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^ 



s 



PRESENTED TO THE UNIVERSITY 
BY THE RHODES TRUSTEES 



f^'2Zi S ^ 




THE TOURIST; 



• 



LITERARY 



AND 



ANTI-SLAVERY JOURNAL. 



UNDER THE SUPERINTENDANCE OF THE AGENCY ANTI-SLAVERY SOCIETY. 



« UTILE DULCI."— HoiucE. 



LONDON : 

I 

PUBLISHED BY JOHN CRISP, 87, IVY LANE, PATERNOSTER ROW; 

AND SOLD BY ALL BOOKSELLERS. 

1893. 



9lr- jr^^ BvwdjtL T •^j'V'vvmJ:^ 



1 





' 21 ,.it\u31 



V 



■-■^aflNV 



John Haddon and Co., Printen, 97, Ivy Lane. 



». 



INDEX, 



Addi«8i to Bxifith Christians respeetiog Sla- 
very • l1* *^ 

Adfantages of Ttmperance • • • • 36 

Adfentttie with a Captain Geneitl • • 6 

Alchymy \ 227 

Alennder's Tomb 313 

Aaakoaa, Wroo^ of 162 

American Colonization Society • • • 238 
An Arab's Bevenge • • • • • 64 
Ancient Astronomers • •' 166« 158» 150, 139 

■ Coins . • • . . .31 
Andenonian Museum • • • .117 
Anecdote of Andrew Marvell • • • 223 
— — Dr. Walker .... 222 
Talma . . . . .344 

■ the Spanish Inquinlion • .310 
I Welkngtoii • • • . 299 

Animal Life 164 

Ant^Eater, the 304 

Antiquities in Naples • • « • 127 

Arabs with Camels, Bivouac of • • .105 

An and Nature 116 

Attachment evinced by the Beaver . • 182 
Baptist Missionaries, vindication of the . 74 

Barbaric to a Slave 164 

Battle between the Idolaters and the Chris- 
tians of Tahiti 110 

with a Crocodile . • ♦ . 71 

Beaver, the .129 

IBee-hive 49 

Beethoven 190 

Ben Jonson 312 

Bignonia Equinozialis • « • .164 

Bird Mind 147 

Book-keepers* Situations on Jamaica Sugar 

EsUtes 314 

Bourse, or Tribunal de Commerce, Paris • 345 

Bridal Serenade 168 

Bridgeof Sighs 153 

British PoeU 90 

Badha, a Thousand Names of • • .314 
Bndhists, Worahip of the . • • .277 

Caernarvon Castie 249 

Caligula .55 

Campbell, to the Poet .... 215 
Canterbury Cathedral . . . . .165 
Captain Cook at Owhyee • • • • 55 
Captive African, the • • • • .83 

of Camala 141 

Carisbrook Castie 22 

Cataract and Streamlet . • • • 123 
Cathedral, description of St Paul's . . 9 

■ ■ of Notre Dame at Paris • .113 
— — Lincoln • . • . « 166 

York 172 

Ceremony of the Papal Benediction . • 195 
Chamber of Deputies, Paris . • .185 

Chimeleon, the 229 

Chamois Hunters . • . • • 214 

Change of Climate 103 

in the Value of Money • . . 200 

Chichester Cross, Sussex • . • .140 
China 311 

— Scarcity at Peking • . * .318 

Chinese Tombs • 67 

— - Vessels 830 

Church of St. John, Southoven . • .221 

St Mary, Keddiff, Bristol . . 112 

St Sulptce, Paris . . .145 

ClaromontPark 27 

Clarlson, Thomas, Esq., Life of. • . 137 

Cocooy BeeUe 325 

Coffin Dealers at Java . . . .107 
Colonial Exile 207 

Slavery .... * 63 

— — Vindication of . • .90 

Colour of the Sea . • • • • 186 
Combat of the Coa • . • • . i&. 

Common Character 197 

Complaint df a Zoological Garden Quadruped 86 
Contraction by Cold 208 



Correspondence between Sir Isaac Newton 

andMr. Locke 47 

Council of Trent . « • • .321 
Covenanters ••••.. 179 
Cowper, Epigram by • • • . • 1^ 

Cowper's KMidenoe 189 

Creation •••..•• 31 

Crier Extraordinary 34 

Crocodiles of Orinoco . • • . • 250 
Cromwell's Expulsion of Parliament . .310 
Cuba, Notes on the Island of . • • 322 
Curious Fact • . • , . . • 205 
■ Manuscript of M. De La Harpe • 134 
David*s Love for Saul's Daughter • . 239 

Dean Swift 51 

Decision of Character . . • • 52 

Delights of Slavery 56 

D«plaration of the Attorney-General on the 
Condition of Slaves .... 131 

Independent, Baptist, and 

Methodist Ministers, in the County of Dor* ' 
set, on the sulnect of Colonial Slavery • 176 

Denbij^h Castie, Wales • . . .297 
Description of a Lion Fight at Rome • .107 

the Grand Seal of England . 17 

DestituteWhites in Jamaica . . ,279 
Destruction of the Library of Buda • . 270 
Diana of the Edbesians . • • .61 
Disbanded Soldier, the • • • • 42 
-Disposal of Egffs by the Common Gnat -.116 
Disruption of tne l)ykes in Holland • • 329 
Distances of the PlaneU . . • . 256 
Disuse of Slave Sugar, on the • • • 108 

