calls it " That disease, unknown to antiquity,
created within some hundreds of years, which took the
name from N*"

The Manufactures of Naples* N. was famous for its
manufactures of silk, velvet, a kind of cotton velvet
known as fustian-in-n* — corrupted into fustianapes*
anapes, and even apes — hats, biscuits, and armour* In
Pleadings in the Case of Rastett v. Walton (1530), one of
the theatrical garments in question was "paned and
guarded with gold skins and fustians of N* black*"
Greene, in Qazp, p. 219, speaks of a pair of velvet
breeches with panes " made of the chiefest Neapolitane
stuff." Laneham, in his Letter (1575), describes a
doublet with " a welt toward the hand of fustian
anapes*" In Shirley's Ball v. i, Freshwater speaks
of the Nns* as " a soft kind of people and clothed
in silk." In Glapthorne's Privilege iii. i, Frangipan
says, ** Our ladies seek supply [of silk] from N."
In B* & F* Woman Hater iv, 2, the Pander says,
** These stockings are of N., they are silk." In their
Pilgrimage i* i, Incubus mentions u the N* hat " amongst
the clothes that a man of fashion should wear* lie
passage is plagiarized from Jonson's New Inn H* a*
In Cockayne's Trapolin ii. i, Trapplin says of his hat:
" I think some N* devil made it, 'tis so higfr-crowned ;
one that saw me in thfe would rather think me a fool
than a Duke." In Chamtideers x*, Budget says, " I'll
mend her with sugar frails and a N*-biscuit hammer,"
i.e* a hammer made of N* biscuit. N. Biscuits were
sold at 2/6 a pound in Lond* In the Accounts of the
Carpenters* Company of London, Aug. 2nd, 1644, it is
ordered that this year there shall be no election-dinner,
*'but onely wine and N. bisketts."

The Beauty of the City. In B* & F* Double Mar. L i*
Virolet says, " N*, the Paradise of Italy, As that is of the
earth; N*, that was The sweet retreat of all the worthiest
Romans ; This flourishing kingdom* whose inhabitants,
For wealth and bravery, lived like petty kings*" In
Marlowe's Faastas vii*, Faustus tells of his visit to ** N«,

NARBONNE

rich Campania, Whose buildings fair and gorgeous to
the eye. The streets straight forth, and paved with finest
brick, Quarter the town in 4 equivalents* There saw we
learned Maro's golden tomb, The way he cut, an English
mile in length, Thorough a rock of stone in one night's
space/* The Via di Roma, or Toledo, running North
and S., and the Strada San. Trinita crossing it, divide
the old city into 4 quarters : they are paved with basalt*
Vergil's tomb stands at the N. end of the tunnel through
the promontory of Ppsillipo, which was probably con-
structed by Agrippa in 27 B.C. It is 55244 ft* long — not
an English mile* In Cockayne's TrapoUn ii* 3, Horatio
characterizes it as ** Sweet N*, plenteous in ability/'

General References. In Temp.i. 2, 161, Gonzalo is called
a Neapolitan. In Sftr. i. i, 310, Lucentio proposes to
disguise himself as ** some Florentine, some Neapolitan,
Or meaner ™?n of Pisa." In Webster's Malfi v* i and 2,
we learn that Antonio owned the " citadel of St. Bennet
at N*" According to one form of the legend, Danae
drifted in her chest to Naples, where she married K.
Pellonus, or Pelonnus, and became Queen. In T* Hey-
wood's Gold. Age v*, Arges reports of Danae : " As far
as N. The friendly winds her mastless boat transports,
There she's presented to K* Pelonnus, Who, ravished
with her beauty, crowns her Q." Perseus refers to the
same legend in the S* Age i. In Jonson's Ev+ Man L ii. 2,
Brainworm, in the disguise of an old soldier, pretends :
** I have been at Marseilles, N*, and the Adriatic Gulf,
a gentleman slave in the gallies," sc. as a prisoner of
TOT* Lyly, in EnpJm.es Awt. Wit (1578), p* n (Croll),
speaks of N. as " a place of more pleasure than profit,
and yet of more profit than piety."

In Massinger's Very Woman L i, Cardenes says,

** They wrong the Nns. . . . That say they are fiery

spirits, uncapable Of the least injury, dangerous to be

talked with After a loss." In Jonson's Cynthia v. 2, the

Perfumer says, " I assure you, Sir, pure benjamin [z.e.

benzoin, frankincense], the only spirited scent that ever

awaked a Nn» nostril." In Massinger's Guardian L i,

Durazzo says of " the wise men of N." : ** To me they

are Mde-bounded money-mongers/* In Barnes* Charter

it* 3, Frescobaldi speaks of one ** Armed in a maily

Etiggandie |brigandine] of N." In Webster's Malfi iii. 2,

,tfre Dtichess says, u My brother stood engag<sd with me

i» money Ta*en up of certain Nn. Jews."

NARBONNE. The ancient capital of Gallia Narbonensis^

and one of tfee oldest cities in France. It stands near the

Itf* shore of the Gulf of Lyons, abt. 380 m. S. of Paris

In the ancient province of Roussillon* In All's i. i, 31,

43; ii. i, 104, we are told that the father of Helena was

Gerard de N., who has been a great physician. Shake-

speare took both the name of Gerard and the story of

the play from Boccaccio (jDecam* iii. 9).

NARRE, or NERA* R. in Italy, rising in the Apennines
and flowing through Terni, where it forms the famous
Cascade dele Marmore, to the Tiber, which it joins a
Httle below Orte* In Barnes* Charter i. 4, Alexander
bestows on Caesar Borgia the provinces 44 Within the
rtver N* and fruitful Arno/*

SEAS. The seas between England and the
continent of Europe and between England and Ireland
— -the English Channel and St. George's Channel— but
•TOsf ofieaof tlie fc*naer, especially the part surrounding
jc^ls u£ Kejtt. In Merck, ii. 8, 38, Salarjn© tells
tiaiat **m the n. s. that part T!be Frepeh and
ffere mlscamed A vessel of otir eouetry";
aoo! m fu i, 3* &* says, ^^teoaio hath a ship of rich
Jadmg wedra ®P Ifee n,^ :tfee Gqp4w^, I t&ts&they

NAVARRE

call the place." In #5 ii*, Chor. 38, the speaker pro-
mises the audience " To France shall we convey you
safe, And bring you back, charming the n* s. To give
you gentle pass." In H6 C. i. i, 239, Margaret says,
44 Stern Falconbridge commands the n. s." In iv. 8, 3,
Warwick announces: ""Edward from Belgia Hath
jpassed in safety through the n. s." In Webster's Weakest
ii. 3, Lodowick, in Flanders, says, " I will cross the
n* s*, for England." In Peele's Alcazar ii., Sebastian
says of England : *4 The south the narrow Britain sea
begirts." In Dekker's Westward iii. 3, Justiniano
quotes an Italian proverb : 44 If there were a bridge
over the n. s*, all the women in Italy would fly over into
England*" Nash, in Lentent p. 294, talks of K. Edgar
scouring " the n. s." Cowley's Catter, Prol., calls
Charles I 44 The sovereign of these n* s+ of wit."

NATOLIA, or ANATOLIA (= ASIA MINOR). So called
as being E* of Greece* In Turkish usage it is limited to
the Pashalic which occupied the W. half of the penin-
sula, and its capital Kutaya, 200 m. North-E. of Smyrna*
In Marlowe's Tomb. B. i. i, Orcanes, K. of N., says,
** Now have we marched from fair N. 200 leagues and
on Danubius' banks Rest." In iii. i, Orcanes crowns
Callapine " Emperor of N*" In iii. 5, the messenger an-
nounces that Tamburlaine 44 means to girt N/s walls
with siege, Fire the town, and overrun the land." In
Selimas iii. 3, Acomat says, " March to N*, there will
we begin Our massacres." He subsequently takes N.
and slays Mahomet and his wife, Zonara. This was
about 1513* In Death Huntington i. 2, the Prior says,
44 A pint of this ransomed the Sophy's son When he was
taken in N." In Massinger's Renegado iii* 3, Asambeg
says, " The Basha of N* and myself Were rivals for her,"
i.e. Donusa.

NAVARRE. A small kingdom lying on both sides of the
Pyrenees : the Spanish part lies between the Pyrenees
on the North, Aragon on the E., and Leon on the W.,
with Pampeluna for its capital ; the French part around
the valley of the Adour, with Pau for its capital. The
kingdom was founded in the 8th cent* A.D. by Garcia
Ximenes, who successfully resisted the Moors and
maintained the independence of N. The Spanish por-
tion of it was annexed by Ferdinand of Spain in 1512,
the French part alone being left in the hands of K.
John d'Albret and his queen, Katharine* Their great-
grandson was the well-known Henri of N., who became
K. of France in 1589 and added his kingdom to her
dominions.

The scene of L* L. L. is laid in the park of the K* of
N* The only indication of the date of the play is given
in ii. i, 129, where the K. says to the Princess of France,
44 Madam, your father here doth intimate The payment
of 100,000 crowns, Being but the one half of an entire
sum Disbursed by my father in his wars." Monstrelet,
in his Chronicles, says, 44 Charles, k. of N., came to Paris
to wait on the k. He negotiated so successfully with the
K* and Privy Council that he obtained a gift of the castle
of Nemours, with some of its dependent castle-wieks,
which territory was made a duchy* He instantly did
homage for it, and at the same time surrendered to the
K. the castle of Cherburgh, the county of Evreux, and
all other lordships he possessed within the kingdom of
France, renouncing all claims or profits in them to the
K. and to his successors, on condition that with the
duchy of Nemours the K. of France engaged to pay
htm 200,000 gold crowns of the coin of the K* our Lord."
(Translation by Thomas Johnes [1819], Vol. I, p. 108.)
. The French K. is decrepit, sick, and bedrid, and his
560

NAXOS

daughter has come to treat about the surrender of
Aquitaine. There is no history in the play, but if the
K. of N. is to be identified at all he must be Charles III,
the son of Charles II, who reigned from 1386 to 1435*

The K* of N. is one of the characters in Chivalry > the
supposed date of which is about 1360 : in that case the
K, would be Theobald II. The scene of Shirley's
Cardinal is laid in the capital of N*, and there is a war
going on between N. and Aragon. The reference is
probably to the conquest of the Spanish portion of N. by
Ferdinand of Aragon in 1512* In Webster's Weakest i. 2,
a messenger announces : " The power of Spain has
passed the Pyren Hills . . . N. is sacked." The sup-
posed date is during the reign of Louis DC, about 1245,
but the statement is not historically correct* Henri of
N., afterwards Henri IV of France, is one of the leading
characters in Marlowe's Massacre. In i* i, Guise says,
44 Ay, but N.— 'tis but a nook of France, Sufficient yet
for such a petty k., That with a rabblement of his here-
tics Blinds Europe's eyes and troubleth our estate/'
In Barnes' Charter v. 5, the chorus announces that
Caesar Borgia "Escaped into the kingdom of N*, Where,
in an ambush at Viano slain, Just Nemesis repaid his
treachery/' This was on March i2th, 1507*

NAXOS. The largest island of the Cyclades, lying in the
.Sigean, abt. 100 m* due W. of Halicarnassus and 130
E. of the nearest point of the Peloponnesus* It is now
called Capo di Schiso. It was here that Ariadne was
deserted by Theseus and saved by Bacchus, to whom the
island, which produces much excellent wine, is sacred*
In Wilson's Pedler 790, the Pedler says, " When Bac-
chus was disposed to sail unto Naxion, the mariners
promised to bring him thither." The reference is to
the story told by Ovid that Dionysus (Bacchus), having
hired a ship from some Tyrrhenian pirates to convey
him from Icaria to N*, they tried to pass by the island
and take him to Asia to sell him there ; whereupon he
drove them all mad and they jumped into the sea.
Beaumont, in Salmans, speaks of Bacchus going " To
N*, where his house and temple stands." In Barnes'
Charter L 5, Lucretia would rather dwell " in N. where
no noise is heard But Neptune's rage " than in Rome.
Lodge, in Answer to Gossan, p. 8, says, 44 It is reported
* * * that the beasts of Naxus have distentum fel."

NAZARETH (now AL-NASIRA). A town in Galilee, North
of the plain of Esdraelon, abt* 65 m. North of Jerusalem.
It was the home of Joseph and Mary, and here our Lord
spent his infancy and youth. The house in which he
lived was said to have been transported by angels to
Loretto, where it now stands in the cathedral. In 1271
Prince Edward of England besieged and took it in the
9th crusade, and massacred all the inhabitants. In
York M: P. xii. 136, the prologue says, 4t Fro God in
heaven is sent . . . An Angel is named Gabriell To
N* in Galale, Where then a maiden mild gon dwell
That with Joseph should wedded be." Milton, P. R.
L 23, says, 44 with them came From N* the son of Joseph
deemed To the flood Jordan." In ii. 79, Mary says,
4* in N. Hath been our dwelling many years." La Bale's
Baptyste, Jesus says he has come " From N. this hour,
a city of Galyle." In Merck* L 3, 35, Shylock refuses to
dine with Bassanio, because he would have " to smell
pork ; to eat of the habitation which your prophet the
Nazarite conjured the devil into " (see Matthew viii*
28-34). In Peele's Ed. I v* 24, the K. says, " Sitting be-
fore the gates of N* My horse's hoofs I stained m pagan
gore."

NEAPOLITAN. See NAPLES.

NEMEA

NEAT HOUSE. Properly a cow-shed, but applied
specially to the site of some old cow-sheds in Chelsea on
the banks of the Thames, W. of Vauxhall Bdge., which
were converted into market gardens for the sale of
4t asparagus, artichokes, cauliflowers, muskmelons, and
the like useful things " (Strype). In Massinger's
Madam iii* i, Shavem complains : ** The neathouse for
muskmelons and the gardens Where we traffic for
asparagus, are, to me, In the other world,"

NEBO. One of the peaks in the nitns. of Abarim in the
North of the land of Moab, abt. 10 m* E. of the North-
East end of the Dead Sea. It was from this point that
Moses was permitted to view the Promised Land before
his death. Milton, P. L. i. 407, says that Chemos was
worshipped "From Aroer to Nebo and the wild Of
southmost Abarim."

NECKAR. A river in Germany, rising in Wurtemburg
and flowing into the Rhine at Mannheim. In the lower
part of its course it runs through a famous wine-pro-
ducing district. In Glapthorne's Wallenstein v. 2, New-
man says, 44 This Neckar wine hath a strange virtue
in't."

NECOSIA (probably = NICOSIA). The capital of Cyprus,
in the centre of the island, on the Pedia. In Davenanf s
Platonic iv. 4, Fredaline says, ** I caused him sign this
grant, The Provostship of Necosia, newly void."

NEGRO. A member of the African race, especially the
part of it inhabiting the W* coast around Sierra Leone*
The word was also applied to the Moors of North
Africa, though they are in the main of Semitic race, and
have not the woolly hair, thick lips, fiat nose, and black
skin that characterize the true n. The Nes. are repre-
sented as being of degraded character and licentious
disposition. In Marlowe's Tomb. B. i. 3, Techelles re-
ports : " By the coast of Byather [Biafra] at last I came
to Cubar, where the nes. dwell." In Lady Mother jii. 2,
Thurston says, 4i I'll confer my fancy on a N." In Fair
Women ii. 250, Browne says, ** Let me be Held no more
worthy to obtain her bed Than a foul n. to embrace a
Queen." In Jonson's Volpone iii. 6, Volpone, enumerat-
ing the different types of women, speaks of *4 Some
quick N*, or cold Russian." In Middleton's R. G. i. i,
Sir Alexander says of his graceless son : t4 1 wash a n.,
Losing both pains and cost/*

In Merch. iii. 5, 42, N. is synonymous with Moor :
Lorenzo says to Launcelot, 44 1 shall answer that better
than you can the getting up of the n/s belly ; the Moor
is with child by you." In Peele's Alcazar iii., Zareo ex-
horts Abdilmelec to 44 chastise this ambitious N. Moor."
In Brome's Moor iii. i, when Quicksands proposes that
his wife should disguise herself as a Moor, she says,
44 Would you make a n. of me £ " Dekker, in Bankro&ts
Banquet (1613), calls the devil 4t the black k. of Neagers/'
In Mason's Malleasses 731, Mulleasses compares Night
to 44 a bkck N. in an ebon chair/' In B* & F- Sea
Voyage iii. i, Tibalt speaks of " pearls, for which the
slavish n. dives To the bottom of the sea/* N. is also
used for an American Indian* Fuller, Holy State (1642)
ii. 22, tells how Drake " received intelligence from the
Nes., called Symerons, of gold and silver which was to
be brought from Panama."

NEMEA. A valley in Argolis in ancient Greece, 14 m*
north of Argos* The first labour of Hercules was the
killing of the Nn. lion, a fearsome beast, the offspring
of Typhon and Echidna. Finding that his dub and
arrows were useless, the hero strangled the lion with
fc& bare hands and carried off its skin, which he after-

361

NEMOURS

wards wore* In L* L. L* iv* i, go, Boyet, having read
Armado's love-letter to Jaquenetta, says, ** Thus dost
thou hear the Nn* lion roar 'Gainst thee, thou lamb,
that standest as bis prey/* In Horn* i* 4, 83, Hamlet
says, ** My fate cries out And makes each petty artery
in this body As hardy as the Nn* lion's nerve/' In VoL
Welsh, ii. 2, Bardh says, " Gederus Fights like a Nn*
lion." In Cesar's Rev* ii* 3, Caesar justifies his coming
to Cleopatra by urging " Great Alcides when he did
return From Nn* victories reposed himself In Deianira's
arms/1" In T* Heywood's 5* Age iii*, the slaying of the
Nn* lion by Hercules is described : ** And the Nn*
terror naked lies/' The word is usually pronounced
with the accent on the first syllable, though the Gk* is
Nemeios* In Tiberius 1504, Tiberius says, "Nemia
never saw a lioness Was half so furious as is Julia/* In
Sampson's Vow. iv* i, 35, Clifton says, " From his sides,
like Libian Hercules, I tore the rough Nn. lion's skin*"
Spenser, F. Q. ii* 5, 31, tells how Alcides ** In Nemus
gained goodly victory*" The constellation Leo was sup-
posed to be the Nn* Lion transferred to the Zodiac*
In Mason's Mulleasses 765, the hero says, " Twice hath
the Nn* Lion breathed forth fire * * * since the time I
came to Florence," Le. 2 years have passed* See under
ARCADIAN*

NEMOURS* A town in France on the Loire, 40 m* S* of
Paris* The ruins of the old ducal castle are still to be
seen* The D* of N* is one of the characters in Massin-
ger's ParL Love, the supposed date of which is during
the reign of Charles VIII of France, after 1494*

NEPTOLIS* Some ancient river is intended, but I sus-
pect a misprint. Possibly we should read ** Niphatis*"
Niphates was properly the name of the part of the
Taurus range E* of Commagene, but it was used by the
Roman poets as the name of a river (see Juvenal, Sat* vi.
409)* The name "snowy river" suggests cold* In
Marston's Insatiate v* i, Sago says, " Although N* cold
should flow through these guilty hands, yet the san-
guinolent stain would extant be*"
NERO'S FEN* A marsh near the city of Artaxata in
Armenia, on the Araxes* The city was destroyed by
Corbtdo AJX 58, and rebuilt under the name of Neronia
fey Tiridates, to whom Nero had given the kingdom of
Amenta* Baiaset had many wars with Aladeules of
Armenia, and Selim finally defeated and slew him* In
Sdumss 147, Baiaset says, " The vipers in great Nero's
Fen Eat up the belly that first nourished them/* There
is doubtless a reference to Nero's murder of his mother
Agrippina*

NERVIL A tribe in Gallia Belgica who inhabited the
dist* round what is now Cambrai* In 57 B.c. Caesar at-
tacked them on the banks of the Sambre, and after a
strenuous fight conquered and nearly destroyed them*
In /* C. iii* a, 177* Antony says of the robe in which
Caesar had been murdered : ** I remember The first
time ever Caesar put it on ; 'Twas on a summer's even-
ing, in his tent, That day he overcame the N."

NETHERLANDS (= Low COUNTRIES, FLANDERS)* The
modern Holland and Belgium* Fuller, Holy State
(1642) ii* 19, says that the Netherlands stand ** in daily
fear of a double deluge — of the sea and the Spaniard
**» * They have wonderfully improved all making of
isaiaiif&cttires, stuffs, docks, watches*" In Err* iii. 2,
142* Antipholus, inquiring into the geography of
Dnxmofe Mtcfoen-vestal, asks, ** Where stood Belgia,
the N*f **— * Oh, Sir,'* says the modest Dromio, " I
did not look so low/' la Belter's Nwtiavard iv* 2,

363

NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE

Jenkin speaks of ** all the Low Countries in Christen-
dom, as Holland, and Zealand, and Netherland, and
Cleveland too*" In Larum B. 3, Hauury says, " Their
private avarice [of the Antwerpers] will pull . * * de-
struction of this town To the disgrace of all the N." In
Brome's M. Beggars i* i, one of the Beggars says of
another : ** He has borne the name of a Netherland soldier
till he ran away from his colours*" Jonson certainly, and
Chapman probably, served in the N* against the Spani-
ard. In Ed. HI iii* i, K* John of France says, " To think
what friends K* Edward hath retained In Netherland
among those frothy Dutchmen Doth aggravate mine
ire/' It is used, like Low Countries, for the lower part
of the body* In Webster's Law Case ii* i, Romelio talks
of a woman ** with a spangled copper fringe at her n/'
See also Low COUNTRIES, HOLLAND, BELGIUM, FLAN-
DERS, DUTCHMAN*

NETTLETON'S ORDINARY* An eating-house in
Lond* In B* & F* Wit S. W. iv* i, Gregory says to
Cunningham, ** I have been seeking for you i' the
bowling green ; Enquired at Nettleton's and Anthony's
ordinary."

NEWBURY* A town in Berks* on the S* bank of the
Kennet, It was noted for its woollen manufactures*
It was the scene of 3 battles in the Civil War, in 1643
and 1644. It was the home of John Winchcomb, the
hero of Deloney's Newberie. In Cowley*s Cutter i* 5,
Cutter says to Worm, 4* You said you had served stoutly
in my regiment at Newbury/' In Middietpn's Mad
World iv. 4, Sir Bounteous, after Folly-wit, in the
disguise of a Courtezan, has stolen his jewels* says, (t I
have seen the same case tried at N* the last 'sizes/'

NEW CARTHAGE (= CARTHAGO NOVA, now CARTHA-
GENA, q.v.). A fine spt* near the S* extremity of the E*
coast of Spain* In Nabbes' Hannibal i. 5, a messenger
brings word (a little earlier than the fact warrants) :
"New Carthage, Sagunt; Locris; Terraconj All
these are re-o'ercome by Scipio*" See also under
CARTHAGENA*

NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE* The county town of North-
umberland, on the Tyne, 8 m* from its mouth* It was
destroyed by William the Conqueror, and in 1080 a new
castle was built by Robert, his son* Hence the name of
the city* The present castle was erected on the same
site by Henry II about 1173, and was the strongest
fortress in the north* Its keep still remains* Around it
are the great coalfields of Northumberland* Lond. be-
gan to import this sea-coal, as it was called to distin-
guish it from charcoal, about the end of the i4th cent* :
it was at first used only for manufacturing purposes,
and there was much opposition to it on the ground of its
smoke* In Sampson's Fow* ii* 4, 158, Boote says,
"Thy husband * * * this morn journeys to N*" In
Marlowe's Ed. II ii. 2* Warwick, on receiving the news
of the capture of Mortimer by the Scots, says, " My
lord of Pembroke and myself Will to N* hei e and gather
head*" This scene is laid at Tynemouth, where the
king and Gaveston were in 1312* N* was the natural
rendezvous of troops in the wars against Scotland* In
Ed. Ill i* i, Mountague brings word that *' Barwick is
won, N* spoiled and lost*" This was in 1333* In Friar
iv*, Miles sings the northern ballad, " Catn'st thou not
fromN**1" laEastwardLzt Girtredbegs: "Takeme
out of tftfa miserable city I Carry me out of the scent of
N* coal and the hearing of Bow-bell/' In Shirley's
Wedding ii* 3, Lodam reports : " There were four-and-
twenty colliers cast away coming from N* j 'tis cold

NEW COLLEGE

news/' In bis Ball iv* 3, Lucina says that the faults of
women are discussed only ** when the phlegmatic Dutch
have ta'en no fisher-boats, and our coal-ships land safe
at N/' In T* Heywood's /* K. M. B* 259, Tawnie com-
plains that ** your mask, silk-lace, washed gloves, carna-
tion girdles, and busk-point suitable are as common as
coals from N*" Dekker, in Seven SZ'TZS, mentions, as
part of the legion of sharpers, ** the 2 degrees of colliers,
viz* those of charcoals and those of N*" In News from
Hell, he says that Hell ** lies lower than the coalpits of
N*" In Sharpham's Fleire iii* 156, Fleire says, ** She's a
wise woman that will go as far as new Castle to search
the depth of a coal-pit for your truth/' The sub-plot
of Brewer's Lovesick King is the story of Roger
Thornton, who was Mayor of N* in 1400* The play
was evidently written for production in N*, and con-
tains many local references* In ii., we hear of one
Randolfe, who is " a famous merchant for N* coals*"
In the same scene Goodgift's wife talks of ** one of those
players of Interludes that dwells at N*" ; and Thornton
says, ** O Monday ! I shall love Monday's vein to
poetise as long as I live " : the reference being to
Anthony Munday, the playwright* La iii* i, Grim says,
** N* coals shall conquer Croydon/' In v* i, Alured
says, " Thornton, as the first, We here create Mayor of
N/' A single play from the Mystery Cycle of N* has
been preserved*

NEW COLLEGE* University of Oxford, founded by
William of Wykeham in 1386* If stands on the S, side
of Holywell St. at the back of Queen's and All Souls*
Dramatic representations were given there from an early
date, for in the statutes (1400) provision is made for the
election of a boy-bishop and the carrying out of the
ceremonies connected with his office on the days of the
Holy Innocents and St* Nicholas*

NEW ENGLAND* The name given in 1616 by Capt*
John Smith to the dist* which now includes the 6 north-
eastern states in the United States of America* The
territory had been granted to the Plymouth Company in
1606 under the name of North Virginia* The Mayflower
sailed with the Pilgrim Fathers in 1630, and between
that date and 1640 20,000 Puritans had emigrated
thither to escape the persecution of Laud ; so that, as
Trevelyan says, "Laud was the founder of Anglo-Saxon
supremacy in the New World*" In 1635 a Pro-
clamation was put forth prohibiting further emigration,
and it is said that both Hampden and Cromwell would
have gone to N* E. but for this* The playwrights, who
hated the Puritans, satirized the emigrants, and gave
circulation to rumours of their immorality and poverty
in their new home* In Cartwrighfs Ordinary (1634) v*
5, Slicer, a rogue and swindler, says to his companions,
44 There is no longer tarrying here ; let's resolve for
N* E*," and they continue : " 'Tis but getting a little
pigeon-hole reformed ruff, forcing our beards into the
orthodox bent, nosing a little treason 'gainst the king ;
bark something at the bishops ; and we shall be easfly
received*" They purpose to learn "" a root or two of
Hebrew " on the way, and conclude : " What Old
England won't afford, N* E* will." In Mayne's Match
ii* 2, Baneswright, finding that Mrs. Dorcas is a Puritan,
says, " Had I known her mistress had so bred her, I
would first have preferred her to N» E*" In iv* 3,
Aurelia says, ** I do not mean to marry like ladies in
N* E., where they couple with no more ceremony than
birds*" In Glapthorne's Wtt v* i, the watchman says
that the Inquisition is a monster which " will swallow
all the brethren in Amsterdam and in N* E* in a morsel*"

NEWGATE

In Brome's Antipodes iv. 8, Peregrine says, ** What if I
craved a counsel from N* E* < The old will spare me
none/' In T* Heywood's Witches iii., Seely says, " You
housewife, teach your daughter better manners ; I'll
ship you all for N. E* else*" In Nabbes' Spring, when a
company of beggars enter, Lent says* ** These good
fellows would get a better race under a hedge to people
N* E. than the Separatists that possess it." In Cowley's
Cutter iii. i, Jolly says that when the bishops come back
with the K* (Charles II) the Puritan widow Barebottle
will " away to N. E*" In Strode's Float. IsL (1655) v*
n, Prudentius says, " Melancolico and Concupiscence
Shall keep their State i* th' suburbs or n.-E/' In the
last passage, and in that from Witches, there seems to
be an allusion to the transportation of convicts to the
plantations, which was finally legalised in 1666, but
which appears to have been practised at least 20 years
earlier* See Bancroft, History of the United States i., pp.
174-176. See also Defoe's Moll Flanders.

NEWFOUNDLAND* An island off the E. coast of
North America, at the mouth of the St* Lawrence river*
It was discovered by John Cabot in 1497* The cod
fisheries soon attracted a large number of European
vessels, but it was not till 1583 that formal possession
was taken of the island by Sir Humphrey Gilbert*
Whitbourne's Discourse and Discovery of N. Trade
(1622) called the attention of English emigrants to the
island, but its progress was slow, and in 1650 there were
only 350 families there* It was not till the end of the
i8th cent* that its prosperity really began* Hycke, p. 88,
says he has been " at Cape saynt Vincent and in the
Newe Founde Ilonde*" In Dekker's Satiromastix v* 2,
161, Sir Vaughan says, ** I rejoice very near as much as
if I had discovered a New-found Land, or the North
and E* Indies/' In W. Rowley's New Wonder iv* i,
Speedwell says, ** I am an adventurer still, Sir, to this
new-found land*" In Cartwright's Ordinary i* 4,
Slicer, in his extravagant praise of the intelligence of
the son of Credulous, says that he has in his mind a layer
of " China counsels, covered with a lid of N* discoveries/*
Donne, Elegy xx* 27 (1614), apostrophizes his mistress :
" Oh, my America, my N. I" Fynes Moryson, in Itinerary
iii. 3, 134(1605), mentions ** new found land fish dried"
as amongst the exports from England to France* The
author of Discourse on Leather (1627) says, ** We can
live without * . * the whales of N."

NEWGATE* One of the gates of Old Loud*, built in the
reign of Henry I in consequence of the temporary
blocking up of the thoroughfare to Ludgate by the re-
building of St. Paul's* The Gate was raed as a* prison
at least as early as 1200, and it continued to be the chief
prison of Lond* all through its history* It was rebuilt
and enlarged by Sir R* Whittington about 1425, and
was further repaired in 1555 and 1628* It was destroyed
in the Gt* Fire and rebuilt in 1672, and was finally taken
down in 1777* The Gate spanned N* St* a little E* of
Old Bailey and Giltspur St*, but there was an old Roman
gate somewhat S. of it, the foundations of which were
discovered in 1903 when the prison was pulled down*
The Gate itself became quite insufficient for the proper
accommodation of the prisoners as the city grew* and in
1770 the prison at the corner of N* St* and Old Bailey
was built* It was pulled down in 1903 to make room for
the new City Court* N* was used at first both for felons
and debtors, though after 1815 it was employed for
felons only* Those who were condemned to death were
carted out to Tyburn for execution : the dismal pro-
cession passed by St* Sepulchre's ch*, where a nosegay

NEWGATE

was given to the condemned man, up Giltspur St*,
across Smithfield to Cow Lane, and so to the bottom of
Holborn Hill, or Heavy Hill, as it was nicknamed, and
on to Tyburn.

In Chaucer's C* T. A* 4402, we are told that Perkyn
Revelour, the London prentice, was ^sometyme lad
with revel to Newegate/' In Hycke, p. 85, Imagyna-
cioun says of himself and Hycke : " In N* we dwelled
together ; For he and I were both shackeled in a fetter /r
Later, p. 103, Frewyll says humorously, " Once at N.
I bought a pair of stirrups, A whole year I ware them so
long, But they came not fully to my knee " : of course,
he refers to the fetters with which he was bound*
Again, p* 108, Imagynacioun swears, " I was 10 year in
N*" In Bale's Johan 287, Sedition says, " Get they false
witnesses, they force not of whence they be, Be they
of N* or be they of the Marshalsea*" In Poverty 335,
Prosperity says to Peace, *' Go J Out of my sight I or I
shall lay thee fast in N." In Respublica v* 8, Avarice
asks Insolence and Adulation : ** Be there not honester
men in N*<"' In Youth (A* P. ii* 100), Riot says, ** The
Mayor of Lond* sent me forth of N* for to come for to
preach at Tyburn/* z*e* to be hanged* In J. Heywood's
Gentleness, Pt* I, the Ploughman sarcastically says to the
Knight and the Merchant, " Fare ye well, both, I dare
say, as true As some that be tied in N/' In W* Rowley's
Wonder V*, Stephen gives order to the keeper of Lud-
gate,. *4 See your prisoners conveyed From Ludgate unto
N* and the Counter/* This was on i June, 1419, but
so many of them died by reason of the foul atmosphere
and the over-crowding that Ludgate was reopened as a
prison on 2nd November and the prisoners taken back
there* In Three Lords, Dods*, vii* 488, Fraud says, " If
any of my friends see me committed to N*, I were
utterly discredited/*

The only Shakespearian reference is in H4 A. iii* 3,
104, where Falstaff asks : " Must we all march £ " and
Bardolph replies : " Yea, 2 and 2, N*-fashion*" So, in
Dekker's Satiro. iii* i, 325, Tucca says, " Come, we'll
walk arm in arm As though we were leading one another
to N/' In Fair Women ii* 1230, Browne says he has a
brother who is kept ** close prisoner now in N/* : we
learn from 1270 that he had committed " notorious
felonies in Yorkshire/' In Feversham ii* i, Will says
that his friend Fitten is " now in N. for stealing a horse/'
In Oldcastk iL 2, Murley says, "N,, up Holborne, St.
Giles in the field, and to Tibprne ; an old saw." In
More i* i, Williamson complains ; " My Lord Mayor
sent me to N* one day, because (against rny will) I took
the wall of a stranger " ; and in ii* 3, the Messenger
brings word: "The rebels have broke open N*, From
whence they have delivered many prisoners Both felons
and notorious murderers/' This was on May Day 1517,
in the riots which were raised to expel foreigners from
Lond* In Dekker's Edmonton iv* i, Banks says, ** Get a
warrant first to examine her, then ship her to N* ; here's
enough to burn her for a witch/' In Westward iii* 2,
Monopoly threatens to so deal with the sergeants ** that
tfeey should think it a shorter way between this [Shore-
ditch] and Ludgate than a condemned cut-purse thinks
It between N* and Tyburn/' Rosalind was thinking of
this journey when, in As. in". 2, 345, she tells how Time
s Wfth a thief to the gallows* In Middletoa's
? Jffiwf H ^ the Promoter says of the butcfaer who
lifting is Lefflt: ** This, butcher shaikhs N/*
&Warbeekw* x, theK* says, " Let false Dudley
Re 4rawn upon an hurdle feom the H* To Towe
there let hini lose his fcea£/* irtB,&F* Wit S.W
Wittypate sa$s of Gsegoty* ^Hevas even fraught to

NEWGATE

Justice Aurum's threshold ; there had flown forth a
mittimus straight for N." In Ret* Pernass. iii* 5, Studi-
oso says, " Yonder are pursuivants out for the French
doctor, and a lodging bespoken for him and his *nan in
N*" In a song appended to T* Heywood's Lucrece,
entitled The Cries of Rome, the 2nd verse runs : ** Bread-
and-meat-bread-and-meat, For the tender mercy of God
To the poor prisoners of N*, Four-score and ten-poor-
prisoners/' The debtors in prison were allowed to ap-
peal in this way to the passers-by. In Field's Weather-
cock y. 2, Sir John Worldly, when Pouts is apparently
convicted of murder, cries : " To N* with him ! " In
Middleton's R. G. v. i, Moll speaks of a Justice ** that
speaks nothing but * Make a mittimus, away with him to
N* 1 ' " In Killigrew's Parson iii* 5, Jolly says, " They
were taken and condemned, and suffered under a
catholic sheriff, that afflicted them with a litany all the
way from N* to the gallows/' In iv* 2, Wild says,
44 Make his mittimus to the hole at N*" Taylor, in
Works L 91, says, " The ocean that suretyship sails in
is the spacious Marshalsea; sometimes she anchors
at the King's Bench, sometimes at N. rd/' Nash,
in Pierce, says, ** N* a common name for all prisons,
as Homo is a common name for a man or a
woman*"

In Robin Goodfellow (1628), Grim says, " Sometimes
I do affright many simple people, for which some have
termed me the Black Dog of N/' In Dekker's Edmonton
iv* i, Cuddy says of the Witch's dog : ** Neither is this
the Black Dog of N*" The reference is to a tract by
Luke Hatton called The Black Dog of N. Henslowe
mentions a play by Hathway and others with the same
title* Middleton, in Black Book, calls sergeants ** black
dogs of N*" In Brome's Antipodes iii. 2, amongst other
topsyturvy-doms there, the poet tells how " 12 hymns
are sung by the quire of New-gate in the praise of City
Clemency*" Dekker, in Seven Sins, says that Shaving
(z".e. swindling) came into the City through N*, ** because
he knew N* held a number that, though they were false
to all the world, would be true to him/' In Fam* Vict.f
p. 330, when Prince Henry has been taken to the Counter
for making a disturbance in East Cheap, the thief, who
has been arrested for a highway robbery on Gadshill,
says, " Let me go to the prison where my master is " ;
and John Cobler replies : " Nay, thou must go to the
country prison, to N*" The Counter was used for Lond.
offenders, N. for those brought in from the country* In
Shirley's Bird i* i, the ladies are " committed to New-
prison *' : the scene is Mantua, but I suppose the name
was suggested by the Lond. N*

Vulgar and obscene language was called N*-tenns*
Nicholson, in Acolastas (1600) 15, says, ** Naught but
N* terms can store the tongue/' In Puritan i* 3, Frailtie
says of the drunken Corporal : " If the wind stood
right, a mftn might smell t?m from the top of N* to the
leads of Ludgate ** : abt* 220 yards*

The prisoners were called N*-birds. In Dekker's
Edmonton iv* 2, Carter says, " Your trull shall to the
gaol go with you ; there be as fine N* birds as she that
can draw him in/* Dehier, in Jests ii* 343, says, ** Our
N*-bird, spreading his dragon-like wings, beheld a
thousand sins/* In Brome's Northern v. 8, Justice
Squelch threatens the doctor, " I will translate you out
of an ^Esculapian cock into a N. bird/'

Lady Alimony was " Printed by Tho* Vere ,an4
William Gilbertson and are to be sold at tt»e JfcgA
without New-gate/' In Dekker's S0
Tucca says to Horace, ** Dost stee,

064

NEWGATE-LANE

NEWGATE-LANE* Lond* Probably N* St* is meant,
which runs from the corner of Old Bailey, where N,
Prison stood, to St. Martin's-le-Grand* In Lawyer i*,
Valentine laments that when he got back from his travels
to Lond* he found his old friends in Bridewell and
Bedlam and the Counters; "others walk N* L*,ft
meaning that they are on their way to prison.

NEWGATE MARKET. Lond*, on the site of the present
Paternoster Sq., between N* St., Warwick St., Pater-
noster Row, and Ivy Lane* It was at first a meal market,
but came to be a meat market* It was dismarketed in
1869 and the site sold for £20,000* In Jonson's BarthoL
i* i, Quarlous tells how Zeal-of-the-land Busy " has
Undone a grocer here in N*-m*, That trusted him with
currants." One of the taverns in the list in News
BarthoL Fair is "Three Tuns, N* M*" Annin, in
Ninnies, tells a story of " a cobler, next to Christ's Ch*
gate in N* m/' Barnes' Charter was ** Printed by G* E*
for John Wright and are to be sold at his shop in N*-m.
near Christ ch* gate* 1607*"

NEWHAVEN* A village in Scotland on the S. shore of
the Firth of Forth, 2 m* north of Edinburgh* There is
an excellent harbour at Granton, W* of the village*
In Ed * /// ii* 2, the K., being at Roxburgh Castle, says,
** Thou, Prince of Wales, and Audley, straight to sea ;
Scour to N*; there some stay for me." Sir John Davies,
in In Gerontem 10, represents the old man dating events
from " The going to St* Quintin's and N." Probably
the reference is to Winter's expedition to the Forth in
1560.

NEWINGTON* A suburb of Lond*, formerly a separate
vili. lying S. of Southwark, from St* George's to Cam-
berwell. It was sometimes called N* Butts, from the
butts for the practice of Archery which were erected
there : the name is still retained by the st* running S*
from the Elephant and Castle* The old parish ch* of
St. Mary stood on the W* side of N* Butts, but was
pulled down in 1876 to widen the road* Here Thomas
Middleton was buried in 1627* ^s body was removed
with hundreds of others when the church was pulled
down, and interred with them in a vault specially con-
structed for the purpose* There was a Theatre here
established about 1585 and pulled down about 1600,
the site of which was probably on the S* side of the New
Kent Road near the railway station, not far from where
Spurgeon's Tabernacle was built* The vili* was a
favourite place for afternoon jaunts by the citizens of
Lond* In Oldcasfle iii* 2, N* is mentioned by Acton as
one of the places of rendezvous for the followers of Old-
castle. Harman, in his Caveat, tells of the pursuit of a
crank who crossed the river and " crossed over the fields
towards Newyngton/' In B* & F* Pestle iv* 5, Ralph
says, ** March on and show your willing minds, by 20
and by 20, To Hogsdon or to N*, where cakes and ale
are plenty/' In Brome's Couple ii* i, Careless professes
his readiness to escort his aunt "any whither, to
Islington, N*, Paddington, Kensington, or any of the
city out-leaps for a spirt and back again*" Gosson, in
School of Abase, p* 37 (Arber), says of loose women :
" They live a mile from the city like Venus, nuns in a
doister at N*, Ratcliffe, Islington, Hogsdon, or some
such place/* In Field's Weathercock iii* 3, when
Abraham perpetfates some fustian verses, Pendant cries:
44 O N* conceit I " i&+ idea worthy of the N* Theatre*

NEW ISLANDS* Probably the W* Indies are intended*
In Shirley's CZ* Secret iv* i, Pedro says, " Seact me to
the New Islands or Japan/*

NEWPORT

NEWKERK (= NIEUXIRK)* A vili* in Rhenish Prussia,
20 m* North-west of Dusseldorf * In Webster's Weakest
ii. 3, Bunch says, ** I have but 20 stivers ; that's all I
have saved since I came here to Newkerk*"

NEWMARKET* A town on the borders of Carabridgesh*
and Suffolk, 56 m* north-east of Lond* The heath W*
of the town was notorious for its highway robberies* It
began to be used as a racecourse in the reign of James I,
and is now one of the finest in the world. In J* Hey-
wood's Four PP, p. 19, the Pardoner tells how he
brought a woman from hell and ** This woman thanked
me chiefly That she was rid of this endless death, And
so we departed on N. heth/' In Ret. Pernass. iii. r, Sir
Raderick asks Immerito, who is being examined for
holy orders, " How many [miles] from N. to Grant-
ham i " to which Immerito answers : ** 10, Sir*" The
actual distance is about 65 : Immerito nevertheless
passes* In Randolph's Muses* iii. i, Banausus says,
** I have a rare device to set Dutch windmills upon
N* Heath and Salisbury Plain to drain the fens/' — To
which Colax retorts : ** The fens, Sir, are not there/'
In Thersites 222, Thersites says. " I will with a cushion
stop her breath Till she have forgot N, Heath/*

In Oldcastle i. 2, when Suffolk and Butler are each
refusing money that is offered to them, Sir John, the
reverend highwayman, says. ** Were ye all 3 upon N*
Heath, Sir John would quickly rid you of that care/' In
Jonson's £z>. Man O. iv. 2, Sogliardo says of Shift :
** He has been the only Bid-stand that ever kept N.,
Salisbury Plain, Hockley-i' the Hole, Gadshill." Mid-
ctteton, in Black Book, p. 20, says of brokers : ** Some-
times they are clerks of N* Heath, sometimes sheriffs of
Salisbury Plain: they make many a man stand at
Hockley-in-the-Hole/' In T* Heywood's Maidenhead
iii., the Clown speaks of ** N* Heath that makes thieves
rich/' Nash, ra Pierce A. 2, says, ** I am vaaxas viator
and care not though I meet the commissioners of
Newmarket-heath at high midnight." In Underwit iii.
3, Engine asks, ** Does the race hold at N. for the cup i ft
In Shirley's Hyde Park iv. 3, Venture sings of ** Bay
Tarrall that won the cup at N/*

NEWNHAM* Vili. i or 2 miles S* of Bedford, close to
Elstow, where there was an abbey of monks of the Order
of St* Austin* In Lawyer ii., Curfew masquerades as
** the Abbot of Newnham ff ; and in iv. Vaster says,
** Now the water's up that we cannot get over to the
Abbey/'

NEW PLACE* The house in Stratford-on-Avon bought
by Shakespeare in 1597* It stood in Church St. and
Chapel Lane, and was the finest house in the town* It
had been built by Sir Hugh Clopton in 1485, but was in
a state of disrepair* The poet renovated it and made it
his home for trie rest of his life* In his will he says, ** I
give unto my daughter Susanna Hall all that capital
messuage called the New Place wherein I now dwell/'
It was demolished in 1759 by the Rev* Francis Gastrell,
but the site was bought in 1861 for the Birthplace Trust,
and is laid out as a garden*

NEWPORT (= NIEOPORT). A spt* in W* Flanders near
the mouth of the Yser* It is strongly fortified and de-
fended by seaward batteries. Here Count Maurice of
Nassau defeated the Archduke Albert on 2nd July, 1600*
In B* & F* Wit 5. W. L 2, Sir Ruinous says, ** I served
in France, the Low Countries, lastly at that memorable
skirmish at N*, where the forward and bold Scot there
spent his life so freely/' In T J
i, the Oown, describing his travels in the Ne

NEW RIVER

says, ** Much ado we had to find New-port/* In Dek-
ker's News from Hett> Charon says, ** Bear with me till
you hear of such another battle as was at N/' : when he
will get enough fares to enable him to pay his debt,
In Armourers? he speaks of " that brave Roman tragedy
acted in our time at the battle of Neuport*" Hall, in
Characters, describes the Vainglorious man as telling
** what exploits he did at Gales or Nieuport/'

NEW RIVER. An artificial river, originally nearly 40 m*
long, projected by Sir Hugh Myddelton to supply
LoncL with water, and completed by him after much de-
lay and difficulty in 1613* It rose ar Chadwell Springs
in Herts*, between Hertford and Ware, and drew further
supplies from Amwell-Springs and the river Lea* It
terminated at New River Head in Islington* Myddelton,
who had spent all his fortune on the scheme, parted with
his interest in it to the New River Company, which still
holds it* Middleton's Triumphs of Truth was written for
performance at the inauguration of the N* R* in 1613*
In the title it is described as " the running stream from
Amwell-Head unto the cistern at Islington, being the
sole cost of Mr* Hugh Middleton of Lond*" In B* & F.
Wit S* W. iv. i, Pompey says, " Direct him and his
horses towards the N* R* by Islington : there shall they
have me, looking upon the pipes and whistling/' In
v* i, Pompey says, ** I have been 7 miles in length along
the N*-R* ; I have seen a hundred sticklebags ; 'twill
ne'er be a true water/* Later he says, " I will go walk
by the N.-R. ; if she sends, I shall be found angling/'
The play was produced in 1608^9 ; the work of con-
structing the N* R* was begun in 1608. In their Wit
Money iv* 5, Valentine says, " You shall stay till I talk
with you * » . TiE waterworks and rumours of N* R*
Ride you again, and run you into questions Who built
the Thames." This play was produced in 1614* In
Glapthorne's Hollander iv* i, Sconce, after drinking,
says, " I ha' made a N. R. in my belly and my guts are
the pipes/' In Scot. Presb. i* 2, Dipwell says, " Like to
that river through which once Levites did bear the holy
ark, N, R. flows/*

NEW TROY* A name for Lond*, derived from the legend
which told how the Britons originally came from Troy
after its capture by the Greeks (see TKOYNOVANT)* In
Braithwarte's Barmbies Journal, we read : ** 7 hills there
were in Rome, and so there be 7 sights in N* T/* Peele,
mPdyhymnia 161, speaks of Gresham,** That beautified
N. T» with Royal Change/*

NEW WELLS. There were many springs of mineralized
water all round Lond*, which were visited for the sake
of drinking the waters and became fashionable resorts
with the additional attractions of eating-houses, dancing-
rooms, etc* These were called genericaUy Wells : such
were Bagnigge W*, Sadler's W*, Dulwich W., Syden-
ham W,, Hampstead W,, Islington Wv White Conduit,
and, a little further afield, Tunbridge W* and Epsom*
Most of these were discovered and popularised in die
17th cent*, and I have not been able to discover which
is intended in the following passage t possibly Islington
or Hampstead* In Jonson's New World* the Factor asks:
** And tfcey have [in the Moon] their N. W* too, and
> physical waters, I hope, to visit all time of year£" —
; To wiidi tfce Herald replies ; ** Your Tunbridge or the
Spaw itself are mere pttddle to them/'

tffSbftOIJIS IESAJHT) 6LJFFS* The cJgfe crowned by
tiie aapcfenf castle o£St* K** built by the ^Etn^HsbfSt*
John to defend the & fcatfcour £the harbour of Gaiks]
of the city of Rhodes* Li Davenanf s #&wie$ A+ L, the

NIGRA SYLVA

Admiral says, " Behind St* Nic'las cliffs Shelter our
brigants/'

NICHOLAS (SAINT), NEWCASTLE* The principal ch*,
now the cathedral, in Newcastle-on-Tyne, built by
Robert de Rhodes in the reign of Henry VI* It stands in
St* N* Sq*, a little North of the Castle : its noble tower
193 ft* high, with its open lantern, is the most striking
feature in the city* Ben Jonson wrote a riddle on it-
** My altitude high, my body four-square, My foot in
the grave, my head in the air, My eyes in my side, 5
tongues in my womb, 13 heads upon my body, 4 images
alone ; I can direct you where the wind doth stay, And
I tune God's precepts thrice a day* I am seen where I
am not, I am heard where I is not ; Tell me now what
I am, and see that you miss not."

NICHOLAS (SAINT) SHAMBLES* A ch* in Lond* on
the North side of Newgate St*,near the Sh. Th&tradition
of the Sh* was long preserved in Butcher Hall Lane,
now K* Edward St*, leading from Newgate St* to Little
Britain* The ch* was pulled down at the Reformation,
and the parish included in Christ Ch* In Wager's The
Longer B* i, Moros says, ** In S* Nicolas sh* there is
enough [meat]*" In Wise Men i* i, Proberio says
of Antonio's works: ** We'll put them in print and
set them up to be sold at the Hospital porch near
St* Nicolas Sh/* In Deloney's Reading vi*, when the
clothiers' wives came up to Lond. they viewed ** at
St* N* ch., the flesh sh/' In Long Meg viii., Meg,
being asked by a nobleman in the Strand where she was
going, replies : ** To S. N* sh* to buy calves' heads/*

NICOPOLIS. A town in Bithynia on the shore of the
Bosporus, a little North of Chalcedon* In B* & F* Hum*
Lieut, ii* 3, the maid says, "Thisbe 1 O, I have her ; she
lies now in N*" But it is probable that the authors were
thinking of one of the better-known Nicopolises : either
the one in Cappadocia founded by Pompeius or that in
Epirus erected by Augustus 31 B*c., though neither of
these was in existence at the supposed date of the play,
viz* the time immediately after the death of Alexander
the Great.

NICOSIA* A town in Sicily, 65 m* S*E* of Palermo* In
Brome's Concubine iii. 9, the K* says, " Come, my Alin-
da, I was calling you To our intended journey to
Nicosia*"

NIGER* A river in Africa, rising on the North side of the
Kong Mtns*, abt* 300 m* E* of Sierra Leone, and flowing
first North-east and then S*E* into the Gulf of Guinea,
abt. 150 m* W* of Old Calabar. Its length is abt* 3600 m*
In Milton, P. JL* xi. 402, Adam is shown all the king-
doms of Africa " from N* flood to Atlas mt." Donne,
Funeral Elegy (1611) 41, says that the soul is affected by
death "As the Afric N* stream enwombs Itself into the
earth, and after comes * . * far greater than it was/*
Pliny, Hist* Nat. v* 10, says that the Nile runs under-
ground for some days' journey and emerges ** at that
spring which they call Nigris/' Probably Donne was
thmfrfng of this Nigris, and not of the river N*, unless,
indeed, he confounded the two* N*, ** the ^Sthiops*
river,** is one of the characters in Jonson's Blackness.

NIGLINGTON. Named as the birthplace of one of the
Gipsies in Jonson's Gipsies. He was " Born at Nigling-
ton, bred up at Fifchington." To niggle meant to be
over-elaborate (see 2V*EJX s*v* 3, a)* The names are
obviously invented for the occasion*

NIGRA SYLVA* A dist* in the Russian province of
Kherson, on the Bug, North of the Black Sea* InMar-
Tomb. B, L 3, Theridamas says, ** I crossed the

NILA

sea p*e* Black Sea] and came to Oblia [Le. Olbia, at the 1
mouth of the Bug] And N* S* where the devils dance/* !
N* S* is also used for the Black Forest in Germany, j

NILA* Probably a misprint for Nisa, which with a long
44 s " would look very like N* (see NYSA)* In Mason's
Mulleasses 1576, Timoclea speaks of ** the vine-god's
priests Running down N* or from Pindus* top*** I think
the Thracian Nysa is the one intended.

NILE (NrLtrs) ; Ns* = Nilus* The river which rises in
Lake Victoria Nyansa in Central Africa and after a
course of 3370 m* flows into the Mediterranean through
Egypt : at its mouth it divides into a number of channels,
usually reckoned as 7, which form the Delta* Little
was known of its course beyond Meroe until compara-
tively recent times* Between Berber and Assouan the
river forms a series of cataracts, 5 in number. Its most
remarkable feature is its annual rising, by which Egypt
is fertilized. The rise begins at Cairo about the end of
June, attains its maximum about the end of September,
and then gradually subsides until it reaches its minimum
level about the end of March, leaving the land covered
with a fertile mud or slime* A rise of 16 cubits was
reckoned the best by the ancients, now from 24 to 27 ft*
is counted the most serviceable : the height is registered
on the Nilometer at Rodda in Cairo* It was generally
believed that the slime left by the inundation produced
serpents, rats, and other vermin spontaneously*

General References. In Brandon's Octavia 1329, Caesar
asks : " What angel queen rules these Nyleian coasts^"
i*e* Egypt* In Selimus 2342, Tonombey says to Acomat,
" Great Tonombey hath left ^Egyptian Ns* and my
father's court To aid thee/' Tuman Bey became Sultan
of Egypt in 1516. In Marston's Insatiate v* i, Sago de-
clares that though Ns* "should flow through these
guilty hands * * * Yet the sanguinolent stain would ex-
tant be/' In Marlowe's Tomb. A* iii* 3, Zenocrate says,
** As looks the Sun through Ns/ flowing stream, So
looks my lordly Love*" Zenocrate was the daughter of
the Soldan of Egypt, and had often seen the darling
reflection of the sun in the waters of the overflowing N*
In iv* i, the Soldan cries : " You base Egyptians Lie
slumbering on the flowery banks of N/' In his Jew L i,
Barabas speaks of Alexandria as " at the entry there into
the sea Where Ns. pays his tribute to the main*" Milton,
P. L+ L 343, speaks of the plague of locusts called up by
Moses, which * darkened all the land of N/' In 413,
he speaks of the march of the Israelites to Canaan
** from N.," Le+ Egypt* In iv* 283, Mt. Amara is said to
be " under the Ethiop line By Ns/ head/' In P* jR* iv*
71, Meroe (q.v+) is called ** Nilotic isle*" In Nat. Ode
21 ir the Egyptian gods are called " The brutish gods
of N/'

The Cataracts of the Nile. In B* & F* Valentinian v* 4*
Afranius says that the people are ** in peace more raging
Than the loud falls of N/' In Massinger's Actor v* i*
the tribune says* ** With less fury The waves rush down
the cataracts of N/' In Shirley's Fair One iii* 4, Fowler
says, " I would rather take a nap * * * on the fall of
deafening Ns. than endure the visitation of any of their
tribe*** In Daniel's Cleopatra v. 2, Chor*, the Ns* is
addressed, ** Draw back thy waters* flow To thy con-
cealed head ; rocks, strangle up Thy waves ; stop, Cata-
ractes, thy fall/' In Brewer's Luigaa iii* 7, Memory says,
44 The Egyptian Catadupes never heard the roaring of
the fall of Ns* because the noise was so familiar unto
them/' In Cockayne's Obstinate iv. a, Falorus says,
** Fd Be deafer than the people that inhabit Near the
Egyptian cataracts of N/' See CATAIHJPES*

367

NILE

The Inundation of the Nile. In Tit* iii i, 71, Titus
says, *4 My grief was at the height before thou earnest,
But now, like Ns*, it disdaineth bounds." In Ant. i. 2,
50, when Iras says of her own hand, " There's a palm
presages chastity," Charmian replies sarcastically,
** E'en as the overflowing Ns* presageth famine*" In ii*
7, 29, Antony says, " They take the flow o' the R by
certain scales i' the pyramid ; they know by the height,
the lowness, or the mean, if dearth or foison follow ;
the higher Ns* swells, the more it promisetii/* In
B* & F* False One iii* 4, Ptolemy says to Csesar, " We
owe for all this wealth to the old Ns* * * . Within the
wealthy womb of reverend Ns, All this is nourished/*
Davies, in Nosce, says, ** We seek to know * * ^ the
strange cause of the ebbs and floods of N/' 3n Mason's
Mulleasses 2244, Mulleasses says, ** If thy warm blood
* * » Desires with Nyle to rise above her banks, A carpet
richer than the breast of Tempe * * * shall be spread/'
The Spontaneous Productiveness of the Slime after the.
Inundation* In Ant* i* 3, €9, Antony swears ** By the
fire that quickens Ns/ slime, I go from hence thy
soldier/' In it* 7, 30, Lepidus says, ** Your serpent of
Egypt is bred now of your mud by the operation of your
sun ; so is your crocodile.** In Shirley's Traitor iv* 3,
Sciarrha says, 44 Oh, that my voice Could call a serpent
from corrupted N* ! " In Kyd's Cornelia iii,, Cornelia
prays : " Let fair Ns*, wont to nurse your com, Cover
your land with toads and crocodiles*" In B* <5c F» Maid's
Trag+ iv* i, Evadne says, ** I do present myself the
foulest creature* Most poisonous, dangerous, and de-
spised of men, Lerna e'er bred or Ns/r Spenser, in F. Q*.
i* i, 21, says of the Ns* : ** Huge heaps of mud he leaves,
wherein there breed 10,000 kinds of creatures, partly
male And partly female, of his fruitful seed ; Such ugly
monstrous shapes elsewhere may no matt reed," And
again, in iii* 6, 8, ** So after Ns/ inundation, Infinite
shapes of creatures men do find Infoxmed in the mud
on which the sun hath shined/' And in iv* n, 20, ** The
fertile N*, which creatures new doth frame," is in the
river list. Linche, in Dietta (1596) xxx* 4, says, " What
strange and hideous monsters Ns. shows*" W* Smith,
in Chloris (1596) x* 2, asks, ** Am I a Gorgon, that she
me doth fly £ Or was I hatched in the river N, i "

The Seven Mouths of the Nile. In Barnes* Charter iv*
5, Alexander calls asps " Cleopatra's birds Of 7-inouthed
Ns/* In Caesar's .Rev* i* 3, Caesar speaks of Pompey as
** guarded with the unresisted power That Meroe or 7-
mouthed N* can yield/' In Greene's Orlando i* i, 3,
Marsflius speaks of " 7-fold Nylus." In B* & F* False
One ii* i, Caesar says that Pompey's blood ** Will weep
unto the ocean for revenge Till Ns* raise his 7 heads and
devour ye/' In Kyd's Cornelia ivv Caesar names
amongst his conquests *4 The stony-hearted people that
inhabit Where sevenfold Hs* doth disgorge itself." In
Taming of a Shrew, Ha^, p, 533, the Duke swears ** By
Merops head and by 7-moueked N/' Probably for
Merops we should read Meroe's. See quotation above
from Caesar's Rev. Spenser, F* 0* i* 5, i8/ speaks of
"broad 7-mouthed N/' In Milton, P.L* xiL 157,
Michael predicts that the sons of Abraham will come
44 to a land hereafter called Egypt, divided by the river
N* ; See where it flows, disgorging at 7 mouths too the
sea*"

The source of the Nile was not discovered till the
igth cent., and was considered an insoluble mystery* In
Brewer's Lingua iii* 6, Anamnestes says, "When
Phaeton ruled the sun, Ns* hid his head then — he could
never find it since/' In Tiberius 2931, Agrippina says,
" First let the head of Ns* be revealed/* Montaigne

NIMMINGHAM

(Florio's Trans* 1603), iii. 5, says, " Nobility is * * ,
without birth, as the river Ns*" The N* was repre-
sented in statues and paintings as an old and venerable
man* In Marmion's Antiquary i* if Lionel says,
** Could I appear with a face rugged as father Ns* is
pictured on the hangings, there were hope he might
look on me."

Egyptian Serpents, Crocodiles, Rats, Flies, etc. In
Ant. i. 5, 25, Cleopatra imagines Antony murmuring :
44 Where's my- serpent of old N* £ " In ii* 5, 78, Cleo-
patra cries : " Melt Egypt into N* I and kindly creatures
Turn all to serpents I " In v. 2, 242, Cleopatra asks

Hast thou the pretty worm of Ns* there, That
and pains not 4 " and in 356, the Guard says, ** These
fig-leaves Have slime upon them, such as the aspic leaves
Upon the caves of N*" In Cym* iii. 4, 37, Pisaaio says,
** 'Tis slander, Whose tongue out-venoms all the worms
of N*" In Caesar's Rev* ii* 4, Csesar says of Pompey :
4* Well did the CibilTs unrespected verse Bid thee be-
ware of crocadilish N»" In Marston's Sophonisba iii. i,
Syphax says, ** I'll trust her as our dogs drink dangerous
N." The dogs were said to run along as they drank for
fear of the crocodiles* In Webster's White Devil iv* i,
Flamineo telLs a story of the bird that picks the teeth of
** the crocodile which lives in the river Ns/' In Locrine
m.f ProL 2, Ate says, " High on a bank by Ns/ boisterous
streams Fearfully sat the ^Bgiptian crocodile*'* In Shir-
ley's Traitor iii* i, Rogero calls Depazsi ** a viper, a rat
of Ns.," and in his Love Tricks ii. i, we read of ** the
rat of Ns* fiction*"

Egypt is emphatically a land of flies : " the land of the
buzzing of wings,** as Isaiah calls it (xviii* r). In Ant*
iii. 13, 1 66, Cleopatra prays, if she be false, that she and
all her Egyptians may '* Lie graveless, till the flies and
gnats of N* Have buried them for prey*" In v* 2, 58,
she says, ** Rather on Ns/mud Lay me stark-naked and
let the water-flies Blow me into abhorring/' Hall, in
Satires iv* 3, talks of 44 peaches by Ns* grown/' The
peach, however, is not indigenous to Egypt, but was
brought to Europe from Persia and eastern Asia.

EOMMWGHAM (— NIJMEGEN, or NYMEGEN)* A town
in Holland in the province of Gelderland, 55 m+ S*E*
of Amsterdam on the left bank of the Waal* It was
strongly fortified, and in 1590 successfully resisted an
attack Sy Prince Maurice* In T*Heywood's Challengeii.
z» t&e Clown says, " N* bid you look to your Skonce " :
the point being in the double meaning of sconce : (i)
a fortification, and (2) ahead* See also NUNWEGHEN*

NINEVEH* The ancient capital of the Assyrian Empire,
lying on the E. bank of the Tigris, opposite the modern
Mosul, abt* 500 m* North of the head of the Persian
Gulf* It was destroyed in 608 B*c*, and nothing remains
of its former splendours but the mounds which cover
its palaces, and which were explored by Layard and
others during the igth cent* N* was the scene of the
preaching of Jonah after his ejection from the whale, as
related in the book of Jonah* The scene of Greene and
Lodge's Looking Glass is laid in N* at the time of Jonah's
•*tat* A mythical K*,Rasni,is described as "he that rules
gfceaf N*/* arid tins demmciation by the prophet of the

-'«te of Nv is applied to the corresponding offences of
Lood la Mtltoa, P* R. iii* 275, the Tempter points out
' of length wMiin her wall Several

n^

or ^^*

x,

NOMBRE DE DIOS

Leatherhead, have given light to I Jerusalem was a
stately thing, and so was N*, and the city of Norwich,
and Sodom and Gomorrah*" In Ev* Man O* ii* i,
Sogliardo says, " There's a new motion of the city of
N* with Jonas and the whale, to be seen at Fleet-bdge*"
In B* & F* Pestle iii* 2, after the citizen's wife has
enumerated several popular shows, the citizen says,
** Nay. by your leave, Nell, Ninivie was better*" To
which the lady replies : w Ninivie ! oh, that was the
story of Jone and the wall, was it not, George $"' In
Wit S*W* i* i, when Sir Gregory enters, the Niece asks,
"What motion's this** the model of N*s"' quasi
Ninny-veh* In Brewer's Lingua iii* 6* Phantasma says,
w Visus, I wonder that, amongst all your objects, you
presented us not with the sight of N*, Babylon, London,
or some Sturbridge Fair monsters." In Ev+ Worn. /*
v* i, Getic says, ** I have seen the Babones already, the
city of New Ninivie, and Julius Caesar, acted by the
tnammets/' In Underwit v* 3, Engine says, 44 My story
would draw more audience than the Motion of Ninivie
or the horse that snorts at Spain," In Marston's
Courtesan iii* i, Crispwell mentions the motions of
** N*, Julius Caesar, Jonas, or the destruction of Jeru-
salem*" In Middleton's Gipsy iv* i, Sancho sings :
44 For an ocean, Not such a motion As the city N*" In
Cowley's Cutter v* n, Jolly says that the Puritan widow
" ne'er saw any shew yet but the puppet-play of
Ninive." In Middleton's Blurt i* i, Hippolito says,
** I now might describe the Ninevitical motion of the
whole battle*"

NIPHATES* A mtn* range in Armenia, on the North-
West bank of Lake Van, now called Nimroud-Tagh*
In Milton, P* L* iii* 742, Satan, on coming to the earth
to seek for Eden, 4* Throws his steep flight in many an
aery wheel, Nor staid till on Niphates' top he lights."

NISA* See NYSA*

NISIBIS* A very ancient city in North of Mesopotamia,
on the Mygdonius, between the Euphrates and the
Tigris, abt* 100 m. North-West of Nineveh* It was re-
built under the Seleucid kings of Syria, and renamed
Antiocheia Mygdoniae* Its ruins are still to be seen near
the modern Nisibin* In Milton, P..R. iii. 291, it is
mentioned along with Seleucia as one of the great cities
44 Built by Emathian or by Parthian hands/'

NOBODY* The sign of John Trundle's bookshop in
Barbican, Lond. Nobody was ''Printed for John Trundle
and are to be sold at his shop in Barbican at the sign of
No-body*" The sign represented a man all head, legs,
and arms, with no body* There is a reference to this
sign, or to some similar picture, in Temp* iii. 2, 136,
where Trinculo says of Ariel's tune : ** This is the tune
of our catch, played by the picture of Nobody*" Taylor,
in Works i. 123* says, 44 In Barbican kind Nobody is
hanged."

NOLA* An ancient city in the interior of Campania, 125
m* SJEL of Rome* Here Augustus died A*D* 14, and the
house in which he passed away was dedicated as a
tempk to 1wn by his successor Tiberius* In Jonson's
Sejanns in* 3, Tiberius says that he is going into Cam-
pania to dedicate a temple " at Nola to Augustus*"

NOMBRE DE DIOS* Spt* on the E* coast of the isthmus
of Panama, near the mouth of the Chagres. It was
raided by Drake in 1570* In Devonshire i* 2, the Mer-
chant says, ** Nombre de Dios and the rest of those fair
sisters By Drake and his brave ginges were ravished/*
Fuller, Holy State ii* 22, tells how Drake " made with
all speed and secrecy to Nombre de Dios * * * which
city was tiben the granary of the W, Indies*"

NONACRIS

NONACRIS* A town in North-East Arcadia, near which
the river Styx has its source, the water of which was said
to be a deadly poison* In Mason's Mulleasses 1772,
Borgias says to Timodea, ** Quaff Stigian N*, I will
pledge thee*"

NONSUCH. A palace built by Henry VIII at Ewell in
Surrey, 13 m* S*W* of Lond* Hentsner speaks with
enthusiasm of its architecture, its parks, gardens,
statues, and fountains. It was pulled down by the
Duchess of Cleveland, to whom it was presented by
Charles II.

NONSUCH HOUSE. A wooden house, 4 stories high,
brought over from Holland and set up over the 7th and
8th arches of old Lond* Bdge., in the reign of Elizabeth*
Only wooden pegs were used in its construction* Lup-
ton, in London Carbonadoed (1632), says of Lond*Bdge*:
44 His houses may well be called Nonsuch, for there is
none like them*"

NOREMBERG (= NUREMBERG, or NXJRNBERG)* An an-
cient city in Bavaria, on the Pegnitz, 95 m* North-West
of Munich* It was the centre of the silver-plate manu-
facture in Germany ; and it held a first place in all sorts
of artistic products, as well as in the music of which its
master-singers were the exponents. The proverb ran :
** Nuremberg's hand goes through every land*" Heylyn
calls it ** the fairest and richest town of all Germany."
Jonson, in Underwoods xcv*, says to the Lord Treasurer,
** I would present you now with curious plate Of N* or
Turky*"

NOREMBERGA* See NORUHBEGA.

NORFOLK* The county on the E* coast of England
immediately S* of the Wash. From it the Earls and
Dukes of N. take their title* The Roger Bigot who ap-
pears in JC /* was made Earl in 1 189 and died in 1220*
The Earldom continued in the Bigot, or Bigod, family
from the Conquest to the death of Roger Bigod in 1302*
Thomas Mowbray was created D* in 1397 : he was the
great-great-grandson of Thomas of Brotherton, Earl of
N., younger son of Edward I* He is the Mowbray of #2.
He is challenged by Bolingbroke, in i. i, for peculation
and for having plotted the D* of Gloucester's death* In
i* 3, he is banished for life ; in iv* i, 91, the Bp. of Car-
lisle reports that he has died at Venice* This was in
1399* In H4 B* Hi* 2, 29, Shallow tells us that ** Jack
Falstaff, now Sir John, was then a boy, And page to
Thomas Mowbray, D* of N." Sir John Oldcastle was
actually so : an additional proof that he was the original
Falstaff* His son was the Thomas Lord Mowbray of
H4 B* In iv. i, in, Westmoreland says to him, " Were
you not restored To all the D. of N*'s seignories, Your
noble father's."' He was never D. of N. at all* His
brother John, however, received the Dukedom, and the
D. of N* in H6 C* was his grandson* He died in 1475*
He is the D* of N* of R,3 ii* i, 101* He was the last male
representative of his family, and in 1483 John Lord
Howard, who was the grandson through his mother, of
the Thomas Mowbray of Rz, was created D* of N* He
is the Jockey of N* of the distich quoted in R3 v* 3, 304 :
*4 Jockey of N.,be not too bold, For Dickon thy master
is bought and sold " — and was killed at Bosworth. His
son was the Earl of Surrey of R3 v* 3, 2, etc* He
was imprisoned by Henry VII for 3 years, but then
restored to the Earldom of Surrey* He commanded
the English at Flodden, and in 1514 was created D*
of N* He is the D* of N. of H8 i* i, and his wife
is the Duchess who bore Q* Anne's train in iv* i,
and was godmother to the Princess Elisabeth in v* 3,

369

NORFOLK

169. He died in 1524, and was succeeded by his
son Thomas (d. 1554), who is the D. of N* of H8 iii*
and iv*, and of Cromwell, and is wrongly mentioned by
Sampson in Vow as being at the siege of Leith in 1560*
Shakespeare has confused father and son* and seems to
regard them as only one person. Thomas Howard the
younger was father of Henry Earl of Surrey, the poet,
beheaded in 1547* Thc present D* is directly descended
from these Howards, and is the premier D. and Earl of
England* In Merry Devil i*, the Host of the George uses
the phrase, " I serve the good D* of N." as a kind of gag,
meaning " I live a free, jolly life*" In B. & F* Thomas
iii* 3, one of the Fiddler's ballads is entitled " The D. of
N." Probably it told the story of the execution in 1572
of Thomas, 4th D* In H6 C* i* i, 156, Northumberland
says to Warwick* " 'Tis not thy southern power Of
Essex, N., Suffolk, nor of Kent, Can set the D* up " ;
and in iv* 8, 12, Warwick sends Clarence to stir up " in
Suffolk, N*, and in Kent, The knights and gentlemen to
come with thee/'

In Piers B. v* 238, Avarice says, " I can no Frenche in
feith but of the ferthest ende of N*" : N. being regarded
as a rustic dist. where French would not be known*
Chaucer's Reeve was " of Northfolk Biside a toun men
clepen Baldeswelle " (C* T* A* 619)* In B* & F* Wit
•S* W* L i, Cunningham is introduced as ** a N* gentle-
man." He is represented as a discreet and long-headed
person* In Marmion's Leaguer iv* 5, Capritis claims to
be " of N/' So, in Killigrew*s Parson i* 3, when Jolly
wants to get credit in Londvhe whispers to the mercer,
44 Do you know the Constants and the Sads of N* £ " and
at once secures it* The sub-title of Day's B. Beggar is
The Merry Humour of Tom Strowd the JV* Yeoman* In
Brewer's Lovesick King L i, Alured exhorts Edmund,
" Hie thee to Thetford, raise thy friends in N*" In v. i,
Alured says to Canute that the Danes have planted
themselves ** In N., Suffolk, and in Cambridge-shire/*
In Merlin iii* 6, 1 17* Edol speaks of the settlement of
the Angles in ** N* and Northumberland " at the time of
the English conquest of Britain*

N* dumplings were famous, and the N, people were
consequently nicknamed N* dumplings* In I&assinger*s
New Way iii. 2, Greedy complains, ** There's a fawn
brought in, and I cannot make him roast it With a N.
dumpling in the belly of it/' Taylor, in Works, i* 82,
says, " The Capt's name was Hercules Dumpling, a N*
gentleman*" Day, in B. Beggar ii* 2, says, "When mine
hostess came up to call me, I was as naked as a N.
dumpling*" Amain, in Ninnies, says, ** He looked like a
N. dumpling, thick and short*" la Day's B. Beggar Lf
Hadland says to Canby, ** You make me your gull, your
N. dumpling." In v., Strowd says, ** Ere thott com'st
into N* I'll give thee as good a dish of dumplings as e'er
thou layd'st thy lips to."

The people of N* had a reputation for excellence m
physical exercises and athletic feats* In Dekker's West-
ward iii* 2, Monopoly says, ** You [catchpoks] are as
necessary in a city as tumblers in N*, stunners in Lanca-
shire, or rake-hefts in an army." In ii* i* Honeysuckle
says, ** Now Fm as active as a N* tumbler*" In North-
ward iv. 2, Jenkin affirms, ** Your N* tumblers are but
zanies to coney-catching punks*" In Day's B. Beggar iv.,
Strowd says, 4* There were a sort of Tumblers at Wind-
ham Fair, and they have mad? that so stale in N* and
Suffolk that every wench is turned tumbler/' Dekker,
in Raven's Almanac (1609), says that punks are "more
nimble than N. tumblers." The N* people were credited
with special love for lawsuits and skill in legal chicanery,
and a N* lawyer is used for a clever swindler. Tusser, in

Y

NORHAM CASTLE

Husbandry (1573), says, ** N. wiles so full of guiles Have
caught my toe*** In Barry's Ram iv*, Justice Tutchin
calls Throate ** A sumner's son and learned in N* wiles/*
In Mayne's Match iv. 7, Dorcas says, ** Your distressed
vestals long more earnestly for term than N* lawyers/*
An Act (33 H* VI, cap* 7) was passed to check the
litigiousness of ** the counties of N. and Suffolk/' N*
was famous for its breed of bullocks* In Day's B. Beggar
iii*, Young Strowd says, " I would not for all the bul-
locks in N* they had fallen out." In Brome's Moor iii* i,
Quicksands says, " O thou art a N. woman, where maids
are mothers and mothers are maids/' "Mother," or
"mauther," is still used in the N* dialect for a young
girl*

NORHAM CASTLE* An ancient border castle on the S.
bank of the Tweed, 7 m* S*W* of Berwick. It was in the
detached portion of County Durham, called Norham-
shire and Islandshire, which was incorporated in
Northumberland in 1844. It was besieged by James IV
of Scotland, acting in behalf of Perfin Warbeck, in
1497, but was relieved by the approach of the Earl of
Surrey. In Ford's Warbeck, iii* 4 is laid ** before the
castle of Norham."

NORMANDY (Nn* = Norman)* A province in North-
West France, on the English Channel* Its capital was
Rouen on the Seine* It derived its name from the settle-
ment of the North-men there in the early part of the
loth cent* In 1066, William, the bastard son of Robert
and Herleva, invaded and conquered England, and from
that time to 1154 N* remained under the control of
members of the English royal house* In 1154, by the
accession of Henry II, it became a part of the English
dominions, but in 1304 it was ceded by John to France,
and continued a French province till Henry V in 1418
recovered it* It was finally lost to England in 1450*

Robert of N*, the son of William the Conqueror,
is one of the Christian leaders in the attack on
Jerusalem described in T* Heywood's Prentices. In
Trouble. Reign, Haz*, p. 254, John says to the Bastard,
44 1 gird thee with the sword of Normandie And of
that land I do invest thee D/f This is not historical*
&* Marlowe's Ed. II ii* 3, Mortimer reports : " The K*
of France sets loot in N." This was in pursuance of his
demand that Edward should do homage to him for
Guienne and his other possessions in France in 1325*
In Ed+ III iiL i, the K* of France, before the battle of
Crecy, commits part of his forces to " My eldest son,
the D* of N/* In H$ iii* 5, 10, Bourbon denounces the
English as ** Nns*, but bastard Nns*, Nn* bastards."
In H6 B* i* i, 87, Gloucester speaks of the deep scars
received in France and N* by the English generals ; in
114, Salisbury calls Anjou and Maine ** the keys of N/' ;
and in 215, York says, "The state of N* Stands on a
tickle point/1" In iv* i, 87, the Capt* says to Suffolk,
44 The false revolting Nns* through thee Disdain to call
us lord/' In iv* 7, 30, Cade says to Lord Say, ** What
canst thou answer to my majesty for giving up of N* unto
Motmsieur Basimecu, the Dauphin of France i * ' ; and
in 80, Say replies : 4t I sold not Maine; I lost not N."
& S* Rowley's When You A* 2, Wolsey says, " Admiral
Haywafd was sent To batter down the towns in N*"
The reference is to the invasion of France by Henry VIII
m 1523* In Chapman's C&z&rt iu 3, 73, the K* says to
C33ai>0tr "I made you * . * Lietitecant-Generaly like-
wise of my son^ Datiphin and heir, and of all N/' : a
muddied translation of PasquierTs^Lf euteiiant-

Gencral d* Monsieur le :
de Datiphine et del

One of the charges

370

NORTHAMPTON

brought against Chabot was the imposition of an ex-
excessive tax "upon certain fishermen * * * upon the
coast of N*" (iii* 2, 81)* In Davenport's Matilda L 3,
Fitzwater charges the K* with 44 the loss of N*"

In L* L. L* ii* i, 43, Maria tells how she saw Longa-
ville at the marriage between ** Lord Perigort and the
beauteous heir Of Jaques Falconbridge solemnized in
N*" In Ham. iv* 7, 83, the K* tells of the magnificent
horsemanship of 44 a gentleman of N*," whose name is
stated by Laertes to be Lampnd. Possibly La Mond is
meant as a kind of translation of the name of Pietro
Monte, who was an instructor in riding to Louis VII*
In iii. 2, 36, where the Ff* have ** pagan or Nn*," the
right reading is "pagan nor man." In Marston's
Parasitaster v., when Herod says to Sir Amorous, ** 'Tis
in great Cupid's case; you may have no counsel,"
Sir Amorous replies, *4 Death a justice I are we in
N» i " the reference apparently being to the proverbial
litigipusness and captiousness of the Nns* ** Great
Cupid's case " means the Court of Love which is being
held on Sir Amorous and others. As many of the noble
English families came from N+ with William the
Conqueror, to have come in with the Conqueror meant
to have an ancient title to nobility* In Davenant's Wits
ii*, Pallatine speaks of " a melancholy race of old Nn*
spiders that came in with the Conqueror*" In Brewer's
Lingua iii. 6, the Herald says that the 3 lions in the
English arms ** are one coat, made of 2 French Duke-
doms, N* and Aquitain/' In Davenant's Rutland, p.
222, the Londoner says, ** Give me leave to be conducted
from Dieppe on my Nn* nag, which, though it has not
as many legs as a caterpillar, yet by being well spurred
makes shift to travel as fast/' In T* Heywood's Ed. IV
A* 54, the Capt* relates that he attached Falconbridge
"ina ship of Normandie/' The scene of B* &F.Brotheris
laid in N* in the time of D* Rpllo, Le. Rolf, at the be-
ginning of th J loth cent*, but it is quite unhistorical*
NORRIGE* See NORWICH*

NORTHAM* Apparently Northampton is meant, q.v.
In Peele's Ed. I x* 6, Sussex says, ** Before your High-
ness rid from hence to N,, Sir Roger was a suitor to your
grace Touching fair Elinor/'

NORTHAMPTON* The county town of Northants,, on
the Nen* 65 m, North-West of Lond* The castle was
built by the ist Earl in the time of William the Con-
queror* One of the battles of the Wars of the Roses was
fought near N* in 1460, in which the Lancastrians were
defeated* In Rs ii* 4* i, the Archbp. says of the young
K* Edward, who is on his way from Ludlow to Lond. :
** Last night, I hear, they lay at N." In True Trag.t
p* 69, the young K* says, 4f My mother * * * thinks it
convenient that we dismiss our train, for fear the town
of N- is not able to receive us." In H8 i* i, 200, the D*
of Buckingham is described further as 44 Earl of Here-

ford, Stafford, and N/' The title passed from him to the
Howard femity, and in 1618 was conferred on Sir
William Comjrton, the ancestor of the present Marquis*
In Three Ladies ii.t Lucre mentions N* as one of the
towns where, through their great trade, infinite numbers
of people " great rents upon little room do bestow*"
In Marmion's Leaguer iv* 5, Agurtes says, 44 'Twas an
affray, a sudden affray, directly against the statute of N*,
the detimo tertio of Harry the Fourth clears the doubt/'
Parliaments were held at N* in the reigns of Henry II,
Edward II, and Edward III : possibly the reference is
to the ist section in the Assizes of N* of 1 176, which pre-
scribes the loss of hand and foot for certain crimes of
violence.

NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

NORTHAMPTONSHIRE* The Midland county of
England lying between Warwicksh* on the E* and
Cambridgesh* on the W* It is chiefly occupied in
agriculture and sheep-breeding* In Middleton*s Quiet
Life v* 2, Sanders says, " My lady talked what a goodly
act it was of a Countess — N* breed belike — that to make
Coventry a corporation rode through the city naked*"
Leofric, the husband of the Lady Godiva, was the Lord
of Mercia, in which N, was included, and Coventry is in
the adjacent county of Warwick* In K. /* i* i, 51, Philip
the Bastard describes himself as "" a gentleman Born in
Nv and eldest son, As I suppose, to Robert Faulcon-
bridge*" He is introduced by the Sheriff of N*, Sir
Simon de Pateshull, and the scene is a room of state in
Northampton Castle, which was a favourite resort of the
Kings of England during the Plantagenet period* Only
a few vestiges now remain of the building : iv* i and v* i
were probably intended to be at the same place. In H6
C* iv* 8* 15, Warwick instructs Montague that he will
find men well inclined to the Lancastrian cause in
44 Buckingham, Northampton* and in Leicestershire."

In Mayne's Match ii» 2, A.urelia complains that her
Puritan waiting-woman "will urge councils for her
little ruff, Called in N/* Robert Browne, the founder of
the Brownists, held a benefice in Northampton : he
was committed to gaol over a dispute as to the payment
of church rates, and died there in 1630* In Middleton's
Michaelmas i* 2, Hellgill says to the country wench,
" Why, N* lass* dost dream of virginity now i " In
Shirley's C. Maid iv. 2* the countryman says, " You
have a guest, one Startup of N/'

NORTH COUNTRY* Applied to the counties of Eng-
land North of the Humber, and the lowlands of Scot-
land* In Jonson's BarthoLt one of the characters is ** a
Northern clothier " who talks a kind of dialect, thus :
44 I'll ne mare, Til ne mare ; the eale's too meeghty."
In Dekker's Northward i. 3, Philip informs us that ** the
northern man loves white-meats, the southern man
salads*" In both cases the words are used as synonyms
for paramours*

NORTH-EAST PASSAGE* A way of communication
with India round the North coast of America, which was
regarded as possible by the navigators of the i6th and
iTth cents*, and was sought for in vain by a large
number of them* Its direction was, of course, North-
West from England, but it was called North-East as
being the passage to the East by the North* The chief
adventurers in this quest were Martin Frobisher
(1576-8); John Davis (1585-7); William Barents
(1594-6) ; Waymouth (1602) ; Henry Hudson (1607-
10) ; Thomas Button (1612-3) ; Robert Bylot and
William Baffin (1615^6)* In B* & F* Prize ii* 2, Bianca
says, " That everlasting cassock that has worn As many
servants out as the North-east passage Has consumed
sailors*" In Massinger's Madam ii* 3, Sir Maurice says,
44 1 will undertake To find the north passage to the
Indies sooner." In Mayne's Match i* 4, Bright says of
PIotwelTs merchant's habit : " This jacket surely was
employed In finding the n* e* passage out*" Milton,
P* JL x* 291, speaks of ** Mtns* of ice, that stop the
imagined way Beyond Petsore eastward to the rich
Cathaian coast*" In Wilson's Inconstant iv* i, the D*
says, ** rTis more easy To plough the frozen North and
force a way Unto the Eastern world/*

NORTH POLE* In Tofcroeur, AtMst H* 5, Levidtdcia
saysof Fresco: " Faint-hearted fool ! I tMnk thou wert
begotten Between the N* P* and the congealed passage,"
In Cowiey's Riddle iv*, Aphroa says, ** Where am I

NORTHUMBERLAND

now i Under the Northern P* Where a perpetual winter
binds the ground And glazeth up the floods ** "
NORTHUMBERLAND* The most Northerly county in
England, extending from the Tyne to the Cheviot Hills*
The old kingdom of N* extended, as the name implies,
from the Humber to the Firth of Forth, and was ruled
by a succession of Anglian kings from the middle of the
6th to the gth cents* Chaucer's Man of Law's Tale re-
lates how Constance was brought to the coast of N* in
the reign of Alia, or .2ElIa, A*D* 560-567* It was con-
quered by the Kings of Wessex in the zoth cent*, but
they had to cede the Northern part of it beyond the
Tweed to the Scottish Kings, whilst the Danes retained
the lordship of the S* portion* In Merlin iii* 6*117, Edol
speaks of the settlement of the Angles in 4t Norfolk and
N*" In 1041, Siward the Strong, a Danish prince,
reigned over this part of the old kingdom* and aided
Malcolm in ousting Macbeth from the Scottish throne*
In Mac* iii* 6, 31, we are told that Macduff ** is gone To
pray the holy king upon his aid, To wake N*and warlike
Siward/'

As a result of the wars of the Edwards, N*, Durham*
and Yorks. became finally attached to the English
Crown, and in 1377 Richd* II granted the Earldom of N*
to Henry Percy* He is the N* of Rz and H£* He joined
Henry of Lancaster on his return to England, and after
his coronation as Henry IV supported him for a time,
but he and his son Henry Hotspur took the lead in the
rebellion which forms the background of H4 A* and led
up to the battle of Shrewsbury, in which Hotspur was
killed* The Earl himself failed to come to the battle,
and succeeded in avoiding the penalty of his revolt*
But 2 years later he joined in the plot of Archbp* Scrope,
as told in H4 B* i. 3, and finally perished in a new re-
bellion at Bramham Moor in 1408* His titles were for-
feited, but were restored to his grandson Henry, 2nd
Earl, by Henry V* In Fam. Vict*t Has*, p* 361, he is
mentioned as being at the battle of Agincourt* He was
killed fighting on the Lancastrian side at the ist battle of
St. Albans* In H6 C. i* i, 4, York relates how in this
battle ** the great Lord of N* Cheered up the drooping
army ; and himself, Lord Clifford* and Lord Stafford
* * * Were by the swords of common soldiers slain**' In
L i, 54, K* Henry says of York : ** Earl of N*, he slew
thy father*" He was succeeded by his son, who is the N*
of H6 C* and is called " rough N*" by York (i* 4, 27)
and " Haught N*" by Warwick (ii* i, 169)* He was
present at Wakefield in 1460 when young Rutland was
murdered* In RS i* 3, 187, Buckingham, referring to
this* says, 44 N* then present wept to see it*" He was
killed at Towton in 1461* His successor is tfae ** melan-
choly Lord N*" mentioned in #3 v* 3, 65 as cfieermg the
troops before the battle of Bosworth ; and in v* 3, 271 as
saying that " Richmond was never trained tip in arms."
He was killed in quelling a rebellion in the reign of
HenryVIL The ** stout Earl of N*" wfeo is described
in H8 iv* 2, 12 as arresting Wokey was the 6th Earl and
died childless* Dudley, Earl of Warwick, held the title
1551-1553* He is the N* of Webster's Wyatt, the fatlier-
in-law of Lady Jane Grey ; he was beheaded in 1553.
The Earldom was restored to the Percies by Elizabeth*
The male line became extinct in 1670* For the next two
generations there were only heiresses* the second of
whom, Elizabeth, Baroness Percy, married Sir Hugh
Smithson, who was created Earl of N* in 1750 and Duke
of N* in 1766* From him the present Duke is descended*
In Greene's James IV ii. i, Eustace says, w The country
Countess of N* Doth greet you well*" This was the wife
of the 5th Earl* In H5 ii* ProL 25, one of the coa-

NORTHUMBRIA

spirators is described as " Sir Thomas Grey, Knight, of
N." He was the son of Sir Thomas Grey of Berwick,
Constable of Norham Castle.

In Peele's Ed. I v., the Messenger reports : ** Troth-
less Baliol, their accursed K., With fire and sword doth
threat N." In Respublica v* 6, Avarice says, " I would
have brought half Kent into N*, and Somersetsh. should
have raught to Cumberland/' In B* & F* Thomas iii, 3,
Thomas says, " Now sing * The D* of N.,' " and the
Fiddler responds, " And clambering to promotion he
fell down suddenly/' In Hycke, p* 88, Hycke says he
has been in ** Northumberlonde Where men seethe
rushes in gruel/' I suppose he refers to the porridge
which is the staple of north-country diet* In May's Old
Couple iv* 3, Sir Argent plans: "I'll purchase all in
parcels, far from home; A piece in Cornwall; in
Hampshire some ; some in N*" In Trag. Richd. II iv* 3,
the Sherifis of Kent and of N* appear at Court to protest
against the K/s exactions : they are evidently chosen
from the extreme S. and North to suggest the protest
of the whole realm*

NORTHUMBRIA* One of the old Saxon kingdoms in
England, lying North of the Humber and including the
counties of Yorks*, Durham, Northumberland, part of
Lanes*, and Lothian in S* Scotland. It was divided into
Bernicia in the North and Deira in the South* The scene
of Brome's Queen's JExe/z.islaidin N* during the reign of
an imaginary K* Osrick, who married Bertha, Q. of the
W. Saxons. Spenser, JP. Q* iii* 3, 39, records a predic-
tion that " Cadwallin . , * shall an huge host into
Northumber lead."

NORTON FOLGATE* A street in Lond*, connecting
Bishopsgate Street Without and High Street, Shore-
ditch. The Priory of St. Mary Spittle was founded
on the E* side of the street near the corner of White
Lion Street, in 1197, by William Brewen. In W*
Rowley's New Wonder iv*, Brewen says, *4 Near N. F*
have I bought Ground to erect this house which I will
call St. Mary's Hospital." An entry in Bodleian MS.,
Aubrey 8, 45, runs : " Mr. Beeston who knows most
of him £r* Mr* Lacy he lived in Shoreditch at Hoglane
within 6 doors f- N*-f*" The reference is supposed to
be to Shakespeare. See under HOG LANE.

NORUMBEGA* The name in the lyth cent* for the S*
patt of Canada and the States of New York and Maine*
Milton, P. L* x. 696, describes the North winds blowing
"from the north Of N., and the Samoed shore/'
Burton, A. M. ii. a, 3, says, ** At Noremberga in 45 lat.,
all the sea is frozen ice/'

NORWAY (Nn. = Norwegian). The country on the W.
and North of the Scandinavian Peninsula* Its authentic
history begins about the end of the g,th cent*, when it be-
came a united kingdom, and it continued to be governed
by its own kings until the union of the Norwegian and
Swedish crowns in 1319* In Clyomonf Thrasellus, K* of
N., is one of the characters, but as the play takes place
during the life of Alexander the Gt. it is obvious that
Thrasellus is entirely mythical. In Hughes' Misfort.
Arth. iv* 2, we find on Arthur's side ** Jslandians, Goths,
Nns*, Albans, Danes." In flam, i* i, 61, Horatio in-
forms us that the late K* of Denmark combated ** the
ambitious N.," whose name was Fortinbras, and slew
tea. We learn from ii* 2, 70 that he was succeeded by
fts brother, but his son, young Fortinbras, has ** Sharked
sip a list of lawless resolutes " to recover the lands lost
by hfe father to Denmark (1*1,98). In i. a, 35, Cornelius
and VoItimaJid are sent as ambassadors to ** old N." to
protest, and return, m ii. 2, with news that the K* has

NORWICH

rebuked his nephew and asks tor him the right of
passage through Denmark to fight the Polacks. In iv. 4,
Fortinbras and his Nns. pass across the stage on their
way to Poland, and they return in time for Fortinbras to
be acclaimed K. of Denmark* All this is unhistoricaL
In Mac* i. 2, 49, Ross tells how in Fife " the Norweyan
banners flout the sky", that Macbeth has defeated them,
and "now Sweno, the Norway's K*, craves composition,"
In i* 3, 112, we find that the Thane of Cawdor was
** combined with those of N." The date is 1041, and
Sweno is Svend Estridsen, the nephew of Canute, who
was not actually K. of N. but was a claimant for the
crown against the young Magnus, who succeeded in
1035. In Chettle's Hoffman F. i, Fibs says to old Stilt,
44 Ye were but one of the common all soldiers that served
old Sarloys in N." Milton, P. L. i. 203, speaks of a
whale " haply slumbering on the N. foam," to which a
skiff is anchored, mistaking it for an island*

The Nns., like the Danes, were supposed to be given
to strong drink. In Davenant's Wits L i, Lucy says to
Palatine, " Thou dost out-drink The youth of N. at
their marriage feasts." Heylyn (s.y. NORWEY) says,
" The people are much given to hospitality, plain deal-
ing, and abhorring theft/' In Davenant's Wits ii.,
Palatine says he has disciples among women ** from your
satin slipper To your iron patten and your N. shoe " :
evidently a peasant's shoe; possibly a wooden shoe or
snow-shoe is meant,

N. has huge forests of fir and pine. In Jonson's
Prince Henry1 s Barriers, he says, " The proud Armada
styled by Spain The Invincible * . . that swam * * «
as if ... half of N. with her fir-trees came." Milton,
P. L. i. 293, compares Satan's spear to ** the tallest pine
Hewn on Nn* hills to be the mast Of some great am-
miral." N*, like Lapland, was supposed to be- the home
of witches that could command the winds. In Dave-
nant's Plymouth ii. i, Seawit says, ** I wish thou hadst
an old aunt in N* that would command the winds with a
charm." The scene of Shirley's Politician is laid in N.
NORWICH. The county town of Norfolk, on the right
bank of the Wensum, 1 14 m. North-E. of Lond* It was
the Venta Icenorum of the Romans : the name Nordwic
first appears in 1004. The Castle, of which the keep
still remains and is used as a prison, was built by William
Rufus ; other notable old buildings are the noble
cathedral, the parish ch. of St. Peter Mancroft, St.
Andrew's Hall, and the Grammar School. A large
Flemish colony settled here in the reign of Edward III,
and established the cloth manufacture which was for
long the staple trade of the city* It was one of the chief
centres of Lollardism, and afterwards of Protestantism.
In Three Ladies ii*, Lucre mentions N* among the places
where trade is so good that there are infinite numbers
there who ** great rents upon little room do bestow."
In Bale's Laws iv., Pseudodoctrine claims " Rugge and
Corbett of N." as supporters of the Pope against the
Protestants. Rugge was made Bp* of N. in 1530, but
resigned in 1549 because of his opposition to the altera-
tions in church order* Corbett may be the Henry Cor-
bett, a Dutch priest, for whom Cranmer tries to get a
benefice from Cromwell in a letter of 1539* He was
probably one of the Flemish colony at N* In Bale's
Johan it., p* 235, Wealth says of the Pope's Interdict :
44 The bp* of Norwyche and the bp* of Wynchester
Hath full authority to spread it in Yngland here/' But
theBp.of N.was at this time one of the K/s supporters,
and was, in fact, his Lord-Lieutenant in Ireland*

In 1600 William Kemp, the actor, danced a morris
all the way from Lond* to N* in 9 days, the record of

NOSTEL

which he has left in his Nine Days Wonder. He entered
the city by St* Stephen's Gate, made his way to the
Market Place, and was entertained by the mayor* Jon-
son, in Fam. Voyagef refers to " him who Did dance the
famous morris unto N/' Taylor, in Works ii* 73, says
that Coryafs travels advanced him ** Above Kemp's N*
antick Morris dance/' W* Rowley, in Search Intro*,
speaks of ** the wild morris to Norrige*" In Dekker's
Westward v* i, Linstock says, " We'll dance to N* and
take [our supper] there/' Spenser, F. Q. iv, n, 33,
speaks of " Yar, soft washing Norwitch wall/' N* was
the subject of a popular Motion, or puppet play*
Probably the scene represented the market place, with
the castle on the left and the cathedral on the right*
What particular event in the history of the city was
enacted does not appear : possibly it was Kett's re-
bellion in 1549. In Jonson's BarthoL v* i, Leatherhead
says, ** O the motions that I have given light to !
Jerusalem was a stately thing, and so was Nineveh and
the city of N*" In Day's B* Beggar iv*, Strowd, a Nor-
folk man, being invited to see a motion, says, ** Shall I
see all Norwitch in the corner of a little chamber £ "
In Davenant*s Playhouse i,, the Housekeeper mentions
** the new motion-men of N/* In preface to Coryafs
Crudities (1611), Ben Jonson says that Coryat supplies a
spectacle ** grateful above that of Nineveh or the City of
N/* In verses prefixed to Coryat's Crudities (1611),
Peacham mentions amongst the sights of Lond* ** The
fall of Nineveh with N* built in an hour/'

Robert Greene, the dramatist, was born at N. about
1550* Thomas Deloney, the well-known ballad writer
(died about 1600), is called by Nash " the ballading
Silk-weaver of N*" In Jonson's Devil v* 5, Meercraft
says, " A boy of 13 year old made him [the Devil] an
ass But t'other day*" The reference is to a boy of 12
called Thomas Harrison, of N*, who had fits and was
suspected of being a demoniac in 1605*

NOSTEL* The seat of an ancient priory of St. Oswald,
in W* Riding Yorks*, about half way between Wake-
field and Pontefract* It was the oldest Augustinian
Priory in England, having been founded by the Lacies
in the nth cent* It was dissolved by Henry VIII, and
the property ultimately passed to the Winn family* The
canons of N* performed the famous Towneley Plays
about the feast of the Assumption and the Nativity of the
Virgin at the vill* of Woodkirk, near Wakefield*

NOTTINGHAM* The county-town of Notts*, on the
Trent and its tributary, the Leene, 108 m* North-W* of
Lond* The castle, standing on a rock 133 ft* high, was
built by William the Conqueror* It was dismantled
during the Protectorate, and a mansion was built on its
site by the D* of Newcastle in 1674* Sherwood Forest
lies some 12 m* North of the town, and many of Robin
Hood's adventures take place at N. In Downfall Hunt-
ington iii* 2, Scathlock says, ** We were borne bound
from thence [Mansfield] to N*" In True Trag., p* 108,
a Messenger brings word : *4 When the Peers of England
and Scotland met at N* together, to confer about the
marriage of your niece, it was determined that she
should be married with the Scottish Earl/' The scene
of Massinger's New Way is laid in the country near N*
In iii* 2. Greedy says, 44 1 have granted 20 warrants to
have him [Wellborn] committed to N* gaol/'

In Fam. Viet., Has*,tp* 363, " The Earl of N/* is
mentioned as being at the battle of Agincourt* This was
John, brother of Thomas Mowbray, who was beheaded
in 1405 for being concerned in a conspiracy against the
K* The scene of part of Sampson's Vow is laid at CHf-

NUMANTIA

ton, near N* ; and mention is made in the play of N*
Castle and St* Mary's Ch* In i. 3, 76, Miles says a
soldier in battle has not as much warning " as a thief at
N* gallows*" Drayton, in Barons' Wars vi* 15, calls N*
** the North's imperious eye Which as a Pharos doth
survey the soil. Aimed by Nature danger to defy/* In
Jonson's Devil v* 3, Meercraft asks : " Did you ne'er
read, Sir, little Darrel's tricks With , * * Sommers at
N**"' Darrel was a Puritan parson who practised
exorcising, but was exposed by Harnsnett in the case of
one William Sommers of N*, who had been his con-
federate in 1599* There were once 2 giants at the castle,
like Gog and Magog at Lond*, but they were allowed to
fall into decay. Corbett, in Iter. Boreale, says, ** O you
that do Guildhall and Holmeby keep, You are good
giants and partake no shame With those 2 worthless
trunks of N."

NOTTINGHAM BRIDGE* The Trent Bridge over the
Trent, about i m* S* of N* It crosses the river by 19
arches, and is of great antiquity* In Sampson's Vow
ii. i, 77, Joshua says, " Commend me to my learned
brother Spritchall, the cobler of Notingfaam brig/'

NOTTINGHAMSHIRE* A county of England WJ of
Lines. In Brome's Crew (the scene is laid in N.),
Randal says, in v* i, " Were you ever at my master's
house in N* s1" It is appropriate that the merry Beggars
should be found in the neighbourhood of Sherwood
Forest, the haunt of the old Robin Hood and his merry
men* In Jonson's Love's Welcome, which was performed
** at Welbeck in N*," Accidence says, " fetch the fiddles
out of France To wonder at the hornpipes here Of
Nottingham and Derbysh/*

NOVA ALBION* The name given by Drake to the
country round San Francisco, on the North-West coast
of North America, discovered by him in 1578* Burton,
A. M. ii* 2, 3, says, " Quevira, or N* A*, in America,
bordering on the sea, was so cold in July that our
Englishmen could hardly endure it/*

NOVA HISPANIA (= MEXICO)* Heylyn says ** Mexico,
giving name to half America, is now called N* H." In
B* & F* Span* Cur. ii* i, Leandro pretends to Lopez to
have come " from N* H."

NUBIA* Now applied to the country in Africa on the Nile
lying S* of Egypt and North of Abyssinia ; formerly
used for a vague region including the present N* and
extending inland as far as Lake Tchad (Borno Lake)* In
Marlowe's Tomb. B* i* 3, Techelles tells >ow he visited
the W*coastof Africaand then "made haste to N*; There,
having sacked Borno, the princely seat, I took the
k/* In v* 3, Tamburlaine says that he marcfsed from
Egypt " to N*, near Bomo Lake/' In T. Heywood's
Prentices, p. 101, The Souldan says that his army is
drawn "From Sauxni eastward unto N/s bounds.**

NUIS, or NUITS* A town in the Dukedom of Burgundy,
a few m* S* of Dijon, 160 m* S*E* of Paris* It was taken
by the Mareschal Biron in 1594* In Chapman's Consp,
Byron ii. i, Savoy recalls how Byron '* did take in Autun
and Nuis in Burgundy, chased away Viscount Tavannes*
troops before Dijon/'

NUMANTLA* A city in Spain the site of which is marked
by the ruins at Puente de Don Guarray, abt* 120 m*
North-East of Madrid* It was destroyed by Scipio
Africanus 134 B.C*, and has never been rebuilt* In
C&safs Rev. v* i, Brutus says, " Proud Zanthus, That
didst sadly fall, as proud Numantia, To conquering
Stipio's power*"

373

NUM1DIA

NUMIDIA (Nn. — Numidian)* The ancient N* was the
disk on the North coast of Africa immediately W* of
Carthage* After the destruction of Carthage it was ruled
by native kings* Massinissa was the first of these i his
son Jugurtba was defeated and slain by the Romans
106 B*C* Juba I allied himself with the Pompeians, and
on his death in 46 B.C* Julius Caesar made N. into a
Roman province* The Elisjabethans used the word in a
much wider sense : Heylyn gives the boundaries of N*
as Egypt and the Atlantic Ocean on the E* and W*,
and the Atlas Mtns* and Libya on the North and South.
In Tiberius 343. the Centurion recalls the exploits of
44 Marius in N*," i*e* in the Jugurthine wars* In Caesar's
Rev. L 3, Caesar speaks of Pompey as " guarded with Nn*
horse " ; and in iii* 2, he says* ** Juba* Backed with Nn*
and Gaetulian horse* Hath felt the puissance of a Roman
sword." In Nabbes' Hannibal i* 6, Bomilcar says*
44 Massanissa hath Forsaken Carthage ; we must never
more Expect Nn. aid." In May's Agrippina i. 614,
Vitellius speaks of "warlike Syphax, the Nn* k.*
Stubborn Jugurtha."

In B. & F. Fair Maid L ii* 3. Baptista says* A wild
Nn. that had sucked a tigress Would not have been so
barbarous*" In their Mad Lover iv* 5, Memnon says.
** Fetch the Nn. lion I brought over ; If she be sprung
from royal blood, the lion He'll do you reverence/' In
Massinger's Emperor v* 2, Chrysapius says* " Like a Nn*
lion * * * forced into a spacious cage he walks About
his chamber." In Davenport's Matilda v. 3* Fitswater
rfefrng for Matilda " Nn* marble to preserve her praise/'
The reference is to the " Onyx Marble " of Algeria.
which was largely used at Carthage and Rome* Ba May's
Agrippina iv* 470. Petronius says. ** N* marble brings."
Rabelais, Gargantua L 53* describes 4* Nn* stone [as]
yellowishly-streaked marble upon various colours/' In

NYSA

Nabbes' Microcosmus iii** amongst other table deli-
cacies, Sensuality promises Physander ** hens of N/' :
guinea-hens presumably. In May's Agrippina iv* 368,
Petronius mentions ** Nn* hens " amongst table deli-
cacies* In Cuckqueans iv. 8* Claribel says he has
** visited all Barbaria and all N*" In Tiberius 1774*
Germanicus says, " Were every man a furious elephant
Ruled by a castle of Nns*. Those German legions would
encounter them."

NUNWEGHEN (NIJMEGEN). In Barnaveltt Barnavelt is
charged with plotting to deliver over to Spain some
Dutch towns, among which is N* See NIMMINGHAM.

NUSE (NEUSS). A town in the Rhine Province, near the
left bank of the Rhine* opposite to Dusseldorf* Charles
the Bold of Burgundy besieged it in vain for n months
in 1474* and so was unable to assist Edward IV when he
invaded France. In T* Heywopd's Ed. IV. B* 93,
Scales says of Burgundy : " He lingers still In his long
siege of N*"

NYSA* An island in Lake Tritonis, S* of Tunis* near the
coast of the Lesser Syrtis* Here, according to Diodorus
Siculus (iii* 67). Dionysus was concealed by his father
Ammon to preserve him from the jealousy of his wife*
Rhea, Other legends placed his birth at Nysa in Ethio-
pia* or at Nysa in Caria. or at Nysa in Thrace between
the Strymon and Nestus* Milton* P* L. iv* 2*75* speaks
of 44 that Nyseian isle* Girt with the river Triton, where
old Cham* Whom Gentiles Ammon call and Libyan
Jove, Hid Amalthea and her florid son* Young Bacchus,
from his step-dame Rhea's eye." In Antonie ii* 315,
Philostratus speaks of " howling noise Such as mad
Bacchus priests in Bacchus feasts On Nisa make*" See
alsoNn-A*

m

OB* A river in W* Siberia, rising in the Altai mtns* and
flowing in a general N* direction into the Gulf of Obi
£n the Arctic Ocean* Its length is abt. aoco miles* In
Milton* P. L+ ix* 78, Satan is described as viewing the
earth " From Eden over Pontus, and the Pool Mseotis,
up beyond the river Ob/f

OBLIA (a slip for OLBIA)* A Greek colony in Scythia, on
the Hypanis, abt* 30 m* from its mouth in the Black Sea*
Its ruins still remain at StomogtL on the Bug* In Mar-
lowe's Tamb. B* L 3, Theridamas reports : ** I crossed
the sea and came to O* And Nigra Sylva, where the
devils dance*"

OCCIDENT (the WEST)* Used both of the W* part of the
sky and the countries of the W., Le. Europe and America*
In Rz iii* 3* 67, Bolingbroke speaks of clouds dimming
the bright passage of the sun " to the o/f In All's ii* i,
166, Helena promises to cure the K* " Ere twice in
murk and occidental damp Moist Hesperus hath
quenched his sleepy lamp/' In Cym. iv* 2, 372* Imo-
gen says* " I may wander From East to O* * . * never
Find such another master/*

ODCOMBE* A vilL in Somersetsh, 3 m* W* of Yeovil,
in the SJB* of the county* Here Thomas Coryat, the
author _of Crudities, was bom, and when he returned
from his tramp of 1975 m* through Europe he hung up
his shoes in the church at O* In Jonson's Verses pre-
fixed to the Crudities (1611), he says, " How well and
often his shoes too were mended, That sacred to O* are
now there suspended/' In Nabbes* Bride v* 7, Horten
says, ** This stone of a strange form and colour was
brought by the learned traveller of O* from the Great
Mogul*" Sydenham, in Verses prefixed to the Crudities?
says of it that it is " A work that will eternize thee till
God come, And for thy sake thy famous parish O/'

CECHALIA* The place where Herakles conquered
Eurytus shortly before his own death : 3 cities at least
claimed to be the scene of this story ; one in Messenia
in the Plain of Stenyclerus, another in Euboea in the dist*
of Eretria, and a prd in Thessaly on the Peneus, not far
from Ithome. Milton, P* L* ii* 543, tells the story of the
death of ** Alcides, from O* crowned with conquest/*
The ist edition has CEalia, but it is an obvious misprint*

(ENOPHRIUS* The reading is hopelessly corrupt. Mit-
fordfs conjecture — ** Ethiopian " — may serve as well
as another* In Peele's Ed. I viu, Elinor says, ** Should'st
thou In deserts O* ever dwell, Thy Nell would follow
thee/'

(ETA* A mtn* range in S* Thessaly, forming the N*
boundary of Central Greece* The highest summit rises
to about 7000 ft* In Caesar's Rev. L 4, 348, Cato asks *
" Why would Jove throw them [his darts] down on O/s
mount,** and not rain them on Caesar and hisRomans 4 In
B. <£ F* Bonduca L 3, Suetonius says, ** A pine Rent
from O* by a sweeping tempest, Jointed again and made
a mast, defies Those angry winds that split him*" Evi-
dently the simile pleased the authors, for it is repeated
in Valentirdan v* 3, where Maximus says, ** Goodly
cedars, Rent from O* by a sweeping tempest, Jointed
again and made tall masts, defy Those angry winds that
split them/* O. is in both cases pronounced as a tri-
syllable* In T* Heywood's JB. Age i*, Meleager says, ** I
Meleager, rich -Stolia's heir, Whose large dominions
stretch to O* mt*, And to the bounds of fertile Thessaly/'
It was on the summit of O* that Herakles built the
funeral pyre on which he flung himself and peiashed*

In Nabbes' Hannibal v* 3, Hannibal says, ** Would this
were O* : That, like the furious Theban, I might build
mine own pile and the flame transform itself into a con-
stellation/' In Frauncers Victoria ii, 4, 833, Onophrius
speaks of being burnt to death : " Tanquam Herculera
quondam in O." Spenser, F. Q* v* 8, a, calls Hercules
** the great CEtean knight/' Milton, P* L* ii* 545, tells
how Alcides " Lichas from the top of*b* threw Into the
Euboic sea " in his death agony.

OFFENCE, MOUNT OF (now JEBEL BATH EL HAWA}»
A hill abt* 3400 ft* high, lying S* of Mt. Olives and S*E.
of Jerusalem* It received its name from the temples
built there by Solomon for the gods of bis foreign wives
(/ Kings xi* 7)* Milton, P* L* i, 403, says that Moloch
led Solomon to build his temple 4* right against the
temple of God On that opprobrious hill/* In 416, he
calls it ** that hill of scandal/* and in 443, " the offensive
mtn*

OLAVES (SAINT)* An old Lond, ch* near the Tower, at
the corner of Hart St* and Seething Lane* Its graveyard
was much used during the visitations of the Plague*
The registers contain a long list of names with the letter
44 P " added, to indicate that they died of the Plague,
Dekker, in Wonderful Year, says in reference to the
Plague : " The 3 bald sextons of limping St. Gyles, St*
Sepulchres, and St* O* ruled the roast more hotly than
ever did the Triumviri of Rome*"

OLD BAILEY* The central criminal court of Lond, so
called from the Latin 4> Ballium/' the outer or base
court of a feudal castle, because it lay behind the ancient
Bailey of the city wall between Lud Gate and New Gate.
It was next door to Newgate prison* The st* running S»
from the corner of Newgate and the Holbora viaduct
retains the name. In the True Report of the Arraignment
of a seminary Priest (1607), it is stated that the trial was
conducted ** at the Sessions House in the O* B*,** and
again: "My Lord Mayor, maister recorder, and other of
his Majesty's Justices of the Peace, sitting at the Ses-
sions House in the O* B., by virtue of his Highness com-
mission of Oyer and Terminer, for gaol delivery, for
Lond* and the county of Middlesex*" In the Nursery
Rhyme of Oranges and Lemons, one distich runs :
44 When will you pay me, Say the bells of O* B/' Pro-
bably the bells of St* Sepulchre just opposite were in-
tended, which were well known because they rang the
passing knell for all executed felons* In Look about xxiii*,
the Sheriff says, ** The gibbet was set up by noon in the
O* B/* In Peek's Jestsf we read of an old gentleman
who sojourned in " the O* B/f who played a trick on
George* Dekker, in Jests, speaks of thieves being ** in-
dighted for it at the black bar in the old bsyry/' In
Bellman, he advises those who want to learn more of the
ways of robbers to ** step into the O* Baily at any Ses-
sions/* Middleton, in Hubbard, speaks of ** the best
hand that ever old Peter Bales hung out in the O* B/*
This Peter Bales was afaroous crurographist who kept a
school at the upper end of O* B. Davenanf s IT* Lovers

, was " Printed by R. H* and are to be sold by Francis
Coles at his shop in the O, Bayley anno dom* 2643*"

OLD CHANGE* A st. in Lond., running S* from the W.
endofCheapisidetoKnightriderSt* It was so called be-
cause the King's Exchange for bullion and for the
changing of foreign coins was here* In Dekker's S/zoe-
makerfs iii* 3, Hammond says, " There is a wench keeps
shopintheO.C*; Toherwilll/* In Brome's Ct#> Wit
i i, Josina applies to " Mrs* ColHfbore, the herb-woman

375

OLDENSELL

in the O* C*/' to find her a young man as secretary* In
Deloney's Reading vi*, when the clothiers* wives came
up to Lond., they viewed " at the end of the o. C*, the
fishmongers/' This may mean the S. end, which was at
the junction of Knightrider St* and Fish St*, or perhaps
the Cheapside end, which was not far W* of Friday St.,
where the fishmongers had their stalls*
OLDENSELL (OLDENZAAL)* A town in Holland, 85 m*
due E* of Amsterdam* In Barnavelt iv* 5, Orange asks :
44 Who was the cause no greater power was sent against
the enemy when he took (X i "

OLD FORD* A vill* near Lond*, 3 J m* N*E* of St* Paul's,
at the end of the O* F* Rd* It marks the site of the old
ford over the Lea by which the road from Essex entered
Lond* before the bdge* at Stratford-at-Bow was built*
There was an old mansion there, sometimes called King
John's Palace, which is probably the O* F* House in
which the Lord Mayor lived in Dekker's Shoemaker's,
In ii* i, Sybil, the maid of the Lord Mayor's daughter,
says, ** It is like one of our yellow silk curtains at home
here in O* F* House*" In iii* 4, Eyre says, ** I am bidden
by my lord mayor to dinner to O. F*" In ii* 4, Warner
and Hammon enter in pursuit of a buck, and Warner
says, 44 *Tis best we trace these meadows by O* F/' The
scene of iii* 5 is a room in the Lord Mayor's house at
O.F*

OLD JEWRY* A st* in Lond*, running N* from the Poul-
try to Gresham (formerly Cateaton) st* It was made a
Jews* quarter by William I, but when the Jews were ex-
pelled from England in 1291 it became a st* for mer-
chants* Here were the Windmill and the Maidenhead
Taverns* In Jonson's Ev. Man L i* i, Welibred writes
to young Knowell from the Windmill, and asks him,
" Hast thou forsworn all thy friends i' the O* J* ^ or dost
thou think us all Jews that inhabit there yet S1 " The
servant has just told old Knowell that Master Kitely,
44 the rich merchant in the O. J*/' married Wellbred's
sister* The scene of iv* 4 is laid in the O*J* InMayne's
Match i* 4, when young PlotwelTs uncle makes him a
merchant, Bright says, u What, to take thee from the
Temple to make thee an O* Juryman, a Whittingtpn i "
In DekHiey*s Reading vi*, the clothiers' wives, visiting
Ixmd^ ** came into the Jewes st., where all the Jewes
did inhabit*" Fuller, in Church History (1656) iiL 13, 33,
says of the Jews : ** Their principal abode was in Lond*,
where they had their arch-synagogue at the N* corner of
the O. J., as opening into Lothbury/' This synagogue
afterwards became the Windmill Tavern, g*v*

OLD SARUM* The original site of Salisbury about i$ m*
N* of the present city of Salisbury, or New Sarum*
It dates back to British times, but its cathedral establish-
ment was transferred to New Sarum in 1218 and the
people followed it, so that O* S* was practically deserted*
It gives its name to the musical form of the service of the
Church known as the O* S* Use, which was the best of
the various English uses. Hence O* S* Use comes to
mean old-fashioned* Nash, in Lenten, p* 309, says that
he has harped upon the history of Yarmouth "according
to my o. S* plain-song*" Lyly, in Pappe with an Hatchett
(EKz* Pamphu, p* 56), says, ** For the winter nights the
tales shall be told secundum usum S* j the Dean of
SaHsbttrie can tell 20*"

OLE* STREET* Lond*, running W* from the comer of
aoted^l^c^|Dositethech*,toGosweURd* Here lived
Samuel Daniel, the poet and dramatist* Dekker, in
Rod for Rtmamxys (1635), tells of a country fellow that
" fell skk in some lodging lie had int O*-st*, and being

OLYMPIA

thrust out of doors, lay upon straw under Sutton's
Hospital wall and there miserably died*"
OLD SWAN. See SWAN STAIRS*

OLD SYNAGOGUE* A cant name for the Temple in
Lond., q.v. Specially used in reference to the Temple
Ch. In Brome's Damoiselle ii* i, the Attorney says, ** I
must up to the o* S., there shall I be fitted*" In his Mad
Couple i* i, Careless says, 44 1 will rather walk down to
the Temple and lay myself down alive in the o. S. cross-
legged among the monumental knights till I turn marble
with them*"

OLIMPUS (OLYMPUS, g*i>

OLINTHUS {more properly OLYNTHUS)* A city of
ancient Greece, at the head of the Toronaic Gulf, be-
tween the peninsulas of Pallene and Sithonia, on the
coast of Macedonia* In Gascoigne's Government ii. i,
Gnpmaticus says, "History accuseth Lasthenes for
delivering of O*" Demosthenes says that Lasthenes* a
native of O*, along with Euthycrates, betrayed the city
to Philip of Macedon, 348 B.C*

OLIVER'S* The famous miniature painter, Isaac Oliver,
who died in 1617, lived in Blackfriars. His studio was
doubtless the resort of ladies of fashion* The reference.
however, may be to some Ordinary, or Tavern* In
B* & F* Wit Money ii* 5, Humphrey says, "To-
morrow night at O* I Who shall be there, boys 4 Who
shall meet the wenches 4 "

OLIVET (or the MT* OF OLIVES). The hill E* of Jerusa-
lem, on the other side of the valley of the Kedron. The
site of our Lord's Ascension on the summit of the hill
was marked by a ch*, which was visited by pilgrims
amongst the other sacred places of the Holy City* In
J* Heywood's Four PP i*, the Palmer says, "To Josa-
phat and Olyvete on foot, God wot, I went right bare.**
In Peele's Bethsabe iii. i, Jonathan says, if his friends
should pour out their blood for David, " Then should
this Mt* of Olives seem a plain Drowned with a sea***
Spenser, F. Q* i* 10, 54, calls it " That sacred hill
whose head full high, Adorned with fruitful olives all
around, Is, as it were, for endless memory Of that dear
Lord who oft thereon was found, For ever with a
flowering garland crowned*" In his Shep. Col., July, 50,
Morrell asks : " Wonned not the great God Pan p*e*
our Lord] Upon mt* O. i "

OLYMPIA (Oc. = Olympic, On* = Olympian). The
place where the Olympian Games were celebrated* The
site of the racecourse, gymnasium, etc*, lies in the angle
formed by the junction of the Alpheus and the Cladeus,
near the city of Pisa, some 12 m* from the W* coast of
the Peloponnesus. The name was derived from the On*
Zeus, who was worshipped there* The games were
founded by the Achaeans in honour of Pelops, and were
at first under the joint control of Pisa and Elis* After
the destruction of Pisa in 570 B.C* the Eleans had sole
control under the protection of Sparta* The official date
of the ist celebration was 776 B*C*, and the games were
held every 4th year, the interval being known as an
Olympiad ; and by the successive Olympiads the dates
of Greek history were reckoned* The last celebration
was in A*D* 393* The original contests were limited to
tests of personal strength and skill, such as wrestling,
footracing, and boxing, but, later, horse and chariot
races were introduced, as well as competitions in music
and poetry* The entries were limited to persons of
Hellenic descent, and rigorous conditions of training
and qualification were exacted* During the games a
trace of God was proclaimed throughout Hellas. The

376

OLYMPUS

prize was only a garland of wild olive, but the victors
were honoured in their native towns even more than a
successful cricketer or footballer is nowadays, and
statues were often erected in their memory. The Ger-
man exploration of 1875-81 has determined fully the
sites of the various buildings and arenas*

In H6 C. iu 3, 53, George of Clarence says, " If we
thrive, promise them such rewards As victors wear at
the On. games/' In TroiL iv* 5, 194, Nestor says to
Hector, " I have seen thee When that a ring of Greeks
have hemmed thee in. Like an On* wrestling tf : where
On. means a competitor at O. Daniel, in Ep* Ded. to
Cleopatra 90, says of Sidney : " He hath th* Olimpian
prize of all that run Or ever shall." In Lyly's Endymion
ii* i, Tellus says, " Take heed, Endimion, lest like the
wrestler in O* that, striving to lift an impossible weight,
catched an incurable strain, thou fall into a disease with-
out all recure." In Marlowe's Dido iii. i, IHoneus says
of one of Dido's suitors : ** This man and I were at O/s
games " : an amusing anachronism. In Chapman's
Consp. Byron v. i, Henry says, " The ancient Eleans
* * * in the On. contentions . * . ever were the justest
arbitrators. If none of them contended." In Shirley's
Imposture i. 2, Flaviano says, " Our active youth Shall
bring again the old Oc. games." In Hyde Park iv* 3,
Bonvile says of a racer who has retired : " He hath
left the triumph to his Oc. adversary**' In Underwit i*,
we are told of the Clowns who ** sell fish in the Hall and
ride the wild mare, and such Ocs.," i.e. athletic feats.
In T.Heywood's S.Age iii., the origin of the Oc* games
is described, and one of the Kings speaks of them as
44 These honoured pastimes on Olimpus mt/' : which
looks as if Heywood had confused O* with Olympus.
In the old Timon v. 5, Timon says, " I as yet ne'er saw
the Olympick games." In Nabbes' Totenham ii. 2,
Changeable says, ** Let's run then ; 'tis a brave Olym-
picke exercise ; I love it well." Milton, P* L. ii* 530,
describes the fallen angels as contending in races *4 As
at the On. games or Pythian fields."
OLYMPUS (Oc. = Olympic). Mtn. on the borders of
Thessaly and Macedonia, N.W. of the Vale of Tempe,
whichudivides it from Mt. Ossa. It is 9000 ft. high : the
lower part is well wooded, but the top is bare rock,
covered with snow for the greater part of the year. Its
broad summit was supposed by the Greeks to be the
seat of the Court of Zeus, and he is often called Olym-
pius in consequence* In TroiL ii* 3, n, Thersites ap-
peals to Jupiter, ** O thou great thunderdarter of (X,
Forget that thou art Jove, the K* of gods." In Jpnson*s
Poetaster iv. 3, in the masque of the gods, Ovid, who
represents Jupiter, says, "We will knock our chin
against our breast and shake thee out of O. into an
oyster boat/* In H. Shirley's Mart* Soldier ii. a,
Bellizarius says to Huneric, "You call Jove Thunderer,
Shaker of O." Huneric was, however, a Christian,
not a pagan* La Marlowe's Faustus vi*, the Chorus
says, ** Learned Faustus, To know the secrets of
astronomy Graven in the book of Jove's high firma-
ment* Did mount himself to scale O** top*" In
Cockayne's Masque for Twelfth Night 14, Ganymede is
called " O/ nectar and ambrosia keeper/' In Greene's
Alphonsus, prol* 3, Venus speaks of the seats of the god-
desses " Placed on the top of high O. Mt*" In Wilson's
Cobler 1218, there is a proclamation ** Given at O* by
Jupiter and the celestial synod/* Milton, P. £. vii* 3,
says, " Above the On* hill I soar." In i. 516, he says that
the gods of Greece ** on the snowy top Of cold O. ruled
the middle air." In vii* 7, he says to Urania, ** Thou Nor
of the Muses nine, nor on the top Of old O. dwellest/'

OMER> SAINT

In x* 583, he says that Ophion '* had first the rule of
high O."

O* is used in the sense of heaven* In Ev. Worn. L
i. i, Acutus says, " The gates of a great man Are faster
barred against necessity Than Dives* entrance at O*
gate." Again, in ii. 3, he says, " She that loves true
learning and pomp disdains Treads on Tartarus and O.
gains*" The last line of Shakespeare's Epitaph at Strat-
ford runs : " Terra tegit, populus mceret, O. habet."

O. is used to denote anything of exceptional size,
weight, or height. In Selimus 2428, Selim says, ** The
monstrous giant Monichus Hurled mt. O. at great Mars
his targe." The same passage occurs in Locrine ii* 5, 9*
In Cor. v* 3, 30, Cpriolanus says, ** My mother bows, As
if O. to a mole-hill should In supplication nod/' In
Tit. ii* i, i, Aaron says, ** Now climbeth Tamora O/
top Safe out of Fortune's shot/' In /. C. iii. i, 74, Caesar
says to Cinna, *' Hence I wilt thou lift up O* i " In iv*
3, 92, Brutus says, " A flatterer's [eye] would not [see
such faults] though they do appear As huge as high O/*
In Ham. v* i, 277, Laertes bids the grave-diggers to pile
their dust on him ** Till of this flat a mtn* you have made
To o'ertop old Pelion or the skyish head Of blue O*"
In Oth. ii. i, 190, Othello says, ** Let the labouring bark
climb hills of seas O.-high." In B. & F* Bonduca v. i,
Caratach bids the Romans raise the funeral-pile of
Posnius ** high as O." In Valentinian iv. 4, Maximus
will build a pyre for <£Ecius " more and greater than
green O* can feed with cedar." In Massinger's Actor iii*
i, Julia says, ** If you but compare What I have suffered
with your injuries, They will appear like molehills to
O." In Shirley's Gent* Ven. iii* 4, Bernardo says, ** Talk
of terrors With words O.-high." In Brome's Ct* Beggar
iv. 3, Ferdinand says, ** Heap yet more mtns*, mtns* upon
mtns*, Pindus on Ossa, Atlas on O/* In Massinger's
New Way iv. i, Lovell says, " He is no more shaken
than O. is When angry Boreas loads his double head
With sudden drifts of snow." Massinger is confusing
double-peaked Parnassus with O. So in T* Heywood's
Prentices, p. 96, Godfrey tells how Jove " Warred with
the giant, great Enceladus, And flung him from O/
two-topped mount." See PARNASSUS.

Olympus is sometimes confused with Olympia, g.v.
Spenser, F. 0. iii. 7, 41, speaks of *' the marble pillar
that is pight Upon the top of Mt. O, height, For the
brave youthful champions to assay With burning chariot
wheels it nigh to smite ; But who that smites it mars his
joyous play." Spenser confuses Olympus with Olym-
pia {<7*v*}, but the idea of a chariot race on the top of a
mountain is so absurd that one wonders how the poet
made such a slip. There is the same confusion in
Ruines of Rome ii*, where he speaks of " Jove's great
image in O* placed*" The famous statue of Zeus was in
Olympia. Linche, in Diella (1596) iii. 10, says of his
mistress: "Her Ivory front * * * Looks lie the table
of O. Jove." Table means picture, btit Unche most be
thinking of the Chrys-elephantine statue of Zeus at
Olympia. In Middleton's Quarrel ii* 2, Chough apos-
trophizes Corineus: "When Hercules and thou Wert
on the Oc. mount together Was wrestling in request."
OMER, SAINT. A fortified town in N. France on the Aa,
26 m. S.E* of Calais, The English Jesuits founded a
Seminary here in 1592, in which some of the conspirators
in the Gunpowder Plot were educated, Its site is now
occupied by the Military Hospital* In Massinger's
Dowry ii* 3, Novall says of Charalois, who is dressed in
black : " How he wears his clothes I— As if he had come
this Christmas from St* O/s To see his friends." In
Shirley's Ball v. i, Freshwater says, " I was offended

577

OPHJR

[in Paris] with a villainous scent of onions which the
wind brought from St. O/s/' St. O/s is 177 m* from
Paris* He is thinking of the onions used on fast days
at the Seminary*

OPHIR* The land from which the ships of Solomon
brought gold and other Eastern products. The ships
sailed from Ezion-Geber, at the head of the Gulf of
Akaba ; and O* must therefore be accessible from the
Red Sea* The most probable view is that it was in S*E.
Arabia on the Persian Gulf* But it has also been held to
be on the E. coast of Africa opposite to Madagascar,
where some remarkable ruins were discovered in 1871
abt* 200 m, inland, supposed to be the mines of Solo-
mon* Others locate it in the Malay Peninsula* To the
Elizabethans it simply stood for a land rich in gold* La
Selimas 254, Selim speaks of " The Turkish crown of
pearl and O. gold*" In Chapman's Consp. Byron ii. i,
Byron says of La Fin : ** I'll make him malleable As th*
O* gold." In Jonson's Staple ii. i* Pennyboy junior
speaks of the wealthy lady Pecunia as " the daughter of
O*" In Alchemist ii* i, Mammon, introducing Surly to
Subtle's laboratory, says, " There within are the golden
mines, great Solomon's O." In Mariam iii* a, Pheroras
asks : ** What* s the condition ** let me quickly know
That I as quickly your command may act ; Were it to
see what kerbs in O* grow/' Milton, P* L. xi. 400,
identifies Spfala in Mozambique with O* : Heylyn men-
tions this view* but rejects it* In Love's Garland (1634),
the 8th Posy runs; "A constant heart within a woman's
breast Is O* gold within an ivory chest*" In Cowley's
Cutter ii* 3, Puny says to Aurelia, " I have O* for thee if
thou hast words of comfort for me*" Milton, in
Reformation in England (1641), p. 31, calls Philip II of
Spain ** that sad intelligencing tyrant, that mischiefs the
world with his mines of O*," Le. his wealth from the
Spanish possessions in America.
OPHIUSA (Le. the ISLAND OF SERPENTS)* The most
Southerly of the Balearic Isles, now Formentara* It
abounded in serpents, whence its name* Milton, P* L*
x* 536, says that when the fallen angels were turned into
serpents, ** not so thick swarmed once » * * the isle O."
OPORTO* A spt. in Portugal, on the right bank of the
Botiro, 2 m* from its mouth. In Stadey 2671, amongst
$K>se who were killed at the battle of Alcazar are men-
tioned ** The D* of Averro and the Bish. of Cambra and
Porttfa/* i*«* Oporto* It gave its name to Port wine,
but that beverage was not so called until the end of
the iTth cent.

ORACLE. Another name for Jonson's club-room at the
Devil Tavern, called the Apollo, g*i>* In Shirley's Fair
One iii* 4* Fowler says, " To the O,, boys ! Come* we'll
have thy story in Apollo ; come, to the O* J "
ORANGE, or ORENGE* A city in France, in the depart-
ment of Vaucluse, 18 m* N* of Avignon and 340 m* S*E*
of Pads. It is the old Roman Arausio, and contains a
foe triumphal arch of the time of Tiberius and a
magnificent Roman theatre* The first Prince of O. was
Bertrand de Baux (1181)* In 1530 Ren£ of Nassau in-
herited the tide* He was made Stadtholder of the
Netherlands by Charles V, and dying childless be-
4$t€athed it to William, his cousin* William of O* be-
came the diampjbn of the liberties of the United Pro-
,/ffcpejsL % 1572 the States accepted him as Stadthotder,
ajpjge G&nfcd oa the war of Liberation against Spain
ffll fife assassination m 1584 by Balthasar Gerard, who
was executed witls cruel tortures* He was succeeded by
a ywsik of 1^ afterwards famous
m 1625, and

OREB

was succeeded by his brother Frederick Henry* On his
death in 1647 his son William II followed Hm : he had
married Mary, the daughter of Charles I of England,
and his son William became William III of England by
the Revolution of 1688*

References to William L In Lamm A* 3, Cornelius
says. " The Antwerpians Have remained ay neutral,
neither aiding The Prince of O* nor offending you [the
Spaniards]/' In Tuke's Five Hours ii. i, Octavio says.
" He did wonders at the siege of Mons '* ; and Antonio
replies : ** You mean at the pursuit of the German army
led by the Prince of O." This was in 1572* In B* & F,
Prize ii. a, Bianca says, " His infliction, That killed the
Prince of O., will be sport To what we purpose/*
Puttenham, Art of Poesie iii* 16 (1589), says, ** The
Prince of Orenge for his devise of Arms in banner dis-
played against the D. of Alva used * Pro rege, pro lege.
pro grege/ "

References to Prince Maurice. In B. & F* Pestle iii. 5,
the citizen's wife says of the boy at the theatre : " The
little boy's come again ; methinks he looks something
like the prince of O. in his long stocking, if he had a
little harness about his neck." No doubt the reference
is to some well-known portrait of young Maurice*
In Barnavelt i. i, Modes-Bargen says to Barnavelt,
** This Grave Maurice, this now Prince of O*, Was still
by you commanded/' The title is used punningly in
B* & F. Brother ii* 3, where the Cook says, ** I'll bring
you in the Lady Loin-o-Veal With the long love she bore
the Prince of O/r Veal was usually served up with an o*
in the mouth of the calf*

ORCADES* The groups of islands to the N. of Scotland
known as the Orkneys and the Shetlands* Chaucer,
in Troylus and Cryseyde v* 971, says, "Men Shal
finde as worthy folke withinne Troye toun As ben
betwixen O* and Inde/' In Hughes' Misfort. Arth.
v* i, Arthur claims to have won "the Scots and
Picts and O/' In Wilson's Pedler, 1180, the Pedler
asks : " Did you never hear of an island called
Thewle near to the O*$"r In Nash's Summers,
p* 100, Christmas says, " I must rig ship to the O*
for geese/' Drayton, in Idea (1594) xxv* 6, exhorts
his verses : " Take you wing unto the O* j There let
my verse get glory in the north*" In his Ep. from
Mortimer to Isabel, he says, "" Bruce shall bring on his
Redshanks from the seas, From the isled Oreads and the
Eubides." In S* Rowley's When You L i, K* Henry
speaks of England as " Bordering upon the frozen O/'

ORCUS (a synonym for HELL)* Properly the name of the
God of the Lower World, who punishes those who break
their oaths : " orkos " being the Greek for an oath*
In Marlowe's Tamfc* A* iii* i, Bajaseth says, " Then
shall our footmen * * . with their cannons mouthed like
O/ gulf Batter the walls." In Richards' Messallina ii*,
Lepida says to Messallina, " Descend To dreadful O*
cell/' In T* Heywood's S* Age v*, Theseus tells how
Orpheus had power " To charm the cur, pierce O*,
Pluto please/" Donne, Elegy xiv* (1600) 33, calls Julia's
mind *4 that O*, which includes Legions of mischief/'
In Mason's Mntleasses 1758, Borgias says, " Fetch tip
the snaky-curled Eumenides From O* bottom/* In Be-
gmted 1976, Sophos talks of ** the burning vaiilts of
Orke/*

ORDOVICES* The tribe inhabiting the N*W* part of
Wales* In Fisher's Ftdmus ii. i, Cassibelantis speaks of
44 Guerthed, whose command Embraces woody Ordo-
vic's black hills**'

OREB*

378

ORENOQUE

ORENOQUE (z.e* ORINOCO)* A large river in Venezuela,
S. America, rising in the Andes and flowing in a general
E. direction to the Atlantic, which it enters by a delta
just N* of British Guiana, after a course of 1352 m*
Hall, in Satires iv* 3, 30, says that Fortunio ** gads to
Guiane land to fish for gold, Meeting perhaps, if O*
deny. Some straggling pinnace of Polonian rye/' The
allusion is to Raleigh's famous voyage to Guiana and
the Orinoco in 1596.

ORIENT, The E* part of the sky, and also the lands of
the E,, specially Asia. Shakespeare's Sonnet yii. begins :
** Lo in the O* when the gracious light Lifts up his
burning head/' In H4 B*, Ind* 3, Rumour says, " I
from the O* to the drooping W* * * * still unfold The
acts commenced on this ball of earth/' In Tiberias 894,
Drusus says, " The O. doth shine in warlike steel/'
Hence o* means shining, precious, like an eastern gem,
specially a pearl* In Pass, Pilg. x. 33, we have : " Bright
o. pearl, alack, too timely shaded/' In M* N. ZX iv. I,
59, Oberon speaks of dew-drops " like round and o»
pearls/' In #3 iv* 4, 332, Richd* says that Elisabeth's
tears shall be " transformed to o* pearl/' In Ant. i* 5,
41, Alexas brings Cleopatra ** this o. pearl " from An-
tony. In Venus 981, Venus "sometimes falls an o*
drop/* In Partial! i* 4, Florabella offers her lover ** a
chain of oriental pearl/'

ORKE* SeeORCUS*

ORLEANS (Oe. = Orleance)* A city in France on the
right bank of the Loire, 75 m* S*W* of Paris* From
498 to 613 it was the capital of the Merovingian king-
dom : it was then brought into union with Paris, but
remained one of the cliief cities of the French monarchy*
Its university was founded in 1305* It was besieged by
the English, but the siege was raised by Joan of Arc,
the Maid of O., on 7 May, 1429* The ist D* of O* was
Louis, and son of Charles V* He was murdered in 1407,
and succeeded by his son Charles, who married Isabella,
widow of Richd* II of England* He was wounded and
taken prisoner at the battle of Agincourt in 1415, and
lived a prisoner in England till 1440* He died in 1465*
His son was K* Louis XII, and with his accession the
title merged in the crown* The Bastard of O* mentioned
in H6 A* was John Count of Longueville and Dunois,
natural son of Louis, the ist D*, by the wife of the Lord
of Cauny*

In H6 A* i* if 60, news is brought of the loss of O* ;
and in i. i, no, a Messenger tells of the defeat of Lord
Talbot on loth August, ** Retiring from the siege of O."
i* 2 is before O*': the defeat of the French and the
arrival of Joan La Pucelle are described ; i* 4, 5, 6, and
ii* i and 2 continue the story of the raising of the siege
by Joan, though ii* i and 2 really took place at Manns*
The D* of O* in H$ is Charles, 2nd D* : he is described
as being at the battle of Agincourt, and in iv* 8, 80,
44 Charles D* of O*, nephew to the !£*," is mentioned as
one of the prisoners of good sort* In H6 A* iv* 3, 69,
La Pucelle says to Burgundy, " Was not the D. of O. thy
foe 4 And was he not in England prisoner * But when
they heard he was thine enemy They set him free with-
out his ransom paid*" This is inaccurate, as he was not
set free till 1440* In H6 B* i* i, 7, he is mentioned as
being present at the betrothal of Henry VI to Margaret
of AJQJOU in 1445* The Bastard of O* is welcomed by
Charles at the siege of O* in H6 A* i* 2 ; and in iv* 6,
Talbot describes how he fought him "after he had
drawn blood from young Talbot*" In H8 ii* 4, 174, the
K* speaks of " the debating A marriage rtwixt the D* of
O* and Our daughter Mary*" This was Henry, the 2nd

OPMUZ

son of Francis I of France* There is a fictitious O. in
Dekker's Fortwatus, the date of which is during the
reign of K* Athelstan in England. There is another D.
of Oe. in Chivalry, the date being about 1260 : he is
also imaginary* In Massinger's ParL Love, the D. of O*
is Louis, who succeeded his cousin Charles VIII on the
throne of France as Louis XII : he is also mentioned in
Barnes' Charter ii. i, where Guicchiardine, as Chorus,
says, ** The D* of Oe*, Lewis XII, Conjointly knitting
force, doth march in arms With Ferdinand of Spain*"
The 3D. and Duchess of O* in B* & F. Hon. Man are not
historical persons* In Dekker's Northward iv. i, Bella-
mont proposes to have his tragedy, Astyamx, acted
** at the marriage of the D* of O*" But there was no
D. of O* at this time (1605). The title was in abeyance,
and was not revived till 1626*

In Chapman's Consp. Byron i* i, Roiseau describes
Picote as " a Frenchman and in O* born*" In B* & F.
Wild Goose v. 2, the Young Man says that Leverdure
** is now at O. about some business." In Massinger's
Dowry v* i, the Bailiff says of Liladam: "He was a
prentice to Le Robe at O*" In Greene's Friar iv*, the
Emperor says that Vandermast has been ** To Paris,
Rheims, and stately O/' ; and in ix*, Vandermast boasts
that he has given the non-plus ** to Frankfort, Lutetia,
and O*" : the reference in both cases being to the
University. Dallington, in Method of Travel (1598),
says that O. is the best place for learning the French
language* Dekker, in Lanthorn, says that before the
confusion of tongues ** there was no Frenchman to
parley in the full and stately phrase of O/*

O* was in the midst of a fine wine-growing country*
In B* & F* Gentleman ii* i, Jaques says of Marine's
father : ** He lived And died in O*, where he had his
vines As fruitful as experience could make* He had his
presses for *em and his wines Were held the best*" In
Peek's Old Wives 400, Sacrapant has " a cup of neat
wine of O*, that never came near the brewers of Eng-
land*" In Middleton's J?* G* £* i, Neatfoot asks Mary :
44 Will you vouchsafe to kiss the lip of a cup of rich O*
in the buttery < " Nash, in Wilton K* i, says, *' They
know a cup of neat Gascoigne wine from wine of O/'
In T* Heywood's Ed. IV B* 1 14, the K* says of Conte :
44 Receive h*m to your tent and let him taste A cup of
Oe* wine/' In Davenport's New Trick iii. i, Friar John
says, 4* My spirit whispers Oe* grape's the best ; What
says mine host to a pure cup of tie* 4 " In Sampson's
Vow v. i, 70, Bali says, ** One cup of brisk Oe, Makes
him i' the temper he was when he leaped into Leene/*
In B. & F* Elder B* i* i, Angellina says she would not
feast her guests 4* with imagined nectar ; Pure O* would
do better/'

ORMINIUS. A mtn* range in S.E. Bithyniat, oil the
borders of Paphlagonia* In Marlowe's Tomb. B* ii* i,
Frederick says, "Natplia hath dismissed the greatest
part Of all his army pitched against oar power Betwixt
Cut&eia and O/ mt/'

ORMUSA (probably OKMUZ is meant, g*t>*)* It is, how-
ever, " sufficiently known " not to be in Cyprus, but
near the mouth of the Persian Gulf* In Boccftos, the
i8th guest was " one Baudwin Barrel-belly from Or-
musa, a place sufficiently known in the He of Cyprusse/'

ORMUZ (properly HOHMUZ)* An ancient city on the N*
shore of the Straits of Ormus at the entrance of the
Persian Gulf* It was the chief mart of the province
of Kirman, and had a large trade with India. About
1500 the inhabitants were driven by the raids of the
Tartars to abandon their city and cross over to the

379

ORONTES

neighbouring island of Jerun, to which also the name (X
was transferred* A new city sprang up on the N* of the
island, which in the i5th cent, had an immense trade
in spices, drugs, silks, and pearls* In 1514 it was seized
by the Portuguese, and the K. was subordinated to their
officers* In 1622 it was besieged by the ships of an
English company that had been formed for trading with
Persia, and taken after a defence of 10 weeks. The
Persian merchants, however, transferred themselves to
Gombroon on the mainland, and O* quickly sank into
insignificance*

In Jonson's Alchemist L i, Subtle tells Drugger

44 There is a ship now coming from O* that shall yield

him such a commodity of drugs." In Mayne's Match v*

4, Cypher tells Warehouse, " Your 2 ships that were

now coming home from O. are both cast away. The

wreck was valued at some 40,000 pound.** In B, & F*

Women Pleased L 2, Lopez says, " These diamonds of O*,

bought for little, Here vented at the price of princes'

ransoms." The scene of Greville's Alaham is laid in

O* In Milton, P* L. ii. 2, Satan's throne ** far Outshone

the wealth of Ormus and of Ind."

ORONTES* A river in N. Syria, rising in the Anti-

Libanus range, and flowing past Antioch into the

Mediterranean. Juvenal uses it as a synonym for Syrian

luxury and vice : ** in Tiberim defluxit O.," he com-

plains* In B* & F. Bonduca L 2, Petillius, reporting the

discontent of the soldiers, says : " The British waters

are grown dull and muddy, The fruit disgustful ; O*

must be sought for, And apples from the Happy Isles/'

Milton, P. L. iv. 373, speaks of " that sweet grove Of

Daphne by O*" In ix. 80, Satan surveys the earth

** West from O. to the ocean barred At Darien/*

OROS (Cote d'or). A mtn. in Burgundy, In Chapman's

Consp. Byron iii. 2, 155, Byron says to the D* of Savoy,

** I will have the famous mtn* O. That looks out of the

duchy where I govern Into your Highness' dukedom "

carved into a likeness of himself so that " every man

shall say * This is Byron/ ** The idea is taken from the

story of Stasicrates, who proposed to carve a statue of

Alexander the Gt* out of Mt. Athos. Byron was Gover-

nor of Burgundy*

OSERIDGE (OSPRIKGE)* A vill* in Kent, on the old
Pilgrims Rd* to Canterbury, a mile or so S.W* of
Feversham. Here Chaucer's Pilgrims spent the 3rd
ni^it of their journey* In Feversham , the Epilogue in-
forms us ** Greene was hanged at CX in Kent**' It was
usual for the execution to be carried out near to the
scene of the crime.

OSSA* A mta. on the E, of Thessaly, now called Kissavo*
It stands S.E* of the Vale of Tempe, opposite to Olym-
pus, and is about 5000 ft. high* In the war between the
Giants and the Gods the Giants piled O. on Olympus
and Pelion on O* in order to scale the heavens* In Ham.
v* i, 306, Hamlet says, 4* Let them throw Millions of
acres on us, till our ground. Singeing his pate against
the burning zone, Make O. like a wart*" In Chapman's
Bossy v* i, Bussy says, " My sun is turned to blood,
in whose red beams Pindus and O*, hid in drifts of
snow , * * from their veins Melt like 2 hungry
torrents/* In Nero iii* 2, Nero says, u They tell of
OsFpfaetis, when he took his lute * * * O* then first
s&ook off &fe SOQW and came To listen/*

In TfcL Wfefeft* ii* 2, theBardhsays, "Gedems Fights
fife t&ose giants that, to cope with Jove, Httrkd O. trpon

^

thoct have me a Titan to bear up Pelion or O* i" In
T* Heywood's TraueSer fa* 3, Gesaidine, finding Dela-

OSTEND

ville with Mrs* Wincott, cries : " To suppress Your
souls yet lower, without hope to rise, Heap O* upon
Pelion**' In Wilson's Swisser iii* i, Asprandus says,
44 Set Pelion upon O., and there place him ; The just-
ness of our cause would fetch him down Into the lowest
depth." In Brome's Ct. Beggar iv* 3, Ferdinand cries :
" Heap yet more mtns., mtns* upon mtns*, Pindus on O*,
Atlas on Olympus." Beaumont, in Salmads, uses the
form Osse : ** That glittering crown whose radiant
sight did toss Great Pelion from the top of mighty Osse/*
In Richards' MessaUina v* 2182, Saufellus, when the
ghosts of his victims appear, cries : " Pindus and O*
cover me with snow ! " Spenser, F. Q. ii. 10, 3, speaks
of ** the ruins of great O. hill, And triumphs of Phleg-
raean Jove." The author of Zepheria (1594) xxxvi* 8,
says, ** This is to heap O* on Pelion*" In Mason's
Mtdleasses 2356, Borgias says, 44 Make me stand as firm
as oaks on O."

OSSORY. A bishopric in Ireland, including King's and
Queen's Counties and Kilkenny. It has now been trans-
ferred to Kilkenny. John Bale, the indefatigable play-
writer (1495-1563), was Bp. of Ossory*

OSSUNA. A town in Spain in the province of Andalusia,
41 m. E* of Seville. Act L of B. & F* Pilgrimage is laid
in the Tnn at O., and ii. 2 is in a forest near O.

OSTEND* A spt, in Belgium, 70 m. N.W* of Brussels*
It was strongly fortified by the Prince of Orange in
1583* It was invested by the Spaniards under the Arch-
duke on 5th July, 1601, and taken on i4th September,
i6o4,bySpinola* The Spaniards were computed to have
lost 100,000 men in the siege* In Tourneur's Atheist ii*
i, the Servant announces Borachio as " one i' the habit
of a soldier, newly returned from O*" ; and he gives a
long and interesting description of the siege, where he
reports that Charlemont was drowned, and D'Amville
orders him : ** Away I . * * or * * * You'll find me a
more fatal enemy Than ever was O." In Chapman's
Trag. Byron v. i, 7, Janin says, " Count Maurice [is]
already entered Brabant * * * to relieve O., And the
Archduke full prepared to hinder him." In Ret. Pernass.
iv. 2, Sir Radericke says, * What have we here, 3 beg-
ging soldiers < Come you from O. or from Ireland s1 '*
In B. & F* Cure L i, Vitelli says of Alvarez : ** His ex-
treme wants enforced him to take pay I' the army, sat
down then before O." In Dekker's Westward iv* 2,
Justiniano speaks of " the Book of the siege of O*, writ
by one that dropped in the action*" Burton, A. Jfcf*,
Intro., says, " At the siege of O* * * * 120,000 men
lost their lives."

Its stubborn defence made it proverbial for anything
very hard to capture, especially a good woman's virtue*
In Ret. Pernass. iii* 3, the Page says of Amoref to, f4 by
the time his contemplation is arrived at his mistress*
nose-end, he is as glad as if he had taken O." In Dek-
ker's Westward L i, Birdlime says to the Merchant's
wife, " How long will you hold out, think you i Not so
long as O/' In Dekker's Hon. Wh. A. iv. i, the servant
says that the constancy of a woman ** is harder to come
by than ever was O." In Shirley's Ball ii. 3, Winfield
says, *4 O. was sooner taken than her fort is Eke to be."
In B. & F* Prize i. 3, Sophocles, who has been driven
from Maria's room, says, ** The chamber's nothing but
a mere O. : In every window pewter cannons mounted/*
In the Coxcomb ii* 2, Valerio says, " When they [the
constables] take a thief, Til take O. again/* In Jonson's
Epicoene iv* i, Trttewit says, ** Penelope herself cannot
hold out long* O*, you saw, was taken at last/* Taylor,
in Works ft* 234, says, " The world runs on wheels like

OSTERLEY

Pompeie's Edge* at O/' This was apparently a
movable bdge. over some part of the harbour* In
T* Heywood's Challenge ii. i, the Clown says, 4t O* bid
you beware the Cat " : cat being apparently used in the
sense of a prostitute*

OSTERLEY* A lordship concerning which a quarrel
arose between Gresham and Ramsey. It lies a little over
i m* N.W* of Brentford in Middlesex* Gresham had a
mansion there where he entertained Q* Elizabeth in
1577. One of the first paper mills in England was
established here in the 2nd half of the i6th cent* In
T. Heywood's I.K.M. B. 265, Lady Ramsey says.
" There is a lordship called p. that M* Gresham hath
bought and built upon; which O, my husband here
did think to buy and had given earnest for it*"

OSTIA* The port of ancient Rome, situated at the mouth
of the Tiber on its S* bank. It was replaced during the
early years of the Empire by a new port some 2 m* N*
of the old O. In Peek's Alcazar v. i, 162* Stucley says*
" I with my companies embarked at O." : the quarto
has " Austria**' In Richards* Messallina i. 512, the
Empress says, " Csesar despatched to O., We'll find fit
time to make you shine in glory ." Later, line 523, the
Emperor says, " The season of the year Calls us with
speed from Rome to Hostia."

OTHRIS* A range of mtns* in S* Thessaly, running E.
from the Pindus range to the sea* The highest peak is
5669 ft* above the sea* In Brandon's Octavia 1718.
Octavia says, " I will fly where Pyndus hides his head
Among the stars, or where ambitious O* The clouds'
swift motion bars." In Brome's Ct. Beggar iv* 2,
Frederick, in his mad raving, says, " Carry me up to
Hymettus' top, Cytheron* O*, or Pindus where she
[Diana] affects to walk and take the air." In T* Hey-
wood's B* Age iii., Medea goes to gather the simples
that grow " in Tempe of Thessaly, mt* Pindus, Otheris,
Ossa, Appidane." In Nabbes' Hannibal i* 2, Himilco
says that his sword shall now be " touched With trem-
bling ringers, white as O. snow."

OTRANTO. A spt. in the heel of Italy at its most E*
point, in the province of Terra di Otranto* It was taken
by the Turks in 1480* In Gascoigne's Supposes i* 2,
Cleander says, " I came out of O* when the Turks won
it." In Davenant's Favourite i* i, Saladine says, " Our
politicians to join O* to his crown Did force him to this
match*"

OTTOMAN* The name of the founder of the Turkish
Empire, pronounced Osman by the Turks themselves.
He established his power in Asia Minor in 1301, and
in 1453 one of his successors, Muhammed II, took
Constantinople and made it the capital of the O.
Empire* The Elizabethans use the word O* for the
Turks in general* In Oth. L 3, 33, a messenger
brings word: "The Ottomites * + * Steering with
due course towards the isle of Rhodes, Have there
injointed them with an after fleet." In i* 3, 49, the
D* informs Othello : " We must straight employ you
Against the general enemy O*" and in line 235,
Othello undertakes " These present wars against the
Ottomites*" In ii* 3, 171, Othello says, "Are we
turned Turks and to ourselves do that Which heaven
hath forbid the Ottomites $** In B* & F* Fair Maid L v*
3, Prospero says, " Some ships of Malta met the O* fleet
And gave me freedom."

The word is also used for O* himself, and for his
successors, more usually called " the Great Turks." In
Selimus 2193. Mustapha says of Selim : " His cruel
soul will never be at rest Till none remain of O/s fair

381

OXFORD

race But he himself." In Vol. Welsh, ii* 5, Juggler says*
44 He shall subdue the Turk and pluck great Otoman
from off his throne." In Tomkis' AWwnazar L 5,
Albumazar says of his machine for perpetual motion :
" Deliver it safe to a Turkey factor and bid him present
it from me to the house of O." In ItaL Gent, ii* 2, the
Pedant parodies Medusa's list of devils with " Otto-
manus, Sophye, Turke, and the Great Cham." In Day's
Travails, Bullen, p. 15, the Bashaw says, "Let the
sun of Ottaman take strength." In Cockayne's Obstinate
iv. 2, Carionil says, ** The O. emperors In their immense
seraglio never saw Your matchless features." The word
is also used for Turkey, or perhaps Constantinople.
In Marlowe's Jew v* 3, Barabas says, " Calymath, when
he hath viewed the town, Will take his leave and sail
towards O»" The O. standard was the crescent moon*
In Shirley's Servant iv. 5, Belinda says, " The silver
moon of O. looks pale Upon my greater empire*"

OUSE* The name of four rivers in England. The York-
shire O. is formed by the junction of the Swale and Ure
near Boroughbridge, and flows in a S.E. direction past
York into the estuary of the Humber. Its length is abt*
60 m. Drayton, in Idea (1594) xxxii. 6, says, "York
many wonders of her O* can tell."

The Great O* rises in the S*of Northants. and flows
in a N.E. direction into the Wash at King's Lynn after
a course of abt* 160 m*, during which it receives many
affluents. Spenser, F. Q. iv* ii, 34, says, *4 Next these
the plenteous O. came far from land By many a city and
by many a town, And many rivers taking underhand
Into his waters as he passeth down,"

The Little O. is a tributary of the Gt. O* The Sussex
O* is a small river in that county*

OUTTALIAN. A down's mistake for Italian. In Con-
tention, Has., p. 501, when Say says of Kent it is bona
terra, Dick says, " He speaks French."—" No," says
the Miller, " 'tis Dutch " ; and Nicke says, " No, 'tis
ottttaKan, I know it well enough."

OUZE. Another name for the Isis, g.i?. Spenser, F. Q,
iv* 1 1. 24> says that the wife of the Thame is " The O*,
whom men do Isis rightly name."

OXFORD. The capital of Oxfordsh., at the junction of
the Thames (here called Isis) and the Cherwell, 45 m.
N.W* of Lond* The older name was Oxenford, and the
abbreviation of the Latin form of the name— -Oxon —
is often used. It is the seat of one of the great
English Universities* The colleges existing in our period,
with the dates of their foundation, are as follows:
University (1249); BalHol (1263); Merton (1264);
Exeter (1314) ; Oriel (1326) ; Queen's (1340) ; New
(1386) ; Lincoln (1427) ; All Souls (1437) ; Magdalen
(1456); Brasenose (1509); Corpus Christ! (1516);
Trinity (1554); St. John's (155?)? J«sus (157*);
Wadham (1613) ; Pembroke (1624). Tlie Church of
St. Mary the Virgin dates from 1400; the Bodleian
Library was founded in 1602* The Castle was built in
the nth cent.

General Allusions to the City. The Miller's Tale, in
Chaucer's C. 2*., concerns a carpenter who lived at
Oxenford* In Thersites 220, Mater mentions " Mother
Brice of O. and great Gib of Hinksey " in a list of
witches* In Downfall Hmtington iv* 2, the Bp. of Ely
says, " I dwell in Oxon, Sir." A plot was made against
Henry IV immediately after his accession by Hunting-
ton, Salisbury, Aumerle, and others : a tournament was
to be arranged at O. and the K. was to be invited, and
then " suddenly slain." It was discovered in time, and
several of the conspirators were beheaded* In Rz v* a,

OXFORD

52, York asks Aumerle : " What news from O* € Hold
these jousts and triumphs $ " and in line 99, he tells the
Duchess : "A dozen of them here * * * have set down
their hands To kill the K* at O/' In v* 3, 13, Percy says
that he has told Prince Henry ** of those triumphs held
at O/' La line 141, the K* sends powers to (X to arrest
the traitors ; and in v* 6, Fitzwater announces the exe-
cution at (X of Brocas and Seely, two of them* The
headquarters of Charles I were at CX from 1643 to ^e
defeat of Naseby in 1645. I*1 Cowley's Cutter i. 4,
Jolly says, ** My own estate was sold for being with the
K* at O/'

O. gave their title to the Earls of (X, the first of whom

was Aubrey de Vere, created in 1135* In Rs v. 6, 8,

the Qq* read : " I have to London sent The heads of (X,

Salisbury, Blunt, and Kent"; but this is a mistake, as CX

was not implicated in the plot at all : the slip is due to

the fact that the plot was to have been carried out at CX

The Earl of (X of H6 C* is John de Vere, the I3th EarL

His father John and his elder brother Aubrey were be-

headed by the Yorkists in 1461. In H6 C* iii* 3, 100,

when Warwick appeals to him to call Edward king, CX

replies : " Call him my k* by whose injurious doom My

elder brother, the Lord Aubrey Vere, Was done to death,

and more than so, my father, Even in the downfall of his

mellow years i No, Warwick; no ; while life upholds

this arm, This arm upholds the house of Lancaster/*

In iv. 8, 17, Warwick, who had by this time changed

sides, addresses him as "brave CX, wondrous well-

beloved/' and sends him to collect forces in O*-shire*

In v* i, he joins Warwick at Coventry : he fought at

Bamet, and after the battle fled to Q* Margaret (v* 3, 15)*

In v* 5, 2, after the battle of Tewkesbury, Edward says,

44 Away with CX to Hames Castle straight"; but this is

not quite accurate : it was not till 1473 that CX was taken

and sent to Ham Castle, where he was kept prisoner for

12 years. In R3 ii. i, 112, K* Edward recalls how " in

the field by Tewkesbury When CX had me down, he

[Clarence] rescued me/* He escaped from Ham in

1485, and commanded the van of Richmond's army at

Bosworth* In R3 iv* 5, Urswick brings word that CX

bas resorted to Richmond ; and in v* 3, 27, Richmond

says, ** My Lord of CX, stay with me." He defeated

Lambert Simnel at Stoke in 1487, and died in 1514*

He is 013® of €ise characters in Ford's Warbeck, where he

appears as a staunch supporter of the Kv Henry VIL

Tfce Earl of (X is one of the K/s supporters in Daven-

f^sMoSfe This was Robert deVere, 3rd EarL In

Chapman's Rev. Bessy iii* i, Clermout says, " I over-

toot coming from Italy, In Germany a great and

famous Earl Of England, the most goodly-fashioned

man I ever saw; * . » He was beside of spirit passing

great, Valiant and learned, and liberal as the sun, Spoke

and writ sweetly ; * * * And 'twas the Earl of (X" This

was Edward de Vere (1562-1604), iTth Earl, a traveller,

mostcian, poet, and dandy* Puttenham, in Art ofPoesie,

pisses him foe his excellence in " comedy and inter-

Itide/' Mr, Looney has recently claimed him as the

author of Shakespeare's Flays and Poems 1

Tke Urdversxty of Oxford* Roger Bacon began his
studies at CX, and after a residence in Paris returned
to O*, where he lived from 1250 to 1257 and from 1268
Gseeae'sF/iar is largely concerned with him,
vi, vii* &*, xu, x£L, and acv* take place
t M Bacon's cell, or study, which is
loeat^mBraseiK)se College (not yet fotinded),

some m otker parts of the University * In ix. the Em-
peror says, ""fast me* Ptetageaaet, these CX schools
seafsed aeartlieiwea: sick; Tfae nitm* fttl of

OXFORD

fat and fallow deer, The battling pastures lade with kine
and flocks ; The town gorgeous with high-built col-
leges, And scholars seemly in their grave attire, Learned
in searching principles of art*" Greene was thinking of
(X as he knew it, when he was incorporated there in
1588. In sc. xi*, we have the famous legend of the
Brazen Head, constructed by Bacon, which uttered the 3
sentences: "Time is, Time was, Time is past/' In
Middleton's R. G* iv* 2, Openwork says, " I'll ride to
(X and watch out mine eyes But I'll hear the Brazen
Head speak*" Bacon missed hearing it by falling asleep*
In Peele's Ed. 1 iii* 66, Baliol says, " We will erect a
college of my name ; In O* will I build*" It was his
widow, the Lady DervorgiUa, who carried out his pious
intention* In Marlowe's Ed * // ii* 2, Baldock says, " My
gentry I fetch from O*, not from heraldry*" In Haugh-
ton's Englishmen i* i, Anthony says, ** When first my
mother O*, England's pride, Fostered me, pupil-like,
with her rich store, My study was to read philosophy*"
Dr* Baxter, who is described as ** Chancellor of O,,"
is one of the characters in Wilkins' Enforced Marriage ;
and in ii* 2, John Scarborow says, ** From O* am I drawn
from serious studies*" In H4 B. iii* 2, 12, Shallow says,
44 1 dare say my cousin William is become a good
scholar : he is at O* still, is he not $"' In H8 iv* 2, 59,
Griffith says of Wolsey : "Ever witness for him Those
twins of learning that he raised in you, Ipswich and
O* I "; and goes on to speak of Christ Ch* as 4< though
unfinished, yet so famous That Christendom shall ever
speak his virtue*" Wolsey founded Christ Ch* in 1525*
One cannot forget Chaucer's Clerk of Oxenford (Prol*
285), nor that other Clerk of Oxenford, jolly Jenkyn,
who was 5th husband of the Wife of Bath (D* 524)*
In Ret. Pemass* i. 4, Philomusus speaks of ** the hide-
bound brethren of Cambridge and O*," and in iii* 2, Sir
Radericke says, " 'Tis a shame there should be any such
privilege for proud beggars as Cambridge and O* are/'
In Jonson's Devil iii* i, Gilthead sends his son to live
with a Justice, Sir Paul Eitherside, where *4 you shall
learn that in a year shall be worth 20 of having staid you
at O* or at Cambridge/' Spenser, J7* Q* iv* ii, 26,
praising O* and Cambridge as " ye double nursery Of
Arts," adds: "But O*, thine doth Thame most
glorify/' Raleigh, in Epitaph on Sir P* Sidney 21, says,
44 Kent, thy birthdays ; and O* held thy youth*" In
Jonson's Magnetic i* i, Ironside, after quoting a logical
proposition, says, 44 This is a piece Of O/s science,
Stays with me ere since I left that place*" Lyly, in
EupkaesAnat. Wit, p* 127 (Croll), satirizes O. under the
pseudonym of Athens* He speaks of the riot and
drunkenness of the students, their fashionable dress,
their general pride and filthiness, and lying and ir-
religion* 44 Is it not become a byword amongst the
common people," he says, ** that they had rather send
their children to the cart than to the University " i

The University played an important part in the de-
velopment of the drama in England* Plays were acted
in the various colleges, at first in Latin, afterwards in
English too* The earliest recorded performance is at
Magdalen in 1486* Other recorded plays are Hoker's
Piscator (Magdalen 1535) ; Grimald's Christtts Redivi-
vm (Brasenose 1542} ; Grimald's Archipropheta (Christ
Church 1547); Campion's Nectar et Ambrosia (St»
John's 1564) ; Marcos Germams, Oalfhill's Progne, and
Richard Edwards* Arcyte (in English) played at Elisa-
beth's visit itt 1566* In the same year Gascoigne's
Ariosto (Trinity) ; Terence's Emachas (Merton) ; and
Gammer Gar&m's Needle (Christ's)* From this time to
the Q/s death diere were soffie 20 plays brought otit,

OXFORD

including a Latin Julias Caesar by Geddes, acted at
Christ Church in 1582. Several of these were in
English. Amongst them were Narcissus (St* John's)*
In the reign of James the practice was continued,
about 15 plays being acted between 1605 and 1640*
Nor must the work of John Lyly, George Peele,
Robert Greene, Thomas Lodge — all Oxford men
(Greene was at first at Cambridge) — be forgotten*
These ** University Wits " did excellent preparatory
work in English drama. In Shirley's Fair One iv* 2,
Treedle says, "What makes so many scholars come
from O* and Cambridge, like market-women, with
dossers full of lamentable tragedies and ridiculous
comedies, which they might here vent to the players, but
they will take no money for them i "

O* gloves were made at the neighbouring Woodstock,
and had a great reputation* In Dekker's Dead Term? he

QXUS

says, ** Conscience goes like a fool in good colours, the
skin of her body hanging so loose that, like an O* glove,
thou wouldst swear there were a false skin within her."
Sir William Davenant was bora at O*, but there is
little or no evidence for his boast that he was a natural
son of Shakespeare, begotten on one of the great Mas-
ter's journeys to Lond. from Stratford*
OXUS* A river of central Asia, rising in the Hindoo
Koosh mtns*, and running N*W* into the S* end of the
Sea of Aral* There is a consensus of opinion among the
ancient writers that the O. flowed into the Caspian Sea,
and modern travellers have shown that this was pro-
bably the case and have discovered traces of the old
river-bed* In Milton, P* £* xi* 389, ** Samarchand by
O*** is one of the capital cities of the world shown in
vision to Adam* Samarchand is abt* 150 m* E* of the
river*

PACHINNE (PACHYNUS). Now Cape Passaro, the ex-
treme S.E. point of Sicily, In T* Heywood's 5. Age itu,
Pluto, describing the burial of Typhon under Sicily,
says, ** Upon his left spacious P* lies/'

PACIFIC OCEAN* The ocean lying W* of America. It
was first seen from the Isthmus of Darien by Vasco
Nunez de Balbao in 1513 : Magellan entered it through
the stormy straits S* of Cape Horn which bear his name,
and called it, from the calm weather heexperienced there,
Mar Pacifico. Burton, A. M+ ii* 2, 3, says, " The Atlan-
tic (X is still subject to storms, but in Del Zur, or Mare
Pacifico, seldom or never any/* Donne, in Hymn to God,
my God (1630), asks : ** Is the P* sea my home 4 *' In
CowleyVCzztter ii. 5, when Worm says he won't murder
anyone, Puny replies : " Why, now ye speak like the
Pacifick Sea/' Fuller, Holy State (1642) ii* 22, tells how
Drake in 1578 "'Passed the Magellan Straits and then
entered Mare Pacificum/'

PACTOLUS* A river in Lydia, now the Sarabat, flowing
from Mt* Tmolus N. into the Hermus* It was reported
to have carried a good deal of gold-dust in its mud ; and
this gave rise to the legend that Midas, wishing to get
rid of his power of turning all that he touched into gold,
was ordered by the oracle to bathe in the P., which con-
sequently acquired something of the same power* There
is no gold in the river now* In Lyly's Midas ii* 2, the
oracle sent to Midas is quoted : ** In P* go bathe thy
wish and thee : Thy wish the waves shall have, and thou
be free.** In iii* 3, Martius reports : ** He no sooner
bathed his limbs in the river but it turned to a golden
stream, the sands to fine gold, and all to gold that was
cast into the water/' Nash, in Lenten, explains the
legend in this way : Midas had eaten the golden fish,
the red-herring, and ** Silenus bade him but go and wash
himself in the river P*, that is, go wash it down with
cups of wine/* In Greene's Alphonsus v* 2, 1617, Al-
phonsus says, ** Rich P*, that river of account, Which
doth descend from top of Tmolus mt., Shall be thy
own/* In Alimony iv* 8, the Merchant says, 4* Rich
rix-dollars are sown like P* sand/' In Shirley's
Honoria iv* i, Squanderbag says, ** Would I were in P*
streams or Tagus I That were a lasting element/' In
Brorae's Lovesick Ct » iv* 2, Philargus says to Philocles,
44 Be not prodigal of that blood, More precious than
P/ golden Streams/' Spenser, F* Q. iv* 6, 20, refers to
44 the golden sand The which P. with his waters shere
Throws forth upon the rivage round about him near/'

PADAN-ARAM (i.e. the field, or plain, of Aram or Syria)*
Applied in Gen* xxviii. 6 to N+ Mesopotamia, otherwise
called A*-Naharaim, i.e* A. of the 2 rivers* Milton, P* L*
iii* 513, tells of the vision seen by Jacob " when he from
Esau fled To P*-A/*

PADDINGTON* A small vill* lying W* of EdgewareRd*,
a little over 3 m* in a direct line W* of St* Paul's, Lond*
The population did not exceed 200. There were a
number of springs there which were used for the water-

whfch were the Wheatsheaf* the White Lion, the Red
Lico, and the Pack-horse* In W. Rowley's New Wonder
v*. Stephen says, ** The plumbers and workmen have
s^veyed the ground from P* ; whence FE have kid
I>ft>es to Load, to convey sweet water into Legate/*
Steplien Forster in 1463 had water brought from P. for
the sts^y of the prison in Ltidgate* In Jonsoa's Tub. &
i. Hilts says to Puppy, ** He shall find out my captain

lodged at the Red Lion in P*" In B* & F* Wit 5* W. iv.

1, Pompey speaks of his ** solemn walks 'Twixt P* and
Pancridge*" In Shirley's Ball iv. i, Barker speaks of a
lady ** tumbling in a coach towards P* To see the
pheasants/' Taylor, in Works i* 77, says, ** I have seen
many looking through a hempen window at St. Thomas
Waterings or the three-legged instrument near P*"
The Tyburn gallows stood at the corner of Oxford St.
and the Edgeware Rd*, some half a mile S.E. of P* In
Brome's Couple ii* i, Careless speaks of P* as one of
** the City out-leaps " to which citizens went " for a
spirt and back again/' In his Academy ii* i* Valentine
says to Hannah, ** Shall we cross o'er the water, or take
coach to Kensington or P., or to some one or other o* th'
City outleaps for an afternoon < "

PADUA, or PADOVA (the old PATAVTOM). A city in N*
Italy on the Bacchiglione, 25 m. W* of Venice* The
Palazzo della Ragione has the largest roof unsupported
by columns in Europe. The ch* of St. Antony contains
the bones of the saint, and was built in the i3th cent.
The University, one of the most famous in Europe, was
founded by Frederick II in 1238, and was specially re*
nowned for its medical school* It had 1 500 students when
Coryat was at P* in 1611* In 1259 P» became indepen-
dent and conquered Vicenza ; from 1311 to 1318 it fell
tinder the power of the Can Grande della Scala of
Verona; from 1318 to 1405 it enjoyed independence
under the Carraresi; from that time onward it was
under the rule of Venice* It was said to have been
founded by Antenor after the Trojan War* Livy was
born there, and his bones were credulously reported to
have been discovered in 1413* In Ado i* i, 35, Hero in-
forms us that Signpr Benedick is 44 of P/* In Shrew i* i,

2, Lucentio describes it as " P*, nursery of arts." In
Gascoigne's Supposes i. 2, Cleander, who is a doctor,
says that, after being driven from Otranto by the Turks,
he " first came to P*" and then to Ferrara* In Webster's
White Devil iii. i, Flamineo says that Francisco 44 came
along from P* I' the train of the young prince." In
Jonson's Cynthia i* i, Amorphus considers whether he
will feign to have seen Asotus 4t in Venice or in P*" In
Marlowe's Faustus vii*, Faust tells how he has been " to
Venice, P., and the rest, In one of which a sumptuous
temple stands That threats the stars with her aspiring
top." This may mean St* Antony's at P*, or St* Mark's
at Venice. In the Faust Buch (1587), P* is described,
and the author says, "A ch. is there, called S. Anthonii,
the like whereof is not to be found in all Italia*" La
Nine Worthies of London (1592), Sir John Hawkwood
says, 4t I, stoopt with age, in Padua palace died*" In
Chaucer's C* T. E* 27, the Clerk of Oxford says that he
learned his tale ** at Padwe of a worthy clerk, Fraunceys
Petrak, the lauriat poete*" Petrarch lived for some time
at P*, but left it for Arqua in 1370, where he died 4 years
later* Chaucer was in Italy in 1373, and possibly met
Petrarch at P* In Cockayne's Trapolin ii* 3, Horatio
speaks of it as ** Strong-walled P*, which Antenor built,
the Trojan prince, and Titus Livius famed For his
nativity and sepulture/' In Trouble. Reign, p* 255, the
Papal Legate says, " I Pandulph of Padoa * * * pro-
nounce thee accursed*"

The University. In Merch+ iii* 4, 49, Portia gets her
lawyer's robes from her cousin Bellario ** at P*," and in
iv* i, 120, Nerissa professes to have come ** from P.,
from Bellario." BeHario is evidently a Doctor of Laws
in the University* In Marlowe's Jew iii* i, Bellamira

PAD US

says, '* From P. Were wont to come rare-witted gentle-
men, Scholars I mean, learned and liberal/' In Chap-
man's All Fools L x, Gostanzo says to Marc, " You have
a younger son at P* : I like his learning well/' In May
Day ii. i, Lodovico calls Giovanello " a Freshman come
from P/' In Usher L i, 199, Sarpego says, " When I
in P. schooled it, I played in one of Plautus' comedies,
Namely, Curculio/' Greene, in Mamilia (1583), speaks
of ** The city of P. renowned for the antiquity of the
famous University/' In Chivalry B, 3, Pembroke says
he was conversant with Ferdinand, son of Navarre, "in
P/' : evidently at the University. In Barnes' Charter v.
4, Carafia says, ** I would I were as young as when I was
a scholar at P/' In Shirley's Courtier ii, 3, when Giotto
is asked : ** You are a scholar < " he answers : " I have
lost time in P/' In Webster's White Devil L a, Flamineo
says, " You brought me up At P* where . . . For want
of means (the University judge me) I have been fain to
heel my tutor's stockings At least 7 years ; conspiring
with a beard Made me a graduate/' In Day's Humour i.
i, when Florimel urges the D* of Venice to found ** a
garrison for wit " and a sort of tournament of scholar-
ship, he replies : " Have we not P. < " ; and in iv. 3,
Hortensio says, ** When I was student at P* we used A
most ingenious pastime " : which turns out to be
** blindman's buff/' In Greene's Friar iv., Vandermast
is described as ** A German born, passed into Pv" and
in ix. he boasts, " I have given non-plus to the Paduans."
In Tomkis' Albumazar L 5, Albumazar directs Ronca :
44 The bunch of planets new found out, Send them to
Galilaeo at P/' GaHlaeo was appointed a professor at
P. in 1592, and whilst there invented the telescope in
1609 and by its help discovered the satellites of Jupiter,
the ring of Saturn, etc* In Webster's Law Case ii» i,
Contarino says to Ercole, "We were students at P.
together/'

The Medical School. In Ford's *Tis Pity ii* i, Richard-
etto disguises himself as " A learned doctor lately come
from P*, Much skilled in physic." In Shirley's Courtier
v, i, Carintha says, ** He'll recover me ; I do like him
infinitely for my body, the best in P/' In Fair One iii. 4,
Aimwell says to Manly, who is disguised as a doctor,
44 Doctor I art a Parisian, a Paduan, or a Leaden [Leyden]
doctor i " In The Ball v» i , Freshwater says, " P*, famous
for the pads, or easy saddles, which our physicians ride
upon, and first brought from thence where they
commenced Doctor/'

In Marmion's Antiquary iL 3, the Antiquary exhibits
amongst his collection "The portraitures of the
Sibyls, drawn, five hundred years since, by Titianus
of P., an excellent painter and statuary." This is a
tissue of absurdities ; Titian, though he was at P. for
about a year in 1511-13, lived and worked mostly at
Venice; he had been dead less than 100 years when
this play was written; and it was not he, but Michel
Angelo, who painted the famous Sibyls*

The scenes of the following plays are laid, wholly or
in part, at Padua : Yarrington's Two Tragedies (the
second one) ; Taming of the Shrew ; Webster's White
Devil (certainly from the marriage of Vittoria to
Brachiano onwards : possibly some of the earlier
scenes) ; the localities ar£ very vaguely marked through-
out the play.

PADUS* The Latin name for the river Po, in N, Italy
(seePo)* According to one form of the legend, Phaethon,
falling from the chariot of the sun, was drowned in the
P. In Antonie ii« 360, the Chorus says, ** Nor they, of
Phoebus bred, In tears can do so well They for their
brother shed Who into P. fell*"

PALERMO

P-3ESTUM. An ancient Greek colony on the W. coast of
Italy, on the Gulf of the same name, abt, 170 m. S^E. of
Rome. The ruins of the city are very interesting, the
fine Doric temple, called the Temple of Poseidon,
being one of the best-preserved specimens of its kind.
The place was famous for its roses, which bloomed twice
a year and had a peculiarly exquisite fragrance* In
Cowley's Riddle iii*, Floreilus asks : " Would she ...
ransack P* of her choicest roses To adorn your cheeks € *'

PALASTINE, See PALESTINE.

PALATINATE (German PFALZ). The name was ap-
plied to 3 separate provinces: (i) the Rhenish P*
on the banks of the Rhine, southwards from Mainz
and Bingen to the middle Neckar, with Heidelberg
as its capital; (3) the Upper P,, N. of Bavaria and
under the rule of a branch of the ducal family of
Bavaria* The former is the more important, and
is that commonly meant by P, It was governed
by a succession of Counts Palatine, or Palsgraves.
Frederick V married the Princess Elizabeth, daughter
of James I of England, in 1613, and the marriage was
the occasion of Campion's Lords? Masque* Chapman's
Middle Temple Masquet and Beaumont's Masque of
the Inner Temple. It also suggested Wentworth
Smith's Hector, or The Palsgrave Prince Elector,
printed in 1615 : the Palsgrave in that play being
Ruprecht II, who died 1398.

In Middleton's Qviet Life v. i, George says, **A
Friend of his went over to. the P/' In Glapthorne's
Wallenstein L i, Wallenstein says, ** *Twas myself That
from the Swede, the Palatine, and Dane rescued his
eagles/' This Palatine seems to be Frederick V, hus-
band of the Princess Elizabeth (see above) ; he was elected
K. of Bohemia, in 1618, but was speedily defeated by
Ferdinand II, Emperor and D* of Austria : he was
stripped both of the crown of Bohemia and of the rule of
the P* These were the events that began the Thirty
Years' War. Wallenstein, however, did not come to the
front until some years later, so that the dramatist is in
error on that point. The Swede is Gustavus Adolphus,
and the Dane, Christian K. of Denmark, who took up
the defence of the Protestant cause after the death of
Gustavus (1632). In Greene's Orlando i. i, 96, Orlando
describes himself as " the County Palatine/* The
County Palatine, with his ** bad habit of frowning," is
one of Portia's suitors in Merch. L 2, 40. The reference
may be to a Polish Count Palatine, Albertus Alasco, who
visited England in 1583*

PALATINE. One of the 7 Hilts of Rome on which tradi-
tion agrees that Romulus built his first city* It Hes S.W*
of the Capitol and W, of the Colosseum. On it stood
the Temple of Jupiter Stator, built by Romulus, and
the palaces of Tiberius, Caligula, and Nero, In Fisher's
Fuimns iii* 3, Caesar says, ** Mt* P., thou throne of Jove,
Are all your deities fled < ** In Tiberias 2661, Tiberius
says, " Post, post away, some to the CapitpH, Some to

CEsqufline, mt* Pallatine/' Spenser, in Ruines of
e iv*, says of Rome that Jove heaped ** Upon her
belly th' antique P/' In Milton, P..R. £v. 50, the
Tempter points out to our Lord " Mt, P,, The imperial
palace, compass huge, and high The structure, skill of
noblest architects/'

PALE, ENGLISH. See ENGLISH PAI£*

PALERMO (the Latin PANOBMOS). The capital of Sicily,
on the W. part of the N. coast, on the Gulf of P*, S,
of the picturesque mtn* mass of Monte Pelligriao*
Originally a Phoenician city, it has been successively the

385

PALESTINE

residence of the Saracen Emirs (who took it in 835), the
Norman kings of Sicily, the Suabians, the Angevins,
and the Arragonese. The Cathedral and the beautiful
chapel in the King's Palace date from Norman times,
In the i6th cent, P* was famous for its razors and its
wine* It was the chief scene of the exploits of Garibaldi
and "the thousand/' which added Sicily to United Italy
in 1860.

In Gascoigne's Supposes v. 5, Philogano relates how
some Italian seamen after the battle of Otranto boarded
a Turkish merchant vessel '* and brought the goods to
P." In Davenport's Nightcap v. i, Antonio says, " Thou
art my slave, I took thee, then a Turk, In the fight thou
knowst we made before P." In Davenant's Platonic i. i*
Fredaline says, '* This is Theander whose sway P* owes
allegiance in/' In Brome's Concubine iv* 9, Pedro says
to the K. of Sicily, ** Your province of P. submits in
duty to your Highness/' In Edwardes' Damon xiii., p*
91, Jacke says, " It is a razor, and that a very good one :
It came lately from P*, it cost me 30 crowns/' In Lodge's
Wounds v. i, Curtail says, " Sharpen the edge-tool of
your wits, that your words may shave like the razors of
P/' In King Leirt p* 337, the Messenger says, " My
tongue being well whetted with choler is more sharp
than a razor of P/' Nash, in Saffron Walden, Dedi-
cation, exhorts the barber "Gird thy keen P* razor
to thy side." In Lyly's Campaspe i* 3, a song be-
gins ; " O for a bowl of fat Canary, Rich P*, sparkling
sherry/' In Massinger's Maid Hon. iii. i, Antonio says,
** I shall ne'er believe I am a free man till I set my foot
In Sicily again and drink P*, And in P* too/' In Old
Law iv* i, the cook says, " The mad Greeks of this age
can taste their P. as well as the sage Greeks did before
them/' In Marston's Mountebanks, Paradox speaks of
"wine of Chios, P+, or Zaunte*" Massinger lays the
scene of A Very Woman and a large part of Maid Hon.

PALESTINE* Properly the maritime plain in S* Syria
occupied by the Philistines during the early part of the
i3th cent* B*C*, but subsequently extended to include
the whole of Syria S. of the Hermon range between
the Jordan and the Mediterranean : divided later into
the provinces of Galilee, Samaria, and Judaea* It was
occupied by tlie Hebrews after their exodus from Egypt
m the i4th eent. B*C*, and became successively a pro-
w*ee of the Neo-Babybnian, Persian, and Egyptian
empires, and of the Syrian kingdom* During the ist
cent. B.C* the Romans took possession of it, and in
A *D* 633 it was conquered by the Mohammedans* It was
the scene of the Crusades for the recovery of the Holy
Sepulchre from the Arabs, and from 1099 to 1187 a
Christian kingdom was established at Jerusalem. Finely
it fell into the hands of the Turks, who held it until 1919*
Its sacred sites, especially Jerusalem, attracted hosts of
pilgrims during the Middle Ages*

Milton always uses the word in its original sense : for
the maritime plain occupied by the Philistines. In
^JPS i99' he caUs DaS°n " tbat twice-battered god
<* Pt" VS™** ^ i-5)* In P* L. i* 465, the same god
is said to be 'dreaded through the coast of P/' InS*>l.
144, the Chorus speak of the Philistines slain by Sam-
soa : " Sk> had the glory of prowess been recovered To
' '

In Caesar's JRev* v* i, Cassitts
*^jmtlieconqtiest of proud P. have we marched

^^i45^ fc^/*&i,4rP
TO* &®^ the Holy wXs

Affects mot

*A! l
fce

bfother J&fcd/s heart
choose To make

PALTOCK*S INN

return again to P. And be a scourge unto the infidels/*
Richd* was for a short time in P* (at Acre) in 1340. In
Marlowe's Tamburlaine B. iii. 5, the K* of Jerusalem an-
nounces to Cailapine* " From Palestina and Jerusalem
Of Hebrews threescore thousand fighting men Are
come " to help him against Tamburlaine. This is quite
mythical : there was no K. of Jerusalem at this time*
In Davenport's Matilda v* 3, Fitzwater swears " by the
blood I lost in holy P. with Richd*" In Webster's
Weakest i* i, the K* of France, Louis DC, says, " Till
I return from P. again Be you joint governors of this my
realm*" Louis was crusading in P. 1248-1354. In Qth.
iv* 3> 39* Emilia says of Lodovico : ** I know a lady in
Venice would have walked barefoot to P. for a touch of
his nether lip/' In Chivalry G* i, Katharine protests;

Say I shall tread a tedious pilgrimage To furthest P.
and I will do it." In Mariam i. 5, Salome says, " I
would not change my Palastine for Rome/' In T
Heywood's Traveller i. i, Prudentilla asks Geraldine
about his travels " Through Spain and the Empire,
Greece and P." Hall, in Satires L 8, a, ridicules the
sacred poetry " That Sion's muse from P* brings/' In
iv* 6, he speaks of " the antique tombs of P/' In
Lyly's Gallathea v. a, Haebe says, " It is thought
wickedness to pull roses from the stalks in the garden
of P* for that they have so lively a red*"

P*, as being the Holy Land, is used figuratively for
heaven. In Devonshire iv* a, the Friar says, " We come
to set Your feet on the right way to P*, The New Jeru-
salem*"

PALLAS, TEMPLE OF* The Parthenon at Athens, the
magnificent temple of P. Athene, on the S* side of the
Acropolis, built by Pericles 438 B.C. The architects
were Calibrates and Ictinus, and the famous sculptor
Phidias superintended the erection and executed the
statue of the goddess* Its ruins are still the greatest
glory of Athens. In the old Timon i£L 5, Timon says to
Callimela, " I'll plight to thee my troth in P* temple*"

PALLATINE* See PALATINE*

PALLENE (now KASSAOTHRA). The Westernmost of the
3 peninsulas of Chalcidice, on the E* coast of Macedonia*
In Mason's Midteasses 3376, Borgias, in death, ex-
claims : * Sink, sink, Cytheron ; high P., tremble." The
passage is imitated from Seneca, Here. Fur. 979:
" Labat Cithaeron, alta P. tremit."

PALMER'S ORDINARY. An eating-house in Lond*,
in the neighbourhood of the Temple* In Stucley 304,
the Page informs Stucley's father that he dines " at
Palmer's ordinary*"

PALMICA* A misprint for PALMYRA, g*v*

PALMYRA* A city in the Syrian desert, 140 m* N*E* of
Damascus* The Hebrews called it Tadmor, i*e* the City
of Palms* It was built by Solomon (/ Kings ix* 18)* It
was an independent city during the early Roman Em-
pire, and in the 3rd century its king, Odenathus, was
granted the title of Augustus by the Emperor Gallienus*
On his murder in A*D* 267 his widow Zenobia assumed
the sovereignty and reigned with brilliant success for 5
years* She was then defeated by Atirelian and taken to
Rome as a prisoner, and from that time P* declined until
now it is merely a heap of ruins* In Tiberius 3395, Livia -
refers to ** Zenobia, Palmicaes' noble q*" : where Palmi-
caes is an obvious misprint for Palmyraes* The ana-
chronism of the reference will be noted*

PALTOCK'S INN. Proverbially used for an inn or other
place where only the poorest entertainment could be
cad* lliecMigmoftliepliras«hasnotbeenas<xrtained

PAMPELONIA, PAMPELUNA

In Wise Men vi. 4, Camerado says of Antonio : " Here
is a customer for P. I." Gosson, in School of Abuse 52,
says, ** Coming to Chenas, a blind vilL in comparison of
Athens, a Paltockes Inne/ ' Stanyhurst, in his transla-
tion of the ^Eneid iii. 61, renders " pollutum hospitium "
by"P*L"

PAMPELONIA, PAMPELUNA. The capital of the
kingdom of Navarre, on the Arga, 197 m. N*E. of
Madrid* In Marlowe's Massacre, p. 235, Pleshe pro-
mises Henry of Navarre : " Our army snail discomfit all
your foes And at the length in Pampelpnia crown (in
spite of Spain) * , * Your majesty her rightful lord and
sovereign,"

PANAMA. A city at die head of the Gulf of Panama, on
the S. coast of the isthmus joining N* to S* America,
It was founded by Davila in 1518. The opening of the
P. Canal has given it a new importance* In Davenant's
Playhouse iii., Pedro is described as ** a slave employed
by the Moorish k. to conduct Sir Francis Drake towards
P." Fuller, Holy State (1642) ii* 22, says that in 1595
44 the English had a design to march by land over this
Isthmus from Porto Rico to P., where the Spanish
treasure was laid up*"

PANCHAIA. A fabulous island in the Erythraean Sea off
the S. coast of Arabia, mentioned by Strabo as famous
for its spices* In Jonson's Penates, Maia speaks of " Spice
that from P. comes/* In Marston's Insatiate iii*, Isa-
bella speaks of ** scents Sweeter than all the spices in
P." In Nero iv* i, the Emperor says to Poppaea, ** For
thee shall . * . P. breathe the rich delightful smells*"
In Nabbes' Hannibal iii* 5, he says that a grove of bal-
sam shall spring from Sophonisba's grave, 4t Led by
whose ravishing odour the new issue Of every Phoenix
shall neglect P*" Spenser, in Virgil's Gnat 133, says,
44 Ne Frankincense he from Panchaea buyth*" Barnes,
in Parthenophil Ode xvii* 36, speaks of ** Panchaian in-
cense And rich Arabian odours." Herrick, in Noble
Numbers (1647), savs of our Lord's sepulchre : ** How
sweet this place is i As from thence Flowed all P.'s
frankincense*" Habington, in Castor a (1640), Arber,
p. 59, speaks of "a more precious breath than that
which moves The whispering leaves in the Panchayan
groves*"

PANCRAS, SAINT (Pe* = Pancredge, Pie* = Pan-
cridge). Pronounced and usually spelt Pancridge, or
Pancredge, in the i6th and 17th cents* A large parish in
N* Lond* covering an area of 2672 acres, and including
Somers Town, Camden Town, Kentish Town, part of
Highgate, and the Gray's Ion, Tottenham Court,
Euston, and Hampstead Rds* It now has a population of
over 250,000, but in the i6th cent* was a very sparsely
inhabited country dist* Norden, writing in 1593, says
it was forsaken of all, " yet it is usual haunted of rogues,
vagabonds, harlots, and thieves*" The Fleet river
flowed through it, and it was often flooded by its over-
flow* The old ch* stands on the E* side of P* Rd* just
S* of the workhouse. There was a ch* here from very
early times, and the present building dates from the
middle of the i4th cent. : it consisted of a nave and
chancel, with a tower at the W* end, but during the last
cent, it was restored both inside and out in a ruthless
fashion* Norden says of it: " P* Ch* standeth all alone,
as utterly forsaken, old and weather-beaten, which, for
the antiquity thereof, is thought not to yield to Paules in
Lond*" It seems to have been often used for hasty and
irregular marriages, and the term ** a Pie* parson " was
used in a jeering way for one who would lend himself
to business of this land without scruple* It is said to

PANCRAS, SAINT

have been the last ch. in Lond* in which mass was per-
formed after the Reformation, and it was perhaps for
this reason that it became a favourite place of burial for
Roman Catholics. It is also given as a reason for this
preference that mass is regularly said in the ch. of St*
P. at Rome for those who are buried here* The church-
yard was taken over in 1863 by the Midland Railway Co.,
who carried a viaduct across it and a tunnel below it,
and in 1889 they acquired the SJE* corner as well*
What was left of it was turned into a public garden,
opened in 1877* The new St* P* ch* in the Euston Rd*
was modelled on the Erechtheion at Athens, and was
consecrated in 1822- In Arthur's Show, a pageant
exhibited annually in Lond* by a toxophilite society,
a of the burlesque characters were the Earl of Pie*
and the p. of Shoreditch.

Nash, in Almond for a Parrot, says, ** Brother Kemp,
as many all hails to thy person as there be haycocks
in July at Pe*" In Liberality v. 5, the Clerk says to
Prodigality, ** Thou art indicted that thou at Highgate
in the county of Middlesex didst take from one Tenacity
of the parish of Pie. £1000*", In Oldcastle iii. 2, Acton
mentions " Pe*" as one of the villages around Load*
where the rebels are quartered* In Nash's Lenten,
p, 327, he says of the lawyers that they little remember
44 their own privy escapes with their laundresses, or
their night walks to Pie." In B* & F. Wit 5. W. iv. I,
the clown Ponipey speaks of his ** solemn walks Twixt
Paddington and Pie." The scene of Jocson's Tub is
laid in various parts of the parish of Pie* One of
the characters is Canon Hugh, Vicar of P* In iii. i,
Tub tells Turfe that Justice Bramble means to marry
his daughter Awdrey "at P*-ch." In Glapthome's
Hollander v* i, Urinal says that Popingale will not
be married at Pencridge : ** there's no drink near it
but at the Pinder of Wakefield, and that's abominable*"
This tavern was on the W. side of Gray's Inn Rd*,
N* of Guildford St*, g*i?* In Cooke's Good Wife ui*
3, the parson of Fenchurch and the parson of Pie*
are introduced. In Field's Weathercock ii. i, Scud-
more calls Nevill, who is disguised as a parson and pre-
tends that he is going to marry Bellafront to Count
Frederick : 44 Thou Pie* parson 1 " In Middleton's
Quarrel v* i, Fitzallen says, *' This is my own child * * *
for we were wedded by the hand of heaven Ere this
work was begun " ; Chough strikes in : " At Pie., 1*11
lay my life on't*" In Barnes' Charter iii. 5, Frescobaldi
calls Bagnioli ** Profane arch-patriarch of Pie* steeple/*
In Nabbes' Totenham y* 6, when Sam says that Cicely &
his wife, his Uncle cries : ** Yet more plots 1 Sure the
Parson of P* hath been here " ; and the play coaehfdes :
44 Why then to P*, each with his loved coascct, and make
it holiday at Totenham Court*" In his jSpnra&Lentsays,
44 1 couple more than the Parson of P* : I mean city
woodcocks with suburb wagtails*" In T* Heywood's
Royal King i* i, the down gays, ** Our organ of Powks
is much bigger and better than yours of Risam by as
much as Powles Ch* is bigger and better than St. Pie."