Djezzar Pacha 307 

Domingo, St 197 

■ ^-Safety of Immediate Emanci* 

pation 180 

DuelliDsr 23 

DukeofOrmond 70 

Duncan Forbes 228 

Eari of Chatham 293 

Earth, Uniform Rotation of the . . .67 
Economy of ** The Times" Office . • 43 

Edinburgh 149 

E6fects of Expansion . . • • • 96 
Eight Months' Resident in Jamaica in 1830 

and 1831 .349 

Electrical Eel 117 

Elephant, an 325 

Elv Cathedral 219 

Ethelwold, Bishop of Winchester . • 58 
Evidence of J. B. Wildmao, Esq., before the 

Commons' Committee .... 223 
W.Taylor Esq., before tiie Lords' 

Committee 276 

Expeditious Travelling .... 72 
Extract from a Letter to Mr. Wilberforce, in 

1787, by Dr. Currie .... 59 

Lord Goderich's Dispatch 4 104 

Fair Thief, tiie 206 

Fecundity of lo/Mcts, &c 64 

Filial Affection 51 

Flamingo, the • • . « . .317 
Flying Squirrel • • ^ • « • 192 
Formation of Coral Islands • • • 331 

FreeLabour • 348 

Galla Oxen 281 

Gairick . . . . • • . 301 
General Putnam . • • • . 51 

Genet, tiie 288 

German Epiffram 147 

Gilchrist, J. Esq., Trial of • • • .159 
Gnu, the ....«•. 349 
Goetiie and Madame de Stiicl . • .328 
Good and Bad Humour, on • . • •178 

Granville Sharp 285 

Graphic Account of the Plague of London . 286 

Gratitude in a Slave 248 

Grecian Legend, a « • • « • 119 

Greek Drama « 283 

Greenwich Hospital .. • • • .117 



Grey. Lady Jane. EieeuUon of • . .233 
Gnadaloupe^-— Safety of Immediatt SmaacU 

pelien • • • • 
Gyney Party, a . . . 
Hadleigh Castle* Esses 
Hampton Court Pakoe • 
Herodotus and Volney • 
Hertford Castle . 
Hibiseus Tiliaoetts » • 
Hieroglyphics . • • 
Hindoo Temple ... 
History and Biography • 
-— — of the Sonnet . 



Homer . • • • 
Honey-bird and Woodpecker 
Horse with one Fault . 
Hotel de Ville, Peru • 
Hurricane at Barbadoes, August 
Hydrosutic Bed 
Hyliu, the Slave Boy 
Ice Storm . . • • 
Ichneumon Flv • • . 
IlUpolicy of Slave Labour . 
Immediate Emancipation • 
Imperial Library, Vienna . 
Impolicy of Slave Labour . 
Inoian &oa ... 
Mode of Travelling. 



Ingenious Defence 

Interior of an Indian Workhouse 

Introduction of Gardening • 

Ireland and Negro Slavery • 

Isaac Walton's House 

Jamaica Planters 

Jeremy Bentham 

Jewel Apartment, Tower of London 

John Hampden . 

Josephus, Sketch of the Life of 

Kenuworth Castle 

King's College Chapel, Cambridge 

Kirkstall Abbey . 

' Chapel 

Knibb's Chapel, Destruction of 

Kremlin at Moscow, View in the 

Labour in England . • 

Lambeth Palace 

Landscape Gardening . 

Laoercost Priory . 

Lapland Journey, a • • 

Last Days of Voltaire 

Lauoceston Castle 

Letter from Legion to the Duke of Ridunond 175 

— — ^-^— - Lord GodorCch to Governor Smith 176 

Letter on Noses 282 

Lioness Cubs nursed by a Goat • • • 256 

Llamas, Descending the Andes • • .217 

Iu>cke,Jobn ..«••• 341 

Lord Crawford . • • . • .211 

270 

115 

133 

43 

54 

187 

230 

68 

147 

177 

343 

65 



11, 1831 



212 
. 3D 

• 229 
. 141 

• 250 

• 68 

• 176 

• 335 

• 101 

• 302 
. 348 

222,262 

• 161 
. 48 

26S 

326 

46 

$ 

332 

70 

67 

204 

317 

119 

232 

233 

226 

J.99 
291 

57 
132 
299 
213 
261 
204 

21 
273 

ipo 

29 

1 

89 

11 

25 
237 

88 
200 
111 
116 



Machinery ..•»•• 
Martial's Epigram on Liberty . • ' 
Massacre of St. Bartholomew j, . 
Memoir of J. Stephen, Esq. . • 

— — Sir Thomas More . • 
Mental Principle in Fishes, on the 
Merits of the English Language • • 
Mexican Banditti . . • • 
Michael Angelo • I • . • 
Microscopic View of a Drop of Water • 
Milan •••... 
Militaiy Hutory of Elephants . • 
Mitford Castie ...••« 152 
Modes of Living among the Chinese • .lit 
Mongfayr, Hindostan • • • • • 269 
Mont Blanc . . ^ • . • 152 
Monument to Fox • • . • . 20t 
Moral and Beligious Influence of the Classics, 253, 
267, 278, 283, 302, 308, 315, 334, 842, 351 

Mottnt Vesuvius . ' 73 

Mummies ...•••« 56 
Museums, SketcK of the Rise of • • • 167 
Napoleon, Anecdote of • . • * dS 



IV 



INDEX. 