Nash, in Pierce, says of certain Roman Catholics :
** It were to be hoped St. Peter would let them dwell in
the suburbs of heaven : whereas otherwise they mtist
keep aloof at Pie*" In Davenant's Playhouse L, the
Housekeeper says, 44 1 told 'em [the French fencing
masters] of P* Ch., where their scholars when they have
killed one another in duel have a churchyard to them-
selves*" Nash, in Prognosticationt says it will be so hot
that ** the worms of St. Pe* Ch. build their bowers under
the shadow of Colman hedge*" In Jonson's Demi sL i,
Meercraft says, " Here's a plain fellow has his black bag

PANDATURIA, or PANDATARIA

of papers there in buckram, will not be sold for the
earldom of Pie*" In Tub i* 3, Turfe says, " Next our
St* George, Who rescued the k*'s daughter, I will ride :
Above Prince Arthur/' Clench adds : " Or our Shore-
ditch D* " ; and Medlay : " Or Pie* Earl*" In his Epigram
to Mgo Jones Would-be, Jonson says, " Content thee to
be Pie* Earl the while : An Earl of show/* In Histrio.
ii* 157* when Furcher and Vourchier enter dressed up
as sportsmen, Velure greets them : " Gentlemen, well
met 1 What I Pancrace knights S1 ** Le. knights in dress
only, like the Earl of Pie, in the show*
PANDATURIA, or PANDATARIA. A small island in
the Tyrrhene Sea, off the W* coast of Italy, abt* 50 m.
due W. of Naples* It was used during the earlier days
of the Empire as a place of confinement for political
prisoners, amongst whom were Julia, the daughter of
Augustus; Agrippina, the widow of Germanicus;
and Octavia, ist wife of Nero* In Tiberius 2911, the
Emperor says to Agrippina, " Yet know that I have P*
There babble to the wind thy foolish moans*"

PANEAS (now BANIAS)* An ancient city in N* Palestine,
on one of the sources of the Jordan, at the foot of Mt*
Panium, abt* 30 m* due E* of Tyre. It was rebuilt by
Herod Philip and named Caesarea Philippi. The town
of Dan, the most N* limit of Israel, was some 4 m* W*
of P* The name is derived from the cave sacred to Pan
from which the Jordan flows* Milton, P* L* iii. 535,
says of God : " His eye [passed] with choice regard From
P*, the fount of Jordan's flood, To Beersaba*"

PANGJEUS* A mtn* range in Thrace, bounding the basin
of the Strymon on the E* and that of the Hebrus on the
W* In Nero iii* 2, the Emperor says, " They tell of
Orpheus, when he took his lute, Hebrus stood still,
P* bowed his head*" Gold mines were worked in ancient
times in the Pangaean range* In T* Heywood's 23* Age i.,
Hercules speaks of " a ship Crammed with Pangeous
gold."

PAN GO (COUHT OF)* A translation of the Latin Comes de
Panico* Chaucer, C* T* E* 589, calls it Panik ; Boccac-
cio makes it Panago* Skeat suggests that it may be a
variant of Panaro, a river in N* Italy flowing between
Modena and Bologna* In Phillips' Grissill 1026, Gautier
says, ** To Bullin Lagras it convey to the Countess of
Pangp my sister/'

PANNIER ALLEY* See PANYER ALLEY*

PAHNONLA* A province of the Roman Empire lying
in the angle to the W* and S. of the Danube, N* of
IHyricum, corresponding roughly to western Hungary
and Styria. It was partially conquered by Augustus
35 B.C., and finally made a province by Tiberius A.D. 8*
The Pns. were a brave and turbulent people, and often
gave trouble to the Roman emperors* In Nero iv* i,
Nero is prouder of a kiss from Poppaea than ** If I had
The fierce Pn. 10 times overcome*" In Cym. iii* i, 74,
Cymbeline says, " I am perfect That the Pns. and
Dalmatians for Their liberties are now in arms*" Again,
in iii* 7, 3, a Senator says, ** The common men are now
in action 'Gainst the Pns. and Dalmatians*** This is
taken from Holinshed, who says that Augustus was
called away from a purposed expedition into Britain by a
f^bdibn of tfae Pns* and Dalmatians* In B. & F*
&w$heiess ii, 3* Aper says, " The Pn* cohorts, That are
mf 0wm and sore, are not come tip*** This was after
Aper bad murdered the Emperor Numerianus A.B. 284.
la T. Heywood's Iron Age ii*, Acmlfes speaks of Hector
as ** He whose sword fealfo conquered kingdoms* P*,
Biyria, Samothsrace***

PAPHLAGONIA

PANTHEON. The famous temple in Rome, between the
Corso and the Piazza. Navona* It was built by Agrippa
AJX 27, possibly as the Sudatio of his Baths, but in any
case he added the noble portico to the original Rotunda
and made it into a temple. In 608 it was consecrated as
a Christian ch* by Boniface IV under the name of Sta.
Maria ad Martyres* The painter Raphael is buried
there, and later K. Victor Emmanuel and his successor
found their last resting-place within its walls* In Tit.
i* i, 242, Saturnine says, "Lavinia will I make my
Empress * . * And in the sacred P* her espouse*'* In
line 333 he addresses her : ** Ascend, fair Queen, P.'*
In T. Heywood's Traveller i* i, Mrs* Wincott says that
Geraldine has told them of his visit to Rome, " Of their
P* and their Capitol*'* In Cooke's Pope Joan (1625), the
Papist says, ** The Ch* which is now called Sancta
Maria Rotunda, and in old time P., built by one Agrippa,
was before that the house of one Cybele**' In Webster's
A. & Virginia ii* 3, Marcus cries : ** All you Panthean
gods confound me if my soul be accessory to your dis-
tractions I " Hall, in Satires iv* 7, 19, speaks of " the
famous P/s frame Turned to the honour of our Lady's
name." Herrick, in Temple, says, " He of godheads has
such store As Rome's P* had not more." Note the ac-
cent is on the 2nd syllable*

PANYER ALLEY* A passage running N* from 4 Pater-
noster Row into Newgate St*, Lond, It was so called
from the sign of a pannier, or basket, which occurred
there on the back of a naked boy, with the inscription :
" When you have sought the city round, Yet still this is
the highest ground." In More iii* 2, when the Sheriff
reports that Paternoster Row was choked up with carts
in the riot, Fawkner says, "My noble Lord, Paniar
Allie's throat was open." From the following passages
it would seem that the buff leather of which catchpoles*
coats were made was sold there. In Dekker's Westward
iii* 2, Monopoly says, ** If I could meet one of those
varlets that wear P* A* on their backs, Serjeants, I would
make him scud*" In Jonson's BarthoL i* i, Quarlous
taunts Winwife with courting widows : ** scrubbing a
piece of buff as if thou hadst the perpetuity of Pannier-a*
to stink in**'

PAPHLAGONIA* A country on the N* coast of Asia
Minor, between Bithynia and Pontus* It is a rugged and
difficult country, and, though it passed under the power
of the various empires that in turn subjugated Asia
Minor, it was usually governed by native princes down
to the time of the Roman Empire* In Greene and
Lodge's Looking Glass i. i, 133, Remilia says, " 'Tis
Alvida, the fair wife to the King of P." In Ant. iii* 6, 71,
** Philadelphos, k, of P*,'* is mentioned as one of the
kings allied with Antony* The list is taken from
Plutarch* In Sidney's Arcadia ii., a story is told of a
Prince of P* which is the original of the Gloster sub-
plot in Lear, In Cuckgwans iv* 8, Claribel says that he
has ** visited Pamphlagonia and Silesia,'* i*e* Cilicia* In
the old Tim. ii* i, Gelasimus says, ** Upon the mtn* P*
There is a stone, which when the sun doth rise Shineth
Eke gold; at setting of the same Is suddenly made
black " : a bit of Euphuistic natural history. In Alimony
ii. 6, Julippe says, " These Pn* birds, these heartless
partridges, shall never nestle under my feathers*** The
partridge is said by Pliny often to crush its own eggs,
but it has no connection with P* Possibly Pn* is used
for unnatural, tmgrateful, in allusion to the story of the
Prince of P* in the Arcadia. Pn. is used in the sense of
stupid, unintelligent* Nash, in Saffron Wcdden 0. 2,
speaks of Hervey*s writings as "a number of Pn*
388

PAPHOS

things/* Barnes, in Charter 2797, says, "The slaves
are busy, reading their Pn. papers

PAPHOS (Pn. = Paphian). The original, or Old, P* was
a town in Cyprus, on the Bocarus, a little over a mile
from the W* coast, where was the world-famed Temple
of Aphrodite. It was originally a Phoenician temple,
dedicated to Astarte, the goddess of generation, who
was represented by a conical phallic stone* It was then
transferred to the Greek Aphrodite, and later to her
Latin counterpart, Venus* A flock of sacred doves
hovered about the shrine, and hard by was a grove, also
dedicated to the goddess* New P* was about 10 m. in-
land, but it is Old P* to which all our quotations refer*
At the end of Venus and Adonis, the goddess " yokes her
silver doves,*' who hold "their course to P." In Temp, iv*
i, 92, Iris says of Venus-; " I met her deity Cutting the
clouds towards P* and her son Dove-drawn with her/*"
In Marlowe's Did o iii., ^Eneas, the son of Venus, swears
44 by P. and the purple sea From whence my radiant
mother did ascend ." In Peelers Arraignment v* i, Venus
swears ** By all the honour and the sacrifice That from
Cithaeron and from P* rise*" In Caesar's "Rev* i* 6, Caesar
says that when Cleopatra is at Alexandria, " Pn. temples
and Cytherian hills And sacred Gnidus bonnet vail to
it*" In Greene's Orlando i* i, 61, Mandrecarde boasts :
44 P. and brave Cypres laid aside, With me sweet lovely
Venus would abide/' In Chapman's C&sar ii* 4, 132,
Pompey speaks of Venus as " the Pn. Queen*" Spenser,
F. Q. iii* 6, 29, mentions P* as one of the places dear to
Venus* In B* & F. Woman Hater i* i, the D* invokes
Venus as " Bright Pn* Queen." In the old Tim. ii* i,
Pseudolus brags : " Once I kissed Venus in P, lie,
but I forget her favour*" In Brome's Antipodes L 6,
Dr. Hughball says, ** I have bin on P* isle, where I
have kissed The image of bright Venus." In Mariam iv*
8, Mariam calls Venus "P* Queen." Daniel, in Sonnets
after Astrophel (1591) xii. 2, says, "The tablet of my
heavy fortunes here Upon thine altar, Pn. Power, I
place." Content, in the same volume (ii. 26), talks of
going on a pilgrimage" Towards Love's Holy land, fair
P* or Cyprus." The author of Zepheria (1594) xiii* 7
prays : ** Venus, at P* keep \ No more be seen I "

Hence P* stands for all the delights of love* In Jack
Drum iii. 298, Katharine calls Pasquil "P* of my de-
light ! " In B* & F* Prize L 2, Maria says, " P/ revels
should uprouse old Night." Taylor, in Works ii. 240,
calls love " the Pn*, or Priapean, game*" In W* Rowley's
Match Mid. ii*, Moll speaks of one of her admirers as
** this coal of P." In Per. iv*, prol* 32, Gower says, ** So
with the dove of P* might the crow Vie feathers white/'
In Fisher's Fuimus iii* 6, Hirildas says, " Such whiteness
only Pa* doves do wear/' In Nash's Summers, p* 100,
Christmas says, ** I must rig my ship to Samos for pea-
cocks, to P* for pigeons*" The scene of B* & F* Mad
Lover is laid at P*

AQUIN, or PEKIN* The capital of the Chinese Empire,
in the N.E* of the country, between the rivers Pei-ho and
When-ho, abt* 100 m* from the head of the Gulf of
Petchili* The circuit of the walls is about 30 m*, and it
has a population of 1,000,000* It dates back to very
ancient times, but its greatness began when Kublai-
Khan made it his capital at the end of the i^th cent*
under the name of IChanbalik, or Cambalttc* The court
was subsequently transferred for a time to Nankin, but
from the beginning of the 15th cent* P* has been the
capital*

In Milton, P. L* xL 390, A£am sees amongst other
great cities " P*, of Sinaean kings*" Burton, A.M.1L2,

PARIS

3, says, if he could fly, he would soon find out ** whether
the city of Cambalu be that new Peking*"

PARADISE. Used by the LXX as the translation of
44 garden " in Gem ii. 8. ** God planted a p* in Eden
eastward " : the garden where, according to the Hebrew
story, God placed the first man and woman* The legend
is doubtless Babylonian in origin, and the site must be
looked for somewhere in Babylonia* In Err. iv. 3, 16,
Dromio calls the sergeant Adam : ** not that Adam that
kept the P., but that Adam that keeps the prison." In
Youth O.P. ii* 113, Charity says, " Adam out of P*
exiled was." In Glapthorne's Argalus ii. i, Argalus says
of his mistress : ** Her breath expires Odours more
sweet than issued from the trees Of balm in P*" Milton
uses it as synonymous with Eden, g.p. The word comes
to be used for heaven, and also for any place of supreme
happiness* A fool's p, means a place of supposed but
false security and happiness. In Brome's Northern v. 8,
Nonsense says, ** I am subdoodled thus in, I protest and
vow, a kind of fool's P/* Milton, P. L* iii. 478, ridicules
those ** who, to be sure of P., Dying put on the weeds of
Dominic." In Beguiled 1142, Churms says, ** I have
brought the scholar into a fool's P*"

PARIS (Pn. = Parisian) * The capital of France, on the
Seine, no m. from its mouth* In Caesar's time the town
was called Lutetia Parisiorum, and stood on the lie de la
Cite. In 508 A.D. Clovis made it his capital. During the
Merovingian period the churches of St. Vincent, now
St. Germain-des-Pres, St. Vincent le Rond, now St,
Germain I'Auxerrois, and Notre Dame were founded,
P* ceased to be the capital under Charlemagne, but in
987 it was restored to that position by Hugh Capet*
Philip Augustus did much for P. : he founded the
Louvre and initiated the University on the left bank of
the river in 1200. It became the most famous and fre-
quented of the universities of Europe. St* Louis rebuilt
the Louvre, and founded the Palais de Justice with its
beautiful Sainte Chapeile* The fortification of the
Bastille was erected by Charles V to protect the gate of
St* Antoine* From 1420 to 1436 the city was in the hands
of the English, and Henry VI was crowned in Notre
Dame in 1431. Here in 1572 the massacre of St*
Bartholomew was perpetrated. Henri IV took the city
in 1594 after a siege of 4 years, and was assassinated
there by Ravaillac in 1610* During our period P* was
growing rapidly, and it became the greatest European
school of finished manners and the leader of fashion in
dress. It was divided into 3 portions : the City on the
island in the Seine, La Ville N* of the river, and
L'Universite to the S. In Shirley's Ball v* i» Fresh-
water says, " P* was built by the youngest son of Priam
[i*fi* P.], and was called by his name j yet some call it
Lutetia, because the gentkwomen there play so well
upon the lute*" The 2 derivations are eqttally valuable*
General aUaswns* For a general description of P* from
the English point of view see the Londoner's account of
it in Davenanfs Rutland. In Glapthome's Wit ii* i,
Grace mentions a ballad : " 'Twas a lady's daughter in
P/' In B. & F* Pestle v* 3, Michael says, 44 1 can sing
none, forsooth, but *A Lady's Daughter of P* properly/ **
It was a Protestant ballad* The ist verse runs : ** It
was a lady's daughter Of P. properly ; Her mother her
commanded To mass that she should hie/* Howell, in
Instructions (1642), calls P* 4* that huge though dirty
theatre of all nations/' In LondinopoHs (1657), p. 391,
he says, "The dirt and crott p.e* excrement] of
P. may be smelt ten miles off*" In B* & F* Pcstfe M*
4, Humphrey says, " When I came hither, wo*iid I bad

PARIS

gone to P* with. John Dory/' The reference is to a ballad
published in 1609, the hero of which, John Dory, a
French privateer, is conquered by Nichol, a Cornish-
man* The ist verse runs: "As it fell on a holiday
And upon a holy tide-a, John Dory bought him an
ambling nag, To P* for to ride~a." Bunch, in Webster's
Weakest L 2, sings it thus : " John Dorrie bought him
an ambling nag, to P. for to ride-a, And happy are
they that can seek and find, for they are gone to
hide-a." In B. & F* Chances iii. 2, Antonio asks that
44 John Dorrie " should be sung, and calls it ** a
warlike tune/' In Marlowe's Faustus vii., Faust
mentions P. amongst the places he has visited.
Monsieur Thomas, in B. & F/s play of tJiat name,
44 came from P/* In T* Heywood's Witches iii*, mention
is made of someone who ** fiew to P* and back to Lond.
in a day/*

References to the History of Paris* In H6 A, i. i, 61,
the Messenger, arriving during the actual funeral of
Henry V, announces : ** P*, Guysors, Poictiers, Are all
quite lost/' This is an anticipation of the fact* P. was
under the command of the D* of Bedford from 1421 to
1436, when it was recaptured by the French under the
Count of Richemont* In iii. 3, 30, Joan describes Talbot
and his forces as ** marching unto P-ward*" ; in iv* i,
the coronation of Henry VI in P. is described* This
was in the latter part of 1431, after the death of Joan of
Arc, though it is here put earlier* In v. 2, Charles is told
44 The stout Pns. do revolt And turn again unto the
warlike French " ; and Aleneon therefore exhorts him,
"March to P." The reference is to the unsuccessful at-
tack made by Joan of Arc in 1429* In H6 B* i. i, 94,
Gloucester recalls how Henry was " crowned in P* in
despite of foes,'* and in line 215, York exclaims : 4* P. is
lost/' As the date of this scene is 1445, it had been lost
9 years before* In i* 3, 175, York blames Somerset for
having kept him dancing attendance on his will ** Till
P. was besieged, famished, and lost/' It was during
York's regency that P. was taken, but there is no ground
for this charge against Somerset. In 83 ii* 3* 17, the
Citizen says, ** So stood the state when Henry VI Was
crowned in P* but at 9 months old/* He was 9 years
old, as a matter of fact, when he was crowned in P*, but
only 9 months dd when he came to the throne of Eng-
land and France* In Chivalry B* 2, it is Implied that P*
is the capital : ** If we were m P*," says K. Lewis, " we
might say Your viands shall be costly/' The Massacre of
St. Bartholomew in 1572 was the theme of Marlowe's
Massacre, and the play ends with the capture of the city
by Henri IV in 1594*

The Arms of P. show a ship in full sail in the base of
the shield under a chief semee with Fleurs-de-lis. In
Davenant's Rutland* p* 229, there is a song : " Though
a ship her scutcheon be, Yet Pt hath no ship at sea/'
Fynes Moryson, in Itinerary L 2, 188, says, ** K* Philip
Augustus in the year 1090 * * * gave the city for arms
a ship adorned with lillies/'

Language. French was, of course, the language spoken
at P*, but the Norman-French as spoken in the English
Court gradually diverged from it, so that Chaucer, in
C* T. A, 126, says of the Prioress : ** Frenssh she spak
ful faire and fetisly After the scole of Stratford-atte-
Bowe, Foe Fxenssh of Parys was to hire tmfcBowe/*

JW& jB&s&fo^s* In H5& 4* 132* Exeter says of the
s ** He*! ipa&e yottr P» Louvre shake for ik Were it

* {see LOOTKE),

Bale's Lam fr., Hypocrisy says, M In P* we iiawe the
mantle of S t* Louis, which women seek much lor help
of their barrenness/' This relic was preserved in the

PARIS

Ch* of the Grey Friars* Montaigne (Florio's tr. 1603),
ii. 12, pictures a philosopher hung up in a wire cage
** on the top of our Ladies Ch» Steeple in P*," z»e* the
tower of Notre Dame*

The University. In Chapman's M+ d'Qlive iv. 2,
D'Olive says, ** P*, or Padua, or the famous school of
England called Winchester, are but belfries to the body
or school of the Court*" In Greene's Friar iv* 50, the
Emperor claims that Vandermast passed " To P*,
Rheims, and stately Orleans, And * * * put down The
chiefest of them all in aphorisms*" In Shirley's Fair
One iii* 4, Aimwell asks Manly, who is disguised as a
physician, "Art a Pn., a Paduan, or a Leaden [i*e*
Leyden] doctor i " In Club Law iv* 5, Mounsier says,
"Me tell you see a scholar de P* beat very prave
shentleman, so silk and velvet/*

The P* printers, especially Robert Estienne, were
famous for their excellent type and fine workmanship*
In B* & F* Captain iv* 4, Angelo says, " Would her
faults Were all in P. print upon her face, Cum privilegio
to use 'em still/'

P, was the best place for a young gentleman to com-
plete his training in polite manners* In Hiam. i* 2, 51,
Laertes asks leave of the K. to return to France ; from
ii, i, 7, we learn from the direction of Polonius to
Reynaido : " Inquire me first what Danskers are in P*"
that it was to P* that he went. In Davenant's Rutland,
p* 220, the Pn* says, " Your sons come to P., the school
of Europe, where they may learn honour*" In Killi-
grew*s Parson L 3, the Capt* says, 4t I see you have never
been abroad, else you would know how to put a value
upon those whose careful observation brought home the
most exquisite garb and courtship that P* could sell us/*
Paris was the leader of Europe in dress and fashion* In
Davenant's U. Lovers iii* 3, Rampino says to his tailor,
** You can travel to P* and instruct yourself in the newest
model and best cut*" In Middleton's Quiet Life i* i,
Lady Cressingham says she will have " agents at P* and
at Venice and at Valladolid in Spain for intelligence of
all new fashions." In Glapthorne's Privilege iii* 2,
Adorni says, ** Your English wear long Pn* breeches with
5 points at knees/* In Jonson's Ev. Man O. ii* i, Carlo
says that Puntarvolo has travelled ** as far as P* to fetch
over a fashion/'

Articles produced at Paris.— P. Balls (Tennis Balls)*
In H$ ii* 4, 131, the Dauphin says of Henry : 44 As
matching to his youth and vanity I did present him with
the P* balls/' Fans* — In Davenant's Favourite iv* i, the
lady says, " For essences to Rome, and for fans to P."
Thread. — Lydgate, in Lickpenny, says that in Cheap he
was asked to buy ** P* thread, the finest in the land."
P. jewellery was already famous* In Philotas 28, the
Macrell promises Emily a chain "of Pareis wark
wrocht by the laif /' Powder of P. was some sort of face-
powder* In Mmkmd 25, Titivalius says, *' Take a little
powder of Paris and cast over bis face/' In Davenant's
Wits ii. 2* Lucy says that Mother Spectacle, the curate's
wife, " thtnlrs powder of P* more profane than the ashes
of a Romish martyr."

Plaster of Paris. — A preparation of gypsum, which sets
quickly after being mixed with water, and is used for
making casts, busts, etc., and also for plastering and re-
pairing walls. It was first made from the gypsum of
Montfiiartre at P, In Day's Humour iL i, Octavio says,
** I am lime and hair ; plaster of P* kneaded together
with rye-dbtigh and goats' milk." In Middleton's Trick
to Catch ii. z, Lucre describes the rooms of his house
** ceiled with plaster of P*, and all hting about with doth
of Arras*" In Hassj&ger's Old Lam iv* i, Gnotho says

390

PARISH GARDEN, or PARIS GARDEN

of Helen of Troy : " She was wounded there herself and
cured again by plaster of P* ; and ever since, that has
been used to stop holes/' There is a pun on the name of
Helen's paramour P. In T* Heywood's Traveller ii* i,
the Clown says of the meat and poultry that have been
cut up for the feast : " There was no salve for those
scars, which all the plaster of P. cannot cure/' Plaster is
also used for a medicament spread on a wound : hence
the joke. In Shirley's Sisters ii. i, Giovanni says, ** I
have seen a lady blush through a plaster of P." : where
clearly some cosmetic preparation is intended, as thickly
laid on as plaster of P. on a wall. In Sampson's Vow iii.
2, 9, Miles says to Joshua, the painter-stainer, ** Thy
colours were better bestowed on coarse waiting-women,
Madam Makeroones, that sell paintings and stop holes
with plaister of P." Puttenham, in Art of Poesie (1589)
iii. 19, quotes from his own Partheniade : " Her bosom
sleek as P, plaster Held up 2 balls of alabaster*"

The scenes of the following are laid in P. in whole or
in part : Chaucer's Shipman's Tale ; Shakespeare's All's
Well ; Shirley's Chabot ; Webster's Weakest ; Shake-
speare's Henry VI A. ; Massinger's ParL Love ; B. &
F* Little French Lawyer, WUdgoose Chase, Noble Gentle-
man. Honest Man, Lover's Progress*, Chapman's
Humorous Day's Mirth; Marlowe's Massacre at Paris ;
Chapman's Bussy cFAmbois and Byron plays ; and Day
and Dekker's lost play, The Bellman of Paris*

PARISH GARDEN, or PARIS GARDEN (P. - Paris,
Ph. — Parish). A manor on the S* bank of the Thames,
W* of the Liberty of the Clink, corresponding generally
to the present Ph* of Christchurch. It was surrounded
by a stream, called the P* G* Ditch, and was in the i6th
cent. ** so dark with trees that one man cannot see
another" (Letter of Fleetwood 1578). In 1113 it was
given by Robert Marmion to the Convent of Bermond-
sey. In 1537 it became Crown property, and was sub-
sequently held by Q. Jane Seymour, Lord Hunsdon,
and Thomas Cure* It was approached from the Thames
by way of the P. G* Stairs, a few yards E. of the present |
Blackfriars Bdge., from which a ferry plied across to |
Blackfriars* Blount, in Glossographia (s.v*), says, ** It i
was anciently so called from Robert de P+, who had a
house there in Richard II's time." Taylor says it was
called " from brave Uion's firebrand, from P." But the
old spelling is Ph., not P., and it may be questioned
whether Blount's derivation is not as mythical as Tay-
lor's. The Manor was bought by Francis Langley in
1589, with the intention of building a playhouse there,
and he ultimately erected the Swan Theatre about 1596
in what is now Holland St. In Yarrington's Two Trag
ii. 6, Merry proposes to throw the body of the man he
has murdered " into P* G* Ditch." In Cromwell ii* 2,
Hodge says, ** At Ptttnaie I'll go you to Ph -G* for two-
pence without any wagging in my guts, in a little boat
too/'

Ph* G* was best known through the huge amphitheatre
erected there for bull- and bear-baiting early in the
reign of Henry VIII. It was a wooden building open
to the sky, and accommodated at least 1000 spectators*
It seems to have stood between Park St+ and Bankside,
just E. of Horseshoe Alley, and very near to the Globe*
It was already in existence in 1526, when the D* of
Northumberland is recorded to have gone there to see
the beai^baiting* Crowley, the printer-poet, writing
about 1550, tells us that Sunday was the day of the
performances, and that the price of admission was Jd*
John Bradford, in a sermon preached before Edward VI,
tells how " certain gentlemen upon the Sabbath day

PARISH GARDEN, or PARIS GARDEN

going in a wherry to P. G., to the bear-baiting, were
drowned." On Sunday i2th January, 1583, the seats col-
lapsed and many were killed and hurt : an event which
was ** improved " in a sermon by John Field, the father
of the dramatist Nat* Field. The Sunday performances
were prohibited by James I. Henslowe and Alleyn
leased it in the early part of the reign of James, and gave

hast not 4 " and Horace (Ben Jonson) replies : " Yes,
Capt,, I ha* played Zukiman there " (Zulziman is Soli-
man in Kyd's Soliman). It was closed in 1642; re-
opened after the Restoration ; and finally shut up in
1687* Dekker, in News from Hell, makes Charon say,
" If Parris g. would but fall down again, I should hope
to make me a new boat*" Lupton, in London Carbona-
doed (1632), describes P* G* as " a foul den. Here come
few that either regard their credit or loss of time ; the
swaggering roarer, the cunning cheater, the rotten bawd,
the swearing drunkard, and the bloody butcher have
their rendezvous here." In H8 v. 4, 2, the porter says to
the crowd, " You'll leave your noise anon, ye rascals ;
do you take the Court for Ph.-g. ** " In More iii* 2,
Faulkner says to the Sheriff, " Tug me not, I'm no bear.
'Sblood, if all the dogs in P. G. hung at my tail, I'd
shake 'em off/' In Downfall Huntington ii. i, Much
speaks of ** a little curtal sib to the ape's only beast at
P. G." In Jonson's Epicoem iii. i, Otter says, ** Tom
Otter's bull, bear, and horse is known all over England,
in rerum natura " ; and Mrs. Otter rejoins : 4* Fore me,
I'll nature them over to P. G/' In iv. 2, Morose speaks
of " Lond. Bdge*, P.-G., Billingsgate, when the noises
are at their height and loudest." Nash, in Wilton 159,
says, "All the colliers of Romford, who hold their
corporation by yarking the blind bear at P* garden, were
but bunglers to him." There are other references to this
cruel sport of whipping the blind bear* Greene, in Qsip,
p. 232, says, ** The rakehell will be so eager to catch
him as a dog to take the bear by the ears in Ph. G/*
Dekker, in Hornbook c* i* says, ** How wonderfully is
the world altered ! So that it is no more like the old
Theater du Monde than old P. G. is like the K/s
Garden at P." Jonson, in Vulcant says that the
burning of the Globe Theatre "was a threatening to
the bears And that accursed ground, the P. G/*
In the Famous Vovage, he says of the Fleet Ditch :
44 The meat-boat of bear's college, P. G., Stunk not
so ill." In Augurs, Slug says that Urson has " very
sufficient bears as any are in the ground, the P. G." In
Middleton's Changeling ii* i, De Flores says, 4* Like a
common Garden-bull I do but take breath to be lugged
again." In Dekker's Edmonton iv* i, Cuddy says that
the witch's dog " is no P.-G* ban-dog neither that keeps
a bow-wow-wowing to have butchers bring their curs
thither*" In Marston's Courtesan ii. i, Cockledemoy
tells a dream, be has had of 24 bears ** which are to be yet
seen in P. Gs." InB*&F*Mooi£rzM£&iL2,Btistopha,
acting the part of P., says, ** No roars so fierce, no
throats so deep, No howls can bring such fears, As P*
can, if garden from He call his dogs and bears " : and
references follow to bull-baiting and the whipping of the
blind bear. Sir John Davies, in Epigrams, tells of the
young law-student, who ** leaves his books and for his
recreation To P* G* doth himself withdraw To see old
Harry Hunks and Sackerson/' In Davenant's Ply-
month L 2, Seawit says, *' You would be suitors, yes, to a
she-bear, and keep your marriage in P. g/* Dekker, in
News from Hatf, says that Cerberus ** Iks howling to be
sent to P* G*" In Dekker's Satiro. rsr. i, 168, Tttcca

PARIS TAVERN

says to Horace (Jonson), " Thou turn'dst ban-dog and
ever since bitest, therefore I ask if thou'st been at Parris-
g., because thou hast such a good mouth*" Dek&er, in
Jests, mentions ** Ph* G*" as a favourite haunt of pick-
pockets. Hall, in Satires iv. i, says that his poetry
pleases him " Much better than a P.-g* bear." Davies,
in Meditations of a Gull, says, *' Of a journey he de-
liberates To P. g*, cocke pit, or the play." Lyly, in
Pappe with an Hatchett, p. 67* says, *' I will make him
[Martin] mump, mowe, and chatter, like old John of
P. g/' I take this to be the name of one of the
monkeys which were trained to ride on the bears' backs
and perform tricks* See also BEAR-GARDEN.
PARIS TAVERN. Lond., apparently in the neighbour-
hood of Covent Garden. In Brome's Covent G. it is
often mentioned. Act iv. 2 takes place there : Mihil
says, as he enters, ** A P* ill ya ben veni. Here's no bush
at this door, but good wine rides post upon't, I mean, the
sign-post." When Mihil says to Gabriel, "You are
welcome to P., brother Gabriel/' Gabriel replies,
4t It is nevertheless a tavern, brother Mihil*" In i. i,
Antony says, " I heard an inkling at the P. T. last night
of a she-gallant that had travelled France and Italy."
PARK CORNER. The N*E. corner of Hyde P., Lond.,
at the junction of Oxford St. and Edgware Rd. Close
by stood the Tyburn gallows, and the loneliness of the
neighbourhood made it a favourite resort of highway-
men. In Webster's Wyat xiv*, p. 57, Winchester says to
Wyat, "At the P. C. is a gallows set, Whither make haste
to tender Nature's debt/* In Mayne's Match iii* 4*
Plotwell says, if his uncle marries* ** the sleight upon
the cards, the hollow die, P* C., and Shooter's Hill are
my revenue."

PARKER'S ORDINARY. An eating-house in Lond*
The first use of O* in this sense is in Payne's Description
of Ireland (1590)* A table d'hote dinner was served at
these houses at a fixed price, and after dinner the com-
pany usually turned to gambling games, facilities for
which were provided. Dekker, in Hornbook v*, de-
scribes how a young gallant should behave himself in an
O. In Middleton's R. G. ii* i, Goshawk asks : " Where
shall's all munch < " and Jack Dapper replies : ** I am
for Parker's O."

PARLIAMENT HOUSE. The English Parliament until
the reign of Edward I met in various royal palaces and
castles ttotigiiout the country, wherever the K* might
please to stimmon it* In his reign the place of meeting
became the Westminster Palace, and in the iTth year
of Edward III the Chapter House of the Abbot of
Westminster was assigned to the House of Commons.
In the reign of Edward VI the old Court of Requests
was made the meeting-place of the House of Lords, and
the Chapel of St. Stephen, which was built by K*
Stephen, was given to the Commons* Between the 2
was the Painted Chamber, which was used for confer-
ences of the 2 Houses. All these buildings were burnt
down in 1834, with the exception of the crypt of St.
Stephen's Chapel, which may still be seen at the SJE.
corner of Westminster Hall* The present building was
erected from Barry's design, and the first stone was laid
m 1840. In H6 C. i. i, 71, the K. says, "Far be the
t&Qtigfet of tte from Henry's heart To make a shambles
cftlieP. H*" Hall, in Characters* says of the D&tnsst-
fcft Man : ** He dares not come near the P* H. because
it should tuawe been blown up/* z*g* in the Gtmpowder
Plot erf 1605.

PARLOUS POflD* A pool of crater lying betad St.
Luke's Hospital off C% Rd*, Lond* : the site is now

PARMA

covered by the buildings of Peerless St. and Baldwin St*,
W* of City Rd. at the point where it bends round to
the W. It was a favourite bathing-place, and was first
called Perilous P. because of the number of people who
were drowned there. The name was changed to Peer-
less Pool by one Kemp, in 1743* He bought it and made
it into a swimming bath and a fish-pond* Duck-hunting
was carried on there in the old days, as the quotation
shows* In Middleton's R. G. ii* i, Gallipot says, " Let
your boy lead his water-spaniel along, and we'll show
you the bravest sport at P* P* Hey, Trug I here's the
best duck in England."

PARMA (Pn. = Parmesan). A city of N* Italy, and capital
of the Duchy of the same name, some 30 m* S*W. of
Mantua. The old -Smilian Way ran through the city.
The cathedral, baptistry, and ducal palace are fine
buildings. After passing successively under the control
of the families of the Corregii, Visconti, and Sforzi, it
became a Papal possession in 1512, and in 1543 Paul III
(Farnese) gave it to his son Pier Luigi : 7 dukes of the
Farnese family followed him, the 3rd of whom, Alessan-
dro, was the D. of P. who, as general of Philip II of
Spain, carried on war in the Low Countries against the
United Provinces from 1579 to 1592. P* was famous for
the manufacture of a fine variety of cheese called Pn*,
but it is now made better in Lodi. A particular sort of
drinking was called Pn. : why, it does not appear, unless
the idea was that the cheese provoked thirst. Pn* sugar
is also mentioned. In Shirley's Cottrtierf Foscari, D. of
P., is one of the characters. In Davenant's Love Hon. v*
3, Leonell says, ** I am Leonell, the D. of P/s son." In
Massinger's Lover i. 2, Uberti. Prince of P., has " left
fair P." to court the daughter of the D* of Mantua* A
Prince of P* is one of the characters in T* Heywood's
Maidenhead* In Cockayne's Trapolin iv. 2, the D. of
Florence says that his sister has ** refused The youthful
dukes of Modena and P."

In Marlowe's Famtus Lf Faust says, **I'll levy soldiers
And chase the Prince of P* from our land." In Mar-
lowe's Massacre, p. 242, Guise says, " Philip and P.,
I am slain for you." The reference is in both cases to
Alessandro Farnese, and in the following passage a play
upon the word is intended, in reference to the siege of
Antwerp by the D. of P. In Middleton's No Wit L 3,
Savourwit says, ** The boy says they never came near
Antwerp, a quite contrary way, round about by P*" In
Nash's Lenten, p. 306, he says, ** The Transalpmers with
their lordly Pn,, so named of the city of P. in Italy where
it is first clout-crushed and made, shoulder in for the
upper hand/' In Ford's 'Tis Pity L 4, Poggio says, ** He
loved her almost as well as he loved pannasent ; and
swore that she wanted but such a nose as his was to be
as pretty a young woman as any was in P/' In B. & F,
Pilgrimage ii* 4, Incubo inquires : ** You have no cheese
of P. i " In Davenant's Wits iv., " Pn* of Lodi " is
mentioned in a list of table dainties. In Middleton's
Changeling L a, a Welsh madman cries out: "Her
parmasant, faer pannasant ! ** and Lollio says, ** There's
no hope of recovery of that Welsh madman ; a' was
undone by a mouse that spoiled him a parmasant." In
Webster's Law Case v. 4* Julio tells of " what a deal of P-
cheese n a certain Welshman ate. In Chapman's Chabot
v. 2, iSif the Advocate compares the Chancellor to ** the
mouse in the fable, that, having offended to deserve
death, begged he might be banished into a Pn/* Dekker,
in Hornbook Proem., speaks of ** the Switzer's stoop of
Rhenish, the Italian's Pannisant, the Englishman's
healths"; and in Seven Szhs, he says,** They were
drunk according to all the rules of learned drunkenness,

PARNASSUS

as Upsey-freeze, crambo, Parmizant/' In Shirley's
Ball iii. 3, Freshwater says, ** He can present you with
Venice glasses, Pn* sugars, all from Antwerp/' P* is the
scene of Ford's *Tis Pity; Shirley's Sisters, Duke's
Mistressf and The Fatal Marriage.

PARNASSUS. Mtn. in ancient Greece, in Phocis, N, of
the famous shrine of Apollo at Delphi. It has 3 peaks,
the highest of which reaches 8000 ft* : between the 2
lower ones rises the fountain of Castalia. As these 2
only are visible from Delphi, P. was usually spoken of by
the Greeks as the two-peaked P. The highest peak was
sacred to Dionysus ; the 2 lower ones to Apollo and the
Muses. Hence it was constantly associated with poetry,
and to drink of the fountain of Castalia was supposed
to confer poetical inspiration. In Phillips* Grissill 489,
Grissill invocates : " Ye Muses nine that on Pernasso
rest," In Lyly's Maid's Meta. iv., Phoebus addresses
44 You sacred Muses of P. hill." In Pilg. Pernass. ii* i,
Madido says, ** There is no true P* but the 3rd loft in a
wine tavern, no true Helicon but a cup of brown bas-
tard." In Day's ParL Bees vv Poetaster says, ** Persius
taught his pupils to pilfer clouds from off P.f top/'
In Chapman's Usher L i, when Poggio indulges in the
remark, "Will his antiquity never leave his iniquity i"
Cyanche cries, ** Why, how now, nephew i Turned P.
lately 4 " z".e* have you become a poet i In Brome's Ct .
Beggar L i, Gabriel says of Frederick, who is reported to
be mad : 44 He was a poet that turned his brain in
climbing of P." In v. 2, Courtwit says he has fetched
his speeches " from the forked top of high P/' In ,
Shirley's Riches i*, Gettings says, " I had rather be a |
Jew than christened in P.' pump." In Jonspn's Poetaster j
iii* i, Tucca says of the poetaster Demetrius (Dekker) :
" My P. here shall help him, if thou wilt/' In Greene's
AlphonsnSf prol. 99, Venus says to the Muses, ** Let us
bend our steps Unto the top of high P* hill/' Spenser,
F. Q. vi* prol. 2, addresses the Muses as 44 Ye sacred
imps, that on Parnasso dwell." Sidney, in Astrophel
(1581) Ixxx* 5, addresses Stella as ** The new P., where
the Muses bide." In Ixxxiv. i, he calls the highway ** my
chief P." W. Smith, in Chloris xliv. 10, asks his lady to
44 add such courage to my Muse That she shall climb
the steep P. hill/* In Mason's Mulleasses, prpL, the
poet speaks of transferring ** Pernassus into Brittany/'
In Pralotas 65* Emily, after listening to a long poetical
effusion from Flavius, thinks that he must have been
44 fosterit in P* forkit hill/' In Marmion's Antiquary
iii. 2, Lionel says to Petrucio, "Have you lately drunk
of the horsepond, or stept on the forked P. that you
start out so sudden a poet ."* The word occurs in the
titles of several poetical works and collections* Two
plays were called The Pilgrimage to P. and The Return
from P. In 1600 was published Allot's England's P.f or
Choicest Flowers of Our English Poets..

PAROS. The largest island of the Cyclades* in the JEgean
Sea, 6 m. W« of Naxos. It was famous for its fine white
marble, which was second only to that of Penteficiis*
la Caesar's Rev. iii. 5* Cassius vows : " On thine altar,
btult of Parian stone, Whole hecatombs will I offer."
In Davenant's Love Hon. ii. 2, Alvaro asks : 44 What,
Less hard than marble of the Parian rock Canst thou
believe my hearth" In Cowley's Riddle v*, Aphron
says of Clariana : ** She was as pure and white as
Parian marble/* In Randolph's Muses* iii., Colax
says, "Since Parian marble . * * Entered her [i.e.
Rome's] gaudy temple, scon she fell To superstition/'
Habington, in Castara (1640), Arber, p* 26, addresses
the glorious wits " who find than Parian stone A nobler

PARTHIA

quarry to build trophies oa." In T. Heywood's
Dialogues 6353, Apollo says, ** Delphos is mine, Pharos
and Tenedos." Spenser, F. Q. iii. 9, 36, recalls the
old legend that Parius, the son of Paris by CEnone,
** Gathered the Trojan reliques saved from flame, And
with them sailing thence to th' isle of P. came/' Lyly*
in Euphues Anat. Wit, p. 100, says, " Dost thou not
know that the tree Silvacenda beareth no fruit in
Pharos 1 " This is a curious mistaken translation of
Pliny, Hist. Nat. xvi. 47; " In Paro silva csedua * * *
nihil fert."

PARRIS GARDEN. See PARIS GARDEN*

PARROT* The sign of a tavern in the market-place at
Marseilles. In T. Heywood's Captives i. 3, Raphael says,
" My lodging is at the Parratt in the market place/'

PARTHENIANS* A tribe of Illyrians living near Epidam-
nus. Their principal town was Parthus, which was
taken by Csesar in his war against Pompeius* In Caesar's
Rev. iv. if Cassius says to Brutus, " Thou hast com-
manded the IHyrian bands, P* proud, and Thrasians
born in war/'

PARTHENY (Le. PARTHENITJM). Mtn. on the frontiers of
Arcadia and Argolis, 15 m. S.W* of Argos ; now Mt*
Ronio. It was sacred to Pan. Royden, in Elegy for
Astrophel (1591) 93, says of Sidney : *' On the mtn.
P. * . . The Muses met him every day."

PARTHIA (Pn. = Parthian). The country S.E. of the
Caspian Sea, corresponding roughly to the Persian pro-
vince of Khorassan. In 250 B*c., or thereabouts, Ar-
saces I won their independence for the Pns«, and
established a dynasty which lasted, under a succession
of 31 kings, all called Arsaces* until A.D* 226, when they
were conquered by the Persian Sassanidae. It is the
great glory of the Pns. that they were able to resist the
attempts of the Romans to annex them to the Empire*
Pompeius found it wiser to leave them alone when he
was in Asia* Crassus, however, attacked them in 53 B*c*>
but he was defeated and slain by Surenas, the general
of Arsaces Xiy. Cassius defeated them and defended
Syria from their attacks in 51 and 50 B.C. In /. C* v* 3,
37, he reminds Pindarus : 4t In P* did I take thee
prisoner." After the battle of Pnilippi, Labienus, who
had been sent to P. by Brutus and Cassius to make
alliance with the Kv remained there ; and in 40 B.C*
led the Pn, troops to the conquest of W* Asia. In Ant.
i. 2, 103, word is brought to Antony : ** Labienus hath
•with his Pn. force Extended [taken possession of] Asia
from Euphrates." In ii* 2, 15, Antony proposes to go to
P*; and in ii* 3, 32, he resolves to send Ventidius
thither. Ventidius defeated Labienus at Mt* Taurus in
39, and in the next year defeated and slew Pacorus, the
son of the K., on the anniversary of th« defeat of Cras-
sus* In iii* i* Ventidius returns in triumph, exclaiming :
44 Now, darting P*, art tbou struck." In iii* 6, 13, Caesar
says that Antony has given to Cleopatra's son Alexander
** Great Media* P** and Armenia/* Other allusions to
the history are as follows :

In Massinger's Believe L 2, Flaminius says to the
Carthaginians (the time is about 200 B.C*), " You rather
chose to pay homage and fealty to the Pn*, the Egyptian
Ptolemy, or indeed any, than bow unto the Roman/*
In B* & F* False One i* i, Labienus says that when
Pompey was fieeing after the defeat of Pharsalia, ** the
K* of P*, famous in his defeature of the Crassi, offered
him his protection*" In Kyd's Cornelia L, Cicero,
lamenting the defeat of Pompey at Pharsalia* exclaims t
"Now, P.* fear no more for Crassus* death/* In

393

PARTRIDGE ALLEY

Tiberius 1084, Germanicus speaks of " Crassus*
scourge, dissembling Partheans." In Ev. Worn. L if. i,
Flamimus says, ** *Tis since the siege of P* ; I was lusty
then/* Apparently the expedition of Crassus is meant*
In Cesar's Rev. iv. i , Cassius says that Brutus commands
44 The Pn*, fighting when he seems to fly/' Brutus
sought help from P., but it did not come in time* In
Brandon's Octavia 489, Octavia expostulates with
Antony : ** What caused my lord in Syria make such
stay. Since he 'gainst P. did his forces bend 4 ** In Jon-
son's Poetaster iii. 2, Horace says, " Nor is** a labour fit
for every pen to paint * * * wounded Pns*, tumbled
from their horses* Great Caesar's wars cannot be fought
with words/* In Marlowe's Tomb* A* ii. i, Cosroe
speaks of the K* of Persia "That now is marching
near to P/* P. was at this time (circ. 1400) part of
Persia* Milton, in P.R. iii. 290, speaks of " The great
Seleucia, Nisibis, and there Artaxata, Teredon,
Ctesiphon" as cities "Built by Emathian or Pn.
hands "; and adds : " All these the Pn* (now some ages
past By great Arsaces led, who founded first That
empire) under his dominion holds/* He goes on to say :
" now the Pn, k. In Ctesiphon hath gathered all his host
Against the Scythian/* but this is a poetic fiction intro-
duced for the sake of giving the poet an opportunity of
describing the component parts of the imaginary army*
In 362, the Tempter points out to our Lord the difficulty
of maintaining a kingdom in Judaea " Between two such
enclosing enemies, Roman and Pn*,** and advises him
first to make sure of the Pn* In iv. 73, he describes em-
bassies coming to Rome ** From the Asian kings and Pn*
among these ** ; and in 85, he says of Rome and P. our
Lord may justly prefer the Roman " Before the Pn.**
In B. & F* Valentin. L 3, ^cius says, " Let the son of
war, steeled Mithridates, Lead up his winged Pns. like a
storm, Hiding the face of heaven with showers of ar-
rows." But the date is AJX 454, when the Pns. had been
for 2 cents* subject to the Sassanidae, the actual k. being
Yezdijird II* In iv. i, Valentinian speaks of " Corbulo,
That broke the heart-strings of the Pns/* Corbulo de-
feated the Pns* in A*z>* 54 and again in A jx 63.

The Pns* were fine horsemen and archers, and were
specially feared by the Romans because even in dying
they were able to shoot their arrows backwards with
deadly aim. Hence "a Pn* shaft** is used for an unex-
pected attack by an apparently defeated and Hying foe*
la Ant. iv* 14, 70, Eros, when asked to kill Antony,
says, ** Shall I do that which all the Pn. darts, Though
enemy, lost aim, and could not £ ** In Cym+ i. 6, 20,
lachimo says, " Like the Pn*, I shall flying fight/' La
Fisher's Fwmas iii. 5, Neanius says, ** Death like a Pn*
Sies and, flying, kills/* Habington, in Castam (1640),
Arber, p. 119, asks, "Shall I 'gainst the swift Pns*
fight And in their flight Receive my deaths'" In
Kyd's Cornelia iv., Caesar exclaims: "O beauteous
Tiber, with thine easy streams That glide as smoothly
as a Pn. shaft*" In Glapthorne's Argalus L i, Dema-
goras says, ** To be repulsed wounds my soul Worse
tfean a quiver of sharp Pn. shafts Could prejudice
my body/* In Antome i, 107, Antony says, " Thou
car'st tio more fee Parth nor Pn* bow/* Tbe Pns*
were represented by the Romans as implacably fierce
and ruthless* la C*esar*s Rev. ii. 5, Cato says* ** No
Pitt* Wa«kl with such cruelty thy worth repay*** In
2V^^ iii* 3^ Sejieca says, "O should the Pn, hear these
miseries, He would, his bow and native hate apart, Sit
<$own with us and lend an enemy's tear/* They were

In Marmion's Companion i. 3, Careless says, ** Coin will

PATRIA

make a man live as free as a Pn*" In May's Old Couple
ii* i, Theodore says that a virtuous and contented man
4t enjoys A greater freedom than the Pn* k/* In C«ESOT*S
Rev. i* 3, Caesar speaks of " the proud Pn*" Tofte, in
! Laura (1597) ii. 29, i, says, ** Amongst the Pns* is a
kind of ground Of nature such as, though it far doth
stand From fire, yet fire to take it straight is found ;
And flying thither burns it out of hand/*
PARTRIDGE ALLEY* Load., on the S* side of Holborn
near the N.W. corner of Lincoln's Inn Fields. It shared
the bad reputation of the dist. lying between Lincoln's
Inn Fields and Holbom as a haunt of loose women*
In Massinger's Madam v* 2, Luke says of the gentlemen
apprentices : " When we look To have our business
done at home, they are Abroad in the tennis-court, or in
P*-a*, In Lambeth Marsh, or a cheating ordinary***
PARUHAIEN (obviously a misprint). I suggest Peruvian,
or Panchaean, as possible emendations* In Barnes*
Charter iii. 2, Alexander speaks of "That seemly
nose breathing P. odours."

PASIACA (PHASIACA)* The country around the river
Phasis at the extreme E. end of the Black Sea* In Goose-
cap v*, Clarence says, ** What was spoken of the most
chaste Q. of rich P, may be said of her : Antevenit sor-
tem moribus, virtutibus annos."

1 PATAGONIA. The country in the extreme S* of S.

' America* The inhabitants were reported to be giants,

i and are really above the average height, being for the

1 most part over 6 ft* Burton, A. M+ ii. 2, 3, says, ** I

would see whether there be * * * gigantic Patagones in

Chica/*

PATAY. A vill* in France, 14 m* N.W. of Orleans* Here

Joan of Arc defeated the English troops under Sir John

Fastolffe on June i8th, 1429, and took Talbot prisoner*

Fastolffe is said to have fled without striking a blow, and

; to have been deprived of his Garter for his cowardice.

i In H6 A. iv* i, 19, Talbot tears the garter from Fas-

! tolffe*s leg and says, " This dastard at the battle of P*,

Before we met * * , did run away*" The old editions

read Poictiers, an obvious mistake*

, PATERNOSTER ROW* A narrow st* in London, run-
ning W* from the junction of Cheapside and St*
| Martin*s-le-Grand to Warwick Lane, to the N. of
! Paul's Churchyard. It was probably named from the
makers of paternosters, or beads, who lived there;
; later it was occupied by stationers and textwriters, who
; sold copies of the Paternoster, Ave, Creed, etc* In the
! 1 6th cent, it was taken possession of by the mercers,
and was the fashionable shopping st. for the ladies.
After the Gt. Fire the mercers went further Wv and
after some time the booksellers and publishers catne into
the st* Tarleton, the down, kept the Castle Ordinary
here on the site now occupied by the Oxford University
Press Warehouse* In More iiL 2> the Sheriff says,
** There was a fray in P* R*, and because they would not
be parted the st* was choked tip with carts/* In Tarl-
tm*s Jests (1611), it is told how 2 tailors " foxed p*e*
made drunk] Tarten at tiie Castle in P* R/*
PATRIA (probably PATASA is meant). A spt* of Lycia,
near the mouth of the Xanthus, abt. 60 m* due E. of
Rhodes, the scene of the play* It may have been sug-
gested to the authors by the verse {Acts xxi. i), where it
OOCIJFS in close connection with Rhodes* In B. & F*
Maid's Trag. L i, Melantius, who has just come home
to Rhodes, says to Diphilus, ** I sent for thee to exercise
thine arms With me at P* ; thou cam'st not, DipMus/*
Later on in the same scene he says, " I did receive
Letters at P* from my Ammtor/'

394

PATRICK'S (Saint) PURGATORY

PATRICK'S (SAINT) PURGATORY. A cave on an is-
land in Lough Derg in Co. Donegal, Ireland* It was a
famous place for pilgrimages in the Middle Ages, and
though it has been closed and demolished 3 times — in
1497, 1632, and 1780 — it still continues to attract great
crowds. In J. Heywood's Four PP. i., the Palmer says
he has visited ** Saynt Patrike's purgatory." In Dekker's
Fortunatus iv. 3, Andelocia throws off his disguise as an
Irish costermonger, exclaiming : ** Here end my tor-
ments in St. P. P." In Hon. Wh. B. i* i, Carolo accounts
for the fact that all chimney sweepers are Irishmen
because ** St. Patrick keeps purgatory : he makes the
fire, and his countrymen could do nothing if they cannot
sweep the chimneys/' In Middleton's Quiet Life iv. i,
Knavesby, pointing to a map of Ireland, says, *4 Here
runs the Kernesdale, admirable feed for cattle; and
hereabout is St. P. P." Burton, in -4* M. ii. 2, 3, says,
44 1 would have a convenient place to go down ... at
St. P. P* ... to descend and see what is done in the
bowels of the earth/'

PAUL, SAINT (Sr. POL). A town in Artois in N. France,
no m. N. of Paris* In Chapman's Consp. Byron v. i,
Byron boasts : " Only myself, married to Victory, Did
people Artois, Douay ... St. Paul, Bapaume, and
Courcelles, With her triumphant issue/*

PAUL'S (SAINT) (P. = Paul's, Pas.= Paules, Pos. =
Poules, Pow* = Powles). The cathedral ch. of Lond.,
situated at the E. end of Ludgate Hill and the W* of
Cheapside. The first ch. on the site was built in 610 by
Ethelbert of Kent. Drayton, in Polyolb. xi* 201, says
that he ** That mighty fane to Paul in Lond. did erect."
A new ch. was erected by Bp. Maurice in 1087, but it
was destroyed by fire in 1136* The rebuilding went on
slowly, the steeple being finished in 1221 and the whole
ch. in 1283. It was a Gothic building, chiefly in the
early English style. Its length was 596 and its breadth
104 ft. It had a central tower and spire and 2 angle
towers at the W. end. A fire in 1561 injured the ch. and
destroyed the steeple, which was never rebuilt, though
money was collected for the purpose of a complete re-
storation of the ch. In Nobody 754, Nobody promises :
** I'll build up Pas.-steple without a collection." In
Mayne's Match iii. 3, Plotwell says of Seathrift : " He
wore out more pavement with walking than would make
a row of new stone saints, and yet refused to give to
the reparation/' This was the reparation scheme in-
augurated by Laud and Charles L In Shirley's Ball iii.
3, Gudgeon asks : " Is P. alive still i " and Solomon
says, 44 Yes, yes ; a little sick of the stone, but she is now
in physic and may in time recover." In 1633 the repairs
were commenced under the direction of Inigo Jones,
but were put a stop to by the Civil War. In Shirley's
Honoria ii* i, Phantasm promises to ** Rebuild the great
cathedral of St. P. With porphyry/' In Cartwrighfs
Ordinary ii* 3, Caster promises, out of his imaginary
gains* to send ** Some 40,000 unto P." It was finally
destroyed in the Gt* Fire and rebuilt by Wren. From
the slow and unsatisfactory way in which the attempts at
restoration were carried on in the early i7th cent* came
the proverbial expression "to make P. work of any
tiling/* f.e* to make a botch of it* In Dekker's Satiro.
ii* 2, 55, Horace (Jonson) says of Crispinus (Marston)
and Fannius (Dekker) : ** They cut an Innocent Moore i*
the middle to serve him in twice ; and when he had
done, made Pos*-work of it/' The reference appears to be
to the patching up of Studey by Dekker out of Peek's
Alcazar and other -plays* It was written for the boys of
P* School, which gives more point to the joke. In Tom

PAUUS (Saint)

Tell Troath (1622), we read : ** The perpetual walkers
of P* do now despair to see their material ch* ever re-
paired*"

Paul's Walk* Also called Duke Humphrey's Walk
fe*y.), from the tomb of Sir John Beauchamp^which stood
in the middle aisle on the right-hand side approaching
the altar. He was buried there in 1358, but by some
strange freak his tomb became known as D. Hum-
phrey's. The Walk was the middle aisle, or nave, of the
ch., and from 1550 to 1650 it was used as a common
meeting-place for all kinds of people. Here lawyers met
their clients, men of fashion came to show their clothes,
citizens thronged to hear and tell the news of the day.
servants stood to be hired and posted up their qualifica-
tions on the Si Quis door, bawds looked out for victims,
pickpockets plied their trade; and a crowd of cast cap-
tains of the Bobadil type haunted the place and were
known as P. Men. Earle, in his Microcosmography xli,
(1628), speaks of it as ** the land's epitome, or you may
call it the lesser isle of Great Britain," and describes its
noise " Like that of bees, a strange humming or buzz,
mixed,of walking, tongues and feet." The whole chapter
should be read* Chapter iv. of Dekker's Hornbook is
headed : " How a Gallant should behave himself in Pow*
walkes/' which he calls "your Mediterranean He."
Spurs were not allowed to be worn there, and the choir
boys had the right to rlaiVn spttr-money from offenders*
In earlier days it was called the Parvys, an abbreviation
of Paradise, and already in the i4th cent, was a meeting-
place for men of business, especially lawyers. Chaucer's
Sergeant of the Law " often hadde been at the Parvys "
(C* T. Prol. 310)*

In H4 B* i. a, 58, Falstaff says of Bardolph : ** I
bought him in P/* In Dekker's Westward ii. 2, Bird-
lime says, ** She searched the middle aisle in P. and
pressed 3 knaves to man her." Act iv., sc* 6 of Middle-
ton's Five Gallants is laid " in the middle aisle of St. P."
In Swetnam iii. i, when a number of people eater,
Vaster says, " Our walk's turned Pos., I think." Riche,
in FauLtes Faults (1606), fol. 7, says of the State-ape :
"You shall meet him in the middle walk in Pas. at
ten of the clock and three of the clock"— where he
proceeds to talk politics* Awdeley, in Fraternity of
Vagabonds, says that the trade of the Cheatour or
Fingerer is " to walk in such places where as gentle-
men and other worshipful citizens resort, as at Pos*
or at Christes Hospital." Fleetwood, writing to Lord
Burghley, tells how he arrested in P. "22 doked
rogues that there used to keep standing." In Greene's
Thieves Falling Out (1637), Stephen says the gentleman
foyst (pickpocket) ** must walk Pas., Westminster, the
Exchange, and such common haunted places*" In Jon-
son's Ev. Man /., Bobadil is described in the list of the
characters as ** a P* Man," f*e* a frequenter of the Middle
Aisle. Act iii., sc. i of Ev. Man O* is laid in ** the middle
aisle of St. P/' Shift has come ** for the advancement of
a si quis or two," and succeeds in setting up his bills
without discovery* Clove and Orange ** come to walk a
turn or two f this scene of P*" Then Carlo enters to
** take up a man or two p.e. hire them] " for Sogliardo.
Fastidius Brisk comes in, exclaiming ; ** Come, let's
walk in Meditenaneo." Puntarvolo sees and reads
aloud Shift's two Si Quis's : one offering his services as
gentleman-usher to a lady ; the other setting forth his
qualifications as a teacher of fashionable smoking. Carlo
finds Shift, and describes him as " the most strange
piece of military profession that ever was discovered an
Insula Paulina/*' The whole scene should be read. In
Barth&l. i. r* Littlewit describes himself as ** one of the

395

PAUL'S (Saint)

pretty wits of P." In Haughton's Englishmen i. 2, An- |
thony says, " Make him answer, you three came from i
P., And in the middle walk one you espied Fit for his ;
purpose/' A teacher of French and music was what was
wanted. In Feversham ii. 2, Arden says, ** Now, Master !
Franckiin, Let us go walk in Pas/' In Barry's Ram iv. i, \
Sir Oliver advises Smallshanks, " Get thee a grey cloak j
and hat and walk in P. among thy cashiered mates/' j
In Middleton's R. G. ii. i, Dapper sends his man Gull i
to get his dinner, and says, " Meet me an hour hence
in P." In Mayne's Match iii. 3, Plotwell says, " Your
penurious father Was wont to walk his dinner out in P/*
— 4* Indeed/' says Newcut, ** they say he was a monu-
ment of P/* ; and Timothy adds : ** Yes, he was there
as constant as D. Humphrey's/* In Tbmkis* Albumazar
v. 2, Cricca, looking for Pandolfo, says he is ** neither in
P., at home, nor in the Exchange : He's lost/' In Jon-
son's Staple L i, Thomas says that the 4 cardinal quar-
ters of the city for news are " The Court, P., Exchange,
and Westminster Hall/' He then mentions "Master
Ambler [as] emissary P., a fine-paced gentleman, as you
shall see walk the middle aisle." In Haughton's English-
men iii. i, Frisco says of P. : ** D. Humphrey dwells here
and keeps open house, and a brave sort of Cammileres
[i.e. Cavaliers] dine with him every day/* Lupton, in
London Carbonadoed (1632) iii, 12, says, "The middle
lie is much frequented at noone with a company of
Hungarians, not walking so much for recreation as
neede/' Nash, in Pierce, speaks of ** the masterless men
that set up their bills in Pas. for services/' Dekker, in
Raven's Almanac (1609), speaks of extreme poverty as
** St. Paulus Plague/' and adds : " How many that walk in
the middle He of Pas. in reasonable good clothes will be
struck with this plague 1 " In Day's Law Tricks iv* 2,
Joculo tells a cock-and-bull story of a flood in Load* so
great that ** the scullers that use to work in the Thames
rowed over houses and landed their fares in the middle
He of Pas/' Middleton, in Black Book, p. 9, speaks of
those who ** with their heavy trot and iron stalk have
worn off the brass in the Middle Walk/' Hall, in Satires
ii* 5, i, asks : ** Sawrst thou ever Siquis patched on Pos.
ciu door To seek some vacant vicarage before £ Who
wants a churchman that can service say * * . Come to
the left-side alley of St. Pos." In iii* 7, 6, he says,
"Trow'st tfaoci where he dined to-day i In sooth I saw
him sit with D. Htanfray/* In v, 3, 20, he speaks of the
worshipper *4 tot rounds Pos, pillars in the ear, Or
bends has hams down in the naked quire/' Burton,
A. M* iii* 3, 4, 2, says, " He that buys a horse in Smith-
field, and hires a servant in P., as the diverb is, shall
likely have a jade to his horse, a knave for his man/'
In Penn. ParL 6, it is enacted : *4 What day soever St.
P* ch* hath not, in the middle isle of it, either a broker,
masterless man, or a pennyless companion, the usurers
of Loud, shall be sworn by oath to bestow a new steeple
upon it/* In verses prefixed to Coryat's Crudities (161 i),
Peacham mentions amongst the sights of Loud* " The
Tomb of Beatichamp/1' W. Rowley, in Search Intro.,
safs &> the reader, ** I know the walks in Pas* are stale to
ja&; yecouMtell . . * how many paces there between
tfee <|uire and the W* door/' In B. & F* Wit S. W* i. i,
Otdcraft ra?ik r?MrOTmghatrt ** a D* Humphrey spark,
He had rather lose his dinner than his jest/'

There was a fine tomb of Lord Chancellor Christo-
pfcer Hatton, of dancing feme, between the choir and
t&e SI aisk : it was very conspicuous, and altogether
dwarfed the adjacent tombs of Sir Philip Sidney and
Scr Francis Wais^EighanL. A contemporary epigram
runs : ** Philip and Francis have no tomb, Great

396

PAUL'S (Saint)

Christopher takes all the room/' Corbett says, ** Nor
need the Chancellor boast, whose pyramis Above the
Host and Altar raised is/* In Jonson's Ev* Man Q. iii. 3,
Macilente asks : " How long should I be, ere I should
put off [f*e. take off my hat] to the Lord Chancellor's
tomb < *' Dekker, in Hornbook iv., advises the visitor to
St. P*, *4 Your next worthy work is to repair to my Lord
Chancellor's tomb ; and, if you can but reasonably
spell, bestow some time upon the reading of Sir Philip
Sydney's brief epitaph ; in the compass of an hour, you
may make shift to stumble it out/'

There was a clock, the hours being struck by a pair of
Jacks. In Dekker's Hornbook iv., he says, ** If Pow*
Jacks be once up with their elbows and quarrelling to
strike 1 1, as soon as ever the dock has parted them, let
not the p/s gallery contain you any longer/' Later,
the Gull is advised to look at the great Dial : " observe
the sauciness of the Jacks that are above the man in
the moon there ; the strangeness of the motion will
quit your labour/' Middleton, in Hubburd, p, 54, says,
44 what is mirth in me is as harmless as the quarter Jacks
in P* that are up with their elbows 4 times an hour "
and yet never strike anybody. There were beautiful
rose-windows in the transepts and Lady Chapel, and
they gave their name to a sort of open leather-work used
for ornamenting shoes. Chaucer, in C* T. A. 3318,
tells how Absolon has w Pow. wyndpw corven on his
shoon/* The organ was built by William Beton. It was
destroyed in the Gt. Fire* The present organ was built
by Willis in 1874 to replace Father Smith's instrument,
erected in 1697. In T. Heywood's Royal King L i, the
Welshman says, '* It was told us in Wales that you have
a great pigge organ in P., and pigger by a great deal than
our organ at Rixam [Wrexham]/' Paul Hentzner says
that P. possessed a *4 very fine organ which at evening
prayer, accompanied with other instruments, is delight-
ful." In Jonson's Ev- Man O. iii. 3, Macilente declares
that he will not take off his hat to Lord Chancellor
Hatton's tomb in St. P., any more than he will ** com-
mend the chapel organ for the gilt without/' Dekker, in
Hornbook iii., speaks of the first lesson in St. P. being
" read in a voice as big as one of the great organs/* A
halfpenny seems to have been charged for a seat in the
church. In Nash's Summers, 342, Will says, "Hur
come to Powl, as the Welshman says, and hur pay an
halfpenny for hur seat, and hur hear the preacher
talge/'

There were numerous chapels connected with the old
cathedral. At the E. end was the Lady Chapel, with
chapels to St. George and St* Dunstan to the N. and S*
of it respectively. In the crypt was the ch. of St. Faith ;
at the S.W. corner the ch. of St. Gregory. On the N.
side was a charnel-house with a chapel over it called
Pardon Ch. In these chapels various chantries were
established — 35 in all — giving employment to 54 priests*
Under the dicer was the Jesus Chapel ; on the N. side
of St. P* School tiie*e was a stone belfry with 4 large
bells belonging to Jesus Chapel, and known as Jesus*
Bells. Fuller, Holy State v. 14, says, "Sir Miles
Partridge . * „ played at dice for Jesus's bells with K.
Henry VIII and won them of him."

The old ch. had a tower at the crossing surmounted
by a wooden spire, covered with lead, and crowned
by a weathercock in the shape of a golden eagle. The
tower was 285 ft. and the spire 208 & Mgh : something
like loo ft. higher than the top of the present dome.
It was completed in 1221 : the steeple was burnt down
in 1561, and never restored. Visitors were allowed to
ascend the tower on payment of a penny, and many tried

PAUL'S (Saint)

to immortalize themselves by carving their names on the ]
leads. At the coronation procession of Q* Mary a Dutch-
man, called Peter, stood on the weathercock and waved
flags. In Rychardes* Misogonus iiL 2, Cacurgus says,
"That old lizard has no more wit than the weathercock of
Pas/* Skelton, in Colin Clout 336, speaks of a man saying
in mock that "a butterfly were the weathercock of the
steeple of Pos*" In Respublica iv. 3, People says, ** That
lie ere this is flown as far hence as Poule steeple/' In
Phillip's Gnssill 51, Politick Persuasion fell put of the
clouds and says, ** The weathercock of Pas. aided me in
my flight/' In Treasure A. 4, Inclination says, " I can
remember when Noe's ship was made ; the same year
the weathercock of Pas. caught the pip/' In Day's B*
Beggar ii., Stroud says, " I know no more how to please
him that I know how to build up Pas* steeple/' In
Chaunticleers i., Bristle says, " Like the cripple, I'd run
up P* steeple/' In Roister ii. 4, Trupenny says, " I
looked as far beyond the people As one may see out of
the top of Pas* steeple." In Shirley's Riches iii., Get-
tings, the Lond, merchant, swears ** By our thrice-burnt
famous steeple That doth overlook the people*" The
steeple was burnt down in 1136, 1444, and finally in
1561* In Lodge's Wounds of Civil War v. i, Curtail ex-
claims : ** O base mind that being in the P. steeple of
honour hast cast thyself into the sink of simplicity/*
Peacham, in Worth of a Penny (1641), says, " For a
penny you may be advanced to that height that you shall
be above the best in the city : that is, to the top of Pas."
Dekker, in Hornbook iv., advises the Gull to pay tribute
** to the top of Pow. steeple with a single penny," but he
bids him be careful how he looks down, *4 for the rails
are as rotten as your great-grandfather." Before he
comes down he must talk about the horse that went up,
and carve his name on the leads : ** indeed, the top of
Pow, contains more names than Stowes Chronicle." In
Dekker's Satiro. iv, 3, 198, Sir Vaughan says, " Your
Muse leans upon nothing but filthy rotten rails, such as
stand on Pos* head." In Jonson's Execration on Vulcan
Underwoods Ixi., he says, ** Pox on your flameship ! if it
be To all as fatal as ... to P. steeple * * * which re-
mains yet unrepaired." In Dekker's Satiro. iv. 3, 186,
Tucca says that his sword is " as. blunt as the top of
Pos.," Le. after the steeple had been burnt and only the
tower was left. In Jonson's Devil i* i, Iniquity says, ** I
will fetch thee a leap from the top of P* steeple to the
Standard in Cheap/' In Epicoene ii* i, Truewit marvels
that Morose does not commit suicide *4 with such a
delicate steeple in the town as Bow to vault from ; or a
braver height, as P/* In Dekker's Shoemaker's iy* 5,
Firk says, ** Am I sure that P* steeple is a handful higher
than Lond* Stone i *' In the Book of Riddels (157), we
have : " What is that, round as a ball, longer than P*
steeple, weathercock and all 4 " The answer is : 4* It
is a round bottom of thread when it is unwound*" The
riddle must be earlier than 1561* In T* Heywood's
Hogsdm v* i, Chartley says, " This 7 years I have not
seen P* steeple or Cheap Cross/* In Middleton's
Chaste Maid L i, Moll is said to be " heir to some 19
mtns*, all as high as P." In Abingdon iv* 3, Nicholas
says, ** I'll take no wrong, if he looked as high as P*
steeple/* In Tomkis* Albumazar iii* 5, Trincalo boasts :
** I could descend from the top of P, to the bottom And
on each step strew parting compliments/* In iii, 9,
Trincalo, when exhorted to drop from a window, pro-
tests : " 'Tis as high as St* P/* In B. & F* Wit Money
ii. 4, Lance suggests as an attractive news item 4* Whirl-
winds that shall take off the top of Grantham steeple,
and clap it on P/' In Dekker's Dead Term (1608), P*

PAUL'S (Saint)

Steeple says, " The mariner called me his seamark, for to
him I stood as a watchtower to guide him safely to our
English shore." In Brome's Sparagas ii. 2, Rebecca
longs ** to be on the top of P* Steeple when it is new
built, but that must not be yet ; nor am I so unreason-
able that I can stay the time*" The date is 1635, when
projects for restoration had been for a couple of years
in the air, but had come to nothing. Banks' dancing
horse Morocco is said to have climbed to the top of the
tower in 1601. In Ovoles Almanack (1618), we find :
** Since the Dancing Horse stood on the top of Pow*
whilst a number of asses stood braying below, 17 years*"
The horse and his trainer were ultimately burned alive
in Rome for witchcraft. In Dekker's Northward iv* I,
the Capt* asks : " Could the little horse that ambled on
the top of P* carry all the people < " In Middleton's
Black Book, the Devil asks : " May not the devil walk
in P. as well as the horse go a-top of P, 1 " In Dekker's
Satiro. i* 2, 157, Horace says, ** I have heard of the
horses walking a' the top of Pas/' W. Rowley, in Search
Intro*, calls this w the transforming of the top of Pas*
into a stable*" Dekker, in Wonderful Year (1603), says,
44 He that dares to be a man in print must make account
that he shall stand like the old weather-cock over Pow*
steeple to be beaten with all storms." In his Seven Sins,
he says that Sloth is young ; ** he was not in the shell
when Pas.-steeple and the weathercock were on fire,"
In his Dead Term (1608), in the complaint of Pas. Steeple,
he gives the whole history of it from its first building
to the fire which destroyed it in 1561. In his Westward
ii* i, Honeysuckle asks : *4 What news flutters abroad i
do Jackdaws dung the top of P* steeple still i " To
which Justmianp replies : ** The more is the pity, if any
daws do come into the temple, as I fear they do." In
W* Rowley's Match. Mid. i. 2, Randall, attacked by
highwaymen at Coombe Park, cries : '* If they take
Randalls, then Randalls shall see Pauls steeples no
more/' In Cuckqueans i. 2, Shift says, "P. steeple
stands in the place it did before/* The supposed date is
1588. In Deloney's Reading vi., the clothiers' wives,
visiting Lond.. ** came to St. P. Ch*, whose steeple was so
high that it seemed to pierce the clouds, on the top
•whereof was a great and mighty weathercock, of clean
silver * * . which was afterwards stolen away by a cun-
ning cripple." With the proceeds of this theft " he
builded . . . Criplegate/' The supposed date is the
reign of Henry I* Sir John Davies, in In Gerontem 13,
represents an old man dating events from the " burning
of P. steeple*" Dekker, in Hornbook iii., says that the
ears ** have crooked windings like those that lead to the
top of Pow* steeple*"

St. Paul's Crass* A pulpit cross of wood, on a stme
foundation and roofed with lead, from which sermons
were delivered. It stood on the N. side of the ch*, near
the H. end. The exact site was discovered in digging up
the churchyard some years ago, and marked by a pave-
ment* A cross has now been erected near the old site.
In Piers C. xii. 56 and xvi* 70 are references to preaching
" at Seint Paules " : doubtless from the Crass, In Skel-
ton's Colin Clout 1175, the Prelates complain : ** At P.
Cross or elsewhere they set not by us a whittle/' In John
Evangel. 352, Eugenio says to John, ** Methink I have
heard you preach or this at Pas* Cross/* In WapulTs
Tameth F.I, Greediness says, ** Towards Pow* Crosse
from hence I do go/' Courage asks him : " To Pow*
Crosse, what there will you do i Do you the preacher's
words so well like < " But Greediness explains that he is
^oing there to find his debtors. In Yarrington's TT&O Trag *
iv* 5, Merry says, " I met Williams coming home from

397

PAUL'S CHAIN

Pow. Crosse where he had been to hear a sermon," In
Massinger's Madam iii. i, Shave'em threatens to have
Ramble arrested ** for the purse you cut In P* at a ser-
mon." In True Trag., p. 84, the Page says, " Dr.
Shaw hath pleased my lord that preached at Pas* Crosse
yesterday, that proved the 2 princes to be bastards."
Ascham, in Scolemaster (1570), says, ** 10 sermons at P.
Cross do not so much good as one of those books dp
harm." In Mayne's Match i. 3, Warehouse tells his
nephew that he means him to be a city father " to sit
at sermon in his chain and scarlet * . . and be remem-
bered at the Cross." In T. Heywood's Ed. IV B« 143,
Shaw says to Lovell, " Be but at P. Cross on Sunday
next ; I hope I have it here shall soundly prove K.
Edward's children not legitimate/' In his /. K. M* B. y.,
the Q., after the victory over the Armada, says, ** Give
commandment to the Dean of P. He not forget in his
next learned sermon To celebrate this conquest at P*
Cross/' Earle, in Microcosmography xliii*, says of the
bold, forward man : '* He never defers St* Mary's [z\e.
his sermon in the University chj beyond his regency;
and his next sermon is at P. Cross, and that printed/*
In Middleton's Black Bookr p. 41, the Devil says of the
Cutpttrse : 44 You shall, not stick to give a shave of your
office at Pauls-Cross in the sermon-time." Burton,
A* M. Intro., says, ** Had I been as forward as some
others, I might have haply printed a sermon at P*
Cross/* St. Faith's Ch. was in the crypt at the E, end,
just S* of the Cross. In Dekker's Shoemakers iv. 5,
Firk swears ** by my Faith's Ch. under P. Cross/' An
official was employed to visit the church and drive out
the dogs. Nash, in Pierce (1592), says, '* It were verie
good the dog-whipper in Pas. would have a care of
this in his unsaverie visitation everie Saterday."

There were a few lamps round the ch., which were
lighted at nightfall: they were the only attempt at
street-lighting in Lond. at this time. Hall, in Satires iv*
2, advises Lotto's son : ** Gin not thy gait * * . until
the lamps of Pauls been light."

As is obvious from Vischer's View of Lond. (1616),
St. P., even after the destruction of its lofty spire, was
'die most conspicuous object in the city, and its bulk
made it a common symbol of size and immobility* In
H*A,ii.4,575,thePrincesaysofFalstaff: "Thisoily
rascal is known as well as P." In H8 v. 4, 17, the
Porter's man says of the crowd : " We may as well push
against Powfe's as stir 'em." In Jonson's Ev. Man O* i.
i, Sordido, the regrater of grain, says that until he has
no place to hide it in, " each corn I send [to market]
shall be as big as P.," i.e. he will send none at all. In
Tomkis' Albumazar i. 3, Ronca shows a perspective with
which he can read a page of a minute edition of the
Iliad ** 12 long m* off as plainly as you see P. from High-
gate." In B. & F* Wit 5. W. iv. i, Pompey says, " I ha'
got a stomach 6 times and lost it again, as often as a
traveller from Chelsea shall lose the sight of P. and get
it again.** In Haughton's Englishmen iii. i, Frisco says,
M My master would say, Would I had P. full of gold ;
my young mistress would wish she had P. full of needles*
I once asked my master half a yard of frieze to make me
a coat, and he cried it was big enough to make P. a night-
gown.

General Affasicms* In J. Heywood's John, Tyb and Sir
J®im 71, Jolm says* ** Thou wast praying in the charch
of Pos/f In Mankind 98, Bodily Lust, who lias been
knocking at Margery's door, says, " A man might have
heani the nc^ from Pc«, to the farthest end of C^eap/r
In 7^^ I^ifisF.2,Di%eace testifies that "Simony was
seen this day walking in P. having conference with some

PAUL'S CHURCHYARD

of the clergy." In Nobody 1 137, Nobody says, ** Coming
through Pos., there Nobody kneeled down To say his
prayers." After the banquet on Lord Mayor's Day it
was customary for the Corporation to attend a sermon
at St. P. In Shirley's Riches i., Clod says, ** You march
[on Lord Mayor's Day] to the Guildhall, where you look
upon the Saracen giants, and feed like Saracens, till you
have no stomach to P. in the afternoon." Proclamations
were often read at St. P., either in the cathedral or at the
Cross* In J?j iii. 6, 3, the Scrivener has engrossed the
indictment of Hastings ** that it may this day be read
o'er in P." In Jonson's Alchemist i* i, Face says to
Subtle, ** I will write thee up bawd in P." Apparently
there was some festival at St.P/s on St. George's Day;
; at which the knights, dressed in blue coats, kept order
| in the crowd. In Barry's Rom iv. p. 314, Face says,
I "I will be knight, Wear a blue coat on great St*
! George's day, And with my fellows drive you all from
I P/s For this attempt." The children of P., i.e. the
i choir-boys, used to act plays behind the Convocar
| tion House; amongst others were Histriomastix (1599),
! to which allusion is made in Jack Drum v. 192,
j where Sir Edward says, " I saw the children of
Pow. last night, And troth they pleased me pretty,
pretty well/' Lyly's Campaspe, Sapho, and Love's Meta.
were written for them and the children of the Chapel
Royal. In R$ i. 2, 30, Anne says to the bearers of the
body of Henry VI, " Come, now, towards Chertsey
with yottr holy load Taken from P., to be interred
there." Henry's body lay in state in St. P* An un-
savoury exploit of a certain Spaniard in the cathedral is
often alluded to. In Webster's Wyat, p. 45, Brett says,
" There came but one Dondego into England, and he
made all P. stink again." In T. Heywood's Maid of
West iv* 4, Clem addresses the Spaniards : 4* Now, you
Don Diegos, you that made P. to stink," In Middleton's
Blurt iv. 2, Blurt says, " If you be kin to Don Diego that
was smelt out in P., you pack." In Ford's Warbeck L 3,
** Worseley, the Dean of P.," is mentioned as one of the
supporters of Perkin Warbeck.

PAUL'S CHAIN. A lane running S. from the S. side of
St. P* Churchyard, Lond., to Carter Lane. A chain used
to be stretched across the carriage way at this point dur-
ing divine service to prevent the disturbance from pass-
ing vehicles. In Middleton's Triumphs of Truth, the
Angel and Zeal conduct the Lord Mayor ** to P. C."
Cocker, the arithmetician, lived " on the S. side of St*
P. Ch., over against P. C." Middleton, in Black Book,
p. 39, tells of the gaolers taking the prisoners a walk
** between P. Ch. and Ludgate/' In verses prefixed to
Coryat's Crudities (1611), Vadianus says that on Coryat's
return " P. C. for joy did stretch and yawn."

PAUL'S CHURCHYARD. The area surrounding St*
P. Ch., Loud., the side towards the S. being called the
Bow and the N. side the String. It was enclosed by a
precinct wall, and had 6 gates, viz. one leading from
Ledgate Hill ; the next to Paternoster Row ; the 3rd,
in Canon Alley, to the N. Door ; the 4th the little gate
mto Cheapside ; the 5th, or Austin Gate, to Watling
St. ; and the 6th to P. Chain. It was, and is,surrounded
by shops, which in Elizabethan times were mostly
in the occupation of booksellers, though trunk-makers
were also found there. The Bishop's Palace stood at the
N.W* corner and the Chapter-house on the S. side.
After the Gt. Fire the booksellers mostly migrated to the
neighbouring Paternoster Row. On the N. side of the
ch. yard was the Mitre Inn, a noted coaching inn, after-
wards known as the Swan and Lyre, and then, by a

398

PAUL'S (St.) PLAYHOUSE

curious perversion, as The Goose and Gridiron* It is
probably to this inn that Dekker refers in Northward iv.
i, where Mayberry says, " Wife, on with your riding
suit and cry Northward Hoe I as the boy at P. says*"
In J. Heywood's Four PP*, p. 20, the Pedler says,
44 If each man's tale In Paule's c* were set on sale," they
would have to be sold by weight. In Ret. Pernass. L 2,
Judicio speaks of " the paper ware in Paules C*" In iii*
3, the Page says, ** This great linguist, my master, will
march through Paule's c* ; come to a bookbinder's shop,
and ask for these books in Spanish and Italian*" In
B* & R. Wit Money iii* 4, Valentine says, 44 Who looked
on you but Prentices in P* c* that scented your want of
Breton's books 4" La the same play (ii* 3), Isabella asks,
** Where lies this learning, Sir i " and Shorthose an-
swers : ** In P* C*, for sooth," Le. in the booksellers*
shops. In Brome's Covent G* ii. i, Crosswill says,
44 Take up these books, sirrah, and carry them presently
into P. c*, d'ye see, and change them all for Histories*"
In T. Heywood's jp* M. Exch. 47, the Cripple says of a
certain poet : ** His library was just nothing But rolls
and scrolls and bundles of cast wit Such as durst never
visit P* C/' Nash, in Pierce L a, says, 4* Who can abide
a scurvy peddling poet to pluck a man by the sleeve at
every 3rd step in Paules C., and when he comes in to
survey his wares, there's nothing but "purgations and
vomits wrapped up in waste paper 4 " Dekker, in pre-
face to Satiro., says, "Neither should this ghost of
Tucca have walked up and down Pottles C*, but that
he was raised up (in print) by new exorcisms." In
Strange Horse Race (1613) preface, he says, 44 He is tied
to a stake, like a bear to be baited, that comes into Paules
C. to be read." In Jonson's Staple i. 5, Cymbal de-
scribes a decayed Stationer as " True P* bred F the C."
The author of Zepheria (1594) xxxvi. 14, says to his lady,
44 This penance I award Clad in white sheet, thou stand
in P. c./' Le+ as the subject of his poems* In Pilg.
Pernass. ii. i, Madido says, ** Ere long not a post in
P* C* but shall be acquainted with our writings*" In
Dekker's Hornbook iv*, he says, ** John in Powles c.
shall fit his head for an excellent block/' Pre-
sumably John was a fashionable hatter* Middleton, in
Hubburdp p. 53, swears 44 by John of Pauls c*" The C.
was used for executions : 4 of the Gunpowder Plot con-
spirators suffered there* From T* Heywood's /* K. M*
B* 269, we learn that Dean Nowel lived ** in Powles C*"
Taylor, in Works i* 61, speaks of " trunk-makers in
Pauls C,"

PAUL'S (ST.) PLAYHOUSE* A private playhouse in the
choir singing-school of St* P*'s, Lond*, established by
Sebastian Westcott, the master of the boys, about 1575 :
it was suppressed for some years after 1590, but was not
finally closed until 1608. The price of admission was 4d*,
twice the regular fee* In Cuckqueans i* 2, Shift says that
44 P* steeple stands in the place it did before, and you
may see a play for 2d*" The supposed date is 1588*
But in a marginal note to Lyly's Pappe with an Hatchet
(1589), it is stated that if a tragedy 44 be showed at P.,
it will cost you 4d*, at the Theatre ad*" In Ind* to What
Yon Witt, acted at P* in 1600, the speaker says, " Let's
place ourselves within the curtains, for, good faith, the
stage is so very little, we shall wrong the general eye else
very much." Nash, in Saffron Walden> says that he de-
sires to have " tlie plays at P* up again*" This was
during their temporary suppression after 1590 : there
is proof that the boys were acting again in 1600, for in
Marston's Jack Drum, Sir Edward says, in v. 102* 44 1
saw the cmldren of Powles last night And troth they
pleased me pretty, pretty well t The apes in time will do

PAVIA

it handsomely*" Planet praises the quality of the
audience, but Brabant criticizes the plays they are pro-
ducing as ** musty fopperies of antiquity/'

PAUL'S (ST*) SCHOOL* A school founded by John
Colet in 1512, on the E. side of the Churchyard of St*
P*, Lond* It was intended for the education of 153 poor
children, and its first master was Lilly, the grammarian*
The building was destroyed in the Gt. Fire and rebuilt
immediately ; a more modern building was erected in
1823, and in 1880 the school was removed to W*
Kensington and the buildings pulled down to make
room for warehouses* The boys were nicknamed P.
Pigeons* In Underwit ii. 2, Thomas says, ** That I took
upon the Stationer's word, who had been a pretty
scholar at P." Laneham, in his Letter (1575), says, ** I
i went to school forsooth both at Pollez and also at St.
Antoniez*" In Middleton's Chaste Maid iii. 2, Maudlin
says to Tim, 44 I'll make your tutor whip you ; You
know how I served you once at the free-school In P,
churchyard." The boys performed plays from time to
time : amongst others, the Menxchmi of Plautus in 1527
and Phormio in 1528* A performance of a Latin tragedy
on Dido, written by the headmaster, John Rightwise, is
recorded for 1532*

PAUL'S (SAINT), COVENT GARDEN* A ch*oa the W*
side of Covent Garden, Lond., built from the designs
of Inigo Jones. It was begun in 1631 and consecrated
in 1638. The portico is seen m Hogarth's Morning, It
was burnt down in 1795 and rebuilt on the original
plans* In Brome's Covent G. i. i, Crosswill says to his
Puritanical son Gabriel, " Come, Sir, what do you gape
and shake the head at there i I'll lay my life he has spied
the little cross upon the new Ch* yond, and is at defiance
with it*" Later on in the scene, Nicholas expresses the
hope that the builder RookesbiU " will be the first to lay
his bones in the new ch/f

PAUL, SAINT, MONASTERY OF* A monastery in
Madrid. In Noble Soldier iv» i, Medina says, ** The
child shall forthwith be conveyed To the monastery of
St* Paul."

PAUL'S WHARF. A landing-place on the Thames, at
the end of P. W* Hill, where St* P. Pier is now. In the
True Account of the Treasons of Frances Throckmorton
(1584), it is said that he was arrested '* at his house by
Poules Wharf." In Middleton's Chaste Maid iv. 3,
Touchwood says, " I'll Take water at P* W* and over-
take you."

PAUSILIPO, POSELIPO* A mtn. on the N.W* of
Naples. A tunnel is cut through it 70 ft* high, 21 wide,
and 2244 long* The road to Possuoli runs through it,
and above its E. archway is the reputed tomb of Vergil.
It is said to have been constructed in the reign of
Tiberius, but m the Middle Ages it was supposed to
have been magically fashkmed by Vergil* Davenant, in
Spolia Sctfmadda, has in his scene ** a rock cut through
by art as the P. near Naples/' A lost play of Massinger*s
was entitled The Fair Anchoress of Paa^Uppo (1640), In
Marlowe's Faastus vit* 13, Faust tells that at Naples
" There saw we learned Maro's golden tomb, The way
he cut, an English mile in length, Thorough a rock of
stone, in one night's space/'

PAVIA (the ancient TIOHUM)* A city in N. Italy on the
left bank of the Ticinp, 2 m* above its junction with the
Po, 22 m. S* of Milan. The Basilica Reale of San
Michele was the place of coronation for the Lombard
Kings. In the cathedral of San Stefano are the tombs
of St* Augustine and Boethius, and the knee of Roland

399

PAWN

is suspended from the roof* The palace of the Visconti
dates from 1360* The university was constituted in
1361, It was taken by the Lombards in 573 and became
the capital of their kingdom, and after its capture by
Charlemagne in 774. it continued to be the capital of the
Caroling Kings in Italy* In 1360 it came into the hands
of the Visconti, and henceforward was part of the
Duchy of Milan. In 1535 it successfully defied Francis I
of France, and he was taken prisoner and " lost all but
honour " ; but it was, 2 years later, sacked by the French
under Lautrec. It suffered much in the wars of the i8th
cent*, and was finally, with the rest of Lombardy, in-
corporated with the Sardinian kingdom in 1859. The
scene of Wilson's Smsser is laid in P* during the Lom-
bard rule in the 7th cent. In Davenant's Alboviner
which is laid in the early Lombard period (iv. i), Herma-
gild says, ** The Q* expects You will return from P."
Massinger's Milan (Act iii) is laid in part in the im-
perial camp near P. In Chapman's Chabot ii. 3, 185,
K. Francis I says to the Chancellor, ** I send for you
about a service Of equal price to me, as if again My
ransom came to me from Pn* thraldom." The date is
1540. The scenes of Marston's Insatiate and Ford's
Sacrifice are laid at P* during the early i6th cent*
PAWN (from the Dutch PAND)* A covered walk, or ar-
cade, in which articles were exposed for sale : applied
specifically to a part of the Royal Exchange in Lond*
Drayton, in Heroic Epp* xyii. 95, says, " Walk into the
Pawne To buy thee cambric, calico, or lawn/* In Dek-
ker*s Westward ii. i, Justiniano says to Judith, ** You
must to the Pawn to buy lawn/' In Tw Merry when
Gossips Meet (1609), the Wife says, " In truth, kind cos,
my coming's from the Pawn, But I protest I lost my
labour there. A gentleman promised to give me lawn
And did not meet me, which he well shall hear/' In
verses prefixed to Coryat's Crudities (1611), Glareanus
Vadianus says, ** Gald-breech Fame rode post bare-
ridge To spread the news on Antwerpe Pawne/'

PEACOCK. A tavern in Lond. on the W. side of Alders-
gate St., near the end of Long Lane. In Shirley's
Wedding ii* i, Cardona says to Isaac, " When thou art
at the Peacock, remember to call for the sprig*"

PEAK, THE. A dist* of rugged mtns* and deep valleys in
N.W* Derbyshire, forming part of the Pennine Range*
The highest point is about 2000 ft* above sea-level.
There are many remarkable caverns and other natural
curiosities : in Cotton's Wonders of the Peake (1683), 7 of
these are enumerated, viz* Pool's Hole, St* Aiine's Well
at the Buxtons ; Weeding Well, or Tydes-Well ; Elden
Hole ; Mamtor ; Peake's Arse, or the Devil's Arse ;
and Chatsworth* In Drayton's Dowsabell, he describes
the lady as ** white as snow on Peakish hull/' In Under-
wit iii. 3, the Capt* says* ** My mother came of the Over-
muches by the P." In Jonson's Devil L 2, Pug says he
comes 4* of Derbyshire about the P.," and admits that
the hole called Devil's Arse belonged to his ancestors*
In his Gipsies, Jack sings : ** From the famous P. of
Derby And the Devil's Arse there hard by, There the
^Egyptians throng in clusters*" Later, the Patrico, or
Gipsy chief, calls himself ** a Devil's Arse-a-Pekian/'
Draytoo, in Idea (1594) xxxii* 7, says, ** The P. [vaunts]
feter Dove, whose banks so fertile be/' In his Odes (1606),
flie Ttfc is ** written in the P*/' and he speaks of being in
** the utmost P* * . * Amongst the mountains bleak, Ex-
posed to sleet and rain/' HaH, in Satires y* i, 66, speaks
of " A starved tenement * * * such as shiver on a Peake
hill-side/* Recon, m Jewel of Joy (1560), p. 430, says
that the P. "is a marveMaits and a batten omatry,

PELION

* * . that neither hath learning nor yet no spark of
godliness/'

PECKHAM* A vill. in Surrey abt* 3 m. S. of St. Paul's,
Lond. : now one of the suburbs of the metropolis. In
Prodigal ii. 4, Lancelot finds that Flowerdale's uncle is
" of great demesnes and wealth at P."

PEGASUS* The sign of a tavern in Cheapside, Lond. In
J?e£* Pernass. i. 3, Ingenioso says, " Meet me an hour
hence at the sign of the P. in Cfaeapside." Randolph, in
Jealous Lover, speaks of "a pottle of elixir at the
P/' Shakespeare, in Shrew iv, 4, 5, makes the Pedant
speak of having lodged " in Genoa at the P/'

PEKIN, or PEKING. SeePAQUiN*

PELAGIA, PELAGUS. An oak-grove in S,E. Arcadia
between Mantinea and Tegea. The nymph Calisto was
an Arcadian* In T* Heywood's Dialogues 5395, Juno
says, " Thebes afforded an Alcmena and a wanton
Semele ; P. a Callisto." According to tradition, the
name of Arcadia was originally P. In T* Heywood's
Gold. Age ii*, Jupiter says to Calisto, " Live Pelasge's
Q." ; and in Act iii* he says, " Arenas, we make thee
of P* king, As the son of fair Calisto* Let that clime
Henceforth be called Arcadia/'

PELHAM'S MOUNT* A hill close to Leith in Edin-
burghshire* In Sampson's Vow I 3, 49* Grey says,
" Pelham from P* Mt. plays on the town," £.e. Leith*
In iv* i, 15* Clifton says, " Howard with his launcetieres
quarters 'Twixt Mt* Pelham and the sea by west/'

PELICAN. A sign in Lombard St, Load. The Pelican
Life Insurance Co. may be found still at No. 70, next to
Change Alley* In T* Heywood's Ed. IV A. 64, the K.
says, ** Here's Lombard St. and here's the P/' There
was a P. Tavern at Oxford. In Cuckqueans iv* 8, Claribel
reminds Floradin of " our last breakfast we made in
Oxford at the Pellican."

PELION. Mtn. in Thessaly near the coast of the JEgean,
N. of the Pagasaean Gulf, It is connected with Mt. Ossa
by a low ridge, and its flat top contrasts with the conical
peak of the other mtn., so as to suggest the possibility
of placing Ossa upon it, as the Giants were said to have
done in order to scale Olympus, when they were at war
with the gods. It was said to have been the home of the
centaur Cheiron, the instructor of Achilles, and his
cavern may still be seen between the 2 summits of the
mtn. The mtn. is richly clothed with timber, and the
Argo was said to have been built with wood cut
from it* Here Acastus left Peleus to be devoured by
the beasts, but he was rescued by Cheiron and married
Thetis. According to one account, after the battle of the
gods with the giants one of the latter was buried be-
neathP. In M* W, W. ii* i, 82, Mrs* Page says, ** I had
rather be a giantess and lie under Mt. P/* than marry
Falstaff* In Horn, v* i, 276, Laertes cries, ** Pile your
dust upon the quick and dead Till of this flat a mtn. you
have made To o'ertop old P/' In Chapman's Bussy iv*
i, Tamyra says, *' Innocence rescued Peleus From all
tfae savage beasts in P./* and in v* i, Montsurry says,
w Men are not stayed Till they embrace within their
wife's two breasts All P. and Cythaeron with their
beasts*"

In T* Heywood's Traveller iv* 3, Geraldine, finding
Delavil with Wincott's wife, exclaims, ** To suppress
Your souls yet lower, without hope to rise, Heap Ossa
upon P/' In Kyd's Solimm i, Basilisco says, " Wouldst
thou have me a Titan to bear tip P. or Ossa * " In Vol.
Welsh, ii* 2, the Bardh says, " Gederus Fights like those
giants that to cope with Jove Hurled Ossa upon P/' In

400

PELLA

Wilson's Swisser iii. i, Asprandus says, " Set P* upon
Ossa and there place him, The justness of our cause
would fetch him down/* In B. & F. Philaster v* 3,
Philaster says, ** No monument, Though high and big
as P., shall be able To cover this base murder/' The
author of Zepheria (1594) xxxvi, 8 says, " This is to
heap Ossa on P."

PELLA* A city of ancient Macedonia, W* of the Axius,
abt. ism. from the coast. It occupied a strong position
and its citadel was almost impregnable* It was made the
capital by Philip, the father of Alexander the Great* It
is now uninhabited. In Fisher's Fuimus L 2, Caesar,
speaking of Alexander, says, ** Once the Pellean D* did
eastward march." Milton, P* J& ii* 196, calls Alexander
4t that Peliean conqueror."

PELOPONNESUS. The peninsula in S. Greece, now
called THE MOREA* In AnU iii. 10, 31, after the battle of
Actium, Canidius says of Antony and Cleopatra: " To-
ward P. are they fled."

PELORUS (now CAPO DI FARO). The cape at the extreme
NJE. point of Sicily. In T* Heywood's S* Age iii.,
Pluto, giving directions for the burial of Typhon under
Sicily, says, " On his right hand the mt» P. hurl."
Milton, P. L. i. 232, compares the surface of HeU to the
appearance presented ** when the force Of subterranean
wind transports a hill Torn from P., or the shattered
side Of thundering -SStna." In Marston's Ant. Rev.
iv. 3, Pandulpho says, "We'll sit as heavy on Piero's
heart, As -flStna doth on groaning P."

PELUSIUM. A city and fortress of ancient Egypt, on the
easternmost mouth of the Nile, now silted up. Its ruins
are at the modern Tineh. As the frontier for tress it was
repeatedly attacked by invaders from Asia, and famous
battles were fought in its neighbourhood— by Cambyses
in 525 B.C., by the Persians in 309 B.C., by Antiochus
Epiphanes in 173 B.C., and by Mark Antony in 55 B.C.
It was under the walls of P. that the army of Senna-
cherib was stricken by plague 701 B.C. After the battle
of Actium, Octavian went at once to P. and was ad-
mitted within its walls* In Brandon's Qctavia 2221,
Byllius says of Octavian, after Actium : ** Unto P. hastily
he speeds." In Antonie L 21, Antony charges Cleopatra
with having " Yielded P. on this countries shore," sc. to
Octavian. In B* & F* Mad Lover v* 4, Memnon says,
** Sing me the battle of P, In which this worthy
[Chilax] died*" The whole play is unhistorical, includ-
ing this supposed battle.

PEMBROKE. The county town of Pembrokesh., the
most W. county of S, Wales, It stands OB the S. side of
Milford Haven. The castle, with its fine round keep, is
on a ridge surrounded on 3 sides by water, and is one
of the most interesting ruins in Wales* It was built by
Arnulph de Montgomery in 1094. Here Henry VII was
born in 1456, his uncle Jasper Tudor being then Earl of
P* When he returned to England in 1485 he landed in
Milford Haven and marched thence to Bosworth. In
R3 iv* 5, 7, Urswick informs I>erby that Richmond is
44 At P, or at Harford-west in Wales/' The Earl of P.
in \K. /. was William Marshall, who became Earl through
his marriage with Isabel de Clare, daughter of Richard
Strongbow, the previous EarL He is wrongly repre-
sented in the play as having gone over to the side of the
Dauphin when he invaded England. His son William,
who succeeded him in the title in 1219, did so, but the
old Earl remained faithful to the King throughout* He
was the guardian of the yotmg K. Henry III after the
death of John, and it was through htm that the aflairs
of the kingdom were brought into order. He died in

401

PENEUS

1219* The Earl of P. in Marlowe's Ed . II was one of the
nobles confederated against Gaveston, who was com-
mitted to his custody and, probably by his connivance,
taken by Warwick and beheaded* This was Ayhner de
Valence, whose father, William de Valence, was created
Earl of P. in 1264.

In H6 C* iv* i, 130 and iv. 3, 54, the Earl of P. is men-
tioned as a supporter of Edward of York* Jasper Tudor,
uncle of Henry VII, was created Earl of P. in 1453, a*3^
was a zealous Lancastrian; after bis death William
Herbert was created Earl in 1468 by Edward IV, whom
he had vigorously supported. He was sent with Stafford
to fight against the Lancastrians in the North, but
Stafford quarrelled with him and he was left to meet
the enemy alone near Banbury, where he was taken
prisoner and executed in 1469. His illegitimate son,
Sir Richard Herbert, of Ewyas, was the ancestor of the
present EarL He was succeeded in the title by his son
William, who is the P. of RS iv* 5, ri and v» 3, 29* In
1532 Henry VIII raised the Lady Anne Boleyn to the
peerage under the title of Marchioness of P* In H8 ii. 3,
63, the Lord Chamberlain tells her/* The K/s majesty
does purpose honour to you, no less flowing Than
Marchioness of P/* The title was revived in 1551 and
conferred on Sir Wilham Herbert, grandson of the
William who was executed at Banbury. He is one of the
characters in Webster's Wyat. His son Henry, the 2nd
Earl, married Mary, sister of Sir Philip Sidney, to whom
his Arcadia is dedicated* She was a poetess and a patron
of poets : to her is dedicated Daniel's Cleopatra* and
Jonson wrote her epitaph : " Underneath this marble
hearse Lies the subject of all verse, Sidney's sister, P/s
mother/' Her son was William, the 3rd Earl, who has
beea by some supposed to be the W* H. the only be-
getter of Shakespeare's Sonnets, but with very slender
reason. The ist Folio of Shakespeare was dedicated to
him and to Philip Herbert, Earl of Montgomery. There
is a fictitious Duke of P. in Chivalry, the supposed date
of which is about 1250. There is an Earl of P. in
Munday's John Kent, but he is not an historical person-
age* Anselm Marshall, with whom the title became ex-
tinct in 1245, may be the man intended* Fuller, in
Church History iv. 15, 13, says that Henry VII was
" born in the bowels of Wales, at P."

PEMBROKE COLLEGE. University of Cambridge,
founded by Mary de St. Paul in 1347 in memory of her
husband, Aylmer de Valence, Earl of P., who was killed
at a tilting held in honour of his wedding, so that Mary
was "maid, wife, and widow** in one day. She was trie
daughter of Sir Guy de Chastillon and grandniece of
Edward L The College was at first called Vaknce-
Mary, but very soon became known as P. Hall* The
poet Spenser was a member of the college* It stands at
the corner of P» St* and Trumpmgton St. Willis, in
Mount Tabor (1639), speaks with gratitude of his old
schoolmaster: ** erne Master Gregory DownJbale of P,
HaH in Cambridge." Nash, in Pierce, tells a story of
** T* N*, the master batler of P. Hall, a far better scholar
than thyself S*

PENERIAN (I suspect a misprint for PYJSENJEAK ; see
Bremen's Eliz. Drama, p. 161). In Bristowe E.2>
Anabell asks, " Will Valienger in silence lose has son
And harder than the Penerian rocks Never be pierced* **

PENEUS, The chief river of Thessaly, rfemg in the
Pindus range and flowing through the Vale of Tempe
to the -flEgean Sea. Daphne was, according to Greek
legend, the daughter of the river-god P» In Caesar's Jtep*
L 3, Caesar says, " The flying Pompey to Larissa hasfes.

IA

PEN-M1EN-MAUR

And by Tfaessalian Tempe shapes his course Where fair
P. tumbles up his waves*" In T* Heywood's Dialogues
5240, lo says, "Here, Daphne, by your father P/
streams, Which, falling from the top of Pindus mt.,
Waters Haemonian Tempe, let us sit/' In Ford's Sun
ii. i, Spring speaks of ** That self-same bay-tree into
which was turned Peneian Daphne*" W* Drummond
of Hawthornden, in Summons to Love, apostrophizes
Phoebus : "Thou two sweeter eyes Shalt see than those
which by P/ streams Did once thy heart surprise,"
The reference is to the story of the love of Phoebus for
Daphne. Spenser, in Prothdoanion 78, says of the
streams of the Thames: * Like ok! P.f wateis they did
seem, When down along by pleasant Tempe's shore
Scattered with flowers, through Thessaly they stream/'
Drummoad pronounces it as a tri-syllable, Spenser as a
dissyllable. la Nabbes* Microcosmas iii*, Sensuality
promises Physander " shalt sleep upon a bed of purest
down, driven from white necks of Cayster's swans and
P*' sparrows/' I do not see the special appropriateness
of the epithet. Spenser, JF* Q. iv. ii, 21, calls it
"slow P."

PEN-M^N-MAUR* A mtn. on the coast of Caernarvon
in N. Wales, rising abruptly from the sea to a height of
1540 ft. In Jonson's Votes, Jenkin asks, "** Is not P, and
Craig-Erin as good sound as Adlas every whit of him 4 **
la Shirley's St. Patrick iii. i, Rodomant says, " An
'twere as deep as the root of P* My love should have it/'
Drayton, in Pf&ypJb. x» 3, says, " The Muse her former
course doth seriously pursue From Penman's craggy
height to try her saiiy wings/' In W. Rowley's Shoe-
maker iii. 2* x8a, when Hugh says he is a Welshman,
Baraaby replies, *' You know Penvenmower/'
PENNILESS BENCH. A seat under a wooden canopy
at the E* end of the old Carfax ch, in Oxford, notorious
as the resort of idle loungers and paupers. In Mas-
singer's Madam iv* i, Luke says, " Bid him bear up ;
he shall not Sit long on P. B." In Greene's fames IV iv.
3, Andrew says, " We will teach him such a lesson as
shall cost him a chief place on p* b. for his labour/'
MMdleton, in Black Book vii. 27, says, M The time was
at hand like a pickpurse, that Pierce should be called
no more pennyless, like the Mayor's bench at Oxford."
Greene, in GroatsuwtA of Wit xa* 133, says, " In this
sorrow he sat down on p, b/' Lyly, in Eupknes England
ii 39, says, ** Every stool he sat oil was peniks b* . * .
his robes were rags/' Peacfeam, in Worth of a Penny
(1641) ad fin,, satirises those who have once had over-
much money, but "in no long time have been fain * * .
to take a nap on p. b."

PENNYRICH STREET. Load*, possibly Pencritch St.
is intended. It was the E. part of the present Pancras
Lane, which runs from Queen St. to Bucklersbtiry,
parallel to Cheapside. It was named from the old ch.
of St. Pancras, which stood on its N. side and was not
ftbiiat after the Gt* Fire. Li Jonson's Christmas,
Cfaistmas sings : ** Then Offering, he, With his dish
and 1m tree, That in every great house keepeth, Is by
my son, Young Little-worth done, And in P. st. he
sleepeth."

PENON (more fully, P^IXEVELEZ). A roadstead on the N.
coast of Moroccor about half-way between Ceuta and
theGnHofMelilla. In ^today 1261," Aginer, Zananra,
Seiita, P^ Melilla '' arc mentior^ as towns in Moirocco
field iby tli& Portuguese at tfae time.
PENRYN. Ait ancient borough in S* Cornwall, at the
head of a branch of Falmouth harbour, 2 m* H.W. of
,Ki 25% Soloaaoa says to

PERCIA

the Carpenter that he will give him ** coys P. yn tyen,"
i*e. ** the wood of P. wholly." In iii. 673, Pilate gives P.
to one of the soldiers who has guarded the sepulchre
of our Lord, as the price of his silence,

PENSANS (PENZANCE). A spt. town in Cornwall on the
N.W* side of Mount's Bay, 24 m. S.W. of Truro. In
Brome's Ct . Beggar ii. i, Swaynwit says, " Pray tell your
lady I came not from P. to grow here/' In his Damoi-
selle ii. x, Amphilus laments the death of his mare,
** That would have carried me on this little iron From
P* to S* Columb on a day." The distance by road is
about 40 m.

PENSHURST. A vilL in Kent on the Eden, near its
junction with the Medway, 19 m. S.W. of Maidstone.
P. Place is an extensive castellated building, famous as
the residence of the Sidney family. Here Sir Philip
Sidney was born in 1554. Jonson wrote an Ode to P. in
The Forest, beginning : " Thou art not, P., built to en-
vious show Of touch or marble/'

PENTAPOLIS. The dist. on the N. coast of Africa be-
tween the Great Syrtis and the boundary of Egypt
formed by the Romans into the province of Cyrenaica*
It is now the most E. part of Tripoli. The 5 Greek
colonies from which it takes its name were Cyrene,
Barca, Teucheira, Hesperides, and Apollonia. Cyrene
was governed by a dynasty derived from its founder
Battus, but this was overthrown in the 5th cent. B.C* and
a republic established. In Pen, Simonides, the father
of Thaisa and grandfather of Marina, is called the K. of
P., which is an anachronism, as the date of the play is
the early part of the 2nd century B.C* Act ii. (except
sc. 4) takes place at P., on the coast of which Pericles is
wrecked, and where he wins the hand of Thaisa in a
tournament. In v. 3, 4, he says, " I did wed At P. the
fair Thaisa," and in line 73, ** This prince, the fiair be-
trothed of your daughter, Shall marry her at P/'

PENUEL, or PENIEL (ue. FACES OF GOD). In Gen.
xxxii. 30, it is stated to have been so called by Jacob
after his wrestling with the angel, because he had there
seen the face of God. It was an important strategic
point, and was fortified (Judges vi£i. 17) and rebuilt by
Jeroboam (I Kings xii. 25). It was clearly E. of the
Jordan, not far from Succoth and near the Jabbok*
2 sites have been suggested : Jebel Osha, 8 m. S. of the
Jabbok and ii E. of Jordan, and Tulul edh-Dhahab,
on the Jabbofc, 4 m. S.E. of Succoth, In Milton, 5, A.
278, the Chorus calls to mind " How Succoth and the
fort of Penuel 1%eir great deliverer contemned, The
matchless Gideon." See Judges viii. 8-17*

PENVENMOWER.

PENZANCE. See PERSANS.

PEPPER ALLEY. A passage feadtrtg from the Borough,
Southward to P* A. Stairs, a lanc&g-place just W. of
Old Loud. Edge. ; the site is covered by the present

in a list of fortune-tellers and astrologers, mentions
" one Hatfield in P. A., he doth pretty well for a thing
that is lost/' The imprint on the title page of Nash's
Return of Pasqail (1589) runs : ^ If my breath be so hot
that I burn my mouth, suppose I was printed by

| P. A."

j PER^BA* Thedist. in Palestine, E. of the Jordan, extend-
ing from Machaerus in the S. to Pella in the N., and
from the Jordan to Amman or Philadelphia, In Milton,
P. R. iL 24, the disciples seek for Jesus ** On this side
the broad lake Geaezaret, Or in Peraea."
See PERSIA.

402

PERGAMUM, or PERGAMUS

PERGAMUM, or PERGAMUS, Properly the citadel of
ancient Ilium, or Troy, on a hill S*E* of the city* It is
used as a synonym for Troy, q.v. In Fisher's Fuimus iv*
3, Roliano says, 4t P* again shall sink in dust/' In Kyd's
Span. Trag. i* 2, Horatio says, " She herself, disguised in
armour's mask, As Pallas was before proud P." Pallas
fought on the side of the Greeks in the Trojan War. In
T* Heywood's Iron Age u\, Ajax cries, " Let the thunder
of our drums Strike terror to the city P." In Locrine iii*
i^ 49, Guendoline says, ** Not Hecuba, the q* of Ilium,
When she beheld the town of P* Her palace burnt with
all devouring flames * . * Shed such sad tears as L"

PERGAMUM* An ancient city in the province of Mysia
in Asia Minor, on the river Selinus, 15 m* from the coast*
Under the AttaHds it became the capital of a large
kingdom, which was made into a Roman province in
130 B*C* Pliny calls it far the most distinguished city in
Asia, and it was the seat of one of the Seven Churches
of Asia addressed in the Apocalypse. It claimed the
honour of being the ist city to erect a temple to Augustus
Caesar, In Jpnson's Sejanus i. 2, Tiberius says, ** Deified
Augustus hindered not A temple to be built at Perga-
mum In honour of himself and sacred Rome/'

PERIGORT* The title of a lord mentioned in L. L* L. ii*
i, 41, who was married in Normandy to the beauteous
heir of Jaques Falconbridge* The title was probably de-
rived from the Province of Perigord in S*W* France in
Guienne and Gascony*

PERIWIGGANA. An imaginary country* In Shirley's
Gamester iii., the Nephew talks of ** Periwiggana, a
fruitful country : the moon shines all day and the sun
at night." The point being that elderly periwig-pated
gentlemen sit up all night gaming and sleep all day*

PERNASSUS* See PAJRNASSUS*

PERSEPOLIS* The capital of the Persian Empire under
the Achaemenidae* The city has long ceased to exist,
but the ruins of the palaces of Darius I, Xerxes, and
Artaxerxes III are still to be seen at Takhti Jamshid,
40 m. N.E. of Shiraz in Persia ; and 8 m. to the N*E*,
at Nakshi Rustam, are the rock-hewn tombs of the
Kings of this dynasty* The city was taken and the
palaces burnt down by Alexander the Gt* In Marlowe's
Tamb., P* is spoken of as being still the capital of the
Persian Empire, though it had long been a heap of ruins*
In A* i* it Meander speaks of Tamburlaine, ** Who
robs your merchants of P./' and in ii* 5, Meander pro-
mises Cosroe, ** Your Majesty shall shortly have your
wish And ride in triumph through P*" ; and Tambur-
laine exclaims, w Is it not passing brave to be a k. And
ride in triumph through P* ** " In Milton, P. R* iii* 284,
the Tempter, speaking of Cyrus, says, 4* P*, His city,
there thou seest*"

PERSIA (Pn* = Persian)* The country N* of the Pn*
Gulf and S* of the Caspian Sea, between Turkestan,
Afghanistan, and Beloochistan on the E*, and Turkey-in-
Asla on the W* It includes the older provinces of Persis,
on the N* of the Pn. Gulf, Media, Parthia, and others of
less note. Its history begins with the Median dynasty
named after its supposed founder Achaemenes, arc.
730 B,€* Cyrus of Afcstian, wfb was a Pn*, united the
Median and Pn. kingdoms, conquered Croesus of Lydia
547 B*c*, took Babylon in 539, and established the Medo-
Pn* Empire* His JSOCL Gambyses invaded and conquered
Egypt, and was succeeded by Darius in 521* Darius
attacked the Greeks^, but was defeated at Marathon in
490* Xerxes, his successor, marched with an enormous
army to avenge the disgrace of Marathon, but his fleet

PERSIA

was destroyed at Salami's in 480 and his land forces at
Plataea in the following year. Cyrus the Younger and his
Greeks (under Xenophon) showed the way in 401 to the
heart of the Empire, though his death at Cunaxa post-
poned its fall* But Alexander of Macedon crossed the
Hellespont in 354 and in 531 shattered P. by the
victory of Gaugamela over Darius, the last of the
Achaemenid kings* After Alexander's death in 323 the
Seleucids took over the E. part of his empire, but
they soon lost all but a nominal control oyer P., and
when Arsaces I founded the Parthian kingdom in
250 P. was included in its dependencies, though
it had kings of its own who seem to have gradually
gained an independent position* In A.D* 211 Ardashur
founded the Sassanian Empire, of which P. was the
centre, which lasted until it was overthrown by the
Arabs at the battle of Nehavend in AJX 641, The
Pns*, who had been all through their history Zoroas-
trians, or Fire-worshippers, were compelled to embrace
Mohammedanism, and formed part of the Eastern Cali-
phate of the Omayyads and then the Abbasids, until the
Mongols took Bagdad in 1258 and brought it to an end*
The Mongol dynasty thus established gave way in 1335
to the Eylkhanians, who in turn were conquered by
Timur (Tamburlaine) in 1387* At the close of the r5th
cent* the Usbe^s of Khiva added Eastern P. to their
dominions* but in Western P, Ismail established a new
dynasty, conquered the Usbegs in 1511, and though
defeated by the great Sultan Selixn in 1514 was able to
hold his own and maintain the integrity of his kingdom*
Shah Abbas the Gt* reigned from 1585:^ 1628, and

In 1598
in his

opened up relations with the European ]
Robert Shirley visited his court and \
service, being sent by him as ambassador 1
1607, He arrived in England in 1611 and!s
years* In 1623 he returned once more to *
ambassador, and finally died in P. in 1628*
of Ismail was overthrown in 1736 by a
Nadir Shah*

Historical Allusions* In Respvblica ii. i, Res|
musing on the mutability of things, exclaims, 4*
is the great Empire of the Medes and Pns* t " It:
Cornelia i*, Cicero asks, " Were they [the Romansf
heirs to P* or the Medes, First monarchies ** ** Pe
appears as one of the characters in Darius. In .
man's D'Olive iii* i, Vandome says, ** So the Pn. king
Made the great river Ganges run distinctly In an in-
numerable sort of channels." This was Cyrus (see undei
GANGES)* In Preston's Cambises pro!*, we have : " In
Percia there reigned a k* Who Cirus hight by name Who
did deserve, As I do read, The lasting blast of fame***
In Cyrus i* i, Cyrus addresses his men as ** Ye Pns.,.
Medes, and Hircanians**' In Greene's James JV L 645,.
Oberon says, ** Ciras of P., Mighty m life, within a
marble grave Was laid to rot*** The alleged tomb is still
extant at Meshed-Murgfaab* In Sfeelton's Magnificence
fol. xviL, Magnificence mentions in his list of heroes
** t)arytis, die dotighty chieftain of Perse/* Cambises
deals with incidents in the history of the conquest of
Egypt by Cambyses, thp successor of Cyrus. In Wilson's
Comer 186, the Soldier says, ** In the conflict of Arbaces,
general of P*, at Marathon I rescued the colours of
Boeotia/* In B* & F* Cnsitm ii* i, Duarte says, ** Were
the Pn. host that drank up rivers added To the Turk's
present powers, I could direct them." The reference is
to the army of Xerxes. In Chapman's Caesar iii. i, 125,
Pompey says that tbe Genius of Rome is not ** Slowly
stirred up, like the Pn* angel*" Cf* Daniel x. 13, where
" the Prince of P/* means an angel* In Lyly's Campaspe

403

PERSIA

iii. 4, Hephestion says to Alexander, 4t Behold all P*
swelling in the pride of their own power* All these,
Alexander, are to be subdued." In Chettle's Hoffman ii.,
Mathias says, ** Their caparisons exceed the Pn*
monarch's when he met destruction from Philip's son/*
In Chapman's Trag. Byron iv. i, Byron says, 4t The
great Macedon Was said . * . To teach „ * * The in-
cestuous Pns. to reverence Their mothers/' Milton,
P*L* xi* 393, describes Adam as seeing in vision
44 where The Pa* in Ecbatan sat/f Ecbatana was the
summer capital of the Achaemenian kings of P* B* & F.
Prophetess takes place during the reign of Carinus about
AJ>* 284* Act iv* 4 and 5 are laid in P* during the war
between the Romans and Bahram II, one of the Sassanid
kings, who is called Cosroe in the play* In Kirke's
Champions ii. i, the K* of Tartary speaks of the ** hot
Pn* host that seeks to name Tartary new P." There is
probably some vague reminiscence of the wars between
the Turks and the Pns. in the 6th cent., but the whole
play is wildly unhistoricaL An equally imaginary war
between Arabia and P. forms the background of Chap-
man's Rev. Eon* : in i* i, 194, Tarifa speaks of " the
proud Pn. monarchy, the sole Emulous opposer of the
Arabic greatness/' In Marlowe's Tomb, A., an account
is given of the deposition of Mycetes, K. of P., by his
brother Cosroe, who in i* i exdatms, ** Unhappy P. that
in former age Hast been the seat of mighty conquerors
That . * * Have triumphed over Afric and the bounds
CM Europe , » . Now Turks and Tartars shake their
swords at tiiee/* In ii* 5, Tamburlaine invests Cosroe as
K*, and is by him appointed Regent of P. In ii* 7, how-
ever, Tamburlaine defeats and Hits Cosroe and seizes
the crown for himself. In Selimus 46, Baiaget com-
plains* "The Pn* Sophi, mighty Ismael, Took the
Levante clean away from me/' This was Baiazet II,
the father of Selini. The title Sophy was given to Tsityiafl
and all his successors : it is the Arabic ** Safi-ud-din,"
meaning purity of religion* In Kyd's Soliman Lr Haler
says, " I hold it not good policy to call Your forces home
from P. and Polonia. Strive not for Rhodes by letting
P* slip*" Suleyman I, the Magnificent, had wars with
Poland, Pv and Rhodes. In Chettle's Hoffman D. i,
Austria says of Rcxlorick : **He lost his life Long since
in P. by tfie Sophies wars/* InB* &F*Sp«m*Cnr.i. i*
Leandro says, ** 'Tjs now in fashion to have your gallants
set down m a tavern whether bis [the Turk's] moony
standards are designed for P. or Polonia/* Apparently
the reference is to Suleyman the Magnificent, who had
wars with both* In JWfercft* ii* i, 35, Morocco swears by
** this scimitar That slew the Sophy and a Pn* prince
That won 3 fields of Sultan Solyman." In Soliman i. 3,
51, the Turkish general boasts, " Against the Sophy in 3
pitched fields Under the conduct of great Soliman Have
I put the flint-heart Perseans to the sword*" In Wise
Men iii. a, Insalsito says, *4 This lady hath received a
book from a friend of hers that went over with Sir
Robert Sheriey into P/' Day's Travails tells the story of
Sir Robert's visit to the court of " the Pn. Sophey,"
Shah .Abbas, m 1598* Cartwright's Slave takes place at
Sards m the reign of a Pn. K*, Arsamnes, whose q. was
Atossa* Atossa was the q* of Darius Hystaspis, and the
time seems to be that of the old Medo-Pn* Empire, but
taaeplajhas no historical value* The scene of Suckling's
Aj$om® is also laid m P*, bat the *fm* is even more in-
<feeemmiate* A war between P. and Ttirk»y is the back-
of Greek's Jfasfegjfto* In Oofc Lew L 6,
m* says, *• In the ancient Pn* commoemalth you

l find very often that the weal-public fiotirished in
die time of die mcasardrf ***

PERSIA

General References. In Marlowe's Dido iii. i, Sergius
recognizes one of Dido's suitors as * a Pn. born." In
Jonson's Volppne iii. 6, Volpone says to Celia, " I will
have thee Attired like unto the Pn. Sophy's wife." In
B. & F. Pestle iv. i, the Citizen says, " Let the Sophy of
P* come and christen him a child." The allusion is to an
incident in Travails, which had recently been per-
formed at the Red Bull Theatre. In T. Heywood's
Royal King v., Audley tells " a Pn. history " of a falcon
that killed an eagle and was executed for it by the Sophy,
as being a traitor to the K* of Birds* In Taming
of Shrew prol., Haz*, p. 496, Will speaks of " winged
Pegasus . . * That ran so swiftly over the Pn* plains*"
This is ignorant rhodomontade ; Pegasus had nothing
to do with P.

There was considerable trade with P. in Elizabethan
times, chiefiy in silks, carpets, and shawls ; and in pearls
and precious stones* In Err. iv. i, 4, the Merchant is
** bound to P/' In Marlowe's Jew i. i, Barabas is in-
formed that his argosy doth ride in Malta-road laden
with ** exceeding store Of Pn. silks, of gold, and orient
pearl/' In Cynzs i, i,the horse of Croesus has "the reins of
Pn* silk." In Massinger's Actor ii. i, Parthenius tells the
miser Philargus that his superfluous means could clothe
him 4* in the costliest Pn* silks, Studded with jewels."
In Glapthorne's Argalns i. i, Philarchus says, " Mars
wrapt his battered limbs in Pn. silks/' In Davenant's
Italian i. i, Altamont says, ** The soft entrail of the Pn.
worm Shall clothe thy limbs." In Nabbes* Hanmbal i. i,
the Lady promises her Soldier 4* Pn* mantles, richly em-
broidered." In Chapman's Rev. Hon. i* i, 8, Gaselles
speaks of " Pn. silks or costly Tyrian purples." In
B. & F. Cure i. 2, Eugenia orders her maid to ** hang up
the rich Pn* arras Used on my wedding night*" In
Davenant's U. Lovers iii. 4, Altophil speaks of ** Rich
hangings of the antick Pn* loom/' In Jonson's Magnetic
iv. 3, Compass describes Lady Loadstone ** cast on a
feather-bed and spread on the sheets under a brace of
your best Pn* carpets." In Davenant's Wits iii*, Palatine
describes the Mogul's daughter sitting ** on a rich Pn.
quilt/' In Massinger's Bondman i* 3, Timagoras says,
44 Adorn your walls With Pn* hangings wrought of gold
and pearl/' In Nabbes* Hannibal ii. 4, Syphax says,
** Cover the pavement which her steps must hallow With
Pn* tapestry/* In his Microcosmus iii*, Bellanima talks
about ** Pn. aromats," z^. spices.

The dress of the Pns. was quaint and rich, and they
wore on their heads fine lawn turbans, the Cydaris
being the jewelled turban used* as one of the insignia of
royalty* In Lear iii. 5, 86, Lear says to the ragged Edgar,
** I do not like the fashion of your garments ; you will
say they are Pn. attire, but let them be changed/* In
Joosoa's Alchemist £L i, Mammon says, " For all my
other raiment It shall be such as might provoke the Pn."
In Heywood* s Lacrece m. 5, Valerius sings : ** The
Ttftk in linen wraps his faead, The Pn* his in lawn too/*
In Jonson's Hymen, certain of the figures wore on their
heads ** Persic crowns," Le. jewelled turbans. In Spen-
ser's F. Q. i. a, 13, Duessa ** like a Pn* mitre on her head
She wore, with crowns and ouches garnished/' In
Strode's Float. Isl. ii. 4, Fancy says, " This Pn. cydatis
hath made some Sophies That scarce were wise before " :
with a play on the word.

The Pns. were regarded as very wealthy and luxurious*
In Massinger's Madam v* i, Sir John says, " I will pre-
pare you such a feast As P. in her height of pomp and
riot Did never equal*" In Ford's Trial iii* j, Banatzi
exclaims, ** A Pn. cook! Dainty!" In his Fancies iv, 3,
T* __ ** ifceepnorichPn*stirfdts/' LaGreene's

PERSIAN GULF

Friar viii., Prince Edward promises Margaret ** Frigates
overlaid With plates of Pn* wealth/* In*May's Heir iii.,
Philocies speaks of *4 all the pomp That the vain Pn*
ever taught the world/' In Rutter's Shepherd HoL i. 4,
Mirtiilus asks, " Would you for all the wealth of P.
change one lock of your mistress' hair $"' In Mas-
singer's Guardian ii. 4, Calipso promises Laval ** a re-
tiring bower So furnished as might force the Pn/s
envy/' Spenser, in F* Q. i. 4* 7, calls P. ** the nurse of
pompous pride " ; and in iii. 4, 23, speaks of ** the
pomp of Pn. Kings/' The Pn* courtiers were reputed
to be expert in flattery and sycophantism. In Massin-
ger's Actor i* 3, Paris says of the stage : ** We show no
arts of Lydian panderism, Corinthian poisons, Pn*
flatteries/' In B. & F* Valentin. i. 3, -flEcius asks, ** Were
. * * our princes Pns., Nothing but silks and softness."'
Kyd, in SoUman iii., speaks of putting " the flint-heart
Perseans to the sword/' The general idea, however,
was that the Pns* were soft, luxurious, and cowardly ;
and I am disposed to accept Brereton's emendation,
** faint heart." The Pns* castrated youths,, to use them
in their harems as eunuchs* In May's Agrippina iv* 479,
Petronius says of the Romans : ** After the Pn* rite * . *
they cut away Manhood from growth-spoiled youths/'
The Pns* were Zoroastrians, or Fire-worshippers, until
they were forced to become Mohammedans* In Chap-
man's Consp. Byron v* i, Byron says, ** I will ask it As
the ancient Pns* did when they implored Their idol fire
to grant them any boon, And threaten there to quench it
if they failed/' In Massinger's New Way ii. 2, Furnace
the Cook swears " By Fire * for cooks are Pns* and
swear by it." In Shirley's Bird ii. 2, Rolliardo, looking
at a diamond, says, " A row of these stuck in a lady's
forehead Would make a Pn. stagger in his faith And give
more adoration to this light Than to the sun-beam*"

Various objects specified as Pn* Persian Coursers* The
Pn.-Arab horse, though not quite equal in value to the
pure Arabian, was highly esteemed* In Barnes' Charter
i* 4* Alexander gives to Caesar ** 6 Pn. coursers, armed
and furnished With rich caparisons of gold and pearl*"
— Persian Crab. Probably some sort of apple. In Dave-
nant's Cr* Brother iv. 4, Foresta speaks of "The
unctuous lhasis and the Pn* crab " as aphrodisiacs*
Lyly, in Enphnes Anat. Witt p* 44* speaks of ** the apple
in P* whose blossom savoureth like honey, whose bud is
more sour than gall." Probably he means the peach* —
Persian Junk. A Pn. merchant-vessel* The word was at
first used of Javanese and Malay vessels, but was also
applied to eastern vessels of other countries* In Dave-
nant's Plymouth jaL i, Seawit says, " Imagine we meet a
Pn. junk or Turkish carrack, board her, take her, and
force a Bashaw prisoner/' — Persian Lock* A sort of kiss-
curl affected by fashionable men about town* Dekker,
in Hornbook vi*, speaks of u good clothes, a propor-
tionable leg, white hand, the Pn. lock, and a tolerable
beard [as] the best and most essential parts of a Gallant*"
— Persian Louse. In Marston's What you iii. i, Noose
speaks of" the Pn* louse that eats biting and biting eats*"
— Persian Leopard. In Sampson's Vow iL 2, 78, Young
Bateman says, " Had I been * * * spotted like the Pn*
leopards * * * I am thy Bateman, Nan/* In Jonson's
Magnetic i. 5, Polish makes an atrocious pun, and says,
** The Pns* were our Puritans, Had the fine piercing
wits*"

PERSIAN GULF* A gulf of the Arabian Sea lying be-
tween Persia and Arabia* In Massinger's Guardian v* 4,
Severino says that lolante is ** the daughter of a noble
captain who, in his voyage to tibe P. Gulf, Perished by
shipwreck." In Milton, JP* #. iii* 273, the Tempter says

PERU, or PERUANA

to our Lord, ** Here thou behold'st * * * to south the
P. bay*"

PERSICK HAVEN, or PONTUS PERSICUS* An
imaginary harbour in the country of the Teleboians, g*v*
In T. Heywood's S. Age ii.* Ganimed says, " Was not
our ships launched out of the Persick Haven i " The
whole passage is literally translated from the Amphitrao
of Plautus.

PERU, or PERUANA. A country on the N*W«. coast of
S* America extending from Chili in the S* to Ecuador in
the N*, but formerly the name was used for the whole
W* coast from Chili to the isthmus of Panama* Pizarro,
when he landed there in 1527, found a country re-
markably civilized, under the rule of sovereigns called
Incas. He returned in 1532 and defeated and treacher-
ously murdered the Inca Atahualpa : by degrees the
whole country was conquered, and the ist Spanish
Viceroy was appointed in 1542* From that time onward
it was governed by a succession of viceroys until 2823,
when it achieved its independence* The capital, Lima,
was founded by Pizarro in 1535* The gold and silver
mines of P. were the source of great wealth to the
Spaniards, and P* came to be used as a synonym for
immense wealth. Its birds and animals were brought to
Europe and aroused great curiosity from the novelty of
their shape and plumage. It was regarded as the most
W* country of the world, and the phrase ** from England
to P." meant the whole of the globe* Fuller, Holy State
ii* 22. compares America to an hour-glass " which hath
a narrow neck of land betwixt the parts thereof * . «,
Mexicana and Peruana."

In B* & F. Span. Cur. iii. 2, Lopez says to Arsenic and
Milanes, " You look like travelled men ; ye came not
from P* «* " In Davenant's Playfamse iii*, one of the
characters bears as his cognizance " the figure of the
Sun, which was the scutcheon of the Incas, who were
Emperors of P/' The Incas were supposed to be the
children of the Sun, who was the chief God of the
Peruvians. In Jonson's Alchemist ii* i, Mammon says
of Subtle's laboratory, where he is making the philo-
sopher's stone: ** Here's the rich P/* In B. & F.
Gentleman i. i, Clerimont says, ** Have you ships at sea
To bring you gold and stone from rich P. i " lia Dave-
nant's Distresses v., Basilonte says, ** That kiss I will re-
quite With the best jewel that P. did yield." In Shirley's
Honoria ii* i, Alamode asks Fulbank, " Are you master
of this rich P. ** " meaning the wealthy Lady Aurelia,
In his Pleasure iii. i* Lord A* says* "'Twere less
laborious to serve a prenticeship in P* and dig gold out
of the mine." The gold mines were worked by slave
labour, and the Spaniards treated their unfortunate cap-
tives with great cruelty. In Cockayne's Obstinate v. 6,
Falorus says, 4* I envy not His wealth that holds the in-
exhaustible mines Of famed P*" Heylyn (p. 12) qtiotes
fromI)oBarto5;wFrofflP*[ccmie] pearl and gold/* In
Mayne's Match HL i, Plotwel! says, ** The birds brought
from P. could never draw people lie this,** In Shirley's
Bird iL i, Rolliardo suggests that Bonamico should stick
his sfrfn with feathers *4 and draw the rabble of the city,
for pence apiece, to see a monstrous bird brought from
P." Spenser, F* Q* ii. prol* 2* asks, ** Who ever beard of
th* Indian P* i " In BreweVs Lingua iL 4. Memory
speaks of " all the old libraries in every city betwixt
England and P*" C/* Johnson's phrase in Vanity of
Human Wishes t "from China to P/f Spenser, F*Q. iii.
3, 6, says that Britomart would seek her lover, ** Though
beyond the Africk Ismael Or th' Indian P* he were.**
Milton, P. L. xi. 408, makes Adam see in vision " Rich
Mexico, the seat of Montezume, And Cusco in P*, the

405

PERUGIA

richer seat of Atabaiipa," the last of the Incas. Burton,
A. M. ii. 2, 3, speculates whether Ophir was 4* Peruana,
which some suppose, or that Aurea Chersonesus " ? he
also refers to ** the Titicacan [lake] in P/* In verses pre-
fixed to Coryat's Crudities (1611), Hoskins says, 44 Fame
is but wind, thence wind may blow it . * * From Mexi-
co and from P. To China and to Cambalu/' In Wilson's
Inconstant L 2, Aramant says, " The rich P. is but a
sunny bank Compared to her*" The author of Dis-
course on Leather (1627) says, ** We can live without the
gold of P/*

PERUGIA (the ancient PERUSIA)* The capital of the
Province of P* in central Italy, lying on the Tiber, 82 m*
N* of Rome* It is a walled city, with a university and a
strong citadel bttilt by Pope Paul IIL In Barnes* Charter
iii* 3, Frescobaldi says, i4My mother was of con-
sanguinity With the Princess of P*" In Cockayne's
Trapolin ii* 3, Horatio calls it " bloody Peruggia," in
reference probably to the defeat of the Romans by
Hannibal at Lake Trasimenus dose by*
PE*RYN (PENRYN)* A town in Cornwall, 2 m* N.W* of
Falmouth at the head of a branch of Falmouth Harbour*
In Middleton's Quarrel v* i, Pe'ryn is mentioned as one
of the places at which Chough called on his way from
Cornwall to Lond.

PESARO* A town in Italy on the coast of the Adriatic,
at the mouth of the FogKa, abt* 40 m* N*W* of Ancona*
It was famous for the fine quality of its figs and other
fruits* In Cocfcayne's Trapolin ii* 3, Horatio calls it
** Pesaro, a garden of best fruits*"

PESCARA* A town in Italy, the ancient Aternum, at the
mouth of the Aterno on the Adriatic, 100 m* E. of Rome*
In Massinger's Milan i* 3, Francisco says to Sforza,
44 Your constant friend, the Marquis of P., Hath business
that concerns your life and fortunes." P* then enters
and plays a part in the rest of the drama. A Marquis of
P,, one of the generals who defeated Francis I at Pavia
(1525), also plays a secondary part in Webster's Molf.*
In E&rnes* Charter L 3, Barbarossa says, ** John Sforsa,
now Lord Marquis of P., Was 2nd husband to this jolly
Dame/* i*e. Lucrezia Borgia. j

PETER'S (SAurr). An ancient ch* in Bedford on the N.
side of the Ouse. In Han. Law. iii* i, Curfew says " I j
am the new parson of St* Peter's in Bedford/'
PETER'S CSAUTT), FRANKFORT* A ch. m Frankfort- j
on-Main, in the N*E* of the old city, at the junction of j
the Alten Gasse and the Schafer Gasse, near the Fried- ;
berg Gate* In Chapman's Alphmsus iii, if 77, Pfcince
Edward says, ** Th* Archbp* of Collen . . * Joined us
together in St* Peter's ch*"

PETER (SAINT) LE-POOR* A ch* in Lond, cm the W*
side of Old Broad St., a little N. of Throgmorton St*
The old ch. was next to Paulet House, and escarped the
Gt Fire, but it projected into the street, and so was
taken down in 1788 and the present building erected
ftejher back* In Curates? Conference (1641), Master
Pbocest says, ** I was offered a place in the city of Lond*,
twit the name of it frightened me : it was at St. Peter's-

The Vatican, g*y* In
1 it. i, tf*e Pope says to Charles VIII,
£ thought it fit To make your welcome in
sP&tfcce/*

; (SAINT), ROME. The metropolitan ch. of the
Christian worfd: ** the mc^tgloriotisstriicttire that ever
has been applied to the use of Religion " (Gibbon).
It stands on tbe Vatican across the Tiber, N JS* of the

PETERBOROUGH

city* An oratory containing the body of St* Peter was
erected on the site of the present ch. by Anicetus in
A.B* 90. In 306 Constantine replaced it by a basilica.
This having become ruinous, Pope Nicolas V began the
present building in 1450* The work proceeded slowly,
and about 1550 its completion was entrusted to Michel
Angelo, whose plans were on the whole faithfully carried
out, though Maderno's facade, finished in 1614, some-
what dwarfs the effect of the dome* The dedication took
place on November iSth, 1626 ; the noble colonnades
surrounding the Piazza, were added in 1667* The length
of the ch* is 615 ft., about ico ft* longer than St* Paul's,
Lond* ; the dome is 448 ft* high, 64 ft* higher than St*
Paul's. A peculiar feature is that the high altar over the
shrine of St. Peter is at the W* end of the ch. On the N*
of the Piazza is the Vatican Palace, the residence of the
Popes. In J. Heywood's Four PP. L i, the Palmer says,
44 Yet have I been at Rome also And gone the stations
all a-row, St. P* shrine and many mo/* In Trouble.
Reign, Has*, p. 292, the K* addresses Pandulph as " The
holy vicar of St. P* ch*** In Barnes* Charter iv* i, Ber-
nardo, asked the time by the Pope, says, ** Very near 6
by St* P* bell." In v* 5, Caraffa says, « His [the Pope*s]
corpse shall be conveyed to St. P." In Tarlton's Pur-
gatory, we read of Pope Pius : " His body was carried
from Castle Angelo to St. P* Ch. and there intombed/*
Boorde, in Intro, to Knowledge xxiii*, says, ** St* P* Ch*,
which is their head ch* and cathedral ch., is fallen down
to the ground, and so hath lyen many years without
re-edifying/*

PETER (SAINT) AD VINCULA* San Pietro in Vincoli,
a ch. in Rome in the Via di S* Pietro in Vincoli, on the
N. of the Esquiline Hill, near the baths of Titus. It was
first built in 442 to contain the chain with which St*
Peter was bound : in its present form it dates from
1705* Its greatest treasure is the ** Moses" of Michel
Angelo* The Cardinal of St* Peter ad Vincula is one of
the characters in Barnes* Charter* There is a ch* with
the same name in the Tower of Lond* at the N. end
of Tower Green, Here are buried Queens Anne
Boleyn and Katherine Howard, Sir Thomas More,
Thomas Cromwell, Lady Jane Grey and her husband,
the Earl of Essex, Sir Walter Raleigh, and many other
distinguished victims of the headsman*s axe*

PETER'S (SAINT) CHURCH, VERONA. An ancient ch*
in Verona, on the left bank of the Adige, in the N«E.of
the city* It was constructed from the materials of the
old Castel San Pietro, which stood on the site of the
palace of Theodoric. In JR. & /. iii* 5, 115, Lady
Capulet says to Juliet, ** Marry, iny child, early next
Thursday mom * . * The County Paris at St. P* Ch*
Shall happily make thee there a joyful bride*'*

PETER (SAIRT) STREET* Westminster, running E. from
Hocseferry Rd. to Marsham. St* It is now called Great
P. St, Am inscription was until recently to be seen on
one of the houses : ** This is Saint P* St., 1624."
There was another P* St., near Clare Market, between
Vere St* and Stanhope St., now called Denzell St* ;
yet another,nmniBg W. from Wardour St., Soho; and a
4tfa, within the Mint in Southwark. It is not easy to say
which is intended in the quotation, but I incline to the
last-named* 3h Davenport's New Trick i* 2, SKghtaH
tells Roger to find him a prostitute, and to search,
amongst other places, " White Fryers, Saint Peters St.,
and Mutton Lane***

PETERBOROUGH. A city and the seat of a bishop in

Thecatibe-
* Itwas

406

PETERHOUSE, or ST. PETER'S COLLEGE

destroyed by the Danes in 870 and burnt down in 1116*
The present building dates from that time, but was not
finished till the i6th cent* Its W* front is particularly
fine. It was not made a Bp/s See until the Reformation*
The diocese was then carved out of that of Lincoln.
Catharine of Arragon was buried there, and Mary Q. of
Scots in the first instance, though her body was after-
wards removed to Westminster Abbey by James L In
Darius 50, Partiality says, " He is such a fellow as is
not hence to P/' Richard Fletcher, the father of the
dramatist, was for a time Dean of P.

PETERHOUSE, or ST. PETER'S COLLEGE (com-
monly called POTHOUSE by the undergraduates). The
oldest College in the University of Cambridge, founded
by Hugh de Balsham, Bp* of Ely, in 1384* It stands in
the angle formed by Trumpington St* and St. Mary's
Lane, next to the Fitzwilliam Museum. InT* HeywoocTs
Hpgsdon iv* i, Sencer, disguised like a Pedant, answers
Sir Harry : " Petrus dormit securus : I was, Sir, of P/'
William Cartwright affirms that Heywood was himself
a Fellow of P., but no trace of his name is discoverable
in the records of the College or of the University. In
Merry Devil L 3, Fabel says, " Have I so many melan-
choly nights Watched on the top of P* highest tower i "
This Peter Fabel is said to have been a practiser of the
Black Art, who was educated at P. and flourished in the
reign of Henry VII. He sold his soul to the Devil, but
managed to cheat him of his bargain* His tomb is at
Edmonton. Fynes Moryson begins his Itinerary by
saying that he was " a student of P. in Cambridge/*

PETRASALIA (defined as in CALABRIA). Apparently a
variant for Monte Sila, a mountain mass in N, Calabria.
Pietra Sila (the Rock of Sila) must have been in the
author's mind. Monte Alto is the highest point in the
Aspromonte range in the extreme S. of Calabria* In
Barnes* Charter i. 4, Alexander allots to Caesar ** those
sweet provinces even to Monte Alto, Naples, Policastro,
and Petrasalia in Calabria/*

PETSORA. A river, more commonly spelt PETCHORA, in
N*E. Russia, rising in the Ural mtns. and reaching the
Arctic Ocean at the head of the Gulf of Petchora after a
course of abt* 900 m* Milton, P* L. x. 292, speaks of
"Mtns* of ice that stop the imagined way Beyond
Petsora eastward to the rich Cathaian coast/* The
reference is to the N.E. passage to China and India, q*v.

PETTICOAT LANE. A st. in Lond., now called Middle-
sex St., running N* from High St., Whitechapel, a little
E* of Houndsditch, to Wentworth St. Stow says that
its original name was Hog L., and that within 40 years
it was a pleasant country lane with elm-tree hedges,
but that in his time it was made a continual building
throughout of garden houses and small cottages* Strype
says that Gondomar, the Spanish ambassador in the
court of James I, lived on the W* side of it and his own
father on the E* During the reign of James a number of
French refugees, mostly silk-weavers, settled there, and
later their place was taken by Jewish second-hand
clothes dealers, who still occupy it. As the quotations
show, the garden-houses to which Stow refers were
used by women of bad character, and the L* was re-
garded as one of their usual haunts. In Beguiled, Dods*,
ix* 304, Cricket says, ** He looks Hke a tankard-bearer
that dwells in P. L. at the sign of the Mermaid*** Nash,
in Prognostication, says, " If the Beadels of Bridewell be
careful this summer it may be hoped that Peticote L.
may be less pestered with ill airs than It was wont ;
and the houses there so dear cleansed that honest
women may dwell there without any dread of tfee whip

PHARSALIA

and the cart/' In Penn. ParL 35, it is enacted: "Many
men shall be so venturously given as they shall go into
Petty-coat L* and yet come out again as honestly as
they first went in/* In Jonson's Devil i* i, Iniquity says,
** We will survey the suburbs and make forth our sallies
Down P. L. and up the Smock-alleys, To Shoreditch,
Whitechapel, and so to St. Kathera's/'

PETTY FRANCE* A st* in Westminster running W*
from the junction of Tothill St. and Broadway to St*
James's St*, parallel to the S. side of St* James's Park.
It was so called from the French merchants who lived
there when they came over to trade at the Woolstaple.
The name was changed in the iSth cent, to York St., in
honour of Frederick D. of York, the son of George II.
Here John Milton lived from 1652 to 1660 at what was
afterwards No. 19 York St* The house was preserved
until quite recently, and a sketch of it, with a mural in-
scription 4t Sacred to Milton,'* may be seen in Old and
New London iv* 18*

PETTY JUDAS. A place or dist. in Salisbury, possibly
the old Jewry there. In Hycke, p. 102, Frewyll says,
" At Salisbury There were 5 score save an hundred in
my company, And at Pety Judas we made royal cheer."

PHAENZA. S

PHAROS. An island off the coast of Egypt close to
Alexandria, with which it was connected by a causeway*
Here Ptolemy Philadephos erected the first lighthouse
known to history, at its N.E* point: hence Pharos came
to be used generically for any Hghthouse* In Pembroke's
Antonie i. 118, Antonie calk Cleopatra's eyes ** another
P." Laneham, in Letter (1575), compares Kenilworth
Castle, lit up at night, to *4 the Egyptian P* relucent
unto all the Alexandrian coast." In Fisher's Fzamas v. 3,
Eulinus says to Landora, ** Be thy bright eyes my P/*
In T. Heywood's Dialogues 3, Earth asks, ** Where's P.
isle i Where's the Tarpeian mass «* "

Pharian is used in the sense of Egyptian. In T* Hey-
wood's Dialogues 3, Earth speaks of Argus as ** he who
watched the Pharian cow," z*e* Io> who was connected
with Egypt in one group of legends. Milton, Psalm cxiv*
3, calls Egypt " Pharian fields." P. is used in the sense
of a lighted wharf. Dekker, in News from Hell, says of
a certain rich miser : " He built a P*, or rather a Block-
house, beyond the gallows at Wapping, to which the
black fleet of coal-carriers that came from Newcastle
were brought a-bed and discharged*"

PHAROS*

PHARPHAR. One of the rivers of Damascus, according
to II Kings v. 12* It is probably to be identified with H
Awaj, a river which waters the S* suburbs of Damascus
but is 6 m* S* of the city itself. Milton, P* £* i* 468,
speaks of " Fair Damascus, on the fertile banks Of
Abbana and Pharphar, lucid streams*"

PHARSALIA (sisore ptqperly PHABSALGS). A town an
Tfaessaiy on the left bank of the Enipeus, 25 m. due S*
ofLarissa* In the plain to tbe N. of the town was fought
the great battle in which Julius Caesar defeated Pom-
peius, August 9111,48 B.C. La Kyd's Cornelia i*, Cicero
says, ** The father and the son Have fought like foes P/s
misery/' Pompeitts was theson-in4aw of Caesar, having
married his daughter Julia* In Caesar's JReu. L i, Dis-
cord says, " Mars Runs madding through P/s purple
fields*" In B* & F* False One L i, Achillas reports that
Pompeins is ** In Tbessaly, near the Pharsalian plains n ;
and later in the scene Labienus gives a full description
of the battle. In Ant. iiu 7, 32? Casidius says that
Antony has challenged Octavian " To wage this battle

407

PHASIACA

at P*, Where Caesar fought with Pompey." In Mas-
singer's Virgin v* 2, Artemia says, 4* Great Julius * * *
with dry eyes Beheld the large plains of P* covered With
the dead carcases of senators And citizens of Rome/*
In Marlowe's Tomb. A. iii* 3, Tamburlaine says, ** Nor
in P* was there such hot war As these, my followers,,
wiflingly would have/' In Machin's Dumb Knight i* i,
Phylocles says, "Methinks Caesar's P., nor Scipio's
Carthage, Were worthy chairs of triumph " : where
chairs means chariots* In Chapman's Caesar iii, i, i,
Pompey cries, ** Now to P." ; and in the 4th Act the
battle is described* In Tiberius 1158, Germanicus says
of his victory over the Germans : **Not Cannas nor the
fields of Pharsalie So dyed in blood as was Danubius*"
La Pembroke's Antonie ii. 610, Charmion says, ** Frame
there Pharsaly and discoloured streams Of deep
Enipeus."

PHASIACA* An imaginary kingdom in the dist* round
tie river Phasis, q.v. In Chapman's Blind Beggar ix*,
" Bion, k. of nch Phasiaca," is mentioned as one of the
allies who are marching against Ptolemy.
PHASIS (a river falling into the Black Sea at its extreme
E. end; now the Rioisrc)* The Pheasant derives its
name from the story that it was introduced into Europe
from the plains of the P. In Nash's Summersf p* 100,
Christmas says, 4< 1 must rig ship to P* for pheasants."
In Jooson's Catiline i. i, Catiline, inveighing against the
luxury of the Ramans, says, **The river P* Cannot
afford them fowl, nor Lucrine Lake Oysters enow*"
Spenser, in the river-list in P. Q. iv* n, ai, calls it
** tempestuous Phasides." P* seems to be used also for
the Crimean peninsula* In T* Heywood's B. Age iii*,
Medea says of Jason : ** Such a bold spirit and noble
presence linked Never before were seen in P* isle."
Through its connection with Medea, P. was supposed
to produce specially deadly poisons* In Nabbes'
Hannibal iii* 4, Masinissa says that a tear of Sophonis-
ba's ** Hath in 't sufficient virtue to convert All the
Thessalian, Pontick, Phasian aconites Into preserva-
tives.**

PHILERMUS* A hill in the island of Rhodes* In Dave-
nanf s Rhodes A*, Pioneers from Lycia in Solyman's
army are commanded to work 44 upon Philermus Hill."
PHELIPPL A city in Macedonia, 20 m* N. of its port
Heapolisu It was originally called Crenides* but was re-
named in honour of Philip, the father of Alexander the
Gt* In its neighbourhood was fought the battle in which
Antony and Octavian defeated Brutus and Cassius in
43 B.C* It was made a Colonia by Augustus ; and here
Paul first preached the Gospel of Jesus Christ in Europe
in the course of his and missionary journey (Acts xx* 6)
and addressed an epistle to the ch. there from his prison
at Rome* In /* C* iv. 3, 170, Brutus informs Cassius
that "" Young Octavius and Mark Antony Come down
upon us with a mighty power, Bending their expedition
toward P*w Brutus proposes to march thither ; Cassius
objects, but in the end Brutus prevails. In line 283, the
Ghost comes to teli Brutus " Thou shalt see me at P."
Act v* is laid in the plains of P., and describes the battle
and die deaths of Brutus and Cassius. In Ant. it* 6, 13,
Pompey says/4 Julitts Caesar * * * at P* the good Brutus
ghosted*" In iiL a, 56, Agrippa says, ** Antony wept
When at P* lie fotmd Brutus slain." In iii* zi, 35, An-
: ** He at P. kept His sword e'en
scabbard] whHe I struck The lean
and wrinkled Cassttis; and 'twas I That the mad Brutus
ended.'* From ii. 5, 23 it appears that Antony called
the sword with which lie fottght there Philippan. In

PHLEGETHON, or PHLEGETON

Caesar's Rev. iii* a, his Genius predicts to Antony, ** Yet
must P. see thy high exploits." In Hay's Agrippina iii*
aog, Seneca says there are no armies now afoot " To
stain with Latian blood P* plains*" In Pembroke's
Antonie ii* 694, Diomed says, 4* Is Tt not pity that this
firebrand so Lays waste the trophies of P. fields < "
In Conf. Cons, iv* 5, Conscience says, " The first to the
Pfeilippians doth witness herein bear." The reference is
to St* Paul's Epistle* In Gascoigne's Government i* 4,
Gnomaticus says, ** By hearkening unto Paul and Sylas,
Lidia and the gailor of Phylippos were baptized." See
Actsxvi.

PHILISTINES (Pe. = Philistine)* The people who lived
in the S.W. dist. of Palestine, between the foothills and
the coast* They are held to have come there from Crete
during the lath cent* B.C*, bringing with them the
knowledge of iron-working and other results of the
J95g«ean civilization* Their superior civilization made it-
self felt, and they proved formidable enemies to the
Hebrews, who had recently settled in Palestine* The
story of this struggle is found in Judges and in the later
historical books of the O.T. It is significant of their
predominant influence that the land still bears their
name {Palestine}* They formed 5 free city-communities,
viz* Gath, Asbdod, Ekron, Gaza, and Askelon. As the
P. were the enemies of God's people, the word comes to
be used in an abusive sense for one's enemies generally,
and for drunken, dissolute folks* In Chaucer's Monk's
Tote, the story of Samson and the P. is told* In Bale's
Promises v., David says of Israel ; 4* They did wickedly
consent to the P* and Canaanites, ungodly idolaters/'
Milton, P* L* ix* 1061, says, " So rose * * * Herculean
Samson from the harlot-lap Of Philistean Dalilah* and
waked Shorn of his strength " : where the ** e " is long
and the accent is on the 3rd syllable. In 5. A. 39, Sam-
son says, ** promise was that I Should Israel from
Philistian yoke deliver " : where the accent is on the
and syllable* This form is used 9 times in 5* A.f and
always with this accentuation* The form Pe* occurs 10
times, and is always accented on the ist syllable, as also
in Psalm Ixxxiii* a? : t4 The P» and they of Tyre Whose
bounds the sea doth check*" Milton usually calls the
land of the P* Palestine (?»v.), but in Psalm Ixxxvii. 14, we
have : ** I mention Babel to my friends, Philistia full of
scorn*" In Chivalry, Bowyer says, " Zounds, what a Pe*
is this ! " In Marlowe's Jew ii. 3, Barabas commands
Abigail to use Lodowick, her lover, ** as if he were a Pe. :
Dissemble, swear, protest, vow love to him ; He is not
of the seed of Abraham." In Haughton's Englishmen iii*
3, Mathea speaks of her foreign suitors as " These
whoreson cannibals, these P*, these Tango-mongoes."
In Merry Devft iv* i, Blague says, ** The P* are upon us,
be sflent*'* In Dekker's Westward v* 3, Monopoly says,
" Bestir your stumps for the P* are upon us*" The
phrase is taken from Judges xvi, 14* Dekker, in Jests,
says, ** They pronmed to deal with his P* [his creditors]
that are now come upon him*" Milton, in Reformation
in Engfand, p* 13, says of the Bishops : 44 Have they not
been as the Canaanites and P* to this kingdom 3 " In
Dekker's Shoemaker** iii, i, Eyre calls his apprentices
"you mad P*" He means nothing but merry, jolly
fellows. Nash, in Saffron WaMen, has something like an
anticipation of the use made popular by Matthew Ar-
nold when he <*$KS ParthenophU and Parthenope " that
Pfe*poem/*

PHLEGETHON, or PHLEGETON* One of the rivers
o!Haclesyfir*^B^ntk)(nedinHcmier,Od*x.5i3* Itwas
a river of fire and fell ultimately into the Acheron* The

PHLEGR&AN PLAINS

word is used sometimes as equivalent to Hell* In Span.
Trag. iii. i, the Viceroy, commanding Alexandro to be
burnt alive, says, ** Those flames shall pre-figure Those
unquenched fires of P. Prepared for his soul/* In
Marlowe's Faastus viu, Faust swears ** By the kingdoms
of infernal rule, Of Styx, of Acheron, and the fiery lake
Of ever-burning P." La Greene's Friar xv., the Devil
says, " Every charmer with his magic spells Calls us
from ninefold-trenched P." The epithet seems to be
suggested by the Vergilian ** novies interfusa " (winding
9 times round Erebus), applied to the Styx in the
Georgics fv. 480* In Wilson's Cooler 677, Charon says
that to accommodate the crowds that are coming to hell
" Cfccytus, Lethe, P., shall all be digged into Styx/' In
C&sar's Rev. v* i, Brutus addresses Caesar's ghost as
*' Fury, sent from Phlegitonticke flames." In Greene's
Alpkonsas iii. 2, 867, Medea says, ** I conjure thee * . *
By stinking Styx and filthy Fiegeton." In Brewer's
Lovesick iv*, Grim says of his colliers : " If you would
rake hell and Phlegitan, Acaron and Barrathrum, all
those Low Countries cannot yield you such a company."
In Nero v* 3, Nero cries, ** Mefhinks I see the boiling
P." Middleton, in Black Book, p. 43, calls Tobacco
" That rare Phoenix of P*" Milton, P. L* ii. 580, names
the 4 rivers of Hell: Styx, Acheron, Cocytus, and
44 Fierce P., Whose waves of torrent fire inflame with
rage/' See also PEROPHLEGITON+

PHLEGRffiAN PLAINS. The name given by the Greeks
of Cumae in Campania to the part of Campania adjoining
that city, on account of its volcanic character. Legend
told that the battle between the Gods and the Giants was
fought out here, and accounted for the volcanic mani-
festations by the falling of the thunderbolts of Jupiter on
the heads of the rebels* Another form of the legend
placed them in Thessaly. In Qesor's Rev. iii. 2, Caesar
says, " From P. fields The K. of Gods with conquering
spoils returned," In B* & F. Prophetess ii* 3, Drusilla
says of Diodes : " With such a grace, The giants that at-
tempted to scale heaven When they lay dead on the P. i
plain, Mars did appear to Jove*" In Massinger's Act or i. i
4, Caesar says, " Jupiter, the Giants lying dead On the P. ]
plain, embraced his Juno." Spenser, F. Q. ii. 10, 3, |
speaks of ** the ruins of great Ossa hill And triumphs of
P. Jove"; and in v. 7, 10, he affirms that wine is " the
blood of Gyants, which were slain By thundring Jove
in the P. plain." Milton, P. L, i. 577, speaks of " all
the giant brood Of Phlegra."

PHOCIS. A dist. of ancient Greece lying N.W. of Boeotia*
It was an inland country, but had a port on the Eubcean
Sea, Daphnus* The surface was rugged and mountain-
ous. Its chief glory was the possession of the oracle at
Delphi, though, after the Dorian conquest of Delphi,
its claim was denied. In Hercules iv. 3, 2356, Jove, in
the character of Amphitruo, claims to have slain the
pirates who ** awed all Archaia, ^toHa, P. ; the Ionian,
JEgean, and Cretick seas/' Drayton, in Odes i. 21,
speaking of the power of the Muses, says, " The Phocean
it did prove Whom when foul lust did move Those
maids unchaste to make, Fell as with them he strove,
His neck and justly brake**' The story is told of Pyre-
naeus,K*ofP*

PHOENICIA. The strip of coast-land in Syria between the
Libanus range and the Mediterranean extending from
the mouth of the Eletitherus to the promontory of
Carmel, and including the cities of Tripolis, Berytus,
Sidon, and Tyre. The Phoenicians were a great mer-
cantile people, and carried on an extensive trade
throughout the Mediterranean and even beyond as far

PHRYGLA

as Cornwall. Their colonies were found in Sicily, N*
Africa, and Spain, and their greatest gift to mankind
was the alphabet, which the Greeks learned from them
and gave in turn to the Romans, and so to the modern
world* In Ant* iii* 6, 15, Caesar says that Antony has
assigned to Ptolemy ** Syria, Cilicia, and P." In iii. 7,
65, a soldier says to Antony, ** Let the Egyptians And
the Phoenicians go a-ducking : we Have used to conquer
standing on the earth." Milton, P.L. i. 438, saysr
"With these in troop Came Astoreth, whom the
Phoenicians called Astarte, q. of heaven, with crescent
horns."

PHCENDC (another name for the COCK-PIT TEEATKE on
the E* side of Drury Lane, Lond.). The site was long
preserved by the name of Cockpit Alley, afterwards
Pitt Court, running from Drury Lane to Wild St. It
was pulled down by the mob in 1617, but was rebuilt
and continued to be used till about 1663, when the
Drury Lane Theatre superseded it. In Randolph's
Muses9 L i, Mrs* Fiowerdew says, ** It was a zealous
prayer I heard a brother make concerning playhouses :
that the Globe had been consumed, the P. burnt to
ashes." T. Heywood's Mistress was "acted by the
Queen's Comedians at the P. in Drary Lane " in 1636.
In Leaguer prol., Marmion says, ** The P. takes new
life from the fire bright Poesy creates/'
PHOENIX. The sign of a Lond* tavern ; also the sign of a
shop in Lombard St. It is transferred to Ephesus by
Shakespeare. The P. Fire Office may still be found in
Lombard St. at No* 19, next to Abchurch Lane* In
Jonson's Staple proL, he says, " Alas ! what is it to his
scene to know If Dunstan or the P. best wine has £ "
In T* Heywood's Ed. IV A. 64, the K. says, " Here's
Lombard St. and here's the Pelican, And there's the P.
in the pelican's nest." La Err* i. 2, 75, Dromio says to
Antipholus, ** My charge was but to fetch you from the
mart Home to your house, the P., Sir, to dinner," It
must be remembered that not only taverns, but houses
and shops of all kinds were distinguished by signs at this
time.

PHOENIX ALLEY. A lane in Lond. out of Long Acre,
next to Bow St* on the W. ; now Hanover Court.
Taylor's Journey into Wales (1652) is described as per-
formed " by John Taylor, dwelling at the sign of the
Poet's Head in Phenix Alley, near the middle of Long
Aker, or Coyent Garden." Taylor died here in 1653,
and was buried at St. Martin's-in-the-fields*
PHRYGIA (Pn. = Phrygian). The Pns. appear to have
been at a very early date predominant over the whole of
the W. part of Asia Minor. The tomb of Midas and tfae
monuments at Boghaz Keui give solidity to tine Greek
legends of the ancient kingdom of Midas and Gorditis*
But the incursions of tne Cimmerians in the 7th cent.
B,C* destroyed their power and limited tibem to the
central plateau knoarn as tlie Greater P. The Greek
poets and historians, however, always speak of the
Trojans as Pns., and a disk on the Hellespont, known
as the Lesser P., preserved the memory of their occupa-
tion of it. From them the Greeks took the worship of
Cybele with its orgiastic rites, and the Dionysus cult
seems to have the same origin. The scene of LylyFs
Mitosis laid in P. In iv. a, Ooryn says, 4* He that fishes
for Lesbos must have such a wooden net as all the trees
in P. will not serve to make the cod.** La T. Heywood's
MistressL i,Midas says,** Yet was I sometime K* of P."
In Chapman's Chabot i. i, 119, the Chancellor describes
the situation as ** A Gordian beyond the PEL knot/'
Gordium was the ancient capital of the Pn. kings. In

409

PHYLIPPOS

Marlowe's Tcarib. B* iii* 5, Callapine boasts an army
** That from the bounds of P. to the sea Which washetb
Cyprus with his brinish waves Covers the hills, the
valleys, and the plains*" After their conquest by the
Cimmerians the Pns. were despised and regarded as an
inferior race by the Greeks. In Cpnf. Cons. ii. 2, Tyranny
quotes a proverb : ** Sero sapiunt Phryges " — ** Too
late the Pns, are wise/' At Ancyra in P, Epictetos
(i.e. Mysia) there was a famous sybil* In Davenant's
Platonic iii. 5, Theander speaks of ** that mystic nursery
of minds The Pn. sibyl taught/' In Nash's Summers,
p. 100, Christmas says, " I must rig ship to P» for
woodcocks " : woodcock being a usual name for a
fool* Habington, in Castara (1640), Arber, p. 70,
speaks of w The far fetched Pn* marble, which shall
build A burden to our ashes/'

But the Elizabethans almost always use the word
as equivalent to Trojan* In Com. Cond. 441, Con-
ditions says, "We may pass over the sea [from
Thrace] to P. in one day." In TroiL prol. 7, the
Greeks 4* put forth toward P/' In i* 2, 135, Pandarus
says that the smiling of Troilus ** becomes him better
than any man in P/* la iv, 5, 186, Nestor speaks of
Hector's "Pn. steed"; and in 323, Hector predicts
** the fall of every Pn* stone will cost A drop of Grecian
blood/' In v* 10, 24, Troilus apostrophizes the Greek
camp : " Yqu vile abominable tents Thus proudly pight
upon our Pn, plains/* In Tw. JV. iii. i, 57, the Clown
says, ** I would play Lord Pandarus of P*, Sir, to bring
a Cressida to this Troilus/' In Lacrece 1502, Sinon is
described as one ** That piteous looks to Pn. shepherds
lent." In Fisher's Fmmas iii* 6, Eulinus says, " So re-
joiced The Pn* swain [sc* Paris] when he conveyed the
fairest/* In Locrine ii* i, 9, Humber speaks of Brutus
and his Trojans as ** a troop of Pns/* Ganymede, who
was rapt away to be Jove's cup-bearer, was the son of
Tros, and is usually represented as wearing a Pn. cap.
In T* Heywood's Dialogues vi. 3704, Juno calls him
** this young Pn. lad Snatched from his sire/' In Jon-
son's Poetaster iv. 5, Tucca says to Pyrgus, wfio is
dressed as Ganymede, ** Well said, my fine Pn. fry/*
In M+ W. if. L 3, 98, Pistol calls Fafetaff "base Pn.
Turk ** : with reference to his amours with Mistresses
Bage amd jPord. He is a kind of Paris, but, Hfee the
Turk, has more than one Helen.

PHYLIPPOS. SeePHUJPPi*

PIACENZA (the ancient PLACENTIA}. A city in N* Italy
on the S* bank of the Po, 2 m. E* of its junction with the
Trebbia* It is mentioned in Middleton's JR. G. v. i,
by Trapdoor as one of the places in Italy which he has
** ambled over/* Burton, A* M. iii* 3, i, 2, says, ** In
Italy some account them of Piacenza more jealous than
the rest/'

PIAZZA, The arcade or covered way built on the N* and
E. sides of Covent Garden, Lond., by Inigo Jones in
1633-4. His intention was to cany the P. aS round the
square, but only these 2 sides were built, that on the N.
being called the Great and that on the E. the Little P.
The idea seems to have been taken from the colonnades
in the P. di Sasn Marco at Venice, but the name was
TOosgiy applied, not to the whole square or Place, but
coloanades themselves* Bfoctnt, in Giossograpfua
kr *^ stays, ** P*, a aiasket-piace or chief street,
as tkat m Qweet Gardes^ wfekti tfee vulgar coc-
rtipdy call tfae P. Hie cio^ walks are not so properly
liK P. as the ground iock)sed withm the rail/T He also
notes that the word is to be piocounced Piatsa. M

PICARDY

Shirley's Ball v. i, Freshwater says, ** The Venetians
are the valiantest gentlemen under the sun* a or 3 Eng-
lish spies had lain lieger for 3 months to steal away the P*
and ship it to Covent Garden." In Killigrew's Parson
v. i, the Capt* says, ** Who should I meet at the corner
of the P* but Joseph Taylor : he tells me there's a new
play at the Fryers to-day." Taylor was an actor, who
died in 1654. In v. 4, the Parson says, ** I'd pass my
time in the P. with the mountebank, and let him practise
upon my teeth and draw *em too, ere he persuades the
words of matrimony out of my mouth again/' Killigrew
himself lived in the P., in the N.W. angle from 1637 to
1643 and in the NJ3. from 1660 to 1662. In Brome's
Covent G. i. i, Cockbrain, speaking of Covent Garden,
says, ** Yond magnificent piece, the P*, will excel that at
Venice." In Nabbes* C* Garden ii. i, Warrant says he
has challenged Spruce : " the weapon single rapier ;
the place the P/

PIAZZA DI SAN MARCO. The great square at Venice,
W* of the Cathedral of San M. On the N. side are the
Procuratorie Vecchie and the Torre dell' Orologio ? on
the S. the Procuratorie Nuove and the Libraria Vecchia,
Act ii. scene i of Jonson's Volpone is laid in ** St. Mark's
Place/* Here Mosca, disguised as a travelling quack,
sets up his stage, and Sir Politick says, ** I wonder yet
that he should mount his bank here in this nook, that has
been wont to appear in face of the P/' Volpone himself
says, ** It may seem strange that I, your Scoto Mantuano,
! who was ever wont to fix my bank in the face of the
| public P. near the shelter of the Portico to the Procura-
I toria, should now humbly retire myself into an obscure
nook of the P/* For reference in Shirley's Ballf see
under PIAZZA.* In Brome's Novdia ii. a, Paulo says,
** The rich P* on her greatest mart Boasts not more
nations " than are coming to court Victoria.

PICARDY. A province in N.W. France lying W* of
Champagne, between Artois and the He de France*
Its capital was Amkns. It was part of the possessions
of the Counts of Flanders, and passed, by the marriage
of Philip the Bold with Margaret of Flanders, to the
Dukes of Burgundy at the beginning of the i5th cent.
After the defeat of Charles of Burgundy at Nancy in
1477 it was added by Louis XI to the kingdom of France*
The Squire, in Chaucer's C. T. A* 86, " hadde been
somtyme in chyvachie In Flaundres, in Artoys, and
Pycardie/' In H6 A. ii. i, 10, Talbot welcomes Bur-
gundy: "By whose approach the regions of Artois,
Wallon, and P* are friends to us/' In Fam. Vict*f p. 362,
the Capt*, enumerating the forces of the French at Agin-
court, says, ** Are not here Pickardes with their cross-
bows and piercing darts s1 " In H6 B. iv. i, 88, the Capt.
says to Suffolk, " Through thee P. Hath slain their
governors, surprised our forts/' This was in 1449* In
World CMM 170, Manhood says, " P. and Pontoise and
gentle Artois . . * all have I conquered as a knight/'
In Webster's Weakest iii. 5, Lodowick speaks of Ardres
as a village ** in P." It was part of the English dist. In
Chapman's Consp. Byron v. i, Byron boasts, " Only my-
self Did people Artois, Douay, P* With her [Victory's]
triumphant issue*" In More ii. 2, amongst the foreigners
attacked by the rioters on Black May Day 15x3 is men-
tioned ** Mutes, a wealthy P., at the Greene Gate/' la.
Hoimshed he is called Newton, a Picard born, and his
house is Queen Gate. It is pleasant to record that the
mob did not discover him. In Davenport's Matilda iii.
3, C3iester^ks the K. to grace him "'with the President-
ship of P., fallen in this last rebellion from the Lord
Bruce unto yotir crown*"

410

PICCADILLY

PICCADILLY. A st. in modem Load* running W. from
the top of the Haymarket to Hyde Park Comer, The
name is first recorded in 1623, when Robte. Backer of
Pickadilley Hall is mentioned in the accounts of the
Overseers of the Poor of St. Martin's* This Hall was at
the N.E. corner of the Haymarket* Blount, in Glosso-
graphia, mentions a famous Ordinary near St. James's
called Pickadilly; and thinks it was so called from
Pickadil, a sort of collar* because it was " the utmost or
skirt house of the suburbs " ; or because Higgins, who
built it, was a tailor, and got his profit from the sale of
Pickadils. I find no mention of it in our dramatists*

PICENUM* A dist. in Central Italy lying between the
Apennines and the Adriatic, from the mouth of the
.SSsis to that of the Matrinus* In Jonson's Catiline iii* 3,
Catiline says. 44 1 have already sent Septimius Into the
Picene territory/ a*id Julius To raise force for us in
Apulia*"

PICKT-HATCH. An infamous resort of thieves and
prostitutes in Elizabethan Lond. It lay at the back of
Middle Row (formerly called Rotten Row) on the E*
side of Gosweil Rd., just S* of Old St. opposite the wall
of the Charterhouse. The name was preserved for a
long time in Pickax Yard. Middle Row* It properly
means a half-door, surmounted by a row of spikes, such
as was often used in brothels* It was stated by some
authorities to have been in Turnmill St., but a survey of
1649 fixes the site as above described* In JW* W+ W+ ii.
2, 19. Falstaff says to Pistol, " Go ! A short knife and a
throng ! To your manor of P. ! Go ! " The short knife
was for cutting purses in a crowd : the implication being
that Pistol was a cut-purse* In Field's Weathercock L 2,
Pendant says* if he were a woman, he would ** scratch
faces like a wild-cat of Picked-hatch." In his Amends ii*
2, Subtle says, ** Your whore doth live in P., Turnbull
St." In Jonson's Alchemist ii* i, when Mammon boasts
of the recuperative powers of the Elixir Vitae, Surly says,
** The decayed Vestals of Pict-Hatch would thank you,
That keep the fire alive there/* In Ev. Man L i. i, old
Knowell, reading Wellbred's letter to his son, dated
from the Windmill, says, " From the Bordello it might
come as well, The S'pittle, or Pict-Hatch*" In the
dramatis personas of £i?. Man O*, Shift is described as
" A thread-bare shark* His profession is skeldring and
idling, his bank Paul's, and his warehouse Picthatch."
In Epigram xii* on Lieutenant SUftf Jonson speaks of him
as ** Not meanest among squires That haunt Pict-hatch,
Marsh Lambeth, and Whitefriars*" In Randolph's
Muses* iv* 3, Justice Nimis boasts of the revenues gained
by him from " my P* grange and Shoreditch farm and
other premises adjoining." In Jonson's Barthol* v. 3,
Cole calls Leatherhead *' goodman Hogrubber of P." :
meaning that he keeps a brothel* In Davenant's PZy-
month i* 2, Seawit says, ** Dp you take this mansion for
Pick'd-hatch i " Marston, in Scourge of Villanie i. 3,
says, " His old cynic Dad Hath forced him clean forsake
his Pickhatch drab.** Randolph, in Hey Hon., speaks of
** t&e whores of Pv TurnbmH, or the unmerciful bawds
of Blooms&ttry." In Davenport's New Trick i. 3, P. is
mentioned in a list of disreputable localities. The scene
of Mfddleton's Black Book is laid at P. ; and on p* ii
the Devil begms his peregrinations there because it ** is
the very sMris of all bro&^l-houses." Nash is saM to
have died at P.

PICTS (the PTCTI)* A Celtic tribe who seem to have been
settled in the Orkneys, N* Scotland, and Ff JL ireted*
They called themselves Cruithne. After tie Ro»ans
kft Britain they spread southward as lar as the Pentland

PIE CORNER

Hills. They ultimately amalgamated with the Scots. In
Hughes' Misfort. Arth. iii. i, Arthur describes Modred's
army as made up of 4* sluggish Saxons' crew and Irish
kerns, And Scottish aid and false red-shanked P." In
Fisher's Fmmas i* 3, Cassibelan says, "Androgeus,
hasten to the Scots and P., 2 names which now Al-
bania's kingdom share." Spenser, F. Q* ii* 10, 63, men-
tions the invasion of Roman Britain by 4* Those spoilful
P. and swarming Easterlings." In vi. 12, 4, he says that
Claribell was destined to be married ** Unto the Prince
of Picteland," i*e* the K* of Scotland.

PIE* A tavern sign in Lond., probably short for Magpie*
There was a Magpie Tavern in Magpie Yard, between
Fetter Lane and Castle Yard. In Heywood's Lucrece ii.
5, Valerius, in his song of Taverns, says, " The fiddler
[goes] to the Pie." There was a Pie Tavern at Aldgate*
In Book of New Epigrams (1659), we have " One asked
a friend where Captain Shark did lie ; Why, Sir, quoth
he, at Algate at the Pie/'

PIE CORNER* The corner of Giltspur St. and Cock
Lane in W. Smithfield, Lond. It was so called from the
cooks' shops which stood there, at which pigs were
dressed- during Bartholomew Fair* In a Tract on
Bartholomew Fair (1641), it is called "** the Pig Market,
alias Pasty Nook or P. C. ; where pigs are all hours of
the day on the stalls piping hot, and would say (if they
could speak) come, eat me," In Jotuson*s Barthol. i. i,
Littlewit says, " Win, long to eat of a pig, sweet Win,
in the Fair do you see, in the heart of the Fair, not at
P.-C." In Massinger's Madam L i, Anne says con-
temptuously of the cooks hired by Holdfast : 4f Fie on
them ! They smell of Fleet-Lane and P.-C." In Jon-
son's Alchemist L i, Face reminds Subtle that he first
met him ** at P.-C», Taking your meal of steam in from
cooks* stalls." In Field's Amends iii. 4, Wiborebang cries,
** Let's have wine, or I will cut thy head off and have it
roasted and eaten in P. C. next Bartholomew-tide,"
Dekker, in Raven's Almanac, mocks at those who " walk
snuffing up and down in winter evenings through P.-c.,
yet have no silver to stop colon."

In Peele's Jests, we are told: ** George was making
merry with 3 or 4 of his friends in P*-C., where the tap-
ster was much given to poetry*" In Day's B. Beggar iv.,
Canby says, " You shall see the amorous conceits and
love-songs betwixt Capt. Pod of Py-C. and Mrs* Rump
of Ram Alley." This is the Capt. Pod who was a famous
exhibitor of motions, or puppet-plays. In Jonson's
Barthol. v* i, Leatherhead says, " O the motions that
I have given light to since my master Pod died ** ; and
in Ev. Man O. iv. 2, Macilente says, ** Let him be Gapt*
Pod and this his motion," There were many saddlers'
shops in the neighbourhood of P.-C. fa H$ B. £L i, a8,
Quickly says of Falstaff : ** A' comes oantiiiuandy to
P.-C* to buy a saddle." In Vox BoreaSs {1641}, we read :
44 These tnen landed at P. C* w!iere> after they had sold
their saddles, they eat out tlieir swords/* lliere were
also printing shops in the neighbourhood, where broad-
sides and other second-rate stuff were published, Ran-
dolph, in hfe Answer to Ben Jonsan's Ode, says, " Thou
canst not find them stuff That will be bad enough To
please their palates j let *em them refuse For some P*-
C Muse." The Merry-conceited Fortane Tetter was
" Printed for John Andrews at the White-Lion, meac
Py-C. 1662*" The name lent itself to puns : Middle-
ton, in HuWwrd, speaks of a man " winding his pipe like
a horn at the P. C. of his mouth, which mtist needs make
him look Hfee a sow-gelder*" The Gt, Fire begm at
PtKkfmg Lane and ended at P. C. Hie curio*is cinasm-

411

PIED BULL

stance was commemorated by the figure of a naked boy
set up at the corner of Cock Lane, with the inscription:
** This boy is in memory put up for the late Fire of
Lond* occasioned by the sin of gluttony, 1666." The
boy, shorn of the wings he once possessed, may still be
seen on the public-house called " The Fortune of War/'
There is another memorial in Pudding Lane (#*v*)

PIED BULL* A bookseller's sign in St* Paul's Church-
yard, Lond* The 2nd quarto of King Lear was " Printed
for Nathanael Butter and are to be sold at his shop in
Pauls Churchyard at the sign of the Pide Bull near St*
Austins Gate, 1608*"

PIEDMONT* A region in N.W* Italy enclosed on 3 sides
by the Alps and occupying the upper part of the valley
of the Po* During our period it belonged to the Dukes
of Savoy, the ancestors of the present K* of Italy* In
Barnes* Charter i* 4, Alexander allots to the D. of Candy
** those towns in P., And all the signories in Lombardy
From Porta di Volane to Savona." In Shirley's Ball v* i,
Freshwater speaks of ** P*, where I had excellent veni-
son/* In Davenant's Love Horn 1.1,335, Leonell speaks
of ** The force of your Alvaro, Prince of P/' In
Cockayne's Trapottn i, 2, Horatio introduces himself as
" and son unto the D. of Savoy and the P* Prince/* The
massacre of the Protestants of P, by the D* of Savoy in
1655 was the occasion of a sonnet by Milton On the late j
massacre in P., in which he prays God not to forget ;
those who had been ** slain by the bloody Piemontese/* j

PDSRIA* A dist* in Thessaly along the W* coast of the j
Thenaak Gulf, at the foot of the Olympus range, be- >
tween the mouths of the Peneus and the Haliacmon. j
It was reputed to have been the birthplace of the Muses*
When their cult was transferred to Mt* Helicon in
Boeotia the name went with them, and the fountain of
Aganippe, near the grove of the Muses, was called the
Pierian spring, to drink of which was supposed to confer
the gift of poetry and song* In Chapman's Consp* Byron
ii* i, Henry says to Savoy, " Your wit is of the true Pier-
ian spring That can make anything of anything*** In
Jooson's Poetaster v* i, Csesar, commending the poets,
says, ** For these high parts Caesar shall reverence the
Pierian arts/* Spenser, in Raines of Time 304, says,
** So happy are they and so fortunate, Whom the Pierian
sacred sisters love/'

PIGEONS, THREE* See THREE PIGEONS*

PIGMIES. A race of men of small stature mentioned by
Homer and Herodotus* They were long supposed to
be fabulous, but the bas-reliefs on the temple of Q.
Hatshepsut at Deir-el-Bahari, near Thebes, and the
discoveries of Stanley prove that such a race does exist
in Central Africa* In Ado ii* i, 278, Benedick says,
" I will do you any embassage to the P* rather than hold
3 words' conference with this harpy /f In Jocson's Bv*
Man O* £u i, Carlo says of Fastidius Brisk's page : ** He
looks Kke a colonel of the P/ horse/* There was also
supposed to be a race of P* in N. India* Milton, P* L*
I* 760, describes the fallen angels as shrinking in size till
they were ** like that pygmean race Beyond the Indian
nit.** Pltny, Nat. Hist* viL n, 26, places the P* ** Be-
yond the source of the Ganges*** Batman says ** they
dwell in mountains of Inde/*

PIKE GARDENS. Certain gardens, with 4 fish-ponds in
them, on the Bankside in Southwark, between the
Tbaines and SumiierSt^E. of Love Lane. They were
purchased at one time by Philip Henslowe* In KilH-
grew's Pmsm OL 3, the Caf>t* says* ** Let's go and cross
the fields t» P/s; her kitchen is co^wmter and summer*^

PJNDER OF WAKEFIELD

I doubt, however, whether the reference is to P. G*,
from the fact that it was necessary to cross the fields to
get there, and that P, is called ** she*" I should suppose
that P/s was a tavern kept by that lady somewhere in
the N* suburbs of Lond*

PILLICOCK HILL* A hill in the land of Nursery
Rhymes. In Lear iii* 4, 78, Edgar sings : " P* sat on P.
Hill/* The full version of the rhyme runs : " Pillycock,
Piilycock, sat on a hill, If he's not gone he sits there
still*"

PIMLICCX A place of entertainment in Hogsdon much
resorted to by the Londoners of the ijth cent* for the
sake of the fresh air and the cakes and ale for which it
was famous* The site is approximately marked by P*
Walk, which runs E* from the corner of St* John's Rd*
and New North Rd* to Hoxton St* Probably it got its
name from its proprietor* Nares (s*i>*) quotes from
Newes from Hogsdon (1598): "Have at thee then, my
merry boys, and hey for old Ben P/s nut-brown/* The
name was transferred sometime during the 17th cent*
to the dist. E* of Chelsea between the Thames and St,
James's Park, possibly because there was a similar place
of entertainment there* In all the passages quoted below
it is the Hoxton P* that is intended*

A tract was published in 1609 entitled Pirnlyco : or
Rtmnt Red Cap., 'Tis a mad world at Hogsdon. In Jon-
son's Alchemist v* i, Lovewit says, ** Gallants, men and
women, And of all sorts of tag-rag [have] been seen to
flock here In threaves * * * as to a second Hogsden In
days of P* and Eyebright/* In BarthoL i* i, Littlewit,
praising his wife's dress, says, ** I challenge all Cheap-
side to show such another ; Moor-fields, P,-path, or the
Exchange." In his Devil iv* i, Wittipol says to Lady
Tailbush, " Coach it to P* ; dance the saraband/' In
iii* i, Meerctaft says, ** I'll have thee, Capt. Gilthead,
and march up and take in P* and kill the bush at every
tavern*" In Underwoods IxiL, Jonson describes the
Lond* citizens' wives telling of their husbands' exploits
in the train-bands : ** What a strong fort old P* had
been ; How it held out j how, last, 'twas taken in/* In
Lady Mother iii. 2* Oariana says to Crackby, '* Match
with Nan your schoolfellow With whom you used to
walk to Pimblicoe To eat plumcakes and cream/' In
Middleton's R. G* v* i, Dapper says, ** My Lord No-
land, will you go to P. with us 2 We are making a voyage
to that happy land of spice-cakes*" In Mayne's Match ii*
6, Plotwelf says, ** We have brought you a gentleman of
valour who has been in Moorfields often ; marry, it has
been to squire his sisters and demolish custards at P*"
In Cooke's Greene's Qnoqaet p* 556, Sir Lionel says,
** I have sent my daughter this morning as far as P. to
fetch a draught of Derby ale/* In Massinger's Madam
fv* 4* Mary speaks ccartemptuously t>f ** Exchange
- wenches Coming from eatmg pudding-pies on a Sunday
At P* or Islington/* In Glapthonie's Wit iL i, Clare
speaks of ** a grocer's daughter With whom he has been
lied to go to P* And spend zo groats in cakes and
Christian ak/* Dekker, in Armourers, says, " There is
no good doings in these days but amongst lawyers,
amongst vintners, in bawdy houses, and at P/' In
Middieton's R. G* iv. 2, Mrs* Gallipot says of an archer
at BunMlI: "When his arrows have flien toward
Islington his eyes have shot dean contrary towards P/'

PINDER OF WAKEFTHF JX A tavern on the W* side of
Gray's Ion Rd, Loud, between Harrison St*. and
Cromer St* The name is now transferred to Ho* 328,
on the E. side of the road* It was a little over i mile
from St* Pancras Ch* It was named after die famous

412

PINDUS

George-a-Greene. the Pinner of Wakefield, whose ex-
ploits were the subject of the old play so entitled. In
Glapthorne's Hollander v* i, Urinal says that Popingaie
will not be married at Pancridge — " There's no drink
near it but at the Pinder of Wakefield, and that's
abominable,"

PINDUS. A range of mtns. running S* from the Balkans
and forming the boundary between Thessaly and
Epeirus* The highest peak reaches about 9000 ft In
-Richards' MessaUina v* 2182, Saufelius prays t ** P* and
Ossa cover me with snowl" In Brandon's Octavia
1718, Octavia cries, " I will fly where P* hides his head
Among the stars or where ambitious Othris The clouds'
swift motion bars*" In Fisher's Fuimas iv* i, Caesar
says, ** Stern Mars, roar as thou didst at Troy Which P*
may re-beat, and Taurus lough the same/' In T. Hey-
wood's Dialogues 5240, lo says, " Here, Daphne, by
your father Peneus' streams, Which, falling from the
top of P* mt.* Waters Hemonian Tempe, let us sit,"
In the old Timon v. i, Pseudocheus bids Gelasimus,
44 JBtoa being left, fly to P. hill." In Chapman's Bussy
v* i, Bussy says, ** My sun is turned to blood in whose
red beams P. and Ossa, hid in drifts of snow, Melt like
2 hungry torrents." Spenser, in Prothalamion 40,
says, "The snow which doth the top of P* strow
Did never whiter show" than the two swans
swimming down the Lee. La Brome's Ct. Beggar iv. !
3, Ferdinand says, "Heap yet more mtns*, mtns. upon !
mtns,, P* on Ossa*" In T. Heywood's B. Age i*, Ache-
lous says that his mother was *' the nymph Nais, bora
on P* mt.. From whence our broad and spacious cur-
rents rise*" Spenser, F* Q* iii. 4, 41, says that Paeon
was born to Apollo and Liagore 4* upon high P* hill/'
Hall, in Satires vi* i, says of old Catilla : ** Her chin like
P. * * * Where down descends the o'erflowing stream
doth fill The well of her fair mouth." In Mason's
Mvlleasses 1576, Timoclea speaks of ** the vine-god's
priests Running down Nila [* Nisa] or from P* top/'

PIPER'S HILL* A hill 4 m. N*E. of St. Albans* In
Misogonus iv* i, Codrus says, " Were not P* H. then the
rye-field 3 "

PIPIDIAUKE* A promontory in S.Wales* Fuller relates
(Church History i* 5, 22) that Gildas Albanius " read
liberal Sciences to many auditors and Scholars at
Pepidiauc, a promontory in Pembrokesh*," but the
school of Gildas was at Llan-carvan in Glamorgansh*,
9 m* S*W. of Cardiff* There is a vili called Horton in
the promontory between Carmarthen Bay and Swansea
Bay* In Jonson's Wales, Evan says, 44 Houghton is a
town bear his name there by Pipidiauke/*

PIREAN (probably a mistake for PYKENJEAN, g.i?.)* In
Swetnam L 3, lago says of Leonida : " Her fame hath
gone beyond the Pirean mtns* and brought the chief
Italian princes/'

PIRENE* A fountain at Corinth where Bellerophon
caught tJie winged horse Pegasus* It was sacred to the
Muses. Hall, in Sat. (1597) i. 3, 20 says, "Cytheron's
hill's become a brothel bed, And Pyrene sweet turned
to a poisoned head Of coal-black puddle/' In Mar-
miott's Antiquary iiu 2, Petrucio says, "I leave your
Helicons and your pale Pirenes to such as will took
after ten/* Persias (prol* 4) calls it "pallida
Pyrene/* Quades,' in Feast for Warms (1638), p. 4,
apologises for his Hose, because she has never bathed
her feathers "in the Pyrenean flood***

PIREUS.

P1SCAMA

PISA. An ancient city of Etruria, on the Arno, 44 m, W*.
of Florence. Formerly it was only 2 m* from the sea,,
but the distance has been increased by the silt de-
posited by the river* In the tith and i2th cents, P. was
at the height of its power : its fleets scoured the Medi-
terranean, and it gained possession of Sardinia and
Corsica* The great buildings which are grouped together
in the N*W. of the city date from this period. The
Cathedral was consecrated in 1118, the Baptistry was
begun in 1152 ; the Leaning Tower, or Campanile
Pendente, in 1174 ; and the Campo Santo a few years
later. A long struggle for maritime supremacy followed
with Genoa, in which the Genoese finally prevailed,
defeating the Pisans with immense loss at the battle of
Meloria in 1284* A popular rising took place, in which
Count Ugolino was taken and then starved to death in
the Tower of the Seven Streets, His story has been im-
mortalised by Dante* Next came a protracted contest
with the Florentines, who took P* in 1409 and finally ex-
tinguished its independence a century later* Amongst
its famous sons are Galileo and the Pisanos. In Shrew i.
i, io, Lucentio says, "P*, renowned for grave citizens.
Gave me my being and my father " ; and in ii, i, 103,
Baptista speaks of Vincentio, the father of Lucentio, as
" a mighty man of P/* In ii. i, 369, Tranio speaks of
44 rich P/' Fuller, Holy State iii. 10, says, ** The Pisans,
sited in the fens and marsh of Arnus. have excellent
memories*" In Massinger's Great Duke i* i, Contarion
says, ** The service done our master in his wars 'Gainst
P. and Sienna may with justice Claim what's conferred
upon him*" The period is the dukedom of Cosimo L
To the same period belongs Davenant's Siege, the scene
of which is laid at P* In i. i, the Col, says, " Our
Signiory of P. scorned to implore justice of any state in
Italy." In Davenant's Italian L i, Horello says, * Our
pay rests in arrears and P/s lost/' In Dekker's Wonder
i. i, the D. of Florence says, ""Hymen shall unite
Florence and P. by the hands of Fyametta and this Pisan
Duke/*

Swords were made at P., but they were of compara-
tively poor quality* In B. & F* Custom ii* 3, Duarte says,
44 Pll show you the difference now between a Spanish
rapier and your pure P." In Ford's Trial ii* i, Guzman.

tower* A particular cut of beard was known as the
Pisan beard* In B* & F. Corinth ii* 4, the Tutor in-
structs Onos, his pupil, ** Play with your P. beard,"
In Day's Law Tricks L i, Polymet& talks of Hie
"choicest gems Marcellis, P*, or Ligome could yield/*
In Shirley's Bird ixL 3, Fulvio appeals to the Am-
bassador 44 by that love we interchanged at P* when we
grew Together in our studies/' The University of P* is
one of the most ancient and famous in Italy,

PISA. Af0wnmE3£smthePelapoiiae^

The Pisatans were tfae original founders of the Olympic
Games, bttt the city was destroyed by their rivals, the
Eleans, m 572 B*c* In Nem L 3, Nero relates feow his
glories amazed ** the Greekish towns, Elis and Pisa and
the rich Mycenae*'*

PISCARIA* The fish-market of Venice, situated on the W,
bank of the Grand Canal N* of the Rialto Bdge*, behind
the Fabriche Nuove, erected in 1555. In Jonson's Vbi'-
pom v. 4. Volpone says, ** I mean to be a suitor to your
worship For the small tenement , * * at the end of your
long row of houses By the Piscaria/*

PISIDIA

PISIDIA* A province in S.W* Asia Minor lying E. of
Lycia and N. of PamphyKa* Its chief city was the
Pisidian Antioch, where Paul preached* It was a hilly
and well-wooded country. In Lyly's Midas iv* 2, Coryn
says, ** He that fishes for Lesbos must have such a
wooden net as all the trees in Phrygia will not serve to
make the cod, nor all the woods in P* provide the corks."
In iv. i, Midas speaks of " the petty kings Of Mysia,
P.* and Galatia," In Brome's Ct. Beggar iv. 3. Ferdi-
nand, who is mad, says, ** I would but live to subdue
the Pisidians and to bring the Lydians under tribute,"
Apparently he is under the delusion that he is Midas*

PIS3VLS3* The stream from the banks of which Persephone
was stolen by Pluto* From the context it is plain that
T. Heywood accepted the form of the legend which
placed it in Sicily near Henna, but I have not been able
to find his authority for the name. In his Mistress v. i,
Psyche adjures Proserpina, " By all the tears your
grieved mother shed When you were stole fromPismae's
flowery bank."