^National Galleiy 
Necessity and iDvention 
Newspapers, Origin of 
Kegro Girl 

Negroes in Africa • • 
sll»ey Abbey 



Ptge 
7 
251 
278 
254 
331 
60 



JN4wBtead' Abbey • • • • » f3 



Nortk G«te« YmmA 
MM«s on Uie Island of Cuba 
Kotbing Blade in Vaia 
Obs«rvatiott» oft Magnetisift • 
Ocean, the, by fiarry Connrall • 

Old Maids 

Old Margery < » • » - « • • 
— — — and Tempeiaace 
On Hearing a Lark Singing in Londio 
Oraole of Oriria» » . • 

Origin of Bnilding Sk Fetalis at Rone 
the Slave-Trade 



182 

275, tM, 322 
• 144 



d06 
S33 

95 
207 
281 
210 

34 

140 

8 



Original Papers 10 

Orieans Gallery of Pfctvras, IIm • .79 

Ormonde, Dakrof • •. . . ,70 

Placha of Egypt 59 

Pagoda or Tofver 70 

Parliamentary Candidates and the Anti- 

Slavery Sociely 28 

Pascal, Life of 325 

Pay of a Roman Actor . • • • 56 
Perseverance • . • • .. * • .53 
Persian and Indian Mysteriet • . . 33 
Petition of the Sngar*Makmg Slaves . .111 

Petrarch's Tomb 241 

Physical Eiecte of Intoxication , • .62 

Pictrnnsqne, on <he 245 

PoetCampbell 215 

Poisoned Valley of Java . . • • 226 
Pompeii ..'•••»• 339 



Page 

Fontefract, Yoriuhire 209 

Pont Neuf, Psris . . • ; .305 
Pope's \ ilU at Twiekenhan « « .124 
Porte St. Denis, Paris • . . .225 
Presentation of a Memorial to the Congrws of 

liie United States 20 

Pres er r a tio n of Inftarts in India . . 309 

Prison Discipline . ' . • • 341^ 42 
Pfoprietary Kigfats Enamided . • . 188 
PnbUc Dinner near Mon|e Video • .83 
Quakers and Slavery . . • • . 96 

Raleigh, Sir Walter 131 

Reform in the French Colonies • . . 292 

Religion in London ' 2 

Remarkable Escape of Charles II* . • 206 
Respiration of dw Spider . • • • 190 

Rhine, to the 224 

Roche Abbey 92 

Rome ' . 75 

•^— and England . • . • . 235 

Rugby School 97' 

Sandwich Islands 34 

Sceneiy in Abyssinia . • • • 287, 290 

iScott, Sir Walter •21 

Scrivelsby Chttith 12 

Sculptme of the Fates • . • .109 
Sea £Ie|Aant .••«.. 91 
Seal, the ..••••. 333 

Seaman's Funeral, a 239 

Siena Leone 236 

Slave Property, title to .... 46 

Slavery in Jamaica • • • • 295, 327 

■ "— England . . '• . . 844 

Slaves, Sale of, at the Cape of Good Hope • 122 

the Privileges of .... 44 

Trcietmentof 47 

Sleeping Cupid 85 



Page 

Slide of Alpnach . . ; . . 95 

Solar Rays 86 

Somersbv . . • • . • • 13 

Spanish Bull Fight 102 

Spell Work 275 

Sacoessfal Courege 92 

Suppression of the Colonial Cbnicb Union • 284 
Swiss Horns, the ' • • • • • ib. 

Tacitus • • 235 

Tame Birds, on the HaUu of • • • ^346 
TavMtock Abbey . . • . • 76 
Telegrapb, the • . • • • .41 

Temperance Societies 210 

There's Music in a Mother's Voice . . 80 
Translation from Lucretius • • • .231 
Tree of Dissipation . . • • .18 
Triumph of Science . . • • .86 

Venetian Justice 75 

Vertes by King Heniy VI 147 

Viml's tomb 257 

Visit of William IIL to the University of 

Cambridge, 1689 349 

Vocal Macbineiy of Birds . • .42 

Wages or the Whip 191 

WaychU, or Waits 167 

We&s Cathedral , • ; . .181 
We^t Indian Compensation .... 316 

— - Wonhonsc . • . . 38 

Westminster Abbey 193 

Wild Briar, ibe 130 

Windsor Castle «... ^ , 38 

Wobum Abb^ 205 

Woman 199 

Wonderful Instinct in Insects . • . 243 
Wonders of Nature * • . • • • 165 
Worship 6f the Budhists .... 277 
York Cathedral ...... 172. 



ILLUSTRATIONS. 



Abbey Church, Malmsbury • 

Alban'sAbbi^ 

Akzander!s Tomb .... 
Ant^ater .••.•• 

Autumn ^ 

Beaver, the 

Bee-hive, the . • • • • 
Ben Jonson, Portrait of • • • 
Bignonia Eauinoxialia ... 
Bivoaac of Arabs . • • • 
Boune, or. Tribunal de ComiBmcty Fam 

Bridge of Sighs 

Caernarvon Castle .... 
Camberwdl Ove^e « • • . 
Cantwbnry Canednd • . • 
Carisbrook Castle -• • . • 
Chamber of DeputitSy Paris • 
Chamois Goat, the ... . 
Chichester Cross • • . • 
Church of St. John, Southoven • 
Church of St. Mary, Bristol 
Church of .St. Snlpice, Paris »> 
Claiemont Park ...*•• 
Clarkson, Esq., T., Pertimit of • 

Cottage, the 

Council of Trent . » 
Owner's Residenee • • • • 
Crm Treatment of Slaves • • • 
Cupid SleepiiMf • • • • • 
Denbigh CasA, Waileo 
Diana of the Ephesians • 
Dismption of the Dykns m UoUaad • 
Dnke of Sally, Portrait of . 
Earl of Chatham, Pottrait of 

Edinburgh 

CasUe .... 



337 

21 
313 
304 

52 
129 

49 
312 
164 
105 
345 
153 
249 

37 
165 

22 
165 



140 
221 
112 
145 
27 
137 
125 
321 
189 



Ely Cathedral . 

Exeention of Lady Jane Grey 

Fire Worsbippen, the 

FlamingOy the . • • 

Flying Squirrel • 

Galln Oxen, the 

Otnet, the. 



35 

85 
297 

61 
329 
301 
298 
149 
197 

89 
233 

45 
817 
192 
281 
268 



GnU) the . 

Granville Sharpe, Portrait of 

Greenwich Hospital . 

Hadleigh CasUe 

Hampton Court Palace 

Hertford Castle . 

Hibiecus Tiliaoeos 

Hindoo Temple at GonicUinatfi 

Honey-bird and Woodpecker 

Hotel de Ville, Paris 

Indian Boa, the 

Indian Mode of Travelling 

Inhuman Treatment of a Slave in the 

Indies • • • . 
Interior of the Coliseum, Rome 
Isaac Walton's Hoose 
Jaguar, the • 

Jewel Apartment, Tower • 
Kenihroith Castle 
King's College Chapel, Cambridge 
Kh^kstall Ah&ey . . 
Kiricstead Chapel 
Knibb's Ohapel in Jsmakn 
Lambeth Palace . 
Landscape . 

LandscaprQirdeiung 
Lanercost Prioiy « • 
Lapland Journey • • 
LauBceston Castle^ Comwidl 
Library .... 
Lincoln Cathedral 
lAoness Cnbs Nursed by a Goat 
Llamas .... 
Locke, John, Portrait of • 
Micinscopic View of a Diop of Water 
Military History of ElepbMts 
Mitford Castle . 
Monghyr, Hindostpn 
Monument to Fox 
Mount Vesuvius 
Netley Abbey . 
Nowstead Abbey 
North Gate, Yannotttii 



349 
285 
117 
229 
141 



West 



176 
101 
161 
265 
232 
253 

31 
289 

57 
212 
213 

21 
273 
100 

29 
1 

25 
133 
237 

88 
200 
116 

81 
116 
256 
217 
341 
178 

65 
152 
269 
201 

73 

60 

52 
132 



Notre Dame, Paris 113 

Pascal, I\>rtrait of 325 

Persian and Indian Mysteries • .33 

Petnrch's Tomb 241 

Picturesque Landscape . • • • 245 
Pontefract, Yorkshire • • • • 209 

Pont Neuf, Paris 305 

Pope's Villa, at Twickenham • • .124 
Porte St Denis, Paris . • . . 225 
Portrait of John Hampden . « .261 

Portrait of W. Wilberforce, Esq. . .7 

Preservation of Infiufts in India • • • 809 
Princess Charlotte's Monument • • .23 

Roche Abbev 92 

Rugby School 97 

Sale of Slaves 119 

Scrivilsby Churth 12 

Sculpture of the Fates «... 109 

Seal 834 

of England, Great . • • .17 

Setter Dog 206 

Shakspeare ••.••. 69 

Stnffular Encounter vrilli a lioaess . • 264 
1^ James Mackintosh • » .77 

Sketch of Muse^ima . • • • . 117 

Slave Ship 14 

Slave Trade 8 

Slaves YoALod to a Cart «... 19 

Somersby Cross 13 

Spotted msena • 286 

SuOermains ^ 

St Paul's Cathedral 9 

Tavistock Abbey 7^ 

Telegraph 41 

Tower of London ..... 169 
Treatment of Slaves . . . • . 47 
View in the Kremlin, at Moscow • . 89 

Virgil's Tomb 257 

Windsor Castle 38 

Wells Cathedrsd 181 

Westminster Abbey « • • • • 193 
Worship of «be Bndbbts . . .277 

Yoik Cathedcal ....*• 172 



THE TOURIST; 

OR, 

Hitetcfi iSooft of tkt Cttttes. 

" I pencilled Uunga I saw, and profited by things I heard."— Lbtt»r of a Walking Oikvlbkah. 



Vol. 1.— No. 1. 



MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 17, 1832. 



Price Ome Penny. 



DESTRnCTION OF KNIBBS CHAPEL IN JAMAICA. 



This KandalouB outrage, etill fresh in 
the minds of the public, has created a 
■ensation unprecedented in the annals of 
Alinionary peraecations. In shewing 
that the wanton destruction of individutQ 
property vas sanctioned and approred hy 
the magistrates, and other Iocs! authon- 
ties in the Island of Jamaica, we need 
only quote the following remarks mode 
man the subject, by the Bev. Johu 
Bonett, at Exeter Hall, on the 15th of 
August last. 