PISSING ALLEY. Two passages in Old Lond. enjoyed
this appellation : one running from Friday St* to
Bread St., the other from the Strand into Holywell St*
Probably the former is the one intended in the quota-
tion* In Middietpn's Family v* 3, Dryfat says, " The
wise woman in Pissing Alley nor she in Do-little Lane
are more famous for good deeds than he*"

PISSING CONDUIT. See CONDUIT.

PISTOIA (the ancient PISTORIA). A city in N*W* Italy on
tibe Ombrotie. 21 m. N.W* of Florence* It has long
manufactured iron-ware and fire-arms, and the word
Pistol is derived from it* In Middlemen's #. G. v. i,
Trapdoor mentions P* as one of the cities in Italy which
he has " ambled over*" In Cockayne's Trapolin ii. 3,
Horatio calls it ** iron P*"

PITTIE-WARD. In M. W. W. iii. i, 5, Simple says he
has looked for the coming of Dr. Caius and his party :
"The p*-w*, the Park-ward ; every way ; old Windsor
way, and every way but the town way*" Evans is waiting
in a field near Frogmore: evidently the field E. of
Moor St., for the party actually comes ** from Frogmore,
over tl*e StJIe/' across Moor St. The one way that is
left taiaccotmted for is the Staines Hd*, which joins the
Ok! Windsor Rd. just S. of Frogmore* This road, lead-
ing through Staines and Hampton to Lond*, might well
be called the City-ward way* and I mcline therefore to
accept CapelTs emendation ** the cittie-ward.**

PLACENTIA(theoldnameofPiAdNZA,g*i7.). InShir-
k/s Impotfare L i, Fiaviano says, ** Thou left's* the
princess Fioretta safe at Placentia ** "

PLASHY* A vill. in Essex 7 m*N.E* of Chelmsford. The
castle of P, was the residence of Thomas of Woodstock,
Earl of Gloucester* and the ch. was part of a college
founded by him in 1393. In Rz L 2, 66, the Duchess of
Gloucester sends an invitation Jo the D. of York to visit
bser 4* at P." In ii, 2, 90, York sends his servant ** to
P*, to my sister Gloucester " ; and in 120 he says, ** I
shotild to P. too." In Trag. Richd. II ii. 2? 187, Wood-
stock says, * 111 to P*, brothers ; If ye ride through

hmise of Py tehee, Sfaniis jqEa sweet and

MOUTH.

PLYMOUTH

PLOUGH* A tavern sign in Lond. There was a P. Inn
on the S. side of Cary St., or Little Lincoln's Inn Fields ;
there was also a P* Inn beyond Kensal Green Cemetery
which dated back to the i6th cent., and another, which
still remains, at the top of Clapham Rise. But the one
meant in the quotations was probably somewhere in the
City* In T. Heywood's Lucrece ii* 5, Valerius, in his
song of the Taverns, says, ** To the P. [goes] the down/*
In Wager's The Longer B. i, Moros says, ** There be
good puddings at the sign of the P., you never did eat
better satiserSngs."

PLUMPTON PARK. A park near Kingsbury in N.

Leicestersh., S* of Tamworth* In B. & F* Captain iii. 3,

Jacobo, asked to sing, replies : ** Thou know'st I can

sing nothing but P, P." In Brome's Moor iii. 2, Buzzard

makes his exit, singing : ** Down P* P., etc." The

I reference seems to be to the Ballad of King Edward and

I the Tanner of Tamworth (Percy's JReliques ii* i), in which

1 the K. says, " For P.-p* I will give thee, With tenements

' fair beside." Puttenham, Art of Poesie iii. 22, says that

the K. gave the tanner ** the inheritance of Plumton

parke " for his good sport*

PLYMOUTH. A spt* and naval station in S.W. Devonsh*
at the head of P. Sound, at the confluence of the Plym
and Tamar, 216 m. S.W. of Lond. Its importance as a
spt. dates from the i6th cent*, and it was the usual
starting-point of expeditions to the W. Indies and
America. The names of Drake, Hawkins, and Sir
Humphrey Gilbert lend it lustre. It was the last English
port touched at by the Pilgrim Fathers, and from it they
named the place of their disembarkation in America,
New P* ** The Jhesus of P." was one of the fleet, sighted
by Hycke, p. 88, conveying the "religious people" to
Ireland. In Three Ladies ii., Lucre mentions P* as one of
the English towns where, on account of the concourse of
traders, " infinite numbers great rents upon little room
do bestow." In T. Heywood's Maid of West A. i. i, the
scene of which is laid here, the Capt. says, ** How P.
swells with gallants I How the streets Glister with
gold ! You cannot meet a man But tricked in scarf and
feather, that it seems As if the pride of England's
gallantry Were harboured here. It doth appear, me-
thinks, A very court of soldiers." In Haughton's
Englishmen ii. 2, Towerson announces that the ships,
laden with the wealth of ample Spain, " arrived safely at
P." In Devonshire i. 2, the Merchant says, " Spanish
galliasses being great with gold were all delivered at P*,
Portsmouth, and other English havens." In Middleton's
Quarrel v. i, Chough boasts, ** I could have had a whore
at P." A lost play of Dekker and Jonson was entitled
Page of Plemouiht and described the murder of a rich
merchant, called Page, of that city. In Cwckqmans v, 9,
Denham speaks o£ ** tfee spsaoous bay That is encom-
passed by the sfasose <a£ F/r Spenser, F. Q. iv* u, 31*
says of the Tamar : ** meeting PHm, to Pfitnmouth [it]
thence declines/' Drayton, in Polyolb. i* 229, asks,
** What sfcijp 5ret ever came That not of P* hears, where
those brave navies He, From cannons' thundering throats
ijpt all |fae world defy ** "

A P. Cloak meant a cudgel ; Fuller explains the phrase
as follows (Worthies : Devon 248) : " Many a man of
good extraction, corning home from far voyages, may
chance to land here [at P.], and is unable to recruit him-
self with clothes. Here they make the next wood i "
draper's shop, where a staff cut out serves
covering." Kay, in Proverbs 225, gives a mc^g: jj
planation : " We use when we walk in ctfiBrp
a staff in our hands, but none when in a ddSc/l1

414

PC

considered bad form in Oxford and Cambridge for a
man in academicals to carry a stick or umbrella. In
Dekker's Hon. Wh. B. iii* a, Matheo says, " Shall I
walk in a P. cloak, that's to say, like a rogue in my hose
and doublet, and a crabtree cudgel in my hand < " In
Massinger's New Way i* i, Tapwell says, ** If you but
advance Your Plimworth cloak you shall be soon in-
structed There dwells within call * . * the constable/'
In Wandering Jew (1640) 22* we have : " A poor ale-
house is your Inn, a P* cloak your caster," £*e* outer
garment*

PO (Latin, PABUS, or ERIDANUS)* The largest river in
Italy, rising in the Cottian Alps and flowing E* to the
Adriatic along the valley which separates the Alps from
the Apennines* Its length is about 400 m. In.K*/*i*i,
203, the Bastard describes the English traveller '* Talking
of the Alps and Apennines, The Pyreasean and the river
Po." In Caesar's Rev. iii. 2* Caesar boasts, " Proud
Tyber and Lygurian Poe Bear my name's glory to the
Ocean main/' In Chapman's Consp. Byron L i* Picote
describes the meeting of the Papal Legate and the D* of
Savoy: " Where the flood Ticin enters into Po/' The
Ticino flows into the Po a few m. below Pavia* In B* &
F. Lover's Prog, iv. 4, Lisander speaks of ** the winds of
mischief from all quarters : Euphrates, Ganges, Tigris,
Volga, Po/' In Peek's Old Wives, p. 312, Eumenides
says, ** For thy sweet sake leaving fair Po, I sailed up
Danuby/' In Day's Humour iv* i, Octavio says, " When
upon Po thou find'st a coal-black swan, Thou'st found a
woman constant to a man." In Chapman's Usher iii* a,
Bassiolo swears that his friendship shall last ** while the
banks of Po Shall bear brave lilies/' In Suckling's
Brennoralt ii. i, Villanor says, " I am a better drinker
than a Po/' Greene, in Bradamant's Madrigal in
Perimedes, speaks of " The swans , * * Floating like
snow down by the banks of Po/r

Phaeton was said to have fallen into the Po after his
attempt to guide the chariot of the Sun* In Pembroke's
Antonie v. 1898, Cleopatra compares her sorrows to
those of " Phoebus' sisters, daughters of the sun, Which
wail your brother fallen into the stream Of stately Po/'
The Po is used for Italy in general, with special refer-
ence to its poetry ; partly, perhaps, because it flows near
Mantua, the birthplace of Virgil* In Kinsmen proL, the
speaker says in reference to Chaucer, ** A poet never
went More famous yet 'twixt Po and silver Trent/'
Daniel, in Ep* Ded. to Cleopatra, says, ** O that the
music of our well-tuned He Might hence be heard to
Mintiura, Am, and Po/' In Ret . Pernass* iv* 3, Studioso
speaks of ** so many activeable wits [in England] That
might contend with proudest birds of Po*" In T* Hey-
wood's Lacrece ii* 5, Valerius, in his list of Taverns and
their patrons, says, ** You that do the Muses love [go to]
the sign called River Po/' I can find no such sign in
London. In Cockayne's verses on Massinger's Emperor,
he prays that Massinger may " purify the slighted Eng-
lish tongue That both the nymphs of Tagus and of Po
May txot henceforth despise our language so/'

POD0LIA (now PODOLSK)* A province in S.W. Russia,
until 1793 part of the kingdom of Poland, on the Er bank
of the Dniester and immediately N. of Bessarabia* In
Marlowe's Tamb. B. L a, The^oamas reports* ** By the
river Tyras Jz-e. DnjesterJ I subdued Stoka, Podolia,
and Codemia/'

POICTD3RS, P0FTO0. A piwiace of fence lying cm
the Bay of Biscay, $* of Brittpiy and Aajou. It was
originally the country of the Ptctones. After the fall of
die Roman Empire it came successively into the hands of

POLAND, or POLONIA

the Vandals, the Visigoths, and the Franks, and in the
time of the Carlovings was ruled by Counts of its own,
who were feudatories of the Prankish kings* It became
an English possession by the marriage of Eleanor of
Guienne to Henry II in 1152* It was conquered by
Philippe Auguste in 1294, and ceded to England again in
1360. It was finally reunited to France by Charles VII
in 1375* In Dist. Emp. iv* 2, Gabriella says to Eldegrad,
"Richd* hath begged your offices: He's Count of
Poyteers, Marquis of Saluca/' The date is the reign of
Charlemagne. In K. /* L ir ii, Philip of France claims
P, on behalf of young Arthur. In ii* i, 487, John offers
P* along with Anjou, Touraine, and Maine as dowry to
Blanche if the Dauphin will marry her* In H6 A. i* i , 61,
it is announced that P* is ** quite lost " to the English ;
and in iv* 3, 45, York says, ** Maine, Blois, Po., and
Tours are won away*" In iv* r, 19, the Ff. read P. by
mistake for Patay, q.v* In Davenport's Matilda i. 2,
Fitswater upbraids die K* with ** the loss of Normandie,
when Anjou, Brittain, Main, P., and Turwin were de-
livered up to Philip/'

POICTIERS. The capital of the province of Poitou on the
Gain, 206 m. S,W. of Paris. It is one of the most ancient
towns in France, and has some important Roman re-
mains and a fine old cathedral and palace* It is chiefly
memorable for the 3 great battles fought in its neigh-
bourhood : viz. the defeat of Alaric by Clovis in 507 ;
of the Saracens by Charles Martel in. 732 ; and of Jean II
of France by Edward the Black Prince in 1356. In
Ed* III iii. 5, the Prince announces that John of France
is fled ** towards P/' ; and in iv* 3-8 the battle is de-
scribed* In Jonson's Prince Henry's Barriers, Merlin,
speaking of the Black Prince, says, " Here at P. he was
Mars indeed/' In Trag* Richd. 11 L i, 35, Lancaster
speaks of ** the warlike battles won At Cressey field,
Poyteeres, Artoyse, and Mayne " by Edward the Black
Prince* The battle is described in detail in ii* i, 75,
but the date is wrongly given as September igth, 1363.
It should be 1356* Drayton, in Odes xiu 41, says,
" Poitiers and Cressy tell When most their pride did
swell, Under our swords they fell/'

POLAND, or POLONIA (Pe* = Pole, Pn. « Polonian,
Pa. =as Polonia, Pk. — Polack). A country in E. Europe
lying N* of Hungary between Russia and Silesia,
stretching to the Baltic* From the loth cent, to the end
of the i8th P* was an independent kingdom. In the
i6th cent* it was at the height of its power tmder
Sigismund I and II, and held its own against both
the Russians and the Turks* To the early part
of the cent, belongs Copernicus* the great astronomer.
The kingdom of P* was nefariotisly dimded between
Prussia, Russia, and Austria in the three successive
partitions of 1773* 1793, 1705* Bat P* fecovered
her independence ia 1919. In Ham* M. 3, 63, fforway is
represented as being at war with P*; and in iv. 4,
Fortinlbras of Norway marches across the stage ** against
some part of P/' to win a Httle patch of ground, which
Hamlet thinks " the Pk. never will defend/' la v* 2,
561, Fortinhras ** with conquest conies from. P./* and is
elected K* of Denmark. All this is quite unhistoricaL
In i* i, 63, ** So frowned he ©JKe when in an angry parle
He smote tie sledided Pks. oa the ice " we should read
Pole-axe : there is no indication of any war between
Denmark and P* In Ideas, i* 3, 14, the D. of Vienna has
delivered his power up to Afigelo. ** Aad he sttpposes
Me travelled to P." In Bale's Johan 182, Sedition says,
** I am the Pof>e*s ambassador in Pe., Spruse. and
The reference is probably to the rebeSkaa of

415

PQLICASTRQ

the nobility, who were mainly Roman Catholics, against |
Sigismund I. In Ed. Ill iii. i, reinforcements come to
aid the French K. ** From lofty P., nurse of hardy men/'
In Selimus 540, SeHm says of Samandria : " Here the
Pn. comes hurtling in To fight in honour of his crucifix*"
In Kyd's Solyman t., Haler advises Soliman, ** I hold it
not good policy to call Your forces home from Persia and
Pa/r The reference is to the Treaty concluded between
Soliman and P* in 1533, which was greatly to the ad-
vantage of P* In B. & F. Span. Cur. i. i, Leandro
specifies as one subject of conversation amongst pot-
house politicians, "Whether his [the Turk's] moony
standards are designed For Persia or Pa/r Osman II
had wars with Persia in 1617 and with P* in 1631. In
Marlowe's Massacre, the scene is enacted in which the
Lords of P. offer the crown to Henri of Anjou : he ac-
cepted the offer and was crowned in 1572, but in a few
months he fled secretly from P. to take possession of the
kingdom of France as Henri III. In Heywood's
Witches ii. 2, the soldier says he has served ** with the
Russian against the Pk. ; I was took prisoner by the P,"
The reference is to the war between Sigismund and
Russia, which ended with the victory of Chodkiewich
in 1 622* In Chettle's Hoffman F. i, Stilt says to his son,
** Thou hast as rheumatique a tongue to persuade as any
is between Pe. and Pomer/* In Richard's Misogonas
iii. i, Eugonus, the brother of the hero, is sent away
to his uncle ** in Polona-iand," In B* & F. Fair Maid L
iv* 3, the Tailor tells of a Scotch tailor who had
" travelled far and was a pedlar in P/r In Jonson's
EP+ Man L iL 2, Brainwqrm, disguised as an old soldier,
claims to have served ** in all the late wars in Bohemia,
Hungaria, Dalmatia, P., where not < " Presumably he
means the war concluded by the Treaty of 1533* but he
is simply lying audaciously.

National Character. Heylyn (s.v. P.) says, "The
people are very industrious and studious of all languages,
especially the Latin. They are according to their
abilities rather prodigal than truly liberal/ and are
generally good soldiers. Proud they are and impatient,
delicious in diet, and costly in attire, which last qualities
are common also to the women who are for the most part
mdfoffifere&tly fair, and rather witty than well-spoken/*
There was a general toleration of all varieties of religious
belief in P,, and sectaries of many kinds found a refuge
there. Burton, A. M* iii. 4* *? % says/ ** In Europe, P.,
and Amsterdam are the common sanctuaries/' In later
times, on the contrary, P. came to be reckoned excep-
tionally intolerant. Poverty was supposed to be rife in P.
In Webster's White Devil iii. i, Flamineo says, ** I'd
rather be entered into the list of the 40,000 pedlars in
P.," a sarcasm on the primitive trading arrangements of
the Pes* The winter in P, is very severe* In Err* iii* 2,
loo, Dromio says of his kitchen-wench : *4 Her rags and
the tallow in them will burn a P. winter/* In BegaHed*
Dods, ix. 385, the Nurse says, 44 He does strut before
her in a pair of Pn. legs as if he were a gentleman osher
to the Great Turk" In Middieton's Five Gallants iv* 6,
Pursenet asks, ** "Where's comely nurture i the Italian
kiss, or the French cringe, with the Pn. waist i Are all
forgot t ** In Dsvenant's 17* Lovers ii. i, Rampabu says,
** Bring me but a pattern of a Polish coat, I'd wear it
loose and short/' Dekker, in Seven Sins, says of the
English fashionable man ; ** Pa. gives fafrn fl^ bools/~

ItowteKfc, In Mwe Kmws Yet (1611), tafe c£ "Pa.
^^W9 wdmMartmMarke^an^^Gl **aWtey

fevosirites are described as wearing "Pn. shoes with
pidb a hand fuHkmg Tied to tlKir knees with chains of

POMFRET

pearl and gold." The Pes. wore their heads shaved all
but one lock* In Webster's White Devil ii. i, Brachiano
says of the D. of Florence : " I scorn him like a shaved
Pk."

Apparently some Pn. had been working a swindle
throughout England about 1630. InMarmion's Leaguer
ii* 3, Agurtes says, if he has luck he will not need to
" trample up and down the country, To cheat with a Pn.,
or false rings/' Sir I. Gollancz has recently given good
reason for supposing that Shakespeare took the name of
Polonius in Hamlet from his knowledge of a book called
The Counsellor, written by Laurentius Grimalius Gosli-
cius ** to the honour of the Pn. Empire," as the title
asserts. An English translation appeared in 1598. Hall,
in Satires iv* 3, speaks of an adventurer going to Guiana
for gold and capturing nothing but " Some straggling
pinnace of Pn. rye/' P. was one of the chief granaries of
Europe.

POLICASTRO. A town in S. Italy at the head of the
Gulf of P., on the Mediterranean coast abt. 85 m. S*E*
of Naples* It was once an important city/ but since its
sack by the Turks in the i6th cent, it has remained in-
significant. In Barnes' Charter i. 4, Alexander allots to
Csesar ** Those sweet provinces Even to Monte Alto,
P., And Petrasalia in Calabria."

POLONIA* See POLAND.

POMER, POMMERN, POMERLAND, or POMER-
ANIA. A province extending some 200 m* along the
coast of the Baltic, to the N. of Brandenburg and E. of
the Danish peninsula. From 1062 to 1637 it was ruled
by its own Dukes, and on the death of the last D. passed
to the house of Brandenburg. Since 1815 the whole of it
has belonged to Prussia. & Chettle's Hoffman, one of
the characters is Ferdinand, lord of P. and D. of
Prussia, and in the course of the play (F.i) old Stilt says
to his son, ** Thou hast as rheumatique a tongue to
persuade as any is between Pole and P/* In Chapman's
Alphonsas L 2, 16, the Archbp* of Mentz Hajyns to be
44 By birth the D. of fruitful P/r As a matter of fact, he
had nothing whatever to do with P*

POMFRET (or, more fully, PQNTEFRACT). An ancient
town in the W. Riding, Yorks., near the junction of the
Aire and Calder, 24 m* S.W. of York and 177 m. N«W»
of Lond* The castle, of which considerable ruins still
remain, was built by Ilbert de Lacy soon after the Con-
quest. It came into the possession of the D. of Lancaster
in 1310, and it was here that he was beheaded for re-
bellion in 1322* It was the scene of the confinement and
death of Richd. II, and of the execution of Lord Richd*
Grey and Sir Thomas Vaughan in 1483. It was finally
dismantled by the Parliament in 1649. In K. J* iv* 2/
132, the Bastard faring in a prophet, Peter of P., whom
lie bad found in ** the sts* of P, With many hundreds
treading on his heels,** predicting that the K. would
deliver up his crown before noon on tJie next Ascension-
day* The prophet was hanged at War ham, according to
Holinshed. In #2 v. i. 52, Richd. is ordered to be taken
to P* ; and sc* 5 relates bis murder there. In H4 B* i. i,
205, Morton says tiiat the Archbp. of York "* doth en-
large his rising with the blood Of fair K. Richd*, scraped
from P. stones/* In H6 B. ii. 2, 26, York tells how
Boiingbroke sent Richd. ** to P., where * * . Harmless
Richd. was murdered traitorously*" In Oldcastle iii. z*
Cambridge says, ** When young Richd. was at P* slain,
In him the title of Prince Edward died/' In R$ ii* 4, 42,
word is bcotight that ** Lord Rivers and Lord Grey are
sent to P. ; With them Sir Thomas Vaughan, pdsoiaers/*
In iii. i, 183, Gloucester sends word to Hastings that his

416

POMPEVS THEATRE, or CIRQUE

dangerous adversaries 4t To-morrow are let blood at P*-
Castle " ; and in iii. 2, 50, Catesby brings him the
message. In iii* 2, 85, Stanley says, ** The lords at P*,
when they rode from Lond*, Were jocund, and sup-
posed their state was sure/' In iii* 3, the execution of
Rivers, Grey, and Vaughan takes place " in P. Castle,"
though Rivers was not executed till some months later
than the others. Rivers exclaims, " O P., P* I O thou
bloody prison 1 Within the guilty closure of thy walls
Richd. the 2nd here was hacked to death/* In iii* 4,
92, Hastings recalls with sorrow how he boasted that
** they at P. bloodily were butchered " ; and in v* 3, 140,
the Ghost of Rivers speaks of himself as ** Rivers, that
died at P*" In T* Heywood's Ed. IV B. 162, Anselme
says, " This day at P. noble gentlemen three* the Q/s
kindred, lose their harmless heads*"

POMPEY'S THEATRE, or CIRQUE* The first per-
manent theatre in Rome, built by Cn* Pompeius Magnus
at the S* end of the Campus Martius on the boundary
between it and the Circus Flaminius* It was completed
in 52 B.C. Seats were provided for 40,000 spectators,
and at the back of the stage were spacious colonnades
and gardens. Adjacent to it were the Curia Pompeii,
where Caesar was murdered, aiid the House of Pompeius*
The remains of these buildings are to be seen in the
Piazza of Sta. Maria di Grotta Pinta behind the ch* of
San Andrea della Valle. It was burnt down in the reign
of Tiberius, and 3 later conflagrations are recorded* The
outer walls were still standing in the 1 5th cent. In /. C.
i. 3, 147, Cassius orders the conspirators, ** Repair to P*
Porch where you shall find us " ; and in 152, " That
done, repair to P. T/' In Jonson's Sejanus L 2, Tiberius
approves of the decree for setting up the statue of
Sejanus in P. T., ** whose ruining fire His vigilance and
labour kept restrained In that one loss/' In v. i,
Terentius reports to Sejanus that the people ** run in
routs to P. T. To view your statue which they say sends
forth A smoke as from a furnace/* In v* 10, Terentius
tells how the people " filled the Capitol and P. C/* to
tear down the statues of Sejanus* In Daniel's Cleopatra

. i:, Menester says, ** In P* spacious t* I acted The noble
virtues of true man/' The same lines occur in Richards'
Messalina L 606". Nash, in Wilton 117* speaks of "the
ruins of P. t*, reputed one of the 9 wonders of the
world/* In Shirley's Ball v* i, Freshwater, in his wholly
fictitious account of his travels, says, ** I went a pil-
igrimage'lo Rome, where! saw a play in P. T/' In
Bekker*s Wonder iiL i, Torrentj, spealdng pf his new
palace, says, " I'll gild mine,' Eke P* T*, all o'er/' In
Massinger's Actor L i, Paris complains, ** Our t*, Great
P. work, that hath given full delight Both to the eye
and ear of 50,000 Spectators in one day * * * Is quite
forsaken/' In May's Agrippina i* 339, Vitellius speaks
of " Agrippa's Baths and P* T/* as amongst the finest
buildings of Rome* Puttenham, Art of'Poesie L 17,
speaks of it as "one among the ancient ruins of Rome,
built by Pompeius Magnus, for capacity able to receive
at ease fourscore thousand persons . . * and so
curiously contrived as every man might depart at his
pleasure without any annoyance to other/'

PQNTIp SEA (tjre STROKE, or BLAQB: SEA, g*v*)* In Otfc*
ili* §«4$£f 'Othello says/" pike to the Pontic Sea Whose
icycuirex#mdcO;inpu^

but jkeeps doe on To the Proponik and }fte Hellespont,
E'en so my bloody thpugEts shall ne'er look back/* The
immense quantity of water received by the Black Sea
from the rivers that flow into it causes a constant

XJ.VTU.A VUW Jk4,V **•,»* *f.*if»1 J^VTTT JUUkUV *b •WCT'CJiJI^J- A \

westward 'current through the Dardanelles*

PONTUS

(Holland's translation) says, ** The sea Pontus evermore
runneth put into Propontis, but the sea never retireth
back again within Pontus/* Spenser, F. Q* iii* 9, 37,
says that Parius ** built Kausicle by the Pontick shore/'

PONT NEUF* In spite of its name the oldest bdge*
over the Seine in Paris* It crosses the river at the N.W,
end of the lie de la Cite, and was built by Henri IV,
whose statue stands on the embankment close by* It
was begun in 1578. but not finished till 1604* It was
notorious in the old days as the gathering-place of all the
riff-raff of the city* In Dayenant's j?o£te*, p, 227, the
Londoner says to the Parisian, ** You must needs ac-
knowledge the famous dangers of Pont Neuf, where
robbery is as constant a trade as amongst the Arabs."
Montaigne, writing in 1580, says (Florio's Trans. 1603,
ii* 6), 4* Fortune hath much spited me, to hinder the
structure and break off the finishing of our new-bridge
in our great city*"

PONTOISE* A town in France at the junction of the
Viosne and the Oise, 18 m. N. of Paris* In World Child
170; Manhood claims to have conquered as a knight*
44 Picardy and Pontoise and gentle Artois." The refer-
ence may be to the campaign of Edward III in 1346,
when he advanced almost to the gates of Paris* In
Skelton's Magnificence, fo*v*, Fancy, who has brought a
letter, says it was delivered to him "**at Pountesse,"
where he was arrested as a spy and had great difficulty in
making his? escape*

PONTREMOLL A city in N* Italy, 35 m* S.W. of Parma
at the foot of the Apennines* It is a walled town and the
seat of a Bp* In Barnes' Charter i* i, Charles says to
Montpansier, ** March with your regiments to Pontre-
mols* There shall you find the Swiss with their artillery
newly by sea brought to Spetia*" Spezia is 20 m. due S.
ofPontremoli. In L 4, Alexander allots to Caesar Borgia,
** Iji Romania from Pontremolie and Prato to fair
Florence."

PONT ROUGE* A bdge* over the Seine in Paris, built in
1627 to connect the He de la Cite and the Be St. Louis*
In order to avoid the Canons* Garden it turned in the
river and ran for some distance parallel to the bank as
far as the steps leading to the Hotel de Vilie* It was
made of wood and painted red : hence the name. It was
swept away by a flood in 1790. In Daveaant's Rutland,
p* 223, the Londoner says to the Parisian, " I will pass
into your Fauxbourgs by Pont Rouge, a bdge. built to
show the strength of your river/*

PONTUS (Pc. = Pontic). A dist* in Asia Minor on the S*
coast of the Pontus or Black Sea, and extending from
the Halys on the W* to the Phasfc on tine E. $£ was a
satrapy of the Persian Empire, bat in 363 B.C. the satrap
Ariobarzanes assumed the title of King. He was suc-
ceeded by a number of kings* most of whom were called
Mithridates, Of these the last and most famous was
Mithrkiates VI (120-63 BJC.)* He extended his power
over the greater part of Asia Minor, but having come
into conikt with Rome he was defeated first by Sulla
85 B*C* and then by Pompeius 65 B*C., when P* was made
•jfojo a Roman province* In 36 B.C. Antonius made
Polemon K. of the central part of the country, and his
descendants continued to be called Kings of P* till
A J>« £3, when it was finally absorbed into the Roman
Empire*

In Chapman's Trag. Byron v* i, Byron refers to the
conquest by Pfcmpey of ** Armenia, P*, and Arabia*** In
Caesar's JRei>* L i, P&coro! says, '* Asia field And eoa-
cpejred P* sfog Jws~ lasting praise, Great Pompey/* In

IB

PONTUS

Tiberius 836, Tiberius addresses Armenia : ** Are all the
stripes that strong Lucullus gave Unto thy neighbour P.
and thyself Quite healed up i n Lucullus prepared the
way for Pompeius by his victories over Mithndates in
73 B.C. Milton, P. jR. iii. 36, says, ** Young Pompey
quelled The PC* K." But Pompey was 44 at that time*
IDL B* & F* False One L ir Labienus, describing the
battle of Pharsalia, says, " PC., Punic, and Assyrian
blood Made up one crimson lake." The Eastsupported
Pompey in his war against Caesar* In Shirley's Honoria
ii. 3, Honoria says, ** Does he not look like mighty Julius
bringing home the wealthy spoils of- Egypt, P., and
Africa 4 " In Jonson's CatHm L I, Catiline asks, " Was
I marked out for the repulse Of her no-voice, when I
stood candidate To be commander in the PC* war i **
The reference is to Catiline's rejection when he was
candidate for the consulship in 65 B.C, In Ant. iii* 6, 72,
** the K. of Pont ** is mentioned as one of the allies of
Antony. This was the Polemon whom Antony made K*
of P. in 36 B*C* The K* of P* is one of the characters in
Massinger's Virgin* In Tiberius 2475, Sejanus says,
** Did not Mithridates, P. king, Forgive Phraates his
rebellious son s* ** Pharnaces (not Phraates), the son of
Mithridates VI, conspired against him in 63 B.C* : his
fellow-conspirators were put to death, but Pharnaces was
spared by his father*

Possibly through the story of Mithridates of P* having
made himself immune to poisons by the quite modern
method of tafcmg small doses of them, P. was supposed
to be specially productive of poisons* In Nabbes*
Hannibal iii. 4, Massanissa says that a tear of Sophonis-
ba's " Hath in rt sttffident virtue to convert AH the
Tfaessalian, PC., Phasian aconites Into preservatives/ *
In Microcosmus iii*, Bellanima speaks of an air breathing
perfumes *' no Persian aromats, PC. amomus, or Indian
balsam can imitate/' Amomum is a somewhat in-
determinate kind of spice* Later on in the next act,
Temperance mentions " PC. nuts " amongst table deli-
cacies : they were reputed the best sort of filberts.

PONTUS (used for the P. EUXINUS, or BLACK S.
Hilton, JP. JL* v. 340, says that Eden produced all the
fruits ** Whatever Earth, all-bearing mother, yields In
India E. or W., or middle shore In P. or the Punic
coast/* In ix* 77, Satan surveys the earth ** From Eden
over P, and the pod Mseotis/' In P. R. ii* 347, Satan
provides for our Lord's banquet " All fish . * * of shell
or fin And exquisitest name, for which was drained P*,
and Luerine Bay, and Afiric coast/' The middle shore of
the P. was famous for its fruit and nut trees : the cherry
came thence, and the best filberts were known as
** Pontic nuts " ; and the sea was plentiful in fish* In
Mason's Mutteasses 2099, Timodea says, 4* Nor was the
diadem of the Pontic q* Made as a fatal instrument of
death, And yet it was the engine stopped her breath/'
The reference seems to be to the poisoned coronet sent
by Medea, ** the Pontick q.," to her rival Glauce* or
Creusa, the daughter of the K* of Thebes. But it was
the instrument of Glance's death, not of her own.

POHT VALERIO* In Jonson's Case v* i, Angelo telk
Rachel, who is at Milan, that her lover Ferneze ** is re-
turned from war, lingers at P. V.," and has sent for her
to meet Mm there, A horse is provided for her, and
Angelo prccoises ** At P* V. thou thy love shalt see/*
1m scene 3 Rachel and Angelo are discovered " in the
open eotmtry/* P. V* is dier^are a town witMa riding

; of Milan on some river, as the name implies,
and on the way torn Vicenza* where the war seems to be
going on. I cannot find any P. Vv but Valeggio answers

418

POPPERING

the conditions pretty closely. It is on the Mintio, abt*
75 m* E. of Milan* on the way to Vicenza. There was
a fortified bdge. there, connecting it with Borghetto,
which was built in 1393. It is an important military
position commanding the passage of the Mincio. Hence
I would suggest that V. is a mistake for Valeggio ; un-
less, indeed, it is a purely imaginary place.

POOL, THE* The part of the Thames between Lond*
Bdge* and Limehouse Point* In Massinger's Madam i. i,
Goldwire says, " The ship is safe in the Poo! then*"
In Prodigal i* i, Flowerdale asks, of his ship the
Catharine and Hugh, "What, isrt in the P* can you
tell i "

POOLERS HOLE* A cavern near Buxton in N* Derby-
shire, so called from an outlaw of that name who made
it his residence. It was reckoned the first of the 7
Wonders of the Peak. In Jonson's Love's Welcome it is
mentioned as one of " the written or reported wonders
of the Peak/'

POOVIES' BUILDINGS* Possibly Powis House is
meant at the N*W. corner of LincolnVInn Fields in Gt*
Queen St*, Lond. In Middleton's Trick to Catch iii* 4,
Dampit says, " In anno '89 when the great thundering
and lightning was, I prayed heartily then to overthrow
Poovies* new buildings/*

POPE'S HEAD ALLEY. A lane in Lond* running S*
from 18 Cornhill to Lombard St* At its corner in Corn-
hill was the P* H. Tavern, which is mentioned as early
as 1464, and may have been part of K* John's Palace ;
at all events it had on its walls the arms of England
quartered with those of France* In 1615 the tavern was
left by Sir William Craven to the Merchant Taylors, and
they still draw the rents of the houses built on the site*
The tavern itself existed until 1756. The A* was occupied
early in the ijth cent* by booksellers' shops, and a large
number of pamphlets was issued from it* In Jonson's
Christmas, Christmas says " I am old Gregory Christ-
mas still, and though I come out of P* H* A*, as good a
Protestant as any in the parish/* In Vulcan* Jonson
dedicates to him " Capt* Pamphlet's horse and foot that
sally Upon the Exchange still, out of P* H* A/* In T*
HeywcxxTs /. K. M.f B 268, Gresham says "Let's step
in to the P* H,: we shall be dropping dry if we stay
here." In the same play, B 272, Quicke says "Weyll
arrest hj*n to the P. H* call for the best cheer in the
house, first feed upon him, and then, if he will not come
off, carry him to the Compter/*

Lamm was u Printed for William Ferbrand and are
to be sold at his shop in Popes-h. A* over against the
Tavern door, near the Royal Exchange* 1602."
Machin's Dumb Knight was ** Printed by Nicholas Okes
for John Bache and are to be sold at his shop in P*-h*
Palace, near to the Royal Exchange* 1608*" Evr Woman
L was ** Printed for E. A* by Thomas Archer and are
to be sold at his shop in the P.-h.-palace near the Royal
Exchange. i6pg/* Middleton's #* G* has also Thomas
Ardier*sim|aintatP*-h*-palace* 1611* Webster's Wyat
(1607) and White Devil (1612) were published at the
same place*

POPPERING (POPERINGHE)* A town in W* Flanders, 7
m* W. of Ypres* It gave its name to a variety of pear
tihat was grown there* The Hero of Chaucer's Tale of
Sir Thopas was born ** at Ppperyng, in the place*" In
1?. <£ /* & i, 38, Mercutto says of RosaHne : ** O,
Romeo, that she were an open etcetera* thou a poperin
pear**' The joke, such as it is, depends on the poptdar
mute for the medlar, and the double entendre in poperin.

PORCHMOUTH

In Ev. Worn. /* iv* i, we have : ** No plums nor no par-
snips, no pears nor no Popperins/*1 In Tourneur's
Atheist iv* if Sebastian speaks of " a poppring pear tree
growing upon the bank of a river/' In W* Rowley's
New Wonder, one says, ** I requested him to pull me a
Katherine pear, and, had I not looked to him, he would
have mistook and given me a Popperin/'

PORCHMOUTH (the old spelling of PORTSMOXJTH, g*v*)*

PORTA DI VOLANE. A town on the W* coast of the
Adriatic Sea at the mouth of the Po di Volano, 30 m* due
E* of Ferrara* In Barnes' Charter i* 4, Alexander allots
to the D* of Candy " all the signories in Lombardy From
Porta di Volane to Savona/'

PORTER'S HALL. A building in the precinct of Black-
friars, near Puddlewharf, also called LADY SAUNDERS
HOUSE. Rosseter got a licence to turn it into a playhouse
in 1615. After much difficulty he managed to get it
opened in 1617, when the players from the Hope came
over and performed Field's Amends. But an order from
the Privy Council almost immediately directed that it
should be dismantled, and this was the end of the
venture*

PORT LE BLANC* Stated in Rz ii* i, 277, to have been
the starting-point of Bolingbroke's expedition to recover
his estates in England* It is called there "a bay in
Brittany." The authority for the statement is HoHnshed,
who appears to have followed Les grands croniqaes de
Bretagne (1514). It is said that there was a port of this
name on the N* coast of Brittany near Treguier* It is
pretty certain, however, that Henry started from Vannes
in the bay of Morbihan in Lower Brittany, and Marshall
has suggested that Port Le Blanc is a mistake for
Morbihan*

PORT PHEASANT* A harbour discovered by Drake in
July, 1571, and named by him P* P*from the number of
these birds that he found tnere* It is the modern Puerto
Escondido, on the E. side of the Bay of Campeachy in
the Gulf of Mexico, abt* 100 m* S* of Campeachy* In
Dayenant's Playhouse the scene of Act iiu is thus de-
scribed: **A harbour is discerned which was first
discovered by Sir F. Drake and called by him P* P.**

PORT REALL (PUERTO REAL)* A spt* on the harbour of
Cadiz in the S.W* of Spain, 5 m. E* of Cadiz* In Devon-
shire ii. i, a soldier reports : ** Don Bustament and all
his company are put over to Port Reall upon the main-
land because they sMt not succour the city*" viz* Cadiz*

PORTSMOUTH* A spt* and naval station in Hants*
opposite the E* end of the Isle of Wight, 74 m* S*W* of
Lond* It was a naval station of some importance at the
beginning of the 13 tit cent** but its value as a national
dockyard was first properly recognized about the middle
of the i6th cent* It now includes Landport, Portsea, and
Southsea. It was here that Buckingham was assassinated
in 1628. The harbour is one of the best in the United
Kingdom* In Three Ladies ii, Lucre mentions ** Porch-
mouth " as one of the towns where she has infinite
numbers that "great rents upon little room do be-
stow ** on account of the great resort thither of traders*
In Wilson's Pedler 376, the Pedler tells of a great mon-
ster ** in breadth from Donwich to Porchmouth/* In
Devonshire L 2, the Merchant says, " Spanish galliasses,
being great with gold, were all delivered at Plymouth,
P*, and other English havens/'

PORTUA* See OPORTO*

PORTUGAL (often spelt Poirrawj&LE* Pse* = Portu-
guese, Pie* = Portingale)* The country on the W* coast

PORTUGAL

of the Iberian peninsula, S* of Galicia* Its own writers
call it Lusitania, but that Roman province included far
more than P* The founder of the kingdom of P* was
Alfonso Henriques (1112-1185), the Count of Portucaie,
or Portus Cale (Gaya, the port of Oporto)* In the
famous battle of Orifc in 1139, he routed the Moors,
and his exploits were a favourite theme of the chivalrous
romances of the Middle Ages* During the latter part of
the 1 5th cent* and the early part of the i6th the Pse*
took the lead in exploration and colonization : in 1486
Bartholomew Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope, and
later Vasco da Gama got to India by that route and
founded the Pse. dominion there* Large numbers of Pse*
emigrated to Madeira and Brazil* The young K* Don
Sebastian attempted the subjugation of the Moors in
Africa, but was defeated and slain at the battle of Al-
cazar in 1578* Philip II of Spain then claimed the crown
of P*, and it was united to the Spanish kingdom until
1640, when the house of Braganza was restored to the
throne*

General Allusions. Hycke, p* 88, boasts to have been
"in Spayne, Portyngale, Sevyll, also in Ahnayne/r
In Horestes D* 3, the Vice says to Fame, ** Whither dost
thou think for to go i to purgatory or to Spayne ^ to
Venys, to Pourtugaull, or to the isles Cacarey 4 ** In
B. & F* Custom ii* 4, Donna Guiomar says to Rutilio,
** If you were 10,000 times a Spaniard, the nation We
Ps* most hate, I yet would save you."

Allusions to the History. In Nero v* i, Tigeilinus re-
ports : ** Spain's revolted, Pie* hath joined*" The re-
ference is to the proclamation of Galba as Emperor in
Spain in A*D* 68, but, of course, there was no such name
as P* then : Lusitania is intended* In B* & F* Pestle L 3,
Ralph reads from the romance of Palmerin of England,
** I wonder why the kings do not raise an army as big
as the army that the Prince of Portigo brought against
Rosicleer " ; and the citizen's wife comments, ** They
say the K* of P* cannot sit at his meat but the giants and
the ettins will come and snatch it from him/* In Span.
Trag. i*, Hieronimo says, "" English Robert, Earl of
Gloucester * * * when K* Stephen bore sway in Albion,
Arrived * * * In Pie* and * * * Enforced the k., then
but a Saracen, To bear the yoke of the English mon-
archy/* The reference is to the capture of Lisbon in
1 147 from the Moors, in which some English Crusaders
took part, but Robert of Gloucester was certainly not
there. He goes on: "Edmund, Earl of Kent, in Albion,
When English Richd* wore the diadem came likewise
and razed Lisbon walls And took the K* of Pie* in fight/'
The Earl of Kent made an expedition to P* in 1381 to
help the K* against the Spaniards, but the K* played him
false, and he returned to England in 1382* The back-
ground ofjerordmo and the Span* Trag. is a war between
Spain and P* in which Balthazar, the Prince of P*, is
defeated and ultimately murdered* The supposed date
is subsequent to the conquest of Rhodes by Solyman,
as Is shown in Act v* of the Tragedy ; therefore during
the reign of John III; btit the details are quite unhistori-
cal* According to T* Heywocxf s /* K. M* B. 335, ** 12
mighty gafkons of P." were part of the Spanish Armada*
In Kyd's Soliman i*, Brusor says, " I have marched con-
queror through Asia Along the coasts held by the
Portuiguize/* The Pse. had settlements along the
Malabar Coast from Goa, through Cochin and Calicut
to Colombo in Ceylon*

The expedition of Sebastian against the Moors had
special interest for -die English because of the part
play ed in it by Thomas Stukeley, It formed the subject
of Peek's Alcazar and of Stndey. In the latter (1544)

419

PORTUGAL, BAY OF

Philip of Spain expresses the desire, which he afterwards
realized, that " Portingal and fruitful Castille had been
the subject of one sceptre/' In Chapman's Consp* Byron
ii. I, Byron says, ** Spain, When the hot scuffles of
barbarian arms Smothered the life of Don Sebastian
* * * Gave for a slaughtered body, held for his, 100,000
crowns; caused all the state Of superstitious P. to
mourn . . * And all made with the carcass of a Switzer/'
No fewer than 4 impostors appeared claiming to be Don
Sebastian. The most important was Gabriel Espinosa,
who was executed in 1594, and is probably the one re-
ferred to here* In Wit S* W* L a, Sir Ruinous says,
** The first that fleshed me a soldier was that great battle
at Alcazar in Barbary, where that royal P. Sebastian
ended his untimely days," He goes on to speak of the
rumour that Sebastian was still alive. The scene of T*
Heywopd's Challenge is laid in P* during the reign of
Sebastian. In Dekker's Northward iv* 4, the Bawd says,
** I was a dapper rogue in Pie* voyage " ; and in his
Hornbook v. he advises the Gull, ** If you be a soldier,
talk how often you have been in action ; as the Pie*
voyage/* Nash, in Saffron Walden Q. 4, advises Chute,
**Eyer remember thy P. voyage under Don Anthonio/'
This was an expedition sent in 1589 under Drake and
Norris to help the Prior of Crato, who was a rlaftnant to
the throne against Philip II, but it accomplished nothing*
The scene of B. & F* Princess is laid in Tidore, one of the
Pse* possessions in the E* Indies, and the actors are
mostly ** Ps*** The Amazons in their Sea Voyage are
** women of P/' who have fled to a desert island to
escape " the cursed society of men " : the husband of
one of them is called Sebastian* In Shirley's Ct. Secret,
one of the characters is Antonio, ** a Prince of P/* B. &
F. Four Plays in One states in the Induction that it was
presented at the marriage of K* Emmanuel of P* to the
Infanta Isabella of Castile in 1497.

The Pse. had the reputation of being good riders.
In B. & F* Princess L i, Piniero speaks of the pleasure
** we Ps* or the Spaniards [take] in riding, in managing
a great horse, which is princely/" Heylyn says of the
Pse. : ** They are of more plain and simple behaviour
than the rest of Spain, and none of the wisest* They have
a natural antipathy to the Spaniards, They are excellent
seafaring mm and happy in foreign discoveries/' P*
gfixlpc«dgoo4 wines: port takes its name from Oporto*
la Bale's Johan 268, Dissimulation says, " A better
drink is not in P. or Spain/' The spices from the Pse.
Indies produced exquisite perfumes. In Davenant's
Rtttlandt p* 217, the Parisian says {in comparison with
tobacco] ^your sea-coal smoke seems a very P* per-
fume*'* A p. posset seems to have been some kma of
stimulating soup. In B. & F* Thomas iii* z, Thomas says,
44 Hang up your juleps and your P. possets ; give me
sack/' Grain of P. is used by Chaucer (B* 4649} for
cochineal*

P* gave the name to the Portague, a gold coin* other-
wise known as the great crusado, of the value of from
££ to £5* They were fine coins, and were often pre-
served as keepsakes or transmitted as heirlooms* In
Jonsoo's Alchemist L 3, Drugger says, on being asked if
te^qty g»&* about him,** Yes, I have a portaguelha*
In Lupton's All for Money D*3,
Here is a dospen Portagewes if you wfll
* la Betfcsr's ^aemafcer's ML i, Hodge says,
: be the Pse. to give earnest/* Iq B* & F* Jfafe a
v* &» Al&ea sa^s, ** He has given nap* My a -whole
[ofportigues," In Davenant's PZy/Tzmi^ L i, Cable
tells of ** 2 strangers each with a bag of Poituguez
hfe left *

POULTRY, THE

In Spenser's Mother Hubberd 212, the Ape is dressed
as a soldier : ** His breeches were made after the new
cut, Al Portuguese, loose like an empty gut/' In De-
loney's Craft ii* 6, the shoemaker says, " Our best cork
comes from P/' In B. & F* Princess v* 3, a townsman
says, ** Are these the P* bulls i How loud they bellow J **
Further on in the scene another says, " If I come in
again * * * I will give 'em leave To cram me with a P*
pudding " : meaning in *hfc case a cannon ball.

PORTUGAL, BAY OF. The sea off the coast of P* be-
tween Oporto and the Cape of Cintra* The water is very
deep, attaining 1400 fathoms within 40 m. of the coast.
In As iv* i, 213, Rosalind says, ** My affection hath an
unknown bottom like the B* of P/* In Marlowe's Tomb.
A* iii* 3, Tamburlaine says that his fleets shall " keep in
awe the b. of Portingale And all the ocean by the British
shore/' In T. Heywood's Captives i* 3, the clown says
there are " more vessels than were able to fill the huge
great B. of Portingall/' In Massinger's Very Woman iii*
5, Antonio says, " 'Tis strong, strong wine. Here's that
will work as high as the B. of P/'

PORTUGAL ROW* The name at first given to the S*
side of Lincoln's Inn Fields, built in 1657* A theatre
was opened here in 1662 on a part of the present site
of the College of Surgeons* It was occupied by the
Duke's Company under Sir William Davenant, who
lodged in the Row* In Playhouse, Epil* Davenant says,
" Therefore be pleased to thfnk that you are all Behind
die R* which men call P/' In i* the Housekeeper says
of one of the applicants : ** He would hire the throne of
our Solyman the Magnificent and reign over all the
dominions in P* R*"

POTTER'S HIVE (corruption of P* HYTHE; another
name for QUEEN HYTHE, g,i>*>* In Peek's Ed. I part of
the contents of the play is described on the title-page as
44 The sinking of Q. Elinor who sunk at Charing Cross
and rose again at Potters hith, now named Queen hith/r
The scene was enacted on the stage, and a Potter and his
wife are introduced, no doubt to account for the name
which is not otherwise attested* When the Q* rises up
the Potter's wife says, ** It is the Q* that chafes thus,
who sunk this day on Charing Green and now is risen
uponP*H*"

POULES, SAINT* See PAUL'S (SAINT).

POULTNEY* See LAWKENCE (St.) POULTNEY*

POULTRY, THE* A st* in Lond* connecting Cheapside
and Cornhill. It was so called from the poulterers who
had their stalls there* The Rose Tavern, afterwards
Hie King's Head* stood at the corner of the Stocks
Market, near the present site of the Mansion House*
St* Mildred's Ctu was on the N+ side on the site
now occupied by the Gresham Life Assurance Society*
One of die two City Compters was in the P** the
otter being in Wood St. It stood 4 houses W* of
St* Mildred's* a little E* of Grocers' Hall Court* and
was approached from Chapel Place. It was partially
concealed by houses in front of it, as the quotation from
The Ponton shows. The site was afterwards occupied
by* the P. Chapel — the precursor of the City

Middleton's Blurt was ** Printed for Henry Rocytt and
are to be sold at the long shop under St* Mildred's ch*
in the P* 1602*" JJke was ** Lnprinted at the long shop
adjoining unto St. Mildred's C&* in the Pultrie by Jojhn
Allde* 1568*"

In Shirley's Lorn Maze iii* 3, Lady Bird says, " Go
lo Bfefcer Site that lives F tfae P*" Probably a play 00
the words £s intended*

POUNTESS

** These maps are pretty painted things ; they say all
the world's in one of them, but I could ne'er find the
Counter in the Potiltrie/' ** I think so/' says Raven,
44 how could you find its' for you know it stands behind
the houses/' Gascoigne, in Steel Glass, says, " These
merchants read arithmetic once every day In Wood St*,
Bread-St., and in Poultery, Where such schoolmasters
* * * keep their birds full dose in caitiff's cage/* Nash,
in Prognostication, says, ** The stones in Cheapside
should be so hot that divers persons should fear to go
from Pottles to the Counter in the P/' In Wilkins* En-
forced Marriage iii* i, Ilford says, ** I, Frank Bford* was
inforced from the Mitre in Bread St. to the Compter in
the P/* In Middleton's R. G* v* i, Dapper says, " Was
it your Meg of Westminster's courage that rescued me
from the P* puttocks i " i*e. the Serjeants. In W* Row-
ley's Match Mid. ii*, Tim, being told that Capt* Carve-
gut was a serjeant, asks, ** Of the P* or of Wood-st* i "
In Middleton's Phoenix iv* 3, the Officer says, ** In
Lond* stand 2 most famous Universities, P* and Wood
St*, where some have taken all their degrees from the
Master's side down to the Mistress' side, the Hole."
In W* Rowley's New Wonder iv+, the down says, ** Do
you not smell P* ware, Sir Godfrey 4 " : i*e* officers from
the P* In Middleton's Michaelmas ii* 3, Shortyar d speaks
of ** the two city hazards, P* and Wood St/* Taylor, in
Works L pi» says, " The ocean that Surety-ship sails in is
the spacious Marshalsea: sometimes she anchors at
Wood st* harbour, and sometimes at the P* harbour."
Dekker, in Lanthornt says of thieves : *4 P*-ware are
more churlishly handled by them than poor prisoners
are by keepers in the Counter i* the P." Middleton, in
Hubbardt p. 52, says to the poetaster, " They have
plotted to set one of the sergeants of Poetry, or rather,
the P., to claw you by the back/' Dekker, in Hornbook
vi*, says that if the Gull sits amongst the crowd in the
theatre * the proportion of your body is in more danger
to be devoured than if it were served up in the Counter
amongst the P/' Eo. T* Heywood's /* K. M. B* i*, a
Prentice says, ** Fll but drink a cup of wine with a
customer at the Rose and Crown in the P* and come
again presently/' In Nabbes' Spring, Shrovetide says,
44 Thou art a prodigal Christmas, and Shrovetide hath
seen thee many times in the P*" : where the pun is
obvious.
POUNTESS* See PONTOISB*

POWES, or POWYS* One of the 3 principalities into
which Wales was divided before its union under Howel
Bdaintheiothcent* It included parts of Montgomery,
Shropsh*, and Radnor. In W.Rowley's Shoemaker iy* i,
303, Barnaby says that Sir Hugh is * a Welch Prince,
and son to the K* of Powes in S* Wales/*

POYCTIERS* POYTEERES* See POICTIERS*

POYLE* PUGLIA (the ancient APULIA)* A province on
the S JL coast of Italy between the Apennines and the
Adriatic, In Hycke, p* 88, the hero boasts that he has
been m. ** Calabre, Poyle, and Erragoyne/*

PRADO* IfcebotievardrannmgN* and S*ontlieE* side
of Madrid* It is the fashkmable promenade of die city*
Property the P* is the meadow and indicates the whole
quarter* In EicdeH etoa*s <&psp i* 4, Louis says to Diego,
" Walk thou tfie st* that leads atxmt the P* ; Hi round
toe W. part K3f &fe ci*y** & Sir W. Raters Ghost
(1626), it £5 said that Coucbmar ** catised te attendants
to bring him in his litter to the Prada, near tinto the city
of Madrid, being a place of recreation and pleasure for
Hie nobflity and gallantry of Spam***

PRINTERS PRESS

PR8BNESTE (now PALESTRINA). An ancient city of
Latium in Italy on a spur of the Apennines, 23 m. E. of
Rome. It possessed a famous shrine of Fortune, where
oracular answers known as Sortes Praenestinae were de-
livered* In Jonson's Catiline iv. 2, Cicero says to Cati-
line, 4* Hadst thou not hope beside, By a surprise by
night to take Praeneste 3 "

PRAETORIAN CAMP* The barracks of the P. Guard at
Rome* It lay on the E. of the city E* of the Viminal Hill*
and was 500 by 400 ft* It was first constructed by
Tiberius, and the 10 cohorts of picked men who oc-
cupied it were at once the strength and the menace of
the Emperors. In May's Agrippina i. 538, Agrippina
says to C^sar, " Your strongest guard is the P. Camp/*
PRAGUE* The capital of Bohemia on the Moldau, 150
m. N*W. of Vienna* During the reign of Charles IV
(1546-1578) it became one of the most important towns
in Germany, and its famous University was founded by
him. Under the influence of John Httss and Jerome of
Prague it became the centre of the reforming movement
that led to the Hussite wais of the *5th cent* The
Josephstadt was one of the most ancient Jewish quarters
in Europe. On the Hradschin, or Castle Hill* stands the
Imperial Palace, said to have been founded by the Prin-
cess Libussa. In the i6th cent* Copernicus and Tycho
Brahe made their home in P*, and the latter is buried in
the Teyn Ch* in the Old Town* In Tw. IV* iv* a, 15,
the Clown says, ** The old hermit of P. that never saw
pen and ink very wittily said to a niece of K. Gorboduc,
4 That that is is/ " Douce identifies this hermit with a
certain Jerome, bom at P*. who was called the hermit of
CamaldoJi in Tuscany, but the reference to Gorboduc
is mere nonsense* In Bale's Johan 259, England says,
" It is true as God spake with the Ape at Praga/* £ &
it is a foolish lie* In Davenport's New Trick iu* i, Friar
John speaks of WP* in Germany while [** where] the
Emperor's Court Lies for the most part*** In W*
Rowley's Match Mid- iL, Carvegut says that he served
last M at the battle of P/* This was the battle of 1620, in
which the Elector Palatine was decisively defeated*
PRATO* A town in N* Italy, 15 m* N.W. of Florence on
the way to Pistoia. In Barnes' Charter i* 4, Alexander
allots to Caesar "in Romania, from Pontremolie and
P* to fair Florence/'

PRICKINGHAM* An imaginary place, the name, in-
dicating perhaps that the prior was as fond of hunting
as Chaucer's Monk* In RespnbUca iii* 6, Avarice says.
44 If e'er I bestow them it shall be the next Lent To the
Prior of P* and his covent/*

PRINCE'S ARMS* A bookseller's sign in Lond. There
was a P* A* in Chancery Lane, wiiich was probably
transferred from the P. A. over Inner Temple Gale at
No* 17 Fleet St* m 1610, when the Gate was rased!*
At all events the old P. A. was the sign at which Thomas
Marsh published Stew's Chronicles, whilst Middleton's
Qmet Life ws ** Printed by Tho* Jolmson for Francis
Kirkman and Henry Marsh and are to be sold at the
P* A* in Chancery Lane* z66a/' MerKn has the same
imprint. There was another P* A, in St. Paulas Church-
yard, Shirley's Poems were ** Printed for Humphrey
Moseley and are to be sold at Ms shop at the sign of the
Princes Annes m St* Pauls Church-yard- 1646."
MiddletQf^s Wo Wl'f has the sa&ae iaapdMt in 1657*
Webster, in Monuments, speaks of the P. A. as " the
Three Feathers," i*e. the 3 ostrich feathers which are
still the cognizance of the Prince of Wales*
PRINTERS PRESS* A bookseller's sign in Fleet Lape,
Loud* Toornetir's Revenger was ** Printed % G, Sd

PRINTING PRESS

and are to be sold at his house in Fieete-lane at the sign
of the Printers-presse. 1607."

PRINTING PRESS. A bookseller's sign in St. Paul's
Churchyard, Lend* May's Old Couple was *4 Printed by
J. Cottrel for Samuel Speed at the sign of the P. P. in
St. Paul's Churchyard* 1658."

PRQCURATORIA. A building at Venice for the ac-
commodation of the Procuratori of San Marco* The
Procuratorie Vecchie was erected on the N. side of the
Piazza di San Marco in 1517, and stands on a portico of
50 arches : the Procuratorie Nuove was added on the
S. side of the Piazza in 1584* In Jonson's Volpone ii* i,
Volpone, disguised as a travelling quack,, says, ** It may
seem strange that I, your Scoto Mantuano, who was
ever wont to fix my bank in the face of the public
Piazza, near the shelter of the Portico to the P., should
now humbly retire myself into an obscure nook of the
Piazza/'

PROMISED LAND* Palestine, because it was promised
to Abraham and his descendants (see Gen. x£u 7 : He-
brews xi. g). Milton, P. L* iii. 531, calls it ** the P. L. to
God so dear." In xiL 172, he speaks of the return of
Israel from Egypt " back to their p. I/* In P, JR. iii. 157,
Satan speaks of " Judaea now and all the P. L. Reduced
a province tinder Roman yoke/* In 438, our Lord re-
calls the dividing of the Red Sea and the Jordan * * When
to the P. L+ their fathers passed/*

PR0PONTIC. The sea of Marmora, lying between the
Bosporus and the Dardanelles* In Ot/L iii. 3, 453,
Othello says, "The Pontic sea ... Ne'er feels retiring
ebb, bat keeps due on To the P. and the Hellespont/'
Holland, in trans, of Pliny's Nat* Hist.t published in
1601, says, "The sea Pontus evermore floweth and j
runneth out into Propontis."

PROVENCE. A province in the extreme S.E. of France, !
the capital of which was Marseilles. It was the old j
Roman Provincia GaHica, but after the subjugation of
the whole of Gaul it was distinguished as Gafiia Nar-
bonensis. After the division of the Carlovingian Empire
It was governed by independent princes until the end
of the I2th cent., when it became connected with
the Arragoaese kingdom of Naples. In 1486 it was
united to the kingdom of France by Louis XI. Its
language, known as the Langue d'Oc, readied its highest
development in the iath cent., when it became the
vehicle of an extensive literature, including the poems of
the Troubadours* In Chapman's Trag. Byron i. i,
Jamn says, " The sea-army, now prepared at Naples,
Hath an intended enterprise on Provence/' In Dave-
nanfs Wits ii. i, Engine says, " They'll feast with rich
Provencal wines."

PROVINCES, UNITED* The 7 P* of Holland formed
mto a league by the Union of Utrecht in 1579 under
tlie presidency of William the Stadtholder* In Barnavelt
iv. 5, William charges Barnavelt with trying to " break
die union and holy league between the P." In Puritan
in. 2, Nicholas says of Capt Ydle : "He has travelled
al! the world o'er, he, and been in the seven and twenty
Ps." This is a sligjbt exaggeration, as there were only
17 of diem, including the 7 U. P. and the rest,

PROVINS. A town in France in the department of Seine
etMarne,45m.SJE.ofParis. It was, and is, famous for
its roses, which were said to have been introduced by
the Crasaders* The Rose de P., or Rosa Provinciate,
Is a specks of Damask Rose. It was sometimes by a
natural confusion called the Provence Rose, but it has
nothing to do with Provence* In Horn. iiL 2* 288,

PUDDLE-WHARF, or PUDDLE-DOCK

Hamlet says, after the abrupt conclusion of the play
within the play, ** Would not this and a forest of feathers
with two Provincial roses on my razed shoes get me a
fellowship in a cry of players i " The reference is to the
rosettes worn on the front of their shoes by actors. In
Ford's Heart L 2, Calantha says to Ithocles, ** I myself
with mine own hands have wrought, To crown thy
temples, this Provincial garland."

PRUSSIA. Originally the E. part of what to 1918 was
the kingdom of P., stretching along the coast of the
Baltic from the Vistula to the Memel. The inhabitants
were akin to the neighbouring Lithuanians. It was con-
quered and partly Christianized by the Teutonic
knights in the ist half of the I3th cent. In the early part
of the 1 5th cent* the people expelled the Teutonic
Knights and allied themselves with Poland. In 1 51 1 the
Knights chose Albert of Hohenzollern as their Grand
Master, and in 1525 he established a secular and in-
dependent Duchy in P. In 1618 it passed into the hands
of Johann Sigismund, the Elector of Brandenburg, and
to 1918 was governed by the princes of that house.
Chaucer's Knight (C. T, A. 53), ** Ful ofte tyme hade
the bord bigonne Aboven alle nacions in Pruce." In A.
2122, Palamon's knights are some of them armed with
** a Pruce sheeld." In Piers C. vii* 279, Avarice says
that he has often sent his prentice ** into Prus my profit
to awaite." In Chettle's Hoffman, one of the characters
is Ferdinand, lord of Pomer and D, of P. In B. 3 he is
called ** Duke of Brusia " : an obvious misprint. In
Bale's Johan 182, Sedition says, u I am the Pope's
Ambassador in Pole, Spruse, and Berne/' These were
all Protestant countries at the time* Heylyn (s.u* P.)
says that the Teutonic knights ** found the Prussians to
be tough meat, and neither easily chewed nor quickly
digested/'

PUCKERIDGE. A vill. in Herts., 23 m. N. of Lond.
and about 6 m. N. of Ware. In Dekker's Northward v. i,
Bellamont says, ** He very politickly imagines that your
wife is rode to P., 5 miles further [than Ware] ; either at
P. or Wade's Mill, saith he, you shall find them." In
B. & F. Pest/e ii. % the Citizen tWnfca that Jasper, who has
run off with Luce from Waltham, *4 is at P. with her by
this." P. is some 16 m. N* of Waltham.

PUDDING LANE. Lond., running S. from the W. end
of Eastcheap to Lower Thames St. It was formerly
called Rother Lane, but got its later appellation from
the ** puddings " and other offal of the beasts slaugh-
tered by the butchers in Eastcheap, which ran down the
st. to the Thames. The Gt* Fire began in the house of
Farryner, the K/s baker, on the E* side of the L., on
22nd Sept. 1666, and the fact was long commemorated
by a wall-tablet on the front of No. 25, which was built
on its site. It is now preserved in the Guildhall Museum*
It was noted as a curious fact that the fire began in P. L.
and ended at Psie Cocaer mSmithfield. In Fom. Viet. i.
2, Lawrence says, " I think it best that my neighbour,
Robin Pewterer, went to P. L. end, and we will watch
here at Billingsgate Ward." In Jonson's Christmas,

Vefitis says, ** I am Cupid's mother : I dwell in P. L. ;
ay, ibraooth, he £s prentice in Love-1.," which is dose
by. In Dekker's Northward L 2, Philip, when arrested,
says, " Come, sergeant, Fll step to mine uncle, not far
off, hereby in P. L., and he shall bail me." In B. & F*
Thomas iv. 2, the servant asks Thomas, ** Did you not
take 2 wenches from the watch, too, and put 'em into
P* L* £ **

PUDDLE-WHARF, or PUDDLE-DOCK. A laadiag-
place on the N. bank of the Thames at the foot of St.

42*

PULCHK&S, SAINT

Andrew's Hill, abt* 100 yards W* of Baynard's Castle*
Stow gives us a choice of derivations : either from one
P. who kept a wharf there, or from the p* that was made
by the watering of horses at this spot : probably the
latter guess is correct* Shakespeare had a house ** abut-
ting upon a st* leading down to P. W. on the E. part,
right against the King's Majesty's Wardrobe/' In Jon-
son's Bartkol. v* 3, Littlewit says that an his motion of
Hero and Leander he makes Leander ** a dyer's son
3bout P.-w." Leatherhead says, ** He yet serves his
lather, a dyer at P.-w*" In. B* & F* Pestle ii* 6, the Citi-
zen's Wife reminds her husband how their child *4 was
strayed almost alone to P* W., and there it had drowned
itself but for a sculler/' In Middleton's Chaste Maid iv.

2, Tim says, when his sister has eloped, ** My mother's
gone to lay the common stairs At P*-w., and at the dock
below Stands my poor silly father/' In W* Rowley's
Match Mid. iv*, Jarvis tells of a plot to carry Mrs* Coote
" down to the water side, pop her in at P*-dock, and
carry her to Gravesend in a pair of oars/* In Dave-
nant's Rutland, p. 217, the Parisian says, ** I will put to
shore again, though I should be constrained, even
without my galoshoes, to land at P.-dock*" Sidney, in
Remedy for Love, mocks at Mopsa ** with her p.-dock,
Her compound or electuary Made of old ling and young
Canary " and other unsavoury meats and drinks*

PULCHRE'S, SAINT (a popular shortened form of ST*
SEPULCHRE'S, q.v*). A ch* in Lond* at the W. end of
Newgate St* In Jonson's Devil v. 5, Shackles tells how
Pug has blown down part of the prison at Newgate and
" left such an infernal stink and steam behind you can-
not see St. P. steeple yet.'* In Epicoene iv. 2, Truewil
tells Daw that Sir Amorous was so well armed ** you
would think he meant to murder all St* P* Parish/'

PULTERY* See POULTRY.

PUNIC (properly speaking, PHOENICIAN, but is always ap-
plied specifically to CARTHAGE, g.t>0* The Romans ac-
cused the Carthaginians of treachery : hence P. faith
means perfidy. In Marlowe's Dido iv Venus says of
Carthage : " It is the P. kingdom, rich and strong/'
In B. & F. False One L i, Labienus says of the battle
of Pharsalia : ** Pontic. P., and Assyrian blood Made
up one crimson lake/' Milton, P. JR. iii. 102, recalls
how 4* young African for fame His wasted country freed
from P* rage/' African is Scipio Africanus Major, who
after the successes of Hannibal in Italy went over to
Africa and totally defeated Hannibal at Zama 202 B.C.
when he was 33 years of age. In Massirtger's Believe ii.

3, Amilcar says, ** Though the P. faith is branded by our
enemies, our confederates and friends found it as firm
as fate." In Florio's Montaigne i* 5, " Roman proceed-
ings '* are contrasted with ** P. wiles/' Milton, JP* L. v.
340, says that Eden yielded'* Whatever Earth * * .yields
In Pontus or the P. coast/' Carthage was specially
famous for its figs*

PUNTALL (more fully PDNTAIXANA). The chief town
of Palma in the Canary Islands. In Devonshire iv* 3,
Macada asks Dick, " Why did not your good navy, as it
took Puntall, seize Cales i **

PUR ALLEY (probably Puss COTJRT on the E* side of Old
Change, near Cheapstde, Loud.)* In Jonson's Christmas,
Christmas sings : **,Now Post and Pair, Old Christmas's
heir, Doth make a jingling sally; And wot you who* rtis
one Of my two Sons, cardmafcers in Pur-alky,"

PURPOOLE, or PORTPOOL* The name of the piece of
land in Lend, on which Gray's Inn stands {see under
GRAY'S INN)* The Lord of Misrule at the Gray's Imi

PYRMUM

revels was styled ** The most high and mighty Prince of
P/' la Marston's Mountebank, presented at Gray's Inn
in 1618, the Mountebank says, ** I have heard of a mad
fellow * * * who hath stolen himself, this festival time
of Christmas, into favour at the Court of P/'

PURYFLEGITON (a fuller name for PHLEGETHON, g.i;.).
In Locrine iii* 6, 18, Humber rants about the ugly ghosts
that " Do plunge yourselves in P." In v* i* 48, Locrine
threatens to send the soul of Thrasunadius ** to P/r

PUTEOLI (the modern POZZUOLI). A spt. at the N.W*
corner of the Bay of Naples on the E* side of the little
Bay of Pozfcuoli, opposite to Baia»* To the E. of the town
rises the volcano called Solfatara, and the whole dist.
is volcanic in character* In Davenant's U. Lovers v. 4,
a song contains the lines * ** If you want fire, fetch a sup-
ply From JEtna and P/' In his Favourite iii. i, one of
the captives redeemed from the gallies of Algiers is ** a
captain of P," Burton, A* M. iii. 2, i, i, quotes from
Gellius a story how ** a dolphin at P* loved a child," and
died when the child died.

PUTNEY* A vilL in Surrey on the S* bank of the Thames
opposite Fulham, 6 m* in a direct line S.W* of St. Paul's.
It was the birthplace of Lord Thomas Cromwell and of
Gibbon the historian* In Armin's Moredacke C. 4, the
boy says, ** Your dame will meet you at P.** Mortlake is
about si m* from P. In W, Rowley's New Wonder ii. i,
Stephen, playing at dice, ejaculates : ** Fullam " — ful-
lam being a slang word for a loaded die ; and Dick
chimes in, * Where's P* then, I pray you < " In Dek-
ker's Westward iv, i, Justiniano says, 4t If you will call
me at P* [on the way to Brentford] Fli bear you com-
pany." Scenes i and a of Cromwell are at P. in front of
old Cromwell's smithy ; in ii. 2, Hodge says* ** At Put-
naie 111 go you to Parish-Garden for ad, without any
wagging or jolting in rny guts, in a little boat too/* In
Middleton's Mad World iii. 3, Follywit says, ** You shall
carry me away with a pair of oars and put in at P/*
Herrick wrote an ode to The School or Pearl of P., the
Mistress of all singular Manners, Mrs. Portman"

PYGMIES. See PIGMIES.

PYLOS. An ancient town on the W. coast of the Pelo-
ponnesus, on the promontory of Coryphasium at the N*
extremity of the Bay of Navarino* It is famous for its
capture by the Athenians in 424 B.C* It is probably the
** sandy P/' which was the capital of the kingdom of
Nestor according to Homer, though there is a P. in Elis
and another in Triphylia, both of which have been
identified with the P* of Nestor. Nestor is stated by
Homer to have been the oldest of the Greeks who came
to Troy, and to have ruled over 3 generation of njen :
hence a Pylian age means a very long tinie. In Fisher's
Fmmus Pro!., Mercury says, " Time hath spent A Pyiian
age since you a breathed." In T. Heywood's B* Age fu*
Nestor vows to bring back part of the Cafydonian boar
** home to P., where I reign/* Spenser, F* Q. ii* 9* 4&
calls Nestor " that sage Pylian sire."

PYNDUS*

PYRJEUM (PJSJECS). The harbour-town of ancient
Athens, abt* 5 m. S*W* of the city* It was fortified by
Themistodes and connected with the city by the Long
Walls* It<»iisistsofarcx%isthmus,wthalai^ebasm
on the N. side called Emporium, now Drake, or Porto
Leone, and a smaller bay called Cantharus ; and a
on the E. side Called Zea and Munychia respectively*
In the old Timon L 4, Pseudolus says, ** Hafl, Athens !
Wekome may I be, who mounted on a wooden horse
this day arrived at P/* In iL i, Gdasimus says of M&

PYRAMIDS

father t ** The next house to P. was one of his/' In iii.
$, Gelasimus says, ** Go, Paedio, to P. : inquire If any
ship hath there arrived this day From the Ionian sea/*
In Tiberias 1824, Germanicus says of Tigramenta:
** Were it Pireus or Seleucia, Germanicus would never
leave assault,**

PYRAMIDS (Pd. = Pyramid, Pes* = Pyramides). The
great tombs of the Egyptian kings of the 4th dynasty —
Khuf u, Khephren, and Menkaura~-on the W. bank of
the Nile near the ancient Memphis* They ^ere built
about 3500 B.C* The great Pd, of Khufu is 451 ft* high
and covers an area of jai acres*

In H6 A* L 6, 61, Charles says of Joan of Arc : " A
statelier pyramis to her I'll rear Than Rhodope's at
Memphis ever was/* Pliny, Nat. Hist, xxxvi. 13, says
that the least of the 3 great P* '* was built at the cost and
charges of one Rhodope, a very strumpet/' Rhodope
was a friend of j*Esop's, and had nothing to do with the
Pd., but she may have been confounded with Nitocris,
who was traditionally but quite erroneously connected
with the 3rd Pd. In Mac. iv. i, 57, Macbeth conjures
the Witches to speak, " Though palaces and p. do slope
Their heads to their foundations/* In Ant. iL 7, 21,
Antony tells Caesar " They take the flow or the Nile by
certain scales i* the pd/r The rise of the Nile was
measured by a Nilometer at Memphis, but not by any
scakontheP* In line 40, Lepidus says, " I have heard
-QK Ptolemies* pyramises are very goodly things " : his
drunken condition may excuse his error. In v. 2, 61,
Cleopatra says, "Make My country's high pes* my
gibbet And hang me up in chains/* In Sonnets cxxiii. 2,
the Poet addresses Time, ** Thy p. built up with newer
might To me are nothing novel, nothing strange/' In
T- Heywood* s Dialogues iii., Earth asks, " Where be
those high Pes* so famed By which the barbarous Mem-
phis first was named i " In C&sar's JReij* i* 6, Caesar
speaks of "Alexandria Famous for those wide-wondered
P* Whose towering tops do seem to threat the sky/*
The P* are over 100 m. from Alexandria* In Marlowe*s
Massacre L 2, Guise says, ** Set me to scale the high Pes.
And thereon set the diadem of France/' Ix. Prodigal Hi.
3, Flo wer dale says, " To him that is all as impossible As
I to scale the h%h pes." In B* & F. PAtfoster v* 3,
Pmlaster says, ** Make it [the funeral monument] rich

PYRENEES

with brass, with purest gold and shining jasper, like the
Pes/* In. Locrine iii* 4, 32, Locrine vows to build a
temple to Fortune " Of perfect marble and of jacinth
stone, That it shall pass the high Pes/* In Greville's
Alahanif the chorus to Act iii. speaks of a ** Pyramis
raised above the force of thunder/' In Marlowe's
Faustns yii*, Faust, in his description of Rome, speaks of
the ' " high pes. Which Julius Caesar brought from
Africa/' He is probably thinking of the obelisks wliich
were erected in front of the Vatican, in front of Sta.
Maria Maggiore, in front of St. John Lateran, and in
tiie Piazza del Popolo, in 1586, 1587, 1588, and 1589
respectively* The ist was brought from Heliopohs by
CaHgula, the 2nd was imported by "Claudius, the 3rd
by Constantine, and the 4th by Augustus t Julius Caesar
had nothing to do with any of them.
PYRENE*

PYRENEES (Pan* = Pyrenean), The range of mms*
dividing France from Spain. The highest peaks rise to
about 1 1,000 ft* In K. /. i. i, 202, the Bastard tells how
the traveller talks " of the Alps and Apennines, The Pan*
and the river Pp." In the old Timon L 4, Pseudocheus,
describing his journey on his flying horse, says, " The
Pan. mtns*, though that there I with my right hand
touched the very clouds . * * did ne'er fright me/* In
Greene's Friar iv., the K. of Castile says, ** The Pyren
mts* swelling above the clouds That ward the wealthy
Castile in with walls Could not detain the beauteous
Elinor/* In Webster's Weakest i. a, the Messenger re-
ports : " The power of Spain has passed the Pyren
Hills Under Hemando, the great D* of Medina/* In
Noble Soldier v* 3, the Q. speaks of " the Pan. hflls that
part Spain and our country [Italy]/* In Massinger's
Virgin iv. 3, Theophflus says, " I will raise up A hill of
their dead carcasses to o'erlook The Pan. hills, but I'll
root out These superstitious fools." In Rawlins* Rebel-
lion ii. i, Antonio says, ** Gray-bearded winter froze my
very soul Till I became, like the Pyrenian hills, Wrapt in
a robe of ice-*r la Brome's Antipodes L 6, Dr. Hughball,
talking of his travels, boasts, " I have touched the clouds
upon the Pan. mountains.** In T. Heywood's B. Age i*,
Hercules calls Deianeira "White as the garden lily,
pyren snow.** Drayton, in Idea xxv* 4, hopes to " crown
the Pyrens with my living song."

424

QUEENBOROUGH, or QUINBOROUGH* A spt* in
Kent on the Isle of Sheppey, 2 m. S* of Sheerness* Its
inhabitants are employed in fishing and oyster-dredg-
ing. In Middleton's Qneeriborongh,. Simon, the Mayor,
is one of the leading characters* The time is that of the
coming of Hengist and Horsa to England in the reign of
Vortigern* Taylor, the water poet, on one occasion
sailed in a jpaper boat "from Lond* unto Q.," a distance
of abt. 35 m* Nash, in Prognostication, predicts ** Quin-
btfrowe oyster boats shall oft times carry knaves as well
as honest men/' Gascoigne, in Voyage into Holland
(1572), tells how he went from Gravesend ** To board
oar ship in Q* that lay.*'

QUEENHITHE, or QUEENHIVE. A quay on the N*
bank of the Thames in Upper Thames St., a little W. of
Southwark Edge. It was originally called, from its
owner, Edred's Hithe, but K* John gave it to his mother
Eleanor, and hence it was named Q* It was the landing-
place for all kinds of goods brought to Lond* by sea, and
the revenue from tolls and wharfage dues came to the
Queen* They were sold to the city of Lond. in Henry
Ill's reign for £50, bat by the time of Henry VII they
had sunk to £15 per annum, owing to the growth of the
size of ships so that they could not come through Lond*
Bridge. An old legend told how Eleanor, Queen of
Edward I, on telling a lie about her share in the murder
of the Lady Mayoress, sank into the ground at Charing
Green and rose up again at Q*, or, as it is alternatively
called, Potter's Hithe* The story is enacted in Peele's
Ed. If which has on the titie-page ; " Lastly, the sinking
of Queen Elinor* who sunk at Charing Cross and rose
again at Potters Hith, now named Queen Hith." There
is an old ballad on the same subject* In Middleton's
Quiet Life v* 3, Knavesby says, ** I will sink at Queen
Hive and rise again at Charing Cross, contrary to the
statute in Edwardo Primo*" In his Witch L i, Alma-
childes says to Amoretta, 4* Amsterdam swallow thee for
a Puritan and Geneva cast thee up again I Like she that
sunk at Charing Cross and rose again at Q*'* In Cart-
wright's Ordinary v* 4, Hearsay, when the Watch cannot
find the sharpers, gays, " Sunk like the Queen I They'll
rise at Q*, sure J "

In Bale's Laws ii*, Idolatry says, ** Give onions to St*
Cutlake and garlic to St. Cyriac, if ye will shun the
headache : ye shall have them at Q/* In iv*, Infidelity
says, ** He that spafce of ye was selling of a cod in an
oystfefr-boat a ttttie beyond Q/' In Dekker's Westward
iv* if BirdHme says, " 111 down to Q* and the watermen
Wnlch were wont to carry you to Lambeth Marsh shall
carry me thither/* **e* to Brainford. In v, 3, Moll says,
" I warrant they [the husbands of the ladies who have
gone on a jaunt to Brainford] walk upon Q*, as Leander
did fpr Hero, to watch for our landing**' In Middleton's
Chaste Sfiaid ii. 2, one of the Promoters says, " Let's e'en
to the Checker- at Q* And roast the loin of mutton till
young food ; Then send the child to Bramford*'* In
Joiosom's Staple iii* i, Fitton says> 4* The eel-boats here,
that Ke before Q*, came out of Holland/' In Pern* ParL,
one of tibe provisions is ** Poor bargemen at Q. shall have
a whole quart jof beerj for a penny/' In Westward f&
$me$&, we read of ~ tbe waterman's garrison of Q/'
wHAnktattl|eRedSja%|bt* la B* & F* Thomas iv* 2,
Lattncelot tfelis how thfe Watchtnan followed hrm, * 4* IHhe
sts * are dSrt^, takes a 0* coM," &. iitdt a cold as would
ttx^ &W$t$.W.

,** I fcearmotethan leat: "&& ne'er row
lived else/* Isiliisposefeniekm^l^couid
t indefinitely he would never pass bvQ<* frttt jpttt ft to

vfett orle 'of the many taverns in the

QUEEN'S COLLEGE* University of Cambridge,
founded by Margaret of Anjou, Queen of Henry VI, in
1446* It stands on the bank of the Cam in Silver St»,
behind St* Catherine's Hall* Textor's Thersites was
acted there in 1543, and in 1546 a College ordinance was
passed that any student refosing to act in the College
Plays or absenting himself from their performance would
be expelled* Nicholas Robnason's comedy Strylins was
performed in 1553* A play in Latin, entitled L&lia, was
acted, probably in 1595, in the presence of Lord Essex
and other noblemen* John Weever, referring to this per-
formance, in Epig* iv* 19, says, " When such a Maister
with you beareth sway How can Q* C* ever then decay tf
No* Yet Q* C* evermore hath been Is, and will be, of
Colleges the Queen*" Another Latin play, Fucas
Histriomastix, was acted here in Lent 1623*
QUEEN'S COLLEGE. University of Oxford, founded in
1340 by Robert Eglesfeld, Chaplain to Queen Philippa,
and named by him in her honour. It stands in the High
St. opposite to University College* John Rainolds, who
took up the controversy against stage-plays in the
Colleges in 1592 against William Gager of Chmtchurch,
was a Q* man*

QUEEN'S HEAD ALLEY (now Q* H. PASSAGE)* Loud,,
running from No* 41 Newgate St* to Paternoster Row*
It was named from a tavern at the corner, where the
professors of Canon Law lodged before they removed to
Doctors' Commons* R* Harford had a bookshop in
Q* H* A* in 1638 with the sign of the Gilt Bible*
QUEUBUS. An imaginary place in the topography of Sir
Andrew Aguecheek* The whole sentence is doubtless
modelled on Rabelais* In 2V* N+ ii* 3, 25, Sir Andrew
says to the fool, ** Thou wast in very gracious fooling
last night when thou spok'st of PigrogrotnittJS, of tfae
Vapians passing the equinoctial of QtfEubus*"
QUEVDRA (another name for NOVA ALBIQR, q .1?.)*
QUJLOA (better known as KDLWA). A town with a fine
harbour on the E, coast of S. Africa, S» of Zanzibar and
a little over 100 m* N* of Cape Delgado* It Is known to
have been a flourishing spt* as early as 1330 ; it was
taken by the Portuguese in 1507, and remained in their
possession, Milton, P* L. xi« 399, enumerates among
the kingdoms shown in vision to Adam by Michael,
** Mombaza, and Quiloa, and Melind*"
QUINTIN'S (SAINT) (more properly ST. QL&STIJS'S)*
An ancient town in France (Picardy) on the Somme,
87 m* RE* of Paris* It was the scene of a battle in 1557
between the Spaniards and the French : the Spaniards,
who were assisted by a force of Epgisn soldiers, gained
the victory. In Wit 6c Wisdom ii. i, Idleness sa^s> ** I
have been at St* Q* where I was twice kHIed/* In Jon-
son's Ta& m* 4, Sir Htigh says, ** I was <fctce a capt. at
St*Q/' In T. Heywood's Ed. IV f B. 93?, Scales reports
that tfae tbtet St. Paul ** Hes and rebels at St. Q* And
kttglis at Edward's OHmng into France.*' TOs was in
r474,tfHbettE(fwaidIVinv^ In Merry DevH

L 2, 3*> t!*e Host says to Bffio, ** My soldier of St* Q.,
come, follow me/* Puttenbam, Art of P0e$e iii* t&f
blames ** o6e that would say k* Philip shrewdly banned
Ufe town of St. Quintaines, when indeed fce won it and
p^fm the sack." Sr John Davies, M In Gercfntem 10,
represents his Bero dating events from 4* The going to
St.^andNewteven/' In Old Meg, Hafi, the ox-leach,
is said to be so oM that fee might tere ** cured an ox tliat
was eaten at St. Q/*

QUIRINAL* One<rf^7l^ofRome,IyingNJE*oft3^e
CapitoL Spenser, in Rmnes of Rome iv*, says of Rome
tibafc Jove ** Upon her stomach laid Mt* Q.**

435

R

RABAH (RABBAH, the capital of the Ammonites ; now
AMMAN}* It was on the Upper Jabbok, abt* 20 m. from
the Jordan* It was taken by Joab as related in // Samuel
xL It was here that Uriah the Hittite was exposed to
certain death by Joab at the command of David* In Con/.
Cons. ii. 3, Hypocrisy says/* Joab was glad The Ammonite
in R* to confasion to bring/' In Peek's Bethsabe i. 2,
Abisai says to Joab, ** Before this city R* we will lie."
The scene of ii. 3 is laid at R* Milton, P. L* i. 397* says
of Moloch : ** Him the Ammonite Worshipped in Rabba
and her watery plain***

RADCLIFF* See RATCUFFE*

RADNOCKSHIRE* Looks like one of Lewis Carroll's
4* portmanteau '* words made up of the names of 2
adjacent counties in S, Wales* Radnor and Brecknock*
In T* Heywood's Royal King i*, the Welshman says.
** If ever I shall meet you in Glamorgan or R* I will
make bold to requite some of your kindness*'*

RAGUSA* An ancient spt* on the E. coast of the Adriatic
in S* Dalmatia* It has a good harbour and was a centre
of extensive trade* as well as of the manufacture of silk
and woollen goods and malmsey wine* Its importance as
a trading port may be gathered from the fact that
44 Argosy/* meaning a merchant-vessel* is from Ragu-
sea, a ship of R* There is also a R* in Sicily 29 m* S.W+
of Syracuse^ which had considerable sflk manufactures*
Which of the two is meant in the quotation below is hard
to say : probably the former* In Middleton's Quiet Life
L it Lady Cressingham says she has sent patterns for her
silks to the factors 4* at Florence and R.* where these
stuffs are woven/*

RAINBOW* A sign in Fleet St., Lond** belonging to
what is now No* 15* At first it was a printing house*
but in 1657 James Farr opened a coffee house there, the
second of its kind in England. It survived the Gt* Fire,
but was pulled down in 1860, rebuilt, and reopened as
die Rainbow Tavern* Glapthorne's Argalus was
** Printed by R* Bishop for Daniel Pakeman at the
Rainebow near the Inner Temple Gate* 1639***

RAM ALLEY* A narrow court on the S* side of Fleet St.,
Land., opposite to Fetter Lane, now known as Hare PL
It took its name from a house with the sign of the Star
and R., originally belonging to the Knights Hospitallers,
but turned into a brewery after being confiscated by
Henry VIII* It was only some 7 ft. wide, and ran down
to the footway from Serjeant's Inn to the Temple* It
claimed the right of sanctuary* and there was a backway
from the Mitre Inn into the A* which afforded a way of
escape from the law to the frequenters of that famous
tavern* It was a place of evil reputation, inhabited chiefly
by cooks, bawds, tobacco-sellers, and ale-house-keepers*
The worst of its dens was the Maidenhead, near the
Temple end of it* In JRct. Pernass. i* 2, Judicio says of
JdmMarston: ** He cuts, thrusts, and foins at whomso-
ever he meets And strews about R. A. meditations :
Tut* what cares he for modest close-couched terms*1
Give htm plain naked words stript from their shirts,**
One of the characters in Jooson's Staple is Lkkfinger,
" m«e old host of It A*," " old Lkkfinger the cook,**
who is rej^eseiited as having some share in the catering
for the Lord Mayor's banquet and utilizing ks op-
portunity by stealing 20 eggs* InMasslnger's JVew Way
ii. a, Asi>k says of Marrall, the attorney : "The knave
tfrmfcs still he's at the cook's shop in R. A,, where the
derfcs divide sod flie dcier is to choose*" In Day's

426

B. Beggar iv.* Canby says, " You shall see the amorous
conceits and love-songs betwixt Capt. Pod of Py-Corner
and Mrs. Rump of R. A*'* Capt* Pod was a well-known
exhibitor of motions, or puppet-shows, and it may be
presumed that Mrs* Rump is equally historical* Nash,
in Prognostication, says* " The fishwives shall get their
living by walking and crying because they slandered
R* A. with such a tragical infamy ** : probably they
charged the cooks with selling flesh on Fridays or in
Lent* Barry's Ram centres about the A. The rascally
lawyer Throate ** lies in R. A* ** ; and in i* 3, he says,
" Though R* A* stinks with cooks and ale, Yet say,
there's many a worthy lawyer's chamber Buts upon
R* A/* In iii. 3, he says. " Are you mad i Come you to
seek a virgin in R* A* So near an Inn-of-Court* and
amongst cooks, Ale-men, and laundresses ** " In Brome's
Couple, Careless takes sanctuary in R* A., but* having
got hold of some money, he says (ii. i), ** I need no
more insconsing now in R.-A." In his DamoiseUe iv. i*
Bumpsey says, " I'll but step up into R. A* Sanctuary.**

RAMATH-LECHI (z,e. the HILL OF THE JAWBONE)* The
traditional site of the slaying of the Phihstines by Sam-
son with the jawbone of an ass (see Judges xv. 17)* It
was somewhere in the tribe of Judah, but its exact site is
uncertain* In Milton, 5* A* 145, the Chorus* referring
to this story* says, " A thousand foreskins fell, the
flower of Palestine. In R.-1*, famous to this day*** It is
not improbable that the legend was suggested by the
name of the place, which may have been derived from
the shape of the hill*

RAMHEAD* The sign of a tavern (in Madrid**) in the
play within the play in Middleton's Gipsy iv* 3, where
Sancho (as Hialdo) complains of his master : ** He
scores up the vintner's name in the Ram head, flirts his
wife under the nose."

RAMNUS* See REAMNUS.

RAMOTH (more fully R*-GiLEAi>)* An important city
of Palestine lying in the tribe of Gad* E. of Jordan, and
one of the Cities of Refuge* It has been variously
identified with Remthen, on the upper course of the
Yarmuk, near Edrei, 25 m. S*E. of the S* end of the
Sea of Galilee, and with Gerash on the upper waters
of the Jabbok, about 20 m. E* of the Jordan. Here Ahab
was killed in battle against the Syrians, having been
persuaded to go on the campaign by a ** lying spirit "
(see J Kings xxii. 20). Mflton* P. R. i* 373, makes Satan
say* "When to all his angels he proposed To draw the
proud k* Ahab into fraud* That he might fall in R.,
they demurring, I undertook that office***

RAMYKINS (RAMKms)* A fort near Flushing in the Isle
of Wakheren* It was taken from the Spaniards in 1572
and assigned to Q* Elizabeth in 1585 as a cautionary
town. Gascoigne, in Dolce BeBum 102* says, " I was in
rolling trench At Ramykins, where little shot was
spent*** This was at its capture in 1572.

RATCLIFFE* Origmaffy a manor in the parish of Step-
ney on the N, bank of the Thames, between Shadwell
and Limehouse. It is inhabited chiefly by people en-
gaged in various marine industries* It gave its name to
the old R. Highway, now known as St* George St.
Hentzner iPT^tk*os it as ** a considerable suburb*** In
T. Heywood's /. K. M. B. 278* Dean Nowell says,
" This Ave Gibson founded a free school at R.** The
lady referred to was Avice Gibson* wife of Nicholas
Gibson, grocer, and her free-school and almshouses

RAVEN

were almost the first buildings to be erected in R* In
Oldcastle iii* 3, Acton, in a list of villages where the
rebels are quartered, mentions, ** Some nearer Thames,
R., Blackwall, and Bow." In Look about v., Skink, pur-
sued by the watch, says, ** In the highway to R* stands a
heater/* t*e* a hot pursuer* In Day's B* Beggar iii*,
Canby says, ** Well wheel about by Ratcliff and get to
his lodging " at Bethnall Green* In Jonson's Epicoew
iv. i, Otter says, " We'll go down to Ratcliff and have a
course i* faith," £*e. a bear-baiting. In his Alchemist iv* 4,
Face says, " I'll ship you both away to Ratcliff Where
we will meet to-morrow*" In Davenant's Wits ii. I,
Palatine says, ** I told her her beloved velvet hood
[must] be sold to some Dutch brewer of R.' ' In Launch-
ing, it is said, ** The East India gates stand open wide to
entertain the needy and the poor — Lyme House speaks
their liberality ; Ratcliff cannot complain nor Wapping
weep nor Shadwell cry against their niggardliness*"

Like all waterside places, R* had a bad reputation for
the character of its inhabitants* In News from Hell, it is
mentioned along with Turnbull-st*, Southwark, Bank-
side, and Kent-st*, as the abode of whores and thieves.
In Webster's Cuckold ii. 3, Compass says of the time
of the birth of children : " It varies again by the time
you come at Wapping, Radcliff, Limehouse, and here
with us at Blackwall : our children come uncertainly,
as the wind serves/' z*e* because the husbands are away
on voyages and their wives misbehave in their absence*
Gosson, in School of Abuse, p* 37 (Arber), says of loose
women : " They live a mile from the city, hike Venus'
nuns in a cloister, at Newington, Ratffie, Islington,
Hogsdon, or some such place*"

RAVEN. A tavern in the High St* of Foy (Cornwall)*
In T* Heywood's Maid of West A* HI* a, Clem says to
Roughman, " You lie at the Raven in the High St."

RAVENNA* A city in N*E* My, 4 m* from the coast of
the Adriatic, from which it is separated by the famous
pine-wood where Odoacer defeated Paulus, In the days
of the Empire it had a magnificent harbour, and was
made by Augustus his chief naval station on the
Adriatic. Honorius made it the seat of his court in 409,
and it remained so till the fall of the Western Empire in
476. Odoacer resided there, and after him Theodoric,
during whose reign (493-526) it reached its acme of
splendour* A dozen Byzantine churches, built during
this period, remain to attest its greatness* Theodoric
was buried in the Mausoleum, which still remains in
perfect preservation as the Rotunda of Sa* Maria* In
540 it was reunited to the Roman Empire and was the
seat of the court of the Exarchs for 200 years. After a
long period of independence it became, in 1509, part
of the Papal States, and so continued till the unification
of Italy in 1859. Here Dante died and was buried. In
Wilson's Swisser i. i, 68, the scene of which is Pavia,
early in the yth cent*, the K* says* "Shall the warlike
Lombards now turn their backs to the Raveneans, a
contemned people 4 " The scene of Middleton's Witch
is laid in R* and its neighbourhood* In Cockayne's
TrapoUn ii* 3, Horatio calls it ** honest old R."
Whetstone tells of a company of players, "the
comedians of R*," visiting England in 1582*

RAVENSPURGH (otherwise RAVETCSPURN, or RAVENSER).
It was dose to Spurn Head at the mouth of the Humber,
near Kilnsea, but it was swept away by the encroach-
( ment of the ocean in the i6th cent* Here Bolingbroke
landed on July 4th, 1399, ostensibly to claim his fether's
estates* Edward IV also landed here in 1471 to regain
the throne from which he had been driven by Warwick*

RED BULL

La Rs ii* i, 296, Northumberland calls upon his fellow-
cpnspirators : ** Away with me in post to R*" In
ii* a, 51, Green brings word, 4* The banished Boling-
broke repeals himself And * . * is safe arrived at R*"
In. ii* 3, 9, Northumberland thinks it will be " a weary
way from R* to Cotswold* * * * In Ross and Wil-
loughby " ; and in line 31 Percy informs his father
that Worcester ** is gone to R* To offer service to the
D* of Hereford*" In H4 A* i* 3, 248, Hotspur recalls
to Northumberland the time when the K. and he
** came back from R*" In iii* 2, 95, the K, says to Prince
Hal, " As thou art at this hour was Richd* then When I
from France set foot at R*" In iv. 3, 77, Hotspur speaks
of Bolingbroke's arrival 4t Upon the naked shore of R»"
In H6 C* iv. 7, 8, K* Edward says, " What then remains,
we being thus arrived From R* haven before the gates
of York But that we enter i "

RAYNES* SeeRENNES*

RAYNUM (RAINHAH)* Vill* in Kent, on the road from
Rochester to Fevershajm, abt* 5 m* from the former*
In Feversham iii. 4, Michael instructs the murderers of
Arden : ** You may front him well on R* Down " ; and
in iii. 6, as they are riding from Rochester to Feversham,
Michael makes an excuse to turn back, and Arden says,
** Get you back to Rochester, but see You overtake us
ere we come to R. Down*"

READING* The county town of Berks*, on the Kennet,
just above its junction with the Thames, 39 ni* W* of
Lond*, and 15 W* of Windsor* In M. W. W. iv. 5, 80,
Evans says, 4* There is 3 cosen-germans that has
cozened all the hosts of Readings, of Maidenhead, of
Colebrook, of horses and money*"

REALTO*

RECANATL A town in Italy on a commanding eminence
near the coast of the Adriatic, 18 m* S. of Ancona. In
Cockayne's Trapolin ii. 3, Horatio calls it "long
Recanati, built Upon a steep hill's ridge,"

RED BRAYES* A valley near the river on the S* side
of Leith in Midlothian. In Sampson's Vow i, 3, 20,
Grey says, ** Conduct these noble pledges from the red
Brayes to Inskeith*"

RED BULL* The sign of a bookseller's shop in Lond*
Nabbes' Unfort. Mother was ** printed by J* O. for
Daniel Frere and are to be sold at the sign of the Red
Bull in Little Britain* 1640."

RED BULL* One of the old Lond. Theatres, standing
in Woodbridge St., off St. John St., in Oerkenwell.
It was opened about 1605, and seems to have been, as
the name would suggest^ a converted inn-yard* Prynne,
in Histrio-mastix, records its recent re-btiidmg in 1633.
In New Book of Mistakes (1637)^ we have: **Tfee R* B,
in St* Johns St* who for the present (alack the while)
is not suffered to carry the flag m the maintop," i«* it
was dosed on account of the plague in 1636-7* A
picture of a stage in the frontispiece to Kirkman's The
Wits (1673) has been erroneously described as the stage
of the R* B*, and has often been reproduced as part of
the evidence as to the arrangement of the Elizabethan
stage* It shows a traverse hanging either from the
balcony, or not more than a foot or two in front of its
aligmnent, and a separate curtain to conceal the balcony
itself when necessary. But the R* B* was an open-air
theatre, and this picture cannot represent it. It was used
for ** drolls " or variety entertainments during the Com-
monwealth, re-opened at the Restoration, but finally
abandoned by the drama in 1663 and handed over to

RED CROSS ST.

fencers, wrestlers, and the like* The site was later
occupied by a distillery. Wright, in Historia Histnordca
(1699), says, ** The Fortune near Whitecross St., and
the R. B. at the upper end of St. John's St. The two last
were mostly frequented by citizens and the meaner sort
of people/11 Later on he says, ** The Globe, Fortune
and B. were large houses and lay partly open to the
weather ; and there they always acted by daylight/* In
Davenant's Playhouse i*, the Player says, " Tell 'em the
R* B. Stands empty for fencers ; there are no tenants
in it but old spiders " ; this was in 1665*

In B* & F, Wit S. W* ii* 2, Pompey, telling of Sir

Gregory Fop's new method of courtship, says : " He

drew the dgvice from a play at the B., t'other day/1" In

their Pestfe iv, i, when the Citizen suggests as to

Ralph, ** Let the Sophy of Persia come and christen hfrn

a child/' the Boy answers, " Believe me, Sir, that will

not do so well; 'tis stale; it has been had before at the

R* B," Probably the reference is to The Travails, by

Day, Rowley, and Wilkins, which dates from 1607, the

same year as Pestle. In Cooke's Greene's Quoque p* 558,

Geraldine says, "We'll go to the R. B*; they say

Green's a good down," to which Bubble, the part being

acted by Green himself, says, ** Green ! Green's an

ass," and adds, ** He is as like me as ever he can look/'

In Tomkis' Albumazar ii, if Trincalo says, ** Then will

I confound her with compliments drawn from the plays

I see at tie Fortune and R,B," In Randolph's Mum'Lx,

Mrs. Flowerdew's Puritan brother is reported by her to

have prayed that " the B, might cross the Thames to

the Bsar-garden, and there be soundly baited/' In

Cowfey's Cutter iii. 7, Jolly says, ** Tho* you shall rage

like Tamerlain at the B*, 'twould do no good here/'

Dekker, in Raven's, says of the actors : ** Fortune must

favour some , . * the whole world must stick to others

* * * and a jrd faction must fight like Bulls " where

the reference is to quarrels between the actors at the

Fortune, Globe, and R. B* Goffe, in Careless prol.,says

" I'll go to the B* or Fortune and there see A play for two-

penqe aad a jig to boot*** In verses prefixed to Ran-

dolph's Work$> Ha?*, p, 504, the writer speaks of the

** base plots ' ' acted nt the R. B. Gayton, in Pleasant

Notes on Don Quixote, p. 24, says, " I have heard that

the poets of the Fortune and R* B* had always a mouth-

measure for their actors, who were terrible tear-throats,

and made their lines proportionable to their compass

which were sesquipedales, a foot and a haM/* Pepys,

m his Diary, March a^rd, 1661, went ** out to tfee R» B,"

and saw Alts Lost by Last*

RED CROSS ST, Lond,, running N* from the front of
St. Giles's, Cripplegate, to Barbican, opposite Golden
Lane, It had its name from a cross which stood at its
Barbican end, A Chronological Catalogue of the Electors
Palatine was " printed by William Jones* dwelling in
-- 1631,"

RED LATTICE* It was the custom for taverns m Lond,
to have a red lattice for a window. In Gascoigne's
Government iv* 6, he says, ** There at a house with
a r, I- you shall find an old bawd and a voting damsel/'
InH#B,ii*2,86,tiiePagesaysofBardofch: "A'calis
me e*en now through a r, L and I could discern no part
of hfs face from the window." In l&arstots's AttL

lamnot asweS

RED SEA

fically as the sign of one particular hostelry. In Curates
Conference (1641), Needham complains that in Lond.
parish clerks ** can have their meetings usually in taverns
of 3 or 4 pounds a sitting, when poor curates must not
look into a r. 1, tinder fear of a general censure/*

RED LION. A common public-house sign, derived no
doubt from the R. L* rampant of Scotland, to be seen
in the 2nd quarter of the British Royal Standard,
R. L. St., in Holborn, was so-called from the R, L. Inn,
and in the wall of the building which now occupies its
site a tablet is let in with the date z6zx, Here were
brought the bodies of Cromwell, Ireton, and Bradshaw
in 1661 before they were dragged to Tyburn. In
Middleton's No Wit ii, i, Weatherwise says, " She was
brought a-bed at the R. L. about Tower Hill." In
News BarthoL Fair, in a list of taverns, we have ** R.L,
in the Strand." In Jonson's Tub ii. i, Hilts says, " Find
out my Capt. lodged at the R, L. in Paddington ; that's
the inn/' This inn is still to be found at the corner of
the Edgeware and Harrow Rds* ; there is a tradition
that Shakespeare once acted there,

RED LION. An inn at Waltham, also an inn at Brentford,
In B. & F. Pestle ii, i, Humphrey is riding a sorrel
** which I bought of Brian, The honest host of the R*
roaring L. In Waltham situate*" There was a R. L. at
Brentford mentioned m Julian of Bradford's Testament
as being ** at the shambles' end."

REDRDFF* See ROT

«0iy wit as an akfaouse by a red lattice***

\srJeSKiiKt. tn News /rasst weaken and £&$ , is represented
as speakaig of "a poe of that Hqtior that I was wont to
dtenk With my hostess ait tfie R* LattsSe In Tormoyle
St«, lie tisesthe wocd gejKJ.'ic«kHy Ice a tavem^not speci-

RED SEA. The Latin Mare Rubrum or Erythrseum, so
called, it may be, from the red tinge of the mtns. of the
Sinaitic peninsula, which are so striking a feature to the
voyager down the gulf of Suez ; or from the red coral
t which abounds on its shores. The Hebrews called it
Yam Suph, or Sea of Weeds, from its character at the
head of the gulf of Suez, where they knew it best. It
runs between Egypt and Arabia, for about 1200 m.,
from the straits of Babelmandeb to the Sinaitic penin-
sula ; there it divides into the Gulls of Suez and Akaba,
At the iiead of the former it is connected with the
Mediterranean by the Suez Canal. Once it extended
further N. to Lake Timseh, where it was crossed by the
Hebrews on their exodus from Egypt. The only way
into it from England was round the Cape of Good Hope ;
the Portuguese visited it from their settlements on the
coast of India, but it was of little commercial im-
portance, until the digging of the Suez Canal made it
our highway to the East,

In Bale's Promises iv,, Moses says, ** Through the
R. S, thy right hand did us lead," In York M. P, xi*
375, a boy says, ** The Rede S. is right near at hand/*
and Moses promises " I shall make us way with my
wand." In the corresponding passage in the Towrdey
M+ P* it is called ** The Reede S/* In Jensen's Prince
Henry's Barriers, Media speaks of Israel's host march-
ing " Haxstfgfa tfje R*-S, , * . to the Egyptians^ loss,"

not far from Alexandria, Whereas the Terrene and the
R. S, meet, Being distant less than full a hundred
leagues, I meant to cut a channel to them both, That
men might quickly sail to India." The Venetians had
formed such a project soon after Vasco da Gama doubled
&e Cape of Good Hope in 1497, but it was opposed bf
thse Mameluke Sultans and came to nothing. In
Middieton's Quiet Life, i. i, Beaufort says to young
Frankfin, ** I had thought to prefer you to have oeen
capt. of a ship that's bound for the R*S/* Itwasastock
joke to associate tire red herring and die boiled lobster
wfththeR.S» Nash, m I^erc, p. 326, tells of someone

REDSHANKS

who " showed a country fellow the R. S* where all the
red herrings were made." In Massinger's Picture iii* i,
Hilario, throwing away his poor provision in hope of
speedy advancement, says " Thou, red herring, swim
to the R. S* again*" In B* & F. Elder B* ii* 3, Andrew
proposes to dispute ** which are the males and females
of red herrings, and whether they be taken in the R, S.
only/* In Brome's Academy iv* x, Nehemiah says,
** One asking whence lobsters were brought, his fellow
replied, one might easily know their country by their
coat ; they are fetched from the R. S/'

REDSHANKS* A nick-name for a bare-legged and
therefore red-legged Scotchman or Irishman* In
Hughes' Misfort, Artk. iii. i, Arthur describes Modred's
army as made up of w sluggish Saxons' crew and Irish
kerns And Scottish aid and false red-shanked Picts."
In Barry's Ram ii* 4, Frances says ** I will rather wed
A most perfidious R/' Heylyn (s.v. HEBRIDES) says,
44 The people resemble the Wild Irish and are called
Red-shankes/r Burton A. M. iii. 3, 5, i, tells how " the
Brahmins * * * lay upon the gcound * * * as the r* do
on the heather/' It is also applied to the Gauls. In
King Leir, Has;, p. 378, Mumford says, ** Ye valiant race
of Genovestan Gawles, Surnamed R* for your chivalry,
Because you fight up to the shanks in blood*" But this
is not the real reason of the name. Nash, in Lenten,
p. 312, gives a still more absurd derivation: "The
Scotch jockies or R. (so sir-named of their immoderate
maunching up the R. or red-herrings)/'

REESHOPSCURRE* Apparently some port on the coast
of the Baltic, probably RixhCft, the W* extremity of the
Gulf of Dantsig. The scene of Chettle's Hoffman is
laid near Dantsig* In Csf Lorreque says, ** We were
cast ashore under R/'

REGENT HOUSE* The house where the Regents met
in the University of Oxford ; the Congregation House*
The Regents included all Doctors and Masters of Arts
for 2 years after their Degrees; and all Professors,
Heads of Houses, and Resident Doctors* The original
Congregation-House was at the E» end of St* Mary's
Ch., and was primarily a royal chapel, built probably
by Henry I ; but as early as 1201 it is called " our
house of Congregation/' In Greene's Friar, scene vii*
is laid in the R* H* at Oxford* Mason begins : 4* Now
that we are gathered in the R* H* It fits us talk about the
K/s repairs/'

RENNES. A city in France, abt* aoo m* S*W* of Paris,
60 m* due N* of Nantes* It was famous for its fine linen,
which was known as R. or Cloth of R, In Skelton's
Magnificence, fo* xxiii*, Poverty reminds Magnificence
how his skin "was wrapped in shirts of Raynes*"
Chaucer, in Dethe of Blaunche 255, speaks of "Many a
pelowe and every bere of clothe of reynes/* Tindale's
translation of Luke xvi* 19 describes the rich *"«** as
44 Clothed in purple and fine raynes/*

RENNISH* See RHINE*

RETFORD* A town in Notts* on the right bank of the
Idle, op the Great North Rd* from Lond*, from which
it is distant 141 m* In Downfall Huntington v* i, the
Gaoler says, " Here is meat that I put up at Retford
for my dog***

RIJAMNUS {Ra* ~ Rtenmisia), now OVUIO-^ASTRO*
A town on the 9* coast ojf Attica, abt* 8 m* N* of
Marathon* It was the cfai#f seat of tfee worship of
Nemesis, w&ose t£*ppte a*afa#ie4 a. colossal statue of

amnusia* The remains; of $*e st3fu£ arjs fe |he

RHEIMS, or RHEMES

British Museum* Watson, in Tears of Fande (1593)
xlii* i, appeals : w O thou that rulest in Ramnis golden
gate, Let pity pierce thy unrelenting mind." In Mar-
lowe's Tomb. A* ii* 3, Cosroe says, ** She that rules in
R. golden gates Shall make me solely Emperor of Asia/'
In Peele's Arraignment iii* 2, Diggon says, " Yet will
Ra* vengeance take On her disdainful fault/* In his
Alcazar ii. proL, the Presenter says that the Furies start
up " Waked with the thunder of Ra/s drum," In
Locrim ii, i, Hubba says, ** If she that rules fair Rharnnis
golden gate Grant us the honour of the victory * . . we
will rule the land/' In Sdimus 608, Nemesis is caHed
** Chief patroness of R. golden gates*" In Locrine
ii* 6, 2, Humber speaks of ** Thundering alarms and
Ra/s drum*" Marston begins his Scourge of ViUanie,
44 1 bear the scourge of just Ra*" In Mason's Mulle&sses
1258, the Ghost of Timoclea says she is 4* Ra.-Iike
attired," z*e. is bent on vengeance* In the old Timon L 4,
Gelasius talks of his house 4* in R. street " ; this is a
well-invented name for a street in Athens, but as far
as I c^ti ascertain, quite imaginary*
RHEIMS, or RHEMES* The ancient Durocortxxrum, a
city in France, on the Vesle, 81 nu NX* of Par^* It
was the see of a Bp. from 360, and was raised to an
Archbpric* in 744* Clovis was baptized here by St*Remi
in 494 ; and tne Kings of France were here crowned
down to the Revolution of 1830, with the exception of
Henri IV and Louis XVIII* The glory of the city is
the cathedral, built in 1211 on the site of an older
church ; the magnificent facade was erected in the I4th
cent*, and is one of the finest examples of Gothic in
the world* It suffered severely from fire in 1481, but
was carefully restored* From 1914 to 1918 it was
battered to pieces by the Germans* Schools for the
teaching of the liberal arts were founded by Archbp.
Adalberon in the loth cent*, which, though not actually
a University, held almost University rank* In 1420 it
was ceded to the English by the Treaty of Troyes, but
they were expelled by Joan of Arc, who caused Charles
VII to be crowned there in 1429. Its chief manufac-
tures are wine of the champagne kind, and woollen
textiles* The English Roman Catholic Seminary,
founded at Douai in 1568, was temporarily transferred
to R. from 1578 to 1593 ; and so the Roman Catholic
version of the New Testament in English, published
here in 1582, is known as the R. New Testament*

In H6 A, i* i, 60, word is brought to Bedford that
** Guienne, Champagne, R., Orleans, are all quite lost ";
and in line 93. it is further announced ** The Dauphin
Charles is crowned K* in R/' In Greene's Friar iv., the
Emperor tells how Vandermast has disputed with the
scholars of " Paris, R*, and stately Orleans " ; and in
ix. Vandermast boasts, " I have given non-plus to the
Paduans* to them of R*, Louvain* and fair Rotterdam/'
In Shrew iL i, 81, Gremk> describes Lucentk) as a
" young scholar that bath been long studying at R."
In JSJarfowe's SSassaa-^ p* 342, K* Henri says of the
D, of Guise; " Did he not draw a sort of English priests
From Dottay to the seminary at R* To hatch forth
treason 'gainst $ieir natural Q* s* " la Chapman's $ev~
Bussp Y* i, Guise tel|s of a voice he heard crying : ** Let's
lead, my lorcj, to R:/* Dekker, in DoMe P. P* (1606),
says of the Papist passant gardantf cc the Spy, *' To
Rhemes or Rome gat'fe his intelligence/' In Ret,
Pemass i* 4, Studioso speaks of ** Rome and Rhemes
that wonted are to give A Cardinal cap to discontented
clerks/' TfoJV Epp+ 1, says that tibe English Universities
44 may justly challenge either Rhemes cc Douay*" In
Barnes* Charter v* i, Baglkmi has ** A Valentia blade,

RHEINBERCH

powder of Rhemes, and bullets " ; where powder of '
Rhemes is evidently gunpowder. I

RHEINBERCH (== RHEOTBERG), A fortified town on ]
the left bank of the Rhine, opposite Duisberg. It was ,
taken by the Spaniards in 1597, recaptured by Count
Maurice in 1601, and again retaken by the Spaniards
in 1606* In Barnavelt iv, 5, Orange asks, "Who
hindered me from rescuing of R* In the last siege s1 "

RHINE, RHEIN, or RHENE (Rh*= Rhenish, Re*=
Rhene)* One of the largest rivers in Europe, about
800 m, long* It rises in the St. Gothard Mtns*, only a
few miles from the source of the Rhdne, and after flow-
ing N*E» as far as the Lake of Constance, turns westward
and then northward at Basel, from which point it is
navigable throughout the rest of its course* It passes
successively Spires, Mannheim, Mainz, Coblenz, Bonn,
Cologne, Dusseldorf, and Wesel; after entering
Holland it divides into several streams, the most note-
worthy being the Waal, the Yssel, and the Lek. For
2 cents* it formed the boundary between the Roman
Empire and the Teutonic tribes to the E. ; and the
ambition of France has been, and is, to make the Rhine
the boundary between herself and Germany — an
ambition realized under the first Republic and Napoleon*
She was reduced within her old boundaries in 1814, and
Alsace and Lorraine were taken from her by Germany
in 1871 ; they passed back to France, however, in 1919.
The provinces N* of Bingen are known as the Rh*
Provinces, and the lower Palatinate is often called the
Palatinate of the R* The white wines of the dist*
between Mainz and Bonn are famous throughout the
world, though the Elizabethans regarded them as
inferior to the clarets of Bordeaux*

In C&sar*s Rev* i* 3, Anthony says, ** Caesar made
* * * the changed-coloured Re* to blush To bear his
bloody burthen to the sea*" In Fisher's Fmmas ii* i,
Nennius says, ** R* and Rhone can serve, And envy
Thames his never-captive stream/' In iv* 4, Caesar
says, ** In vain doth Tagus' yellow sand obey, R/s
horned front and nimble Tigris, If we recoil from
hence " (**e* Britain). The Greek and Roman artists
frequently represented the figures of river gods witib
borns* In Nero iv* 4, Nimpfiditis says, " If we have
any war, it's beyond R* and Euphrates/' In May's
Agrippma L 357, Agrippina says, "That German
colony, Which I of late deducted o'er the R* To Ubium,
for evermore the name Of Agrippina's Colony shall
bear " ; the reference is to Cologne, or Colonia
Agrippinae* In W* Rowley's Shoemaker i* i, 205,
Dioclesian, anticipating history by more than a century,
says, ** The Gothes and Vandails have out past the
bounds And o'er the R* past into Burgundy." In
Costly Wh. L 2, the D* says, ** Could not this palace,
seated in the R*, Free him from vermin rats £ " The
reference is to the story of Bp* Hatto of Mainz, who
was devoured by rate in his castle on a little island in
Ifoe R., opposite Bingen* In Marlowe's Faustas Lf
Faust says, ** I'll make swift R* circle fair Wittenberg/'
Wittenberg is on the Elbe, 200 m. from the R* Swift
Is the wrong adjective for the R* in the lower part of its
coarse; thotigfr we read in Alphomas iv* of ** the cold,
swifNrttnniag Rhyn." The R* is often spoien of as
cold or frozen ; in imitation of the Latin poets, who,
thinking of the rigours of a Batavian winter, called the
It Delate* In Greened OrZmida i, i, 66, Mandrecarde
says, ^ I ftirrowed Neptune's seas Northeast as far as is
the frozen Re/r In B, & F* 5%>Aer<i^ss L 3, Alexis talks
of4' the wind that, as he passeth by, Shuts up the stream

RHINE, RHEIN, or RHENE

of R* or Volga/* Le. by freezing them* In Peele's Old
Wives v* p* 212, Eumenides says, ** For thy sweet sake
I have crossed the frozen R/' Spenser, in the river-list
in F. Q* iv. u, 21, calls it " swift Re/' Milton P* L*
i* B53f compares the host of the fallen angels to the
tribes of Goths and Vandals, whom " the populous
North Poured from her frozen loins to pass Re* or the
Danaw." In Dekker's Westward ii. 3, Justiniano says,
44 Come, drink up R*, Thames, and Meander dry." In
Marston's Insatiate v* i, Sago speaks of "Rhenus
ferier [sze] than the cataract*" Possibly fener is a mis-
print for fiercer ; Marston may have been thinking of
the falls of Schaffhausen, Drayton, in Idea xxv* 3, says
that but for foreigners' prejudice, his lines should
"glide on the waves of R.," which he rhymes to
" restrain/' In Costly Wh. the Palatine of the R. is one
of the suitors for the hand of Euphrata. The Palsgrave
(£*e. Count Palatine) of the R* appears as one of the
7 Electors in Chapman's Alphonsw* In i* 2, 18, he
introduces himself as " George Casimirus, Palsgrave of
the Rhein/' This is wrong ; the Count Palatine on this
occasion was Ludwig II, See also under PALATINE*

The wine from the R* provinces was called Rh.*
generally spelt Rennish, or Reinish, with many variants:
In Merch. L 2, 104, Portia says of her German suitor ,
44 Set a deep glass of Reinish wine on the contrary
casket, I know he will choose it*" In iii* i, 44, Salarino,
speaking to Shylock about Jessica, says : " There is
more difference between your bloods than there is
between red wine and rennish " ; Rh. wine being white*
In Ham. i* 4, 10, Hamlet talks of the K. draining " his
draughts of Renish down*" In v. i, 197, the ist grave-
digger tells how Yorick " poured a flagon of Renish on
my head once/' In Middleton's Michaelmas iii* i,
Shortyard says, *4 This Rh. wine is like the scouring-
stick to a gun, it makes the barrel clear*" So in
Qmpf p. 241, Greene says of poor beer : " It scours
a man's maw like Rennish wine." In Prodigal i* 2,
the Drawer says, ** Here* is one hath sent you a pottle
of rennish wine, brewed with rosewater/' In Wiikins*
Enforced Marriage iii* i, the Drawer brings Ilford
** the pure element of claret," and he exclaims : " Did
I not call for Rh*, you mongreK" The Stillyard
seems to have been specially famous for its Rh* Nash,
in Pierce F. i, says, 44 Men when they are idle and know
not what to do, saith one, Let us go to the Stillyard
and drink Rh* wine/' Nabbes, in The Bride ii* 6,
asks, " Who would let a cit breathe upon her varnish
for the promise of a dry neat's tongue and a bottle
of Rh* at the Stillyard 4 " In Ford's Queen iii. 1770,
Pynto says, 44 The good man was made drunk at the
Stillyard at a beaver of Dutch bread and Rh* wine*"
In Underwit iv* i, a song runs : ** The Stillyard's
Reanish wine and Divell's white* Who doth not in
them sometimes take delight i " In Brome's Moor iv* 2,
Quicksands says lie saw his wife ** at the Stillyard with
such a gallant, sousing their dried tongues in Rkemish
[sic], Deal, and Backrag." Some take Rhemish to mean
wipe pi Rheims, but there is little doubt that it is a
misprint for Rh* In Nash's Prognostication, he pre-
dicts : ** If the sun were not placed in a cold sign,
Renish wine would rise to ioff* a quart before the latter
end of August." In Nabbes' Bride L 4, Rhenish* the
Drawer, says that he has ** Rh*, the Swan hath n«se
better*" In Dekker's News from Hdlr Charon sends m
a bill for nails to mend his wherry, " when 2 Dtifcli&pea
coming drttnk from the Rennish wine house sgafftjcf
the boards with their dtib-fists*** Bi Ctaiidpcfs
Ordinary & i, SEcer mentions "RJu that fcatfe brim-

RHOANE

stone in it n as a remedy for the itch* In Lamm B* i,
Danila says of the citizens of Antwerp that he will
** beat their Rennish cans about their ears/' Drayton,
in Palyolb. xv* 109, calls the river "the rich and
viny R/'

RHOANE. See ROUEN.

RHODANUS* See RHONE.

RHODES (Rn.-Rhodian)* An island off the S*W*
corner of Asia Minor, 10 m* from the nearest point of
the mainland, abt* 45 m* long, and 22 broad at its
widest part. It was taken possession of by Dorians from
the Peloponnesus, who built the 3 cities of Lindus,
lalysus, and Camirus* In 408 B.C*, however, the 3 cities
combined to build a new capital at the N.E* corner of
the island, designed by Hippodamus of Miletus, and
called Rv which rapidly became one of the most splendid
cities of the ancient world. The Rns* alternated in their
allegiance between Athens and Sparta; but like the
rest of Greece, they were unable to resist the power of
Philip of Macedon, and received a Macedonian garrison*
After the death of Alexander they expelled it, and in
304 successfully resisted a formidable siege by Deme-
trius Poliorcetes* Henceforward they enjoyed their in-
dependence and entered on the most glorious period of
their history* Aeschines founded a school of Rhetoric
which attracted students from all the world ; Julius
Caesar spent some time there in 75 B*c* The city was
adorned with statues, the most famous being the
Colossus, a huge brazen image of Helios, erected at the
entrance to the harbour in 280 B*C*, though the legend
that it bestrode it cannot be believed. It is said to have
been upwards of 150 ft* high ; but it was overthrown
in an earthquake in 224 B*C*, and its fragments lay there
until A*D* 672, when they were sold to a Jew by the
Caliph Maowias and carried away by 900 camels* After
at first siding with Pompeius, R* transferred its alle-
giance to Caesar, and was sacked in revenge by Cassius
in 42 B.C* It became part of the Eastern Empire, and
in A*D* 1308 was granted by the Emperor Emmanuel
to the Knights of St* John of Jerusalem on their ex-
pulsion from Palestine. They took possession of it and
resisted a siege by Ottoman, and strongly fortified the
city. Mohammed II besieged it in 1480, but it made a
stubborn resistance, and his death in 1481 saved it from
capture* SeHtn I was preparing to attack it when he
died, but his plans were carried out by Sulcyman, who
took the island in 1522 after one of the most famous
sieges in history* The knights were allowed to depart
on honourable terms, and after a few years found a new
home at Malta* From that time R* was part of the
Ottoman Empire until 1919, when it passed to Italy*
The Street of the Knights still remains, adorned with
the armorial bearings of its former masters ; but the
ch. of St* John has been turned into a mosque, and the
palace of the Grand-master has fallen into ruins*

In C&sar's Rev. iiL 2, Caesar boasts : 4* Rhodans*
shrill Tritons through their brazen trumps Echo my
feme against the Gallian towers/* In v* i, Cassius calls
R* ** my nurse when in my youth I drew The flowing
milk of Greekish eloquence/' He had studied Rhetoric
there. When he says ** Fair R*, I weep to think upon
thy fell/' referring to his own pitiless sack of the city,
one is reminded of the Kaiser Wilhelm whose heart
bled for Loovain In 1914* In Jooson's Sejcams fv* 3,
Latiaris says of Sejantis ; ** He does all, gives Caesar
leave To hide his ulcerous and anointed face, With his
bald crown* at R/* Tiberius had spent 7 years m R*
from 5 B*C* to A*D* a; and visited it again about A«&» 28*

RHODES

In Tiberius 558, Germanicus says of Tiberius : '* R.
[saw] him banished*" In Ford's Sun in. 3, Humour
calls the Colossus, ** That Rn. wonder, gased at by the
sun/' In T* Heywood's Dialogues iiL, Earth asks,
44 Where's the hundred-gated town called Thebes i
Where's the Colosse of R. ** " See also under COLOSSUS.
R* was visited by pilgrims during its tenure by the
Knights of St* John. Hycke, p* 88, says/* I have been-
at R*, Constantyne, and In Babylonde/' The Palmer
in J* Heywood's Few PP. i*, says, " Then at the Rodes
also I was*" In Selimtts 1928 Corcut says, ** I fled fast
to Smyrna where we might await the arrival of some
ship that might transfreight us safely to R*"

In Kyd's Solyman i* i, reference is made in the pro-
logue to ** the history of brave Erastus and his Rn*
dame/' In i*, Haler says to Soliman, " I hold it not
good policy to call Your forces home from Persia and
Polonia* Strive not for R. by letting Persia slip/' This
was just before the siege of 1522* In v. Basilisco says,
44 The Great Turk, whose seat is Constantinople, hath
beleaguered R/f In Span* Trag+ v. i, Hieronimo says,
** The Chronicles of Spain Record this written of a
Knight of R* ; He was betrothed and wedded at the
length To one Perseda, an Italian dame, Whose beauty
ravished all that her beheld, Especially the soul of
Solyman*" Davenant has 2 plays on The Siege of
Rhodes, i*e* the siege of 1522* In S* Rowley's When
You D* i*, Campeus announces the demand of the Pope
that Henry ** Would send an army to assail the Turk
That now invades with war the isle of R." This was in
1518 ; but nothing came of it* In Dekker's Wonder
iii* i, Torrenti's brother tells ** Myself did freight a
fleet Of gallant youthful Florentines, all vowed To
rescue R* from Turkish slavery." la Mark>we's/e*p ii. 2*
Bosco says, " When their hideous force environed R.,
Small though the number was that kept the town, They
fought it out and not a man survived To bring the hap-
less news to Christendom*" This is not the truth ; the
knights were granted liberal terms and went first to
Crete and afterwards to Malta* In Massinger's Rene-
gado ii* 5, Grimaldi says* *' The bold Maltese at R*
Laughed at great Solyman's anger ; and if treason Had
not delivered them into his power, He had grown old
in glory as in years At that so fatal siege*" Larimer
Sermon on Card i* (1529), compares man to R. and his
sins to the Turks, and says, ** Alas for pity I The R*
are won and overcome by these false Turks." In
B* & F* Malta, i. 3, Gomera is appointed 4J Great Master
of Jerusalem's hospital, From whence to R* tfrfe blest
fraternity Was driven, but now amongst the Maltese
stands*" In Webster's WMte DevH iv, 2* Lodowo,
describing the knights of the several orders, says:
" That lord i' the black cloak with the silver cross is
Knight of R/' The black robe witli the 8-pointed silver
cross, afterwards known as the Maltese Cross, was the
official attire of tbe Knights of St. John.

In Oth*f the action of which Is about 1570, in L i, 29,
lagosays that Othello's eyes had seen the proof of him
** At R*, at Cyprus* and on other grounds/* In i. 3, 14,
the Sailor reports ** The Turkish preparation makes for
R*"; but the D* questions this; and a further
messenger announces ** The Ottomites, Steering with
due course towards the Me of R*, Have there injointeci
them with an after fleet" and are now tnaHng for
Cyprus* R* was at tfrfa time in the possession of the
Turks* In Middleton's Gipsy ii* 2, Pedro reports that
Alvarez, after mKng the father of Louis de Castro,
94 retired himself to R*/* where, of course, he would be
safe from pursuit from Spain* In IWbddleton's Chess v* 3*

RHODES, RODA

the Black Knight, in a list of fish valued for the table
by the Romans, mentions "helops from R." The
helops was some kind of sea-fish, possibly the sword-
fish, or the sturgeon. In Nabbes* Hannibal i. i, Mahar-
ball, speaking of the Carthaginians at Capua, says :
44 Here we are feasted With Chalcedonian tunny, Rn*
guilt-heads " ; probably the same fish is meant* Lyly,
in Eupkaes Anat. Wit, p. ipi, gives a statements about
the natural history of R., viz., ** The Persian trees in R.
do only wax green but never bring forth apple " (see
Pliny Hist. Nat. xvi. 47), and *4 In R* no eagle will
build her nest/' (Ibid, x* 41*) The scene of B* & F*
Maid's Trag. is laid at R.

RHODES, ROD4* A t&wa in Saxe-Altenburg, abt* 10 m*
S.E* of J^na, and 1408.^* of Berlin* According to the
Fanstbuch, it was the birthplace of Faust; and this
story is followed by Marlowe, in Faustus ProL, where ,
the Chorus says : ** Now is he born * * * In Germany,
within a town called Rhodes/' '

RHODOPE. A mtn. chain forming the boundary between '
Thrace and Macedonia, now the Despoto Dagh* In {
C&sar's Rev. i. 4, Cato asks, " Why would Jove throw
them [his thunderbolts] down on Oeta's Mt. Or wound
the under-ringing R. " and not hurl them at the
Romans < In Peele's Angtornm Ferix 290, he says that
the radiant beams of Elizabeth " have power to set on
fire The icy ridge of snowy R/* Spenser F. Q. ii* 12, 52,
says that the Bower of Bliss was ** More sweet and
wholesome than the pleasant hill Of R,, on which the
Hynaph that bore A giant babe herself for grief did kill."
The legend was that R. bore a giant babe, Athos, to
Neptune* Milton P. L. vii. 35, speaks of " that wild
rout that tore the Thracian bard in R." The reference i
is to the murder of Orpheus by the Thracian Maenads.
Barnes, in ParthenophU Ixxv* 9, inveighing against the
cruelty of Cupid, says that his father was ** Ismarus
orR."

BHONE (the ancient RHOPANUS). A river in S* Europe,
rising in Mt* St* Gothard, and flowing through the
Lake of Geneva. At Lyons it receives the waters of the
Sfadoe, and thence runs S. into the Gulf of Lyons* Its
totaf length is 375 in> Jfaf lands of the Sequani,
Helvfta, fykfat5%£&t and oraer tribes cpnquered by
Caesar lay along its jban&s* In Fisher's Fmrmts u* i,
Ifeieiiis says, * Rfiine and Rfydne can serve And envy
Thames his never-captive stream." Spenser, in the
rivef-Kst in F. Q. tv. 1 1 , 20, mentions ** Lcmg Rhodanus,
whose source springs from ths sky***

RHONE. A variant for Roanne, on the Upper Loire
the passage of which it commands* In Chapman's Trag*
Byron v. r, the K. of Spain asks that ** he may have
safe passage by your frontier towns And find the river
free that runs by Rhone." The K. of Spain demanded a
passage for his troops ** from the Alps " — £*e. the Savoy
Alps — to his territories in Flanders* Roanne lies on the
way between the Savoy Alps and Burgundy, where (as
jan Bresse) Spain is mentioned in this passage as having
partisans*

RIALTO (contracted from Rivo ALTO). The largest of
tfce 117 islands upon ^hich Venice is builtl It was the
place of the earliest settlement, and continued to be the
•-'——': of trade, *Jt ies in tib^ N* bend of the (Stand

The*f*onte di IR^ on|pia$y of
in i^8S by the present stone
; f£ wbj Ae E* bao|: p# tifib CmaL

<escribes

RICHMOND

it as "a most stately building where the Venetian
gentlemen and the merchants do meet twice a day,
betwixt ii and 12 of the clock in the morning, and
betwixt 5 and 6 of the clock in the afternoon*" In
Merch. Shylock hears ** upon the R." (i. 3, 20) of
Antonio's ventures by sea ; in i. 3, 108, he reproaches
Antonio ** Many a time and oft In the R* have you
rated me About my moneys and my usances/* 4* What
news on the R, «"* is the question both of Shylock
i. 3, 39, and of Salanio iii. r, i ; and in iii* i, 48, Shy-
lock calls Antonio ** a bankrupt, a prodigal, who dare
scarce show his head on the R." In T. Heywood's
Prentices? p. 79, the Clown says of one of the Banditti :
"Tms fellow fied from Venice, for killing a man
cowardly on the R/* In Jonson's Volpone iii. 2,
Mosca tells Lady Politick that her husband and the
courtesan have rowed together " toward the R*" In
Webster's White Devi! iii. i, Mpnticelso says, "I
make but repetition of what is ordinary and R. talk*"
In Chapman's All Fools v. 2, Valerio says that Dariotto
can tell the exact price of all the new-fashioned waist-
coats, nightcaps, gloves, etc., "in the whole R." Chap-
man was thinking of the Lond. Exchange, where there
was a large number of milliners1' shops in the arcades.
In Marston's What You i. i, lacomo says, ** Therefore
should you have him pass the bridge Up the R. like a
soldier." In T. Heywood* s /. K. M. B. 295, one of the
Lords says, " I have been in Venice in the Realto there,
called St. Mark's," a natural enough confusion* In
Brome's Novella L 2, Nanulo says, ** Signior Pantaloni
^intreats you meet him on the R* instantly*" In Shirley's
Gent. Ven. ii. i, Malipiero talks of " notaries which
now stuff the R.** In his Ball y. i, Freshwater, in the
very apocryphal account of his travels, says : " The
Venetians are the valiantest gentlemen under the sun ;
we tickled 'em in the very R." In Marmion's Antiquary
i. 2, Gasparo says, 44 As I followed my son From the R.,
near unto the bridge. We were encountered by a sort of
gallants." The word is used in a generalized sense for
any similar place to the R* at Venice. In Andromana,
the scene of which is Iberia, in i* 5, Libacer says of his
master : 44 As he was taking water at the R., his foot
slipped a little and he came tumbling in the sea."
W* Rowley in Search 22, speaks of the Lond* Royal
Exchange as ** the R*"

RICHARD, SAINT* This may have been Richd. Fits-
nige, Bp. of Lond. in the reign of Henry II, whose
shrine was in St, Paul's Cathedral ; but there was also
a Richd*, son of Lothar, K. of Kent, who died at Lucca,
where miracles were wrought at his shrine ; and another
of Chicester* In J* Heywood's Four PP. i., the Palmer
claims to have been " at Saynt Rycharde and at Saynt
Roke."

RICHMOND* A town in N* Riding Yorks*, on the Swale,
44 m* N.W* of Yprk* Tne castle, stM a noble ruin,
crowps 3 steep" eHif rising 100 ft* above the mer* Alan
Rtiftis, Cottnt of Bretagne, came over with William the
ConqtieroT, and *was by him made Earl of R. The
castle was built by hfin, but the Norman keep, still in
a good state of preservation, was the work of Conan,
die 4th Earl* Tfae Earldom was fqrfeitpd in 1390*
According to Grafton, Robert of Artats was created
Earl of R* by Edward III ; but there is no documentary
psroof of this. Edmund Tudor received the title m
1452 ; and from him & passed to his son Henry, after-
waids Henry VII* on whose accession if merajed in
the Crown* Tlbe present D* of R. and GoreSon is
descended from Charles Lennox, the natural son of

RICHMOND

Charles II, who was created D» in 1675. In K.J,
i** *? 552, K. John says, " We'll create young Arthur
D. of Bretagne And Earl of R/* This was never done.
So in Trouble. Reign, Has,, p. 250, John says to Arthur,
"Here I give thee Brittaine for thine own Together
with the earldom of Richmont/' As both were already
Arthur's by descent, this was not exactly a generous
gift. In Ed. Ill L i, the K. says to Robert of Artois,
" We create thee Earl of R. here/' In H6 C. iv. 6, 67,
K. Henry lays his hand on the head of " young Henry
Earl of R/' and predicts that he will be K. one day*
He is forthwith sent to Brittany for safety, Henry VII
is mentioned as R* throughout Acts iv. and v. of R3-
In 83 L 3, 20, The Q. says to Derby : ** The Countess
R*, good my Lord of Derby To your good prayers will
scarcely say Amen." The Countess, Henry VIPs
mother, married Stanley, Earl of Derby, on the death
of her husband, Edmund Tudor*

In Davenport's Matilda i. i, Oxford speaks of " R*,
imperious Leister, and old Bruce" as amongst the
rebellious Barons, This was Ranulph Hundevil, who
claimed the tide as the husband of Constance, the
daughter of Conan, the 4th Earl. Nash, in Summers,
p. 35, says, " I would have a barber who would whet
his razor otx his R* cap/' R, was a mart for the Yorkshire
wool, and remained a seat of the hand-knitted stocking
manufacture until the Industrial Revolution*

RICHMOND* A town in Surrey, on the S. bank of the
Thames, 10 m. from Lond. It was originally called
Sheen, and was the seat of a royal palace as far back as
the reign of Henry L La 1499 the palace was burnt
down ; Henry VII rebuilt it, and called it R* from his
own title, Earl of R* Here both he and Elisabeth died.
The palace was partially demolished during the Com-
monwealth, and the rest of it was pulled down in the
iSthcent. The view from R* Hill is justly famous. In
Armings Moreclacke B. 4, a Messenger announces : " The
Court goes from K. to Whitehall." In Middleton's
Tennis, the characters in the Introduction are R., St.
James's, and Denmark House. Herrick, in Tears to
Thamesis (1647), recalls his excursions on the Thames
** With soft smooth virgins for our chaste disport, To
R*, Kingston, and to Hampton Court*"

RIDYBONE, REDBOURN. A vill. in Herts., 4 m*
N.W. of St. Alban's, on the N*W. road* Here were
preserved the relics of a fabulous saint, Amphiball, said
to have been the means of St. Alban's conversion ; but
his shadowy existence is due to a mistranslation of
amphibolus in the legend of St. Alban ; it really means
nothing but a cloak ! In J* Heywood's Fmar PP. L, the
Palmer claims to have been ** at Ridybone and at the
Hood of Hayles."

REE. See RYE.

RIMINI. A town in Italy on the coast of the Adriatic,
60 m. H»W. of Ancona. It is the ancient Ariminum*
If has a fine cathedral dating from the i4th cent., and a
noble marble bridge built by the Emperor Augustus.
In Cockayne's Trapolin & 3, Horatio calls it " good
Rimini."

RIO DE LA J^ATA* The estuary of the rivers Parana
and Uruguay, on the E, coast of S« America, between
Uruguay and tto Aasgejatmek In Mayne's Match iii*

Quartfield says of the alleged strange fish they are ex-
hibiting: " We took him strangely in the Indies, near
tke mouth of Rio <le la Plata*' f

HIPHJEAN MOUNTAINS fcaore proper^
A fabulous range of mtns. conceived by the Greeks as

ROCHESTER

forming the N. boundary of the world and being wrapped
in perpetual snows* In Ford's Sun v. i, Winter says,
" At your beams the waggoner might thaw His chariot
axled with R* snow*" In Spenser F.Q* iii* 8, 6, the witch
makes the false Flccimeli out of purest snow " Which
she had gathered in a shady glade Of the R. hills."
In Rabelais Pantagmel ii. ix, Licksote says, ** The
R. mtns. had been that year oppressed with a great
sterility of counterfeit gudgeons." He is talking
elaborate nonsense.

RIPPON, now RIPON. A city in W. Riding Yorks., o& the
Ure, 23 m. N.W. of York. The famo-us cathedral was
founded in 1531 and completed in 1494. It was for-
merly celebrated for the manufacture of spurs, which
gave rise to the proverbial phrase "as true as R.
rowels/* A pair of them, presented to James I in 1617,
cost £5. In Jonson's Staple i. i, Pennyboy junior says
to the Spurrier, " There's an angel ; if my spurs be not
right R* — ** and the Spurrier interrupts : ** Give me
never a penny if I strike not through your bounty with
the rowels/' In Davenant's Wits v. 3, Palatise says,
** Whip me with wire, Headed with rowels of sharp R.
spurs ; 111 endure anything rather than thee/'

RISO, RIZEH. A spt, town cm the S, coast of the Black
Sea, abt. 50 m. E. of Trebizond. In Marlowe's Tomb. B*
iii. i, the K. of Trebizond enumerates the troops he
brings to fight against Tamburlaine from ** Rise, San-
ana, and the bordering towns/*

RBCAM, or RDCUH. SecWREXHAM.
ROAN. SeeRotiEN.

ROCHEEXE (LA). A spt* in France on the Bay of Biscay,
opposite to the islands of Rhe and Oleron, 95 m. N. of
Bordeaux* It had a large trade, and was especially
known for its wine, which was a light daret, very
innocuous as compared with the strong wines of Spain*
In the 1 6th cent* it became the centre of the Calvinist
Protestants ; and after the Massacre of St. Bartholomew
it successfully resisted a 6 months' siege by the League.
It was taken, however, by Richelieu in 1628 after a
valiant resistance of 8 months. Chaucer, in C. T~
C. 571, compares the weakness of the wine of 4* the R.,
near Burdeux-town " with the strong Spanish wine of
Lepe* Greene, in Quip, p, 241, says of the dishonest
vintner: " If he hath a strong Gascoigne wine, he can
allay it with a small Rochel wine/* Hall, in Satires
v. 2, compares R. wine unfavourably with that of
Bourdeaux; "When pleasing Bourdeaux fells unto his
lot, Some sourish R* cuts thy thirsting tfgfoat,/* la
Webster's Weotef v. % Viffiers sags, * I am of It* and
my name is VilKers/* InT.Heyrood&lsli. JFB.iai^
Brackenbury says, "His hick was to take the prize of
France As he from Rocbell was for Lood. bottad," In
Dekker*s Westward iL i, BotoegRaiefcJe s&$$* "The? say
Charing Cross is fallen dow® saiee I went toR*w In
Davenanfs Plymouth iv+ 1, Trifie, the inventor of false
news, says: " R/s recovered by the Htiguenots." In
Middleton's Gipsy iL i, Alvarez says, "AH the world
is a second R./* Lc. a refuge lor the persecuted.

ROCHESTER. An ancient episcopal city in Kent, on the
Medway, 33 m. E. of Lend. On the right bank of the
river are tfiefine remains of the Neman castle, built by
Bp. Gundulph in the nth cent. It has sustained several
sieges, notably by Simon de Montfort^ and by the rebels
of Jack Straw's raising. The cathedral was founded In
604 by Attgitstioe, and rebctilt, after its destruction by
the Danes, by Gundulph early m the iath cent. It is
noteworthy for its fine Norman front. R. is on the old

ROCK1NGHAM

pilgrim's road from Lond* to Canterbury* In Chatscer
C. 7*., B* 31 16, the Host says, " Lo I Rouchestre stant
heer faste by/' In H4 A* L 2, 144, Poins says/ " Gadshill
lies to-night in R,," and ii* i, takes place in an Inn-yard
in R» Gadshill, the scene of the robbery, is about 2 j xn*
on the Lond* side of R* In John Evangel. 360* Evil
counsel says, ** Sith I came from R. I have spent all my
winning/' Probably he got his winning on Gadshill*
which was a notorious haunt of highwaymen* In
Trouble. Reign, Haz., p* 299, Lewis says, " Your city R*
with great applause By some divine instinct laid arms
aside*" la Life of Jack Straw L, Morton reports :
44 They [the rebels] hold me out from my castle at R/'
The Bp. of R* figures in Oldcastle as one of the perse-
cutors of the Knight* In iL i, Harpool makes the Bp/s
sumner eat his process, saying* *' If thy seal were as
broad as the lead that covers R* cfcu, them shouldst eat
it/' In Davenport's Matilda v« 3, Chester reports that
Lewis and the French " have reached R*" In Bale's
Johan 1361, Private Wealth says of the Pope's Interdict :
44 The bp. of Salysbery and the bp* of R* Shall execute
it in Scotland everywhere/' The Interdict, however*
did not extend to Scotland* and in any case these Bps*
had no authority there* In Fair Women ii* 1093* we
are informed that Browne was apprehended "at R.
in a butcher's house of his own name/' In Feversham
ii* i, Will says, ** Let us be going and we'll bait at R**
the horse halts downright*" In Lyly's Bombie iii* 4,
Riscio says to her. " They say you are cunning, and are
called the good woman of R/' la Iv* i, Dromio says*
** We in R* spur so many hackneys that we must needs
spur scholars, for we take them for hackneys " ; his
reason being that a scholar can be hired for 10 groats to
say service, ** and that's no more than a post horse from
hence to Canterbury*" Dekker, in BeUman, says that
** the Hackney-men of R* have been oftentimes come
over " with a certain horse-coursers' trick which he
describes* In W* Rowley's Shoemaker L i, 195, Maxi-
miaus says to his daughter* ** R* Castle shall be your
palace*" Of course there was no castle at R. as early
as A J>. 297. the date of the play*

RQCKINGHAM* A small town in Northants* 21 miles
N*E* of Northampton* near the boundary of Leices-
tersti. Tbe alliterative phrase "as far as from Rome to
It" is used for a great distance* In Wise Men iv* 2,
Hortano says to the Puritan wife of Rusticano. ** You
allege Scripture as far as Rome is from R* and expound
it at your pleasure/'

ROCKSBOROUGH, ROXBURGH* Formerly the
capital of Roxburghsh.* on the left bank of the Teviot,
4 m* S*W* of Kelso* It is now an incoasidetabie vill* ;
but the ruins of the ancient castle W* of the town are
still to be seen* It was one of the oldest and strongest
castles in Scotland* and owing to its situation near the
Border was frequently besieged and taken by Scotch
and English in turn* In 1333 it was taken by
Edward III and ceded to England by BalioL In
El* III L 2, Mountague reports of the K. of Scotland:
** The tyrant hath begirt with siege The castk of R*,
where indosed The Countess Salisbury is like to pemh/'
In the next scene Edward relieves the Castle; and Act £u
is taken tip with the K/s love-making to the Countess

ROGUE LANE. A nkkname f cor Sheere or Siire Latte,
Losod^ given to it becattse of its ertreinely di^eptmble
character. See under SHEER LAMB* Jm Middktoa's
<?oarre/ iv. 4, Qoxtgh wishes for Priss : "Mayst
set ttp in R. L^ and ^k sme$& in To*rer Ditch/*

ROME

ROKB, SAINT* The shrine of St* Rpke or Rocfa at
Angera on the E* side of Lago Maggiore in N* Italy*
The saint was born at Montpellier and died in prison
at Angera* where a shrine was built in his honour. He
was specially invoked for help in times of plague* In
J* Heywood's Four PP. L, the Palmer cairns to have
visited* inter alios, 4f At Saynt Rycharde and at Saynt
Roke/f

ROLLS HOUSE* The official residence of the Master
of the R* on the E* side of Chancery Lane, Lond. The
site was originally occupied by a H. of Maintenance for
Converted Jews, built by Henry III in 1233* A very
ancient picture of the R* Chapel is preserved in a MS.
of Matthew Paris at Corpus Christi College* Cambridge*
and is reproduced in Bell's Fleet Street in Seven
Centuries, p* 80* In 1377 the house and chapel were
handed over to the Master of the R*/ who resided and
held his court there* A new H. was erected in 1717,
but the Chapel remained* Now H. and Chapel have
gone to make room for the new Public Records Office*
and the Court has been transferred to the Royal Palace
of Justice. In Lydgate's Ltckpenny the author says,
44 Unto the R* I gat me from thence Before the clerks
of the Chancerie* Where many I found earning of pence
But none at all once regarded me/' Marlowe's Ed. II
was " printed at London for Roger Barnes, and are to
be sold at his shop in Chauncerie Lane over against the
Rolies*

ROMAGNA. A dist* on the coast of the Adriatic between
the sea and the Apennines* from the mouth of the
Foglia to that of the Panaro* Ravenna was its chief town*
It was bestowed by Charlemagne on the Holy See, but
it was not made actually part of the Papal States till its
conquest by Caesar Borgia about 1500* In Barnes*
Charter i* 4, the Pope allots to Caesar : ** In Romania
from Pontremolie and Prato to fair Florence/' In iv. 2*
Caesar claims : ** This arm hath conquered all Ro-
mania/' In Middleton's R. G* v* i, Trapdoor flaftng to
have ambled all over Italy "from Venice to Roma,
Vecchia, Sonoma, R./' and half a dozen other cities.
In Jonson's Volpow i* i, Mosca makes scorn of the
merchant who " hath filled his vaults With Romagnia
and rich Candian wines* Yet drinks the lees of Lom-
bard's vinegar."

ROME (Rn.= Roman* Rh*= Romish). The ancient
Roma, the famous city on the Tiber in Italy, 15 m* from
the sea coast. According to tradition it was founded by
Romulus and his brother Remus 753 B.c* The original
settlement appears to have been on the Palatine Hill.
but the city ultimately spread over the seven hills, viz.*
the CapitoJine, Palatine, Aventine, Coelian, Esquiline,
Viminal, and Quirinal. These were all on the left bank
of the Tiber ; the modern city has, however, crossed
the river and occupied the Vatican. R. was governed by
Kings until the expukioo. of the Tarquins in 509 as a
result of the Rape of Lucrece by Sextus Tarquinius.
Thenceforward it was a Republic, the executive officers
being the 2 Consuls, of whom L. Junius Brutus and L*
Tarquinius Coliatinus were the first. The story of
Coriolantts belongs to 488* In 390 R* was taken by the
Gauls after the terrible defeat of the Alha* She re-
covered, however, and gradually made herself mistress of
central Italy* The defeat of Carthage in the Punk wars
was the first step in a career of conquest which at the
dose of the ist century B.C. left R* the imperial city of
the Mediterranean basin from the Euphrates to the
Danube and the Rhine* The civil wars between
Pompey and Caesar led to the assassination of Caesar by

434

ROME

Brutus and Cassius in 44 B.a, and the subsequent
struggle between Octavian and Antony resulted in the
complete ascendency of Octavian, who from 23 B.C.
was the absolute ruler of the Empire under the titles of
Imperator and Augustus* In A.D. 330 Constantine
transferred the capital to Constantinople/ and in 395 the
Empire was divided into an E. and a W. part. During
this century Italy was invaded successively by the Goths,
the Vandals/ and the Huns/ and in 410 R* was taken and
sacked by Alaric ; Attila, the Hun, again despoiled the
city in 454 ; and in 476 Augustulus, the last of the
Western Emperors/ died* From this time the City and
dist. around it were practically governed by the Bps. of
R./ who had taken the tide of Papa or Pope ; until in
800 Charlemagne/ K. of the Franks/ was crowned
Etnperor of R./ and so laid the foundation of the Holy
Rn. Empire/ which lasted nominally until the abdication
of Francis II of Austria in 1806. During the Middle
Ages the Popes were the supreme authority in R* and
the Papal States/ which were gradually added to their
territorial possessions. Finally in 1870 the temporal
power of die Popes was limited to the palace of the
Vatican/ and R* became the capital of United Italy. As
the list of plays shows/ the chief interest of the dramatists
was in the events centring round the life and death of
Julius Caesar ; but they were also attracted by the tragic
stories of Lucrece/ Virginia/ Sophonisba/ Coriolanus/
Hannibal/ Catiline, Sejanus, and Nero ; and the story
of the Rn* conquest of Britain was specially interesting
from the possibility of patriotic treatment. A few plays
also deal with stories of the later Empire* Very few
plays have their scene laid in modern R. ; Webster's
Duchess of Malfi and White Devil , and Barnes' DeviFs
Charter almost complete the list. Modern R. stands
rather for the Rn* Catholic Church/ and almost all the
references to her are in that connection.

The following plays and poems deal with events in
the history of R. : Rape of Lucrece, Coriolanas, Titus
AndronicaSf Julias Cassar, Antony and Cleopatra (Shake-
speare) ; Cornelia (Kyd) ; Cleopatra (Daniel) ; Octavia
(Nuce); Virtuous Octavia (Brandon); Julius C&sar
(Alexander) ; Appiusand Virginia (Bower, R.) ; Wounds
of the Civil Wars (Lodge) ; Caesar and Pompey (Chap-
man) ; Caesar's Revenge (Anon.) ; CatUine, Sejanus
0onson) ; Sophonisba (Marston) ; Rape of Lucrece
(Heywood) ; Tragedy of Nero, Tragedy of Tiberius
Claudius Nero (Anon,) ; Virgin Martyr, Roman Actor,
Believe as You List, Emperor of the East (Massinger) ;
Appias and Virginia (Webster); Faithful Friends,
Bonduca, The Prophetess, A*D. 284, Valentinian, A o>. 454*
The False One (Beaumont and Fletcher) ; Tragedy of
Cleopatra, Julia Agrippina (May) ; Hanmbal andSdpio
(Nabbes); Messalina (Richards); Fmmas Troes
(Fisher); DeviTs Charter (Barnes); Thejewes Tragedy
(Hetnfng).

R. was pronounced Room during the i$th and x6th
cents,, and even later* In Lucrece 715, we have : ** So
fires it with this faultful lord of R./ For now against
himself he sounds this doom." ; and in 1644 : " And
never be lorgot in migfrty R. The adulterate death of
Lucrece aad her groom/* In K. ]. in. i/ i8o/ Constance
says/ " O lawful let it be That I have room with R* to
curse awfoak.n In /. C+ L a/ 156/ Cassius says/ ** Now
is it R. indeed/ and room enough When there is in it
but one only man/* In Richards' MessaMna EpH* 6/ the
author says/ ** Thk Theater does appear The music R.
of coacord/* The scene of the play is R* In /. C. iiL
if 289, Antony says/ ** Here is a mourning R*/ a danger-
cos R*/ No R. of safety for Octavius yet*** JttJH6A.iiL

ROME

*> 5*- Winchester says/ u R. shall remedy this/" and
Warwick answers : " Roam thither then/" which seems
to demand the modern pronunciation*

The usual adjective is Rn. ; but Rh* occurs once in
Cym* i. 6, 152, in a contemptuous sense; Imogen
comparing her treatment by her father to that she might
expect in ** a Rh. stew/' In Kyd's Cornelia it./ the lady
says/ " The noble Romulists that rest forbear To seek
my murdering love/' The same curious word is used
again in iii. 2. The idea is that the Rris* ate descendants
of Romulus.

R*, the ancient city founded in 753 B.C*/ the seat of the
Rn* Republic/ and later the head of the Rn. Empire.
In H4 B* iv. 3, 45, Falstaff says/ ** I may jusdy say with
the hook-nosed fellow of R./ 1 came/ saw, and overcame.**
Julius Caesar/ after defeating Pharnaces of Ppntus 47 B.C./
sent the despatch to the Senate/ ** Veni/ vidi/ vici/' In
HS v* Chor* 26/ the citizens of Lond., flocking out to
meet Henry/ are compared to " the senators of antique
R/' going forth to *4 fetch their conquering Csesar in.**
In H6 A* i/ 2, 56, the Bastard says of Joan of Arc ;
** The spirit of deep prophecy she hath/ Exceeding the
9 sibyls of old R/' The number of Sibyls is variously
given by different authorities/ but there was only one
specially connected with R., the Cumaean sibyl/ who
sold the sibylline books to Tarquin, Possibly Shake-
speare was thinking of the original number of these
books/ which was 9. In Car* L i, 166, Menenius says/
"" R. and her rats are at the point of batde," In iii. 3/ 104,
Coriolanus is forbidden on pain of death " to enter oiir
R. gates*** In Tit* i* i/ 6/ Saturninus says/ " I am his
firstborn son/ that was the last That wore the imperial
diadem of R/' The supposed date of the play is during
the Empire ; but there is nothing historical about it.
In Ham, L i/ 113, Horatio recalls the portents that
happened. " In the most high and palmy state of R.,
A little ere the mightiest Julius fell*** In ii. 2, 410,
Hamlet refers to the time " when Roscius was an actor
in R/' He died 62 B.C* Cym. L 4, is laid in R. ; the
period is the latter part of the ist cent. A.D. In Zacr*
i8n/ we are told that Brutus/ M with the Rns* was
esteemed so As silly-jeering idiots are with kings." In
HS iii. 2/ Sy/ Fluellen extols ** the disciplines of the
pristine wars of the Rns." In #5 ii. 4, 37, the Constable
says that the youthful follies of Henry " Were but the
outside of the Rn. Brutus Covering discretion with a
coat of folly." Brutus pretended to be an idiot in order
to escape the vengeance of Tarquin* In H6 B. iv. i, 135,
Suffolk says/ " A Rn. swprder and banditto slave
Murdered sweet Tully/' Cicero was murdered by the
emissaries of Mark Antony. In Cor. L z/ 71, Menem'us
says/ " The Rn. State . , . will on The way it takes/
cracking 10,000 curbs Of more strong link asunder, than
can ever Appear in your impediment/' In Cor, if, 2, 92.
Cominius tells how ** at 16 years/ Wheo Tarquin made
a head f or R^ he [Coriolanus] f ought Beyond the mark of
others*** In/. C. ii. i/ 52, Brutus says/ "ShaH R. stand
under one man's awe f What/ R. S* My ancestors did
from the streets of R* Ttee Tarqttin drive when he was
called a k/* In Cym. iH. i» B, Lucius says, ^When
Julius Cxsar was in diis Britain, and conquered it/
Cassibelan, thine uncle, granted R. a tribute.** In
Jonson's Sejanw iti. i/ Natta says/ ** Thoti praisest
Brutus and affirmst That Cassius was the last of all the
Rns/' In Nero ii* 2/ the Emperor speaks of ** Empire-
crowned seven-mountain-seated R/* In Massinger
Great Duke L a/ Cosmo says/ " This kind of adoration
showed not well In the old Rn. emperors/ who forgetting
That they were flesh and blood, would be styled gods.** *

435

ROME

In B* & F. False Cm v* 2, Septimius says, " R., that
from Romulus first took her name Had her walls watered
with a crimson shower Drained from a brother's heart."
In their Prophetess iL 3, Delphia says, ** 'Tis imperious
R*, R., the great mistress of the conquered world/'
In Calisto, Has. L 58, Sempronio says, " Behold Nero,
in the love of Poppsea oppressed, R* how he brent/'
In C&sar's Rev. L 3, Caesar says, "R*, our native
country, Fair pride of Europe, mistress of the world,
Cradle of virtues, nurse of true renoun, Whom
Jove hath placed in top of 7 hills That thou the
lower world's 7 dines mightst rule,** and in iii.
2, a Rn* speaks: "Fair R*, great monument of
Romulus, Thou mighty seat of consuls and of kings/'
In Fisher's Ftdmas ii* i, Britael, a Briton, says,
** Imperious monster, R., seven-headed Hydra, We
scorn thy threats/' So in iii. 5, Nennius protests:
** Before this land shall wear the Rn* yoke, Let first the
adamantine axle crack/' In pavenant's Cr. Brother
£ii* i, Cosimo says, " The old sibyl presented her divine
manuscripts to the dull Rn*" In Barnavelt iv. 5,
Barnavelt says, " Octavius did affect the Empire And
strove to tread upon the neck of R. And all her ancient
freedoms/* In Vol. Welsh. L x, we are told that the
action takes place in ** the reign of R/s great Emperor,
ydeped Claudian/' Spenser, F. Q* iii 9, 43, tells how
from Long Alba " Romulus to R* removed/'

Hie proverb ** Roome was not builded on a day **
occurs m the preface to Tarltm's Nem oat of Purgatory -,
andiaB.<5cRProfJtoessi.3, Spenser's Rubies of Rome
should be consulted passim.

Milton, P. J?. i* 217, makes our Lord say that it was
his early ambition M To rescue Israel from the Rn.yoke/*
Ppmpey brought Judaea under the Rn. sway 65 B.C. In
iii. 158, the Tempter speaks of " Judsea now and all the
Promised land Reduced a province under Rn. yoke/'
In 362 he speaks of the (faculty of establishing an
independent kingdom in Jerusalem " Between 2 such
enclosing 'enemies, Rn* and Parthian ff ; and advises our
Lord to attack the Parthians first ** maugre the Rn/*
Tims He would sit oa the throne of David and rule
** Fsotn Egypt to Euphrates * , * and R. or Caesar
meed not fear/' But iaiv* 45 he shows our Lord4* great
an4 glodous R,, Queet* of the earth ** ; and in 80 says,
** AI natioos now to R. obedience pay, To R/s great
Boapef0rw; w&a is now ** from R, retired to Capnea "
<£e, Ti>erms}, In PX, xi* 405, Adam is shown
^Europe * * * and where R. was to sway The world'';
in ix. 510, reference is made to the legend that
Jupiter Capitolinus, in the form of a serpent, had inter-
course " with her who bore Scipio, the heighth of R*" ;
L6* Scipio Africanus Major*

In Mason's MvHeasses 1477, Ferrara says, " The sts*
of Florence, like the sts. of R When death and Scylia
reigaed, shall run with blood/* The reference & to the
proscr^tiostt that followed the return of Sylla to R* in
82 B*c* In Kirke's Champims ii* x, Anthony speaks of
R. as ** Great mistress of the world, whose large-
stretdbed arms O'er land and sea holds domination;
Renowned for government in peace or war Even ta the
shore of scord^og India/'

Cfesrae&r a/ t&e awfeflt Romans. 3k Jter, 1828.
QMttiB addresses Cblktme w Courag«otis Rn*w In
m : Pr iL % 1^5, mste& begins h^Tbt^: u I ^21

M

'fnwkom ,
any that draws

as

cfe

ma*
A

re appears Than

436

ROME

says, ** We are come off Like Rs., neither foolish in our
stands, Nor cowardly in retire/* On the other hand,
in iii* i, 238, Coriolanus says of the plebeians ; ** I
would they were barbarians, — as they are, Though in R,
littered — not Rns* — as they are not, Though calved
in the porch or the Capitol/* In J. C* L 3, 80, Cassius
says, "Rns, now have thews and limbs like to their
ancestors ; But * . * our fathers* minds are dead, And
we are governed with our mothers' spirits"; and later,
" Caesar would not be a wolf But that he sees the Rns.
are but sheep/' In ii. i, 125, Brutus says, " What other
bond Than secret Rns. that have spoke the word And
will not palter i ** and in 233 Cassius says, " Show
yourselves true Rns/' In Cym. v. 5, 81, Lucius says,
Sufficeth A Rn. with a Rn's* heart can suffer/* In
Massinger's Madam iv. 2, Goldwire says, 4* I'll suffer
like a Rn/' In Shirley's Traitor ii. i, Sciarrha says,
44 It was the glory of Rns* to prefer their empire's
safety to their own lives/* In Massinger's Guardian
v. 4, Alphonsp says, " We do approve the Rn. maxim,
To save one citizen is a greater prize Than to have killed
in war 10 enemies/* In his Virgin L i, Diocletian boasts
of having revived " the ancient Rn. discipline Which
raised R* to her greatness/* In his Believe v. 2, Antiochtis
says, " Pity in Rn* officers is a crime to be punished
more than murder in cold blood*" In his Maid Hon.
iv. 4, Aureiia says, " The lordly Rn. who held it the
height Of human happiness to have kings and queens
To wait by his triumphant chariot-wheels, In his
insulting pride deprived himself Of drawing near the
nature of the gods In being merciful/* In B. & F*
Rule a Wife iv* i* Estifania says, " I remembered your
old Rn. axiom, The more the danger, still the more the
honour/' In Chapman's Rev* Bossy ii* i. Baljgny says
to Clermont : " He [Guise] ranks you with the best of
the ancient Rns." In Ingelend's Disobedient 51, the
Father says, "Wilt thou follow warfare and a
soldier be 'pointed And so among Troyans and Rns*
be numbered <" In Davenant's Favourite ii* i, Ora-
mont says, ** The Rn* race of men Sure is not yet
extinct in Italy*** In Brewer's Lingua Li, Lingua speaks
of " Hie Rn. eloquent " ; no doubt he is thinking
specially of Cicero. In Brome's Covent G* iii* i, Cock-
brain says, " I will suffer private affliction with a Rn*
resolution for the public welfare." In Dekker's If it be
354* Ravillac protests : " Merciless hangmen ! To
tyrannize over so brave a Rn. spirit." In Davenport's
New Trick iii* 2, Roger says of his master i " He was
too full of fire, witness his spirit, Most worthy of a Rn*
character/* In Chapman's Cxsar £v* 5, 45, Statilius
says, ** The gods avert from every Rn* mind The name
of slave to any tyrant's power/* In iii* i* 119, Pompey
prays the gods, ** that our great Rn* Genius Have
made, not give us one day's conquest only, Nor grow in
conquests for some little time, As did the Genius of the
Maradous, Nor be by &nd great only, like Laconians ;
3$p€ yet by sea alone, as was th* Athenians', Nor slowly
stored t& Ifte tlie PersJaa angel, Nor rocked askep
soon, Kfee die lomaa spirit ; But made our Rn* Genius
fiery* watchful, Aad even from R/s prime joined his
youth with tiers, Grow as she grew, an4 §rm as earth
abide By her increasing pomp 'at sea and shore/* The
whole passage is taken from Plutarch's De Fortma
nomamarsm JJ* In Shirley's Bird iiL % Donetfa cries,
44 O liberty! liberty! Are all the Rn* spirits extinct ****
llSton, in Son. to Vane 3, says, 4* a better senator ne*er
held The helm of R/*

The Rn* virtue is often used speci&allv of the
willingness to commit suicide, as Cato of Utica did

(he is the subject of Chapman's Caesar v* 2), rather than
submit to ignominy* In Ham. v. 2, 352, Horatio says,
" I am more an antique Rn* than a Dane ; Here's yet
some liquor left," and seizes the poisoned goblet. In
Mac. v* 8, i, Macbeth says, " Why should I play the
Rn. fool and die On my own sword t ' * In /* C* v. 3, 89,
Titinius* about to stab himself, says, " This is a Rn/s
part/* In Am. iv. 15, 87, Cleopatra says, " Let's do
it after the high Rn* fashion And make death proud to
take us." In Jonson's Volpone iii, 6, Mosca says, " Let's
die like Rns** since we have lived like Grecians/' In
Massinger's Maid Hon. iv* 3, Adorni says, " This Rn*
resolution of self-murder Will not hold water at the
high tribunal/* In B* & F* Woman Hater iii* 3, when
Lazarillo says, ** I will die bravely and like a Rn*," one
of the bystanders says, ** Mark that ! He will kill
himself*" In Shirley's Courtier ii* 2, Carintha says, ** We
know our dwelling after death Which Rn* souls un-
lawfully did seek And found too soon/' In Davenant's
Cr. Brother v* 3* Foreste says, 4* A true Rn* now would
walk aside and with his own sword dismiss his own
soul/' InB*&F*FazrMauf/v*2>Foroboscosays/*The
foreman of their jury is dead, but he died like a Rn/*
In Massinger's Madam iv* 2* Goldwire says, ** I'll
suffer like a Boman " ; probably a misprint for Rn.
In Laslia iv* 2, 46, Virgmius says, "Romanus sum,
Romano more moriar*" In B* & F* Cure v* 3, Bpbadilla
says, *' I would even have died too bravely, i' faith,
like a Rn* steward ; hung myself in mine own chain."

The Rn. women, with Lucrece as their prototype,
were highly praised for their chastity ; and the matrons
for their gravity and dignity. In Shrew ii* i, 298,
Petruchio says, ** She will prove Rn* Lucrece for her
chastity/' In Cor. v* 3, 65, Coriolanus describes
Valeria as " the Moon of R* ; chaste as the icicle That's
curdied by the frost from purest snow And hangs on
Dian's temple**' In Massinger's Madam iii. 2, Luke
says he will revive in his nieces " the memory Of the
Rn* matrons, who kept captive queens To be their
handmaids*** In his Emperor i* i, Paulinus says, " The
mother of the Gracchi, grave Cornelia, R* still boasts of/*
In y. 2, Theodosius says, ** Great Julius, only for sus-
picion of a crime, Sued a divorce ; nor was this Rn*
rigour Censured as cruel*" In May's Heir iii. a,
Leucothea says, "No Rn* dame shall in her great
example outgo my love." In B. & F* Thierry iv* 2,
Marteil says that in Ordella " All was that Athens, R*,
or warlike Sparta, Have registered for good in their
best women."

Roman luxury, extravagance and decadence under the
Empire. In Shirley's Honoria ii. i, Phantasm says, " If
you have but the patience to spend, you may outdo the
Rn* luxuries/'

Romans used as a humorously complimentary address.
la Merry Devil v*, Sir Arthur says, ** We were stayed
for you/' and the Host replies : * Were you, my noble
Rns* 5"* In Middleton's Mad World i* i, the Ancient
says to Folly-wit, " Why there spoke a Rn* captain I **

The Eagle was the standard of ancient R* ; it was
made the national standard by Caius Marius 104 B.C.
In Cym. iv. 2, 348, the Soothsayer sees " Jove's bird,
the Rn* eagle, winged From the spongy S« to this part
of the W/' In Jo*ison*s Sejanas iL i, Silius talks of
IMS battles with the Gauls " when our Rn. eagles Have
fanned the fire with their labouring wings/' In B. & F.
Prophetess iii. i, Dioclesian says, " Expectation, like the
Rn. eagle, Took stand and called all eyes/' In Mar-
mion's Leaguer iii* 4, Faustina urges Phiktittis to " seek
for fame In brave exploits HUe those that snatch their

ROME

honour Out of the talents of the Rn* eagle." Spenser,
in Rmnes of Rome xvii*, says, ** Then was the German
raven in disguise That Rn* eagle seen to cleave asunder***
In Hemingsr Jewes Trag. 584, Vespasian says, ** Let cmr
Rn* eagle be displayed." In W* Rowley's Shoemaker
i* z, 26, K* Allured says, " Maximints and Dioclesian
Display their by-necfct eagle over Brittaine." Rowley
evidently transfers the doable-headed eagle of Austria
to the Rn* empire* In Shirley's Servant iv* 5, Belinda
says, *4 The Rn* eagles never Did spread their wings
upon so many shores*"

The Rn* sword was a short two-edged Hade, more
used for thrusting than cutting; the soldiers were
armed with this and with a pilum or javelin* In Lacr.
505, Sextus "shakes aloft his Rn. blade/' In Cynu
iii* 3, 57, Bellario says, ** My body's marked with Rn.
swords/' In B* & F* False One L i, Labienus, describing
the battle of PharsaHa, says, " The Rn* piles on either
side Drew Rn. blood, which spent, the prince of
weapons, The sword, succeeded/11

Roman triumphs. These were great public jwocessions
to the Capitol granted to victorious generals. In Oth.
iv. i, 121, Othello says to Cassio, u Do you trituziptv
Rn* 4 " where the word triumph c&viotsiy suggest tfse
epithet; Cassio was actually a Florentine. In AT. iv. 2, 4,
Jaques says, ** Let's present him to the D*, Ws& a Rn.
conqueror." In Marlowe's Ed. II L i, Gaveston say^
4t I think myself as great As Caesar riding in the Rn.
street With captive kings at his triumphant car/f In
Massinger's Picture ii. 2, Ferdinand says, ** All rewards
and signs of honour, With which the Rns. crowned their
several leaders, To him alone are proper," In his
Bondman iii. 3, Graculo says, " Let us? like conquering
Rns*, walk in triumph, Our captives following."

Roman Law* In Lacr. proL 2, we are told that Tar-
quinius, " contrary to the Rn* laws and castsoms bad
possessed himself of the kingdom/' In Tit. L i, 280,
Marcus says, " Suum cuique is our Rn. justice/* In
i. r, 407, Bassianus says, " Let the laws of R. determine
all/'

Roman custom of putting a cap or PUlem on ike head
of an enfranchised slave ; the cap of liberty. InDekker's
Han* WA* B. i* 3, Candido, defending the citizen^s cap,
says, " It is a citizen's badge and first was worn By the
Rns* ; for when any bondsman's turn Came to be made
a freeman, thus 'twas said, He to the cap was called,
that is, was made Of R* a freeman/'

Roman Augurs. These officials foretold the future by
the appearances and cries of birds ; but in the later days
of the Republic it was recognized that the whole business
was a solemn farce* In Greene & Lodge's Looking
Class ii. i, 508, Radagjon says, ** Tut ! Be not 80*r a
Rn* augurer 1 "

Roman Authors, Orators, Actors and Theatre. Gas-
cotgne*. In Government prol*, says? "X mean fee to present
no Terence phrase ; The Terse that pleased a Romaine
i^h intent ^ghtweH offend the godiy preacher's vein.''
The chief orator was Cicero, but the last years of the
Republic, and the ist cent* of the Empire were adorned
witn many famous pleaders* fiixxlton P* f~- us. 0171* com—
pares the Tempter to" some orator renowned In Athens
or free R/r In P. & iv. 560, he says that the Hebrew
prophets excelled 44 all the oratory of Greece and R.
In /, C. ii. if 226, Brutus says, " Let not our looks put
on our purposes, But bear it as our Rn* actors do With
untxred spirits ^ITIO formal constancy* 3tn ^^iTKnyttTum 5
Rev. Bossy i. i, Cruise says, " I would have these things
Brottght upon stages, to let mighty misers See all their
^rave and seriotjs miseries played As once they wefe m

ROME

Athens and old R/* The Rn* theatre was in the amphi- j
theatre form, like the one, for instance, preserved at f
Pompeii* In Massinger's Unnat. Com. ii* i, Malefort |
says, " Retire to yonder mt. Where you, as in a Rn. I
theatre, May see the bloody difference determined/' |

Various objects described as Roman. The Rn* dollar
was used for the standard coin of ancient R* in the time
of the kings. In B* & F* Friends ii* 2, Pergamus says,
" I would not, for 100 Rn. dollars But be the first that
should come home again/* In L. L. L. v. 2, 617,
Longaville speaks of the face of Holoferaes as ** The
face of an old Rn. coin, scarce seen/* In B* & F.
Gentleman i* i, Marine says, ** Those are the models of
the ancient world Left, like the Rn. statues, to stir up
Our following hopes/' In Field's Weathercock iv. 2,
Pouts defies ** any tortorous engine Even from the Rn.
yoke to the Scotch boot/' The yoke was a wooden beam,
called Furca, worn by slaves as a punishment*

JR., of the primitive Rn. Ch. of the ist cent., to which
St. Paul addressed his Epistle to the Rns., and which was
traditionally (but doubtfully) said to have been founded
by St. Peter. In Conf. Cons. iv. i, Philologus says,
** By the name of Babylon, from whence Peter wrote, is
understanded R/* See I. Pet. v* 13. Modern expositors
for the most part agree with Philologus* He says later
in the scene : 4* St. Paul to the Rns. hath this worthy
sentence." In Gascoigne's Government ii* i, Gnotnaticus
says, " The apostle Paul in his xiii chapter of his epistle
to the Romaines teacheth plainly that rulers bear not
the sword in vain." In /wentus, p. 128, Knowledge
says, " The reward of the heavenly inheritance Is given
us through faith for Christes deservings As St. Paul
dedareth in the iiii chapter to the Romains/' In York
M. P. xlvi* 288, Peter says, " To Rns. so royal * * .
Will I pass fro this place, my people to preach/*

The Holy Roman Empire. The unique Empire* which
lasted from its institution by Charles the Gt. in AJ>* 800
till the resignation of the dignity by Francis II of
Austria in 1806. The Emperor was appointed by
7 Electors, the Archbps. of Mentz, Treves, and Cologne,
the Elector Palatine of the Rhine, the Margrave of
Brandenburg, and the Dukes of Saxony and Bavaria.
The office carried great prestige, but no territorial
possessions. In Glapthome's Wallenstein ii. i* the hero
addresses " Electors of the sacred Rn* Empire/' In
Barnes' Charter iv. 2, Caesar Borgia says ** The Remain
emperor had fawned upon us, had I been lieutenant of
your forces/* The reference is to Maximilian I* In
S* Rowley's When You K. a, Henry VIII speaks of
** Gt. Charles the mighty Romaine Emperor Our
nephew/' This was Charles V* In Chapman's
Alphonsns ii. i, 9, Alphonsus says, " I was alone too weak
to underprop So great a burden as the Rn. Empire/*
It was the custom for the Emperor to have his successor
elected during his own lifetime under the title of K. of
the Rns. In Barnes' Charter iii. 3, Frescobaldi says,
** Under the K. of Romaines I was cut just from this
shottlder/*

Gesta Romanoram was a mediaeval collection of tales
with morals, first printed in 1473 ; the stories were
mostly assigned to some real or imaginary Emperor of
R. Many of them were humorotjs^ hence a gest, or jest,
came to mean a funny story. In Goosecap iv. i, Fowle-
wfer says to Lord Fttmivail, ** For yom los&efelifp's
jes^ -*ig> <*wz Itimawntm were nothing la f&era**

Rome, the cm&mpgrary dtp, as a place of wterest to
travelers mlpSgrimst. la T* Heywood's Traveler i x,
Wincotf s wife tells of Geraldme's disccmrse ** In R v

ROME

of that great pyramis Reared in the front* on 4
lions mounted; * . . those idol temples, * , * Of
their Pantheon and their Capitol." In Roister ii. 2,
Doughtie says, ** Should I home again without answer
go i It were better to go to R* on my head tfe»n so."
In Marlowe's Faustus, scene 7 is laid in the Pope's
privy chamber at R*; and Mephisto says to Faust,
44 Now that thou mayst perceive Wliat R. containeth to
delight thee with, Know that this city stands upon
7 hills That underprop the groundwork of the same ;
Just through the midst runs Tiber's flowing stream
With winding banks that cut it in 2 parts ; Over the
which 4 stately bdges. lean That make safe passage to
each part of Rome; Upon the bdge. called Ponte
Angelo Erected is a castle passing strong ; Besides the
gates and high pyramides Which Julius Caesar brought
from Africa." The 4 bdges* were the Ponte Sant
Angelo, the 2 bdges* of the Insula, and the Bdge. of the
Senators* Probably the pyramides refer to the obelisk
brought by Constantine to Rome A.D. 353. Pope Adrian
VI (1522-1523) seems to be the Pope in question. In
Hycke, p* 92, Frewyll says, " If any of us 3 be Mayor
of Lond., I wys, ywis7 1 will ride to R. on my Thumb/'
In Chapman's Usher v. 2, Strozza makes " a vow to go
on foot to R/* In T* Heywood's I. K. M. B. 295, it is
stated that ** R/s Exchange is built after the manner of
Frankford and Embden/'

Rome as the local centre of the Roman Catholic Church.
In L. L. L. v. 2, 717, Boyet says that Annado's penance,
to go woolward* ** was enjoined him in R* for want of
linen/' In H6 B. i* 3, 65, the Q. says of K. Henry :
** I would the college of the Cardinals Would choose
him Pope and carry him to R." In H8 iii* 2, 213,
Wplsey admits that the purpose of his wealth was ** to
gain the Popedom And fee my friends in R." In
B. & F* Span. Cur. v* 2, Jamie says, ** We may get for
money, (As that, you know, buys anything in R.,) A
dispensation/' In their Women Pleased iv. i, Bomby
says of the Hobby-horse ** The beast is an unseemly
and a lewd beast, and got at R. by the Pope's coach-
horses/' The Puritans objected to May-pole dances as
papisticaL In Three Ladies ii*, Simony says, " My birth,
nursery, and bringing up hath been in R., that ancient
religious city." In Bale's Johan 176, the K. says, ** By
the boar of R* I trow thou meanest the Pope." In
Barnes' Charter i. 2, one says, " R., which should be
Virtue's paradise, Bare of all good, is wilderness of
vice/' In Cockayne's Trapolin ii, i, Trapplin says,
** I'd to R* ami turn Friar if I had any Latin in me."

Rome Used for the Papal Court, the Church of Rome.
In K.J. iii. i, 104, Pandulph commands Philip:
** Raise the power of France upon his [John's] head,
Unless he do submit himself to R." In v. 2, 70, Pan-
dulph announces : ** K. John hath reconciled himself
to R.," and Lewis replies: ** His peace with R.* What
is that peace to me< Am I R/s slaved What penny
bath R. borne To underprop this action^" & HB
a* 2, 94, Wolsey says, " R., the nurse of judgment,
Hath sent this good man, Cardinal Campeius/* In
Dorms p. 67, Iniquity says that his father is the Pope ;
** In R* he dwelleth/' In Jonson's Alchemist iiL I.
Tribulation Wholesome compares "the beauteous dis-
cipline of the Puritans " with the ** menstruotts cloth
and rag of R/* In Barry's Ram iv*, Smallshanks, ex-
hibitingFace as a baboon, says : " What can you do for
tfcePof^ofR**— Hark^hestirrethnot." In Marlowe's
Ed. 17 i. 4, the Archbp* of Canterbury says to the K.,
** On your allegiance to the see of R. Subscribe to his
exile.'' In Jonson's BorfM* iv. 4, when f*™*™**

ROME

quotes Horace and Persius, Busy says, " I will leave to
communicate my spirit with you if I hear any more of
those superstitious relics, those lists of Latin, the very
rags of R., and patches of Popery." In Marlowe's
Massacre p. 255, Guise says to a Protestant, "that
tongue of thine . . „ hath blasphemed the Holy Ch.
of R." In v., Henry says, " I here do swear to ruinate
That wicked ch. of R. that hatcheth up Such bloody
practices.** In Trouble. Reign, proL, it is said of K*
John : " For Christ's true faith endured he many a
storm, And set himself against the Man of R." In
Chapman's D'Qlive ii. 2, D'Olive speaks of " the
grossness of old superstition, Derived into the ch. from
the foul sink Of Rh. popery/' In Brome's Covent G.
iv. i, Gabriel says, ** Overmuch abuse^ of these out-
landish liquors have bred so many errors in the Rh. ch/'
In Greene & Lodge's Looking Glass y. 5, 2284, Jonas
prays that Lond. " may bide, the pillar of His Ch.,
Against the storms of Rh. Antichrist/' In Trouble.
Reign, Haz., p* 272, John says, u I grieve to think how
Kings in ages past, Simply devoted to the See of R.,
Have run into a thousand acts of shame." Barnfield, in
Pecania (1598), says, ** Thou mayst obtain a pardon for
thy sins ; The Pope of R. for money will it sell/'

The combination Roman Catholic is first found in the
beginning of the iyth cent* In Jonson's Ev. Man I.
iii. 2, Kitely says of Cash : ** He's no precisian, that
I am certain of, Nor rigid Rn, Catholic/' The earliest
example m the O. E. D. is 1605. In Arraignment of the
Late Traitors (1606) HarL Misc. iii* 48, Digby is said
to have refused at his execution to have ** any prayers
of any, but of the Rh* Catholics/' In Arraignment of
Seminary Priest (1607) HarL Misc. iii. 63, Brewerie
44 confessed himself to be a Romaine Catholick/%
Donne, in The Will (1633) says, ** My faith I give to
Rn* Catholics." T. Fuller, in Church History ii. ii, 34,
says, " There was a stiff Rn. Catholic (as they delight
to term themselves)/'

Roman. An inhabitant of the contemporary city* In
Ford's rTis Pity i. 2, Putana says of Grimaldi : " They
say he is a Rn."

Roman Type. The sort of type that is commonly used
at present, as distinguished from the Gothic, or Black*
letter, and the Italic. In Rabelais' Gargantua L 23,
the hero learns " to form the antique and Rn. letters/'
In Tit. v. if 139, Aaron boasts of having carved on his
enemies* skins " in Rn. letters Let not your sorrow die
though I am dead." In B* & F* Valour iv* i, Lapet says,
** Bid him put all the thumps in Pica Rn* And with great
TS, you vermin." When asked 44 In what letter will
you have your kicks ^ " he says, *4 All in Italica ; Your
backward blows, all in Italica." Later on he asks :
44 Did I not say this wherrit and this bob Should be
both Pica Rn. ."'In Three Ladies ii., Simplicity says,
44 There was written in Rn. letters — Given by that worthy
valiant Capt*, Master Fraud." In Davenant's Platonic
iv. 4, Fredaiine says> " You see your names here, carved
out in Rn. characters/' In B* & F. Corinth iv. i, the
Tutor speaks of " the Rn. T " as a fashionable shape for
a beard. In Webster's Law Case iii. 2, after Romelio
has stabbed Contarino, he says to the Surgeon, " You
may read why I came hither/' "Yes/* answers the
Surgeon, **in a bloody Rn*. letter/' In Middleton's
Dissemblers iii* a, Lactantio describes the D/s writing
as ** a bastard Rn. — much Kfce my own/* So in writing,
a Rn. told fe a rotsnd, l>old hand. In Tw* N. HI. 4* 31,
Malvolio says of the supposed letter from Olivia : ** I
tfotnk we do know the sweet Rn. hand/* In Marston's
Insatiate iv., Herod says, " Here's a lady's Rn* hand to

ROME

me, is beyond all." In Middleton's Michaelmas ii. 3,
Easy asks : " How like you my Rn* hand s* " In
Brome's Northern iii* 2, Beavis asks : ** What hand is itt
Secretary, Rn., Court, or Text i "

Fashions of Dress* In Jonson's New Inn ii. 2, Tipto
advises the Host to wear *4 the Naples hat with the R*
hatband." In Dekker's Shoemaker's ii. i, Rose says to
her maid, ** Do this, and I will give thee for thy pains
My cambric apron and my Rh* gJbves/* In Webster's
Malfi i. i, Bosola says, " I fell into the galleys ; where
I wore 2 towels instead of a shirt, with 3 knot on the
shoulder, after the fashion of a Rn. mantle." Probably
lie means a toga*

Allusions to modern history. In B. & F. Fair Maid L
iii. 2, the D* speaks of *4 the factions at R* between the
Ursins and Colonnas/' In Laelia L i, no, Virginius
says, ** Roma* cum praedatio est, Tredecem ilia mecum
captivas expleverat." The reference is to the sack of
R. in 1527 by an army of German and Spanish
marauders, under the Constable Bourbon, who were
supposed to be acting for the Emperor. Charles V.

Cosmetics. In Jonson's Alchemist L x. Face reminds
Subtle of the time when he first met him ** with your
pinched-horn-nose And your complexion of the Rn*
wash." In Davenant's Favourite iv. i* the Lady says,
44 For essences to R., tweeses to Brussels and for fans
to Paris."

Beard. A style of wearing the hair on the face, with
the ends of the moustache turned up, and a small goatee
beard, forming together the figure of a T or cross* In
Fuais Histriomastix iv. 5, 30, Villanus says the latest
form of beard pleases Him best, " Romanam vulgo
vocant."

Rome as a centre of legal training* The Collegio della
Sapienza was founded by Innocent IV in 1244 for tJbe
study of canon and civil law* The present building was
completed in 1576, and is the home of tfee University*
In Merch. iv. i, 154. Bellario describes his young friend,
Balthasar (Portia) as " a young doctor of R."

R. was the subject of one of the motions or puppet
shows. In Jonson's Ev* Man CX, Ind. Asper says ths
would-be critic " Will show more several motions in his
face Than the new Lond., R., or Niniveh/'

Roman Nose. A nose of an aquiline shape but with a
prominent bridge. In Shirley's Hyde Park iii. 2, Mrs.
Carol says, "Your nose is Rn. which your next de-
bauchment at tavern, with the help of pot or catistkfr
may turn to Indian, flat/* In Massinger's Renegado i. i,
Gaset says he will proclaim one of his courtesans ** An
Austrian princess by her Rn. nose/' In Brome's Coaple
iv* i, Lovely says, ** Thin jaws and Rn* nose Are never-
failmg signs of widows* jays."

Roman Organ. St. CectKa, who was martyred at R*
in the 3rd cent., is said to have invented the organ. In
Davenant's Italian v. 3* Altamont says, " Hark bow the
Rn* organ seems to invoke The Thradan lyre/'

Miscellaneous References. In Wise Men iv. a, Hcctano
says, ** You allege Scriptore as far as R. is from Rocking-
>yam and expound it at your pleasure." That is,
Scripture utterly irrelevant to the subject* In Day's
B* Beggar iv., Strowd says, " And I do cot beat thsenv
m be bound to go to R. with a mortar a' my head."
Kempe, in Nine Days Wonder 18, says, ** I could fiy to
R* (at ieast hop to R*, as the old proverb is) with a
mortar on nay head." In B. & F. Fair Maid L v. 2, the
C3own says, ** He did measure the stars with a false
yard ; and may now travel to R. with a mortar oars
head, to see 8 he can recover his money that way,**
The phrase is supposed to refer to some story of a wizard

439

RQMPORD

who accomplished this feat; it means to do the im-
possible. In Verses prefixed to Coryatfs Crudities (161 i),
Richard Corbet says, " No more shall man with mortar
on his head Set forwards towards R* ** ; Coryat having
performed an even more difficult feat
ROMFORD.

ROMVELE (thieves' cant for LOND,). In Middletoa's
JR. G. v. if Moll and Tearcat sing ** A gave of ben rom-
bouse in a bousing ken of R. is benar than a caster, peck,
peanam, lap, or popler, which we mill in dense a vne ** ;
which is, being interpreted, ** A quart of good wine in
a drinking shop of Load, is better than a cloak, meat,
bread, butter-milk or porridge, which we steal m the
country/* Dekker, in iMfl£hoTTtf cjtiotes as an example of
pedlars* French : ** Cut benar whiddes, and being we
to Rome vile, to nip a boung " ; which translated is,
** Speak better words and go we to Lond. to cut a

RQNCESVALLES* A valley in the Pyrenees abt, 35 m.
from their W* extremity, where Charlemagne was
defeated and Orlando slain in 778* There was a Priory
of the Blessed Virgin there, and a cell of that priory was
founded near Charing Cross in Load, with which
Chaucer's Pardoner was connected.

In the dramatists, "roundval" commonly means
coarse, gross, fat : possibly from Rouncival Peas — a
large species, possibly imported from R. — mentioned
by Tusser (1553) and other writers of the i6th and
following cents. In Dekker's Satiro. m 3, 190, Tucca
says to Horace Gcmson) : "Dost roar* Thou hast a
good rotiacfval voice to cry Lanthorn and Candlelight/r
Nash, in Saffron Walden, says of a fat woman : " It was
90 fulsome a fat Bonarobe and terrible Rouncevall."

ROSE. A common tavern sign in Loud* The R. in
Russell St., Caveat Garden, next to Dniry Lane
Theatre, became notorious during the later part of the
17th and 1 8th cents* as a haunt of men about town. It
lias been immortalized in Hate III. of Hogarth's Rotes
Progress. In Shirley's Hyde Pork m. i, Lord Botxvik
says, ^ A cup of sack and Anthony at the R. Will
reconcile their fanes/* There was another it Tavern
at Hie corner of TlBBset Pi, outside Temple Bar . It is
dcsopfeBQ by Scope as w&fw$£ good ©oiweiiie^ces of
ixxxasaaadagoodgardea," Is Pra&goJ a. 4, Liver says,
"Let's meet at tfee It at Temc4e Bar. That will be

••mi i IIIM.I tmctiMmm jTM^aaiiHiMttJlrBiir xmJt uti-iISm m ** ¥M "*jf ?fli*tj«ifcn-iiE*^

fflseafiBf Ifuwf ClaWKlPBaiOff 3HP BHMC* HI IlliOJMiefCBl S

J&@* ir, 3, Greecwit, disguised as a simjjier, says,
44 I have caught a cold in my head, Sir, by sitting up
late in the R. Tawm." In B* &. F. WU Money it* 3,
Luce says that in the country there is "so master Such~a
one t6 meet at the R/r There was another R. Tavern
dose to the Ch. of All Hallows, Barking, whkh was
destroyed by an explosion of gunpowder in a ship-
chaadkr's shop adjacent, in 1649. la Oldcostle iv, 4,
one of the Bp. of Rochester's men, being at the Tower,
— — ' " Come, we may have a quart of wine at the R. at
come back an hour before he be ready to

go/' la H38giiiOft*s Englishmen IsL %* Pisaro, who lives
m Cmtched Friars, sap, " Well, well to the R. in
Barien for an hour.'' In Deioaey's Craft L 14, Nicho-
las says to John, " Stay for me at the R, in Barking^
Yet aaotfaer 1L Tavern stood on Hc^bora Hill,- from
c^ lite wa^BcME^ocf^ r/ecoitls liiat IKK ^acifisol
it 1647, In Carrier's Cosmogroptee,
iH>2rIWboraBc%e, loT.Hey--
Valerias smes : UK
to te It"; but «ft3Tcf th«n

ROTHERHAM

ROSE* A bookseller's sign in St. Paul's Churchyard*
One of the old editions of Colin Clout was " imprinted
at Loud, in Paules churche yard at the sign of the Rose
by John Wyghte."

ROSE AND CROWN, A bookseller's sign near Holborn
Bdge. Three Lords was " printed by R, Jhones at the
R* & C. near Holburne Bdge. 1590." Robinson's
Handfull of Plesant Deities was printed at the same
sign in 1584 ; and Marlowe's Tamburlaine bears the
same srnpcint in 159^*

ROSE AND CROWN. A famous tavern in the Poultry
at the W* end of the Stocks Market. The sign was
painted by trie Dutch painter, Hoogstraten, and cost
£20. The name was afterwards changed to the King's
Head* It was destroyed in die Gt. Fire, bt*t rebuilt,
and lasted till the middle of the igth cent., when it at
last disappeared. Machin, in his diary (1560), mentions
it as the R. Tavern, and describes a fray there over the
arrest of one Cobham for debt. In T. Heywood's
/. K. M* B. 257, an apprentice says, " 111 but drink a
cup of wine with a customer at the R* & C, in the
Poultry and come again presently/' Taylor, in Carriers
Cosmographie, mentions a R. & C. as a Carrier's inn in
St- John's St*

ROSEMARY LANE (now ROYAL MINT ST., LOND.)*
Running E. from the S* end of the Minories to Leman
St., where it is continued by Cable St. It had a bad
reputation, and one side of it was occupied by old
clothes shops, whence it was often calkd Rag Fair*
Rkhd. Brandon, the supposed executioner of Charles I,
lived in R. L* In Noble Soldier v. 2, Baltasar describes
himself as " an honest housekeeper in R. L., too, if you
dwell in the same parish.'* Ttie allusion is to the use
of r. both at funerals and weddings. In Glaptbome's
Hollander iii. i, the President of the Twiball dub is
styled " Lord Paramount of all Garden- Alleys, Gun
Alky, and R, L/* In JVenw from Hettf R* L. fe men-
tioned with many other places of ill repute as an abode
" of wholes and thieves.'* In Middleton's Quarrel y. i,
Chough says of the r. prepared for ms wedding,
** Make a botifee 011% to sweeten R.-L"

ROSE THEATRE. The ?rd Load. Theatre, built on the
Ranksttie at Southwark by Philip Henslowe in 1588. It
was the first of the Bankside theatres, except perhaps
that at Newiagtoa ^itts. It was apparently a wooden
building, and after the building of the Swan and the
Globe was outclassed, and was abandoned by Henslowe
in 1603, though it was still used for occasional entertain-
ments. It stood in R. Alky, whkh ran from the Bank-
side to Park St. just to the W. of Soutfawark Bdge. It
was first used by Lord Strangers company, and then by
dK Admiral's men, the <±icf rivals of t^Chambertoi's
men, who played a$ the Globe, In Dekker's Satiro.
iii x, 316, Tucca says to Mrs. Miniver, " Thau hast a
bitsath as sweet as the R, that grows % the Bear-
Gmtimr Ite Bear-Garden lay N.W. of die R.