"He would direct their attention to a Cotonisl 
papei, called the Jammca Courant, in a nutnbcf 
ofiThich, dated Feb. 10th, 



□narlcB with. The paper wu lying at his feet, 
but he had a few eitracta in his hand.which he 
would read. The Brst was rrom an oUch o[ the 
St Anne'a Weateru Regiment to the Editor-— 
'OuipriinarTatiloarhBsbeeauiubated. Wehare 
ntTcr allowed Umw deluded wretches time to 



resti night and day have we been at them, and 
hiTe made terrible slaughter among them; and 
now at the end of six weeks' campaign,' — what 
a campaign ; and what campaigners the; were ! — 
' we are neglected — not thought of, because the 
Governor must have ■ little fun with Tom Hill 
and his yacht. The few wretches who are now 
out, are hiding in the cane-piecei, and we occui- 
onally gel a bullet or two at them.'— This showed 
the spirit of the white people then,—' OnSunday 
morning, five were shot, who were tallen in with 
and attempted to escape. I shall not consider 
that we are safe, although all this havoc has 
been made among the rebels ; although they may 
have now found the inutility of o;j]iosing the 
strong force which can be opposed to them, 
until we csn fail upon saroe plan of getting rid of 
the infernal race ol Baptists, which we have to 
long fostered in our bosonii, and of demolishing 
their bloody pandemoniums.' This Jamaica 
Cauranl then gave a stronger desciiption of the 
iusiirrection cruelties than Mi. Knibb could. 
But there was another: — 'I cannot allow the 
post to start without saying that I have re- 
mained lonx enough at Falmouth to see the Bap- 
tist and Bilethodist Chspels pulled down. This 
good work was accomplished this day by the 



troops after their return— conquerors from the 
seat of war.'- Conquerors from the seat of war I 
what ■ style 1 NeiUier Welliniton or Bonaparte 
ever wrote in this style; (laughter.) 'Lots of 
groans, as you may imagine, from the sainta and 
their followen. It ia impossible for metofive ■ 
description of the appearance of o— •— '- "•'- 






The 



poor fellows cut a miserable appearance; you 
could not actually tell whether Ihey were bUck. 
white, yellow, or any other colour.' Hear an- 
other;— 'Let Bruce know that the great and 
glorious work has commenced. It is dow ten 
o'clock, and all hands are at work, demolishing 
the Baptist and Wesleyan Chapels. The Metho- 
dist Chapel is down, and the men are hard at 
work at the Baptista'. The roof of the latter 
not yet olf, but so much injured 
well off as on. It Is standing. In 
only by a few posts. Thr — 
flrehooks to complete "— ■ 



but supported 

lave gone for 

work they have under- 



__.,,.. There is the devil to pay here ti _..,, 

Jou may suppose, among the Sainta and their fol- 
iwers. Weeping, and wailing, and gnashing of 
teeth — wringing of hands and groans. Interrupted 
at times with curses and imprecationi on the 
soldiers,' Take aaothei:—'! write iothshopei 



THE TOURIST. 



1 



of this reaching jou through the way-bag, as the 
Post Office has long since been shut. Some true 
hearted Jamaicam-hftve truly enobledthamselvea 
this night, bv racing to f he earth that pestilen- 
tial hole, Kntbb's Preaching shop. Verily, friend, 
thev have not spared Box's also* He no more 
will be able to beat the roll-call to prayers, nor 
the tatoo upon the consciences of the subscribers 
of macs — our poor deluded slaves. In plain 
English, not one stone has been left standing — 
nay, not even the comer one ; and I hope that 
this goodly example will be followed from Negril 

toMouni."* 

The following u the. Amount required in order to 
rebuild, at the lowett pouible rate, the Places of 

Worship destroyed. 
SALTBa*8 HILL.— Burnt by* order of the^CApUin 

of BliUtU, sUtioned at Littum ^.»..^ ^£4000 

Falmouth.— fulled down by the Saint Ann's MUU 

tia, while occupied m Barrsclu .....«.^.....^..«..^ 9000 
MoNTBoo Bay.- Pulled down at Mid.day by the 

InfaabUaaU, headed byaeveral of the Magiitratc*. 0000 
Sat anhab.la-Mab.— Pulled down by the Parish. 

iOQCXS — —MiiMw—wi— «<»t w >»«i» »*»«»»««*»* " ■ " " iw— »■«»»»»»»»«»» TOO 

RiDOKLAND, alias FuLLBa*s-PiBiD.— Burnt by two 
Ovenecrs. A valuable House •«m»...„.v««..m««m... 

Stbwabt's Town.— Injured to the amount oL^^m^.. 
Biu>WN*s Town.— Pulled ^wn by the Inhabitants. 
^. Ann's Bay.— PuUed down by the Inhabitants 

of the Parish •*««»«#■«»«*•«•• 
Ebony Crapbl.— Burnt..MM 



1000 

1000 

SSO 

800 

3500 
500 



Total Amount of Chapels destroyed •««»....•• 2(r750 
Loss in the destruction or Mission Property, in 
Houses rented : 

GuBNBY's Mount.— Pulpit, benches, &c ..^.^.^^^ 300 

FiTTNBV.^-Beochos burnt »»www<»w«»»«>»»«.«— .lo tt m *» » *»^ 50 

LucEA.— Benches and lamps ..MM».i..«-.^....M««M... 50 

Ociio Bios.- Fuli^t, pews, and bencfaeg..«^....w>»w»i> 100 



The Chapel at Lucea, belonging to the General Bap. 

tists, but occupied by our Society, pulled down. 

Offbied for Sale by weOeneral Baptist Society for 
IxMses in horses, furniture, clothes, books, &c. &c 

partly belonging to individual Missionaries, and 

partly to the Society, about .,■»>.■ .i.«...»i». ^ 

Extra Expenses tncimed by travelling expenses, 

and Mr. Knibb's passage home, at least 



2ia»0 



•••••«•••••• 



900 



500 
000 



Amounting in the whole to. 



.X83250 



REVIEW OP LITERATURE. 