ROSSANA, ROSSANO. An arcMe|»scopal city in S*

p, oo a rocky height near the S.t

»> m. SJB. of H^ies. In B. <Sc F,
i, Martia asks about M young Ascanio, prince
csf Rossana, 1C Fernrad^s most beloved

ROTHERHAM. A town in W. Riding Yorksv on the Don,

At R.

fair

town, and had a weekly market and m annual

before the Norman conquest. In
_ m iii 3, %dbm Hood safs, w ** ** -
bowyerr Godhimbkss!"

ROTHERHITHE

ROTHERHITHE (also spelt REDRIFF and ROTHEHBD).
A viil. on the Surrey sick of the Thames, between
Bermondsey and Deptford, now part of Load. The first
docks in Lond. were here, now the Surrey Commercial
Docks. The original name was Aetheredes Hyd ; the
1 6th and lyth cent* spelling was almost always Redriff*
Henslowe, in his Diary, records sending his horse ** to
grass to Redreffe/* Harman, in Caveat 24, tells of a
notable haunt of vagabonds " between Detforde and
Rotfaered, called the King's Barn*** In Day's B. Beggar
iv., Playnster says, ** Convey her to my farm at RederS/ f
In Davenant's Plymouth iii. x, Seawit affirms : " I have
the toll of a wharf near R. will yield me about 4 marks a
year."

ROTTEIPBERG, ROTTENBURG. A town in S. Wur-
temberg on the Neckar, 30 m. S*W. of Stuttgart. There
are Rothenburgs in Silesia, Bavaria, and Switzerland ;
but probably the first is meant, if indeed any in par-
ticular. Jonson, in Epigram to Capt. Hungry f says,
** Keep your names of . , * Hans-spiegle, R., and
Boutersheim, for your next meal," z*e. to get a meal
by boasting of your imaginary exploits at these places.

ROTTEN ROW. A row of cottages on the E. side of
Norton Folgate, above the old St. Mary Spital ; they
were built as aimshouses by the Prior of the Hospital,
but fell into decay after its dissolution. Afterwards a
draper, called Russell, pulled them down and built
on their site, changing the name to Russell's R. The
old name, however, stuck to them, and they shared the
general bad repute of Shoreditch as a haunt of pro-
fligates and thieves. There was also a R. R«, afterwards
called Middle R., on the E, side of Goswell Rd., S* of
Old St., near the Charterhouse. Close by was the in-
famous Pickthatch ; this is probably the one intended in
the quotation. In Glapthorne's Hollander iii, i, the Presi-
dent of the disreputable society of the Twiball knights is
described as "Duke of Turnbtill, Bloomsbury, and R.R/'
The well-known Rotten Row in Hyde Park was first
made by William III, as an approach to Kensington
Palace, and was not in existence in our period.

ROTTERDAM. The capital of S. Holland, on the
Nieuwe Maas at the point where it is joined by the
Rotte, 20 m* from its mouth. It is one of the most im-
portant commercial cities of the Netherlands. It was
the native place of Erasmus ; the house where he was
born, now a tavern in Wijde Kerk-straat, is marked by
a tablet, and his statue in bronse adorns the Groote
Markt. It afforded refuge to many of the expelled
Puritans during the reign of James I. Its name proved
irresistibly suggestive to our pun-loving playwrights.
In Jonson's Volpone iv. i, Sir Politick reveals a project
he has ** to serve the state Of Venice with red herrings
for 3 years, And at a certain rate, from R./* the herring
fishery being one of the chief industries of the Nether-
lands, La Dekker's // It Be 359, the Puritan says, " We
were all smoked out of our own country and sent to
R/*" In Greene's Friar ixv Vandermast claims to have
given the non-plus to them ** of Rheims, Louvain, and
fair R," In More iii. a, Erasmus is spoken of as " the
famotts clerk of Rotherdam*" In Barnavelt jL 2,
Leidenberge reports: ** Arnam and R* have yielded
him [Barnavelt] obedience/' In Davenant's Albovine
iv. i, Comrade says, " He must to R. to the fat doctor
there and be stewed in a stove/' He probably means
the famous Comelitis, a Dutch doctor, who gained a
European reputation for Ms treatment of certain
diseases by hot baths. In Giapthome's Ho#an<kr iiL i,
Minim speaks of the members of the Twiball club as

RQUGEMQ&T

44 Rotterdamians,*' with punning intention ; which is
more obvious still in T. Heywood's Challenge iL i, where
the Clown says, " Had we but touched at Rot or Dam,
10 to i we had never come off sound men."

ROUANS. Rovezzano seems to be meant, which lies 3 m.
E. of Florence between the right bank of the Arno and
Mt. Settignano* In Middleton's Women Beware iii. 2,
The D* of Florence says to Leantio : ** Rise now, the
Capt. of our fort at Rouans/'

ROUEN, The ancient Rotomagus, a city in France on
the Seine, 85 m* N.W* of Paris, and 45 from tiie sea.
In the Cathedral was buried the heart of Richd. Ceeur-
de-Lion, still preserved in the sacristy* John, D. of
Bedford, was buried there, Joan of Arc was burnt alive
in the Place de la Pucelle, in 1431. In the Castle, the site
of which Is now occupied by the Halles, Prince Arthur
was murdered in 1204* It was the capital of the Dukes
of Normandy, and was held by the Kings of England
till 1204, when it was taken by Philippe Augustus, and
remained under the French crown till its capture by
Henry V in 1419* It was recovered by the French in
1449, It was seized by the Huguenots, but the D. of
Guise recovered it in 1562* The massacre of St. Bar-
tholomew extended to R. It was finally besieged and
taken by Henri IV in 1595.

In H5 iii. 5, 54, the French K. orders his Captains to
attack Henry ** And in a captive chariot into R* Bring
h<r» our prisoner " ; in line 64 he commands the
Dauphin : ** You shall stay with us in R/' In H6 A.
i* i, 65, Gloucester exclaims, " Is Paris lost < Is R.
yielded up < n In iii, 2, the attack on R. by Joan of Arc,
the death of Bedford, and the defeat of Joan by Talbot
are described. In Hne i Joan cries, ** These are the city
gates, the gates of R., Through which our policy must
make a breach." In 133 Talbot says, ** Let's not forget
The noble D. of Bedford, late deceased, But see his
exequies fulfilled in R.** In iii. 3, 2, Joan says, ** Dis-
may not, Princes, at this accident, Nor grieve that P.
is so recovered." This is incorrect ; the death of Bed-
ford took place in 1435, 4 years after the burning of
Joan* In iii. 2, 82, Talbot says, 4* In this late-betrayed
town Great Cceur-de-Lion's heart was buried/' In
Marlowe's Massacre p. 234, Guise, giving directions
about the Massacre, says, " Retes to Dieppe, Mount-
sorrell unto R., And spare not one that you suspect of
heresy/' In Sampson's Vow- v. 3, 93, Elizabeth says
that Grey and Clifton " Fought for our father, brother,
and sister, At Dennis, Roan, Bullen, and at Callice."
In T* Heywood's /. JC. M. B. 30$, the Courtezan sagsfe
** This jewel an English factor gave me at fais departure
out of Rfaoane/r 10 Raf>ela2s Pw^a^mel nr. 6V Ding-

dong says of his sheep : ** Withtiieie«ceGftibesefottr
fine Roan doth is to be made*" The scene of B* & F.
Brother iv. 2, & laid at R. in the time of D, Rolb of
Normandy; it is spelt Roan.

ROUERINDA (a T.afyn&H form of RUBBIERA). A vilL
abt.5m.W,ofModcna,fnN. Italy* In Ls/ta i. 3, 1 98,
Latlia, who is in a nunnery at Modena, says to her
nurse, " Die patri me cum sorore quackm Rouerindam
Unam profectam, reversuram post tridutun/*

ROUG^IONT* The old castk on a Ml N. of Exseter,
bolt by William the Conqtieror, and dismantled during
the civil wars* In 83 iv. 2, 108, Ricibd. says, " When
last I was at Exeter, Tbe Mayor in courtesy showed me
the castle, And called it R. j at which name I started
Because a bard of Ireland told me once, I should not
live long after I saw Richmond/' The story is taken
from the and edition of Hoiinshed.

441

RQUNCIVAL

ROUNCIVAL. See RONCESVALLES.

ROUISfD CHURCH (or ST* SEFOLCHRE'S, CAMBRIDGE).
A ch* in Cambridge, on the E. side of Bridge St., a little
N. of Jesus Lam, It was built in 1101 in imitation of
the Ch. of tbe Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem, and has
been carefully preserved* Nash, in Pierce £. 2, speaks
of a glutton as having " a belly as big as the round ch* in
Cambridge/" T. Fuller, in Chmch History ii. 8, 16, says
that Beck's cell was still shown at Cambridge " betwixt
St* John's College and R.-cfau, or St. Sepulchre's/*

ROUND, THE. The rotmd ch* at the W* end of the
Tempk Ch,, Load* See raider TEKPLE*

ROUSEXON (speit variotaly RosiofoiXy ROSBJO^,
ROSSILION). An ancient province of SJL France, on
the W. coast of the Gulf of Lyons. The Castle of R.
near Perpignan still preserves the name. It was long
governed by its own Counts, but in 1173 it was be-
queathed to the KL of Arragon. In 1659 it was finally
ceded to France* Bertram, Count of R., is the hero of
AH* s Wdl ; and the scene of i. i, 3, ii. 2, iii. 2, 4, iv. 5,
and v. 2, 3, is laid in the Count's palace at R. The story
is derived from the Decameron iii. 9, the hero of which
is Beltramo, Count of Rossigiione,

ROXBURGH. See RocxsBOitooGH.

ROYDEN. A vilL in Essex, on the border of Herts.,
30 m. W, of Chelmsford. Its old ch. and manor house
are still worth seeing. In Locrine ii* 5, Trompart cries,
**Oa^iiers of Croyckn,ArKi rustics of Royden And fishers
of Kent, Come you to lament For Strumbo the cooler/*

R0YSTON, A town m Herts., 20 m* N* of Hertford and
36 N* of Load., OQ the North Road. In Dekker's
Nmi^HKBrd v. i, Kate says, " Master Featherstoae came
to meet me as far as Royston/'

RUBICK SEA* A fantastical name for the Red Sea q+v.
In Davenant's Just Italian iv. 4, Altamont says, 44 He
Heeds like to a spring That borders on the R. S/*
Evidently Altamont thought that the Red Sea ami tbe
springs near it were of the colour of blood* Many
emigrants to Australia have been disappointed to find
tbe Red Sea of UK normal colour.

RUBICON. A stream flowing from tbe Apennines into

tiie Adkiitic o® tlie H» 093S& of Italy,, between

f i*

ft: fanned tbe boundary between Italy apd the province

of Ctoiitsi Osa%t£ia. of •crossai^j it with h^ army in

. •

January 49 B.C., Julius Casar practically declared war
oa Rotne : hence the phrase which became current in
England m the early part of the i-jth cent, " to cross the
R./* meaning to take a decisive and irrevocable step.
In Cursor's ]?«s»» £., chor* 2, Discord speaks of ** promised
victories by fatal signs A tR. fore told." In B.&F. False

*

psass the R,Agaiast the laws of Rome."

otb. XT. 247, says, " R. much famed both for his fount and

fell The ancient limit held, 'twixt Italy and Gaul/'

RUDDINGTON. A town in Hotts^ afc^. 4 m, S. of
Hottiagton. One of the characters in Sampson's Vow
is me* Hae snifter of R.

RDFFIANS'-HALL. A name for W, SmitMeld, where
ayptd and buckler fights often took place (sac
^«ra»fflo>)* IB Eastward i Xf i7> Touctaooe
exci^ms "Hey-day, R--H.! Swords, pumps, toe's
a saete indeed!" Fuller^ quoted in Struttrs .
261, says," West Smithfieid was formerly called
iWHUBfifc jjnm;^ j^m msiBiil^f ^bst * * » 10 try tnasi&e&iej

sword aad bockler/' IbrikiiMMilXifHH^4

will needs quarrel^, that tiKy may m^eR. EL of hell."

, ROMNEY

la Almond for Parratt C, 4, he says of Martin Mar-
prelate : " Masse Martin hath never broke sword in R Ji.w

RUMBELQWE. Properly a sort of refrain or chanty,
sung by sailors when rowing or doing other rhythmical
work* It is also used as a comic place-name* Hycke,
p* 88, says, " X have been in the land of R., 3 mile out
of hell." In Compl. Scot (1549) vi. 65 (quoted in
N. E.D.)f we have " Sal I go with you to rumbelo fayr ^ r*

RUMELIA. A term applied to all the European provinces
conquered by the Turks from the Greek Emperors, to
theekdusioa of Greece. Rumney wine was a sweet wine
from the Balkan Peninsula (possibly including Greece),
popular in England in our period. Boorde (1542), in
Dyetary x., enximerates amongst hot wines/^Wyne Greek,
ixwnanysk, romny.'* In Elements 22, we have "Sak,
raspyce, alycaunt. rumney .'r Burton, A* M.t enumerates
" Rumny, Brown bastard, Metheglin " amongst drinks*

RUMFORD, or ROMFORD, A town in Essex, 12 m.
N*E. of Lend. It was a favourite place for a summer
day's excursion with the Londoners, when they wanted
a run into the country* It was the centre of an agri-
cultural dist., and its markets on Tuesdays for hogs, and
on Wednesdays for corn and cattle were much fre-
quented. Charcoal-burning was also carried on for tbe
supply of Lond. In Underwit ii. i, Sackbury says to
Courtweil, <4 Thy father's in Essex ; if he live, hell
purchase R/* In Jonson's Barthol. iv. 3, Whit promises
Mrs* Littiewit that she shall " ride to Ware and R* in
dy coashr shee de players, be in love vit 'em ; sup vit
gallantsh, be drunk, and cost de noting/' In his New
Inn iv* 3, Pinnacia says of a gallant : " A coach is hired
and 4 horse ; he runs in his velvet jacket thus to R.,
Croydoa, Hocinslow, or Barnet, the next bawdy road**9
In Massinger's Madam iii. i, Sbavem threatens to
have Ramble arrested ** lor the bacon you took on the
highway from the poor market-woman, as she rode from
R/' In Middktotirs Chaste Maid iv. x, Tim, being told
that the Welsh lady has 2,000 runts, says he has looked
in Rider's Dictionary to fed out what runts are; "and
there I cas bear no tidings of these runts neither; unless
they should be R* hogs, I know them not/' Taylor,
la Works L 82* calls the master of his ship " Giles
Gammon ; he was born at R/' One of Tarlton's Jests
relates how be met a trfrigmafl at Ilford, and made him
so drunk that ** tneaning to go towards Loud., his aim
was so good, that he went towards R* to sell his hogs/*
Hford Is about half-way on the road between Lond, and
R. In Middleton's .R. G. v. i, Dapper says, " The
gruntling of 500 hogs coming from R, market cannot
make a worse noise than this canting language." In
Downfall Htmtwgton L % Little John says, ** At It,
Sowtham, Wortley, Hotfeeisfiefd, Of all ywr cattle
money shall be made/1" Dekker, in Lanthern, says,
** These Rank-riders, Hkz butchers to R* market,
seldom go under 6 or 7 in a company/* Nash, in fl7#ton
K- 4, says, * AH die colliers of R^ who hold their
corpcaratiofi by yarking the blind bear at Paris Garden,
were but bunglers to him***

RUMNEY, ROMNEY. One of the old Cinque poets,
on the E, coast of Kent, N. of Dungeness. Around it
lies R* Marsh, a level tract of 24*000 acres, devoted to
the grazing of sheep. JOOSOQ, in Forest vi., To Celia,
asks the lady lor kisses M Till you equal with the store
Ail the grass that R. yields/' In Dekker's Westward
iL ir Honeysuckle says, " Change of pasture makes fat
calves in R. Marsh/' In The CMer of Canterberte
(1608), tlie ist tak begins: " In R. Marsh by tiie sea-
coast there dwelled a Cooler," Draytaa, in Pofyofb.

44*

RUMNILLO

xx. 265, says, " R. ... for fineness of her grass And
for her dainty site all other doth surpass/7 la W.
Rowley's Shoemaker v. i, 52, Barnaby says, ** The
enemy is landed at Sandwitch, set ashore at Dover, and
arrived at Rumny Marsh/'

RUMNILLO* Is this a jesting way of referring to Rum-
ney or Romney Marsh < The scene of the play is Lend.
In B, & F* Wit Money i. i, Valentine says to Lovegood,
** I would not change ways with you » * * For all your
beans in Rumnillo*"

RUNNING-MEAD, RUNNYMEDE. A plain in the
county of Surrey, on the right bank of the Thames, in the
parish of Egham, 20 m. S*W. of Lond* Here John
signed Magna Charta on June lyth, 1215* In Daven-
port's Matilda ii. 4, Fitswater says, ** In a field called
R.-M., 'twixt Staines and Windsor, to covenants drawn
(bearing the name and sense of Magna Charta) K. John
subscribed."

RUSSELL ST. Lond., running E. from the E. side of
Covent Garden to Drury Lane. It was built in 1634.
Later it became famous for its coffee-houses ; Will's at
the N.W. corner of Bow St., Button's on the S. side,
2 doors from Covent Garden ; and Tom's on the N.
side. Here also were the Rose and the Three Feathers
taverns, Joseph Taylor, one of Shakespeare's actors,
lived in R. St., 1634-1641. The 4th Folio of Shake-
speare was " printed for H. Herringman, E. Brewster,
and R* Bentley at the Anchor in the New Exchange, the
Crane in St. Paul's churchyard, and in R.-St* Covent
Garden. 1685."

RUSSIA (Rn.= Russian). The great country in E.
Europe and N. Asia. Its articulate history begins in the
gth cent, under the Scandinavian hero-kings, Rurik,
Oleg, Vladimir, who made Christianity the religion of
the country, and Yaroslav, the author of the first Rn.
Code. From 1054 to 1238 it was divided into a number
of more or less independent principalities. The Mon-
gols came in 1238, and for over 200 years were the
supreme power in R* Between 1462 and 1613 the Auto-
cracy was established, the Mongols expelled, and the
kingdom consolidated under the great monarchs, Ivan
III, Basil V, and Ivan IV. In 1613 the throne fell to
Michael Romanoff, the founder of the late Imperial
house. During the z6th cent. R. was divided from the
rest of Europe by the powerful kingdom of Poland. The
capital was Moscow, whence the Rns. are frequently
called Muscovites. During the reign of Edward VI of
Kngfond^ Chancellor, an Englishman, visited the court
of Ivan the Terrible and was courteously received ; and
through his accounts R. became known to our fore-
fathers. Ivan was anxious to cultivate friendly relations
with Elizabeth, and even tried to secure the daughter of
the Earl of Huntingdon as his wife.

Position and climate. The climate was known to be
cold and the nights in winter very long. Heylyn (s.i*.
MnsomE) tells how in the N. parts water, thrown up
into the air, will turn to ice before it falls to the ground.
In Webster's Malf. iv. i, the Duchess says, ** I could
curse * . . those 3 smiting seasons of the year Into a
Rn. winter/' In his White Demi iiL i, Monticelso asks,
** What are whores i Cold Rn. wtaers that appear so
barren As if that nature had forgot the spring/' In
T* Heywood's Challenge ii. i, the Obwn says, " R* is
a country too coiLd." In Davenant's Cr. Brother iv* i,
Castruchio speaks of " Rv where the people freeze till
they spit snow/' In his Albovine v. i, Hermengild says,
** She trembles like a frosty Rn* on a hill/* Injooson's
Volpone in. 6, Volpone speaks of ** the cold RE/* • **•*««-

RUSSIA

f erring the characteristic of the climate to the women of
the country. Beaumont, in The Glance 5, says, ** 2 flames,
2 Semeles, Dwell in those eyes* whose looser glowing
rays Would thaw the frozen Rn* into lust/' In M eos*
ii. i, 139, Angelo says of Pompey's long tale : ** This
will last out a night in R* when nights are longest there/*

Historical allusions. Chaucer, in Squire's Tale F. 10,
says, " At Sarray in the land of Tartarye Ther dwelt a
k* that werryed Russye/' Sarai was the capital of the
Golden Horde, founded by Batu Khan about 2224 * Jt
is the modern Tsarey on the Volga* Chaucer calls this
K. Cambyuskan, evidently Gengis Khan, who was, in
fact, the grandfather of both Batu Khan, and Kublai
Khan, whose court was at Cambaluc, now Pekin. It is
really Kublai Khan of whom the poet is thinking, but
his knowledge was confused, and he muddled up both
the kings and their capitals. La C. T* Prol. 54, we are
told that the Knight had ** reysed ia Lettow and in
Ruce " ; doubtless in company with the Teutonic
Knights, who made frequent raids against the heathens
of Lithuania and Russia. In Selimns 540 Selim says,
*4Basilius, the mighty Emperor of R., Sends in his
troops of slave-born Muscovites/* Tniis was Basil, who
reigned from 1505 to 1533 ; Selim's date is 1512-1520.
In Meas. iii. 2, 94, Lucio repeats a rumour that the
D. of Vienna ** is with the Emperor of R." In W. T*
iii. 2, 120, Hermione declares, " The Emperor of R*
was my father." The historical period of both these
plays is quite indefinite, but probably Ivan the Terrible
was suggested to the audience. In L. L+ L. v., the K. of
Navarre and his lords visit the Princess ** apparelled like
Muscovites or Rns/' Probably the idea was suggested
by Ivan's embassy in 1583 to ask for himself the hand
of Mary Hastings, daughter of the Earl of Huntingdon.
In T. Heywood's /. K. M. B., " A Rn. Prince, the
Emperor's ambassador," is represented as one of the
guests at the opening of Gresham's Royal Exchange in
1570. ** He doth not our language understand," says
Gresham. For some 10 years past, since the foundation
of the Muscovy Company, trade relations had been
established between R. and England ; and in 1569 we
hear of Thomas Banister doing a good business in
kerseys with the Rns. In Jonson's Cynthia i. i,
Amorphus (who is supposed to stand for Anthony
Munday) claims that in the course of his extensive
travels his hat was given him " by a great *"»** in R.,
as an especial prized present." It was, it appears, the hat
that Ulysses wore in his 10 years' wanderings ! In Day's
Travails we are toM of the visit of Sir Anthony Sherfey
to the Rn* Court about 1600, and one act is laid there.
In T. Heywood's Witches ii. the soldier claims to have
" served with the Rn. against the Pdack, a heavy war."
R. was invaded by the Poles in 1609, and they were not
finally repulsed till 1618* Heylyn (s.v. MusctmE) says,
44 In matters of war the people are mdifferentiy able,
jffi ocjBQfir almost lift coottntia! orous wif Tt ^yi^yy nets*!*"
bours/' ^too P. L.x.43ir describes ti^ Tartar Seeing
" from his Rn, foe By Astracan/' In xi. 394, Adam Is
shown ** the Rn. Ksar In Mosco/* Tlie scene of B. &F*
Subject is laid in Moscow duringa war with the Tartars,
but the date of traction is otherwise indetenninate. A
History of M usc&vy win be found in Mtfoon'sProseWccks,

National Character. Heylyn (s.t*. MCSCOVIE) says,
44 The people are perfidious, swift of loot, strong of
body, and unnatural. They are exceedingly given to
drink. They are for the most part of a square proportion,
broad, short, and thick; grey-eyed, broad-bearded, and
generally are furnished with prominent paunches. The
Commons live in miserable subjection to the Nobks ;

443

JRUT1LES

and they again in as great slavery to the D. of Emperor.
They are altogether unlearned. The women are private,
fearful to offend; but, once lascivious, intolerably
wanton. It is the fashion of these women to love that
husband best which beateth them most." In Webster's
Malfi iii. 5, the Duchess asks : " Must I, tike a slave-
been Ra., Account it praise to suffer tyranny < " In
Dekker's Babylon 259, Paridel says of Q* Elizabeth :
" She walks not, as the Rn. . * . with foul big-boned
slaves Strutting on each side with the slicing axe/'
In his Seven Sins he says, " The Rns. have an excellent
custom ; they beat them on the shins that have money
and will not pay their debts/' Is bis Wonder if, x, the
Soldier says, w Give hiin the Rn, law for all these siss,
zoo blows on bis bare shins/' In Day's P&rL Bees x.,
Impotens says, " Let him have Rn. law for all his sins ;
A hundred blows on his bare shins/' In Webster's
WMte Demi ir* x, Flamineo says, " I am not in R. ; my
shins must be kept whole/' Hall, in Epp. ii. 7, asks :
"What is your R. to all her inhabitants but a large
prison, a wide galley ** "

National Dress. Heylyn (s.v. MtrscoviE) says, " Not
only the clothes of the people, but their very houses are
lined with thick furs/* In L. L* L. v. 2, 368, Rosalind
speaks of the masquers as " 4 in Rn. habit " ; and in
303 they are described as " Disguised as Muscovites
m shapeless gear/' In T* Heywood's Lucrece iii. 5,
Valerius sings: "Some Hke breechiess woman go—
The Russ, Turk, Jew, and Grecian"; and again, " The
RIMS with sables furs his cap/*

N&tismal Cmtoms and Practices. Nash, in Lenten,
p. 390, says : ** In R. there are no presents but of meat
or drink/' la T, Heywood's JLncreee iii. 5, Valerius sings :
** The Russ drinks quass " ; i*e* kvass, a sort of rye-
beer described by Chancellor (1553) as " like our penny
ale/* Heylyn (f»v. MUSCOVIE) says, "Every gentleman
bath in hi bouse a stove or hot-house in which they
keep, as it were, to thaw themselves." In Dekker's
Matzh mem. i, John says, " I could oof in a Rn. stove
sweat more Than I did in my bed."

Trade ml Commerce, M Marlowers Tomb. A. i. 2,

Kou^ up huge rWrows in tte Terrene Main/'
z, imported info England from R* for the bear-
fhkh were so popular in Lopd* In H 5 iii. %
calls the Enpish ** foolish curs that run
winking into the mouth of a Rn. bear and have their
heads crushed like rotten apples/' In Mac. iii. 4, zoo,
Macbeth says to the Ghost, " Approach them like the
nigged Rn. bear * * . and my firm nerves Shall never
tnxnfele/* In Dekker*s Boston 312, Titama says,
** They have liearts more nigged Than is the Rn* bear."
& MKidleton's R.G. iii. 3, Sir Alexander complains
iisst$wi!d4*asaRm,bear/' Heylpit p. 12,
E feo0a Dti iBartas * ** Prom R* f comej furs to keep
rich from coid." In Lady Mother iii. i, Boovilk

»of ** the immacukte ermine httnted by ti« IKXW
In W* Rowley's Ji ew Wander ^ Wekome says,
^Oijecttpof^ewiashrotKi one better from the cold
•wwk ail tfee §KS m R.** P©c &ftjbef i™*^*0^*1*!^' tsf

H tmmmm*m-nn**uAl *** *"•-•

st^posen IE$ -iiawe

port o€ Ijdiim QQ the ^a-coatst arotmd
Ardea, Tbear K^ Tttratss, figures in UK Aeaeid as
tfee taw« rival and oppaKnt of Aeoeas wfeea he boded

in Italy. In Marlowe's jDufo i. i, Jupiter predicts of
Aeneas : " 3 winters shall he with the Rutiles war And
in the end subdue them with his sword/*

RUTLAND* The smallest county in England, lying
between Lines., Northants, and Leicestersh* The
capital is Qakhaxn, which boasts an old Norman castle
dating from the reign of Henry II. In Piers B. ii. no,
44 Rainalde the reve of Rotland sokene '* is one of the
roystering witnesses to Gluttony's Deed of Gift* In
B. & F. Wit 5* W. iii* if the singing boy says, "Sir,
[I was] born at Ely ; we all set up in Ely but our bouse
commonly breaks in Rsbire/' The coarse jest seems to
mean that the voice breaks at the time of adolescence.
The eldest son of the D. of York was created Earl of
R. in 1386, and D, of Aumerle in 1397* After his
treasonable plot he was degraded to ms former title*
In R2 v. 2* 43, York speaks of him as " Aumerle that
was ; But that is lost for being Richd/s friend, And,
Madam, you must call him R* now/' In v. 3, 96, the
Duchess calls him WR*, my transgressing tx>y/' He
subsequently became D* of York and was killed at
A^incourt* The jrd son of Richdv D. of York, was the
Earl of R. He was killed at Wakefield Bridge by
Clifford when he was only a boy, and buried at Fother-
ingay. His hapless fate is referred to 'frequently in
H6 C. and J?j* The present D. is descended from
Thomas Manners, created Earl of R. in 1525 ; the title
was raised to a Dukedom in 1703*

RUTLAND HOUSE. A Lond. mansion, at the top of
Aldersgate St., near what is now Charter House Sq»
The name is preserved in R* PL on the N, side of the
square. At R. H.r Davenant sticceeded in getting leave
to give dramatic entertainments towards the close of
the CooMnonwealth* His First JPsr^s Btt£eTtt&ijiiito&& ot
with its interesttng accottnts of con~

rary Load* and Paris, was staged on May ai,
and his Rhodes m August of the same year. In
printed edition of the latter it is stated that it was
* made a representation at the back part of R. H. in
the tipper end of Aldersgate St., Load,, 1656."
RYALTO. SeeRiALTO.

RYE, A spt. in England, in the S.E. of Sussex, 30 m.
S.W. of Dover* It was one of the Cinque Ports, and
had a large trade with the Continent ; but the choking
ttp of the harbour has reduced it to a shadow of its
former self. The castk, now used as a gaol, was built
in the reign of Stephen. The town was walled and forti-
fied in the reign of Richd. I and further strengthened
by Edward III* The E. gate still remains. R. was the
birthplace of the dramatist, John Fletcher, whose father!.
afterwards Bp. of Lond., was then vicar there* In Three
Ladies iL, Simony says that Friar Austin " landed about
R,, Sandwich, or Dow/* As every school-boy knows,
foe actual landing-place of Augustine was the Isle of
Thanet. Later on si the same scene Lucre includes
R* j*FH*Mfg tlie places wiiere* as a consequence of their
^fyt^f^ififff.js^f ^yw^^ff'^^iCiCf tioexe are znomte numoers that
gxeait rents tipoa Mtle room do bestow*** In Greene's
Prior Mm? Bacon prom^es to butld a wall of brass to
rmg tlie T^gfasli strand From Dover to the market-
place of R/* Dekker, in Lanthorn, says tiiat the beggars'
critlkfljffoffi are jjOfnyy^'^BS cartbeo yy ciosserSy iilEe feysft,
fish from R, that comes on horseback.'* Nash, IE
v* 253, says, " Rie is one of the amoral towns

to tne OiiMnie Pccfsv ysfc

sormotfui * * * and

444

SABA, or SABAEA (Sh, = Sheba, Sn, = Sabaean). An r
ancient kingdom in South Arabia, Recent dis-
coveries of inscriptions and coins have proved its
antiquity and importance. It is called Sh* in the A.V.
of the Bible, but Saba is the correct form. Gold, |
precious stones and spices were imported by the
Hebrews from S+ It is best known through the visit
of its Q* to the court of Solomon, as recorded in j
/+ Kings x* 1-13* In Marlowe's Faustns xii*, Faustus
says, ** When it Is winter here with us, in the contrary
circle it is summer with them, as in India, S*, and
farther countries in the E/' In Chapman's Bussy v* i,
Bussy says, " Haste thee where the grey-eyed morn
perfumes Her rosy chariot with Sn. spices/* In Mas-
singer's Lover i* i, Matilda says, ** I can accept from
you One grain of incense with devotion offered Beypnd
ail perfumes or Sn* spices." In his Great Duke ii* 3,
Sanazarro speaks of " those smooth gales that glide
O'er happy Araby or rich S*, Creating in their passage
gums and spices/' In B. & F, Fair Maid L L I* Alberto
says, " He came so perfumed as he had robbed S+ or
Arabia of their wealth And stored it in one suit." In
their False Om ii. i, Caesar says, ** Fling on your spices,
Make a Sn. bed, and place this phoenix [the body of
Pompey] Where the hot sun may emulate his virtues/'
Milton, P* L* iv* 163, speaks of ** Sn* odours from the
spicy shore Of Araby the Blest/' Rabelais, in Panta-
gruel iv* 54, says, ** The best incense is produced in S/f
Massinger, in Bondman iv* 3, speaks of ** Whole heca-
tombs or Sn. gums/' The Q* of Sh* or S. is referred
to in Marlowe's Faustus v«, where Mephistopheles
promises Faust that his wife shall be *' as wise as S/*
In Clyomon H. 2, she is called "sage S/' In H8 v. 5,
42, Cranmer predicts of the infant Princess Elizabeth :
" S* was never More covetous of wisdom and fair
virtue Than this pure soul shall be/' Lodge, in Answer
to Gosson ad fin., prays for Q. Elizabeth: "God
enlarge her wisdom that like S* she may seek after a
Saloman " — a pretty broad hint to the Virgin Q. !
Wither's I Loved a Lass (1629) begins : " I loved a lass,
a fair one, As fair as e'er was seen ; She was indeed a
rare one, Another Sh/s Queen/' In Cowley's Cutter
ii. 2, Puny addresses Aurelia as " My dear Q. of Sh/'

SABA, QUEEN OF* TliesignofatayerninGracechurch
St*, Load*, which was kept at one time by the comedian
Tariton* la Tarltm'$ Jests we are told " Tadton dwelt
in Gracious St* at the sign of die Saba> a tavern/'

SABA (the SAVUS, now the SAVE). A river rising in the
Carinthian Alps and flowing E* along the borders of
Bosnia and Serbia into the Danube. In Peek's Old
Wives 885, Eumenides says to Delia, ** For thy sweet
sake I sailed up Danuby As far as Saba, whose enhancing
streams Cut rtwixt the Tartars and the Russians/' In
Greene's Orlando L i, 66, Mandrecarde says, " I crossed
tip Danuby As high as Saba whose inhancing streams
Cut 'twixt the Tartares and the Rttssians/'

SABELLA* S^SABINIS*

SABINES (Se,= Sabine). An ardent Italian tribe occti-
pying tibe mountainous dist* ?f«B* of Latium* Their
chtef towns were Rea£e, Amiterntsn, Interocrea, and
jSrttrsia* AccQfCntt^ to legend, the original settlers on
the Palatine at Borne were without women; and so
they arranged fo hold a festival to which th® S* were
invited. They then seized upon the Se. women and
carried them off Ibc their wives, A war followed, but

the women rushed in between the contending armies,
and a peace was made by which the S. were admitted
to union with the Romans and were settled on the
QuirinaL Numa Pompilius, and K, of Rome, was a Se*
Later, we find them fighting against the Romans, by
whom they were decisively defeated in 449 B.C., and
again, after a long period of quiescence, in 990. From
this time their national existence was at an end* In
B. & F. Valentinian iii* x, Luaina says, " The curses
that I owe to enemies, Even those the S, sent, when
Romulus (As thou hast me) ravished their noble maids,
Made more and heavier, light on thee I ** In Kyd's
Cornelia iii., Cicero speaks of Rome as ** This stately
town, so often hazarded Against the Sarnnites, Sabins,
and fierce Latins/' The scene of B* & F* Friends is
laid partly in the country of the S. in the time, of Titus
Martius (presumably Ancus Martins is intended), K. of
Rome ; and the action includes an imaginary wax with
theS. In iii* a, SirPergamm boasts of having conquered
44 bold ArminiuSjr The stoutest champion of the
Sabinets/'

The S. were supposed to be expert in magic arts.
Hence, in Jonson's Poetaster iii* i, 219, Horace says,
44 1 now remember me, Sir, of a sad fate A cunning
woman, one Sabella, sung, When in her urn she cast
my destiny/' This is a translation of Horace, Sat , L
9, 29, The Se* flower, or Herba Sabina, was a kind of
juniper* Spenser, in Virgil's Gnat 673, mentions
amongst sweet flowers ** the Se. flower." Rabelais, in
Pantagruel iii* 50, mentions amongst plants that have
their name from the place where they grow, * * Se^ from
a territory of that appelatiofi**'
SABREN.

S AG AN* A town in Silesia, abt* 130 m,Sotitb-W, of Berlin,
on the right bank of the Sober. In Glapthorne's
Wallenstem ii* 3 Hungary speaks of " The general of
your forces of Gloyawe, Mechlenburg, S^ Friedland/*

SAGITTARY* A Centaur who was fabled to have
come to the help of the Trojans in the Trojan War.
Shakespeare makes the S* the sign of the Tavern in
Venice where Othello has his lodging* In Qth* L if 159,
lago bids Brabantio " Lead to the S* the raised search/'
In i* 3, 115, Othello begs the Senators to " Send for the
lady to the S/*

SAGUNTUM, AdtyofHispaniaTarracooens^cmthc
E. coast near the mouth of the Pallantias, 90 m* South
of the mouth of the Ebro* The modern town of Hur-
viedro occupies its site* It was besieged and taken by
Hannibal in 218 EX., in spite of the fact that ft was in
alliance with Rome, and this was the proximate cause
of the 2nd Punic War. The sack of the city was marked
by ruthless savagery* 8 ye^ afterwards it was rtcovcred
bytheRomansaiKlcQimrftitedaColoQisu Joasoo opens
l^s Pindaric Ode an Carey and Morismt "Brave infant
of S*, clear Thy coming forth in that great year Wben
tfie pixxligious Hantiibal did crown His rage witti razbig
your immortal town," The story of this infant, who
went back into his tnccoeris womb in horror at the
siege, Is told in Pliny, Nat. Hist. viL 3* In NabbesT
Hannibal i» 5^ ^ znessenger brings wordz **Sag@nt,
Locris, Tarracon, all these are re-o'ercome by Sctpio/r

SALA. Atribtitaryof the Elbe, flowing mto it on its left
bank, some 15 m* above Magdeburg. It s now called
the Saale* In ft i. 2, 45, the Archbp. of Canterbury
describes the land Salique as lying " Between the goods
of S. and of Elbe/' In line 63, he says that " Charles

445

SALAMANCA

the Gt. did seat the French Beyond the river S. in the
year 805."

SALAMANCA. One of the most ancient and pic-
turesque cities in Spain, on the Tormes, 173 m. N*W*
of Madrid. The Plaza Mayor is one of the largest and
finest squares in Europe. The glory of S, is its Uni-
versity, iatrnded in 1200 by Alphonso IX, and for the
next 400 years one of the chief seats of karning in
Europe* In Last's Domin. li. x, the K, says to Mendoza,
4* We here create you S/s Duke/' In Jonson's £fe*r /nn
& 3, Tipto says to Fly, '* III have thae a doctor, Thots
shalt be one, them hast a doctor's look, A face dis-
putative, of S/* In Mtddietoa's Gipsy i 3, Roderigo
says, M Speed me To S. ; court my studies now For
r***' miectfeoci of the tnfiid/* In 0* & F.

physic
Spaa*

Ckr. L x, Leandro says to Ascanio, ** If youll
spend some years in S., Ill supply your studies with all
conveniences/' In Shirley's Brothers ii. i, Fernando
says, ** Alberto was the flower of fs time at S/' In
Tube's Five Hows ii. i, Diego says, " After I had spent
7 years at S,, my father was utterly undone." In
B. & F. Pilgrimage i. a, Theodosia says, ** I have a
brother, student in S/' In their Custom ii* x, Donna
Guipmar says that she has provided for her son " The
choicest masters and of greatest name Of S." In Lady
Alimony iii. i, a Citizen speaks of " losses which they
had sustained through the hostile piracy of the S/' :
apparently a ship named after the city.
SALAMINE (U. SAIAHIS). An island in die Bay of

o£ Aeasos&» fled thither after tlie murder of his faalf-
brotfcer Phocus, and his son Ajax came thence to the
Trojan War* The island came into the possession of
Athens in the time of Solon, It was the scene of the
defeat of the Persian fleet by the Greeks 480 B.C. It
was one of the seven claimants to be the birthplace of
Homer. It is now called Koluri. In T. Heywood's
B. Age iiv Telainon says, "From populous S. L,
Telagaon, am come/* Lodge, in Answer to Gossan* p.
xi, asks : " Why seek the Smirnians to recover from

SALAMINE. The old name of Famagosta in Cyprus.
Set tmdcr MESSAUSEB.

SALAPIA. Anaacient seaport of Apulia, on It* coast of
uK* Actniiittic, sHow scparatodi I-i'^ii tiie sea by a large
marshy lake, the Lago di Salpi. It is abt. 190 m: E. of
Rosne, and is rtow quite deserted. In the 2nd Punic War
it revolted to Hannibal after the battle of Cannae, and
remaioed in his possession till 210 B.C. In Nabbes*
Hanmbal L 4, Hannibal is represented as falling in love
with a lady ** of Salapia/'

SALEM (a shortened form of JERUSAUEH, q.v.}. In
Jensen's Alchemist iv. 3, Doll, in her affectation of mad-
IMSS, sa|5, "We caU the Rabbins and the heathen
Greeks to come from S. and from Athens and teach the
people of Great Britain/' Spenser, F. Q. iy, i, 22, calls
at ~ sacred S*" Milton, in Ode on Passion 39, says,
Bay SifM^ some transpccting cherub feds To bear me
where tlie 'twwteci of S. stood***

SALBM (more properly SALIM). Mentkaied in John
, wbere Jolm tftte Baptist was

£ft£^

AttM>,«l

BO£ feeea determtteci* ..... ^m^m^f «u
the disciples as seeking the Lord,
v "in Jericho, The city of Palms,
r It k»fcs as M Milton coo-

SALERNO (Se.= Salerne). The old Salernum, a city on
the W. coast of Italy, at the head of the Gulf of Salerno,,
34 m. South-E. of Naples. From the gth cent. A*D.
it was in the hands of the Lombards, but was taken from
them by Robert Guiscard in the nth cent* and made
the capital of the Norman Kings of the Two Sicilies.
In 1x94 it was taken and sacked by the Emperor
Henry VI, and the capital was transferred to Palermo*
It was later annexed to the crown of Naples, and the
heir-apparent was styled Prince of S. The Cathedral of
St. Matthew was founded in 1076, and contains the
bones of the Apostle. The University, founded in 1150,
was one of the chief seats of learning in Italy, and its
medical school was especially famous. The hero of
Tancred and GisrmmdOf or Osmond of Salerne, is
described as the 1C of Naples and Prince of Se. In
World Child 170, Manhood says, " Manhood mighty
am I named in every country, for S. and Samers . . *
have I conquered dean/* The reference is to the taking
of S* by Henry VI. In Barnes' Charter iv. 3, Lucretia
says, " The Prince of Se* solemnly did swear These
eyes were quivers/*

A Latin poem composed with irregular internal rhymes
was written in the Z3th cent, by Johannes deMediolano,
with a prose commentary by Arnaldus de Villa Nova,
under the title of Regimen Sanitatis Salerni (see below).
Hence Salerttian (or Salemitan) verse came to TTI^T*
rhymed T-?*fa verse* Dekker, in Hornbook c. ii., says
to the gallant, " Care you not for those coarse painted
doth rhymes made by the University of Se., that come
over you with Sit brevis, ant nullus, tibi sornnus meri-
dianus." In L&lia iii. 2, 160, Petrus says, ** Variorum

in schc4a Salema est In versu/' In iv. 3, 42, he says,
hoc meunv sed Scholae Saiemae co&siHuzii
to which Stragalcius answers, *'Schola Salerna
eni&ca es*t# f4esio samor est quam egosmet
sum Qui plus edo ac bibo quam tres Scholae Salernae/'
Hall, in Satires iv. 4, 22, says, "Never have I Se.
rhymes professed, To be some lady's trencher-critic
guest.'* Puttenham, Art o/Poesie 1.7, says/* Some poets
tfaougfat themselves no small fools when they could
make their verses go all in rhyme, as did the School of
Se." Burton, A. M. iL 2, 6, 4, says, " This is one of the
Salernitan doctors, Dr. Merriman, Dr. Diet, and Dr.
Quiet/' The reference is to a passage in the Regimen :
" Si tibi defkiant medici, medici tibi fiant Haec tria,
mens laeta, requies, moderata diseta/r

SALIQUE LAND. The land inhabited by the Salian
Franks. In H$ i. 2, 51, the Archbp. describes the land
S. as lying *twixt Elbe and Sala, and as being ** at this
time in Germany called Meiseri/' It is fsur mere prob-
able that tbe Saiw: Land was in Batavia ; and the name,
if derived finocn a xxvtf at aH« is ra^ber to be connected
with tbe Yssel than the Saafe ; but most Hkely it has
to do with either.

SALISBURY. The Saiisberk of Domesday Book. The
original sate of die city was at Old Sarum, x$ m* N*
of the present city or New Sarum, which is the capital
of Wilts., and lies at the junction of the Avon, Wiley,
Bourne, and Nadder, 82 m. South-W. of Lond. Old
Sarum dates back to British times; but the cathedral was
transferred to New Sarum by Bp. Poore in 1218, and
tiie town around it laid out by him* Old Sarum was
soon entirely deserted, but it retained its reparesierttaticfli
in Parliament until 1832, though latterly it Iw* not a
: t^ most typical instance of a rotten

446

borough. The Cathedral was founded in laao and

SALISBURY COURT

dedicated in 1258 ; the famous spire, 404 ft* high/ was
added between 1335 and 1375* In Middleton's Queen"
borongh iv* 3, Hengist is described as treacherously
capturing Vbrtiger on ** a plain near S/* The incident
took place at Stonehenge on S* Plain, q.v. In 83 iv. 4,
537, the K* cries : ** Away towards S* I " and later,
44 Some one take order Buckingham be brought To S*"
In v* i, the execution of Buckingham in an open place
at S. is described. In H8 i. 2, 196, Buckingham is
reported to have said, ** I would have played The part
my father meant to act upon The usurper Richd., who,
being at S*, Made suit to come in 's presence ; which, if
granted * , * he would have put his knife into him/' In
Ford's Warbeck iv* 4, the K* commands : " Set for-
ward toward S/' ; and v* 2 is laid at S., where War-
beck, having been captured at Beaulieu, is brought
before the K* In Hycke, p. 102, Frewyll tells how ** At
S* at Petty Judas we made royal cheer/' Petty Judas
was the Jewish quarter of the city* In Jonson's Epfcoene
ii. i, Truewit warns Morose that his wife will be a
states-woman, " know all the news, what was done at
S*, what at the Bath/' Probably the reference fe to the
prominent position of Cecil, Earl of S*, in the court of
James L In Brome's Ct. Beggar iii* i, Ferdinand asks :
** What do you tfrfafr of S, steeple for a fit hunting-
spear to incounter with the whore of Babilion i ** La
Bale's Johan 1361, Wealth says of the Pope's Interdict :
"The bp* of Salysbery and the bp* of Rochester Shatt
execute it in Scotland everywhere/' But the Interdict did
not extend to Scotland* and, anyhow, these bps. had no
jurisdiction there* Lyly, in Pappe with an Hatchett>
p* 56, says* " The tales shall be told secundum usum
Sarum ; the Dean of S* can tell twenty/'

S. has been a territorial title in the English peerage
since the reign of Henry L The Earl of S, who appears
in K*/* was William de Longespee, a natural son of
Henry II, created Earl by Richd. I on the death of
his father-in-law, William de Evreux, the 2nd Earl. At
first he sided with the K. against the Barons, but later
he joined them in their support of the Dauphin* In
Marlowe's Ed. II i* i, Lancaster says* " 4 Earldoms
have I beside Lancaster: Derby, S** Lincoln* Lei-
cester/' Henry de Lacy married Margaret, Countess of
S*, in 1257, aac* claimed the tide in her right; and
Thomas of Lancaster gained it by marrying their
daughter and heiress, Alice* The Countess of S*, whom
Edward III woos in Acts i* and iu of the play of that
name, was the wife of William de Montacute, one of the
founders of the Order of the Garter; indeed* the
tradition a that the garter picked tip by the K* was that
of the Countess of S. The S*, who in Rz supports the
cause of the hapless K., was John de Montacute ; he
headed a revolt against Henry IV, and was beheaded
by the rabble at Cirencester in 1400* In Rz v* 6, 8,
Northumberland reports that he has sent to Lond* " the
heads of Oxford* S*, Blount, and Kent/' In HS iv. 3,
the S*, who takes part in the battle of Agincotut and is
described by Bedford as being " as full of valour as of
kindness ; Princely in both," was Thomas de Mont-
acute, son of the last-named Earl ; his death at the
siege of Orleans in 1428 is described in H6 A* i* 4* His
title descended to Richd* Neville, who married his
daughter and heiress Alice and was the father of
Warwick the King-maker ; he joined the Yorkists, as
described in S6 B* v. i, and commanded their forces
at the ist battle of St. Albans (H6 B* v. 3) ; fee was
taken prisoner by Margaret at the battle of Wakefield
and beheaded in 1460* The title then descended to his
son Richd*, Earl of Warwick, who was killed at Barnet

SALISBURY PLAIN

in 1471* George, D* of Clarence, married his daughter
Isabel, and received the earldom in 1472. The infant
son of Richd* III was made Earl in 1477* but died in
1484, Margaret, daughter of George of Clarence* was
made Countess in 1513, but was attainted and beheaded
in 1541* The earldom was revived in the person of
Robert Cecil, created 1605 : from him the present
Marquess is descended* Philip Massinger was born
at S. in 1584.

SALISBURY COURT* On the South side of Fleet St*,
Lond., W* of St* Bride's Ch» It included what is now
called S. Sqre* It gets its name from S* House, the town
residence of the Bps* of S* from the i^th cent, onward,
S* Sqre* was the great court of the House, and S* C,
ran right down to the river and included what is now
Dorset St* In 1564 the whole estate passed to Sir
Richd* Sackville, and his son, ist Eari of Dorset,
enlarged the house and called it Dorset House.
In 1629 the then Earl of Dorset leased a piece of land,
about where the S* Hotel now stands, to Gunell and
Blagrave, who built there the S. C. Theatre* It was a
private theatre, and took the place of the old White-
friars Theatre ; indeed, it is often called the Whitefriars
in the plays* It was pulled down by a company of soldiers
instigated by the Puritans in 1649, and was not rebuilt
till 1660. The whole property, including Dorset House
and the Theatre, was destroyed in the Gt* Fire. In
Marmion's Leaguer, acted there in 1631, it is referred to
as ** the Muses' Colony, New planted in this soil.*' In
Epistle Dedicatory to his Histrio-mastix (1633), Prynne
says, " 2 old play-houses, the Fortune and the Red Bull,
have lately been re-edified and enlarged, and one new
one (Whitefriars} erected"; this last being S. C* The
scene of Randolph's Muses' is a theatre, probably S. C*
In the records of Sir Henry Herbert, Master of the
Revels, under date Feb* i6th, 1634, it is stated that
Cromes, a broker of Long Lane, was committed to the
Marshalsey " for lending a church-robe with the name
of Jesus upon it to the players in S* C* to present a
flamen, a priest of the heathens/* In Epilogue to
Bromers Antipodes, it is said : f* The play was well acted
at S. C/* In Actors' Remonstrance (1643) the authors
say, ** It is not unknown to all the audiences that have
frequented the private houses of Black-friars* the Cock-
pit, and S* C., without austerity we have purged our
stages from all obscene and scurrilous jests." In
Historic. Histrionica (1699), it is mentioned amongst the
theatres existing before the wars as " the private bouse
in S. C."

SALISBURY PLAIN* A great plain in WHfs*, N. of S*,
abt* 20 m* broad and 14 long. It is covered with a fine
grass which makes it an excellent sheep-walk. In the
centre of the Pv 9 m. N. of S., is the remarkable
Druidical circle called Stonehenge. According to one
legend it was set up by Merlin as a monument to )b*^
mother Joan; and no oae was able to catint the stones
correctly, through bis magic* The P. was a notorious
haunt of footpads and highwaymen. In Oldcastle iv> 3*
when Cobham is arrested and about to be sent to
Southampton to the K*, his servant Harpoot says, " O
that thoa and I were within 20 m. of it. on S* P. I " —
where they would be safe owing to its solitude and size*
In Randolph's Moses' iii* z, Banaustis says, ** I have a
rate device to set Dutch windmills upon Newmarket
Heath and S*P*, to drain the fens**"; CoJax points out:
" The fens. Sir, are not there " ; and Banausus retorts :
"But who knows but they may be*** In Treasury Has.
Iii* 267, Inclination says, " I can remember when Hoe's

447

SALMACIS

ship was made and buiided on S. P. ; the same year the
weather-cock of Pauls caught the pip." In Merlin v. i,
Merlin says to his mother, " When you die, I will erect
a monument Upon the verdant plains of S* No K. shall
have so high a sepulchre, With pendulous stones that
I will hang by art Where neither lime nor mortar shaH
be used, A dark enigma to the memory, For none shall
have the power to number them/* In Lear iL 2, 89,
Kent says to Oswald, ** Goose, if I had you upon
Sarum P. I'd drive ye cackling home to Camelot***
Apparently Shakespeare identified Camelot with Win-
chester (see under CAMELOT), Geese, as well as
sheep/ are plentifully pastured on 5* P. Hie weari-
some jofee about the Winchester Goose Is

In Cartwright's Ordinary iv, 2, Modi says, " So did
tbe Saxon upon thyike plain Of Sarum done to death
by treachery Tbe lords of merry England ; nem esur
saxes." For the story see under SAXON. Act iv* sc. 3 of
Middkton's Queenborough is occupied with this inci-
dent, and is located at "A plain near S/* In John
Evangel. 362, Idle says of Sensuality : " I left htm in
the p. of S. He told me that he would lift Some good
fellow &om his thrift." In Jonson's £*?. Man O. iv* 2,
Sogiiardo says of Shift : " He has been the only Bid-
stand that ever kegt New-market, S^p.,1* eta In
FuiwelTs Like, Haz. iiL 526, Roister says, " Sometimes I
jMtchafieldonS.P/r Middleton,in B/acA:Boo/c, p.2O,
says, ** Some times they are clerks of Newmarket Heath,
sometimes die sheriffs of S.F* They make many a man
stand at Hockiey-m-the-Hole/* On p. 37 the Devil
makes Gregory the Cut-purse "keeper of Combe park,
sergeant of &» P/' Dekker, in Bellman, says, "All
travellers are so beaten to the trials of this law [z«e« the
law of highway robbery] that if they have but rode over
Shooters Hill or S. P. they are perfect in the principles
of it." In Brome's Academy v* 2, Valentine, asked if he
can read, says : ** I had done i! to venture cm S* P*
else " ; i-e. if he could not read his neck-verse, and so
save f^-^yy^ffinr iDDQdcn intflffiHp^^fr jyE pp^ff , j^cErf** secfisocit tyo>
runs: w Also soldiers, that feawe no means to tiwre by
w« think & necessary that 4 times in die
go a-nshing on S. W«m Stt^bes, in ^JWf .
^^says that to get money lor &e clothes

UM*«* "liMiJll .mjStfnJMjn ouJt *»- ***n~***>***m, &****

, .. . _ _. Staagate Hok and S. P.

loss of their lives at Tytwrae in a rope.** The

c of G«orge Wilde's Ctew^l toteer (1637) is
bkionS.P, ^ "^

SALMACIS. A fountain springing from die foot of
die N. bill of Halkarnassus, ^.p* The water was sup-
posed to haw an enervating influence on those who
drank of it, because its tutelary nymph was oae who
refusexl to join in die chase and spent her time in idle-
ness. She fell in love with Hermaphroditus and
embraced him as he was baching in the pool, and the
two were merged into one hermaphrodite person* In
Apias 435, Apitis says, " Oh Gods above, bend down to
tat ray cry, As once be did to S. in pond hard Lyzia
If I Oii that Virginia were in case as sometime Salma-
sisr IaPeeiers^Lrrai^mj£^ i. 5, Oenone says, "S.,
resemblifi8 kHeoess, Turns mem to wcmieri." Dave-
m^m^Sm^a, Prol says, " On the t^ of the tight

4,

a ^ as benig *4As chaste as a amidst the
fcf* "Ac story B tfee subject of Fr^^ Beau-

5AM ARCANDA, or SAMARKAND

SALOMON ISLANDS (now SOLOMON ISLANBS). A

large group of islands in the Pacific Ocean, stretching

diagonally from the South point of New Ireland to the

New Hebrides. They were discovered by the Spanish

navigator Mendaoa in 1567, and named, from their

prospective wealth, IsJas de Salomon* Nash, in Lenten,

, p* 31 if speaks of men doing a feat of arms " that from

I Salomons Islands to St* Magnus corner might cry

i dang again," i.e. from one end of the earth to the other.

SALTASH* A spt. in Cornwall at the N.W. corner of
Plymouth Sound, 4 m» from Plymouth, Two of the
ships m the fleet seen by Hycke, p* 88, going from
England to Ireland were " the Star of Salte-Ashe with
the jfhesus of Piumouth/'

SALUSSES (also SALUCA, SALUCES, SALTTTIA; z'.e*
SALUZZO)* A city in Piedmont, 30 nou South of Turin,
between the Po and the Vraita* It was the seat of a
famous Marquessate which began with Manfred in
1142 and continued till the death of Gabriel, when it
was seized by the French* Henri IV restored it to
Charles Emmanuel of Savoy* One of the Marquises
was the husband of Griselda, the heroine of Chaucer's
Clerkes Tale ; the castle in which she was confined is
still to be seen in the lower part of the town, and is used
as a penitentiary* In Dist. Emp, iv. 2, Richd. is described
as " count of Poyteers, marquis of Saluca/r This is in
the time of Charlemagne, and is not historical. The
scene of Chaucer's Clerkes Tote is " Saluces " ; it is
also the scene of Phillips* Grisstil, where it is called
44 Satetia,** In Chapman's Consp. Byrm L i, the D* of
Savoy swears " by my dearest rnarquissate of Salusses/*
He was the Charles Emmanuel mentioned above.

SALUTATION. The sign of a tavern in Load., which
stiH remains at 17 Newgate St., cm the South skie of the
st. The sign probably represented the meeting between
Gabriel and the Virgin Mary , Its fuller title was " The
S. and Cat/' Poss&>ly a figore of St* Catharine was
introduced into the original sign-board. In Feversham
iiL 4, Shakebag says, "Then, Michael, the; shall be
yo«ff penance, to fast tas all at the S." In Milkmaids
it* ir Smrke says, ** I left fate condoling with 2 or 3
of Ms ^tods at tfee siga of die Lamentation " ; and
Frederick corrects Mm : " The S. tboti meanst." In
Look o&mt u:., Block says, ** One of the drawers of the
S. told me that he had took tip a chamber there/' In
Nevs Barthol. Fair mention is made of a S* at Billings-
gate.

SALYSBERY. See SAUSBOHY.

SAMANBRIA, or SEMETJDRIA. A fortified town on
the South bank of the Danube at its junction with the
Jessava, 24 m. South-E. of Belgrade, It was often taken
aiKl retakes by the Turks a^ Hungarians dt^g the 1 5th
cent. lQ5e^iBms5o6rBaia2etsays,wWegr^tohimall
great Seineadria Bordering on Belgrade of Hungaria/ '

SAMARCANDA, or SAMARKAND. An ancient city
in central Asia, abt. 500 ra. South-E. of die Sea of Aral,
and 145 m, E. of Bokhara. It was destroyed by Alexander
die Gt., but afterwards rebuilt* In AJD* 711 it was taken
by the Arabs, and soon became one of the leading cen-
tres <rf mTftHammgflan foftfnmg^ Tn I2IQ it W3S pillaged

by Jenghiz Khan,, but Timur (Tamburlaine), wi*o -was
bom at Kesh, or Shahr-i-Sab%, 50 m* Sontii of Satnar-
kaad, made it his capital and restored its former
His palaces and totnb are stifi 1

It is now in the possession of Russia, 1
ed to that Empire in 1868. The wails form a
circuit of S rafles, toe only a small part of die city is

SAMARIA, now SEBASTIYEH

inhabited* In Marlowe's Tomb, B* iv. 2, Tamburlaine
apostrophizes it: ** O S.* where I breathed first And
joyed the fire of this martial flesh, Blush, blush, fair
city, at thy honour's foil/' In Milton, PX* xi* 389*
Adam sees in visioa ** Samarchand by Oxus, Temir's
throne*" Temir is Timour ; S. is 200 m. N* of the
Oxus* Hall, in Quo Vadis, p. 37, mentions as a sample
of travellers* tales ** The Samarcandian lamb* which
groweth out of the earth by the navel.""
SAMARIA, now SEBASTIYEH (Sn* - Samaritan)* A
city in Palestine, abt* 32 m. N* of Jerusalem* It was
made the capital of the Northern Kingdom (Israel) by
Omri, and remained so till it was taken and destroyed
by Sargon of Assyria in 721 B*C. The inhabitants were
transported to Mesopotamia, and their place taken by
settlers brought from various parts of the Assyrian
Empire* These newcomers partially adopted the Jewish
religion, but were not acknowledged by the Judseans
as true members of the Chosen People* After the return
of the Jews from the Captivity in Babylon in 538
hostilities broke out between them and the Sns,, and the
latter seceded from the Jews and built a temple of their
own on Mt* Gerizim* The bitter feeling lasted all
through the rest of the history of the Jews, and in our
Lord's time ** there were no dealings between the Jews
and the Sns/* One of the best-known incidents of the
Gospel story is the conversation between our Lord and
the woman of S* recorded in/oftn iy* ; and the parable
of the Good Sn* (Lake x* 33) has given to the word the
meaning of a benevolent person* The Sn* sect, with its
temple and its own version of the Pentateuch, has con-
tinued up to the present day*

In Bale's Promises vi*, Esaias says, ** The K* of Judah
in Jerusalem did dwell And in S* the K* of Israel*" In
Greene & Lodge's looking Class L i, Rasni, K* of
Nineveh, says, ** I beat proud Jeroboam from his holds*
Winning from Cades p*e* Kedesh-Naphtalil to S/'
This is not true, as no attack was made by Assyria on
Israel during the reign of Jeroboam II* In y* i, 1901,
Jonas says to Ninivie, " Thine eldest sister is Ladama*
And Sodome on the right hand seated is*" Mr* J* C*
Smith conjectures for Ladama ** S/' and compares
Ezekid xxiii* 33, where the prophet threatens Judah
** with the cup of thy sfcter S/' Deighton, with more
probability, suggests " El Adama," z*e* Admah, one of
the cities of the Plain associated with Sodom and
Gomorrha in their overthrow (see Gen* xiv* 8, and
Deuteronomy xxix. 23)* In Chaucer, C*T*D* 16, the
wife of Bath says* ** Beside a welle Jhesus, God and
man, Spak in repreeve of the Sn*" In York M* P*
xlvi* 290, James declares his intention of preaching to
the ** Samaritanus/' Milton, P* .R* in* 359, supposes our
Lord " possessed of David's throne By free consent of
all, none opposite, Sn* or Jew/' In his Animadvert* 21*
he characterizes the Anglican Liturgy as "Sn* trumpery/'
SAMERS* Occurs in a list of countries mentioned by
Maahood in World Chtid 170 : " Manhood mighty am
I named in every country, For Salerno and Samers and
Andaluse Have I conquered clean*" Possibly it is
meant for Samoa, <j*v., which was ravaged in 1453 by
Mohammed II and finally added to the Turkish
empire in 1550*

SAMNITES* A powerful .tribe tnhrihfrfng the disk of
central Italy to the E* of Latmm and W* of Apulia*
3 wars with the S* axe recorded in the history of Rome*
in 343* 326, and 298 B*C* respectively* Stfbseqpently
the S* supported Pyrrhus against Rome, but m 272
they were finally subdued* They revolted m the Social

449

SAMOTHEACE

War of 90 B*C*, but without success. In Kyd*s CvmeKa
iii., Cicero speaks of Rome as ** This stately town so
often hasarded Against the S*, Sabins, and fierce
Latins." In Pembroke's Antonie iv* 1456, Csesar asks,
" What rebel Samnite * * * hath wrought such woe to
Rome " as Antony ** The S*, like the Sabines, were
supposed to have special skill in magic arts* In L&tia
iii. 3. 51. Virginius says of his daughter : ** Veneficae
utinam Samniae enecandam dedissem 1 *'
SAMOEDS. A Mongolian people Imng on the coast of
the Arctic Ocean in N*E* Russia, E* of the White Sea*
Purchas, in Pilgrims (1614) 432* says, u The Sainoits, or
Samoyeds, are clad from head to foot in deers-skins*'*
Milton, P* L. x* 696, speaks of winds blowing " from the
north Of Norumbega, and the Samoed shore/'
SAMOS (Sn* = Samian)* An island in the ^gean Sea,
off the coast of Asia Minor between Ephesus and
Miletus, separated by a narrow channel from the pro-
montory of Mycale* It was an Ionian colony, and came
to the zenith of its gfory under the rule of the tyrant
Polycrates in the 6th cent. B»C* From his death in 522
to the battle of Mycale in 480 it was tinder the power of
the Persians ; it then became a member of the Athenian
Confederacy* After many vicissitudes it was added to
the Roman Province of Asia 129 B.C* It was sacked by
the Arabs in the 8th cent*, but was recovered by the
Emperor Leo in the i^th* After being successively held
by the Venetians and the Genoese, it was finally added
to the Ottoman Empire in 1550. The island is full of
game, and produces good wine* Its pottery was famous
in antiquity* The temple of Hera (Juno) was erne of the
finest in the Greek world, though only a single column
of it now remains* S.wasthebirtfc-placecrfPytliag^as,
and, according to one tradition, of JEsop*

In Treasure, Has, iii* 272* Lust says, ** I remember
JEsop's advice which he gave to the Sarnies against
K* CIXESUS/* In Nabbes* HawzStai L i, Mafaaibaii
says. "Here are we feasted With more than Sn*
gluttony/* The allusion is to the luxury of the
court of Poiycrates. Montaigne (Florio's Trans. 1603),
ii* 12, tells of the ** humour of Poiycrates, the
tyrant of S*, who, to interrupt the course of his
continual happiness *. * * cast the richest and
most precious jewel he had into the sea/* In Gas-
coigne's Government ii* i, Gnomaticus says, ** History
accuseth Apollonius for neglecting of his charge in S/*
Hall, in Sat. vi* i, says, ** Do thou disdain * * * The
tongue-tied silence of the Sn* sage/' i*e, Pythagcxras,
who prescribed silent meditation to bis discipks.
Milton, P* L+ v. 265, coo^axes Safcsi 3®$>&&dmg tfae
earth to a pttot who " from amidst tiie Cfdades Deles
or S* first appearing kens/* S is not one cf tfee
Cyclades; but Milt«m may mem tto llie pilot is
approaching from the Cydades* la Nash's Smtmers,
p, zoo, Cb&stm® says, " I mast rig sMp to S. for pea-
cocks;" la Nabbes' Microcosms ii* Sensuality
promises Pfaysander, amongst other dainties, "Sn.
peacocks*" The So* peacocks gained their cekbrity
from their association with the worship of Hexa, ox
Juno, to whom they were sacred.
SAMOTHRACE* A large Island in the N* of the ffigrem
Sea, opposite the mouth of the Hebrus* Its highest peak
rises to 5240 ft and is a canspkuotis object* The
Cabiric Mysteries originated in S. In T* Heywood's
B.Age iii*, Hercules says, "Have we in the Argoe
pierced S*, The Cfeersoneson Sea, the Helkspont*"
In Irm Age A* fi** Achilles says that Hector has con-
quered **I^mioma, Blyria, and S*"

IB

SANBOXN

SANEORN. An imaginary place In the imaginary king-
dom of Francelia* In Suckling's Goblins v** Piramont
of the time " when Sanbora's fatal field was

SANCINA (probably SAMSOON is meant), A port on the
Black Sea in Asia Minor. 166 m. West of Trebisond. It
carries on a considerable trade with Constantinople*
In Marlowe's Tomb. B* ii* i* the K* of Trebizond
announces that he has brought troops from " Riso,
S. and the bordering towns That touch the end of
famous Euphrates/7

SANCTA MONTE* A hill in Italy* near the coast, and
dose to the mouth of the Arno. In Day's Lam Tricks
L i, PdynMtis says* "In S. Mv neighbour to
Sardinia, where silver Arno courts the fresh banks, my
sister met at the temple " — and was carried off by
Turkish pirates*

SANCTUARY* The precincts of a ch. or royal palace
within which criminals, except those guilty of sacrilege
or treason, and debtors were immune from arrest* The
right was abolished for criminal cases in 1655. &&d for
civil cases in 1722. The name was specially applied to
the precincts on the N. and W. sides of Westminster
Abbey. They included the Great* or Broad, and the
Little Sanctuaries. The space on which St. Margaret's
Ch* and the Westminster Hospital now stand is still
called Broad S. Here Elizabeth, Q. of Edward IV, took
refuge in 1471 and gave birth to Edward V* Later she
and her sons again sought s* there from Richd* of
Gloucester* In H6 C. iv. 4* 31, Elizabeth says, " I'll
hence forthwith unto the S* To save at least the heir
of Edward's right/* This was in 1471* In Trm Tragedy,
Haz*, p. 81, the little D* of York cries to the Messenger :
44 What art thou that with ghastly looks presseth into
S* to affright our mother Q* i*9 In Its & 4* 66* the Q*
says, "Come* come* my boy. we will to S," In iii. i* 44*
Buckingham urges Gloucester to drag the boys out : "Oft
have I heard of s.-men, But s.-children ne'er till now/*
Dekmey . in Reading ix..f tells of a Fleming * who took
s. at Westminster " In Jooson's Staple w. 2, Mrs*
Tattle professes to love all the news "of Tuttle **
and both flte Alm'ries, the two Sanctuaries." Oilier
samctuarKS in Loadoo were Whitefriars, tbe Savoy, the
in Soutbwark, St. Martin's-le-Grand, and Cold
f JP* In the 1st of taverns in News BartM*
Fazr ooe is called ** St.-Martins in the Sentree " : it
was built on the site of the old St* Martin's-le-Grand.

SANDAL. Avill, inYorks*,ontheCalder,2m.South-E.
of WakefiekL The Castle was built by John. Earl of
Warren ; it was assigned as a residence to Balioi by
Edward III in 2333* Later it became the property of
Richd. of York* It was dismanded by the Parliament
In 1646, and little is kit of it save a few scattered stones.
la H6 C* i ^ 63, York says* ** Sir John and Sir Hugh
Mortimer, mine nodes* You are come to S* in a happy
hour/' The scene is laid in S* Castle. In True Trag.,
p. 17, York says* "Myself here in Sandail casteli will
botfa men and mome* *

SANDWICH, A town in Kent near the E. coast 12 m+
doe B* of Gmatarjv wad opposite the Goodwin Sands.

*& w^KS1 cme of f'ttff 'QotjsQK Posrts* juno! *HJM* a itoirBy traoe
i IliB poet gut sited sip about tiie begnimi^ of ftse
It fESflws its liaiBic to a kind of ooco^ and an
the 4th Earl of S,, who
for 24 boms with no food save some

..!• 11 «i m£tt*MkM «Jf tu«imjt .rartnuartmiirt 44uh jnijit-iiMim.

ccn p^sees €» oieac% CSVSSMBCI me **^p»g
of sandwich to be given to that ten of refreshment.

In W. Rowley's Shoemaker v. i, 51, Barnaby brings
word : " The enemy is landed at S,, set ashore at
Dover, and arrived at Rumny Marsh/' In Three Ladies
ii,, Simony says that Friar Austin " landed about Rye,
Sv or Dover/1" His actual landing place appears to have
been tbe island of Thanet, a few m. N, of S* Later in
the same Act, Lucre mentions S. amongst other towns
where, in consequence of their great trade, she has
infinite numbers that *4 great rents upon little room do
bestow/* Drayton, in Barons9 Wars iii* 46, tells of
ships waiting ** at S/' to bring the Q. to France* In
Apiwf Haz. iv. 129, Haphazard says, ** Conscience,
sailing by Sandwitche, he sunk for his sin " : i&. in
the Goodwin Sands. In T. Heywood's Ed. IV A, i. i,
Smoke says, " I hope Smoke the smith of Chepstead
is as good a man as Chub the chandler of S/* Both are
among the rebels* In Glapthorne's Wit v. i, a watch-
man gives the rest news which "came up in a carrot-
boat from S/* In Webster's Cuckold v* i, Lessenham
says that since Rochfield defeated the Spanish ships
off Margate " Dover and S. and Margate and all the
coast is full of you/*

SAN SPIRITO* A monastery at Venice* In Jonson's
Volpone Y. 8, Voltore is sentenced to be confined in
44 tbe monastery of San Spirito/*

SANSTON (probably SAWSTON is meant}* A vilL 6 m*
South of Cambridge* It possesses a church partly of
Norman date, and a fine manor house dating from 1557*
In ManMnd a3» New Guise says, ** First I shall begin
at Master Huntington of Saaston ; from thence I shall
go to William Murky of Hanston, and so forth to
Pilchard of Trumpington." See under HANSTON,

SANZONATS. A misprint £DC Sauromats, the latter
being another form of Sarmatians. See SARMATIA. In
T. Heywood's Dialogues iu\ 1831, Earth speaks of
inquiring news " from the remote estates Of (the oft-
shifting place) tbe Sanzonats/' In the note, however,
tire word is printed Sauromats, and they are defined as
MBC wilTiflT)jfffi^ti:'ts OM Jcviisssia i3iy? JL artana*

SARACEN (Ss.= Saracens). The derivation of the word
is tinknown, but it was applied by the Romans to the
tribes of Syria and Arabia ; then it comes to mean an
Arab* and is specifically applied to the Mohammedans
of Palestine* against whom the Crusaders fought* Then
it stands for any enemy of the Christian faith* The
dark* moustachioed faces of the Ss* were regarded as
peculiarly ugly* and they were supposed to be utterly
barbarous and cruel* In Jte iv* x» 95, Carlisle says*
" Many a time hath banished Norfolk fought Against
Mack pagans, Turks* and Ss/* In Peek's Ed. L L i,
Edwardsays/' Welcome, sweet Nell. Whose eyes have
seen the slaughtered Ss* Med in the ditches of Jeru-
salem/' In Fulwelfs Ufa** Has* nt* 336, Virtuous
Living says, ** D gracious God, how highly art thou
of all men to be praised, Of Christians, Ss.. Jews, and
also Tories," IB B, & F. Pestle iii. 2, Ralph exhorts
Tapstero: "Spill the blood of treacherous Ss/r In
Shirley's Imposture v. i, when Hortensio speaks of
Paadolib's having killed 6 great Turks* he corrects him.
"It was but 5, Sir, and a S/' In Bale's Johm 1297,
die K. says that the Pope had bound his predecessor*
Henry II. "3 year after to mafflfam battle free Against
the SanaacBPs wfakh vexed the Spaniards sore." As
a matter of fact, the Pope excused Henry from going
on a crusade if be should be fighting against the
Moors in Spain, In Jensen's Prince Henry's Barriers,
Merlin describes how ** Cceur de LJo& lie a storm

SARACEN'S HEAD

Pours on the Ss/r In Spenser's F* Q* i* 3, 12, the
knight fights with ** A faithless Sarazin, all armed to
point/* - .

In Nash's Wilton E. i, Jack speaks of " one that has a
sulphurous, big, swollen face like a S/' One of the
characters in Davenant's Britannia has " a S/s face with
great, black moustachoes." In Cockayne's Obstinate
i. it Jaques says, ** I fear he is some S* : he looks so
dismal.*1' In W* Rowley's Airs Lost ii* 2, 22, Dionysia
says, ** Do you think a Sarazin's head or a blackamoor's
face can affright me<" In Field's Weathercock L 2,
Abraham asks, ** What is yon gentleman £ He looks so
like a S* that, as I am a Christian, I cannot endure him/'
Hall, in Sa*. vi* i, 13, describes a man with a face ** h'ke
a painted, staring S." In Ret* Pernass* iv* 2, Furor
addresses the Recorder as " Thou slimy-sprighted,
unkind S/' In Middleton's Mad World ii* 4, Sir
Bounteous says, ** If I be not ashamed to look my lord
in the face, I am a S*" Nash, in Saffron Walden O* 2,
says, " He was thus saracenly sentencing it against me/'
z*e* savagely* In Shirley's Riches i*» Clod says, ** You
march [on Lord Mayor's day] to the Guildhall,
where you look on the giants and feed like Ss* till you
have no stomach to Paul's in the afternoon/*

SARACEN'S HEAD, A popular tavern sign. There was
a ** Sarezon Hed " at Nottingham in 1510. There was
one in Lond. outside Aldgate ; but the most famous,
thanks largely to Dickens, was the one on the N* side
of Snow Hill without Newgate* In 1522 it is recorded
to have had 30 beds and stabling for 40 horses* In
Dekker's Satiro i* 2, 362, Tucca says to Horace (Jon-
son), ** Dost stare, my Sarsens H* at Newgate i Dost
gloat i" In Deloney's Craft ii* 6, ** Harry * * *
smeared Tom Drum's face with his blood that he made
him look like * * . the Sarazines H. without Newgate/'
In Tarlton's Jests we read of a man's fat red face : ** it
fits like the S* H* without Newgate/' In Dekker's
Shoemaker's v* i, Eyre says to his wife, " Lady Madgy,
thou hadst never covered thy S* H* with this French
flap but for my fine journeyman's Portuguese/* The
Inn was pulled down when the Holborn Viaduct was
built, but the sign remains at the corner of Cock Lane
and Snow Hill* There was also a S* H* at Islington,
where is laid the scene of Jordan's Walks of Islington and
Hogsdon (1641)*

SAJRAMNA* Probably a mistake for Samara, the old
name of the river Somme, in N* France, flowing past
Amiens, the old Samarobriva, into the English Channel*
Csesar met the States of Gaul at Samarobriva in 54 B*C*
In Caesar's Rev. iii* 2, Caesar, boasting of his exploits,
says : " Arar and proud Saramna speaks my praise/*

SARAZIN* See SARACEN*

SARDINIA (Sn* = Sardinian)* A large island in the
Mediterranean between Italy and Spain, South of
Corsica* The Carthaginians held it from 512 to 238 B*C,
when it was taken by the Romans* After the fall of
the Western Empire it was successively occupied by the
Vandals and the Goths, but in AJ>* 665 it asserted its
independence and for the next 4 cents, was governed
by its own kings* In 1050 the Pisans came to rescue it
from the attacks of the Saracens, and held it till 1325,
when the Pope gave it to the K* of Aragon, and it
remained a Spanish Province till 1713* By the treaty of
Utrecht it was handed over to Austria, who cool ewed
it in 1720 on the D* of Savoy witfa the title of K* of
Sardinia* It is now part of the united kingdom of
Italy*

SARDIS

In Ant, ii* 6, 35, Pompey says to Caesar, "You
have made me offer Of Sicily, S/T This was in
41 B*C*, when Octavian sought to make an arrange-
ment with Sextus Pompeius under which the latter
was to have control of Sicily, S*, and Corsica* In
Davenant's Platonic v- 7, Theander says, ** The arms
I won at Capua are thine, and those Sn* horse
I chose for our last war/' In Ford's Trial iii* 4, Benatsi
says, " I was born at sea as my mother was in passage
from Cape Ludugory to Cape CagKari, toward Africa,
in S*" 61 Day's Law Tricks L i, PoJymetts speaks of
** Sancta Monte, neighbour to S." This hill was, as the
context shows, on the coast of Italy, near the mouth of
the Arno ; therefore over against S* The eating of a
certain herb (Herba Sardonia) which grows in S. was
said to produce a sort of facial convulsion resembling
a grin, which was usually followed by death. Hence the
phrase ** Sardonian, or Sardonic, laughter," meaning
bitter, scornful laughter without any merriment in it*
In Spenser F* Q* v* 9, I2/ the monster Guyle ** gan
* * * with Sardonian smile Laughing on her, bis false
intent to shade/' Chapman, in Odyss. xx* 457, speaks
of " A laughter * * * most Sardonian, With scorn and
wrath mixed.'' Greene, in Menapfoon (1589) 62, asks :
" Have you fatted me so long with Sardenian smiles,
that * * * I might perish in your wiles i " The fish
called a Sardine possibly derived its name from its
being caught around S* In Boorde Intro, of Knowledge
(1547) xxviii* 195, the Spaniard says, ** I was born in
Aragon * * * Masyl bacon and sardyns I do eat and
sell/' In B* & F* Cwre ii* i, Lazarilio begs for ** a
pilcher, Signer, a surdiny, an olive*" In their Pilgrimage
i. i, Incubo says that Theodosia looks ready to eat ** a
fine piece of kid now and fresh garlic With a sardina
and Zant ofl/'

SARDINE SEA* The sea between Sicily and Sardinia.
E. D*, in Trans, of Theocritss (1588) xvi, says, ** Otil
of our island [Sicily] drive our enemies * . * Along the
Sardine Sea."

SARDIS* The capital of the kingdom of Lydia, lying at
the N* base of Mt* Tmolus, on the Pactolus, abt. 100 m.
from the coast of Asia Minor* It attained its greatest
splendour in the time of Crcesus, became then part of
the Persian Empire, was conquered by Alexander the
Gt*, and after his death fell to the Seleucid kings of
Syria* It revolted from Antiochus the Gt., but was
taken by htm after a long siege* After the battle of
Magnesia it became part of the Roman Empire, and so
remained till the coming of the Seljtik Turks in the I4th
cent* It was taken and destroyed by Timttrm 1402, aid
since then has been entirely deserted. The site is
marked by an inf&gmfifssnt yjflL called Sart* In Mas-

singer's Believe v* z, Cornelia* referring to Antiochus
the Gt., says to Marcellus, "You bad the honour in
his coctft at S* To be styled his friend.'* Brutus and
Cassius met at S* immediately before their defeat and
deaths at PkQippi. In /. C. iv. 2, the scene is a camp
nearS. ? aiKf LuciKtK rejjorts of Cassius and his troops:
** They mean this night in S* to be quartered/' They
arrive, and the next scene takes place there* In iv. 3, 3,
Cassius upbraids Brutus for condemning Lucius Pella
44 For faking bribes here of the Sardians/' In v* i, 80,
Cassius says, " Coming from S*, on our former ensign
2 mighty eagles fell/* In v* 5, 18, Brutus says, ** The
ghost of Caesar hath appeared to me two several times by
night ; at S* once, And this last night here in Philippi
fields/' The scene of Cartwright's Slam is laid at S*
S* gave its name to the sard, or sardits, stone, a kmd

45*

SMGEARTS INN

of yellow cornelian. Lodge, in Wits Miserie 76, says,
** The stone Sardius hindereth the properties " of wrath.

SARGEANTS OTN. See SERJEANTS Ism.

SARIIAT1A* A term somewhat vaguely applied to a
vast dist, stretching from the Vistula to the Volga, and
from tbe Baltic to the Caspian. In Fisher's Fmmus iii. 2,
Laberius boasts ; ** A Roman never daunted was with
looks, Else had not Samertane and Lybian bugbears
Been captive led in chains*** In Gkpthorne's Hollander
iv. i, Sir Martin speaks of ** odottrs preciots as the
Sarmatick gums/* Barnes, in PartkenophU Elegy xvii,
11, says, " Here am I, in perpetual bondage tied, Than
if with savage Sauromates far worse/* Milton, P. R.
Iv. 78, describes embassies coming to Rome from
** Germans and Scythians, and Sarmatians N* Beyond
Danubius to the Tauric pool/' i.e. the Sea of Azov.
T. Heywood, in Hierarchic ix., p. 574, says, " In John
Miksius any man may reade Of divels in S* honored,
CalTd Kottri or Kibaldi/'

SARRA. Another form of Tyre, $o>. Milton, JP. Z~xi. 243,
describes Michael as wearing " A military vest of purple
+ * * Livelier than Meliboean, or the grain of S-" :
grain meaning dye*

SARSENSHEAIX See SARACEH'S HEAD*

SARUM PLAIN* See SALISBURY PLAIN*

SATURNAL, MOUNT, See CAPITOL*

SATYLLYE(f^ADALiA, the ancient ATTALIA). A port on
the Scmth coast of Asia Minor in Pamphylia, at the mouth
of tJae Cataotoctes* la Cavmtry M.P. of Mary
Magdalen 1438, the sailors sing, " Yonder Is the land
of §/* Qaaticer's Knight was **at Sataiye" when
it was won from the Turks by Pierre de Lusignan
in 1353 (CM\A,53)*

SAUROMATS. See SANZOMATS and SAKMATIA.

SABXIN. In T. Heywood's Prentices* p, 101* the
Souldan describes his army as drawn "From S*
eastward unto Nubia's bounds." I conjecture that
StiaJdm* which in Heylyn is spelt Suachen, is meant*
It is a seaport oa the coast of Nubia, oa the Red Sea.
Eastward, if so, should otter be westward; for S. is
ocit I|R B. coast of Nt^^a y otit I ti-iiagiTis Hey rood's
geographical knowledge was somewhat vague.

SAVIOUR'S, SAINT, Aa ancient Abbey of tbe Cluniac
order in Bermoadsey, which stood at the junction of
Bennoodsey St. and Abbey St., where is now tbe ch. of
St. Mary Magdalen* It was built in 1082, and dissolved
by Henry VIIL The Cross, or Rood, over the gate was
found in the Thames in 1 1 1 8, and had a great reputation
for miracle-working. Pilgrims Socked to it, and, along
with many other similar objects of popular reverence, it
was taken down in 1558. It would seem, however, to
have been restored to its place later, for it appears in a
drawing of the Abbey made in 1679 and engraved by
WiBtasaa in landMa Hlustrata* In J. Heywood's
Fmr PP. I, the Palmer tells how he has visited " Saynt
SavyottrV* John Paston, writing in 1465, begs Mar-
gery Pastoa " to visit the rood of Northedor and St*
Savyour at Bermoadsey while ye abide in Load/'
Weefer, p. in, says, " The image of t!*e Bood of St,
Saviour at Bermondsey was brougnt up to Loud, and
burnt at Chelsea, anno 30 Henry VIIL" This was
pes^aps a wcjodeii copy of the original cross.

SAVIOUR'S SAINT, SOUTHWARK (see MARY
(SAINT} OERIES). Tayfer, tbe Water-poet^ describes
himself as ** I John Tayfec of % Saviour's in South-
ward"

SAVOY PALACE

SAVOY* A duchy lying N.W* of tbe Alps and originally
stretching from Lake Geneva to the Mediterranean, and
separated from France by the Rhdae* Its Dukes were
descended from Humbert the White, who died in 1048*
They had from time to time considerable possessions in
Piedmont, and though the old Duchy is now part of
France the descendants of its Dukes are the Kings of
United Italy, During our period the Dukes were
Emmanuel Philibert (1553), Charles Emmanuel the
Great (1580), and Victor Amadeus (1630)* An entirely
unhistorical D. of S. is one of the candidates for the
Empire in W* Smith's Hector. In Chapman's Trag.
Byron i* I, Byron instructs La Fin to report to the K*
that he was charged " to propound my marriage With
the 3rd daughter of the D. of S,, Which you have done,
and I rejected it." This was Charles Emmanuel* In
B. & F* Wild Goose iii. I, Lugier tells of " a countryman
of mine, a brave Savoyard, nephew to the D/* f^>
Charles Emmanuel. In Cockayne's Trapalin L 2,
Horatio introduces himself as " 2nd son unto the D. of S.
and the Piedmont Prince/* In Webster's WMte Devil
iv. 2* one of the ambassadors is " my lord of S*, knight
of the Annunciation/' This was an Order instituted by
Amadeus VL in 1362* to commemorate the defence of
Rhodes against the Turk by Amadeus L The gold
collar of the Order was specially massive, and the motto
FJ3JR.T. was supposed to stand for ** Fortitude Ejus
Rhodum Tenuit/* In Jensen's New Inn iL 2, Tipto
exhorts Lord Beaufort : ** Put on the S. chain about
thy neck** — probably referring to the chain of the
Order* The passage Is plagiarized in B* & F* Pilgrimage
L x* The scenes of Davenantrs Love and Hoiwur and
Shirley's Grate/id Servant are bid in S.

SAVOY PALACE, A palace in Land*, on the H* bank of
tin Thames between the Strand and die river, W. of
Somerset House* It was btiiit by Peter of S., who visited
England on the occasion of the marriage of his niece
Eleanor to Henry III, and had this palace formally
granted to b»tn in 2248 and was created Earl of Rich-
mond. He bestowed it on tbe Fratres de Monte Jovis,
a fraternity whose headquarters were in his Duchy of
S. but who had a Priory at Hornchurch in Essex*
Q. Eleanor bought it from them for her 2nd son,
Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, and it remained for a long
time tbe Lend, house of the Lancaster family. Here
was imprisoned the French K* John, who was taken
prisoner at Poitiers ; after his release he remained at the
S*, where he died in 1364. In 1381 it was completely
destroyed by Wat Tyler and his rebels, and remained
a heap of ruins till it was rebuilt by Henry VII an 1505
as a Hospital of St. John the Baptist for die housing of
ico poor people. It was suppressed in 1553 and its
furniture transferred to Bridewell, but it was re-*
endowed by Q. Mary and continued to be used as a
hospital till 1702, when it was finally dissolved* The
buildings were then used for various purposes — as
printing offices, a military prison, and places of worship
lor the French and the Dutch ; they were finally swept
away, 3!! but the Chapel, when Waterloo Edge, was
built, Tbe Chapel of St. Mary in the Hospital, other-
wise of St. John the Baptist in the S,, dates from the
early *6tfa cent, and, happily, still survives* Its pre-
cincts were a Sanctuary, which was haunted by all sects
of bad characters, and the chapel was constantly used
lor the celebration of irregular marriages of tne Fleet
type* Recorder Fketwood, writing In 1560 afjotjt tfee
rogues and vagabonds of Load., saf'**'
nursery of aH these evil people is the S.

49%

SAXON

received quite a new connotation through the S*
Theatre and the S. Hotel*

The scene of Ite L 2 is laid in the D. of Lancaster's
Palace ; doubtless the S* is intended* In Straw iii., the
Lord Mayor says, ** The rebels are defacing houses of
hostelity, St. John's in Smithfield, the S., and such
like*" In the Nine Worthies of London (1592), we are told
about the rebels : " Earls' manor houses were by them
destroyed, the S*, and St. Jones by Smithfield spoiled/'
In H6 B. iv. 7, 2, Cade directs his followers : ** Now go
some and pull down the S/' ; but this is a reminiscence
of Wat Tyler's work, for the S. was still in ruins. In
Dekker's Hon. Wh. B. v. 2, the Master of Bridewell tells
how it was endowed ** With all the bedding and the
furniture Once proper to an Hospital belonging to a
D. of S." There must have been a striking clock in
the tower, for in Middleton's #. G* iii. i, Laxton says,
" Hark ! what's this 4 i, 3, 3 ; 3 by the clock at S/'
In Dekker's Shoemaker's iy. 5, Firk says, ** Master
Bridegroom and Mrs. Bride in the mean time shall chop
up the matter at the S/f In Middleton's Five Gallants
ii. i, Primero complains, u I have had 2. [knights* heirs]
stolen away at once and married at S/r In his Chess
iv. 4, the Black Knight (Gondomar) promises ** a S.
dame ** that she should have a child " if she could stride
over St* Rumbaut's breeches, a relique kept at Mechlin/*
A S. dame is either a runaway bride or a woman of
bad reputation ; there is probably also a reference to
the fact that the ** Fat Bishop," Antonio of Spalato, was
at this time Master of the S. Hospital. In Barry's Ram
ii. 4, Smallshanks says, ** 'Foot, wench, we will be
married to-night ; we'll sup at the Mitre and from thence
my brother and we three will to the S/'

SAXON (Sy. = Saxony). The name of a Teutonic tribe
living, when we first hear of them, in what is now
Holstein. Thence some of them passed over the North
Sea to Britain, and settled there during the later years
of the 5th cent. The name is still heard in the last
syllable of Essex, Middlesex, Sussex, and Wessex. In
our plays these invaders are called Ss., and the word
then comes to be used for an Englishman as dis-
tinguished from a Welsh or Irish man. The old
English language is called S., and the word is applied
also to simple English not augmented with words of
French or Latin origin. The Ss* also penetrated south-
wards into Germany, where they settled in the dist.
lying N. of Bohemia, between the Rhine and the Elbe,
now called Sy* They were conquered by Charlemagne
and incorporated into the Frankish Empire ; but their
Dukes gradually grew in power until by the lath cent*
Sy* was one of the 4 great German principalities and
its Dukes were Electors of the Empire. Under that
title Frederick (died 1428) became one of the most
powerful princes in Germany* In the reign of Frederick
the Wise (1486-1525) Sy. welcomed the doctrines of the
Reformation ; and Luther's Translation of the Bible
made the S. dialect the standard language of Germany.
The Dukes during our period were Augustus I (1553-
1586), Christian I (1586-1591), Christian II (159.1-
1611), and John George (1611-1656). After the
Napoleonic wars the N. part of Sy. became a province
of Prussia, the remainder forming the kingdom of Sy.,
now, under a republican Government* a member of the
German Empire* There are also several S. Duchies
(Weimar, &c.), likewise members of that Empire*

i. Saxon in the sense of the settlers in England. Zn
Merlin i. a, Artesia speaks of herself as " Hie sister of
the S. general/* In Hughes* Misfert* Artb. In. i, Arthur

* describes Modred's army as made tip of "Sluggish

SAXON

Ss* crew, and Irish kerns, And Scottish aid, and false
red-shanked Picts/r« Boorde, in Intro, of Knowledge
(1547) xvi* 164, says, 4* I do marvel greatly how the
Ss. should conquer Englonde/' In Spenser JF. Q. i. i,
65, St. George is said to have sprung " from ancient
race of S. kings that . „ . High reared their royal
throne in Britain's land/f In Cartwrighf s Ordinary ii. 2,
Moth speaks of Thursday as " Ydeped so from Thor
the Ssr god/* In iv. 2, he says, 4* So did the Ss. done
to death by treachery the lords of England ; Nem esur
saxes/' The allusion is to the story of the treachery of
Hengist, who invited the British to a feast on Salisbury
Plain and then instructed the Ss,, at the word ** Nem
eower seaxes " (z.e. Take your knives), to fall on their
guests and murder them. This story is the subject of
Middlemen's Queenborough iv* 3* In Brome's Queen's
Exch. L if Segebert says to Bertha, "Your majestic
father made The Ss* happy and yourself a q." Hall, in
Sat. v. i, 70, calls Alfred " the S* king/* The language
spoken in England before the Conquest began about
1600 to be called EngHsh-S,, or Anglo^S. ; and Old S.
was used to mean plain, simple English* Puttenham,
Art of Poesie ii. 3, says, ** Our natural and primitive
language of the S. English bears not any words (at
least very few) of more syllables than oae/r In L xxx,
72, he calls 4* song * * " our natural S. English word/* In
Nash's Summers, p. 37, Orion says, 44 Dogs bark as good
old S. as may be/* In B. & F. Wife L 3, Podramo says
of a letter : ** Tis a woman's, Sir, I know by the hand
and the false orthography ; they write old S/*

3. Saxony in the sense of the German Dukedom and
Electorate* In H5 L 2, 46, the Archbp, speaks of "the
land Salique Between the floods of Sala and of Elbe
Where Charles the Gt., having subdued the Ss., There
left behind and settled certain French/' He goes on
to say that this was what 4* Is at tibis day in Germany
called Meisen." In Greene's Friar vii., Mason tells how
the K. is coming to Oxford with ** The Alrnatn monarch
and the S. duke." If any particular D. is intended, it
must be Albert I or II. The scene of Milkmaids is
laid at the court of John Ernest, D. of Sy. : presumably
the John who was D. 1525-1532. In ii* 2, Julia says,
" Faustus did fetch Bruno's wife, duchess of Saxonia,
in the dead time of winter, grapes she longed for." In
the Faust-Buch this story is told of the Duchess of
Anhalt, which Marlowe, in his Faustus, follows. In
Chettle's Hoffman -there is a John, D. of Sy*, who calls
himself ** mad John of Sy." The scene of Dodypott is
partly in the Court of Sy. ; and in ii. 3, we are told that
the D. Alphonso has been proposing marriage with
** Katharine, sister to the S. d/' Hie scene of Costly
Wh. is laid at the court of Sy* A D* of Sy, figures in
Defiance of Fortune (1590), and another m Ev&mda&as,
Prince of Denmark (1605). The D. of Sy. appeals as
one of the Hectors in Chapman's Alpkoww : in iu 34,
he calk himself ** Attgostus, D. o£S.**; he was really
Albrecht I ; his daughter Hedewick, who marries the
English Prince Edward, is entirely fictitious. He also
appears in W. Smith's Hector. In Fair Em, William
the Conqueror masquerades as ** William of Sy.,**
possibly, as Fleay thinks, because William Kemp, who
is supposed to be meant by William the Conqtteror, had
recently been in Sy* The Ss. stared with the rest of the
Germans the reputation of being hard drinkers* In
Merch. L a, 91, Nerissa asks, " How like you the young
German, the D. of Sy/s nephew t " and Portia repiks :
** Very vilely in the morning when he is sober, and most
vilely in the afternoon when he is drunk/* In Dsve-
nanf s Wits iv., Thwack paromises himself ** Wine «m

453

SAXTON

flowing in large S, ramekins About my board/' Fynes
Moryson, Itmer. iii* 2, 4, says, " The Netherlander use
less excess in drinking than the Ss*, and more than other
Germans*

In Chapman's Alphonms iii* i, 61, Alphonsus says,
** In S. land you know it is the use That the first night (
the bridegroom spares the bride." This practice, known |
as the Toby-night, from the story in the Apocrypha of
Tobit's abstinence, was a rule of the Cfa*, observed both
in France and Germany, and was not a S. custom j
specially. In the same play iii* i, 113, it is announced ,
that Richd. is going to bring a company of boors and ;
maidens w to dance a S* round*** !

SAXTON. A vflL in W* Riding Yorks., abt 4 m. South |
of Towton, and n E. of Leeds* Towton Heath lies
between Towton and S., and was the scene of the battle
of 1461, in which the Yorkists totally defeated the
Lancastrians. The scene of H6 C, ii. 3 is ** a field of
battle between Towton and S/r

SCALA COELI (more fully, SANTA MARIA S.C.). A du
outside Rome on the road to Ostia. It is dose to the ch*
of San Paolo aHe Tre Fontane, which marks the tradi- j
tional spot of the execution of the Apostle* It was built i
over the cemetery of St* Zeno* It derives its name from
a vision of a ladder reaching to heaven seen by St* '
Bernard. The ch. was restored in 1582, and is an
octagonal building with a cupola in the centre* Special
Indulgences were attached to worship offered there,
In Bale's /o&m 2x07, Dissimulation, after poisoning
himself ana the K., says, ** Sing for my soul a mass of
S.Celi That I may climb up aloft with Encxrh and Heii."
A Will is quoted in The Academy, Jan. 3rd, 1891, dated
13 Hen* VII, fa which money is left for the singing of a
mass ** at Rome at S* Cely." Bacon, Works iii. foL 183,
says, ** In the ch* of the blessed Virgin Mary is th'alter
which is called s. c. ; if they there sing mass for the
souls that are in purgatory, the said souls are delivered
out of hand/' La timer has many scornful references to
it in ois sermons*

SCALDING ALLEY. On the N. side of the Pcmitry,
Load., % St. Mildred's ch,, where the poulterers used
to scald tbeir fowls. In JOOSOG'S Christmas, Christmas
says, ** My daughter Cis is an honest cook's wife And
comes out of S. A."

SCAUDIS.
SCALONiA.

SCAMANDER. One of the rivers of Ancient Troy, now
the Bunarbaschi, rising in Mt. Ida and flowing into the
sea just South of Kum Kali at the entrance to the
Dardanelles. In T* Heywood's B. Age iii., Auchises says,
" S. fields they [the Greeks] have strewed with carcases.**
In Chapman's Cansp. Byron ii. i, Byron says, ** Like
PeBdes in S/s flood, Up to the ears in surges will I
figfat.** In Nero iii* 2, Nero says, 4t Priam saw his Troy
burnt * * , whilst thy pure streams, Divine S., did run
Ptirygian blood/' In Pembroke's Antonie it* 290,
Phikistrattis speaks of "Red S/s armour-clogged
streams-** Spenser, F* Q. iii. 9, 35, tells how the Trojan
ladies " saw the fields of fair S. strown With carcases

maketb gray yellow

bit of

of nobk warriors^; and in iv. ny 20, be f^s it
4 Divine S., purpled jei with biood Of Greeks and

SCAHDEROOH (ISKAHDEROOff, or AZJQCiliDREITJt). A

s&t. Q® tie am* of Sfna, aiyt* 70 m» W* of Aleppo, of
which it forms the natural port. It gets its name from

SCILLY ISLANDS

Alexander the Gt., who founded it* Sir Keneto Digby
defeated the Venetians near the Gtilf of S* in 1628*
Jonson, in Underwoods xcwi., on Sir Kenelm Digby,
says, ** Witness his action done at S. Upon his birthday,
the nth of June." Dekker, in Lanthorn, tells of a
woman who, trying to inveigle merchants into her com-
pany, pretends that *4she is wife to the master of a
ship, and they bring news that her husband put in at
the Straytes, or at Venice, or S/* — and is therefore out
of the way*

SCANDIA* A name applied to Norway, Sweden, and
part of Denmark; it is sometimes used to include
Iceland also* Burton, A. M* i. 2, i, 2, says, " Nothing
so familiar as for witches and sorcerers, in Lapland,
Lithuania, and all over Scandia, to sell winds to
mariners and cause tempests/'

SCARBOROUGH. A town on the coast of Yorks. in the
N. Riding, 59 m* N.E. of York. The Castle, standing on
a hill above the town, was built in the reign of Stephen.
It is now in ruins* Piers Gaveston sought refuge here
from the Barons, but was taken and beheaded. It was
besieged and battered by Cromwell, and the castle
subsequently dismantled by the Parliament. The phrase
** a S. warning," which meant a sudden surprise with
no warning at all, seems to have originated from the
summary way of dealing with thieves which was
practised there* In Marlowe's Ed. II ii- 4, Edward
says to Gaveston and his friends, ** Fly, fly, my lords,
the earls have got the hold, Take shipping and away to
S/' In WiHtins* Enforced Marriage, which is another
version of Airs Om : A Yorkshire Tragedy of the
Caiveriey family, the husband is called Scarborow;
probably to suggest his Yorks. origin. J. Heywood, in
Pronerfe E* iL* says, ** A day exe I was wed I bad you,
(qtioth I) ; S. warning I had (qtiofh he), thereby I kept
me thence/* In Life of Story (1571) HarL Misc. L 414,
Story says, ** Indeed I had Scarborowes warning to
come to this arraignment, for I knew nothing thereof
imril 7 ^ the ckx± in the moming/f Puttenham, Art of
Poesie iii. i8> gives as a proverbial speech, " Skarborow
wamiogg, fbsr a sudden cotnmandment allowing no
respect or delay fso bethink a m^n of his business/'

SCHELDT.

SCHIEDAM. A town £a South Holland, on the light
bank of the Maas, 4 m. W. of Rotterdam. It is chiefly
noted for its manufacture of gin, or holknds, which is
often called S. In Shirley's Imposture v. 4, Volterino
says, " I left her [the witch] in a sieve was bound for
Scotland, whence she was determined to take egg-shell
toS/*

SCHEITER-HUYSSEN (perhaps HUISSEH is intended)*
A town in Geiderland, 3 m. South-E* of Arnhem,
formerly strongly fortified and possessed of an ancient
castle. For references to tms place see under BoxmER-

SCICELIK See SICILY.
SCEJLA*

SCILLY ISLANDS. Agroupof islands belonging to the
British Crown, lying at tbe entrance to the English
Channel, afot, 25 m* W* of Land's Bad, Their number
xs variously redooned from j|o to 140 * only 5* however,
are mfiabiteci j tiie rest are mere rodk& Tbe^F a$*e
probably the Cassiterides of tbe ancients. In Armin's
Aforedacke G. i^ th« Govemoa- of S. bids tiie gsemtle-
men "Welcome ID S,/* ami the scene of part osf the
piay is laid

454

SCITHIA

SCITHIA* See SCYTHIA.

SCLAVONIAN. See SLAVONIAN.

SCOLDS CORNER* Somewhere in the neighbourhood
of Smithfield, Lond, ; possibly the corner of Cock
Lane and Giltspur St* In Promos ii. iv* i, Gresco says
to the watch, *4 Search Ducke Alley, Cocklane, and
S.C," The scene is in Julio in Austria, but these places
are all in Lond.

SCONE. An ancient royal city in Scotland,2 m. N,of Perth.
Here the Scottish kings were crowned on the Stone of
Destiny, supposed to be the one on which Jacob re-
posed at Bethel. It was brought to England by Edward I
in 1296, and is now enclosed in the Coronation Chair in
Westminster Abbey. Little is left of the old city except
a cross and the fragmentary ruins of the Abbey* In
Mac. ii* 4, 31, Macduff says that Macbeth has " gone
to S* to be invested." In v. 3, 75, Malcolm invites the
lords ** to see us crowned at S/*

SCOTLAND (Ssh. = Scottish, Sh* = Scotch)* The
part of Great Britain N* of the Tweed and Solway Firth.
The Romans penetrated it as far as the Tay,but effected
no permanent conquest* They found it inhabited by
the Picts and the Scots, the latter of whom certainly,
and the former possibly, were of Gaelic origin.
The Teutonic invaders of Britain established themselves
in the South-E. part of the country, afterwards called
Lothian, and became the ancestors of the Lowland Sb*,
who spoke a dialect of English akin to that of North-
umberland and Yorks* The Gaelic tribes were driven
into the N. and W*, retaining their own speech and
independence ; whilst Lothian belonged to the English
kingdom of Northumbria* About the gth century the
Highlands grew into a united kingdom, and in 1018
Malcolm won Lothian, which henceforth remained an
integral part of the Ssh. kingdom. In spite of the attacks
of Edward I, II, and III, the Ssh* kings maintained
their independence until the union of the crowns of
England and S., in the person of James VI of S. and
I of England, in 1603* The Parliaments were not united
till 1707* The Ssh, people embraced the Presbyterian
form of the Reformed faith in the i6th century, and
the Ch. of S. remained Presbyterian in spite of the
Union. The accession of James I brought a large num-
ber of Scotsmen into England, where they were regarded
with a good deal of jealousy and dislike, as our plays
testify*

General and Geographical References* Hycke? p» 88,
boasts that in the course of his travels he has been " in
middes of Scotlonde.** In H4 A* iiL i, 45, Glendower
speaks of 4t the sea That chides the banks of England,
S*, Wales/* In Err* iii* 2, 122, Dromio found S* ** by
the barrenness, hard in the palm of the hand ** of his
kitchen-maid* Lyly, in Pappe with an Hatchet, p. 46,
says. " We care not for a Ssh* mist, though it wet us to
the skin/' Taylor, in Penniless, says, ** The old proverb
of a Ssh. mist was verified, in wetting me to the skin***
A Ssh* mist means a shower of fine rain.

Historical Allusions* In Fisher's Fmmas i* 3, Cassi-
belan says, " Androgeus, haste thee to the Scots and
Picts, 2 names which now Albania's kingdom share/*
In Hughes' Misfort* Artk* OL i, Arthur describes
ModraTs army as made tip of ** Sluggish Saxons* crew
and Irish kerns And Ssh* aid and false red-shanked
Picts/* In Mac*, Shakespeare telk the story of the
murder of K. Duncan by Macbeth and the fetter's
accession to the throne of S. ; and his death at the
battle of Dunsinane* The historic period is 1041-1057 ;

SCOTLAND

but Holinshed, who was Shakespeare's authority, con-
tains little that is strictly historical except the murder
of Duncan* In iv* 3, 164, Macduff asfe, " Stands S.
where it did i " and Ross replies, ** Alas, poor country,
Almost afraid to know itself ; it cannot Be called our
mother, but our grave*'* In v. 8, 63, Malcolm says,
" My thanes and kinsmen, Henceforth be Earls, the
first that ever S. In such an honour named/* Holinshed
is the authority for this statement. In Peek's Ed* lf
Edward makes Baliol K. of S* in 1292, and his subse-
quent rebellion and defeat in 1296 are described* In
Marlowe's Ed. II ii* 2, reference is made to the raids
of the Sh* on England ; and Lancaster quotes a ballad
made by the ** fleering Scots " — *4 Maids of England,
sore may you mourn For the lemans you have lost at
Bannocksbourn." The battle of Bannockburn was
won by the Scots in 1314* In Ed* 111> David II of S.
appears, and the siege by him of Roxburgh Castle and
his subsequent retreat form the subject of Act i. In
HS i. 2/ 1 60, Canterbury recalls how, in the days of
Edward III, England took and impounded ** as a stray
The K* of Scots "—David II was taken prisoner by
Q. Eleanor, at Neville's Cross, in 1346, and kept in
captivity for ii years. In H4 A i. i* 54, Westmoreland
mentions " brave Archibald, That ever valiant and
approved Scot," as Percy's opponent at Holmedon
Hill ; and a further report declares that " 10,000 Scots **
were slain there* In i. 3, 214, Hotspur declines to give
up his prisoners to the K.: "By God, he shall not have
a Scot of them/* Later in the scene, Worcester advises
him to deliver up his Ssh* prisoners without ransom,
"And make the Douglas* son your only mean For
powers in S." Thus, as Hotspur sees, ** The powers
of S. and of York " are to join with Mortimer to attack
Henry IV* The battle of Holmedon Hill took place
on Sept* 14, 1402 ; Archibald was the Earl of Douglas*
In ii* 4, 116, the Prince describes Hotspur as " he that
kills, me some six or seven dozen of Scots at a breakfast.**
In ii, 4, 377, Falstaff calls Douglas " that sprightly Scot
of Scots that runs a horseback up a hill perpendicular/'
In iii* 2, 164, Blunt says, ** Lord Mortimer of S* hath
sent word That Douglas and the English rebels met
At Shrewsbury," There was no such person as Lord
Mortimer of S. j the rmm intended is George Dunbar,
Earl of March in the peerage of S. The Mortimers
were Earls of March in the peerage of England, whence
the confusion arises. Moreover, Edmund Mortimer in
this play was not the Earl of March at all, but the 2nd
son of the 3rd Earl, Edmund, and uncle to the 5th Earl,
also Edmund* La &4 B* ii. 3, 50, Lady Northumberland
advises her husband, ** Fly to S. J " and he resolves to
doso.

Northumberland and the Lord Bardoiph, With a great
power of English and of Scots, Are fay tfae sheriff of
Yorks* overthrown." ThiswasattliebattkofBisraihani
Moor in 1408* Li H5 i* a, 142, the K* says, " We fear
the nw« intendment of the Scot Who still hath been
a giddy neighbottr to us; For * * * my great-graad-
father Never went with his forces into France But that
the Scot on his unfurnished kingdom Came, pouring
like the tide too a breach." Westmoreland adds,
44 There's a saying very old and true, * If that you wfll
France win, Then with S. first begin * ; For oace the
eagle England being in prey, To her unguarded nest
the weasel Scot Comes sneaking, and so sucks her
princely eggs,** The same proverb is quoted by Oxford
in Fam* Vfct*> Hazv p. 350* In H6 C* iii. i, 13, K*
Henry says, " From S. am I stolen, even of pure love,
To greet iniae own land with my wishful sight/' Henry

455

SCOTLAND

fied to S. after the battle of Hexhara in 1464, but re-
turned to England in disguise the next year, and was
recognized and taken prisoner. In iii. 3, 26, Margaret
says that Henry ** is forced to live in S. a forlorn/' and
adds* ** S. fcath will to help but cannot help." Warwick,
in 151, retorts : " Henry now lives in S. at his ease/'
la R3 iii. % 17, Buckingham says to Gloucester, " I
Laid open all your victories in S." Gloucester was in
command of the expedition against S* in 1482, when he
invested Berwick, and recovered it for England* In
Greene's George, one of the characters is James of S. ;
Edward is the contemporary K. of England, so that
James III and Edward IV would seem to be intended*
Other indications point to Edward III, but there was no
Ssh. K. James contemporary with him. In Ford's
Warbeck, James IV of S. is one of the characters, and
a large part of the play is occupied with Warbeck's
residence at his Court, and the consequent invasion of 5.
by the English* In iv. 2, Astley says, w If these Sh.
garboils do not fadge to our minds, we will run pell*
meil amongst the Cornish chuffs." Milton, in Sonn.
to Crommll, says, *' Darwen stream with blood of
Scots imbrued, And Dunbar field resounds thy praises
loud." The references are to the battles of Preston
(1648) and Dunbar (1650), in which Cromwell defeated
the Sbu In Hester, Anon* PL ii* 265, Ambition says,
" If war should chance either with S. or France, This
gear would not go right" — a very daring anachronism*
Greene wrote a play entitled The Scottish History of
Jmm I¥f ifani at FM^m, The plot, however, is

i Dislike of the Scots who caw to England with
James L In Eastward iii* 3, Seagull, speaking of Vir-
ginia, says: "You shall live freely there without
Serjeants or courtiers or lawyers or intelligencers ; only
a few industrious Soots, perhaps, who indeed are dis-
persed over the face of the whole earth. But as for them,
tiiere are no greater friends to Hng^ishmen and Kngtannd
wtei tliey are out oa'f, in the world, than tliey are ;
2nd? foe my own part, I wottld a Imndresd tliotisat&i of
them were there ; lor we are all one cotintrymen sow,
you know." This was the passage which gpree sttdh
olience to James, and led to the impfESonment of tiie
aaithafs, Qiaptaaa, Marstoa, mi Joasoa. la Barry's
Jtai iv. ir Sir Oliver says^ sarcastically, ** English love
Scots, Welshmen lorn each other." la Sharpham's
Fletre H x% Fkire says that the ladies at Court " iove
tlie fine little Scottes spur, it makes the court jennet
curvet, owe* gallantly/* In iii* 173, Knight says,
** Many of our ladies delight much in the Ssh. music/*
** Ay/* says Fkire, " with their instruments," where a
double entendre is meant* In Suckling's Brennoralt, the
rebel Lithuanians are meant for the Ssh. malcontents
of 1639. Dotme, in Eleg. (1633) xi. 43, speaks of
** S», which knew no state, proud in one day,'* Le.
the day of the accession of James VI to the throne of
England. James is said to have knighted 700 persons
daring the first 3 months of his residence in England.
Hence Sh. knight became a term of contempt. In
Eastward ii. 2, Quicksilver warns Sir Petronel that his
wife will say "she could have been made a lady by
a Sa. knight and never ha' married him ; " a declara-
tion by writing, word, or sign, even without witnesses,
or notorious cohabitation, being sufficient in old
Ssfe* low to establish a marriage. In Kyd's Sotiwm
i^&e Englishman says," In S. was I made a knight/'
But m the pky was produced In 1588 the reference
cannot be to James's knights— unless the passage is
a later insertion. In Chapman's Basg? i. 2, 124,

SCOTLAND

U Anou says, " The D* mistakes ht'rn * * * for some
knight of the new edition/'

The Patron Saint of S* is St. Andrew. According to
tradition, St. Regulus brought some of the bones of the
apostle Andrew to S. in the gth cent,, and enshrined
them at the monastery around which the city of St*
Andrews sprang up* St* Andrew's Cross is repre-
sented in the shape of an X or saltire, and is white on a
blue field. It is embodied in the Union Jack. InKirke's
Champions i*, Andrew says, ** For bonny S. Andrew will
advance/' The Arms of S* are described by Heylyn
{S.P. SCOTLAND) as " Sol p.e» Or] a Lion rampant withia
a double tressure counterfiowered***

Louis XJ of France enrolled a body of Scottish
archers to be his bodyguard. Readers of Scott's
Qaentin Dnnvard will recall them* In Chapman's Trag*
Byron v. i, the Chancellor says, ** This was it that
made Louis the nth renounce his countrymen And
call the valiant Scots out of their kingdom To tise their
greater virtues and their faiths . . . in his royal guard/*

S., like most northern countries, was supposed to be
the home of witchcraft and enchantment. The 3
Witches in Macbeth are typical examples. In Shirley's
Imposture v* 4, Volterino says, ** I left her [the witch]
in a sieve was bound for S." In Dodypoll iii* 2, Alber-
dure says, "** This is Melpomene, that Ssh. witch/*
The reference is to the trial of certain Sh. witches in
1590* In T, Heywood's Witches i., Winny says, " You
look Hke one or the Ssh. wayward sisters " : referring
to the witches in Macbeth.

National Characteristics. Boorde, in Intro, of Kno-w
ledge ivv says that the N. Soots are like the wild Irish,
rude and unmannered ; they are very poor, and live
in single-iootBed huts j they hate all ISngHigtmiferip. and

are great boasters and liars. Still, they are hardy and
strong, and arc good musicians. They are accustomed
to swear by ** the foul evil," and they have always been
true to the French. English & spoken in the South,
but a speech like Irish in the N. of the country. In
H4 A* hr. i» 85, Douglas says, w There is not such a
word Spoke of in S. as this term of fear/' In v. 4, 119,
Fafetarf says, ** 'Twas time to counterfeit or that
termagant Scot had paid me scot and lot too." In #4 A.
v. % xi, Blunt says to Douglas, ** I was not born a
yielder, thou proud Scot/' In Chapman's C&sar
ii. if ii 6, Ophioneus says, " Thou shalt . . * cheat
with the Englishman, brag with the Scot, and turn
all this to religion." In Merck, i. 2, 83, Portia says of
the Ssh. lord who has come wooing her : " He hath a
neighbourly charity in him, for he borrowed a box of
the ear of the Englishman, and swore he would pay
him again when he was able." After the accession of
James the players prudently altered ** Ssh*" to " other/*
In T. Heywoodfs Locnece iiL 5, Valerius celebrates the
charms of ** The Italian £n Jier high cJbapms, Sh* lass,
and lovely Fran too/*

Dree and Appearance. Both Sh. and Irish are nick-
named " Red-shanks ** from their going bare-legged*
In MiddlelOQ's Quarrel ii. 2, Ohough refers to the Sh*
and Irish as ** red-shanks/* Ekfer, in a Letter (1542) in
Barmatyne Misc. L 10, speaks of " The yrische lords of
Sv ccxnmonly called the Reddshanckes and by his-
toriographers Pictis." See under RBDSH&HE. In Ford's
Warbeck iii. 2, a masque is presented by ** 4 Sh. antics,
accordingly habited/' Bekfcer, in Hornbook iv., says
that a gallant must be " ingeniotis in the trussing of a
new Sh.-hose," Tte Sh. cap, or Glengarry bonnet, is
familiar. In Loaine iv. 2, tiie direetioji is: **feter
Stn^Dbowithapitcfe-fockakdaSh.-cap," In Spenser's

SCOTLAND

Mother Hiibberd 310, the Ape, who is dressed as a
soldier, has " Upon his head an old Shu cap * * * With
a plume feather, all to pieces tore." In Scot. Presb*
v. it Anarchy says to Directory, " Sir, you must go,
but not to S. ; that's but purgatory — yet where you'll
find many blue bonnets more, I mean, to hell/* The
Farthingale was a kind of crinoline, fitting tightly
round the waist, and projecting stiffly over the hips.
In Eastward i. 2, Poldavy, the French tailor, enters with
a Sh. farthingale ; and when Girtred asks : ** Is this
a right Scot 4 Does it clip close and bear up round £ "
he answers : " Fine and stiffly, i' faith ; it will keep
your thighs so cool and make your waist so small."
In Dekker's Westward L i, Birdlime says, " This [i*e.
to control one's husband] is better wit than to learn
how to wear a Sh. farthingale/1" The falls are a kind of
hanging veil ; the bum a sort of bustle* In Dekker's
Westward ii. 2, Birdlime says, " She's in that French
gown, Sh. falls, Sh* bum, and Italian headtire you sent
her/'

The Sh. jig, or reel, is a lively dance, performed to a
tune in triple, usuaUy 6/8 time. In Ado ii* i, 77,
Beatrice says, " Wooing, wedding, and repenting is as a
Sh. jig, a measure, and a cinque pace ; the first suit is
hot and hasty like # Sh. jig, and full as fantastical."
In Greene's fames IV proL, Bohan says, *' I have 2 sons
That with one Ssh* jig Shall break the necks Of thy
antiques/' The phrase is sometimes used in an obscene
sense, as in Dekker's Westward v* 2, where Sir Gosling
says, " The bawd shall teach me a Shu jig " ; and in
Richard's Misogonus ii. 2, where Misogonus says, ** I
would ask no more of her than one Ssh. jig/*

The language of the natives in the rural Highlands
of S. is a branch of the Celtic family, but what
is usually meant by Sh, in our dramatists is the
dialect of English spoken in the Lowlands. Dekker,
in Lanthornt says that, before the confusion of
tongues at Babel, " the quick Ssh. dialect, sister to
the English, had not then a tongue/' Specimens are
found in the talk of the Scots capt., Jamie, in H5 ;
thus in iii* 2, he says, " It sail be vary gud, gud feith,
gud captains bath ; and I sail quit you with gud leve,
as I may pick occasion ; that sail I, marry/* Jpnson
introduces fragments of the same sort of talk in the
Sad Sf&pherd, e,g*, ** He neer fra* hence sail neis her
in the wind " ; " Shew yoursell to all the shepherds
bauldiy; gaang amang *em, be mickel in their eye,
frequent and fugeand/* Other examples occur in
Greene's James IV, Thomas of Reading,, Conflict of
Conscience, and Club Law. In Sampson's Vow ii, i, n,
Doisells, the French commander at Leith, says, ** The
Sh* language I am perfect in." In Killigrew's Parson
v* 4, the Capt. says to Lady Loyeall* " I'll help you
to the jewel, the Sh. dictionary will tell you the value
of it/' Jewel is used here with a possible reference to
the Sh. word "jevel," which means to spill a liquid,
but I have not been able to find the point of the
reference to the Sh. dictionary*

Various Articles Specified as Scotch*

ALE. In Underwit iv. i, a song mentions ** Whole-
some pots of Sh. ale, though 'tis dear.** ASH was used
for spear-shafts. In Ed+ HI i* 2, K* David speaks of
44 the staves of grained Ssh. ash ** borne by his soldiers.
BARNACLE. A species of wild gpose (Anas Leucopsis)
which visits the N. shores of Britain in winter, and was
supposed to be developed from a species of shell-fish.
In Marston's Malcontent ii£. i, Bianca says, " Any man
that will flatter greatness shall be sure to be like your
Sh. barnacle, now a block, instantly a worm, and

SCOTLAND YARD

presently a great goose." Hall, in Satires iv. 2, speaks
of4* That Ssh* barnacle* * * That of a worm doth wax a
winged goose." BAWBEE. A Sh. silver coin which, owing
to the debasement of the metal, was only worth about
|rf* It was probably so called from the name of the
mint-master, tiie Laird of Sillebawby. In Wilkins*
Enforced Marriage iii., Thomas says, " We have not a
Scots baubee to bless us with/* Boor. An instrument
of torture, made of wooden staves, into which the leg
was inserted ; and wedges, being driven in gradually,
crushed the limb of the unfortunate victim* It was much
used in the persecution of the Sh* Presbyterians* In
Field's Weathercock iv. 2, Pouts speaks of ** Jtedcs,
Strappadoes, wheel, or any tortorous engine, Even from
the Roman yoke to the Sh. boot." In Marston's Mai-
content isL i, Bianca says, ** All your empirics could
never do the like cure upon the gout the rack did in
England or the Sh* boot*" There were stories of
persons who had been cured of the gout by the applica-
tion of these tortures. BROAD-SWORD, also called an
Andrew Ferrara, and later a claymore. It was a broad-
bladed sword with 2 cutting edges. Hall, in Satires iv. 4,
tells of a man rushing into a quarrel ** With a broad
Scot or proking spit of Spain*" B. & F., in Chances
vw., talk of ** a tough Andrew/* COAL* Mineral coal
began to be mined in S* about 1291, and by the close of
the i6th cent, it was in general use for domestic pur-
poses and was exported by sea to Load. In Mayne's
Match iii* 3, Quartfield, hearing that old Warehouse has
been run down by a coal-ship in the Thames, says,
** I shall love Sh. coal for this wreck the better/* In
Hall's Characters, one of the topics of the Busy-
body's conversation is ** the report of the Ssh. mine***
DIRK. The dagger, or sgian-dhu, carried by tbe High-
landers, often in the top of their stockings, la Club
Law L 5, Cricket says, " O Lord, that I cottki twit
save me as much money as would buy me a Ssh*
dagger to prick the villains!" Thomas Becon, in
Jewel of Joy (1550), says of the English : ** Their dagger
must be Ssh. with a Venetian tassel of silk." FLEAS, A
name for Syphilis* Taylor, in Praise of Hmpseed, says,
44 Many a gallant Hath got the Spanish pip, or the Ssh*
fleas, Or English pox, for all's but one disease/' HQLY-
BREAD* The bread used in the celebration of the Lord's
Supper by the Sh. Ch* In Webster's White Devil v. 6,
Flamineo says, " My liver's parboiled, Hke Sh. holly-
bread." HORSES* James I established horse-racing in
S*, and did much to encourage the breed of running-
horses, both before and after his accession to the
throne of England* In Chapman's Rev. Bussy ii* i,
BaKgny speaks to Ckrmoat of ** your biave Sh* rtmoing-
horses That all the horse m Fiance far omarttos At
every race and hunting/' POOHTD. At die time of the
union of the Crowns the pound Scots was only worth
sod., cc one-twelfth of a pound stsrKag. In Jooson's
BartM. in* i, Cokes says, M What a masqt*e shall I
famish out Ice 40*., 20 pound Sh., and a banquet of
gmgerbaread.*' In Brome's Ct. Beg^zr iii* i, Ferdinand
says, ** You and I to cribbage for an odd htmdred
pcyuiid; I mean not a*, but Sterling English pieces/*
TAILOR. Travelling pedlars were fcoown as Sh. tailors,
or drapers* In B. & F* Fair Maid liv* 2, the tailor says,
44 1 have talked with a Sh. tailor who * . , has travelled
far, and was * * * in Poland." Hotise to faotrse
^travellers" or pedlars are to-day calkd Scottish (or
Scotch) travellers.

SCOTLAND YARD* An irregular group of btakitags
in Load., lying South of Charing Cross, between
Whitehall and. the Thames* It derived its nsmt fsom

457

SCRASBLESEA

a palace which stood there, which was first granted to
Kenneth III of S. by K. Edgar and was the official
residence of the Kings of S. when they came to LoncL
The last of their representatives to occupy it was
Margaret, sister of Henry VIII and wife of James IV
of S* In the reign of Elizabeth it fell into decay, but it
was partially restored by James I and used as Govern-
ment offices* In 1829 it became the headquarters of the
Metropolitan Police* Here Milton was accommodated
from 1649 to 1652, whilst he was acting as Latin
Secretary to the Council of State.

SCRASBLESEA. A vilL, apparently in Yosrfcs, ; it has
not been identified* Dyce suggests Scrivelsby or
Scamfolesby, both in Lines* ; but their position is not
suitable* In George i., Johnny says to the K. of Scots,
** The Earl of Kendall vows to meet you at Scrasbiesea,
God willing."

SCRUTINECX A hall in the Doge's Palace £n Venice,
It occupies part of the facade towards the Piazetta.
The 41 nobles who elected the Doge were chosen here*
It now contains the MSS and early printed books of
the Library* The scene of Jonson's Vdpone iv* 2 is
laid in " The Scrutineo, or Senate House" at Venice*

SCYLLA. A rocky promontory on the Italian side of the
Straits of Messina, 15 m. N* of Rhegium. According to
Homer, the promontory was the home of a ravenous
monster who attracted sailors by siren songs and then
devoured tliem, By the arts of Circe, S. was ttimed
13010 a pack of hounds from her waist downwards and
dim Sung herself into the sea, and was changed into,
or inhabited, die rock that bore her name. Opposite to
it* near Slessina, h the whirlpool Charyixiis ; in trying
to a void S.r there was a danger of falling into Charybdis ;
hcsiee S. and Charybdis stand for a alternatives either
of which is fraught with peril. In Span* Trag. v., the
Viceroy says, '* Let the wind and tide hale me along To
Sylk's barking and untamed gulf/' Milton, JP.I«iL 660,
referring to the dogs that barked round the waist of
Sin, says, ** Far less abiiofred than these VeawJ S*
bathing in the sea that parts Calabria ton* the hoarse
Trioacriaa state." W, Smith, in C&iwis (1596) mcv, 6,
speaJcs of his love « passing the gaping S/s waves/'
In Mason's Mzzfteosses 3259, Jtiiiasays, " Thy Mermaid
eioqtjeacc Sounds harsher in my ears than Silia's dogs
Unto the frighted seaman."

In JfmL m. 5, 19* LatModof says to Jessica, ** Wben
I shua S* your father, I fall into Charybdis, your
modier/* In Brandon's Qctawa 630, Octavia says,

* What Sylla, what Charybdis, can impart But half
those horrors which in thee appear f" In Greene's
Alphmsas iii. 3, 1085, Iphigina says, " So shall we soon
eschew Caribdis* lake And headkmg fiall to Syllae's
greedy gulf/' In the old Timon v* 5, Timon says, *4 In
the wide-devouring S/s gulf, Or in Charybdis I will
drown myself/* In Haughton's Englishmen if* 2, Pisaro,
speaking of the Spanish pirates, says: ** Roaring
Charybdis nor devouring S. Were half such terror to
the antique world/* In Chapman's Bussy iii. i, Mont-
SRirry says that women " in their hearts are S* and
Qiarytxiis*** In Wilson's Swtsser iv* 2, Ariolus says,

* I am just Hfce a weather-beaten vessel tossed from

ID KK±^ Irom S* to Cbarybdis/* In Shirley's
€L Sacra* iv. i, Pedro says,. ** I have dangerous sailing
betobt yam <Soee*s S* and her Cteybdis/* la
Milton's Comas 257, Comtis says that when tiie Sirens
sai^ " S. w^pt arxi chid Her barking waves into atten-
tion ; And lei Charybdis murmured soft applause.""
la j^te^ Haat. iy. i^, Virginias a^s» ** The huge

SCYTHIA

Carrebd his hazards thou for him Hast oft assayed,
was Silla's force by thee Oft shunned or yet Lady
Circe's land ^ " Middleton, in Black Book Intro*, p* 6,
speaks of " S, and Charybdis, those z cormorants and
Woolners of the sea/' Richard Woolner, of Windsor,
was a notorious glutton of the time*

SCYLLA (r*e» SCYLACE). An ancient Pelasgian town on
the Propontis, E* of Cy^icus* It was one of the 13 coast
towns taken by Achilles before his quarrel with Agamem-
non (Homer, Iliad ix* 328)* In T. Heywood's Iron Age A.
vv Ulysses claims : " 'Twas I sacked Thebes, Chriseis,
and Scylla, with Lernessus walls/*

SCYRAS* Probably the plain of Asgar is meant ; it lies
on the W* coast of Morocco, South of Alcazar* In
Peele's Alcazar i. 3, the Moor orders ** Pisano, march
away before to Scyras/*

SCYRUM (more properly SCYROS). An island in the
£igean Sea, one of the N. Sporades, abt* 40 m. R of
Euboea* Here Achilles was concealed by Thetis ; and
it was here that Theseus met his death* Lyly* in
Eupfwes Anat. Wit, p* 74, speaks of ** the men in the
island of S. which pull up the old tree when they see
the young begin to spring/' In Eupkaes England, p* 307,
he tells a story of one Cassander who dwelt ** in the
island S/' No authority for either statement has been
discovered*

SCYTHIA (Sn. = Scythian), The Greek name for the
cotmtry inhabited by the Sns*., a nomadic tribe probably
of Indo-Germanic affinities, but supposed by some
authorities to have been akin to the Ottoman Turks, or
the Mongols. They wandered over the region to the
N. of the Black Sea, whkh constitutes the Steppes of
Southern Russia, but their habitation had no very
definite boundaries. Towards the end of the yth cent*
B*c* they pressed South into the Assyrian Empire and
into Asia Minor, and threw even Palestine into a panic
terror, as may be seen from the prophecies of Jeremiah.
Cyrus attacked the Massagete, a Sn. tribe, and offered
marriage to their Q« Tomyris ; she rejected his offer,
and afterwards defeated and slew him* Darius, and
later, Alexander the Gt,, invaded S. The last traces of
the Sets, disappeared about 100 B.C., but the name con-
tinued to be applied in a vague way to the tribes of
central Russia and Asia* Timur or Tamburlaine is often
described as a Sn. The Sns., as Purchas says, ** grew
into a proverb of immane cruelty " ; they are spoken of
as barbarous, pitiless, and savage* They were supposed
to guard their women with great care, and to inflict the
severest penalties for adultery. Their country was
thought of as mountainous and cold*

One of the characters in Jensen's Queens is " Vic-
torious Thomyris of S*" In H6 A* ii* q, 6, the Countess
of Ativergne says, ** I shall, as famous be by this exploit
As Sn* Tomyris by Qrrtis' death/* In Lyly's Campaspe
iii* 4, Hepkaestibn describes ** the Sns*, careless what
courage or fortune can do** awaiting the attack of
Alexander* In Chapman's Trag. Byron iv, i, Byron
says that Alexander taught " Hie Sns. to inter, not eat
tfaeir parents." In Caesar's Rev. iii. 4, Caesar says, 4* 111
fill Armenian plains and Medians' hills With carcasses
of bastard Sn. brood/' In Greene's Alpfamsus iii. 3*
Amtirack bids Bajazet ** Go post away apace to Siria,
S,, and Albania, and all other lands Which owe their
homage to high Amtirack/' In Marlowe's Tomb. A*
pro! the hero is described as " the Sn. Tamburlaine " ;
ic i ir he is called^ that sturdy Sn. thief/"* that paltry
Sn,/'etc. In SeZLnats 2439 Selim calls him "great Tam-
burlaine the Sa. thief." In Dekkser's Fwrtmatss L i>

SCYTHIAN SEA

Fortune speaks of him as "that great Sn* swain.
Fortune's best minion, warlike Tamburlaine/* He was
born at Kesh, near Samarkand, and was of Mongolian
descent* Milton, P* J?. iii. 301, says, " Now the Par-
thian k* In Ctesiphon hath gathered all his host Against
the Sn., whose inclusions wild Have wasted Sogdiana/*
This is tinhistorical, but is invented in order to give
the poet an opportunity of describing the various
nations in the Parthian host* In iv* 78, our Lord sees
embassies coming to Rome, ** Germans, and Sns*, and
Sarmatians/* According to the legend followed in
LocHne, The Sns* or Huns, under their chief, Humber,
invaded Britain in the days of Brutus and his sons, and
Humber was drowned in the river that bears his name.
Milton Vac. Ex. 99 speaks of4* Humber loud that keeps
the Sn's* name/'

The Sns* were expert archers* In Cowley's Cutter
ii. 3, Puny says, ** Come away like an arrow out of a
Sn* bow*" But it is their barbarity that is most insisted
on in the plays. In Tit.L i, 131, Chiron exclaims, " Was
ever S. half so barbarous i " In Lear i* i, 118, Lear
says, ** The barbarous Sn*, Or he that makes his genera-
tion messes To gorge his appetite, shall to my bosom
Be as well neighboured * * * As thou, my sometime
daughter/' In the old Timon if* 4, Demeas says to the
Serjeants, "" Where hale ye me, Getes, cannibals, ye
cruel Sns. ** " In Marlowe's Tamb+ B. iii. 4, Olympia
says, ** Those barbarous Sns*, full of cruelty, Will hew
us piecemeal/' In Ed. HI ii* i, the K* speaks of " such
sweet laments That it may make a flint-heart Sythian
pitiful/* In York* Trag. viii,, the Master says, ** The Sns*
or the marble-hearted Fates Could not have acted more
remorseless deeds/* In Chivalry F* 4, Katharine says,
** No bloody Sn* or inhuman Turk But would ha'
trembled to ha' touched his skin/' In Nero i. 4, Scaevola
says of the Emperor : ** Hath he not broached His own
wife's breast, and torn with Sn* hands His mother's
bowels up ."' In Field's Weathercock ii* i, Scudmore
affirms that ** wild Virginia, black Afric, or the shaggy
S/* have more conscience than old Worldly* In Shirley's
Traitor iv* i, Sciarrha says, ** Let me die A death that
may draw tears from Sns/' In his Duke's Mist. iii. 3,
Leontio says, ** What Sn* can behold an outrage done
upon those eyes, and not melt his rough nature in soft
compassions'" la Glapthorne's Wallenstein ii* 2,
Frederic says, ** She bears a spell about her that would
charm A Sn's. native fierceness into softness." In
3Davenant*s Platonic ii* 5, Theander asfcs, *' Was she by
a Sn. nursed That she is grown so cruel *"' In his
Wits ii., Pallatise says, ** I was not bred on Sn* rocks/*
In Cuckqaeans ii* i, Nim exclaims, "" O more than Sn*
ihhospitality I "" In Cowley's Riddle iv*, the Maid says,
** Sure he has charms about him that might * * * move
a Sn. rock/' In Lady Mother v. 3, Thorowgood says,
** I should esteem it As base and black a sin as Sns* do
Adultery*"

In B* & F* Valentin, v* 2, Valenttnian cries for
** Drink, drink, colder, colder Than snow on Sn*
mtns/* In their Double Man iii* 3, Virolet says, ** Let
me declare thy virtues Chaster than crystal on the Sn*
clifts/* In their Pom Plays in One, Trimph of Death vi*,
Gabriella asks, "What Sn* snow so whites' what
crystal chaster < " In Wilson's Swisser iii* 3, the K*
says, ** Thott art more cold than frozen Sns* are/' In
Nabbes* Hannibcd lit. 4, Massanissa says to Sophonisba,
44 This will make that ivory breast as cold As Sn. sands,
bleaked with continual freezing Into a seeming crystal."

In Chapman's Bussy t* i, Motisietir says, *4 Tfoe rttde
Sns* Painted blind Fortune's powerful hands with

SEDAN

wings To show her gifts come swift and suddenly/*
I have not been able to find his authority for this* In
Tiberias 152, Asinius suggests ** the Sithian baths ** as
one part of the Roman Empire that may be chosen by
Tiberius as his residence, if he declines the throne*
Probably the author means the German Spa, for ** Sn/T
is used sometimes by the Elizabethans in the widest
sense, including all the old German tribes. Just above
Asinius has spoken of the English wells, which shows
that the author was thinking in modern terms. But it
is not improbable that Sithian is a misprint for Stfian,
which takes its place in i, 167. In May's Agrippina
iv* 470, Petronius says, " The Sn, yields His early
fleece " for the luxury of Rome* But May has mis-
translated the Latin original, which is Seres, £.e. the
Serians or Chinese ; Serian wool meaning silk*

SCYTHIAN SEA* Another name for the Black Sea, g*v.
E* D*, in Trans, of Theocritns (1598) xvi, says, " Let
the poets strive, K* Hiero's glory for to strain Beyond
the Scythean sea/**

SEACOALLANE* A lane ia Loud., now represented by
a narrow alley running from Famhgdon St. into Fleet
Lane, behind CasselTs premises in Ludgate Hill*
Formerly it ran from Snow Hill to Fleet Lane, and at
its foot on the Fleet River was a landing-stage where
the boats, bringing sea-borne coal, discharged their
freight* It is mentioned in the Pipe Rolls as early as
1228* Here was St. George's Inn, one of the oldest
Schools of Law in Lend, In Elizabethan times it
was chiefly occupied by ale-houses, cook-shops, and
chandlers' stores* In Jonson's Alchemist iii* 2, Drugger
relates how he was cured of a headache by a good
old woman; "Yes, fiuth/' he says, "she dwells fa
S* L*, did cure me With sodden ale aad peUitory of the
wall; Cost me but ad" One of Peek's fe$& is located
" at a blind alehouse in S* L/*

SEBASTIAN'S, SAINT* A dbu in Madrid. In Shirley's
Brothers i* i, Fernando says, " Iwas at St. Sebastian's
last Sunday/'

SEBASTIAN'S (St*) MONASTERY* A monastery in
Naples. I have not succeeded in identifying it further*
In Webster's Law Case ii. 2, Romelio says, " Take up
the body and convey it To St* Sebastian's monastery/*

SEBASTIAN, SAINT, TOWER OF* A tower, ap-
parently near to the Porta del Popolo. which is at the
N* end of the Corso at Rome, and was the gate through
which the Flaminian Way entered the city* There is a
Porta di San Sebastianp at the extreme South of the
city where the old Appian Way comes in* It was a fine
gate, flanked with a cotiple of towers* Probably Barnes
was a little confused m his topography when, in his
Charter ii* i, Alexander orders Castflian to ** fortify
upon the tower of St* Sebastian afirotmng that port
where protxi C&arles should enter, calkd Santa Maria
cKPopoIo/*

SECHEM, or SHECHEM (the present NABLOOS). A
town lying in the valley between mts* Ebal and Gerizan,
in the centre of Palestine, 6 m* Sotith-E* of Samaria*
Here Abraham encamped when he first entered the land
of Canaan (Gen. aai* 6, 7)* Jacob's Well aad Josephs
Tomb are in its immediate neighbourhood* Mfltoai
P* £* xiL 136, says of Abraham * ** I see his tents
Pitched about Seckem/*

SEDAN* A town in N* France on the right bank of the
Mettse* 130 m* NJB* of Paris* Dr* Johnson derives
the word S*-cnan* from the name of tfie town, but tfie
derivation Is taicertain* S*-chairs were mmxkiced into

459

SEDGELEY

England from Naples about 1634* la Brome's Sparagas
iv. if Sam says of Mrs. Brittleware : ** She's now gone
forth in one o* the new hand-litters ; what call ye it,
a S.£ " In i. 3, he spells it Sedam.

SEDGELEY, A town in South Staffe., abt. 10 m* N.W*
of Birmingham* The inhabitant were chiefly engaged
in blacksmith's work. It is associated with the S. Curse,
quoted below* It should be noted, however,, that
Middletpn, in City Madam ii. 2, quotes the curse with
the addition "as the Scotchman says/' In B* & F.
Prize v. 2, Jaques says, "A Sedgly curse light on fritt?
Which is, Pedro, The fiend ride through him booted
and spurred, with a scythe at his back/' In Suckling's
GMins iv Pdigin says, ** Now the Sedgly curse upon
thee ; The great fiend ride through thee booted and
spurred with a scythe on his neck/'

SEGQNTIACS. A tribe of the ancient Britons, whose
home appears to have been in Hants. In Fisher's
Fulmas iv. 4, Mandubratius says, " By me the Trino-
bants submit, and Segontiacs."

SEGOVIA. A city in Spain, in Old Castile, 45 m. N«W*
of Madrid* The cathedral, with its 3 naves, is one of the
finest in Spain, and the Roman aqueduct of 170 arches
is perhaps the most remarkable relic of the Romans in
the peninsula. The scene of B. & F. Ptfgrim is laid in
Segovia and its neighbourhood. It is an adaptation of
Lope 4e Vega*s El Peregrim m sua Patria. Act v. sc. 6
takes place m the cathedral.

SEINE, A river in N. France, rising m. the heights of
Langres, and flowing past Troyes, Paris, and Rotten in
a HJL direction to the sea, which it enters at Havre

— Archbp. of Surges brings word that Henry ** is
already landed At Kideocks in Normandy upon the
river of Sene, And laid his siege to the ganison town of
Harikw/* Kideocks is a curious attempt to render
Cfoef de Catoc, Dtayton, in Odes (1606) xii 6, says,
** At Caux» tfee mouth of S., With all ms martial train,
Lauded K. Harry.** In Marlowe's Massacre, p* 233,
Guise sa>%^ There are a htindred Protestants Which we
have chased ta» the river S/* la EL & F. Gentleman
Iv* 4, Marine says, ** !*ia€ all the water in tfee rmr S.
C^ w^h the bk)od om of these princely vefos^ In
Cartwrigbfs Ordimry i. 2, Moth exclaims, "I am
po% sow as fish m S/* wtee there is probably a pun
OQI tfee other meaning M seine, viz. a net*
SBLJ5IJCIA. A maritime city in R Syria, N. of the
aontfe of the Qrontes. It lay at the foot of Mt. Cory-
pfiaetmi, and was very strongly fortified* It was built
by Seleucus Nicator about the beginning of the 3rd
cent* B,C* It became the port of Antioch* In Tiberius
1824* Germanicus says of Tigramena : "Were it
Piretts or Seleucia, Germanicus would never leave
assault/'

SELIHUS. A city near the W. extremity of the South
coast of Sicily. Its extensive and striking ruins are
ca^ed Tom dei Puld. In Marlowe's Tomb. B. ir. 4,
Tamfotidaine compares himself to **an almond tree
yHpammted Mgh Upoa the lofty and celestial mt. Of
ewfef^faeg ^gifrHtg..^ The passage is taken from Spenser's
JP. Q. L % 33, where tfae Jbcm is Selinis*

~"EY* A fiftetg vilt in Sottfb-W. Sussex* near the
of S. Ml, ai*. 65 m, Sottta- W. of LoocL & was
— fa its crabs*, fctaers, and C^1C^*^ **

tfM Fool, was a spy, and distributed intel%ei2ce
•flM^i^^*^™^^

SENATE HOUSE. In ancient times there appear to have
been 3 Senacula or S. Houses at Rome — one near the
N.E. corner of the Forum, close to the Temple of
Concord; another beside the Porta Capena ; and a 3rd
near the Temple of BeUona. But in later times the S*
had no fixed place of meeting, but used various temples
for the purpose, such as those of Apollo on the Palatine,
of Concord, of Fides, and of Quirinus. The meeting at
which C&sar was murdered was held in the Theatre
of Pompeius* In Can, the S. H* is mentioned more than
I once ; and it is clear, from ii. a, that Shakespeare con-
ceivetHt to be in the Capitol, as is further shown by
/. C. ii. 4, 34, where Portia asks, " Is Caesar yet gone
to the Capitol t " and Ham iii* 2, 109, where Polonius
says, " I did enact Julius Caesar ; I was killed £* the
Capitol/*

SENE. See SEINE.

SENIR. The Amprite name for the Hermon range in
N. Palestine. Milton P. JL xii* 146, says of Abraham :
" His sons Shall dwell to S., that long ridge of hills/'
He is following / Chron. v. 23, but he misunderstands
tfae phrase "S. and Mt. Hermon/7 which means
** S., that is, Mt* Hermon," and makes the S. range
distinct from Herman, and further South. Cf. .Dear*
iii* 9, "Hermon the Sidonians call Sirion, and the
Amorites call it S/*

SEHNAAR. The Vtdgate form of Shinar, the Hebrew
name for the whole of Babylonia, possibly derived from
an early form of tfae Babylocuan name Stimer. M&toa
P. L» iii. 467, speaks of ** Tlie btakkrs next of Babe!
on the plain Of Sensaar."

SENOYS. See SIENNA.
SENTHEE* See SANCTTJAHY.

SEPHER (i-e, SEPPHORIS). A town in Upper Gahlee,
10 m. W. of Mt. Tabor. It came into prominence during
t&e reign of Herod toe Gt* ; it was made the capital of
Galilee in the time of Herod Antipas, and was known
later as Djocaesareia. It is represented by the vilL of
Sephprieh, 5 m. N. of Nazareth. In Greene & Lodge's
Looking Glass v., Jonas says to Rasni, " As the kids that
feed on Sepher plains So be the seed and offspring of
your loins/' The quartos read Lepher ; Dyce suggested
! Sepher, the Vulgate spelling of the Shapher in Numbers
1 xxxiii. 23, but this Shapher is a mtn. in the Desert of
the Wanderings ; I thrnk Sepphoris is more likely to
have been intended.

SEPULCHRE. The ctu of the Holy S* in Jerusalem,
which was much frequented by pilgrims* It stands on
j the E. side of Christian St*, in the NJW. of the city,
The original cfa. was erected by Constantine's order in
AJD. 333 ? & ^as greatly damaged by fire in 1808. It
contains t*ot only the supposed s. of our Lord, but
also Mt* Calvary, tfese Pillar of Scourgmg, and many
otter cqtta% dubiotis sites* Its recovery from the
Saracem was the avowed object of the Crusades* In
Leo* A&mt xxxiii*, Rkhard says, " I will to Palestine
And pay my TOWS before the S/* In Rs ii. i, 55, Gaunt
speaks of ** the s. in stubborn Jewry Of die world's
jaasom, blessed Mary's son/' In H# A* L i, i$, the
K* announces his purpose to lead an Ffogl^gfr force " As
lar as ID the s. of Chrst/* In Webster's W«atet L i,
K. Louis says* ** Are not our vows already registered
Upon the unvalued s. of Christ ^ " Louis DC vowed a
in 2244, but was not able to go to Palestine

460

SEPULCHRE'S, SAINT

to be "last protector of the Sepulcher Of Juries
God and crucified King*" In J* Heywood's Four PP.
i, 14, the Palmer says/ " At Hierusalem have I been
Before Christ's blessed Sepulchre/'

SEPULCHRE'S, SAINT (Pr. = Pulcher). A ch. in
Lond*, on the N* side of Newgate St. between Giltspur
St* and Snow Hill, diagonally opposite to the old New-
gate Prison, now the new Central Criminal Court. It
was originally built in the isth cent*, and named in
honour of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem. It was
rebuilt in the middle of the i5th cent*, and the square
tower with its 4 corner spires, and the fine South-E.
porch, are probably part of the ch. then erected* It
was partially destroyed in the Gt. Fire, and repaired
under Wren's direction* Since then it has suffered
many restorations* The name was pronounced with the
accent on the 2nd syllable, and is commonly abbre-
viated to St. Pr's. It had a clock in the tower, and a fine
peal of bells* The graveyard was much used in the
years when the Plague raged in Land, In 1605 a certain
Robert Dowe left money to provide for the ringing of a
passing-bell at St. S. when prisoners from Newgate
were executed; and also for the visitation of the
prisoners by the bellman on the night preceding their
execution, when he rang his bell and recited the follow-
ing doggrel : " Ail ye that in the condemned hold do
lie, Prepare you, for tomorrow you shall die j Watch
all and pray, the hour is drawing near That you before
the Almighty must appear ; Examine well yourselves,
in time repent, That you may not to eternal flames be
sent* And when St. Pr's* bell tomorrow tolls, The
Lord above have mercy on your souls. Past 12 o'clock*"
The poor wretches, on their way to Tyburn, were also
addressed as they passed the cL, and presented with
a nosegay* In the description of the execution of
Humphrey Lloyd (1607) we are told : ** When he was
being drawn in the cart with others toward execution,
and all the carts being stayed before St* S* ch*, where the
most Christian and charitable deed of Master Doove
at every such time is worthily performed, etc*" Jonson,
in Voyage, says, ** Cannot the Plague-bill keep you back,
nor bells Of loud S* with their hourly knells 4 " Dekker,
in Wonderful Year, says, ** The 3 bald sextons of
limping St* Giles, St. S*, and St* Olaves, ruled the roast
more hotly than ever did the triumviri of Rome/'
Middleton, in Black Book, p. 25, speaks of sheets
" smudged so dirtily as if they had been stolen by night
out of St* Pr's. churchyard," where they would have
been used as shrouds for the dead*

In Jonson's Devil v. 5, Shackles tells how Pug has
blown down part of the prison at Newgate and ** left
Such an infernal stink and steam behind You cannot
see St. Pr's* steeple yet*" In his Epicoene iv. 2, Truewit
tells Dawe that Sir Amorous was so well armed ** you
would think he meant to murder all St* Pr's. parish."
Dekker, in Hornbook iv., advises the gallant to set his
watcfc by St* Paul's, ** which, I assure you, goes truer
, by 5 notes than St* S. chimes." Taylor Works ii* 81,
says that Coryat's fame "shall ring Louder than St*
Pr's. bell/* In Old Meg, p. i, we are told, " Never had
St* S. a truer ring of bells " than the Hereford Moms-
dancers*

SERBONIAN BOG, or LAKE SERBONIA* A huge
quicksand on the Coast of Egypt, E* of the Pelusiac
mouth of the Nile, at the loot of Mt* Casius* It is
now almost dried up ; but Diodorus i. 30, relates that
Darius Ochus lost his army there In 350 B*c« Milton

SERRALIQNA, or SIERRA LEONE

P. L, ii* 592, compares Hell to " that Serbonian bog
Betwixt Damietta and Mt. Casius old Where armies
whole have sunk***

SERES* The name of the people inhabiting N.W*
China* Heylyn says, ** China is thought to have been
the ancient habitation of the S., who, being excellent
in the weaving of silks, which they made of a fine wool
growing on the leaves of trees, occasioned all sflks to
be called Serica/' In Lyly's EndymionL 3, Sir Thopas
says, ** I go clothed with artillery ; it is not silks, nor
tissues, nor the fine wool of Ceres." In his Sapho iiL i,
Pandion says, ** The S. wool being softest and whitest
fretteth soonest and deepest/* In Nero iv* i, Nero says
to Poppaea, 4* The S* and the feathered tram of Ind
Shall their fine arts and curious labours bring*** Lyly,
in Euphues England, p. 374, says, ** The softness of wool
which the S* send sticketh so last to the skin that » , *
it fetcheth blood/* Rabelais, in Pantagruel iii. 51, speaks
of ** the lanific trees of S***

SERIAN* Possibly means connected with the Serapeum,
the temple of Serapis at Alexandria, founded by Ptolemy
Soter, and reputed to be second only to the Capitol
at Rome* It was destroyed by Theodosius in AJX 389.
In Chapman's Blind Beggar ix* 102, Leoa says, ** As
I was walking through the Serian groves I saw the
desperate Count * * * Hy through the deserts to the
Memphic shades/*

SERICANE. The country of the Seres, q.v. In Gas-
coigne's Steel Glass 768, we read of the luxurious
courtiers : " For whom soft silks do sail from Sericane.**
Milton P. L. iii. 438, speaks of ** the barren plains of
Sericana, where Chinese drive With sails and wind
their cany waggons light,"

SEREPHOS. One of the islands of the Cyclades in the
<32gean Sea, between Cythnos and Sfphnos* It Is abt,
12 m* in circumference* The Roman Emperors used
it as a place of banishment for criminals* Gosson, in
School of Abuse, p* 29 (Arber), says, ** They that are
born in Seriphos * . . where they see nothing but
foxes and hares, will never be persuaded that there are
huger beasts."

SERJEANTS INN. A building in Lond* for the lodging
of the Serjeants-at-Law and the Judges* The ist
S. L was in Chancery Lane, on the E. side, dose to
Fleet St* The site is now occupied by the Law Union
and Rock Life Insurance Company's building* The
and I* was at 50 Fleet Stv where now is the Norwich
Union Life Office. It was destroyed in the Gt» Fire,
and on its site the Amicable Assurance Society's premises
were erected* It was so near to Ram Alley that the
judges protested more than, once against the annoyance
caused to them by the stench and smell of the tobacco
smoked there. The Society of S* was dissolved m 1876,
and their property sold* The portraits, coats of arms,,
and plate, were bought by Serjeant Cox, and trans-
ferred to his home at MiH HilL Machines Dwnb Knight
was published "by William Sheares at his shop in
Chancery Lane near S.I* 1633.** T* Heywood's Hogsdon
was "printed by M*P. for Henry Shaphard and are to be
sold at his shop in Chancery Lane at the sign of the
Bible between S. L and Fleet st. 1638." The Tragedy
of Mariam was ** printed by Thomas Creede for
Richard Hawkins, and are to be sold at his shop in
Chancery Lane, near unto Sargeants Inne* 1613***

SERRALIONA, or SIERRA LEONE* A cape on the
W* coast of Africa, abt. 500 m* N.W. of Cape Palnaas.
The name is also applied to the dist, round the cape,

SESSE

which became a British colony in 1787* Milton, P.I«
x. 703, describes the rush of the South winds "Notus
and Afer, black with thunderous clouds, From Serra-
liona/' Hexham, in Mercator ii. 426, says, " Sierra
Liona Is * . . a very high mt. . * * from whence there
COOKS fearful noises and great tempest/'

SESSE (Le. SESSA, the old SUESSA AURUNCA). A town in
Italy in the Terra di Lavoro, 30 nu N. of Naples, and a
few m. from the coast of the Gulf of Gaeta. In B. & F.
Doable Mar. L 2, Ferrand says, " There rides a pirate
near, The D. of Sesse, my enemy and this country's " ;
Le. Naples. The D. finaily takes Naples and kills the
tyrant Ferrami

SES TOS. A town in the Thracian Cherso0esus, on the
European side of the Hellespont, at its narrowest part,
opposite to Abydos. Its site is E. of the fort of Kilid
Bahr. According to the well-known legend, Leander
used to swim die Hellespont from Abydos to S* to see
Hero, who guided him by a light placed in her tower*
He was finally drowned in one of his nocturnal efforts
to reach his lady-love. The story gained wide currency
in Elizabethan times through Marlowe's treatment of
it in his Hero and Leander. The straits are about a
mile wide at this point ; and it was here that Xerxes
built his bridge of boats for his army to cross over into
Europe* Marlowe, in Hero and Leander i., says, *' On
Hellespont * * . z cities stood, The one Abydos, the
other S. hight. At S. Hero dwelt/' Chapman, in his
oxsipletioa of Marlowe's Poem in 1598, divided it into
6Sestiads, withasortof playontfaeword. Injouson's
Bartkol. v* 3, Leatherhead quotes the above passage,
but says it is too learned and poetical for his audience ;
and so, in his puppet-play, he says, ** At the Bankside
is our S.," and his Leander swims the Thames from
Puddle-Wharf to the Bankside* In Ed . /// ii. 2, the K,
says to the Countess of Salisbury, " I will through a
Hellespont of blood To arrive at Cestus where my Hero
lies/' In Shrew, Has*, p. 497, one of the characters in
which is the D. of Cestus, Poiidor says to Aurelius,
"Welcome from Cestus, famous for the love Of
good Louder and his Tragedy/' In B, & R Maid
in MM iv. i, Aminta says, ** Sir, yx>ttr Hymen-taper
Hi light up isr you; the window shall show you
the way to S." Nash, in Lenten* p. 317, says of
Leapder: **At S* was his soul/* W. Smith, in
Ckloris (1596) xvii. 4, says of Leander: "Through
Hellespont be swam to Cesfos main " ; and in xxv. 9,
** Love made Leander pass the dreadful fiood Which
Cestos from Abydos doth divide/* The author of
Zepfaeria (1594) viii* 10, speaks of ** the light which
Sestyan Hero showed Arm-finned Leander to direct in
waves/' In Mason's Mulleasses 1839, Timoclea says,
"Now like the Sestian maid May I court Leander
swimming in my arms/*

SETHIN. May be a misprint for Scythian or Syrian,
though Wagner's conjecture **sedarn/r if. cedarn,
makes the best sense. In Greene's Friar viii., Edward
speaks of ** Frigates bottomed with rich Sethin planks,
Topt with th« lofty firs of Lebanon." See Sir A*
Ward's note on Ms passage,

SETIA. An ancient town in Latzum, now Sezge, 40 m,
South-E. of Rome, Its wine was greatly esteemed in
tlse ist pent* JLB^ and was said to have been brought
^s$&iiQ>iice liy Ajd^usctjs* Mittof^J^J?*!^ 117, referring
to the Roman epicures, speaks of "Their wines of
Setia, Caks, and Faleme,"

SEUTA.

SEVILLE

SEVERN (Sa. = Sabrina}* The longest river in England
except the Thames. It rises on the E. flank of Plin-
limmon in Montgomeryshire, and fiows in a semi-
circular course of abt* 200 m. past Welshpool, Shrews-
bury, Tewkesbury, and Gloucester, into the Bristol
Channel, which forms its estuary* The British name
was Hafren, which the Romans transliterated into Sa.
From the name the legend arose that Sa*, the daughter
of Locrine, was drowned in the river by Gwendolen,
the 2nd wife of Locrine* The story of Sa/s death is
told in the last Act of Locrine, where Gwendolen says,
" Because this river was the place Where little Sabren
resolutely died, Sabren for ever shall the same be called/'
Sa* appears as the nymph of the river in Milton's
Comas, where her death is related, and she is described
(825) as ** a gentle nymph that with moist curb Sways
the smooth S* stream/* In Fisher's Fuimns ii. 5,
Belinus speaks of the S. as " That boiling stream where
Sabrine lost her breath/* In Dekker's Northward ii. i,
Doll says, ** Look how Sa* sunk i' th* river S/r Milton
Vac. Ex. 96, calls it " S. swift, guilty of maiden's death/'
Spenser, in the river list F*Q. iv, n, 30, calls it
** the stately S/* Drayton, in Idea (1594) xxxii. 2, says,
*' Stately S. for her shore is praised/* Spenser, F. Q.
ii. lo, 14, says that Camber possessed the Western part
of Britain ** Which S* now from Logris doth depart **" ;
Logris meaning England* In W. Rowley's Shoemaker
iii» 2, 185, Sir Hugh says, " There's not a crag beyond
the S, fiood But I have held against the Roman foes/'
In Cym* iii. 5, 17, Cymbeline orders : " Leave not the
worthy Luciiis Till he have crossed the S/' In Death
Hmtzngton ii. 2, young Brian speaks of ** the Lord of
the March That lies on Wye, Lug, and the S. streams/'
In #4 A, i 3, 98, Hotspur tells of the fight between
Mortimer and Glendower " on the gentle S/s sedgy
bank/' and bow they drank 3 times ** of swift S/s
flood," In iiL i, 66, Glendower boasts: "Thrice
from th« banks of Wye And sandy-bottomed S* have
I sent him [K* Henry] Bootless home/' In the following
proposal for the division of England, Glendower's
share is ** from Trent ana S* hitherto All westward,
Wales beypod ttie S* shore/' In Wilkins' Enforced
Marriage ii. 2, the Clown comes on weeping, and
exclaims : ** Mine eyes are S., plain S. ; the Thames
nor the river of Tweed are nothing to them " ; where
the S. is regarded as longer than the Thames, which it
is, if the Bristol Channel be counted as its mouth.

SEVERRE (Le. ST. SEVER). A city in South-W. France,
in the department of Landes, abt* 80 in. South of
Bourdeaux. It was twice taken during the wars of the
i6th cent. In Chapman's Trag. Byron v. i, Byron says
of Picote : ** I only did employ him * * , for the re-
duction Of Severre to the service of the K/'

SEVILLE* One of the most important cities in Spain,
on the left bank of the Guadalquiver, 355 m* South-W.
of Madrid. It was the capital of the Roman Province
of Baetica, and the Roman aqueduct, with its 410 arches,
was used until quite recently to bring water to the city.
In the 5th cent* the Vandals had their Court there. The
Moors took it in 714, and it remained in their hands till
1248, when it was taken by Ferdinand III. The Moorish
occupation has left its mark on the appearance of the
city, and the Moorish Mace, called the Akasar, begtm
in ri8i, ranks next to the Alhambra of Granada, as an
example of Moorish architecture. The Cathedral of
Sta* Maria de k Sede is the next largest in Europe after

St. Peter's at Rome, It was begun in 1403 and i

in 1519. The Giralda, or Bell-lower, is of Moorish

SHADWELL

construction, and dates from the i2th cent* It has long
been famous for its olive-oil, silks, and oranges* The
pun on S. and Civil was too obvious to be missed by
the Elizabethans, from Shakespeare downwards*

Hycke, p* 88, claims to have been "in Spayne,
Portyngale, Sevyli, also in Almayne/*" In Marlowe's
Jew iv* i, Barabas has debts owing ** In Florence,
Venice, Antwerp, Lond*, S/' In Look About xxxiii.,
Skink says of a Spaniard ; 4* Rivo will he cry and Castile
too, And wonders in the land of S* do/' InT*Heywood's
Challenge ii. i, the Clown says, M The most beauties of
Spain have been oft in Civill," with a pun on uncivil*
In Dekker's Match me i*, Cordolante says, " Horses
well forthwith hire And quick to Sivett/' In Stocky
3154, Philip says, " Come, lords, to horse ; to Cyvflt
lies our way/* In Ford's Sacrifice i* a, D'Avolos says
of RoseilH : " I hear he departed towards Beneventp,
detennining to pass to S*, minding to visit IMS cousin
in the Spanish court/' In Middleton's Gipsy ii. i,
Alvarez says, ** Does Madrill yield no money t S* shall*
Is S* close-fisted s1 Valladoly is open/' la Jonson's
New Inn iv* 2, Tipto says of the visitors t ** They are
[Spaniards] have been at S* in their days, And at Madrid
too/' In B* & F* Care ii, i, Metaldi addresses Pachieco
as ** my most ingenious cobbler of S*" In their Rule a
Wife i* 6, Estifania says of her furniture : ** I have,
besides, as fair as Sevil, Or any town in Spain, can
parallel/* In Webster's Law Case ii* i, Sanitonella
tells of " Don Crispiano, the famous corregidor of S*,
who by his mere practice of the law hath gotten 30*000
ducats a year/'

In Haughton's Englishmen ii* 2, Pisaro reads from a
letter : We have sent unto your Worship sack, S* oils,
pepper, Barbary sugar/' In Cromwell Hi. 3, Hales says,
** They that are rich in Spain spare belly-food To deck
their backs with an Italian hood And silks of Civill/*
Nash, in Strange News, Works ii* 382, says, ** For the
order of my Me, it is as civil as a Civil orange/* In
Ado ii. i, 304, Beatrice says, " The Count is neither
sad, nor sick, nor merry, nor well ; but civil, Count,
civil as an orange and something of that jealous com-
plexion " ; yellow being the colour of jealousy. In
verses prefixed to Coryafs Crudities (1611), Bastard
says, ** Thy name shall live nor be forgotten When
Sivfl oranges be rotten*" In Rowley's AITs Lost L 3, 38,
Jaques says of Margaretta : ** She has cried oranges
the most of her time here in Civill ; now a fine orange
for her crest, with Civillity written round about it,
would speak wondrous well*" In Apias, Haz*, iv* 151,
Haphazard says, ** He never learned his manners in
Sivill/' £*e* he is an uncivil wretch* S* is the scene of
B* & F* Zone's Core, Rawlins' Rebellion, and Lady
Alimony* The scene of W* Rowley's Airs Lost is partly
laid in S*, but this is an error ; the Court of Roderick,
the last of the Visigothic Kings of Spain, in whose
reign this play is supposed to take place, was at Toledo*

SHADWELL* A parish on the N* bank of the Thames,
between Wapping and Limehouse* Like most ports, ft
had an unsavoury reputation* In Jensen's Magnetic ii* i,
Polish says, ** Have you an oar in the cockboat, *cause
yott are a sailor's wife and come from S* i ** laLatmck-
ing we read : ** The East Indian gates stand open wide
to entertain the needy and the poor * * * Ratcliffe
cannot complain * * * nor S* crj against their niggardli-
ness/1' In Webster's Cuckold ii* 3, Compass mentions
Limehouse and S* as amongst the suburbs of Loud.;
where suburb means a haunt of loose women.

SHEPPEY

SHALCAN* The name of one of the Tartar tribes, but
I cannot exactly identify it. In Dekker's // it bef
277* Rufiman says, "A shalcan Tartar being my
grandfather, Men call me Shalkan Bohor/'
SHARON* The dist* on the coast of Palestine, stretching
some 55 m*, from Jqppa to Mt* Carmel, It is famous
for the variety and beauty of its wild flowers* In Song
of Solomon ii* i, the Shulamite says, " I am the rose
of S*" ; an unfortunate translation, which has given
currency to the idea that S* is fertile in roses, which is
not the case ; the word means the White Narcisstas.
Herrick, in School or Pearl of Putmyf speaks of ** S*,
where eternal roses grow " ; and in Ode to Nicholas
Herrick, of ** S*, where a spring Of roses have an
endless flourishing."

SHEARS, THE* The sign of a carriers* inn at St.
Albans* In Oldcastle v* 5, 12, the Constable reports :
44 A lusty priest we found in bed yonder at the Sheeres/*
SHEBA* See SABA*

SHEEN* The old name of Richmond, Surrey, q,v.
Henry I had a palace here, and Chaucer was clerk of
works to the Palace in the reign of Richd* II* In 1449
it was burnt down, but Henry VII rebuilt it and named
it Richmond after his earldom. It was partly pulled
down by Parliament during the Commonwealth, and its
destruction was completed in the next cent* Chaucer,
in Legend of Good Women 497, says, ** When this book
is made, give it the Q. On my behalfe, at Eltham, or at
Sheene/* In Trag. Richd. II iv* 2, 41, in answer to
Woodstock's question ** Where lies the Q., Sir £ " a
servant says, ** At S*, rny lord ; most sick and so much
altered As those about her fears her sudden death/'
Fuller, Holy State x*, says that Richd. II ** so fervently
loved Anna of Bohemia, his Q., that when she died at
S* in Surrey he both cursed the place and also out of
madness overthrew the whole home*" Anne died there
in June 1394* In Cromwell i. 2, Cromweli says he will
one day build a palace " As fine as is K. Henries home
at S*" Fynes Moryson, in Itiner. (1617), mentions the
K/s palace of S*

SHEER LANE, £.e* Shire Lane* In Lond., running
South from Little Lincoln's Inn Fields into Fleet St*,
| close by Temple Bar* It acquired a very disreputable
character, and in spite of the change of name to Lower
Serle's Place in 1845, it retained it, until it was swept
away altogether by the erection of the new Law Courts*
In this Lane was the famous Trumpet Tavern. In
Wise Men ii. 4, Antonio says, ** Go to Mrs. Sylvester
in Sheerelane, desire her to lend me a pair of sheets/'
SHEFFIELD* A town in the South part oftlieW. Riding
Yorks, on the rivers Don and Rother, abt* 160 iru N* of
LoncL The Lordship of S* was in the Fumival family
in the reign of Richd. I; in 1406 it passed to the
Talbots* The manufacture of cutlery dates from the
earliest times and is still the staple business of the town.
In H& A. iv. 7, 66V Talbot is described as "Lord
Fumival of S/* In Chaucer's C* T. A* 3933, the Reeve
says of the Miller: "A S, thwitel baar he in his hose/'
In Dekker's Edmonton ii* 2, Someron says, " See, the
bridegroom and bode come; the new pair of S*
knives, fitted both to one sheath/' I ^tryham, ia Letter
38, describes the andent minstrel with **a pair of
capped S* knives hanging at the side*** Nash, in L&tim
iii. 178, says, ** Tell me if o*ar English sconces be not
right S* or no/*

SHEPPEY* An Maud in Kent, on the South side of the
estuary of the Thames, separated from the mainland
by a branch of the Medway. Sheerness stands at its

SHERRIS

N.W. extremity* It is just opposite to Faversham. In :
Feversham ii* i, Bradshaw says, ** Master Greene, I'll |
leave you, for I must to the ile of Sheppy with speed*"
In iii. 6, Lord Cheiny says to Arden, " You are a
stranger, man, in the ile of Sheppy."

SHERRIS (Sy* = Sherry), XERES or JEREZ, specifically
JEREZ DE LA FRONTERA. A town in Spain in the province
of Andalusia, 16 m. N.E. of Cadiz. It gave its name to
S* Sack or S* wine, which came to be called briefly S»,
and then, from a mistaken notion that S* was a plural,
Sy. In H4 B. iv. 3, in, Fatstaff indulges in a eulogy
of ** a good S. sack," which later he describes as " an
excellent S." In Jonsonrs Burthol. v* 3, Okes says,
44 Sack I you said but e'en now it should be sy." ; and
Jonas replies : w Why,soitis; sy.w InbisNewInnL i,
the Host says, ** Be merry and drink sy. ; that's my
posy." In Middletoti's Mad World v. i., Sir Bounteous
cries : " Some sy* for my lord's players there I " See
also XERES.

SHERRYES. See SHERRIS, XERES*

SHERWOOD. A forest in the centre of Notts*, between
Mansfield and Kneesai. It is chiefly famous as the
resort of Robin Hood and his comrades. In Massinger rs
New Way i. 3 (the scene of which is the country round
S*} Furnace says, M There came last night from the
forest ofS. the fattest stag I ever cooked/' Injocson's
Love's Welcome, which was performed at Weibeck in
Horn, Accidence speaks of " odd tales Of our outlaw,
Robin Hood, That revelled here in S/* In Monday's
2 plays OKI the Downfall and the Death of Robert, Earl
of Himtrngton, the Earl Is called, in the title, " Robin
Hood of merry Sherwoods/' In the Downfall ii. 3,
Robin says, ** I am resolved To keep in S. till the K/s
return/' The name was so familiar that it came to be
used genetically for any forest. Phaer, in trans* of
Aeneid (1563) renders Lucus ingens by " The shirwood
great*

SHIETER-HUISSEN* See SCHEOTR HOTSSEK*
SHIP. A tavern sign in Loud. There was a S* tavern in
fins Strand fust outside Temple Bat* at tiic comer of
Mttk Shire Lane ; aiK^her at Oiaring Cross, and a ^rd
by the Exchange. In T. Heywood^s L&crece ii. 5,
Vaferitis siogs : " To the S, the merchants go." In the
list of IimslxNe&s Barthol. Fmr we find, ** The Wind-
mill at Lothbury, the S. at the Exchange/*

SHIPWRECK. The sign of a tavern in Lond* InDekker's
NortJmard ii. i, Doll says, ** So will we 4 be drunk f
th* Shipwreck Tavern/'

SHITENS. A coarse attempt at a pun on the name of
the Scythians* In Locrine ii. 3, 61, Strumbo says, ** By
the common soldiers of the Shitens, the Sdthians —
what do you call them < — [the city] with all the suburbs
were burnt to the ground/'

SHOE LAKE. A st. in Lond*, running N* from Fleet St
opposite St. Bride's Ch., to Holborn. It is older than
Fleet St. itself, and is mentioned as Vicus de Solande
in the reign of John* It became successively Scholond,
Scholane, and then, by Hobson-Jobson, S. L, Here the
IDotnizxicaii Friars ha^ their first Loud* settlement in
f&e igtfa cent. Sir Henry Wootton, in. 1633, speaks of a
visit he paid to ** the Cockpit in S. L/' The Gt. Fire
sweptitallawayexcepttheN. end where St. Andrew's
Ch* stood ; but the dbu was pulled down abt* 10 years
later, aad tibe constnsction^of the Holborn Viaduct has

f*ffMtwfimff$'&$. fyi^ ^f^'|^i!Mwyy^^|^s|nytl IQJ[ tfeat eUfcoi Ost to^ T^ ^n

S.L^liv^d John Florio, the translatcc of Montaigne, and

SHOOTERS HILL

in Gunpowder Alley, leading off it, Lilly the astrologer
lived, and Lovelace the poet died. In Ret. Pemass.
L 4, Philomusus says, ** Let our lodging stand here
filthy [^fitiy] in Shooe-1*, for, if our comings in be not the
better, Lond* may shortly throw an old shoe after us/'
In Barry's Ram iii* 2, Throate says, ** Let the coach
stay at S. L* end " ; and later in the scene Smallshanks
says, " Come, we will find her ; Let's first along S* Ln
then straight up Holbom/' In Middleton's It. G* iii. 3,
when Dapper escapes from the Serjeants in Holborn,
Curtlax cries : " Run down S. L, and meet him*"
S. L. was tibe home of the designers of rude woodcuts
and signs. In Whimsies (1631) we read of " a Sussex
dragon, some sea or inland monster, drawn out by
some S. L. man/' In Nabbes' Presentation for Prince
(1638) the almanarfr-rnafrgr says, ** Instead of Shoelane
hangings, may the walls of my house be painted with
chalk."

SHOEMAKERS HALL, or CORDWABSfERS HALL*
TheH,oftheGuildofCordwainersinLond* TheGuild
was incorporated in 1410, and had 3 successive halts on
the same site, at what is now 7 Cannon St., on the
N. side, between Old Change and Friday St* It is abt.
300 yards from St* Martins-le-Grand. The present H*
was built in 1788* Lyly, in Pappe with an Hatchett,
Eliz* Pampk.? p* 56, charges Martin Marprekte with
having drawn Divinity from " the Colleges of Oxford
and Cambridge to Shoemakers Hall in Sanct Martin's/'

SHOOTERS HILL. A steep hfll, formerly very narrow
and overshadowed with trees, abt. 7 m* out of Lond. on
the Grreat Dover Road, just beymd Charltaa. It was a
notorious haunt of fTtg^wsyfTKy1, and in the time of

Richd. II was widened to make it safer, but with little
effect. In 1733 the gradient was lessened and the road
sligfctfy diverted ; bit tiie foc^pad's trade continued to
flourish ttfitfl the beginning of the iQth cent* In
J. Heywood's Weather, p* 100, Merry Report claims
to have been ** at Suc&ury, Southampton, at S* H/'
In Fair Women iL 220, Old John is met by Bean, who
is going from Loud* to Greenwich, and says he is on
Ills way ** to drive home a cow and a calf that is in my

464

In Hyck&f p. 90, the hero tells us that 111 Will is
** Brother to Jack Puller of Shoters hyll." Again, p. 96,
Imaginacton says, " Well, fellows, now let us go our
way For a' Shoters hyll we have a game to play*"
Again, p. 104, Frewyll says, ** If I might make 3 good
voyages to Shoters hyl Then would I never travel the
sea more/* In Gldcastle L 3, Butler says, " Coming o'er
S.-H*, there came one to me like a sailor and asked my
money. I was never so robbed in all my life." In iii, 4,
Sir John, the parson-higjrwayman, says, ** God-a-
mercy, neighbour S. H., you ha' paid your tithe
honestly." This was after a successful highway robbery »
In Mayne's Match iii. 4, Plotwell says, if his uncle
marries, " The sleight tipon the cards, the hollow die,
Park Corner, and S, H*, are my revenue/' Stubbes, in
Anat. of Abuses (1583), p. 53, speaks of men who mort-
gage their lands, and then take to robbery " on Suters h*
and Stangate hole with loss of their lives at Tiburne in
a rope/* Dekker, in Bdtmm, says, " All travellers are
so beaten to the trials of this law [i.e. the law of highway
robbery] that, if they have but rode over S* H. or
Salisbury Plain, they are perfect in the principles of it,"
In Fair Women ii* 782, the ist lord says, 4* A csrtae!
murther's done Near S. H., and here's a letter eossae
From Woolwich * * . Noting the manner ann! tfce
marks of him That did that impious deed." Hafl, in

SHOREDITCH

Sat. vju i, 67, says that the traveller hopes that w The
vale of Standgate, or the Suters hv Or western plains,
are free from feared ill/'

SHOREDITCH* A parish in N.E. Lond., lying South of
Old St., between City Road and Betbnall Green* The
S. High St. is a continuation of Norton Folgate as far
as the corner of Old St* and Hackney Road* The name
was erroneously derived from a story that the famous
Jane Shore died there ; but we read, in Piers B. 13, 340,
of a certain Dame Krntme "of Shordyche," which
sufficiently disproves this derivation; although it is
perpetuated by the Jane Shore tavern at 103 S. High
Sk, and is supported by T* Heywood's Ed. IV B.,
where Catesby says, after relating the deaths of Shore
and his wife, " The people for ever mean to call the
ditch Shores ditch in the memory of them." The name
was originally Soerdich, and is derived from the name
of the Lords of the Manor, one of whom, Sir John de
Soerdich, was a famous diplomatist in the reign of
Edward IIL

In W* Rowley's New Wonder v*, Foster's wife sags,
** The K. comes to see Master Brewen's hospital and
old St. Mary's spital here by S." Brewen's hospital
was on the N. side of Spital Sq., near the South end
of Norton Folgate* In Dekker's Westward iL 2, Mono-
poly says, " Fm to sup this night at the Lion in S." As
the High St, was part of the old Roman road to the N.,
it had many taverns for the accommodation of travellers*
The road was not too good, for in the account of the
preparations for the return of Charles I to Lond* in
1641 we read that the way from Kingsland to S. was
impassable for their Majesties " in regard of the depth
and foulness of it." In Niccholas' Marriage and Wiving
vi., we are told of the origin of the name of the spring
called ** Dame Annis a Clare," which is stated to be
" a spring near S." See ANNIS A CLERE. In Haughton's
Englishmen iv. z, Frisco, leading Delion and Alvaro on a
wild-goose chase through Lond. by night, says, ** We
are now at the farthest end of S*, for this is the may-
pole." If he means the famous Maypole in Leadenhali
St. they were certainly at the farthest end of S., and a
good deal farther I About 1604 one "Master John
Tyce, living near S* Ch*/' introduced the making of
taffetas, doth of tissue, velvets, and satins into Loud*
In S, were the first two Lond. playhouses, the Theatre
and the Curtain, go;* Many of the actors and play-
wrights lived in the parish, and were buried in the
church of St. Leonard, q.v. A fragment from the Bod-
leian Aubrey MS. 8 foL 45, says, " He was not a com-
pany keeper ; lived in S*, would not be debauched, and
if invited to write, he was in pain." This passage is
believed by Mr. Madan, Sir Sidney Lee, and Sir George
Warner to refer to Shakespeare. It is otherwise prob-
able that he lived in S. when he first came to Lond.

S. had the worst of reputations as a haunt of loose
women and bad characters generally, In Pilg. Pernass*
v. i, Phiiomusus says, " An honest man May chastely
dwell in unchaste Shordiche st." In Jonson's Ev* Man L
iv. 5, Bobadill says that his quarters have been " in
divers skirts f the town, as Tumball, Whitechapei, S/*
In his Demi L i, Iniquity proposes to Ptig to visit
44 &, WMtechapel, and so* to St* Kadiem's/' In Jack
Drum iL 359* Drum says, " *Tis easfer to find virginity
in S. than to hear of my mistress." In Randolph's
Msses iv. 3, Jtfstke Ninais talks with complacency of
the revenues he gels from CkxkenweM aid Tuiubal
44 with my Fickt-hatch grange and S* ferm." Nash,
in Wonderful Year (1591) says, "I find that the

SHREWSBURY

altitude of that place (Peticote Lane) and of S. are all
one elevated ; and a degrees, and under the zenith or
vertical point of Venus/* In his Pierce F. 4, he
says, "Examine how every 2nd house in S. is
maintained, and tell me how many she-inmates you
find." In Dekker's // it be 352, Pluto asks - The bawd
of S., is that hell-cat come 5"r Middktoa, in Hnbtmrd,
says, " S. was the only Cole-Harbotir and sanctuary for
wenches and soldiers/' In his No Wit Iv. 2, Sarsenet
says, 4* A man may smell her meaning, though his uose
wanted reparations and the bridge left at S." In his
Inner Tern* 172, Dr. Almanac says, ** Stand fortfe,
Shrove Tuesday 1 'tis in your charge to paE down
bawdy houses, cause spoil in S." Dekker, in GwTs
Almanac,, says, " Shrove Tuesday falfe on that day on
which the prentises pulled down the Cockpit and on
which they did always tsse to rifie Madam Leake's house
at the upper end of S/* The prentices had licence on
Shrove Tuesday to attack airy houses of ill-fame and
despoil them* £u Killigrew's Parson iv* z, Wanton says,
** Never to love, seldom enjoy, and always tell— fofe !
it stinks worse than S, dirt/' Hall, in Sat. L 9, an, asks :
" What if some S* fury should incite Some lust-stung
ktcher i " S. R., in Letting of Honour's Blood (1611),
mentions, " some coward gull That Is but champion to
a S. drab/' Marston, in Sat. L 4, says, " He'll cleanse
himself to S. ptyity/*1 InS.Rc^land*sJ?OKm»^<sI^afe»^
Glass (1608), his servant takes the Country Gull ** ustp
S*, where the whores keep hell." The title B* of S* is
said to have been sportively conferred by Henry VIII
on Bark), one of his guards, who lived in S.r for his skill
in archery ; and the custom of anntially conferring thrk
title was kept up till 1683* Hence the D. of S. means a
pinchbeck or imitation peer. Dekker, in News from
Hett, says that in Charon's boat " The D. of Gtiize and
the D. of S. have not the breadth of a bench between
them/' In his Armourers he says, " Arrows flew fesfer
than they did at a cat in a basket, when Prince Arthur
or the D. of S* struck up the drum in the field/' In
Jonson's Devil iv. 3, Wittipol says to Manly, "Well
leave you here To be made D* of S* with a project/*
In The Poor Man's Petition (1603) am., it is asked,
*4 Good K*, make not good lord of Lincoln D. of Shote-
ditche/*

SHORLOW. The residence of Lord Cheiny, in Kent, not
far from Faversham. In Feversham iL 6, Will says of
Arden : ** The Lord Cheiny bids him to a feast to his
house at S/* In iv. 4, Rede says, w He is coming from
S. as I understand ; here I'll intercept him/*

SHOTTERY*
reached by way of Rsother St* The

ttage,

sh

as Anne Hathaway/s, was first tenanted by the Hatfa-
aways in 1556, and was purchased by Anne's eldest
brother, Bartholomew, in 1610* It was almost certainly
to M^S cottase u2at jSn^ttrpgr^^p^ came coctrtxncj gi*ts

SHOWDAM THORP, or SHOULDHAM THORPE.
A vill. in Norfolk, near Downham, abt* 35 m» W. of
Norwich. In Day's B. Beggar iL, Strowd says, ** You-
der's old Simson's son of S. T/'

SHREWSBURY* The county town of Shropsk*, strongly
situated on a peninsula formed by a loop of the Severn,
138 m. N.W* of Lond. It was founded in the 5th cent*,
under the name of Pangwerne,. as a defence against the
Saxons; but it was captured by them and called
Scrobb€S"*byng* It was always important as a frontier
fortress, and was often besieged by the Welsh. The
Earldom was granted by William the Conqueror ID

SHROPSHIRE

Roger de Montgomery, who built the Castle and the
Abbey of SS. Peter and Paul, of both of which some
remains stOl exist. St* Mary's Ch* dates from the ipth
cent., and some fragments of the old city wall survive*
Edward I made it for a time the seat of his government,
and in 1283 a Parliament was held there, which tried
and condemned to death David, the last of the old
Princes of Wales. Richd. II also held a Parliament here
in 1398. The battle, in which Henry IV defeated the
rebels under the Earl of Northumberland, was fought
near S, on July ajrd, 1405. A Free Grammar School
was founded by Edward VI in 1551, which has attained
a high reputation, John Talbot was created Eari in
1442, and the title still remains in the Talbot family,
la V^L Wd$u L i, tfie Bardh says, " Octavian him-
self in person comes To S-, where the great Earl of
March The father of our valiant Welshman [t*£+
Caractacus] Himself doth bring to supplant treason,"
Of course, there was neither a S» nor an Earl of March
in the time of Caractacus* In Peele's Ed. /, p* 73, the
1C orders ** Messenger, hie thee back to S/* j and the
scene m which the execution of David is described takes
place there. The battle of SL is the subject of H4 A*
iv. i and 3, and v* 1—5* In itLx,86, the rebels arrange
to meet the Scottish power " at S/f In iii* 2, 166, we
learn from Blunt that " Douglas and the Knglfch rebels
met The nth of this month at S»" In £7. a, 59, Falstaff,
meeting Prince Hal, says, ** I thought your Honour had
already be«n at S/* In FT, 4, 10, the Arcfabp* says,
** Totaorrow * * * is a day Wherein the fortune of
10,000 men Must bide tiie touch ; IDC, Sir, at S. The
KL . . . Meets with Joed Ha*ry/f In v* 4, 151, Falstaff
relays how he fought " a long hour by S. dock " with
Hotspur. In #4 B* proL 34, we read of " that royal
field of S," In i* i, news of the battle is brought to
Northumberland by Bardolpfa, Travers, and Norton, in
stjccessiocu In L 2, 167, the Chief Justice says to
Falstaff, "Your day's service at S. hath a littk gikkd
o/er your mgbt's exploit on GadVhflL" In H6 A.
ii. 4* 27* ti*e K* says to Talbot, ** We her* create you
Bar! of S*** This is an anticipatioa ; the scene takes
place in 1432:, and Talbot was not created Bad till 1442.
I® tr. 7, 61, lie is properly spoken of, alter his death, as
^ ^^

SICILY

SHROUDS. The crypt of a ctu, specifically applied to the
chapel of St* Faith in St* Paul's Cathedral, Lond*
Sermons were preached there when the weather was
too bad for them to be delivered at the Cross* One of
Latimer's sermons was " preached in the Shroudes
at Pauls Ch. in Lpnd. on the i8th day of January anno
I548/' Hakluyt, in Voyages ii. i, 153 (1599), tells of ** a
ch, under the ground like to the shroudes in Pauls/*

SIBARIS.

The S. wfio appears m Mm was George, a great-
grandsoQ of tbe great EarL In True Tmg. v.,
** Lord Talbtit, tt* Earl of S* son and heir/' is nwsn-
tiocied as one of Richmond's helpers. This E probably
the same George Talbot ; he was Earl from 1473 to
1538* His son was Francis, but he was not old enough
in 1485 to have led troops to Richmond's aid* Ctoe of
the subordinate subjects of Lyiy's Endymon is a quarrel
between George Talbot, Earl of S., and fafe wife;
Geroa representing the Earl, and Dfpsas the Countess*
The boys of S* School are recorded to have given per-
formances of plays in a quarry outside the walls, under
tlieir master, Thomas Ashton, in the i6th cent, (see
Churchyard's Worthiness of Wales (reprint), p* 85).
Abcafeam Fratmce was a native of S,, and was educated
at the Grammar School*

SHROPSHIRE. Tbe county in England on the borders
of Wales* between CiKshire and Herefedsh* It shared
with Cheshire the reputation of producing the best
cheese in Enstel In Dekfcer*s Nwtkm&d ii. i,
Jenkfos says, * If you wifi go down with S* carriers,
you shall have Welsh enough m your pellies 40
weeks*" John Marston, die dramatist, belonged to a
S. *~ ^

466

SIBMA* A town in the land of Moab, E. of the Jordan,
4m.N*W*ofHeshboii; nowSuMiA. It was celebrated
for its vines, Milton, P* Z. i. 410, says that Chemosh
was worshipped in ** Ti^ flowery dale of Sibma clad
with vines.**

SICAMBRIANS* A fribe of Gauls, originally settled on
the E. bank of the Rhine, between the Sieg and the
Lippe, They made a vigorous resistance against
Tiberius, but were defeated, and 40,000 of them trans-
ferred to the region between the Meuse and the Rhine*
In Jonspn's Sejanas ui\ i, Silius says, " I have charged,
alone, into the troops Of curled Sicambrians, routed
them/* Jonsott borrows the epithet " curled " firom
Martial, who says they came " crinibus in nodum
tortis/*

SICANIAN (f^* SICILIAN)* 5ee SICILY* Cowley, in
Hits Mistress' Coldness iv., says, " Alphaeus found not
a more secret trace, His loved Sicanian fountain to
embrace ** ; i&+ the spring of Arethusa, g.i?.

SICHEM, or SICHEN* A town in Belgium in the
province of Limburg, 55 m* E* of Brussels. Burton
A. M. ii* i, 3, says, " Many mad peisons are daily cured
. * . by our Lady of Sichem, in the Low Countries/*
Hall, in Epp. L 5, astcs : " Why doth she £the Virgin
Mary] that cure at Zicfaem which at Halle she could
not*"

SICILY (Sa. « Sicilia, Sn. « SictHan, Ss* = SiciHes).
The large triangular island immediately South of Italy,
in the Mediterranean. It was renowned in ancient times
lor its fniitfulness, and was called the granary of the
world. One of its most striking natural features is the
.active volcano, JStna, which rises to a height of nearly
11,000 ft. The most ancient inhabitants were the Siculi,
who appear to have crossed the Straits of Messina from
Italy. PhcEoician colonies were founded on the N. and
N.W. coasts at an early date, and were soon followed by
Greek colonies, chiefly on the South and E, coasts* One
of the earliest of the Greek tyrants was Phalaris of
Agrigentum, who was said to have constructed a braaen
bull in which he immolated the victims of his suspicion,
and in which he himself was ultimately roasted to death*
Syracuse rose to be the most powerful of the Greek
cities, and successfully repelled the attack of the
Athenian expedition in 415 BX*; Syracuse being a
Dorian colony fram Corinth, and so opposed to Athens
intiiePeiopcmnesiaQWar, Dionysius began his splendid
reign there £n 405, in the course of which he drove back
die C^rtfeaginians into the N.W* part of the island* In
344 TinKsfeon came to Syracuse and freed the Greek
cities from the growing domination of the Carthaginians*
In 370 Hteron became K* of Syracuse, and his alliance
with the Romans was the first step which led to the in-
corporation of S. in the Roman dominions in 3x0+
Dtiing the gth cent* AJX, S. was conquered by the
Saracens, wk> made their capital at the old Phoenician
town of Panormus, and held . the island for over 250
years. la 1060 Count Roger of Normandy invaded
S*, and after 30 years of war conquered tbe whole

SICILY

island. In 1194 the Emperor Henry VI took the island
from the last of the Norman dynasty, William III, and
bequeathed it to his son Frederick II, ** Stupor Mundi/'
Frederick's natural son, Manfred, seized the throne in
1258, but was defeated and slain by Charles of Anjou
in 1266* On Easter Monday 1282* the people of Palermo
revolted against the tyranny of Charles, and massacred
the French at a signal given by the Vesper Bell ; this
was the so-called Sn* Vespers, The French were ex-
pelled and the Aragonese dynasty founded by Pedro
of Aragon* He became K. of the two Ss., one being
the island, and the other the Southern part of Italy, of
which Naples was the capital* Ferdinand of Aragpn
took the title of K. of the two Ss* in 1479, and from him
the title descended to the Emperor Charles V, and his
son, Philip II of Spain* After many vicissitudes and
changes S., with Naples, was, by the prowess of Gari-
baldi, united to Italy under the rule of the house of
Savoy, in 1860. See NAPLES*

General References* In Chapman's Cassar L 2, 274,
Caesar tells of a man so keen-sighted that ** in S. he
could discern the Carthaginian navy * * * Though full
a day and night's sail distant thence," Plutarch is the
authority for this story. In Chapman's May Day v. i,
235, Honorio says of Lucretia : ** Her father being a Sn*
fled thence for a disastrous act/' In Gascoigne's
Supposes i. i, Polynesia describes Erostratp as "a
gentleman that came from Sa* to study in this city " ;
Le. Ferrara* Later, when Balia asks "Are there no
other Sns* here i " she answers : ** Very few that pass
this way, and few or none that tarry here any time*"
In Haughton's Englishmen ii. 2, Pisaro, hearing that
his vessels have been captured by pirates in the Straits
of Gibraltar, complains that his sailors did not go for
Tripoly, " Being on the other side of S. As near as
where they were unto the Straits." In Cuckqueans iv. 8,
Floradin says, ** I have travelled Italy and ScicHie*"

Allusions to the History. In Massinger's Virgin v. 2,
Theophilus says, "Let me feel, As the Sn* did his
brazen bull, The horridest you can find*" In Rawlins'
Rebellion ii*, Phih'ppa challenges Machvile to practice
** Sn. tyranny on my resolute body, Proof against
pain," z«e* such tortures as Phalaris and Dionysius !
invented. In Marlowe's Jew v* 4, Calymath speaks of
** S., Where Syracusian Dionysius reigned." The scene
of Edwards' Damon is in "Dionisius palace'* in
Syracuse* In Massinger's Bondman, Timoleon is one
of the chief characters ; in L 2, he says, ** S* being
afire, she [Corinth] is not safe/' In Kyd's Cornelia i*,
Cicero says, ** Carthage and S* we have subdued/* In
Ant. ii* 6, 35, Pompeius says to Caesar, "You have
made me offer Of S*, Sardinia ; and I must Rid all the
sea of pirates/' In hie 46 he reminds Antony, " When
Caesar and your brother were at blows Your mother
came to S*, and did find Her welcome friendly/'^ This
was in 40 B.C., when Lucius Antonius and Fulvia, the
wife of Antony, attacked Caesar* In iii* 6, 24, one of
Antony's charges against Caesar is " that, having in S*
Sextos Pompeius spoiled, we had not rated him
[Antony] H& part of the isle*" This was in 36 B.C., when
Agrippa defeated the fleet of Pompeius and drove him
in flight to Asia* In Cassor's Rev. k, chor* 2, Discord
says, ** Pompey rode, dad In the Sn* pirates' overthrow."
The reference seems to be to the victory of Pompeius
Magnus over the Cilician (not Sn,) pirates in 67 B,c. ;
but the author may have been thinking of the successes
of the younger Pompeius in S. in 43 B.C. and confused
the two. In Thradan L i, Radagon describes himself as
"Son to thy enemy, Sa/s K/* The story is p«jre

467

SICILY

romance and has nothing historical in it* The legend of
K* Robert of S. is well known through Longfellow's
version of it* It is taken from the Gesta Romanorum, and
has an analogue in the Talmud. In the Gesta, the
Emperor Jovinian is the hero. Longfellow makes the
hero ** Robert of S., brother of Pope Urbane, And
Valmond, Emperor of Alkmame "; but there is no
basis of fact behind it. In World Child 173, Conscience
says, ** Beware of pride and tfimfc on K. Robert of S*
How he for pride in great poverty fell*" A iMdns de
Kyng Robert of Cestil was produced in 1453, and a play
on the same subject in 1529* In Massinger's Maid Hon.,
Roberto, K* of S., is one of the characters ; btit at a
much later date th^n is thinkable for the Robert of the
legend. Burton, .A.M. Intro., mentions, among the
barbarities of mankind, " those French massacres, Sn*
evensongs." Cotgrave (i 61 1) defines Vespres Siciliennes
as "mischiefs done or death inflicted in a place and
time of imagined security/' In Peek's Ed* I L i, the
Q* Mother tells how Edward is at hand with " The
poor remainder of the royal fleet Preserved by miracle
in Sicil road/' It was while at anchor off S* that
Edward received the news of his father's death* In
Ed.niiii. i, the K. of France says,4* The Ks* of Bohemia
and of Cycelie are become confederate with us/' The
K* of S* at this time (1346) was Peter, the ^OG of
Frederick* The K. of SicS mentioned often in H6 B.
and C., and called more exactly in C* L 4, 22, ** the
K* of Naples, Of both the SiciLs and Jerusalem/' was
Regnier or Rayner or Rene, D. of Anjou, and father of
Margaret of Anjou, the wife of Henry VI. Q. Joanna
left the kingdom of the Two Ss* to him in 1435, but
Alfonso made a successful counter-claim, and Regnier
never had more than the empty title. In Barnes' Charter
iii, 3, Frescobaldi says, ** I was myself brought up a
page under Rayner, K. of S/* In Shirley's Admbral L i,
Cesario says to the K, of Naples, "Your son has
defeated the Sn. bravely/' In May's Heir fv. 2, Etibultas
boasts that his ancestors ** have been props of the Sn.
crown . . * 'Gainst the hot French and Neapolitan/'
In W. T. Leontes is the K* of S.* and Sa, is the scene
of the first three (except iii. 3) and the last Acts. The
historic period is quite indefinite. In Shakespeare's
source, the History of Dorastus and Fawnia? the parts
of the Kings of Bohemia and S* are reversed. In
B. & F. Philaster, the hero is heir to the crown of S*,
but in i* i, we are told that the Spanish Prince is likely
to enjoy "" both these kingdoms of S* and Calabria*"
Philaster, however, ultimately comes by his own. There
is an imaginary Atticus, K* of S*, in Swetnam*

The Fntitfalness of Sfc8y+ In Nabbes" Hanmbal v* i,
Hannibal calls S. " the world's granary." Iii Feed's
Sun iv* i, Autumn says, **A hundred grains Both
from the Baltic and Sn. fields SMI be co-gested for
thy sacrifice." Ignotcv in Br^g* HeUcan (1614), p.
250, says, "The corn of Siol buys the mstern
spice/* In Ratter's Shepfoerd Hoi. i. 4, Mirtilltis
asks : ** Would you for all that fruitful S. can yield
change one lock of your mistress' hair £ ** In Chapman's
Cazsar if* x, 169, Ophioneus calls Sa. " the very store-
house of the Romans/' In Tiberias 149, Asinitis speaks
of " the fruitfttl S." In Massinger's Moid Hm. L i,
Beroldo gives a long description of the island, pointing
out the absence of goM and silver mines, of silkworms,
and other sources of wealth, and concludes : ** Nature
did design us to be warriors/'

Natural Products and Features. Nash, in Wilton 122,
says, " Goats then bare wool, as it is recorded in S*
tbey do yet/* In Deksoey's Craft ii. 6, Tom says ifeot

SICYON

m Arcadia asses " swarm as thick as bees in S/* (see
HYBLA)* In Lyiy's Sapho ii 4, Phao speaks of " our Sn.
stone which groweth hardest by hammering/' In
Enphues Anat. Wit 38, he says that women harden their
hearts " like the stone of Sa., the which the more it is
beatea the harder it is/' Lyly probably confuses Sn*
withSak£aa,i;e. made of sikx or flint* In T. Heywood's
S. Age L, Pretus says, " Expose thyself Unto that
monstrous beast of Ckiiy Called the Chimera/* The
legendary home of the Chimera was Lycta ; bet it was
" JWy the personification of a volcano there, and
'ood may have transferred it to JEtaa; tinkss,
d,CidlyisaslipforLycia. The isiand of the Sirens,

from whom Odysseus escaped by fflmg his ears with
wax* was somewhere near Sv if not S* itself* In Mar-
mioii*& Leaguer iii, 4, Philautus says, "When she
fiatters , * , I will seal my ears with wax Took from
that boat that iwed with a deaf oar From the sweet
tunes of the Sn* shore/* The whirlpool of Charybdis
was near the coast of S. In Chapman's -Rev. Bussy iv* 3,
37, Renel says? " The woes are bloody that in women
reign* The Sicile Gulf keeps fear in less degree/' In
Locrine L i, 107, Brutus speaks of passing ** the Cidllian
gull" on his way from S* to Aquitania. In Tit. iii if 242,
Marcus says, " Now let hot jEtna cool In S., And be
my heart am ever-burning fire/' In Greene's Orlando
it, i, 618, Orlando cries : " £&na, forsake the bounds
of S. Fee now in me thy restkss flames appear/* In
v. i, 1352, lie speaks of ** aspiring thoughts That burns
as do the fires of Cicely," 10 Greene & Lodge's
Looting Glass iii. 2, 1192, the Magus says, *4 The hill
of Sdcely . * * Sometime on sudden doth evacuate
Whole flakes of fire and spews out from below The
smoky brands that Vulcan's bellows drive/'

S, was the home of Theocritus (born in Syracuse
about 315 B.C.), Bion, and Moschus, the fathers of
Pastoral Poetry* Hence the Sn, Muse means the Muse
of Pastoral Poetry. Milton, in Lycidas 132, says,
** Return, Alpfaeus, that dread voice is past That shrunk
thy streams ; return, Sa* Muse, And call the vales/r
The scenes of the following piays are laid In SicOy :
Ado, W.Tv Davenant's P^ofantc, Mac&n's Dumb
Kmgkt, May's Heir, Brome's ConcMne, Cowiey's
MSK and Suckling's Sad One. See also under
MESSBSA* PAI^BHQ, and SYI&ACCSE.

SICYOH, now VASILKL An ancient city of the
P^E^poiBiestss^. Ijptog ab€* 2 m* from the Southern shore
of i&eGttffaf Codnth, ism. NJW.of thatcity. Itwas
famous for its olives, which Vergil «ifa ** Sicyonise
baccae/* In Ant* L 2, 123, news is brought to Antony
that his wife Fulvia has died " in S/r as she was on her
way from Italy to Asia to meet him. In T. Heywood's
Dialogues xiv. 4592, Crates tells of " 2 rich men Being
from S. unto Ctyrra bound " who " Were in the mid
way near lapygium drowned/* Cyrra, or Cirrha, is on
the opposite shore of the Gulf of Corinth to S. ; but
it does not appear how these unhappy navigators got
nesif lapygsttm on their way* In Ford's Swi iv» if
Autumn says^ " Tiber shall pay thee apples and S*
olwes*

SIDON* One of the most andent cities of the Phoenicians,
on the coast of Syria, about midway between Tyre and

Sifi|poiilf> It 3tel st jfec dottl^e; harbotnv now mostly

which the pixducts of tJ^ East were distributed tD the
countries on the Medteraoean. It was closely con-
nected wi^i Tyre, though it is stiE a question which
was the mother-city* Both were regarded as cities of

SIENA

I great wealth and luxury . Carthage was a colony of Tyre,
! and Dido is represented as the daughter of the King of
I Tyre* In Marlowe's Dido L Venus teHs Aeneas that
in Carthage ** Sidonian Dido reigns as Q/r In Brandon's
Qctavia 524, BylHus mentions ** Blanckbourg^ a city
near to S. placed ** (see BLANCKBOtmo). Milton P, L. i.
441, speaks of Astarte, " To whose bright image nightly
by the moon Sidonian virgins paid their vows and
songs/' Astarte was a Phcenician goddess. In Cyrus i.f
Araspes says, " The covering is of blue Sydonian silk/'
The Phcerudan dyes/ prepared from the Murex, were
famous throughout the ancient world. Greene, in
QmpT p* 246, complains that the Milliners have ** almost
made Rngtanrf as full of proud fopperies as Tyre and S*
were/*

SIENA. A city in Tuscany, standing on a hill 6b m* South
of Florence, and 160 N.W. of Rome, Of its earlier
history little is known, but we find it in the 12th and
1 3th cents, under a more or less popular government,
and engaged on the Ghibelline side in constant wars
with Florence. Under the magistracy of the Nine,
established in 1287, it entered on a period of prosperity,
during which its University, founded in 1303, was re-
established and enlarged, and most of its public
buildings begun* Wars with Charles IV took place in
the i4th cent*, and fresh quarrels with Florence
resulted in an alliance with Milan and the acknowledge-
ment of the suzerainty of Gian Galeazzo Visconti,
which, however, cmly lasted a very short time. The 15th
cent, was filled with wars against Florence ; for a brief
period (1405-1512) PancfoUb Petrucci was supreme, but
he did not succeed in founding a permanent dynasty ;
indeed, but for this short interlude, there was never any
D* of Grand Signor of S* ; and the personages who
appear in some of our dramas under such a title are
quite imaginary. Until it was finally annexed to Florence
in £557, S. maintained a republican form of government.
It had the honour in 1859 of taking the first step toward
the unification of Italy by voting fee the annexation
of Tuscany to Piedmont under Victor Ernmamiel II,
The Cathedral and the Palace, as well as many other
public btaldmgv are well known both for their own
and foe ffee iB^titficence of their art treasures*

* TheFk>rentinesandSenoys
are by the ears, Have fought with equal fortune and
continue A braving war/' The statement is taken from
Boccaccio, whose Decameron is dated 1948 ; hence this
war may have been that of 1260-69, the last one before
that date. But Shakespeare neither knew nor cared
when it was. In Gascoigne's Supposes ii* i, Erostrato
tells an imaginary story of how die customs officers in
S. had interfered with the baggage of Count Hercules
of Ferrara, and he had consequently sworn to be re-
venged on any Sienese who should be found in Ferrara ;
the date is 1508-1550^ In B. & F* Women Pleased ii. 5,
a Counsellor tells of a treaty between his royal mistress,
the Duchess of Florence, and "S/s D." A war follows
between Florence and S., in which ** the D* of S/' is
taken prisoner ; but the Dtschess of Florence offers him
her hand and they are married. The whole story is
imaginary. In Massinger's Great Duke L i, Contarino
speafcs of the great services done by Sanascaro to
Florence m the wars " 'gainst Pisa and $/* Cosmo de
Medici besieged and took S. in 1555, and it was almost
immediately annexed to Florence* In his Maid Hon.,
one of the characters is Aurelia, Duchess of S*, and
many of &e scenes are laid in or near the city; but the
whok thing is ttnhistorical, and there never was any
Duchess Aurelia* In Shirley's Traitor L 2* Lorenzo

SIGEUM

" Is ft possible A treason hatched in Florence
'gainst the D. Should have no eyes at home to penetrate
The growing danger * * * but at S. One must, with a
perspective, discover all i ** Again we have to do, not
with history, but with fiction*

In MMdfeton's Gipsy ii. 2, Sancho says, M I have an
aunt in S. in Italy, I'll go see her*** In Cockayne's
Trapolin i* 2, Trapolin says he has often written
letters *' as when a lady writes to her brother at S*" In
ii. 3, Horatio characterises it as ** fine-languaged S***
In Greene's Friar £x*, Vandermast boasts : ** I have
given non-plus to the Padtians To them of Sien,
Florence, and Bologna/' where the Universities of these
places are intended, S. is the scene of Ford's Fancies,
and of Davenant*s Cr* Brother ; in the former appears
an tmhistorical Octavio, Marquess of S. In brief, there
is little or nothing historical in any of the plays that deal
with the Court of S*, except that the authors knew
something of the state of war which normally subsisted
between S. and Florence*

SIGEUM* The promontory at the extreme N*W, corner
of Asia Minor, at the entrance of the Hellespont, now
called YenisHeri. Here the Greeks were reported to have
had their naval camp during the Trojan War ; and a
mound near the promontory is the traditional tomb of
Achilles. In Shrew iiL z, 28, Lucentio quotes Ovid's
line, "Hie ibat Simois, hie est Sigeia tellus** ("Here
flowed the Simois, here is the land of Sigeum **}.

SILESIA. Aprovinceof Prussia, lying between Bohemia
and Poland. It once was part of Poland, but was ceded
to the K. of Bohemia in 1355. The K* of Hungary took
it in 1478, and in 1526 it became part of the Austrian
dominions* It was treacherously seized and annexed to
Prussia in 1740 by Frederick the Great* This act led
to the War of the Austrian Succession (1741-1748), and
was partly the cause of the Seven Years* War (1756-
1763)* In Cnckqaeans iv* 8, daribel says, "I have
visited Moldavia and Livonia, Pamphlagonia and S/*
I suspect, from its position next to Pamphlagonia, that
Cilicia is intended, q.v. But S. is near Moldavia, and
may be die right reading*

SILLA* SeeSczLUu

SILO, or SHILOH. A town in Palestine, now Seilun, in
the tribe of Ephraim, 20 m. N* of Jerusalem, The Ark
was taken there when the Israelites first entered Canaan,
and it remained the central national sanctuary until it
was destroyed by the Philistines in the time of Samuel*
In Milton's S* A. 1674, the Chorus speaks of God as
"our living Dread, who dwells in Silo, his bright
sanctuary."

SILOA, or SILOAM (now SILWAN)* A vilL South-E*
of Jerusalem, on the opposite side of the valley of the
Kedron* The Pool of Siloam still remains under the
name of Birket Silwan* Isaiah (viii* 6) refers to ** the
waters of Siloah that go softly,** and probably means
the rock-cut conduit by which the water of the Pool was
conveyed into the city* Milton, P* JL* i* ir, speaks of
** Siloa*s brook that flowed Fast by the Oracle of God***
He probably meant the brook Kedron, which Sows
under the E* wall of the Temple on Mt* Moriah;
though clearly the passage in Isaiah was in his mind*

SILURES* A tribe of ancient Britons who inhabited
what is now Glamorgansh., Monmouthsh*, and Here-
fordshu They were amongst the most determined
opponents both of the Romans and the Saxons* Henry
Vaughan, who was born in Brecknocksh*, calls himself

SINAI

m the title-page of his Sitex SdntUlans (1650) " Henry
Vaughan Silurist.** In Fisher's Fmmtts ii. 5, Beliaus
says, ** Them tJbe Silures flank, 8000 stout.**

SILVER STREET* Loud*, running W, from Wood St.,
Cheapside, to Falcon Sq* It was probably so called
from the silversmiths who had their shops there* In
this st* is the Hall of the Parish Clerks' Company* In
Jonson's Epicoene iv* i, Otter says of his wife : "All
her teeth were made In the Biackfriars, both her eye-
brows in the Strand, and her hair m S.-st*** In his
Staple iii. 2, Censure says, ** A notable fougfa rascal, this
old Pennyboy ! Right city-bred ! ** to which Mirth
replies : ** In S.-st., the region of money, a good seat
for an usurer*'* Shakespeare at one time lodged with
one Christopher Mountjoy in S*St*

SOTAGALLIA* See SOTGAGLUU

SIMOIS* A mtru torrent rising in the Ida range and
flowing past Troy into the Scamander. It is the modern
Dumbrek Chai, which, however, has diverted its course
and flows direct into the Hellespont, In SackviEe*s
Gor5odaciu\ i, ^Gorboductate of wS,stamed streams
Ftowmg with blood of Trojan pdnces slais*** In
Locrim ii* 3, 33, Thraamachus speaks of ** Hector and
Trcalus * * * Chasing the Graecians over Simceis,**" In
Locr* 1437, we read : ** From thfe strand of Dardan
where they fought To S. reedy banks the red blood ran,**
In Taming of a Shrew, Haz., p* 513, Ferando swears,
" More fair and radiant is my lovely Kate Than silver
Zanthus when he doth embrace The ruddy Simies at
Ida's feet.*' Zanthus [XanthusJ was the name of tlie
Scamander amcmgst the Gods. In T, HeywDod*s
B» Age ii£*, Anchises says, " Scamander fields They have
strewed with carcases, and S* streams Already purpled
with the blood of Trojans*** In Jensen's Pwtmiur L i,
Ovid writes; ^ Homer wifl live WMst Tenedois
stands or Ide, Or to the sea fleet S. doth slide-** In
Marmion's Leaguer if, 2, Fidelio says, ** I wouM te?e
you Fair and pleasant as Love*s Q. When she Aadases
came to kiss On the banks of S/* Aphrodite fell in love
with Anchises of Troy and bore him Aeneas* In Shrew
iii* i, 28, Lucentio quotes Ovid*s line: "Hie ibat,
S*, hie est Sigeia telltis/7 and translates "Hie ibat,
as I told you before, S*, I am Lucentio,** and Bianca
retorts : ** Hie ibat S., I know you not***

SITtflEAN (Le. CHINESE), The name Tsin for China was
known as early as the iath cent* B*c* Milton, P*L*
XL. 390, mentions, amongst the great cities of the world,
44 Paquin, of Sinsean kings ** (z^. PEEIN,

SINAL A mtn. in the Southern part of the
between the Gulfs of Suez and Akabah. is now
generally identified with Ras-es-Sufsafeh, at the head of
the plain of Er-Rabah* Here, according to Jewish
tradition, the Law was gjven through looses 10 the
children of Israel after their Exodus from Egypt* It Is
called Horeb in some of the sources of the O*T. It
was to the dist. near S* that Moses fled from Egypt,, and
here he kept toe £h^cks of jetnro* If* York ju* P* x£* ^4>
looses says, ** Wow aty* I here to keep Set under Synay
side, the bp. Jethro sheep/' In Harrowing of HeU ?&&»
Moses says, " Lord, thoti gave me with all skill The
law of Sinay ttpon th« hilL** Miltoti P, L* i* 7, ttms&es
the ** Heavenly Mtise tte on the secret top Of Oreb, *&
of S*, didst inspire That shepherd ** ; £A Moses* In
xtu 237, Miciiael predicts tiie givmg of t3ie law by ** God
from the mt* of S/* In Ode on Natiwty 158, Milton
describes the trumpet of the Resurrection as sounding
^With such a iiorrid cbmg As on mt S* ran^;** fe»e
EXMas xix. 16)* In Spenser's Shepii. Col. Jtife 7^

S1NIGAGLIA

Morrell, discoursing of hilk, says : " Of Synah can
I tell thee more/* Montaigne (Florio's Trans., 1603)
ii* 12, says, ** We are no nearer heaven on the top of
Sina mt* than in the bottom of the deepest sea/' Peele,
in Bethsabe pro!*, speaks of the Muse of David : " Deck-
log her temples with the glorious flowers Heavens
rained on tops of Sion and Mt* S." In Marlowe's
Tomb. B* iii* I, the K* of Jerusalem says that his troops
** On Mt* S* with their ensigns spread Look like the
party-coloured clouds of heaven/' It is, of course,
absurd to suppose that troops from Palestine would
rendezvous at Mt. S*

SINIGAGLIA (the ancient SENA GALLICA). A town in
Italy on the Adriatic, 17 m* N* of Ancona, Here Caesar
Borgia perfidiously massacred his allies in 1502* In
Barnes* Charter iv* 5, Guicchiardine says, " Caesar
Betrayed the D* of Fermo at Sinigaglia/' la Cockayne's
Trapolin ii. 3, Horatio calls it ** ill-aired Simegallia/'

SION. One of the hills on which Jerusalem was built*
It has been customary to apply the name to the South-W*
hill ; but recent researches have shown that the original
Mt* S* or City of David was upon the Southern spur
of the Temple Hill, or Mt* Moriah. The word is often
used as equivalent to Jerusalem ; and in later times it
came to be a synonym for Heaven ; and also for the
Christian Ch* In Peek's Bethsabe ii* I, Bethsabe says,
"Jerusalem Is filled with thy complaint, And in the
sts, of S. sits thy grief," Milton, P. L* i* 10, says to the
Heavenly Muse, ** if S* Mil Delight thee more * * * I
thence Invoke thy aid to my adventurous song/* In
386 be speaks of "Jehovah thundering out of S.,
throned Between the cherubim." In 453 he calls the
women of Jerusalem " S/s daughters/' In 442 he says
that Astarte was ** In S* also not unsung/* In iii. 30,
he mentions ** S. and the flowery brooks beneath/' In
530 he describes the passage from the outside of the
stellar Universe to the earth as being directly " Over
Mt* S*** In P* -R* iv* 347, the Hebrew Psalms are called
** S/s songs/' Hall, in Sat. i 8, 3, says, in reference to
lite religjoos poets of his time : ** Parnassus is trzas-
formedtoS. hill/' and caUs them "Ye S. Muses." In
JK^THHR i- o* CJ^ptisfl^ffiisirfffi SEHsajCs o* HdOQiS tBBtntP SB?
** the stately carved edifice That on Mt* S. makes so
fair a show." Herod's Temple was, however, on Mt.
Modah, oot on Mt. S. In T, Heywood's Trailer i. i,
Mrs* Wmcott speaks of voting Geraidine's discourse :
** Whether S* and those hills about With the adjacent
towns and villages Keep that proportioned distance as
we read/* T* Heywood's Prentices ends "S. and
Jerusalem are won/* The Puritans used S. to mean
the true Ch., z>. themselves; and Babylon for the
Roman and Anglican churches. In Cowley's Cotter
v* 6, Tabitha says, " Brother Abednego * * * you will
not open before S. in the dressings of Babylon < " i*e.
preach in a surplice*

SIOHHOUSE. A mansionon the N. bank of the Thames,
abt. i OL South of Brentford, and near the W. end of
Kew Gardens. It was formerly a nttnnery, founded in
1414 by Henry V. At the dissolution of the monasteries
it was seized by the K., and the nuns ultimately found
their way ID Lisbon. Edward VI gave it to the D, of
Soaaerset, who began the present mansion ; afterwards
it was bestowed on the D, of Northumberlasd, and it
stil remains in the possession of that family. When
flDrftoKteteci H* at Cteiag Qt^ mas ptified dc^
in 18^4* tfee famotts Moo t$ia$ s^trtnotnxted it was trans-
ferred to S. H^ where it may now be seen. In Peek's

SKALDE

Jests we are told that " George took a walk from Brain-
ford to S*, where, having the advantage of a pair of oars
at hand, he made this journey to Lond/*

SIPYLUS. A spur of Mt. Tmolus in Lydia between the
river Hermus and the city of Smyrna; now called
Sipuli Dagh* In certain conditions of the light one of
the cliffs seems to resemble the figure of a woman, and
it was supposed by the ancients to be Niobe, who,
through her grief at the loss of her children, was said
to have been turned into this perpetually weeping rock*
In Pembroke's Antome ii 368, the Chorus says of Niobe:
" She yet doth mount where with his top to skies Mt*
Sipylus doth rise/*

SI QUIS DOOR, A door in the middle aisle of Old St.
Paul's, Lond,, on which advertisements of various kinds,
especially those of servants needing employment, were
posted tip. They began (in Latin) with the words
44 Si Quis/* IJB. ** If any one ** sc. wants a servant, etc*
Dekker, in Hornbook iv», advises the gallant, ** The first
time you venture into Powles, presume not to fetch as
much as one whole turn in the middle aisle, no, nor to
cast an eye to Si Quis door (pasted and plastered up
with serving-men's supplications)/* Hall, in Saf* ii* 5,
says, ** Saw'st thou ever Si Quis patched on Paul's ch*
door, To seek some vacant vicarage before?"* In
Jonson's Ev, Man O~ ii* 2, we have a stage direction :
"Enter Shift with 2 si-quisses in his hand*" When
Mitis asks : ** What makes he in Paul's now i "
Cordatus says, ** Troth, for the advancement of a si quis
or two*** In iii* i, Shift says, ** I have set up my bills
without discovery/' Puntarvolo comes in and reads one
of them, beginning : ** If there be any lady or gentle-
man ** wanting a gentleman usher, etc*

SIRACUSE* See SYRACUSE*

SIRIA,

! SIRTS*

\ SISTO, SAN* The Capella Sistina built by Sixtus IV in

i 1473. It is in the Vatican at Rome, at the N.E* of St*

j Peter's* It & chiefly memorable for the frescoes of

Michel Angela* In Barnes* Charter iii* 5, the page,

being asked the time, says, " By Sisto's horologe 'tis

struck eleven/'

SFTTIM, or SHITTIM* The valley N.E* of the Dead
Sea, in the plains of Hoab ; now Ghor es Seisaban*
The Israelites were encamped here when they were
seduced into idolatry by the Moabites (Numbers xxv. i)*
Milton P. JL i* 413, tells how Peor " enticed Israel in
Sittim, on their march from Nile/'
SITTINGBURGH, or SITTINGBOURNE. A town in
Kent, 38 m. South-E. of Lond*, and abt, 9 m. E, of
Faversham* It was on the Pilgrims* Road to Canter-
bury. In Chaucer's C, 2\ D* 847, the Sumnour says,
44 1 bishrewe me But if I telle tales two or thre Of
Freres, er I come to Sidyngborne/* In Feversham ii* i,
WiH says, ** Sirrah Shakebag, canst thou remember
since we trolled the bowl at Sittingburgh where I broke
the tapster's head of the Lyon with a cudgel-stick < **
SWILL* Sec SEVILLE*

SKALDE* The Scheldt, a river rising in N* France and
flowing through Belgium past Oudenarde, Ghent, and
Antwerp to the North Sea, which it reaches by 3
cfemneh, the E, and W, Scheldt. At Antwerp it is
1600 ft* -wide and 45 deep, and forms a capacious and
safe harbour* Spenser, F. Q. ii* 10, 24, referring to the
mythical victories of the 2nd Brute over the men of
Hamault^ says, ** Let Scaldis tell . * * What colour
were tlieir wates that same day*** Bryskett, in Astropkd

470

SKINNERS WELL

(1591), says of the death of Sidney : " The Scheldt,
the Danow self, thfc great mischance did rue/' In
Lamm A* 3, Danila says, " They do not sink The Prince
of Orenge ships but suffer them To lie so near within
the river Skalde/'

SKINNERS WELL* An old spring on the W. side of
Clerkenwell Ch*, Lond* The name is preserved in
Skinner St. which leads to the point where the old well
was. The Skin Market on each side of what is now
Percnra! St. continued till the middle of the i8th cent*
At Skinners Well the clerks of Lond. performed what is
styled a Ladas vatde swnptuosus in 1384, which lasted
5 days ; similar performances are recorded in 1391 and
1409. The subjects of these plays were the Scriptural
stories from the Creation to the Last Judgment*

SLAVONIAN. A general name for the Slav races, which
include the Russians, Bulgarians, Servo-Croats, Poles,
Czechs, Moravians, and Wends* Popularly it is used
as equivalent to Russian. In Marlowe's Tomb. B. i* i,
Uribassa reports : " K* Sigismund hath brought from
Christendom More than his camp of stout Hungarians,
Sclavooians, Almain ratters, Muffes, and Danes."
In Middleton's Han. Wh* B* iv* i, Matheo says,
** Lodovico is a noble S. ; it's more rare to see him in
a woman's company than for a Spaniard to go into
England and to challenge the English fencers there."
The Russians were supposed to be very cold-blooded
and indifferent to women. Donne, in Sat* (1593) ii. 59,
speaks of "words . * . More, more th?" 10 Slavonians,
scolding/* In Shirley's Gamester iii., Sclavonia is used
as a name for an imaginary land of gamblers, probably
because they are the slaves of their bad habit* The
Nephew speaks of it as Sclavonia ; Wilding objects that
that they know that country ; ** but/' says the Nephew,
44 you do not know that Sclavonia I mean " ; and pro-
ceeds to describe under this disguise the follies of the
gaming-house.

SLUICE. The embankment along the Thames which
was built to protect the low-lying dist* of Lambeth
Marsh from inundations* It was used as a landing-place
for those who crossed the river to Lambeth* In Middle-
ton's H* G* v* 2, a servant says of the runaway lovers :
** They were met upon the water an hour since, Sir,
Putting in towards the S/* "The S.<" says Sir
Alexander ; ** come, gentlemen, *Tis Lambeth works
against us."

SLUYS* A fortified town in Holland, near the mouth of
the Scheldt, 10 m. E* of Bruges* It was taken by Prince
Maurice in 1604* In Webster's Weakest v* 3, Villiers
says, ** This gentlewoman * * . Being embarked for
England with her daughter, 'Twixt S* in Flanders,
where she went aboard, And Goodwin Sands by sturdy
adverse winds Was beaten back upon the coast of
France/' In Barnavelt iv* 5, Barnavelt asks : ** When
the Sluice was lost and all in mutiny in Middleborough,
who durst step in before me to do these countries
service i " In T* Heywood's Challenge ii* i, the Clown
punningly says, *4 At Sluce we were both well washed/'
In Middleton's Quarrel iv* 4, Tristram says that the
pander, the bawd, and the whore ** lived by Flushing,
by S., and the Groyne/* It is unnecessary to explain
the unsavoury double entendres*

SMIRNA* See SMYRNA.

SMITHFIELD, EAST. An open space, E. of the Tower
of Lond*, just outside the city walls. It was a haunt of
riverside thieves, and was often used as the place for
their execution* In Contention1, Part I, Haz*, p* 497,

SMITHFIELD, WEST

Lord Skayles says of Jack Cade : ** The rebels have
attempted to win the Tower, But get you to S» and
gather head And thither will I send you Mathew Goffe/'
In H6 B* iv. 6, 13, Dick reports to Cade : " There's
an army gathered together in S*" The next scene is
laid in S., and Mathew Goffe is slain* Evidently East S*
is intended*

SMITHFIELD, WEST* Originally the smethe, Le.
smooth, field. An open space between 5 and 6 acres
in extent, lying in the triangle formed by Holborn,
Aldersgate St** and Charterhouse St., in Lond* On its
E. side was the ch. and hospital of St* Bartholomew,
It was the market for horses, cattle, sheep, and hay, from
very early times until 1855, when the cattle market was
removed to Copenhagen Fields, though the hay market
was still continued ; and the N. side was appropriated
for the Metropolitan meat market. The open space
lent itself to jousts and tournaments, and was also used
for executions. Many martyrs were burnt at the stake
at a point opposite the entrance to the ch. of St. Bar-
tholomew, where, in 1849, excavations discovered, abt.
3 ft* below the surface, the ashes which marked the site
of the burnings; a granite slab in the wall of St.
Bartholomew's Hospital indicates the spot. Howes,
in Annales (1631), says, **This field was for many years
called Ruffians Hall by reason it was the usual place of
frays and common fighting during the time that swords
and bucklers were in use/' Here was held the famous
Fair of St. Bartholomew on August 24th (see under
BABTHOLOMEW, ST*}. It was in S* that Sir W. Walworth
slew Wat Tyler, on June i5thr 1381. In 1615 the whole
place was paved and drained at a cost of about £1600.
Historical Allwums. In Straw u*, the Lord Mayor
says, ** The rebels are defacing houses of hostdity. St,

John was a little N* of S* In Johnson's Nme Wm
(1592), an account is given of the death of Wat Tyler at
the hands of Walworth at the place appointed fe the
meeting of the rebels and the K* ** in S/* In T* Hey-
wood's Ed. TV A* i, 17, the Mayor says, ** Such a
rebel was by Walworth, the Lord Mayor of Loud*,
stabbed dead in S/*

The Horse and Cattle Market. In H4 B* i. 2, 57, the
Page says to Falstaff that Bardolph is " gone into S* to
buy your worship a horse/* to which Falstaff replies,
"I bought him in Paul's and hell buy me a horse in S*;
an I could get me but a wife in the Stews, I were
manned, horsed, and wived J ** In More iv* i, the Clown
says, " Many such rewards would make us ail ride, and
horse us with the best nags in S/' In MiddktGa's R. G*
iii* i, Laxfield asks, " Are we fitted with good frampui
jades 4" and the Coachman replies, **Tbe best in
S*, I warrant you, Sir." The note in tlbe Meimaid
edition-;** a noted market fee worthless bosses "—is
quite misleading; there were bad horses sold at S;,
but there were good ones too ; and the Coachman is
praising, not running down, his steeds. In Joosoo's
Tub L 2,* Puppy says, ** What's tiiat, a tese* Can
scourse [i*e, deal] Bought but a horse, attd that
in Smithveld^" Joosoa, in Btscoi«iics, p. 697,
says that one who does courtesies merely for his
own sake "hath his horse well drest for S/'
In W, Rowky*s Nm Wcmder ii* i, the Widow
says, **Tis thought, if the hcHse-market be re-
moved, that S* shall be so employed/* sc. as a market
for the sale of widows* In the Cofefer of Canterfany a
couplet runs : *4 When in S* on Fridays IK> jades you
can see, Then the Cobler of Rtimney shall a ctxtold be/*
Friday was the day of the horse-market* la ,

SM1THFIELD MARS

Lanthorn, chapter x. is headed " The knavery of horse-
coursers in S* discovered " ; and an account follows of
the various tricks which gave to the phrase " a S*
bargain n the meaning of a deal in which the buyer is
swindled* In Brome's Damoisette ii. i, Amphilus asks
of his mare : u Was it well done of her to die to-day/
when she had been f my purse to-morrow in S* £ "
He had ridden her up from the country to sell her. In
Jooson's BarthoL fiu i, Waspe says to Cokes, **W31 you
scourse with hfrn £ You are in S>, ytm may fit yourself
with 2 izne easy-going street-nag for yotsr saddle*
In B* & R Prize L 4, Rowland says, *When I credit
women more, may I to S*, and there otiy a jadtc, and
know Mm to be so, that breaks my neck ! ** Bttrton,
uft* II! * & 3, 4* 3» quotes a prwerb : ** He that btiys a
horse in S. and hires a servant in Pauls, shall likely have
a jade to his horse, a knave for his man." Lupton,
in London Carbonadoed (1632), says, "He that
lights upon a horse in this place [Smithfield] from
an old hoase-courser, sound both in wind and limb,
may light of an honest wife in the stews/' In Czmtfes
Conference (1641), Needham says, "Juniors and dunces
take possession of Colleges; and scholarships and
fellowships are bought and sold, as horses in S/* In
ISassinger's Madam L 2, Plenty says, ** The wool of my
sheep, or a score or two of fat oxen in S*, give me money
for my expenses/* The presence of the drovers brought
it about that there were many taverns in S. In B. & F.

Fear, In Jooson's BarthoL, Indv the
Stage-fceeper, pretending to decry the play, says,
** when't comes to the Fair once, you were eren as
good go to Virginia, for any thing there is of S. He has
not hit the humours, he does not know them." In his
Volpom v* 2, the Merchant says of Sir Politick's per-
formance : ** Twere a rare motion [L** puppet-show]
Iso be seen In Fleet-st., or S* in the fair/' In Davenant's
Pfymovth %L i , Seawlt says, " My father fought pitched
battles mS. without blood/* Boiag and wr^tiiag were
jfeatures of the Fair. In Mi®g£m ii. 4, Coomes says,
** I had a suroef, ay, ttie toper of S* i* at sward* aright
s<^ at the Fair; and there
, sn tibe

,
& GJapfteoe's Wig i* x, ThOTOwgood, in his sdiemes

J0Q8T '

in S* shall be burned to ashes And you 3 shall be
strangled on the galbws/' The witch was Margery
Jcwdemain of Eye* Hie gallows was ejected at the
Bkns between the horse-pond and TtimmtH Brook,
and was the usual place of execution before the removal
of the gallows to Tyburn in the reign of Henry IV*
In Jensen's BartM. iv. z, Cokes says, " Bartholomew
Fair, qaoth he I an ever any Bartholomew had that
ItJck £artlha£ I have had, 111 be martyred for hfmr and in
Sv too,"" Perhaps an allusion to the Protestacits mar~
tyred at S. is Qtieen Mary 's time. In Brome's Sparagas
i* 5, Frswood says, ^ Let me see the paper ; Iwraiidbe
loth to staten his days with the danger of my neck,
m making a bon-fire in S." In Fair Women ii. 1531,
Tom says, " S, is Mi of people, and the sheriffs man
told as it |the exectition} woold be to-<iay/' In tibe
tof this niurder we are told that tiie execution
i it S*, a^K§ that ^bt spectators throEtged the

^dbBaeip^ *****

Trials by Combat were held in S. The fight between
Horner and Peter in H6 B. ii* 3, is a parody of an actual
appeal to combat which was fought in S* between John
David and his master, William Catur, in 1446. In
Treaswre, Has* iii* 266, Lust, after wrestling with Just,
says, " I shall meet you in S* or else otherwhere ; By
His flesh and blood I will not then forbear/* In
Jonson's BarthoL, Ind., the Bookholder exhorts the
audience " not to look back to the sword and buckler
age of S,, but content himself with the present.*' Nash,
in Chrisfs Tears, says, ** No S. ruffianly swash-buckler
will come off with such hprsht hell-raking oaths as they.**

SMITHFIELD BARS. A wooden barrier on the North
of S+, Load*, which marked the boundary between the
City LiT^ertks and the Coonty of Middlesex, The name
surnvedtiHth^ building of the new Meat Market which
covered the site. Taylor, in Works iL 102, «*llg a certain
woman "the honestest woman that dwells between
S. B. and Clerkenweii." This is a left-handed com-
pliment, as the dist. was one of evil repute. In Greene's
Thieves, Kate says, " I'll so set his name out, that the
boys at S* B. shall chalk him on the back for a crosbite/*

SMOCK ALLEYS* The lanes occupied by houses of iU-
fatne in Lend* The best known was a lane on the W* of
Spitalfields fearftng f^m Belt Lane to Artillery St* near
r^t_ ^ Without, dose to Petticoat Lane, now

St* In Jonson's DevU i* i, Iniquity says to
Pug, " We will make forth our sallies Down Petticoat
Lane and tip the Smock-alleys/'

SMYRNA. The largest and most important city in Asia
Minor, and a great trade centre. It stands at the head
of the Gulf of S*, abotxt midway down the W. coast of
the peninsula. Old S* by some 3 nu N* of the present
city. It was destroyed by the LydianK.Sadyattes about
700 HX. The new city on the present site was built
4 cents* later by Alexander the Gt. S, was one of the
claimants to be the birthplace of Homer* In Setinws
1938, Carcut says, ** I fled fast to S., where we might
await the arrival of some ship that might transport us
saieiy oaio Rhodes.^ Lyly, in pro!, to Goflotfcea, says,
IPS «Bid S* WCEE 3 sweet cities j Hotner was been in
tJbe oae and buried in the other." Lodge, in Answer
to Gossan, p. n, asks, "Why seek the Smirnians to
recover from the Salaminians the praise of Homer < "

SN0WDON. A mtn. range in Carnarvonsh., the highest
peak of which is the loftiest mtn* in South Britain and
reaches a height of 3571 ft* The last refuge of the Welsh
was in this range, but it was penetrated and reduced by
Edward L The native name was Craig-Erin, guz?» In
Peele's Ed. I x*, Sussex says, " The men and women of
Sowdon [an obvious misprint] have sent in great
abundance of cattie and corn." Drayton, in PofyoSt* ix,
169, says, u Sfiowdony, a fail!, imperial in his seat, Is
from his mighty foot onto his head so great That, were
Ms Wales distrest, or of his help had need, He all her
fiocks and herds f-or many months could feed/'

SQOCMflE (an oforoiffi misp^ In

Chapman's J&p. Bussy v* i, Guise speaks of advertise-
ments he has received in regard to the Catholic League
** from Rome and Spain, Soccaine and Savoy " (Mer-
maid edition}*

SODOM. An ancient city in Palestine, E* of the Jordan;
probably N* of the Dead Sea, though some authorities
would place it at its South end. According to Gen, six*
it was destroyed by fire from heaven along with the
4 other Cities of tlie Plain, viz* Gomonah, Acbeah,
Zeboim, and Zoar. Its wickedness became proverbial ;

SODOM LANE

and from the incident recorded in Gen. xix. 4, 5, Sodomy
came to mean unnatural sexual crime. The burning of
S. and Gomorrah was the subject of a popular Motion
or Puppet-play. Protestant writers often use S* as a
synonym for the Ch. of Rome* A kind of apple was sup-
posed to grow near its site which looked fresh and
sweet but turned to ashes in the moutb— possibly the
fruit of Solanum Sodomeum* Phillip, in GrissU 386,
says, " As God did plague S. and Gomorrah in his ire
So win he destroy the wicked with flaming fire/' In
Greene & Lodge's Looking Glass L 2, the Angel compares
Nineveh to "S. and Gomorrah full of sin/' In Shirley's
Duke's Mist. iv. if Horatio says of a lady's painted face :
**Her cheeks represent Gomorrah and her sister S*
burning/1 In Jack Dram fv* 205, Pasquil says, " Then
comes pale-faced lust; next S., then Goniorha/' In
Bale's Johan 190, the K. says, ** The Romish ch. I mean,
more vile than ever was S." In his Promises iiL, Pater
Coelestis says, u The vile Sodomites live so unnaturally
That their sin vengeance asketh continually/' Tn his
Three Leaps ii., Idolatry says, ** I dwelt amodg the
Sodomites, the Benjamites, and Mtdfanites, And now the
popish hypocrites embrace me everywhere*" In the
proL to the same play, he speaks of ** Idols and stinking
Sodometry/* Taylor, in Wm ks ia. 137, says, ** The
Pope then caused all priests to kave their wives To
ted foul Sodomitick single lives.** Nash, in Wntonf
speaks of ** the art of whoring, the art of poisoning, the
ait of Sodomitry/* Milton, P. i* i. 503, speafrfng of the
sins of the sons of Belial, says : *** Witness the street
of S/'

In Jonson's Barthol. v. i, Leatherhead says, ** O the
motions that I have given light to ! Jerusalem was a
stately thing, and so was Nineveh, and the City of
Norwich, and S* and Gomorrah/' In Webster's WMte
Devil iii. i, Monticelso says of Vittoria : " You see, my
Lords, what goodly fruit she seems ; Yet Kke those
apples travellers report To grow where S* and Gom&rrah
stood, I will but touch her, and you straight shall see
Shell fall to dust and ashes/' Maundeville says they
are full fair apples, but have coal and cinders within ;
though he frankly admits, ** I neither saw nor heard of
any/* Milton P,L. x. 563, says, "Greedily they
plucked Hie fruitage fair to sight, like that which grew
Near that bituminous lake where S* flamed* * + * They
* * * instead of fruit, Chewed bitter ashes/'
SODOM LANE. Probably a nick-name for a lane of
it-repute in Loud. ; I cannot identify it tether. In
Cowie/s Cutter i. 5, Worm says, ** Did I not see thee
once in a quarrel at ninepins behind Sodom-Lane
disarmed with one of the pins < "

SOFALA. A dist. on the South-E. coast of Africa on the
Mozambique Channel, between Delagoa Bay and the
Zambesi. It exported a certain amount of gold-dust,
and was hence by some commentators identified with the
Ophir from which Solomon brought gold. Milton,
P. L. xi. 400, mentions among the kingdoms shown in
vision to Adam ** Mombasa, and Quiloa, and Melind,
And Sofala, thought Ophir/*

SOGDIANA* A dist. m Central Asia, South-E. of the
Sea of Aral, between the Oxus and the Jaxartes. It
roughly corresponds to Turkestan a&d Bokkhara*
Alexander the Gt. conquered the country, and seems to
have spent nearly 3 years thete and in tfre ttefghbouring
Bactriana. In Caesar's Rep. iii. 2, Caesar says of Alex-
ander: "Bactrians and Zogdians, known but by
tbeir names, Were by his arms subdued/' In Chap-
man's Trag+ Byron iv. i, Byron sa^s, **The great

SOMERSETSHIRE

Macedon Was said * * * To bring the barbarous So#-
dians to nourish, Not kill, their aged parents as before/'
Milton, P. R* iii. 302, describes an imaginary expedition
of the Parthian K* ** Against the Scythian, whose
incursions wild Have wasted Sogdiana."

SOLA, or SOLL A town on the coast of Cflicia in Asia
Minor, abt* 30 nu W. of Tarsus. The Greek spoken by
the inhabitants was very corrupt; this gave rise to the
word solecism fee a piece of bad grammar of con-
struction ; and then for an error in etiquette, or any
impropriety. In Lyty's Midas iH. i, the $L rafts to
yipKftTi^f my cruelties itt T .y^^gtu^tj. njy t^irrplffiffi i^
GetuHa, my oppression in Sola/* Nash, in Fovre Lett*
Conf. 70, dialfenges his critics : ** Suck otrt one
sokecisme or misshapen English word if thou canst.**
In Massinger Urmat. Cam, iii, i, the Steward says, *4 He
ne'er observed you . . . take A say of venison or
stale fowl by your nose, Which is a solecism at another's
table/* In Jonson's Cynthia ^-. %, AmorpiEtts says,
" Forgive it now ; it was the solaeasm of my stars."
In his Epigrams cxvi., he speaks of " A desperate
sofeeci^n ia tru& and wit***

SOLANTO (probably SOLETC* is meant). A town in ifae
heel of Italy, a few m. South of Lecco* It still possesses
a convents. In Brome's Concubine v» 9, the K, says,
44 1 vowed my after life unto the monastery of holy
Augustinians at Solanto.**

SOLDINO. A city of N. Syria, apparently somewhere
between Aleppo and Tripoli; possibly Baalbek is
meant, the old name of which, Heliopolis, might be
translated by Sol-dfno, the city of the Sun. It lies about
half-way between Tripoli and Damascus. In Marlowe's
Tomb. B* iii. i , the 1C of Soria says, M From Soda with
70,000 strong Ta'en from Aleppo, Soldino, Tripoli,
And so on to my city of Damasco, I march,rt

SOLEMS (z\e. SOUESMES). A town in N. France near the
boundary of Belgium, 20 m*E* of Cambrai* InBamapett
£ii., Barnavelt has letters from " the K, of Swechland
and the Count of Sokms/*

SOLINES (an obvious misprint for SPHERES, g.p.}. In
Tiberias 1840, Gennanicus, referring to ancient Roman
history, says, ** Witness the tempests of the Solmes
troops and Titias Titaias* [£^* Titus Tatius] doubtful
treachery/*

SOMERSET HOUSE. A palace in Load* on the South
side of the Strand between Strand Lane and Wellington
St. The ist S. H* was built by the Protector S, in the
reign of Edward VI in 1549. It occupied the sites of
the old ch. of St. Mary-at-Strand and the Tims of the
Bps. of Chester and Worcester, which were pdled
down to make room for it. James I gave it to his Q. in
1616, and in her honour it was renamed Beamarfc H.
A chapel was built by Inigo Jones for Q* Henrietta
Maria in 1632, All these buildings were pulled down
m 1775 and replaced by the present S* H*, with its fine
facade towanls the Thames. It Is used partly as
Government offices, partly lor the work of King's
College. IhT.Heywdod*sJ.J§r.M.B.3i6,tlieSw«Kd-
bearer says, ** Tlie Q. comes along tfie Strand from
S. H/* Daniefs Hymen's Triomph was performed here
in 1614 in honour of the wedding of Lord Roxbocotigtu
See also DENMARK HOUSE.

SOMERSETSHIRE (Srt*=Somerset). Acmm^inSouth-
W.ofEngland. The S* dialect is characterized by the
flattening of s to z and f to v, and the county is often
called Zomerzetshire in consequence ; ich is used ice
I, and contractions Mfce cfiam (I am), diave (I

473

SQMME

chill (I will) are common. Specimens of this dialect are
found in RespaMica, Horestes, King Lear, Gurtont
Sparagus, and other plays in which rustics are intro-
duced. The county shared with the rest of the W*
country a great reputation for skill in wrestling* In
Resprtblica v* 6, Avarice says, ** I would have brought
half Kent into Northumberland, And S. should have
raught to Cumberland.'* In Middieton's Qaarrd v* i,
Chough passes through ** Wookey in S/' on his way
from Cornwall to Lond. Wookey Hole is a famous
cavern in the Mendip Hills* In Brome's Sparagus ii, 3,
Hoyden says that his father was " as. rank a down as
any in S* ** ; and in iv* 2, Tom says, ** Did you know a
zuster of Mr. Striker's tJiat was marned into Zi

shire 4** In HerccksL 3, 471, marg.Dromio, describing
tbe behaviour of his fellow-passengers at sea, says :
** One did* I take it, the S* trick fairly over; butindeed
he never came back again/' There is a pun here on
the word somersault, which has nothing to do with S»
wrestling, though it is often, by a sort of Hobson-
Jobson derivation, spelled Srt* Thus Nash, in Saffron
W olden Intro., desires that his pen may be inspired
** with some of his nimblest Pomados and Sommexsets/'
In B* & F* Fair Maid I* iv. 2, Forobosco says, ** Now
I will only make him break his neck in doing a sommer-
set/'

Srt. was a territorial title in the English Peerage.
The Srt. of H6 A. was John, son of John Beaufort, eldest
naturalsonof John of Gaunt, He succeeded his brother
as Bad of Sit. in 1418, and was created D. in 1443 ; he
died tne following year. He was made Capt,-General
of France in 2443. In ii, 4, he is represented as having
selected the red rose as the badge of the Lancastrian
party in the famous scene in the Temple Garden, He
Is present in iv* i, at the coronation of Henry in Paris
in 1431, and quarrels with York, but is reconciled by the
K. In iv. 3, 9, York blames ** that villain Srt/* for not
having sent him reinforcements in France; andiniv. i,
Srt, excuses himself on the ground that the expedition
led by York and Talbot was "too rashly plotted/* But
as tbis took place at the time afTalbofs death, viz, 1 453,
it is dear that Shakespeare confuses John of Srt, with
fats brother F-dmtmd, who was created D. in £447 add
sent to France as regent. He is present m H6 B* L i*
In i. 2r 29, Gloucester relates how he dreamed that
^ Edmund, D. of Srt., lost his head/r In v, 2, Richd. of
Gkftjcester kills htm at the ist battle of St. Albans ;
and in H6 C. i. ir Sings his head down on the SOOT of
Parliament House. He was succeeded by his son Henry,
who was beheaded after the battle of Hexham in 1463*
His brother Edmund succeeded him and is the Srt.
who appears at Edward's court in iv* i — which is a
mistake, for he was always on the side of Henry— and
who is beheaded after the battle of Tewkesbury in v. 5*
in v* 7, 5, Edward boasts : ** We have mowed down
3 Dukes of Srt*, three-fold renowned For hardy and
t*adQ*ji>ted champions/* The present Dukes are
descended from Edward Seymour, who was created
D. in 1547 and is best known as the Protector Srt, He
was beheaded, but the tide was restored to his heir in
1660* He is the D. of Srt* who, in Feversham L i, is
repotted to have given the lands of the Abbey of
Faversham to Arden; Arden's murder took place in

S0MS1E, A river in H. France, rising near St- Quentin,
aad lowing in a W. direction through the old Province
of Pkaedy, past AmieiK and Abbeviik into the English
Channel. Cressy and Agmeotirt both lie N. of the

SQTHRAY

Somme. In Ed. Ill iii. 3, the K* says, just before the
battle of Cressy, *4 Where's the Frenchman by whose
cunning guide We found the shallow of this river
Some 4" In H$ iii. 5, i, the French K. says of Henry,
just before the battle of Agincourt ; ** *Tis certain he
hath passed the river Somme."

SOPER LANE. A st. in Londv now called Queen St*,
running South from Cheapside to Southward Bdgev a
little E* of the Ch» of St* Mary-Ie-Bow» It was so called
from the soapmakers, or soapers, who dwelt there* The
name was altered to Queen St* in 1667 in honour of the
wife of Charles IL In Hiddleton's Triumph Truth we
are told : ** At Soper-lane end a Senate-house [was]
erected *r as a part of the scenery of the pageant,

SOPHIA'S, SAINT* Hie cathedral at Constantinople
built by the emperor Justinian A jx 531-538. The dome
rises 180 ft. above tbe pavement* It was converted, or
rather perverted, into a mosque by the Turks. Boorde,
in Intro, of Knowledge, p* 173, says, ** The ch* is called
Saynte Sophyes ch., in the which be a wonderful sight
of priests/*

SORROftfNE. In Paris, the seat of the Acad&nie de
France, on the E* side of the Boulevard Michel, near
the Luxembourg and the Pantheon* It was originally
a theological college, built by Robert de Sorbon about
1255. It grew to be the headquarters of learning in
Paris, and discussions on all subjects were held there*
It was mainly, however, a school of theology, and its
professors were resorted to for decisions on points of
theology and canonical law. It had the honour of
introducing printing into France in 1469* Richelieu
reconstructed the buildings, but it was suppressed at
the Revolution in 1790* It was re-established as the
Academic de Paris in 1808, and its buildings were once
more reconstructed in 1884. The old ch* is, however,
retained. Rabelais, in Pantagrwi ii* 10, describes how
Pantagruel " went afterwards to the S., where he main-
tained argument against all the theologians or divines
lac the space of 6 weeks." In Chapman's D1 Olive L i,
O'Olive boasts tUsatt hk chambers shall be "** a second S*
where all doubts or differences of learning, honour,
dtieHism, criticism, and poetry shall be disputed/' In
Marlowe's Massacre L 9, Ramus says, " The blockish
Sorbonnists Attribute as much unto their own works
As to the service of the eternal God*"

SOREC, VALLEY OF (now the WADY SURAS). It runs
from the N. of Jerusalem westward to Beth-Shemesh,
and forms the easiest way from the Philistine Plain to
that city* Sorek itself lies 16 m* due W* of Jerusalem,
near the entrance of the Wady* In Milton's S* A. 229,
Samson says, " the next I took to wife * , * was in the
vale of Sorec, Dahla,** See Judges xvi. 4*

SORIA. Probably the dist* round Tyre, the old name of
which was Sor, is meant ; or it may be a variant
spelling of Syria. In Marlowe's Tomb* B* £, a, Frederick
mentictis amongst the allies of Tamburlaine ** the
Kings of S. and Jerusalem/' In iii* x, the K* of S* says,
**From S. with 70,000 strong Ta'en from Aleppo,
Soldfno, Tripoli, I march/* In Jonson's Volpone iv* i,
Sir Politick has a plan to discover the plague in " a ship
newly arrived from S* or from any suspected part of all
tbe Levant/*

SOSETUS. See Cocrros*

SQTHRAY (apparently meant for SUBKE*, $*P*>* In
Skelton's EBmmr Ramming pass, i, it is said that that
lady w dwelt in Sothray In a certain stead Beside
Leatherhead/' Leatherhead is in Surrey*

474

SOUND

SOUND* The strait between the island of Zealand and
Sweden, leading from the Cattegat into the Baltic* At
its narrowest point, between Elsinore and Helsmgborg>
it is only 3 m. wide. All vessels passing through the
S. had to anchor at Elsinore and pay a customs fee
to Denmark* In Webster's Cuckold iv. i, Pettifog
says, "Custom is not more truly paid in the S* of
Denmark***

SOUTHAM, A town in Warwicksh., 9 m* E* of Warwick,
and ii South-E. of Coventry* In H6 C. v. i, 9, Somer-
ville reports : " At S. did I leave him [Clarence] with
his forces." Warwick, who is looking westward towards
Warwick from the walls of Coventry, hears a drum in
that direction, and says, ** Then Clarence is at hand/*
Somerset corrects him : w It is not his, my lord ; here
S, lies/* pointing to the South-E. In Downfall Hwttmg-
ton i. 3, Little John says, " At Romford, Sv Wortley,
Hothersfield, Of all your cattle money shall be made/*
There was an annual horse and cattle fair at S* every
July.

SOUTHAMPTON, or HAMPTON, q#. A spt. in
Hants, at *the head of S* Water, 74 m. South-W. of
Lond* In J* Heywood's Weather p. 100, Merry Report
names " S/' as one of the places he has visited. The
scene of &5 ii* 2 is laid at S., just before Henry sailed
thence for France. In chorus ii* 35, it is said, " The
scene is now transported, gentles, to S/' In ii. 3, 48,
Nym says, " Shall we shog 1 the K* will be gone from
S/' In Fam* Viet., Haz., p. 353, the K. says, " I will
that there be provided a great navy of ships With all
speed at South-Hampton." In Oldcastle iv* 3, the Bp*
of Rochester says, ** The K* is departed on & way for
France And at S. doth repose this night/' In T. Hey-
wood's Ed „ IV A., p. 54, Morton says to Falconbridge,
** Thou joinest in confederacy with France And cam'st
with them to burn S. here/* It was regarded as a long
way from Lond* In Darius 67, Iniquity says of the
Pope : ** He hath as much lands as lieth between this and
S/' In Bale's Laws iii, i, Infidelity says, "For such
another [service] would I to S./* z»e. ** I would go a
long way/* Bevis of S. was one of the popular heroes
of ancient romance. He performed great exploits in
Armenia and Syria, slew the giant Ascopart and the
dragon of Colein, and finally returned to England, where
he died. His sword was called Morglay, and his
steed ArundeL In Ret. Pemass. proL, Momus says,
** There's never a tale in Sir John Mandevil or Bevis
of S. but hath a better ending/' The Earl of S* to
whom Shakespeare dedicated his Verms and Adorns and
Lucrece was Henry Wriothesley, who succeeded his
father in 1581, was attainted in 1598* but restored to
his titles and honours in 1603.

SOUTHRON. Used especially by Scottish writers for an
Englishman, one living South of the Tweed. In Chaucer
C. T* 1. 42, the Parson says, w But, trusteth well, I am a
southren man, I kan nat geeste * rum, ram, ruf * by
lettre," Le. I cannot tell a tale in alliterative metre
like the N* poets*

SOUTH SEA (the SOUTH PACIFIC OCEAN)* In As iii. a,
208, Rosalind says, " One inch of delay more is a S. S.
of discovery/' z>* leaves a whole S. S. of unknown
places to be still discovered. Warburton's emendation,
44 a S* S. off discovery," is ingenious but unnecessary.
Drayton, Polyolb* xix. 365, says, ** Brave Candish . * .
through the S* Seas passed, about this earthly ball/*
Wilbye, in First Set of Madrigals (1598), speaks of** Coral
and ambergris sweeter and dearer Than which the S.

SOUTHWARK

Seas or Moluccas lend us." In B. & F. Women Pleased
L 2, Lopes enumerates amongst his jewels 4* the S. S/s
treasure, Pearl fair and orient/*

SOUTHWARK, A borough, formerly independent of
the Lond. city government, but now under the juris-
diction of the Lord Mayor and Council, It lies on the
South side of the Thames between Lambeth and
Deptford. It was known, in contrast to the City of
Lond., as the Borough ; and its principal stv running
from the foot of Lond. Bdge. to Newiogton Causeway,
is still called the Borough High St. It is in the county
of Surrey. The parish ch> of St* Saviour's, formerly
St. Mary Overy, still stands as it was in Elizabethan
times ; to the W. of it was Winchester House ; and
further still to the W. was the Bankside, with the Stews
or Bordello, where most of the Elizabethan theatres were
erected, including the Globe, the Rose, the Swan, and
the bear-baiting ring at Paris Garden. The highway
from Lond. to the South was the Old Kent Road and
the Borough High St. ; and in this last were many
famous hostelries such as the Tabard, whence Chaucer's
Pilgrims started for Canterbury, the White Hart* which
was Jack Cade's headquarters, the Geosrge, the Bell, aod
the Bear at the Bridgefbot* Here too were the prisons
of King's Bench, the Marshafeea, the White Lkm, the
Borough Compter, and the Clink* The S* Fair (also
called the Lady Fair and St. Margaret's Fair) was
reckoned, with Bartholomew Fair and Sturbridge Fair,
as one of the 3 most frequented in the kingdom* It was
held between the Tabard and St* George's Ch, oa
Sept. ?th, 8th, and gth.

In H6 B. iv. 4, 27, a messenger brings word : ** The
rebels are in S./' i>. Jack Cade's followers ; aod in
iv* 8, 30, Cade says, " Hath my sword therefore bndke
through Lond* gates that you should leave me at tiie
White Hart m S* i ** In Straw ii. a messenger reports :
u They [the rebels] have spoiled all S.* btofee up the
Marshabea and the King's Bench/' In OMcastfe iii* 4,
the scene of which is Blackheath, Sir John warns the
disguised K. : ** Thou mayst hap be met with again jby
highwaymen] before thou come to S." Blackheath was
a notorious resort of these gentry. Chaucer, C* T* A* 20,
tells how he lay 4t in Southwerk at the Tabard," where
he met the pilgrims; and in A. 7x8, he speaks of "this
gentil hostelrye That highte the Tabard faste by the
Belle in Southwerk." In A. 3140, the Miller blames
** the ale of Southwerk " for his drunken plight. Nash,
in Pierce D. 3, says, ** Chaucer's host, Baly in S^ shall
be talked of whilst there ever be a bad bouse in S/' In
Piers C. viL 83, we are told of a " sotiter of Sotitliwerk "
who appears to have been a dealer in sorcery and magic
cures. In Goosecap L i, Jack compares BuUalcer, the
French page, to ** the great baboon tiiat was to be seen
in$/*— probably atthe Fair. In B. & F. Pterffe Ind,, the
Citizen says, ** Let's have the waits of S* ; they are as
rare fellows as any are in England ; and that will i etch
them all o'er the water with a vengeance/*

In Feverskam v. i, Shakebag proposes to take siielter
after the murder'of Arden with " a bonnie northern lass,
the widow Chambky," who dwells 4< m S." In Greene's
Friar viu, Ralph*says, ** I will make a ship tot shall
hold all your colleges and so carry away the niniveisity
[sic] with a fair wind to the Bankside m S/* In Mar-
mion's Companion iii. 4, Capt. Whibbk says, ** There's
a good plump wench, my hostess, a waterman's widow,
at the sign of the Red Lattice in S., shall bid tiiee
welcome/' fin CMer of Canterlmry, the cobbler sa$s*
" When S, Bankside faatfa no' pretty wenches Thea *fae

475

SOUTHWELL

^ Nasfa, in Pferce

F. 4? says, ** Make a privy seardi in S. and tell me
how many she-inmates you find*" In News /HOOT Hef/,
the Cardinal speaks of ** ail the whores and thieves that
Eve in Westminster, Covent Garden, Holborn, Grub
Street, Gferftneowdl, Rosemary Lane, Turnbuli-street,
Ratdiff, S* Banfcside, and Kent-st/' When Harman
{Co&eat ii.) lost his copper cauldron he tells how he
** gave warning in Sothwarke, Kent St., and Barmesey
st. to all the tinkers there dwelling,**
SOUTHWELL* A town in Hottsu, 14 *n* N«E, of
Nottingham* The db* of St* Mary at S, was much
resorted to by |a%ritas* It ^^ t»iiioW fcf PamMmis,
and B a fine buldfeg. In J* Heymxxfs Fair fcP i, the
** 1"

la DwvttfcH ffmtitgton w. a, Tuck says, ** 1'fl uato S.
and buy aU the knacks/'
S0WBQN. A m&print for SNOWDON, g.v*
SPA. A town in Belgium, 16 m. South of Liege, famous
for its springs of various kinds of mineral waters* It
first attracted attention in England in the latter part of
die i6tfe cent., and soon became a popular resort for
invalids of all kinds. Latier the name was applied
genetically to oilier places where .mineral springs were
found, like Hawogalfc and Cheltenham.

ays, ^ In this ferest [Ardenna] or about the
edges thereof arctic fairKHis hot baths, frequented from
ailthepl^esofBuiope, called the S,; not so pleasant
as wholesome, not so wholesome as famous/7 Hail, in

her medicinal and mineral waters, compotioded of iron
and cofrperice ; a water more wboiesome than pleasant,
and yet more famous than wholesome." Puttenham,
Art &f P&esie w. 24, relates that ** in the time of Charles
the ninth, French 1C," he visited M the Spew waters.**
Qtarks re%ned £rom 1560 to 1574* Montaigne (Flodo's
Tiara* 1603) ii. 15, says, ** They of Tuscany esteem the
Bathes of Spawe more than their own/T Spenser, F. Q.
i. n, 30, speaks of " IV English Both and eke the
german Sf«t*/* in joorafe jffcap World, the Herald
saysoftl^wellsfntiKMooo: ^ Your Ttmbridge or
the Spaw itself are mere puddk to then/* M Ilas-
stager's Jteri Lo^e iL % Cteiedm sa^&atsj^^op
of te iad^s perspiratiofi wo«ld ptnxiiase "The far-
fasaed EagWi Balk or German S." M Webster^s
JMp Ig* 2, Cariola advises the Duchess to wgo
*m the S, m Germany." la Killigrew's Parson
T* 4, Sad says, ** You'll footib live to repeat heibre you
have done travelling to the Epsoms, Btxrbons, and the
^3*aws, to cttre those travelled diseases* In B. oc F*
Scom/al ni 3, Lore! says, " He has yet past cure of
physic, S*# or any diet, a primitive pox/* Taylor, in
Works i. 83 (1630), says, "St. Winifred's Well, the
Batfa, or the Spaw, are not to be compared with this
ship foe speedy ease and cure."

CS&. « Danish, Sd* = ^aniard)* The Roman
a; die Sotith-W* penmstzla of Europe, ez-
Portugal The KKEnidans planted colonies
OG the coast, aiid the <xvimtry came in early times under
dommioa of Carthage, from whom it was taken by
as the resaf t of the Punic wars. It was divided

, erf which onJy the latter was fully subdtied and

"

was

the Vandab and Goths. The Visi-
" Walia m 418 ;

and their fc^tom lasted till 71 1, wfeea Tarik and ms

•SPABV

5000 Saracens crossed the Straits of Gibraltar, defeated
Roderick near Xeres, and speedily subjugated the whole
country. During the 8th — xoth cents* Christian king-
doms were gradually organized in the N* in Leoa,
Navaire, Castile, and Aragpn, and grew in power and
influence. The marriage between Ferdinand of Aragoa
and feabella of Castik in 1469 led to the union of the
whole of Christian S. under one crown ; Granada was
taken in 1492, and the power of the Moors destroyed ;
and they were finally expelled from S* in 1609* Under
the ruk of Charles ^better kacwn as the Empero*
Cfaarks V, S rose to the height of her infiueace^in
Europe, largely through the immense wealth which
she gained froco. hex discoveries and conquests in Peru,
Mexico, and the W* Indies, Under his successor,
Pis£|%j Et a became the champion of 'Roman CadioH-
cism against the doctrines of the Reformation, and the
establishment of the LaqumtioQ effectually stifled all
freedom of thought. Her chief enemies were England
and the provinces of the Netherlands; the defeat of the
Sh* Armada in 1588 was the first important check to
Philip's ambitions ; and the revolt of the Netherlands
led ultimately to the establishment of the United
Provinces. The expulsion of the Moors in 1609 dealt
a fecal blow to the usctustrial development of the country,
and its later story has been one of steady decline into
political insignificance, Kays based on Sh* history, real
or imaginary, begin with Kyd's Span* Trag., and are
contmtsed m Greened Alpfamsas, Peek's Atotzor,
Stodeyt 2nd the anodymous JLasf $ Down* Later we
haw Shirley's Spanish Dt&e &f Lerma, Rawtms'
R&e&im* and W. Rowley's Alfs LosL A lost play by
Hathway and Raokios (1601) was entitled The Conquest
cf Spain by Jalm of Gmnt. The novels of Cervantes,
and the plays of Lope de Vega and others, were drawn
upon tsr plot and incident by the English dramatists,
particularly by Beaumont and Fletcher, Massinger, and
Webster*

AMesitms.— In I~L*L. L i, 164^ Armado is
^ Hisamewas

and

fc M*te«^ Famtas iii., Faust says, ** 111
join the hills that bind the Afric shore And make that
country coodoent to S.** In Grim ii* i, Belphegor
pTatrng to be ** a Sd. born, No baser than the best blood
of Castile/* In Chapman's Blind Beggar ii., Bragadino
affirms: " I am Signer Bragadino, the martial
Spaniardo/* In Webster's Wyat xi*, Brett suggests an
absurd derivation for Sd», which incidentally shows
that the word was pronounced as a dissyllable, Span-
yard : " A Sd* is called so because hers a Span-yard
— his yard is but a span/*

Historical References.— In T* Heywpod's B* Age iiL,
Hercules says, ** The ^-headed Gerion sways in S.n
Hercules was reported to have visited S*, where he
fcHed the giant Geryon and erected the so-called Pillars
of Hercules on either side of the Straits of Gibraltar,
or, according to another account, in the neighbourhood
of Cadiz (see under CALES)* In Nero v. i, Tigellinus
reports tljat news has come that ** S/s revolted, Portin-
g^3e hath lotned*** Tms was at the end of Nero's reign,
when the legions of Gaul and S. acclaimed Galba as
Emperor. In /. C. L a, 119, Cassius says of Caesar :
* He tei a fewer when lie was in S*** Caesar was in
S* as Quaestor m 68 BX:*, and as Praetor ia 60* Plutarch
tells tis that die fefffng sickness first took him "in
Cford^ja, a city of S*** In Davenanfs Distresses iL,
Aadcolio saysv * Sadi seratfifmig jfoc females was ne*er

476

SPAIN

heard of since first the hot Moors did overcome S/* la
Dist* Emp* L i, Reinaldo says, "I am come from
Orlando, who in Spayne Hath with his own fame mixed
your happiness By a West victory/* In Bale's Johan 1297,
the K* says that the Pope had bound his predecessor,
Henry II, " 3 year after to maintain battle free Against
the Sarazens which vexed the Spanyards sore/* This
was not exactly the case; the Pope excused Henry
from going to the Holy Land on a crusade, if he should
be fighting the Saracens in S. The Lady Blanch, in
K. /„ was the daughter of Alphonso VIII of S* and
Eleanor, daughter of Henry II of England, and married
the D&uphin of France, afterwards Louis VIII* Elinor,
Q* of E4ward I, appears in Peele's play as " the K*
of S/s daughter ** ; her father was Ferdinand III of
Castile* Peele, in her person, satirises the pride and
cruelty of the Sds* In H6 C* iii* 3, 82, Oxford affirms :
44 groat John of Gaunt » » , did subdue the greatest
part of S/* This is a gross exaggeration; John of
Gaunt, after the death of his Duchess, Blanch (cele-
brated by Chaucer), married the daughter of Pedro the
Cruel and assumed the titk of K. of Castile, but the
throne was in the possession of Henry of Trastamara,

and John of Gaunt's expedition, undertaken in 1388 to
dispossess him* was a dismal failure* In H8 ii+ 4, 47,
allusion is made to Ferdinand of S** the father of
Cat&erine of Aragon* This was Ferdinand II, who, by
his marriage with Isabella of Castile, united the 2
In Devonshire v. i, Henrico enumerates t

of S/s 7 kingdoms, Gallicia, Navarre, the 2
Castiles, Leon, Arragon, Valentia, Granada, and Port-
ugal to make up 8/' In Jonson's Staple, the Infanta of
S*, with whom James I had tried to arrange a marriage
with Prince Charles without success, is caricatured in
the Princess Pecunia, daughter of the K. of Ophir, and
princess of the mines of South America and Hungary*
Jonson, in Underwoods Ixv* 36, asks, "What is't to
me * * * whether the match from S* was ever meant <"
No event in our history has stimulated the national
and religious consciousness of the people so much as
the defeat of the invincible Armada of Philip II in
1588* It was a God-given triumph both for political
independence and for the Protestant faith, and dates
were long afterwards reckoned from *88* Philip and his
Sds. were regarded with bitter hatred* La Greene's
Orlando v. i, Brandemart says, " What I dare, let say
the Porttngale And Sd* tall, who manned with mighty
fleets Came to subdue my ilands to their K*, Filling our
seas with stately argosies . * «. Which Brandemart
rebated from his coast And sent them home
ballast with little wealth*** Nash, in Lemtm (HarL
Misc. vL 149), says, "They were nothing behind
in number with the invincible S* armada, though
they were not such Gargantuan boysterous gulMguts
as they/* In Jonson's Prince Henry's Barriers,
Mercury tells of the action " here of *88 against the
ptQud Armada, styled by Spain the INVINCIBLE/*
la his Alchemist iv* a, Dame Pliant says, " Truly I shall
new brook a Sd*; Never since '88 could I abide
them.*' In his New Inn iv» a, Huffle says, " So you will
name no Sd*, I wul pledge you " j and later he ex-
claims: ** Sds* I Ptfchers ! ** and says* " I have heard
the Sh. name Is terrible to children in some countries,
And used to make them eat their bread-and-butter Or
take their wormseed/' In Dewmshfce L 3, two merchants
discuss the origin of the hatred of S* towards England,
and derive it from refefoos motives: " Wh^n England
threw off the yokse of Restae., St sprang from her,** and
the Atmada followed ; and, theji Dsake* " Tha* gbry

SPAIN

of his country, and S/s terror, Harried the Indies/*
** The Sh* Inquisition/* says one of them in reference to
tike Armada, ** was aboard every ship with whips strong
with wire and knives to cut our throats/7 In Three
Lords, Dpds*, vi. 451, Policy says, "Myself will muster
upon Mik-End-Green Tliat John the Sd* Witt in rage
run mad,'* Later, Pompo says, ** Honour in England,
not in S., doth grow"; and Fraud says, ** The Sds, are
coming with great power/* In Shirley's Poor Om iv, 2,
Treedle says, ** We can have drums ia the coj«iatry and
the train-band, and then let the Sds* come an they tee/*
In B, & F. Thomas iit. 3, a ballad is referred to> entitled
** The landing of the Sds* at Bow, with the bloody
battle of Mile-End/* In Histrio v* 334, Perpetuana
cries, w O sweet heart, the Sds. are come ! We shall
all be kilkd, they say J w The author of Tarltotfs Jests
relates : ** Tarlton, being asked what countryman the
devil was, qtsoth Tadton : A Sd. ; for Sds^ like the
devil, trouble the whole world." In the Introduction to
Jonson's BartM* the Stage-keeper laments the absence
from the play of ** a juggler with a w^di-educafed ape,
to come over the chain foe the K* of England, and back
again for the Prince, and sit still on his arse for the Pope
and the K* of S*** In Webster's Wyat, the hatred in
England of S* and of the marriage of Mary with Philip
ofS*, & strongly expressed* In ix* Wyat sa^s, ** PbSip
is a Sd», a proud nation, Whom naturally our country-
men abhor/*

S*, indeed, is used as a synonym foe Hell* In Ful-
welTs Lzkef Haz* iiL ^57, Newfangle, carried off on
the Devil's back, says, "Farewell, for now must
I make a journey into S/' In Hwestes D. % the
Vice says to Fame, " Whither dost tbou think Ibr
to ga i to Purgatory or Spsyae i ** The Sh. IxKjssir
sitionwas the object of special detestation. InCnsai»e£/
iu, 3, Hales says, ** Pride, the Inqtiisittori, aod this
belly-evil [i<e* meagre diet] Are in my judgment S/s
three-headed devil/' In Marlowe's Massacre, p. 237,
Navarre says, " S* is the Council-chamber of the Pope,
S. is the place where he makes peace or war/* In
Brpme's Ct. Beggar i£u i, Raphael says, ** I will shun
this place more than I would the Sh. Inquisition/'
Dekker, in Lanthorn, says that the Masquers " had a
drum, the head of it being covered with the skins of
3 flayed Sh* Inquisitors/' In Larum B* 2, one of the
citizens of Antwerp says that D'Aiva was " worse than
the Sh* Inquisition/* Burton, A. M* Intro,, speaks of
" that 4th Fury, the Sh* Inquisition.**

Spain and the Netherlands. In Davenant's Wits v. 3,
Twack tells of an ape "led captive by the Hollanders,
because he came aloft for S, amd would not for tbe
States/* Apes were trained to damb up a pole oc jtsmp
over tl^gfr chsttfe on the mention of a country oir rel^iDo,
which the audience would be likely to favour Bhutto pay
no attendon to the name of any other. Similarly,, in
Shirley's Bird iv. i, Bcaiamico tells of the " horse that
snorts at S» by MI instinct of nature/' In Underwit v. 3,
Engfrie says, " My story would draw more audience
than the motkxn of Ninivie, or the horse that snorts at
S/* In Shirky's Constant iiL i, dement says, " If the
K* of S* had but that politic head, I know who might
go fish for the Low Countries/1 In Lamm, the story
of the Sh* Fury after the capture of Antwerp in 157615
graphically told.

Spain and The Indies,— In Err. iiL 3, 131, Drooiio
felt S***hot in the breath** of his kitchen-maid; audhe
locates the Indies in her nose ** all p*er embellished with
rubies, carbuncles, sapphires, declining their rich aspect
to the hot breath of S*; who sent whole armadoes of

477

SPAIN

carracks to be ballast at her nose," In Jonson's
Alchemist iii, 2, Subtle promises Ananias so much
gold that he shall be of power " to buy S* out of
his Indies/' In Marlowe's Tarnb. B* i* 2, Callapine
tafe of bringing "armadoes from the coasts of S*
Fraughted with gold of rich America." In Middleton's
Btert iv* z, Lazarillo says, " The Sh* fleet is bringing
gold enough to discharge all, from the Indies."
In Devonshire L 2, an English merchant says/ ** Did
not Spayne fetch gold from the W* Indies for
us *"' In Brome's Ct+ Beggar L i, Gabriel speaks of
44 treasure of a deeper value than all the Hollanders
have waited for these 7 years out of the Shu plate-fleet/'
z\i. the fleet which annually brought the tribute from
America to S* In B. & R Core iiL 2, Piorato speaks of
Malroda, Ins mistress, as ** the most wealthy mine of
S*/* sc* m America*

Spain was the wealthiest and most powerful nation
in Europe ; hence ** to call a man K* of S/* was to pay
h*m the highest possible compliment. In Dekker's
Shoemaker's iii. 3, when the Lord Mayor says to Eyre,
** I hope ere noon to call you sheriff/' Eyre replies, ** I
would not care, my lord, if you might call me K* of S."
In Jooson's Ev* Man O* v* 4, Puntarvolo says, *4 Open
no door ; if the Adelantado of S, lie. the K/s Deputy]
were here, he should not enter/* In Jeronimo ii* i,
Balthesar says, "For all S/s wealth I'd not grasp
hands*" In Brome's Northern iii* 2, a song runs, ** Nay,
would my Philip come again, I mold not change my
state For his great namesake's wealth of S./Ti^.PMipIL
Hie Sfeu soldiers were supposed to be the best in the
world, la Jocson's Nm Inn iii. i, Tipto speaks of the
** Sh* militia ** as the finest soldiers, The Sh* privateers
did much mischief to English merchants* In Haughton's
Englishmen ii* 2, Pisaro, hearing of the capture of 3
English vessels by 2 Sh* gallics, exclaims : ** A plague
tipon these Sh. galley pirates 1 "

The Patron Saint of S. was James, the brother of
John, who was put to death by Herod. His body was
said to have been miraculously transported to Santiago
in Galicia, and was preserved in the cathedral there,
wliicii became a great centre for pilgnEEi3ge&» In Kirke's
Champions i* i, Jaiaes says, ** James stands lor S.*' In
LasTs D&fmn* iv. ir Philip cries, " St. Jaqucs lor the
right of SL f ** la Kirfcers Champions jfv i, James says,
**&, gasrc me birth, the Golden Fleece mine arms"—
wfeicii is {iotifoiy afcisttrd, for James was a Jew of
Palestine, and the order of the Golden Fleece was
instituted by Philip the Good of Burgundy in 1430*

National Character, Heylyn (s.v. SPAIN) says of the
Sh. : ** They are much given to women, impudent
braggarts, and extremely proud in the lowest ebb of
fortune* Indeed their gait is (gennet-wise) very stately
and rnajesticaL But, not to conceal their virtues and
make ourselves merry only at their follies, they are
qtiestioiiless a people very grave in their carriages, and
m offices of piety very devout ; to their K* very obedient ;
and of their civil duties to their betters not unmindful*
Beit that m them which deservetfa the greatest com-
m€iidalxons is an unmoved patience in suffering
adversities, accompanied with a settled resolution to
overcome them. It is said that the French are wiser
tiiantheyseem, arid the Sds. seem wiser than they are.
In matters of war the Sds, are too slow and dull, losing
many £sr occasions % delays. The women are sober,
krrmg their husbands or friends, wonderful deHcate,
cttrious m paistiBg or peafamtmg. . . . Tbeir fere is
for the most pert on saBets and fruits of the earth,"'
In Jooson's New Irmw.2f Tipfco gives Hie recipe for a

SPAIN

Sd* thus : ** Valour 2 ounces ; prudence half a dram ;
justice a pennyweight ; religion 3 scruples ; and of
gravidad a face-full/' His gravity, he goes on to say,
" breeds respect to him from savages and reputation
from all the sons of men*" In Marston's Malcontent
Hi. if Bilioso says, "Your Lordship shall ever find
amongst an hundred *Sds* threescore braggarts."
Hall, in Characters (1608), p* 139, says that the
Vain-glorious man is "a Sh* souldier on an Italian
Theater ; a bladder full of wind, a skin full of words j
a fook's wonder, and a wise man's foole/' In
Ford's Sacrifice i. if Fernando says, " In S» you lose
experience ; 'tis a climate Top hot to nourish arts ; the
nation proud And in their pride unsociable ; the Court
More pliable to glorify itself Than do a stranger grace/'
In B. & F* PhSaster L i, deremoot says, " This speech
calls him Sd., being nothing but a large inventory of
his own ommendations/' In Chapoian's Consp. Byron
ii. i, K* Henri speaks of ** The any-way encroaching
pride of S/' In Kyd's Soliman, 4t the fiery Sd/' is one
of the competitors in the tournament in act i* In
Brewer's JJngaa i* i, Lingua speaks of ** the braving
Sfa/' In Gascoigne's Government UL 6, the Chorus says,
**A Sh* trick it hath been counted oft To seem a
thing, yet not to wish to be." Nash, in Pierce B. 4,
says, " Properly pride is the disease of the Sd., who
is born a braggart." In Tiberius 683, Sejanus says
that the man who would climb must be all things
to all men; "Drink with the Germaine, with the
Sd* brave," IA brag. In Jonson's Devil Hi. i,
Wittipol says, "You must furnish me with compli-
ments in the manner of S., my coach, my gran-
duennas." In his Epicoene iL i, Morose bids his man
answer him by gestures and shrugs ; 4* Your Italian and
Sd, are wise in these, and it is a frugal and comely
gravity." In Shirley's Pleasure iv* 2, Littleworth says,
** Your cloak's too long, and doth smell too much of Sh*
gravity." In Massinger's Guardian ii* i, Calipso says
of the French : 4* Their free breeding knows not the
Sh* and Italian prectseness practised among tas/* In
B. & F. Cure ii. i, LasariHo says, u "We are all signors
here in S., from the jakes-farmer to the grandee/* In
Glapthome's Wallenstezn jL 2, Newman says, "You
must not accost her in tlK Sh* garb, as if you had been
new eating of a radish, and meant to swallow her as
mutton to*t." In his Privilege ii. i, Bonivet says, " Your
Sd. is of a stolid, seri»us, and haughty garb ; acts all
his words with shrugs and gestures ; is of diet sparing/*
In Shirley's Courtier iv. 2, Volterre says, ** The Sd*
reserves all passion ; when in discourse his toothpick is
still his parenthesis." In B* & F. Pilgrim ii. 2, Pedro
says to Roderigo, ** Thou shamest the Sh* honour." In
Middleton's Gipsy L i, Roderigo says, 44 It's as rare to
see a Sd. a drunkard as a German sober." In B, & F.
French Law. L i, Qereniont, speaking of duels, says,
** In all The fair domiaioiis of the Sh. K* They are
never beard erf*" In Par* iv. 2, 101, Soult says, ** There
was a Sd/s mouth so watered, that he went to bed to
her very description/* In Cromwell in* 3, Cromwell
says, ** Lust dwells in France, In Italie, and S." In
B* & F* Cure L 2, Bobadilla, having seduced a girl, says,
44 1 but taught her a Sh* trick, in charity/* In Glap-
thorne's Honander ii* i, Mrs* Mixtim says, ** Your Sd*
is too hasty, he will not give a woman time to say her
prayers after she is m bed."

Spanish Women. — In Jonson's Alchemist iv* 2* Stisde
says, ** It is the Sh* fashion for the women Tol*Balie
first court," In May*s OM Caopl* iii* i, Eiq>ii«es says,
^ I see tfao-u meanest . * , to bring back The ancient

47®

SPAIN

Sh. custom, where the women Inherited the land, ruled
the estates ; The men were given in marriage to the
women With portions, and had jointures made to them/*
In Massinger's New Way v. it Loyell says, ** I grant,
were I a Sd., to marry a widow might disparage me."
In Davenantrs Distresses i* i, Leonte says, *4 Our Sh.
custom warrants ladies in. music to admit their lovers*
evening and morning plaints." In Massinger's Guardian
ii* 5, Calipso talks of ** the stately dame of S." In
B* & F* Rate a Wife Prol. we have : "Ladies, be not
angry if you see A young fresh beauty, wanton, and too
free, Seek to abuse her husband; still, 'tis S/' In
Middleton's Blurt i, 2, Lagarillo says, ** Your monkey is
your only beast to your Sh* lady*"

The Diet of the Sd$. was largely made up of salads
and fruits, and was despised by the English as being
meagre* In Mayne's Match iii* 3, Plotwell says, ** We
Did keep strict diet, had our Sh. fare, 4 olives among 3."
In Cromwell iii. 3, Hales says, ** We English are of more
freer souls Than hunger-starved and 3l-compkxioned
Sds. They that are rich in 5* spare belly-food, To deck
their backs with an Italian hood And sflks of Civili."
La Middleton's Gipsy ii. i, Antonio says, ** We Sds* are
no great feeders/' In Ford's Trial iii. i, Banatzi begs
for ** Sh* salads-^poignant I " In Dekker's Westward
iil. 4, Mrs. Honeysuckle describes the fare in the
Counter as ** a Sh. dinner — a pilcher ; and a Dutch
supper — butter and onions*" In Middleton's Blurt L 2,
a song runs: "What meat eats the Sd.s* Dried
pilchers and poor-John/' In Brome's Northern v* 8,
Bulfinch says of the Sds* : ** They are a people of very
spare diet, and therefore seldom fat/' Donne, in
Supping Hours, speaks of the diet of Nebuchadnezzar,
when he became a beast, as ** A salad worse than Sh*
dieting/* In Lyly's Midas, the Prologue says, 4t Enquire
at Ordinaries; there must be salads for the Italian;
picktooths for the Sd." In Dekker's Hon. Wh. B. iii* 3,
Bots says, ** We have meats of all sorts ; that which is
rotten-roasted for Don Spaniardo/' Nash, in Wilton
K* if says, ** In S* they have better bread than any we
have/* In Davenport's New Trick iii. i. Friar John says,
M The best wheat's in S/'

National Dances. — In Jonson's Alchemist iv* 2, Face
says, ** Your Sh. pavin Is the best dance/' The Pavin,
or Pavan, was a stately dance in duple time, possibly
derived from the Lat. pavo, a peacock. In Dekker's
Fortunatus iii* z, Cyprus asks the Insultado to dance ;
** I have heard the Sh* dance is full of state"; to which
the Sd. replies : ** Verdad, Senor ; la danza espanioia
es muy aha, majestica, y para monarcas; vuestra
Inglesa, baja, fantastica, y muy humflde.** When he has
finished his dance, Agrypine says, ** The Sd/s dance is,
as his deeds be, full of pride/' In Middleton's Blurt
£v* a, Lazarillo dances the ** Sh* pavin*" In Devonshire
i. 2, an English merchant says of S. j ** She played the
Sh. pavins Under our windows, we in our beds lay-
laughing/' Dekker, in News from Hell, says the Devil
** shall now for my pleasure tickle up the Sh* pavin."

Personal AppeaTartcef Dress, dec. — In L* L. L* i. i,
174, the K* refers to " tawny S." In Jonson's Alchemist
iv* i, Subtle says of the disguised Surly : ** He does
look too fat to be a Sd/' ; and goes on to speak of his
44 scurvy, yellow Madrid face." Si Barnes* Charter iv. 3,
Lticretia says, ** Oft have I wished die colour of this
hair More bright and not of such a Sh* dye." In
Dekker's Hon. Wh*B*i. i,Lodov*co commends ** the Sd*
for a little foot." In Greene's Qnzp, p* 330, thie barber
asks : " Will you have your worship's hair cut like a
Sd*, long at the ears, and curled like to the 2 ends of an

SPAIN

old cast periwig 5"' In Webster's White Devil ii. 4,
Flamineo says of the Sh. ambassador : " He carries his
face in's ruff, as I have seen a serving man carry glasses
in a cypress hatband, monstrous steady, for fear of break-
ing ; he looks like the claw of a blackbird, first salted
and then broiled in a candle." Nash, in Wilton K. i,
says : 44 From Spain what bringeth our traveller i
A full-crowned hat of the fashion of an old deep
porringer, a diminutive Alderman's ruff with short
strings, a close-bellied doublet coming down with a
peak behind as far as the crupper, and cut off before
by the breastbone like a partlet or necfcercfaer, a wide
pair of gascoynes which ungathered would make a
couple of women's riding kirtles, huge hangers that
have half a cowhide in them, a rapier that is lineally
descended from half a dozen Dukes at the least. He
hath in either shoe as much taffeta for his tyings as
would serve for an ancient," z*e. an ensign or flag. In
T. Heywood's Lmcrece iii* 5, Valerius sings : " The
Sd/s constant to his block," i&+ the shape of his hat*
In B* & F* Cure ii* i, Lazaritfo asks ; " Are you not a
Portuguese born, though now your blockhead be covered
with the Sh* block, and your lashed shoulders with a
velvet pee ** " In their Friends i. i, Marius says that
he has not spent 5 years in travelling **to bring home
a Sh. block Or a French compliment." In Peek's Jests
we are told how someone found George "in a Sh*
platter-fashioned hat." In Brewer's Lingua iii* 5,
Phantastes describes the ** fantastical gull " as wearing
** a Sh* felt." In Trag. Richd. II ii, 3, 91, Richd* and
his favourites are described as wearing *4 French hose,
Italian cloaks, and Sh* hats*" Rabelais, in Gargantua
prol* says, " There are of those who wear Sh* caps who
have but little of the valour of Scfe. in them*"

In Jonson's Alchemist iv* i, Surly, drsgtiised as a Sd.,
wears ** a deep ruff " and ** a short cloak," In iv. 2,
Face says, ** Your Sh* stoop is the best garb; your Slu
beard is the best cut ; yoor Sh* rufe are the best wear,**
In Massinger's Madam iv. 4, Luke taunts the ladies
with their 44 Hungerford bands And Sh. quellki ruffs,**
IJB. ruffs for the neck. In Shirley's Love Maze v* 5,
Thorney describes his master as " in a Sh. ruff and long
French stockings." In Brome's City Wit iv, i, Crasy
speaks of ** your tiffany dress, Sh. ruff, and silver
bodkin/' In Band, Rnffef Band says to Ruffe, " There's
ne'er a Sh* ruff of you all can do it*" In Shirley's
Fair One ii* i, the Tutor says, ** Are not Italian heads,
Sh* shoulders, Dutch bellies, and French le^ the only
notions of your reformed English gentleman * " In
B. & F. Captain OL 3, Frank describes the old footman
44 in his old velvet trunks and his sliced Sh. jerkin, like
Don John*" In T. Heywood's Lacrece iiL 5, Valerius
sings : 44 The Sd* loves ms ancient slop*" i*e* breeches*
In Jonson's Alchemist iv. 4, Ananias says of Sh. slops :
" They are profane, lewd, superstitious, and idolatrous
breeches "-—all this because S* was a Roman Catholic
country* In Mannkm'sComjwraan 1.4, when the Tailor
says to Careless, ** Youll have your soft of tiie Sh*
fashion * " he replies, ^ What, with 2 walfets behind
me <f No, by this air!" Dekker, in Hornbook L, says that
in the Golden Age ** there was neither the Sh. slop nor
the skipper's galtigasktzu" In his North&ard iii* i,
Doll says, ** St* Anthony's fire light in your Sh* slops!"
In T* Heywood's Challenge iii*, Manhtirst speaks of ** a
Sh* slop, good easy wear, but they are loose and some-
what too open below*" In Ado iii* a, 33, Don Pedro
describes Benedick as " a Sd* from the hip upward,
no doublet*" Probably he means that he wore a Sfe*
cloak, often used as a disguise, which would cover las

479

SPAIN

doublet* In Peek's El. I i., Elinor says, ** I mean to
send for tailors into S. That shall confer on some
fantastic suits.*1' &* Middletoti's Blurt ii* 2, Curvetto
speaks of ** a dapper cloak with Sh.-buttoned cape/'
In Devonshire v* i, Pike says, ** There's a Sh. shirt,
ridily laced and seamed," Carey, in Prese7tf State o/
England (1637), denounces " the Sh. shoes with glitter-
ing roses.** In B. & F* Prizs i. 4, Livia says to Rowland,
** If I want Sb* gloves It may be I shall grace you to
accept them/' In Chapman's Comp+ Byron L x, the
Archduke of Austria is reported to have presented every
gentleman in the embassy with ** a pair of Sh* gloves*"
In Brief Conctipt of English PoUcy (1581), it is said :
** There is no man that can be contented BOW with any
other gloves than, be made in France or in Spayne/*

The leather of Cordova was celebrated from the time
of the Moors, and was used for shoes, gloves, wallets,
etc* Hence comes our word " cordwainer " for a shoe-
soaker* In f?4 A. ii. 4, 80, Prince Hal describes the
Host of the Boar's Head as " This leathern- jerkin,
crystal-button, nott-pated, agate-ring, puke-stocking,
caddis-garter, smooth-tongue, Sb-pottch"; which
probably means that he carried at his girdle a pouch of
Sfa* leather* In B, & F. Shepherdess L i, the shepherd
boy puts on ** His hanging scrip of finest Cordovan/'
In Jooson's Devil iv, i, Witttpoi talks of ** Sh. pumps of
perfumed leather." In his Ev. Man O. iv. 2, Fastictms
Brisk has a pair of boots ** being Sh* leather, not subject
to tear/* In Massin§er*s Madam. L r, Lady Frugal
lias given orders lor some shoes, to be made
**jQi£ tl>& Sh* perfumed sktn*" In Oekkerns Hon*
Wh. A. i* 3, Ftistigo says, **We Milaners k>ve to
strut tipoti So. leather/' In Hattghton's Englishmen
iv. 2, Marina speaks of one of her suitors as
"That base Italian, That Sh*-leather spruce com-
paoioa/' i**e. wearing Sh.-leather shoes* In B, & F.
Thomas v. i, Thomas cries to the blackamoor whom he
finds in his bed, " Plague o* your Sh.-leather hide !"
meaning that it is tawny. In Stadey 321, Stucley says
" 1 wiH drawyotiona wesch as a squirrel's skin will draw
aaaS&.s3x>e/' GasoD^oe, is Si^ Glass 374, deaouaces
** O@r kmt silk sods and Skr4eat!ber shoes" as matfeof

Ftilkrsay^^My

s cut too broad at &>e/* IQ Webber's Wj«zf,
4 Wear your own neat Vleatherslioes;
; cryAfigfortheSd.!" laMarston's
> L i, Malheuretix says, ** Do not suffer thy
nose to drop on thy Sh.-leather jerkin." In
Greene's James IV fV* 3, Slipper says, " My mother was
a Sd v and being well tanned and dressed by a good
fellow, an Englishman,, is grown to some wealth ; as
when I have my upper parts dad in her husband's
costly Sh. leather, I may be told to kiss the fairest lady's
lx>€ in this country/' In Middleton's Bfa/t i. a, P&cber
saysy *' I am follower to that Sh.-leather gentleman/'
i** LaftariHo, In iEi. 3, when Lazarillo talks Sh^
Irnperia says, ** Nay, 'tis Greek to me ; I never had
remnant of his Sh.-katber learning." In Dekker's
Match we ii* Bilbo says, " There's not any Defgo that
treads upon Sh. leather goes more upright/' In
Joosoo's Demi i* if Meercraft lias a j^an ** for n^dicm-
ing the leather to a height of improved ware, like your
borachio of S." Tile bcocMj was a vfm&~skm made of
gpotlsJeattier. Greene^ m Quip, p. 319, speaks of ** a
— -*- -«» ol velvet breeches whose panes was drawn
i the best Sh^satia/' In Ital- Gent. L 3, one of
^ _ jowe-coaifflii is CMiders of

fine '

TbeSh,ladiesmadegreati^ of perfumes, fucxises,

SPAIN

and face-washes* In Jonson's Staple L if Fashioner the
Taik>r scents his suits with ** Right Sh. perfume, the
Lady Estifania's/' In his Devil iv* i, Wittipol says that
the Sh* fucuses are infinite; and spends 20 Imes in
enumerating their varieties ; but above all, he says, " is
the water of the white hen of the Lady Estifania's," for
which he proceeds to give the recipe* Inbis Underwoods
liL 12, he tells of a lady who never "got Sh*
receipt to make her teeth to rot*" In his Alchemist
iv. 2, Face says, " Your Sh. titfllatioa in a glove [is] The
best perfume/' In his Cynthia v. 2, the Perfumer says,
" The gloves are right, Sir ; they shall still retain their
first scent, true Sh/* In Shirley's Hyde Park iv* 3,
Mrs. Carol says of a pair of gkwes: " FH have *em Sh*
scent/' la Gooseeop ii. it Tales promises " He will
perfume your gloves most delicately and give them the
right Sh* titiilation/' In Jonsoa's Devil iv* i,. Wittipol
talks of " your pmtt, Sh. coal, to bum and sweeten
a room/' It was a kind of perfume used for f

In Ado L 3, 62, Borachio, whose name is Sh., tells how
he overheard the Prince's conversation* ** Being enter-
tained for a perfumer, as I was smoking a musty room."

The Sh. language is one of the Romance group, and
was derived from the Latin* One of the Knights in Per*
ii* 2, 27, bears on his shield the motto thus, in S£u,
** Piu par dulzura que por fuerza/* ie* more by gentk-
ness than by force ; but piu is not Sh., but Italian :
the SI*, wotiki be mas* In B* & F. Fair Maid L ii* 2,
the Clows says he will conjure in Sh. : ** That roars
best and will appear more dreadful/' In Shirley's
Cozrtier & 3, Volterresays, " Yo sol el vestroservidor ";
Depaasaa asks : ** What's tiiis € ** and Giotto answers :
w Between Go^i and Vaotial ShS*

TTQ&R and Manufactures. — The Pistolet was the Sh*
ecu or crown, and was worth about 6/~* In Last's
Dorrdn. iv. 5, Philip says, " I will load thee with Sh*
I^stpkts/' Gold was found in the sands of the Tagtis in
ancient times; hence, in Tiberius 149, Asinius offers
to Tiberius " gold of S." Sh* steel was the best in the
world, and was teed for the manufacture of needles,
pakesy and swords, The swords of Toledo were famous

i and tine

of them is stiil carried on there. In Jonson's New Inn
Hi* ir Tipto sa^ that hinges will crack *4 though they be
Sh. iron"; in L z, the Host talks of dissecting a cheese-
mite "with a neat Sh* needle/' Greene* in Qatpt
P« 2^7, says, ** I spied a tailor's morice pike on his breast,
a Sh* needle," Later, he says that the tailor formerly
" had no other cognisance but a plain Sh. needle with
a Welsh cricket (£e* a louse] on the top/' In Lyly's
GaUathea iii. 3, Raffe says to the Alchemist^ " Did you
not promise me That of a Sh* needle you would build
A silver steeple i ** In Rawlins' Rebellion i*, Virmine
says, ** If vinnine slip from the back of a tailor, spit
him with a Sh* needle.'' In Middleton's Blurt iL i,
Truepenny asks : " Did my mistress prick you with
the Sh. needle of her love*" In T* Heywood's
Challenge iL i, the Clown says, " The creature you talk
of is a needle, a very Sh* needle/' In Nabbes* C* Garden
iii* z* a tailor is called " the knight of the Sh* needle/'
In Ford's Qwen i* ZTO, Bufo says, " I will shred you
both so small that a very botcher shall thr«>4 Sh*
needles with every fillet of your itchy flesh/' InB*&F*
Pestle v. 3, Hammerton is armed with " a corselet and a
Sh. pike/' In Jooson's Alchemist iv. 2, Face says, ** R>r
your Sh* pike and Sh. blade Let your poor captain
speak." LiB.&F*CSmf.arBobadiIks«3^MHeaUl
to the wars, use his Sh* pike/' In Goosecap iv* i,
Kingcob says, ^ From the Sh* pike to the Sh. needle he

480

SPAIN

[Sir Gyles] shall play with any knight in England/*
**e* he could both fence and do embroidery I In
Devonshire v* i, Pike speaks of " a glass as deep as a
Sh. pike is long/' In Ford's San ii. i, Folly says, " He
is a French gentleman that trails a Sh. pike : a tailor/'
where pike is used jestingly for a needle* In Oth. v* 3,
351, Othello says he has "a sword of S*, the Ise~
brook's temper" (see under INNSBRUCK)* In Rom.
i. 4, 84, Mercutio speaks of " Sh. blades " ; though
Annaw, in LXX* i* 3, 183, confesses that "Cupid's
butt-shaft is too much odds for a Sd/s rapier*"
Parolks, in Mi's iv* i, 52, carries " a Sh* sword."
In Ford's *Tis Pity i. 2, Vasques says to Grimaldi,
whom he has worsted in a duel, " Spoonmeat
is a wholesomer diet than a Sh. blade." In B* & F*
Custom ii. 3, Duarte says, " I'll show you now the
difference between a Sh. rapier and your pure Pisa."
In Shirley's Imposture iii* 2, Bertold says, ** He had
better eat my Sd* than mention me with any scruple of
dishonour." In Day's B* Beggar v*. Playnster says,
** You have been in S* And well are practised in the
desperate fight Of single rapier*" Hall, in Sat* iv* 4,
tells of one rushing into a quarrel ** With a broad Scot
or proking-spit of S." In Work for Cutlers, Sword says
of Rapier : ** Hang him, I defy him, base Sd* I " Lyly,
in Espfyaes Aaat. WiL, p* 140, mentions "the Sh*
rapier" as part of the equipment of a fashionable
gentleman.

Cottons were first manufactured in Italy after the art
had been introduced from the East; the Sh. cottons
were of inferior quality. In B. & F* Wit Money iiL 4,
Lance speaks of cloth of silver being ** Turned into Sh.
cottons for a penance." Possibly there is a reference to
the cotton robes worn by the victims at the Autos daFe*

Foods and Natural Products. — WINES were made in S*,
the most important be ing the Sherry or Sack from Xeres.
The wine from the Canaries, which belonged to S* at
this time, was also much esteemed* In T* Heywood's
Lucrece iii* 5, Valerius sings, "The Sd* tastes his
sherry/' In Middleton's Gipsy ii. i, Alvarez says, " Do
not our Sh* wines please us 4 Italian then can, French
can." In Grim ii., Castilianp says, ** Let's in and hansel
our new mansion house With a carousing round of Sh*
wine*" la Bale's Johan 368, Dissimulation says, ** A
better drink is not in Portugal or S/' In Glapthome's
Hotlaniier iv* i, Fortress says, " This is legitimate blood
of tbe Sh. grape*" In CkmMdeers xiii*. Welcome com-
plains : ** Men had rather be drunk l&e the Sd* with
Canary than with their own native beer/' On* was made
from the berries of the olive, which is abundant in
S* In Marlowe's Jem L i, Barabas talks of 4* Sfeu oils
and wines of Greece " as amongst the commodities in
which he traded* The MIEOBOLAN was a kind of dried
plum ; the proper spelling is Myrobolan. In Greene's
Friar ix. 271, Bacon mentions, amongst other dainties,
** Mirobolans of S*" Greene, in Discovery of Cozenage
(1591), says, ""I have eaten Sh. mirobolanes and yet am
nothing the more metamorphosed." Lord Bacon says
that they are sweet before they are ripe* The ORANGES
of Seville were especially esteemed. In Jonson's Devil
ii. i, Pug says that to bring 2 devil from, hell into Lond*
** had been such a subtlety As to transport fresh oranges
totoS/'? cf* tlie phrase ** to befog coals to Newcastle*"
The PELUEQKX' (Anacycte Pymiram} was imported
into S* from Basbary, and was supposed to be good for
the toothache. In Lyly Ts JltaZos m. 2, Motto speaks of
'4 some pellitory fetched. from S/y as a remedy for tooth-
ache. 1^ Welter's Low £^2^ iv. 2, SamtoJiellasa^ that
what she has in her bag i$ neither ** green ginger nor

SPAIN

pellitory of S. ; yet 'twill stop a hollow tooth better
than either of them." The POTATO was introduced into
S. from Quito by Cardan about the middle of the i6th
cent. It was regarded as a powerful aphrodisiac*
Taylor, in Works i. 81, mentions ** Sh. potatoes "
amongst delicacies affected by ladies ; and kter says,
** Sh* potatoes are accounted dainty " because of their
rarity. TOBACCO was brought to S* from America, and
thence distributed to other European countries. In
Nabbes* Bride iii. 4, the ist Blade says, ** Do you dis-
parage my tobacco ** I assure you, Sir, it is ri£&£ Sh*"
Harle, in Mz"crocosmag*xxvii.,says that a tobacco-seller's
shop is " the place only where S. is commended and
preferred before England itself." The SPANISH YEW
was imported into England for the making of bows*
Drayton, in Odes (1606) xii. 73, says, ** The English
archery Stuck theFrencfa horses With Sb. Yew so strong,
Arrows a clothyard k»ig/*

Various Articles Specified as JjMmsft^—The CAERACK
was a large ship of burden used by the Sds. and
Portuguese for their track to the W. Indies* la Err.
iii* 2, 140, Dromio says of his kitchenmaid : " S. . . .
sent whole Armadoes of carracks to be ballast at her
nose/1" T* Heywood, in Fortane iv. I, speaks of ** any
carract that does trade for S*" In B* & F. Eld*r B. L 3,
Andrew says that his master's books ** would sfak a Sh*
carrack without other ballast." The CARVH, was a small,
light, fast ship of war, peculiar to S. and Portugal* In
Dekker's Match rn& iii* i, Vafasco says, ** A pmnace is
come to the Court, and our Sh. carvils, the Armada of
our great vessels, dare not stir for her*" The CAROCHE
was a luxurious kind of carriage* In B* & F* Fair Maid L
iv* 2, the Host says, " We shall have *em come hurrying
hither in feather-bed^,*' and explains that lie meatas ** ia
feather-beds that move t^on 4 wheels — in Sh*
Carocfaes/' SPANISH CRICKET, or MOTH^ was used for
a louse* In Wit and Wisdom L 3, Snatch says, " My
hose be full of Sh* crickets*^ In Skelton's Ma&rifceace,
fol. xiv*, Folly, picking a louse from the shoulder of
Crafty Conveyance, exclaims : ** By the Mass, a Sh.
moght [Le» moth] with a gray list/* The FIG of S* is an
ejaculation of contempt, derived from the Sh. ** dar la
higa," z.e* to give the fig ; the fig being a gesture made
by thrusting the thumb between 2 of the fingers* The
phrase is also used to mean a poisoned fig, as in Times
Whistle iii* 1151, " Long he shall not so, if Figs of S*
their force retain." Pistol uses the expression in H5
iii. 6, 61 ; and in H4 B. v* 3, 123, he says, " When Pistol
lies, do this 1 [making the gesture described] And fig
me like the bragging Sd* 1" In Webster's White Demi
iv. i, Flamineo says, " I do cow look for a Sh. % or an
Italian salad daily/' ie* lie expects tt> be poisoned.
In Essex's Ghast (1624), Essex says of DOQ Jolm of
Aquila : " Either with that or else by a Sh. % tibe
good Don discontentedly departed this if&.r/ In
Shirley's Motifs Rev. i. 2,Moeteoegrosaysx ** I case sot
a Sh. fig what yoti count me/' Nasb, is Wfon 1. 4,
says> ** To see poor B^lif^ asses, km soberly lliey
swallow Sh. fi^ f " In Shirley's CL Seer^ iv. i, Pedro
says, " There's stnce in your closet ; or we have Sh,
figs/' In ATO^ SoZrfzer v. 4, after the K, has dnmi a
poisoned goblet, Malatesta exclaims : ** It is speedfeg*
as aH our Sh* figs ate/* The SPAKISH FI*Y, or Cto-
THAKEDES, was often tised for poisoGing pec^le. In
Chaimiati's Atphtmsm iii i, 179, S^oay says> ** Drink
not. Prince Palatine I Throw it on the ground ! It is
not good to trttst his Sh. flies." Readers of George
Borrow do not need to be told that the GIPSIES are very
numerous in S. In Middleton's Gipsy ii. i,Alvarea says.

SPALATO, or SPALATRO

** We are no red-ochred rascals umbered with soot and
bacon, as the English gipsies are ; no, our stile has higher
steps to climb over, Sh* gipsies, noble gipsies/* The
Sh* JERHETS were of Arab strain, and were highly valued.
In Jonson's Alchemist iv. 2, Face says, " Your Sh* jennet
Is the best horse.*' In Peeie's Ed. I xxy ., Gloster orders :
** With Sh* steeds, as swift as fleeting wind, Convey
these princes to their funeral/' In Webster's Malfi i* i,
Roderigo says of Castruccio's Sh* jennet : 4* He is all
fire ** ; and Ferdinand adds : 4* I think he was begot
by the wind ; he runs as if he were baliassed with
quicksilver/* In B* & F* Valentin, ii i, Omlax wagers
his horse, "the dappled Sd/* Bekker, in R omteok v*,
advises the would-be gallant to ride ID the Ordinary
** upon you* galloway-Bag or your Sh* jennet*** InJVo&Je
Soldier ii i, the old soldier Baltasar calls the courtiers >
** mere Sh. jennets." In Devonshire ii* 4, Dick says,
** My Devonshire worship shall teach your Sh* jennet
an English gallop." In Sampson's Vow i* i, 140*
Ursula says, ** We must be coupled in wedlock like your
Barbary horse and Sh. gennet, for breed's sake*** In
B* & F* Thierry i* i, Theodoret compares Brunfelt*s i
lovers to *4 Sh* jennets/* In their Princess i* i, Piniero i
speaks of the great pride ** we Portugals or the Sds*** !
take " in riding, in managing a great horse/* The name
for the CULEX MosQtnro is Sh*, and it is often dis-
tinguished as the Sh* mosquito* Phillips, in HaMvyt 568, |
says, ** we were also oftentimes greatly annoyed with a
kind of fly * . , the Spanyards called tliem Musketas."
1® 0, 1^1^*1^ (1600) ii 7, 35, it is said: "He is
like a fly, or rather, because tie speaketh so much for
Sds., a Sh. mosqtteta." In Devonshire iv* i, Buzzano
curses ** your Sh* flies, the pocky stinging musquitoes/'
SPALATO, or SPALATRO* A spt* in Dalmatia on the
E. coast of the Adriatic, opposite to Anoona. The
palace, built by Dioclesian after his abdication, is still
fairly well preserved* Hie Cathedral was once the
Temple of Jupiter. It is the seat of an Archbishopric ;
and Antonio. Bp. of S*, is the Fat Bp* in Middleton's
Chess* In iii z, he says, "Expect my books against
you Printed at Douay, Brussels* or S.** In Jonson's
Staple iii, 2p Thomas reports : " There is a legacy left
to tibe Kjngfs Players . * * by the R^ht Reverend
Archbp, of S*** The zcfemce is to Middkton's play.

SPARAGUS GARDEN. See ASPARAGUS GARDEN.

SPARTA (Set. - Spartan), or LACED-SMON* The
capital of the ancient Greek T»acfMiia> situated cm the
right bonk of the Eurotas, at the loot of Mt* Taygetus,
abc* so m* from the sea* Apollo, as the leader of the
Dorian migration to the Peloponnesus, was regarded with
special veneration at S* ; and this city was the birthplace
of Leda, the swan-mother of Helen* Helen became the
wife of Menelaus, the K* of S*, and her rape by Paris
was tiie cause of the Trojan war. It was through the
legislation of Lycurgus in the gth cent* B*c* that S*
became one of the leading cities of Greece* It was
governed by 2 kings and a body of 5 Ephors, who
gradually usurped almost all the executive power* The
object of Lycurgus was to make the Sns* warriors ; to
that end their food was coarse and simple, their black
bfotl* being tejoos throughout Greece; the boys were

, iratned to endure hardship and were encouraged to
steal, Hiotigti ttiey were severely punished 8 tliey were
caagM. Thestoryof the boy who let a stolen fox gpiaw
hts vkak rather tiian let it be discovered that he had
stolen it, E well known. The SG, brevity of speech, or
TafBHiMHb. was also characteristic; and their women
bad the reputation of being the most chaste in Greece*

SPARTA

though precisely the opposite is alleged of them by
Euripides and others* Hunting in the ranges of Taygetus
and Parnon was encouraged, and the hounds of Sn*
breed were the best in the world. S, took part in the
repulse of the Persians in 480 B»c*, and the exploit of
their K*, Leonidas, at Thermopylae is one of the best-
known incidents in Greek history* Later, S. became the
great rival of Athens, and the war between them filled
die Greek world from 451 B.C* until the ascendancy of
Philip of Macedon put an end to the internecine quarrels
of the Hellenes. S. was taken by Alaric in AJ>* 396, and
was finally deserted by its inhabitants in the i3th cent.,
when they migrated to Mistra, a m. to the W* Latterly
the site has been again occupied by New S* The heir
to the throne of Greece hoick the title of D* of S*

In Barclay's Lost Lady i* i, the Physician says,
** These noble kingdoms, Thessaly and S*, Have still
been emulous and jealous." The scene of Ford's Heart
is laid at S., but no particular time is indicated, and the
play has no historical basis* In iv* i, Tecnicus exclaims
44 Q S.I O Lacedaemon ! double-named, but one in
late 1 " In B. & F* Mad Lover iv* 4, the K. of Paphos
says, " The Sns. are in arms and like to win all." Here
again the story is entirely unhistorical* In Per. n. 2, 18,
" a knight of S/' appears*

In Lyly's Maid's Meta. iii* i, Apollo, telling the story
of the death of Hyacinthus, says : ** Accursed be the
time When I from Delphos took my journey down To
see the games in noble S* town.** Hyacinthus was the
son of Amyclas, K* of S*, and was accidentally killed
by Apollo as he was throwing the discus* In T. Hey-
wbod's Dwlogaes 5395, Juno says, ** Thebes Afforded
anAkmena; S. nursed A swan-like Leda/r Milton,
P. JL. x* 674, speaks of Castor and Pollux as ** the Sn*
twins/* They were the sons of Tyndareus of S*, and
were burled there* In Fair Infant 26, he calls young
Hyacinth "the pride of Sn* land*'7 In Chettle's
Hoffman C* 4, Austria says, " Saxon's proud wanton
sons were entertained Like Priam's firebrand [t*e* Paris]
at S/f In Trml+ ii* a* 283, Hector says, ** If Helen then
be wife to S/s K* . * * these moral laws Of nature and
of nations speak ak>ud To have her back returned." In
Richards' Messalwa iii, 1309, Montantis speaks of a
beauty: ^More delicate than was the Sn* queen,*'
i*e* Helen. Tofte, in Lama (1597) ii* 3, i, calls Helen
** that Sn, lass, The flower of Greece, Dan Paris* costly
joy/' In Gascotgne's Government ii* i, Gnomaticus
says, ** Lycurgus reduced the Spartanes unto civility/*
In Wilson's Co&er 563, Clio records "The love
Lycurgus bore to Sns/ state*** In Davenant*s Rutland,,
p* 210, Aristophanes says of Diogenes : " If the Ephori
and Kings of S* invited ly'tn to their mess, he would for
indecency's sake eat their broth without a spoon*" In
Tomfcis* AUmmazar L i, Albttmazar says of theft:
** Tbe Sas. held it lawful*** In Massmger*s Guardian
Iii* 6, CaHpso says, * Lfe a traebred Sn* boy With
silence I endured it/' Domie, in Sat. £v* 68, says,
** S/s fashion To teach by painting drunkards, doth not
taste now/* In Randolph's Muses L 4, Mime relates :
*' The Sas* when they strove t'express the loathsome-
ness Of drunkenness to their children, brought a slave,
Some captive Helot, overcharged with wine, Reeling
in thus*" The Sns. were said to have taught their boys
sobriety by exhibiting drunken helots in their presence*
In Darenant's Ifaiiand, p, 225, the Londoner says to the
Parisian, "Your nation affects not such brevity of
speech as was practised by the Sns/' In the same play,
p. 205, Diogenes says to the Athenians, " You have now
beard 'em as frowardly as you used to hear the am-

48*

SPETIA

bassadors of S., from whom you seldom like anything
but their brevity/' Sidney, in Astrophel xcii* 3, asks :
** Do you cutted Sns* imitate 4 " Gutted means abbre-
viated* In Massinger's Milan L 3, Sforsa compares
Marcelia to "those canonized ladies S. boasts of/*
In B* & K Thierry iv* 2, Martell says that in Ordella
**AJ1 was that Athens, Rome, or warlike S* Have
registered for good in their best women/* In their
Corinthiv. 3, Theanor says, " As for my fear * * * Our
mother was a Sn* princess born That never taught me
* * * such a word/' Herrick, in Vision (1647), says of
his mistress: "Her dress Was like a sprightly
Spartaness/*

In M. N. D. iv* i, 119, Hippolita says, ** I was with
Hercules and Cadmus once When in a wood of Crete
they bayed the bear With hounds of S«; never did I
hear such gallant chiding/' Theseus answers : ** My
hounds are bred out of the Sn, kind, So flewed, so
sanded ; and their heads are hung With ears that sweep
away the morning dew* » * * A cry more tunable Was
never holla'd to nor cheered with horn In Crete, in S*,
nor in Thessaly/' In Qth* v* 2, 361, Lodovico addresses
lago : " O Sn* dog, More fell than anguish, hunger, or
the sea ** ; " dog ** here being a term of contempt,
and " Sn/* an equivalent for ** unfeeling/* In Day's
GuLh ii* 2, Dametas says, " He expects your presence
to see the fleshing of a couple of Sn* hounds/* In
Jonson's Ev. Man O* iv* 2, Carlo says, " There's a fellow
now, looks like one of the patricians of S* ; a good blood-
hound, a close-mouthed dog, he follows the scent well/*
In B* <£ F* WUd Goose i* 3, Mirabel says, " My dogs
must look their names too, and all Sn*, Lelaps,
Melampus; no more Fox and Bawdy-face 1 ** In
H* Shirley's Mart. Soldier iii. i, the Clown says, ** A
pack of the bravest Sn* dogs in the world, if they do but
once open, it will make a forest echo as if a ring of bells
were in it ; admirably flewed and for dewlaps they are
as big as vintners' bags*" In Jonson's Satyr, the Satyr
says, " The dog [was] of S* bred and good As can ring
within a wood*" In Tiberias 256, Tiberius says, ** Never
could S* glory of such prey As for to have an Emperor
at bay/' See also LACONIA, LACEDJEMON*

SPETIA (z*e. SPEZSA)* A spt* on the W* coast of Italy,
on the gulf of the same name, 50 m* South-E* of Genoa*
It has a fine harbour* In Barnes* Charter i* i, Charles
says to Montpansier* ** March with your regiments To
Pontremols* There shall you find the Swiss With their
artillery newly by sea Brought unto Spetia/*

SPERCHIUS, more properly SPERCHEIUS* A river in
Thessaly, now the Elladha, flowing from Mt* Tyniph-
restus into the MaHan Gulf* In T* Heywood's B* Age
iii*, Medea goes to gather simples **By the swift
Sperchius stream/*

SPITAL* See SPITTLE*

SPITALFIELDS* The fields belonging to the Spittle of
S* Mary (see SPITTLE)* About 1650 they began to be
built over, and in 1685, after the revocation of the Edict
of Nantes, were occupied by French refugees (Hu-
guenots), who were engaged in silk-weaving* It is now
a densely populated and poor disk, extending from
Bishopsgate to Bethnal Green* There were silk-weavers
there as early as 1620, as the first quotation shows* In
M*ddletan*s Tennis, the scholar speaks of u Job, a vener-
able silk-weaver, Jehu, a throwster [t*e* a twister of silk
fibres] dwelling i* the S/* In Armin's Moredacke D* i,
Tutch says, " The winter nights be short And brickhill
beds Does hide out heads As spitteH fields report,"
The day from the fields was made into bricks, and the

SPITTLE

warm kilns were used for sleeping-places by tramps* la
Day's B. Beggar L, Lady Elinor says, *' Walk before me
into Spittle-fields*'*

SPITTLE, or, later, SPITAL (Si* = Spital)* An aphetic
form of hcxspitaL It is used generically for any place for
the reception of the sick ; but it came to mean a lasar-
house for the poorest classes, and specially for those
afflicted with various forms of venereal disease* To
found such institutions was considered a worthy form of
philanthropy* In Nobody 304, the Servant says that
Nobody " gives to orphans and for widows builds Alms-
houses, Ss., and large Hospitals/* Burton, A. M. m+
i, 3, i, says, ** Put up a supplication to font in the name
of * * * an hospital, a s*, a prison/' Chapman, in Him*
Day sc. 7, speaks of iron and steel as ** good s.-founders,
enemies to whole skins/* In Massinger*s Dowry iii* i,
Romont says, " I will rather choose a s. sinner, Carted
an age before, though 3 parts rotten/' Nash, in
Summers G* 2, says, ** It is the S.-hottses* guise Over
the gate to write their founders* names/* In Tim. iv*
3f 39* Timon speaks of the wappened widow ** whom
the s*-house Would cast the gorge at/* In H$ v. i* 86,
Pistol laments : * My Nell is dead i* the si* Of malady of
France*'* In Dekker's Satiro iii* i, 289, Tucca calls
Mrs. Miniver " My Lady ath* Hospital!/' Specifically
it is used for the Hospital of St* Mary, or St* Mary's S*,
founded in Lond* by Walter Brune and his wife Rosia
in 1197* It stood on the N* side of what is now SL
Square* It was surrendered to the K* at the time of the
dissolution of the Monasteries, and then had beds for
180 sick people. The buildings were destroyed, but the
churchyard, which occupied SI* Sq*, remained, and the
pulpit cross at its N.E* corner, from which the annual S*
sermons were preached on Good Friday, and Easter
Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday* The Lord Mayor
and Corporation attended in their robes, and the boys
from Christ's Hospital were always brought there* The
Cross was destroyed in the Civil Wars, felt the sermon
was continued, first at St* Bridget's, Fleet St*, and then
at Christ Ch*, Newgate St* The dist* in the neighbour-
hood of the hospital was called the S*, and the name
survives in Spitalfields* It had a bad reputation as a
haunt of thieves and loose women* In Eastward v* 5,
Quicksilver sings, ** So shall you thrive by little and
little, Scape Tyburn, Compters, and the S/* In
Davenport's New Trick i* 2, Slightall, wanting a whore,
bids Roger go " Search all the AHyes, S*, or Turnball/*
Nash, in Pierce, says, " I commend our unclean sisters
in Shoreditch, the S., Southwark, Westminster, and
Turnbull St* to the protection of your [the devil's]
portership/* In Jonson's Ev+ Mart J. i* i, Knowell says
of his son's letter, which is dated from die Windmill :
44 From the Bordello it might come as well, Hie S*, oar
Picthatch/*

in Colin Clout 1186, says, " At Saynt Mary Spyttel
They set not by us a whistle/* la More L i, Lmcolne
says, " You know die S* sermons begin the next week ;
I have drawn a bill of our wrongs and the strangers*
insolencies ** ; and George adds : " Which be means
the preachers there shall openly publish in die pulpit,"
In i. 3, Cholmeky says, "This follows on. the doctor's
publishing The bill of wrongs in public at the S.**
Jonson, in Underwoods k*, tells of a poet that " coon*
mended the French hood and scarlet gown Hie Lad;
Mayoress passed in through the town Unto die S*
sermon*** In his Magnetic L i, Polish says of Placentias
" She would dispute with the Doctors of Divinity at her
own table, and the S. preachers."' In Qutwright*s

SPOLETQ

Ordinary L i, Slicer, anticipating civic honours, says,
** I shall sleep one day in my chain and scarlet at
SL-sermon/' Armin, in Ninnies, says, ** On Easter
Sunday the ancient custom is that all the children of the
hospital [£.&. Christ's Hospital] go before my Lord
Mayor to the S. that the world may witness the works
o£ God and man in maintenance of so many poor
people/* In T* Heywood's /* K* M* B. 270, John says,
•** Once in a year a man might find you quartered between
the Mouth at Bishopsgate and die preaching place in
the S/* In Hatightoti's Englishmen iv* i, Frisco says,
** Your French spirit is up so far already that you brought
me this way because you would find a charm for it at
tJbe Blue Boar in the S/*

SPQLETO. A city In Italy in Umbria, on the Marseggia,
3 tributary of the Tiber, 61 m* N*E. of Rome. In
Barnes* Charter £u i, die Pope offers to Charles " to
render presently the citadels of Terracina, Civita
Vecchia, and Spoleto/'

SPREAD EAGLE. The sign of a bookseller's shop in St*
Paul's Churchyard, Lond* The and quarto of TnxZ* was
** Imprinted by G* Eld for R, Bonian and H* Walley,
and are to be sold at the spied Eagle in Paules Church-
yard over against the great N. door* 1609*" B* & F*
Shepherdess was ** Printed at Lond. for R, Bonian and
H. Walley, and are to be sold at the spred Eagle over
against the great N. door of S. Paules/" Middlemen's
Five Gallants was " Imprinted at Lond. for Rtchd.
Bonian, dwelling at the sign of the Spred-Eagle right
ewer against the great N. door of St. Paules ch.^
SPRING GARDEN, A garden in Load,, laid out abt
JUD, 1600 between St. James's Park and Whitehall. It
was so called from a spring which was set going by the
pressure of the foot of the passer-by on a hidden board,
and sprinkled plentifully all who were in its neighbour-
hood. There is a metal tree in the grounds of Chats-
worth Bouse which plays a similar trick. In 1629 a
bowling gisees was added to the attractions of the garden,
which became a fasbtotiahk resort lor the ladles and
gentiemea of the early Stuart times. After the Restoca-
tsDa die ground was buik over, bat still retained its
okiaaiae. The offices of the Axlmiralty and the London
Cot^£fCo«33«3a^e there, la B, & F. Trwrnph Death L,
Sophocks says, ** Sophocles wouM . . . Like a s.-g«,
^hoot his scorafat blood Into their eyes, durst come to
tread oo him." la Alimony j&. 2* Caveace says, " It
rn^ht be styled the S. G. for variety of all delights/'
In Shirley's Hyde Park ii. 4, Mrs, Carol bargains:
"111 not be Bound from S*-g* and the 'Sparagus/* In
his Ball iv. 3, Winfield says to the ladies, " I do allow
you Hyde Park and S, G/f La Brome's M. Be^ars & i,
Vincent proposes : ** Shall we *nate» a fling to Loud* and
see how the spring appears there in the S* G* ^ ** In
Mayners Match L 4, Newcut says that Aurelia has been
thrice in the field to answer challenges of wit " in S. G/f
Ip I^ivaaaiit*s Wtis L z* the elder Palatine says, ** So
kve that us urers g%?n raff thefr monies in, remove; their
bank to Ordinaries, S.-g^ and Hyde Park/* In Kfflt-
grew's Parson ii. z, Careless says, " Let's go walk in
$»rg/" John Milton lodged for a time ia 1649 " at one
Thomson's^ next door to the Bull Head Tavern at
Charing Cross, opening into the S* G/r
SPRUCE (another form of PRUCE, or PRUSSIA, ^.v.).
C&aewttfmDea&ofBlmmchei025rt^^
bec^ise ** Sine wolde not . . . send mm into Walakye,
To Spsewse and ynto Tartarye " in order to pixjve tiieir
devotion to tier, la Bale's Johtm 182, Sedition says,
" The Pope's ambassador am I coatinmiiy , . . In

STAFFORD

Pole, Spr use, and Berne/* Fuller, Holy War v. 3, 233,
says, ** The Teutonick order defended S.-land against
the Tartarian/* Hence it is used of anything obtained
from Prussia, as S+ beer, S. leather, S. fir, etc. Nash,
in Works ii* 221, speaks of ** a broker in a s.-leather
jerkin/' In his Prognostication, he predicts: "Many
shall have more S* beer in their bellies than wit in their
heads." The land of S* appears to be used, like the
land of Cockayne, for a place where all sorts of good
ft-tingc are plentiful* In Chapman's Muf* Temp. 30,
Capriccio says, " He shall live in the land of S*, tmlfe
and honey flowing into his mouth sleeping/*

SQUILMAGIANS. An imaginary name for one of the
peoples whom Gelasimus intended to visit, In the old
Tinum v. j, Gelasimus reads from his guide-book:
" From Gurgustidonia to the S* 83, from the S. to the
Pigmies 8oJ m***

SQUIRELS* Probably the Three Squirrels Is meant, a
tavern in Southwark, the exact location of which is
uncertain {see THREE SQUIRRELS}. In Brome's Moor iv. 2,
Quicksands says he knows his wife's haunts " At Bridge-
foot Bear, the Tunnes, the Cats, the Squireis."

STAFFORD* Hie county town of Stafis., on the Sow,
123 m* N.W* of Lond. In the reign of William the
Conqueror, William de S., the ancestor of the famous
S. family, took his name from the town, and rebuilt
tiie old castle, if m* South-W. of it, which was destroyed
in the Civil War by the Parliament but has recently
been rebuilt. S. bitte was a kind of blue cloth, made
there ; a S. knot is die true-love-knot, the badge of the
S. family ; S. law is dub law, with a pun on staff. In
T. Heywood's Ed. IV A. i,, p. 80, Howard says of the
Tamer of Tamworth : " His son lies prisoner in S* jail/*
Taraworth is in Staffs*, 25 m. South-E. of S. In his
Captives m. 2, Ashburae says, ** I will lay thee prostrate
Beneath these staves and halberts/' " Is this law < "
asks Milikw ; " Yes," answers Godfrey, " S's. 3aw/f
la Hay and Work (1589} A* 3, we have : " I threatened
him with blows and todeaibys. law," In Tmm&eyMJ*.
si. ao®> we haw : ** Thou were worthy be dad In S.
blue ; for tbou art aJway adread/'

There m an entirely mythical 5* in Middletoii's
Qmenbor&igh. The Lord S. whom Douglas rlafms to
haw kilied at Shrewsbury in H4 A* v* ?, and who, in
H4 B. L ir xS, is falsely said to have fled the field, is
Edmund de S., the 5th Earl In H6 B* i. 4, 55, the
S. to whom the custody of the Duchess is committed
is Sir Humphrey S,, who, along with his brother
William, was murdered by Cade and his followers, as
is implied in H6 B. iv* 3. In H6 C* i. i, 7, York says,
** Lord Clifford and Lord S^ all abreast, Charged our
main battle's finoat"; and in Mae 10 Edward says,
" Lord S/s father, D* of Buckingham, Is either gfcfn or
wounded dangerously.** This S., D. of Buckingham, is
the Buckingham of H& B. ; he was Humphrey, 6th
Earl of S., and was created D. of Buckingham in 1444*
He was not killed, as Shakespeare here implies, at St.
Alban's, but 4 years later, at the battle of Northampton*
His son, Sir Humphrey S*, was killed at St. Alban's in
1455 ; he is the Lord S. of H6 C* i. i, 7. The S*
mentioned in H6 C. iv. z, 130, is Sir Humphrey S.
of Sotfthwick, cousin to the a brothers who were
killed in the Cade Rebellion ; he was beheaded in
1469. The Buckingham of #3 was also 7th Earl of
S., being the son of the Humphrey killed at St»
Alban's. He was beheaded in 1483 ; but his honours
were restored to his son Edward, 8th Earl, in 1486.
This Edward is the Buddngham of H8, who was

48*

STAFFORDSHIRE

beheaded in 1521. In US L i, 200, he is correctly
described as ** The D* of Buckingham, and Earl of
Hereford, Sv and Northampton/*'

STAFFORDSHIRE* A county in the midlands of
England* The great industries of the "Black
Country " and the Potteries are comparatively modern;
the county meant for our dramatists merely a rustic
and uncultivated part of the English out-land. In
H4 B. iii* 2, 20, " Little John Doit of S*/' mentioned
by Justice Shallow as one of his boon-companions in
his law-student days, was probably an acquaintance of
Shakespeare's during his early life at Stratford? for
Stratford is only 20 nu from the nearest point of S* In
Middleton's Trick to Catch ii* i, the Widow Medler is
described as " the rich widow in S/' In Davenant's
Plymouth iii* i, Inland, a country fellow, says, ** All S*
cannot show her equal*" In Dekker's Northward iii. 2>
Squirrel says that a man can get no more hold of a
woman's honesty " than of a bull *nointed with soap
and baited with a shoal of fiddlers in S/f He is thinking
of the famous annual bullchase at Tudberry, #*v*

STAGIRA (Se. = Stagerite)* A city on the E* coast
of the Chaltidic peninsula, on the Sinus Strympnicus
in Macedonia* It was the birthplace of Aristotle*
Jonson, in Underwoods IxL go/ speaks of Poetry
as having been "lighted by the Stagirite/* In
Davenant's Platonic ii* 4, Buonateste speaks of Aristotle
as ** the learned Stagirite/* Cowley, in Motto (1656) 27,
says, ** Welcome, great Stagirite, and teach me now All
I was born to know*" In Dekker's Satiro iv* i, 165,
Tucca says to Horace (Jonson), "When the Ses*
banished thee into the He of Dogs, thou turnedst Ban-
dog, and ever since bitest/' Ses. is used here punningly
for writers for the stage, with a reference to Aristotle
as the greatest of dramatic critics* So in Richards*
Messalina L 571, Messalina asks : ** WTbat is that Se/s
name, he that last night in the play Did personate the
part of Troylus f "

STAINES* A town in Middlesex, on the N* bank of the
Thames, 17 m* W. of Lond* by road* It was a favourite
place for a jaunt with the Londoners* Nearly opposite
to it, on the South bank of the river, is the strip of land
known as Runnymede, where K* John signed Magna
Charta in 1215* In H$ ii* 3, 2, the hostess says to Pistol,
who is about to start from Lond* to Southampton on
his way to France, ** Prithee, honey-sweet husband, let
me bring thee to S/* In Massinger's Madam ii* i,
Luke speaks to young Goldwire of ** The raptures of
being hurried in a coach To Brentford, S., or Bamet/r
In Middleton's R. G* ii* z, Laxton asks Moll to go with
him " to Brainford, S*, or Ware " for a jaunt together*
In Jonson's Ev. Man O* iii* i, Shift professes to teach
-a man how to inhale 3 whiffis of tobacco, and then
" expose one at Hounslow, a 2nd at S*, aiid a ^rd at
Bagjsfaot/* In Middleton's Quarrel v* i, Chough boasts
that he could have had a whore on his way from Corn-
wall to London at " Maidenhead in Berkshire ; and did
I come in by Maidenhead to go out by S* i ** The puns
are too obvious to need explanation* In Davenport's
Matilda H. 4, Fltzwater relates how John signed the
Charter ** in a field called Rtmniag-mead Twixt S* and
Windsor/* Raleigh, in Prerogative of Parl^ says, ** The
K* was forced to grant the charter of B£agna Charts at
sttch time as he was environed with an aimy in the
meadows of Stasynes/*

STAMFORD* A mkt* town la Lines,, on the borders of
Rutland, 89 m* N* of Lond*, on the Wettand* Ooe of
the Elinor Crosses was erected here, but was destroyed

STANGATE

by the Puritans* There were 3 great fairs for hofses
and stock held annually in February, Lent, and August,
During the reign of Edward III a number of Oxford
professors and students migrated to S*, and started a
rival University there* The K* interfered and broke
up the fledgling Uaiversity in 1335 ; but it was still
regarded with suspicion, and a University Statute, as
late as 1425* compelled all teachers in Oxford to swear
that they would not lecture or read at S* In H4 B*
iii. 2, 43> Shallow asks : " How a good yofee of bullocks
at S* Fair i '* Spenser, F. (X iv. ii, 35, qttptes a $x&~
phecy, alleged to have been tittered by Merlin, that tfae
Welland " shall see S*, though now homely hid, Tfeen
shine in learning more than ever did Cambridge or
Oxford*" Drayton, Polyolb. viii* 61, speaks of K* Bladud
as " He from learned Greece that by the liberal arts To
S*, in this isle, seemed Athens to transfer,**

STAMFORD HELL* A hill 4 m, N* of Lond, between
Stoke-Newington and Tottenham, on the North Road.
It commands a line view of Land* Here James I was
met by the Lord Mayor and Aldermen on his first pubBc
entry into Lond* in May 1603*

STANDARD. A water-conduit in Cfteapsade, E* of the
Cross, opposite the end of Milk St* It was in the form
of a pillar with a dome-shaped top ; statues adorned its
sides, and a figure of Fame, blowing a trumpet, stood on
the summit* It was repaired, or rather re-erected, about
1620* It was often used as a place of execution (see also
under CHEAPSIDE). In Contention i*, Ha&» p. 502,
Cade says of Lord Saye : " Go take him to the
S: in Cheapside and chop off his head/* In More
iii* x, a .messenger brings orders that a jpooet oe
erected in Cheapside hard by the S/' In Middkton's
Michaehmos tL i, Sfaectyard says, ** Sometimes I citiy
my wafer all Lond* over, only to deifver it proudly
at the S/' In his No Wit ii. i, Weatherwise says,
"At S* she sold fish, where [feer husbaod} drew
water*" In Jonson's Devil i. i, Iniquity says, ** I will
fetch thee a leap From the top of Paul's steeple to the
S* in Cheap." In Phillip's Grisstt 34, Politick Pjersuasioa
tells how, when he was saved from destruction as he
fell from the sky, " The Cross in Chepe for joy did play
on a bagpipe, and the S* did dance/* In Mddkton's
Quiet Life i* i, Water-Camlet says there is nothing new
in Cheapside " but the S." ; and in his Aries he tells
how his Lordship ** was gracefully conducted toward
the new S/'

STANGATE* A part of Lambeth, W* of Westminster
Bdge*, where St* Thomas's Hospital now stands. It
was on the old Roman Rd* from Loud* t& the Sussex
coast, and was infested fay h^iwaymem* It lay just
opposite to the Palace of Westminster. Tie st. at the
back of the Hcspital still retains the name* Howes* in
his Ajmales, tells of the masquers from the Inner
Temple at the marriage of tfie Princess EI*zal*etli in
1613 tfeat ** they had 3 peals of ordnance in 3 several
spaces upon tfee shore, viz* wken they embarked, as
they passed by the Temple, and at Strangate when they
ansved at Co*irt ** ; where Strangate is an obv

e a -

for S* Sti&bes, m Altai* Abuses, p. 53, speaks of
men who ** will either sell or mortgage their lands "" SKK!
^ien try to recover tfoeir foftttnes ** on Sisters H£HandS.
hole, with loss of tfietr Kves at Tytxtmie in a rope.**
Latimer, in his 3rd Sermon to Edw®rd VI, saysr ** Had
they a standiing at Shooter*s Hill or at Staogat Hc4e to
tafee a ptirse i ** Hall, Sat. vi* i, 67, says tiiat the traveler
liofjes M Hie vak of Standgaie or fe Strters
W* plain are free from feared 2LW

485

STAPLE INN

STAPLE INN. An old Inn of Chancery in Lond., con-
nected with Gray's Inn, on the South side of Holborn,
opposite the end of Gray's Inn Road* In 1884 it was
sold to the Prudential Assurance Society, which has
restored its fine timbered front, one of the best
remaining examples of the former street architecture
of Load* Milkmaids was " printed by Bernard Alsop
for Lawrence Chapman, and are to be sold at his
shop in Holborne over against Staple Inne, hard by
the Barres* 1620.**

STAR. A Lond. tavern sign* There was a S. in Bread St.
with an entrance from Cheapside; and another in
Coleman St. where Cromwell and the Puritans met in
1648 to arrange for the trial of the K* In T. Heywood's
Lacrece ii* 5, Valerius, in his list of taverns, sings, " The
shepherd to the S." He is thinking of the shepherds and
the S. of Bethlehem. In his F*M*£xe^u".p, 32, Flower
says, " He entreats me to meet him at the Starre in
Cheapside." In More ii. x, Harry says that he broke
Garret's usher's head "when he played his scholar's
prize at the Starre in Bread St/* In Jpnson*s Ev* Man
L iv. i, Matthew, when his authorship of his verses is
questioned, says, "Ask Capt* Bobadili; he saw me
write them at the S* yonder/' In the quarto of 1601, it is
** at the Mitre/' q+v.

STAR* A Land, booksellers* sign* Cfmottideers was
** printed for Simon Miller at the Star in St* Paul's
chttrchyard. 1659." The Hog hath lost was printed** for
Rkhd, Redmer at the W, door of St* Paul's at the sign
of the Star* 1614*"

STAR CHAMBER, Theancient Council Chamber of the
Royal Palace of Westminster; it stood parallel with the
river on the K side of New Palace Yard* Itwasprobably
so called from the golden stars which decorated the
ceiling. It was rebuilt by Elizabeth, and over the door
was a rose on a star, the mftiafe E.R., and the date x6oa.
It was polled down in 2836, and die oak-panelling and
chimney-piece were bought by Sir Edward Cust and
tafcen to deooote his dining hall at Leasowre Castle in
Cheshire. It m chiefly memorable for the fact that it
was used by the King's Council, sitting as a Cotirt of
Justice; and the Court itself was consequently called
tlie Court of the S. C, It was first estabished in tiie
reign of Edward III, and sat in the Chambre de
Estoaks. In Henry VTs reign we find it spoken of as
the King's Council " in camera steilata/' It was re-
organized by the Act of 3 Henry VII, and revived in
31 Henry VIII. Its constitution and jurisdiction were
vague ; but as it proceeded without any attention to the
usual methods of the Common Law and could inflict
any penalty short of death it became a monstrous
instrument of tyranny under the first 2 Stuart kings,
and was abolished by Parliament in 1641.

Skelton, in Why Came ye not to Court 185, says of
Wbfeey : " In the C. of Stars All matters there he mars/*
InJfef* W. W.L 1,2, Shallow threatens** Sir Hugh, per-
suade me not ; I wili make a S.-c. matter of it-** In
Jonson's Ev. Man O. iii. i, Carlo advises Sogliardo,
** Now you are a gentleman, never discourse under a
nobleman ; though you saw him but riding to the S.-c*
it's ail one."" In Wise Men vu 2, Antonio says, 4* I fear
tiw S*-c. because she hath witness [of his swindling]/*
In Brome's Moor L 2t Nathanel asks about Quicksands,
the money-lender: **Is he then hoisted into the S*-c*
for his notorious practices i ' * In Jonson's Magnetic
iit. 4, Compass speaks of ** one that hath lost his ears
by a jtfst sentence of the S*-c^ a right valiant knave* and
has an histrionical contempt of what a man fears most/*

STEPNEY

The reference is to William Prynne, who was sentenced
by the S* C* to lose both his ears, pay a heavy fine, and
suffer imprisonment for life for the publication in 1633
of his Histrio-mastrix ; he endured the cutting off of his
ears with remarkable fortitude* In his Epig. liv. 3,
he says, "Cheveril cries out my verses libels are,
And threatens the S. C/* Shirley, in C, Maid v, i,
says, ** You have conspired to rob, cheat, and undo me ;
1*11 have you all s.-chambered/' Dekker, in Bellman,
speaks of the S.-c. as a haunt of foists and pickpockets*
The term is generalized to mean any Court of Justice,
especially the Last Judgment. In Day's ParL Bees xii.
proL, we have ** Oberon in his S.-C, sits/* In Ed* III
ii. 2, the Countess says, ** When to the great Starre-c*
o*er our heads The universal session calls to count This
packing evil, we both shall tremble for it." In Tour-
neur*s Atheist v. i, D*Amville says, ** Fll prove thee
forger of false assurances; In yon S. C* thou shalt
answer it.*' It is also used for the open air under the
starry sky. In Webster's A. and Virginia L 4, 7, Vir-
gmi'us says, ** This 3 months did we never house our
heads But in yon great s.-c/*

STATE-HOUSE* The Hotel de Ville at Antwerp ; a
fine building in the Italian style on the W. side of the
Grande Place, opposite the Cathedral. It was partially
destroyed in the siege of 1576, and rebuilt in 1581. In
Lamm A. 4, Danila orders his gunner to fire at ** the
State-bouse where the Dutch Sit swilling in the pride
of their excess.**

STATES, or STATES GENERAL* The governing body
of the Netherlands, first constituted by Philip the Good
in 1464. The word is not used for the United Provinces
themselves, as we use United S. for the Republic of
America, but for the Council that governed them* In
B. & F* Span. Csr. i. i, Leandro says, ** *Tis now in
fashion to have your gallants set down in a tavern what
defence my lords the S. prepare/* In Davenant's Wits
v. 3, Thwack tells of an ape which " came aloft for
Spain and would not for the S*** Various animals were
trained to give indication of their masters* political and
religious sympathies by mounting a pole or gfrafrtng
their heads, when the cause they favoured was men-
tioned* In Scot. Pres&* ii* i, Anarchy says, "How
bravely Holland thrives, guided by S*, where people
rule the people/* Hall, in Epp. ii. 2, speculates " whether
it were safer for the S. to lay down arms, and be at once
still and free."

STEPNEY. Formerly a very extensive parish in the E.
end of Lond., including Stratford, Whitechapel,
Shadweil, Mile End, Poplar, Spitalfields, Ratdiff, Lime-
house, and Bethnall Green* It was thus practically co-
extensive with the E* End of Lood., N. of the Thames*
The parish ch* was St. Dunstan's, built in the i4th
cent. There is a popular tradition that all persons born
in Kngifgh slaps at sea belong to this parish ; as the
old rhyme says, " He who satis on the wide sea Is a
of S/* In Look about xxv», Lady Faucon-

_ 5 says, ** At S. by the summer house There is a
tavern which I sometimes use; It is the Hind/* In
ii., Gloucester says to Ricfad. : ** You'll think of him
P?auconbridge] if you can step Into his bower at S/*
In Day's B* Beggar i., Playnseys says, ** Sir Robert West-
ford Iks at S/* Dekker, in Wonderfal Year, tells a ghost
story about the sexton of S* Possibly the raisin wine
called Stepony took its name from S. Blotint, in
Glossogr. s.v., defines Stipone as * a kind of sweet com-
pound liquor, drunk in some places of Lond* in the
summer time***

486

STEWS

STEWS* Generically for any house of ill-feme, but used
specifically for the collection of such houses on the
Bankside in Southwark, known also as the Bordello*
Fuller, Church Hist, v* i6f 39, says that the name was
derived from certain stews, or fishponds, which were
once there, and that there were 16 houses ** distinguished
by several signs*" Attempts to regulate these infamous
places were made from time to time ; and in 1545 they
were suppressed by statute ; but it was soon evaded
and became a dead letter. Fuller, in Holy State v* i,
says, ** Some conceive that when K* Henry VIII
destroyed the public s. in this land, which till his time
stood on the Bank's Side in Southwark, next the Bear-
Garden, he rather scattered than quenched the fire/'
In S* Rowley's When you A. 3, Wolsey asks : " Are
those proclamations sent For ordering those brothels
called the Stewes i " In World Child 180, Folly says,
" Over Lond* Bdge. I ran And the straight way to the
S* I came." In #2 v. 3, 16, young Prince Hal is
reported as saying ** he would unto the S. And from the
common'st creature pluck a glove And wear it as a
favour/* In H4 B* i* 2> 60, Falstaff, having got a horse
in Smithfield and a servant in Paul's Walk, says, ** An
I could get me but a wife in the S., I were manned,
horsed, and wived/' Langland, in Piers A* viL 65,
speaks of** Jacke the jogelour and Jonete of the stuyues."
In Totmeley M* P. xxx. 350, the author apostrophises :
** Ye Janettys of the stewys and lychoures on lofte/'
Skelton, in Magnificence 1226, says, " Some of them
runneth straight to the stuse/' See also BANXSTDE*
BORDELLO, SOUTHWARD WINCHESTER HOUSE*

STILLYARD, or STILLIARD. A hall in Lond* where
the merchants of the Hanseatic League had their head-
quarters* They obtained a settlement in Lond. in 1250,
and later were granted certain privileges by the City
on condition of their keeping Bishopsgate in repair,
and helping to defend it when necessary* The feeling
against aliens, however, led to attacks upon them in the
reign of Henry VIII, and their monopoly was taken
away by Edward VI. In 1597 they were expelled from
the country; and the Hall then became a favourite
resort for the drinking of Rhenish wines. Neats'
tongues and other provocatives of thirst could be ob-
tained there* The S. stood in Upper Thames St. on
a site now covered by Cannon St* Station* It was a
stone building with 3 arches towards the st* In the Hall
were Holbein's paintings of Riches and Poverty*

In S* Rowley's When you D. 2, the Constable reports :
** There are 2 strangers, merchants of the S*, Cruelly
slain." In Underwit iii. 3, Engine says, " Oh, the neats*
tongues and partargoes that I have eaten at S* ! " In
iv* i, there is a song with these lines : ** The S/s
Rhenish wine and Divell's white, Who doth not in
them sometimes take delight*"' La Barnes' Charter
iii* 5, BagnioK says, " They transported from Lam-
bechia land [z*e. Lambeth] Fall anchor at the S. tavern*"
In Dekker's Westward ii* i, Justiniano says to Judith,
** Meet hfrn this afternoon at the Rhenish wine house
f th' S*" In v* 2, Birdlime wants to speak " with the
gentlewomen that drunk with your Worship at the
Dutch house of meeting," i.e* the S*, where ii* 3 takes
place. In Shirley's Ball iv* 2* Rainbow says that
Bostock ** curses tapsters For foiling you at Fish-st* or
the S." In his Pleasure v* i* Bomwell says* *4 By that
time we shall whirl in coaches To the Dutch magazine
of sauce, the S*, Where deal and backrag and what
strange wines else They dare but give a name to in the
reckoning Shall flow into otir room * * . and drown

STOKA

Westphaiias, tongues, and anchovies." In Feed's
Queen iii* 1770, Pynto says, "The good man was made
drunk at the S* at a beaver of Dutch bread and rhenish
wine*" Nabbes, in Bride ii. 6, says, ** WTho would let a cit
breathe upon her varnish for the promise of a dry neat's
tongue and a pottle of Rhenish at the S. i " Nash, in
Pierce F. i, says, ** Men when they are idle and know not
what to do, saith one * Let us go fo the S* and drink
Rhenish wine*' " In Brome's Moor iv* 2* Quicksands
says he saw his wife " at the S. With such a gallant,
sousing their dried tongues In Rhenish* Deal, sod
Backrag." Deloney, in Newberie ii., says, "Renffifeli
wine at this wedding was as plentiful as beer or ale ;
for the merchants had sent thither 10 tunnes of the
best in the S."

STIX, STICKS* See STYX*

STOADE, or STADE. A city in Hanover, 22 m* W* of
Hamburg, on the Schwinge* near its junction with the
Elbe. The port dues of Hanover used to be collected
at the mouth of the Schwinge. The English merchants
removed their headquarters from Hamburg to S* towards
the end of the z6th cent** through a quarrel with the
Hamburg people* Heylyn, writing in 1621, says, ** The
English house is now at S*, being by reason of the wars
in these parts removed from Antwerpe*" In Haughton's
Englishmen ii. i, Pisaro says. " What, shall I have these
cloths i For I would ship them straight away for S."
In ii* 2, Heigham says to Vandal the Dutchman, ** Your
best way were to ship yourself for S., and there to barter
yourself for a commodity/' In Dekker's Westward L x,
Justiniano says, " I have sold my house ; I am going
for S. next tide*" In Jonson's Fa/pone ii* i, Peregrine
says, " There was a whale discovered in the river as
high as Woolwich, that had waited there for the sub-
version of the Stode fleet," £*e. in order to sink the fleet
that was bound from Lond* for S*

STOA PCECILE, or PAINTED COLONNADE* A
colonnade in Athens, lying E. of the Piiyx and South of
the Areopagus, at the N*W* corner of the Agora. It had
3 walls which were covered with famous paintings* It
was here that the philosopher Zeno lectured ; and from
this his followers derived their name of Stoics. In
Milton P. R. iv* 253, the Tempter says to our Lord,
as he shows bitn Athens, ** Within the walls then view
The schools of ancient sages „ . * painted Stoa next-'*
In line 280, he speaks of " the Stoic severe"; and in
Comas 707, of ** Those budge doctors of the Stokk
fur*" In Shrew i. i, 31, Tranio says, ** Let's be no
Stoics nor no stocks, I pray/'

STOCKS, THE, or STOCKS MARKET* A fisfe and
flesh mkt* in Lond** on the site of the present Mansion
House, between Walbrook and St* Swithin Lane* It
was established in 1282* and Stow, in bis S&m& 178*
says that it took its name from a pair of S. which formerly
stood there* Itwas<kstro^mth«Gt*Fire*attdi^3tJilt

St*, where it was JoHswn as Fleet Mkt* SirPlnlipSidiaey,
in Remedy for Lorn, says of the fragrance emitted by
^uoti

Pfailodea and Pamela:
range To tfa* S* or Carnh2Ts square
Dekker, in BeBman* mentions it as a batmf of pick-
pockets. In T* Heywood's L K+M~ B. 282, Tawme-
coat says, " *Tls in this lane ; I turned oe tiie right
hand* coming from the S/* Later in the platy Hobson
says,"IamcMHobsoin,a haberdasher, and dwelling
by the S/'
STOKA* Some dist- is intended in the

of the Dniester (Tyras) and Podolia, There is a star

487

STOLDEN

Stokhod flowing N, through the N*W* of Volhynta and j
the South- W. of Minsk into the Pripet ; and the dist.
watered by it would suit the context fairly well. On the
other hand, -stok is a not uncommon termination of ;
Slavonic place-names (Bialystok, Vladivostok) which ;
Marlowe may have seised upon. Codemia may con-
ceivably be a perversion of Colomea in Gallicia. In
Marlowe's Tomb. B. L 3, Theridamas reports : ** By
the river Tyras I subdued Stoka, Podolia* and Codemia/*

STOLDEN. Apparently some river in Poland or W,
Russia is intended ; but the topography of this play is
almost all fictitious. In Suckling's Brennoralt i.,
Iphigene says, ** Would we were again By Stolden banks
m happy solitude.**

STONEHENGE. The famous Bruidical circle in Wilts.,
9 m. N* of Salisbury. It is said by Geoffrey of Mon-
mouth to have been erected by the magic art of Merlin.
It was the scene of the massacre of the Britons by
Hengist ; and Aurelius, one of the last of the British
kings, was said to have been buried there, Boorde, in
Intro, of Knowledge i. 120, says, " Upon the plain of
Salysbury is the stonege, which is certain great stones,
some standing, and some lying overthwart*** Spenser,
F. Q. ii. 10, 66, tells the story of Hengistfs massacre, and
says that he who lists ** Th* eternal marks of treason
may at Stonheng view/* In the next stanza he tells how
**AureHus * * . now entombed lies at Stonheng by the
feeatb/* Drayton, Polyolb. iii* 43, says that Salisbury ,
Plain ** Hath worthily obtamed tibat Stonendge there |
should stand/' A play entitled Stonehmge,by John |
Spcect, was acted at Canibriclge in 1636* See also
HANGING STONES, SALISBURY PLAIN.

STONY STRATFORD. A town in Bucks., almost at its
junction with Bedford and Northants, on the Ouse,
53 m* N.W. of Londv along Watting St., the next stage
northwards from Fenny Stratford. It is abt. 17 m.
South of Northam.ptoG> and 30 N.W. of St. Alban's.
In RjiL 4, 2r the Archbp, of York says of the young K.
andi ills £r&iu * Last night* I hear, they lay at North-
ampton; At S. S. will tiey be tomgfat.~ In True
Tr@$$&iyj, p* 76* Ridid* says, ** Let us take post hccse to
S« S^wiiereliappK^lMsa^gr^oeto'^^
ft> OWoBESiff T* jr roe scene of which is St. AJban's, tlie
Hostte says, " O, Tom is gooe from hence ; he's at the
Tfcree Hcrse-loaTes at S. S/f In the Puritan iii. 5,
Edmtmd says, ^Wcy, look you, I should marry a
Poticary's daughter, and 'twas told me she lost her
maidenhead at S. S. "; where, of course, a pun is
intended.

STRACHY. A hitherto unsolved Shakespearian riddle*
Nobody has yet discovered the source of the allusion,
or the location of the Strachy ; it has a Scotch look i
about it; but the only hope is that some one may come
across the story some where or other. In Tw* N* ii. 5, 45, i
Malvolja says, ** The lady of the Strachy married the i
yeoman of the wardrobe/* |

STRAITS* Geomcally any narrow passage or water-way !
between a larger bodies of water ; but in our period
used specifically of the S* of Gibraltar between the !
South of Spain and N. Africa at the entrance of the
Mediterranean. All die commerce of the Levant came
through the S., and tiiey were infested with Spanish
and Moorish pcrsles who made attacks oa tiie tnerchant
sb&s passing throtigh. In Wit Woman 326, Giro says
te> Fbcio^ **You were to go to the poet about your
i that is lately code in from the Straites," In
Co&fer 100, Sateros says, " The coal-black

STRAND

Moor that revels in the Straights Have I repelled," In
Marlowe's Tomb. B. i. 2, Callapine promises his keeper
** A thousand galleys I freely give thee, which shall cut
the S. And bring armadoes from the coasts of Spain/*1
In Dekker's Match me v* r, Gasetto says, ** Once hence,
you may fly to the Straights and then cross o'er to
Barbary." In his Lantkorn, he tells of a prostitute trying
to inveigle merchants into her house by saying that her
husband 44 put in at the Straytes or at Venice or
Scanderopn," z^. is far away. In T* Heywood's
Fortune iii. 3, the Merchant says, ** I am now upon a
voyage to the S. myself/* In W, Rowley's New Wonder
iii., Stephen says, ** I want some English traffic ; my
voyage is to the S." In Haughton's Englishmen ii* a,
Pisaro speaks of the terror the Spanish pirates ** Have
made the S. 'twixt Spain and Barbary/* In B. & F,
Subject iii. 4, Theodore asks : "What would ye give
now To find the rich Moluccas^ to pass the S.^**
where perhaps the S* of Malacca are intended. In
Thomas iv* 5, Francisco asks the sailors " Whither are
ye botmd, friends 4 rt and they answer : "Down to the
Stretg&ts/* In Glapthorne's Wit ii. i, Valentine says
that wives ruin their husbands *' beyond redemption
from die Indies, the Streighte, or Barbary.** In B. & F,
Scornfsl ii* 3, Savil says to nis master, who is proposing
to sell his lands to get means for his drinking and
gambling, " If you'll turn up the S., you may ; for
you have no calling for drink there but with a cannon ;
nor no scoring but on your ship's sides/' In Massinger's
Umwt. Com. L x, Makfbrt asks : ** Who sunk the
Turkish gaffies in the streigfcfis But Malefort < •* Hall,
in Heaven upon Earth (1624) 25* says/ " Thy goods are
embarked ; now thou wfehest a direct N.-wind to drive
thee to the Strayts ; and then a W. to run in/*

The word is used figuratively for a difficult situation.
In Armm's Moredacke D. i, Sir William says, " Thou art
in the S., Moll ; and the pirates* shots will sink thee/*
The name was applied in current slang to the alleys and
courts off the Strand and Fleet St*, in Lond. ; partly
because of their narrowness, but more particularly
because tiiey were infested with adventurers of all kinds
in quest of money, like t&e pirates that attacked the
mett&ant-ships in the S* In Jonson's BarthoL ii* i,
Overdo says, ** Look into any angle of the town, the
Streights or the Bermudas, where the quarreling lesson
is read, and how do they entertain the time but with
bottle-ale and tobacco s1 " In his Underwoods xxx., he
says, " These men . . . turn pirates here at land,
Have their Bermudas and their Streights i* the Strand/*
It is also applied, with a reference to the S. of Magellan,
to a disreputable dist, somewhere near Bunhill Fields,
Lond, In B* & F. Friends i. 2, Blackscout says that he
got a wound in the groin " at the siege of Bunnii,
passing the straights 'twixt Mayor's Lane and Terra del
Fuego, the fiery isk n j where I suggest that Mayor's
Lane is a misprint lor Magellan*

STRAND* A st* in Load., running W* from the Griffin
which marks tfee site of Temple Bar to Charing Cross*
As the name implies, it was dose to the strand or shore of
the Thames, and was the means of communication
between Load, and Westminster. In Chancery Rolls
{1246} it is mentioned as ** Vicus qui vocatur le Stronde/*
Properly it only extended from Essex St. to Charing
Cross, the part between Essex St. and Temple Bar
being called Temple Bar Without. It was first paved in
1532, as it had become very dangerous and " full of
pits and sloughs*** Its condition was not improved by
the brooks which ran across it at frequent intervals,

488

STRAND-BRIDGE

draining the fields to the N* ; some of them were broad
enough to require bridging, 2 of the best-known bdges*
being Strand Edge, at the end of Strand Lane,
and Ivy Edge, by Ivy Lane, Immediately W. of Temple
Bar was Butchers* Row, named from the butchers*
stalls which occupied its Southern side, facing into the
S. Next came the ch, of St* Clement Danes, and W. of
it again Holywell St. A little further on, opposite
Somerset House, was the Maypole, which occupied the
site of the old S* Cross* The Ch* of St. Mary-le-S*
was built at this point in 1714, to take the place of the
old Ch. of the Nativity of our Lady and the Innocents
pulled down by Protector Somerset to make room for
his palace, Somerset House* The South side of the
S* was at first occupied chiefly by the town houses of
some of the Bps*, whose sacred character made them
safer from attack, and who therefore ventured to live
outside the walls of the city* As times became more
secure, these sites were taken over by various noblemen.
Starting from Temple Bar, there were on the South
side of the S*, in order, Essex House, Arundel House,
Somerset House, which was built on the sites of the
houses of the Bps* of Chester, Llandafi, and Worcester,
the Savoy Palace — used during our period as a hospital
and almshouse— roth a school and chapel attached ;
Worcester House, formerly the residence of the Bps,
of Carlisle ; Salisbury House, built by Robert Cecil,
ist Earl of Salisbury ; Durham House, the Inn of the
Bps. of Durham, taken possession of by Henry VIII
and occupied for a time first by the Princess Elizabeth,
and then by Sir Walter Raleigh ; on the site of its
stables, fronting the S*, James I built his New Exchange,
or Britain's Burse ; the site of the palace itself is now
occupied by the Adelphi* Next came York House, of
which the handsome water-gate still remains on the
Thames Embankment; it was successively in the
possession of the Bps* of Norwich, Brandon, D* of
Suffolk, Heath, Archbp. of York, from whom it got its
name, and George Villiers, D* of Buckingham* Last
came Northumberland House, the palace of the Percys,
which survived till 1874. On the N* side, in the time
of Elizabeth, were mainly open fields ; though Wimble-
don House, built by Sir Edward Cecil, was erected about
the dose of the i6th cent., to the W* of Catherine St* ;
and next to it was Burleigh, or Cecil* House, on the site
of which the Exeter Change was built in the reign of
WilEam and Mary* During the reign of James I the
S* came to be the fashionable residential quarter of
Loud., the West End of those days* The N* side was
gradually taken up by houses, and shops were also
established, chiefly to supply the needs of the fashion-
able folk of the neighbourhood* There were, however,
shops between Temple Bar and St* Clement Danes
before this, especially in Butcher' Row, which appears
to date from the reign of Edward I* Sylvester, in his
translation of DuBartas'.DiV£ne Weeksand Worksfago)
&L 2, a, says, " Here to the Thames-ward, all along
the S*, The stately houses of the nobles stand*"

la HB v. 4, 55, die porter's man says, " [The woman]
cried out Clubs, when I might see from far some 40
tnmcheoners draw to her succour, which were the hope
of the S*, where she was quartered/* These would be
prentices from the shops near Temple Bar* In B* & F*
Pestle fv* 5, the citizen's wife suggests that Ralph shall
"daocetheKbiTisforthecredfeofti^S*'* Accordingly
Ralph appears dressed as a may-lord and says, " By the
common counsel of my fellows in the S* With gilded
staff and crossed scarf the Mayford here I stand**1"
PasqmTs Palinodia (1619) says, " Within the spacious

STRATPQRD-AT-BQW

passage of the S* Objected to our sight a summer-broach
Ydeaped a Maypole/' In Jonson's Devil L i, Iniquity
suggests to Pug, ** If thou hadst rather to the S. down
to fall 'Gainst the lawyers come dabbled from West-
minster Hall/' In Underwit iii, 3, Courtwell talks of
** marching with the puisnes to Westminster In our
torn gowns embroidered with S. dirt, To hear the law/*
In Jonson's Epicoene L i, Qermont says of the fop
La-Fople : 4* He has a lodging in the S. for the purpose
of inviting his guests aloud out of bm window, as tiiey
ride by in coaches/' In Cooke's Greenefs Qnaqw i if
Sir Lionel Rash says, " To-morrow I remove into the
S. There for this quarter dwell/* In Middietoa's
Chaste Maid v, x, Mrs* AHwit says, ** Let's let otit
lodgings then And take a house in the S/* In Shirky's
Pleasure L a, Celestina says, " I live i' the S., whither
few ladies come, To live and purchase more than fame*
I will Be hospitable then, and spare no cost * * . 1*11
have My house the Academy of Wits ... my balcony
Shall be the courtier's idol/* La Undermt L i, Device
says, u There's a ball to-night in the S*** In Brome's
Ct. Beggar L x, Charissa upbraids Mendkant for giving
up the delights of a country life " for a lodging m tlje S/y
In his Northern ii. 5, Pate says, ** I win acquaint thee
with an old ladies' usher in the S. that shall give thee
thy gait, thy postures, and thy language/* In his
Sparagus iv. 10, Sam says that Mrs. Brittleware has
gone ** down towards the S. in a new litter with tbe
number one-and-twenty in the breech of it/* In Nabbes*
Totenham ii, 3, Mrs* Stichall says, " By my S*-honesty,
I'll to Totenham Court after my husband/' In
Middleton's Hubbtxrd* p. 77, the young gallant is advised
that ** his lodging must be about the S. in any case,
being remote from the faaiKlicraft of tfoe City/*

In Mayne's Match L 4, PJotwell says to the 2 yotmg
Templars, " In these colours you set out the & and
adorn Fleet-st/' In Marston's Malcontent 3nd.,
Sinklow says of his feather ; ** I haw worn it tip and
down the S* and met [the herald] 40 times, sad yet he
dares not to challenge it/* In Stadey 364, "we are
introduced to ** Blunt of the S., the buckkr-maker/*
In Jonson's Epicoene iv* i, Otter says of his wife : ** Both
her eye-brows [were made] in the S/' In Dekfcer's
Northward v* i, Bellamont says, " There is a new trade
come up for cast gentlewomen, of periwig-making j kt
your wife set up in the S/' In Glaptborne's Wit iv, i,
Valentine says, 4* *Tis a peruke ; I saw it at the French-
man's in the S/* In his Gamester v. x, Hazard says of a
frail lady : ** Let her make the best on't ; set op sliop
ftheStCHT Westminster/* In W* Rowley's Match Mid.
L 3, Bloodhound sends his boy to a tallow-chandler's
" in the S/* to rec0s«r a debt; probably he M?ed m
Butchers* Row*

STRAND-BRIDGE. A bdge. that crossed the brook
running from St. Clements Well across the S* and down
S* Lame, Land* Tfae lajK&ig-piace at the foot of tbe
lane was also caH^dS.-bdge.; this E the bdge. intended
in the quotation. In Shirley's Pleasure iv. 2* Lady
Bocnwell says, ** You may take water at S,-bdge/*

STRAJiGATE.

STOATFCff*D-AT-BQW. See Bow* In Da/sB* Beggar
m\, Canfay says, ** Go take my horse at the Bell at S/*
In Dekker's Shoemaker's ii£. 5, the Lord Mayor says,
" Spend these 3 angels in beer at S*-B/* In T* Hey-
wbod's Ed * IV B* 37* Club says, " Tell them, they crane,
Instead of pudding pies aid S* cakes To make's a
baa»!tjethere/* Kemp, in Nine Days? Wonder, says tfeat
be went through S* on his dance to Norwich " to keep

489

STRATFORD-BRIDGE

a custom that many hold, that Mile End is no walk
without a recreation at S*-B* with cream and cakes/*
In Penn. ParL 59, it is provided *' that you suit your-
selves handsomely against goose-feast ; and if you meet
not a fair lass betwixt St* Paul's and S* that day, we will
bestow a new suit of satin upon you/'

STRATFORD-BRIDGE. The bdge* over the Lea at
S*-at-Bow, from the arches or bows of which the
village had its name (see Bow)* In Merry Devil i* 4,
Fabei says, ** 1*11 make the brined sea to rise at Ware
And drown the marshes unto S* Bdge/*

STRATFORD-ON-AVON. A town in South War-
wicksh., 10 m* South-W. of Warwick, and 95 m* N.W.
of Land, by road, lying on the Avon, which is crossed
by a fine stone bdge* of 14 arches built by Sir Hugh
Ciopton, a native of S., who became Lord Mayor of
Loud* in 1492* It was widened in 1814* Here Shake"
speare was born, almost certainly in the house still pre-
served in Henley St* He was christened in the Cfa* of
the Holy Trinity, April a6th, 1564, and went to the
King Edward Grammar School, where Thomas Hunt
was master from 1572 to 1577* In 1597 he bought New
Place, one of the finest mansions in the town, built by
Sir Hugh Clopton, The house has gone, but the site
is preserved as a public garden* Here he died on April
asjrd, 16x6, and was buried in the ch* of the Holy
Trinity* The Harvard House and the Guild Chapel
remain as they were in fa*s time j and H*g memory has
been perpetuated by the American Memorial Fountain
in Rother St* and the fine Memorial Theatre erected
in 1877, Digges, tn Verses prefixed to the ist Folio
edition of Shakespeare, speaks of the day when "Time
dissolves thy S* monument/*

STREATHAM. One of the Southern suburbs of Lond.,
formerly a vill* on the Brighton Rd*, South of Wands-
worth Cbmmon, abt* 6 m. in a direct Hue from St.
Paul's. Nash, in Summers i* x, speaks of " the finest set
of morris-dancers that is between this and Streatham/'

STREIGHT1& See STRAUS*

STREMONIA (the STRYHON)* One of th« largest rivers
ia Macedonia, and at one time its B. botHK§ary. It
South from lit* Scomius, and enters the sea near
PhslippaKesabt,4pra*Rofit. In Cesar's

p* v* i, Antony s«Fj?s of Cassius * ** Silver Stremcfiia
sfialleciK^ti^ terror of t^ dismal flight*"" The reference
is to wit battle of Poillppt* in winch Antony defeated
Brutus and Cassius 42 B*C, Spenser, in Ruines of Time
593, extols the swans ** Of white Strimonian brood/*

STRIGONIUM. The Latin name of Gran, a city fa
Hungary, 35 m. N.W. of Pesth, on the right bank of
the Danube* It is the see of the Primate of Hungary.
St. Stephen, ist K, of Hungary, was bom here ; and
it was long the residence of the Kings, It was often
taken by the Turks, and again retaken ; but it was not
t3l 1683 that it was finally wrested from them* It was,
however, temporarily recovered in 1596, and it iis thtq
occasion to which Bobadfl refers in Jonson's Ev. Man L
ra« i, when he boasts that he was " at the beleaguering
of StrigotiitJm where 700 resolute gentlemen lost their
Ifjpes upon the breach/* Sir Thomas Artmdel greatly
distinguished himself at this siege, and was made a
Count of the Empire by Rtidolf, and Lord Artmdel of
Wardotir by Elizabeth, in consequence*

STROUD. A town in Gloucestersh^ 9 miles South of
Gloucester, It was the centre of the W* of England
doth matn&ctnre. In Slcekon's Magmfcence foL xiL,

STYX

Fancy says, " Her eyen glent From Tyne to Trent,
From Stroude to Kent," z*e* through the whole length
and breadth of England*

STURBRIDGE. A field abt* \ m. square, lying just N*
of Cambridge, between it and Chesterton, on the Sture*
A great fair was held here annually on Sept* I9th, and
continued a fortnight* It was one of the most frequented
fairs in England, and during its continuance hackney
coaches ran from Lond* day and night to bring the
citizens to it* In T* Heywood's /* K. M. B* 258, Hobson
asks : ** What's the news At bawdy Barnwell and at
S* Fair i " In Wise Men ii* 3, Vulcano says, " I can
chop Logick as I list ; I learnt it at S* Fair*" In Brewer's
Lingvo, in"* 6, Phantasies says, " I wonder that you pre-
sented us not with the sight of Nineveh, Babylon,
London, or some S* Fair monsters/* Nineveh and the
rest were motions, or puppet shows* In fv* 6, Tactus
says, " There is such catling for fardingales, kittles,
busk-points, shoe-ties, eta, tot 7 pedlars' shops, nay,
all S* fair, will scarce furnish her*** In Grcnmdwark of
Corny-Catching (1592)* we are told of a new trick by
which ** one got a bag of cheese the last S* Fair/* In
Dekker's Dead Term, Lend* says, "Many coming
thither [z*e* to S* Fair] have taken that place for myself,
and have not stuck to call it by the name of Little Lond,"
In his Northward L i, Bellamont says, ** I have observed
very much with being at S. ; it hath afforded me mirth
beyond the length of 5 Latin comedies ** ; and proceeds
to give a lively description of it* In B* & F* Prize ii* 6,
Pedro declares : ** There are more women marching
hitfaerward than e'er turned tail at S.-feir/r Earle, in
Mfarocosmog. Ixviii,, says that the gull-citizen " bears
a pretty kind of foolish love to scholars, and to Cam-
bridge especially for S* fair's sake/' Randolph, in
Conceited Pedlar (i 630), says, " I am a pedlar and I sell
my ware This brave Saint Barthol or S.feir/* Drayton,
Pofyofo. XJEU 70, makes Gogmagog promise the nymph
Granta " Besides, at S. Fair chill buy thee many a thing/*

STYX (Sa. — Stygian). In the Greek mythology, one of
the rivers of the Infernal regions. According to Vergil
It Sowed through a vast marsh, or pool, and encircled
Hei 9 times* Disembodied spirits were ferried across
by Charon, The oath by the S* was the most binding
that could be taken, and could not be broken, even by
Zeus himself* There is an actual S* in NJE* Arcadia,
which forms the highest waterfall in Greece; it is
known now as Mauraneria, and is still regarded with
superstitious awe by the inhabitants of the neighbour-
hood* Like Dante, the Elizabethans transferred the
scenery and rivers of the Greek Hades to the Christian
Hell ; and the adjective Stygian is used as a synonym
for infernal. In TnwZ* iii, 2, 10, Trofltis says, ** I stalk
about her door, Like a strange soul upon the Sn*
banks, Staying for waftage* O, be thou my Charon i "
In v. 4, 19, Trotltis cries to Diomed : " Fly not ! for
shouldst thou fake the river S*, I would swim after*"
In TO* i* i, 88, Titos asks : " Why sufierest thou thy
sons, unbtiried yet, To hover on the dreadful shore of
S. <*" It was believed that the souls of those whose
bodies had not been buried could not secure passage
across the S, into Hades* In R$ i* 4, 45, Clarence says,
"My soul Passed methought the melancholy flood
With that grim ferryman which poets write of/* In
T. Heywood's Geld. Age v*, Homer says, ** Pluto's made
Eniperour commanding Hell Where S* and Lethe flow*"
In Suckling's Goblins iii., the Thief says of the Post :
" He hath made such a description of S* and the Ferry,
and verily thi'nfcs he hath passed them/' In Wilson's

490

SUBURBS

Cobler 620, Charon says to the Cobler, *4 Come, if thou
wilt, over S*" ; and he replies, ** Over stix, ay, and over
stones I" Later, in line 677, Charon says that to accom-
modate the crowds that are coming to Hell "Cocytus,
Lethe, Phlegeton, shall all be digged into S*" In Jonson's
Cynthia L i, Cupid says to Mercury, 4* You have the
marshalling of all the ghosts too that pass the Sn* ferry,
and I suspect you for a share with the old sculler there/'
In Locrine iv. 4, Humber invokes, " You ghastly devils
of the ninefold Stickes." In Kirke's Champions iv*,
Leonides says, ** There the Thracian [£*«. Orpheus] site
Hard by the sullen waters of black S*, Fingering his
lute/' In Massinger's Actor iii* 2, Caesar says, ** I'll
afflict your souls And force them groaning to the Sn*
lake/' In the old Timon iv* 2, Timon says, " I'll head-
long tumble into S* his lake/'

Milton, P. L* ii* 577, names as the first of the
rivers of Hell " Abhorred S., the flood of deadly
hate*" In i* 239, Satan and Beelzebub are repre-
sented as "glorying to have scaped the Sn*
flood " ; in ii* 506, the assembly of fallen angels is
described as ** The Sn* council " ; and in 875 they are
called 44 the Sn* powers/' In iii* 14, the poet speaks of
himself as having 44 Escaped the Sn* pool, though long
detained In that obscure sojourn/* In x* 453, the devils
are " the Sn* throng/' In L* Allegro 3, Melancholy is
"Of Cerberus and blackest Midnight born In Sn*
cave forlorn*" In Comas 182, Comus says, ** the dragon
womb Of Sn* darkness spews her thickest gloom*" In
Chapman's Trag, Byron iv* i, Byron talks of ** the Sn*
flood " of the envies of his foes* In Marlowe's Tomb. A,
v* i, Bajazet says, 4* O life more loathsome to my vexed
thoughts Than noisome parbreak of the Sn* snakes/'
In Jonson's Catiline iii* a, Cicero calls Catiline's con-
spiracy w a Sn* practice*" La Chapman's Chabot v* 2* 37,
the Advocate speaks of the Chancellor as ** The very
fen and Sn* abyss " of corruption* In PhUotas 123,
Flavius conjures the spirits ** By Matthew, Mark, Luke,
and John, By Lethe, S*, and Acheron/* In Webster's
White Devil v* 6, Flamineo says, ** What a religious
oath was S*, that the gods never durst swear by and
violate/* In T* Heywood's *S* Age v*, Jupiter swears
** By dreadful S*, an oath I cannot change*" In Greene's
Alphonsus iii. 2, 367, Medea says, 44 1 conjure thee By
stinking S. and filthy Flegeton*" In Chapman's Trag.
Byron v* i, Byron says of the K*: "By his vows And
oaths so Sn* [he] had my nerves and will In more awe
than his own*" In Marlowe's Faastus vif*, Faust
swears " by the kingdoms of infernal rule, Of S*, of
Acheron, and the fiery lake Of ever-burning Phfege-
thon." In his Tomb. A* v* i, Bajazet speaks of a star
that ** countermands the gods More tnkn Cimmerian
S* or destiny*" In Beaumont's $c$mari$f Venus ** made
Vulcan swear By dreadful S*, the oath that gods do fear/'
Spenser, F* Q* iii* 6, 24, makes Phoebe say, ** By Sn*
lake I vow, whose sad annoy The gods do dread*" In
Chapman's Consp. Byron v* 2, 46, Byron says, ** 'Twas
* * * a repulse As miserably cold as Sn* water That
from sincere earth issues, and doth break The strongest
vessels, not to be contained But in the tough hoof of a
patient ass*" Pliny says that the waters of the S*
corroded everything except the hoof of an ass*

SUBURBS (Sb* = Suburb)* The districts immediately
outside the waDs of a city ; especially those in the out-
skirts of Lond* As the city-gates were dosed during the
night, the s* were left very much to themselves ; and
the state of things that prevailed can be readily imagined*
Hence the word is almost always used by the dramatists

SUDBURY

in a bad sense, and implies a dist. where loose living is
the rule. Chettle, in Kind Hart's Dream (1592), says,
** The s. of the city are in many places no other but
dark dens for adulterers, thieves, murderers, and every
mischief-worker*" In Meas. i* 2, 98, Ppmpey tells of
an edict that 44 all houses in the s* of Vienna must be
pulled down " ; where bouses of ill-fame are meant. In
ii* i, 65, Elbow says of Pompey : ** He is one that serves
a bad woman, whose house, Sir, was, as they say,
plucked down in the s*" In H8 v* 4, 76, the Loid
Chamberlain says to the Pater, " There's a trim rabble
let in j are all these your faithful friends of the s* i **
In /* C*ii* i, 285, Portia asks Brutus: ** Dwell I but in
the s* of your good pleasure ** If it be no more, Portia
is Brutus' harlot, not his wife*" Nash, in Christ's Tears
(1593) ii. 148, asks: "Lond*, what are thy s* but
licensed Stews € " In Nobody i., we are told : ** Here's
qtteans maintained in every sb* street*" In Jonson's
Ev. Man L L 3, Knowell says of Stephen : ~ If I can
but hold him up to his height, It will do well for a
sb*-humour*" In B* & F* Friends iL 2* Philadelphia
says, " To yield At first encounter may befit the state
Of some suburban strumpet." In Middkton's JF?* G,
ii* i, Goshawk says, ** He keeps a wbote fa the s." In
Sharpham's Fleire ii* 29, Fleire says, ** They scorn to
have a Subtirbian bawd lend 'em a taffaty gown." In
B* & F* Wild Goose ii* 3, Hosalura says to Mirabel,
44 It seems ye are hot ; the s* will supply ye*" In their
Thomas ii* 2, Dorothea advises Thoiiias, ** Get a new
mistress, Some sb* saint, that 6d. and some oaths Will
draw to parky/' In their Core ii. x, Pachieco says, " I
have found a thief or a whore there, when the whole s*
could not furnish me/' In their Prize fv. 5, Pfedro
speaks of "one of those that multiply fth* s. for single
money/* In Dekker's Westward iL i, Jusfcniaco says,
" The s* and those without the Bars have more privilege
than they within the freedom*" In Webster's Cuckold
ii* 3, Compass says, ** Blackwall * * * can't hold oat
always, no more than limehouse or Shadwcll or the
strongest s* about Loud." In Strode*s Float. M, v. n,
Prudentius says, "Melaneolico and Cosscupiscetice
Shall keep their state; i'th' s* or New-England,**
Dekker, in Loniftorn, says, ** These Sb* sinners have no
lands to live upon but their legs." W* Rowley, in
Search 37, says, **We should return back to the
suburbian bordello/' Massinger, in Madam iii* i, talks
of "swaggering suburbian roarers*" In Randolph's
Mnses* iv* 2, Anaiskyntia boasts that she has had
** good practice in the S*," where they are very subject
to ** the French disease*"

SUCCOTH (i"*e* THE BOOTHS)* A viL In Palestine, now
Tell Deir Allah, i m, H. of tfie Ja&bdk and abt* 3 m.
E* of tiie Jofdan* In Matoa 5. A. &]&> fixe €bm&
recalk ^How StKXOth and the fort of Pfeood Their
great deliverer contemned, Hie matchkra Gideon."
(See Judges via* 5-16*)

SUCOR DE TOPEA (CDIXER&)* A town m Vafeotia, on
the E* coast of Spain at the mouth of die Xticar, from
which river it got its alternative name, Xttcar or Sucor*
In Peek's Ataizar XL prvl, we are toM: ** At Sticcc de
Tupea He [the K. of Spain] met in person with the
Portugal [i~e» Sebastian] And treateth of a mar

a marriage

theK/' The next scene describes this meeting*
SUDBURY . A town in Suffolk cm the left bank of the
Stour, 17 m* E* of Ipswich* In J. Heywood's Weather*
p, ico, Merry Report says, " I have been at S*, Sotidi-
ampton, at Shooters Hfll/' In Tar&oif s News
Purgatory* we read that he saw there ** certain r~

401

3UDELEY

hanged up by the tongue for scolding, and especially
one Botcher's wife of S., who was an archgossip in that
faculty." ljylyfmPappemihan HatchettfEliz. Pamph*
p. 54, says, *4 At S. the Martin-mongers swarmed to a |
lecture like bears to a honey-pot/* Puritanism was
strong in Norfolk and Suffolk.

SUDELEY. A vilL in Gioucestersh., 18 m* NJEL of
Gloucester, and near to Tewkesbury. In its ruined ch*
Katharine Parr was buried. There are also the remains
of an ancient castle dating from the reign of Henry VL
In Thersites, Anon. PI* i. 217, the hero says* ** Tom
Tumbler of Tewkesbury wiH wipe William Waterman,
Simon Sadler of Sudeley that served the sow/'

SUEVIA, or SUABIA* An ancient Duchy in Sotrth-W,
Germany, extending from the angle of the Rhine at
Bale, northwards to the Danube. It included Wurtem-
burg, Baden, and Hohenzolkra, with part of Bavaria.
Its capital is Augsburg. It was one of the 10 ** circles **
into which Germany was divided in 1513* The Heroine
of Marston's Insatiate is an entirely fictitious Isabella,
•* Countess of Suera."

SUFFOLK, The county on the E. coast of England
between Norfolk and Essex. It formed the Southern
portion of the old kingdom of E. Anglia, and suffered
much from the incursions of the Danes. It is almost
entirely agricultural, and was famous for its cheeses
and other dairy produce. Like Norfolk, it was in the
main Puritan in its sympathies, la Brewer's Lovesick
v. i, Alured reports that the Danes have "planted
themselves In Norfolk, $., and Cambodgesh." In H6
C. L i, 156, Northumberland speaks of the power of
Warwick in ** Essex, Norfolk, S., and Kent " ; and in
fr. 8, 13, Warwick sends Clarence to " stir up in S.,
Norfolk, and in Kent The knights and gentlemen to
come with thee/' In Middkton's Quiet Life ii* i, Mrs.
Knavesby says, ** I am a S* woman, my Lord/* In
Brme's Moor iv* 5, Quicksands says, ** I placed no

in. Norfolk nor S*, nor any folk/' In G*«enefs
, Priace Edward says of Margaret of Fressing-
fieki: "A bonnier wench all S. cannot yieid/' In
KI%rew*s j^non i & Jolly &&&, ** There's }adk Care-
less^ lie caffied out ss good st3^pieHKB0(eis as aaay was
in S.f -ffKi IK>W he s retmiied with a shnig aad a tri<±
to stand croofced." Draytoo, Pdyotib. xix. 3, 99, says,
gfOiii- ijig StiJioloeaii side yet tiiosag wteih Slxxff ppcfer
Then- priacely Orwell praise.** In Davenaaf s Wits B~r
Snore says* ** My urateh are above at Trea Trip lor a
black ptidding and a pound of S. cheese." In T. Hey-
wood's /. K. M* B. 259, Tawnk says,, ** A long slender
poking-sticfc is the all in all with your S* Puritan/* In
Day's B. Beggar iv*, Strowd says, " There were a sort
of tumblers at Windham Fair last year, and they have
made it so stale in Norfolk and S* that every wench is
turned tumbler**'

S. is a territorial title in the English Peerage* The
Ead of a (who is wrongly called D. of S.) in CMcasOe
£, 3* tu 2, etc*, is Michael de la Pole, and Earl of that
fe^y. He was killed at Harfieur on Sept i8th, 1415.
Tbe Ear! whose death at Agincourt a little more than a
month later is described in H$ fv. 6 was Michael de la
Me, son of tine preceding EarL The S, who, in H6 A*
v. 3r woos Margaret of Anjou for the K* and falls in
Icwe wiffe hear himself is Wiiliatn de la Pok, soa of the

iag; IK was created Marquis in 1444, and D, in
fa m B. i i, 45, he is called « WiSiaia de k

Marquess of S, ** ; aid in line 64 the K. sayst

iiTOa«sal»tlieefl^i^I)ti|)eofS/* Hefbcfefced
^e KL's CQJiideiKse fay te plot against Gloucester, and

SURREY

was taken and beheaded at sea in 1450, as described m
iv* i. The S. who was High-Steward at the coronation
of Anne Boleyn in H8 iv* i^ and with whom the K, was
left playing primero* in v. i, 8, was Charles Brandon,
created D, in 1514. He married Mary Tudor, daughter
of Henry VII and Q. Dowager of France* He appears in
Cromwell as the messenger who brings to Cromwell the
news of his knighthood ; and he is prominent in S*
Rowley's When Yon. He died in 1545* On his death the
title became extinct, and was conferred by Edward VI
on the Marquis of Dorset, the father of Lady Jane
Grey, who was beheaded in 1554* He is one of the
characters in Webster's Wyat. Thomas Drue pro-
daced a play entitled The Duchess of S. about 1630* The
Earldom came into the Howard family, its present
holders, in 1603*

SUMMER LAY. A meadow lying somewhere South-E*
of Bethnall Green, between the Whitechapel Rd, and
Limehouse, In Day's B* Beggar iv«, young Strowd
says, " 111 but cross o'er the Summer lay by the Broom-
field/* See BROOMFIELD.

SUN* A Lend, tavern sign, Taylor, in Works L 125, says,
** I have fared better at three Suns, in Aldersgate St»,
Cripplegate, and New Fish St." In Middleton's No
Wit £u i, Pickadill says, ** Your sun-cup < Some cup,
I warrant, that he stole out of the Sun-tavern*** Herrick,
in Ode to Jonson, speaks of " those lyric feasts Made at
the Sun, the Dog, the Triple Tun*" In Wit Woman
1636, Braggardo orders : ** Go you to the Sunne and
fetch me a gallon of Ipocras*" In B. & F* Custom iii* 3,
Jaques says that the Dane " lies at the sign of the Sun
to be new-breeched/* This was at Lisbon. Brereton,
Marginalia on B, <£ F., plausibly suggests Tun, in
allusion to the tubs used in treating his malady*

SUN. A bookseller's sign in Lond. An early edition of
Colin Clout was " imprinted at Lond. in Paules churche
yard at the sign of the Sunne by Anthony Kytson/'
Lodge's Wwmds of Civil War was " Printed by John
Daater and are to be sold at the sign of the Surme in
Paul's Cburchyard. 1594*** The 2nd Quarto of Perides
was " Imprinted at Loaid. lor Henry Gossan and are
to be sold at the sign of the Sunne in Paternoster Row*
1609."

SURAT* A city in Gudjerat on the W. coast of India,
160 m. N* of Bombay* It was founded in the early
part of the i6th cent*, and rapidly rose to be an important
commercial port. It lies on the South bank of the Taptf,
about 14 m* from its mouth. It was held by the Por-
tuguese from 1573 to 1612 ; but when Webster's ] '
was written it had passed into the hands of the T
East India Company. It was one of the most i
cities in India in the zSth cent*, but most of its trade has
since been absorbed by Bombay . In Webster's Cncfa>/rf
ii. 3, Compass safs> ** If yott*H believe me, I have been
at Stoat/*

SURGEONS HAUL {see BARBER SURGEONS HALL). It
was not until 1745 that the Surgeons separated from the
Barbers and got a Hall of their own, first in Stationers
Hall, then in the Old Bailey, and finally in Lincoln's
Inn Fields.

SURREY. A southern county of England, lying South
of the Thames between Middlesex and Sussex* The
part of Load, to the Sooth of the Thames is in S* ; and
as that side of the fiver was outside the jurisdiction
of the Middlesex magistrates, who were strongly
opposed to the Theatres, the actors migrated to the
Bankside in Soutnwark and built there the Globe, the

SOS

Rose, and the Swan* S* is a territorial title in the
English Peerage. In Jte iv. i, S. defends Aumerle
against the charges of Fitzwater. This was Thomas
Holland, ^rd Earl of Kent, created D. of S* in 1397*
For his share in the plot against Henry IV he was
degraded by Parliament in 1399, and beheaded at
Cirencester in the following year* He is one of the
characters in Trag. Richl. IL The Earl of S. mentioned
in H4 B. iii. i, i was Thomas Fitzalan, son of Richard
Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel and S., who was beheaded in
1397 and his title conferred on the Thomas Holland
named above ; but on Holland's death it was restored
to the Fitzalans in the person of Thomas. He died in
1415.

In .Rj v* 3, the Earl of S. appears as commanding a
division for Richd. at the Battle of Bosworth* This was
Thomas Howard, created Earl in 1483* He was taken
prisoner at Bosworth and imprisoned in the Tower for
3i years* He then made his peace with Henry, and was
restored to his Earldom in 1489. He appears in Ford's
Warbeck as one of the K/s supporters* He com-
manded the English forces at Flodden, and was in
consequence restored to his father's title of D* of Nor-
folk in 1514* He thereupon surrendered the title of
Earl of S. to bis son, Thomas Howard, for the term of his
own life. On bis death, in 1534, Thomas became D, of
Norfolk, and the courtesy title of Earl of S* passed to
his son, Henry Howard, -die poet. Henry was beheaded
on Tower Hill in 1547, though his father Norfolk
escaped through the death of the K. On the death of
Norfolk in 1554, Henry's son and heir became D. of
Norfolk and Earl of 5. ; he was attainted and beheaded
in 1573 for conspiring against Elizabeth. The S. who
appears in More i. 3 is the hero of Flodden. In Shake-
speare's Henry VJJJ there is some confusion. The D.
of Norfolk of i. i is, of course, Thomas of Flodden
fame. In ii. i, 43, we are told that the Earl of S. was
sent to Ireland, and in haste, too, lest he should help his
" father." This was Thomas, the son of die Flodden
man, and son-in-law of Buckingham, who is the
44 father " spoken of. He himself says, in iii* 2, 253,
" Thy ambition * » * robbed this bewailing land of
noble Buckingham, my father-in-law. . * * You sent
me deputy for Ireland Far from his succour.** But this
scene iis supposed to take place in 1529, when Thomas
Howard was D* of Norfolk* Shakespeare, however.
introduces the D. of Norfolk in thesarae scene; so that
it looks as if by S. he means Henry Howard, though
this throws all his facts wrong; for it was Thomas who
was son-in-law to Buckingham and Deputy for Ireland*
At the coronation of Anne Boleyn in iv. i, the D* of
Norfolk acts as Earl Marshal, and the Bar! of S. bears
the Q.'s sceptre with the Dove. Tbxs was in 1533, and
S. is the poet-peer*

SUS. A province in South-W. Morocco, South of the
Atlas range* In Stodey 2446, Muly Hamet calls him-
self "K. of mighty Bus." Milton, P.L, xi., 403,
mentions " The kingdoms of Almansor, Fez, and Sus."

SUSA. The capital of the ancient Kings of Persia,
founded by Darius Hystaspes on tfie site of an older
city destroyed by Assir^bani'-pai. It is now a mass of
mounds on the left bards of the Shatir, 15 m. South-E.
of Dizfutaad 250 So&tti-E. of Bagdad. It is Shtashfln
the Palace of die book of ErtAer. In Hester 286, the scribe

Panthea is described as " wife unto the absent Susan k.,
Abracadate." In Nero iff* 3, Seneca says, ** We l>eg not
now To have our consuls tread on Asian kin^sCk spurn

SUTTON*S HOSPITAL

the quivered S. at their feet." Milton, P. £. x. 308,
speaks of Xerxes coming to attack Greece ** From S.,
his Memnonian palace high/' S. is called Memnonia
by Herodotus (v. 54) because it was built by Tithonas,
the father of Memnon. In P. R+ iii. 288, the Tempter
points out to our Lord **S» by Choaspes* amber
stream."

SUSIANA. A large province lying between the Persian
Gulf and Media, W. of Persia* It corresponds roughly
to the modern Pars ; its capital was Stisa. Milton,.?.-??.
iii. 321, describes the forces of the K. of Partbaa as
coming partly from ** the south of Stissana.™

SUSSEX. The county in England on the South coast
between Kent and Hampshire. In Davenant's Witsiy. i,
Palatine says, " My clothes, they are rags ; yet they
will serve for the winter, Sir, when I ride post in S.
ways*'* A pamphlet published in 1614 tells of "a
strange and monstrous serpent or dragon lately dis-
covered in S*, 2 m. from Horsam, in a wood called St.
Leonard's Forest, and 30 m* from Load." It is stated
to have been 9 ft. long, with large feet, and to have
" cast his venom about 4 roods from him," Injooson's
New World, the factor speaks of " yottr printed cootm-
drums of the serpent in S/7 In B. & F. Wit Money H. 4,
Lance suggests as a topic for Francisco to write about
** Dragons in S." In Braithwaite's Whimsies (1631), we
read of 4* a S. dragon drawn by some Shoe-Jane man/'
In Work for Cutters, when Sword derives his pedigree
from ** St. George his sword that killed the dragon,"
Rapier says, **Ay, the dragon in S. th'other day."
S. was a territorial title in the English Peerage. Warren,
Earl of S*, appears in Greene's Friar. But the play takes
place in the latter part of the reign of Henry HI* and
there was no Earl of S. from 2243, when the last of the
de Afbtof family died, until 12%, when John Plantagenet,
or De Warren, was made Earl of Storey and S. No
doubt this man is intended ; bat he was not Earl of S.
during Henry's reign. He appears in Peek's EA. I*
when he gives £500 to the King's College for maimed
soldiers* The scene, however, takes place immediately
on Edward's return from Palestine in 1274; so tlaat
there is agaf*> an anticipation of the title. Iron-smelting
was carried on in some parts of S. Jonson, in
Underwoods Ixi. 184, demands that Vulcan should be
condemned **to some hill-foot (out in S*}, to an iron
mill."