"Thk Anti-Slavbby Rbpobtbb"— 

September. 
The number for this month is compiled 
with great care and perspicuitj, and 
shows at one view the progress of popu- 
lation, or rather we should say of depopu- 
lation, among the slaves in the Colonies 
of Oreat Britain. The Editors have 
evidently taken great pains to prepare a 
document of perfect accuracy. The 
documents drawn up by Mr. Buxton, 
from official papers laid before the Mem- 
bers of the House of Commons, present 
details which are far from beinc exagge- 
rated, and in every instance cmidusions 
the least unfavourable to the Colonists 
have invariably been adopted. The 
tables present a frightfully appalling 
decrease in the slave population of the 
British Sugar Colonies, and the argu- 
ments of the West Indians, who attempt 
to explain the causes which have led to 
this decrease, are met in a fair, candid, 
and straitforward manner. But let the 
''Anti-Slavery Reporter" speak for itself. 
Upon the subject of the above decrease, 

it says: 

" Ut.— It is tlle^ that that decrease depends 
on tlie mimber of imported Africans itill ezUt- 
ing in British fivpur Colonies. They (the West 



Indian8)arg;ue that the Africans are not prolific \-^ 
that thiy constantly decrease, while the Creoles 
inereas8;--«Bd that we may anticipate that when 
all the Africans shalt have died off, and the whole 
of the skves shall be Crecdes, - we shall hare an 
increasing, and not a decreasing population. 

"This argument was produced first by the Re- 
gistrar of Demerara, in a detailed account which 
he published of the five triennial registrations 
which had taken place in that colony. It appears 
also in the evidence of the recent Committee on 
West India distress, p. 96. It was countenanced 
by Colonel Young, the Protector of slaves in the 
same colony, in nis report, dated 19th of May, 
1829< And, lastly, it has been urged at length 
by Mr. Barclay in Jamaica, and supported by 
some statistical accoqnts, which have been laid 
by him on the table of the Jamaica 'House of 
Assembly. 

*' The Registrar of Demerara rested his proof on 
the followmg comparative statement of the 
numbers of Africans and Creoles, by which he 
makes it appear that the former luid been de- 
creasing and the latter increasing ;— 
There were by the registry of 
31st May, 1817 Africans 42,224 Creoles 34,939 

31st May, 1820 39,129 38,247 

3lst May, 1823 34,772 40,205 

31st May, 1826 30,490 40,892 

3lst May, 1829 26,691 42,677 

" Now this aigument seems to be addressed to 
those who do not know the meaning of the terms 
emploved. Those are called Afriotms who were 
imported from Africa before the year 1808. 
Creoles are those bom in the West Indies. It 
follows that all new-born children, whether they 
are the progeny of Africans or of Creoles, are 
called Creoles. Thus half of those that die are 
Africans; but all those that are born are Creoles. 
"Of course, the Africans miiti decrease; for 
they must lose some by death, and cannot be, in 
any degree, replenished by births. It is equally 
certain that the Creoles must increase, since the 
loss by death is supplied not only by their own 
offspring, but by tnat of the Africans also. If 
we examine further the real proportions of deaths 
amone Africans and Creoles in Demerara, we 
shall find that by the registry Of 1820, there were 
39,129 Africans, In the registry of 1829, tliey 
were reduced to 26,691 : consequently there had 
died in the interim 12,438, excepting that some 
few of these may have been manumitted. 

" The proportion of births from the two classes 
cannot be known from these accounts, as they 
are not distinguished. 

" Mr. Barclay has sought to supply the defi- 
ciency ; he has laid on the table of the Jamaica 
House of Assembly a return of the births and 
deaths of slaves on certain properties in St. 
Thomas in the East, distinguishing the piogeny 
of Africans from that of Creoles (see Christian 
Record for February,' 1832, p. 49.) This account 
extends over the period of from 1817 to 1829. 
It appears by it that there were on the estates in 
question, at the commencement of the above 
period, 954 Africans and 2S49 Creoles; the births 
from African mothers were 138, or 10 in every 
69 Africans, and the deaths of Africans 395, or 
ID in every 24— while the births from Creole 
mothers were 932, or 10 in every 25 Creoles, and 
the deaths of Creoles 825, or 10 in 28]^." 



RELIGION IN LONDON. 

The following is a statement of the various 
places of worship in this vast city ; 

Episcopal Churches and Chapels 200 

Independent Chapels ^ 66 

Wesfeyan M ethodist Ch apels 36 

Baptist Ch&pals •>2 

CaWinistic Methodist Chapels 30 

Presbyterian (Scotch and Unitarian) 

Chapels 16 

Roman Catholic Chapels 14 

Meeting Houses of the Friends ••. 6 

'400 



SEPTEMBER. 

The month of fruits and feyere, of sultry 
noons and dewy eyeqings, hfs commenced 
its reign of indpieiit desolation. The 
deep and opulent green of the summer 
verdure begins to fade into a variety of 
sickly tints under its withering influence ; 
and the dry rustling of faUing leaves, 
lt>bb^ of their juicy elasticity, and scat- 
tered by every breath of the autumnal 
breeze, will soon b^in to teach us the 
gloomy but salutary lesson of our own 
decay. There is, after all, however, a 
mellow;ness and beauty in the autumn 
landscape, which to the contemplative 
mind is more ^fascinating than the gaudier 
livery of the summer. The vegetation of 
our rorests '^dies like a dolphin," changing 
into a thousand splendid hues ; day pours 
its profusion of light upon us with a mo- 
derate intensity of heat ; and the intel- 
lectual and physical systems begin to 
resume the vigorous tone which had lan- 
guished and become paralyzed under the 
powerful influences of a vertical sun. The 
vintage and the gathering of fruits belong 
to this season, the grape yields its wine, 
and the apple and peach give their grate- 
ful juices : the harvests are housed ; and 
nature pours all her annual bounties into 
the lap of man. If we were to designate 
tlie period in human existence to which 
the month of September corresponds, we 
should select the time when the hair 
turns grey, when the blood abates its fiery 
and tumultuous course through the veins, 
when the intemperance of the passions 
subsides into a calm and even course, and 
when wo begin to nerve ourselves for the 
struggle of decay and deatli. 