SUTERS HUJL. See SHOOTERS HELL*

SUTTON-COPHEJL. Hie popular prommciatiaa tit
Sutton-Coidfield, a town in N. Warwicksk, 26 20.
N.W. of Warwick, and a dgtao «» H.W, of
Coventry, on the road to Siire'wsD&ffy* In £&f A*
iv* 3r 3*. Falsta^ on. the issay to SEiiewiMi'y ^iiL
Ms contingent, says, "Bardoiph, get tee before to
Coventry; ^1 me a bottk of saci ; oar soldiers sfoatt
maxh through; well to S,-C. tooig^" M T. Hey-

woodrs £^, /F A. 45, Hobs, the tanner of Tamworth,
says/4 lam jttst akin to S.wmdmill; I can grind which
way soe'er the wind blow/' S.-Coidfieid is aboot 7 m,
South of Tamworth, Burton, A.M. ii. 2* $f says,
" S.-cokifield In Warwicfcsh., where I was once a
grammar scholar, stands loco ingrato et steril^ bait in
an excellent air, and full of all manner of pleasures/*

SUTTON'S .HC^PITAI-. Anotiier name for the
Charterhotise school, founded by Tisanias Sutton in
Lond. in 1609 (see CHAPTER HOCSE). Dekker, in Mod
for Rma&qys (16^), says, ** He lay utpon straw tauter
Suttoa's Hospital mil near the ]" "

49?

SWAFFHAM

SWAFFHAM. A town in Norfolk, 27 m* W. of Norwich*
In Mankind 23, Nought, who is going out to steal
horses, says, ** I shall go to William Patrick of Massing-
ham ; I shall spare Master Ailington of Bottisham, and
Hammond of Swaffham/'

SWAN* A booksellers* sign in London* Impatient Poverty
was ** imprinted at Lond. in Paul's churchyard at the
sign of the S* by John King 1562*" Nice Wanton has the
same imprint in 1560. At the same sign and in the same
year was printed The Proud Wives Paternoster. Har-
court's Voyage to Guiana was ** printed by John Beale
for W* Welby, and are to be sold at his sfiop in Paul's
Churchyard at the sign of the S* i6i3/* T* Heywood's
Dialogues was " printed by RJX for R.H, and are to be
sold by Thomas Slater at the S. in Duck Lane/"

SWAN* A London tavern sign* There were several S,
taverns in Load. The most important were : The S*
in Hewgate ; it stood on the N. side of Newgate near
the Gate* In Hycker p* ico, Frewyl says of Ima.gma.cion;
** He was lodged at Newgate at the swanne, And every
;man took him for a gentleman/* Marmion's Leaguer
was " printed at Lend. by L*B* for John Grove, dwelling
in S* Yard within Newgate, i633/' The S* in Old Fish
St* In the list of Taverns in News BarthoL Fair we find
** Old Fish st» at the S/* In Jonson's Barthot. v* 3,
Leatherhead says that ** Hero is come over into Fish-st,
to eat some fresh herring ; Leander says no more, but
as fast as he can Gets on all his best clothes and will
after to the S/* TheS.inDowgate; it is mentioned as
** a Tavern Wei known*** This Is probably the S. of
Dekker's Shoemaker's ixL i, where Hans says, " Bringt
Master Eyre tot det signe un Swannekin/' i^e. Bring
Master Eyre to the sign of the S* He was to meet a
ship-captain there* The S, at Charing Cross* Aubrey,
iiu 415, tells how Ben Jonson wrote a grace, ending :
** God bless me and God bless Raph." When the K.
asked Htm who Raph was he " told mm 'twas the drawer
at the Swanne Tavern by Charing Cross***

There were other Swans: in the Strand near Somerset
House, in Snow Hill near Holborn Bridge, on the south
of Long Lane near Aldersgate St., and on tfeHS E* side
of Norton Folgate. It is not possible to say which of
them all Is intended in the following passages; In
Tom Tykri. 2, Strife says, ** The ale- wife of the S* is
je catt/* In Nabbes' Bride L 4, Rbenish says,
Rheaisb,the S. hath none better/' Lyiy,inPappe
H^AonHotcte^p. 57, mentions: " My old hostess of
tibe Swanne in Warwick***

SWAN STAIRS, Commonly called die Old S*; a
landing place on the N* bank of the Thames, just above
Load. Bdge* The name still remains in Old S* Pier* It
was usual to disembark at the Old S* and walk round to
Billingsgate* in order to avoid the peril of shooting the
Bdge. Nash, in Progtostiaztion, says. ** Watermen that
want fares gfcail sit and blow their fingers till their
fellows row betwixt the Old S* and Westminster/*
Selwws "was ** printed by Thomas Creede dwelling in
Thames St* at the sign of the Kathern Wheel near the
old

SWAN THEATRE* A theatre in Lood*, projected in
1594 and probably built in 1596* It stood in Paris
Gardea, f*i?* It was used for plays till 1630, and was
still standing* though in. a ruinous condition, in 1632.
Its main interest arises from the feet that it was visited
m 1596 by a certain John de Witt* He made a sketch
of its interior, wfckfa was discxwcred in the library of tbe
University of Utrecht a few years ago. The S* on the
flag identifies it* The drawing lias been often repro-

SWINSTEAD

duced, and has given rise to a voluminous discussion on
the staging of Elizabethan plays, which is not yet over*
De Witt says that it was built of flint stones, and held
3000 persons* In Middlemen's R* G* v* x, Moll says*
** There's a knight lost his purse at the last new play
in the S/r Goodman, in Marmion's Leaguer (1632),
speaks of the theatre as " now fallen to decay and. like
a dying Swanne hanging down her head* seemed to
sing her own dirge/* Taylor* Works (1632), speaks of
44 poor old Vennor * * * who acted England's Joy first
at the S/* EngfaruPs Joy was a play* probably by
N* Breton, now lost.

SWE&THLAHD, Sae SWEDEN*

SWECHLAKD* See SWEDEN*

SWEDEN. The country on the E* of the Scandinavian
peninsula*. It was called in Old English, Sweoland ; in
the lath cent* we find Suane or Swane ; in the I4th it
becomes Swetherlond or Sweathland; and in the
beginning of the ijth S* comes into use* The modern
kingdom of S* may be said to have been founded by
Gustavus Vasa (1523-1560)* Under Charles DC (1600-
1611) it became definitely Protestant, and his son*
Gustavus Adolphus (1611-1632), was the leading
champion of Protestantism in the Thirty Years War.
In 1630 he led 15,000 men into Germany, and achieved
many victories ; but his meteoric career was cut short
by his death at the Battle of Lutzen, and he was suc-
ceeded by his daughter Christina* Heylyn (s.v* SWKIH-
uuro) speaks of the Swedes as valiant and hospitable*
In Clyomen, Oamydes is the ** son of the K* of Suavia,ft
probably a misprint for Suania ; at any rate the context
shows that S* is intended* The time is the reign of
Alexander the Gt., and the story is wildly unhistorical*
In Barnavelt i£L 5, Bamavelt has letters from " the K*
of Swechland and the Count of Solems/* In Glap-
thome's WoMenstdn L i, Leslie says. " Wallenstein
has given to death that thunderbolt of war, the Swedish
k/r In Mayne's Match iv* i, Seathrift says, " Yott did
follow the Elephant so long and K* of S., that people
at last came In ID see you." From the context the K* of
S. would seem to have been a puppet-play on the life
and death of Gustavus Adolphus. Milton, in Sonnet to
Skinner Bf advises him not to trouble about " what the
Swede intend and what the French." In all these
passages Gustavus Adolphus is the K* referred to*

S. produced excellent iron* In Alimony iii* 6, the
Ghost says to Crinon, ** Thy gain Has lined thy
shoulders with a Swedish chain/*' Swedish, or Sweath-
land, horses were beginning to be imported into England,
but they were not, according to Markham* well-con-
ditioned, and were mostly pied, their legs being white
and their bodies another colour* In Jonson's Ev+ Man O*
iv* 4, Carlo says, " You shall sweat there in courting
your mistress as well as in all the stoves in S/* These
stoves, or what we should call Turkish Baths, are most
often referred to as Russian1; but the same ffrfag is
meant* S* shared with Iceland and other H* lands the
reputation of being the home of witchcraft* In Mar-
mioG*s Leog&er y> 4, Trimalchio excuses himself from
fiffhttVvg with Miscellanio on the ground that ** he has
lain with an old witch in S., and is grown stick-free/*
z*e, invulnerable*

SWINSTEAB (more properly SWINESHEAB)* A vilL in
Lines,, 7 m* South-W* of Boston* It was a spt* in tbe
reign of John* but it is now some distance from the
coast through the silting up of the shore* Half a mile E*
of the vilL was a Cistercian Convent, founded by
Robert de Greslei in 1x34. which has completely dis-

494

SWITHIN'S, SAINT

appeared* According to the story in Trouble. Reign, the
K* was poisoned at S. Abbey by a monk, and died there ;
and Shakespeare followed this account* But as a matter
of fact he came to the Abbey after his disaster in crossing
the Wash, and was there seised by a fever ; he went on,
however, to Sleaford, and thence to Newark Castle,
where he died* In Bale's Johan 267, the monk who
poisoned John is called Dissimulation; but says, |
44 Simon of Swynsett my very name is perdee/* In '
Trmble. Reign,. Haz., p. 314, the Monk, in offering the
poisoned cup to the K*, says, " Wassell, my Liege, and
as a poor monk may say, welcome to S*" After John's
death the young K. Henry says, ** Let not a stone of
S* Abbey stand, But pull the house about the Friars'
ears/' In K. J. v* 3, the K* says, " Set on towards
S/' ; and the scene of his death is laid in the orchard
in S. Abbey*

SWITHOT'S, SAINT* A ch* in Lond* on the N* side
of Cannon St* It is known to have existed as early as
1331. It was rebuilt by Sir John Hind about 1400* It
was destroyed in the Gt* Fire and rebuilt by Wren*
Lond. Stone (q.v+) is built into the wall of the ch* In
Middleton's Aries, one of the city fathers whose memory
is honoured is ** John Hinde, a re-edifier of the parish
ch* of S* Swithin by Lond* Stone***

SWITHIN*S, SAINT (WINCHESTER)* A curious old ch*
built by K* John over the postern of St* Michael, or
King's Gate* Doubtless it was from it that Brewer took
the name of the supposed Abbey* In Brewer's Lovesick
L i, the aged father of St. Swithin*s Abbey mounts the
walls of Winchester in order to urge the soldiers to fight*

SWITZERLAND (Sr+ = Switter, Ss* = Swiss)* A
confederation of 22 cantons in the mountainous dist*
in the heart of Europe lying between France, Italy,
Austria, and Germany* Its history begins with the
Everlasting League formed in 1291 by the three Forest
Cantons— Uri, Schwys, and Nidwald— for mutual pro-
tection against the house of Hapsburg, The great vic-
tory of Morgarten over the Austrians in 1315 extended
their influence j and in 1353 the league was joined by
Lucerne, Zurich, Zug, Glarus, and Berne* The decisive
victory of Sempach in 1386 led to their complete de-
liverance from the Hapsburgs in 1394* For the next
hundred years they were fighting for similar freedom
from the Empire,, and practically gained it in 1499*
though it was not formally granted till 1 6*0* Thenumber
of Cantons rose to 13 in 1513,1019111 1803, and to 22— ~
Neuchatel, the Valais (Treaty of Westphalia), and
Geneva being the last three to joinr— in 1815* During
the i6th cent, the practice began of hii*mg the Ss* as
mercenaries, chiefly by the French and Milanese ; and
they became famous throughout Europe as men who
would fight for anyone who paid tfcetn* The body-
guard of the French kings was composed of Srs* till
the Revolution ; and they still form the domestic Guard
of the Pope* Heylyn (5*1;* HELVETIA) says, " The people
are very warlike ; and since by reason of their situation
they have no vent of men by traffic, they use to employ
themselves in the service of any which will hire them*"
In Shirley's Opportunity iii* x, Pimponio, who is very
drunk, cries : ** Now let all the cantons of Ss* come I "
In Massinger's Dowry L 2, Romont speaks of the ser-
vices rendered, by the late Marshall at Grafeson, Morat*
Nancy, ** Against the stibtk fox of Fisance, the politic
Louis, Or the moie desperate Ss*** These tattles were
won by the Ss. in alliance with Louis of France against
Charles the BoM of Burgundy in 1475-7, a**d laid the

„ foundation of the Ss* nationality and resulted in their

SWITZERLAND

practical emancipation from the Empire in 1409*
Shakespeare, in defiance of chronology, gives Hamlet's
uncle a bodyguard of Ss. In Ham. iv* 5, 97, the K,
cries : ** Where are my Srs* ** Let them guard the
door/* In Marlowe's Massacre, p. 331, Anjou says,
** Srs*, keep you the streets ; And at each corner shall
the K/s guard stand*" In B, & F* DoiMe Mar. iv* i,
the D* of Sesse says, ** Thus attired like Srs** we may
be admitted among his [the D. of Naples'] guard/* and
adds : " 'Tis the profession Of all our nation to serve
faithfully Where they're best paid/*

In Chapman's Rev. Bussy L i, Monsieur calls C3er-
mont " A fellow only that consists of sinews ; Mere
S., apt for any execution." la Trag. Byron L i,
Henri says of Byron : " At 14 years of age he was made
Colonel To all the Suisses serving then in Flanders/*
In itt* i, D*Escures brings word that the K* has ** sent
to his ambassador, De Vic, To make demand in S*
for the raising With utmost diligence of 6000 men."
la Marston*s Malcontent L 7, Passarello says, ** He'll
lie like to your Sr* or lawyer ; he'll be of any side for
most money/* In Davenport's Sttrvey of Sciences, he
says, "Law, Logick, Srs*, fight on any side.** In
Bekker's Westward iL i, Honeysuckk says, " I will make
more haste home than a stipendiary Sr. does after foe's
paid."- In Barnes' Charter L i, Charles orders Mont-
pensier: ** March with your regiments To Pontremols*
There shall you find the Ss* With their artillery, newly
brought by sea unto Spetia/* In B. & F. Genrifemon iii* i,
when Jaqties says that Marine is a D*, Qerimont asks,
mockingly : ** Was it not clerk to the great band of
marrow-bones That people call the Srs. £'*— where
marrow-bones means pugilists* In Davenant*s U"* Lowers
iii* i, Rangone says, " It £the fort] is fortified with a
regiments of Swits/* la has Siege iL i, Arksrio says*
*4 Had I not seen thee I had maintained the combat
still with those 7 Srs/* In Chapman's Atyfamstm $L i,
271, Saxony threatens to attack AJptemtt "With
Saxon lansknights and brunt-bearing Srs." Hall, in
SoL iv* 4, talks of a mac coming into a quarrel ** lor
a hungry Sr/s pay/* In Webster's WMte Demi S* i,
Brachiano says to Francisco de Medicis, ** All thy loud
cannon and thy borrowed Srs* Durst not supplant hex/*
In Davenant's Plymouth i£i* x, Cable says, ** If tills
Switz had but a two-handed sword, he would depopu-
late the island/' One of these Ss, mercenaries is the hero
of Wilson's Swisser, the scene of which is laid in Lom-
bardy*

The Ss* are represented as slovenly in dress and
wearing beards* In Goosecap L i, Btdlaker sa^s tliat
Rtidesby is " as slovenly as a Sr. ; and somewhat like
one in face too; for he wears a busfe beard/* In Ford's
Lower's Mdan. iL a, Tnffio sagas, ** I could dtp the old
ruifian; there's hair enough to stuff all tbe great cod-
pieces in S/' The Srs/ codpiece was a part of the uni-
form of the Ss* body-guard of the French kings.
si CmOtm (1611) 44, says tot Lewis XL in
that they sfeotiki

1476 ** ofd

affeer wear suite

and cod-pieces of those variegated colours of red and
yellow " In memory of their foofffih beharootir at tfee
battle of Gransom. Coryat also says, p, 386^ " You shall
not find one man in all Zurich from a boy of 10 years
oldtoanoldmanoftbeageof iooyearsybutheweareth
a cod-piece/1' In Webster's Malf. iL 2, a servant
reports : ** There was taken even now a Sr. in the
Duchess* bedchamber with a pistol in his great cod-
piece." Dekker, in Wonderful Year, says* w Those
have bladder-cheeks puffed out like a Swizzer's

In his H

i* be mentions, among

495

SWYWSETT

fashionable garments, " the Sr/s blistered Cod-piece/* ]
Rabelais, Pantagmd iv* 52, mentions " your big, out-
steouting Srs/ breeches*" In Dekker's Catchpot, the
Masquers had a drum that "sounded like a Sr/s
kettledrum/* In Jonson's Ev. Man O* Ind., Asper
mentions " the Sr/s knot on his French garters " as
part of a dandy's dress. One of the chief products of
S* was dairy produce* In Davenant* s Wits iv,, Engine
mentions among other table dainties/ " Cream of S*
and Genoa paste/'

SWYNSETT. See SWIKSTEAD.

SYANA. A small island in the Gillolo Passage between
the N*W, of New Guinea and Celebes ; more com-
monly called Syang* The Prince of Syana is one of
the suitors for the hand of Quisara, the daughter of the
K* of Tidcce, in B. & F* Princess.

SYBARIS. An ancient Greek colony on the W* coast
of the Gulf of Tarentum in South Italy, It rose to
a great height of opulence, and the luxury of its in-
habitants in food and dress became proverbial. It was
destroyed by the men of Crotona in 510 BX., and has
never been rebuilt* Nash, in Summers, p* 69, speaks of
people like the Sybarites who " do nothing all one year
but bid guests against the next year/1' In his Lenten,
p* 312, be says, "Hydra Herring wiU have every
tbiflg Sybarite dainty/' and adds in a note ; " The
Sybarites never would make any banquet under a
twelvemonths' warning/' Hall, in Satires v* a, speaks of
a bouse ** AM dumb and silent like tbe dead of night,
Or dwelling of some sleepy Sybarite/' Gosson, in
School of Abase (Arber), says, " The Sicilians . * * found
out stick descant in S. instruments, that by dancing
aad skipping they fell into lewdness of life/'
SYBARIS. AriverontheW*sideQftheGulfofTarentum
in South Italy, now the Coscile* The city of Sybaris
was near its mouth, and took its name from it* In Dave-
nanfs U. Lovers v. 4, Hildebrand says, ** He I en-
countered in a battle on the banks of Sibaris/'

SYCIOH.

SVDOH*

SYENE. The modem Assouan, on tibe E. bank of tbe
fi He, |ust feelow tlse Great Cataract, on tine frontiers
of %yptandNut«a. Tbe ancient geographers believed
it to be exactly oa tie Tropk of Cancer, tfaotigh it is
reaiiy a little M. of it in lat, 24° 5' 23', Milton, R^.
i?Fm 70y speaks of enibassies corning to Home ** sossiefrooi
farthest South, Syene, and where the shadow both ways
&Hs, Meroe, Nilotic isle."

SYLLA.

SYMEROHS, or CIHARQONS, A tribe of Central
America, descendants of escaped negroes and Indian
women. The English sailors called them Maroocs*
They helped Drake in his expeditions in the neigh-
bottrbcxxi of Port Pheasant and Nombre de Dios. In
DHvonotfi Pfapfame, one scene is "a rocky country of
the Symerons who were a Moorish people, brought
formerly to Peru by the Spaniards as their slaves/'

SYMPLEG ADES. Tbe clashing rocks ; a name given
to tie diffc at the estraoce of the ThradaB Bospartis,
which were supposed to dash together and destroy
ships attempting to pass tfiratigli tbe Straits* Lyiy, in
Eophms Ami* W&, p. i% speaks of &is feero as ** ready,
if tltotisb^n Syrtis, to siafc into Sympiegades/r

OLD*

SYRACUSE, or SYRACUSA

SYNOPE, or SINOPE. A Greek colony on the coast of
Paphlagonia, on the South shore of the Black Sea;
it is now called Sinab* It was the birthplace of Diogenes
the Cynic* In T* Heywood's Dialogues xiii* 4267,
Mausoltis addresses Diogenes : " O Synopesian/*

SYRACUSE, or SYRACUSA* A city in Sicily, about
midway down the E. coast. It was a colony from
Corinth, and was at first built on the island of Ortygia,
on which the modern city stands, though in the time
of its glory it spread to the adjacent mainland* In
485 B.C. it fell tinder the tyranny of Gelon of Gela, who
transmitted his power to his brother Hiero (478-467)*
Hiero made S* one of the most brilliant and successful
of the Greek cities ; and his victories in the Games
at Pythia and Otympia had the glory of being cele-
brated by Pindar. His successor, Thrasybulus, was
driven out the year after his accession and a free
government re-established* The failure of the great
siege by the Athenians in 415-413 added to the fame
and power of the city* But in 406 the tyranny was
seized _ by the famous Dionysius, who held it till his
death in 367* He raised the city to its highest point of
glory, but die remembrance of his cruelties has over-
shadowed his fame* His son and successor, the younger
Dionysius, was expelled by Timoleon in 343, and this
great general and patriot also defeated the threatening
power of Carthage and restored S. to her former
splendotw. Another Hiero, Hiero II, made himself K*
in 370, and governed with wisdom and fcmdlfness for
50 years. His grandson Hieronymus having allied him-
self with Carthage against Home, Marcellus besieged the
city in 214, and after 2 years took it and gave it up to
sack* It was in ?**% sack that the famous t

SYNAY*

Archimedes perished, whilst he was pursuing his
studi.es unconscious of the presence of the enemy*
Henceforward S. was a city of the Roman empire, and
had no separate history* It was destroyed by the
Saracens in A*D* 878, and since has been confined to its
original island seat on Ortygia.

Tbe scene of Ly Vs Saptio is laid at S* in some in-
determinate early period, Sapfao being " princess of S/'
Btst S* is realty a pseudonym lor Lond* The prologue
of Edwards' Damon says, " Lo, here in S., the ancient
town wfekh oiice the Romans won, Here Dionisius*
palace within whose court this thing most strange was
done/* The servant of the 2 heroes says later, " We
three thfe day arrived atSiracusae in Siciha, that ancient
town/* In Marlowe's Jew v* 4, Calymath speaks of
" Sicily, Where Syracusian Dionysius reigned*** In
Daveaant's Siege tiL a, Ariotto says, ** The tyrant of
S- was not so envious to men/' The scene of Massinge^s
Bondman is S. aad the adjacent country, and the play
tells the story of TimoJeon's deliverance of the city
from the Carthaginians* In Err^ Aegeon is a merchant
of S, ; in this Shakespeare follows Plautus, whose
Menzscfow is the original of Ms play. The supposed
date of tlie Menszckm is fixed by an allusion to Hiero II
as still reigning. In Hassinger's Believe v. i, the scene
Is laid at S. shortly after its capture by Marcellus ; the
fugitive Antiochus conies thither and is imprisoned by
Marcellus* In Jo^son's Magnetic L i, Palate says,
" Another '88 [Le. a Spanish Armada] threatening his
country with ruin would no more work upon Hm than
S/s sack on Archime^/* In Brome's City Wit L a,
Sarpego speaks of Ccwnelius Tacitus as " as Are®|iagit
of Sa^— a statement made on his own atuhoyft^ In
Msfs Heir* tibe scene of which is laid in Sicily it* «i0Niern
times, in act iv, Alphonso asks Francisco : *4 Tell me

SYRIA

how thott hast lived in S* these 5 years here since that
unlucky storm divided us at sea/* Gosson, in School of
Abase (i579)>P* *9 (Arber),says, " TheSyracusans used
such variety of dishes in their banquets that, when they
were set . * * they were many times in doubt which
they should tooth first or taste last/'

SYRIA {Sn* = Syrian)* The country at tbe E* end of the
Mediterranean between the sea and the Arabian desert.
The name has been supposed to be a shorter form of
Assyria ; but it is far more likely that it is connected with
Sor, the Phoenician name of Tyre, and that it meant in
the first instance the dist. round that city* The ancient
kingdom of S., which, under the Hazaels and Benhadads,
was a powerful rival of the Israelitish kingdoms, had
its capital at Damascus ; but it was destroyed by the
Assyrians in the 8th cent* B.C*, and the dist* annexed to
the Assyrian empire* In succession it passed to the
Persians and then to Alexander, after his defeat of
Darius of Persia in 330 B*c* On his death it fell to the
share of the Seleudd family ; and they built Antioch as
its capital. Pompeius annexed it to the Roman empire
in 64 B.C* It was over-run by tbe Parthians in 41 B*C.,
but re-conquered by Ventidius, the lieutenant of
Antonius, in 39* Antonius governed it by successive
officers (Sossius, Plancus, and Bibulus) until his defeat
at Actium in 31* In AJ>* 639 it was conquered by the
Saracens ; and during the loth cent* it formed part of
the Fatimite Khalifate, the capital being at Cairo* After
many vicissitudes, amongst which were the establish-
ment of the Christian kingdom of Jerusalem in the
lath cent* and the invasion by Timur in 1400, it was
finally added to the Ottoman Empire by Selim I in 1516*
Since the break-up of the Turkish Empire in 1919 it
is under the Protectorate of France* During our period
there was considerable trade with the West through
Beyrout and Alexandretta, Aleppo being its centre*

Milton, P*Z,* i* 431, speaks of "the brook that
parts Egypt from Sn* ground/' f.c* the Wady-el-
Arish* In Epitaph on March, of Winchester 63,
he compares her to Rachel, " That fair Sn* shep-
herdess Who after years of barrenness The highly
favoured Joseph bore To him that served for her before/'
In P* L* i. 448, he refers to 4* the Sn* damsels " lament-
ing the death of Adonis in Antioch. In xi. 218* he
relates the story of the heavenly hosts that appeared to
defend Elisha in Dothan ** against the Sn* king " (see
// Kings vi* 8-17)* In P, JL* i* 474, he refers to the altar
which Ahaz saw in Damascus (II Kings xvi* iz) as
44 one of Sn* mode*" In Per. L prol* 18, Gower says,
** This Antioch then ; Antiochus the Gt. Buflt up this
city for his chiefest seat, The fairest in all S/* In Ant *
i. 3, 103, a messenger announces ** Labienus * * * hath
with his Parthian force Extended Asia from Euphrates ;
His conquering banner shook from S. To Lydia and
Ionia*" In iii. i, 18, Ventidius, returning from the con-
quest of the Parthians, says, ** Sossius, One of my place
in S*, his [Antony's] lieutenant, For quick accumulation
of renown * * * lost his favour." This is not true ;
Sosius was made governor of S* by Antony in 38 B*c*,
and continued in his favour until the end* In iii* 6, 10,
Caesar says that Antony has made Cleopatra * "Of lower
S*, Cyprus, Lydia, Absolute q*" And in line 16, he says,
44 To Ptolemy he assigned S*, Cilicia, and Phoenicia*"
In v. 2, 200, Dolabella announces to Qeopatra, ** Caesar
through S* Intends his journey*" In Brandon's Qctama
489, Octavia asks Antony : " What caused my lord in
S* make such stay, Since he 'gainst Parthia did his
forces bend s* "

SYKTES

In Greene's Alphonsas iii, 2, Amurack says, " You,
Bajazet, go post away apace To S., Scythia, and Albania
* * * and all other lands Which owe their homage to
high Amurack*" The date is the latter part of the i4th
cent* In Marlowe's Tomb* A* i* 2, Tainburlaine says to
the Egyptian princess, ** You shall be in better state
Than if you were arrived m S*, Even in the circle of
your father's arms, The mighty Soldan of Aegyptia/*
In Ford's Lover's Melon, ii* i, Aretus announces to
.the Prince of Cyprus, ** Those near ports Of S. that
adjoin muster their friends And by mtelMgeoce we learn
for certain The Sn* will pretend an ancient interest Of
tribute intermitted*" It is impossible to find any &&-
torical foundation for thfe romantic play. In Haughton's
Englishmen ii* i, Moore says, ** The Spanish galleys have
beset our ships That lately were bound out for S." In
T* Heywood's B* Age i*, Deianeira says she does not
fear 44 The Hyrcan tigers or the Sn* wolves." The wolf
was common in S*, as the parable of the Good Shepherd
shows. In Dekker's Babylon 277, the Empress says, 4* O
Sn. panthers I you spend breath most sweet But you
are spotted o'er from head to feet*" The idea that the
panther's breath was fragrant is often met with. In
Lyly's Sapho ii* i, Sybilia speaks of " the Sn. mud
which, being made white chalk by the sun, never ceaseth
rolling till it lie in the shadow " — a typical bit of
Euphuistic natural history* The author of Thradan L 2
speaks of ** that Sn* flower That buds and spreads and
withers in an hour*" This is a borrowing from Greene's
Menaphon.

In Chapman's Trag. Byron iii. i, Byron says, ** In my
rising, not the Sn* star That in the Lion's mouth tin-
daunted shines And makes his brave ascension with the
sun Was of the Aegyptians with more zeal befaeM And
made a rule to know the circuit And compass of the
year, than I was held When I appeared from battle*"
The Sn* star is Sirius, the Dog-star, known to the
Egyptians as Sothis* In ancient Egypt the length of
each year was computed from erne heliacal rising of tibis
star to another* But Chapman is mistaken in supposing
that it has anything to do with S* ; it was called Sirius
from its Greek name Seiros, i*e. the hot or scorching
star* The constellation of the Dog is not far from that
of the Lion, and so the Dog-star may be said to shine
undaunted in the Lion's mouth. "Spenser, Mother
Hubberd 5, calls the Dog-star " the hot Sn* dog " :
falling into the same error. In Tiberius 152, Asraius
speaks of " Sithian baths " ; but a comparison with
line 167 shows that Sithian is a misprint for Sn*, the
reference being to such medicinal baths as the Pool of
Bethesda at Jerusalem* S^ like the rest of the East,
was rich in spices* Herrick, in Ode to John Wickes (i 647),
says, " Crown we our heads with roses then And 'noint
with Sn* balm*" Lyly, in Euphaes A&at. Wit 47, speaks
of an imaginary "oH of S. that bereaveth hearing/* On
p* 101 he says, following Pliny, " BateamnTn [will grow]
onlyinS/' T^e Syriac language is akin to the Hebrew,
and boasts a very coJKfderabJe body of literature,
especially connected with the early Christian ch* In
B* & F* Elder B* £. 3* Andrew explains that Charles's
notebooks are "The Sn, character or the Arabic.'1'
Very few scholars then knew Syriac*

SYRTES. The old name for 2 bays on the N. coast of
Africa, the Syrtis Major being the present Gulf of
Sidra and the Minor the Gulf of Cabes. They were
supposed to be 'very dangerous to ships on account of
their sandbanks and shallows. The danger was
i but the coasts are ccf ^iffUiy

497

IG

SYTHIA

In C&sar*s Rev. in. 3, Caesar says of Alexander : " The
Lybick sands and Afric Sirts he passed/' In SeKmns
4.62, Baiazet says, ** Sooner will the Syrteisr boiling sands
Become a quiet road for fleeting ships Than Selimus*
heart agree with Selim's lips/' In Mannion's Com-
panion iii* 4^ Fido says that the Capt* is " as glad he has
escaped from me As from the Syrtes," Lyly, in Euphues

SYTHIA

Anat+ Wit, p* 16^ speaks of Euphues as ** ready, if thou
shun Syrtis, to sink into Symplegades/* The word is
used generically for a quicksand, or bog* Milton, P. JL*
ii. 939, speaks of Satan on his flight through Chaos
being ** Quenched in a boggy Syrtis, neither sea Nor
good dry land*"
SYTHIA. S

49B

TABARD* The famous Inn in Southwark, on the E.
side of the Borough High St*, opposite to St. Margaret's
Ch. It was burnt down in 1676, but rebuilt, its sign
being changed to The Talbot It disappeared in 1876,
but its site is marked by Talbot Inn Yard. The old
Kent St* has also been re-christened T* St* in its
memory Speight, in his edition of Chaucer (i 598), says,
** A T* is a jacket or sleeveless coat, worn now only by
heralds* It is the sign of an inn in Southwarke by Lond *,
within the which was the lodging of the Abbot of Hyde
by Winchester* This was the hostelry where Chaucer
and the other pilgrims met together, and with Henry
Bailey their host accorded about the manner of their
journey to Canterbury/' Chaucer, C* T* A* 20, relates
how he lay on the night before the pilgrimage "in
Southwark at the T/* Taylor, in Carrier's Cosmogr.,
mentions another T* ** in Gracious St* near the Conduit/'

X£ENARUS, more properly TJENARUM* The southern-
most promontory in Europe, at the south extremity of
the Peloponnesus ; now Cape Matapan* It was sacred
to Poseidon, and the ruins of his temple are still there*
Close to the temple was a cave, which was supposed to
be the entrance to the infernal regions through which
Herakles dragged up the hell-hound Cerberus* In
Selimus 1314, Baiazet speaks of 44 Avernus* jaws and
loathsome T* From whence the damned ghosts do often
creep.** In T. Heywood's 5. Age iv*, Arethusa says,
** My streams issue forth From Tartary by the Tenarian
isles/* The spring of Arethusa at Syracuse was sup-
posed to have risen in the infernal regions and come to
the upper world in the Peloponnesus, whence it flowed
under the sea to Sicily* In his Mistress iv. i, Cupid says,
44 Not far from T., whose barren top Is crowned with
clouds of smoke, there lies a mead/' In Locrfne iv* 4, 43,
the ghost of Albanact says, " Back will I post to hell-
mouth T/* In Tiberius 3343, Sejanus says, "Had
mounting T* with the snowy Alpes And high Olympus
overwhelmed the cave, Yet would Sejanus, Hke Briarius,
Have been embowelled in this earthy hell To save the
life of great Tiberius/* Donne, Elegy xiv* (i 600), says of
Julia : " Her breath like to the juice in T* That blasts
the springs/*

TAGUS* The longest river in the Iberian peninsula,
rising in the centre of Spain, and falling, after a generally
westerly course of abt* 550 m., into the bay of Lisbon*
The ancients believed that its sands were rich in gold ;
but the amount now found in them is inconsiderable*
In Fisher's Faunas iv* 4, Caesar says, a In vain doth
T* yellow sand obey, If we recoil from hence ** : where
it stands for the whole Iberian peninsula* Cockayne, in
verses on Massinger's Emperor y says 4* Live long, To
purify our slighted English tongue, That both the
nymphs of T* and of Po May not henceforth despise
our language so/' z*e* the poets of Portugal and Italy*
In Peele's Arraignment iL 2, Juno promises Paris, ** The
mould whereon thoti treadest shall be of T* sands/* In
VaL Welsh., ii* 4, Caradoc says, "Soldiers have mines of
honourable thoughts Beyond the value of rich T* shore/*
In Cyrus B* 2, Araspes says of Penthea : ** Her hair
as radiant is as T* sand/* In Greene's Orlando i* i, 78,
Brandemart speaks of 4f The sands of T., all of burnished
gold/' IttT*Heywocxl*sM^o/Tf^B.352,Mtillisheg
promises " Streams of rewards, richer than T* sands/*
Dekker, in Londoxfs Tempe* speaks of "T* whose
golden hands clasp Lisbon walls/* la Jonson's King's
Entertainment, Tamesis frrftE of u sands more rich than

T* wealthy ore/' In his Poetaster L i, Ovid writes of
The banks o'er which gold-bearing T* Hows/* In
his Cynthia v* 3, Crites sentences the actors to " pass,
not as Midas did, To wash bis gold off into T* stream ;
But to the well of knowledge, Helicon/' This is a
curious slip for a scholar like Joaosoii to make ; it was in
the Pactolus, not the T*, that Midas washed off his
gold* In B* & F* Philaster iv* 4, PhUaster says, " 'Tfc
not the wealth of T* can weigh down That Trite/* In
Tailor's Hog hath Lost v* i, Lightfcot says, ** Tafce
then this silver out of hand And bear it to the river T*
* * . Whose golden sands upon it cast Transform it into
gold at last." In Shirley's Honoria iv* i, Squanderbag
says, ** Would I were in Pactolus' streams or T*, That
were a lasting element*** In Mason's Mufteass&s 2247,
Mulleasses speaks of 4* A carpet richer thati * * * T*
yellow channel/' In Cowley's Riddle iv*, Ahipts says,
44 He'll leave that [*>* poesie] straight When he has got
but money ; he that swims In T* never wfll go back to
Helicon*"

TAILORS HALL* See MERCHANT-TAILOSS HALL*

TALBOT. A kind of hunting-hound, used as a book-
seller's sign in Lond* It was the badge of the T*
family* Three Ladies was ** printed by Roger Wade
dwelling near Holbourne Conduit at the sign of the
T* 1584*" T* Heywocxfs Witches was w printed by
Thomas Harper for Benjamin Fisher and are to be sold
at his shop at the sign of the T. without Aldersgate*
1634*"

TALGARTH* A town in Brecknocksh*, 8 m* N*E* ol
Brecknock, close to which rises abruptly the range
called the Black Mountains* In Jooscntfs fTofes, wfcea
Jenkin. asks Evan to ** reckon his madestee some of the
Welse hills, the mountains/* Evan replies: "Why,
there is Talgarth/* It is possible that either Evan or
Jonson confused it with Talsarn, ooe of the highest
peaks in the Black Mountains, in the same county*

TAMAR* A river in S*W* England, forming for a large
part of its course the boundary between Devonsh, and
Cornwall, and flowing into Plymouth Sound* Spenser,
F* Q* iv* ii, 31, calls it ** the speedy T. which divides
The Cornish and the Devonish confines/* Drayton,
Polyolb. i* 204, says, ** Proud Tamer swoops along, with
such a lusty train As fits so brave a flood two countries
that divides*** In some of the old chroniclers the T., or
Tambre, is named as the scene of Actinias last battle;
but it is probable that we should read Cambre Jbr
Tambre, and understand the Camel* Htigjbes, m
Misfort. Arth** fbikws this tradition ; in m
says, 4* T/s flood with drofjpmg pace dotii

TAME, cc THAME* A tribt&aty of tie Thames* rising
in Bucks., and flowing S.W* into the Thames at Dor-
chester* Spenser, F* Q* m n, 34, imfces ** tlie ancient
Thame " the father, and the Isis the mother, of the
Thames* Draytao, in Mea (1594) ancdL 9, sa^s, ** Cots-
wold commends her Isis to t!» T" It is possible, how-
ever, that by T, he means the tipper Thames.

TAMES STREET* See THAMES STREET,

TAMWORTH* A town on the borders of Stafe* asad
Warwkfcsh*, at the Jfjocticm of th& Tame ami the Aster,
no m* N*W* of Load, and 25 W* of Leicester* Its
ancient castle, mm the property of the Marquess
Townshend, was Ice a long time the residence of the
Kings of Mercia* J?3 v. 2 is laid in the camp of Rich-
mond, near T*, and, in line 13, Richmond says that

499

TANA1S

Richd. '"lies * * * Near to the town of Leicester;
* « * From T* thither is but one day's march/' There
was an old ballad containing the story of K* Henry IV
and the Tanner of T* The story is transferred to Edward
IV in T. Heywood's play of that name ; and the Tanner
asks : " Didst never hear of John Hobs, the Tanner of
T.<"

TANAIS (now the DON)* A large river, rising in a small
lake, Ivanofskoe, S* of Moscow, and flowing in a
circuitous course of abt* 880 m. to the N*E. corner of
the Sea of Azov. The ancients thought that its current
was so swift that it never froze ; but it is actually a
sluggish stream, and its waters are very mtiddy. It was
regarded as the boundary between Europe and Asia*
In Cyrus D. 4, Dinon says to Libanio, "Rather than
thou shalt be touched by turn, I'll bear thee hence as far
as T*** In Greene's Orlando i* i, MarsiKus speaks of
** T*, whose swift-declining floods Invirons rich Europa
to the N/* In C&sar's Rev. i* 4, Cato speaks, very in-
appropriately, of '* silver-streaming T," In Marstpn's
Insatiate v* x, Sago mentions T*, Nilus, ?™* Tioris
[i.e. Tigris] as amongst the great rivers of the world*
In Marlowe's Ed. II iv* a, the Q. says to Sir John of
Henault, 4* Even to the utmost verge Of Europe, or the
shore of Tanatse, Will we with thee to Henault*** In
May's Agrippina ii* 57, Otho says that if Poppaea lay
beyond ** The Indian Ganges, Scythian T*/* she would
draw the Emperor thither. Drayton, Polyolb. xv* 249,
says, ** Europe and Asia keep on T* either side*'4'
TANKER (&«, TANGIER). The principal spt. of Morocco,
OQ tiie Straits of Gibraltar, 14 m. E* of Cape SparteL
It is on the site of the Roman Tingis* In Stncley 2195,
Antoaia speaks of ** Three thousand threescore special
men of arms, The garrison of Taieer " — evidently a
misprint for T. In 2568, Abdelmelek says, ** Fetch me
oae drop of water, any man, And I will give him T/s
wealthy town*"

TANGAY. Possibly the language of Tangier, the Moorish
name of which is Tanja ; or it may be the Taranji
dialect of the Turkish language, spoken in part of
central Asia ; or the Tunguse dialect of central Siberia*
Is Ford's Sacrifice it*, a, Mauruccio says of the dis-
guised Roseilii : " Had you heard him deliver whole
histories in the Tangay tongue, you would swear there
were act stsd* a linguist breathed again."
TANGIER (see TAHEER). In Pedb's Aksusar L 2, 58* the
Moor says* ** Otir Moors shall sail in ships and pinnaces
FfOd Tangier-shore unto the gates of Fess."
TANTON* See TATJICTON*

TAPHIAE* A group of Islands off the W* coast of Greece,
between Leucas and Acarnania. They were originally
called the Teleboides, and were said to have been sub-
dued by the Theban hero, Amphitryon* la Hercules
rr* 3, 2310, Amphitruo exclaims : ** Did I conquer the
Tapfaiaas «* "

TAPPINGTOH* A manor-house in Kent, near Wooton,
7 m* N.W* of Dover* It has become famous through
tfie IngfM&y Legends; but it is doubtful whether
Jonson had any particular place ia his mind in this
jingle from his Gipsies, where the Patrico describes the
Gtpsfex iSS ** 3Boftl fifftf at ISfcffii ttgtOjf^ ^t^A

ton, Boarded at Tappfngton, Bedded at
TAPROBANE. The oid Greek name for the island of
Ceytou la Greene's Orlando £. i, 3, MarstHus speaks
of He lands -From sevenfold Nilus to Taprobaay."
It stbe scene c€ Greene's >^a^, where it ^described
as " an island situated far & wider the pole Antartick,

TARPEIAN ROCK

where Canopius the fair star gladdeth the heart of the
inhabitants*" Harrison, in Descrip* of England (1587),
says, " Many strange herbs, plants, and annual fruits
are daily brought unto us from the Indies, Americans,
T*, Canary Isles, and all parts of the world*" Drayton,
in a note on Polyolb. x* 220, speaks of ** the East- Indian
Taproban, now called Sumatra." This is a mistake*
Milton* P* #* iv. 75, calls it " utmost Indian isle T**'
TARENTUM, now TARANTO* An important spt. in
S* Italy, at the N*W* point of the Gulf of T*, 360 m* S*E»
of Rome* It was originally a Spartan colony, but
eventually fell under tfie sway of Rome. After many
vicissitudes it was taken by Robert Guiscard in 1063,
and from that time onward formed part of the kingdom
of Naples. It formerly had a fine harbour, and was an
important naval station in the time; of the later Roman
republic ; but the harbour Is largely silted up, and few
remains are left of the ancient city. It is the see of an
Archbp* The wool of T* was of the finest quality* In
Ant. iii* 7, 23, Antony asks : " Is it not strange That
from T* and Brundusium He [Caesar] could so quickly
cut the Ionian Sea And take in Toryne i " In Brandon's
Octavia 218, Titaus says, " The seas Delivered unto us
the perfect view Of dreadful Tarent, where for us did
wait Antonius* fleet*" In Massinger's Very Woman, one
of the characters is Don John Antonio, Prince of Tarent,
and in i* i, the Viceroy says to him, " Though you are
Prince of Tarent, Yet, being a subject of die K.of Spain,
No privilege of Sicily can free you From the municipal
statutes of that kingdom/* In B* & F* Double Mar* i* i,
Juliana says, " I have heard that he [Ferrand of Naples]
sold the bishopric of Tarent to a Jew for 13,000 ducats*"
Hall, SaL iv* 4, says, ** Who had seen the lambs of
Tarentine May guess what Gallio his manners been***
Fynes Moryson, liz/z* iii* 3, 142, says that the wool of
Lemster is the best in Europe ** excepting Apulia and T*"
TARIFA* A fortified maritime town at the extreme S*
point of Spain, 16 m* W. of Gibraltar. In Peek's
Alcazar iv*, the Moor says, ** Say you do march upon
Tarifa now, The foe * * * will kt the passage of the
rmr.** The Qq. read Tarissa, which I suspect is a mis-
priat fear Tarifia, facilitated by the long s*s which are so
easily confused with fs* In Middieton's Gipsy iL i,
John says, " I am a bull of Tarifa, wild, mad for thee**'
TARLTON. The sign of an inn in Colchester, named
i after the famous clown, Richd. T. Here Cackqueans
i was first performed* In the prologue, spoken by T/s
1 Ghost, he speaks of ** My countryman Mr* Pigot his
Inn, even the right well-known and kenned resemblance
* or statue of the right worshipful Mr* T*, in Colchester***
| TARPEIAN ROCK* A steep cliff of the Capitoline Hill
at Rome ; some place it at die W* edge of the Hill, where
the PfoTO Montanara sow is ; otfers more probably
i locate it on the S.E. of the Hill near Sta* Maria della
i Coosolazioae, It is often used as a synonym for the
Capitol itself, on which stood the temple of Jupiter
Capitolinus. It was the custom in ancient Rome to
hurl condemned criminals from the T*R* In T* Hey-
wood's Dialogues iii*, Earth asks : " Where's Pharos*
isles' Where's the T* mass, A structure none more
famous i ** Li Fisher*s Fztimas v. 6, Caesar says, ** Now
the T* r* o'erkxfe the world.** In B* & F. Friends iL i,
Titos says, ** On his high altar, to T. Jove, A milk-wMte
btiH with gikied boms we'll offer/* Milton, P* R. iv* 49,
says, " There the Capitol thou seest Above the rest
lifting his stately head On the T* r*, her citadel Im-
pregnable/* In Cor* iii* i, 213* Sidnius says of Corio-
iauus : " Bear him to the rock T* and from thence Into

300

TARRAGON, now TARRAGONA

destruction cast him/' Li line 266, he says, "He shall
be thrown down the T. r*" In iii* 2* 3, Coriolantis says,
"Let them * * * pile 10 hills on the T* r* . * * yet
will I still Be thus to them " ? and in iii. 3, 88, " Let
them pronounce the steep T* death/* In iii. 3, 103,
Sicinius says, " We banish him our city In peril of pre-
cipitation From off the rock T., never more To enter
our Rome gates/' In Barnes' Charter iii* i, PhiKppo
says, ** I'd rather choose from the Tarpayan Hill My
vexed body to precipitate/*

TARRAGON, now TARRAGONA, A spt* on the E*
coast of Spain, abt. 45 m* S.W. of Barcelona* It was
founded by the Carthaginians, but it was taken by
Scipio in the snd Punic War* In Nabbes' Hannibal
L 5, a messenger brings word : ** New Carthage,
Sagunt, Locris, Tarracon, All these are re-o'ercome by
Scipio/'

TARSUS* An ancient city of Cilicia in S*E* Asia Minor,
on the Cydnus* It was the residence of the Kings of
Cilicia, and was reputed to be wealthy and luxurious*
It was here that the meeting of Antony and Cleopatra
took place described so vividly in Ant. ii. 3. It is most
celebrated as the birth-place of the apostle Paul* In
Per* i* 2, 115, Pericles announces : ** I to T* Intend my
travel " ; i. 4 and iv* i are laid at T* In i. 4, 21, Cleon
the Governor says, ** This T*, o'er which I have the
government, A city on whom plenty held full hand, For
riches strewed herself even in the streets, Whose towers
bore heads so high they kissed the clouds." He goes
on to tell of its present miseries, and warns other
prosperous cities that ** The misery of T* may be
theirs/' In iu i, prol* n, Gower informs us that
Pericles ** is still at T/' Milton, P* L* i* 200, speaks of
** Typhon whom the den By ancient T* held*" Pindar,
Pythian Odes i* 16, places the home of Typhceus in a
cave in Cilicia* In S. A. 515, the chorus compares
Dalila to " a stately ship of T/' Milton is probably
thinking of the ships of Tarshish, often mentioned
in the Old Testament ; Ramsay identifies Tarshish
with T*,but others prefer Tartessus in Spain, or Tiras,
i*e* Tyrrhenian*

TARTARIA, or TARTARY (Ty* = Tartary, Tr* =
Tartar, Ta. — Tartaria, Tan* = Tartarian)* The
country of the Tartars, or, as it should be spelt, Tatars —
the extra r was probably inserted through the influence
of the Greek-Lat* Tartarus* As a geographical term,
Ty* was used somewhat vaguely by the Elizabethans for
the part of Asia N* of the Caucasus and the Himalayas,
Heylyn speaks of it as stretching from the Eastern Sea
to Muscovy, and from the North Sea to the Caucasus*
The Trs* were first known in Europe through the con-
quests of Jenghiz Khan in the i3th cent*, and all his
motley crowd of Mongols, Turks, and Trs* proper were
included under the one common name* In Peek's Old
Wives 885, Eumenides says, ** I sailed up Danuby As
far as Saba, whose enhancing streams Cut 'twisct the
Trs* and the Russians/' So in Greene's Orlando i* 1,67,
Mandrecarde says, ** I crossed up Danuby As high as
Saba, whose inhancing streams Cuts 'twixt the Tar-
tares and the Russians*." The Saba is the modern Save*
In Dekker's Ifitte&rj, Huffman says, " A Shalcan Tr*
being my grandfather Men call me Shalkan Bohor/'
Hydte, p* 88* rkmn? to have traveled in "Caldey,
Tartare, and Inde/' Milton, P* JL* iii* 432, speaks of
** the roving Tr* whose home is bounded by the saowy
ridge Of Mt* Tmaus," z«e» the Bolor range runnmg from
the N*E* corner of Afghanistan to the Arctic Ocean*

TARTARIA, or TAMTARY

In Chapman's Alphonsas iv* 3, 6, Aiphonsus, who has
been poisoned, cries : " Water, I say ! Water from forth
the cold Tan* hills 1 "

Chaucer's Sqmre's Tale is located " At Sarray in the
land of Tartarye," z*€* Tzarev, near Sarepta, where
Batu Khan, one of the grandsons of Jenghiz Khan* held
his court and ruled over S* Russia in the early part of
the 1 3th cent* But Chaucer confuses Mm with the other
grandson of Je&ghiz, Ktiblai Khan, whose capital was
Cambaluc, now Pekin* Moreover, fat calls *"*T? Cam-
binskan, " this Tartre *' : which is a corrtiptioc of
Jenghiz Khan* Milton, referring to Chaucer's story, in
IlPens. 115, speaks of the ** wondrous horse of brass On
which the Tr* k* did ride/' In Dekker's Forttmates a*
prol., the chorus informs us that Fortunatus ** has
feasted in the Tr/s palace*" As the date is the reign of
Athelstan, this is a little anachronistic* In SeHmos 53,
Baiazet says, ** Ramirchan The Tan* emperor, gathering
to him A number numberless of big-booed Trs*,
Encountered me/' There is a fictitiots K* of Ty. in
Kirke's Champions* In Blarlowe's Tomb. A- L i,
Cosroes says to his brother, the K. of Persia, ** How
Turks and Trs* shake their swords at thee " ; sod in
iii. 3, Zabina speaks of Tamburlaiae as w the great Tn.
thief*" He was the great-great-graiKboii of Karachax
Nevian, the commander of the forces of Jenghig Khan*
He was born near Samarcand, and bis victorious career
covered the 2nd half of the I4th cent* Ih B* & F.
Subject ii. 3, a post brings word to the Russian Court:
44 The Tr/s up, and with a mighty force Comes forward
like a tempest*" Milton, P* L* x* 431, describes the Tr*
retiring ** from his Russian foe By Astracan, over the

snowy plains**' The Russians and Trs* were
at war* The K* or emperor of Ty* was called tfee Cham
ortheGt.Cham. The v?ord is derived frcmi tlie Turkish
Khan, or Chagan, meaning Lord* The title was first
assumed by Jenghiz in the i^th cent., when he became
chief of the Mongols and Trs* In. Ado ii. i, 277,
Benedick says that, rather than face Beatrice, " ! wil
fetch you a hair off the great Cham's beatd*** In
Tomkis* Albumazar i* 5, Albumazar pretends that he
has been engaged in "casting the nativity or th' Cham of
Ty/' In Shirley's Imposture v* i, Pandolfo proposes ** a
health to the Grand Cham of Ta." In BsgzSfed 760,
Sophos speaks of " The great Tan. emperor, Tamor
Cham," z*e* Timur, or Tamburlaine* Heylyn says of
the Trs* : " The people are very warlike, strong in
matters of action, fearless of the greatest dangers, and
patient of labour and want." In Caesar's j£e»« i, 3,
Caesar says, ** Thee [Rome] The stem Tan-, txara to
manage arms* Doth fear*" They were, like the Cos-
sacks, famous riders* In Marlowe's Tomb. A, iii, 3.
Tamburiaine boasts of h^g ** Bra-ve £otses brjed o* tiie
white Tan* hiUs/*

They were reputed to be excellent archers* In
M. N« D* jfi* 3* ioi* Pt^c sajSt ** I^oot how I go Swifter
than arrow from the Tr/s bow,1* In Rom. L 4* 5,
Benvolio says* " Wei have BO Cupid hoodwinked with
asearfBeani^aTr/sp^ntedbowoflatli/' IcB, &F.
Hum. Heat. L i, Antigonus says of bis son : " He shall
make their fortunes, all as sudden As arrows from a
Tr/s bow, and speeding/* Spenser, F. Q. ii. n, 26,
says, " In his flight the villain turned bis face, As wonts
the Tr. by the Caspian lake When as the Russian h*«y in
flight does chace/' Spenser was thinking of the Partliiaii
bowmen, who shot backwards at their pursuing foes*
The Trs* were nomadic in their habits. Heylyn says,
** They count it great misery to stay longer m a plaoe
titan the pastures afford meat for their cattle*

501

TARTARUS, or TAXTARY

together in troops which they call hordes/* In Dave-
nant's Wits L 2, Thwack talks of having ** a volatile
ache that removes oftener than the Trs/ camp/' In
Davenant's Albovine iii. i, Grimold says, ** I travel like
a Tr. with all my family about me/* In Cowley's Cutter
L 5, Jolly says to Cutter and Worm, " If ye lived like
Trs* in a cart * * * your home could not be more
uncertain/' The cruelty and savagery of the Trs* were
proverbial. Heylyn says, 4t They are barbarous every-
where in behaviour/' In Merck iv* i, 62, the D. speaks
of ** stubborn Turks and Trs*, never trained To offices
of tender courtesy/' In AtFs iv, 4, 7, Helena says,
44 Gratitude Through flinty Tr/s bosoin would peep
forth And answer, Thanks/* In Ed. Ill L i, the K*
speaks of ** such sweet laments That it may raise drops
in a Tr/s eye/' In Kirke's Champions iii* i, Ormandine
speaks of the " cruel Tr* and Arabian kings " ; and the
Jccd mentions the Trs/ cruelty and Tr* tyranny. In
Webster's White DevU iii* i, Vittoria says, " Let me
appeal then from this Christian court To the uncivil Tr/'
They were reported to be specially cruel and heartless
in their treatment of their wives and daughters. In
Davenant's Albovine ii* i, Hermagfls says, ** The dry
Tr* yokes his female's neck With rusty iron/* In
Masstnger's Lover L a, Gongaga says of his daughter :
** I should tinnaturaily forget I am a father If, like a Tr*,
or lor fear or profit I should consign her as a bondwoman
To be disposed of at another's pleasure*'* The Trs* are
described by Heylyn as ** swarthy, not so much by the
heat of the sun as their own sluttishness ; ill-favoured,
thkk-iipped, slit-nosed, broad-shouldered, swift of foot,
laborious, and vigilant*" Hakluyt speaks of their
**k>ag black hair, broad faces, and flat noses*" In
M. JSF* IX iii* 3, 263, Lysander cries to Hermia : ** Out,
tawny Tr* I * In Mac. iv. L 39, amongst the ingredients
of the witches' cauldron are ** Nose of Turk and Tr/s
lips*** In Dekfcer's Hon. Wh. A* ii. i, Hippolito taunts
Bellaf root with enduring the love of any man : ** Be he
a Moor, a Tr*, though his face Looked uglier than a
dead man's skull/' Tan* is used in the sense of a thief*
la Merry Demi L 2, the Host says to Sir Arthur, ** there's
not a Tan* nor a carrier shall breathe upon your
geldings," la Wandering Jew L z, the Hangman says to
tfae Jew* ** If any t&imng Tan* shall break in upon you,
I wiH with both hands nimbly kttd a cast of my office
to bsmJ" This is perhaps the meaning in M. W* W.
iv, 5, 21, where the Host f?1fc to Falstaff, in reference
to poor innocent Simple, ** Here's a Bohemian-Tr*
tarries the coining down of thy fat woman." In Cbwley's
Cutter v* 2, Worm, disguised as an African merchant,
pretends that he has been taken prisoner in Guinea by
** the Tans/' When Jolly objects " They live up in the
N./* Puny replies : ** These were another nation of
Tans* that lived in the S* I " Cloth of Tars or TV* was a
silken stuff imported from China* In Chaucer's C* T.
A* 35160* the ** cote annure " of Emetrius, the K* of
Inde, is ** of dootfa of Tars*" Lydgate, in Mm* Poems
30* says, ** Thi Qiekes hangen, thyn eyene was read as
wyne, And we! belyned with good read tartyne/*

TARTARUS, or TARTARY (Ty« = Tartary, Tr, =
Tartar)* According to Homer, a prison as far below
Hades as Hades Is below the earth, where Zeus con-
fined the Titans alter their rebellion. Later writers
use it as the name of the place of punishment for the
wicked; and so it comes to be a synonym foe Hell*
In Fa** if, ii 5, 325* when Maria says, ** If yott wil sec
it, follow me/* Sir Toby rejoins : ** To the gates of
Tr*, thoii most exoelknt devil of wit*** 2a JE& & 5r u&

TAUNTON

Henry says the devil " might return to vasty Tr. back
And tell the legions * I can never win A soul as easy as
that Englishman's/ " In Barnes' Charter L 4, Pope
Alexander speaks of " counsels held with black Tar-
tarian fiends/' In Ev* Worn. L ii* 3, Acutus says, ** She
that loves true learning and pomp disdains Treads on
T* and Olympus gains*" In T* Heywood's Gold. Age
ii* i, Homer says, ** Pluto the youngest * » * was sent
to Ty*, Where he in process a strange city built And
called it HeE." In Brewer's Lovesick iv*, Grim says of
his colliers : ** They are honest Tartarians," z*c* they
are honest, tiiough they look black like devils* In Grim
L i, Malbecco's Ghost addresses Pluto as " Infernal
Jove, great prince of Ty*" In T. Heywood's 5* Age iv*,
Arethusa says, ** My streams issue forth from Ty/' (see
ASETHUSA)* IaI^X3iricLi,75,Thrasirnacht«says,**We
will boldly enterprise the same Were it to enter to black
T. Where triple Cerberus with his venomous throat
Scareth the ghosts*" In Troa&fe* Reign, Has;., p* 370,
Arthur says to Hubert, who is about to burn out his
eyes, " Let the black tormentors of deep Ty. Upbraid
them with this damned enterprise." In Milton P*L*
ii* 859, Sin says that God " hath hither thrust me down
Into this gloom of T* profound*" In vi» 54, the place
into which the fallen angels were precipitated is " the
gulf Of T*" Milton uses the forms Tartarean and Tar-
tareous to mean hellish ; in P. L. ii. 69, Moloch pro-
poses to ™*fcg war on the Almighty, that he may see
" His throne itself Mixed with Tartarean sulphur and
strange fire " ; and in vii* 238, the poet speaks of ** The
black, Tartareous, cold, infernal dregs " of Chaos* In
Mason's Mtdleasses 1756, Borgias bids Timocles *4 Like
a Fury post to T/* Spenser, F* Q* i* 7* 44* speaks of
"An huge great dragon, horrible in sight, Brea in the
loathly lakes of T*" T* is used for any prison* In .Err*
iv. 2, 32, Dromio says of his master, who has been
arrested : " He's in Tr* limbo, worse than hell/'
TARTARY* See TAKTARIA and TAETARUS*
TARTESSUS* A town and dist. in ancient Spain, near
the mouth of the Guadalquiver, a little N. of Cadiz, It
has been % some identified with the Tarshish of the Old
Testament. In Nabbes' Microcosmus iii*, Sensuality
promises Physander, amongst other delicacies* " Tar-
tesian lampreys*"

TARTOLE, or TARTOLL A fishing town on the E*
i coast of Sardinia, abt* 60 m. N*E* of Cagliari* LaNash's
; Summers, p. 70, Christmas, providing for his feasts, says

" I must rig ship * * * to Tartole for lampreys/*
, TAUNTON* A town in Somerset on the Tone, in the
i lovely valley of T*-Deane, 163 m. S.W* of Lond* Its
| castle was founded by Ine, K. of the W. Saxons ; but
) the oldest part of the present buildings dates from the
reign of Henry L In Ford's Warbeck v* i, Dalyell tells
Katharine, the wife of Warbeck, "Your husband
marched to T-, and was there affronted by K* Henry's
chamberlain/* In J. Heywood's Weather 100, Merry
Report says, ** I have been at T*, at Tiptree, and at
Tottenham," In Brome's Sparagtts ii* 3, Hoyden says,
** I was counted a pretty spark at home* Did you never
hear of little Tim of T.s* " In v. 13, Tom says, " Who
comes here i My brother Tim, drest like Master Mayor's
wife of T*-Deane*" Brome, in epilogue to Ct * Beggar,
says of himself: " He has made the Antipodes ; and
(oh I I shall ne'er forget !) Tom Hoyden of T* Deane/*
Tom should be Tim, who is a comic personage in the
Sparagas Garden. Drayton, Polyolb. iii* 418, asks:
** What ear so empty is that hath not heard the sotmd Of
T/s fruitful Deane f not matched by any ground*"

502

TAURIC POOL

TAURIC POOL* The Sea of Azov, the ancient Paius
Maeotis, g*i>* It lies E, of the Tauric Chersonese, now
the Crimea* Milton, P. It. iv. 79, speaks of the 44 Sar-
matians north Beyond Danubius to the Tauric Pool/*

TAURIS, now TABREEZ* A city in N*W* Persia, on the
Aigi, 36 m* E* of Lake Urumiyeh. It was once a very
important place, and had a population of over half a
million* Milton, P* L. x* 436, speaks of the Bactrian
Sophi, £*e* the Sultan of Persia, retreating from the
Turks " To Tauris or Casbeen*"

TAURUS* A range of lofty mountains in S*E* Asia Minor
between Cappadocia and Cilicia* The highest peaks are
snow-clad all the year round. In M* JV* IX iii* 3, 141,
Demetrius says, ** That pure congealed white, high T*
snow, Turns to a crow when thou hold'st up thy hand/'
In Fisher's Fuimus iv, i, Caesar says, " Stern Mars, roar
as thou didst at Troy, Which Pindus may re-beat and
T* lough the same " : where lough means low, in the
sense of bellow, doubtless with a reference to the mean-
ing of T*, a bull; though the name of the range is not
derived from that, but from the Armenian Tur, a high
mtn* In Tiberias 2154, Maximus relates that in his
journey to Armenia Gtrmanicus came to Lisimachium j
44 Thence to the mtn* T* marched by land/*

TAURUS. The Tauric Chersonese ; the old name of the
peninsula on the N* shore of the Black Sea now called
the Crimea* In Coventry M* P* of the Nativity f one of
the 3 Kings who come to visit the infant Christ is
44 K. of T., Sir Jaspar*" In Nero ii* 2, Cornutus says,
** Oh 1 let me go And dwell in T., dwell in Ethiope, So
that I do not dwell at Rome with thee/*

TAVISTOCK* AtowninDevonsh*, 15 m*N* of Plymouth*
It grew up round the Abbey of SS. Mary and Rumon,
founded in 961* The Abbey ch* was rebuilt in 1385,
and the Abbey itself in 1457* Sir Francis Drake was a
T* man, and so was William Browne, author of the
masque Ulysses and Circe (1615). In Thersites 219,
Mater, in her charm for worms, invokes 4* The tapper
of T. and the tapster's pot/*' In Devonshire i* 2, the
Devonshire merchant says, "Would all the sacks we
have bought were in Devonshire turned to small beer,
so we were but in T. to see it drawn out*" The hero
of the play is Richard Pike of T*

TEDBURY* See TTTOBURY*

TELASSAR, i *e* the hill of Assur, a city in Mesopotamia,
stated, in II Kings xix* 12, to have been the home of the
** children of Eden*" Beth-Eden, or Bit-Adini, was in
W* Mesopotamia, S* of Edessa, between the BaKkh and
the Euphrates, E* of Aleppo* Milton, P* L* iv* 214, says
that Eden extended from Auran to "where the sons of
Eden long before Dwelt in Telassar*"

TELEBOIANS. The inhabitants of the islands called
Teleboides, a small group off the W* coast of Greece,
between Leucas and Acarnania* They were said to have
been subdued by Amphitryon of Thebes, and are men-
tiooed in Platrtus* play Amphitrnof in which Jupiter
impersonates Amphitryon* In T* Heywood's 5* Age
ii* i, Jupiter says, " I, as great general to the Theban
k*, Marched 'gainst the Telebosns," In Heresies prol.
81, Mercury says, "TMs is Amphitrao his house,
A great lord of this country, tmder K* Creon, And now
at this instant his deputy-general Of his army against
the Teleboians*"

TEMES STREET* See THAMES STREET*

TEMPE* A valley in N*E* Thessaly between Mts*
Olympus and Ossa* It is a narrow gorge abt* 5 m. loiag,

TEMPLE

and at its narrowest part not more than 100 yards wide*
The river Peneius runs through it* Its natural beauty
is a common theme with the classical poets, and the
tradition has passed to the modems; though, as a
matter of fact, it is rather rugged and grand t-foary silvan
and pastoral* In Csssafs Rev. L 3, Caesar says, 44 The
flying Pompey to Lanssa hastes, And by Thessaliaa T.
shapes his course Where fair Penetts tumbles up his
waves." This was after the battle of Pharsalia* In
Brome's Lovesick Ct* iii* 3, Phifargus writes : ** Meet me
within 3 hours in the north vale of T»** Tbe scene of the
play is laid in Thessaly* In Noble Ladies, Cfpoan ssrjps,
44 We'll ride together to fruitful Thessalia where in fast
T* we'll sport us under a pavilion of Tyrian scarlet/*
In T* Heywood's Dialogues 5240, lo says, "Here,
Daphne, by your father Peneus' streams Which, -falling
from the top of Pindus, Waters Hemotnan T*, let us sit/*
In Jooson's^MoB O. iv* 4, Fastidius Brisk promises :
44 He shall behold all the delights of the Hesperides,
the Insula* Fortunate, Adonis' gardens, T., or what
else/' In Shirley's Master i& 3, Octavio says to
Domitilia, "All the delights that dwell in blessed T.
Divinely bud and blossom £a your cheek/* In hfs
Pleasure v. i, Cekstina talks of a valley " that shall
shame All the delights of T/* InNabbes'Hanp&affv.S,.
Scipio says, " Spring should always dwell within your
gardens as if T* were translated tfaitiher/* In Ford's
Lover's Melon, i* i, Menaphou says, ** Hie taks Which
poets of an elder time have feigned To glorify tlieir T*
bred in me Desire of visiting that paradise. To Thessaly
I came." Sidney, in Astrophel bcxiv, 2, says, **!*».
never did in shade of T. sit/* Drayton, in Idea M. 13,
says, ** Fair Arden, thoti my T* art alone/* Drayton was
born in the Arden dist* of Warwicksh, In Mason's
Mnlleasses 2246, Mt^easses speaks of "A carpet richer
than the breast of T/*

TEMPLE, LOKDOH (Tr* = Templar)* A piece of land
in Lond*, lying S* of the W. end of Fleet St*, between it
and the Thames, and extending from Bouverie St* to
Essex St* Formerly it included the Outer T*, to the W.
of Essex St, In 1118 the Knights Trs. obtained a
settlement in Lond*, in Holborn; this Old T* stood on
the site now occupied by Southampton Buildings,
Chancery Lane, and extended as far as Holborn. In
1184 they removed to the site S* of Fleet St* which was
long called the New T*, and included the Outer, Middle,
and Inner T* There they built a Refectory, afterwards
used as the Inner T* Hall, and the glorious ca* which,
happily, still remains* The Hall was rebuilt on the old
foundations in 1870. The first portion of the Ob lo be
erected was the W. end, known as the Rotmd ; & was
designed in imitation of the Ch. of the Holy Sepulchre
in Jerusalem, and dates from 1x85. The ObJoog, or
Choir, was added in 2240* After stiSeriBg many things
at the hands of restorers, the worst of which was the
destruction in 1825 of die chapel of St, Anne S, of the
Round, it was brought back, as nearly as possible, to its
original condition in 1842, and many disfiguring accre-
tions were removed. In the Roxind are the cross-legged
effigies of many of the old Knights ; aad many oilier
disdngttished peopk are boned there, mdadmg William
of Pembroke and his 2 sons, the learned Selden, and
Richd* Martin, to whom Jouson dedicated his Poe-
taster* During our period the Bound was used, like
the middle aisk of St* PauTs, as a saeetmg-pbce lor
lawyers and their clients* When tlie Trs* were stap-
pressed in 1513 Edward II granted their peof>exty to
Thomasof Lancaster; when he was beheaded in 1333

TEMPLE

it went to Ayliner de Valence, Earl of Pembroke, and
from him to Hugh le Despenser* In 1334, however, it
was handed over by Act of Parliament to the Knights
Hospitallers of St. John, though they did not actually
get possession till 1338 ; and they leased the Inner and
Middle T. to the lawyers, the Outer having been already
given to the Bp» of Exeter for his town-house. It is
not certain whether the 2 Inns of Court, as they were
now called, were originally separate, but they were
early divided into the 2 Legal Colleges of the Inner
and Middle T. Henceforward a Tr, means not a warrior-
priest, but a gentleman of the Long Robe* The Inner
T+ used the Refectory of the old Knights as its Hail ;
but both this and most of the other buildings of the
Inner T. perished in the Gt* Fire, The gate-house in
Fleet St. erected in !&e 5th year of James I escaped — and
still remains at 17 Fleet St. turned into a hairdresser's
shop* The Ch» was used in common by the 2 Inns* The
Middle T. Gate was erected in 1684 and replaced an older
gate built by Wolsey. The Hall was built in 1572, and is
one of the finest specimens of Elizabethan architecture
surviving at the present day. In it Tw+ JV* was first
performed on Feb* 2nd, i6oi» The T* Gardens, lying
between the buildings and the Thames, and including
the famous Fountain Court, are still as delightful as
ever* It was customary to hold ** revels n in the Halls
of the T. from time to time ; and the Trs. not infre-
quently prepared Masques on a magnificent scale to
present before the Kmg and Court* Noteworthy
amongst them are Chapman's Masque of the Middle T.
and Lincoln's Inn sad Beaumont's Masqw o/ the Inner
T* mtd Grafs Imf both presented in 1613 & honour
of the wedding of the Princess Elizabeth ; Browne's
Ulysses and Circe, an Inner T* Masque of 1615; j
Marstoa's Inner-Middle T. Masque of Heroes of 1619 ;
and Shirley's Triumph of Peacef given by all the Inns
of Court in 1634* Amongst our dramatists, Francis
Beaumont and William Browne were members of the
Inner, John Marston and John Ford of the Middle T*
Chaucer is said to have belonged to the Inner T,, but
die evidence is not conclusive* One of his Pilgrims
(a T. A. 5^7} was " A gentii HaundNfe of a t* Of
maistres faadde lie lao than tfaries tea That weren of
lawe expert and curious/' Spenser, ia ProthaLcamon 135,
commemorates "those bricky towers Hie which oil
Thames bcoad, ancient back do ride Where now the
studious lawyers have their bowers; There whilom
woat the Tempkr Knights to bide, Til they decayed
through pride/' ,

The Temple in General. In H6 A* ii. 5, 19, the gaoler i
says to Mortimer, ** Ricfad. Plantagenet, my lord, will i
come; We sent unto the T*, unto his chamber/* ,
Jooson, in Underwoods anex., satirizes the land-pirates j
who ** man out their boats to the T»," Le. go there to
be& borrow, or steal money* In Mayne's Match L i,
Seathrift says of his nephew : '* I have not forgot his
liens at the TV* Students were students then as now,
and had their raggings and riots from time to time. In
Baweaant's Wits v*, Mrs, Snore says, ** I was fain to
inr^e fey clerk to a fee-pie, seat me by a T.-cook, my
sister's sweettieart.** A T.-cook is a lawyer, a fee-pie

TEMPLE

the Knights of Rhodes or Malta/' Blount, Glossogr.
(s.v. TEMPLATES) says, " These Trs. first founded and
built the Temples or Tr's. Inne in Fleet-street/' In
Rabelais i* 5, Gargantua says, "I drink no more than a
sponge ; I drink like a T* Knight/'

Tn in the Sense of a Lawyer. — In Puritan i. 2, Pyebord
says, " Let's spend with judgment, like a sober and
discreet Templer/' In Ret* Pernass* ii. 4, Stercutio
says, w You must pardon me — I did not know you were
a gentleman of the T, before/1" In Middleton's JR* G,
iiL i, Moll, who is dressed as a man, professes to be
u one of die T/' In his Michaelmas ii. 3, Quomodo
says his son " was a Cambridge man ; but now he's a
Tenipier/* In Cartwright's Ordinary ii* i, Have-at-all,
boasting of the valour he intends to display in a st* fight,
" *l!

to see my son/11 But Stucley was never a member of
the T. In Brome's Damoisdle ii. t, Oliver asks:
" Whexe is Brock's son < He had a hopeful one, and
at 16 A student here F the T/'

Templar in the sense of a Knight Templar.— Fyaes
"" ,i8^^j«eals0f **&Prioeyof S& Jolm,
M Do tiie Templary Knights, and now to

Templets shall not dare to attempt a rescue/' In
Cvckgwans i* 2, Shift says, " If so I see a Termer
trudgeth toward the T,, I take him by the sleeve/'

The Temple Ckurch. — In B. & F* Captain ii* 3, Clara
says, *' I would have him buried, even as he lies, Cross-
legged, like one of the Trs/' In Brome's Couple L i,
Careless says/ " I will rather walk down to the T* and
lay myself down alive in the old synagogue cross-legged
among the monumental knights/' In Perm. ParL 38,
it is provided : " The images in the T. ch., if they rise
again, shall have commission to dig down Charing Cross
with their fauchions/' In Jonson's Alchemist ii. i, Face
says, " Here's one desires You meet him in the T* ch*
some half-tour hence And upon earnest business/'
Later he says, " The T, chv there have I cast my angle/'
Surly, however, fails to appear, and in iii* 2, Face says,
4* I have walked the Round till now, and no such
thing ! " Middleton, in Hofe&nrdf, p. 67, says, ** He had
made choice of a lawyer, a mercer, and a merchant, who
that morning were appointed to meet in the T» ch/'
W* Rowley, in Search 27, says, ** Now we were entred
theT. * . * there the pillars were hung with poor men's
petitions ; nay, the very T. it self stood without his
cap and so had stood many years ; * * * somewhat had
been gathered in his behalf, but not half enough to
su$jff»ly IBS necessity/' Tbe building had fallen into
disrepair In the early part of the ijth cent*

The Temple HalL — In H# A, iii. 3, 223, Prince Hal
says, " Jack, meet me tomorrow in the t. hall at 2 o'clock
in the afternoon/* In H6 A* ii. 4, 3, Suffolk says,
" Within the T.-hall we were too loud ; The garden
here is more convenient/' In both cases the Inner T*
Hall is historically the one intended*

The Temple Gate. — In Kiliigrew's Parson L i, the
Capt. says of a beggar : ** He would dive at West-
minster like a dab-chick, and rise again at T.-gate/'

Temple Gardens. — The scene of H6 A* ii* 4 is laid in
the T. Gardes, where the white and red roses are
plucked that are to be the badges of the rival houses of
York and Lancaster* In line 125, Warwick says, ** This
brawl today, Grown to this faction in the T. garden,
Shall send, between the red rose and the white* A
tfaotjsand souls to death/' In Bavenant's Wits iv*, Thrift
says that nothing is needed for the funeral but " a little
rosemary, which tbou may'st steal from the T* garden/'
In Middleton's Hnt&wd, p. 67* he says, " They
appointed us near the T. Garden to attend their
Counsellor/' In Cowley's Cutter i, 5, Jolly chafis Cutter
and Worm on taking ** melancholy turns in the T*
walks ** and saying to the people they meet : ** You
wonder why yottr lawyer stays so long/'

The Temples Distinguished by Name. — In Marlowe's
JS& II L 2> Warwick asls : " Where shall this meeting

50*

TEMPLE BAM

be * " and the Archbp, replies : ** At the New T/'
This was before the coming of the lawyers to the T+ ;
it is called New in distinction from the Old T* in
Holbora* In Ret. Pernass. i£u i, Sir Raderick says,
** I am going to speak with an unthrift I should meet at
the Middle T* about a purchase/' In T* Heywood's
/. K. M. B. 333, a Lord says of Dr* Parry : ** He did
intend the murder of a gentleman, one Mr. Hare here*
of the Inner T/'

Temple Masques and Revels.— la. Dekker's Satiro.
v. 3, 238, Sir Vaughan says to Horace (Jonson) : " You
shall swear not to bumbast out a new play with the old
linings of jests stolen from the Ts/ revels/' In W*
Rowley's Match Mid. i. 2, Sim suggests that Bloodhound
should make the bones of a delinquent debtor into dice,
** and then 'tis but letting Master Alexander carry them
next Christmas to the T., he'll make 100 marks a night
of them/* Gambling became so rife in the T* that it
was forbidden except during Christmas*

Booksellers Near the Temple.— Defcfcer's Wonder was
" printed by Robert Haworth for Nicholas Vavasour
and are to be sold at his shop in the T* near the Ch*
door. 1636." Noble Soldier was "printed for Nicholas
Vavasour and are to be sold at his shop in the T* near
the Ch* 1634." Davenant's Platonic was "printed for
RichxLMeigen next to the Middle T* in Fleet St. i636/*
See also INNER TEMPLE, INNS OF Coror, MIDDLE
TEMPLE.

TEMPLE BAR. A gate mai-fring the limit of the juris-
diction of the city of Load., at the W. end of Fleet St*
It was probably at first merely a set of posts and a chain,
and is first mentioned in Rolls of Parliament (1314-5) as
44 La barre du Novel T* de Lundres/* But a building
of some sort must soon have been erected, for in 1358
we find it used as a prison* In 1381 it was burned down
by Wat Tyler and his crowd ; and was replaced by
what Stow describes as a house of timber erected across
the stv with a narrow gateway, and an entry on the S*
side under the house. This was the T* B* as Shakespeare
knew it. In 1670 it was taken down and a new gate of
Portland stone built from Wren's designs* Until 1753
it was closed every night. Traitors* heads were exhibited
on the top of it until as late as 1772, when the last of
these grisly trophies was blown down* The Gate was
removed in 1878 because of its obstruction to traffic, and
its place marked by the notorious Griffin* Happily it
was re-erected at Theobalds in 1888, each stone having
been marked so that it could be exactly replaced. For
a long time the room over the Gate was occupied by
Child's Bank and used as a store-room for old ledgers
and account-books. Skelton, in CoUn Clout 821, scofls
at Dr* Daupatus for not being able to tell 4* How far
T. B. is From the seven starris/* In his Elynor Pwmrdn
iv., drunken Alice tells ** that there hath been great war
between T. B* and the Cross in Cheape." The reference
is to the fights between the law students of the T* and
the prentices of Cheapside, like the Town and Gown
fights at Oxford and Cambridge* In Dekker's Westward
n. i, Justinianosays/*A number of better thin^ between
Westminster Bdge. and T* B. are fallen to decay since
Charing fell/' In Trag. RicM* 11 v* 3* 75, Nimble says,
** Nay* I have studied for my karning ; 1 can tell you*
my lord, there was not a stotie between Westminster
Hall and T. B. but I have told them every morning/'
The law-students spent their time between the Irms
of Court in the T. and the Courts in Westminster Hall*
In Marmion's Companion v* 2, Lackwit says of a newly-
married couple : ** If I had not been they had been as

TEMPLE OF JEHOVAH

far asunder as T.-B.and Aldgate/* U. the wfaok width
of the city* In Brome's Northern ii* 5, Pate promises t
** Thou shalt start up as pretty a gentleman usher as any
between T*-B* and Charing Cross/' The Strand was
then the fashionable quarter of Lond, In Shirley's
Pleasure L 2* Celestina* who is intent on becoming a
lady of fashion with a house in the Strand* says, ** My
balcony Shall be the courtiers* idol* and more gazed at
Than all the pageantry at T* B./f t>. tlie traitors' heads
exposed there, which people used to come to see— so
much so that some ingenious persons used to hire out
spy-glasses to them, so that they could get a better view.

The laundresses who waited on the Templars had not
too good a reputation for chastity* In Dekker's Witch
iv, i* Cuddy says* ** The Devil in St, Dunstan's will as
soon drink with this poor cur as with any T.-b. laundress
that washes and wrings lawyers/' The Devil Tavern
(g*y*) was next to T* R* In Killigrew's Parson iv. 7,
the Parson talks of " the wainscot chamber-maids with
brooms and bare-foot madams you see sold at T.-b. sod
the Exchange/' In W* Rowley's Match Mid. L* Blood-
hound bids his son, " As you come by T.-b*, make a
step to the Devil/' In Cowley's Cotter i. 6f Worn* says
that Cutter was " Cromwell's agent for all the taverns
between King's-st* and the Devil at T. B/* Is. Prodigal
ii* 4, Oliver proposes : ** Let's meet at the Rose at
T*-b* ; that will be nearer your counsellor and mine **
(see ROSE TAVERN)* In Middletou's Inner Tern* 19,
Fasting-Day says* " The butchers' boys at T, B, set
their great dogs upon me/* Butcher Row was just out-
side T* B* on the N* side of the Strand ; it was cleared
away in 1802.

In Giapthorne's Wit v. i, a watchman tells of a
monster ** very Mfoe the mandrake was shown at T.-®*w
Fleet St. was the favourite place for the frrhfotttcgi of
curiosities like this* Lupton's All for Money was
"printed by Roger Warcfe and Richard Mucdee
dwelling at T, Barre anno 1578."

TEMPLE OF JEHOVAH* The temple btiilt by Solomon
at Jerusalem on the Eastern Hill called Mt* Moriah. It
occupied the site now covered by the Mosque of Omar,
and the Sacred Rock under its dome was the site of
the great Altar* The T* was destroyed by Nebuchad-
rezzar when he took the city 586 B.C. On the Return
from the Captivity in Babylon* the people, by the per-
mission of Cyrus and under the leadership of Zerubabel,
rebuilt the T* ; and in 20 B*c* Herod the Gt* replaced
this 2nd T* by his own magnificent structure. This was
destroyed by the Romans at the siege of Jerusalem*
A*D* 70*

Milton, KI»i.4oar tells how Moloch led SokMnon to
build a t* for htm " right against the t* of God, On that
opprobrious hill." £ xii* 334, it Is predicted that
Solomon shall ** in a glorious t/r enshrine the Ark of

Babylon " his t* and his holy ark " ; and how later
fliKctiffit tine of^spyTfttotfts amoocst toe poestSy poUtioon
loings Upon the t* itself/* In P. R* L an, our Lord
tefls how at 12 years of age M at our great feast I went
into the T/r; and in 256 it is said that Simeon and Anna
4* found tfaee in the T*w In iv* 546 it is said*" TfaeHoiy
City lifted high her towers And higher yet the glorious
t* reared Her pile , . . like a mount of alabaster/' Its
destruction in AJX 70 is described in Heming's Jewes
Trag. ; in line 2981 Jehochanan cries : " Give fire to
theT.I Give file to the T* !** In .Darte, p* 8c> Zoro-
faabell says to Darius : ** Thy mind was to biaSd tl*
T*a^iin/' Darius is confused with Cyrus, See£^mi.x

TEMPLE, PARIS

TEMPLE, PARIS* The headquarters of the Knights
Templars in Paris* It was situated on a piece of marshy
land, E* of the city ; the Boulevard de T* still preserves
the name Fynes Moryson, Itin. i* 190, speaking of
Paris, says, ** The 2nd gate towards the East is the gate
of the T/'

TEMS. See THAMES*

TENARIAN ISLES, TENERUS* See TJENARDS*

TENEDOS. An island off the N*W* coast of Ask Minor,
15 m* S.W* of the Dardanelles, and abt* 3 miles from
the nearest point of the coast of the Troad* It was
sacred to Apollo Sminthtus, who had a temple there*
It was visited by the Argonauts on their return from the
quest of the Golden Fleece, According to one form of
the story, it was the naval base of the Greeks in the siege
of Troy* In T. Heywoodfs Dialogues 6353, Apollo says,
** Delphos is mine, Pharos, and TV* In his B* Age i£u,
Anchises reports that the Argonauts are returned and
are landed ** at T/' In Troft. prol* n, it is said of the
Greeks : ** To T* they come ; And the deep-drawing
barks do there disgorge Their warlike fraughtage/* In
Lacrme iiL 2, Segar says, ** The Brittaines come With
greater multitude than erst the Greeks Brought to the
ports of the Phrigian Tenidos/* In Marlowe's Tomb. B*
iL 4, Tamburlaine speaks of Helen, "whose beauty
summoned Greece to arms And drew a thousand ships
t» T/* In Shrew £. i, Atxrelius speaks of ** Helena, For
whose sweet sake so many princes died That came with
thousand ships to T/* In May's Hmr iii. i, PMbdes
says, " A face, not half so fair As thine . * . brought a
tiaoasaml ships to T* To sack lamented Troy." In
Jooscai's Poetaster i* i, Ovid says, " Homer will live
while T* stands and Ide/' In Marlowe's Did o &, ^Eneas
tells how the Greeks became discouraged at Troy,
^And so in troops all marched to T." Evidently
Marlowe thought that T. was on the mainland of the
Tioad.

TENERIFF* The largest island in the Canary
the Atlantic Ocean, 90 m, N*W* of Cape

PeakofT, reaches tiie height of 12182 feet; it was pro-
verbial fa its height and size. In T. Heywxxxfs B. ,4ge
Hi* Medea goes to gather simples on " high T.rr In
Wefosfier's A* *£ Virginia iv. i, Virginias prays : **O
yoti gpdby Es±tnguish it with your compassionate tears,

spread And swell mote

that Yarmouth has risen " from a mole-hill of sand to a
dodd-crowned Mt. T/r Donne, in Anat. of World
(1611) 386, asks : " Doth not a T* or higher Ml Rise
so high like a rock, that one might thmfc The floating
moon would shipwreck there and sinW Burton,
A* M. ii. 5, 5, says, " It concerns me not what is done
with me when I am dead* Let them set mine head on the
pike of T*, and my 4 quarters in the 4 parts of the world*""
In ii. 2, 3* he asks : ** The pike of T* how high it is s*
70 m., or 50, as Patricias holds, or 9, as Snellius
demonstrates < ** Milton, P* L* iv* 287, says, " Satan
* » * dilated stood, Like T* or Atlas, unremoved/'
Browne, Brit. Pastor ii. 5, speaks of * That sky-scaling
pake of Tenerifi e. Upon whose top the herneshew bred

COURT* A qtjadraagular building fosr the
of tennxs* There were at least 14 tesntSHcoctrts

in Load, at the beginning of the iyth cent* They are
givea in a list from a MS. of 1615 as follows: Whitehall
(two), Somerset House, Essex House, Fetter Lane,
Fleet St., BhhdKmfcafiiy Socttli^D^loxi Hoctse,

TERKENE SEA

house, Powles Chain, Abchurch Lane, Lawrence Pount-
ney, Fenchurch St., and Crutched Friars* In Puritan
ii* i, Simon says that Edmund " is at vain exercise,
dripping in the T*-c/* In H4 B. ii* 2, 31, Prince Hal,
talking about Poms* shirts, says, " That the T*-c* keeper
knows better than I ; for it is a low ebb of linen with
thee when thou keepest not racket there**'

TEREDON* An ancient city at the head of the Persian
Gulf near the mouth of the Euphrates, In Milton,
P* R. iiL 292, the Tempter points out to our Lord as
cities "built by Emathian or by Parthian hands,
Artaaata, Teredon, Ctesiphon/*

TERGOES, TER-GOW, or GOUDA* A fortified town
in S* Holland on the Gowe> zi iru N*E* of Rotterdam.
It was besieged by the Spanish in 1574, but made a
gallant and successful resistance. Gascoigne, in Dttlce
BeOsm 97, says, "I was again in trench before Tergoes ";
this was in 1574.

TERNATA* A small island in the Moluccas, on the W,
coast of Gillolo ; it gives its name to the whole group*
The Sultan of T* was once the most powerful prince in
the Moluccas, and ruled over the whole group as well
as a large part of Celebes. The town of T* is on the E.
coast of the island* Fuller, Holy State ii* 22, tells how
in 1578 Drake " coasted China and the Moluccas, where,
by the K* of Terrenate, a true gentleman-pagan, he was
most honourably entertained/* Montaigne (Florio's
trans* 1603) i* 5, says, " In the kingdom of Ternates,
among those nations which we so full-mouthed call
barbarous, the custom beareth that they never undertake
a war before the same be denounced/* In B* & F+
Princess, the Governor of T* plays a considerable part ;
and the scene of the greater part of Act ii* is laid
in T* In Milton, P. I* & 639, Satan, in his flight, is
compared to ** a fieet * , * Close gatlfng from Bengala,
or the isles Of Temafe and Tidore, whence merchants
bring Their spicy drugs***

TERRACINA. A town in Italy on the N. shore of the
Gulf of Gaeta, 60 m. SJB. of Rome* It is on the site
of the ancient Anxur* In Barnes* Charter ii* i, Caesar
Borgia advises the Pope to offer Charles VIII " The
strength of T. for a pledge." In iiL 3, Frescobaldi says,
" At T* I broke a glass upon the face of Capitaneo
BoocaBsacchi."

TERRA DEL FUEGO* " The land of fire " discovered
by Magellan in 1520, and so called from the number of
fires he saw along the coast* It is a group of islands at
the S* extremity of S* America, separated from the main-
land by the Straits of Magellan* It is used jocularly
for some haunt of loose women in Lond., in the neigh-
bourhood of Btinhili Fields ; possibly Shoreditch* In
B. & F. Friends L 2, Blacksnout says that he got a wound
in his groin ** at the siege of BunnQ* passing the
straights *twixt Mayors Lane and Terra del Fuego, the
fiery isle,** Probably we should read Magellan for
Mayor's Lane*

TERRENE SEA (the MEDITERRANEAN SEA, g.i?*)* In
Taming of Shrew, Has;* p* 513, Ferando speaks of
" Italian merchants that with Russian stems Ploughs up
huge furrows in the Terren Main/* In Marlowe's
Tomb* A* iii* i. Bajazeth boasts that he has as many
troops " As hath the Ocean or the T* Sea Small drops
of water*** In Tomb. B* i* i, Orcanes talks of" The T*
Main wherein Danubitxs falls " ; a slight slip, as the
Danube falls into the Black Sea* In i* 2, Cailapine,
who is at Alexandria, proposes to " put forth into the
T.Sesu"

TERRHENE

TERRHENE* See TYRRHENE and TEHRENE*

TERSERA, or TERCEIRA* The most N*E* island in
the Azores, q.v. In Kyd's Span. Trag. L 3, the Viceroy
of Portugal says of Alexandro : " Perchance because
thou art Teseraes lord, Thou hadst some hope to win
tfrfa diadem/* Terceira first became known in England
about 1582, through its brave resistance against the
Spanish attacks on it.

TESELLA (Le+ TESEGDELT). A town in S* Morocco, 30 m*
S* of Mogador, and 20 m* from the coast* In Marlowe's
Tomb* B* i* 3, Techelies reports : " From strong
Tesella unto Biledull All Barbary is unpeopled for thy
sake/*

TEUTON* The name of a tribe who are first found in
Jutland, and afterwards along with the Cimbri ravaged
Gaul and attacked Italy at the end of the and cent* B.C*
About the middle of the i7th cent* the word is used as
equivalent to German* Tie Teutonic Knights were a
military order* founded in 1191 as the Teutonic Knights
of St* Mary of Jerusalem* Their first headquarters were
at Acre ; they settled later at Marienburg on the
Vistula, and carried on a crusade against the heathen
Prussians and Livonians* After the i5th cent* they
rapidly declined in power, until they were formally
abolished in 1809* Their habit was a white mantle with
a black cross* Fynes Moryson, Jfz/z* i* 61, says, ** Prussen
of old was subject to the order of the Teutonicke
Knights/'

TEWKESBURY* A town in Gloucestersh* at the junction
of the Severn and the Avon, 126 m. W* of Lond* The
glory of the town is the old Abbey Ciu, consecrated in
1125, where Prince Edward, who was killed after the
battle of T* on May 4th, 1471, and George, D* of
Clarence, who was one of his murderers, are both
buried* The mustard of T* had a high reputation* In
Thersites 216, Thersites says, " Tom Tumbler of T* will
wipe William Waterman/* In H6 C* v* 3, 19, Edward
says, "" We are advertised That they do hold their
course toward T* ; * * *we * * * Will thither straight/*
Scenes 4 and 5 take place on the plains near T* ; and
Edward, Gloucester, and Clarence stab young Prince
Edward in turn* In R$ i* 2, 242* Gloucester confesses :
** Edward, her lord, I * , » Stabbed in my angry mood
at T/* In i* 3, 120, Margaret reproaches Gloucester :
** Thou slewest Edward, my poor son, at T/* In i* 4, 56,
Clarence dreams that Edward appears to hnr» and
exclaims : ** Clarence is come, That stabbed me m the
field by T/* Inii* i, m,Edward IV says of Qarence :
41 In the field by T*, When Oxford had me down, he
rescued me/* In v. 3, 120, Young Edward's ghost
appears to Richd. and says, " Think how thou stabbed'st
me in my prime of youth At T/' The battlefield is
about 4 mile from the town* In #4 B. ii* 4, 262, Faktaff
says of Poins : " His wifs as thick as T. mustard/* In
Brome's City Wit iii. i, Crasy says, " Fll lay all my skill
to a mess of T. mustard she sneezes thrice within
these 3 hours/* Fynes Moryson, IfcVz* iii* 3, 139, says
that T* is famous ** for excellent mustard/*

THAMES* The river on which Lond* stands* The name
was originally Tamesis, and became in English Temes ;
the h was inserted through the influence of French about
the beginning of the i6th cent*, but it has never been
pronounced, and the river is still called, as it always has
been, the Temz* It rises in Gloucestershire and, until
it joins the Thame near Dorchester, is often called the
Isis* Spenser, K <X iv* u, 24, speaks of the Thame and
Bas as being the father and mother of ** the noble T*,**

THAMES

but this is all nonsense — the river was called Tamesis, or
T., from its source to its mouth* On its way to Loud* it
passes Oxford, Abingdon, Reading, Henley, Maiden-
head, Eton, Windsor, Staihes, Kingston, Teddingtm,
and Richmond. It reaches Lond, Bdge* after a course of
abt* 170 m*, and h now at high tide 800 ft* wide and 3ofU
deep* From the Bridge to Rofherhithe it is called the
Upper Pool ; thence to Cuckold's Pbint, the Lower
Pool ; thence to Deptford, Limehouse Reach ; then
come Greenwich Reach and Blackball Reach* "Hiea,
passing Woolwich and Gravesend, it readies the North
Sea between Sheerness and Shoefouryness, the beginning
of the estuary being marked by the Nore Light, 40 m*
below Lond* In Lond* the chief objects of interest on
the banks of the river were, on the N. side, starting from
Westminster: Westminster Hall and Palace, Whitehall,
Scotland Yard, York House, Durham House, Ivy Lane,
Russell House, the Savoy Palace, Somerset House,
Arundel House, Essex Hotse, The Tempk, Whitefrtars,
Bridewell Palace, Biactexars, Baynard's Castle, Queen
Hythe, The Three Cranes, the Stillyard, Cole Harbocr,
Old Swan, London Bdge*, St. Magnus Ciu, Lion
Key, Billingsgate, the Custom House, and the Tower,
On the S. side, Lambeth Palace stood opposite West-
minster; then came the long stretch of Lambeth Marsh,
the Bankside at Soathwark and the Hieatres, Win-
chester House, and the Ch. of St. Mary Overy. It was
crossed by one bdge* only in Lond., the famous Lond.
Bdge* (?*?*}, and through its narrow arches the tide
ran with great noise and violence, making the shooting
of the Bdge* a perilous adventure* The other bdges.
that are mentioned were merely gangways leading to tibe
various landing stages* The river was navigable up to
the Bdge* for the largest vessels of the time, arid the
Poolwasfilledwiththeshipptngofalltbeworki* Though
all the sewage of the city fell into the river, most of it by
the Fleet Ditch, it was nevertheless a dear stream, in
which salmon and other fish could be caught, and on
whose bosom a multitude of swans sailed to and fro*
It was also constantly used for swimming and bathing £
indeed, the citizens had no other means of getting a
bath* It was the main thoroughfare of Lond*, and
watermen kept up an unintermitting cry of " Eastward
Hoe ! " or ** Westward Hoe ! " as the case might be.
Stow estimates that there were 2000 wherries and 3000
watermen employed* It was not often frozen over ; but
this did sometimes happen, owing partly to the ob-
struction of the current by the piers of the Bdge* Such
frosts are recorded in 1564, 1608, 1634, and some half
a dozen later years.

Jonson, in the verses prefixed to the ist Folio of
Shakespeare, says, " Sweet swan of Avoo, what a sight
it were To see tfaee in our waters yet appear, And make
those flights upon the banks of T* That so did take
EKza and our James/' The reference is to tbe acting of
plays at the palaces of Greenwich and Whitehall. In
Hiddletonfs R+ G* iv* i, Mofi says slie will sing to the
viol ** like a swan above bdge ; For, look you, here's
the bdge. p*e*of the viol] and here am I/* Draytom. in
Idea xxxii"* i, says, " Qttr floods* queen, T., for sfca'ps
and swans is crowned/' In M. W* W. iii* 3, 16, Mrs*
Ford gives her men directions to empty tlae dothes-
basket in which FaJstaff was hidden ** in the muddy
ditch close by the T* side*w In iii* 5, 6, the fef knight
exclaims : " Have I lived to be earned in a basket and
to be thrown in the T/* ; and begs for some sack to
pour " to the T. water/* Later on, he tells Ford how
he ** was thrown into the T. and cooled, glowing
in that surge like a horse-shoe**; yethevows; *

5<>7

THAMES STREET

be thrown into Etna, as I have been into T,, ere I will
leave her thus/' In H5 iv. i, 120, Bates says of the K* :
44 1 believe he could wish himself in T* up to the neck/*
In H6 EL iv* 8, 3, Cade cries : ** Up Fish st* I Down
St. Magnus corner ! Throw them into T. I tf In T*
Heywood's Fortune v. i, the Purser greets the river :
** Fair T., Queen of fresh water, famous through the
world/' In his Ed. IV A* i, the Mayor asks: "What
if we stop the passage of the T* With, such provision as
we have of ships < " i*e. to stop the Kentish rebels from
crossing* In Dekker's London's Tempe, Oceanus says,
** The Grand Canale a poor landscip is To these full
braveries of Thamesss/' In Caesar's JR«#* isL 2, Caesar
says, ** Isis wept to see her daughter T* Change her
clear chmtal to vertnSioin sad/* In Webster's Weakest
i. a. Band* says, w I was an ale-draper, as T. and Tower
Wharf can witness/' In Nobody 754, Nobody boasts
that he will fence Lond. with a wall of brass ** and bring
the Terns through the middle of it/* In More iii* 3,
More tells how Erasmus, on leaving for Rotterdam " with
tears Troubled the silver channel of the T/* InWilkins*
Enforced Marriage iL 2, the Clown says, ** Mine eyes
are Severn ; the T*, nor ffce river Tweed, are nothing
to them/* Spenser, F* Q. iv. n, describes the marriage
between " the noble Thamis," the K. of all English
rivers, and the Medway* Milton, in Vac. Exercise 100,
calls it ** Royal-towered T/'

In Sf* Hilary's Tears (1642), we read : "The coaches
now seem like western barges on the T* at a high tide,
here and there oae*" The barges for the W* would
tare gome up with the tide, and few of them would be
left. la Davenaat's Rutland, p* 217, the Parisian says
of the T. : ** The pleasure of it will hardly be in the
prospect or freedom of air, unless prospect, consisting
of variety, be made up with here a palace, there a wood-
yard, here a garden, there a brew-house ; here dwells a
Iced, there a dyer/* On p* 228, the Chorus sings of
Loud, : ** She is cooled and cleansed by streams Of
flawing and of ebbing T/' In Dekker's Westward iL 3,
Justiniano says, ** Come, drink up Rhine, T*, and
Meander dry/' In Kirke's Champions v* I, the Clown
says/* I find whole oxen boiled in a pottage pot that will
hold more water than the T/* Nash, m Lento, p. 291,
says, "Every man can thrash com out c£ the full
sheaves, and fetch water out of the T/* IE Shirley's
PUasare i&* a, Frederick says, "Well have music;
I love noise. We wit outroar the T, and shake the
Bdge." See also tinder LONDON EDGE* Jensen* in
Epilogue to Ev. Man Q., says, " Our city's torrent p*e*
the Fleet Ditch) bent to infect The hallowed bowels of
the silver T* Is checked by strength and clearness of the
river Till it hath spent itself e'ea at the shore/' In his
J&picoene iv* 2, Daw asks : "Is the T* the less for the
dyers' water ** " In Brome's Damoiselle L 2, Bumpsey
says, ** Let him throw money into the T., make duds
and drakes with pieces, 111 do the like/' In Webster's
Weakest L 3, Bunch says, "Ye base butter-box, ye
Smelt, your kinsfolk dwell in the X, and are sold like
slaves in Cfaeapside/' In H4 B* iv* 4, 125, Clarence
says, " The river bath thrice flowed, no ebb between ;
And the old folk * * * Say it did so a little time before
That ot*r great-granxteire, Edward, skked and died/'
Holinshed says that this took place on October xath,
2412: ; but there is no authority for the statement that
it happeoed before the death of Edward IIL Dekker,
HI Raven! $> says, ** When the T* is covered over with
ice^tteimaystthou be bold to swear it is winter^ In
Hague's JBfecfc v* 2, Dorcas says to Warehouse, " Hiey
would just find you as isot as die sultry winter tiiat

THAPSUS

froze o'er the T* They say the hard time did begin
from you/* In Hall's Characterst one of the topics of
the Busybody's conversation is ** the freezing of the T/*
Drayton, in Elegy of his Lady (1627) says, " The T*
was not so frozen yet this year As is my bosom/*
W, Rowley, in Search Intro,, says that his readers ** in
the hard season of the great frost * * » slid away the
time upon the T/'

The T* stands for England* In Fisher's Fmmas i£L 5,
Nennius prays : " Grant T. and Tiber never join their
channels " ; and in iL I, he says, ** Rhine and Rhone
can serve And envy T* his never-captive stream/'
Darnel, in Epist* Prefatory to Cl&>patra, says, ** How far
T* doth outgo declined Tibur," z"*e* in poetry*

THAMES STREET, In Loud*, running along the N*
bank of the T*, from Blackfriars to the Tower* It was
divided into Upper T* St* above, and Lower T* St.
below, Lond* Bdge* It was thronged with the carte
bringing merchandise to the warehouses, or taking it
away ; and the combined smell of tar and fish made it
specially unsavoury* Starting from the W* end it con-
tained, in order, the churches of St* Benet, St* Peter,
St* James, and All Hallows the Great ; and below the
Bdge. St* Magnus and St. Dunstan in the E* Other
important buildings were, in the same order, Baynard's
Castle, Vintners Hall, Cold-harbour, the Steelyard,
Billingsgate Market, and the Custom House* The chief
landing stages were Broken Wharf, Queen Hythe, and
Old Swan Stairs, Chaucer was probably born at his
father's tavern, which was at the spot where the Cannon
St. Station now crosses the st* The whole st* from
Pudding Lane westward was destroyed in the Gt* Fire*
In Fair Women il. 787, a lord reports ** that a merchant's
slain, one Master Sanders, dwelling near Tames st."
The title of one of Yarrington's Two Tragedies is ** The
Murder of Master Beech, a chandler in T*-st/' Dekker,
in Wonderful Year, tells a ghastly story of the death of
" the church-warden in T. st*" In J» Heywood's Johan
and Tibf p. 70, Jolian, the husband, boasts how he
wffl beat his wife ; but on her return says he has been
talk&ig of "beating stock-fish in Temmes st/' The
part of ttie st. near the Bdge* was sometimes called
Stockfishmonget Row*

In Jonson's Ev* Man L iii* i, Wellbred says, " Would
we were e'en pressed to make porters of and serve out
the remnant of our days in T* st. or at Custom House
key, in a civil war against the carmen*" InFeversham v*
i, Will says, " In Temes st* a brewer's cart was like to
have run over me." In B. & F. Scornful ii» 3, Savil says,
44 Come home, poor man, like a type of T* st*, stinking
of pitch and poor-John*" In their Prize v* i, Livia says,
** O what a stinking thief is this ! T*-st* to him is a
mere pomander/' IhtlieirM^Afipa/feeriv*3,Tobysays,
** You think you are in T*-st* justling the carts/' In
Cavendish's Wotsey vil^ Wolsey's route from York
House to Greenwich js described : " He landed at the
Three Cranes in Vine-tree, and from thence he rode upon
his mule along T.-st*, until he came to Billingsgate;
there he took his barge, and so to Greenwich*" There
were some booksellers in the st* Selimus was " printed
by Thomas Creede dwelling in T* st* at the sign of the
Kathern wheel near the old Swan* 1594*" 7^e Ist
edition oi Hawleglas about 1550 was " imprinted at
Lood* in Tamestreete at the Vintre on the three-cratied
Wharf*"

THAPSUS* A maritime city in N* Africa, about 100 m*
S* of Carthage, where Caesar defeated the Pompeians,

508

THARSUS

46 B.C* In Kyd's Cornelia v*, th*» messenger says, "At
Thapsus we began to intrench,"

THARSUS (U. TARSHISH). Some place or dist* in the
W. of the Mediterranean, variously identified with the
S* of Spain, and more recently with the Tyrsenian,
or Tyrrhenian, lands on the W* coast of Italy* At
all events it meant for the Jew some land in the far W*
In Greene & Lodge's Looking Glass iii* i, Jonas says,
** To Joppa will I fly And for a while to T* shape my
course." See Jonah i* 3. Greene, in Never too Late,
speaks of ** minerals of Egypt, waters from T/'

THARSUS (see TAHSUS)* In /* C. v* 3, 104, Tharsus is an
obvious error or misprint for Thasos, g*i>*

THASOS* An island in the N* of the Aegean Sea 3 or 4 m*
from the coast of Thrace. The town of T* is on the N*
coast of the island* In /* C* v* 3, 104, Brutus, after the
death of Cassius at Philippi, gives order : *4 Come
therefore, and to Tharsus send his body/' But it is
obvious from the parallel passage in Plutarch that the
right reading is Thassos or T. In Caesar's Re®, v* i,
Cassius says, ** Laodicea With Tursos vailed to us her
vaunted pride* Fair Rhodes, I weep to ffrfafc upon thy
fall ! " Tursos is a mistake for T*> which was taken by
Brutus and Cassius just before the battle of Philippi.
In Rabelais, Pantagrnel iii* 13* Pantagruel affirms that
** those that inhabit the land of T* (one of the Cydades)

* * * never dreamed/1"

THEATRE, THE (Tr* = Theater). The first London
play-house, erected in 1576 by James Burbage and John
Brayne. It stood somewhere on the piece of land
between Curtain Rd*, Holywell Lane, and Gt. Eastern
St*, close to the road leading* from Bishopsgate to
Shoreditch ch. It was an amphitheatre in design, with a
movable stage of trestles. It was closed in July 1597,
and the timber taken over in 1598 to the Bankside, and
used in the erection of the Globe. The price of ad-
mission was 2<f* John Stockwood, in a Sermon at Paul's
Cross (1578), speaks bitterly of " the gorgeous playing-
place erected in the fields" called "a Tr." * . * "a
shew-place of all beastly and filthy matters." In a
letter from William Fleetwood to Lord Burghley, June
i8th, 1584, complaint is made of a disturbance ** very
near the Tr* or Curtain at the time of the plays ** ; and
it is related that 2 aldermen were sent to the court " for
the suppressing and pulling down of the Tr* and Cur-
tain*" Lyly, in Poppe, p. 73, says of a certain play : ** If
it be shewed at Paules, it will cost you 4d * ; at the Tr*
ad*" In Tarlton's News? we have : ** Upon Whison Mon-
day last I would needs to the Tr* to a play/* Nash, in
Pierce E. i, says, " Tarlton at the Tr. made jests of him,"
to wit, a certain astrologer. Lodge, in Wits Miseries
(1596), says, " He looks as pale as the visard of the ghost
which cries so miserably at the T*, like an oyster-wife,

* Hamlet, revenge I * " This was probably not Shake-
speare's play, but an earlier version of the Hamlet story.
M SJdaletheia (1598), the author says, ** See, yonder one,
like the unfrequented T*, walks in dark silence and vast
solitude/' Middleton, in Black Book, says, " He had a
head of hair like one of my devils in Dr. Faustus, when
the old T* crackt and frightened the atidience/'

, **ow THIV^B (To* — Thete)* An ancient
city in Bceotia, 44 m. N*W* of Athens* It lay between
the a streams of Isnienus and Dirce, and was well sup-
plied with water* It was surrounded by a wall with
7 gates ; hence it fe offeen called 4f sevea-gafced T*** lot
prehistoric times it seems to have been very powerful %
and the legends associated with it are numerous* ft was

THEBES, mm THIVM

said to have been founded by Cadmus ; another account
made Amphion and Zethus its founders, and told how
the stones of the wall moved into their places to the
music of Amphion's lyre* In Lyly's Midas fv* x,
Apollo speaks of ** Amphion that by music reared the
walls of T*" In his Campaspe L i, Timodea says, " O T.,
thy walls were raised by the sweetness of the harp, but
rased by the shrillness of the trumpet/* In Marlowe's
Faustns vi. 28, Faust says, " Hath oof he, that bcdlt the
walls of T. With ravishing sound of hfe melodious liarp,
Made music with my Mephistophilis ^ "* la Shirley's
Imposture v* i, Volterino speaks of ** the dolphin tfeat
was in love with a fiddler's boy of T* who carried Mm
across the seas on her back*" Shirley evidently confuses
Amphion with Aripn, who is the hero of the ddpliin
story but had nothing to do with T. In his Master iii, $*
Qctayjo says, ** T., as to Amphion's lute, stoops to the
magic of your voice/' In his Bird iii. 3, Donella says,
" They say mtisic btdlt die walls of T." Lodge, in
Answer to Gossan, p* 16, has tte jca^e : ** AisplikHi,
he Was said of T* the founder, Who by his jfofce of tee
did cause The stones to part asoeder/* Sidney,, in
Eng. Hdicon (1614), p. i47,says, « Statics good

danced, the Tn* walls to bufld, To cadence of the
tunes which Amphion's lyre did yield**'

Amphion married NJobe, but their childreii were all
killed by Apollo, and Amphioa slew himself and iras
buried at T* In Mark>we*s D&Za ii* i, Aeneas sa^ss,
44 Tn* Niobe, Who for her SOBS' death wept out Hfe
and breath, Had not such passions in her head as I*"
Heracles was born at T,, Zeus having visited his mother
Alcmena during the absence of her husband Amphi-
tryon and begotten the hero* He took a leading part
in the fight between the Centaurs and Laptthae at tfae
marriage of Peirithous and Hippodameia. Tortured to
madness by the shirt of Nessus, he fiung himself into a
ftmeralpyremthetopofMt*Qeta and was tafceti tip to
heaven by Zeus* In T* Heywexxfs Dialogues 5395,
Juno says, " T* afforded an Alcmena and a wanton
Semele/' In his S* Age ii* i, Homer says, ** Our scene
is T*; here fair Alcmena dwells"; and the story of the
birth of Heracles follows. The scene of Heradm, a
translation of the Amphitruo of Plautus, is laid at T*
In Lyly's Woman in Moon iii* 2, Stesias desires to
** Mingle the wine with blood and end the feast With
tragic outcries like the Tn. lord Where fair Hippodamia
was espoused*" In Nabbesf Hannibal v* 3, Hannibal
cries : "Would this were Oeta, that, like the furious
Tn*, I might build mine own pile sod the
ascends, transform itself into a

It was in the reign of Amphitryon tha* Cepfea^as was
persuaded by him to lend the Tus. !HS teem dog, that
they might capture the wolf, or fox, that was ravaging
the land* In Marlowe's Tan^. A. iv, 3, tfee S<^dati says

» « fff^M^ff ntmT+mt* *T*n .nm,!-,^ . «.i,n Jar n MM *• f^Jl^iAirvt*,*** __ *j f

ne £5 going a^atust ian^DtirMaie as t^pBaifis w$tn
lusty Tn* |ROttt&s Against tlie woif tixat &&&y Tbewis
sent To waste and s|jo£l the sweet Aoman fields/'
Dionysus (Bacchus) was bom at T. as the result of thwe
visit of Zetis to Semele, the dat^hter of Cadmus, His
appearance to her in all his spkndo«r of thtmder and

birfh of her son, wJbo was, however, saved &oni tiie
fire and concealed in the tMgh of Zeus. Matiy of tiie
legends centre themsdvesarcnmd the family of Oedipm.
He had been exposed, when an infant, on Mt.Cithaejoii,
but he was rescued by a shepherd, and afterwards
returned to 1% sofoed the riddle of tte
fljffi^£T hsBrseJEi TQ ^exsftxoiSL c^er toe dSEfe* f
hts father Laits, married his mother Jocasta, and 1

THEBES

K. When he discovered his parentage he put out his
own eyes and abdicated in favour of his 2 sons, Eteocles
and Polynices* They quarrelled, and Polynices organized
the famous expedition of the Seven against T* : the
7 chieftains being Adrastus of Argos, Tydeus, Amphi-
arus, Capaneus, Hippomedon, Parthenopaeus, and
Polynices himself* This was shortly before the Trojan
war* The a brothers were killed in mutual conflict, and
all the other leaders perished, except Adrastus:
Capaneus, in particular, being struck by lightning as
he was scaling the walls. During the siege, Menecius
(the son of Creon, who had assumed the kingship on the
death of Eteocles) flung himself from the walls in order
to fulfil the oracle which had promised victory to T»
if one of the descendants of Cadmus would devote him-
self to death. After the repulse of the Seven, Theseus
of Athens attacked Thebes and compelled Creon to give
burial to his dead foes.

In Tiberias 1697, Julia asks if a monster like *4 Thebane
sphinx or Memphis crocodile " lurks in the orchard of
Tiberius. Spenser, JF* Q. y. 11, 35, speaks of ** that
monster whom the Tn. knight * . * Made kill herself
for very heart's despite That he had red her riddle/*
Milton, P J?. iv. 572, speaks of ** that Tn* monster that
proposed Her riddle, and him who solved it not de-
voured/* In PJL* i. 578, he speaks of "the heroic
race . * * that fought at T. and Ilium"; and in
IL Pens, gg, he pictures Tragedy ** presenting T., or
Pelops* Hoe, Or the tale of Troy divine/' In Brewer's
Ungna iL 4* Memory says, " I remember about the
TOES of T. and the siege of Troy/' In Tiberias 1877,
VonoQes says, " Renew as oft your wearied legions As
Polynices or the Tru wall " — -where we should probably
read ** on " for " or/' In Caesar's jRei>* i. chor. 2, Dis-
cord boasts : ** 'Twas I that caused the deadly Tn* war
And made the brothers swell with endless hate*" In
Rawlins' Rebellion iii. i, Machvile says that he will play
** The Tn. Creon's part, and on Raytaonde mean to
plot what he did on the cavilling boys of Oedipus." In
Jonson's CotiEne iv* 5, Cethegus says, ** If tiiey were
like Capaneus at T* They should hang dead upon the
highest spares/' In Gascoigne's Government iL i,
Gnomaticm says,. ** Menecius the son of Creon refused
not voluntary death when he undersljood that the same

; redeem tlte city of T* from nt&x subversion/
r^Kattr^r^g Knighfs Tale, and Kinsmen? tell the story of
two Ta. knights who were captured by Theseus when
he attacked T, ; and 2 of the scenes of the play are laid
in T. and its neighbourhood. In MJVJD. v. z, 51,
Theseus says, " That is an old device ; and it was
played When I from T. came last a conqueror/' In
Marlowe's Dido iii., Aeneas says of his son : " Might
I live to see him sack rich T* And load his spear with
Grecian princes' heads." The scene of Gascoigne's
Jocosta is laid at T., or Thebs, as he spells it. In
Locrute v* proL 4* Ate says, 4* Medea, seeing Jason leave
her love And choose the daughter of the Thebane k.,
Went to her devilish charms/' But it was the daughter
of Creon, K. of Corinth, that Jason married— quite a
dkfiieretit person from Creon, JK+ of T.

In historical times T. appears as the 3rd city in Hellas,
Athens and Sparta alone being her superiors. In the
Pek>pcmnesian Wat she was opposed to Athens, but
about the beginning of the 4th cent. B.a she changed
her |x]^icy an4 ^iaed Athens in resisting Sparta ; and in
394 she defeated Sparta in the battle of Corooea, In
371 the success was repeated at Lettctra, where tf&
Spartan K, was killed. The Tn* leader was Epamin-
and tmder his guidance T. enjoyed 10 years of

THEOBALD'S

undisputed supremacy. But in 364 Pelopidas, the col-
league and friend of Epaminondas, was killed at Cynos-
cephalae; and 2 years later Epaminondas fell at
ftiantineia. In 338 Philip of Macedon appeared upon
the scene and defeated the united Athenians and Tns. at
Chaeronea* In 335, the Tns. having rebelled against
Alexander of Macedon, he took and destroyed the city,
preserving only the house of the poet Pindar, who was
born at T* about 533 B.C. In Chapman's Bussy L i,
Monsieursays, ** If Epaminondas,Whp lived twice twenty
years obscured at T*, Had lived so still, he had been still
unnamed j But, putting forth fofc strength, like
burnished steel After long use he shined/' In Mas-
singer's Bondman, the hero is " the bold Tn«, far-famed
Pisander." The date is about the middle of the 4th
cent. B.C., but Pisander is not an historical person. In
Lyly*s Campaspe L 3, Alexander says that he has come
44 from T. to Athens, from a place of conquest to a
palace of quiet/' In Kyd's Sdiman fv., Sohman says,
"Alexander spared warlike T. for Pindarus." This is an
exaggeration — he spared the poet's house, but nothing
else. Spenser, F.Q. ii. 9, 45, speaks of ** T., which
Alexander did confound/* The Boeotians, and the Tns*
amongst the rest, were supposed to be particularly
dense and stupid by the more brilliant Athenians. In
Lear iii. 4, 162, Lear calls Edgar, the supposed madman,
** this same learned Tn/' In Jonson's Pan., the Fencer
says, " There is a tinker of T* coming, called Epam,
with his kettle will make all Arcadia ring of him/*
Epam is no doubt meant to be short for Epaminondas ;
and the Arcadians overwhelm the Boeotians and their
leader, and send them home ** with their solid heads."
In C&z& Law L 6, Ketlebasen says, ** My gossip Thirtens
went on Wednesday to T. to buy some f efls at the leather
fair/' Probably Lond* is meant.

THEBES. The greatest city of ancient Egypt, on the
Nile, abt. 450 m* S* of Alexandria. Its fame early
reached Greece, and Homer tells of its hundred gates*
It was the capital during the splendid xviii* and xix*
dynasties, and its ruined temples at Luxor and Karnak,
and tlfce mortuary chapels of its kings are amongst the
wonders of tiie world* In T* Heywood's Dialogues iii.,
Earth asks : " Where's the hundred-gated town called
T** Where's the Colosse of Rhodes £ " Milton, P. £*
v. %j4t compares Raphael to ** A phoenix * . * When to
enshrine his relics in the sun's Bright temple, to
Egyptian T. he flies/'

THEBES, or TOEBE* An ancient town in Mysia, S. of
Mt. Placius. It was taken in the Trojan war by Achilles.
In T. Heywood's Iron Age A. v., Ulisses, claiming for
himself the conquests of Achilles, says, " 'Twas I sacked
Thebes, Chriseis, and Scylia with Lernessus walls/'

THEBEZ* Used by Milton, P. #* ii* 313, as the name of
the birthplace of Elijah, " that prophet bold, Native of
T." According to I Kings xviL i, Elijah was a ** Tish-
bite, who was of ^ie sojoumers of Gflead*" The place
has not been identified, but was evidently E*. of the
Jordan. There was a T., now Tubas, in Samaria, 9 m*
N.E. of Shechemj; but this cannot be the place intended*
Possibly Milton made a slip in the name.

1HECOA, or TEKOA. A vilL in Jtidah, 5 m. S* of
Bethlehem, now Khirbet-Tequa. In Peele's Bethsabe
iL %* the widow of Thecoa tefls David the story of her
2 sons, as recorded in // Sanwd xiv.

THEOBALD'S* A vilL near Cheshunt, in S^* Herts*,
abt* la m* N. of Lond. Near it Lord Burghiey built a
magnificent palace, where his son Robert entertained

510

THERMODON

King James I on his arrival in England* In 1605 James
created Robert Earl of Salisbury, and in 1607 gave him
Hatfield House in exchange for the palace at T*, which
thenceforth was his favourite summer residence. The
word is pronounced Tibbald's* Temple Bar, taken
down in 1878, was re-erected at the entrance to Sir H* B.
Meux's grounds at T* Elisabeth visited' T* in 1591, and
was greeted in a series of short poems written by George
Peele* Hentzner describes his visit to T* in 1597, when
he rode out from Lond. in a coach. In Jonson's Gipsies,
one of the Gipsies sings of " the finer walled places/
As St. James's/ Greenwich, Tibals/ Where the acorns/
plump as chibals/ Soon shall change both kind and
name/* Jonson wrote a Masque for the entertainment
of the 2 Kings of Great Britain and Denmark at T*
in 1606 ; and another for the K* and Q. when the palace
was delivered up to them in 1607*

THERMODON* A river of Pontus in Asia Minor/ now
the Thermeh/ flowing into the Black Sea near Themis-
cyra. The Amazons were supposed to have lived in the
neighbourhood of this river and their capital was
Themiscyra* In Selimus 2398, Selimus speaks of " The
Amazonian Menalip/ Leaving the banks of swift-
streamed Thermodon To challenge combat with great
Hercules/'

THESPME. A town in Boeotia, at the foot of Mt*
Helicon* Close by was the fountain of Aganippe,
which was sacred to the Muses* There was a Temple
of The Muses in the city, and the Latin writers
consequently often call them Thespiades. Jonson, in
Forest x./ refers to them as "the ladies of the Thespian
lake/'

THESSALY (Tn* = Thessalian). The dist* in ancient
Greece^ lying between the Cambunian range and Mt*
Othrys/ and extending from the sea to the Pindus range*
It was famous for its fertility and its luxuriant crops
and flowers ; and the vale of Tempe/ proverbial for its
beauty/ lay within its bounds* Its horses and hounds
were the best in Greece, and hunting was largely
practised in its forests and plains* In many ways it
resembled Arcadia; and the poets treated it as the
home of rural simplicity and pastoral beauty. In spite
of the wealth of its inhabitants it took little part in the
history of Greece* It was from T* that the famous boar
came which ravaged the plains of Calydon and was
hunted to death by Meleager and Ms companions. In
Ant* iv* 13* a/ Cleopatra says that Antony is ** more mad
Than Telamon for his shield ; the boar of T* Was never
so embossed/' The Muses were said to have been born
at Pieria in N.E* Thessaly/ but, when their worship was
transferred to Mt* Helicon in Bceotia/ the name Pierian
was also bestowed on the sacred spring there* Its waters
were supposed to communicate to the drinker the gifts
of Art and Poetry* In Histrio iii* 198, Chrisogonus
says/ ** O age/ when every scrivener's boy shall dip
Profaning quills into Thessaliaes spring/* The scene of
the death of Hercules was Mt* Oeta in T, ; hence
Milton/ P* L* ii* 544, says that in his death-agony he
** tore Through pain up by the roots Tn* pines*" It
was in T* that Daphne/ fleeing from the embraces of
Apollo/ was turned into a laurel-tree* Spenser/ in
Amoretti xxviii* io/ says/ "Proud Daphne/ scorning
Phcebus' lovely fire/ On the Tn* shore from hirn did fly/'
In Wilson's €<Mer 1569, it is reported that *4 Tbe
Argrves and the men of T*'* are invading Bceotia* This
is entirely unhistorical* In Marlowe*s JD&fo iii* */ Dido
affirms that one of her suitors ** was the wealthy K* of
T/* — again a fictitious person*

THESSALY

Pharsalia/ the scene of Pompey's defeat by Caesar in
48 B*C*/ was in T* Chaucer, in Monk's Tale B. 2869,
speaks of mighty Cssar's fight ** in Thessalie agayn
Pompeius/' In Caesar's Rev. ii. 4, Cicero, who was a
Pompeian/ says/ ** Thessaha boasts that she hath seen
our fall/* In i* 3, Caesar says, " The flying Pompey to
Larissa hastes And by Tn. Tempe shapes his course/*
In Chapman's C&sar ii, 4, 124, the K* of T* comes to
offer his services to Pompey— -but there was no K» of
T* at this time ; it was a Roman Province* In v. i/ 69,
Pompey and Demetrius take refuge at Lesbos disguised
as " Tn* augurs " * . . " their heads all bid in hats Of
parching T*/ broad-brimmed/ high-crowned^ This
broad-brimmed hat, or Kausia/ was characteristic of tiw
Macedonians and Thessalfans* Davies, in Orchestra
(1594) xdu 5/ says, ** The wise Tns* ever gave The name
of Leader of their Country's dance To hirn that had
their country's governance*" The technical name of the
chiefs of T* was Tagus; but Davies is probably
thinking of the Archi-theoros, who presided at the
festival held at Tempe every gth year*.

In M* jy.JD.iv. i/ ng/ Theseus boasts that his bounds
were " dew-lapped like Tn* bulls " ; and adds : " A
cry more tuneable Was never holla'd to * * * In Crete,
in Sparta/ nor in T/* In T* Heywood's B* Age &,
Adonis speaks of " The fierce Tn. hounds with their
shag ears Ready to sweep the dew from the moist
earth*" E*D*, in trans* of Theocrittis (1588) xviiL*
compares Helen of Sparta to " A steed of T/' In the
old Timon i* 4, Pseudocheus says/ " Upon the mountains
of Thessalia I do remember that I saw an oak That
brought forth golden acorns of great price/' In B, & F*
Valentin, iv* 4, Maxfmus erects a funeral pyre " greater
than T* [can feed] with Sowers/* Their S/zcp/zenffss has
its scene in T. ; and in i* x/ Clorin describes himself as
44 The truest man that ever fed his Socks By tbe fat
plains of fruitful T." In Ltxrwe il i, 3$, Estrild,
praising Britain/ says/ " The birds resounding heavenly
melody Are equal to the graves of T* Where Pfacebtis
with the learned ladies nine Delight themselves with
musick-harmony/' In Noble ILadw, Cyprian says,
"We'll ride together to fruitful Thessalia, where ia
fair Tempe we'll sport us under a pavilion of Tyrian
scarlet*" In Greene's Orlando L if Mandrecarde_ com-
pares his army to a swarm of grasshoppers in the
** plains of watery T." T* was subject to plagues of
locusts ; Topsell says that jackdaws were kept at the
public expense to devour them*

T* had a sinister reputation as the home of witchcraft
and poisonous drugs and herbs. In Lyty's Endymem
iii* i/ Cynthia promises, ** If the enchanters of T* *•?**
find remedy/ 1 will procure it," In Marlowe's TOIB&* A*
v* i/ Tamburlaine says that the sight of the corpses of
his enemies is ~ as baneful to their souk As are Tn.
drugs or mithridate." In Peek's QM Wives, p» 185,
Sactap&nt says/ ** In T* was I bocn atsd broogist tip j
My mother Meroehight, a famous witch/' In Webster's
White Demi i* a/ Cornelia says/ " O that ths fair garden
Had with all poisoned herbs of T, At first been planted/*
In Marmion's Companion ii* i, Spntce ssfSy ** Not all
the drugs of T. Can ease my grief/* la Slaves*
Hannibal iti* 4^ B^assansssa says tfeat SopiiofiisiDa's
tear ** hath in't sufficient virtt» to convert Al tiie TH^.
Pootick* Phasian accmttes Into pre^rvatbes*** In
Rabelais* Pantagmd iit* 16, Epistemoi* says tlat
Panzoiest abounds " more with sorceries and witches
yfraTt ever did the plains of T/* In Greene's Orlando
i* 2* 365* Orlando says of Rodamant : ** Here Iks !ae»
like the thief of Tv Which scuds abroad and searcbeth

THETFQRD

THOMAS (SAINT) OF AKERS, ACRES, or ACON

for his prey,A nd, being gotten, straight he gallops home/'
No one has succeeded in identifying this person ; prob-
ably he existed only in Greene's imagination* T. is the
scene of Daborne's Poor Man's Comfort; Brome's
Lovesick Ct.j Barclay's Lost Lady; and B. & F*
Shepherdess*

THETFORD* A town on the borders of Suffolk and
Norfolk, on the Little Ouse, 30 m* S.W. of Norwich*
It was an important town in the old Kingdom of E,
Anglia, and a Synod was held there in 669* It was 3 times
burned and sacked by the Danes* Edmund* Earl of T.,
is one of the characters in Brewer's Lovesick. In Day's
B. Beggar ii, young Strowd says of his
*

They can talk of nothing btit what pdce pease and
barley bears at T* market/'

THEWLE. SeeTHUtE*

THIEVING LANE. A short st. in Westminster, curving
around from the W* side of King St. to Broken Cross*
It was the way by which thieves were taken to the
Gatehouse prison : hence the name Thieven L*, cor-
rupted into T. L* It was also called Bow St. from its
semi-circular course* It corresponded to certain parts
of the present Gt. George St. and Princes St* It was a
poor st*, chiefly occupied by dealers in and-hand goods*
In Dekker's Edmonton Y. i, Cuddy says to his dog* " If
thou goest to Loud*, Pfl make thee go about by Tyburn,
stealing in by T* L/' In B* & F* Wit S* W* iv. i, the
servant says to Credulous, ** Tm diarged to see you
l^ccdlnsOT^aewio^kig^xmtT*-!/* In W.Rowley's
Jfeefe Mil. i, Bkxxlhc«tod says, "Run to Master
Earlack's tiie informer, in Tv-1*, and ask him what he
has done in my business/'

THISBITE, or TISHBITE* Apparently means an in-
habitant of Tishbe, an unidentified vilL in the land of
Gilead, E. of the Jordan. In Con/. Consc* L 3, Philologus
says, " Elias the T* for fear of Jezabel did fly to Horeb "
(see I Kings xvii. x). Hilton, P. #. ii. 16, speaks of
Elijah as ** the great T*, who on fiery wheels Rode up
to heaven/' See also THEBBZ.

THOGARHAH. A place or tribe mentioaed in Gen* x. 3,
and EzeJdei xxviu 14. It is not certainly identified, but
was probably in W. Armenia. In Joeson's Alchemist
iv. 3, Doll, who is pretending to talk in a fit of inspira-
tion, mentions amidst her farrago of nonsense " the K*
of Tbogarmafa and his habergioas brimstony, blue, and

THOMAS, SAINT. One of the Virgin Islands in the
W» Indies, discovered by Columbus in 1494. It lies
38 in. E. of Porto Rico, and is a possession of Denmark,
by whom it was occupied in 1672 ; previously it had
been held by Dutch buccaneers. In Shirley's Brothers
ii* if Carlos says, ** His ships may rise again, were sunk
by the Hollander and's fleet from St. Thomas*"

THOMAS (SAINT) APOSTLES. A ch. in Load, in
Koigbtricier St*, built in 1371. It was destroyed in the
Gt, Fire and not rebuilt, the parish being included
m tfaat of St. Mary Aldermary* In Middletonrs JR. G.
ii. i, RioH says to Trapdoor, ** FoHow me to St. T* A* ;
FH put a liyerydc^u^n your back the first thing I do."
The dothiers' shops were in this neighbourhood- In
Jests, me a*e toM: ** They parted, she home,
i too $L T* A^ to a friend of Iris.** There was
A*— omtfee N.side of St.Tlao«iias Su
scuJ^>fow '©€ tiie bust of Shaltespeare
dtelpciji at Stcatfoiti ftps Gejrard lotiEtsoii* 2
Hollander, fn St. T. Apostells."

THOMAS (SAINT) A WATERINGS. A watering place
for horses at the 2nd milestone out of Lond* on the
Old Kent Rd*, where it crossed a small stream* The
name was given to it because the Pilgrims to the shrine
of St» T. a Becket at Canterbury passed this way* The
exact point was the junction of the Old Kent Rd. and
Albany Rd, It was the boundary of the borough
liberties* and was the place of execution for the county
of Surrey* as Tyburn was for Middlesex. Regular
executions were discontinued about the middle of the
i8th cent., but 2 men were hanged here for a murder
in Chester in 1834* Chaucer, in C. T* A. 826, says*
"Forth we riden, a Htel more than paas, Unto the
wateryng of Scant T/*

In Peek's Ed+ IxiL, the Farmer says* " I am his [St*
Francis's] receiver and am now going to fa'™ ; a bids
St. T. a w. to breakfast tfrts morning to a calve*s head
and bacon.*' The reference is to the Hanging which the
Farmer was about to earn by robbing the Friar of St*
Francis* In Hester, Anon* PL, p* 267, Adulation speaks
of him " that from stealing goeth to St* T. Watering " ;
and, later* Handy-dandy says, "They gave you all
their pride and flattering, And, after that* St* T*
Watering, There to rest a tide." In Fulwell's JLtfee,
Dods. iii. 324, Newfangle proposes to Tosspot and
Royster the acquisition of a piece of land called ** St*
T. a W* or else Tyburn Hill." In Hycke, 195, Frewyll
says of highwaymen : ** At St. T* of Watrynge an they
strike a sail, Then must they ride in the haven of hemp
without fail/' In Jensen's New Inn i* i, the Host says,
** He may perhaps take a degree at Tyburn ; come to
read a lecture upon Aquinas at St. T* a W., and so go
forth a laureat in hemp circle*" Aquinas was St* T*
Aquinas ; and there is a pun on Aquinas, from T .afiti
aqua (water)* and Waterings. In Owl's Almanac 55, it
is said, ** A fair pair of gallows is kept at Tyburn ; and
the like fair (but not so much resort of chapmen and
ctackropes) is at St. T* a Watrings." Lyly, in Pappef
p* 73, says of Vetus Comedia : ** If it be shewed at
Paules it wfll cost you 44 * ; at the Theatre 2<f * ; at Sainct
T. a Watrings nothing-** The suggestion is that Penry
(Martin Marprelate), against whom this pamphlet was
written, will be hanged at St. T. a W* ; which actually
came to pass in 1593. Taylor, Works i* 77, says, " I
have seen many looking through a hempen window at
St. T. W. " ; and in ii. 162, w He at St* T* W* may go
swing." In Puritan L i, Moll, mocking at her mother's
lamentations for her dead husband, says, "A small
matter bucks a handkercher — and sometimes the
spittle stands too nigh St. T* a Watrings," She means
that a widow who weeps extravagantly often comes to be
i a prostitute, and has to be sent to the Spittle*

THOMAS (SAINT) FORT, A fortress on the S*E* coast
of Malta, on the promontory between Marsa Scala and
St. Thomas's Bay* In B. & F; Malta ii. 5, Valetta says
to Miranda, ** St* T* F*, a charge of no small value,
I jpve you, too, in present, to keep waking Your noble
spirits.

THOMAS (SAINT) OF AKERS* ACRES, or ACON*
A ch. and hospital in Lond., on the N. side of Cheap-
side, near the corner of Ironmonger Lane, where now is
fee Mercers' Hall and Chapel. It was built by Agpaes,
sister of T. a Becket, on the site of the house in which he
was bora. The name was given to it because Becket's
mother, of whom the well-known and pathetic story is
told how she followed her lover to Lond., knowing
only his name Gilbert, and found him by repeating it,
was born at Aeon, or Acre; another and less likely

THONG CASTLE

account £s that it is said that St* T* assisted miraculously
in the capture of Acre* On the dissolution of the
Monasteries, Henry VIII sold it to the Mercers' Com-
pany, who made it into their chapel* In Latimer's
Sermon before Edward VI, April I2th, 1547, he tells a
story of a lady who said ** I am going to St. Tomas of A.,
to the sermon* I never failed of a good nap there/*
In Skelton's Colin Clout, the prelates complain, "At
St. T* of Ackers They carp us like crackers." The 4th !
Merry Jest of the Widow Edyth (1525) tells how she
44 deceived a Doctor of Divinity at St. T. of A. in Lond* !
of 5 nobles he laid out for her." In Deloney's Reading
xi** a report is brought to Colebrook M that Lond* was
all on a fire, and that it had burned down T. Becket's
house in W* Cheape/' As the supposed date is in the
reign of Henry I, this is a curious anachronism*
Milton, in Areopagiticat p. 41 (Hales), refers to it as
"our London trading St. T.** — from its connection with
the Mercers.

THONG CASTLE* An ancient castle in Kent, near the
estuary of the Swale, 2 m, E. of Sittingbourne* It is
said to have derived its name from the bargain made by
Hengist and Horsa with Vortigem, that he would give
them as much land on which to build a castle as could
be encompassed by a bull's hide. They then, like
Dido, cut the hide into strips, or thongs, and so won
a spacious site for their fortification* There are, how-
ever, 2 or 3 other T*, or Tong, Castles about which the
same story^is told ; and the whole legend is probably
an adaptation of the Dido story in Vergil, -4en* i* 369*
In Middleton's Queenborough iii. 3, Vortigern says,
" That your building may to all ages carry The stamp
and impress of your wit, it shall be called T* C*"

THOUS, or THOAS* An ancient name of the river
Achelous, q.v. In T* Heywood's B* Age L i* Achelous
speaks of ** Thous our grand seat.**

THRACE (Tn. = Thracian)* A country N* of ancient
Greece, extending from the Propontis and the Aegean
to the Danube, and from the Black Sea to the Strymon*
It thus corresponds roughly to the modern Bulgaria and
Rumelia* The word was sometimes used in a wider
sense to include Mcesia and Dacia; but it is in the
former sense that our dramatists employ it* It was
governed by local chiefs, of whom the most powerful
were the Kings of the Odrysae in the centre and N. of
the country* The Greeks founded several colonies on
the coast, notably Byzantium, Selymbria, Abdera, and
Amphipolis* Darius of Persia conquered the country
about 508 B.C., but after the defeat of Xerxes the
Persians were expelled* Philip of Macedon made him-
self master of T* about 340 B.C., and it remained con-
nected with Macedonia until the fall of the Macedonian
kingdom at Pydna in x6S B.C. Henceforward it was
governed by the Romans, who for a time allowed certain
of the chiefs to assume the title of Kings, much as
England has done in India ; but in the reign of Ves-
pasian it was formally reduced to a Roman Province*
It fell to the Eastern Emperors on the division of the
Empire* Finally, in AJ>* 1353, it was conquered by the
Turkish Sultan Amurath and annexed to his Empire.
In Cyrus A. i, Cyrus boasts, ** We have trod down the
Thrasian pride/' but he was never nearer to T* than
Lydia* In Ant. iii* 6, 71, ** the Tn. k*, Adallias ** is
mentioned as one of Antony's allies* In Chapman's
C&sar ii* 4, 126, the K* of T. comes to offer his services
to Pompey* In Selimas 2491, SeHnms says, "Mars
Scatters the troops of warlike Tns* And warms cold
Hebrus with hot streams of blood/' In Com* CowL 216,

THRACE

Conditions says, " Clarisia, having an uncle Hoatanio,
k* of T., will no longer here abide*" Montanio is an
imaginary potentate.

Many of the Greek legends are connected with T.
Orpheus, the inventor of the lyre, lived in T* at the
time of the Argonautic expedition ; according to or.e
form of the story, he was K* of the Odrysae* He went
down to Hades, and by his playing ** half regained **
his lost Eurydice, and he was finally torn to pieces by
the Tn* Maenads* In M*-flr*jD* v. i, 49* one of the
shows offered to Theseus was " The riot of the tipsy
Bacchanals Tearing the Tn. singer in their rage/* In
Tzt* ii* 4, 51, Marcus says, ** He would have dropped his
knife, and fell asleep, As Cerberus at the Tn. poet's
feet*" In Kirke's Champions iv. i, Leopides says,
" There the Tn. sits, Hard by the sullen waters of
black Styx, Fing'ring his lute*" In Locrine iii. x, 5,
Locrine cries : ** O that I had the Tn* Orpheus' harp
For to awake out of the infernal shade Those ugly
devils of black Erebus*" In Tiberias 2405, Sejamis
says, 4* Not Menus with the frantic dames of T* That
in their Dionisian sacrifice Mangled the body of pace
Pentheus, Raved like Julia/' The author conluses
Pentheus with Orpheus* In Dist. Emp. L i, Charli-
mayne speaks of " the Tn* Orpheus whose skill Had
power o'er ravenous beasts/' In VaL Welsh* i* 4,
Caradoc says, " The Tn* Orpheus never entertained
More joy in sight of his Eurydice*" In Marmion's
Leaguer iv* 3, Trimalchio apprehends : 4* They'll tear
us as the Tns* did Orpheus." In Cockayne's Obstinate
iv* i, Phylander says, " The fatal raven's hoarse crying
is Tn* music unto your reply," In Nero iii* 2, the
Emperor boasts that, if Orpheus heard him play, "he
then should see How much the Latin stains the Tn*
lyre*" In Davenanf s Italian v* 3, Altamout exclaims :
" Hark, how the Roman organ seems to invoke The
Tn* lyre." In Lady Mother iv* 2, Marlowe says that
revenge is ** sweet as the strains falls from the Thrasian
lyre*"

Tereus, who married first Procne, and then, after
concealing her, her sister Philomela, and subsequently
killed himself, was a K. of the Tns. In Marlowe's
Tomb. A* iv* 4, Zabina says, ** May this banquet prove
as ominous As Progne's to the adulterous Tn. K/*
Procne made him eat the flesh of his own child. W*
Smith, in Chloris (1596) xxxiv* i, calls Philomela ** The
bird of T*, which doth bewail her rape And murdered
Itis, eaten by his sire/* Rhesus was a prince of T* who
came with horses white as snow to the siege of Ticy*
where they were stolen by Ulysses and Diomed. JEa
H6 C* iv. 2, 21, Warwick says, ** Ulysses aid stout
Diomed With sleight am! manhood stole to Rhesus'
tents And brought from ttaace the Tn* fete! steeds***
Polymnestor, K* of the Tn* Chersonese, at the siege of
Troy killed Poiydortts, the son of Priam, and was, in
revenge, blinded in his feet by Hecuba* In Fit. 1.1,138,
Demetrius speaks of " the gods that armed the q. of
Troy With opporttdnty of sharp revenge Upon trie Tn*
tyrant in his tent.** *The K* of tfae Bistones, who lived
in S*W. Thrace, used to feed his horses on the flesh of
his guests ; Heracles killed him and threw his body
to the horses* Spessser, F, <?, v* 8, 31, tells of ** tfce
Tn* tyrant* who, they say* Unto his horses gawe his
guests for meat Til he himself was made tbeir greedy
prey And torn in pieces by Alcides great.**

The Tns* were devoted to the worship of Ares (Mais)
and Dionysus (Bacchus), which means that they were
great warriors and great drinkers. They had the
reputation of being utterly barbarous and cruel, and of

513

THRASIMENE

giving way to the utmost licence in their Bacchanalian
revels, Chaucer, Knighfs Tale A* 1970, describes the
**grete temple of Mars in Trace/' In Massinger's
Picture ii. a, Eubulus says/ " Famine, blood, and death,
Belfona's pages, [are] Whipt from the quiet continent
to T." So in Actor i. 4, Caesar says, " Now the god of
war And famine, blood, and death, Bellona's pages,
[are] Banished from Rome to T/' In Kyd's Cornelia i.,
the Chorus speaks of ** the mtn* tops of warlike TV
In Davenant's U. Lovers L a, Amaranta has heard
44 news so sad Would make a fierce young Tn, soldier
weep/' In Locrine v. 4, 155, Sabren asks : 4* What Tn.
dog, what barbarous Mirmidon, Would not relent at
such a ruthful case<" In Jensen's New Inn iv. 3,
Lord Latimer asks : " What more than Tn. barbarism
was this£" In Marlowe's Jew ii. 3, Ithamore, the
barbarous Moor/ says he was born " in T/* In Pem-
broke's Antonie L 50, Antony defies Csesar to do his
worst : ** make me My burial take in sides of Tn. wolf/*
The wolf was sacred to Mars* Milton, P. L. vii* 34,
speaks of ** the race Of that wild rout that tore the Tn.
bard In Rhodope." In Wilson's Inconstant iii* 4,
Romilia says, ** The waters shall, like so many Bacchan-
alian nymphs, Dance thee a Thrasian round/*

T. was a mountainous country, but was rich in oxen
and sheep; and its breed of horses was specially
esteemed* In Chapman's Widanfs Tears iii. i, Lysander
wagers with Tharsalia " a chariot With 4 brave horses
of the Tn. breed/' In Jooson's Bi»* Moo Q* iv. 2,
Pttntarvoloistoprovethathehasbeenat Constantinople
by his cat's bringing back ** tfee train or tail of a Tn. rat/'
Pliny mentions a gem that was found in T*, apparently
a kind of bloodstone, whkfe made the wearer immune
from disaster and grief. In Greene's James IV iv. 5,
Andrew says, ** The fairies gaw frtm the ptoperty of the
Tn. stone ; for who toucheth it is exempted from grief/'
Lylv, in Euplmes Anal. Wit. ii. 90, says, ** There is a
stone in the flood of Thracia that, whosoever findeth it,
is never after grieved/* According to the pseudo-
Plutarch Of Rivers and Moantams* it was called
Stayer of Grief, Democnttis, the

ing philosopher was born at Abdera, in T*,
460 B.C. In Davenant's Platonic iii. 4, Fredolen speaks
®£ ** Tfae merry iosp of T* that always kugfeed, Pretend-
ing ^twas at vanity /' The scene of TAraa'an is laid in T.
la Day's Gu&s7 Etemetrius and Lysander are represented
as Tns.

THRASIMENE, The Lacus Trasimenus, the largest
lake in Etruria, lying W. of Perusia, abt. 90 m. N. of
Rome ; now called Lago di Perugia* Here Hannibal
defeated Flaminius, the Roman consul, in 317 B.C., in
what Livy characterizes as one of the most noted routs
of the Roman people* In Marlowe's Faustas pro!., the
Chorus begins, ** Not marching now in fields of T-,
Where Mars did mate the Carthaginians " ; where
* mate n evidently means ** matched in fight/' The
ce is almost certainly to some lost play* In
Cornelia v^ Cornelia speaks of ** the proudest
Wk> made the fair T* so desert/' Kyd
a^arently did not know that it was a lake, InNabbes'
JSaOTKW i* 4, the Lady professes, "Had I at Cannae
bseu, or T* I TOtiid haye kept the side of Hannibal/*

t^HOTBT* Loud, It rm from

Ike Stocks Marfcet^ wiieye the Mansion i&wse now
staids, to Bisbopsgate. The W. end has been absorbed
fey lie appiFoach to the Royal Exchange. The name
^>peas Ho* tare beea OC%IIM% Tkt^e Needle St., from
the arms of the Needlemakersr Coapasrf, viz., ** Three

THREE CRAN&S

needles in a fesse argent/* On the S. side were the
Royal Exchange and the Merchant-Taylors* Hall ; on
the N, the hospital of St* Anthony, where the Bank of
England is now, and St. Bartholomew's Ciu The street
was famous for its taverns, which were 20 or more in
number, and included the Cock, the Crown, and the
King's Arms. Hence the allusion in Jonson's Christ-
mas, where Christinas, introducing the Masquers, says,
** This, I tell you, is our jolly Wassel, And for Twelfth
Night more meet too. She works by the eH, and her
name is Nell, And she dwells in T. St* too/' In his
Magnetic v. 5, Sir Moth says, ** We met at Merchant-
tailors-hall at dinner in T.-st/'

THREE BEARS. A tavern sign in Lond. From the
quotation it appears that there was a Three Bears in
the neighbourhood of St. Katharine's, 3*1?. In Jonson's
Augurs, Notch says, ** Hs project is that we should all
come from the three dancfng bears in Sfc. Katharine's
hard by where the priest fell in, which ale-house is kept
by a distressed lady whose name will not be known/'

THREE COLTS. A tavern at Mile-end Green, Lond.
There was another on the S. side of Bevis Marks. In
Day's B. Beggar iv., Strowd says, ** Go thy ways to
Mile-end-green to my father's lodgings at the Three
Colts/'

THREE CRANES* A famous Lond* tavern, in Upper
Thames St., just below the present Southwark Bdge., at
the top of T. C. Lane* It was named after the three
cranes of timber on the adjacent Vintry Wharf, which
may be seen in Vischer's View of London (1616).
There was only one crane on the wharf until some time
between 1550 and 1560, for Foxe, in Acts and Morai-
ments (1552) vi. 293, calls the Wharf " the Crane in the
Vintry/' The 2 others were added soon after 1550*
The sign of the tavern was punningly blazoned as 3
birds of the crane species. It seems to have been a resort
both of wits and of thieves* There were several printing
establishments in the neighbourhood. An undated
black-letter edition of Bems of Hampton was ** imprinted
at Load, is tlie Vioetre tipon the tfire Crane Wharfe by
William Coplande ** ; and the ist edition of Howleglas
was " imprinted at Load, in Tamestrete at the Vintre
on the three-Craned Wharfe." The date is soon after
1550* In Yarrington's Two Trag. i. 3, Williams says,
** I will seek some rest at the T* C." Dekker, in
Bellman* says, " You shall find whole congregations of
thieves at St. Quintens, the T. C* in the Vintry/' In
Jonson's Barthol. L i, Littlewit says, ** A pox o' these
pretenders to wit, your T* C., Mitre, and Mermaid
men ! " In his Augurs, Urson, the master of the bears,
sings : ** Nor the Vintry-C., Nor St. Clement's Danes,
Nor the Devil can put us down/* Tlbere was a constant
feud between the dramatists and the promoters of
bear-baiting, which interfered with the attendance at
tfee plays* The Vintry C* and the Devil are taverns
frequented fay the wits, and St. Clement's Danes stands
for the lawyeis of Clement's Inn, who would be on the
side of the playwrights. In his Devil L i, Iniquity says
to Pug, ** From thence [Billingsgate] shoot the bridge,
child, to the C. in the Vintry And see there the gimlets,
how they make their entry." In A&ington iv* 3, Nicholas
says, ** Patience in adversity brings a man to the T+ C*
in the Vintry/' la Jonson's Epicoene ii. 3, Morose says
of his nepfeew : ** It knighthood shall go to the C. or
the Bear at the Bridge-foot, and be drunk in feaar/'
Harman, in Caveat 24, speaks of it as a haunt of marts
and doxies* See also VINTRY*

514

THREE CUPS

THREE CUPS* A common tavern sign in Lond. There
was one in St, Giles's, another in Holborn, where 16 to
2i Featherstone Buildings now stand ; others in St*
John St., Broad St., and Goswell St* In B* & F*
Wit S. W. ii* 4, Witty-pate says, "You know our
meeting at the T* C. in St. Giles's/' In Merry Jests of
the Widow Edyth the lath Jest shows " how this widow
Edyth deceived the good man of the T. C. in Holburne/'

THREE FURIES* An imaginary sign of an apothecary's
shop in ancient Rome* In Jonson's Poetaster iii. i,
Crispinus says that his apothecary " dwells at the Three
Furies by Janus' Temple/* Janus' Temple was in the
Forum opposite the Curia*

THREE HORSE-LOAVES* The sign of a tavern at
Stony-Stratford. In Oldcastie v. 3, the Hostler says :
** Tom is gone from hence ; he's at the T. H.-l* at
Stony-Stratford/' H.-l. were made of beans, and were
sold at two a penny.

THREE PIGEONS. A famous tavern at Brentford, or
Brainford as it used to be called, which was at one time
kept by John Lowin, one of the first actors in Shakes-
peare's plays* It was a favourite resort of Londoners
intent on a day's outing in the country* In Jonson's
Alchemist v* 3, Subtle says to Doll, ** We will turn our
course to Brainford westward : we'll tickle it at the P."
In Middleton's J?* G* iii* i, Laxton says to Moll, who
appears in man's dress, 44 thou'rt admirably suited for
the T. P. at Brainford/' In iv. 2, Mrs* Goshawk tells
how she has heard that her husband ** went in a boat
with a tilt over it to the T. P. at Brainford, and his punk
with him/' In Peele's Jests, " My honest George n is
said to be ** now merry at the T* P. in Brainford/'

THREE PIGEONS. A bookseller's sign in Load.
Davenant's Love and Honour was ** printed for Hum,
Robinson at the Three Pigeons* 1649."

THREE SQUIRRELS. A tavern in Southwark the exact
position of which is uncertain. In Glapthorne's
Hollander i* i, Urinal says of the brothel : ** The T* S.
in the town I warrant a very sanctuary to it/' In iii. i,
Sconce calls the same tavern '* the Three skipping
Conies in the town." In both cases the town means
Southwark, as distinguished from the city of Lond. In
Brome's Moor iv* 2, Quicksands says he knows his wife's
haunts M at Bridgfoot Bear, the Tunnes, the Cats, the
Squirels/'

THREE TUNS* The arms of the Vintners* Company,
and therefore a favourite Tavern sign in Lond. The
most famous T. T* was in Guildhall Yard, but there
were many others, including one in Sottthwark. In
Webster's Cuckold iv* i, Compass says, " T. T. do you
call this tavern i It has a good neighbour of Guildhall."
This is the tavern celebrated in Herrick's lines "Ah
Ben I Say how or when Shall we thy guests Meet at
those lyric feasts Made at the Sun, the Dog, the triple
Tunne < " In Deloney's Craft ii. 3, Margaret " got
Robin to go before to the t.-Tunnes." In the list of
Taverns .in News BarthoL Fair* we have " T* T*, New-
gate Market." In Brome's Moor iv* 2, Quicksands says
that he knows his wife's haunts ** at Bridgfoot Bear, the
Tunnes, the Cats, the Squirels/" This refers to the
T. T. in the Borough High St** Sotsthwark, near St*
George's Ch.

THRIPPE3RSTOWN* A vilL in Norfolk, near Norwich*
In Brome's Moor iii* i * PfaflEs was bom at T*

TJiRUTTON* Possi>IyTJurtcmorT|turJta^i5iiiieii!decu
A vili. in Norfolk, n ™fe*t S*E* of Norwich* la Hfeer-
sites 220, Mater mentions, amongst otto: witches,
44 Maud of Thruttan/*

THULE* An island in the farthest North, discovered by
Pytheas, 6 days N. of the Orcades. Most geographers
think that Iceland is meant* At all events it stood to the
ancients for the N* limit of the world. Chaucer, in
Boece B. m* 5, 5, speaks of " the last ile in the see, that
highte Tyle." In Wilson's Pedler 1 179, the Pedler asks :
44 Did you never hear of an island called Tfaewle near
to the Orcades f " In Fisher's Fmmns i. 3, Roliano
prays : ** Some god transport me Beyond cold T*'* In
Tiberius 2837, Agnppina says, " Sail trnto T. or the
frozen main/* Milton* in Reform in England (2641),
p. ax, recalls how " the northern ocean, even to tbs
frozen T,, was scattered with the proud shipwrecks of
the Spanish Armada/*

TIBALS. See THEOBALD'S.

TIBER. A river of central Italy, rising in the Apennines
near Tifernum, and flowing S. along the boundary of
Etruria until its junction with the Aiiio, when it turns
S.W* and reaches the sea 37 m* after passing Rome.
Its total length is abt* aoo m* At Rome it is 300 ft*
wide, and from 12 to 1 8 ft. deep* It is a turbid stream,
and deserves the epithet flavus (yellow) which the Roman
poets give it* Its one glory is that it is the river of Rome*
The old city lay entirely on its left bank, but the modern
Rome has extended across it, especially on the N.W* It
was crossed by 8 or 9 bridges, the oldest being the Pocs
Sublicius outside the Pprta Trigemina,

In the list of rivers in Spenser. F* Q* iv* n* 21, it
appears as ** Tybris, renouned for the Romans' fame/'
In Cor* iii. i, 262, Menenius says of the plebeians : ** I
would they were in T*" In /* C* i. i, 50, Marullus
speaks of the shouts which greeted Pompey so loudly
** That T* trembled underneath her banks*" In Hoe 62*
Fkvius exhorts the people to assemble their feietids ** to
T. banks and weep your tears Into his channel,"1 In
L 2, 101, Cassius tells how Caesar challenged him to swim
across the river " upon a raw and gusty day, The
troubled T* chafing with her shores " ; and how be had
to bear the tired Caesar " from the waves of T.w In
iii* 2* 254, Antony announces that Cxsar has left to the
people ** His private arbours and new-planted orchards
On this side T/* They were really on the other side
of the T* from the Forum ; but Shakespeare was
misled by North's Plutarch, where the same mistake is
made* In Ant. L i, 33, Antony cries : " Let Rome in
T* melt And the wide arch of the ranged empire fall 1 **
In Kyd's Cornelia iv., Caesar addresses the river:
44 O beauteous T*, with thine easy streams That glide
as smoothly as a Parthian shaft*" In Jfo. Vta. £ £, £>
Graccus says, "As I cross X? my waterman shall
attach it [his story] ; he'll send it away with tbe tide ;
then let it come to an oystEr-wenchc^ car, and sfeeH
cry it up and down the streets/" Tbe writer is obviously
thinHng of Lond. and the Thames ; there were no
watermen or oyster-wenches in l^otzi^« In Oacs&r's Jfvff »
iii* 2, Caesar boasts : ** Protid T. aod Lygurian Poe
Bear my name's glory to the Ocean main/* In Barnes*
Charter i£i* i, Pliiippo says, ** Fd rather choose withia
the river T, To drown myself/' In Brandon's Qctama
656, Octavia says that Antony has sworn *tet **T.
should his flowing streams recall'* before he would
prove faithless* In Jomon's Poetaster v* i, Caesar pre-
dicts that into tbe stream of Roman poetry " Shall T*
and oar famous rivers fall With such attraction that the
ambitious line Of the round world shall to her centre
shrink To hear such music." In Kil!igrew*s Parson i 3,
Constant, chaffing the Capt. about his alleged travels,
" Yes* yes, and tone seen And drank, perhaps, of

515

TIBERIAS, now TABARIEH

T/s famous stream/* In Nero L 4, Lucan prophesies,
" my verse shall live When Nero's body shall be thrown
in T." In Webster's White Devil ii. i, Francisco says,
44 We fear, When T* to each prowling passenger Dis-
covers flocks of wild ducks/' In Marlowe's Faustus vii.,
Mephistophelis says of Rome : " Just through the
midst runs flowing T/s stream With winding banks
that cut it in 2 parts/' In his Ed . // i. 3, Edward prays :
** Proud Rome ! With slaughtered priests may T/s
channel swell I " In Tiberias 2664, Tiberius commands :
** "Hie to the altars, the Aegerian wood, The bdge* of T*
and Prometheus lake/'

T* is used by metonymy for Rome herself* In Fisher's
Ftdmas iii. 5, Nennius prays : ** Grant Thames and T*
never join their channels ! " Daniel, in Cleopatra Prol*
66, exdaims : ** How far Thames doth outgo declined
Tybur ! " sc. in poetry. In Kyd's Cornelia iv., Csesar
says, ** Henceforth T. shall salute the seas, More famed
tfem Tiger or swift Euphrates/' Jonson, in Poetaster
iii. i, uses T* for Thames : when Histrio says that the
play-houses of Rome *4 are on the other side of T/' he
is thinking of the Lpnd* theatres, which were almost
all on the Bankside in Southwark across the Thames.
T. Is tised in the sense of water* In Cor, ii* i, 53,
Menenius says he is one " that loves a cup of hot wine
with not a drop of allaying T* in V

TIBERIAS, now TABARIEH. The chief town of Galilee,
on the W. coast of the Sea of Galilee ; it was built by
Herod Antipas in honour of the Emperor Tiberius,
after whom it was named* It was famous for its beauty
and frtntfulness. In Greene's Orlando L i, 54, Mandre-
carde says, " I * * * am Mandrecarde of Mexico,
Whose climate fairer than Tyberius." In his Friar
ix* 272, Bacon promises for Frederick's banquet
" Conserves and suckets from Tiberias/'

TIBORNE, TIBURNE. See TYBCBN,

TIBUR, The modern Tivoli, an ancient city of central
Italy on the Anio, 20 m* E. of Rome. It was famous for
its cascades and its fine natural scenery, and many of the
Romans of the early empire had villas there. Its apple-
orchards were celebrated, and the epithet pomosus
(rich in apples) was more than once applied to it* It
gave Its name to Tiburtine, or Travertine, a kind of
limestone that was quarried there. In Ford's Sun iv* i,
Aotama says, ** Tibur shall pay thee armies and Sicyon

TICHFEBUD* A town in Hants, on the Aire, 8 m. S.E.
of Southampton, The mansion house was built of the
materials of an ancient abbey there. Shakespeare
dedicates his Venus and Adonis to ** The right Honour-
able Henry Wriothesly Earl of Southampton and Baron
of Tichfield/' It now gives its name to a Marquessate
which forms one of the titles of the D. of Portland*

TICINCX A river rising in S. Switzerland and flowing
through Lake Maggiore to the Po, which it joins just
below Pavia* It is abt* 120 m. long. In Chapman's
Consp. Byrm L if Picote tells a story of the meeting of
tfae Spanish Legate and the D. of Savoy ** Where the
Hood Tkin enters into Po."

TICKHUX. A town in W. Riding Yorks,, on the borders
of Notts,, 37 m* S. of York, near the Tom* On the SJ3.
.of lie town are tiie mins of a castle £n which John of
€Sati®t3£o**etiim resided* In Downfall Hmtwgton iii.
2* Robin Hood says, " At Blithe and Tickhiii were we
wekoiBe guests/'

TEDORE. An Maud in the Ternate group in the
Moluccas, lying o€ the W, coast of Giiiolo, S. of

TILBURY

Ternate. Its sultan was once a powerful ruler and con-
trolled the whole group and a part of the adjacent
island of Celebes* T. is the scene of the greater part of
B. & F. Princess, and the heroine is the sister of the
K* of T. Burton, A. M. iii. 2, 2, 3, says, " If he be rich,
he is the man; she will go to Jacaktres or T* with
him," i&. to any place, however remote. Milton, P. L*
ii. 639, speaks of **a fleet , * . Close sailing from
Bengala, or the isles Of Ternate and T*, whence mer-
chants bring Their spicy drugs."

TIGRAMENTA, or TIGRANOCERTA* A city in
Armenia on the Nicephorus, built by Tigranes as his
capital. It lay abt* 250 m* due S. of the extreme E. end
of the Black Sea. It was taken by Lticullus 72 B.C., and
later by Germanicus in his Armenian expedition A.D. 18*
In Tiberius 1822, Germanicus says, " Tigramenta, were
it proud Babylon . * . Germanicus would never leave
assault/' In line 1857, Vonones says, " Tigranocerta
by the die of war Should never make my realm un-
fortunate."

TIGRIS. A famous river in Asia, rising in the mtns. of
Armenia, and flowing in a S*E. direction past the site
of Nineveh and Bagdad to join the Euphrates abt.
70 m* above their common mouth at the head of the
Persian Gulf. Its current is very rapid, especially in
the lower part of its course ; whence its name, which is
derived from the Zend tighri, an arrow. It is the
biblical Hiddekel. Its total length is abt. 1150 nu
Spenser, in the river-list in F. Q. iv. ii, 20, calls it
" T. fierce whose streams of none may be withstood."
In Greene's Orlando iv* 2, 1143, Orlando says, " Else
would I set my mouth to Tygres streams And drink up
overflowing Euphrates." In Marlowe's Tomb. B. v* 2,
Callapine says, " Now our mighty host Marcheth in
Asia Major, where the streams Of Euphrates and T*
swiftly run/' In Kyd's Cornelia iv., Caesar says,
" Henceforth Tiber shall salute the seas More famed
than Tiger or swift Euphrates." The name has nothing
to do with u Tiger/' except that perhaps the word
** tiger " may also be connected with the Zend tighri*
In Fisher's Fizums iv. 4, Caesar describes " nimble T*,
winning for wager with the wind that skims his top/'
In Marston's Insatiate v* i, Isabella says that " Tioris
swift" could not wash the blood from her hands;
where Tioris is a manifest misprint for T* In B. & F*
Lover's Prog. iv. 4, Lisander asks * ** Can all the winds
of mischief from all quarters, Euphrates, Ganges, T.,
Volga, Po, Make it swell higher i " In Tiberias 2162,
Maximus, describing the victory of Germanicus over
Vonones near Tigranocerta, says, ** Between our armies
T. swiftly ran." Milton, P. £. ix. 71, says, " There was
a place . * . Where T., at the foot of Paradise, Into a
gulf shot underground." The Hiddekel, or T** was one
of the rivers of Paradise (see Gen* ii. 14).

TILBURY* A town on the N* bank of the estuary of the
Thames, jtist opposite to Gravesend* It was here that
in 1588 Elizabeth reviewed the troops assembled to
repel the attack of the Spanish Armada. It was sub-
sequently strongly fortified by Charles II. La Cuck-
qneans ii. 7, Raf e, talking of the coming of the Spaniards,
says, " Her Majesty herself is in person at T*, gathering
there together the horns of her power to suppress them."
In T. Heywood's /. K. M. B. 337, Q. Elisabeth says,
** Be this then styled our camp at Tilbery." In Dekker's
Babylon 268, Titania (Elizabeth) says, ** Over that camp
at Beria we create you, Florimell, lieutenant-general/^
A note explains that Beria means T* In

516

TILMONT

Parson ii* 7, Jolly says, " Q* Bess, of famous memory,
in '88 rode to T* on that bonny beast, the mayor/'

TILMONT (TiRLEMONT is intended)* An ancient city in
Belgium, 27 m* E* of Brussels* It is a walled town, and
suffered many assaults and sieges in the Thirty Years
War* There are several monasteries and nunneries
there. In Glapthorae's Hollander iv* i, Sconce says,
" If there had been any mercy in a Dutchman, the nuns
at Tilmont had not been used so horribly last summer***

TILT-YARD* A piece of ground close to Whitehall
Palace, used for tournaments in the first instance, but
also employed in the reigns of Elizabeth and James for
Masques; and even for bull- and bear-baitings* It
occupied the part of the parade in St* James's Park just
S* of the Horse-guards, over against the Banqueting
House* It was the scene of a great Tournament held
by Henry VIII in 1540 ; and during Elizabeth's reign
an annual festival was held there on her birthday* In
H4 B* iii* 2, 347, Falstaff says of Shallow : ** He talks
as familiarly of John a Gaunt as if he had been sworn
brother to him ; and I'll be sworn 'a ne'er saw him but
once in the T*-y*; and then he burst bis head for
crowding among the Marshall's men*" In H6 B* i* 3, 62,
the Q* says sarcastically of Henry VI : " His study is
his t*-y*" In Jonson's Ev. Man O* iii* i, Shift promises
his pupil in the art of drinking tobacco : ** I will under-
take in one fortnight to bring you that you shall take it
plausibly in any Ordinary, Theatre, or the T*-y." In
B. & F* Scornftd i* i, Loveless says of Abigail : ** She
heard a tale how Cupid struck her in love with a great
lord in the t*-y*, but he never saw her*" In Marston's
Malcontent Ind., Sinklow explains the pride he has in
the feather he is wearing, 4* because I got it in the t*y*,
there was a herald broke my pate for taking it up*" In
the Triumph of Charles (1641), mention is made of ** the
T*-y* over against His Majesty's palace of Whitehall."
In Shirley's Servant ii* i, Lodovick asks : ** When shall
we dance and triumph in the T*-y* In honour of the
nuptials i" In Dekker's Satiro i* 2, 479, Asinius says
of Horace (Jpnson) : 44 He was dashed once worse,
going in a rainy day with a speech to the T*-y*" In
Middleton's Five Gallants ii* i, Pursnet says that
Fitzgrave is at " some pageant-plot or some device for
the T*-y*" In Partiall L 5, a woman asks : ** Which is
the way to the T*-y* ^ " The scene is in Corsica*

TIMBRIA* The second of the 6 gates of Troy* Shake-
speare took his list from Caxton's Recayel of the His-
toryes of Troy. In Trot?* Prol* 16, the list rtms : " Dar-
dan and Timbria, Helias, Chetas, Troien, and Ante-
norides*"

TIME. A bookseller's sign in Lond* The figure no doubt
was the familiar one of an old man with a scythe and
hour-glass* Lyly's Love*s Meta. was "Printed by
William Wood dwelling at the W* end of Paules, at the
sign of Time* 1601."

TIMNA, now TIBNEH* A town in the Philistine dist*
on the border of the tribe of Judah, abt* 18 m* W* of
Jerusalem* It was here, according to Judges xiv* i, that
Samson found his first wife* In Milton's S. A. 219,
Samson, speaking of his wives, says, ** The first I saw
at Timna, and she pleased Me, not my parents/' Later,
in 1018, the Chorus calls her " the Timnian bride*"

TINE*

TINGINTANIA, or TINGITANA* A province on the
N. coast of Africa, of which the capital was Tingis, now
Tangiers* It corresponds roughly to Morocco. In the
old Timon iii* 3, Pseudocheus promises ** K anything

TOLEDO

can help thee that doth grow Upon the rntns. of Armenia,
In Dacia, or Tin^intania, It shall be had forthwith*"
In iii. i, he says, " So speak the Tingitans that inhabits
The xntns. of Squilmagia " ; this last being an alto-
gether imaginary place*

TINMOUTH* See TYHEMOOTH*

TIGRIS* A misprint for TIGRIS* g.v.

TIPTREE. A farm in Essex in the parish of Toiiesbury,
N* of the estuary of the Blackwater. la J* Heywood's
Weather, p* 100, Merry Report says he has been ** at
Tiptree*"

TIVERTON. A town in Devonsh* at the confluence of
the Exe and the Lowman, 14 m. N. of Exeter* Part of
the ancient castle built in 1106 still remains, and the ch.
of St* Peter has a fine Norman doorway* It was formerly
a great centre of the woollen trade. It was partially
burnt down in 1598* Nash, Lenten (Preface), speaks of
a pamphlet entitled The Lamentable Burning of
Tiverton*

TLAXCALLA. An independent State, enclosed in the
Aztec Empire (Mexico), on the Papagailo, 70 ra* E* of
Mexico* After some hesitation, the Tkxcalaos joined
Cortes against Mexico. In Cockayne's Obstinate ii* i*
Lorece, in his absurd account of his imaginary travels,
says, " I was in Asia, at Tlaxcallan ; tltere we took ship
and in a pair of oars sailed to Madrid/' This is, of
course, intentional nonsense,

TMOLUS* A mtn* range in W* Asia Minor, S. of Sardfe,
It was famous for its vines ; and was the source of the
Pactolus. It was the scene of the contest between
Apollo and Pan, where Midas, haying decided in favour
of Pan, was endowed by Apollo with a pair of asses' eats*
Plutarch, De Flaws viL, says that a stone was fotmd
there which secured the chastity of its possessor. In
Ford's Sun iv* i, Autumn says, " Thou shalt command
The Lydian T» and Campanian mis* To nod their
grape-crowned heads into thy bowls*" In Greetse"s
Alphonsas v* 2, 1618, Alphonsus says, " Rich Pactolus,
that river of account, Which doth descend from top of
T*mt., Shall be thy own." In Lyly's Midas v. 3, Midas
relates: "Coming at last to the hill T., I perceived
Apollo and Pan contending for excellence in music
among nymphs." In his Euphaes Anat* Wit 63, LtictHa
boasts : ** Yet have I the stone that groweth in the
mt. T., the upholder of chastity*"

TOBOSO* A town in Spain. 60 m. SJE* of Toledo. It
has been immortalized by Cervantes, who calls the
mistress of Don Quixote* Dulcinea del T. la Shirley's
Honoria v* i, the Serjeant speaks of "a pipe shining
more than the forehead of Dulcinea del T> In Glap-
thorne's Wit L i, Tfaorow'gQod asks : ** Who's that i
Some feir Dukmea de T. ^ "

TOLEDO.

of the same name, and at one time the capital of all
Spain* It stands on the Tagus, 37 m* S*W* of Madrid,
The river surrounds it on 3 sides, and on the 4th, to the
N*, it is defended by 3 anaent walls. It is the see erf the
Primate of Spain, and its cathedral, commenced in
1237 and completed in 1492, stands second to that of
Seville only* The Akazar, or royal palace, is a prom-
inent feature of the city. It was the seat of a University,
It was specially famous for the manufacture of the finest
swords, known as Ts*, and the industry is still carried
on in the Fabrica de Armas, a mik or so N*W* of t3be
Cambron gate* In H8 ii* i, 164, a gentleaaan states that
Wokey is proposing the divorce of Catharine of Aragcm
in order to revenge himself on the K* of Spain ** Bor

517

TOLLESBURY

not bestowing on him * . * The Archbishopric of T."
In Ford's Sacrifice i. 2, D'Avolos reports that Roseilli
has gone ** to visit his cousin, Don Pedro de T., in the
Spanish court." In Middleton's Gipsy ii. i, Alvarez
says, ** Is Seville close-fisted i Valladoly is open ;
so Cordova, so T." In B. & F. Cure ii. i, Pachieco
asks Alguazier : 4t Are you not he that was whipt out
of T* for perjury t " In Chapman's Alphonsus, the
Emperor's secretary is called Lorenzo de T. ; there
was no such person, but it is true that Alphonsus
frequently resided at T*

In B. & F. Cure iii* 5, Bobadilla says, " Send him to
T., there to study, For he will never fadge with these
Ts./' i*e* swords. In Span, Trag. v* i, Hieronimo says,
** When in T* there I studied, It was my chance to
write a tragedy/* In Ford's Sun ii. i, Folly says that the
Spaniard is ** a confitmaker of T., and sells berengenas
of T/' ; i*e* the fruit of the egg-plant* Greene, in Quipf
p* 239* suggests to the cutler to ** sell a sword or rapier
new overglassed, and swear the blade came either from
Turkie or T/* In Jonson's Ev+ Man L ii* 2, Brainworm
offers Stephen a sword to buy, which he vows " is a
most pure T*," though it is really a Fleming only worth
a guilder* In Studey 574, Sharp declares ** William
Siiarp for bilboes, foxes, and T- blades/' In Dekker's
Forttwatus iii. i, Agrypine says, "" The Spanish prisoner
hath sworn to me by the cross of his pure T. to be my
servant/* In Webster's Wkite Demi v* 6, Flamineo
asks t ** O, what blade is*t < a t. or an English fox< "
10 Masstiiger's MaM Hm. ii. 2, Sylii says, ** 111 give
him 3 years and a day to match my T*, and then we'll
fight like dragons/' In Devonshire iii. i. we are told of
tiie baying of ** a hundred of the best Ts." In Middle-
tson's Blurt iii* 3, Lazarillo boasts : " If any spirits rise,
I will conjure them in their own circles with T*" In
B. & F. Cure i. 2, Bobadilla says, " He shall to the wars,
and, when he is provoked, draw his T. desperately."
In Davenant's Siege ii* i, Mervole says, u When I have
fleshed thee with this metal of T., thou may'st justle
tfee General*" In his Italian iv, i, Stoccata says, ** Steel
of T. is all we manage." In Webster's LOT Case v* 4,
Rotaelio asks : " Can you tell me whether your T. or
your Mian black be best tempered < " In B. & F*
EMer B* v. i, Cowsy says, ** I have . . . paid for several
weapons, Turkish and T*, 2000 crowns/' Milton, in
Colast, says. "What do ti^se keen doctors here but
cut lam wer tfee sinews with their Ts. i"' The scene of
B* & F. MaM inMffi&Md at T.

TQLLESBURY. A vili* in Essex, just N. of the estuary
of the Blackwater, near the coast. Robert Greene, the
dramatist, is said to have been the vicar of Tollesbury
for a year*

TOPHET* A place in the valley of Hinnom, probably at
• tfee point S.E* of Jerusalem where the Tyropceon
Valley debouches into it* It seems to mean ** the place
of bdrm&g,/' and was very likely the spot wijere Moloch
was worshipped j though both the exact site and the
detftvsttKXL of the word are uncertain. See // Kings
xxii* 10. Hilton, J*. L. i* 404. says tibat Moloch ** made
his gfrove Tne pleasant valley of HmiK>ni, Topfaet thence
And black Gehenna called, tfee type of Hell/'

i>. TocidL A town in the province of Tver in
250 m. £J3* of Petrograd. In Sisckling's
i^., we are told that " the Palatines of Tork
ml Hmdk ^e in rebellion against the K. of Poland,

TQRKE*

TOTTENHAM

} TORMOYLE STREET. One of the many variations on

| the name of Turnbull or Turnmill St.. g.i>. In Dekker's

i News from Hell, his Ghost speaks of " a pot of that

: liquor that I was wont to drink with my hostess at the

| Red Lattise in Tormoyle St."

i TORTOSA. A city in Spain on the left bank of the Ebro,
i 25 m* from its mouth. It was strongly fortified. From
the loth cent* onward it was held by the Moors and was
a rendezvous for privateers and a peril to Italian com-
merce. Pope Eugenius III proclaimed a Crusade against
it, and it was taken in 1 148 after a famous siege, in which
the Genoese took a decisive part* In the ist (quarto)
edition of Jonson's fit?* Man L iii* i, Bobadil says that
the siege of Ghibelietto " was the best leaguer that ever
I beheld, except the taking of T. last year by the Geno-
ways." In the edition of 1616, Bobadil forgets its name
and says " the taking of— what do you call it — last year/'
The quarto was published in 1598, but I can find no
siege of T. in 1597, and suspect that Bobadil was simply
playing on the ignorance of his hearers by referring to
the famous siege of 1148 as if it had just happened.
Mr. Percy Simpson thinks that T* means Orthosia, a
tn. in Syria 12 m. N. of Tripoli, now Ortosa, which
was taken by Saladin in 1188.

TORYNE. A town on the coast of Epeirus, opposite to
Corcyra; it was abt* 50 m. N.W. of Actium, and
Octavian gathered his fleet there before the battle of
Actium* In Ant. iii. 7. 24, Antony expresses his surprise
that Octavian ** could so quickly cut the Ionian Sea
And take in T/' In line 56 a Messenger announces
" Caesar has taken T."

TOTHILL FIELDS, TOTHILL ST. See TUTTLE
FIELDS, etc*

TOTNAM. Sec TOTTENHAM.

TOTNESS. An ancient town in Devonsh., on the Dart,
23 m. S. of Exeter. It was a very loyal place ; hence the
proverb " T* is turned French " for something quite
unexpected and unlikely. Puttenham, Art of Poesie
iii. 18, instances as a proverbial speech ** Totnesse is
turned French " for an unexpected change. But J*
Heywood, in JPrm?. 14, quotes it as *4 Totnam was
turned French " ; and it is found in this form in A*
Hail's Iliad (1581) iv. 60, and in Fuller's Worthies,
Middlesex ii. 178.

TOTTENHAM (Tm. = Totnam). A village abt. 5 m*
N. of Lond. on the North Road, between Stamford
Hill and Edmonton. The full name of the place is
T. High Cross, from the ancient Cross at the N.E. end
of the Green. This Cross is mentioned as early as 1456 ;
it was first made of wood, but early in the i6th cent, was
rebuilt in brick, which in 1809 was covered with stucco*
The river Lea Sows past T. and used to be a favourite
resort of die followers of T^fe- Walton, who himself
describes its beauties with enthusiasm. Bruce Castle,
now a school, is on tfac site of an ancient castle once in
the possession of Robert Bruce* Hie Ch* of All Hallows
dates from the I4th cent*

la Merry Demi i., Fabel says, ** I'll make my spirits
dance such nightly jigs Along the way 'twixt this
{Edmonton] and Tm. Cross, The carriers' jades shall
cast their heavy packs/' In Jonson's Dev& i. i, Satan
taunts Pug for priding himself on such paltry feats as
** crossing of a market-woman's mare Twixt this and
T.** In TomfoV ABmmazar, Trincalo has a farm aft
Tta., for wfeicii he pays a rent of £10 ; and the Epilogue
invites l&e audience **to come to Tm. and ask lor
Trincalo at the stgaoft&e Hogshead**' In J* Heywood's

TOTTENHAM COURT

Weatker, p. 100, Merry Report claims to have been
** at T." In Qldcastle iii* 2, Acton reports that the rebels
are quartered "some with us in Hygate, some at
Finchley, Tm*," etc* In Marston's Mountebanks, the
Mountebank says, "I could encounter thee with
Tottnam Hie Cross or Cheape Cross/* J* Heywood, in
Proverbs 14, says, " Their faces told toys that Tm* was
turned French/* A. Hall, in Iliad iv. 60 (1581), says,
"Do what thou canst, the time will come that Tm*
French shall turn/' z.e. the unexpected will happen*
See, however, under TOTNESS* The burlesque Turna-
ment of Totenham is the subject of a ijth cent, ballad
preserved in the Percy Reliqms ii* i* In Jonson's
BarthoL L i, Quarlous says, ** She may ask your blessing
hereafter, when she courts it to Totenham to eat cream/'
In Brome's Academy ii* i, Valentine says to Hannah,
** When shall we walk to Tm., or cross o'er the water,
or take a coach to Kensington or Paddington or to some
one or other o* th* city oudeaps for an afternoon ^ "
In both these passages it is possible that T* Court is
meant ; but I think it more likely that the reference is
to T* See under TOTTENHAM COURT*

TOTTENHAM COURT* An ancient manor-house
which stood at the junction of T* C. Rd* and Hampstead
Rd., on the site now occupied by the Adam and Eve
Tavern* It is mentioned in Domesday Book as the
property of the Dean and Chapter of St* Paul's ; and
is called, up to the time of Elisabeth, Totten, Totnam,
or Totting Hall, but never T* It was leased to Elizabeth,
and was thereafter called Totten Court ; and ultimately,
through confusion with T*, T* Court. During the 17th
cent, it became a favourite resort of Londoners who
went out along the country lane, now T* C* Rd., to
eat cakes and cream* George Wither, in Britain's
Remembrancer (1628), speaks of the cakes and cream at
" Totnam C/* In the books of St. Giles's Parish (1645),
Mrs* Stacey's maid is fined a shilling ** for drinking at
Tottenhall C. on the Sabbath day/* In Nabbes* Bride
ii, 4, Squirrel says, ** This is some hide-bound student
that wencheth at T. C. for stewed prunes and cheese-
cakes." The passages quoted above under T* from
Jonson and Brome probably refer to T. In Jonson's
Tub, Squire Tub, of Totten-court, is one of the leading
characters ; the scenes of i. i and v* 3 are laid before
his house at Totten-court* Nabbes wrote a play
entitled Totenham C*, the scene of which is for the
most part laid there*

TOURAENE* A province of France on the middle
course of the Loire, round the city of Tottrs, between
Maine, Anjou, Aquitaine, and Blols* It came to Henry
II of England through his father, Geoffrey of Anjau, and
remained a possession of the English Crown tmtil 1204,
when it was taken from John by Philip of France* It
was recaptured by Henry V, but lost again in the reign
of his successor. In K. /* i* i , 1 1, the French ambassador
rlaitng for Arthur " Poictiers, Anjou, T*/* and the pfatm
is repeated by Lewis in ii* i, 152. In ii* i, 487, John
0fiers ** Anjou and fair T*, Maine, Poictiers ** as the
dowry of the Lady Blanche, if Lewis and she are
married* In Davenport's Matilda i* 2, Fitzwater taunts
John with the loss of ** Anjou, Brittain, Main, Poictou,
and Turwin/' In H6 A* i* 2, 100, La Pucelle says,
" Here is my keen-edged sword The which at T*, in
St* Katharine's churchyard, Oat of a great deal of old
iron I diose forth/* According to Holmshed, she got
this sword "from St* Katharine di* of Fterbois in
Tourain/* Rabelais, in Pantagrnel ii* 9, calls T* ** the
garden of France***

TOWER

TOURNAL A city in Belgium on the Scheldt, 53 m*
S*W* of Brussels* The Flemish name is Doomik, from
which is derived Domick, meaning a kind of tapestry
manufactured there. It was the birthplace of Perkin
Warbeck* It has a fine cathedral dating from the istfa
cent It was besieged and taken by Henry VIII in 1513,
and became one of Wolsey's many Bishoprics, In True
Trag.f in a prophetic epilogue, a messenger says of
Henry VIII (Haz., p, 137) : ** He entered France, and
to the Frenchman's costs He won Turwin and
Turney/* Hall, in Sai. iv. 3, 17, says, ** Cite oM
Ocland's verse, how they did wield The wais in Tarwin
or in Turney field." Ocland published a Latin poem,
Anglorum Prxlia, in 1582, in which Henry's victories
in 1513 were celebrated* In Ford's Warbeck L 3, Henry
describes Warbeck as " This airy apparition first dis-
cradled From T* into Portugal/*

TOURS* The ancient Caesarodunum; a town of France
on the S* bank of the Loire, 120 m. S*W* of Paris* It
was the capital of the province of Touraine. It was the
seat of an Arcfabp*, and was frequently visited by the
Kings of France during the i5th cent* Its cathedral is
one of the finest in France and the 2 towers of St. Martin
and of Charlemagne are part of the ancient basilica of
St. Martin of T*, erected in the 5th cent. It was at T,
that Margaret of Anjou was married by proxy to Henry
VI* T. was the seat of the manufacture of a kind of
taffeta, which was highly esteemed. It was also
authorized to mint money, which was one-fifth less in
value than that coined at Paris. In H6 A* iv. 3, 45, York
blames the delay of Somerset for the loss of T. In
H6 B. i, i, 5, Suffolk reports : ** As I had in charge To
marry Princess Margaret for your Grace, So, in the
famous ancient city T., I have performed my task/*
I? i* 3t 53* Margaret says to Suffolk* **Wfaen m tibe
city T* Thou ran'st a tilt in honour of my love* I thought
K. Henry had resembled thee/' One *fo™fcg of Guinevere
and Lancelot. In S. Rowley's When yon D* 2, Brandon
reports that the K/s sister Mary has landed in France
and been" bravely brought to the K* at Towers*** In
Chapman's Tnzg* Byron i* i, Henri says, **He was
received High Admiral of France In that our parliament
we held at T/* Spenser, K <X iii. i, 34, describes the
walls of Castle Joyeous as " round about apparefled
With costly cloths of Arras and of Toure/* Biount,
Glossgr. (1656), S.P., defines Tournois as " a French
penny, the tenth part of a penny sterling. In France
they say so much money TGumoJs, as we say sterling/*

TOWER. The ancient fortress in Loud-, cm the N. bank
of the Thames, at the S^. COOKT of the ok! city walb,
something less than f-mile below Loo*L Bdgc, A
common legend attributed its fbtiodatioQ to Jt&us
Caesar; this is impossibk, but it is likely tfaat there was
a fcartr^s here in the R^Ban times. The present btsld-
ing, however, dales from William the Cooqtieror, who
erected t&e central keep, called the White T*, aad some
part at least of thinner wall, or Ballium. His architect
was Guodtdf, Bp* of Rochester* Henry III made coa-
siderable additions to it, including the embankment
and the wharf. Edward I rebuilt the ch. of St. Peter ;
and by the time of EMzafoeth the T* psreseated much the
same appearance as at present, except that tbe Royal
Palace, then tying S* of the White T«r was pulled dowa
by Oliver CromwelL Tl^wlK)kfoiCtre®wasstirrotJoded
by a moat, wimch was filled from the river. The enteaiee
T»as at the S*W* comer through the Middk and Byward
Ts* The Ts* in the Inner Wall, starting frota die
Byward T*, iwere, on tibe W. side, the Bell, I

TOWER

or Cobham, and Devereux or Devilin Ts. ; on the N*,
the Flint, Bowyer's, Brick, and Martin or Jewel Ts. ;
on the E., the Constable, Broad Arrow, and Salt Ts.
and on the S., the Lanthorn, Record or Hall, and
Bloody T. In the outer wall along the river front were,
from E. to W*, St. Thomas's T*, under which was the
Traitors Gate, which gave admission to boats from the
river ; the Cradle T., the Well T*, and two Ts. protecting
the iron gate at the S.W. corner. At the S.W. corner of
the White T. was the building called Coldharbour ; on the
E., the Wardrobe T. S. of the White T. were the build-
ings of the Royal Palace, of which only the Hall T* is
left* Between the outer gate and the Middle T. on the
S.W., was the famous menagerie, started by Henry III
with 3 leopards, to which lions and other animals were
added from time to time ; in 1834 they were transferred
to Regent's Park, and the refreshment room and ticket
office now occupy the site. In the White T*, on the ist
and 2nd floors, is the chapel of St. John, one of the
finest examples extant of Norman architecture* Above
it was the Council Chamber. Near the N.W. corner of
the White T. is the Chapel of St. Peter ad Vincula,
opposite the door of which is the spot on T. Green
where the block used to be placed for the execution of
prisoners ; amongst those who suffered there were
Lady Jane Grey, Anne Boleyn, and the Earl of Essex.
The T. was without and independent of the jurisdiction
of the city. It was at once a fortress ; a royal palace ; a
State prison ; a mint ; an armoury ; the treasury of
the Crown jewels, which were at this time kept in a
small building S* of the White T., but were removed
by Charles I to the Martin T* ; and the storehouse for
the records of the Courts*

Tim Origin of the Tower. — In Rz v* i, 2, the Q. says,
** This is the way To Julius Caesar's ill-erected T. To
whose flint bosom my condemned lord Is doomed a
prisoner " ; though, as we learn from line 52, Richard
was sent ** to Pomfret, not unto the T/' In #3 iii. if 69,
Prince Edward says, " I do not like the T. of any place.
Did Julius Caesar build that place, my lord i " to which
Buckingham replies : " He did, my gracious lord, begin
that place,. Which, since, succeeding ages have re-
edified/' In Peek's Ed. I v., Lluellen says, w Otsellen
Mary chance to shew thee such a tumbling cast As erst
our father, when he sought to scape, And broke his
neck from Julius Caesar's T/* Griffin, Prince of Wales,
tried to escape from the White T., but fell and was
iaSed, In More iv. 5, More says, ** I will subscribe to
go unto the T. * * * and thereto add My bones to
strengthen the foundation Of Julius Caesar's palace."
In Deloney's Reading vi., the clothiers' wives ** went to
the T. of Lond., which was builded by Julius Caesar,
who was Emperor of Rome/*

The Tower as a "Royal Palace. — H6 C* iv. 4 should
be laid in the T*, which was a favourite residence of
Edward IV ; and Stowe says that in 1470 the Q. " stole
secretly out of the Towre by water to Westminster r * ;
iv. 6 is also in the T. In #3 iii. i, 65, Gloucester
counsels the young K., Edward V, to repose himself
*" at the T.,** and sends word to the Q.-tnother to come
to htm there. In line 172, Gloucester sends a summons
to Lord Hastings ** tomorrow to the T./* and in the
next scene Hastings and Stanley go thither together.
In Hi. 4, the Council is held in the chamber in the
White TV at which Hastings is condemned to death
and led away to the block on T. Green, In iii. 5,
Gloticester aid Buckingham appear on the T* walls to
meet the Mayor and Catesby. Act iy. sc, i is laid before
tfae T* In iv, 2, 75, Richard commissions Tyrrel to kill

TOWER

** those bastards in the T.," and in the next scene their
death is described and Tyrrel reports : ** The Chaplain
of the T. hath buried them." The traditional place of
their death is a room in the Bloody T* ; they were first
buried near the gateway wall, then re-interred by Richd*
under a staircase in the White T. ; there Charles II
found their bones and had them removed to Henry
VII's chapel at Westminster. In v. 3, 151, their Ghosts
appear to Richd. and bid him ** Dream on thy cousins
smothered in the T." The scene of Ford's Warbeck ii. 2
is the Council Chamber in the T*

The Tower as a State Prison* — In Nobody 1431,
Vigenius anachronistically condemns Elidune to live
** within the T." In Marlowe's Ed. II L i, Edward
says of the Bp. of Coventry : " He shall to the T., the
Fleet, or where tbou wilt," In Oldcastle iv. 3, the Bp*
orders: ** To the T. with him/' f.e. Oidcastle. H6 A*
ii. 5 is laid in the T. where Mortimer is confined* But
Edmund Mortimer was not a prisoner in the T. at any
time, nor did he die there. He was made Lord-
Lieutenant of Ireland in 1423, and died in 1424 at
Trim Castle. In H6 B. iv. 9, 38, the K. promises York
that he will send ** D. Edmund to the T./' Le. the
D. of Somerset ; and he was so sent in 1453. In H6 C*
iii. 2, 120, Edward commands that Henry should be
** conveyed unto the T." Henry was released by War-
wick in 1471 ; but in iv. 8, 57, Edward once more says
of Henry : ** Hence with h*m to the T* ; let him not
speak/' In v. 5, 50, Gloucester leaves the field of
Tewkesbury exclaiming, " The T* ! the T. ! ** and in
line 85 Clarence says he has gone to Lond* ** To make
a bloody supper in the T." In v, 6, the scene is in the
T. ; and Gloucester murders Henry there* This was
on May 2ist, 1471 ; though it is doubtful whether the
K. was murdered or died a natural death. In 83 i. i, 45,
Clarence comes in under arrest and, as he is going to
the T., Gloucester suggests that he is to be re-christened
there ; and in line 68 recalls how Hastings had been
sent to the T* Clarence's arrest took place in 1478 ; it
is not certain that Hastings was sent to the T* at all*
In £. 3, 116, Gloucester says, ** I dare adventure to be
sent to the T." ; in line 119 Margaret accuses Hm ;
** Thou slewest my husband Henry in the T/* In i. 4,
Clarence is introduced in his cell in the T., and his
murder there by drowning in a butt of Malmsey is
related. The traditional scene of the murder is a room
in the Bowyer's T. In H8 L i, 207, Brandon informs
Buckingham i ** 'Tis bjg Highness' pleasure You shall
to the T/' In i* 2, 192, the Surveyor gives evidence
of what Buckingham had said he would do if he were
committed to the T. In v* i, 107, the K. bids Cranmer
for the present ** make your house our T/* In v. 3, 54,
Gardiner proposes to commit Cranmer to the T., and
this is agreed to. In S* Rowley's When you, the K. gives
order about Brandon : ** Bid the Capt* of our guard
Convey him to tbe T/' The scene of More iv* 4 is the
T. on the occasion of the arrest of Fisher, Bp* of
Rochester ; he was confined in the vaults of tie White
T. In nr. 3, Lady More tells of her dream in which she
shot the bdge. in a boat, and then ** our boat stood still
Just opposite the T*, and there it turned, TiU that we
sank/' v* i takes place at the T.-gate when More is
brought there in custody. In v. 4, More says : ** Here's
a fair day toward; It were, feir walking on the T.-leads/*
Skelton, in Colin Clont 1160, says, " I say, Lieut* of the
T., Make this lurdain for to lower; Lodge frtm in _
Little Ease ; Feed him with beans and pease/* Little
Ease was a cell in the vaults of the White T*, so small
that the prisoner could neither stand, lie* nor sit witfa

530

TOWER DITCH

comfort. In Roister L 2, Herrygreek says, " The toure
could not you so hold But to break out at all times ye
would be bold/* In Webster's Law Case iff. 2, the
Surgeon says, " This is like one I have heard in England
was cured of the gout by being racked in the TV*

The Tower as outside the jurisdiction of the City* — In
Jonson's Ev~ Man L iv. 6, Wellbred sends to his sister
Bridget to meet him 4* at the T. instantly '* ; for, he
says, 4* we must get our fortunes Committed to some
larger prison, say ; And, than the T., I know no better
air; Nor where the liberty of the house may do us
More present service/* i&. he and his lady could be
married there* Deloney, in Newberie xi., tells of a couple
whose marriage " was solemnized at the T. of Lond/'

The Tower as a Fortress. In Straw i*, the K. says to
Morton, ** You shall in our T. of Lond. stay/' In
Oldcastle iii. 4, the K* says, ** Command the postern
by the T» be kept*" In Trag. Richd. II v. 2, 212, Bushy,
after the defeat of the K. by Lancaster, says, ** Let's
fly to Lond. and make strong the T/* H6 A. i. 3 is laid
before the T*, where Gloucester demands that the
gates should be opened to him and is resisted by
Winchester* In H6 B* iv. 5, the scene is the T. ; the
Lord Mayor sends to Lord Scales to get " aid from the
T. to defend the city from the rebels " ; and he replies:
" The rebels have assayed to win the T/' In iv. 6, 17,
Cade exhorts the rebels : 44 Burn down the T. too/'
It was defended by guns mounted on the walls. Middle-
ton, in Hubbard, says, " His pen lay mounted behind
his ear like a T* gun/' In his R. G. v. 2, the messenger,
who brings word that the runaway lovers have gone to
the T.-stairs, does it ** With a full-charged mouth like
a culverin's voice/* In Davenport's New Trick ii. i,
Changeable says to his wife, 44 1 never hear thy tongue
but I think of the T. ordnance/' Jonson, in Under-
woods xc. i, says, "This is K. Charles his day. Speak
it, thou T. Unto the ships and they from tier to tier/'

The Tower as an Armoury. — In H6 A. i* 3, 67, Win-
chester says that Gloucester ** would have armour here
out of the T." In Verses prefixed to Coryat's Crudities
(1611), Peacham mentions, among the sights of Lond.,
44 The lance of John a Gaunt, and Brandon's still i* the
Towere/*

The Tower as the Mint. — Chaucer, C* T* A* 3256,
says of the Carpenter's wife : " Ful brighter was the
shyning of hir hewe Than in the Tour the noble
yforged newe*" In Jonson*s.4ZcteB&iv*4> Subtle fears
that he and his accomplices may all be ** locked up in
the T. for ever To make gold there for the state/'
Barnfield, in Pecania (1598), says, " New coin is coined
each year within the T." Fuller, Holy State IL 19, 120,
says, ** He knows, if he sets his mark (the T.-stamp of
his credit) on any bad wares, he sets a deeper brand on
his own conscience/'

The Tower Lions.— In Braithwaite's Barnabuft Jour-
nal, " The lyons in the T/* are mentioned as one
of the 7 sights of Load* In Webster's White Devil v. 6,
Fktnineo says, "Let all that belong to great men
remember the old wives' tradition, to be like the lions
in the T. on Candlemas Day ; to mourn if the sun shine,
for fear of the jjitiful remainder of winter to come/'
Candlemas day is February 2nd, when the winter is
by no means over* Peacham, in Worth of a Penny
(1641), says of a discontented man : ** He cannot stand
still, but, like one of the T. wild beasts, is still walking
from one end of his room to the other." In Joeson's
Volpone iL i, Peregrine says it is trtie " of yotir tioa*s
whelping in the TV which Sir Politick considers qttite
a prodigy. The lioness in the T* whelped on August

TOWER HILL

5th, 1604; and again on February 26th, 1606* In
Dekker's Hornbook vii* he speaks of ** a country
gentleman that brings his wife up to learn the fashion,
see the tombs at Westminster, the Lyons in the T/r
In Two Gent, ii. i, 28, Speed says, " You were wont,
when you walked, to walk like one of the lions/' In
Verses prefixed to Coryat's Crudities (1611), Holland
says, ** He hath seen Paris Garden and the Lions."

TOWER DITCH. The moat round the T* of Load.,
made by the Bp. of Ely in the reign of Rkfad* I* The
City moat, or Town D., which was practically a common
sewer, sometimes overflowed into the T* D. afid fitted
it with filth. In Middleton's Qmrrd iv. 4 Chough
prays for Priss that she " may die sweetly in T.-d/*
Jonson, in Epigram to Imgo Marquis Woald-be (i.e,
Inigo Jones), says, ** When . . . Thou canst of truth
the least entrenchment pitch Well have thee styled the
Marquis of T*-d/' W. Rowley, in Search 16, says,
" Return if ye be wise, you fall into the d. else." The
searchers were in Rosemary Lane, hard fay the T*

TOWER HILL. The hill on the W. and K. of tbe T.
of Lond. At the top of it, N.W. of the T., a scaffold was
kept in perpetuity for the execution of state prisoners,
on which much of the noblest blood of England bas
been shed. The last execution was that of Simon Lord
Lovat, on April gth, 1747. In Ford's Wafbeck iii. i,
the K. commands : " Let false Audley be drawn upon
an hurdle from the Newgate to T.-h. ; there let him
lose his head/* This was in 1497. The scene of v. 3
is the T.-h., where Warbeck is put into the stocks* The
execution of Sir T. More on T. H. is the subject of
v. 4 of the play of that name. In Webster's Wyat ^
Lady Jane Grey says to Guildford, ** Out of this firm
grate you may perceive Tbe T.-h* tiHtanged with store
of people." This was at the exectitkaa of Norttnmiber-
land. In xii., Winchester sentences GtaMfoctf aod Ladjr
Jane : " You shall lose your heads Upon the T.-h."
Guildford was beheaded there, but the Lady Jaae
suffered on T.-Green* In T. Heywocxfs L K. M. A. i.,
p. 221, Elizabeth asks : " Is yet the scaffold standing oil
T.H. Whereon young Guildford and the Lady Jane DM
suffer death£" In Skelton's Magnificence, foL xacvw
Liberty says of those who oppose him : ** Some fall
preaching at the Toure H/* In Overbury's Vwm
(1616) 84, it is spoken of as " that T/s fatal h. Whemm
That scaffold stands, which e'er since it hath stood
Hath often licked up treason's tainted blood/*

In Dekker's Shoemaker's L i, Dodger saifs to Lajy,
" My lord, your imek on the T.-h* stays Witlt ttie
Lord Mayor and tlie ak§eraie», And toil fewest yem
to hasten thither.*' In Hau^btoffl's Ei%$sfamm i. 2,
Heigham says, ** This walk o'er T* H* Of all the places
Lond. can affotd, Hath sweetest air, and fitting c**f
desires"; and Harvey rejoins: ** Good reason sc^ it
leads to Gratdied Fri^s Where old Pasaro zssd fais
dati^iters dwell/* In MiddJeton's N& W& H. i,
Weatiberw^e says, ** She was b^oagbt a-bed at the Red
Lion about T.-h/* In Sharpham's Ftere iii. 547i
Fleire mentioiis acKMig his cust<M3»rs " Master Matcn
the gunner of T.-H.** In Cowky's Cvttar v. ^ Wotxn,
pretending to have jtist returned -fern Africa, sa^s?
** Little tbottght I to see my old house upon TvHL
again/' In H8 v. 4, 65, the Porter says, " T^se axe
the youths that thtmder at a playhouse aa4 fight for
bitten apples ; that no audience, but the tribulation of
T.-h., or the limbs of Limehottse, tfacir dear torotheis*
are abk to endure/' Apparently tbe Trib«lat»ao€
T. H* was a nickname for the crowd of hooligans wfeo

TOWER POSTERN

attended the executions there ; what would be called
here in Melbourne ** the T* H. push/' Nash, in Lenten,
p*2g6> speaks of " T*H* water at Lond*, so much praised
and sought after," This came from a spring near the
T* Postern* Deloney, in Craft i* 14, mentions ** the i
Abbey of Grace oa T* H*" See GRACED ABBEY OF* !

TOWER POSTERN. A gate between George Yard and
the T* Ditch, at the S* end of Lond. Wall, N* of the
T. It was originally built of Kent and Caen stone, when
the T* was erected; and was finally taken down in
1730. Deloney, in. Craft i. 14, tells how John " got
him presently to the Constable of the Postern Gate, and
told him that Nick had laid a man for dead in T* st/*

TOWER STREET, now GREAT TOWER ST* Lond.,
running W* from T* Hfll to Eastcheap* In Dekker's
Shoemaker's L i, the hero says, ** I am Simon Eyre,
the mad shoemaker of T. St*" ; and later he exhorts
Ralph, ** Fight for the mad knaves of Bedlam* Fleet-st*,
T*-st*, and Whitechapel*** From iv. 3, we learn that
Eyre lived " at the sign of the Last in T.-st/' In
Haughton's Englishmen iv. i, Heigham says to Frisco,
** How, loggerhead, is Crutched-Friars here i I thought
you were some such drunken ass, that come to seek
Crutched-friars in T*-st*** For reference in Dekmey*s
Cra/t, see above.

TOWER WHARF. A wharf along the river-front of the
T* of Loud*, 1,200 ft* long, with 3 stairs: the T. stairs
at the W. end, tibe Queen's stairs beneath the Byward T.,
and the Galleyman stairs under the Cradle T* It was
erected by Henry IIL In Webster's Weakest i. 2, Bunch
says, ** I was an. ale-draper, as Thames and T*-w* can
witness*'* In Jensen's Ev* Man O* iv* 2, Puntarvolo
says, "Upon my return [from Constantinople] and
landing on the T.-w., I am to receive 5 for i.** In
Davenant's Wits ivv Thwack speaks of " midnight
lectures preached by wives of comb-makers and mid-
wives of T*-w*'* In St. Hilary's Tears (1642), in the
title, "from the T*-stairs to Westminster Ferry" is
used for the whole extent of Loud* The T. ordnance,
from wliich salutes were fired on occasions* were
mounted on the walls overlooking the w* In Jensen's
Epicoene i* i, Truewit advises Dattphine to have Morose
** drawn out on a coronation day to the T.-w*, and kill
him with the noise of the erdbance/1" In iv, 2, Morose is
willing, if he can get rid of his wife, " to dp penance in
a belfry, at Westminster Hall, in the Cockpit, the T.-w.,
when the noises are at their height and loudest/* In
Q^ertmry's Vision (x6i6), it is said of the T. : ** On the
w* fast by Those thundering cannons ever ready He***

TOWERS, See TOURS.

TOWN, THE* Sometimes used of the Borough of South-
war^ as distinguished from the City of Lond* In
Glaptfaorne's Hollander i* i, Urinal speaks of "the
Three Squirrels in the town.** See SQUIRRELS, THREE*

TOWHBULL STREET* A variant for Tornbull St.,
f*F*

TOWN DITCH* The moat surrounding the City of
Loud* See HODKDSDITCH, SHOKEDITCH*

TOALLEIS, more usually TRALLES* A city in Caria,
alittk N* of && Scamander, abt* 30 in. W* of Epfcesus*
Its ishafeitants were wry wealthy, and the Asiarchs
wexeg?eiieraHy chosen from them. The ruins at Ghdtusel
Hissar are all that is left of the place* In Chapman's
OB5WT ii»% 59, Crass£«rssa3?s to Caesar, " la Tratlefe,
Wltbit a temple bait to Victory Tisere stands a statue

TREBIZOND

with your form and name* Near whose firm base, even
from the marble pavement, There sprang a palm-tree
up in this last night.** The story is taken from Plutarch*
Fit* Cassaris 47*

TRANSALPINE* On the other side of the Alps* It was
at first used from the point of view of Rome and Italy
to mean on the N. of the Alps* In Greene's Orlando
i* 3, 402* a soldier speaks of the wealth of Charlemagne
drawn from his mines " Found in the mountains of T*
France*'* Fynes Moryson* Itiru (1617) iii* 47* says.
** The divine law came from Italy to the Ts*T* Later it
came to be used, from the English point of view* for the
Italians* Blount* G/ossogr** defines T* as "over or
beyond the Alps, foreign, Italian, on the further side
of the mtns." In B« & F* Coxcomb i* 2, Antonio speaks
of himself and his companion as ** Travellers that know
T* garbs,** i*e* Italian fashions* Nash, in Lenten, p* 306,
speaks of "the Transalpiners with their lordly Par-
masin/* Le* cheese of Parma, as contrasted with the
Hollanders with their Dutch cheese*

TRANSYLVANIA, or SIEBENBURGEN* The E*
portion of Austro-Hungary, lying between Hungary
proper, Moldavia, and Wallachia* It became subject to
Hungary in A.D* 1004, but gained its independence
under John Zapolya in 1538, and was supported by the
Turks against the Hungarians during the i6th cent*
The population is extremely mixed, including Magyars,
Saxons (i *c* Germans), Wallachians, and a large number
of Gipsies. It was finally incorporated with Hungary
in 1868. In JP^r. iv* 2, 22, the Pander announces : ** The
poor Tn* is dead that lay with the little baggage***
In Middleton's R. G. v* i, Trapdoor says that there
served with him against the Turk at the siege of Bel-
grade ** many Hungarians, Moldavians* Vallachians,
and Tns*** In Shirley's Imposture v* i, Hortensio says
to Pandolfo, "You are the very same to whom his
Holiness gave a pension for killing 6 great Turks in T***
In the iTth cent* there were many Protestants in T* ;
the leading magnate of the country, Bethlem Gabor,
tafrtng some part against Austria in the early years of
the Thirty Years War* Milton, Areopagitica, says,
** Nor is it for nothing that the grave and frugal Tn*
sends out yearly * * * not their youth, but their staid
men, to learn our language and our theologic arts*'*

TREBIZOND* The Greek Trapezus ; a city near the
S*E. corner of the Black Sea* It was the point where
Xenophon and his 10,000 reached the sea after their
famous retreat from Mesopotamia* La A*D* 1204
Alexius Comnenus established an empire with T* as
its capital, which lasted till the city was taken by
Mohammed II in 1461* It was famous for its gorgeous
palace, its lovely gardens, and its fine library* It is
often mentioned in the old romances as the scene of
tournaments between the Christian knights and the
Saracens* In Selimas 163 a messenger announces:
** Seliny the soldan of great Trebisond, Sends me**T In
Harkwra*s Tomb. B* i* r, Orcanes speaks of " Danubius
stream that rues to Trebizon " — not a very exact state-
ment, as the Danube enters the Black Sea at its N*W*
comer, diametrically opposite to T* In Kirke*s Cham-
p&jzzs ii*, Anthony and Andrew defeat " the Emperor of
T*ebiEati/* In Tomkis* Albamazar 1*4, Pandolfo speaks
ofAlbrtmaaat as " an Indian, far beyond Trebesond and
Tripoli, dose by the world's end/' Milton, P. L. i* 584,
speaks of ^ all who since, baptized or infidel, Jousted
in Aspramont or Mentalban, Damasco or Marocco, or
Trebisoad/*

522

TREDAOH

TREDAGH, A vitL S* of Dundalk in Co. Louth, Ireland*
In Studey 937* Herbart orders : " Bid Capt* Gainsford
guard the southern port Toward Tredagh*"

TREGENVER* A farm in the parish of Falmouth in
S* Cornwall. In Cornish M. P. L 2593, Solomon gives
to the Carpenter 4* T* ha Kegyllek/' U. T* and Kegyl-
lek*

TREHEMBYS* Probably the same as Tenbrise, a part
of the property of the Carnsew family, in S. Cornwall,
near Falmouth. In Cornish M* P* i* 1311, David says
to the messenger, " Cam suyow ha T*, Chatur annethe
thy's gura/' £*e* Carnsew and T*> Make of them a
charter for thyself*

TREMISEN, now TLEMECEN* A town on the N*
coast of Africa, in the extreme W» of Algiers, near the
bay of the same name* It was formerly a place of some
importance, and has an ancient citadel of great strength.
The Knight in Chaucer, C* T. Prol* 63, had " foughten
for oure feith at Tramyssene In lystes thries.** Milton,
P» L* xi* 404, names " Marocco and Algiers and Tremi-
sen ** amongst the kingdoms of N* Africa*

TRENT* A river in England, rising near Burslem in
StaSs* It flows S*E* through Staflfe*, then suddenly
turns EJSTJE,, and finally N** falling into the Humber
after a course of 144 m* It was absurdly supposed to
derive its name from its having 30 tributaries, or from
the 30 kinds of fish which were found in it* It
forms the natural division between the N* and S. of
England* Spenser, F. Q* iv* n, 35, calls it 4t bounteous
T* that in himself enseams Both 30 sorts of fish and
30 sundry streams**' Drayton, in Idea xxxii* 3, speaks
of ** The crystal T., for folds and fish renowned." In
Polyolb. 28, he mentions the ** 30 floods of name " that
flow into it* Milton, Vac. Exercise 93, speaks of ** T.,
who like some earth-born giant spreads His 30 arms
along the indented mead*" In Sampson's Vow iv.
2, 107, Ann dreams : ** Methought I walked along the
verdant banks Of fertile T/' Drayton, in Dowsabel 30,
says that the lady's skin was white as " swan that swims
in TV

In H4 A* iii* i, 74, Mortimer announces that the
part of England N* of T* and Severn is to be assigned
to Hotspur ; but Hotspur objects to the behaviour of
the river N* of Burton, which cuts " me A huge half-
moon, a monstrous cantle out," and proposes to dam
it up and cut a new channel in which " the smug and
silver T* shall run fair and evenly " ; and at last Glen-
dower consents : w Come, you shall have T* turned/*
La Sampson's Vow v. 3, n, Elizabeth refers to the
petition of the men of Nottingham to make the T*
navigable from Nottingham to Gainsborough ; and the
Mayor supports it by saying that ** Harry the fift And
Pearcy fell at odds ; in which division, Dividing of the
land, Glendower began To stop the water-courses of
flowing T." This refers to the repeated windings of
the river just S* of Gainsborough; and it is possible
that Shakespeare also had this in mmd* In Nobody 354,
Vigenius proposes to divide Britain between himself
and Peridure in a similar way ; ** All beyond T- and
Humber skill suffice Q**e moiety*" In *Trag+ RicM* II
iv* i, 216, the K* says to Sccoope, ** From T* to Tweed
thy lot is parted thus**' In Brome's Dammsefo fV* i*
PhiDis says, 4t Nefi is as bonny a beg$ar*s name as ever
came from beyond T*** In Sfcdton*s ^le^mflcemxf
fol* xii*, Fancy says, ** Her eyen jgknt From Ijffle to
T**' ; i*e* all through die N* of England, fa Kinsmen
prol* it is said of Chaucer : ** a poet neselr ^test Hore

TRINIDADO

famous yet 'twixt Po and silver T/f T* stoids for
England, and has the advantage of rhyming with
" went/*

TRENT, or TRIENT* The ancient Tridentum. A city
in the Austrian Tyrol, on the Adige, abt. 80 m. N*W* of
Venice, The famous Council of T*, which rejected the
doctrines of the Reformation and further defined those
of the Catholic Ch,, was held bere in the ch* of Sta*
Maria Maggiore 1545-1563* Ekmm, in Preface to
Progress of Soul (1601), says, " I forbid no reprelieficter,
but him that like the T. Council forbids not boots bttt
authors/* Milton, in Son. on New Farcers of Conscience
14, says that the plots and packings of the Westminster
Assembly were ** worse tfcan those of T."

TRENTRAM, or TRENTHAM* A vili. on the Trent in
StafiEs*, near to Stoke. In John Evangel. 357, Eugenic
says, " Farewell I Yonder cometh Sir William of
Trentram/' Probably he was the priest of the parish
in which the Interlude was acted*

TRIER* The old Augusta Trewonim, now Treyes.
The most ancient city in Germany, lying on the right
bank of the Moselle, 60 m. S.W* of Cobkntz. The
Roman remains include the gateway called Porta Nigra,
dating from the ist cent* ; the baths of the palace ; the
great amphitheatre ; and the piers of the Bdge. The
mediaeval age is well represented by the Cathedral, the
oldest part of which belongs to the 4th cent* Here is
preserved the famous holy coat, said to have been worn
by our Lord at His crucifixion* The Archbp. was one of
the Seven Electors of the Empire* The University was
founded in 1473 and flourished until 1798* In Marlowe's
Fanstns vii., Faust relates how he has "Passed with
delight the stately town of T., Eamroeed round with
airy mtn* tops, With walls of flint and deep-entrenched
lakes, Not to be won by any conquering prince*** In
Chapman's Alphtmsas i. ij 130, Lorenzo says, ** For
T* and Brandenburg, I think of them As simple men
that wish the common good.** In i. 2, 36, the Archfop.
introduces himself as ** Frederick, Archbp* of T*, D. of
Lorraine, Chancellor of Italy/' As a matter of fact,
his name was Arnold von Isenberg, and he was not
D* of Lorraine. The archbp* appears as one of the
Electors in W» Smith's Hector.

TRIG STAIRS* A landing place on the N* bank of the
Thames, at the bottom of T* lane, which runs S* from
34 Upper Thames St. to the river* It was named after
one John Trigge, who owned it in the reign of EdwanJ
IIL In Jonsonrs BarthoL^ v* 3, Lfttlewit eipjainfl how,
in his puppet play* " Leander spies tier [Hero] iaisd at
T.-s* and fells ia few wMi her.** ia Ilid«iefe»% Ctefcr
McM'w.z, Tim says, **lljrsiste/S5gQoe; iellslDGirat
T*-s, for her***

TRINACRIA. An old name given to Ski? from its
triangular shape (see SICILY). Hali, m Sat. w, 3* speais
of !%&>** wfeeaiaTfioacrr IwtenHestote the daughter
of the harvest q/' Matonf P.L.H, 66z, speaks of
" Vesed Scylla bathing in the sea that parts Calabria
from the hoarse Trinacrian shore/'

imiNHMDO* Tlse most southerly of die W* Indies,
iy^ jt^t off tfee E, coast (^ Venezt^l^ from which it is
separated at its N, and S* extremities by chaonefe abt.
15 m* wide* It was discovered by Coltanbus in 1496
and remained a Spaaisfi possession tiatS 1797. wbe® it
was taken by the Brit^h and ccwifirmedmthekpossessicHi
by the Treaty of Amiens, It was famous for its tobacco
dtttiiig die i6th oeat*, whichr Hejiyti says, was of to
best fe^bion j but it does not export any tobacco

523

TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE

In Brewer's Lingaa iv* 4, Olfactus introduces tobacco :
** This is the mighty emperor Tobacco, K* of T*, that,
in being conquered, conquered all Europe/* In Jonson's
£1;* Man L iii. 2, Bobadil says, " For your green wound,
your Balsamum and your St* John's wort are all mere
gulleries and trash to it [Le, tobacco], especially your T/*
Dekker, in Hornbook Proem, says, " The phantastick
Englishmen [are] more cunning in the distinction of thy
Rowie T*, Leaf, and Pudding than the whitest Blacka-
moor in all Asia*" In B* & F. Malta iii* i, the soldier's
song has the lines " To thee a full pot, my little lance-
prisado, And when thou hast done, a pipe of T/*
Taylor, in Works ii* 229, says, ** All their talk is smoking
T. '* ; and again, " Thine heir will feast, carousing
Indian T. smoke/* In Sharpham*s Fleire iii* 270,
Petoune swears ** by this T/* — which he is then

TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE* The largest
college in the University of Cambridge, on the W* side
of T* St*, between St* John's and Caius* It was founded
in 1546 by Henry VIII* By a statute of 1560 a comedy
or tragedy was directed to be performed in the College
every Christmas. In 1546 the Pax of Aristophanes and
Christophersoa's Jeptitfies were played* In 1581 Wing-
field's Pedantfas was given; and Nash, in Saffron
Watden* says of Harvey : ** 111 fetch Hit* aloft in
Pedantius, that exquisite comedy in T* C/* Cowley's
Naufragium Joadare was produced in 1638* Amongst
the dramatists who were members of this C. were
Jolm Tomkis, Tomkiss, or TomMns, and Thomas
Randolph.

TRINITY COLLEGE, OXFORD* University of Ox-
ford, standing a little back from the E. side of St* Giles
St., between Balliol and St. John's* It was founded
by Sir Thomas Pope in 1554 on the site of the old
Benedictine Durham College* Gascoigne's Supposes
was acted at Trinity in 1 582* Thomas Lodge and George
Chapman were Trinity men.

TRINOBANT. See TROYNOVAHT*

TRINOBANTES. An ancient British tribe, inhabiting
what is now Essex and the S* part of Suffolk. In
FisJher*s Fmjmts i* 4, Hirildas speaks of "** Landora the
Trinobantic lady/' In iv* 4, Mandubratius says to
Caesar, ** By me tfee Trinobants submit and Segon-
tfocs/*

TRIPOLI* A state m N* Africa, lying along the coast
from Egypt to Tunis and Algeria* The capital, Tripoli,
is on the coast, due S. of Sicily* T* was taken by the
Arabs in the i2th cent., captured from them in 1510 by
Spain, and in 1523 given to the Knights of St. John ;
they were expelled by the Turks in 1553, and thence-
forward the port became a nest of pirates who were the
terror of the Mediterranean commerce* It must not be
coofeMinded with Tripolis in Syria; usually, but not
invariably, it is spelt by our authors T*, whilst the
Syrian town has a final s. It now belongs to Italy* In
Shrew 17* 2, 76, the Pedant says he is going from Padua
to Rome, " And so to T*, if God lend me life/' In
B* & F* ifatta L i, Zanthia produces a letter ** sent
from T* by the great Bashaw, which importunes her
fo^ ttata hm a*id treachery to the island ** (sc« Malta)*
In Haughton's Englishmen ii 2, Pisaro, hearing that h&
ships tnte been taken by Spanish gallies as they were
coasting along Italy, says, ** What made the dolts near
Italy* Could tliey not keep tibe coast of Barbary, Or,
having past ^ gone for T*, Bciog on fee odier side of
Skiry As near as where tibey were tmta the Straits £

TROJAN

For by the globe both T* and it Lie from the Straits
some 25 degrees*" Twenty degrees would be more exact,
but obviously the African T* is meant. In Marlowe's
Tamb. A* iii. 3, the Basso announces that the Sultan has
** 10,000 Janisaries Brought to the war by men of T/*
In Green's Orlando i. i, 5, Mandrecarde speaks of
his country Mexico as having a climate ** fairer than
Tyberius [z*e* Tiberias] Seated beyond the sea of T/*
The Mediterranean is meant; and is probably so
called from its being infested by the pirates of T* ; but
it is possible that the Syrian Tripolis is intended* The
phrase ** to come from T/* means to cut capers and
leap high* Nares thinks it is connected with the apes
which came from N. Africa, and means to play monkey-
tricks j but I suspect it is nothing but a pun on T* and
trip* Jonson, in Epigram cxv*, characterizes the Town's
Honest Man as one who ** Can come from T*, leap
stools, and wink/' In B. & F* Thomas iv* 2, Sebastian
exhorts Thomas : ** Get up to that window there, and
presently, like a most complete gentleman, come from
T*'* In Jonson's Epicoene v* i, La-Foole says, ** I pro-
test, Sir John, you come as high from T* as I do; and
lift as many joined stools and leap over them, if you
would use it/*

TRIPOLIS* An ancient city on the coast of Syria, abt*
50 m. N* of Beirut* It was founded by

on the coast, but in 1289 it was destroyed by the J
of Egypt, and the present city was commenced 2 m.
inland. Its harbour is Al-Muuu It carried on an
extensive trade in the Elizabethan times with the ports
of the Mediterranean and with England* In Merche
i. 3, 18, Shylock tells us that Antonio ** hath an argosy
bound to T/r In iii* i, 106, Tubal reports that he ** hath
an argosy cast away, coming from T/r In iii* 2, 271,
Bassanio exclaims : " What, not one hit i From T.,
from Mexico and England, And not one vessel scape ^ "
The " eager Turk of T*" is one of the competitors in the
tournament in Kyd's Soliman i* i* See also TRIPOLI*

TRIVIGI, z"*e* TREVISO* A town in N*E* Italy, abt*
15 m. N. of Venice* It has a considerable trade in
cattle, corn, and fruits. In Cockayne's Trapolin v* i,
Trapoiin sings: "Vience wine and Padua bread,
Triv^i tripes, and a Venice wench in bed***

TROGLODYTES. A tribe who lived in caves on the
S* shores of the Red Sea, They are represented by the
Greek writers as barbarous in their manners, and
occupied chiefly in incessant raids on one another and
on travellers* The Barnagas on the frontiers of Abys-
sinia are their modern representatives* The name is
used for a degenerate and degraded person* In Locriru
iv* i, 30, Corineus says, " If the brave nation of the T*
* * * Should dare to enter fhfs our little world, Soon
should they rue their overbold attempts/* Fynes
Moryson, Itmer* iii* 3, 124, says, " The T* live in caves
of the earth and their kingdom is at thi'g day called
Add*** Rakigh, in Hist, of World i* 52, speaks of the
region of ** Prester John and the T/* Lyly, in Euplwes
-Enjgfc»»f, p* 263, speaks of " the Troglodytae which
digged in the filthy ground for roots and found the
inestimable stone Topason*** See Pliny, Hist. Nat.
xxxvii. 32. In Dekker's Satiro iv* 2, 107, Tucca rails
Horace (Jonson) " My long-heeled Troglodite/*

TROIEN. One of the 6 gates of Troy* In TroiZ* proL 16,
they are enumerated as " Dardan and Tymbria, Helias,
Chetas, Troien, and Antenorides/* The list is taken
from Caxton's Recayel.

TROJAN*

TROY

TROY (Tn* = Trojan, Tyn* = Troyan)* The capital of
the Troad, a dist* in the N*W* corner of the coast of
Asia Minor, W* of the Ida range. The city of T* has
been identified with Hissarlik, where Schliemann
excavated 6 successive cities, of which he considered the
and from the bottom to be the Homeric Ilium, the city
besieged and burnt by the Greeks in the famous Tn*
war* In many respects, however, the hill called Bali
Dagh, a little further S*, complies better with the
Homeric description of T* as " windy," " lofty,"
" beetling/' etc. According to the legends, T* was
founded by Teucer, but the walls were built by Apollo
and Poseidon for K. Laomedon* Laomedon refusing to
pay the stipulated price, Poseidon sent a sea-monster
to ravage the land ; but Herakles, arriving opportunely,
rescued Hesione, the K/s daughter, and slew the
monster* Laomedon had promised him his horses as a
reward, but again tried to evade his obligation ; where-
upon Herakles slew him and all his sons, except Priam,
who consequently became K* In his reign took place
the famous Tn* War* It originated in the golden apple
44 for the fairest " thrown by Ate into the midst of the
marriage feast of Peleus and Thetis* Paris, the husband
of Oenone, awarded it to Aphrodite, who had bribed
h*ra with the promise of the fairest woman in Hellas*
Consequently he was enabled by the goddess to carry
off Helen, the wife of Menelaus of Sparta* Hereupon
the Greeks, under the leadership of Agamemnon, the
brother of the injured husband, besieged T*, and after
10 years took it by means of the stratagem of the wooden
horse* During the siege occurred the incident immor-
talized in Chaucer's Troilus and Cressidaf and in
Shakespeare's play of the same name* The chief heroes
on the Greek side were Achilles, Agamemnon, Menelaus,
the two Ajaxes, and Ulysses ; on the Tn*, Hector, Paris,
Troilus, Aeneas, and Antenor* After the destruction
of T., legend told that Aeneas went to Carthage, where
he met Dido, but basely deserted her to go to Italy ; and
the Romans claimed to be descended from him and his
companions* A mythical Brut, or Brutus, the great-
grandson of Aeneas, was alleged to have come to Britain
and given his name to the island* Some legends made
the French also descendants of this Brutus* The people
of T* were called Trpians, or Troyans ; the spelling
and pronunciation. Trojan does not occur until the middle
of the iTth cent* though it is substituted for the older
spelling in most reprints of our plays* and is used in the
following references*

The Earlier Mythological Stones of Troy. — La Greene's
Alphonsns iii* 2, 801, Belinus says* "Poor Saturn,
forced by mighty Jove To fly his country, banished and
forlorn. Did crave the aid of Troos, K* of T*~ It
was said that Saturn came to Rome after his expulsion
by Jupiter ; but I can find no authority for Greene*s
story* In MercA* iii* 2* 56, Portia compares Bassanio to
** young Alcides when he did redeem The virgin tribute
paid by howling T* To the sea-monster*'* In Shirley's
Imposture ii* a, Volterino talks of ** Don Hercules that
killed the K* of T/s great coach-horse with a box o' the
ear" (see Iliad v* 640}* Spenser, F* Q* iii* n, 34, tells
how Jove snatched from Ida hill ** the Tn* boy so fair,"
i*e* Ganymede*

Stories of the Siege of Troy* — In Shakesgpeare*s
Lacrece 1431* the tapestry shows how **From the
walls of strong-besieged T* When their brave hope*
bold Hector, marched to field, Stood many Tn*
mothers," and pourtrays the whole siege; w&Sst
Lucrece ** feelingly weeps T/s painted woes*'* In
Merch. v* i, 4, Lorenzo describes t*ow Troite

TROY

"mounted the Tyn* walls And sighed his soul
towards the Grecian tents." In Per* i. 4, 93, Pericles
speaks of the " Tn* horse * , * stuffed within With
bloody veins*" In M* W. W. i. 3, 83, Pistol asks :
** Shall I Sir Pandarus of T* become 4 " when he is sent
with a letter from Falstaff to Mistresses Page and Ford*
In the Masque in L. L. L. v*, Armado presents ** Hector
of T." as one of the Seven Worthies* In Alts i. 3, 75,
the Clown sings of Helen : " Was this lair face the
cause* quoth she, Why the Grecians sacked T* t " In
R2 v* i, ii f the Q. compares the fallen K* to " the
model where old T* did stand," i*e* the mere giottiKi-
plan of the ruined city* In H4 B* i* i, 73, Northumberland
says to the messenger who tells him of Percy's death,
44 Even such a man Drew Priam's curtain in the dead
of night And would have told him half his T. was
burnt*" In ii* 4, 237, Doll says to Falstaff, ** Thou art
as valorous as Hector of T." In H6 B. i, 4, 20, Boling-
broke says it was deep night " when T. was set on fire/f
In iii* 2, 118, the Q. says that Suffolk has bewitched her
as Ascanius bewitched Dido when he unfolded to her
** His father's acts commenced in burning T." In H6 C.
ii* i, 51, the messenger tells how the D* of York feU» but
stood against his foes ** as the hope of T. [£*. Hector]
Against the Greeks that would have entered T**' In
iii* 2* 190, Gloucester says, " Til, like a Siaon, take
another T*" In iv* 8, 25* K* Henry calls Warwick " my
Hector and my T/s true hope*" In Tit* i* i, 136,
Demetrius appeals to the gods " that armed the Q. of T*
With opportunity of sharp revenge Upon the Tkracian
tyrant in his tent*" Polymnestor, K* of Thrace, killed
Polydorus, son of Priam, and was slain in revenge by
Hecuba* In iii* i, 69, Titus asks ; ** What fool * * *
hath brought a faggot to bright-burning T* 4 " la
iii* 2. 28, Titus refers to Aeneas telling the tale "How
T* was burnt and he made miserable " (see Vergil, Am*
ii*)* In iv* i, 20, young Lucius says, " I have read That
Hecuba of T* ran mad for sorrow*'* In v. 3. 84, Marcus
refers to " that baleful burning night When subtle
Greeks surprised K* Priam's T."; and to Sinoa's
44 fatal engine," the wooden horse. In /* C. i* 2, 213*
Cassius compares himself saving Caesar from the Tiber
to ** Aeneas, our great ancestor," bearing old Anchises
from the flames of T* The prol* of TrozZ. opens : ** In
T* there lies the scene " ; and the subject is the Stacy
of Troilus and Cressida, which is not in the Homeric
cycle of stories, but is first found in Eenoit de Saint-
More's Roman de Troyes, circ* 1180* Chaucer based his
poem mainly on Boccaccio's Filostrato, aod Shakespeare
followed him, with references also to Caadour said |sas-
sibly to Lydgate, and to QispBaa's traoslatioQ of
Homer, though both the latter are very doubtfyL

In Field's Amends v* i, Sd>tfe reports Ladf Loveall
as saying to Mm : " ily fcrt That, fibe T* &HWH* 10
years hath stood besieged And shot at, did remain
UOTPOQ; but aow T& &m$xsxi&* la Daiy*s Pmi. Bees
iii*, Polypsagptaiis says* ** O ite my mofeer had been
Paris* wiiofe* Aad I might Hye to btini dow* T. once
uaoce*" laSpm* Jn<g* i^*, H^sonimo orctes : **Draw
me like old Priam of T* crying. The bouse is a-fire ! "
la JQHSOQ*S Cynthia rf* i> Aaaides safs, ** I new saw
Htm til this morning* and he salutes me as familiarly as
if we had koown together since the Deluge, or tiie fest
year of T* action*" In his VtApww ii i, ¥dpop€ pro-
fesses to have a powder for giving beauty, which was
given to Hekn by Venus* "and at die sack of T. un-
fortunately lost*" In B* & F* Wit S. W. i* 2* Gregory*
on bearing Prisdan's pretended Greek speech, says,
** I do woSder how the Tyos* could hold out

TROY

siege against the Greeks ; if Achilles spake but this
tongue, I do not think but he might have shaken down
the walls in a sennight, and never troubled the wooden
horse**' In Lyly's Sapho ii* 4, Sybilla says, " The
wooden horse entered T* when the soldiers were
quaffing/* In Chapman's May Day ii* r, Angelp says,
44 I looked for a siege of T. at least to surprise the
turrets of her continence/' In Shirley's Love's Cruelty
iii* i, Bovaldo says, "Then drink your drink; now
T* burns blue '* ; i*e. things are getting lively* In
Respvblica ii* i, Respubiica, musing on the mutability
of things, says, " Now [is] a champion field where noble
T* was/' In Fisher's Fumas iv* 3, RoOano speaks of the
wooden horse which ** did T* dis-troy/' In Brewer's
Lingua ii. 4, Memory says, " I remember about the
wars of Thebes and the siege of T/' In T. Heywood's
Witches iii. i, Bantam says to the fiddlers, "Enter the
gate with joy, And, as you enter, play The sack of T/f ;
evidently some popular tune* In Marmion's Leaguer
iv* 3, Agurtes says, ** They drop away, as if they leapt
out from the Tn* horse*" In Coventry M* P* of Mary
Magdalene 368, Satan says, ** The snares that I shall
set were never set at Troye/' Milton II Pens* 100, refers
to the tragedies which *4 told the tale of T* divine/' In
Marston's Insatiate ii* i, Herod says, ** His study door
will grow more hard to be entered than old T/'

In Massinger's Guardian i£* i, Durazzo says, ** I will
do something for thee, though it savour Of the old
squire of T/7; i*e.Pandarus* foMMdleton'sBtoii. i,
Hippolito says to Truepenny, ** Is't you, Sir Pandarus,
the broking knight of T* ** "

In Cassai^s Rev. L choc* 3, Discord boasts : " 'Twas
I that did the fatal apple fling Betwixt the 3 Idaean
goddesses, That so much blood of Greeks and Tns*
spilt/* In Greene and Lodge's Looking Glass ii* i, 423,
Alvida says, " The beauties that proud Paris saw from
T. Mustring in Ida for the golden ball Were not so
gorgeous as Remilia/' In Selimns 2480, Selim says,
44 When the coward Greeks fled to their ships * * . the
fljofole Hectoc Returned in triumph to the walls of T/*
(see Iliad xv* 4x5}* In Kyd's Solunan v*, Basilisco asks :
"Where is the eldest son of Priam, that abraham-
coloured TUU** Deadl" Hector is represented as
having auburn hair. In Lady Mother ii* i, Lovell says,
** Hector drew Achilks *boat the walls of T. at his horse
tail **•— an mv&mm of fl*e facts* Milton, P* JL. ix* 16,
speaks of his subject as ** more heroic than the wrath Of
stem Addles on his foe pursued Thrice fugitive about
T. wall*" In Cowley's Cutter L 6, Worm says of Cutter :
** He was soundly beaten one day, and dragged about
the room, like old Hector o* T, about the town*" In
Phillips' Gross/ 1824, Diligence avers that Grissil's
daughter is " as beautiful as ever the Greekfeh Hellin
was Whom Paris the Troyean hath won in fight/* In
May's Heir iii,, Philodes says, " A face not half so fair
As tMne . . * brought a thousand ships to Tenedos To
sack lamented T*" In Tailor's Hog hatk lost v., Hog
ss^s, ** O to recount. Sir, will breed more ruth Than did
the tale of that high Troyan D* To the sad-fated
Carthaginian q/' The tale told by Aeneas to Dido is
recited m Vergil, Am. ii* In Gascoigne's Government
£L i, Gnomatictis says, ** The truth of the Tn* history
accttseth Aeneas, Antenor, and ceftats others as most
unthankful traitors to their cotintry/' By later writers
bo^h these Tns. were accused of having made terms with
the Greeks and betrayed their city. In Brome's
Cevent G* iii* 2, Katharine says, **He promised her
marriage, and so, like the slippery Tn* [i**e* Aeneas], left
her*" In Killigrew's Parson L 3, Sad says that Jolly,

TJROY

having been to Italy, ** can tell us how large a seat The
goddess fixed her flying Ts* in."

In Vol. Welsh* ii* a, the Bardh says, ** Cassandra did
at T* Foretell the danger of the Grecian horse/' In
Richards' Messalina ii* 436, Syllana calls Paris " T/s
firebrand, falsely that forsook Unpitied Oenon/' In
Greene's Orlando iv* 2, 1172, Orlando speaks of fearful
shapes " More dreadful than appeared to Hecuba When
fall of T* was figured in her sleep*" Before the birth of
Paris Hecuba dreamed that she had brought forth a
firebrand, which would burn up T* In B* & F* Cure
iii* 3, Vitelli calk Sinon "the weeping Greek That
flattered T, a-fire/* In Ingelend's Disobedient 51, the
Father asks ; ** Wilt thou follow warfare and a soldier
be 'pointed And so among Tyns* and Romans be
numbered**" In Chapman's Rev. Bussy ii. i, 105,
Guise says, 4t Great T/s Euphorbus was After Pytha-
goras.*' Euphorbus was the Tn* who first wounded
Patroclus (Iliad xvi* 805, xvii. 9}* Pythagoras claimed
that the soul of Euphorbus transmigrated into himself,
and that he could remember the siege of T* The scenes
of Trott.f and of Shirley's Ajax and LT/ysses, are laid in
T* at the time of the Tn* war* In M. N. D. L i, 174,
Hermia swears ** by that fire which burned the Carthage
q* When the false Tyn* under sail was seen*" In H6 A*
v» 5, 106, Suifolk, going to woo Margaret for K* Henry,
compares himself to Paris, and hopes to ** prosper better
than the Tyn* did." In H4 B. ii* 4, 181, Pistol absurdly
talks of " Tyn* Greeks/* A tale of T. is used for an im-
probable story* In Davenant's Wits ii* i, Palatine says,
" I have laid 2 instruments * * * that shall encounter
his long ears With tales less true than those of T/'

According to the old legend, the Britains were
descended from Brut (see above), hence Tn* is used for
a Briton* In Locrfne L i, Corineus says, ** Where e'er
the light illuminates the world The Tyns/ glory flies
with golden wings*" la Chapman's D'Qlive ii* 2,
D'Olive speaks of '* all true Tns*, from whom we claim
our descent*" The French had also a tradition of Tn*
descent, but Chapman was probably thinking of his
English audience* In Hughes' Misfort. Arth* ii. z,
Ntrntitjs describes Britain as " the stately type of T/'
Hie title of Fisher's Fmmms Frees — we were TBS. —
depends on this legend ; and in ii* 4, Caesar says, " I
grieve to draw my sword Against the stock of thrice-
renowned T."

The Romans also claimed descent from Aeneas and
his Tns* In Ev. Worn. L iv* 2, the Host says, " Show
thyself a brave man of the true breed of T*, a gallant
Agamemnon*" The scene is in Rome* In Nero iii* 4,
Nero says, when he has set Rome on fire, " Ay, now my
T* looks beauteous in her flames*"

Tn* is used as a slang name in a jocular sort of way,
but without any very definite meaning ; it is sometimes
taken in a disparaging sense, but very often means a
jolly good fellow* It is often preceded by such epithets as
true, honest, etc* In £* L* Z. v* 2, 640, the K* says,
** Hector was nothing but a Tyn* in respect of this,"
z*e* in comparison with Armado, who is impersonating
the hero* la line 681, Costard says to Armado, " Unless
you play the honest Tyn., the poor wench is cast away*"
In H$ A* ii* i, 77, Gadshill says, " There are other
Tyns* that thou dream'st not of, the which for sport sake
are content to do the profession some grace*" In H$
v* i, 20, Pistol addresses Fluellen : ** I>ost thott thirst,
base Tn*, To have me fold up Parca's fatal web i " and
in 32, M Base Tn*, thou shalt die." In T* Heywood's
Hogsdon L i, Chartley addresses Boyster : ** N©> my
true Tyn., no/' In Dekker's Shoemakers ii* 3, Eyre

526

TROVES

addresses his men : " Drink, you mad Greeks, and
work like true Tyns/' In Jonson's Ev. Man L iv* 2,
Cob cries : " O the Justice J the honestest old brave Tn*
in Lond. I " In Marmion's Companion iii* 4, Capt*
Whibble calls to Fido : " Hear me, honest Tyn. ! "
In Ford's Lover's Melon, iv. 2, Cuculus says, ** I come
to speak with a young lady, as they say, the old Tyn/s
daughter of the house/' In Dekker's Fortanattts iii* 2,
Shadow says, ** These English occupiers are mad Tyns*;
let a man pay them never so much, they'll give hfrn
nothing but the bag/' In Davenant's Distresses v*,
Androlio says, ** This old Tn/s mode, as I conceive it,
is one to both/' In his Siege v* i, Piracco says, ** Thou
art a Tn, ; I hug thee/' Kemp, in his Nine Days
Wonder, says of one who met him on his dance to
Norwich : ** He was a kind, good fellow, a true Tyn/'
In R. & F* Nightwalker iii, i, Toby says, ** Sam the
butler's true, the cook a reverend Tyn/'

TROYES. A city in France on the left bank of the Seine,
ii2 m. SJ5* of Paris. It was at T, that the treaty be-
tween Henry V and Charles VI was concluded in 1420,
and the scene of H$ v* 2 is laid there* It was sub-
sequently recaptured by Charles VII in 1429* It had
5 annual fairs, and it seems most probable that the so-
called Troy weight was the standard employed at them*
The Pound Troy contains 5760 grains, and is thus
lighter than the Pound Avoirdupois, which is 7000
grains* In Massinger's Old Law iv. i, Gnotho says,
** Cressid was Troy weight, and Nell p*e* Helen] was
avoirdupois ; she held more by 4 03. than Cressida/'
The avoirdupois pound is 16 oz* ; the Troy 13*

TROYNOVANT* A name for Lond*, much used in our
older authors, and derived from the legend, popularized
by Geoffrey of Monmouth, that after the Trojan war a
company of Trojans led by Aeneas came to Britain and
became the ancestors of the British, who took their
name from Brut, the great-grandson of Aeneas* This
Brut was supposed to have founded Lond., and called
it Troja Nova, or Troy-novant* An alternative form of
the word is Trinobant, which suggests that it was the
chief town of the TrinolDantes, who lived in Essex,
Spenser, F* Q., uses the word frequently; in iii. 9, 45,
he says, " It T* is hight, that with the waves Of wealthy
Thamis washed is along"; and adds that it was
founded by " the Trojan Brute/' In Fisher's Fwnws
i. 3, Cassibelattnus says, ** Androgeus, hold unto your
use Our lady-city, T/* Ira. Lociine L i, Corineius says,
** March to T* There to provide our chieftain's funeral/'
In Greene's Friar xvi* Bacon predicts the glories of
Elizabeth " here, where Brute did btiild his T*" In
Trozi&fe* Reig ft, Haz*, p* 299, Lewis calls Loud* ** T*,
your fair metropolis/' In Nobody 1104, Elidure says/
•" Then to T* we'll speed away/' In T. Heywood's Iron
Age B+ii*, Hector predicts: "These shall nor honours nor
just rectors want, LumbardiesRome, great Britain's TV*
Nash, in Pierce, calls Lond* ** this great-grandmother of
corporations, Madame T*" la Dekker's Dead Term,
Load* says, ** Brute called me T* or Trinovant, and
sometimes Trinobant/' In King Leir (Haz** p* 519)* the
servant says, ** Ere we get to T*, I see, He quite will
tire himself, his horse, and me/'

TRUMPET* A Loud* tavern, half way up SJaire Lane on
the W* side* It was afterwards made famous by Steele,
who introduced it into the Tatter. In Shirley's BaS y*
j, Freshwater says of Mantua: ** Their strong beer {is]
better than any I ever drank at the TV*

TRUMPINGTON* A vffl* on the Cam* 2 nau S* of Cam-
bridge* It has been immortalized by Chaucer, who

TUN

makes it the scene of the Reeve's Tale. In Manltind 23,
New Guise says, ** I shall go to William Thurlay of
Hunston, and so forth to Pilchard of T/* In Yoiil h ii*
119* Youth asks Humility : " Wert thou born at T*
and brought up at Hogs Norton i "

TRYGER (Le. TKEGE&R)* The disk in Cornwall known
as the shire of Trigge, lying round Bodmin* In Cornish
M.P. ii* 3274, the servant says he could not find a worse
master "Alemma bys yn T/' (£.«* from this place to T.)*

TRYPOLL See TRIPOLI*

TUBANTES. A German tribe, settled at first between
the Rhine and the Yssel, but found later in the country
S* of the Lippe, where Gertnanicus conquered them in
AJ>. 16. In Tiberias 1116, Germanicus says, ** Neact to
the Usipetes were encamped The Tubantes hovering
on the mtn* side*"

TUCHLAND (i^* DEEITSCHLAND, or GERMANY)* In
Jonson's Irish, Patrick telis K* James that the Irish will
fight for him ** and te frow, ty datigfater, tat is in Tucii-
land/' The Princess EHzabeth married Frederick tlie
Cotint Palatine in 1613*

TUDBERRY* or TUTBURY* A town in Stafe* on the
Dove, 1 8 m. E* of Stafford, near the borders of Derbysh.
It has a fine ruined castle, built in the re^pa of William
the Conqueror, and long the residence of the Dukes of
Lancaster* In the reign of Richd. II John of Gaunt
incorporated a company of minstrels, who were granted,
amongst other things, the privilege of taking a bull once
a year from the lands of the Prior of T., 8, they could
catch him* The ceremony took place on August i6th»
the bull being irritated to madness and then let loose ;
then he was pursued by the Minstrels, who tried to
catch him, or at least cut off a bit of his hair ; if they
succeeded he was taken and baited in £be Btiii Ring, and
his body handed over to the Minstrels* In T. Heywood*s
Witches iii,, Whetstone says, ** O brave fiddkrs ! There
was never better scuffling for the T* bull/* In Samp-
son's Vow v» 3, 39, Miles says, ** He'U keep more stir
with the hobby-horse than he did with trie pipers at
Tedbury bull-running*" (See also STAFFORDSHIRE.)

TUELLERIES* A palace in Paris* on the right bank of
the Seine, W* of the Louvre. There was a pleasure-
house here as early as 1 342 ; it was bought by Francis I,
and Catharine de Medici began building a palace on the
site in 1566. It was enlarged by successive kings, btrt
was burned down by the Communists in 1871* The
name was derived from the fact that Jt was_orig£na% a
brickfield* Jonson, in Epigram cvii., satirises Capt.
Hungry for his talk abotrt " your Vilkroys and Scenes,
Tjfflw^Sy your Mtmciots, 200 yot^ T* lei iJHte^yKErs
Jtefa?M?p*22i*tl*e Piarisiaa boasts <rf**I^xerf3OOKg«d
the T*, no £H accommodations for die citeens of Paris*"

TULLIANUM. The most ancient bmfding in Rocie. Jt
was origkiaUy the well-house of the Cap'tol, but was
in later times used as a prison. Here St. Peter was said
to have been coniaed. In Ladies, iv. i, 32, Petrus says,
"Est kcus in carceie quod TuIKasum afspciatur.^
This is a quotation from SaUtBt,Cafdm£2 55. It is quoted
afffrfo in JFrannce*s Victoria iv^ c& ^065.

TUN* A proon in Comhili, Load., owosite the end of
Change Alley ; it was so called from its round shape*
In 1405 it was made into a Conduit or water-cistern,
and a prison of timber, called the Cage, was erected
over it* with a pillory for frattdukat bates on the top.
Stow, p* 189, says, " The Tunne ttpon Cofnfaill, because
the same was buiided somewhat in fashion of a Tusne
standing on the one end."

537

"UNBRIDGB

LTJNBRIDGE (now generally spelt TONBRIDGE)* A town f

in Kent, 30 m* S*E* of Lond*, on the Medway. It had a

strong castle, built in the reign of Henry VIII, of which

some ruins still remain. It had a reputation for the

manufacture of knives* In 1606 Lord North discovered

medicinal springs abt* 5 m* S*W* of the town on the

borders of Sussex, and they soon acquired popularity

through the patronage of the Q* of Charles I* The town

of T. Wells grew up near the Springs, and became in

the lyth and i8th cent* a much frequented resort of

Londoners* In Lyiy's Bombie iu i, Lucio says, " Pop

3 knaves in a sheath ; I'll make it a right T* case, and

be the bodkin*" The 3 knaves (there is an obvious pun

on knives) are Dromio, Riscio, and Halfpenny ; Lucio

will be the bodkin or small dagger, fitted into the same

case or sheath* In Bullein's Dialogue against the

Pestilence (1573), Mendaxsays, " I was born near unto

T*, where fine knives are made/' Probably the same

pun is intended, for Mendax is a champion liar* In

Cuckqaeans v* 3, Pigot says, ** 3 knives do make up the

sheath of a T. dagger/' In Jonson's New World, the

Herald says of the waters in the Moon : ** Your T*, or

the Spaw itself, are mere puddle to them/'

TUNIS. A country on the N. coast of Africa, between
Algiers and Tripoli* Originally colonized by the
Phoenicians, it passed successively under the rule of the
Romans, Vandals, and Arabs. After the invasion of the
latter, the native Berber tribes adopted Mohammedan-
ism, and established a native dynasty, called the Zirite*
Roger of Sicily dispossessed it in 1 148, but the Normans
were expelled in 11 60 by the Almofaade Caliph* On the
decay of the Almohades, the native dynasty of the
Hafeites was established in 1336, and under their rule
T. grew rapidly in wealth and splendour* Chaucer, in
Blaiznche the Duchess 310, says he would not have missed
hearing the birds singing " for the toune of Tewnes/'
From 1525 to 1575 the possession of the country was
disputed between the Spaniards and the Turks ; but it
was finally annexed to the Ottoman Empire by Selim II
at the last-named date* During the Turkish rule it
became notorious for the daring and cruelty of its
pirates, and its chief source of revenue was the sale of
Christian slaves. Blake raided the port in 1655, but this
only partially checked its marauding activities* In 1881
the French conquered the country and took over the
administration. The capital is T., a city on the N*
coast, 10 m. from the site of ancient Carthage*

From Temp. ii. i, 71, it appears that the K* of Naples
is on his way back from Africa, where he has been " at
the marriage of his fair daughter Claribel to the K* of T*,"
and, says Adrian, " T, was never graced before with
such a paragon to {heir Q*" Gonzalo adds, ** Not since
widow Dido's time," and explains : ** This T*, Sir,
was Carthage " ; whereupon Sebastian says, " His word
is more than the miraculous harp ; he hath raised the
wall and houses too*** The point is that T* is really some
so m. from the site of Carthage. In Marlowe's Tomb. B*
i. 3, Usiimcasace reports to Tamburlaine that he has
brought from Africa ** 100,000 expert soldiers ; From
Azamor to T. near the sea Is Barbary unpeopled for thy
saJoe/* In Lmfs Domn. v» i, the Q* says, "Your
deceased K. wee T/* The reference is apparently to
Charles ¥ of Spain, who conquered T* in 1535* I&
ilassisger's Gmniim v, 4, Aiphonso relates how his
sons Iffiwe been captured " by the prates of T. and
Argiers/* la AMmmy ii 3, these is a sailors' song with
the rdEratu ** To T* and to Algiers* boys ! Great is our
want, small be our joys ! ** In Fox BorazSs (1641),

TURKEY

Willie calls the Royalist troops ** Hellish pirates, worse
than Tunnees and Algeir/* Cowley, in Cutter Prol*, says,
** The Midland Sea is no where clear From dreadful
fleets of T* and Argier/' In Thersites 216, alliteration
and a pun are responsible for the allusion by the hero
to ** The trifling tabourer, troubler of T. [quasi Tunes i]
Tom Tumbler of Tewkesbury/' A pun again makes
Valeria, in Taming of a Shrew 532, promise ** I'll yearly
send you 10 tun of T. wine*" Wine is made in T., but
it never had any great reputation* The scene of Mas-
singer's Renegado is laid in T*, and one of the characters
is Asambeg, Let. Hassan Bey, viceroy of T*

TUNS, THREE* See THREE TUNS*

TURCHESTAN, or TURKISTAN* A dist* in central
Asia, lying E* of the Caspian Sea, between Persia and
China, N* of Afghanistan* It was the original home of
the Turks, whence they came to the conquest of Asia
Minor. Milton, P. L. xi* 396, mentions, amongst the
rulers of the world, u the Sultan in Bizance, Turchestan-
born/'

TUREN (Le. TYRIAN)* See TYBE*

TURIA* The old name of the Guadalaviar, a river in
Spain, flowing into the Mediterranean on the E* coast,
close to Valencia. In Nabbes' Microcosmm iv., Sensual-
ity says, ** Translate my bower to Turia's rosy banks*"

TURIN (the old AUGUSTA TAURTKORUM, properly
TORINO). A city in N* Italy, at the confluence of the
Po and the Dora Riparia, 70 m. N.W* of Genoa* It
was made the capital of Savoy by Amadeo V in 1418,
and continued so till it was occupied by the French from
1536 to 1562* It then returned to the Dukes of Savoy*
It remained the capital successively of Savoy, of Sar-
dinia, of Piedmont, until 1865, when the seat of Govern-
ment was transferred to Florence* and in 1870 to Rome*
In Chapman's Trag. Byron L if Byron instructs La Fin
to give out that " in passing Milan and T*" he was
charged to negotiate the marriage of Byron with a
daughter of the D. of Savoy, In Cockayne's Trapolin
i. 2, Horatio, the son of the D* of Savoy, says to Pru-
dentia, the sister of an imaginary Grand D. of Tuscany,
Lavinio, ** If you deny me, I never will return to T*"
The scene of Davenant's Love Hon. is laid in part at
T., whither Evandra, the heir of Milan, has been taken
by her lover, Prospero of Padua* In his Wits iv*, Young
Palatine mentions amongst other table dainties " your
T* and your Tuscan veal."

TURKEY (T* = Turk, Th. = Turkish, Ty* = Turkey)*
Applied to the countries under the dominion of the
Osmanli Ts* as a political rather than a geographical
term. In the broader sense it included in the i6th cent*
Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, N* Africa, Greece and the
Balkan Province»y-and even a part of Hungary. In a
narrow sense it is tised for Asia Minor oaaiy* The
Osmanli Ts*, a dan of the Th* tribe of Oghuz, driven
from their home in Central Asia by the Mongols, first
appeared in the West about the middle of the i4th cent.
Under Orchan they established themselves in parts of
Asia Minor ; and in 1358 won Gallipoli, and so secured
their first footing in Europe. Servia was annexed in
1389, as the result of the battle of Kosovo, in which,
however, Murad I was killed* Baye^id I, the Thunder-
bolt, made an attempt on Constantinople, but Timur,
known to the Elizabethans as Tamburlaine, came upon
the scene and defeated Bayesid, who died in captivity
in 1403. Murad II recovered the Asiatic lands which
Timur had conquered, but was completely routed by
Hunyadi of Hungary and compelled to surrender his

528

TURKEY

European possessions. In 1444, however, he won the
battle of Varna, where Ladislaus of Poland and Cardinal
Julian were slain. The decisive event in Th. history
was the taking of Constantinople by Mohammed II in
1453, which was followed— in part, preceded— by the
conquest of the Balkan Peninsula and Greece* Moham-
med also attacked Rhodes, but was repelled by the
Knights of St. John ; and his death at the siege of
Otranto put an end to his schemes for the subjugation
of the West* During the reign of Bayezid II the naval
power of the Ts* was greatly increased, and the reign
of terror which they established over the Mediter-
ranean began* Selim I, called the Grim, left Europe

the Ottoman Empire reached its highest point. He
took Belgrade, captured Rhodes, won the battle of
Mohacs against the Hungarians in 1529, and besieged
Vienna itself, though unsuccessfully. Then he added
Algiers and Tripoli to his dominions. Last, in 1565, he
made an attack on Malta, but failed. Seiim II took
Cyprus from the Venetians in 1570, but was badly
beaten in the sea-fight off Lepanto in 1571. Mohammed
III won the battle of Keresstes in Transylvania in 1596*
His successor, Ahmed I, had trouble with Persia, and
Murad IV in 1638 carried the war into their country
and won Bagdad from them. The later history does
not concern us. The following list of the Osmanli
Sultans may be useful : Osman 1, 1301 ; Orkhan, 1326 ;
Murad (or Amurath) I, 1359; Bayezid I, 1389;
Mohammed 1, 1413 ; Murad II, 1431 ; Mohammed II,
1451 ; Bayesid II, 1481 j Selim 1, 1512 ; Suleyman I,
1520; Selim II, 1566; Murad III, 1574; Mohammed
HI* J595 ; Ahmed I, 1603 ; Mustafa 1, 1617 ; Osman
II, 1618; Mustafa (restored), 1622; Murad IV, 1623;
Ibrahim, 1640; Mohammed IV, 1648. During the
latter part of the reign of Elisabeth a considerable
trade, especially in carpets, rugs, silks, and other textile
fabrics, developed between England and the Ts. ; and
the Levant Company was formed in 1581 to carry it
on, and had an office in Smyrna*

General References. — In Marlowe's Jew iv. i, Barabas
calls Ithamore, who was born in Thrace, ** the T." In
Coventry JfeLP* of Mary Magdalene 1435, the sailor says,
44 Yond there is the land of Torke " ; 2 lines later it
is called the land of Satyliye, Le+ Attalia, on the 8* coast
of Asia Minor*

Historical Allusions. — Bayeatd, or Bajaset, is promin-
ent in Marlowe's Tomb. ; he reigned from 1389 to 1402,
when he was taken prisoner by Tatnburiaine* In A* iii*
3, Zenocrate addresses Zabina, the wife of Bajafcet, as
44 Disdainful Turkess and unreverend boss*'* Tlie story
of his being placed in a cage by Tamburlaine is, how-
ever, without foundation* In Dekker's Fortunatas £* i,
Fortune exhibits ** Poor Bajazet, old Th* emperor," and
describes his death in Tamburlaine's cage. In Cooke's
Greene's Quoaue i* i, Sir Lionel says his knighthood will
** strike as great a terror to my enemies as ever Tamer-
laaietatheTs/* In Greene's Alphonsas iii. proL, Belinus
flies ** ttnto the Th* soil To crave the aid of Amuracke
their K," .This was Murad II (1421-1451)* In Span.
Frag* v* i, Hieronimo relates the story of Solyman and
Petseda, and proposes to act it ; the part of 4* great
Solyman the Th* Emperor ** being assigned to Balthazar*
This was Suleyman I (1520-1566)* la Barnes' Charter
ii£. 3, Frescobaldi boasts : ** At Vienna I did tmhoise
3 Th. Janizaries/* Tms would be at tifcie siege by Ssley-
man in 1529* The Siege of Rhodes by Stikyxnan & the
subject of Davenanfs play with that title* In Belter's

TURKEY

Wonder iii, i, we are told of "A fleet of youthful
Florentines, all vowed To rescue Rhodes from Th*
slavery/* Malta* whither the Knights of St. John had
gone after the taking of Rhodes, was attacked by Suley-
man in 1551 and 1565, but without success* In Mar-
lowe's Jew i* r , Barabas says, ** Long to the T, did Malta
contribute; Which tribute * * * The Ts* have let
increase to such a sum As all the wealth of Malta cannot
pay/' This is quite unhistorical* In Act V, the Ts*, led
by Selim Calymath— apparently intended for Selim,
the son of Suleyman, who succeeded him as Selim II~
attack Malta, but fail, and Selim is captured : a wholly
imaginary incident. In Massinger's Maid Hon. L i,
Antonio says to Bertolda, " You are a knight of Malta
and, as I have heard, Have served against the T/r In
Barnes* Charter iii. 3, Frescobaldi says, ** I fought at
Malta, when the town was girt With bul-beggers of
Turkie " ; probably in 1551* In Otk. L 3, 8, we learn
that " A Th* fleet is bearing up to Cyprus ** ; and in
spite of a counter-report that " The Hi, preparation
makes for Rhodes/' it is held that " The importaocy of
Cyprus to the T/r makes the first report the more
probable ; and this view is confirmed by a 2nd mes-
senger* Consequently Othello is sent to Cypns to
meet them. In ii* i, 10, we find that there has been ** A
segregation of the Th* fleet," and that 4* The desperate
tempest hath so banged the Ts. That their designment
halts " ; and so " Our wars are done, the Ts. are
drowned/* Cyprus was attacked and taken from Venice
by the Ts* in 1570. so that the action of Qtk* must be
supposed to be somewhat earlier than that. In Shirley's
Imposture v. i, Hortensio says to Pandolfo, " You are
the very same to whom his Holiness gave a pension for
killing 6 great Ts. in Transylvania/' Probably he is
thinking of the battle of Keresates m Traasyhrania,
where the Ts. defeated Sigonund m 1596* In Mar-
lowe's Massacre p. 234, Anjou speaks of " otir waars
against the Muscovites, And on the other side against
the TV* The reference is to the wars between the Ts.
and the combined forces of Europe after the capture
of Cyprus by the Ts* in 1570, In Day's Travails, the
adventures of Sir Thomas and Sir Robert Shirley in
the E* are related, and they include the defeat of the
Ts, by the Persians in the early years of the i7th cent*
The following plays are based upon events in the Th.
Empire : Marlowe's Tomb. (Bajazet I) ; Kyd's So&-
man (Suleyman I) ; Fulke Greville's Mmtapha {Suley-
man I) ; Selim, sometime Emperor of the Turks {Selim ft*
CarlelTs Osmond the Great Twrk professes to deal -m&t
the reign of the Sultan Osman, but is quite unhistockaL
Goffe's Paging Turk or Bajazet 11 and his Co&rag&xis
Turk or Anwrath I have to do with the reigns of those
monarch** Peek's Turkish Mahomet and Hfren the
Fair Greek was very poptikr, but &, taAttnrtdljr* ta.
Ts* appear m many of tlie plays, chk% as pirates wfeo
carry off one of tlie dmaeteis into slavery or as fighting
against Malta, Rhodes* Venice, and oOier Italian cities*
The Th. standard was the crescent mooo* first used
as such by Selim L Puttenham, in Art of Poesie iL,
says, " Sefim, empejxr of Tttrkie, gaffe ioc Ms device a
croissant or new moon/' Sidney, in Astrophd xxz. x,
«*« * ** Whether the Tmkkt* new moon minded be

539

To fill his horns this year on Christian coast*** Dekfcer,
in Dream (1620), says, " The Th* hattaoosi cfc taer
stiver horns Tosses the Christian diadem," In B, & R
Span. Ccr. L x, Leandro pictures the tavern politicians
discussing the T^ ^ And whether his moony standards
are designed For Persia OTPokmia/' In their M o&a L 3,
Valetta says, "Mttch blood this warHke Dane hath

ll

TURKEY

spent To advance our flag above their horned moons/*
Milton, P* L* x* 434, describes the Bactrian Sophi (i*e*
the Shah of Persia) retreating " from the horns of Th.
crescent/'

The Th. navy began to be formidable about the
beginning of the i6th cent* in the reign of Bayezid IL,
and consisted of large galleys of upwards of 1,000 tons/
with smaller galleys and barks or fly-boats. In Webster's
White Devil £i. i, Brachiano says, ** The great D*, be-
cause he has galleys, and now and then ransacks a Th*
fly-boat, first made this match/* In Ford's Trial L i,
Futeili says, ** Auria is basting To cuff the Th. pirates
in the service Of the Great D* of Florence/' In Mass-

inger's Great Date iL i, Fiorinda says of Sanazarro :
" Like lightning hath he fallen Upon the Th. galleys/'
In B» <Sc F* Beggars* iv. 3, a sailor tells of a fight between

a fly-boat and ** 6 Th, galleys," 3 of which are sunk by
a Dutch vessel that came up* In Glapthorne's Privilege
L i, Lactantio says, ** The rumour has filled all Italy
with wonder how so small a number should defeat the
Th* nayy*" In Davenant's Plymouth iii* i, Seawit says,
** Imagine we meet a Persian junk or Th* carrack, board
her, take her, and force a Bashaw prisoner/'

References to Christians captured by the Ts* and
sold into slavery or forced to serve in their galleys are
numerous* In Dekker's Hon. Wh* A* ii* i, Hippolito
says to Bellafront, ** You are crueller than Ts*, for they
sell Christians only, you sell yourselves away/' In v* 2,
ooe of the madmen cries : ** See, the Ts/ gallies are
fighting with my ships ; alas, I am undone ; you are
the damned pirates have undone me/' In Shirley's
Hyde Park iv* 3, Bonavent's letter says, ** I was taken
by a Th* pirate and detained many years a prisoner in
an island/' In Massinger's Guardian v* 4, Alphonso
says, ** They had one design and that was In charity
to redeem the Christian slaves Chained in the Th*
servitude." In B* <£ F* Fear Maid L v* i, Alberto says,
** The noble favour I received from thee In freeing me
from the Ts, I now account Worse than my death ; for
I shall never live To make requital/' In v. 3, Prospero
says, " My cruel fate Made me a prisoner to the Th*
gallies Where for 12 years these hands tugged at the
oar/T He was then released by a ship of Malta* In
Massi*iger*s Very Woman v* 5* Antonio tells the story
of his capture try " 8 well-manned gallies * * * Of
wtikh the ardi Th* pirate, cruel Dragut, Was admiral,"
and of his being twice sold for a slave by them* In
Davenact's Fammrite iii* i, Oramont says, ** A crowd of
slaves Whom she redeemed from Th* chains, salute
her*" In Dekker's Wonder iv. r, Torrenti says, 4* Your
pity on a wretch 3 years a Th. galley-slave." In Day's
Lam Tricks L i, Polymetis relates how "3 armed
galkys of the faithless Ts/' set their men on store on
the coast of Italy near Pisa and took his sister prisoner*
In v. i, the D» of Genoa says, ** He hath redeemed my
daughter From the Th* servitude*" In Randolph's
Muses iL i, Colax says, rather than be a parasite, "Let
me tug at the T/s galleys/'

The T* is the natural enemy of Christendom, and as
such is classed with Jews and pagans* In As iv* 3, 33,
Kosalmdsays," Why, she defies me like T* to Christian*"
In R2 £v: i, 95, Carlisle tells how Norfolk has been
** Streaming the ensign of the Christian cross Against
tfecfc Pagans, Ts*» aad Saracens/* In O*&> v* a, 353,
Otbello tells how ia Aleppo he slew ** a malignant and
ttrtajiedT/' who had "beaten a Venetian and traduced
%s!isie/* laJFaiw^s £«&e (Haz* iii 336), Virtaotis
Living pcays: M O graciotis God, ho w highly art thou of
all men to be poised, Of Chrstians,Sar^ens, Jews, and

TURKEY

also Ts*" In Ingelend's Disobedient 82, the Devil says,
"All the Jews and all the Ts* In the end they fly hither "
(i*e* to hell)* In "Lupton's All for Money prpl*, Astrology
is said to be an art ** not hid from the Sarisons, Pagans,
and Ts/f In the Collect for Good Friday (1549), we are
bid to pray: "Have mercy upon all Jews, Ts*, Infidels,
and Heretics*" In Jonson's Volpone iv* i, Sir Politick
says, ** I could show you reasons how I could sell this
state now to the T*, spite of their galleys " ; and in
v* 2, Peregrine tells him that his plot *4 To sell the State
of Venice to the T/' has been revealed to the Senate*
In Webster's White Devil v* i, Flamineo says, " I have
known men that have come from serving against the
Turk, for 3 or 4 months they have had pension to buy
them new wooden legs and fresh plasters ; but, after,
'twas not to be had/' In B* & F* Span. Cur. i* i,,
Leandro satirises the tavern politicians who can tell
" what course the Emperor takes Against the encroach-
ing T*" In ItaL Gent. iL 2, Pedant parodies Medusa's
list of devils with ** Ottomans, Sophys, Ts*, and the
Great Cham/* In S* Rowley's When you D* 2, Henry
VIII promises the Papal Legate, ** The Turke will we
expel from Christendom."

The Sultan is often spoken of as The T*, The Great
T., or The Grand T. In All's ii. 3, 94, Lafeu says of the
young fellows who refuse Helena's hand : ** I would
send them to the T. to make eunuchs of/' In H4 B*
iii* 2, 331, Falstaff says of Shallow's talk : ** every 3rd
word a He, duer paid to the hearer than the T/s
tribute," The tribute exacted by the Ottomans was
very strictly enforced. In HS v* 2, 222, Henry promises
to get a boy ** that shall go to Constantinople and take
the T* by the beard/' In H6 A* iv* 7, 73, La Pucelle
says of Talbot's letter : ** The T., that two and fifty
kingdoms hath, Writes not so tedious a style as this/'
In Dekker's Satiro. i* 2, 379, Tucca says to Horace
(Jonson), " You must be called Asper, and Criticus, and
Horace ; thy title's longer a reading than the style a the
Big Turkes — Asper Criticus Quintus Horatius Flaccus*"
In a letter from the Commissary-General of Ty+, dated
July 1612, the Sultan is described as " The K* of all
lands and seas, dominator from the E. unto the W*,
commander over Meccha and Jerusalem, the most noble
prince of the whole commonwealth of the inhabiters of
the world," and so on for a dozen lines more. In Lear
iii* 4, 94, Edgar says, " In woman I out-paramoured
theT." So throughout Qth* In J* Heywood's Four PJP*
(A* B, D., p. 14), one of the Pardoner's relics is "an eye-
tooth of the G* T*," which he affirms will preserve the
eye-sight* In Dekker's Hon. Wh. B* iv* 2, Orlando says
of his daughter ; ** She's more honest than one of the T/s
wenches, watched by a hundred eunuchs*" In Barry's
Ram iv*, Smallshanks says to Capt* Face, who is being
forced to pretend that he is a baboon, ** Now, Sir, what
can you do for the Gt* T*£ Hark, he stirreth notl"
Baboons were trained to lift up their hands or make
other gestures when Protestants were mentioned, but
to give no sign at the name of the T* or the Pope* In
Middleton's Gipsy ii. z, John offers to do anything
for Pretiosa ; " kill tie Gt* T,, pluck out the Mogul's
eye-teeth*" In Massinger's Great Duke L 2, Sanazarro
announces the capture of the galleys " Appointed to
transport the Asian tribute Of the Gt* Turk*" In
Chapman's D'O&'zw ii* 2, the D* says, " I will trust you
now, if 'twere to send you forth to the Gt* T* with an
enabiassage/' In Beguiled ix* 285, the Nurse says, " He
does strut before her as if he were a gentleman-usher
to the gt. T/r In Bavenanfs Siege v* i, Mervok says,
" The Gt* T. with all his janisaries would not be per-

TURKEY

mitted to make this noise/' In Shirley's Gent. Ven. iii* i,
Malipiero says, "Venice is a jewel, a rich pendant,
would hang rarely at the Gt* T/s ear/' In Vol. Welsh.
ii- 5/ Juggler predicts, " He shall subdue the T* And
pluck gt* Otoman from off his throne," In Brome's
Antipodes i* 4, Martha says that her husband professed
to have had 3 sons, one of whom " had shook the Gt*
T* by the beard/' In Dekker's Babylon 242* Plain
Dealing says, " The Gt* T* is a very little fellow/' The
reference is to Mohammed III, of whom Fynes Mory-
son says : " He was very corpulent and fat and seemed on
horseback to be of somewhat a low stature/' In line
259, Paridel says of Elizabeth: " She walks not like the
T* with a Janisarie-guard/' Hall, in Sat. iv* 2, 12, says,
" Let giddy Cosmius change his choice array, Like as
the T* his tents, thrice in a day/* In Cartwright's
Ordinary iv* i, Hearsay says, ** The Gt* T* loves no
music/' Fynes Moryson, Itin. i*, says of Selim II: "He
loved music, but had not the patience to attend the
tuning of instruments," and tells how he left a concert
provided for him by the Venetians because the
musicians had to tune* In B* & F* Span. Cur. ii* i, when
Diego pretends to remember the imaginary De Castro,
Leandro says, " De-Castro is the T* to thee," i*e* You
know him no more than you do the Grand T* Gt* T*
is sometimes used to mean the supreme authority on
any subject* In Davenant's Plymouth ii* i, Seawit
says, " We will hear you as you were the Gt* T* of
eloquence/'

It was the practice of the Th* Sultans to kill all their
brothers on their accession* In H4 B* v* 2, 47, Henry V
says to his brothers, " Brothers, you mix your sadness
with some fear; This is the English, not the Th*
court ; Not Amurath an Amurath succeeds, But Harry
Harry/' In Wilson's Inconstant ii* i, Aramant says,
" The Gt* T* Is now confined into 500 whores * * *
and 'a must not murder More brothers — than 'a has I "
Burton, A. M. iii* 3, i, i, says. ** Amongst the Ts* * * *
'tis an ordinary thing to make away their brothers, or
any competitors* at the first coming to the crown*"
44 Bear, like the T*, no brother near the throne," says
Pope of Addison*

The Sultans kept their numerous wives in a Seraglio,
guarded by mutes and eunuchs* In H$ i* 2, 232, Henry
says, ** Either our history shall with full mouth Speak
freely of our acts, or else our grave, Like Th* mute, shall
have a tongueless mouth/' In Jonson's Epicoene ii* i,
Morose says, " The T* in this divine discipline is
admirable ; still waited on by mutes, and all his com-
mands so executed*" In B* & F* Sea Voyage £ti* i,
Tibalt says, "Like the Grand Signior, Thus I walk in
my seraglio/' In Tw. N. i* 2, 69, the Capt* says to
.Viola, " Be you his eunuch, and your mute I'll be*"
In Glapthorne's Wit i* i, Thorowgood says that Formal
44 deserves to be grand porter to the Gt* T/s seraglio."
In Davenant's Platonic iv* 2, Gridonell says, 4* Would
I were the Gt* T* but for one month i " In his Love
Hon. i* i, Vasco says, ** If the Gt* T* knew me, honest
Achmet, he would trust me in his seraglio " ; in ii* i,
Altesta says, " I stand like one of the T/s chidden
mutes*" In Dekker's Northward iv* i, Mayberry says
"The knave haswmore wives than the T*, he has a wife
almost in every shire in England/' In Marlowe's
Tomb. A* iii* 3, Bajazeth says of Tamburlaine : " He
- shall be made a chaste and lustless eunuch And in my
sarell tend my concubines*" Montaigne (Florio's
trans*) i* 42, says, ** What longing lust would not be
allayed, to see 300 women at his dispose and pleasure,
as hath the Gt* T* in his Seraille 4 "

TURKEY

* National Character of the Turks. — Heylyn (s.v.
TDRCOMANIA) says, ** The Ts* are generally well-com-
plexioned, of good stature, proportionately compacted,
no idle talkers, no doers of things superfluous, hot and
venerious, servile to their Emperor, and zealous in
religion* They nourish no hair on their head* * * *
Shooting is their chief recreation* As they shave their
heads, so they wear their beards long, as a figure of
freedom* The women are small of stature, for the most
part ruddy, clear, and smooth as the polished ivory, of
a very good complexion, seldom going abroad, and then
masked ; lascivious within doors, pleasing in matters
of incontinency/' Montaigne (Florio's trans.) i* 24,
says, " The mightiest, yea, the best settled estate that
is now in the world is that of the Ts*, a nation equally
instructed to the esteem of arms and disesteem of
letters*"

Their Warlike Character. — In R2 iv* i, 139, Carlisle
predicts : " Peace shall go sleep with Ts* and infidels
And in this seat of peace tumultous wars Shall kin
with kin confound*" In Davenant's Love Hon. L i,
Vasco says, ** This Prospero's a T* when his whinyard's
drawn." Their swords and bows were highly esteemed.
Fynes Moryson says that the Ts* were furnished ** with
excellent short swords whereof they have great store*"
In Marlowe's Tomb. B* i* i, Orcanes says, " Our Ty*
blades shall glide through all their throats/' In Greene's
Qnipt p* 239, Cloth-breeches accuses the cutler of
selling "a sword or rapier new over-glased" and
swearing "the blade came either from Turkie or
Toledo/' In B* & F* Elder B. v* i, Cowsy says, 4* I
have * * * paid For several weapons, Th. and Toiedos,
2,000 crowns*" Whiting, in Albino and Bellama (1638)
108, says, " He forthwith unsheathed his trusty turke,
Called forth that blood which in his veins did lurk*"
Chaucer, Rom. Rose 923, says, " In his hand holding
Turke bowes two, fufle well devysed had he/* In Sir
Bevis 767, we read of " Bowes turkes and arweblast/*
Bacon, in Sylva viii* 704, says, ** The Th* bow giveth
a very forcible shoot/*

Inhumanity and Treachery of the Turks. — In Merch+
iv* i, 32, the D* says that Antonio's losses might " pluck
commiseration of his state From stubborn Ts* and
Tartars, never trained To offices of tender courtesy/'
In Oldcastle iv* 2, the K* asks, " Else what's the differ-
ence 'twixt a Christian And the uncivil manners of the
T* i " In Chivalry F* 4, Katharine says, "No bloody
Scythian or inhuman T* But would ha' trembled to faa'
touched his skin*" In Cooke's Greene's Qztogue^ p* 562,
Joice says that Rash's behaviour " is barbarous, and a
T* would blush to offer it to a Christian/' In PfriLatus 53.
Emily says, " Sic creweltie has not bene knawm Amang
the Turkes sa rude*" Dekker, in Wmderftd Year,
says, " They seem by their Th* and barbarous acfkaas
to believe that there is no felicity after this Hfe/* Lyly,
in Eaph&es Anat. Wit 42, says, "Was never any imp
so wicked and barbarous, any T* so vik and brutish-"
Hence to T* means to treat barbarously. In B* & F*
Malta ii* i, Norandine says,** Your timely succour * * *
came in the nick * * * My T. had turked me else*"
But on the other hand, in their Cure v* i, Lucio says,
** The barbarous T* is satisfied with spoil," i*e* without
torture or murder* In Massinger's Renegado iii* 5,
Vitelli says, when he is betrayed by Asanibeg, u The
better ; I expected A Th* faith/'

Hence the T* was frequently brought on the Eliza-
bethan stage as the villain of the piece* His black face,
heavy moustache, white or gaily-coloured turban, and
curved falchion made him a conspicuous figure* Ts*

TURKEY

(or Moors, for the terms are often synonymous) are
found in the following plays, for the list of which I am
indebted to Mr, J* Q* Adams, the editor of Mulleasses
the Turk : Tamburlaine A. and B*, Spanish Tragedy,
Jew of Malta, Selimus, Solyman and Per$edat Alphonsus
ofArragon, Lust's Dominion, Battle of Alcazar, Orlando,
Mvstapha, White Devil, Knight of Malta, MnUeasses
the Turk, All's Lost by Lust, Two Noble Ladies, City
Nightcap, Renegado, Revenge for Honour, Emperor of the
East, Royal Slave, Aglaura, Osmond the Great Turk,
Rebellion, Thradan Wonder, and many others whose
names only have survived.

The Ts* were credited with taciturnity and gravity of
demeanour. In Davenant's Rutland p* 225, the Lon-
doner says to the Parisian, 4* Your nation affects not
that majestical silence which is used by the Ts*" In
B* & F* Double Mar. iii. 2, the Boatswain says, " This
senseless silent courtesy, methinks, Shows like 2 Ts*
saluting one another."

Turk is constantly used as a term of abuse, an infidel*
In M. W .W. i* 3, 97, Pistol apostrophises Falstaff as
4* base Phrygian T* ! " meaning that, like the Phrygian
Paris/ he is hunting after another man's wife, and, like
the Tv he is not satisfied with one. In H4 A* v* 3, 46,
Falstaff says, '* T* Gregory never did such deeds in
arms as I have done this day/' Gregory is possibly
Pope Gregory VII, or Hildebrand, who was particularly
odious to Protestants ; hence he is called T., £*e* rene-
gade* In R3 iii* 5, 41, Gloucester says, " What, think
you we are Ts* or infidels *"' In Mac. iv* i, 29, "Nose
of T. and Tartar's lips " are ingredients in the witches*
cauldron, along with " liver of blaspheming Jew*" In
Oth. ii* i, 115, lago says, " Nay, it is true, or else I am a
T/* In Dekker's Hon. Wh. B* iv* i, Orlando says,
** He's a T*, that makes any woman a whore ; he's no
true Christian, I'm sure/' In Juventus 157, Good
Councell says, " No more ungodliness doth reign In
any wicked heathen, T., or infidel/' In Ford's rTis Pity
iv. 3, Putana says, ** Believe me I Why, dost Think I am
a T* or a Jew < ** In Dekker's Satiro iv* 2, 45, Tucca
says, *Wilt fight, T,-a-ten-pence*"* Taylor, in Works,
says, " If he had a T. of ten pence been, Thou told'st
him plain the errors he was in/' In Marlowe's Jew iv. 4,
Ithamore says, "Gentleman! he flouts me* What
gentry can be in a poor T* of ten pencetf" It is clear
froca die last three passages that " T, of tenpence " had
beoosaae ft proverb of contempt*

Hence to turn T* means to become an apostate, a
renegade, and so to make a complete change in one's
views and beliefs; to round upon one's old friends*
In Ado iii. 4, 57, Margaret says to Beatrice, '* Well, an
you be not turned T*, there's no more sailing by the
star/' In Qth* n. 3, 160, Othello asks : " Are we turned
Ts. and to ourselves do that Which heaven hath forbid
the Ottomite i ** In Ham, ii* 2, 287, Hamlet thinks he
might turn actor w if the rest of my fortunes turn T*
with me," In Dekker's Hon. Wh. A. iv* i, Hippolito
says to Bellafront, ** fT£s damnation If you turn T*,"
t£. relapse again into an immoral life* fa Massinger's
Maid Hon. ii. a, Sylli, being insulted by a page, cries,
** Tamburlaine in little ! Am I turned T* i " The
reference to is Tamburlaine's treatment of Bajazet,
whom IK teed as a mounting block when he got on his
hocse* In W* Rowley's AJTs Lost ii* 6, 44, Antonio
says, ** Persuade me to turn T* or Moore Mahometan/,
In Waasmgafs Rmegado v* 4, Pauline says to Asambeg,
* Hiese siiaH be no odds betwixt tis ; I will turn T*"
la K$cfs So&man m. 5, SoUman asks : " What say
these pcfeK»ers * WiD &ey turn T* or no ** " Btirton,

TURKEY

A. M. i* 2, 4, 6, says of a poor man : " He will betray
his father, prince, and country, turn T*, forsake religion,
abjure God and all*"

Figures like Ts* were set up for the archers in Fins-
bury and elsewhere to shoot at* In Dekker's Shoe-
maker's iii* j, Hodge says, ** If I stay, I pray God I may
be turned to a T* and set in Finsbury for boys to
shoot at," In preface to Camden's Hist. Eliz. (1569) he
speaks of various sorts of archery, and amongst them
"the shooting at the Turke/' In Manifestation of
the Archbishop of Spalato's Motives, Appendix iii* 7,
it is said, 4* All the rest were but painted posts, and
Turkes of ten pence, to fill and adorn the shooting
field*" (See quotations at end of preceding paragraph.)
Personal Appearance and Dress. — In Field's Weather-
cock v* i, Nevill says he has got for Sir Abraham a visard
with a huge rnoustachio, ** a very T/s*" Gascoigne, in
Hearbes (1573), p* 346, expects to see his friend coming
back from his travel with "Your brave mustachyos
turned the Turky way." In T* Heywood's Lucrece
iii. 5, Valerius sings, ** Some like breechless women
go — The Russ, T*, Jew, and Grecian " ; and later,
" The T. in linen wraps his head*" In Span. Trag. v* i,
Hieronimo says to Balthazar, who is to act the part of
Soleyman in a Masque, " You must provide a Th. cap,
A black mustachio, and a fauchion," Fynes Moryson,
Itm. i, describes the Th* soldiers as wearing " a cap of
mingled colours in the form of a sugar-loaf*" Again he
says, " All Ts* in general wear white heads, called by
some Tsalma, by others Tolopa, and vulgarly Tulbent*
This Tulbent is made of 20 or more ells of fine linen
and very white/' In Middieton's Changeling iv* 3,
Isabella says, " About thy head I saw a heap of clouds,
Wrapt like a Th* turban*" In Strode's Float. Isl., Dame
Fancy cannot decide whether to accept a Th* turbant
or a Persian cydaris as her head-dress* In Cartwright's
Slave, Masistes says of the women : " I hope They
have not changed their sex ; they are not leaped Into
rough chins and tulipants/' Herrick, in Temple, says
that the Fairy ** Dons the silkworm's shed Lake a T/s
turban on his head*" In Histrio iii, i, Pride says,
** Ladies, trick your trains with Th. pride." In Chap-
man's Hwn. Day vii., Dowsecer speaks of '* Ignorant
Th* pride, Being pompous in apparel and in mind/'
In Kyd's Sotiman v., Lucina asks : ** How chanceth
your Th* bonnet is not on your head i "

The Ts* were Mohammedans in religion, and the
Koran or Al-Koran was their sacred book* In Chap-
man's Consp. Byron v. i, Henry says of Savoy : " He
hath talked a volume greater than the T/s Alcaron*"
In Lady Mother i* 3, Bonville says, ** Labour to induce
Ts* to contemn their Alcoron." Milton, in Areopagitica,
p* /p, says, "" The T* upholds his Alcoran by the pro-
hibition of printing/' In Jensen's Ev. Man O. v. 4,
Carlo says, ** 111 honour thee more than the T* does
Mahomet**1' The Koran allows Polygamy, and denies
that women have souls* In T* Hey* cod's Traveller i. i,
Geraldine says, ** The Greek wantons, Compelled
beneath the Th* slavery, Vassal themselves to all men*"
In Massinger's Renegadp i* 2, Donusa says, ** Our
jealous Ts* Never permit their fair wives to be seen
But at the public bagnios or the mosques And even then
veiled and guarded*" In Swetnam iii* i, lago says that
Swetnam ** is of the T/s opinion " that women have
no souls* The Koran forbids the use of intoxicating
drink* In H. Shirley's Mart. Soldier iv* 3, the Camel-
driver says, ** I fare hard and drink water ; so do the
Indians ; so do the Ts/' Bacon, in Sylva viiL 705,
says that in Ty+ they drink a confection called shervet,

533

TURKEY

dissolved in water, ** because they are forbidden wine
by their law*" In Davenant's Wits iii* 4, the elder
Palatine speaks of "cool sherbet, The Turk's own
julep/' In Rabelais' Pantagruel ii* 14, Panurge says,
** These horrible Ts* are very unhappy, in that they
never drink one drop of wine*"

The national drink was coffee or kahveh, which was
introduced into England about the middle of the ijth
cent, Evelyn, in Memoirs (1636), says of a Greek,
Nathanael Conopios : ** He was the first I ever saw-
drink coffee, which custom came not into England till
30 years after*" Burton, AM. i* 2, 2, 2, says, " Their
chief comfort, to be merry together in an alehouse or
tavern, as * . * Ts. in their coffee-houses, which much
resemble our taverns*" In iL 5, i, 5, he says, " The Ts*
have a drink called coffee (for they use no wine) so
named of a berry as black as soot and as bitter which
they sip still of, and sup as warm as they can suffer ;
they spend much time in those coffee-houses, which
are somewhat like our ale-houses or taverns." They
were much addicted to the use of opium* Sandys, in
Travels (1615) 66, says, " The Turkes are also incredible
takers of opium*" In B* & F* Thierry v* 2, Bawdber says
that a Spanish doctor has given Thierry " More cooling
opium than would kill a T*"

Turkish Trade with England in Tapestries, Carpets,
Cushions, etc. — La Jonson's Ev. Man /* i* i, Wellbred
says in his letter, " I have such a present for thee ;
our Ty* company never sent the like to the Grand
Signior*" When the Turkey Company was rechar-
tered in 1605, James I* gave them £5,000 to be
sent as a present to the Grand Signior* In Tomkis's
Albumazar i* 5, Albumazar directs that a clock he
has invented should be delivered ** To a Ty* factor,
bid him with care present it From me to the house
of Ottoman*" In Mayne's Match 1*4, Newcut describes
young Plotwell, who has been compelled by his
uncle to enter into business, as dressed in ** A velvet
jacket which hath seen Aleppo twice, is known to the
Gt* T*" In Shrew ii* i, 355, Gremio boasts that he has
in his house ** Ty* cushions bossed with pearl*" In
Err* iv* i, 104, Antipholus speaks of his desk " That's
covered o'er with Th* tapestry*" In Jonson's Volpone
v* i, ** Ty* carpets nine " figure in the inventory of
Volpone's property* In Marlowe's Tomb. B* i* 2,
Callapine says, ** The pavements underneath thy
chariot wheels With Ty* carpets shall be covered*" In
B* <5c F* Coxcomb iv* 3, Mother says, ** Take care my
house be handsome, and the new stools set out, and the
Ty* carpet*" In Greene & Lodge's Looking Glass iii*,
one of the merchants in Jonah's ship says, " On his
[Jehovah's] altar's fume These Ty* cloths, this gas-
sampine and gold I'll sacrifice," an amusing anachron-
ism* Dekker, in Hornbook iv*, advises the gallant after
dinner to change his English-cloth coat " into a light
Turfcy-grogram," grogram being a coarse silk, or silk
and wool, fabric* Nash, in Wilton 146, says, "His
cloak is faced with Ty* grogeran ravelled*" Euphues, in
Lyly's Euphues England, p. 415, says to the ladies of
Italy, " If I had brought * * * fine carpets from Ty*
* « * you would have wooed me*"

The Moors are sometimes called Ts*, probably
because both were Mohammedans* In W* Rowley's
AlVs Lost, which is concerned with the wars between the
Moors and Spaniards in A*D* 711-714, the Moors are
often called Ts*; thus, in i* 2, 44, Julianus says to the
K*, " So long have you held A champion resolution
'gainst the Turke That Spain is wasted in her noble
strength*"

TURNBULL STREET

Turkey was first given as the name of the Guinea-
fowl, which was originally brought into England from
the Th* empire, but when the American bird, Meleagris
Gallopavo, was introduced the name was transferred
to it* In H4 A* ii* i, 29, the carrier complains, ** The
tys* in my pannier are quite starved*" In TIP* N. ii*
5,36 Fabian says of Malvolio: ** Contemplation makes
a rare ty*-cock of him ; how he jets under his advanced
plumes!" In.H5v*i,i6, Gower says of Pistol: "Here
he comes, swelling like a ty*-cock*" In Dekker's Satiro
ii* x* 55* Sir Vaughan says, "And he were a cock come
out as far as in Ty*'s country, 'tis possible to cut hfs
comb off*" R*C*, in Time's Whistle (1616) iii*, speaks
of one swelling " in big looks like some turkie cock*"

Ty* or Ty* Stone is used for the Turquoise* Fynes
Moryson, in Itin* iv* 4, i, tells of a man who had ** 3
rings on his fingers, a diamond, a Turky, and a ruby*"

In Skelton's Magnificence fol* xvii*, Fancy mentions
44 Porcenya the proud provost of Turky land that rated
the Romans and made them ill rest*" Lars Porsenna
of Clusium is intended, and Turky seems to be a mis-
print or error for Tuscany, f*e* Etruria*

TURNBOLIA* A humorous name for TURNBULL STREET,
q.v.

TURNBULL STREET* Lond., running S* from
Clerkenwell Green to Cowcross St*, just E. of Farring-
don Station* The Metropolitan railway has occupied
the W* side of it, and it has recovered its original name,
Turnmili St*, derived, according to Stow, from the Fleet
River, which ran down at the back of its W* side and
was called Turnmili, or Tremill, Brook, from the mills
which were supplied by it with water-power* In our
dramatists the commonest spelling is T., but we also
find Turnball, Townbull, and Tunbold as variants* It
was the most disreputable street in Load., a haunt of
thieves and loose women*

La H4 B. iii* 2, 329, Falstaff says of Shallow : "This
same starved Justice hath done nothing but prate to me
of the wildness of his youth, and the feats he hath done
about T* St*" In Jonson's Eu* Man L iv* 5, Bobadil
says, "They have assualted me as I have walked alone
in divers skirts f the town, as T., Whitechapel, Shore-
ditch, which were then my quarters*" In BarthoL ii* I,
Ursula says to Knockem, who is described as ** Master
Daniel Knockem Jordan, the ranger of T*, a horse-
courser," "You are one of those horse-leeches that
gave out I was dead in T* St* of a surfeit of bottle-ale
and tripes*" In iv* 3, Ursula calls Alice ** your punk of
T*" and " Thou tripe of IV* In B. & F* Pesffe iii* 4*
one of the men who is being treated for syphilis says,
44 1 fell in love with this my lady dear And stole her
from her friends in Tt-st*" La their ScomfaIw.2fS&ril
says, ** Here has been such dismal drinking, swearing,
and whoring, we've lived in a continual Turnball St/*
In Greene's Thieves, Kate says, " We poor wenches
are your sure props and stay* If you will not believe
me, ask poor A. B* in Turnemill St*" In Middleton's
Chaste Maid ii* 2, one of the promoters says, " I
promised faithfully to send this morning a fat quarter
of lamb to a kind gentlewoman in T. $t* that longs/*
In Field's Amends i* i, Lady Honour says, " You talk
like one of those same rambling boys That reign in
T* St*" In ii* 2, Subtle says, " Your whore doth live
in Pickt-hatch, T* St*" In iii* 4, the scene is a tavern in
the st*, and the Drawer pleads, " Gentlemen, I beseech
you consider where you are — T* St* — a civil place ; do
not disturb a number of poor gentlewomen ! " In
Webster's Cuckold iv* i, Pettifog says, ** This informer

TURKEY

comes into T. St» to a victualling house and there falls
in league with a wench." In Middleton's Inner Tern.
174, Dr, Almanac says, ** Stand forth, Shrove Tuesday I
*Tis in your charge to pull down bawdy houses, cause
spoil in Shoreditch, deface T*, and tickle Codpiece
Row/' The Apprentices had licence on Shrove
Tuesday each year to make a raid on houses of ill-fame.
In his .ZVo Wit ii* i, Weatherwise speaks of " one Taurus,
a gentleman in Townbull st/* In Barry's Earn iii* 3,
Mrs* Taffata calls Puff "Your swaggering, cheating,
T.-st* rogue/* In Randolph's Moses iv* 3, Justice
Nimis mentions among the sources of his income " the
lordship of TV* In his Hey Hon. he talks of " The
whores of Pickt-hatch, T*, the unmerciful bawds of
Bloomsbury/* In Barnes* Charter iii, 5, Bagnioli men-
tions 4* Marga Marichalus That in Turnulibull doth
keep an ale-house/' where Turnulibull is a transparent
alias for T. Nash, in Pierce G, i, says, ** I commend our
tmclean sisters in T* st* to the protection of your [the
devil's] portership." In Davenport's New Trick i. 2,
Slightall, wanting a woman, bids Roger "go search
Turaball," amongst other places of ill-repute* In iii. i,
the Constable brings along " a bottle of the best wine
in Turnball, which they say all Lond* cannot better/'
In Glapthorne's Hollander iii. i, the President of the
Twifaall knights, a company of blackguards, takes the
tMe of 44 Duke of T*, Bloomsbury, and Rotten Row*"
In Brome's Antipodes v* 7, Lefoy says to Barbara, ** Go
with thy flesh to T* shambles." In his Demoiselle ii* i,
Anijjyius keeps his water-dog with a cobler in T* st* ;
and in his Academy iL i, Valentine says, ** Your husband
kennels his water-dog in T. st/* In the title of St.
Hilary's Tears (1642), "the T,-st* trull" is specified,
In Marston's Mountebanks, the Mountebank says, " If
any be troubled with the Tentigo, let him travel to
Japan, or, because the forest of Turnbolia is * . * at
hand, let him hunt there for his recreation/'

TURNEY. SeeTouRNAi*

TURNMBLL STREET* See TURRBUIX STREET*

TURNSTILE, There were 3 Turnstiles on the S. side of
Holbocn, Loud*, one in a line with the E* side of
Lincoln's Inn Fields, called the Gt* T*, and the other
m a Hoe with the W* side, called the Little T* They
were passages leading to Lincoln's Inn Fields, and were
cteea at their S* ends by revolving barriers to keep out
limes am! cattle* Gkpthome's Hollander was ** Im-
printed at Load, by Tho. Paine for George Hutton, and
are to be sold at his shop within T* in Holborne. 1640,"
The sign of Button's shop was the Sun*

TURNULIBULL* See TUSKBDLL STREET*
TORSOS* SeeTHASOS.

TURWIN, te+ TERVTIEREN, or THEHOUANNE* A town in
Artpis abt* 8 m* S* of St. Omer, on the Lys* It was
besieged and captured by Henry VIII in 1513, being
then in the Spanish Netherlands* In True Trag. (Has*,
p* 127), it is said of Henry VIII: "He won T* and
Turaey." Hall, in Sat. iv* 3, 17, speaks of" old Ocland's
verse, how did they wield The wars in T* or in Turney
field/' Ocland wrote a Latin Poem, Anglorum Pr&lia>
in 1582* Pttttenham, Art of Pome in** 22, blames *' one
that would say * * . that K. Henry the eight made
spoils in T** when as in deed he * * * caused it to be
defaced and rased flat to the earth/'

TU3CALQffI&N (affectedly used for TUSCAN* See
TQSCAOT). In Dekker's Htm. Wh. A* m 2, Fustigo

TUSCANY

describes the man who has cudgelled him as " a pretty,
tall, prating fellow wi± a T. beard," at which Poh
exclaims : " T* * Very good ! "

TUSCANY (Tn.=Tuscan)* A dist. in N*W* Italy,
between the sea and the Apennines, corresponding
roughly to the ancient Etruria* After passing succes-
sively under the sway of the Romans, Ostrogoths,
Greeks, and Lombards, it became a Prankish Mar-
quesate in A*D* 828* Matilda, the last of this line, be-
queathed it to the Ch., and there were long disputes
between the Popes and the Emperors, which gave the
opportunity to the chief cities to gain independence.
They were gradually absorbed by Florence, and the
title of Grand Duke of T* was conferred on Cosmo de
Medici by Pius V in 1567* The last of the Medici died
in 1737, and the country passed to the Dukes of Lor-
raine (Francis, husband of Maria Theresa), and through
them to the Hapsburgs* It is now part of the United
Kingdom of Italy* Tuscan is sometimes used in the
sense of Etrurian* In Milton's Comus 48, the Spirit
tells how ** Bacchus, After the Tn* mariners transformed,
On Circe's island fell/* The story was that certain
Etrurian sailors kidnapped Bacchus, but he drove them
all mad, and they jumped into the sea, where they were
changed into dolphins*

Tuscany in the modern sense. In Barnes' Charter
L 4, Alexander allots to Caesar Borgia ** In T* within
the river Narre And fruitful Arno those sweet provinces*"
In Middleton's R* G. v* i, Trapdoor claims to have
ambled through ** Tuscana with all her cities, as
Pistoia, Valteria, Montepulchena, Arezsx)." Spenser,
K Q. iv. 3, 45, calls Ariosto of Ferrara " that famous
Tuscane pen*" Milton, P. L, i* 288, calls Galileo " the
Tn* artist/' In Son* to Lawrencef he speaks of " artful
voice Warbling immortal notes and Tn* air."

Tn* often means Florentine* In Airs i* 2, 14, the
K* says, " For our gentlemen that mean to see The Tn*
service, freely have they leave*" In ii* 3, 290, Bertram
declares : " 111 to the Tn* wars," and straightway pro-
ceeds to Florence* In Davenant's Favourite i* i,
Oramont says, " Our attempt upon the Tn. camp Was
bloodily repulsed***

The Great D* of T* is the usual translation of the title
of the Medici ; the contemporary Great Dukes were
Cosmo I, 1569 ; Francis I, 1574 ; Ferdinand 1, 1587 ?
Cosmo II, 1608; Ferdinand II, 1621* The hero of
Massinger's Great Duker who is also called in v* i
i *' T/s Grand D.," is Cosmo I ; but there is nothing
j historical about the play. In B* & F* Fair Maid L iii* 2,
Mariana addresses the unnamed D* of Florence as
44 Great D* of T/' In Joason's Volpone ii* i, Volpone,
disguised as a mountebank, boasts of the fees that have
been given him by " the Great D* of T/* In Day's
Travails, Bullen, p* 40, we are told "Sir Thomas is
come to Ligorne, then to the D. of Tn," Probably
Ferdinand I is intended* An imaginary Lavinio, Great
D*o£ T«, is one of the characters in Cockayne's Trapolin.
In Shirley's Traitor iii, 3, Alexander, who became D*
of Florence in 1530, speaks of himself as 44 D* of T*" In
Massinger's Lover i* 2, mention is made of Lorenzo the
Tn* D«, who reigned from 1469 to 1492*

The Tn* men are spoken of as grave and dignified,
though they have the hot blood of the Italians ; the
women are attractive, but of easy virtue* In Brewer's
Lingua L i, Lingua speaks of ** The Roman eloquent
and Tn* grave." In Jonson's Volpone iii* 6, Corvino
says, ** Should I offer this [his wife's virtue] To some
young Frenchman or hot Tn* blood, This were a sin/'

534

TUTTLE, or TUTTLE FIELDS

In the same scene Volpone will have Celia attired like
44 a brave Tn* lady or proud Spanish beauty/* In
Massinger's Guardian ii* 5, CaHpso mentions in her list
of foreign beauties *4 the sprightful Tn/* In Dave-
nant's Wits iv*, young Palatine enumerates amongst
other dainties 44 Your Turin and your Tn* veal/' In
Dekker's Match me ii? Bilbo cries t " See here rich
Tn* hatbands* Venetian ventoyes/' In Marlowe's
Ed. IL i* 4* Mortimer describes Gaveston with "A
jewel of more value than the crown In his Tn* cap*"
In Jonson's Poetaster iii* i, Crispus, talking of the styles
of hair-dressing in vogue amongst ladies, says* ** I affect
not these high gable-ends, these Tn* tops/* In Daven-
ant's Italian v* 3, Altamont says* ** German viols wake
the Tn* lute*" In May's Agrippina iv* 330, Petronius
scoffs at " Dull satires, such as water or the lees Of Tn*
wine beget*" The Tn* wines were of inferior quality*
See also FLORENCE* ITALY*

TUTTLE* or TUTTLE FIELDS* A large piece of open
land in Westminster on the left bank of the Thames* S*
of Tothill St* Its exact boundaries are vague* but it
extended as far as VauxhaU Bridge Rd*, and the actual
Tot, or Toot, Hill seems to have been at the point where
Horseferry Rd* forms an angle at its junction with Carey
St., and it included what is now Vincent Square*
Tournaments were held there, and wagers of battle
decided ; and till the end of the lyth cent* it was a com-
mon place for duels* It was also a training ground for
troops* and a practising place for archers* A fair was
held annually from 1542 till the beginning of the iQth
cent* There was an artificial maze which wajs frequented
by pleasure-seekers* In Korke's Champions iii», the
Clown, talking of a monstrous giant whom he claims to
have killed, says, ** He was just about that stature that
T.-f * would fitly make a grave for ; 'Tis near to Lond*
in England, where men go a-training to get them good
stomachs.'* In Oldcastle iii. 4, the K. gives order :
"Let our forces Make speedy rendezvous in T*F/'
In Dekker's Shoemaker's L i, Lacy reports : 44 Suffolk
and Essex train in Tothill-f/' In Jonson's Staple iii* a,
Gossip Mirth says, ** My gossip Tattle knew who con-
jured in T*-f *, and how many, when they never came
there*" In Deloney's Craft ii* 3, Gillian goes ** into
T* f/' to gather herbs* In Randolph's Hey Hon., one
says, 4t I have done him no injury, but once I stroke his
shins at foot-baU in T/'

In T* Heywood's Hogsdon iv* 2, Luce's father, insist-
ing on fighting a duel, says, 44 When I was young, I
knew the way into St* George's F. twice in a morning*
T., Finsbury, I knew them all*" In Cooke's Greene's
Quoqne, p* 553, Spendall, arranging for a duel with
Staines, fixes the place " beyond the Maze in T*" In
Shirley's Wedding iv. 3, Lodam says, " I have expected
you these 2 hours, which is more than I have done to
all the men I have fought withal since I slew the High
German in T*"

TUTTLE STREET* Westminster, running W* from
Broad Sanctuary to Broadway* It is a very old st* and
was formerly occupied by mansions with gardens
stretching back to St* James's Park* At No. 72 was the
old Cock Tavern, one of the oldest inns in Lond* It was
pulled down in 1873 to make room for the Aquarium,
which has now given place to the Wesleyan Methodist
Hail* Much of the S, side of the st* had to go when
Victoria St* and the Westminster Palace Hotel were
constructed* La Jonson's Staple iii* 2, Gossip Tattle
claims to have all the news " of T*~st*, and both the
Alm'ries*" In Webster's Cuckold iii* 2, Compass says*

TYBURN

44 An the law betwixt Blackball and Tothill st*, and
there's a pretty deal, shall not keep it from me/'

TWEED* A river rising in Peebles-sh* in the S* of Scot-
land, and flowing into the North Sea at Berwick.
During the latter part of its course it is the boundary
between England and Scotland* Spenser, F,Q» iv* n,
36, speaks of ** Twede, the limit between Logris land
And Albany " te. England and Scotland* Milton, Vac*
Ex. 92* calls it ** utmost T/' Drayton, in Idea xxxii* 10,
says, ** Our northern borders boast of T/s fair flood*" In
Fisher's Fuimus iii* 2, Nennius says, ** Before he [Caesar]
T* can drink, a life is spent " ; in other words, it will
take Caesar a lifetime to reach Scotland. In Brewer's
Lovesick iv*, Alured tells that the K* of Scots 4* has
passed the T* through Northumberland/' In v., Alured
grants to the K* of Scots ** all those our northern borders
Bounding on Cumberland from Tine to T/' In
Greene's James IV v* 3, 2132, Nano says, ** The English
K* * * * hath slain 7000 Scottish lads not far from T/'
The reference is to the battle of Hodden, which was
fought a few miles S* of the T. in 1513. In Wilkins'
Enforced Marriage ii* 2, the Clown says, ** Mine eyes
are plain Severn ; the Thames, nor the river of T*, arc
nothing to them*" In Trag. Rich. 11 iv. i, 216, the K*
assigns the N* counties of England to Scroope, and says,
44 From Trent to T* thy lot is parted thus*" In Ford's
Warbeck iii* 4, K* James says to the Bp* of Durham,
** Surrender up this castle [Norham] * . * else T*
Shall overflow his banks with English blood*"

TWITNAM, or TWICKENHAM* A town in Middlesex
on the left bank of the Thames, opposite to Richmond,
with which it is connected by a ferry and a handsome
stone bridge* It is abt* 12 m* in a direct line from St*
Paul's* In Armin's Moredacke C* 4, the Lady asks *• ** Is
this the tinker £ " and is answered : '* Ay, madam* of
Twitnam/' Twickenham Park was once the home of
Francis Bacon, but in 1608 was acquired by Lady
Bedford, to whom Donne writes in one of his Ye*se~
letters t "The store of beauty in Twickenham is and
you/'

TWOPENNY WARD* In the Counters and the Fleet
Prison in Lond* there were various degrees of accom-
modation, according to the amount which the prisoners
were prepared to pay* The most expensive was the
Master's Side, then came the Knights' Ward, the T* W.,
and, worst of all* the Hole for those who could not pay
anything* In Eastward v* 2, Wolf says of his prisoners
in the Counter : ** The knight will be in the knights*
w*, and Mr* Quicksilver would lie in the Hole, if we
would let him ; only Security lies in the t. w*, far off/*
In Jonson's Ev« Man <X v* 1 1, Macftente says to Brisk,
who is in tifcie Counter, ** Remove yourself to the T* w.
quickly, to save charges/' See also tmder COUNTER,
KNIGHTS' WARD, HOLE*

TYBER* See TIBER*
TYBERIUS* See TIBERIAS*

TYBURN (To* = Tyborne)* Properly the name of a
brook which rose in Hainpstead and flowed across
Oxford St* near Stratford Place into the Green Park,
and so into the Thames in 3 main streams } hence,
perhaps, the name of the Twy-burn* From this brook
the place of execution for Middlesex criminals took its
name* There are records of executions as early as the
reign of Edward III at the Elms at T. These trees grew
along the side of the brook, and Elm Lane, Bayswater,
long preserved their memory* Some time in the later

535

TYBURN

half of the I4th cent* the place of execution was re-
moved to a point near the junction of Oxford St* and
Edgware Rd* ;J the exact spot where the gallows stood
is said to have been No. 49 Connaught Sq*, in the angle
between Edgware Rd. and Bayswater Rd* Condemned
criminals were taken in a cart, or, in the case of traitors,
dragged on a hurdle, from Newgate to Holborn Hill
and along Oxford St., often called T* Rd*, to the place
of execution. The gallows seems to have been a per-
manent structure, and consisted of a horizontal triangle
of beams, supported by 3 legs* The prisoner was
strangled by a rope hanging from one of the beams, the
cart being driven from under him* Hogarth's picture
of the Execution of the Idle Apprentice shows the
gallows and a sort of grandstand for the accommodation
of spectators* The earliest hangman whose name has
been preserved was one Bull, who was succeeded by
Derrick* This latter person held office in the early part
of the iyth cent*, and his memory is perpetuated in the
name given to the gallows-like structure used for hoisting
up goods* Gregory Brandon followed him, and left his
office to his son Richd., who is supposed to have
executed Charles I* Next came Dun, and then Jack
Ketch, whose name has become a generic term for all
of his profession.

la the C* text of Piers, but not in the earlier versions,
we find ** the hangeman of To*** among the company
of Glutton at the Boar's Head ; and in xv* 130, Imagin-
atif says, i4 Dominus pars hereditatis mee is a murye
verset ; Hit hath y-take fro To. 20 stronge dreeves."
Tlie aHifisba is to the neck-verse by reading which a
criminal could claim benefit of clergy and so escape
hanging* In HyckeP 104, Frewyll says, " That rock Of
to* is so perillous a place, Young gallants dare not ven-
ture into Kent *' ; i*e* to commit highway robbery on
Gad's Hill and elsewhere* Later, Imagination swears
** by saynt tyburne of Kent " ; possibly he means St*
Thomas a Waterings, which was the place of execution
for Surrey and places S* of the Thames* Again,
Imagination says, ** At tyburne there standeth the great
frame And some take a fall that maketh their neck
lame/1' In Poverty, 329, Envy says to Conscience
** They will hang you up at the Tyborn if they find you
in this place*" In ybofft i£* 100, Riot says," The Mayor
of Load* sent for me forth of Newgate for to come for
to preach at T/* In Skelton's Magnificence fol. xi**
Courtly Abttston says of his dupe : ** A to* check
Shall break his neck*" In John Evangel*, Courage
says to Cutpurse, ** At To* I may chance dap thee on
the breast*" In Three Lords* Dods., vi* 499, Simplicity
says of Fraud ; ** My Lords, I beseech ye, that at T*
he may totter." In FuiwelTs Like, Dods., iii* 334,
Newfangle promises to Tosspot and Roister a piece of
land called 4* St* Thomas a Waterings or else T* Hill/7
Gascoigne, in Steel Glass 203, says, " Soldiers sterve or
preach at To* Cross/* In Middletonrs No Wit Epilogue,
Weatherwise says, ** T* cracks the pipe and spoils the
music,** sc* of a whistling thief. In Dekker's Westward
£a* a, Monopoly says, " I would make them scud so
fast from me, that they should tfnnfr it a shorter way
between thfe [Le. Shoreditch] and Ludgate than a con-
demned cat-purse thinks it between Newgate and T*"
Cf . As iii* 2, 347, where Rosalind says that Time gallops
"with a thief to the gallows*** In Shirley's Pleasure iii*
a> Celesttna says, "They cannot satisfy for wrongs
enottgfi Though they should steal out of the world at
T*** la Esstmnrd iv* Toisdhstooe predicts to Quick-
silver* ** HieyH look otit at a window as thoti rid*st in
triumph to T/* In v*, Quicksilver gives advice to his

536

TYBURN

friends how they may escape " T*, Compters, and the
Spittle*** In Randolph's Muses iii* a, Colax expresses
the hope that Banausus will ** repair old T. and make
it cedar*'* In Cooke's Greene's Quoque i* a, Bubble says,
" If we be taken, we'll be hanged together at T* ; that's
the wanner gallows of the two " ; the other being at
Wapping, where the criminal was hung in chains at
low-water mark, and left to be drowned by the rising
tide* In Jonson's Devil i. i, Satan informs Pug : ** This
morning there is a handsome cutpurse hanged at T/*
In v. 4, Iniquity speaks of " Damn me I Renounce me I
and all the fine phrases That bring unto T* the plentiful
gazes/' In his New Inn i* i, the Host predicts that if
Frank applies himself to Lovel's course of life " he may
perhaps take a degree at T*"

In Shirley's Wedding iv. 3, Rawbone describes the
whole course of a thief s trial and execution: "I do
imagine myself apprehended already ; now the con-
stable is carrying me to Newgate ; now I'm at the
Sessions House in the dock ; now I'm called — * Not
guilty, my Lord/ The jury has found the indictment
billa vera* Now, now comes my sentence* Now I'm in
a cart riding up Holborn in a two-wheeled chariot with
a guard of halberdiers* * There goes a proper fellow,'
says one ; * Good people, pray for me ! * Now I'm at
the three wooden stilts. Hey 1 Now I feel my toes hang
in the cart; now *tis drawn away — now, now, now, I am
gone ! " More briefly, in B. &F. Wit S. W. iv. i, Witty-
pate says, *4 Sessions a Thursday, jury culled out a
Friday, judgment a Saturday, dungeon a Sunday, T* a
Monday/* Taylor, in Praise of a Jail (1633), says, " But
if a man note T*, 'twill appear That that's a tree that
bears 12 times a year*" In Killigrew's Parson i* i, the
Capt* asks, " His fortune * the advowson of T* deanery ! **
In Oldcastle ii* a, Murley mutters, " Newgate, up
Holborne, S* Giles in the field, and to To* ; an old
saw/' In Selunus 2082, Bullithrumble says, " Marry,
that had been the way to preferment ; down Holburne,
up Tiburne/* In Glapthorne's Hollander iii. i, Fortress
prescribes the keeping of the rules of the Twiball
knights ** tinder penalty of being carried up Holborn
in a cart, and at Tiburne executed/* In Dekker's
Edmonton v* i, Cuddy says to his dog, ** If thou goest
to Lond. Ill make thee go about by T., stealing in by
Thieving Lane*"

La L* L. L. iv. 3, 54, Biron says, " Thou makest the
triumviry, the corner-cap of society, The shape of
Love's T* that hangs up simplicity." Lyly, in Pappef
p. 58, says, " There's one with a lame wit, which will not
wear a four-cornered cap* Then let fa'm put on T* that
hath but 3 corners*" In one of TarltonTs Jests, we read :
" It was made like the shape of To*, three-square**'
Gilpin, in Stdalethia (1598), speaks of " the three-
square To* of impieties/* Dekker, in Bdlntanf says,
44 He rides his circuit with the devil and Derrick must
be his host and Tiburne the land at which he will light***
In Puritan iv* i, Pennydub says, " Pox o* the fortune-
teller ! Would Derecke had been his fortune 7 year
ago ! *' la Wise Men y* 4, Proberio says, ** Sir, this
Tiburnist or hangman is the devil/* In Ret. Pemass. i*
2, Judicio says, *4 Here is a book, why, to condemn it to
clear the usual Tiburne of all misliving papers were too
fair a death for so foul an offender*'* In Dekker's
Satiro+ iii* i, 150, Tucca says of Mrs* Miniver: "She
looks like the sign of Capricorne, or like To* when it is
covered with snow." L^timer, in one of his Sermons,
says, ** The Bp* of Rome sent Mm a CardinaTs hat* He
should have had a Tiburne tippet, a half-penny halter/*
In J@flson's Demi v. x. Ambler says, " I got the gentle-

TYGERS HEAD

woman to carry her bedding to a conduit-head, hard
by the place toward T*, which they call my Lord
Mayor's Banqueting House/' q.v.

TYGERS HEAD. The sign of a bookseller's shop in
Lond* Dekker's Fortunatw was " Printed by S* S* for
William Apsley dwelling in Paules church-yard at the
sign of the T*H* 1600." Dekker's Match Me was
" Printed by B* Alsop and T* Fawcet for H* Seile at
the T*-h* in St* Pauls Churchyard* 1631*" Massinger's
New Way was " Printed by E*P* for Henry Seyle
dwelling in S* Pauls Churchyard at the sign of the T* h*
M*DC*XXXIIL"

TYGRES* See TIGRIS*

TYLOS. An island in the Persian Gulf off the coast of
Arabia, now Bahrein* It has been from ancient times
the centre of the pearl fisheries of the Gulf. In Lyly's
Gallatkea iii* 2, Gallathea says, *' There is a tree in
Tylos whose nuts have shells like fire* and being cracked
the kernel is but water*"

TYMBRIA* The second of the 6 gates of Troy, as given
in Caxton's Recuyel* In TroiL proL 16, we have
44 Priam's six-gated city, Dardan, and Tymbria, Helias,
Chetas, Troien, and Antenorides*"

TYNDIS* Now the Godavery, a river in India, flowing
into the Bay of Bengal abt* 250 m* N* of Madras* Others
identify it with the Mahanuddy, the mouth of which is
some 350 m* further N* In Bacchus, the iyth guest was
44 born in India at a fair city called Tyndis*" There was
no city of this name, but it was suggested by the name
of the river*

TYNE* A river in the N*E* of England, formed of 3
branches, one rising in Scotland in the Cheviots, and
the other in the S* of Cumberland* They unite at
Haydon Bridge, and after 30 m* reach the North Sea
at Tynemouth* From T* to Thames or Trent is used
to mean all England* In Gurton iii* 4, Hodge says,
44 There's not within this land a murrainer cat than Gyb
is, between the terns and T*" In Brewer's Lovesick
King ii* i, Thornton, the Mayor of Newcastle-on-T,,
says, 4i I will write a note on it to keep it in mind as long
as the river of T* runs under it/* In Skelton's Magnifi-
cence fol* xii*, Fancy says, "Her eyen glent From T* to
Trent, From Stroude to Kent*" Spenser, F* Q*iv* n,
36, says, " Next these came T* along whose stony banks
That Roman monarch built a brasen wall*" The
reference is to Hadrian's Wall between the T* and
Solway Firth j but it was not brasen*

TYNEMOUTH* A town in Northumberland on the N*
shore of the mouth of the Tyne, 8 m* from Newcastle*
It was an ancient Saxon fortress* In 1312 Edward II
fled from the Barons to T*, where he was joined by
Gaveston* In Marlowe's Ed. II ii* 2, Edward addresses
Gaveston: " My Gaveston, Welcome to Tinmouth * "
In Brewer's Lovesick King ii* i, Goodgift, at Newcastle,
says, ** At the next ebb I and the ship fall down to
Tinmouth*" This spelling represents the usual pro-
nunciation of the word*

TYRAS* The Dniester, a river in S*E* Europe, rising in
Galicia to the N* of the Carpathians, and flowing in a
S*E* direction into the Black Sea, a few m* S*W* of
Odessa* In Marlowe's Tomb. B* i, 3, Theridamas
reports : ** I made a voyage into Europe, Where by the
river Tyras I subdued Stoka, Podolia, and Codemia*"

TYRE, or TYRUS (Tn*=Tyrian). The greatest of the
Phoenician cities, lying on an island on the coast of
Syria, about half-way between Acre and Sidon* It was

TYRE, or TYRUS

originally a colony from Sidon, but speedily rose to be
the chief of the Phoenician centres of trade, and it
imposed its name, Tzor, on the whole country of Soria,
or Syria* It carried on active commerce with the
countries of the Mediterranean, and its mariners
reached the Canaries and the Stilly Isles* It never
aimed at the founding of an Empire, but was content
to control the commerce and gather the wealth of the
world* Its colonies, amongst which was Carthage, were
found on all the coasts of the Mediterranean* Its in-
sular position enabled it to defy the long sieges to which
it was subjected by the Assyrian Sennacherib and the
Babylonian Nebuchadrezzar; but it was taken by
Alexander the Gt*, 332 B,C*, after he had made a mole
connecting it with the mainland, which has now silted
up to a width of half a mile* During the 3rd cent* B.c*
it was under Egyptian control, but in 198 it came into
the hands of the Syrian kings, and so remained until
the coming of the Romans* With the rest of Syria it was
conquered from the Romans by the Arabs (in the reign
of Omar) 633-639; and eventually passed into the
hands of the Turks (until 1919) ; it is now an unim-
portant fishing vill* It was famous in old times for the
scarlet or purple dye which was extracted from the
shell-fish Murex Trunculus and Murex Brandaris,
though it was not really as brilliant as the modern
aniline dyes*

In Marlowe's Dido i*, Venus appears to Aeneas in the
guise of a maiden of Carthage and says, ** It is the use
for Turen maids to wear Their bow and quiver in *fr«
modest sort And suit themselves in purple*" Pericles
is based on an old Greek story and is supposed to take
place in the early part of the 2nd cent* B.c* in the reign
of Antiochus the Gt* of Syria* The scene of i. 2 and |j,
and ii* 4, is laid at T», which is frequently mentioned in
the play both as T* and as Tyrus* There is little or
nothing historical in the story* La Shirley's Arcadia i,
2, Dametas says, ** Keep your tires to yourself ; cor
am I Pericles, Prince of T*" In Csesar's Rev. iii* 2,
Antony says of his Genius : ** He comes to warn me
leave The charming pleasures of the Tn. court*''
Antony was in Syria in 57-55 B*c* In Mariam iii* a,
Pheroras says, ** What's the condition i Let me quickly
know That I as quickly your command may act* Were
it that lofty Tyrus might be sacked*" In Wilson's
Pedler 785, the Pedler, referring to the sack of T, by
Alexander, says, ** That shall fall upon you that did
upon T*" Milton, Nat. Ode 204, says, "In vain the
Tn* maids their wounded Thammuz mourn*"
Thatnmttg was the object of animal worship by the
Phoenicians* In Trans. Psabn hnnrtfT. 37, ** The Philis-
tines and they of T* Whose bounds the sea doth check "
are among the enemies of Israel* In Ixxxvii* 15, he says,
** I mention Babel to my friends , * * And T* with
Ethiop's utmost ends ; Lo ! this man tliere was beam*"
The luxury and wealth of T* became proverbial from
the description of them in EzeJdel xxvi*-xxviii* Greene,
in Qmpf p* 246, says that the milliners have ** almost
made England as full of proud fopperies as T* and
Sidon were*"

In Milton's Comas 342, the Elder Brother says,
" Thou shalt be our star of Arcady Or Tn* Cynosure."
The Tn* sailors steered by the constellation of the Little
Bear, or Cynosura, in which the Pole Star lies* Areas,
the son of Callisto of Arcadia, was said to have JDeen
turned into this constellation* In Greene & Lodge's
Looking Glass i. i, 102, Rasni boasts : ** I'll strip the
Indies of their diamonds And T* shall yield me tribute
of her gold*" In Nabbes* Hannibal L i, Maharball

537

TYR1LL

speaks of being " clothed in silks of Tn. dye/' In T.
Heywood's Dialogues iv* 3461* Timon says, " This
threadbare cloak by me is prized more high Than the
best robe dipped in the Tn. dye." In Noble Ladies,.
Cyprian says, ** We'll sport us under a pavilion of Tn*
scarlet." In Glapthome's Argalus i. x, Philarchus says,
**Mars wrapt his battered limbs In Persian silks or
costly Tn. purples To win her tempting beauty." In
Massinger's Actor iu i, Parthenius reproaches his
father with his miserliness, and says, " Your superfluous
means could clothe you every day in fresh change of
Tn. purple*" In his Believe i. a, Berecinthtts says of
the Asian merchants : *4 The Tn. fish, Whose blood
dyes your proud purple, their nets catch." In B* & F.
Friends Hi* i, Rufinus says> " The god of wrath sits on
my bended brow Triumphantly attired in Tn. scarlet/*
In their Malta iii* 2, Gpmera gives Oriana " a piece of
purple velvet Of the right Tn. dye." In Massinger's
Madam iv. 4, Luke reproaches Lady Frugal with
furnishing one of her rooms with 4* scarlet of the rich
Tn. dye." In Shrew ii* i, Gremio boasts that his
hangings "are all of Tn. tapestry." In Jonson's
Catiline i. i, Catiline inveighs against the Roman nobles
for buying "rare Attic statues, Tn. hangings." In
Cockayne's Obstinate iii. 2, Lprece says, "Both thy
roseal cheeks let us espy Beautified with a natural Tn.
dye*" In Chapman's Rev. Horn i. i, 8, Gaselles talks
of ** Persian site or costly Tn. purples*" In Greene
& Lodge's Looking Glass ii. i, 429, Remilia talks of
** Costly paintings fetched from curious T." In Bale's
Johan 2088, Dtssanulatioii says that his wine " passeth
matesey, capric, t., or hippocras." I cannot find that
T. was famous for wine; indeed, EzeMel (xxvii, 18) says
that she imported it from Damascus.

TYRELL, probably a misprint for Asznx, g.v* In
Studey 2300, the chorus informs us that " in Tyrill A
town in Barbary, they [i.e. Sebastian and his forces] all
are landed."

TYRONE* An inland county of the old province
of Ulster in the N. of Ireland. The O'Neills
were the chiefs of the clans in T*, and Henry
VIII made Con Bacagh O'Neill Earl of T. H&
soa Shan, however, drove him into the English
Pale, and maintained a rebellion against the English
till loss defeat in 1567. The Earl of T. headed another

TYRRHENE SEA

rebellion towards the dose of the reign of Elizabeth,
and the Earl of Essex was sent to suppress it in 1599
and lost his life in consequence of his failure. Tyrone
ultimately surrendered in 1602 ; but he still remained
an object of suspicion to the government. In B. & F.
Prize i. 3, Moroso says, " These are the most authentic
rebels, next T., I ever read of." In Perm. ParL 25, it is
enacted " that wine shall make some so venturous as
they will destroy T*"

TYRRELL, or TYROL. The most W. province of the
Austrian Empire, lying S* of Bavaria on the upper course
of the Inn. Its chief town is Innsbruck. It was governed
by its own Dukes till 1363, when it was handed over by
Margaret Maultasche (muckle-mouthed Meg !) to the
house of Hapsburg, and it remained part of the Austrian
Empire, except for a few years in the beginning of the
igth cent*, when Napoleon transferred it to Bavaria,
until 1919. It is now part of the Austrian Republic*
In S. Rowley's When you, Charles V is hailed as " Duke
of Tyrrell and Flaunders."

TYRRHENE SEA. The Greek name for the part of the
Mediterranean lying between the W. coast of Italy and
the islands of Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily. It was
derived from the Greek name for Etruria. The Romans
called it Mare Laferum. In Richards* Messalina iii*
1643, Mela says, 4* Make for the isle of Corce ; there
on the Tyrhen shore well practise Man's sole perfection
to be heavenly wise." In Marlowe's Dido iv. 2, Dido,
on hearing of the intended departure of Aeneas from
Carthage to Italy, cries ** O that the T. sea were in my
arms That he might suffer shipwreck on my breast I "
In Jonson's Catiline L i, Catiline vows that he " Will
lave the T* waters into clouds " rather than forego his
vengeance on Rome. In Nero iii. 4, Nero, when Rome
is in flames, says, ** The T. seas are bright with Roman
fires." In May's Heir iv., Alphonso speaks of " The
T. shore whose sea divides this isle [Sicily] from Italy."
In Milton's Comas 49, the Spirit tells how " Bacchus,
Coasting the T. shore * * * On Circe's island fell." In
Greene's Orlando iv* i, 993, Ogier and the Peers of
France ** have furrowed through those wandring tides
Of T. seas." In Tiberias 775, Tiberius talks of Hector
chasing the Greeks ** from the Terrhene shore." Either
the author included the Aegean in the T* sea or we must
read Terrhene in the sense of Mediterranean*

538

u

UBIUM+ Assumed by May to be the name of the town
to which Agrippina transferred the Ubii A*I>* 51* Their
original home was on the E* bank of the Rhine, but they
were brought over to the W* bank to strengthen the
Rhine frontier* They were settled at Colonia Agrippina
— now Koln, or Cologne* In May's Agrippina i* 358,
Agrippina says, ** That German colony Which I of late
deducted o'er the Rhine To Ubium, for evermore the
name Of Agrippina's colony shall bear/'

ULSTER* One of the old 4 provinces of Ireland
in the N*E* of the country* The OTSTeils had
their seat in U*; but after the Anglo-Norman
invasion John de Courcy was made Earl of U*,
and on his death the title was transferred to Hugh
de Lacy in 1243* Through the Mortimers the
earldom came to the Dukes of York, and thus
at the accession of Edward IV became merged in the
English Crown* In 1611 James I planted U* with
numbers of English and Scotch settlers, Lond* receiving
large grants in Co. Deny, and imposing its name on
London-Derry. Sidney, in Astrophel xxx* 9, asks, " How
U* likes of that same golden bit Wherewith my father
once made it half tame**" Sir Henry Sidney, the
father of the poet, was Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland from
the beginning of Elizabeth's reign until 1584* In
Oldcastle v* 9, the Irishman says, " Me be no servant
of the Lord Cobham's ; me be Mack Shane of U."
The name was suggested by that of Shane O'Neil, the
leader of the rebellion of 1597 ; he is one of the charac-
ters in Studey, and in line 993 of that play Gainsford
says of the rebels : 44 They have gallant horse ; The
best in Ireland are of U*'s breed*" In Jonson's Irish
the Irish footmen are said to be ** of Connough, Leym-
ster,U*,Munster*"

ULUBRAE* A small town in Latium, the exact site of
which is uncertain* It was probably abt* 35 m* S«E* of
Rome on the border of the Pontine Marshes* It was a
poor, wretched place, though it still retained under the
Empire its municipal rights and officers* In Nero iv. i,
the Emperor says, " Would I had rather in poor Gabii
Or U* a ragged magistrate, Sat as a judge of measures
and of corn, Than the adored monarch of the world*"
The passage is imitated from Juvenal, Sat. x* 99*

UNITED PROVINCES* The 17 Provinces of the
Netherlands which federated in 1579 under William
of Nassau* The list will be found under BELGIA.

UNITED STATES* Not used, as we use the U*S*
of America, as a territorial name ; it means always the
supreme assembly of the United Provinces of the
Netherlands* See also STATES* In Barnavelt v* 3, the
Capt* asks, u Do you hold the U* S* so tame to fear
him i " Fynes Moryson, Itinerary iii* 2, 4, says, " The
Hage * * * is now the seat of the u* S*"

UNIVERSITY (Us* = Universities)* The two Univer-
sities in England were at Oxford and Cambridge
respectively* See for details under OXFORD, CAMBRIDGE,
and the names of the various COLLEGES* The Inns of
Court in Lond* were sometimes spoken of as a U*
There are many references to the Us* on the continent
of Europe, such as Paris, Padua, Florence, Bologna, etc*
Jonson dedicates Volpone 4* To the most noble and
most equal sisters, the 2 famous Us*" On the title page
of the 1603 quarto of Hamlet it is said to have been
acted " in the 2 Us* of Cambridge and Oxford, and
elsewhere*" In Greene's Friar vii«, Ralph undertakes

to " make a ship that shall hold all your Colleges and
so carry away the Niniversity with a fair wind to the
Bankside in Southwark "; Niniversity being an obvious
and intentional mis-spelling* In Shrew v* i, 72, Vin-
centio complains, " While I play the good husband at
home, my son and my servant spend all at the U./'

sc. of Padua; though Vincentio's experience would
appeal to many English fathers* In Two Gent, i* 3, ro,
Panthino, enumerating the various employments of
young men, says, " Some [go} to the studious Us*"
The English Us* played an important part in the history
of the Drama, and plays, at first in Latin and later in
English, were performed in the various Colleges from
the latter part of the i5th cent* onwards* Details will
be found under CAMBRIDGE and OXFORD* In Ham. iii*
2, 104, Hamlet asks Polonius, "You played once i* the
U*, you say i " and Polonius avers, " I did enact Julius
Caesar; I was killed i' the Capitol; Brutus killed me*"
A Latin Julias C&sar by Geddeswas acted at Christ
Church, Oxford, in 1582* In Jonson's Volpone 1*^2,
Nano sings, *4 Now room for fresh gamesters, who**do
will you to know They do bring you neither Play nor
U* show*"

UNTHRIFT'S RENT* A nickname for some quarter
where debtors found lodging* Rent, or Rents, is often
used to mean a tenement rented from someone ; as in
Ely Rents, Nasynges Rents, etc* In John Evangel* 361,
Evil Counsel says, " I have been in U* R*"

UR OF CHALDAEA* The original home of Abraham
(G#z* xi» 27-32}* It is usually identified with Mugheir,
formerly Uru, in S* C*, lying on the Euphrates, 125 m*
N*W* of the head of the Persian Gulf; though it was
formerly at the head of the Gulf itself, and an important
maritime city* The silting tip of the mouth of the
Euphrates has removed it inland* The ruins cover
something over half a square mile, and include the
lower part of the temple of Sin, the Moon-God, the
tutelary deity of the place* * * * The inscriptions show
that from about 3000 B*c* U* was the leading city of C*
for upwards of 1000 years* Milton, PX* xii. 130, says
of Abraham : " He leaves his gods, his friends, and
native soil, U* of C*, passing now the ford To Haran*"

URBINO, or URBIN* A city in Italy which grew up
round the castle of the Montefeltro family in the i4th
cent* It stands on a hill amongst the Apennines, 45 m*
N.W* of Ancona. The ist D*, who was granted the
title by the Pope in 1474, was Federigo de Montefeltro*
His son, Guidobaldo, kept tip a magnificent court,
which was celebrated in CastigKone's Carteg£amr a
book well known in England in the i6th cent* He w^
expelled for a time by Caesar Borgia, but regained his
Dukedom in 1503* At his death in 1508 the Dukedom
passed to the Delk Rovere family, who held it till 1626,
when the last D*, Francesco, bequeathed it to the Papal
States* The Ducal Palace built in the i5th cent, was
then the finest in Italy* The Theatre was one of the
earliest in Italy, and Bibiena's Calandnaf the first
Italian comedy, was played there. Its chief distinction
is that it was the birthplace of Raphael Sanzio, the great
painter* In Marstonrs Parasitaster L i, Hercules says,
** See, yonder's U* J Those far-appearing spires Rise
from the city*" In Cockayne's Trapolin ii* 3, Horatio
calls it " true U*," probably on account of its fidelity to
its expelled D*, Guidobaldo* In Massinger's Great Dukef
the daughter and heir of '* the deceased D* of U*" is one
of the characters, and in his Maid Hon*, Ferdinand, D*

539

URCAS

of U*, appears* Neither is historical* Killigrew wrote
a play, The. Siege of Urbin, and the scenes of Marston's
Fawn and Shirley's Opportunity are laid there.

URCAS. Possibly Arcos de la Frontera is meant, a city
in Spain, 30 m* E* of Cadiz on the Guadelete* In T*
Heywood's L K. M. B. 335, Ricaldus mentions that ** the
ships of Ureas " will take part in the Spanish Armada*

URCHINFIELD, or, as it is spelt in Talbot's epitaph,
Vrchengfield* A dist* in S*E* Herefordsh* which gave
one of his titles to Lord Taibot* In H6 A. iv* 7, 64,
Talbot is styled " Lord Talbot of Goodrig and U*"

USIPITES, or USIPETES* A German tribe, living N.
of the Lippe, who were conquered by Germanicus in
A*D* 1 6. In Tiberias 1093, Germanicus says, ** The U*
kept the plain Impalled in a wilderness of wood/' In
line 1115, he calls them Usipetes.

UTICA+ An ancient Phoenician colony in N. Africa, near
the mouth of the Bagradas, 20 m* N.W* of Carthage*
It was said to be 3 cents* older than Carthage* After
the 3rd Punic War it made a separate peace with Rome,
and reaped much advantage from the destruction of
Carthage by the Romans. In the Civil War of 46 B*C*
U* was the last city in Africa to submit to Caesar* The
younger Cato, who was at U*, tried to persuade the
people to resist to the last ; but failing to induce them
to oppose Caesar, he committed suicide rather than
betray what seemed to him the cause of republican
liberty. In later times his death afforded the theme for
many discussions on the lawfulness of suicide. In
Marston* s Sophomsba i* a, Carthalo says, ** We make
amain For Carthage some, and some for U/* In his
What you v, i, Quadratus says, 4* I'll present The
honoured end of Cato Utican*" In Chapman's Ca?sar
ii* 4, 70, Cato says, " My chief pass still resolves for
U/' ; and iv* 5 and v. 2 take place there* The scene
of Act iii. of Nabbes' Hannibal is laid at U,

UTOPIA* Hie Land of Nowhere, a name adopted by
Sir Thomas More for his imaginary commonwealth*
Hence Utopian is used in the sense of extravagantly
hopeful, absurdly optimistic, impossible. The scene
of Lyly's Woman in Moon is laid ** in the bounds of fair
U»** In Brow's M* Beggars iv* 2, the poet says, ** I
would present a OMumomwealth : U*, With all her
branches and consistencies " ; and Rachel volunteers

UZ

to act the part : " 1*11 be U*" In Brewer's Lingua ii* 6,
Memory says, **I remember, in the country of U*, they
use no other kind of artillery " than cannons of hollow
canes, with rape seed for powder, and turnips for shot*
Jonson, in Case ii* 4, uses U* as a pseudonym for
England. Milton, in Areopagitica, p. 25 (Hales), says,
44 To sequester out of the world into Atlantick and
Eutopian politics * * * will not mend our condition**'
In W* Rowley's Match Mid. v* i, Alexander says that
Moll has " 2, chests of silver and 3 Utopian trunks full
of gold and jewels " ; where doubtless the suggestion
iis that these trunks are ** nowhere*"

UTRECHT* A town in Holland at the junction of the
Old Rhine and the Vecht, 21 m* S* of Amsterdam* It
was here that the first confederacy of the United
Provinces was agreed upon in 1579* In Barnavelt i* 2,
Barnavelt says, ** Enroll new companies against the
insolence of the old soldiers garrisoned at U*" In v. 3,
the executioners of Harlem, Leyden, and U* throw
dice to decide which of them shall behead Barnavelt*
Dekker, in. Seven Sins, speaking of eccentric English
fashions, says, " The short waist hangs over a Dutch
botcher's stall in Utrich*"

UXBRIDGE* A town in Middlesex on the Coin, 15 m*
W* of Lond* In Jonson's Ev. Man O. iii* i, Shift pro-
fesses in his bill to teach the art of taking tobacco ; ** as
also the rare corollary and practice of the Cuban
ebullition, Euripus, and Whiff ; which he shall receive
or take in here at Lond*, and evaporate at U*, or farther,
if it please him,*" In Jonson's BarthoL v* 4, Waspe
has been to see a bull with five legs : ** he was a calf
at U. Fair, two years agone*" Fairs were held there on
March 25th and Sept* 29th*

UZ* A dist* of indeterminate boundaries lying on the
edge of the Arabian desert E* of Palestine* The most
probable position is in the neighbourhood of Palmyra,
stretching S* towards Edom* It was the home of the
patriarch Job* In Marlowe's Jew i* i, Barabas talks of
** those Sabans and the men of Uz, That bought my
Spanish oik and wines of Greece/' The mention of
the Sabans in conjunction with the men of Uz was
doubtless suggested by Job i* 14, where the Sabeans are
represented as attacking Job's oxen and asses* In Milton,
PJ?* L 369, Satan says, " I came among the Sons of
God, when He Gave up into my hands Uzzean Job*"

540

VAGNE,orVANGNE* One of the provinces of Aethiopia
Superior, or Abyssinia* Heylyn mentions it amongst the
dominions of the Emperor of Abyssinia, and says that
it contained the fountain of the river Vangucum* In
Cockayne's Obstinate iii* 3, Vagne is mentioned as one
of the kingdoms subject to the Emperor of Abyssinia.

VALDARNO (the valley of the AHNO, q.v.). Milton,
P*L* i* 290, describes Galileo as studying the moon
44 from the top of Fesole Or in Valdarno*" Galileo was
a Tuscan by birth, and spent the latter part of his life,
after 1610, in or near Florence, where Milton saw him
in 1638-9*

VALENCE* A town in France on the left bank of the
Rhone, 60 m* S* of Lyons* In H6 A* iv* 7, 63, the Earl
of Talbot is styled " great Earl of Washford, Waterford,
and V," Talbot held this title by virtue of his descent
from Joan, daughter and co-heir of William de V*, Earl
of Pembroke* In Sampson's Vow iii* 3, i, ** Mpnlucke,
Bp* of Valens " is one of the French Commissioners at
Leith in 1560* It gave its name to a kind of thin fabric*
Chaucer, in ParL ofFouleszjz, speaks of "a covercheif
of v*" Lydgate, in Minor Poems 47, gives a lady for a
head-covering 44 a kerche of V*"

VALENCIA, or VALENTIA* A city in Spain, the capital
of the province of the same name on the E* coast. It lies
on the right bank of the Guadalaviar, 3 m* from its
mouth* It was taken by the Moors in 714, recaptured
by the Cid in 1094, recovered by the Moors in 1101,
and finally added to the kingdom of Arragon by Jayme
I in 1238* It is the seat of a Bp*, and its cathedral dates
from the I3th cent* Its swords, like those of Toledo,
were highly valued, and its Spanish leather gloves had
some reputation* The hero of the comedy of Mucedorus
is "the k*'s son of V*," an entirely imaginary person;
and some of the scenes take place at his court* In
Barnes' Charter i* 4, Alexander calls for ** my 2 sons,
the D* of Candy and the Cardinal of Valence " ; the
latter being Caesar Borgia, who while still a child was
raised to the purple by his father* In Gascoigne's
Government i* 5, Lamia says, ** My mother is a good old
lady in V*" In Shirley's Doubtful v* 2, Leandro says to
Ferdinand, ** 'Twas I that saved you from your uncle's
fury And sent you to V*" La Middleton's Changeling i*
i, Jasperino says, 44 This will be better news at V* than
if he had ransomed half Greece from the Turk**' In
B* & F* Maid in MUl iii* 2, Terso brings word that the
K. 44 keeps his way on to V* ; there ends his progress*"
In Thomas i* 1, Valentine tells his sister that he found
Thomas ** at V,, poor and needy*" In Barnes' Charter
v* i, Baglioni has 44 a V* blade, powder of Rhemes, and
bullets*" Rabelais, in Gargantna i* 8, says of Gargantua :
44 His sword was not of V* nor his dagger of Saragossa,"
but was 44 a fair sword made of wood and the dagger of
boiled leather*" In ItaL Gent* iv* 4, Medusa has for
sale "Vallentia gloves And Venice rolles to rub the
teeth withal*"

VALETTA* The capital of Malta, on one of the finest
harbours in the world, on the E* coast of the island* It
was strongly fortified by the Knights of St* John, to
whom the island was granted by the Emperor Charles
in 1530* Most of the scenes of B* & F* Malta are laid
in Valeria*

VALLACHIA* See WALACHIA*

VALLADOLID* A city in Spain, capital of the province
of the same name, at the junction of the Pisuerga and
Esgueva, 150 m* N*W* of Madrid. It had considerable
manufactures of textiles* Here Columbus died and
Philip II was born* He built a College for English
Romanists here in 1589, where Sir Francis Inglefield
was afterwards buried* In Middleton's Gipsy ii* i,
Alvarez says, ** Is Seville close-fisted ** Vafiadoly is
open ; so Cordova, so Toledo*" In Quiet Life L r, Lady
Cressingham will have ** agents at Paris and at Venice
and at V* in Spain for intelligence of new fashions*"
Leigh, in Hints for Travellers, speaks of V* as the best
place to learn Spanish in its purity*

VALLOMBROSA* A beautiful valley abt* 18 m* E* of
Florence* Milton is said to have spent some days there
when he visited Italy in 1638* Milton, P*L* i* 303, says
that the fallen angels " lay entranced Thick as autumnal
leaves that strew the brooks In Vallombrosa*"

VALOIS* An ancient county in Picardy in N* France*
Its capital was Cr£py, near Beauvais, between 30 and
40 m* N* of Paris* In 1285 it was granted as an appanage
to Charles by his father Philip III. The eldest son of
Charles came to the throne in 1329 as Philip of V*
(Philip VI), and successive members of that house were
ICings of France until the murder of Henri III in 1589*
The characteristic nose of the house of V* was as famous
as the Austrian under-lip* In Marlowe's Ed* II ii* 2,
Lancaster says to the K*, ** Thy gentle Q+, sole sister
to V*, Complains that thou hast left her all forlorn*"
This was Isabelle, daughter of Philip 3V, and niece, not
sister, to Charles of V* In Ed. Ill L i, Artoys speaks of
** John of the house of V*, now their k*" "This was
John II, who succeeded his father Philip VI in 1350*
In Smith's Hector iv* 2, 972, Artois says, " I betrayed
V*, My sovereign lord, in England to get grace*"
Puttenham, in Art of Ppesie iii. 16, gives as an example
of autonomasia the calling of *4 tie French K* the great
Vallois* because so is the name of his house." In
Jonson's Volpone iii* 7, Volpone says, 44 At recitation of
our Comedy For entertainment of the great V*, I acted
young Antinous*" This was when Henri III visited
Venice on his way from Poland to assume the French
crown in 1574* In Jonson's Alchemist iv* i, Mammon
says of Doll : " The house of V* just had such a nose*"

VALTELLINA* A narrow valley running due K from
the N* end of Lake Como in N* Italy, and diained by
the Adda* It is between 40 and 50 m* long* The
principal towns are Sondrio and Chiavenna* It belonged
to the Grisons Confederation but was much oyyeted
by Spain, then in possession of the adjacent Milanese*
The French, as rivals of Spain, defended the Grisons,
and in the Thirty Years' War, to which both Joaoson
and Davenant allude, it was a bone of contention between
France and Spain* In Davenant's Cr* Brother iii* 2,
Lucio refers to * the new troops sent to the Valtalme/*
Jonson, in Underwoods Ixv*, says, " What isrt to me
whether the French design Be, or be not, to get the
Valteline*"

VALTERIA, or VOLTERRA* A town of Tuscany,
30 m* S*E* of Leghorn* It is on the site of Volaterrae,
one of the most ancient of the Etruscan cities* In
Middleton's JR.G* v* i, Trapdoor dflmre to have visited
Valteria amongst other places in Italy*

541

VANDALS

VANDALS (Vl*=Vandal)* A Teutonic tribe, found in
the ist cent* in Brandenburg and Pomerania* In the
3nd cent* they migrated southward into Bohemia, and
after a hundred years of conflict with Rome made peace
with her and settled in Pannonia, where they became
Christianized, adopting the Arian form of the Faith*
In 406 they crossed the Rhine into Gaul, but, being
defeated by the Franks, went over the Pyrenees into
Spain and took up their abode in Andalusia* Thence
in 428 they went in a body to Africa under the leadership
of Genseric and in 10 years conquered the whole
Province and set up their Court at Carthage* In 455
Genseric, at the invitation of Eudoxia, the widow of
Valentinian, attacked and took Rome, which he system-
atically sacked. From that time the name VI* has been
synonymous with a ruthless destroyer of buildings and
other objects of Art and Culture. In this sense it is often
associated with Goth. Hunseric, the son of Genseric,
married Eudocia, the daughter of Eudoxia; but in
spite of her influence he continued the bitter persecu-
tion of the Catholics in Africa which his father had
begun* Finally, Justinian sent Behsarius to avenge the
wrongs of the Catholics, and in 533 the V* were ex-
pelled and Africa restored to the Empire* From this
point they disappear from history* Heylyn (s.v. SPAIN)
says, ** In Africa the glory of them [the V*] was most
eminent, and they ended, like a candle, in a stink."

In H* Shirley's Mart Soldier, Genserick, King of the
V., is one of tie principal characters* The play deals
with the persecution of the African Catholics and the
death of the K* In i* i, Henrick (Huneric) is hailed on
tbe death of Genserick as ** K« of the V* and Goths."
He is represented as a heathen, whereas he was an
Arian Christian* In W* Rowley's Shoemaker i* i, 294,
Dioclesian says, ** The Gothes and V. have out past
all bounds And o*er the Rhine past into Burgundy/'
In iii, 3, the K* of the V. is called Rodrick* Rowley
himself has ** past all bounds ** in this : the V* did not
come into France for more than a century after the
reign of Dioclesian ; and Roderick was the last K* of
the Visigoths and was killed in 712, four cents* later*
In Cockayne's Trapoiin i* i, Mattemores says, 4* Would
Goths and V* once again would come into Italy I " In
Davenant's Siege iii* i, Ariotto says, ** The V* were
not so ravenous when they sacked Rome,"" Donne, in
Vate&ctio to Songs and Some?* (1633), says, ** When
this book is made thus, Should again the ravenous V*
and the Goths invade us, Learning were safe*'' " Goth
ami "VL** language means a vulgar and unintelligible
dialect* In Shirley's Courtier ii. 2, when Volterre says,
** Yo soy el vestro servidor/' Depazzi asks, ** What's
this ** " and Giotto answers, " Between Goth and VL,
Spanish*" In Honoria L i, Mammon says, " Scholars
fhtnk themselves brave fellows when they faffe- Greek
to a lady ; next to the Goths and V*, you shall carry
the babble from mankind*" In his Pleasure ii* r, the
Steward tells Frederic, who has just come from the
University* that his aunt intends " to make you a fine
gentleman, and translate you out of your learned
language into the present Goth and VL, which is
Breach.** In B* & F* Wit Money iii* 4, Lance says,
** Pliere shall be] no more sense spoken, all things Goth
and VI***

VAHBEN, A humorous name for a Dutchman, derived
from tiie common prefix to their names, van den* la
Fofd% TfMiL i, Fulgpso speaks of ** Gulls or 3MagnIs>
Tag, rag, or other, hogen-mogen vanden, Skipjacks or
chooses***

VEII

VANHOLT* SeeANHALT.

VAPIANS* An imaginary people mentioned by Sir
Andrew in Tw. iV* ii* 3, 23, ** Thou spak'st of Pigrog-
romitus, of the Vapians passing the equinoctial of
Queubus." The passage was probably suggested by
Rabelais ii* n*

VARICA* Possibly a misprint or mistake for Varia, a
town in 1ST* Spain on the Iberus, at the point where the
river begins to be navigable* In Bacchus, the zoth guest
was ** One Philip Filpot, brought up in Varica, a city
of Iberia*"

VARLOME* SeeVERULAM*

VARNA* A spt* of Bulgaria on the Black Sea, about mid-
way between the Bosporus and the mouth of the
Danube* Here in 1444 Murad II defeated and slew the
Bulgarian K* Ladislaus* In Marlowe's Tomb* B* ii. i,
Frederic says, " Through the midst of Varna and
Bulgaria They [the Turks] have not long since mas-
sacred our camp*" This is an anticipation of the fact
by 50 years.

VATICAN* — The Mons Vaticanus at first included the
whole range of hills W* of the Tiber at Rome, but the
name was later confined to the hill on the N*W* of the
city across the Tiber, on which the ch* of St* Peter was
afterwards built* There was doubtless a palace attached
to the ch* from an early date ; but it was not till 1377,
on the return of the Popes from Avignon, that Gregory
XI made it the official residence of the Popes, who had
previously lived in the Lateran (until 1309)* Successive
Pontiffs enlarged and adorned it until it became the
finest Palace in Christendom* It stands on the N* of
St* Peter's, and covers an area of 1151 ft* by 767* Its
chief glories are the Sistine Chapel, the Scala Regia,
the Chapel of San Lorenzo, the Pauline Chapel, the
Museum and Picture-gallery, and the Library founded
by Nicholas V about 1450 and transferred to the r resent
building by Sixtus V in 1588* It is specially rich in
MSS*, the most important being the famous Codex
Vaticanus of the Bible in Greek ; it contains about
250,000 volumes* In Barnesr Charter ii* i, Guicchiar-
dine, as Chorus, says, " Here leave we Charles with
pompous ceremonies Feasting within the Vaticane at
Rome*" Habington, in Castara (1640), Arber, p* 109,
says, " Boast not the rev'rend V., nor all The cunning
pomp of the EscurialL" In Randolph's Muses iii* i,
when Banausus proposes to found a library of fashion-
books for young gallants, Colax exclaims, ** 'Twill put
down Bodly's and the W In Davenant's Platordc iii* 4,
Sciolto says, " 111 show a manuscript now kept in the
V*" In Glapthorne's Wit L i, Tristram says, " You
have already enough [books] to furnish a new W

VECCHIA* See CIVITA VECCHIA*

VEIL An ancient Etniscan city, 13 m* N* of Rome, on the
site of the present Isola Farnese. V. maintained for a
long tkne a contest with Rome, but was finally taken
by Furius Camffius in 396 B*c* After the capture of
"Rome by the Gauls in 390 B.C. it was proposed by some
to transfer the whole population to V* ; but the proposal
was over-ruled by Camillus* Thenceforward it sank
into complete ruin and desertion* When Nero built
his great Golden House in Rome it was again sarcas-
tically suggested that the Romans should migrate to
V*, unless indeed Nero's palace absorbed that city too*
In Nero ii. 3, Piso says, " Romans, get you gone And
dwell at V*, if that V* too This house o'errun
See Suetonius, ViL N&rords 39*

VENDLOE, or VENLOE

VENDLOE, or VENLOCX A fortified town in N*
Brabant, dose to the boundary between Holland and
the Rhine Provinces, on the Maas, 90 m* S.E* of
Amsterdam, In Barnavelt iv* 5, Barnavelt asks, ** When
Graves and Vendloe were held by the Spaniard, who
durst step in before me to do these countries service ^ "

VENETIAN GULF. The N* portion of the Adriatic Sea,
between Venice and Istria* In Marston's Mellida iii*
2, Piero writes : " The just overthrow Andrugio took
in the V* G* hath assured the Genowaies of the justice
of his cause/ ' In Shirley's Imposture v* i, Bertoldi says,
** I'll pledge it, and it were the G* of Venice/'

VENICE— It, VENEZIA (Vn.= Venetian)* The famous
city on the W* coast of the Gulf of V* near the head of
the Adriatic Sea* The Veneti were originally settled
on the neighbouring mainland, the seat of government
being at Heraclea, where the ist Doge was elected in
A.D* 697 ; but in 8 10 they transferred their capital to
the Rivo Alto, or Rialto, and in the same year the
cathedral of San Marco was founded* The city ex-
tended by degrees until it covered the 72 islands which
it now occupies* The water-ways which separate them
take the place of streets, though the numerous bdges*
make it passible to get to any part of V* on foot* There
is no room, however, for any vehicles in the narrow
lanes, and the gondolas on the canals take the place
of the cabs and motor-cars of ordinary towns* The
chief water-way is the Grand Canal, which takes an
S-shaped course from the Piazza di San Marco through
the heart of the city, and past the Rialto* V* rapidly
grew to be a maritime power in the Adriatic, and in
the loth cent* cleared the sea of the Dalmatian pirates
who infested it ; and, to commemorate this, the cere-
mony of wedding the Adriatic was instituted on
Ascension Day, 998, and was annually repeated*
During the next 2 cents. V* took a leading part in the
commerce and politics of the East, and grew to be the
greatest maritime and commercial city in Europe* In
1304 she was the chief agent in the capture of Con-
stantinople and had dreams of founding a new Latin
Empire ; but they were rendered nugatory by the
jealousy of her rival, Genoa* War was inevitable
between these 2 States and lasted almost uninter-
ruptedly throughout the i4th cent*, until the dramatic
reversal of the defeat of Pola by the victory of Chioggia
in 1379 finally established the supremacy of V* She
proceeded during the next cent* to secure her position
on land, and added to her dominions Vicenza, Padua,
Verona, Brescia, Bergamo, Crema, and Cremona* This
involved her m a fie-and-death contest against the
League of Cambrai, which included the K* of France,
the Pope, and the Emperor ; but she emerged victor-
ious, and the triumphs of Ravenna (1513) and Marig-
nano (1515) restored to her all her territories on the
mainland* During the i6th cent* the rise of the Ottoman
power gave her a new and formidable enemy, with
whom she was left to contend almost single-handed*
She lost by degrees almost all her islands in the E,
Mediterranean; and the famous victory of Lepanto
in 1571 only stemmed for a short time the tide of
Turkish aggression! Cyprus was lost in 1573, and
Candia (Crete) fell in 1669 after a siege of 22 years*
The government was a close oligarchy, all political
rights being confined to the members of the great
families. At the head was the Doge, who was elected
annually ; there were 2 assemblies, the Great Council
of 480, and the executive, called La Signoria ; but the
chief power came to reside in the famous Council of Ten*

VENICE

V. remained as a Sovereign Republic until the end of
the i8th cent*, but was nefariously handed over to
Austria by Napoleon at the Treaty of Campo Fornico
(1796)* After the battle of Sadowa (1866) Austria was
compelled to disgorge her, and she has since formed
part of United Italy*

The chief buildings of V* are the Duomo of San
Marco, built on the site of the chapel to which the body
of St* Mark was brought from Alexandria in 828 ; the
present Cathedral was consecrated in 1085, but it has
been constantly enlarged and embellished with new
splendours ; the Doge's Palace adjoining San Marco,
begun in 1300 on the site of an older building, and
completed during the isth cent*; the Campanile,
finished about 1131 — it fell in the latter part of the
1 9th cent*, but has been conscientiously restored. The
pillars in the Piazetta were brought from the East in
1126 and erected in 1180*

The chief manufactures were metal-work, textiles,
glass, and various articles of fashion and luxury, such
as fans, soap, brooches, gloves, etc* V* was one of the
leaders of fashion in dress in the i6th and 17th cents*,
and gave the name ** Vn*" to a special type of breeches,
which fitted tightly to the leg and were richly em-
broidered* The men were reputed to be politic, prudent,
and valiant ; but the courtezans of V* were infamous
throughout Europe, and her women were supposed to
be beautiful and vicious in an equal degree* V. was
already a resort of travellers and no one could boast of
extensive foreign experience who had not 4* swum in a
gondola*" The Vn* School of Painting flourished in
the 1 5th and i6th cents* and was adorned by the names
of the Bellini's, Carpactio, Palma Vecchio, Giorgione,
Titian, Tintoretto, and Paul Veronese. None of our
dramatists show any personal knowledge of the city,
and the local references to it are of the most general
character* Ben Jonson, in Volpone, mentions more
details than any other of them, but even they are meagre
and derived from hearsay*

The scene of many of the plays is laid in V* Othello*
Act I, takes place at V* ; the background of the play
is a war between V* and the Turks, probably the one
which began in 1570 and ended with the destruction
of the Turkish fleet at Lepanto in 1571* Merck, has its
scene partly in V*, partly in the imaginary Belmont ;
the date is indeterminate* In neither play does Shake-
speare show any knowledge of the topography of the
city except of the most general kind ; but his descrip-
tions of the government and manners of the place are
wonderfully accurate* Day's Hwnowr is laid partly at
V*, partly at Mantua* The D* of V* is an imaginary
Octavio, who is also the usurping D. of Mantua, Other
plays whose scene is laid at V. are Jensen's Volpone,
Chapman's May Day, Marston's MeBMa, B* & F.
Captain, Middkton's Btart, Marston's What ym and
Insatiate, Shirley's Gent. Ven., Brome's NaveSa, K. K.
Hon. Man, Knave, and Day's Tramfts (one Act).
There is an imaginary D. of V. in Mason's MttBsasses
who is the rival of the D* of Ferrara for the told of
Julia, the daughter of Borgias of Florence*

General references. In Webster's WMte Devil it£* i,
Monticelso says to Vittoria : " You were born in V*»
honourably descended from the VitteHL"' In Chapman's
May Day iv* 2, Lucretia says, " You show your virtues
perfectly derived From the Vn* noblesse*" The title
of Magnifico was given to the magnates of the city.
Spenser, in Mother Hvbfoerd 665, says, ** The fond ape
* * * stalketh stately by As if he were some great
Magnifico**' La Merch. uu 2, 282, Soianio says> ** The

543

VENICE

D. himself and the magnificoes Of greatest port have
all persuaded with him/' In Oth. i* 2, 12, lago calls
Brabantio " the magnifico." Peacham, in Worth of a
Penny (1641), says, "The greatest magnifico in V* will
thfnfr {t no disgrace to his magnificent to go to market/'
la Horestes D* 3, the Vice says to Fame : " Whither dost
thou think for to go £ To purgatory or Spayne 1 to
Venys, To pourtugaull or to the isles Canary ** " In
Mason's Mulleasses the banner of V. is quite wrongly
described as being white with golden stars*

Historical allusions. In B. & F. Candy i* i, Gaspero
mentions ** a massacre performed at sea By the Admiral
of V* on a merchant of Candy " ; and adds that at the
tine ** Candy and V* were at peace/' Hence a war has
arisen and " all the Vn* forces are defeated/* Ulti-
mately, in v* i, " All contentions Are happily accorded,
Candy's peace secured, and V* vowed a worthy friend*"
Probably the reference is to the selling of Candia to the
Vns. by the Marquis of Montferrat in 1204. In Rz iv.
i, 97, Carlisle tells how Norfolk ** at V. gave His body
to that pleasant country's earth/' He died there of a
broken heart on Sept. 29th, 1 399 ; as Richd/s deposition
took place the next day, Carlisle could not have then
known of Norfolk's death* In Marlowe's Tomb. A* iii*
3, Tamburlaine says, ** The galleys and the pilling
brigandines That yearly sail to the Vn* Gulf And hover
in the Straits for Christians* wreck Shall lie at anchor
in the isle Asant/' The Turkish gallies are meant,
which carried on continuous warfare against the com-
merce of V* In his Jew L i, Barabas suggests that the
Turkish gallies reported mean ** to pass along Toward
V* by the Axlriatk Sea ; With whom they have attemp-
ted many times/' In Shrew iv. 2, 83, Tranio tells the
Pedant *4 * Tis death for any one in Mantua To come to
Padua * . * Your ships are stayed at V. and the D.
For private quarrel 'twixt your D* and him Hath pub-
lished and proclaimed it openly/* From 1405 Padua
was under the rule of V* In Oth. v* 2, 354, Othello tells
how he killed a Turk in Aleppo who ** beat a Vn, and
traduced the state/* In Jensen's Cynthia iv* i, Philautia
says of Amorphus : ** He looks like a Vn* trumpeter in
the battle of Lepsanto in the gallery yonder *r ; i>* in a
picture or tapestry representation of the battle* In hts
Volpone v- 2, Sir Politick Is accused of having ** a plot
To sea the State pfV, to the Turk/* In Shirley's Gent.
Fm. m. i, MalipierQ says, ** V, Is a jewel ; a rich
pendant would hang rarely at the Great Turk's ear*"
In his Bird iv* i, Bonamico exhibits in his collection of
birds ** The D* of V* his own bulfincn, and taken by
tlie Turks." In Webster's White Devil v*. i, Flamineo
speaks of the Moor who has recently come to Court as
laving " Served the Vn. in Candy these twice seven
years/' In Glapthorne's Privilege L i, Vitelii says,
** Doria's force overthrew the power of V* in a fight/*
Andrea Doria was a great Genoese admiral in the first
fcalf of tiie i6th cent. la Middleton's #. G* v* i,
Trapclopr in ms mythical account of his adventures says,
M Raring home, the Vn* gallies took us prisoners/'

Tfa Marriage of the Adriatic. l&K.K^HoruMojiC^
Semprunio says, ** This is the festival of holy Mark*
This day our Lords of V. wonted be To sacrifice in
fcktmpfo to the sea/* In Dekker's Wonder iiL i, the
Brother says, " The awed Vns. on St. Mark's proud
dapy Ifetfer went forth to marry the rich seas In greater
'ferny/* faWebst^sMmmnmtsfThetissaysf"Suxzt
&i$ Is V. and the day St* Mark In which the D* and
Senates tieir cotttse hold To wed our empire with a
ring of gold** It was a nattiral mistake on the part of
the dramatists to make the wedding of the Adriatic

544

VENICE

take place on St* Mark's Day, April 25th, as he was the
patron saint of the city ; but the actual day was Ascen-
sion Day, which can never fall on St* Mark's Day,
though when Easter is early it might be within a few
days of it.

The Laws of Venice. In Merch. iv* i, 102, Shylock
demands the forfeit on the ground " If you deny me,
fie upon your law I There is no force in the decrees of
V* " ; and in 178 Portia admits ** The Vn. law Cannot
impugn you as you do proceed/* But in 311 she points
out : " In the cutting it, if thou dost shed One drop of
Christian blood, thy lands and goods Are by the laws
of V* confiscate Unto the State of V/' ; and further,
in 348 " It is enacted in the laws of V* If it be proved
against an alien That by direct or indirect attempts He
seek the life of any citizen, The party . * . Shall seize
one half his goods ; the other half Goes to the privy
coffers of the State And the offender's life lies in the
mercy Of the D* only."

The Gondola, the well-known type of boat used on
the canals, is first mentioned in the I4th cent. In the
i6th it was decreed that the gondolas were to be entirely
black and without decorations ; tfrfe was because of
the extravagance of adornment lavished on them by
the nobles* In As iv* i* 38* Rosalind advises Jacques
to disable all the benefits of his own country : " Or I
will scarce think you have swam in a gondola," t*e*
been to V* In Merch. ii. 8, 8, Salarino tells how Lorenzo
and Jessica" in a gondola were seen together*" In
Oth* i, i, 136, Roderigo informs Brabantio that Des-
demona was transported to Othello's embraces ** with
a knave of common hire, a gondelier/' In Jonson's
Volpone iii* 2, Mosca tells Lady Politick that her
husband is " rowing in a gondole With the most cunning
courtesan of V*" Marston, in MeUida iii., uses the form
" gundelet " ; and the same form is found in Dekker's
Babylon* Montaigne (Florio's Trans*, 1603), iii* 5, says
that in Calicut ** the ignoble are bound to cry as they
walk along, like the gondoliers or water-men of V*, along
the streets, lest they should jostle with them," Le. the
nobles* In Rabelais* Pantagrttel ii* 30, Epistemon, who
has been to hell, reports that the Knights of the Round
Table are employed ** to row over the rivers [of Hell]
as are hired the boatmen at Lyons, the gondoliers of V.,
and the oars of London*"

The bzaldings* In Marlowe's Faustas vii* 16, Faust
proposes to visit " V*, Padua, and the rest, In one of
which [or, according to the edition of 1604, " in midst
of which **] a sumptuous temple stands That threats
the stars with her aspiring top*" Some take the reference
to be to San Marco ; but it does not threat the stars,
whereas St* Anthony's at Padua has a very lofty tower,
and-is I think the ch* intended*

The mtiqae charm and beauty of Venice and the resort
oftravettersthereto. Boorde,inJnfra*o/J&KwZfi^exxiv*,
says, ** Whosoever that hath not seen the noble city of
V*, lie hath pot seen the beauty and riches of this world.
There be rich marchavence and merchants. Through
the streets of V* runneth the water ; and every merchant
hath a fair little barge standing at his stairs to row
through and about the city*" In L* L* I* iv. 2, 98,
Holofernes quotes from Mantuan " Venetia, Venetia,
chi non to vede non ti pretia/' In Jonson's Case L i,
Juniper mentions V. as one of the famous places he has
seen in his travels. In his Cynthia L i, Amorphus
proposes to pretend that he has met Asotus ** in V* or
Padua." In Shirley's Ball i. i, Winfield says, "A
gentleman was persuaded to put the money out most
wisely, to have 5 for i at his return from V/'

VENICE

Trade and commerce. In Cromwell ii* i, we are told of
certain English merchants on their way from Antwerp
44 bound for V/' In Marlowe's Faastus i. 128, Valdes
promises Faust *' From V* shall they [the spirits] drag
huge argosies/' In his Jew iii* i, Bellamira says, ** From
V. merchants, and from Padua Were wont to come
rarewitted gentlemen/' In iv* i, Barabas talks of the
debts he has owing tf in V *, Florence, Antwerp/' and
other places* In Merch. i* i, ii, Salarino describes
"the argosies with portly sail" of Antonio, "The
Merchant of V*" In Marston's What you L i, Jacomo
speaks of " V* state Where merchants guilt the top/'
In Davenant's Wits iv* i, Palatine says, " You have no
factors, Sir, In Delph, Leghorn, Aleppo, or the Vn*
isles That by their traffic can advance you thus/'

Venice as the emporium for rich textiles, jewellery, toilet
articles, etc. In Shrew ii. i, 316, Petruchio, who is at
Padua, says, " I will to V, ; We will have rings and
things and fine array/' In ii. i, 356, Gremio boasts of
having in his house ** Valance of V. gold in needlework/'
In Middleton's Mad World ii* 2, Sir Bounteous says,
44 The curtains indeed were wrought in V* with the
story of the Prodigal Child in silk and gold/* The
author of "A brief conceit of English Policy " (1581) says,
44 There is no man that can be contented now with ouche,
brooch, or aglet but of V. making, or Millen*" In Ital.
Gent, iv* 4, Medusa has for sale "Vallencia gloves
And V* rolles to rub the teeth withal/* In Davenant's t/*
Lovers iii* 4, Altophil speaks of "Vn* tapers gilt"
amongst other luxurious furnishings* In Ford's Fancies
y. 2, Secco, the barber, uses ** pure soap of V." as an
ingredient in his shaving soap* In Dekker's Match
me ii. Bilbo cries : " See here rich Tuscan hatbands,
Vn* ventoyes," i.e* fans* Hall, in Satires vi* i, says of
Catilla t ** [Her] wrinkled furrows, which her age doth
breed, Are daubed full of V* chalk for need/'

Vn. glass was made at Murano from the i4th cent*
onward, and had, and still has, a world-wide reputation*
V. glasses were supposed to break if poison were poured
into them ; they were very delicate and brittle, and so
a cracked V* glass came to be used in the sense of a
woman who has lost her character* In Barry's Ram £v*

2, Beard boasts : " We'll quaff in V* glasses/' In Mas-
singer's Old. Law iii* 2, Sim says, 44 Venues in V*
glasses I Let them come ! " In Shirley's Ball iii* 3,
Freshwater says, " He can present you with V* glasses,
Parmesan sugars* all from Antwerp/* Coryat, in
Crudities ii* 18, speaks of " the delicate V* glasses, so
famous over all Christendom*" Burton, A* M* iii* 2, 5,

3, says, 44 This beauty is a mere flash, a V* glass, quickly
broken*" In Dekker's Match me i*, the Lady says,
" Women are V* glasses, one knock spoils 'em/' In
Webster's Law Case ii* i, Romelio thinks that Julio has
spent "a hundred ducats a month in breaking V*
glasses/' In Dekker's Satiro iv* 3, 207, Tucca calls : "A
blanket ! these cracked V* glasses shall fill him out,
they shall toss him*" Browne, in Pseadodoxia, says,
" Though it be said that poison will break a V* glass,
yet have we not met with any of that nature*"

Venice treacle, or Treacle of Andromachus, was
supposed to be a sovereign remedy against various
diseases* In B* & F* Elder B* tu i, Miramont speaks of
a young courtier bringing home from his travels ** a
box of V* treacle To cure young wenches that have
eaten ashes." In Taylor's Life of Thomas Parr (1635),
it is said: "Garlick he esteemed above the rate Of V*
treacle or best Mithridate/'

Vn. oysters arid Pcttf de foie gras* In Daveuant's Wits
ii*, Meager says of a lady's throat which he proposes to

545

VENICE

cut : ** It should open wide as the widest oyster in the
V* lake*" In iv*, Engine mentions among table-dainties
44 Your broad liver o' the Vn* goose, fattened by a Jew*"

MannerSf customs, and character. In Jensen's Cynthia
v* 2, when Amorphus with an Italian compliment kisses
the lady's hand, Crites comments : 44 The Vn* dop
tfrfe " ; dop meaning a short, quick curtsey* In Three
Ladies ii* Lucre says, ** V* is a city where Usury by
Lucre may live in great glory/' In Shirley's BaU vi* 2,
Freshwater says, " The Vns. are the valiantest gentlemen
under the sun/' In Davenant's Italian iii* 2> Altaza
says of Florello i ** He should be a Vn* by the wit and
policy of his courage*" In Cockayne's Trapolin ££* 3,
Horatio speaks of ** V* rich, commanding, politic*'* In
B* & F* French Law. i* i, Cleremont, speaking of duels,
says there have been " scarce three in V* in as many
years*"

The Vn. women are represented as especially frail and
immoral. In Oth. L 3, 363, lago speaks of Othello's
marriage as " a frail vow between an erring barbarian
and a super-subtle Vn*" In Ado i* x, 274, Don Pedro
says, " If Cupid have not spent all his quiver in V*,
Thou wilt quake for this shortly*" In Day's Hunwar
ii* i, the Boy ratk V* 44 the best flesh-shambles in
Italy/' In Jensen's Ev. Man L ii. 3, Knowell says, " I
never yet was he that travelled with my son, before 16,
to show him the Vn* courtezans 1 " In his Votpom ii.
i, Peregrine says, "Your lady lies faere in V., for
intelligence of tires and fashions and behaviour among
the courtezans*" In Ford's Trial £ti* i, Benata cries:
44 Vn. wanton — ravishing ! " In Massinger's Guardian
ii. 5, Calipso talks of " the Vn* courtezan/' In B. & F*
Wild Goose i* 2, Mirabel says, " Give me the plump
Vn., fat and lusty, That meets me soft and supple/1" In
Massinger's Renegade i. z, Gazet says that the women
he has with him are " bawds and common courtezans
in V/' In Costly Wh. ii. i, the D. says of Vakntia :
** Courtezans are rare with us in Germany; except
herself, being a Vn* born and privileged, the State
allows none." In Brome's Covent G. L i, Dorcas appears
upon a balcony " habited like a courtezan of V/r In
Cockayne's Trapolin ii* i, the hero says, " I'll to V* and
turn pimp*" In Marmion's Leaguer iv. 2, the Bawd
says, " The Marshall and the Constable vex us more
than the Vns* do the whole corporation of Courtesans/*
Burton, A. M. iii* 2, 2, 2, says, 44 Our Vn* ladies at this
day . * * counterfeit yellow hair ; " probably what is
now known as the peroxide tint* In Randolph's Muses
iii. if Colax hopes to see Micropepes ** build a stew
Shall out-brave V."

Vn. Dress. Boorde, in Intro, of Knowledge xxiv.,says,
** The merchants of Yenys goetfa in long gowns Hkc
priests, with dose skeves * * * The people do poll
their heads and do kt their beards grow." Peadham,
in Worth of a Penny, says, 4t The Vns. are botiad by
the laws of their Commonwealth that their upper
ganBent^ worn withia the city, should ever be of f>laitt
blade." In Middleton's Qmet Life L if Lady Cresstng-
ham ** will have agents at V* for intelligence of all new
fashions*" In Af* W. W« m. 3, 61, Faistaff says, " Thou
hast the right-arched beauty of the brow that becomes
the ship-tire, the tire-valiant, or any tire of Vn* admit-
tance/' In Ret. Parnass. rv* 2, Ingemoso says, " T!ie
poor Aristotelians walk in a short doak and a dose Vn.
hose*" Laneham,inLettfir(i575)^speaksofwalong^r-
ment with a side and wide sleeves Vn*-wise/* Stubfees,
in Anat. of Abuses, p* 56, says, "The Vn* hosen, they reach
beneath the knee to the gartering place of the leg, where
they are tied finely with silk points, or some stidh-Hke,

IK

VENICE

and laid on also with rows of lace or guards/* But in
Three Ladies £.. Simony says, 4* The Vns. came nothing
near the knee/' In T. Heywood's Lucrece iii* 5,
Valerius sings : 4* The Spaniard loves his ancient slop,
The Lombard his Vn." In Ev. Worn* In. i* i, the
citizen's wife speaks of ** the party in the yellow scarf
and the round Vn." Greene, in Cony-Catching (1592)
ix* 95, says, " The vn* and the gallogascaine is stale,
and trunk slop out of use/*

VENICE. The name of a house of ill-fame in White-
friars, Lond. It may have been named so because of
the reputation of V* as an immoral city* La Brome's
Covent G* i* i, Madge says, 4* I lay not long ago at the
V, by Whitefryers Dock/'

VENISE, HOTEL DE* An hotel in Paris, apparently
frequented by Englishmen* In Davenant's Rutland,
p* 227, the Londoner says, " I am retiring to my country-
men at the good H* de V/f

VENTA CRUZ* A little town on the river Chagres in
the isthmus of Panama* Drake describes it as being
3 dap* row up the river, but a day and a night's only
coming down; he also says it is 6 leagues from Panama*
In Davenant's Playhouse iii** Drake says, " Secure the
fort Whilst we to V* C. enforce our way/*

VENUS STREET* La Rue de Venus, in the N* quarter
9 of Antwerp, running N. from the junction of the Rue
des Avettgles and the Rue des Princes to the Marche
atix Chevaccjc. In Lemon, Alva says, u The N* part of
the city, Venus St., Remains the subject of desired
spoil/*

VENUSIA, now VENOSA* An ancient city on the borders
of Lucania and Apulia in Italy, on the Appian Way,
290 m* SJEL of Rome* It was a flourishing place all
through the later years of the Roman Republic, and is
still an episcopal city of some importance* Its chief
glory is that it was the birthplace of Horace. Dekker,
Satiro* (Prat), says, u I thank tfaee, tfaou true Venusian
Horace, for these good words thou grv'st me t Populus
me stbylaf at mihi plaudo/' See Horace, Sot* i* it 66*
In Jaosoa's Poetaster iiL 2* Horace says, " Lticanian or
Apiiiaia, I not [ie. know not] whether, For tiie Venusian
colony ploughs either •"— a translation of Hbrace, SaL
11*1*35. Horace means that he does not know whether
he is an Apulian or a Lucanian, as Vemisium is on the
boKleis of bodu Hall, in Satires iv. i, 2, says, '* Who
dares upbraid these open rhymes of mine With blindfold
Aqtiities, or dark Venusine i " i<e. the obscure satiric
allusions of Juvenal or Horace* Jonson, in Underwoods
bsL 89, says of his own poetry : " All the old Venusine
could spy, Was there made English/*

VERDEA* Probably Monte Verdo in S* Tuscany is
intended. It £5 in a celebrated wine-producing dist*
In B* & R Elder B. ii* i, 3WKramont describes an
Italian traveller as "having been at Rome and seen
the relics, drunk your Verdea wine, and rid at Naples/*

or VEERE. A town in the island of Walcheren,
df the coast of Holland, abt* 12 m* S*E* of Z£rick-see
and 8 m* N*E* of Flushing* In Ford's Trial i* 3,
FtneSa speaks of one Dame Fustibunga/* who, trembled
Joc^j time with a strangury, vented at last salt water so
abtnactetfy as drowned the land between Zirick-see
and Vete, where steeple-tops are only seen/* For
these Soods see under ZIRICK-SEE*

VERULAM

VERE STREET* Lond*, running from the W* corner
of Clare Market to Duke St* It was named after
Elizabeth V*, daughter of Lord V* of Tilbury, who died
1683* Gibbon's Tennis Court was in V* St* and was
converted into a theatre by Thomas Killigrew and so
used from 1660 to 1669* In Davenant's Playhouse i*,
the Musician says, " There is another playhouse to
let in V*-st."

VERGE, or, more fully, The V* of the Court* The dist*
around the palaces of Whitehall and St* James's in
Lond* within which arrests could not be effected. It
extended from Charing Cross down Whitehall to the
river, and included also Hyde Park, St* James's Park,
and the Green Park* Its privilege from arrests made
it a favourite resort of insolvent debtors and members
of the criminal classes* In Jonson's Cynthia iv* i, Moria
says, ** There should not a nymph or a widow be gpt
with child in the V* but I would guess within one or
two who was the right father." In Randolph's Muses
iv* 4, Colax says, ** Flattery, that was wont To be
confined within the V. is now Grown epidemical."

VERLAME* See VERULAM*

VERONA* A city in N. Italy, picturesquely situated in
a sharp bend of the Adige, abt* 65 m. W* of Venice,
40 W* of Padua, 25 N* of Mantua, and 90 E. of Milan*
It was a Roman Colonia, and the great Amphitheatre
and some parts of the walls date from Roman times*
Here the poet Catullus was born in 87 B.C* It was one
of the chief residences of the Lombard Kings in the
6th, 7th, and 8th cents* It reached its greatest splendour
under the rule of the Delia Scala family, 1260 to 1387*
It was then annexed to the territories of Milan by the
Visconti, but ia. 1405 it was conquered by the Venetians,
who held it till the end of the i8th cent* It contains
many fine examples of ecclesiastical and domestic
architecture. In Cockayne's Trapolin iii* 3, Horatio
describes it as " Worthy V*, old Catullus* city/' The
scene of Davenant's Albovine is laid at V** in the Lom-
bard Court, about A J>. 570. The scene of R+ de J+ is laid
mostly at V. in the early part of the I4th cent. The
rival families of the Montagues and Capulets (Mon-
tecchi and Cappelliti) ate mentioned by Dante (Pztr|*
vi* 107). The house of the Capuiets, now an Inn, is
still shown in the Via Capello* The original tomb of
Juliet has long since been destroyed ; but a modern
substitute has been provided for the tourist in the
Orfenotrpfio* The scene of Two Gent* is laid at first
in this city, but afterwards shifts to Milan, where the
Court of the D. is held. The date is the beginning of
the 1 5th cent* In if. 3, 40, Panthino says to Launce :
44 Away, ass ! you'll lose the tide " ; a curious error*
In Shrew, ii. i, 47, Petruchio says, ** I am a gentleman
of V.," and his country house, in which some of the later
scenes take place, was probably in its neighbourhood*
In Jonson's Case i. 2, Feraeze, describing die attack on
Vicerusa, says, ** Happy was that foot that first could
press The flowery champain bordering on V*" Vicenza
is abt. 40 m. E* of V. In Otft* ii* i, 26, one of the
gentlemen describes ** a noble ship of Venice " as " a
Veronesa," z".e* a ship furnished by V* to the Venetian
fleet. The date is about 1570, when V. formed part of
the yenetian territory. Other plays the scene of which
is laid at V. are Davenant's 17. Lovers and Brome's
Crnming Lovers, in which Prospero, D* of V*, plays a
prominent part.

VERULAM*! An ancient Roman town in Herts., close
to St* Alban's, from which it is separated by the river

546

VERVINS

Ver* Lord Bacon took his title, Baron V*, from this
town* See further under ALBAN'S, SAINT* In Fisher's
Fuimus i* 2, Cassibelaunus says* " I must to V/s fenced
town repair*** Drayton, in Polyolb. viii* 373, tells how
** brave Boadida [£,e* Boadicea] made with her resol-
ved'st men To Virolam, whose siege with fire and sword
she plied Till levelled with the earth/' In W* Rowley's
Shoemaker i* i, 169, Maximinus says to Albon : ** Go
to thy barony of Verrolam " ; and later, iv* 2, 18, calls
him 44 Lord of Varlome " ; in line 28, he says* ** I will
drag them hence in Chains to Holmhurst Hill. 3 miles
from Verolome/' and Albon's martyrdom there is the
subject of the latter part of the scene* Spenser, F*Q* iii*
4, 52, tells of a victory won by K* Uther over the
Paynims Octa and Oza " Beside Cayr Verolame w ; and
in his Raines of Time, he introduces ** Verlame" as an
example of the passing away of human glory ; " Verlame
I was ; what boots it that I was* Sith now I am but
weeds and wasteful grass ** "

VERVINS. A town in N* France* abt* 100 m. N*E* of
Paris* It was taken by Henry VIII in 1544; and a
treaty between France and Spain was made there on
May and, 1598* In Chapman's Trag. Byron L i* Janin
speaks of ** The discontent the Spaniard entertained*
With such a threatening fury* when he heard The
prejudicial conditions Proposed him in the treaty held
at V*"

VESAEVUS* See VESUVIUS*

VESTA, TEMPLE OF* At Rome, in the S*W* corner of
the Forum Romanum, just S* of the present ch* of San
Maria Liberatrice* It was circular in shape, and in its
neighbourhood the Vestal Virgins had their lodging*
The circular building now shown as the T* of V* in the
Piazza, della BoccadeUa Verita was not the T* of V., but
was probably the Aemilian Temple of Hercules* In
Richards' Messalina iv* 1980, Lepida says, " A vault I
have Which near adjoins the Vestals' T*" In Tiberias
714, Nero says, " Did we not both, at Vestaes sacred
shrine, Pray for the safety of his Majesty i " Some of
the scenes in B* & F* Corinth take place in an imaginary
temple of V* in that city*

VESUVIUS* A volcano on the E* side of the Bay of
Naples* abt* 4000 ft* high* The first record of an
eruption in historic times is that of August 24th, A*I>* 79,
when Pompeii and Herculaneum were overwhelmed*
For the next 15 cents* it remained quiescent, which
accounts for the very few references to it in our dramatic
literature, in which Aetna (g*i>*) is the typical volcano*
In 1631 there was another outburst, and since then the
mtn* has been more or less active* In Fisher's Fwmas
iv* 2, Eulinus says, " His ruddy flesh boiled in flame
like an Aetnaean or Vesuvian salamander*" In Nabbes'
Hannibal iv* i, the Messenger pictures Nature's Archeus
seeking 4* an Aetna or Vesaevus out Where he might
dry himself*" Chaucer spells it "Vesevus*" Barnes,
in ParthenophU Ixxv* n, asks of Cupid who his father
was, that he is so cruel: "V* else* or was it Etna
rather*"

VIANO* An ancient city of Navarre, lying a little N* of
the Ebro, 160 m* N*E* of Madrid* In Barnes' Charter
v* 5, Guicchiardine says, ** Caesar Escaped into the
kingdom of Navarre Where in an ambush at Viano slain
Just Nemesis repaid his treachery*"

VIA SACRA* A street in ancient Rome, beginning on
the Esquiline Hill near the Coliseum and running under
the arch of Titus through the Forum up to the Capitol*

VIMIE

It was the road along which the Roman generals went
in triumph to the Capitol* La Jonson's Poetaster, the
scene of iii* i, which is a free imitation of Horace, Sat.
L 9, is given as ** The Via Sacra (or Holy Street)*"

VICENZA* A city in N* Italy on the Bacchiglione, 40 m*
W* of Venice* It has a fine Gothic cathedral, and is
specially celebrated for its palaces, many of which were
the work of Palladio, who was a native of the city* At
first a free city, it fell successively tinder the power of
EzzeKno di Romano and of Verona ; then it became
subject to Gian Galeazzo Visconti, of Milan, and so
remained till 1404, when the citizens called in the aid
of Venice and accepted her lordship. It continued to
be part of the Venetian dominions till 1797* It had a
considerable trade in silk and wine. In Jonson's Cose,
there is a war between the French and the Milanese ;
the supposed date is fixed by certain allusions in the
play to 1460 (see under MILAN) ; but the war was
probably suggested by the attack of Francis I on Milan
in 1515* In i* i, we are told that Maximilian of V* is
leader of the Milanese troops* In i* a, Count Ferneze
describes the surprise and storming of V. by Chamont,
the French general ; and in iii* i, he says, " First in V*
lost I my first son*" Jonson calls it indifferently V* and
Vincenza* Another form, perhaps due to a misprint,
is found in Cockayne's Trapolin v. i, where the Jbero
says, "Vienca wine and Padua bread are the best*"
Cfcryat, in Crudities 305, quotes the proverb : ** The
wine of V», the bread of Padua, the tripes of Trevisa,
the courtesans of Venice."