SLAVES. 

The following may be looked upon as a 

tolerably correct estimate of the number 

of human beings held in slavery by 

Powers calling themselves Christians : — 

British Colonies . . . 800,000 

French Colonies . . . S00„000 

Cuba and Porto Rico . 500,000 

Other Foreign Colonies . 75 000 

United SUtes . . . l,65O'O0O 

Brazil 2,000»000 



5,225,000 



'^•^ 



Thb Rights or Man.— With the enemies of 
freedom, it is a usual arttflce to represent the 
sovereignty of the people as a licence to anarchy 
and disorder. But the tracing up the civil power 
to that source, will not diminisn our obligation 
to obey ; it only explains its reasons, and settles 
it on clear and determinate principles. It turns 
blind submission into rational obedience, tempers 
the passion for liberty with the love of order, 
and places mankind in a happy medium, between 
the extremes of anarchy on the one side, and 
oppression on the other. It is the polar star that 
will conduct us safely over the ocean of political 
debate and speculation— the law of lawi— the 
legislator of legislators.. 



THE TOtJRIST, 



INTEMPERANCE. 

Tliis is the grand bane of life. Greater 
in towns tban in the country, it dreadfully 
aggravates the evils of our employments ; 
audit produces evils of its own, tenfold 
more unjust, more rapid, and more deadly. 
Not a class of artizans, and scarcely one 
of professional men» is to be found, in 
whicl^ intemperance may not be disco- 
vered. Sometimes it is grossly apparent, 
often partially concealed ; in tne lirst case 
as it were taking the constitution by 
storm, in the latter proceeding by sap ; in 
both utterly destroying health, personal 
comfort, find domestic happiness. The 
most striking effects of intemperance are 
to be seen among the artizans. The man 
takes, during the hours of labour, more 
drink than he requires, and this generally 
the compound sold under the name of ale. 
Instead of spending the evening with his 
family, he joins frequently some friends 
to take a pint at the public-house. To ale, 
a i^bss of spirit must afterwards be added. 
At length he is frequently drunk at night, 
and in the pr<^ess of the case we find 
him occasionally so unfit for work the next 
morning from disordered stomach, that he 
must have some spirit before he can crawl 
from his house. One glass leads to a second, 
and the man becomes intoxicated, and in 
the morning is obliged to give up the idea 
of going to work ; and then his habits and 
feelings lead him to spend the day, not in 
freeing his system from the effects of his 
debauch, not in abstinence, fresh air, and 
repose, but in aggravating the evils from 
which he suffers. He spends the day at^ 
the public-house. To*day is a repetition of 
yesterday, and to-morrow will probably 
be spent in sickness and in bed. There 
is another class in whom vice is less ap- 
parent, tliough equally fatal. The ar-; 
tizaxi, not content with the more thauj 
liberal allowance of ale which he has had' 
during the day, calls for his glass of spirit 
as soon as he comes home in the evening. 
It is but pence, he says, and he can well 
spare this. At five or six in the morning 
again he takes his usual dram, as he sets 
out fasting to his work; and takes it 
consequenSy at the time most likely to 
injure the stomach. A craving for the 
noxious stimulant at length urges, I had 
almost said, physically compels, him to in- 
crease the frequency of the dose. Hence 
a practice rapidly destructive to health 
and life becomes established without 
the knowledge of the master, for the 
man attends nis work regularly almost to 
the last; and almost without the consciops- 
ness of the individual, for the moral sense 
becomes blunted, and habit hides the sin. 
More shocking is the case, when the evil 
is found among females, when the^ wife^is 



led to imitate her husband. Most shock- 
ing when children, when young children, 
nay infants, are taught to sip with the 
mother, and thus acquire a taste for the 
bane of life and health. 



THE HOUSEWIFE. 



•• A Stitch In time."— Old Adaob. 



MEMS. OF A SLAVE. 



»» 



The Cholera.— The .patient, when attacked, 
is to be placed in a recumbent posture in bed ; he 
is not to be over-loaded with clothes, nor plagued 
with any external application as baths, steaming, 
&c., but left to the eifect of the medicine: nnd 
observe, that if any thing is taken of any kind 
except cold water whilst the medicine is intended 
to operate, the whole effect will be destroyed. 
The medicine is— One part of camphor, dissolved 
in six parts of strong spirits of wine ; of this im- 
me'aiately on being atUcked, the patient will 
take two dToi>s in a little pounded sugar, in a tea 
spoonful of cold iced water; in five minutes 
after he will take a second do^e of two drops in 
the same way, and m five minutes more he will 
repeat the same thing. He. will then wait for 
fifteen minutep, and see whether or not there is 
a sense of returning warmth, with disposition to 
perspire, and decrease of sickness, cramp, &c. 
8cc., and then, if neceaaary, he will take two or 
more drops as before, and repeat the doses at five 
minutes' interval, to the amount of twelve or 
fourteen, taken as directed. The least foreign 
medicine neutralizea the whole «ifectk 

For the Toothache.— Take ten grains of alum, 
a drachm of the spirits of camphor, two drachms 
of the tincture of opium, and two drachms of 
eUer-flower water; mix them and apply a little 
to the tooth. 