VIENCA* See VICENZA*

VIENNA* The capital of the Austrian Republic on the
right bank of the Danube at its confluence with the
Wien* Originally a Celtic town, it was seized and
fortified by the Romans under the name of Vindobonau
It was long the outpost of European civilisation aya***^
the Turks and Slavs* In 1276 it became the capital of
the Hapsburgs, and, whilst they held the title of
Holy Roman Emperor, it was the capital of the Empire.
In 1477 it was besieged by the Hungarians, and in
1485 was taken by Matthew Corvinus. In 1539 the
Turks besieged it, but were repelled by the valour of
Nicholas von Salm* A later siege in 1683 was equally
unsuccessful* V* is the scene of Measure for Measure, in
which it is represented as under the rule of a Duke* In
its source, Whetstone's Promos, the scene is in Julio (g.i>.)»
In Ham. iii* 2, 248, Hamlet says of the play which is to
be presented before the K*: ** The play is the image
of a murder done in V* ; Gonzago is ttie B/s name,**
He is afterwards called the K* In Marlowe's Tomb. B»
i* i, Orcanes says to Sigismund : ** I am he That with
the cannon shook V* walls*" Sigismund replies, ** V*
was besieged and I was there, Then Cotinty Palatine,
but now a K/* This is quite unhistadcal ? Orcanes
(Orkhan) was never near V* In Barnes' Charter iH* ^
Frescobaldi boasts : " At V* I did unhorse 3 Turkie
Janisaries*" The was at the siege of 1529. In Jensen's
Ev. Man. /* iL 2, Brainworm dafms to have been shot
** at the relief of V*rf He is thinking of the same siege*
In Glapthome's Wanenstein v* 2, Leslie says, ** V* is
the capital city, which does hold The true and kwful
Caesar/*

VIMIE* Probably a misprint for VIENNE, an ancient
city in France in the department of Isfere, on the left
bank of the Rhone, some 20 miles south of Lyons* It
was taken by Montmorency in conjunction with the D*

547

VIMINAL

of Lorraine in 1594; Biron was acting with Mont-
morency in this campaign, and it is most likely that the
gift of a horse to him by the D* was made at this time,
la Chapman's Trag. Byron iv* i, the Capt* reminds
Byron of the death of ** the horse the D* of Lorraine
sent you at Vimie/'

VIMINAL* One of the hills upon which ancient Rome
was built* It Lies E* of the city between the Quirinal
and the Esquiline* Spenser, in Raines of Rome iv*,
describes Home as lying buried under her 7 hills, and
says, "Both her feet Mt* V* and Aventine do meet*"

VINCENT, CAPE ST* The extreme S*W* point of
Portugal* In Hycke, p. 88, the hero says, ** I have been
at Cape saynt Vincent, and in the New found iland*"

VINCENT'S (SAINT) STREET* Seville* In Tuke's
Five Hours ii* x, Ernesto says* " Here's a key of the
apartment that opens on St* Vincent's st*>f

VINCENZA* See VICENZA*

VINE* A tavern sign in Lond* Taylor, in Carriers Cos-
mography, mentions a Vine Inn in Bishopsgate St* In
T* Heywood's Laerece iii* 5, Valerius sings : 4* The
drunkard [goes] to the Vine***

VINE COIJRT* A range of buildings in the Middle
Temple, London* Strode's Float* M+ was " Printed
by T* C, for H* Twyford in Vine-Court Middle Temple*
1655"

VINTNERS' HALL* The Hall of the Vintners* Com-
pany in Lond*, at No* 68 on the S* side of Upper
Thames St. The Company received its ist charter
from Edward III and the Hall was built on a site
presented to them by John de Stody, who was Lord
Mayor in 1357. It was burnt down in the Gt. Fire and
rebuilt by Wren ; but of this second Hall only the
Council Chamber remains, the rest having been
rebuilt in 1820* Dekker, in /erfs, says, "Serjeants are
good benefactors to V*-H*r' In Massinger's Virgin ii*
i, Spuagius speaks of Bacchus as ** head-warden of
V.-H*" loNabbes'Br^^^Rhaaslisasfs^Tbexe's
that will make the crookedest horner m the lane speak
Latia witfa the Beadle of Vintmeis-H/* To speak
Latin means to gabble unintelligibly, like a drunken

..* A wharf on tfae N* bank of the Thames just

j Use proem Southwark Edge*, between Queen

Hytfae and tiie Stfllyard* It was set apart in the reign
of Edward I for the use of the Bourdeaux wine-
tnerchants and was furnished with 3 cranes for the
unloading of their vessels; from them the famous
tavern " The Three Cranes " (q.v.) derived its name*
The heading of one of Scogan's Ballads (circ* 1450} is
** At a supper of feorthe merchande in the vyntre in
Land*" Skelton, Works I 208 (1529), says, "They
fudge themselves able to be doctors of the chair in the
Vyntre at the Three Cranes*" In Edwardes' Damon
xv*, Aristippus says, ** In him there is as much virtue,
tttfth, and honesty, As there are true feathers in the
ffiree cranes of the v*" In the list of taverns in News
BarthoL Fair, we find u three Cranes ia the Vintree/'
Tfee came is still preserved in the Ch * of St* Martin V*
$ee also THREE CRAKES*

"V1EGIHIA (Vn*= Virginian}* A name given to the dist*
oe tfeeB* coast of N, America the colonisation of which
was eomaKs&eecI by Rafefeh ia 1584* It included the
present SteHes of Florida, Georgia, S* and N* Carolina,

VIRGINIA

and V* The name was bestowed on it in honour of the
Virgin Q*, Elisabeth* In 1606 James I granted V* by
patent to the Lond* Company; and in May 1607 a
body of 105 colonists founded Jamestown on the James
river* Capt* John Smith assumed the management of
the infant colony ; he was captured by the Indians,
but saved by the intercession of Pocahontas, the
daughter of the chief Powhatan. Two years later she
aga{n saved the town from an Indian plot ; and in
1611 she was married to an Englishman, John Rolfe,
and later visited England, where she was the object of
much curiosity and admiration* The dramatists
represent it as an almost unknown land, the refuge of
desperate adventurers, and inhabited by savages who
worshipped the devil* Its chief products are swine and
tobacco* The quotations that follow are arranged in
chronological order and show the growth in the know-
ledge of die country during the ist half of the iTth cent*
Spenser, F*Q* ii. prol, 2 (1590), asks, " Fruitfullest V*
who did ever view i " Hall, in Satires (1597) v* i, says
that Furius would ** dislodge whole colonies of poor
* * * And ship them to the new-named Virgin-lond*"
In Middleton's Blurt (1602) iii. 3, Lasarillo speaks of
"any new-found land, as V*, or so*" In Jonson's
Eastward (1605), Sir Petronel Flash bestows all he
has ** on a ship now bound for V*" ; Seagull describes
it in iii* 3 : ** A whole country of English is there, bred
of those that were left there in '79* They have married
with she-Indians and make 'em bring forth as beautiful
faces as any we have in England*" He goes on to speak
of the wealth of the country in gold, diamonds, and
rubies; its delightful climate, and its freedom from
Serjeants, lawyers, courtiers, and intelligencers ; ** only
a few industrious Scots, who indeed are dispersed over
the face of the whole earth*" It is 6 weeks' voyage
thither; but the expedition gets no further than
Cuckolds Haven in the Thames, where the whole party
is shipwrecked* Drayton, in Ode to the VirgiTuan
Voyage (1606), calls it " V*, Earth's only Paradise*"
In Cooke's Greene's Qaoqae (1609) i* 2, Staines says,
44 1 dare not walk abroad to see my friends, for fear
the Serjeants should take acquaintance of me* My
refuge is Ireland or V*" In Jonson's Epicoene (1609)
ii* 3, Morose says of his nephew's fortune : " It shall
not have hope to repair itself by Constantinople,
Ireland, or V*" In the early part of the iTth cent* a
Virginian chief, called Nomentack, was brought over to
England* In Jonson's Epicoene (1609) v* i, La-Foole
says that Daw drew maps (f*e* portraits) of ** Nomentack,
when he was here, and of the Prince of Moldavia*"
William Crawshaw, in a sermon preached in 1610,
says that V* has been ridiculed on the stage; for
the reason that no players or other idle persons
are tolerated there* Donne, in Verse Letter to
C&antess of Bedford (1610), says, ** We've added to the
world V*" In Middleton's #* G* (1610) ii* 2, Moll
advises Sebastian not to marry in a hurry ; " take
deliberation, sir ; never choose a wife as if you were
going to V*" ; tiie idea being that those who go there
go on a sudden impulse to escape the law* In Dekker's
Match Me (1611) ii., Bilbo says, ** The beard-brush is
flexible as you will ; the very bristles of the same swine
that are fattened in V*" In Field's Weathercock (1612)
ii* i, Scudmore says that Worldly can have no conscience
unless ** wild V., black Afric, or the shaggy Scythia **
send him one over* In Tailor's Hog hath lost (1613)
iii», Haddit says of his scheme : ** This goes better
forward than the plantation in V/f In Q
Anti-masque at the wedding of the princess .

VIROLAM

(1613), the masquers are Vn* priests, called Phcebades,
and the scene is a refulgent mine of gold* In Jonson's
BarthoL (1614) Ind*, the Stage-keeper sarcastically says
of the play : ** When it comes to the Fair once, you
were e'en as good go to V*, for anything there is of
Smithfield/' Chapman, in Inns of Court Masque (1614),
describes some of the actors as 44 having on their heads
high-sprigged feathers, compassed in coronets, like the
Vn* princes they presented*" In Trades Increase (1615),
the author says, ** For V** we know not well what to do
with it*" In B* & F* Subject (1618) iii* 2, Honora says,
" If there be such stirring things among them, such
travellers into V* as Fame reports, if they can win me,
take me*" The meaning is 4t brave adventurers*"
Middleton, in Love and Antiquity (1619), Bullen vii*
321, speaks of ** that kind savage, the Vn*" In Mas-
singer's Madam (1619) v* i, Sir John Frugal says, ** A
deep magician appeared to me in V* and commanded
I should provide, against the next great sacrifice, 2
Christian virgins*" A play entitled 44 A Tragedy of the
Plantation of Virginia " was licensed in 1623, but is
entirely lost* In Jonson's Staple (1625) ii* i> Pennyboy
Canter says, ** The blessed Pokahontas, as the historian
calls her, and great k/s daughter of V*, hath been in
womb of tavern/' In B* & F* Gentleman (1626) i* i,
Clerimont says of his wife : ** Sir, I had rather send her
to V* to help to propagate the English nation " than to
Court* Drayton, in £p* to Sandys (1627)* says, " I put
not thus to sea For 2 months' voyage to V/' The
author of Discourse on Leather (1627) says, "We can
live without the smoke of V*" Taylor, in Works (1630),
says, ** The barbarous Brasilians, Americans, and Vns*
do adore the devil/' In T* Heywood's Traveller (1633)
ii* 2, Reginald says, " Til make this supposed gaol to
you as safe as you were i' the Low Countries* V*, or

says, ** V. tobacco grows here," r.e* in Lond* In
Cockayne's Obstinate (1638) i* 3, Lorice says, " I came
at last to V*, where I saw nothing more worthy mention
than an honest woman who cast herself into the sea
because nobody would lie with her/'

VIROLAM* See VERXJLAM*

VISION, LAND OF* Mt* Moriah, the hill E* of Jeru-
salem on which tradition said that Abraham went to
sacrifice Isaac, and where afterwards the Temple of
Solomon, and later still the Mosque of Omar, were
built* Mori-Jah means Revelation of Jehovah ; and in
Gen. xxii* 2, the Vulgate translates it " Terra Visionis/'
In York M. P* x* 71* the Angel says to Abraham, 44 To
the land of Vyssyon wend in fear And there of him
make thou offering/'

VITERBYE (u?, VITERBO)* A city of Italy, at the base of
Monte Cimino, 40 m* N*W* of Rome* It was a favourite
Papal residence in the Middle Ages, and the conclaves
for the election of the Popes were often held there* It
possesses a fine cathedral and episcopal palace of the
I3th cent* In Bale's Laws iii*, Ambition says, 44 The
Pope for whoredom hath in Rome and V* Of gold
and silver a wonderful substance yearly/*

VOLGA* The longest river in Europe* It rises in Lake
Seligher, abt* 200 m* S* of Petrograd, and flows through
Russia, first in an E., then in a S* direction, until, after
a course of 2325 m*, it falls through a huge delta into
the Caspian Sea at Astrakhan, by some 200 mouths*
With its tributaries it forms a waterway of over 14,000
m* ; and being connected by canals with the Neva, it

VOLSCIANS

forms a continuous line of traffic from the Caspian to
the Baltic* For about a third of the year, however, it
is blocked by ice, and so closed to navigation* Heylyn,
Microcos*, says, 4* Vulga, which with no less than 70
mouths dischargeth it self into the Mare Caspiuni/*
Greene, in Never too Late (Works viii* 45), speaks of
44 the V*, a bright stream, but without fish/* In his
Friar ix*, Bacon says, " Persia down her V* by canoes
[shall] Send down the secrets of her spicery/* In his
Orpharion (Works xii* 34), he calls it 4* the swift-running
V* that leadeth into Persia*" The V* is not a Persian
river ; but much of her merchandise came into Russia
by way of the V. j so that Mr* Lettsom, in a note on
this passage, is hardly justified in saying: "This
is much as if France were to send Claret and
Burgundy down her Thames*" In Greene's
Orlando i* i, Madrecarde says, 44 1, Leaving fair
Voya, crossed up Danuby As high as Saba/* In Mar-
lowe's Tomb. A* i* 2, Tamburlaine says, " My martial
prizes, Won on the fifty-headed V/s waves, Shall we all
offer to Zenocrate/* In Tomb* B* iv* i, the Soldan of
Egypt calls Tamburlaine 4* the rogue of V."— not quite
accurately, for he came from Turkestan, on the shore
of the Caspian opposite to the mouth of the V- In
Dekker's London's Tempef Oceanus says, 44 1 could
swift V* call, whose curled head lies On 7 rich pillows,
but in merchandise The Russian him employs/' In
his Seven Sins, Dekker says/4 V* that hath fifty streams
falling one into another never ran with so swift and
irresistible a current/' In B. & F* Subject i. 3, Archas,
the Russian General, says, ** I yet remember when the
V* curled, The aged V., when he heaved his head up
And raised his waters high to see the ruins, The ruins
our swords made*" In iv* 5, he tells how, at the coming
of the Tartar chief, OHm, ** The V. trembled at his
terror And hid his 7 curled heads/* In their Shep-
herdess i* 3, Alexis speaks of the icy wind " That, as he
passeth by, shuts up the stream Of Rhine or V/' In
Valentin, v* 2, Valentinfan, after being poisoned, cries s
" Danubius Fll have brought through my body <, * ,
And V*, on whose face the N* wind freezes/' In their
Lover's Prog* iv* 4, Lisander says, ** Can all the winds
of mischief from all quarters, Euphrates, Gauges,
Tigris, V*, Po, Make it swell higher S1 ** The sturgeon
is common in the V* Giles Fletcher, in Rttsse Common-
wealth (i 591), p* 41, mentions 4 varieties of the sturgeon,
and says, " These 4 kinds of fish breed in the Wolgha
and are catched in great plenty . • . Of the rocs of
these 4 kinds they make very great store of scary oar
caveary/*

VOLQUESSEN* A disc* in Konnandy, lying rotmd
Gcsors, N*W* of Paris* Originally known as Pagns
Velocassinus, the name was gradually shortened to V^
Vulxin, and finally Vexin, toy which it is now known*
There are 2 Vexins ; Le Vexin Francois round Pontoise,
and Le Vexin Normand, which is the one intended in
the passages quoted* In Trouble* Reign, Haz*, p* 250,
Philip demands of John w V*, Torain, Main, &c" In
JC*/* ii. i, 527* John says to Philip : " Then do I give
V*, Touraine, Maine, Poictiers, and Anjou/r

VOLSCIANS* A tribe of Central Italy, in the S* of
Latium, in the valley of the Luis. Their chief city was
Antium* Vergil represents Camilla, the Princess of the V*,
as tafrfog the side of Turnus in his war against Aeneas,
For 200 years* from 500 to 300 BX*, the V* wexe con-
stantly at war with the Romans, but were finally
absorbed in her growing dominions* The date of tbe
war in which legend made Coriolanus the principal

549

VOYA

figure was 490 B.C. Jonson introduces Camilla in bis
Queens : "Swift-foot Camilla, q. of Volscia" (see
Vergil's description of her in Aen. vii* 803). The back-
ground of Cor* is the war between the V* and Romans,
under the leadership of Tullus Aufidius and Coriolanus
respectively* The story is purely legendary, but
doubtless reflects the fact that the V* were too strong
for the Romans in those early days, for which the
Roman historians endeavoured to account by pretending
that an exiled Roman was their leader. Shakespeare

VYSSYON

uses the forms Voice and Volcfan, which the modern
editors change to Volsce and Volscian.

VOYA,VULGA. See VOLGA,

VUTHEK (z.e, ST. BITDOCK:). A vill. in S. Cornwall, abt.
i m* S. of Falmouth. la Cornish M. P. L 3463, K+
Solomon says to the mason, ** Ha rag bos agas wheyl
tek My a re thyugh plu V/r ; i.e. " And because your
work is fair, I will give you the parish of V**f

VYSSYON, LAND OF* See VISIOK, LAND OF.

550

WADE'S MILL. A vill. in Herts, on the Ribb, 2 m.
N. of Ware on the North Road* In Hester (Anon.
Plays ii. 268), Pride says, "Now by W. M.
every man's will is wondrously well/* In Dekker's
Northward v. i, Mayberry is informed by Bella-
mont: "he imagines that your wife is rode to
Puckeridge ; 5 m. further [Le. from Ware] ; either
at Puckeridge or W. M., saith he, you shall find them " ;
later on in the scene Doll says, ** I will be as true to
thee as Ware and W. M. are one to another/'

WAKEFE6LD. A town in the West Riding, Yorks., on
the Calder, 9 m* S. of Leeds and 175 N. of Lond. It
was the most important town in the Riding during our
period,, and was twice the size of Leeds or Bradford* It
was famous, according to Camden, " for its doth trade,
largeness, neat buildings, and great markets." The
most notable buildings were the Parish Ch* with its
fine spire, erected in the I4th cent. ; the chantry of
St. Mary on the bridge over the Calder, built about
1360, but restored and endowed by Edward IV in
memory of his father, Richd. of York, who was killed
in the battle of W. in 1460 ; and the Grammar School,
founded in 1593. W* is famous in the history of the
Drama as being the place where the Towwley M. P.
were performed ; the whole cycle of 32 has happily
been preserved. It was also the home of George (or
John) a Greene, the Pinner of W., whose fight with
Robin Hood is commemorated in the old Ballad. He
was the keeper of the Town Pound, and gives his name
to the anonymous play George a Greene, the Pinner of
Wakefield, in which the story of the fight is related.

In J. Heywood's Weather, p. 100, Merry Report
daimstohavebeenatW* In Wilkins' En/orced Marriage
^ii., the Butler informs Katharine that she must go
44 Toward W., where my master's living lies/* In H6
C* ii* if 107, Warwick brings word of " the bloody fray
at W. fought " ; it is the subject of the last 3 scenes of
Act I. In True Trag.f proL, p. 52, Truth says, " At
W. in a battle pitcht Outrageous Richd. breathed
his latest breath" ; L&. Richd. of York. On
p. 13, York says, ** Til to W. to my castle/' The
reference is to Sandal Castle, near W*, g.p. In George a
Greene i. 2, the Earl of Kendall, who is in re-
bellion against K. Edward, sends to W. for pro-
visions; but George, "right pinner of W* town,"
tears up his commission and thus highly honours
"W. town"; later on in the play his fight with
Robin Hood takes place and Robin asks him:
" Wilt thou forsake W* and go with me?"'
Drayton, Polyolb* xxviii*/ speaks of Robin Hood's
44 merry man, the Pindar of the town Of W., George a
Greene, whose fames so far are blown For their so
valiant fight." Braithwaite, in Strappado for Devil (1615),
commemorates 44 merry W., and her Pindar too " ; and
his May-games 4t Yearly presented upon W* Green/'
In Downfall Hwtington iii. 2> Robin Hood says,
44 Wanton W/s Pinner loved us well*" In Swtnam
itL i, Valentine says, *4 Robin Hood and the Pinder of
W. had not a stiifer bout/' There was a tavern in
Gray's Inn Road, Lond*, named "The Pinder of
W.

WALACHIA. The southern of the 2 provinces of
Roumania, lying on the N. bank of the Danube,
between Hungary and Bulgaria. The name Vlachs, or
Wallacks (z.e. foreigners, Welsh) was originally appKed
to all the Slavonic peoples of the Balkan dist. W*, lying

between the Turkish and the Hungarian kingdoms, was
constantly involved in their wars ; taking sometimes
one, sometimes the other, side according to circum-
stances. It reached the highest point of its feme in the
reign of Michael the Brave (1593-1601), who drove
out the Turks and made himself Prince of Roumania
and Transylvania. In Chaucer's Death of Dvchess 1024*.
the poet praises the Duchess because she did not
impose such tests upon her admirers as sending ** men
into Walakye, To Pruyse and into Tartarye " to win
fame in the wars there against the heathen and other
enemies of the Faith. In Middleton's jR. G. v. i,
Trapdoor claims to have served *' in Hungary against
the Turk at the siege of Belgrade " in company with
"many Hungarians, Moldavians, Vallachians, and
Transylvanians."

WALBROOK* A street in Lond., running torn the
Poultry into Cannon St. It was named from the W.,,a
stream that ran down from Finsbury into the Thames.
Originally a fresh stream, it became in cotirse of tmre
nothing but an open sewer, and before the end of
Elisabeth's reign had been entirely vaulted over. The
st. was chiefly occupied by furriers. Immediately
behind the Mansion House is the Ch. of St* Stephen's
W., rebuilt by Wren after the Gt. Fire, and one of the
best of his churches. Stow, in Survey of London, says,
"Walbrooke . * , is now in most places built upon,
that no man may by the eye discern it, and, therefore, the
trace thereof is hardly known to the common people/'

WALES (Wh.=Welsh, Wen. = Welshmen,
Welshman). The country to the west of England,
between the estuaries of the Severn and the Dee. The
inhabitants are the descendants of the Britocs who
were driven West by the Angles and Saxons, at the
time of the English conquest of Britain. They main-
tained constant conflicts against the English, and
succeeded in keeping their independence under their
native princes until conquered and united with England
by Edward I in 1277* His son, Edward II, was born at
Carnarvon, and made Prince of W* ; and the title has
since been conferred on the eldest son of the English
The country is very mountainous, the highest
being Snowdon. The language is a branch of the
c group, but English is largely, in the Eastern
parts often solely, spoken.

General References* In H4 A. L i, 37, Westminster
announces : "There came a post from W* Laden with
heavy news.** In SL i, 45, Glendower asfcs, ** Wlieie is

beyond

shore " is assigned to Glendower, In iv. 3, 95, Hotspur
blames the K. for allowing Mortimer " to be encaged
inW*^ In v. 5,39, the K. declares that he w21 march
44 towards W*, To fight with Glendower and the Earl
of March." In H4 B* i* 3, 119, FaJstaff says, ** I beat
his Majesty is returned with some discomfort from W/*
Inii. i, 189, he asks, ** Comes the EL back from W** **
In ii* 4, 318, the Hostess asks Prince Henry, ** O Jesu,
are you come from W*< " In #3 iv* 5, 7, Utswkk brings
word that Richmond is " At Pembroke or at Ha'rfoid-
west in W." la Cym. iii. 3, 63, Imogen says, " Tell me
how W. was made so happy as To inherit such a haven **
as Milford. In Ford's Warbeck ii* 3, K. James speaks
of Henry VII as "this Wh. Harry"; Henry was bom
at Pembroke Castle.

55i

WALES

The Mountainous character of the country. In B. &F*
WUd Goose v, 6, Belleur says, * I'll travel into W*,
amongst the mtns., In hope they cannot find me. In
Jonson*s Wales, the Wh. mountains are styled the
British Aulpes/* and the names of the chief of them
are enumerated. In Ptfg* Pernass. i* i, Logic-land^ is
described as ** much like W., full of craggy mountains
and thorny vallies/' , ,_

Historical references. In 84 B. i. 3, 79> the Wh. are
said to be in league with the rebel lords. In R2 111. 2, 73>
Salisbury reports the departure of Richd/s Wh.
adherents to Boliagbroke ; and in iii. 3, 2, Bolingbroke
says, ** We learn the Wen. are dispersed." In H6 C. ii.
i, 180, Warwick speaks of the help the Earl of March
can secure " amongst the loving Wen.,*f to fight against
the Lancastrians, In JRj iv. 3, 47. Catesby brings word
44 Buckingham, backed with the hardy Wen*, Is in the
field/*

The title Prince of W* was first given to the native
chiefs of W. before the English conquest. It was con-
ferred upon the infant Edward II by his father, in
pursuance of his promise to give the Wh. a native-born
prince who could not speak a word of English. The
young Prince was born in Carnarvon in 1284. Edward
III never received the title, but he conferred it on the
Black Prince, and since then it has always been the title
of the heir apparent to the British throne. It is not,
however, hereditary, but is conferred by patent and
investiture, fciPeele*s J&*.J,LlueUen is called u Prince
of W/' in the earlier part of the play ; but later the
berth of Edward II Is described, and the Bp. presents
him to the K. as ** your young son, Edward of Carnar-
von^ Prince of W/* In Greene's Friar viii*, Prince
Edward, son of Henry III, soliloquizes : " Edward, art
tbou that femous Prince of W. Who at Damasco beat
the Saracens i " This is an anticipation of later usage,
as Edward I was never Prince of W. By the same
anticipation, in Chapman*s Alpkonsus L z, 156, Bohemia
calk prince Edward «* Edward die Prince of W/* His
marriage to Hedewick, the Saxon princess, is pure
fiction. In H5 ii. 4* 56, the French K. speaks of** That
black name, Edward, black prince of W/* Inr?.7,97,
Efuelkn reminds the K* of 4* your great-imde Edward,
tibe Piack Prince <ofW,** In H6 B. iL 2, ii, York says,
** Edward tfae Third had 7 SODS ; the first, Edward the
BlackPfctnce* Prince of W/' In Jte £L i, 172, York says
j0tf*K.: ** I am the last of noble Edward's sons Of
wfiom tfey fetfeer, Prince of W., was first**; i-e. the
Hack Prince. In H4 A. i. 3, 230, Hotspur calls Henry
* that same sword-and-buckler Prince of W/* In ii* 4,
n, Henry says, ** Though I be but Prince of W., yet
am I the k. of courtesy/* In iv* i, 95, Hotspur calls
fct'm 4* The nimble-footed madcap Prince of W*** In
H4 B. ii* i, 146, Grower calls him ** Harry, Prince of W/*
3n R3 i* 3* *99/ Q* Margaret says to Q. Elizabeth :
w Edward thy son, which now is Prince of W. For
Edward my son, which was Prince of W., Die in his
youth by lie untimely violence I *' In Ford*s Warbeck
iJL 3, Ursley speaks of the " marriage *twixt the Lady
Katharine . * . and the Prince of W., your son/* This
was Arthur, eldest son of Henry VII. In S* Rowley's
When you B* i, the K., Henry VIII, says to Jane
Seymour : ** Be but a mother to a Prince of W. ...
Aiil tiioumak*st full my hopes.** In Jonson's Wir'es, there
are several references to Charles as " Prince of W/*

Tfce patron Saint of W. is St. David; not, of course,
tlie K. of Brad, but the Bp* of Henevia who died about
AJD* 6oo» St. David*s Day is on ist March, when all
good Wen* wear the leek, in memory of the W. victory

WALES

over the Saxons in 640, when they wore a leek in their
caps (see Hj v. i, passim). In Jonson's Wales,, Evan
sings, 4* Sing the deeds of old Sir Davy, The 'ursip of
which would fill a navy." In Kirke's Champions i. i,
David appears and says, " David will the Britain's name
defend ** ; and again ** David of W. from Brute
descended is." In Club Law iv. 4, Davie says, " Saint
Tavie is a Wh. man born/* In Dekkerrs Northward
ii. i, the Capt. swears " by all the leeks that are worn
on St. Davy's day/* In Sampson's Vow L 4, 6, Ursula
says of old German : ** His head's like a Welch-man's
crest on St. Davie's day ** ; t.e. as white as a leek. In
B* & F. Thierry v. i, the 4th soldier, pretending to be
a Wan,, says, ** St. Tavy be her patron . * . may she
never want the green of the leek I ** In W. Rowley's
Match Mid. i, 2, Randall, the Wan., apparently mistakes
the national saint for K. David, the sweet I%almist of
Israel ; for he says the hills near Kingston ** are no
more near mtns. in W. than Clim o* the dough's bow
to hur cozen David's harp/*

Welsh men and women in the plays. In M. W. W. ii.
i, 209, Sir Hugh Evans is called " Sir Hugh the Wh.
priest*** In iii. i, 100, the Host addresses him and Caius
as " Gallia and Gaul, French and Wh/* la v. 3, 13,
Mrs. Ford calls him " the Wh. devil, Hugh." In H4
A. iii. i, Mortimer's wife is represented as a Welsh-
woman, unable to speak English. She was the daughter
of Glendower, who was the great-grandson of Llewellyn,
die last of the native princes of W* Glendower, in H4
A., is " that Wan.** In #2 ii. 4, 5, the Capt. is addressed
as " Thou trusty Wan." In H$ Fluellen is a Wan. :
" There is much care and valour in this Wan/' says Henry
in iv. i, 36. In iv. i, 51, K. Henry says, " I am a Wan/*
He was born at Monmouth ; and in iv. 7, 112, Fluellen
rejoices that ** all the water in the Wye cannot wash
your Majesty's Wh. plood out of your pody/* In Rs
iv. 2, 477, Richd* calls Richmond ** the Wan/*— refer-
ring to his descent from Owen Tudor and his birth at
Pembroke. Randall, in W. Rowley*s Match Mid., is a
Wan.; his full name being " Randal William ap
Thomas ap Tavy ap Robert ap Rice ap Shefiery Crack/*
A Welshwoman of loose character is introduced in
Middleton*s Chaste Maid and is married to Tim. Other
Welshmen are found in B. & F. Nightwalker, Jonson*s
Wales, Shirley's Love Tricks, Dekker*s Northward,
Armin's Moreclackef Chettle's Grisszl and Club Low.,

Welsh National Characteristics. Heylyn (s. v. W.) says,
" The men are of a faithful carriage, one wedally
towards another in a strange country ; and ta strangers
in their own* They are questionless of a temper much
inclining to choler ; quickly moved and soon appeased ;
of all angers the best and noblest." Boorde, in Intro* of
Knowledge ii., describes the Wh. as lovers of thieving ;
they are ** gentlemen and come of Brute's blood " ;
they go bare-legged and wear grey coats ; they ** love
cawse boby, good roasted cheese ' * and drink metheglin ;
they play the harp, -which is made of mares* skin and
horse-hair, and they sing like humble-bees ; they have
store of prophecies in rhyme* They are poor and badly
lodged; and they constantly swear by the Devil*
Several specimens of their language are given. In Barry's
Ram iv. i, Sir Oliver says, ** English love Scots, Wen*
love each other/* Drayton, in Polyolb. vi* 243, says of
the Wen. : " In all the world no nation is so dear As
they unto their own ; that here within this isle . * *
The noble Briton still his countryman relieves/* The
Wh. prided themselves on being the descendants of the
ancient Britons, and Briton is often used in the sense
of a Wan. In Dekker's Westward ii. 2, Birdlime says,

553

WALES

44 Welchmen love to be called Britons/' In Webster's
Cuckold iv* i, when Compass bids the boy not to put
metheglin into his alicant, he replies, " Not a drop, as
I am true Briton/' The Wh* all claimed to be gentlemen
by descent and took great interest in heraldry* In
Jonson*s New Inn ii, 2, the Host calls the Nurse who is
vouching for Frank Sylly's good family " an old Wh*
herald's widow ; she's perfect in most pedigrees, most
descents/' In Marston's Malcontent iii* i, Bilioso says,
" Your Lordship Shall ever find amongst an hundred
Welchmen Fourscore and nineteen gentlemen/* In
B. & F* Fair Maid L iv* 3, the Clown says, " All the
devils* names he calls upon are but fustian names,
gathered put of Wh* heraldry/' In Davenant's Cr*
Brother iii* 5, Castruchio says, ** A synagogue of Wh*
Rabbies could not express more skill in genealogies*"
In Tomkis* Albumazar ii* 4, Trincalo proposes to ** buy
a bouncing pedigree of a Welch herald*'* Earle, in
Microcos. xlvi*, says of the Herald : " He is an art
in England but in W* nature, where they are born with
heraldry in their mouths, and each name is a pedigree/*
In Noble Soldier iii* 3, Baltasar says, ** I can be a
chimney-sweeper with the Irish, a gentleman with the
Wh/* In Vol. Welsh, iii* i, Morgion asks, " When did
you hear a gentleman of W* tefi lies ."'In Armin's
Moredacke F* i,Tutch, disguised as a Wh* knight, says,
44 Was a knight, marg you, of Enghse in W*, Walse
blood, and 'tis no mock in en to marry in Welse blood,
is it * " In Dekker's Match me iii*, Gazetto says, " If I
should brag gentility, I'd gabble Welch/' In his
/town's, he says, " He was no Wan* to faint at sight of
his own blood " ; z*c* because it was gentle, or royal,
blood. In W* Rowley's Match Mid, iii* i, Randall says,
44 Was all shentlemen in W*" In his Shoemaker £ti* 2,
194, when Hugh says, " I am a Welchman, sir,**
Barnaby replies 44 Nay then, thou canst not choose but
be a gentleman/*

The Wh* were reputed to be thieves — as in the rhyme
44 Taffy was a Wan*, Taffy was a thief*'* In Marston*s
Malcontent L 7, Passarello says, " The Wen* stole
rushes, when there was nothing else to filch ; only to
keep begging in fashion." In Middleton's Gipsy ii* i,
Alvarez says that his gipsies do not w lie in ambuscado
for a rope of onions as if they were Wh* freebooters/*
In B* & F* Thierry v* i, the 4th soldier says, ** Did you
doubt but we could steal as well as yourself ** — did I not
speak Wh*$"*

The Wh* were supposed to be especially fond of
cheese ; c/* the phrase u a Wh* rabbit,** which means
toasted cheese on bread* In M* W* W. ii* 2, 317, Ford
says, ** I will rather trust Parson Hugh the Wan* with
my cheese than my wife with herself*'* In Day's
Humour iii* i, Florimel says she loves Aspero 44 as a
Wan* doth toasted cheese ; I cannot dine without him/'
In Middleton's Changeling i* a, Lollio says, 44 There's no
hope of recovery of that Wh* madman ; was undone
by a mouse that spoiled him a parmasant ; lost his wits
for it*** In Dekker's Northward ii* i, Jenkins says,
44 There is toasted seese and buttermilk in N* W*,
Diggon, besides harps and Wh* frieze and goats and
cow-heels and metheglin/* In i£L i, Doll says, 44 If you
should but get 3 or 4 Cheshire cheeses and set them a
running down Highgate Hifl," the Wh* Captain would
make haste after them* In Chauntideers iv*, Heath says,
44 The moon would willingly be that the Wen* wish it,
so thou wouldst give it room among thy cheeses*" In
Jonson's Gipsies, Jacman introduces a boy who was born
in Flintshire and " rocked in a cradle of Wh* cheese
like a maggot/' In his BarthoL iv* 4, Waspe calk

WALES

Bristle 44 a Wh* cuckold," and adds " You stink of
leek, metheglin, and cheese, you rogue J" la Webster's
Law Case v* 4, Julio tells of a Wan* whose fencing-
master could only make him fight by putting a button of
cheese on the end of his own foil ; " that made htm
come on the liveliest 1 ** La B* & F* Pilgrim iv* 3, the
Wh* madman cries, ** Give me some ceeze and onions *' ;
and the Master says of him : 44 He run mad because a
rat eat up his cheese/*

The national drink of W. was metheglin, a sort of
mead flavoured with herbs* In Massitigerrs Great Duke
ii* 2, Petruchio speaks contemptuously of "Wlu
metheglin, a drench to kill a horse/* In Jouson's Wofes,
Evan sings of ** our Welse drink * * , a cup of Bragat
* * * as well as Metheglin*" Bragat is a sort of spiced
ale mixed with honey* In Middleton's Quiet Life i* i,
Water-Camlet says, 44 1 was got foxed with foolish
metheglin in the company of certain Wh* chapmen***
In Webster's Cuckold iv* i, Compass bids the boy who
is bringing wine, ** Do not make it speak Wh*, boy " ;
and explains : ** Put no metheglin in it, ye rogue ! " In
W* Rowley's Match Mid. ii*, Randall calls for ** some
metheglin, the wine of W*** In M * P7* W. v, 5, 167,
Evans charges Falstaff with being given to " sack and
wine and metheglins/*

In Dekker's Satiro iv* 3, 184, Sir Vaughan says that
Tucca's sword is "as blunt as aWh. bag-pudding/* In
H4 i* i, 45, Westmoreland tells of the beastly shame-
less transformation done on the corpses of their enemies
44 by those Welshwomen/' In Dekker's Honest Wh. B*
i* i, Lodovico says, " There's a saying when they com-
mend nations ; it goes, the Irishman for his hand, the
Wan* for a leg, the EngfiighmaTi for a face, the Dutchman
for a beard*"

Welsh dress. Wh* hose were baggy breeches which
would fit any leg* Skelton, in CoUn Clout 773, says,
that the Friars " Make a Wan/s hose Of the text and
of the glpse." Sackville, in Minor for Magistrates,. FaU
of Tressittian 88, says, ** The laws we turned by con-
struction to a Wan/s hose*" The Monmouth cap was
a brimless cap, like a Scotch bonnet. In T. Heywood's
Lucrece iii* 5, Valerius sings:*4 The Wh* his Monmouth
loves to wear And of the same will brag too/*

The national instrument was the Harp* la W*
Rowley's Match Mid. iv* i, Sim reads from Randall die
Wan/s letter : ** She shall go to church a Sunday with,
a whole dosjen of Wh* harps before hur/* In Jonson's
Wales, Evan says, " You s'all hear the true Prifan
strains now, the ancient Welse harp*** In Shirky*s
Lave Tricks ii* a, Jenkins says, ** Was mafce joys aid
gratulations for her good fortune upon her Wn* &arps/r
In Dekker's If it oe, Brisco speaks of ** wlide swarms of
Wh* harps, Irish bagpipes/* La Kirfce's Champums iv*
i, Dems reads a prophecy: ** The Fleur de Lys and
Harp must join Before die riddle you tmtwine ** ; f*e*
die champions of France and W* must unite*

There is a Wh* dance in Jooson's Wales. In W*
Rowley's Match Mid, iii*, Alexander says to Mollt
** Go thy ways and lead a Wh* morris with the apes in
hell amongst the little devils,** z*e* be an old maid*
Wh, Carriers came regularly to Lond*, where they had
their head-quarters at Bosom's Inn, in Laurence Lane*
In Middleton's Family iv* a, Dryfat asfcs, " Art thou a
Wbu carrier, thou'rt so saucy i "

There was a tradition in W* that Merlin was conceived
by miracle without any father j and certain Wen*
claimed the gift of prophecy on the same ground. In
H4 B* iv* 4* 1 33, Gloucester refers to these *

553

WALFLEET

heirs*" IhB*&F.Mgrim0£ei*i,l^zarosays,
courtiers* horses are a kind of Wh* prophets : nothing
can be hid from 'em/'

The Wh. benefices were poor, and the clergy mostly
ignorant. In Barry's Ram iii* 2, Smallshatiks says, He
swears that few be free from Simony, but only Wen*
and those he says too are but mtn* priests/*

The Wh* language is a branch of the Celtic family

of the fcido-Germanic group* It was unintelligible to

English people, and sounded harsh to their ears*

Heylyn (s.v. WALES) says, " The Wh. language hath the

least corn-mixture with foreign words of any used in

Europe, and by reason of its many consonants is less

pleasing/* In H4 A* iii* i, Lady Mortimer speaks Wh*

and sings a Wh* song ; but the words are not given. In

line 232, when Glendower invokes the spirits of music

ffom the air, Hotspur exclaims : " Now I perceive the

devii understands Wh/' In Jonson's Wales, several

sentences in Wh. are put into the mouths of the actors*

In Middieton's Chaste Maid iv* i, the Welshwoman

uses an alleged Wh. sentence: "Avederra whee

comrage, der due cog foginis/' In B. & F* Thomas iii*

3, Thomas says, * Let thy fiddle speak Wh* or any

thing that's out of tune/* In Webster's White Devil

iii* i, after Vittoria has protested against the use of

Latin in her trial, the lawyer says, ** Exorbitant sins

must have exuiceration " ; and Vittoria mockingly

comments, ** Why, this is Wh. to Latin," i*e* more

unintelligible still, in Heywood's Kings and Queen's

Entertainment, one of the stage directions says, ** Welch,

which they say is the old British language/' InDekker's

Lanthorn, he says that, before the confusion of languages,

there was u no voluble, significant Wh/* In Wilson's

Inconstant iL i, Pantarbo, who is pretending to be mad,

says, ** I would I could speak Welch, that's a mad

language/* In Marston's What yon iiL i, Holof ernes

says, " I rhfofc your Majesty's a Welchman ; you have

a horrible long name/' The length of Wh* names is

still a matter for jokes*

The Wh* pronunciation of English is often introduced
for the fun of it* It is chiefly characterised by the
sharpening of all the fiat mutes and the sibilants, and the
additional *V' to many words; "she"and"hur" are used
iar tie ist personal pronoun. Examples may be found
in tire speeches of Evans in M. W* W. and Fluetten in
H$t as well as in the plays mentioned above in which
Wa* folk are introduced ; «*£* Evans says, ** It is petter
that friends fs the sword and end it* There is also
aaotiber device in my prain which peradventure prings
goot discretions with it."

The mtns. of W. afford pasturage to numerous goafs*
In M. W. W. v* 5, 145, Falstaff, referring to Evans*
says, "Am I ridden with a Wh* goat too »"' In Jonson's
Wales, there is a dance by men dressed as goats, and
JenHn says, ** The Welse goat is an excellent dancer
by birth*" In Dekker's Northward v. i, Capt* Jenkins
says* ** This *oman hunts at his tail, like your little
goats in W. follow their mother*" In HS v* i, 30, Pistol
swears that he will not eat the leek offeree! him by
FlueHen, ** Not for Cadwallader and all his goats ! "
Wh. mutton was, and is, particularly good. In Mid-
dleton's Chaste Maid iv* i, Tim says, " There's nothing
tastes so sweet as your Wh* mutton/* In Jonson's
Wales, Rheese sings, " Once but taste of the Welse
mutton, Your English seep's cot worth a button*"

W&. lamods and frieses were femous* In M. IF* W*
v. 5, 145, Falstaff, referring to Evans, says, ** Shall I
have a coxcomb of Frieze i ** and in 172, he admits 4* I
am not able to answer the Wh* flannel/* In B* & F.

WALKINGTON

Nightwalker iii* 6, Maria, pretending to be a Welsh-
woman, says, "Her was milk the cows, make seese and
butters, and spin very well the Wh* freeze/' In Jonson's
Wales, Howell sings the praise of Wh* Frieze* In
Swetnam iii* i, Curfew says, "* Th'are but wh. freises,
they would shrink at the sense of iron." In Brewer's
Lingua iii* 5, the fantastical gull's apparel includes ** a
Wh* frieze jerkin/' In Cuckqaeans v* 9* Pigot depre-
cates the demand for poetical language in a comedy as
equivalent to desiring to ** add gold lace to a Welchman's
frieze." In Peek's Ed. I x*, the Wh* barons present the
new-born Prince of W* with ** a mantle of Frieze," to
the great indignation of the proud Spanish Q« Elinor*
Various things called Welsh. WELSH BRIEF; In
Jonson's Staple v. i, Picklock says of the deed : M It is
a tbmg of greater consequence than to be borne about
in a black box like a Low-Country vorloffe or Wh*
brief." WELSH HOOK: A kind of bill-hook with a cross-
piece below the blade* In H4 A. ii* 4> 37^ Falstaff
describes Glendower as ** he of W* that swore the^devil
his true liegeman upon the cross of a Wh* hook." In
Jonson's Wales, Rheese sings of " As tall men as ever
swagger With Welse hook or long dagger*" In Shirley's
Love Tricks v* 3, Jenkin says he could ** fight with any
podies in the world, awl weapons, from the long pikes
to the Wh* hooks." In Oldcastle i* i, it is proclaimed
at Hereford "that no man presume to wear any
weapon; especially Welch hooks and forest bills/' In
Peele's Ed. I ii*, Ouellen orders his men ** Scour the
marches with your Wen/s hooks*" WELSH AMBASSADOR
(=the cuckoo) : In Middleton's Trick to Catch iv* 5,
Dampit says, ** The sound is like the cuckoo, the Wh*
ambassador*" In Chapman's Consp. Byron iii* i. Savoy
speaks contemptuously of a Wh* colonel, ** Which the
Wh. herald of their praise, the cuckoo, Would scarce have
put in his monology In jest/' In Middleton's Five
Gallants v. i, Frippery raH« the cuckoo ** a Wh* lieger/'
WELSH CRICKET (=a louse) : In Greene's Quip, p* 227,
Cloth-breeches says that the original cognizance of
Velvet-breeches, when he was a tailor, was "a
plain Spanish needk with a Wh* cricket on the
top." WELSH FALCONER (apparently a name for
the owl) : In B* & F* Lover's Prog, iii* 3, Lancelot
says, **! hear by the owls; there are many of
your Wh. falconers about it," i.e. the house*
WELSH PARSLEY: A slang term for hemp, of
which the hangman's ropes were made* In B* & F.
Elder B. L a, Andrew predicts that Eustace shall revel
it " in tough Wh. parsley, which in our vulgar tongue
is strong hempen halters." WELSH WALLET : Dekker
in Hornbook i., describes the Danish sleeve as " sagging
down like a Wh. wallet/'

WALFLEET (more fully, W* ISLAND)* A peninsula
between Paglesham and the river Crouch, near Rocfaford
in Essex* It was famous, like Colchester,f or its oysters* In
W* Rowley's New Wonder Hi*, Stephen cries ** Oysters,
new W* oysters I" Draytoa, in Polyolb. xix* 126, speaks
of "PureW*, which do still thedaihtiest palates please";
and in a note explains that he means ** W* oysters*"
WALKER (£*e* WALCHEREN)* An Mand in Zealand the
chief towns of which are Flushing and Middleburg*
Gascoigne, in Dolce Bellwn 133, says of the Gueux :
** All Walker's theirs." He is referring to the campaign
against Alva in 1574-5-

WALKINGTON* A small parish in Yorksh* In 1576 a
certain Robert Greene was presented to the rectory of
Walkington ; he may have been the dramatist of that
name, though it is far from certain*

554

WALL

WALL, See LONDON WALL*

WALLES* See WALES*

WALLINGFORD* A mkt* town in Berksh*, 15 m* N*-
West of Reading* It possesses a strong castle, built by
Robert D'Oyley in 1067* It was near W* that the
peace of 1153 was concluded between Stephen and
Henry, son of the Countess Maud, afterwards Henry II*
Hardly anything remains of the castle* W* is in the list
of places visited by Merry Report in J. Heywood's
Weather, p* 100.

WALLOONS* The inhabitants of SJB* Belgium, in the
basin of the Meuse* They are the descendants of the
ancient Belgae, and speak a Romance dialect closely
akin to the Langue d'Oil of N* France* They con-
stitute about half the population of Belgium, the other
half being Flemings* In H6 A* i* I, 137, the Messenger
describes the wounding of Talbot thus: "A base
Walloon, to win the Dauphin's grace, Thrust Talbot
with a spear into the back/' In it* i, 10, Talbot says,
"Redoubted Burgundy, by whose approach The
regions of Artois, Walloon, and Picardy Axe friends to
us." In Day's B. Beggar i, Momford speaks of Hance
Beamart : ** the Walloon captain, that betrayed The
fort of Guynes/* In Noble Soldier iii* 3, Baltasar says,
44 1 can be treacherous with the Wallowne, a chimney
sweeper with the Irish, a gentleman with the Welsh*"
In Laram F* i*, Stumpe says, ** If any m^ hate a man,
call him but Wallon, the Spaniards cut his throat*" In
Middleton's Mad World ii* i, Sir Bounteous says his
organ music cannot but be good, for ** a Walloon plays
upon them/' The Belgian school of organ-music led
the world in the i6th cent*

WALL'S, MOTHER* A famous pie-shop in Abchurch
St*, London

WALSINGHAM* The name of 2 adjoining villages in
Norfolk on the Stifffcey, 28 m* N.West of Norwich ;
they are distinguished as Old (or Great) and New (or
Little) W* At Old W. was the famous shrine of the
Virgin Mary, which was more frequented by pilgrims
than any other in England, or perhaps in Europe* The
original chapel was erected in 1061 by the widow of
Ricoldie de Faverches, and was an exact copy of the
Santa Casa of Nazareth, which was said to have been
transported to Loretto* A Priory of Augustinians was
shortly afterwards founded by Geoffroi de Faverches*
Some ruins still remain of the Abbey Ch* ; and the two
Wishing Wells are where they were in lite old times*
The shrine was greatly enriched by the Plantagenet
Kings ; and Henry VIII walked barefoot thither from
Barsham and presented a costly necklace to the image
of the Virgin? but this did not prevent him from
dissolving the monastery, appropriating the treasures
of the Chapel, and burning the image of the Virgin in
1538* A full account of the shrine and its wonders may
be found in Erasmus, Peregnnatio Retigionis Ergo* A
popular ballad beginning ** As ye came from the Holy
Land Of blessed W/r is contained in Percy's Rettqt&s
iL i . The tune to which it was set was sung and whistled
everywhere* Brooches and leaden rings were brought
away by the pilgrims and were held to be efficacious
against diseases of various kinds* Our Lady of W* was
frequently the subject of adjuration j hence the piirase
** to swear W/*1 came to mean to swear violently and
earnestly* The Milky Way was popularly called W*
Way* and was supposed to point towards the shrine,
though more probably it was named from the crowd
of stars resembling the throngs of pilgrims.

WALTHAM, or WALTHAM CROSS

In Piers C* i* 32, we read t ** Eremytes on an hep with
hokede staves Wenten to Walsyngham and hure
wenches after*" In J* Heywood's Weather, p* 100, W*
is one of the places visited by Merry Report* In his
Four PP i* i, the Palmer says he has made a pilgrim-
age "to W/f In T* Heywood's Dialogues L 394,
Adolphos says, " If I can but get to land safe, pilgrimage
I'll frame Unto the blessed Maid of W/* In Richards'
Misogonus iii* i, Alison prays 4* Our sweet Lady of W*
be with her sweetly sweet soul/' In FuiweU's JJJset
Haz* iii* 311, Newfangle says, ** If our Lady of
W. had no fairer nose and visage, They were
fools that would go to her on pilgrimage/* In
Day's B. Beggar i., Canby says to the Bp. of Win-
chester : " And ye were able to give him as much
land as would lie between Winchester and W*,
he would be your prigger/' Drayton, in Odes
(1619), says of his lady's touse : " Had she been born
the former age, That house had been a pilgrimage ;
And reputed more divine Than W*, or Beckett's shrine."

In Webster's Weakest i* 2? Bunch sings a Ballad
beginning "K* Richd/s gone to W*, To the Holy
Land/' In B* & F. Pestle u\ 8, Merrythought sings the
same Ballad* In a satire quoted in Secret Hist*
of James I i* 236, the Earl of Salisbury is represented
as sweetly singing " W. to his Amaryllis/' In Mankind
ao, Nought says, ** I can pipe on a W* whistle/' In
B* & F* Hon. Man. v* 3, the servant says, 4* I'll renounce
my five mark a year to teach young birds to whistk
W/' Scene I of Mr* AttoweTs Jigge is sung ** to the
tune of W/' The tune is given in Grove's Diet* of
Music (s,v, W.) ; and the ist number in the FitzmSiam
Virginal Book is a set of 29 variations on it by Dr* John
Bull* In J* Heywood's Witless, John says, * By ioy ojf a
jewel scarce worth a mite The sot oft sleepeth no wink
in a whole night ; And for ensample, with a W* ring*"
And James says, a little later, " For cause considered
and weighed as light as your W* ring aforesaid.*1' In
Abington iv* 3, Nicholas says, ** I warrant, when he
was in [the dirt] he swore W* and chafed terrible for
the time*'* In Jonson's Tub iiL i, Turfe says, ** Now,
by our Lady of W*, I had rather be marked out for
scavinger than have this office/'

WALTHAM, or WALTHAM CROSS, A vilL in Herts*,
12 m. N. of Lond*, where Edward I erected one of the
Elinor Crosses, which still happily remains. Just across
the border of the county is W* Abbey or W. Holy C*—
so called from the black flint cross discovered mkactt-
lously on the top of the hfll near by in the raga of
Canute and deposited in die Abbey, wfoete it attracted
hosts of pilgrims* Harold was buried in the Abbey Ow

The nave of the Abbey has survived and is used as 1
parish ch* Around W* stretched W* Forest,
Epping Forest is a relic*

The Palmer ta J* Heyrood's Four PP L i had made
a pilgrimage to " Waltam/* In Ret, Pernass* iii* i, Sir
Raderickaskslmmerito: " How many miles feomW* to
Lond* i " and is answered, " twelve, Sir/' In Merry
Devil L 2, Clare says, "There are crosses, wife;
here's one in W*, another at the Abbey, and a jrd
at Cheston/' In the next scene Fabel threatens
that by bringing about a huge flood he "W31
drive the deer from W* in their walks/* Banks
of W* is one of the characters in the play,
and there are many references to the Abbey and the
Forest* In Etekker's Edmonton i i, Frank says to
Winifred : " Thou shalt live near W. Abbey witfc tiqr

555

WALTHAMSTOWE

uncle/' Curiously, there is a Banks in this play too ;
which seems to indicate that he was a study from the
life* In B* & F* Pestle i* 2,, Luce says, " Our course
must lie through W* Forest where I have a friend will
entertain us." The scene of ii* 2, 3, 4, and 5 is laid in
W* Forest ; ii* 6 is before the Bell Inn, W* ; Tim says,
** Why, we are at W*-Town's end and that's the Bell
Inn/' Act 3 takes place partly in the Forest and partly
in the town of W* In Jonson's Magnetic v* 6, Sir Moth
tells of a man who would walk in his sleep ** to St*
John's Wood and W* Forest, escape by all the ponds
and pits in the way/* In Brome's Crew ii*, there is a
ballad beginning " There was an old fellow at W*-Cross
Who merrily sung when he lived by the loss/' Evidently
he was the original of Merrythought in B* & F* Pestle.
The refrain of this song — ** With a hem, boys, hem, and
a cup of old sack " — is probably referred to by Shallow
in Hf. B* iii. 2, 231 : " Our watchword was * Hem,
boys/ ** In Killigrew's Parson L 3, Sad says, " I confess
I cannot ride like St. George at W/' There was no
doubt a George Inn at W. ; indeed the vill* was mostly
made up of Tnn<; for the accommodation of the pilgrims
to the Abbey* See also WANSTEAD*

WALTHAMSTOWE* A vill* in Essex on the Lea near
th« border of Epping Forest, 6 m. N*E. of Lond,, of
which it is now practically a suburb* It is one of the
places visited by Merry Report in J* Heywood's
Weather, p* 100*

WALTON* A vill. in Norfolk, 30 m* West of Norwich,
and 2 m* S* of Gayton* In Mankind 23* Now-a-days
says, " I shall go to William Baker of W., to Richard
BolLman of Gayton*"'

WATTOSWORTH* A vill* in Surrey on the Wandle at
its junction with the Thames ; now a suburb of Lond*,
abt* 5 m* in a direct line S*West of St* Paul's* There
was a fair there in Whitsun week* In a note to Bacchus,
it is said : ** Whoever observes the rioting of the Lond*
youth at WHtsontide at Greenwich, Wandsworth, etc.,
will be soon convinced that Bacchus still keeps his
Pentecost at Load***

WANSTEAD. A vill* In Essex, near the Roding, 3 m*
HtBoofLood* Here the Earl of Leicester had a country-
house ; and on a visit to htm there Sidney's Lady of the
May was presented before the Q* as she was walking
m Waesfed Garden in Waltham Forest in 1578*

WANTIGE (u?* WANTAGE). A town in Berks*, 60 m.
West of Lond, It has considerable manufactures of
woollen cloth and sacking, and gave its name to a kind
of woollen cap. In W, Rowley's Search 31, the felt-
makers complain that their trade is being ruined by
tl*e popularity of caps—" That was, Monmouth caps,
Wantage caps, round caps, etc/*

WAPPING* A dist* in Lond*, lying on the N* bank of
tfee Thames, S* of Lond, Docks, and extending from
St* Katherine's to New Crane* The first erection at
W* was a gallows at Execution Dock (q*vj, where
pirates and others were hung up at low water and left
far the rising tide to drown* Stow tells us that within
40 years from his own time there was no other building
feeie ; but the gallows having been further removed,
** a cootmual street or filthy strait passage, with alleys
of small tenements or cottages [has been] built, in-
habited by sailors' victuallers, along by the river of
Thames almost to Radcffi, a good mile from the
Tower/' This is now the W* High St*; but the

WAPPINGTON

cottages have been mostly replaced by warehouses* In
the early part of the iTth cent* an alum factory and a
number of brewhouses were erected ; but in 1628 the
inhabitants petitioned against them as nuisances and
they were removed* W* Old Stairs, immortalised by
Dibdin, are Just to the E* of the W* entrance to Lond*
Docks* In Jonson's Augurs, Urson sings, ** The wives
of W*, They trudge to our tapping* And there our ale
desire/* In Nash's Wilton B. 4, we find the phrase ** God
send him good shipping to W* 1 '* z*e. good luck to him I
In Dekker's Northward ii* i, Hornet says, "Come*
Master Belch, I will bring you to the water-side, perhaps
to W*/* where Belch's ship was lying* In Launching, it
is said of the new East India Company : ** Lyme House
speaks their liberality; Ratcliff cannot complain nor
W* weep nor Shadwett cry out against their niggard-
liness/* In Davenanfs Rhodes B*, the Prologue says,
** Skippers with wet beards at W* woo/* In his Rutland,
p* 217, the Parisian says sarcastically, 4* I will forbear
to visit your courtly neighbours at W7* In Kflligrewte
Parson iii* 5, Jolly says of Crop the Brownist : ** He's
married again to a rich widow at W/' In Cowley's
Cutter i. 5, Jolly chaffs Cutter and Worm on their
constant change of abode : " To-day at W*, and
to-morrow you appear again at Mill-bank, like a duck
that dives at this end of the pool and rises unexpectedly
at the other/'

Allusions to the execution of pirates at W* are
common* Taylor, in Works ii. 21, calls it ** W* whereas
hanged drowned pirates die." Stow says that the
wretches were hung in rhaing at low water mark and
left " till three tides had overflowed them/* In Temp.
L i, 62, Antonio curses the Boatswain : ** This wide-
1 rascalj, would thou might*st lie drowning The
j of 10 tides 1 ** Dekker, in News from Hett, says
of a rich miser : ** He built a pharos, or rather a block-
house, beyond the gallows at W*, to which the coal-
carriers from Newcastle were brought a-bed, and
discharged their bellies*** Middleton, in Black Book,
p* 13, refers to a criminal " new cut down, like one at
W*, with his cruel garters about his neck/* (Note the
pun on cruel and crewel*) In Eastward iv* z, Slitgut
says, " I hold my life there's some other a-taking up at
W* now. Look what a sort of people cluster about the
gallows there*** In Cooke's Greene's Qupque L a,
Bubble, when Staines threatens to turn pirate, says,
** O Master, have the grace of W* before your eyes*
remember a high tide; give not your friends cause
to wet their handkerchiefs/* In T* Heywood's Fortune
v» i, the Purser says, ** W, is our harbour, a quicksand
that shall swallow many a brave marine soldier/* In
B* & F* Fair Maid L v* 2, the Clown says, ** We shall
never reach Lend*, I fear ; my mind runs so much of
hanging, landing at W/* In Eastward iv* 3* Quicksilver
says, ** Would it had been my fortune to have been
trussed up at W*, rather than ever to ha* come here/*
La Dekker's Northward ii* i* when Hans proposes to
take the party to W*, Hornet says, " He says, Doll, he
would have thee to W* and hang thee/* Taylor, in
Description of Tyburn, says, *' And there's a waterish
tree at W*, Whereas sea-thieves or pirates are catched
napping/*

WAPPINGTON* Probably an imaginary place, intro-
duced for the sake of the rhyme* There may possibly
be a reference to Wapping (#*?*), In Jonson's Gipsies,
the Patrico describes a tribe of gipsies as ** Born first
at NigKngton, Bred up at Filchington* Boarded at
Tappmgton, Bedded at Wappington/*

556

WARDEN

WARDEN* A vill* in Bedfordsh*, S*E* of Bedford, where
De Sartis Abbey was founded for the Cistercian monks
by Walter Espec in 1135* It was famous for its pears
and apples, which were specially suitable for stewing
and for making pies* In IF* T* iv* 3, 49, the Clown
says, ** I must have saffron to colour the w* pies*"
Boorde, in his Dyetary, recommends "W* apples
roasted, stewed, or baken*"

WARDROBE* A building in the Blackfriars, Lond*,
near Puddle-dock, erected by Sir John Beauchamp in
the I4th cent* It was bought by Edward III and used as
a repository for the royal robes ; and, what is much
more important, for the offices concerned with the
administration of the King's Household, and even with
u the general administration of the Realm " (see Tout,
Place of Edward II in English History, p* 64, and other
references in Index under WARDROBE)* It was destroyed
in the Gt* Fire, and the offices of the Master of the
Wardrobe were removed, first to the Savoy, and then
to Buckingham St* Shakespeare, in his Will,, says,
" I give, will, bequeath, and devise unto my daughter
Susannah Hall all that Messuage or tenement, wherein
one John Robinson dwelleth, situat, lying, and being
in the Blackfriars in Lond*, near the Wardrobe/'

WARE* A town in Herts* on the Lea, 20 m* N* of Lond*,
on the North Road* A jaunt out to W* was a favourite
day's pleasure for the Londoners* Hence there were
several Inns in the long main street of the town, amongst
them the Saracen's Head, where the great bed of W*,
10 ft* p square and 7 ft* 6 high, was to be seen* It
was said to be able to accommodate a dozen sleepers*
It is still preserved at the Rye-House*

Chaucer, C* T* A* 694, uses the phrase "fro Berwick
unto W*" to indicate the whole of England ; and his
Cook is called " Hogge of W*" In Three Ladies ii* i,
Simplicity says to Fraud: " Thou didst go into
Hertfordshire to a place called W*, and thou didst
grease the horses' teeth that they should not eat hay/'
Dekker's Northward opens in an Inn at W* ; and in
iii* 2, Featherstone says, " We'll lie at W* all night and
the next morning to Lond*" In Jonson's BarthoL iv*
3, Whit promises Mrs* Littlewit that she shall " ride
to W* and Rumford in dy coash, shee de players, be in
love vit 'em/' In his Epicoene iii* i, Mrs* Otter tells
how her new dress was splashed all over by a brewer's
horse "as I was taking coach to go to W* to meet a
friend*'* In Middleton's Chaste Maid iii* 3, Sir Oliver
says, " Saddle the white mare ; I'll take a whore along
and ride to W*" In his J?* G* ii* i, Laxton asks Moll to
go out of town with him ; " I mean honestly to Brain-
ford, Staines, or W*" In iii* i, the coachman says that
his horses "are the same that have drawn all your
famous whores to W/' In Merry DevU i* 3, Fabel
boasts " I'll make the brinish sea to rise at W* And
drown the marshes unto Stratford-bridge/' In Jonson's

- DevU v* 3, Shackles says that the stink of the explosion
at Newgate could be smelled " as far as W*, as the wind
lies*** In Webster's Weakest iii* 4, when Jacob says,
" Niet for w*/* i*e* " No, in truth," Bunch replies,
44 For W** drunkard*7 Thou saidst for Lond* even
now*" In TV* N. ui* 2, 51, Sir Toby bids Sir Andrew
"As many lies as will He in thy sheet of paper, although
the sheet were big enough for the bed of W* in England,
set *em down/f In Jonson's Epicoene v* i, La Foole
says to Daw : " [We have been} in ffee great bed at W*
together in otir time*" la Dekker*s Northward v* i,
Mayberry concludes the play: "Come, well date Our
wives to combat i'th' great bed in W***

WARWICK

WARICKSHERE* See WARWICKSHIRE*

WARKWORTH* A vill* in Northumberland, near the
mouth of the Coquet, 28 m. N* of Newcastle. On a
height close to the vill* is the ancient stronghold of W*
Castle, with an octagonal keep and a lofty observation
tower in the centre of it* It belonged to the Percy
family* It is the scene of H4 B* i* i ; Rumour, in the
Induction 35, describes it as ** This worm-eaten hold
of ragged stone/' Act ii* sc* 3 is placed " at W* ; Before
the Castle*"

WARWICK* The county town of Warwicfcsli*, on the
Avon, 1 08 m* N*West of Lond* and 8 m* NJEL of
Stratford-on-Avon* The magnificent castle dates from
the i4th cent*, and is still the residence of the Earl of
W* The collegiate Ch* of St* Mary contains the unique
Beauchamp Chapel, completed in 1464* The tomb of
its founder* Richd* Beauchamp, Earl of W*, occupies
the central position therein* The fine half-timbered
Almshouses, called the Leicester Hospital, were
founded by Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester* in 1571*
The town dates back to Roman times* In J* Heywood's
Weather, p* 100, Merry Report claims to have been
at W* In Pappe, Lyly charges Martin Marprelate with
ribaldry, and refers for proof to u my old hostess of tite
Swan in W/' In Jonson's Owls, performed at Kenil-
worth, Capt* Cox says of his hobby-horse : " He is die
Pegasus that uses To wait on W* muses " ; referring
to the part played by Cox in the festivities at Keml-
worth, 4 m* from W*, in 1575* In H6 C* v* i, 13,
Somerset says to W*, who is on the walls of Coventry :
" The drum your Honour hears marcheth from W/*
The road from W* enters Coventry at the S*West of
the town*

The ist Earl of W* known in record is the legendary
Guy of W* He performed mighty deeds against tfci
Saracens, and in England he slew the Danish giant
Colbrand, the dun cow of Dunsmore, and a dragon in
Northumberland* He then became a hermit and lived
in the cave still shown at Guy's Cliffe, near W* Hb
helmet, pot, and fork are to be seen in the Castle* In
Glapthorne's Wit ii* i, Thorowgood speaks of ** Sir
Guy of W/s history*" Taylor, in Works i* 240, says,
" I stole back again to Islington to the sign of the Maiden-
head ; after supper we had a play of Guy of W* played
by the Earl of Darbie his men/' This play was by Day
and Dekker; it is probably the one referred to by
Nabbes in C* Garden L i, where Dobson tells of the
players who u had the great pot-lid for Guy of W/s
buckkr*" Another play by B* J* was produced in 1639
under the title of The Tra&cal Histwy of Gvp Earl ®f
W+ The ist historical Earl of W* was Henry de New-
burgh, who was created Earl by William Rtifos* The
Earldom passed in 12168 to the Beattchamp family*

Guy* Earl of W*, appears in Marlowe's Ed * II as one
of the bitter enemies of Gaveston* He was Earl from
1298 to 1315* Gaveston nicknamed hfr" ** The Black
Hound of Arden," and he was the cnM actor in ti»
arrest and exectttioa of the fevotmte on Blaeklow Hill,
neatW* The W* of Ed. Ill, tbe father of the Countess
of Salisbury, was Thomas de Beaudiamp, son of !&e
foregoing, one of the founders of the Order of tibe
Garter? he died of the pestilence in 1569* The W* of
H4 and H5 was Rkhd* de Beauchamp, Earl from 1401
to 1439* He is wrongly addressed as Nevill in H4 B*
iii* i, 66* He fought at Shrewsbury and at Agmeourt*
He is the W* of H6 A* i* i mentioned as present at tlis
funeral of Henry V* As Part I of H6 ends in 1444* &®
Rkhd* should be the W* of the scenes in tfce

WARWICK LANE

Garden and at the coronation of the young K* in Paris ;
but it is probable that Shakespeare confused him with
his more famous son-in-law, Richd* Nevil, who became
Earl through his marriage with Richd/s daughter in
1449. He at all events is the W* of H6 B* and C* who
was killed at Barnet in 1471 and is known as the
King-maker* He first threw in his lot with the House
of York, but in 1457 took the oath of allegiance to
Henry VI* But in 1459 he took up arms for the D* of
York, captured the K* in 1460, and, after being defeated
by the Q* at St* Alban's, won the decisive battle of
Towton in 1461, which secured the crown for Edward
IV* In 1468 he again changed sides and took Edward
prisoner at Edgecote in 1469* In 1470 he marched on
Lond* and replaced Henry on the throne, Edward
having fled to Flanders* But in the next year Edward
returned and finally defeated W* at Barnet, where he
was slain* Richd* of Gloucester married his daughter
Anne, and he is often referred to in R$+ He appears
also in T* Heywood's Ed. JV> where Buckingham
introduces Anne to Richd* of Gloucester as "this
princely lady, The Lady Anne of W*" On the death
of the King-maker the Earldom was conferred on the
K/s brother Clarence, and then passed to his son
Edward, who was beheaded for complicity in Warbeck's
conspiracy in 1499* This ** young Edward Earl of W*,
son to Clarence " is spoken of in Ford's Warbeck v. 3*
The Earldom passed later to the Dudleys, then to the
Riches, and finally came in 1759 to the Grevilles, its
present holders, who were descended from a branch
of tiie original Beauchamps.

WARWICK LANE, A narrow street in Lond*, running
from Newgate St* to Paternoster Row* It was originally
Old Dean's Lane, but got its new name from a house
bttSt there by one of the Earls of W* Stow tells how
W*, the King-maker, lodged there injC457 ** with 600
men, all in red jackets/*"

WARWICKSHIRE* One of the midland counties of
England, If measures about 50 by 33 m* It is chiefly
noteworthy as the native county of Shakespeare*

In Trog* JftcM* J/iy* i, 252, the K* grants ** Warick-
shere " to his favourite Greene. In Marlowe's Ed. II
Li, Warwick says of Mortimer: " All W, will love him
iw my sate,*' Faistaff on his way from Lend, to
Shrewsbury passes through W* In 64 A* iv* 3* 56, he
says to tfe Prince : ** What, Hal 1 How now, mad
wag< What a devil dost thoti in W**" In H6 C* iv*
8, 9, Warwick says," In W* I have true-hearted friends/'
In H6 B» iii* a, 301, Suffolk addresses Warwick as
** proud lord of W*" In Respublica v. 6, Avarice says,
44 Then would I have stretched the county of Warwick
upon tenter-hooks and made it reach to Berwick/* In
Greene's Friar i* i, Ralph says there is a better girl than
Margaret of Fressingfield ** in W*," because the Abbot's
lady-love lives there,

WASH* A bay on the E* coast of England between
Norfolk and Lincolnshire. It is about 25 m* long by
15 broad* Here K* John lost all his baggage and
treasure in 1216* In Tremble. Reign, p* 308, Philip tells
tfae K*, ** Passing the Washes with our carriages, The
impartial tide deadly and inexorable Came raging in
with billows threatening death And swallowed up the
most of all ottr men*" Later on a Messenger brings
word to Lewis : * He 0ohn] and his, environed with
ttie tide On Lincoln Washes all were overwhelmed*'*
IttJ£*/*v*6,4i,TfaeBastardsaysofh£Stroops* " These
Lincoln Washes have devoured them"; and in v* 7, 63,

WATLING STREET

he tells the K*, " The best part of my power Were in
the Washes all unwarily Devoured by the unexpected
flood*"

WASHFORD* The old name for Wexford, the county
in the S*E* of Ireland, on St. George's Channel. In
H6 A* iv* 7, 63, the Earl of Shrewsbury is entitled
** Great Earl of Washford, Waterford, and Valence*"
The Earldom was conferred on h.i™ in 1446.

WATERFORD* A county on the S* coast of Ireland,
between Wexford and Cork* See under WASHFORD*

WATER GATE* At Ferrara; probably the Porta del Po
on the West of the city leading into the Corso is in-
tended* In Gascoigne's Supposes iii*, Erostratb says,
" Going to seek Pasiphilo, and hearing that he was at
the water-gate, behold I espied my fellow Litio."

WATERWORK* An engine or force-pump erected in
the old mansion of the Bigods by Broken Wharf, Lond*,
to supply water from the river to the middle and W*
parts of the city* It was set up in 1594-5 by one Bevis
Bulmar, and was notable as the first attempt to have
water laid on to individual houses* Hitherto all water
had been carried from the various conduits in buckets
to the houses* In Jonson's Alchemist ii* i, Mammon
proposes to serve the whole city with his Elixir Vitae

44 each house his dose, and at the rate " Surly breaks

in: "As he that built the W, does with water*"' In iii*
2, we are told that Abel Drugger was ** cessed at
eighteen pence for the W*" There is possibly a refer-
ence to the noise made by this machine in B* & F*
Prize i* i, where Tranio says of Petruchio : " The
motion of a dial, when he's testy, is the same trouble
to him as a water-work*"

WATLING STREET* The famous Roman Road which
ran from Dover through Lond* to Chester, with an
ofishoot northwards (by Cannock, Stockport, Man-
chester, and Lancaster) to Carlisle and Glasgow* In
Lond* a part of it still retains the old name* It runs E*
from the S.E* corner of St* Paul's Churchyard to the
junction of Queen and Queen Victoria Sts* It was and
is inconveniently narrow ; Stow says, ** The inhabitants
thereof are wealthy drapers, retailers of Woollen doths,
both broad and narrow, of all sorts, more than in any
one st* of fhfs city*" It contained 4 churches, viz* St*
Augustin's, Allhallows, St* Mary's, and St* Antholin's*
Allhallows and St* Antholin's have now disappeared,
and the E. end of the st* has been much altered through
the construction of Q* Victoria St*

Drayton, Polyolb. xiii. 313, says that W* St* "doth
hold her way From Dover to the farth'st of fruitful
Anglesey*" In Chaucer's Home of Fame ii* 939, the
eagle says to the poet : 4* See yonder, lo, the Galaxye
the which Men clepe the Milky Wey, for it is white ;
And somme parfey callen hit Watiynge strete*" This
is a very primitive, perhaps a mythological, reference*
The same name is found in Gavin Douglas, Aen.v*3i6
(see Skeat's note on the passage in the House of
Fame in his edition of Chaucer's Works)* In
Cambises y *, Ambidexter says, in reference to the mourn-
ing required for the Q.'s death, 4* I believe all the
cloth in W* st* to make gowns would not serve*" In
Nash's Summers pro!*, we have : ** God give you good
night in W* st*" In Cooke's Greene's Quoque, p* 548,
Staines, commending the life of a serving-man, says,
44 He wears broad doth, and yet dares walk W* st*
without fear of his draper*" Deloney, in Newberw Ix*,
tells the story of " Randoil Pert, a draper, dwelling in

558

WAVENEY

W*-streete/* In his Reading vi*, he tells how the
clothiers* wives, visiting Lond*, ** in W*-st. viewed the
great number of drapers*" In Dekker's Shoemaker's
iv* 3, Ralph is sent ** to the sign of the Golden Ball in
W* st/* for Master Hammon, who is a wealthy citizen
of Lond* In the alternative title of The Puritan, Lady
Plus is called " The Widow of W.-stS*
WAVENEY* A river in England, rising on the N*
boundary of Suffolk and flowing between Suffolk and
Norfolk till it falls into the Yare a few miles above
Yarmouth* It is navigable as far as Bungay* In Look
about iv*, Gloucester speaks of "my fort of Bungay
whose walls are washed with the clear stream of
Waveney/'

WAYD* Probably St* Nicholas at Wade, a vilL on the
western edge of the Isle of Thanet, almost due N* of
Dover ; the monster would be as long as Kent is wide*
In Wilson's Pedler 374, the Pedler tells of a huge
monster ** from Dover to Wayd we esteem him to be
larger in length*"

WEAR* There are villages so called in Devonsh* and
Somersetsh* ; but I am disposed to think that WABE is
intended (#*v*)* There was an ancient cruciform ch*
there, and the reference may be to one of the grotesque
gargoyles by which the rain-water was discharged from
its roof* In Kirke*$ Champions v+ 1, the Clown sings of
bis mistress : ** Her face bears a front like to Wear water-
spout, Which brought was from thence by great cunning***

WEBLEY, or WEOBLEY* A town in Herefordsh*, n m*
N*West of Hereford, and some 10 m. from the Welsh
border* It had an old castle, dating from the time of
Stephen, which is now entirely demolished* It was
famous for its ale* In Jonson's Wales, Evan sings, "And
what you say to ale of Webley, Toudge htm as well,
you'll praise him trebly*" Fynes Moryson, in Itinerary
in* 3, 143, says, " The bread of Lemster and drink of
Weably (a neighbour town) are proverbially praised
before all others*"

WEEPING CROSS* There are 3 places known by thi8
name : one in Oxfordsh*, a second in Staffs*, near to
Stafford; a 3rd in Salop, near Shrewsbury* They were
doubtless crosses where penitents came on pilgrimage*
The phrase, 4* to come home by W* Cross " is proverbial,
and means to return sorrowfully from some unsuccess-
ful adventure* Howell, in English Proverbs, quotes it:
" He that goes out with often loss At last comes home
by W* Cross*" In T* Heywood's J* JT* M * B*, Hobson
says, " Had you before the law foreseen the loss. You
had not now come home by W* Cross*" In Abington
iii. 2, Nicholas, who is a great quoter of proverbs, says,
44 *Tis not good to have an oar in another man's boat ;
so a man might come home by W* Cross*" In Eastward
iv* 3, Touchstone says, ** They have all found the way
back again by w* cross ; but Til not see them*" Greene,
in Quip, p* 228, says, ** I hold the tailor for a necessary
member to teach young novices the way to w* cross*"
In Lyly's Euphues England, p* 224, the Hermit says to
Callimachus : ** The time will come when, coming home
by W* Cross, thou shalt confess that it is better to be
at home in the cave of a hermit than abroad in the court
of an emperor*"

WELBECK ABBEY* An old Premonstratensian Abbey
in Notts*, 22 m* N* of Nottingham in the Sherwood
Forest dist*, and near the border of Derbyshire* Here
the D* of Newcastle entertained Charles I in 1638. and
Jonson wrote Love's Welcome to Wetbeck for that
occasion* W* A* is now the seat of the D* of Porfaad*

WESTERN ISLES
WELCH, WELSH* See WALES*

WERTENBERG* A misprint or mistake for Wittenberg
in the ist edition of Marlowe's Faustus, prol* 18*

WEST CHEAP (i*«* CHEAPSIDE, q.vj. In Deioney's
Reading xi*, a man comes to Colebrook with a report
* that Lond* was all on a fire, and that it had burned
down Thomas Becket's house in West cheape*" See
THOMAS (Sx*) OF AXERS*

WEST CHESTER (z*e. CHESTER, g*y*>* It was first called
Legaceaster, then West C*, and finally C* In Three
Ladies ii*, Lucre speaks of West C* as one of the im-
portant mercantile cities of England where infinite
numbers " great rents upon little room do bestow*"
In Munday's John Kent L i, Griffin says, ** Spite of
C**s strong inhabitants, Throw West C* meekly in our
hands " ; where it seems to mean the west part of C*
In Dekker*s Northward i. i, the Chamberlain says,
" Your captains were wont to take their leave of their
Lond* polecats at Dimstable ; the next morning, when
they had broken their fast together, the wenches
brought them to Hockley-i'-th*-Hole ; and so the one
for Lond*, the other for Westchester/* C*, owing to
its distance from Lond*, and its convenience for
embarking for Ireland, was a favourite refuge for
broken men and fugitives from justice* In Cboke's
Greene's Quoqae i* 2, Staines says. "My refuge is
Ireland or Virginia; necessity cries out, and I will
presently to West C*" In Jonson's Alchemist v* 3, Face
says of the runaway doctor and capt* : ** The doctor,
he shall hear of him at Westchester ; and of the Capt*,
tell him, at Yarmouth or some good port-town else* lying
for a wind*" Lyly, in Pappe, p* 53, says, ** I know where
there is more play [£ *e* gambling] in the compass of an
Hospital than in the circuit of Westchester*** Burton.
A. M. ii* 2, 3, says. 4t Some cities use galleries of arched
cloisters towards the street, as Westchester with us/'
The reference is to " The Rows," still to be seen in C*

WEST COUNTRY (Wn«= Western)* Applied to the
counties in the S*West of England, particularly Devon,
Somerset, and Cornwall* In Jouson's BarthoL iv* 2, we
are introduced to Puppy, "a wn* man, that's come to
wrestle before my Lord Mayor anon/* In Dekker's
Westward ii* 2, Birdlime says, " The lob has his lass,
the collier his dowdy, the wn* man his pug/' In Ford's
Warbeck iv* 8, when Warbeck says, ** Ye're all resolved
for the w* parts of England i" the crowd replies:
4* Cornwall, Cornwall ! " Herrick, in Lachrmae, says
in reference to his departure into Devon, ** Before I
went To banishment Into the loathed W+, I could
rehearse A lyric verse, And speak it wi& $ie best*7* In
Old Meg, p* z, Wn* men are celebrated " for gambouls/*
z*e* for wrestling contests* The bargees who brought
their barges down from the W* to Lend, were called
" Wn* Pugs/* In Lyly*s Endymtm iv* 2, Epiton says
he will travel " in a wn* barge, when with a good wind
and lusty pugs one may go 10 m* in 2 days*" Greene,
in TMeves Faffing out C* j*, says, " I doubt the
sandeyed ass will kick like a Wn. pug*** Dekfcer,
in Wonderful Year F* iii* b*, speaking of the fear of
the plague in Lond*, says, "Even the Wn. pttgs,
receiving money there, have tyed it in a bag at the end
of their barge, and trailed it through the Thames/*

WESTERN ISLES* Apparently the newly-discovered
West Indies are meant (see INDIES)* In Marlowe's
Tomb. A* i* i, Meander speaks of ** merchants of
Persepolis Trading by land unto the W* I/* Later, in
the same scene, Ortygius crowns Cosroe K* of ** East

559

WEST GATE, NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE

India and the late-discovered isles*" In Chivalry,
Bourbon says to Bellamira : ** 111 not stain that face
For all the treasure of the W* Hand/'

WEST GATE, NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE* The old
W* G* of the city, which was formerly surrounded by a
massive wall pierced by gates* The W* G* was near St.
John's Ch* ; the name still remains in Westgate Road.
being the chief road (Roman) out of Newcastle to the
West* though the G* was pulled down in the early part
of the 1 9th cent* It was built by Roger Thornton in
the reign of Henry VI* In Brewer's Lovesick King iv*,
Thornton says* " Here at this W* G* first came Thorn-
ton in*" This is a line from an old ballad : ** In at the
W* G* came Thornton in, With a hap and a halfpenny
and a lamb's skin*"

WEST HAM* See HAH*

WESTMINSTER* Properly speaking* means the Abbey
built on Thorney Island by K* Sebert ; but was soon
applied to the vill* which gradually sprang up in its
neighbourhood* Its boundaries extended in the i6th
cent* from Temple Bar to Kensington* and from the
Thames to Maryiebone* The Abbey lies near the N*
bank of the Thames, just over ij m. in a direct line from
St* Paul's, and a little over if m* by way of Fleet St*,
the Strand, and Whitehall. W* became a city when
Henry VIII in 1540 appointed Thomas Thirlby Bp*
of W. He held that position till 1550, but on his
translation to Norwich the bishopric was abolished;
and so he was the first and last person to enjoy that
dignity* Partly because of the privilege of sanctuary
possessed by the Abbey, partly through the presence
of the Court, W. became notorious as a haunt of bad
characters, both male and female* In Haughton's
EngHsfanm iv* i, Frisco says, " This post i Wfcy, 'tis
the Maypole on Ivy-bdge, going to W*" (see IVY
BRIDGE)* In Killigrew's Parson i* i, the Capt* says of
the Parson : " he stood at the corners of streets and
whispered gentlemen in the ear and so delivered bis
wants Tflre a message ; which being done, the rogue
vanished and would dive at W* like a dabchick and rise
again at Temple Bar," In Dekker's Edmonton v. 2, one
of the country-people avers that Mother Sawyer's sow
cast tor farrow ; ** yet were they sent up to Loud., and
sold far as good W* dog-pigs at Bartholomew Fair as
ever ale-wife longed for/* I find no other allusion to the
excellence of tfoe Boar-pigs of W. Nash, in Pierce F* 4,
: ** W. ! W. ! much maidenhead hast thou

to answer for at the day of judgment ! " Greene, in
Thieves Intro., says of foysts : ** In W*, the Strand,
* * * they do every day build their nests*" The dialogue
between the He-foyst and She-foyst opens : " Fair Kate,
well met ! what news about your W* building, that
you look so blythe i " In News from HeUt mention is
made of " all the whores and thieves that live in W*,
etc** etc*" In Gamester v* i, Hazard advises a frail
woman : *' Let her set up shop i' the Strand or W* ; she
may have custom*" In T* Heywood's Hogsdon ii* i,
the Wise woman mentions, amongst other swindlers
and fortune-tellers, "one in W* that practiseth the
book and the key, and the sieve and the shears "—both
methods of telling fortunes*

Long Meg of W* has come down to fame as a44 roaring
gM" wiho wore men*s clothes, and in that disguise
placed many merry and darfng pranks* She kept a
house of ill-feme in Southwark in the reign of Henry
¥IIL Her Mfe was published in 1583, and she had
already, in 2594, been immortalised in a Ballad and a

WESTMINSTER ABBEY

Play* She is the heroine of a story in Deloney's Craft
ii* i* In Dekker's Satiro. iii* i, 240, Tucca calls Mrs*
Miniver " My long Meg a W*" In Jonson's Fortan*
Isles, Skelton speaks of ** W* Meg With her long leg,
As long as a crane, And feet like a plane With a pair of
heels As broad as 2, wheels*" In Dekker's Westward
v* 2, Sir Gosling says to Birdlime : ** What kin art
thou to Long Meg of W*s* Th'rt like her*" In Middle-
ton's R. G* v* i, Jack Dapper says to Moll, '* Was it
your Meg of W*'s courage that rescued me from the
Poultry puttocks ** " In Tailor's Hog hath Lost i* i,
Haddit has written a jig or ballad for the player ; when
the player speaks of it as " that small matter," Haddit
rejoins, **A small matter 1 You'll find it worth Meg of
W*, althor it be but a bare jig*" The reference is to the
play above mentioned. The black marble slab, ii ft*
long, in the S* cloister of the Abbey, which covers the
tomb of Gervase de Blois, son of K* Stephen, has long
been called ** Long Meg*" A fair was held in W* on
St* James's Day, July 25th* In Deloney's Craft ii* ii,
it is said of the Green K* of St* Martin's : ** St* James
his day at last being come, he called up his wife betimes
and bad her make ready if she would to the Fair " ;
but he dragged her all the way to Bristol, where there
was also a fair on St. James's Day*

WESTMINSTER ABBEY* The ch* of St* Peter at W*,
said to have been founded by Sebert, K* of the East
Saxons, about A.D* 616 ; his tomb, erected in 1308, is
still to be seen in the Choir* Drayton, in Polyolb* xi*
327, says that Sebert " Began the goodly ch* of W* to
rear*" Edward the Confessor rebuilt it, and it was
completed in 1065, a week before his death* His ch*
covered the whole space occupied by the present A*,
and it had a central tower and 2 smaller towers at the
West end* Nothing remains of this building except
some pillar-bases under the N* side of the Choir* The
K* was buried in his new A*, in the side of the Choir ;
but his body was removed to its present resting-place
behind the Altar in 1269, In 1245 Henry III decided
to remove the tower and the whole of the E* end and
rebuild it ; it was reopened for service in 1269, but was
not completed till about 1285* The mosaic pavement
before the High Altar was laid in 1283, and was the
gift of Abbot Ware* In the I4th cent. Abbot Lithngton
built the College Hall, the Jerusalem Chamber, the
Abbot's House, now the Deanery, and the tower in
Dean's Yard* The West end was rebuilt during the
reign of Richd. II. The Chapel of Henry VII at the
E* end was built in 1502* The A. by this time presented
much the same appearance as it does now, except that
it had no towers at the West end ; these were added
at the beginning of the i8th cent* Opening out of the
Ambulatory round the Altar and the Chapel of Edward
the Confessor carne in order, starting at the S*E* corner,
the chapels of St* Benedict, St* Edmund, St* Nicholas,
St* Paul, St* John the Baptist, Abbot Iliffe, St* John
the Evangelist, St* Michael, and St* Andrew* On the
S* side of the Abbey are the Deanery, the Cloisters,
St. Faith's chapel, the chapel of the Pyx, and the
Chapter House. There was a peal of bells in the N*West
tower* The principal tombs in the A* in Shakespeare's
time were those of Kings Sebert, Edward the Con-
fessor, Henry III, Edward I and his Q* Elinor, Edward
III and his Q* Pfailippa, Richd* II and his Q*, Henry V,
Henry VII and his Q. Anne of Cleves, Edward VI*
Mary, and Elizabeth ; Mary Q* of Scots ; Aymer de
Valence, Earl of Pembroke ; Chaucer and Spenser (in
the S* transept, now called the Poets' Comer}* Tfeese

560

• U» js A4. - * «" .. _ —a* m, ^- ..... /~ / IV J...'.'"7J% 1 - f^a^ -*" *i- ** . i^l T JLr«tfr^1A>i '. '-""'dfitelr''*^ >J*U**fc"i

WESTMINSTER

WESTMINSTER, 1593, by John Norden

WESTMINSTER BRIDGE

tombs were already objects of interest to visitors, and
in the lyth cent* a charge of a penny was made by the
verger who exhibited them* All the Kings and Queens
of England have been crowned in the A,, from Edward
the Confessor to George V* The Coronation Chair,
which, since the time of Edward I, has enclosed
the famous stone of Scone on which the old Scottish
Kings were crowned, stands at the West end of the
Chapel of Edward the Confessor, with a 2nd similar
chair made for the coronation of Mary the (X of
William IIL

The dramatists of our period buried in the A* are
Ben Jonson, Michael Drayton, Beaumont, and Daven-
ant* There is a monument to Shakespeare, but his
body lies in the chancel of the ch* of the Holy Trinity
at Stratford-on-Avon. The only scene in Shakespeare
which takes place in the A* is H6 A* i, i (the funeral
of Henry V)* But H4 B* v* 5 is in the immediate
neighbourhood of the A* after the coronation of
Henry V ; and H8 iv* i describes the procession to
the coronation of Anne Boleyn in the A. The scene of
H4 B* iv* 4 is the Jerusalem Chamber (g*i>*)* In H6
B* i* 2, 37, the Duchess of Gloucester says, ** Me-
thought I sat in seat of majesty In the cathedral ch* of
W*, And in that chair where kings and queens are
crowned/* In iv* 4, 31, the Messenger announces that
Jack Cade " vows to crown himself in W*" In 83 iv*
i* 32, Stanley says to Anne, ** Come, Madam, you must
straight to W* There to be crowned Richd/s royal q/'
In H8 iv* i, 57, the 3rd gentleman tells how he has
been ** among the crowd f the A*" at the coronation of
Q* Anne Boleyn* In S* Rowley's When you F* i, the
K* sends word to Lady Katherine Parr that " she shall
be Q* and crowned at W*" In Trag. Richd. II i. 2, 50,
Greene says, " We must attend his Grace to W., To
the high nuptials of fair Anne a Beanie," Le. Anne of
Bohemia, ist q* of Richd* IL In True Trag., p. 126,
Richmond says, "Now for our marriage and our
nuptial rites, Our pleasure is they be solemnized In
our A. of W* according to the ancient custom due.''
The Abbot of W*, who appears in R2 iv* i, and whom
Northumberland in line 152 addresses as ** my lord of
W*/* was almost certainly Richd* Harpunden* He took
part in Aumerle's plot, fled for his life, and died
suddenly of an apoplectic fit; in v* 6, 19, Percy
announces : ** The grand conspirator, Abbot of W*,
Hath yielded up his body to the grave/'

In Shirley's Hyde Park iii* i, Mrs* Carol says, 4* Can
they tell what they do in this noise i Pray heaven it do
not break into the tombs at W* and wake the dead I "
Dekker, in Hornbook vii*, speaks of a country gentleman
who ** brings his wife up to see the tombs at W*, the
lions in the Tower*" Peacham, in Worth of a Penny,
says, "For a penny you may hear a most eloquent
oration upon our English Kings and Queens, If you
will seriously listen to David Owen, who keeps die
Monuments at W*" In Shirley's Bird iv* i, Bonamico
says, 4< I talk as glib, methinks, as he that farms the
monuments/' Donne, in Satires iv. 74, says, ** At W*
* * * the man that keeps the A* tombs And for his price
doth with whoever comes Of all our Harrys and our
Edwards talk/' Earle, in Microcos. Ixxv*, says of the
mere great man : " One of just as much use as his
images, only be differs in this, that he can speak
himself, and save the fellow of W* a labour/* In
Verses prefixed to Coryafs Crudities, Peacham mentions
among the sights of Load* "W/s "

Beaumont has a poem On the Tombs in Westminster
Abbey.

WESTMINSTER HALL

WESTMINSTER BRIDGE, also W* STAIRS or FERRY*
A landing place for boats at the foot of Old Palace Yard*
These bdges*, like Ivy Edge*, Whitehall Bdge*, King's
Edge*, etc*, were not bdges* over the river — of which
there was only one, vis* Lond* Edge — but short gang-
ways connecting the landing stages with the shore. The
easiest way from the City to W* was by taking a pair
of oars up the river ; hence the W. bdge* was very busy
and constantly in use, Latfmer, in Sermon (vi*) before
Edward VI (1549) says, " There is never a wherryman
at W*-bdge. but he can answer to this*" In Foxe's
Book of Martyrs, we read of Ralph Morris going from
Lambeth " unto W* Edge* with a sculler*" In Dekker's
Westward ii* i, Justiniano says, ** A number of better
things between W* Bdge* and Temple Bar are fallen
to decay since Charing fell**' In News from Hell, Dekker
says, ** In hell you are not baited by whole kennels of
yelping watermen as you are at W. Bdge." In Middle-
ton's Quarrel ii. 2, Trim thinks that ** roaring " will
last ** as long as the water runs under Lond* Bdge. or
watermen ply at W* Stairs/' In the title to St. Hilary's
Tears (1642), it is said that they are shed "upon all
professions from the Tower-stairs to W*-ferry/F

WESTMINSTER GATE. The New Palace Yard was
entered by 3 gates—the High Gate on the West side,
built by Richd* II in 1384 ; a gate on the S* side,
leading to St* Margaret's Ch*; and a water-gate on
the E. side, near the Star-Chamber* It is doubtless the
first of these that is intended in the following passages
(see also GATE-HOUSE}* John Lydgate, in JJckpenny,
says, after he had visited W. Hall, ** Then to W* Gate I
presently went; Cooks to me they took good intent
And preferred me bread with ale and wine/' Hoccleve,
in Misrule 17$, says, " Who was a greater master eke
than I, or bet acquainted at W* gate among the taverners
namely and cooks i "

WESTMINSTER HALL* The great Hall of tbe royal
palace of W*, founded by William Rufus, and recon-
structed in its present form by Richd* II in 1397* The
roof, of Irish oak, is one of the finest in the world* The
Hall measures 290 by 68 ft., and is one of the largest
apartments in existence unsupported by pillars. It was
intended as the Banqueting Hall of the Palace, and is
still used for the Coronation Banquets* In Trag. Kichd*
II ii* 2, ai 3, the K* says, ** The H. at W* shall be enlarged
And only serve us for a dining room/' Greene, in Qmp,
p* 232, says that K* Stephen ** did count W, H* too little
to be his di'nfng chamber " j and latex, ** When lowli-
ness, fo^fy]h''pOM'p'P<oO"j- and hoPpffflrrfy inweo ifl^ jElEiiciaisd,
W* H+ was ft {Htrfftg rfEramher, ^ppf ^ >$%$. of cofff Fo^pfssiips-'*
From the time of Henry IH trie conns of OofQfflon Law
and Chancery were fixed mW.H* Hie Ootaet of Slag's
Bench sat on the S^. side^ and the Cotm of Chancery
on the S.West, behind a wooden lattice, or cancellus.
Towards die end of the i8th cent, the Courts were
transferred to a new building on the West side of the
H* ; and are now removed to the flew Law Cotirts on
the N. side of Heet St. dose to Temple Bar. Many of
the great State Trials were held in the H^^ootably those
of Sit William Wallace, Sir Thomas More, Q* Aime
Boleyn* Protector Somerset, Strafford, Charles I. and
Warren Hastings* Hence W* comes to be used as a
synonym for the Law*

In Pzers, there are many references toW*as the home
of the Law* " Here come Fab and Favd to hare their
deed executed " (B* iL 160) ; " they tot wonyeth in
aE worship Mede (B* iiL 12). InC^xi*
soimeforthes

561

El*

WESTMINSTER HALL

sholdc nat be werse ; Westmynster law, ich wot well,
worcheth the contrarie/* In C. xxiii. 133, we are told
that Simony ** Bar adoun with meny a bryghte noble
Muche of the wit and wisdom of Westmynster H/* In
C* xxiii* 284, we read of false folk who flee to West-
mynster in order to cheat the Law* In Hycke, p. 84,
Imagynacyon says, ** In W. H* every term I am ; an I
were dead, the lawyers* thrift were lost." Later on,
p. 105, Frewyll, speaking of himself and his fellow-high-
waymen, says, ** We have a sure canell at W*, A thousand
ships of thieves therein may ride sure/' Lydgate, in
Lxckp&myt says, ** In W. H* I found out one Which
went in a long gown of ray. «, . * Within this H. neither
rich nor yet poor Would do for me aught, although I
should die ; Which seeing, I got me out of the door
Where Flemings began on me to cry, Master, what will
ye copen or buy i Fine felt hats or spectacles to read i
Lay down your silver and here you may speed/* In
World CWd, p. 180, Folly says, ** In Lond. is my chief
dwelling* In Holborn was I brought forth and with the
courtiers to W* I used to wend, for I am a servant of
the Law." In Respnblica v* 9, Avarice, being told that
Peace is coming to the Earth, says, 4* W. H* might go
play, if that came to pass/* In Nature 112, Envy says,
** Sir, it happened in W, H*, before the judges aft/* In
Three Lords f Dods., vi. 412, Dissimulation says, "Once
in a month I stole in o* th* market-day to Leadenhall
and about, and sometime to W* H/* Li CMer of Canter-
bury f we read: " When W.H* is quite without benches
And Southwark Bankside hath no pretty wenches, Then
the cobler of Rumney shall a cuckold be.** In Nobody
1151, Nobody says, " From thence [Charing Cross] I
went to see the law Courts, held at W/* In Fair Women
ii. 1174, Brown iis conveyed ** to the Justices of the
Bench at W/* In K. K. Knave, Dods., vi. 538, Coney
Catcher says, " I have been a post-knight in W. this 12
year.** The post-knight was a fellow who hung round
the Courts, ready to be engaged to give false evidence,
CMC do any other dirty work for the litigants. In Underwit
iii. 3, Courtwellsays, ** I am not now in Land* marching
with the puisnes to W. in our torn gowns embroidered
withstand dirt, to hear the Law*** In Dekker*s JVbrffc-
ward L 2, Chartley asks, * Hast any suits to be fried at
W.<** In SfaMey*s Howmr i^ Riches says, ** I will be
racked at W. ere be confined to hear thy learned non-
Dekker, In Bellman, says, " Some of these

BooShalers ate called Termers, and they ply W*H* j
Michaelmas Term is their harvest/* These Termers,
Kfce the post-knights, haunted the Courts to pick up bits
of shady business. J. Heywood, in Spider and Fly
(1536) xiv. n, says,"InW.H. I ... maybeatermer
all times and hours/* In Hiddleton's Chaste Maid L i,
Yeflow-Hammer says to his wife : ** The City cannot
hold you, wife, but you must needs fetch words p.e.
legal terms] from W/' In Jonson*s Staple iv. i, Picklock
says he can cant ** in all the languages in W. H., Pleas,
Bench, or Chancery/* In his Dev&Li, Iniquity suggests
toPug that he should come to the Strand " *Gainst the
lawyers come dabbled from W. H." In Epicoene iv. 2,
Morose mentions W* H* as one of the noisiest places in
Loud* In Dekker's Edmonton v. i, Cuddy says to his
dog: " If tfaott canst rub thy shoulder against a lawyer's
gown, as thott passest by W*H., do.** la Cooke*s
Greene's Qaogae; p. 561, Staines says of Jofce : " She*s

..

Match Mid. iL 3, Alexander says, ** He tramples qpoa
the bosom of a tavern w&h that dexterity as your law-
yers' ckrks do to W. -h. upon a dirty day with a pair of
white silk stockings*** In Puritan i i, the Widow tells

WESTMINSTER PALACE

her son how his father was " up every morning betwixt
4 and 5 ; so duly at W. H. every term-time with all his
cards and writings/* In Jonson's Barthol iii. i, Night-
ingale sings of pickpockets : " Examples have been Of
some that were seen In W. H., yea, the pleaders
between/* Dekker, in Jests, says of the foyst or pick-
pocket : ** W. H. is his good soil/* Jonson, in Under-
woods li., says, " The great H. at W*, the scene Where
mutual frauds are fought and no side yield/* In Sf*
Hilary's Tears (1642), we read : " On both sides of the
H* they complain ; at Heaven they say there is not a
lawyer nor a derk conies near them ; and at Hell they
come dropping in but now and then one/* Heaven and
Hell were popular names for 2 taverns at the end of the
H* In Dekker's Westward iii. 2, Whirlpool says, ** I have
departed thence as hungry as ever came country
attorney from W/* The country practitioner would
have little chance to get a case. Fuller, in Charch
Hist* ii. 7, 2, says, ** A palm-tree served Deborah for her
W* H., wherein she judged Israel/*

The Irish oak of which the roof was made was sup-
posed to be fatal to vermin of all kinds, including
spiders* In Dekker's Westward iv* i, Lucy says, ** W*
never breeds cobwebs/* To make a W. matter of a
thing means to go to law about it. Latimer, in Sermon (i.)
before Edward VI (1549), says, "Thus this bargain
became a W* matter ; tie lawyers got twice the value
of the horse ; and when all came to all, 2 fools made an
end of the matter/* In Phillips* GrissiK, p. 49, Persuasion
says, ** Through the clouds I had a marvellous fall That
I had like to broke my neck on the top of W* H." In J.
Heywood's Play of Lovef p. 185, the Lover says, ** It
would be as pleasant as to a covetous man to behold Of
his own W. H. full of gold/*

There were numerous shops or stalls along the sides
of the H*, occupied by booksellers, dealers in small
wares, seamstresses, etc. Swetnam was "Printed for
Richd*Meigherandaretobesoldathisshops * * . and
at W* H*** Glapthorne*s Wit was ** Printed by lo. Okes
for F* C* and are to be sold at his shops in King St. at
the sign of the Goat and in W. H."

WESTMINSTER PALACE* The chief Palace of the
Kings of England from Edward the Confessor to Henry
VIII. It lay between the Abbey and the river on part
of the site of the present Houses of Parliament* William
the Conqueror added to its strength and splendour, and,
William Rufus completed it by the building of the Great
Hall facing on to the New Palace Yard. Stephen im-
mortalised his name by the famous Chapel of St.
Stephen, which, after being rebuilt, first by Edward I
and then after its destruction by fire by his 2 successors,
was for a long time the meeting place of the Parliament.
The P. was so much damaged by fire in 1512 that Henry
VIII deserted it and transferred his Court to Whitehall,
which he took from Wolsey in 1530. There still re-
mained, however, the Star Chamber, the Painted Cham-
ber, the Chapel, and the Hall, as well as other minor
buildings. The fire of 1834 swept everything away
except the Hall and the crypt of the Chapel, now the
sole survivors of the old P. In the New P. Yard N. of
the Hall were a fountain or conduit on the N.West side,
a bell-tower with an ancient dock opposite the entrance
to the Hall, and the noble portal called the High Gate
on the Western side*

In the historical plays of our period it may generally
be assumed that scenes located " in the P/' are to be
supposed to take place at W*, unless there is some
definite indication to the contrary* Thus, in Shake-

562

WESTMINSTER SCHOOL, or ST. PETER'S COLLEGE

WHITECHAPEL

speare the following scenes are to be assigned to W* P* :
K+ JT* iv* 2 ; JRj i* 3, ii* i, 2, 4 ; iv* 2, 3, 4 ; #4 A* i* i,
3, iii* 2 ; jEfyB* iii* i, iv* 5, y* 3 ; HS i* i, 2 ; H<5 A* v« i,
5 ; B. i* i, 3, iv* 4 ; C* iii* 2, iv* i, v* 7 ; and #£ v* 4
takes place in the New P* Yard* In Trag* RictuL 11 ii* i,
148, York says, ** The Peers of England now are all
assembled To hold a Parliament at W/' In H4 B* ii* 4,
383, Peto says, " The K* your father is at W/' In Con-
tention, Part lf Has., p+ 495* Cade says, " Tomorrow I
mean to sit in the K/s seat at W/' In Ford's Warbeck
L i, the K* says, " It is our pleasure to remove our Court
From W* to the Tower/* In Middleton's Mad World
ii. 2, Sir Bounteous says, " I was knighted at W*" In
i* i, Follywit says, ** I can hire bluecoats for you all by
W, Clock/' In Oldcastle iii* 4, the K* says, " Til to W*
in this disguise/* The Lord Mayor of Lond, on the day
after his election paid a state visit to the Court at W*, in
his state barge with trumpets and drums* In Jonson's
Epicoene iv* i, Morose cries to the musicians : ** Out of
my doors, ye sons of noise and tumult, begot on an ill
May-day, or when the galley-foist is afloat to W." In
Shirley's Honour, Clod speaks of ** the next day after
Simon and Jude, when you go a-feasting to W* with
your galley-foist and your popguns, to the very terror
of the paper-whales/* In his Honoria i* i, Maslin says,
** The next day after Simon and Jude all your liveries
go a feasting by water to W/' Itx Sharpham's Fleire iii*
351, Fleire refers. to the firing of a salute at Lambeth
*' when the Mayor and Aldermen land at W/'

WESTMINSTER SCHOOL, or ST* PETER'S COL-
LEGE* There was a school connected with the Abbey
as early as the i4th cent*, but the present school was
founded by Q* Elisabeth in 1560* The original school-
room was a dormitory of the Abbey ; and the school-
hall was the Abbot's Refectory, built by Abbot Litling-
ton in the reign of Edward III* The boys have the
privilege of being present in the Abbey at the coronation
and other State ceremonies* Plays were regularly per-
formed by the pupils, and the custom of giving a Latin
play annually has survived to the present day* Five
performances are recorded between 1568 and 1574, in-
cluding Appias and Virginia, Paris and Vienna, and
Truth, Faith, and Mercy. In the seventies John Taylor
and William Elderton organised from the school com-
panies of boy-actors who played at Court and else-
where* Udall, the author of Roister, was head-master
from 1553 to 1556* Amongst the pupils of the school
were Ben Jonson, Thomas Randolph, Thomas Goffe,
Nathanael Field, Jasper Mayne, and Abraham Cowley*
Ija Shirley's Pleasure ii* i, Frederick says, ** Prithee
commend me to the library at W* ? my bones I be-
queath thither and to the learned worms that mean to
visit them" — where there is also a reference to the
tombs of the Abbey* In Jensen's Staple L 2, Mrs* Mirth
says of Jonson : ** He kept school upon the stage, could
conjure there, above the school of W*, and Eh:* Lamb
too/r In the Induction to his Magnetic, the Boy says,
" 1 tinderstand that; since I learned Terence in the
3rd form at W/' Richard Hakfayt, in Eptst* Dedicat.
to Principal Navigations (1589), tells how he was 4* one
of her Majesty's scholars at W** that fruitful nursery***

WESTMORLAND* A county m the &*West of Eagfafcd,
between Yorks*, Lanes*, and Cumberland* It is very
mountainous, and is famous for its fine lake scenery* It
gave their title to the great Neville family, Ralph Neville
having been created Earl of W* m 1397* He is the W*
who appears in H4 as a firm supporter of tie K*, and is
represented in H$ as being at the battle of Agmcottrt,

which was not the case, as he was then in England* He
died in 1425 and was succeeded by his grandson Ralph,
the son of John Neville who was killed at Towton* LW
Ralph is the W* of H6 C, who is represented as a sup-
porter of the house of Lancaster* He died in 1523. The
title passed to Francis Fane in 1624 by the marriage of
his father to Mary Neville, and still continues in the
Fane family* In George i* 3, Cuddie speaks of old
William Musgrove as ** the bravest horseman in all W/'

WESTPHALIA (Wn.=Westphalian)* A province in
West Prussia, lying between Hanover and the Rhine
Provinces* Formerly it included the whole dist*
between Brunswick and the Netherlands, and
stretched from Hesse to the North Sea* Heylyn
says, "The soil is wonderfully stored with acorns
which feed swine of an exceeding pleasant taste
and nourishment ; so that the Wn* gammon of bacpa
is the chief dish at a banquet*" Fynes Moryson, in Jrfn.,
says that English bacon and hatn u are more savoury
than in any other parts, excepting the bacon of W***

La Jonson's BarthoL v* 3, Leatfaerhead speaks of
" Dunmow-bacon " ; Pythias corrects him, ** You He,
ifs Westfabian"; Leatherhead replies, "Wn*, you
should say/' In Marston's Malcontent iv* 3, Makvok
describes a Moor as ** the buff captain, the sallow Wn*»
gammon-faced sasa/* The reference is to the biown
colour of a ham* In Webster's White Deril v* i,
Flamineo says, "Protesting and drinking go together and
agree as well as shoemakers and W* bacon/* In Alimony
i* 3, Baxter says, " Let this body of mine be hung
up for a gammon of W* bacon.** In B* & F* Captain
ii* 2, Clara says, " I would have him buried ox>ss4egged»
like one o' the Templars, if his W* gammons will hold
crossing*" In Davenanfs AQxnrine iv* i, Grimold says,
** My thighs are hardened like an oldW* flitch.** lahis
Wits iii* 2, Palatine says, ** Let rue hear thy aunt is stock
with more bay-leaves and rosemary than a W* gammon/*
Bays and rosemary were used for decking out a corpse ;
and also for adorning hams* In Shirley's Pleasure v* x,
Bornwell describes a proposed banquet at the Stillyard,
where the wines " shall flow into our room And drown
Ws* tongues, and anchovies/* In Glapthorne's WdSenr
stein v* 2, Newman says, " May he die for drought like
a W* pig i' th' dog-days/* In his Hollander i. i, Urinal
says that Sconce looks ** like a smoked W* ham/f In
Verses prefixed to Coryat's Crudities, Vadianus says of
the author : " Tom's a Bologna sausage lovely fat
Stuffed with the flesh of a Wn* sow/' Rabelais m
Gorgantw iii*, tells how Grangousier ** was ordinarily
well furnished with gammons of bacon, both of W*»
Mayence, and Bayonae/* ^ ^ ,

Hall, in Satires v* i, 69, speaks of a tenement *j&cfa
as nice Lipsifts would grudge to see Above his lodging
in wild Westpfcalk/* The scholar I^jsias Hml fe a
time during 1591 in or abottt W»

WEST SAXONS* The Saxons wfao settled m Hie S*
counties of England, in the dist* known coHerfively as
Wessex* They fest landed m A*B* 495^ and m 519

aBfoa»*s

Queen's

m*

WEXFORD*

WHIGHTON*

WHITECHAPEL* A parish in Lowl*, a df AJ*g*

derived its same from fas cfeapd of St. lfeyllatleio%
wMch was in existence as early as ijagaed ii* J
parish ck. The W, Rd^ which is often calkd

WH1TECRQSS STREET

' W«, is a broad thoroughfare running from Aldgate to
Mile-end* It was the main road from Lond,. to Essex
and the eastern counties, and, having fallen into dis-
repair, was newly paved in 1572* A row of butchers*
shops ran along one side of the road ; and there were
also many shoemakers' shops there. The whole dist*
had a bad name as a resort of thieves and prostitutes*
The local prison for debtors was known as Lord Went-
worth's Gaol*

In Dekker's Shoemaker's L i, Eyre says, ** Fight for
the gentlemen shoemakers, the flower of St* Martini,
the mad knaves of Bedlam, Fleet st*, Tower St., and
W/* In B* & F* Pestle v* 2, Ralph says, "Ancient, let
your colours fly ; but have a care of the butchers' hooks
at W* ; they have been the death of many a fair ancient/'
In. Jonson's Ev. Man L iv* 5, Bobadil tells how he has
been assaulted " in divers skirts of the town, as Turn-
bull, W., Shoreditch, which were then my quarters/*
In Demi L i, Iniquity says to Pug : ** We will survey
the suburbs and make forth our sallies Down Petticoat
Lane and up the smock alleys To Shoreditch, W*, and
so to St* Katherns/' Kemp, in Nine Days Wonder, tells
bow he danced through W* on his way to Norwich*
Taylor, in Works iL 131, says, " Lord Wentworth's gaol
within W. stands/' In ii* 296, he says, ** At W* near
Loud* how many have been buried weekly, but have
merely perished for lack of bread/* In Perai* Par/*,
article 45 runs ** We ordain and appoint that, if there
be no great store of tempests, two half-penny loaves
shall be sold for a penny in W/*

WHTTECROSS STREET* Lond*, running N* from the
West end of Fore St* across the E* end of Beech St* to
Old St. It was so named from a white cross which stood
at its junction with Beech St* The Fortune Theatre
(g*v.) stood to the West of Upper Wm'tecross St*,
between it and Golden Lane*

"VfPHITEFRIARS* A precinct in the city of Lend* lying
. on the N* bank of the Thames between the river and

* Fleet St., bounded on the West by the Inner Temple
and on the E* by Water Lane, now re-christened W* St.
It was named from the ch* of the WMte Friars, or Car-

, melites, built in 2241, towards the N* boundary of the

, precinct, EL of Botiverie St* and N, of Tudor St* The

refectory of the monastery occupied the site of the

^ present offices of the ZXzrfp News. At the dissolution of

* jfae monasteries the chu was pulled down and nothing
was 1^ of tfce buildings but the Hall, or Refectory* On

.die site many fair houses were built ; but the privilege
of sanctuary, still claimed and allowed, attracted to the
neighbourhood a crowd of disreputable characters of
all kinds, and these houses were divided up into tene-
ment lodgings and taken possession of by the riff-raff
of Lond* A lawless community of fraudulent debtors,
refugees from justice, and women of the streets quickly
grew up who defied the officers of the Law and governed
themselves in a wild sort of fashion. SnadwelTs Squire
ofAlsatia presents a vivid picture of this locality, which
assumed the name of Alsatia during the zyth cent*, from
the no-man's land between the borders of Germany and
France* Scott describes it graphically in The Fortunes
of Nigel* This state of things continued all through the
17th cent*, until the right of sanctuary was abolished in
1697*

In R$ i* 2, 227, Gloucester orders the attendants to
convey tl^ body of Henry VI. not to Chertsey, but ** to
W/' HoHnshed says the body was taken to Blackfriars ;
so that Shakespeare's memory seems to have made a
slip. To wards the end of his life James Shirley lived in

WHITEHALL

W*, but was driven out by the Gt* Fire of 1666. In
Tarltorfs Jests, an ordinary in W* is mentioned as a
favourite resort of the actor's* Harman, in. Caveat C* 11,
says, "Anno Domini 1566 there came a counterfeit
crank under my lodging at the whyte Fryares within the
cloister in a Httle yard or court, being without the
liberties of Lond*, whereby he hoped for the greater
gain/' In Dekker's Westward ii. 2, Birdlime says, " The
student has his nun in W/' In Middleton's Chess ii. i,
the Black Knight says, ** Here's [letters] from Blanche
and Bridget from their safe sanctuary in W/' In his
Black Book, he speaks of " the dice running as false as
the drabs in W/' In Brome's Couple ii* i, Careless,
having got hold of some money, says, ** I need no more
insconsing now in Ram Alley nor in the sanctuary of
W*" La Glapthorne's Wit iv* i, Busie says, " A sedan
shall carry them unseen through the watch at Ludgate
into W* ; there you shall find a little Levite " to marry
the couple* In Davenport's New Trick L 2, Slightall,
wanting a lady of pleasure, bids Roger go and search
several localities of bad reputation, including 4* White
Fryers/' In Eastward v* 4, one of the prisoners says of
Quicksilver : " He will discourse admirably of running
horses, and White Friars, and against bawds and of
cocks/' In Jonson's Volpone iv* i, when Sir Politick
says, " The gentleman is of worth and of our nation,"
bis Lady rejoins, 44 Ay, your W* nation ; Come, I blush
for you, Master Would-be/' In his Prologue to Epicoene,
Jonson says of his play : ** Some [of it is fit] for lords,
knights, and squires ; Some for your men and daughters
of W/' In his Epigrams am"., he calls Lieut. Shift
** meanest among squires That haunt ... W/f
Middleton, in Hubburd, p. 79, says, " Our young prodi-
gal steps into W* Nunnery, where he kept his drab/'

WHITEFRIARS DOCK* A landing place for boats at
the bottom of Water Lane, now W* St*, about where the
Sion College Library now stands on die Thames Em-
bankment* In Brome's Covent G. L i, Madge says, " I
lay not long ago at the Venice by W* D*"

WHITEFRIARS THEATRE. Plays seem to have been
performed as early as 1580 in the old Refectory of the
Carmelite Monastery, which stood on the E* of Bouverie
St. just N* of George Yard, where now are the offices of
the Daily News. There is no evidence that any of the
regular companies played there before 1607, when the
children of the King's Revels are recorded to have acted
at W* ; they were dispersed in 1609, and their place
was taken in 1610 by the Children of the Queen's
Revels, who performed Jonson's Epicoene in March of
that year, Ben himself taking the part of Morose* Other
plays staged there were Tailor's Hog hath lost (1613) j
Field's Weathercock (1612) ; Chapman's Bussy D*Am-
Ms, his Revenge and Widow's Tears ; Marston's Insat-
iate ; B* & F» Coxcomb, Pestle, and Cupid* s Rev. The
Hall ceased to be used for plays by 1616 ; and it was
not for 15 years that its place was taken by the new
theatre in Salisbury Court (g.v.)* In Lady Mother ii* i,
Crackby says, u This boy doth sing as Hke the boy at
the Whitefryers as ever I heard*"

WHITE GREYHOUND* A bookseller's sign in St*
Paul's Churchyard, Lond. Venus and Adonis was " Im-
printed by Richd, Field and are to be sold at the sign
of the w* G* in Paules Churchyard* 1593*" Lizcr* was
published at the same place in 1594*

WHITEHALL* The palace of the Kings of England from
Henry VIII to William IIL It lay on the left bank of
the Thames, and extended from nearly the point where

56*

WHITE HART

Westminster Edge* now crosses the river to Scotland
Yard, and from the river back to St* James's Park*
Hubert de Burgh had a palace here in the reign of
Henry II, and left it in 1340 to the Black Friars ; they
soon after sold it to the Archbp* of York, and it remained
the town house of the Archbps* of York, tinder the
name of York House (or Place), until the time of
Cardinal Wplsey* He greatly improved and enlarged
it, but on his disgrace it was transferred to the K. in
1550* The Westminster Palace having been recently
severely damaged by fire, Henry took York House as
his Palace and gave it the name of W* He added to it
considerably, and put two gates across the road which
led through the grounds from Charing Cross to West-
minster, one, nobly designed by Holbein, near the
S.Western corner of the present Banqueting Hall, the
other, known as the King St* Gate, where Richmond St.
debouches into W* Both were removed in the i8th
cent, as obstructing the traffic* Elizabeth carried out
further improvements, including a Banqueting Hall.
This (and much more of the Palace) was destroyed by
fire in 1619, and James I planned to have the whole
rebuilt on a magnificent scale by Inigo Jones ; all that
he completed, however, was the Banqueting Hall, the
only part of the Palace now remaining* From one of its
windows, or from an aperture broken through for the
purpose, Charles I was led to execution* The Court of
Charles II was located in the Palace, and during his
reign it was the centre of fashion* In 1698 a disastrous
fire swept away almost the whole of the buildings* It
was never rebuilt, and all that is now left is Inigo
Jones's Banqueting Hall, which was converted by
George I into a Chapel Royal, though it was never
consecrated, and is now used as the United Service
Museum*

From the dramatic point of view W* is chiefly inter-
esting for the series of Court Masques produced there
in the iyth cent* Already plays had been acted there
before Q* Elizabeth, e*g* Damon and Pythias in 1564?
but in the reign of James masques were performed
almost every year, amongst them Jonson's Blackness
(1605), Beauty (1608), Queens (1609), and Oberon (1611)*
The splendid series in connection with the marriage of
the Princess Elizabeth in 1613 included Chapman's
Masque of the Middle Temple and Lincoln1 s Inn, Beau-
mont's Inner Temple Masque, and Campion's Lords9
Masque* Jonspn's Augurs was the first to be played in
the Hall rebuilt after the fire by Inigo Jones* In 1634
was produced Shirley's Triumph of Peace* " the most
magnificent pageant ever, perhaps, exhibited in Eng-
land*" These plays were usually presented in the
Banqueting Hall ; but James I began to use the Cock-
Pit in the N.E* corner of the palace for this purpose,
and Charles I, about 1633, had it made by Inigo Jones
into a small theatre, which was known as the Cockpit
and must not be confused with the Cockpit in Dfrtiry
Lane* It was destroyed in the fire of 1698*

Deloney, in Newberie vi*, tells how Wolsey "sent for
the clothiers afore him to W», his new-built house by
Westminster*" In H8 fv* i, 97, the ist Gentleman
says, "You most no more call it York-Place, that's
past ;f For, since the Cardinal fell, that title's lost;
HT£s now the K/s and called W*" The date of the scene
is 1533* In Armin's Moreclacke B* 4, a Messenger brings
word^TheCourtgoesfromRichmondtoW*** Joflson,
in Vulcan, commemorates the fire of i6io/— "" Nay, let
W* with revels have to do, Though but in dances, it
shall know his power ; There was a judgment seen too
in an hour*" In Middleton's Chaste Maid L i, Yellow-

WHITE LION

hammer says, ** Honour and Faithful servant ! they are
compliments for the worthies of W* or Greenwich*** In
Scot. Presb. ii* i, Moneyless says, " The K* must not
yet see W* ; Cromwell won't have it so/* In verses pre-
fixed to Coryat's Crudities, Peacham mentions amongst
the sights of Lond, " the White Hall whale bones."
On the ** lucus a non lucendo ** principle, coal-ships
were dubbed ** W* men " because they were black* In
Devonshire ii* i, the Capt* says, ** Hie W* men did good
service ; 4000 bullets their ordnance and the Hollanders
discharged upon the castle/' There were 10 of these
coal-ships in the attack on Puntal*
WHITE HART* A tavern sign in Lond* The most
famous W* H. was in the Borough of Southwark, on the
E* side near the S* end of the High St* It had the largest
sign in Lond*, except that of the Castle in Fleet St. It
was Jack Cade's head-quarters in 1450* Fabyan, in his
Chronicles, says, ** On July ist, 1450, Jack Cade arrived
in Southwark, where he lodged at the H/* In the
Chronicle of the Grey Friars, it is related, in connection
with Cade's rebellion : "At the Whyte H* in Sotithwarke
one Hawaydyne of St* Martin's was beheaded**1" In H6
B* iv* 3, 35, Cade says, " Hath my sword therefore broke
through Lond* gates that you should leave me at the
W. H* in Southwark ** " The old Inn was burnt down
in 1676 and rebuilt ; in July 1889 & was pulled down*
The later W* H* is chiefly memorable for the discovery
there of Sam Weller by Mr* Pickwick* There was
another W* H* in Bishopsgate St* Without, next to St*
Botolph's Ch* It was pulled down in 1829, bat W* H*
Court still preserves the name* There was another in
the Strand, which has left its name in H* St., Covent
Garden. In the list of Taverns in T* Heywood's Lncrece
iL 5, we have " The huntsmen to the W* H. go/' It is
impossible to say which of them is intended.

WHITEHART* The sign of a printer's shop in Fleet St*,
Lond., near St* Dunstan's* A quarto of M. N* D. was
published " for Thomas Fisher and are to be sold at his
shop at the sign of the W* H* in Fleet st* 1600***

WHITE HORSE* A common tavern sign in Lond* There
was a W* H* in Friday St. much frequented by Geocge
Peele; another outside Cripplegate; and a third in
Southwark* In Peele's Jests, we are told : ** George was
invited one night to supper at the W* H* in Friday St/*
In the opening of Old Wives*, Fantastic says, ** I had
even as iff the chamberlain of the W* H* had called me
tip to bed/* Taylor, in Carriers Cosmography, says>
44 The Carrier of Lmcoin do lodge at ttie W* H* without
Cripplegate/* in Trm tmd Wmierpi, (1614), sfjpeal is
made for the truth of thestoiy to**tibe carrier oCHkMsaiii
who Heth at the W* H* in Southwark*

WHITE HORSE* A bodcse3te*s s%a in St* Pasfs
Churchyard, Load* Merry Demi was "Printed by
Henry Ballard for Arthur Johnson dwelling at the sign
ofthew.-h.mPatiiesChurchya^
N* door of Paules. 1608." Middietoa's Pkamix was
Printed by E, A* for A* Land are to be sold at the s^n

WHITE LION* Originally a tavern, tat converted abotxt
1560 into a prison for the county of Surrey* It stood in
the Borough High St*, Southwa^, at the S* end of St.
Margaret's Ha% near St* George's Ch* It became unfit
for its purpose towards the end of the i8th cent., aod
in 1811 the New Marshalsea was built on its ate* la
Hcnslowe's Diary 192, the author tells us bow be lent
5/- to Francis Henslow "to discharge himself otit of
tfaeW*L/* In T* Beywood's Ed* JFB*

WHITE LION

asks, ** Have you bestowed our small benevolence On
the poor prisoners in the common gaol Of the W* L* and
the King's Bench ** " This is an anachronism, as the
prison was not in existence in the reign of Edward IV*
Taylor, in Works L 91, says, " The ocean that Surety-
ship sails in is the spacious Marshalsea ; sometimes she
anchors at the King's Bench, sometimes at the W* L*
creek/' In Works ii. 138, he speaks of ** the common
prison of Surrey called the W* L."

WHITE LION* A bookseller's sign in St* Paul's church-
yard, Lond* An edition of the Shepherds Kalender (not
Spenser's, but a translation of Le Compost et Kalendrier
des Bergers) was " printed at Lond* by G* Elde for
Thomas Adams dwelling in Paules Church-yard at the
sign of the W, L* 1604*" B* & F* Maid's Trag. was
44 printed for Francis Constable and are to be sold at
the W* L. in Pauls churchyard* 1633." Nabbes' C*
Garden was "printed by Richd* Dalton for Charles
Greene and are to be sold at the sign of the W* L* in
Paul's Churchyard. 1638*"

WHITE LION AND BALL* A bookseller's sigji in
Paul's Churchyard, Lond* Nabbes' Spring was ** printed
by J* Dawson and are to be sold at the sign of the W* L*
& B* in St* Paul's churchyard* 1639."

WHITTOTGTON'S COLLEGE* A set of alms-houses
in Load*, built by Sir Richard Whittington, on the N*
side of St* Michael's Paternoster Royal, on the E* side
of College HOI, which runs S. from Cannon St* to
Upper Thames St* to the E* of Queen St* Provision was
made foe 13 poor men and the necessary officials* In
1808 the Mercers' School was transferred to this site
and the College was removed to Archway Road, High-
gate* La T* Heywood's I.K.M. B,, Nowell says of Sir
Richd*: ** His executors after him did build Whitting-
ton College, 13 almshouses for poor men*" In Eastward
ftr* 4, Touchstone says to Goiding : " I hope to see
thee one of the monuments of our city, to be remembered
when the famous fable of Whittington and his puss
shall be forgotten, and thou and thy acts become the
posies for Hospitals/' In Dekker's Bellman., Whitting-
toa's College is used as thieves' slang for Newgate,
which had been rebuilt and enlarged by Sir Rldbd*
about 1425.

WIGHT, ISLE OF* A small island in the English Chan-
nel off the coast of Hants*, of which it now forms a part*
It is 23 m. long and 13 broad. From the time of Henry
VII its government has been in the hands of a Captain,
or Governor; but the office is now purely honorary. In
T* Heywood's Ed. IV A*, there is a stage direction :
** Enter the Capt. of the lie of W. with Faulconbridge
bound," This is an anticipation ; during the reign of
Edward IV the Governor of the island was entitled the
Lord of W* ; the last holder of the title was Lord Rivers,
who was beheaded by Richd. Ill* In Dekker's West-
ward iii- 3, Justiniano gives a wrong explanation of the
phrase ** Winchester goose " as follows : ** The term
lying in Winchester and many Frenchwomen coming
out of the I* of W* thither (though the I* of W* could
not of long time neither endure foxes nor lawyers, yet
it could brook the more dreadful cockatrice) there were
many punks in the town" (but see under WINCHESTER
HOOSE). In Brome's Academy v* i, Hardy says, " I'tfa* I*
of W* he had embarked himself " [for France]* Donne,
in Satires it* 78, says, ** He'll compass all the land from
Scots to W/* Deioney, in Craft 2* 7, "Within short time
after, the Frenchmen had landed in the Be of W* about
2000 men of war*" This was in 1545*

WINCHESTER

WIGMORE* A castle in Herefordsh*, 20 m* N* of Here-
ford, near the Shropshire boundary* It was one of the
Castles of the Lords Marchers (the Mortimers, and,
through them, the House of York) commanding the
valleys of the Lugg and the Teme* It was in the neigh-
bourhood of W* that Owen Glendower took the Earl of
March prisoner in 1402* In Mirror for Magistrates 298,
Glendower says, " In W*-Iand through battle rigourous
I caught the right heir of the crowned house, The Earl
of March, Sir Edmund Mortimer*" Drayton, in Barons'
Wars iii* 43, says of Mortimer : ** He weighs not wealth,
nor yet his W* left*" In Marlowe's Ed * // ii* 2, Young
Mortimer says, ** W. shall fly, to set my uncle free " ;
i*e* ** I will seE W* to raise troops for freeing my uncle "
(the Earl of March}*

WIGTON* A maritime county in the S.West of Scotland*
In Greene's James IV iv* 3, Slipper asks, ** Shall I wed
Sisley of the Whighton i "

WILMECOT* The home of Shakespeare's mother, Mary
Arden, whose ancestral home is still to be seen there* It
is in Warwicksh., 2 or 3 m* N.West of Stratford* By
some it has been identified with the Wincot mentioned
in Shrew Ind* 2, 23, but without good reason* See under
WINCOT*

WILTON* An ancient town in Wilts* on the Willey, 3 m*
West of Salisbury* Here is W* House, the country seat
of the Earls of Pembroke, where Sir Philip Sidney wrote
his Arcadia* In Death Huntington L 2, Salisbury says,
"[Her] nurse at W* first thou ravished/' Daniel, in Ep*
Dedic. to his Cleopatra, addressed to Mary, Countess of
Pembroke, says, " By them [z*e* these poems] great
Lady, you shall then be known When W* shall He level
with the ground/' John, Lord Grey of W*, is the leader
of the English at the siege of Leith in Sampson's Vow.

WILTSHIRE* A county in the S.West of England.
It includes the famous Salisbury Plain with the great
Druidical Circle known as Stonehenge* It gave their
title to the Earls of W* la Middleton's Quarrel v* i,
Trim speaks of ** the Hanging-Stones of W*," z*e* Stone-
henge (see HANGING STONES)* In King and Queen's
Eiitertainment at Richmond, Tom says, ** Goodman
Minstrel, strike up, play us W* Tom's Delight":
evidently some popular tune* In Marlowe's Ed, II Li,
Mortimer says, ** W*hath men enough to save our heads*"
In iii. 2, the K. says to Spencer : ** I here create thee
Earl of W/' The patent, however, was never issued,
and Spencer never really held the title* The ist Earl
was William le Scrope, created in 1397 ; beheaded at
Bristol in 1399. In R2 ii* i, 215, Richd* sends Bushy
to the Earl of W* to bid him repair to Ely House* In
line 256, Ross complains : 4* The Earl of W* hath the
realm in farm/' In ii* 2, 136, Green brings word that
the Earl is already at Bristol* In iii* 2, 122, Richd* asks
after his welfare, and is told of his death; and the
gardener gives the Q. the same news in iii* 4, 53* La
H6 C* i* i, 14, Montague boasts, showing his bloody
sword, " Brother, here's the Earl of W.'s blood Whom
I encountered as the battles joined," i*e* at the ist
battle of St* Alban's. This was James Butler, son of the
Earl of Ormond, created Earl of W* in 1449* He fought
at St* Alban's, but was not killed there ; he was attainted
and beheaded in 1461* The title is now merged in the
Marquessate of Winchester*

WINCHESTER* One of the oldest cities in England, the
county town of Hampshire, on the right bank of the
Itchin, 62 m* West of Lond* The British name was
Caer Gwent ; the Romans called it Belgarum, which

566

WINCHESTER HOUSE

in the Saxon times became Wente-ceaster ; the legal
Latin form is Wintonia* It was the capital of the West
Saxon kings and, when Egbert became K* of England,
he still retained it as his royal residence* William the
Conqueror built 2 castles, one on the E* and the other
on the West of the city ; and it kept its position as a seat
of the Court through the Norman period* Henry II
resided there for the most part, and rebuilt the Palace ;
but after his death its glory declined, and Lond* took
its place* The chapel of the Castle is still used as a
Court of Assise, and over the Judges' Bench is hung
what is alleged to be the Round Table of King Arthur
and his Knights ; and by many authorities W. is identi-
fied with Camelot, the capital of Arthur (see CAMELOT)*
W* was a centre of trade in wool and textiles during the
I3th and i4th cents*? and its 4 annual Fairs were widely
famous* W* Gauge or Measure became a synonym for
good measure, full and running over* The road between
Lond* and W* was much used, and its muddy condition
became proverbial*

In Merlin iv* 5, Merlin prophesies of Arthur : " It
shall be then the best of knighthood's honour At W* to
fill his castle-hall And at his royal table sit and feast/'
In iii* 6, 154, Aurelius says, " We'll hence to W* and
raise more powers To man with strength the castle
Camilot." In Eastward v* i, Syndefy says, " They were
knights of the Round Table at W* that sought adven-
tures*" LaBrewer'sIopeszcft KingL i, the K* says, "This
city W* is all our strength " ; and the scene of the play
is mostly laid there* In Dekker's Westward iii* 3,
Justiniano wrongly explains the term ** W* Goose ** by
a story of an alleged incident, ** the term then lying at
W* " ; but see under W* HOUSE* In Piers C* vii* 211,
Covetousness tells how he went " to Wy and to Win-
chestre to the faire " ; and in xiv* 52, we are told of
merchants that "wenden on way as to Wynchestre
faire/' Skelton, in Elynor Rwnmiri, says, 4* Full W*
guage We had in that age*" In Webster's Cuckold iv* i,
Pettifog says, " She deposes that she gave him true W*
measure*" In Sharpham's Fleire ii* 39, Fleire promises
his customers ** Measure by your own yard, you shall
have W* measure*" Middleton, in HuVburd, says, " His
breeches were full as deep as the middle of winter, or
the roadway between Lond* and W*" In Verses prefixed
, to Coryat's Crudities, Holland says of the author :
** Whence, a young cockrel, he was sent for knowledge
To W*, and planted in the College*"

The Bp* of W* who appears in Davenport's Matilda
was Sir Peter de Rupibus (1205-1238), who was also
Chief Justice of England* In Bale's Johan 1359,
Wealth says in reference to the Papal Interdict : ** the
bp* of W* Hath full authority to spread it in Ynglond
here*" This is a bad guess on Bale's part; the
Bp* was on the K/s side* The Bp* who makes a brief
appearance in Marlowe's Ed. If v* i and 2 was John de
Stratford, Chancellor and Lord Treasurer of England*
The W* of H6 A* and B* was Henry Beaufort, Cardinal
and Chancellor, 3rd son of John of Gaunt (1406-1447)
(see under BEAUFORT)* He also appears in Day's B*
Beggar ; in i* i, Bedford says of htm : ** W* hath neither
grace nor shame " ; and Canby says to him : ** And
ye were able to give him as much land as would lie
between W* and Walsingham, he would be your prig-
ger*" In Moire UL 2, one Jack Fawkner Is introduced
who claims to be the servant of **M* Morris, secretary
to my Lord of W*" ; and says that the riot for which
he has been arrested was 4* between the Bps*' men of
BeKe and W," This was Bp* Fox, Lord Privy Seal
(1500-1528)* The W* of HS iii* iv* and v* was Stephen

wmcoT

Gardiner, who was appointed in 1531 and deprived m
1550; restored in 1553, and died in 1555* He is also
one of the characters in Cromwell, and appears in
Webster's Wyat, where Wyat says of him : ** My Lord
of W* still thirsts for blood*" Milton wrote an Epitaph
on the Marchioness of W+, beginning " This rich marble
doth inter The honoured wife of W*tr She was Jane,
wife of John Pauktt, 5th Marquis of W*, and died in
1631*

WINCHESTER HOUSE* The London Palace of the
Bps* of W*, built in 1107 by Bp* William Gifiard sod
occupied by successive Bps. until the death of Lancelot
Andrewes in 1626* After his death it was used for a
time as a prison, and was sold in 1647 to one Thomas
Walker* It was restored to the Bp. in 1660 ; but in
1663 it was let in tenements and the park dismantled*
It was destroyed by fire in 1814, and its site is now
occupied by warehouses and other business premises*
It stood immediately West of the ch. of St* Mary Overy
on the Bankside, Southward and had its chief frontage
towards the river, to which access was given by a
landing place called W* Stairs* To the S* and West It
was surrounded by a part the name of which survives
in Park St* It is a prominent feature in the views of
Wyngrerde and Vischer, in which last it is shown as a
Gothic Hall, running E* and West, with a lantern in the
centre* The Bankside with its notorious Stews was in
the liberties of the Bp* ; hence arose the slang rtsume of
W* goose or pigeon for a prostitute, and also for the
venereal disease* In the foreword to L Temple,
it is stated that ** The Masquers with their attendants
set forth from W*H*, which was the rendez-votis,
towards the Court*" Howes, describing the same
Masque, says, "These masquers took barge at W,
Stairs, and rowed to Whitehall against the tide,"

In H6 A* i* 3, 53, Gloucester cries to the Bp* : ** W,
goose, I cry, a rope, a rope I " In Trot?, v* 10, 55,
Pandar, addressing the audience, says, "My fear is
this, Some galled goose of W. would hiss/* Taylor, in
Works i* 105, says, ** There's a goose that breeds at W.
and of all geese my mind is least to her*" In Webster's
Cuckold iv* i, Pettifog says, ** This informer comes into
Turnbutt st* to a victualling house and there falls in a
league with a wench and there got a goose ; she deposes
that she gave him true W* measure." Jonson, in Falcon,
speaks of " the Winchestrian goose Bred on the Bank
in time of popery, Where Venus there maintained the
mystery*** In Chapman's & Olive iv* a* D*Otive says,
" The Court is the only school of good education,
especially jor p^£ncs and ^•^rfOTtspE^^p^^yi^ffE i JPSHiSts or
Padua or the famous school of England called W.
(famous I mean for the goose} where scholars wear
petticoats so long tfll their pen and ink~fao<rtis knock
against their knees ; alt these are but belfries -to the
body or school of the Owe*** There is here an allusion
to v* uliam oit YV y»^"^!*'ii s famocis scoooi* »f? B&cclB&&t
we read of a youth who ** carried a water- wagtail ready
to fly at the fairest goose in W*" In Perm. ParLf it is
said: " Those who play fast and loose with women's
apron-strings may chance make a journey f or a W*
pigeon*" In Nwtendatw (1585), we are told: **A sore
in the groin * * * if it come by lechery, is called ;
goose, or a botch*" See also under WE

WINCOT* Avill*mtheN*o
of Quinton, some 5 or 6 m* S* of «
All that is now left of it is a single farm-house. In the
registers of Quinton Ch* is an entry of the baptism of
SaraHacket, daughter of Robert Hadtet,c»iNov*3ist,

567

WINDHAM

1591* In Shrew Lid., 2, 23, Sly says, " Ask Marian
Hacket, the fat ale-wif e of W., if she know me not/' On
the strength of Sir Aston Cockain's lines (1658) ad-
dressed to Mr* Clement Fisher who lived at Wilnecote,
spelled W* by Sir Aston, Shakespeare's W* has been
identified with Wilnecot* He says, " Shakespeare your
W* ale hath much renowned/' and goes on to speak of
the Sly incident in the Ind* to Shrew. It lies abt* 30 m*
N* of Stratford on Watling St., a little S* of Tamworth*
Others with still less probability have identified W* with
Wilmecot and Woncot (g*i>*)*

WINDHAM, more often spelled WYNDHAM or WYMOND-
HAM. A town in Norfolk, 10 m* S.West of Norwich*
It was the starting point of Ket's rebellion in the reign
ofEdwardVL It had 3 fairs a year : in February, May,
and September* In Day's B* Beggar iv., Strowd says,
" There were a sort of tumblers at Windham fair last
year, and they have made it so stale in Norfolk and
Suffolk that every wench is turned tumbler/'

WINDMILL* A famous tavern at the corner of Old
Jewry and Lothbury, in Load* Originally a Jewish
synagogue, it was transferred to the Fratres de Sacca
on the expulsion of the Jews from England in 1291* It
then passed in succession to Robert Fitzwater (1305) ;
Robert Lange (Lord Mayor in 1439); and Hugh
Qopton (Lord Mayor in 1492). It became a tavern
at the beginning of the i6th cent*, and in 1522 was able
to supply 14 feather-beds, and stabling for 20 horses.
Fuller, in Ckarck History iii* 13, 33, says of the Jews :
" After their expulsion, their synagogue was turned into
the Convent of the Friars of the Sack, or De Poeni-
tentia Jesu ; and after their suppression it became suc-
cessively the house, first of a lord, then of a merchant,
since of any man for his money ; being turned into a
tavern with the sign of the W. ; a proper sign to express
the moveableness of that place, which, with several
gales of success, hath been turned about from so many
owners and to so many uses/* InT.Heywood'sJMC.Jfcf*
B. 282, Tawniecoat, coming from the Stocks market,
says, M Sure this is the lane ; there's the W/' In Jon-
son's Ev. Man L L i, young Wellbred addresses his
letter to young KnoweH ** fom the W/' ; and begins
it: ** Why hast thott forsworn all thy Mends i' the Old
Jewry ^^ In iv* 6, Formal takes Brainworm ** to the
W^j there we shall have a cup of neat grist, we call
It ** ? and in v* 3, Brainworm says that the newly-
married couple ** are ready to bespeak their wedding
supper at the W/* la the list of Taverns in NewsBarthoL
Fair, we have " The W. in Lothbury/' There was also
a W* tavern in St* George's Fields (g.i;.). In H4 B* in.
2, 208* Shallow says to Falstaff : ** O Sir John, do you
remember since we lay all night in the W* in St* George's
field*"*

WINDMILL* The sign of a tavern in Foy* Jn T* Hey-
mxxTs Maid of West A* i. 4, Spencer says to Bess : ** I
have a house in Foy, a tavern called the W* ; that
I freely give thee/' Parts of Acts ii* and ui. take
place there*

WINDMILLS* Certain windmills erected in the reign
of El&abeth in Finsbury Fields, Lond*, on a piece of
ground where 1,000 cartloads of bones from the charnel
house of St* Paul's had been buried in 1549 ; it was
afterwards used for the interment of criminals who had
been hanged. The W* stood some where near the N*West
corner of the present Finsbury Sq* In Stadey 616,
Blurt says of Jack Dudley: " He's in Fiasbury gaol for
hurting a man behind the w* last Saturday/* In Mtd-

WINDSOR

dleton's Quarrel iv* i, Chough says, " I have heard 'em
roar from the six w* to Islington/' In Shirley's Wedding
iv. 3, a man, speaking at Finsbury, says, *4 1 see nothing
but 5 or 6 w* I " The road past them was called Wind-
mill Hill* In Middleton's Hubburd, p* 96, the soldier,
who has gone to Finsbury Fields to beg* says, ** Looking
down Windmill Hill I might espy a fine-fashioned
dame."

WINDSOR— more exactly, NEW WINDSOR* A town
in Berks* on the S* bank of the Thames, 21 m* S*West of
Lond* A bdge. connects it with Eton on the other side
of the river. Old W* Hes abt. 3 m* S*E* of the Castle,
and was a favourite residence of the Saxon kings* There
was, however, a fortress at New W*, where the Round
Tower now stands ; and William the Conqueror sur-
rounded it with a stone wall* Henry III built the first
Round Tower of the Castle, and it was reconstructed
by Edward III, and finally raised to its present height
by George IV. From the time of Henry I* the Castle,
which stands on a hill E* of the town, has been the chief
residence of the English sovereigns* Edward III carried
out extensive works there under the direction of William
of Wykeham ; and in the time of Richd* II Chaucer was
Clerk of the Works* The Chapel of St* George, founded
by Edward III for the Knights of the Garter, was
rebuilt, much in its present form, by Edward IV*
Henry VII added to the buildings, and Elizabeth began
the Terraces which are so striking a feature of the
Castle* It was greatly improved and largely rebuilt by
Sir Jeffry Wyattville in the reign of George IV* It is
surrounded by the Little Park, some 18 m. in circuit ;
beyond this to the west is W* Forest, connected with
the Castle by the famous Long Walk ; it contains many
magnificent oaks, and is well stocked with deer*

The scene of M. W. W. is laid at W., and Shakespeare
shows an intimate knowledge of the locality* There are
references to the Garter Lan, Frogmore, Datchett Mead,
the Thames, Reading, Maidenhead, Colebrook,
Herne's Oak, Eton, and Brentford j for which see under
the respective names* In ii* 2, 62, Quickly refers to the
time ** when the Court lay at W/* In iii* i, 5, Simple
says he has looked ** the pittie-ward, the park-ward,
every way ; Old W* way and every way but the town
way ** (see Pittie Ward). In iii. 3, 230, Page says he
would not have Ford's distemper " for the wealth of
W* Castle/' In iv. 3, 29, Herne is said to have been
" sometime a keeper here in W. forest." In v* 5, i,
Falstaff says, " The W. bell hath struck 12," t*c* the
Castle dock* In line 14, he says, " I am here, a W*stag/'
In line 60, Quickly says, " Search W* Castle, elves,
within and out/' In Middleton's R. G. v. 2, Greene
says, " Lambeth joins more mad matches than your six
wet towns 'twixt that and W* Bdge " ; probably Ful-
ham, Richmond, Kingston, Hampton, Chertsey, and
Staines are the towns intended* In Brome's Sparagus
iii* ii, Rebecca says, " I do long to go to W. to know if
the prophecy be as true there as 'tis reported here, that
all old women shall die/' In Deloney's Reading xi*,
Jarman, the murderous innkeeper of Colebrook, " soon
after was taken in W* Forest*"

In Davenport's Matilda ii* i, the boy says, " I have
heard of W. Castle ; my father told me there are brave
bows and arrows and drums there " ; and the scene of
iii* i is laid at W. Castle* In Death Hwitington iii* 3,
the K* says, " You shall stay in W. Castle with Sir
Walter Blount." In Greene's Friar vi., Bungay says,
" Lacy, the Earl of Lincoln, is kte fled from W* Court/'
The scenes of 82 & 2 and v* 6 are laid at W* Castle*

568

WINGFIELD

In H4 A* i* i, 104, the K* says, ** On Wednesday next
our Council will we hold At W/* In S* Rowley's When
you L* 3, K* Henry VIII says to the Emperor Charles
V : ** Your Majesty shall take the order [sc* of the
Garter] And sit installed therewith in W* Castle/' In
True Trag*> p. 127, it is predicted of Henry VIII that
he shall be " buried in W." He was buried in St.
George's Chapel by his own wish, next to his Q., Jane
Seymour* The only sovereign previously buried there
was Edward IV* The iron grille of Edward's tomb still
remains, but there is no trace of Henry's* In Mayne's
Match iii. i, Plotwell mentions W* Castle as a popular
show-place that attracted large crowds. Amongst the
curiosities preserved there was a so-called Unicorn's
Horn, brought home by Frobisher after his and voyage ?
it was 2 yards long, and was probably the horn of a
narwhale* In verses prefixed to Coryat's Crudities,
Peacham mentions amongst the sights of England
" The horn of W. (of a Unicorn very likely)/' In
Nabbes* Bride iiL 2, Ferret says, "He would gladly
part with all that he hath for the Unicorn's horn at W."
Jonson's Gipsies was performed at W* Castle in August
1621* and amongst the characters are "all the good
wenches of W*: Prue of the Park* Frances of the
Castle* Long Meg of Eaton* and Christian of Dorney*"
One of the scenes in Carew's Coelum Britannicwn is ** a
prospect of W. Castle/' In H4 B* ii* i, 100, the Hostess
says to Falstaff : ** The Prince broke thy head for liking
his father to a singing-man of W* *' ; £.e* one of the
singers in the royal chapel of St. George.

In Fair Em. ii. 2, William the Conqueror masquerades
as Sir Robert of W* The 6th son of Edward I* who died
young, was known as William of W* In H6 B* ii* 2* 17,
York says. 4* William of W. was the 7th and last " ; i*e*
of Edward's sons* In this Shakespeare follows Holin-
shed, who mistakenly makes Thomas of Woodstock
the 6th and William of W* the 7th son. Henry VI was
born at W* In H6 A. in. i, 199. Exeter quotes a
prophecy ** that Henry born at Monmouth should win
all* and Henry born at W* lose all." In Puritan ii* i, the
Widow speaks of ** the prophecy in the Chronicle * * *
Harry of Monmouth won all* and Harry of W* lost all/'
Hall quotes Henry V as saying " I Henry* bom at Mon-
mouth* shall small time reign and much get* and Henry*
born at W** shall long reign and all lose." The Lord W*
mentioned in Stacley 153 was Edward* 3rd Baron W*
of Stanwell ; the title has nothing to do with the place
W** but was the surname of the ist Baron>

Pensions and apartments in the Castle were granted
to a certain number of military men in necessitous
" circumstances, who were known as ** the poor knights
of W/T In Middleton's Mad World ii* 2, Sir Bounteous
says, " I was knighted at Westminster, but many of
these nights will make me a knight of W/' In Eastward
iv* 2, one of the gentlemen says to Sir Peter : ** A poor
km^ht of England! A poor knight of W* are you not i"
Middleton* in Hubfoard, p* 104, says* "One of the poor
knights of Poetry, worse by odds than one of the poor
knights of W/* In Shirley's C; Maid iii* i, the servant
says, " You'll not look [in those clothes] like a poor
knightofW*" InhisP&osnrev*i,Borawelisayshewill
go to the wars ** and, if the bullets fevorar me to snatch
any superfluous limb, when I return, with good friends
I despair not to be enrolled poor knight of W*" In
Middleton's Chess iii. i, the Fat Bp* says he has been
made "Dean of the poor alms-knights that wear
badges/* He (Spalato) was made Dean of W. by
James I*

WITHAM

WINGFIELD* The name of 2 vills. in Derbysh*, dis-
tinguished as N* and S* W* S* Wingfield lies on the
Amber, 14 m* N* of Derby* It possesses the ruins of a
fine castellated manor-house built in the ijth cent* by
Ralph Cromwell and resided in for a time by the captive
Mary Q* of Scots* In H6 A* iv, 7, 66, one of Lord
Talbot's titles is « Lord Cromwell of W/'

WINGHAM* A vill* in Kent, 7 m* E* of Canterbury, on
the road to Sandwich. It has an ancient eh* and some
interesting half-timbered houses* In H6 B* iv. a> 24,
Holland sees among Jack Cade's followers "Best's
son, the tanner of W."

WINIFRED'S WELL (SAINT). A spring in the ne^fa-
bourhood of Holywell in the county of Flint, N. Wales j
it lies on the West side of the estuary of the Dee some
6 m. N.West of Flint* It was said to have risen from the
blood of St. Winifred, a Christian maiden who was
ravished and beheaded here in the 7th century by a
certain Prince Cradocus or Caradoc ; he was swallowed
up alive by the earth, but the virgin's head was re-united
to her body, and she lived for 15 years afterwards* The
Well was enclosed in a chapel from early times; the
present shrine was built by Henry VII* It contained
images of the Virgin Mary and the Saint; but both
have disappeared* It was a famous place of pilgrimage,
and many cures were alleged to have been wrought by
its waters*

The story of St* Winifred is told at length in Deloney's
Craft. In the preface he says, " Round this well did
grow a kind of moss, which is of a most sweet savottr,
and the colour thereof is as fresh m Winter as in Sum-
mer." W* Rowley, in Shoemaker i. 3, tells the story of
the origin of the well, and an Angel, appearing from it,
declares that it shall have power to cure kpers, and to
heal the blind and lame ; but he transfers Winifred to
the latter part of the 3rd cent., and makes her perish
with her lover, Sir Hugh, at St. Alban's in the Diodesiaii
persecution. In J. Heywood's F<mr PP* i. i, the Palmer
r.larmg to have been ** at Saynt WynefreoVs W. tn
Wales*" In Munday's John Kent ii., Cumber says,
44 They at St* Winifrides fair hallowed spring Went with
the Countess/* In Brome's M* Beggars ii. i, Hilliard
proposes to the company ** a pilgrimage to St. Wini-
fride's W/' Taylor, in Works i* 33, says, " St* W* W.,
the Bath, or the Spaw, are not to be compared with this
ship [the Sleeper] for speedy ease and cure*" Nash, in
Lenten, says that springs can be obtained in Norfolk
** as apt and accomcxlated as St. W* W* so much praised
and sought after*** Drayton, in Pofyofa* iv* 197, cals
it ** The sacred Virgin's Well," and sa$s tiiat Hie aiass
from it was used In pomanders as a precautiexi against

SAINT* Saint Wmoso, or WBTOC, was a
Flemish Abbot and saint of die 8th cent* ; I feawe not
been able to find any ch* dedicated to fetm anywfKne Itt
or near Loud.; possibly the cfcuis as fictitious as tfae rest
of the butter's story* MWilkte'S^orca^Mom^giei?*^
the butler says of the sa|)f>osed robbers : " They toofc
over the lawns and left Winno steepk on the left hand/*

WITHAM.

N-E*ofOaelmsfbrd. It is said to have been fooaciecf fey
Edward the Elder on the site of an old Romaai station.
Half a mile from W. itself is Little W*, on Chipping HiL
In J* Heywood's Weather, p. ioo* W* is mentioned as
one of the places visited by Merry Report. In Wilson's
Pedler 481, thePedler says, "At Little W:7years Imnt
to school and there I learnt the science of Morosop&ie.

569

WITNEY

WITNEY* An ancient town in Oxfordsh*, ii m* West of
Oxford* It had a considerable trade in blankets and
woollens ; waggon-loads of blankets were sent to Lond*
every week to be sold there* The W* singers of the
quotation were, I suppose, the itinerant vendors of W*
blankets* In Chawtideers iv*, Heath says, ** The W*
singers are but chattering magpies to this melodious
nightingale/*

WITTENBERG* A town in Saxony on the Elbe* 55 m*

S*West of Berlin. It had a famous University, founded

in 1503 and incorporated with the University of Halle

in 1817* The buildings are now transformed into a

military barracks* The town owes its chief celebrity

to its connection with Luther and the Reformation.

The Augusrinfan Monastery in which he lived is still

partly preserved and is used as a Luther Museum* The

Schloss-kirche, to the doors of which he affixed his 95

theses in 1517, was much damaged by fire in 1760, and

has been rebuilt, the old wooden doors being replaced

by bronze ones, on which the theses are inscribed* The

tombs of Luther and Melancthon are in this ch. Luther

was appointed Professor in the University in 1508 ; and

Dr* Faustus was believed to have been a student there*

In Ham* i* 2, 113, the K* says that Hamlet's " intent

In going back to school [£.e* to the University] in W*"

is contrary to his own desire j and in 119, the Q. prays

him " Go not to W*" From 164 and 168 we learn that

Hbcatio has also been a student at W* All this is ex-

treme anachronism ; but such a matter was not even

a mote to trouble the mind's eye of the Poet* In Mar-

lowe's Faastm Prol* 13, we are told of Faust : " Of

riper years to W* he went," and that he took his Doctor's

Degree there in Divinity. In the ist edition it is printed

** Wertenberg " ; but this is a mere slip in spelling, as

the Faast-Buch shows* In Milkmaids ii* 2, Dorigene

says of Bernard : " I hope he did not spend his time

so ill in the University of W/' In Chettle's Hoffman C*

x, Jerom says, " I am no fool, I have been at W, where

wit grows*" In Dekker's Shoemaker's L i, Lincoln says

ofhis nephew Roland: " My jolly coz became a shoe-

maker in W*"

WODSTOCK* Sec WOODSTOCK*

WOLF* The sign of a house in Cheapside, Lond* In
WHaas' Ettfwced Marriage iv* 2, thebutkr says, ** lam
B&W going to their place of residence, situate in the
choicest place in the city, and at the sign of the Wolf,
just against Goldsmiths-Row."

WOLGHA.

VOLGA.

WOLPIT, or WOOLPIT. A vill* in Suffolk, 3 m* E. of
Bury St. Edmund's* An image of the Virgin Mary,
which stood there, had some local repute* La Poverty,
f>* 315, Envy says, ** Hence, whoreson I By our Lady
of Wolpit I shall rap thee of the pate."

WONCOT, or WOODMANCOTE* A vill* in the N* of
Gfoucestersh*, 3 m. West of Winchcombe* In H4 B*
v* i, 42, Davy says, ** I beseech you, Sir, to counten-
ance William Visor of W* against Clement Perkes of
the Ml*** The hill is still the local name for Stinch-
cotaobe HSU which rises above the vill* to the height of
915 ft* A family of Visors, or Vizards, was living there
unta recent years ; and the Perkes, or Purchas, family
was there until 1812* Some have identified the Wincot
in Shrew Ihd. 2, 23 with W*, and in some editions it is
so spelt; felt this is quite wrong* Sounder WINCOT*

WOOD STREET

WOODKERK, or WOODCHURCH* A vill* in West
Riding Yorksh*, on the road from Leeds to Dewsbury*
There was a monastery there, which was a cell of Nostell
Priory and was founded about uoo* The Towneley M*
P* were acted by the Guilds of Wakefield at the Fair
held at Woodkirk by the Canons of Nostell at the feast
of the Assumption*

WOOD'S CLOSE, possibly the same as WOOD'S or WOOD
GREEN* A vill* abt* 3$ m* N* of Islington, just beyond
Hornsey* In T* Heywood's Royal King iv*, the Clown
says, ** Away, betake you to the end of the town ; let
me find you between Wood's Close and Islington*"

WOODSTOCK* An ancient town in Oxfordsh* on the
Glyme, 8 m* N.West of Oxford* The old Manor-house
was a royal residence as early as the time of Alfred the
Great. It was a favourite retreat of Henry I, and it was
here that Henry II used to meet Rosamund Clifford,
whom he is said to have concealed in the heart of a kind
of maze* Thomas, D* of Gloucester, the youngest son
of Edward III, was born here* The chief manufacture
of the town is gloves* In T* Heywood's Ed. IV B., the
Q* says, " There was once a k*, Henry the second, who
did keep his leman Caged up at W* in a labyrinth*" In
Skelton's Magnificence, foL xiv*, Crafty Conveyance
swears ff by the rood of Wodstocke Park*" In H6 B*
ii* 2, 16, York speaks of ** Thomas of W*, D* of Glou-
cester " ; he calls fo'*n the 6th son of Edward III, fol-
lowing Holinshed ; but William of Windsor was really
the 6th and Thomas the yth son* In Rz L 2, i> Gaunt
says, " Alas, the part I had in W/s blood Doth more
solicit me than your exclaims*" This is the reading of
the Qq; the Ff have " Glouster's*" W* plays a
prominent part in Trag* Richd. II, where his kidnapping
and murder at Calais are fully described. See under
GLOUCESTER*

WOOD STREET* Lond*, running N* from Cheapside
between Cutter Lane and Milk St* Probably it derived
its name from the article sold there, like most of the
streets running off Cheapside ; cf. Bread St*, Milk St*,
etc* At the S*West corner of W* St. and Cheapside was
the Ch* of St* Peter in Cheap, on the site of which grew
the tree immortalised by Wordsworth* A little higher
up on the E, side was the Compter, or Counter (g*i>*)*
At the corner of Hugin Lane is the Ch* of St* Michael ;
and at the comer of Love Lane on the E* side that of
St* Aiban* The Cheapside Cross stood opposite the
endofW*St*

Taylor, in Works ii* 239, says, ** They have set up a
cross post in Cheapside on Sundays near W*-st* end,
which makes the coaches rattle further from the Ch*"
Peacham, in Worth of a Penny, p* i, mentions that the
lodging of the Ambassador of the K. of Morocco was in
W. St* In Curtain Drawer of the World (1612), it is
mentioned that the well-known strong man from High
Germany (for whom see under GERMANY) lived in W*
St* Gascoigne, in Steel Glass 791, speaks of young
roisterers who are sent ** To read Arithmetic once every
day In W.-st*, Bread-st*, and in Potdtery, Where such
schoolmasters keep their counting-house"; i*e* the
Counter* In W. Rowley's New Wonder iv*, Speedwell
says, 4t I love tobacco, but would be loth to drink in
W*-st* pipes*" In Dekker's Westward iii* i, Tenterhook
says to his wife: "Buy a link and meet me at the
Counter in W*-st*" In Middleton's Michaelmas & 3,
Shortyard speaks of ** the 2 city hazards, Poultry and
Wood-st*" In his Phoenix iv* 3, the Officer says, " In
London stand 2 most famous Universities, Poultry and

WOOKEY HOLE

W*-st*, where some have taken all their degrees from
the Master's side down to the Mistress* side, the Hole/'
In his .R* G* iii. 3, Wengrave says, ** Sir Davy, send your
son to W*-st* College, A gentleman can nowhere get
more knowledge/' In W* Rowley's Match Mid* ii* 2,
when Alexander says that the Lieutenant was a Serjeant
first, Tim asks, "Of the Poultry* or of W.-st***" In
Sharpham's Fleire iv* 160, Ruffel tells of a Serjeant and
a yeoman who have been put out to nurse "at the
Counter in W*-st/* Liberality was 44 printed by Simon
Stafford for George Vincent and are to be sold at the
sign of the Hand-in-Hand in W*-st* over against S*
Michael's Ch* i6o2/' Wilkins' Enforced Marriage was
published by Vincent at the same place in 1607*

WOOKEY HOLE* A cavern at Wookey, a yilL in Somer-
setsh*, 2 m. West of Wells* The Axe rises in this cavern ;
and prehistoric remains have been found in it* In
Middleton's Quarrel v* i, Chough speaks of "W*
H* in Somersetsh*" as one of the places he went
through on his way from Cornwall to Lond.

WOOLSACK, A tavern in Lond*, without Aldgate,
famous for its pies* In Jonsoa's Alchemist v* i, Subtle
says to Dapper : ** Her Grace would have you eat no
more W* pies/ no Dagger frumety*" In his Devil L i,
Iniquity says, " We will put in at Custom-house key
there And see how the factors and prentices play there
False with their masters, and geld many a full pack,
To spend it in pies at the Dagger and W*" There was
another W., in Ivy Lane* In Dekker's Shoemaker's iy.
5, Firk says, " A mess of shoemakers meet at the W* in
Ivy Lane*"

WOOLSTAPLE* The central woolstaple for England
was established in Westminster in 1353* All wool sent
out from Lond* had to be brought there for registration
and to pay duty* The site of the W* was on the N* of
New Palace Yard,, where Bridge St* now runs* It was
divided into 2 parts, the long and the round* In Jonson's
Staple iii* 2, Mrs* Tattle enumerates the places where
she seeks for the latest news : ** The conduits in West-
minster, all the news of Tuttle St*, and both the
Abn'ries* the two Sanctuaries, long and round W*, with
King's st* and Canon-Row to boot*" Taylor, in Works
& 225, tells of a soldier who ** dwelt lately in West-
minster, in the round W*"

WOOLWICH* A town in Kent on the S* bank of
the Thames, 8 nu E* of Lond* and 35 from the
Nore Light at the mouth of the river. The import-
ance of the town dates from the foundation of the Royal
Dockyard by Henry VIII about 1515* The Royal
Arsenal was removed there from Moorfields in 1716
and became of great importance during the Napoleonic
wars* In Jonson's Volppne ii* i, Peregrine tells how a
whale was " discovered in the river as high as W/' This
occurred in January 1605* Act ii* 2 of Fair Women is
laid at W* In line 163, Barnes, speaking of Saunders,
who is at Loud*, says, " I hope at afternoon a pair of
oars May bring h«" down to w*n In line 209, Old John
says, " I dreamed that I heard the bells of Barking as
plain to our town of W* as if I had lain in the
In line 177, Beane says that the reach " between
wall and W*" is the most dangerous part of the journey
to Lond*

WORCESTER. The county town of Worcestersh*, on

. the E* bank of the Severn, 102 m* N*West of Lond*

The great glory of the city is the Cathedral, begun by

WORLD? S END

Bp* Wulfstan scon after the Conquest, and completed
in 1216* It was very thoroughly repaired in 1857* It
contains the tombs of K* John and of Prince Arthur.
elder brother of Henry VIII* The Castle, which stood
S* of the Cathedral, has entirely disappeared* There
seems to have been a regular play-house at W* as early
as the reign of Henry VIIL One of the companies of
actors mentioned by Henslowe was the Earl of W*fs*
This was Edward Somerset, who died in 1628* Thomas
Nabbes, the dramatist, was a W* man* In the Consis-
tory Court of W*, under date November aSth, 1582,
2 husbandmen of Stratford, Sandells and Richardson,
became sureties to free the Bp* from liability in case of
any lawful impediment to the marriage of "William
Shagspeare and Anne Hathwey*** This probably,
though not certainly, refers to the great dramatist's
marriage, which took place in 1582*

In jRT*/* v* 7, 99, Prince Henry says of John : ** At
W* must his body be interred, For so he willed it*" In
H4 A. iy* i, 125, Vernon says of Glendower : ** I
learned in W*, as I rode along, He cannot draw his
power this 14 days/' The Earl of W* who appeals in
Rs as breaking bis staff of office and joining Boling~
broke, and who subsequently is the leading spirit in tiie
revolt of the Percies against the K* in H4f and is spoken
of by Westmoreland, in H4 A. L i, 96, as ** W*, Malevo-
lent to you [the King] in all aspects/* was Thomas
Percy, younger brother of Henry, Earl of Northumber-
land ; he was created Earl in 1397, taken prisoner and
beheaded at Shrewsbury in 1402* He was the first and
last of his family to hold the tide. Cromwell defeated
Charles II and bis army of Scots at W* on Sept* ^rd*
1651* Milton, in Sonnet to Cromwell 9, says, ** Duribar
field resounds thy praises loud And W/s laureat
wreath/' In Cowley's Cutter i. 5, Cutter boasts tliat he
has served the K* " everywhere ; and the last time at
W/' In Jpnson's BarthoL iii. i, Nightingale sings a
ballad beginning : 4* At Worc'ster 'tis known well, and
even in the jail, A knight of good worship did there
show his face Against the foul sinners, in zeal for to
rail, And lost ipso facto his purse in the place."

WORCESTERSHIRE. One of the midland counties of
England, lying between Shropsh., Stafford, Hereford.
Gloucester, and Warwick* The salt works at Droitwich
go back to old Roman times, and were still important in
the days of Elizabeth* In a song entitled ** The Cries
of Rome " appended to T* Heywcod's Locrece, we have
"Salt — Salt — white Worstershire salt!" According
to Old Meg, p. i, W* was famous «* for Bag-pypes/*

WORLD* Another name for the GLOBE THE&TBE (g*p*},
the sign of which was Hercules carrying the world cm
his shoulders. Jooson, m Valcon* describes tiie teroin®
of the Globe in 1613 and says, w See the World's ruins ;
nothing but the piles Left, and wit since to cover it with
ties/*

WORLD'S END*
Knightsbridge, Load* The Gardens lay S» of KragfUs-
bridge, at the N- end of what is now Lowndes Sq*,
nearly opposite the Albert Gate of Hyde Park* Pepys
more than, once mentions carouses fee had there. Tfeere
was another W* E* tavern in King's Rd., Chelsea, just
West of Battersea Bridge ; the sign is still retained at
459 King's Rd* In both cases the name indicated tiie
distance of the tavern from Lond. In T* Heywood* s
Locrece 11*5, Valerius sings ia his list of taverns : **TIie
banquerout [goes] to the W. E»"

571

WORMS

WORMS* The ancient Borbetomagus, a city now in
Hesse-Darmstadt, once a sovereign Bishopric ; on the
Rhine, 28 m* S* of Mainz. It was for a time the residence
of Charlemagne, and many Diets of the Holy Roman
Empire were held there, the most famous being that of
1521, when Luther appeared before Charles V* In Ham*
iv* 3, 20, Hamlet says of the dead Polonius : " A certain
convocation of politic worms are e'en at him- Your
worm is your only emperor for diet*** There can be
little doubt that there is a reference to the Diet of 1521*

WORTLEY* A vilL in West Riding Yoiks*, about 10 m*
N* of Sheffield* There is also a W*, a suburb of Leeds ;
but the former is the one intended in the quotation* In
Downfall Htmtington i* 3, Little John says* " At Row-
ford* Sowtham, W*, Hothersfield, Of all your cattle
money shall be made, And I at Mansfield will attend
your coming*"

WOXFORD* I have not been able to find any such place ;
perhaps the name is invented for the sake of the rhyme*
Possibly it may be meant for Wixford, a town a m, S*
of Alcester in Warwickshire ; or Yoxford (g*v*)* In T*
Heywood's Hogsdon iv* i, Sir Boniface says, ** Natus
eram in Woxford ; and I proceeded in Oxford*"

WREXHAM, WRICKSOM, or RDCAM* A town in
Denbighsh*, N* Wales, on a tributary of the Dee, n nu
S*West of Chester* The ch* was built in 1470, and its
tower, 155 ft in height, and reckoned one of the 7
wonders of Wales, was completed in 1500* The first
ch* organ in Wales was erected in W. Ch*, and was an
object of great pride to the Welsh people* It was un-
fortunately destroyed by the Puritans in the Civil War*
Fynes Moryson, in Itin* iii* 3, 143, says that the town
W* is " beautified with a most fair tower, called the
Holy Tower, and commended for the musical organs
in the ch/* In T* Heywood's Royal King i*, the Welsh-
man says, ** It was told us in Wales that you have great
pigge organ in Pauls and pigger by a great deal than our
organ at Rixam/* In Joason's Wales, Howeli sings of
** our louder W*organ/* In B. &F* Pi/gran iv* 3, a Welsh
madman says, u The organs at Rixum were made by
revelations; there Is a spirit blows and blows the
*** In W* Rowley's Shoemaker ui* 2, 184,

WYTHAM

Barnaby, with amusing disregard of his supposed date
(A*D* 297), speaks of ** the great organ at Wricksom/*

WROTHAM, or WROOTHAM* A vill* in Kent, n m*
N*West of Maidstone* It has a fine old ch*, and the
ruins of the old palace of the Archbps* of Canterbury
still remain* In Oldcastte, the parish priest, who has
turned highwayman and goes about robbing travellers,
accompanied by his Doll, is Sir John of W* In iv* i, he
says, ** I have but one parsonage, W* ; 'tis better than
the Bishoprick of Rochester ** ; and he goes on : ** W*
Hill pays me tithe *' — through the travellers he waylays
there ; it was on the road between Lond* and Maidstone*
This worthy parson was a real person, and was im-
prisoned in Newgate in 1418*

WYAN* See GUIENNJB*

WYE* A river rising on the S» side of PHnlimmon in S*
Wales, and flowing through Herefordsh. and between
Monmouthand Gloucester shires to fall into the estuary
of the Severn just below Chepstow* The scenery of the
valley of the W* is specially beautiful* In H4 A* iii* i,
65, Glendower boasts: " Thrice from the banks of W*
And sandy-bottomed Severn have I sent him [K*
Henry] Bootless home/' In #5 iv* 7, 29, Fluellen says,
" There is a river in Macedon ; and there is also more-
over a river at Monmouth; it is called W* at Mon-
mouth*" In line 1 1 1, he says to the K*: " All the water
in W* cannot wash your Majesty's Welsh plood out of
your pody/* In Death Hvntington ii* 2, young Bruce
speaks of " the Lord of the March that lies on W*, Lug,
and the Severn streams*** Drayton, in Polyolb. vii* 196,
says that the W* ** right her name to show, Oft windeth
in her way, as back she meant to go***

WYLSDOME, now WELLESDEN* A suburb of Lond*,
now a well-known railway junction* It was formerly a
small vill** lying 7 m* N*West of St* Paul's* There was
an image of the Virgin Mary there which was much
visited by pilgrims* Along with several other such
images, it was brought to Chelsea and burnt in 1538*
In J* Heywood's Four PP* i* i, the Palmer claims to
have been " at Wylsdome*"

WYTHAM*

573

X

XANTHUS (another name for the SCAMATOER), One of
the rivers of ancient Troy (g»i>*)* Homer, Iliad xx* 74,
says that it was called X* by the Gods and Scamander by
men* In Peele's Arraignment ii* 2, Juno says, " X* shaft
run liquid gold for thee to wash thy hands/* In Mar-
lowe's Dido ii* i, Aeneas says, ** That town there should
be Troy, yon Ida's hill, There's X* stream, because
here's Priamus/' La Taming of a Shrew, Has*, p* 513,
Ferando says, ** More fair and radiant is my bonny Kate
Than silver X* when he doth embrace The ruddy
Simois at Ida's feet/' In Nero iv. i, the Emperor says
of Poppaea : " Such Venus is when on the sandy shore
Of X* or on Ida's pleasant green She leads the dance/'

In Locrine iiL 4, 9, the hero says of the God of War :
** He drove the Argives over X. streams/' Spenser,
F* Q* iii* 9, 35, makes the X* and the Scamander
separate rivers ; the Trojan dames, he says, " Saw
the fields of fair Scamander strown With carcases of
noble warriors* * * * And X* sandy banks with blood
all overflown/'

XERES, pronounced Sheres (see SHERRIS)* In Devonshire
L 2, the Merchant says, "Our Sherryes merchants,
though few of us be here, shall soundly pay to the
furnishing of this navy/' The trial in the last Act is held
at Sherryes*

573

YARMOUTH, A spt* and fishing station at the mouth of
the Yare, just at the boundary of Norfolk and Suffolk ;
the tn^frr part of the town is in the former county, but
a small part is in the latter* It is 122 m* N*E* of Lond*
It is an ancient town, and part of its old walls still
remains* The parish ch* of St* Nicholas, founded in
i 101, is one of the largest in England* The Roads afford
good anchorage* It is epecially famous for its herring
fisheries, and Y* bloaters are renowned throughout the
world* There was a theatre here in the i6th cent. The
alternative title of Hash's Lenten is " Concerning the
Description and first Procreation and Increase of the
town of Great Y* in Norfolk*" In Jonson's Alchemist
v* 3, Face says, " You shall hear of the Captain at Y*,
or some good port-town else, lying for a wind/* In
Brewer's Lovesick King ii*, Randolph says, ** Bid them
put in at Lyn and Y." Dekker, in News from Hell, says,
** More salt water runs out of them [Charon's eyes] than
would pickle all the herrings that shall come out of Y*"

YGUALADA* A town in N*E* Spain in Catalonia, 36 m*
N*W* of Barcelona* In B* & F* Pilgrimage, ii* 4 and
iii* 1 and 2 are laid in an inn at Y* and its neighbourhood*

YNGLOND* See ENGLAND*

YORK* The county town of Yorks*, lying at the junction
of the Ouse and Foss, 188 m. N* of Lend*, on the North
Road. Off gin ally it was a British town and was called
Caar-EbrocorEorauc* Under the Romans it was known
as Eboracum and was their military centre in the N* Of
the original Roman walls some parts remain near
Bootham Bar* The Emperor Hadrian held his court
here in A*D* 120; here Severus died in 311 and Con-
stantius Chlorus in 306 ; and here his son Constantine
the Gt* was declared Emperor* After the English con-
quest it was named Eoforwic, and Edwin after his con-
version in 627 made it an archbp/s see, with jurisdiction
over the northern province of England and the whole
of Scotland* Under Alcuin it became one of the most
famous seats of learning in Europe* The first English
Parliament was held at Y* in 1175* The walls of the
English city are in good preservation, and are entered
by 4 fine gates or bars— Micklegate Bar on the S* ;
Bootham Bar on the N. ; Monk Bar, formerly Good-
ramgate Bar, on the W*, on the Scarborough road ; and
Walmgate Bar on the S*E* The ; Castle was enclosed by
its present wall in 1836, but it includes remains of the
structure of William the Conqueror in Clifford's Tower ;
it is now used as a gaol* The Minster, dedicated to St.
Peter, occupies the site of the ch* in which K* Edwin
was baptised in 637 ; the oldest part of the building is
the transepts, which belong to the i^th cent* ; the nave
was completed £a 1345 ; the new choir in 1400* The
towers were built during the r$th cent*; and the
building as it now is was consecrated in 1473* The
rains of St. Mary's Abbey date back to the nth cent*
The Ouse has been crossed from time immemorial by
a bridge at the point where the Ouse Bdge* now stands*
From its position Y* was subject to attacks from the
Scots in times of border warfare* The phrase ** from
Lo&d* to Y/* is used to mean the whole length of
England. Y* Is famous in the history of the Drama for
the performance by the craft-guilds of a cycle of
Mystery Plays from the middle of the i4th cent* till
abot& 1580* This Cyck has been happily r&eserved
and consists of 48 scenes, extending from the Creation
to die Day of Judgment ; but there were originally 57

scenes* The performances took place at the festival of
Corpus Christi, on the Thursday after Whit-Sunday.
In Vol. Welsh, iv* 5, Caradoc says, " At Y* the noble
Prince Menusius dwells**' In Brewer's Lovesick King,
iv* if the K* of Scots says, "Alone the city Y* holds firm
again, Whose buildings we will level to the earth Unless
they yield up the city/' In Marlowe's Ed * // ii* 2, Lan-
caster reports : " Upon the walls of Y* the Scots make
road And unresisted draw away rich spoils*" In Ed. Ill
L 2, K* David says, ** We will so persist With eager
roads beyond their city Y/* In RZ v* 5, 73, the Groom
tells how ** travelling towards Y/* he has managed to
come to Pontefract to visit the K* In H4 A* v* 5, 36, the
K* orders Prince John and Westmoreland to bend
" towards Y* to meet Northumberland/7 In H4 B. iv*
3, 80, Lancaster, after his victory in Gatdtree Forest,
says, " Send Colville with his confederates To Y* to
present execution*" In ii* i, the Chief Justice tells
FalstafT : ** You should have been well on your way to
Y/* In H6 C* i* 4, 179, Margaret, having captured
Richd* of Y*, commands : *' Off with his head and set
it on Y* gates; So Y* may overlook the town of Y/' In
ii* i, 65, the Messenger reports : " They took his head
and on the gates of Y* They set the same/* The scene
of ii* a is laid before Y*, and Margaret cries to Henry :
" Welcome, my Lord, to this brave town of Y/* In ii*
6, 53, Warwick commands : ** From off the gates of Y*
fetch down the head, Your father's head, which Clifford
placed there/' Act iv* 7 is laid before Y* ; the Mayor
of Y* and his brethren appear on the walls ; and Edward
addresses them : " What then remains, we being thus
arrived From Ravenspurgh before the gates of Y* But
that we enter as into our Dukedom i " In line 79, he
decides : ** For this night Let's harbour here in Y/f
In H8 iv* 2, 12, Griffith tells Q* Katharine how " the
stout Earl Northumberland Arrested frfrn [Wolsey] at
Y/' In Preston's Cambises, O*£*D* i* 294, Hob
says of a chine of pork: "There is no vatter
between this and Y/f In Dekker's Northward
L i, Greenshield quotes an old prophecy: "Lin-
cola was, Lond* is, and Y* shall be/' In Brome's
Northern ii* i, Widgin says, " I have a great many
southern songs already ; but northern airs nips it dead*
Y*, Y* for my money I n In Edwards' Damon xiii*, Jacke
sings, "Here is the trimmest hogs-flesh from Lond* to
Y*" In Wiltons' Enforced Marriage ii*, the Clown, set-
ting out from Lond* to Yorkshire, says, " I will cry, and
every town betwixt Shoreditch-ch* and Y*-bdge shall
bear me witness/' Drayton, in Idea xxxiu 6, says, ** Y*
many wonders of her Ouse can tell/' W* Rowley, in
Search Intro*, tells of a man who for a wager hopped
" from Y. to Lond/'

The tide of Duke of Y* was first held by Edmund
Langley, 5th son of Edward III* He was created D* in
1385 and died in 1403* In Egerton MS. Play ii», he is
spoken of as " The counterfeit, relenting D* of Y/f ;
and later on it is said " The D* of Y* is gentle, mild, and
gracious/' He is an important character in Rz, where
he is called twice ** good old Y*," and again " the good
D, of Y/' and " kind uncle Y*" He is also prominent
in Trag* Richd. II; in ii* i, 136, the K* says, " Y* is
gentle, mild, and generous/' In Span. Trag. i*, Hier-
ooimo says, ** The and knight that hung his scutcheon
up Was Edmund, Earl of Kent in Albion; When
English Richd. wore the diadem, He came likewise and
razed Usbon walls ; for which He after was created D*
of Y/* The K* of Portugal, Ferdinand, sought help

574

YORK HOUSE, or PLACE

from Richd* II against John of Castile, and Edmund
Langley, Earl of Cambridge (not of Kent), went over
to his support in 1381 ; but Ferdinand proved traitor
to the English, and in 1383 they ravaged Portugal and
made peace with John* Edmund was not made D* of
Y* till 2 years later* The D* of Y* in H$ is the Aumerle
of Rz. He lost his title through his plot against Henry
IV ; he was, however, restored to his honours in 1414,
and fell at Agincourt in the following year, as described
in H5 iv* 6* He was succeeded by his nephew Richd*,
Earl of Cambridge, the son of Richd* of Cambridge ;
his marriage with Anne Mortimer, great-grand-daughter
to Lionel of Clarence, 3rd son of Edward III, gave their
son Richd* of Y* a double claim to the throne as the heir
both of Lionel of Clarence and Edmund of Y* This
Richd* was executed in 1415* His son, Richd. of Y*,
appears in H6 A* ii* 4, in the scene in the Temple
Gardens where the white and red roses were adopted
as the badges of the houses of Y* and Lancaster* During
this scene he is called Plantagenet, and it is implied that '
on account of his father's execution he is not entitled to
succeed to the dukedom of Y* Warwick, however,
pledges himself to see that the blot is wiped out at the
next Parliament ; " And if thou be not then created Y*,
I will not live to be accounted Warwick/' In 1435 this
was done, and he received the Dukedom* In iii* i, 171,
the K* says to him : 4* I gird thee with the valiant sword
of Y* ; Rise, Richd*, like a true Plantagenet, And rise
created princely D* of Y/* He was made Regent of
France after the death of Bedford, and retained that
office till 1446, when he was recalled* Accordingly he
appears in Acts iv* and v* in France* In H6 B* i* i,
he declares : ** A day shall come when Y* shall claim his
own/' In ii. 3, which is laid in his garden, his claim to
the throne is discussed; and Warwick and Salisbury
acclaim him: "Long live our sovereign Richd*, Eng-
land's K* J " In iii* i, he is sent as Lord-Lieutenant to
Ireland; this was in 1449* He was appointed Protector
of England in 1454 ; and the next year the Wars of the
Roses began* In v* a, he fights at the battle of St*
Alban's and kills Clifford and Somerset* In H6 C* i* 4,
he is killed at the battle of Wakefield in 1460, and his
head is cut off and placed on the gates of Y* (see above)*
His son Edward, afterwards Edward IV, succeeded to
his title, and is the Y* of the rest of the play, though
he is always styled K* Edward* His younger son,
/ Richd*, was made D* of Y* in 1474* He is the ** pretty
" Y*" and " little prating Y/* of Rs who is murdered in
the Tower by the order of Richd* III* The title then
merged in the Crown, but was held for a time by Henry
VIII, Charles I, and James II ; as well as our present
K*, George V* The Duchess of Y* who appears in R3
ii* a was Cicely Neville, daughter of the Earl of West-
moreland and widow of Richd* of Y* Jonson, in Ev+
Man L Pro!*, speaks of the Wars of the Roses as
44 Y* and Lancaster's long jars/*

Perkin Warbeck claimed to be Richd* of Y*, younger
son of Edward IV, who was murdered in the Tower by
Richd* IIL In Ford's Warbeck ii* i, he is addressed by
James of Scotland as " Cousin of Y/' ; and in i* i,
when K* Henry hears of his claim, he bitterly complains
that he is only a mockery K*, ordained 44 to lavish sweat
and blood, In scorn and laughter, to the ghosts of ¥/'

The Archbp* of Y* is the Primate of England, and
stands second only to the Archbp* of Canterbury, who
is Primate of All England* Certain Archbps* appear in
the historical plays* The Archbp* of H4 A* and B* was
Richd* Scrope, appointed 1398, and beheaded for his
share in Northumberland's insurrection in 1405* The

YORKSHIRE

Archbp* who plays a small part in Rs ii, 4 was Thomas
Scott, or Rotherham (1480-1500). In H8t Cardinal
Wolsey is called " The Cardinal of Y/' and " My Lord
of Y/' He was archbp* from 1514 to 1530*

One of the Heralds of England has the title of Y. In
Jonson's New Inn ii* 6, the Host speaks of " An old
Welsh Herald's widow * *. * that studies Vincent
against Y/' The Y* Herald had recently had a depute
with a certain Vincent*

YORK HOUSE, or PLACE* The original name of
WHITEHALL PALACE (g.v.)* In H8 iv* i, 94, one gentle-
man announces that Q* Anne Boleyn after her coronation
44 paced back again to Y.-P*, where the feast is held '* ;
and another corrects him : ** Sir, You must no more
call it Y*-P*, that's past; For, since the Cardinal fell,
that title's lost ; 'Tis now the k/s and called White-
hall*" The scene of H8 i* 4 is "A Hall in Y. P/' ; ths
was during Wolsey's tenancy* In S* Rowley's When
Yon C* i*, Summers, the K/s fool, says of Patch, who
was Wolsey's fool : 4t I come to bid Patch welcome to
Court, and when I come to Y* H*, he'll do as much for
me/' This was before Wolsey's fall*

YORK HOUSE, CHARING CROSS* In recompense
for her father's appropriation of Whitehall, Q. Mary
gave Suffolk House in Southwark to the Archbp* of
Y* for his town residence ; and in 1557 Archbp* Heath
sold Suffolk House and bought instead certain houses
near Charing Cross* They were transformed into a
palace for the Archbp*, and at first received the name
of Suffolk Place, but soon became known as Y* H* It
stood on the S* side of the Strand, jtist E* of the present
Charing Cross Station, and covered the ground now
occupied by Y* St*, Buckingham St*, and Villiers St*
Heath lived there himself, but it was let by his successor
to Lord Keeper Bacon, and his famous son, Francis
Bacon, was born there ; his Novwn Orgamtm is dated
44 Ex Aedibus Eborac/' It passed in 1624 to George
Villiers, D* of Buckingham, who built the Water-gate
still to be seen on the Embankment, after the designs
of Inigo Jones* During the Commonwealth it was
granted to Fairfax ; and after the Restoration was used
as the lodging for the Spanish and Russian embassies*
In 1673 it passed into private hands, and was pulled
down to make room for the streets whose names still
recall its tenancy by Buckingham* Davenant's Bntarwio.
was " Printed by John Harland for Thomas Walkiey
and are to be sold at his shop at the flying Horse near
Y*H* 1637*"

YORK HOUSE* A palace in Battersea by the river side,
at the point where Price's candle factory now stands*
It was built about 1475 by Lawrence Booth, tfasen Bp*
of Durham, but afterwards Archbp*of York* Hemaoe
it into a town house foe himself and his successors. la
W* Smith's Hector it* 3, 456, yotxng Fitswater says,
<4MeetmeatY*H*'r The time is the rfc%n of Edward
III — so that whichever Y* H* is meant there is an
anachronism ; and it may be either this, or the better
known Y* H*, afterwards Whitehall Mace, that is la
the author's rm'nd*

YORKSHIRE* The largest county m En^and, 3
the coast of the North Sea, and stretdimg fro

to Lines*, and from the sea to Lanes* and Westmorland*
It is divided into three Ridings — North, East, and West.
The people have a reputation for shrewdness and bluff
humour* To the Elizabethans it appeared as a some-
what uncivilised dist*, far removed from the culture of
Loud*

575

YORKSHIRE

In H4 B* iv* 4, 99, Harcourt reports : " The Earl
Northumberland and the Lord Bardolph Are by the
Sheriff of Y * overthrown/' This sheriff was Sir Thomas
Rokeby, who defeated Northumberland at Bramham
Moor in 1408* In Rs iv, 4, 521, the messenger reports :
44 Sir Thomas Lovel and Lord Marquis Dorset 'Tis
said, my liege, in Y, are in arms/' The scene of George
is laid in Y+ ; George says, " Though we Yorkshiremen
be blunt of speech, And little skilled in court or such
quaint fashions, Yet nature teacheth us duty to our k/'
In Cromwell iv» 2, Old Cromwell says, ** How i One
Cromwell made Lord Keeper since I left Putnay and
dwelt in Y* i ** In Fair Women ii* 1270, the Lord Justice
says Browne's brother, who is in Newgate, has done
44 notorious felonies in Y/* In Nobody* the Clown is a
Yorkshireman, and threatens Archigallo : ** Zounds,
if ever I take you in Y* for this ! " The soldier in T*
Heywood's Witches describes himself as "Y/* In
Dekker*s Northward ii* a, Kate says of her husband :
44 He ran away from me, like a base slave as he was, out

YOXFORD

of Y*, and pretended he would go the island voyage *' ;
£*e. the expedition against Hispaniola in 1585* In v* i,
Bellamont says, 44 His reward is not the rate of a Y*
attorney in good contentious practice, some angel/' In
Wilkins'jBn/orcedMarna^much of the play takes place
in Y* ; in i* i, Scarborow says, 44 Welcome, gentlemen,
to Y*" ; and Ilford asks, 44 What makest thpu here in
this barren soil of the 1ST* i " The alternative title of
ALVs One. is A Yorkshire Tragedy, and the scene is at
Calverley (tf*v*)* In Brome's Northern, the heroine is a
north-country girl, and speaks the Y* dialect*

YOXFORD. A vilL in Suffolk, 23 m* N*E* of Ipswich*
It has a fine old parish ch, Thomas Willey, vicar of
Yoxford, was the author of a number of polemical
Protestant pamphlets ; amongst them "A Play against
the Pope's Counsellors, Error, called dogger of Con-
science, and Incredulity" As the result of the production
of this play in 1537, he was excluded from most of the
churches in Suffolk*

576

ZAHANRA* , I suspect that the town now known as ORAN,
or WAHRAN, is meant* It is on the N* coast of Algeria,
309 m* W* of Algiers* It was taken for the Spaniards
by Peter of Navarre in 1509, and vainly besieged by
the Moors in 1563* In Studey 3461, "Aginer, Zt, Seuta,
Penon, Melilla " are mentioned as towns in N* Africa
still held by the K* of Portugal*

ZAIBRAS* In T* Heywood's 7* K. M* B., Ricaldus says
that "the ships of Ureas, Z*, Naples'* will take
part in the invasion of England by the Spanish Armada*

ZAMA. A city in Numidia in N* Africa, 300 m* S*W* of
Carthage* It is famous only for the defeat there of
Hannibal by Scipio 201 B*c. In Nabbes* Hannibal iii*
5, Lelius says of Hannibal: "His camp's already
pitched near Z/*

ZANCLE (z*e* the SICKLE)* A name given to Messina
fe*i>*), from the shape of the harbour* Barnes, in Par-
thenophil Elegy ix* 28, says, " Zanclaean Charbid me
devour ! " where Charbid is a misprint for Charibd,
i*e* Charybdis (g*i>*)*

ZANTE, or ZANT* The Greek Zacynthos, one of the
Ionian Islands lying in the Ionian Sea off the N*W.
coast of the Peloponnesus* It is well wooded and fruitful
and is particularly noted for its currants* It was occu-
pied by the Venetians in the isth cent* and held by
them till 1797* In Jonson's Volpone v* a, it is suggested
that Sir Politick should be shipped off " to Zant or to
Aleppo/* In Chapman's Usher v* 4, Medice says, ** Of
no country I, But born upon the seas, my mother passing
'Twixt Zant and Venice/' In B* & F* Pilgrimage L i,
Incubo suggests for supper " a fine piece of kid now,
and fresh garlic, with a sardine and Zant oil/* In
Marston's Mountebanks, Paradox exhibits a buskin
which, being dipped into water, ** returneth full of wine
of Chios, Palermo, or Zaunte*" See also ASANT*

ZANTHUS* See XAOTHUS*

ZANZIBAR* An island off the E* coast of Africa* 800 m*
N*W* of the N* point of Madagascar* The name was
extended to the adjacent sea-board from Mombasi to
Quiloa* During our period it was under the control of
the Portuguese, who took possession of it at the begin-
ning of the i6th cent* In the i7th cent* it was added to
the empire of the Imams of Muscat* The last of the
Imams was dethroned in 1870 and the dist* was trans-
ferred to the Germans* In Marlowe's Tamb. B* i* 3,
Techelles claims to have marched from Egypt ** to Z«,
The eastern part of Afric, where I viewed The Ethio-
pian Sea, rivers, and lakes, But neither man nor child
in all the land/' In Caesar's Rev. L 6, Caesar promises
Cleopatra : " Thy rule shall stretch from unknown Z/'

ZAUNTE* See ZAKTE*

ZEALAND. A province of Holland, lying between S*
Holland and Belgium* It includes some 9 islands off
the W* coast* A large part of the surface is below sea-
level* The principal towns are Middelberg and Flush-
ing* In Lamm B* i, a Burgher says, ** The ships be of
Z/* In Dekker's Northward iv* 2, Capt* Jenkins speaks

of " all the Low Countries in Christendom, as Holland
and Z* and Netherland and Cleveland too**' Gascoigne,
in Dulce Bellum 99, says, " I roamed have about In
Zeeland, Holland, Waterland, and all*" This was in the
war between the Netherlands and Spain in 1574, when
Gascoigne was serving under ** the virtuous Prince of
Orange*" In Davenant's Cr* Brother L i, Dorido says of
Borachio : " He walks like a Z* stork/' The White
Stork is common in the Netherlands and is regarded as
a bringer of luck and a symbol of conjugal fidelity*

ZIPH, WILDERNESS OF* The dist*oround the city of
Z*, now Tell el Z*, 4 m. S*E. of Hebron in the uplands
of Judah* David spent some time here whilst he was
being pursued by Saul (see / Samuel xxiii)* In Peek's
Bethsabe ii* 3, David speaks of the blood of Saul and
Jonathan ** that from Gilboa ran In channels through
the wilderness of Z/' This is absurd, for Z* is nearly
100 m. from Gilboa*

ZmiCK-SEE, or ZURUCH-SEE. A vill* on the S* coast
of the island of Schouwen, on the E, Scheldt, off the
coast of N* Brabant* Moryson, in Itin. L i, 49, says
that this whole dist* was "less than 200 years ago
swallowed up of the sea, and, for witness of this calam-
ity, divers towers far distant the one from the other,
appear in this sea/' In Ford's Trial L 2, Futelli says that
Fulgoso is descended from Dame Fustibunga, ** who,
troubled long time with a strangury, vented at last salt
water so abundantly as drowned the land 'twixt Zidck-
see and Vcre, where steeple tops are only seen/'

ZOGDIANA* See SOGDIANA*

ZONAMUNDL Probably the Ural, or Oural, Mtns* arc
intended, which run S* from the Arctic Ocean to the
high ground N. of the Sea of Aral and form the bound-
ary between Europe and Asia ; or it may be another
name for the ranges of Central Asia, In Marlowe's
TOTTZ&* B. iv* i, Amyras speaks of ** the lofty mts* of Z.
M* That fill the midst of farthest Tartary."

ZORA, now SURAN. A town on the N. side of Wady-es-
Suran, opposite to Beth-shemesh, 14 m* W. of Jeru-
salem* It was the birthplace of Samson [Judges xiiL
a)* In Milton's S. A. i8i,the Chorus says, ** We come,
thy friends and neighbours not unknown, From Eshtaol
and Z/s fruitful vale*"

ZULA* Probably GYULA is meant* It was a strongly
fortified town in Hungary, on the Koras, 120 m. SJEL
of Buda-Pesth and 130 due N* of tbe Danube* In
Marlowe's Tomb. B* i£* i, Frederick says to Stgistnand,
"Your Majesty remembers, I am sure, Wliat cruel
slaughter of our Christian bloods These faeatiieiiish
Turks and Pagans lately made Betwixt the city Z* and
Danubius/*

ZUTPHEN* A town in Holland in the province of
Gelderland, on the Yssel, 55 m* E* of Amsterdam. It
was before Z* that Sir Philip Sidney was killed in 1586*
In Barnavelt iv* 5, a document is produced agaiisst Sir
John at his trial 4* signed by the Governor of Gilderland
andZ/'

ZWITZ* See SWITZERLAND*

577

ZH

ADDENDA

ALIZON* In Chapman's Widow's Tears v* 2, 74, Lysander says that there are as many mischiefs in women ** as A* of
streams receives/' The passage is very corrupt ; there is no such river known as the A* Possibly the Halys (q.v.)
is meant* Parrott suggests as an emendation ** Amazon's/*

DISS* Town in Norfolk, 18 m* S* of Norwich* About 1500 Skelton, the poet, was appointed Rector of D* One
of the names of Pluto, the God of Hell, was Dis ; hence, according to Milton, Areopagitica (Hales), p* 20, Henry VIII*
named Skelton " in merriment his Vicar of hell/' There is probably an allusion to this in Chapman's Hum. Day.
iv* 125, where Labervele says of Catalian, who has been appointed chaplain to Florilla: "Her chaplain in the devil's
name, fit to be vicar of hell 1 "

G

GHIBILLETTO* Town on the coast of Syria* 40 m* N.E* of Sidon ; formerly Byblus, now Djebail* It was captured
by Saladin in 1188* and finally evacuated by the Crusaders in 1291* There is no record of any further fignting
there ; but in the quarto of Jonson's Ev. Man I iii* i, 103, Bobadilla boasts that he was present at " the beleaguering
of G* where 700 resolute gentlemen, as any were in Europe* lost their lives upon the breach." For this imaginary
siege the Folio edition substitutes ** the beleag'ring of Strigonium," which happened in 1595*

JAMES (SAINT)* An anglicised form of St* Jacob, a small village in Switzerland, on the Sirs, close to Basle, where
the French, with 32,000 men, were held in check for'io hours by 1,600 Swiss* This was in 1444, and laid the
foundation of the reputation of the Swiss for valour* A cross outside the gates of Basle still marls the site of the
battle* In Chapman's D* Olive iv* 2, 112, D'Olive says that after his famous embassy " Agincourt battle, St* J* his
field, the loss of Calais, and the winning of Cales, shall grow out of use ; men shall reckon their years * * * from
the day of our ambassage/'

KEDRON* A brook running on the E* of Jerusalem, down the valley between the city and the Mt* of Olives, and
falling into the Dead Sea* In T* Heywood's Prentices, p* 101, the Sophy speaks of Jerusalem as " this place where
the brook K* tuns/*

579

ADDENDA— -continued

LESSINGHAM* There is a small village of this name in Norfolk, but in the passage quoted below it is obviously a
mistake for Lusignan, a town in the department of Vienne, in France, 14 m* S*W. of Poitiers, which gave his title to
Guy of Lusignan, who was made King of Jerusalem in 1186. La T* Heywood's Prentices, p* 103, Robert proclaims
that Guy is to be crowned King of Jerusalem, ** and let his name Be through the world calTd Guy of Lessingham*"
The date is nearly a century too early ; but the whole play is quite unhistoricaL

LOWGAVE* In B* & R Pestle ii* 8, Merrythought sings, 4t She is my Lord of Lowgave's lassie/' Motherwell, in
his Minstrelsy, Ancient and Modern (Glasgow 1827), P* «., says, " * * . Old Merrythought gives this verse, evidently
a portion of a Scottish song, both in subject and style ; perhaps it may have belonged to some edition of the popular
ballad of 4 The Laird of Logfe/ "

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