In Hysterics and Nervous Affections.— 
Take tincture of ammoniated valerian, two 
drachma; tincture of castor, three drachms; 
sulphuric ether, one drachm ; cinnamon water, 
four ounces. Dose, a tablespoon ful every two 
hours. ' 

Draught in Lawooue.— Take compound spirit 
of lavender, one drachm ; spirit of rosemary, ten 
drops; spirit of nutmeg, one drachm; tincture 
of opium, ten drops ; cinnamon water, two ounces. 
To be taken when symptoms of weariness or 
langour occur without exercise. 

For Affections of thc Skin.— Take of the 
sulphuret of potash fifteen grains, of hard soap a 
drachm, of the balsam of Peru sufficient to form 
a mass, which maV be divided into thirty pills. 
Three to be taken every four hours with a wine- 
glass of hot inflision of juniper berries. « 

Indigestion.— Take of dried subcarbonate of 
soda, and of the extract of chamomiles equal 

f tarts of powdered rhubarb sufficient to make 
nto pills. Take ten grains two or three times a 
day. 

When Poison has been Swallowed,— Take 
of the sulphate of zinc one scruple, confection of 
dog roses sufficient to make a bolus, which ia to 
be taken with some infusion of chamomile flowers. 

Fainting Fits and Low Spirits.-— Take of the 
subcarbonate of ammonia fifteen grains, pepper- 
mint water three ounces and a half, syrup of 
orange peel two fluid drachms ; the dose is two 
tablespoonfuUs. 

Powder for Heartburn. — Calcined magnesia 
a tablespoonful, compound powder of chalk with 
opium ten grains. Mix and take in a little milk. 
This powder will immediately check heartburn 
or acidities in the stomach. 

Rheumatuh.— Take of the gum resin of 
guaicum two drachms, gum arnbic two drachms, 
rub them well together and add of the tincture 
of opium half a fiuid drachm, of powdered bark a 
drachm, of the tincture of bark two fluid 
drachms, of the decoction of bark eight fluid 

(ounces. Make a mixture, of which a wine glass- 
ful may be takenlwice a day. 



" Facts— not fictions.' 



HowBLL, who lived in Barbadoes, was 
in the habit of beharing brutally towards 
his wife, and one day locked her up in a 
room, and coniined her in chains. A 
negro woman, touched with compassion 
for her unfortunate mistress, undertook 
privately to release her. Howell found it 
out, arid in order to punish her, obliged 
her to put her tongue through a hole in a 
board, to which he fastened it on the op- 
posite side with a fork ; and left her in 
that situation for some time. He after- 
wards cut out her tongue by the roots, in 
canaequence of which she almost in- 
stantly died. 

A Guinea ship bound to the West 
Indies, with upwards of nine hundred 
Negroes, being kept out long at sea, by 
calms and contrary winds, was reduced 
to great distress. To save the seamen, 
some of the Negroes were thrown over- 
board, tied back to back, and theie actually 
arrived in the West Indies only one 
hundred. 

In 1826, the French schoonex Perie, 
Captain Giblin, having succeeded in land- 
ing part of her cargo of slaves, at Guada- 
loupe, observed an armed French cutter 
standing towards her : the brutal captain, 
to avoid detection and consequent capture, 
threw the remaineer of the human cargo, 
amounting to sixty-five victims, overboard, 
and every ojie perished ! 

By the Colonial laws, slaves who shall 
strike any white man suffer six months' 
imprisonment, and thirty-nine lashes. 
Slaves who shall offer to strike, or use any 
violence towards their master or mistress, 
suffer Aeath without - benefit of clergy. 
Their time of labour in the field is from 
sunrise to sunset : after which each must 
collect a large bundle of grass, for his 
master's horses and cattle ; and they may 
be found scattered over the land, to cull 
bkde by blade, from among the weeds, 
their parcels of gras^. 

On the 4th of July, 1827, two men, 
named Sides and Bradshaw, applied at 
the jail in Wilkesborongh. North Carolina, 
and took out a runaway Negro belongtnK 
to Sides. After tying him in a most cruel 
manner, they proceeded on the road 
towards Lincoln, almost constantly beat- 
ing him in the most savage manner, as 
they passed along the road, for seven or 
eight miles. About nine o'clock at night, 
tlie Negro was so much exhausted as to 
be unable to proceed any further ; when 
they deliberately killed him, and left him 
lying on the side of the road. 



THE TOURIST. 



NOTICES TO CORRESPONDENTS. 



R. R, is informed^ that articles on tke Arts and 
Scimets, ifpertinentfy written, will at all times 
be admissioie, 

P. W., who writes to us on the su^ect of a Monthly 
Part, is coti-ect. We intend to publish the 
Tourist stitched m a Wrapper. 

We have to apologise to severtU Advertisers for the 
omission of their faoours. The space we intend 
to allot for the insertion of Advertisements must 
of necessity be brief, and we could not infringe 
upon it m our first Number. The last page will 
be devoted injuture to Advertisements. 

THE TOURIST. 



MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 17, 1839. 

Johnson is said to have placed the rapid 
whirl of a post-chaise among tlie chief 
eajoyments of life ; and who has not wit- 
nessed with feelings of envy the bustling 
preparations of the gay travelling chariot, 
waiting for its horses as well as its in- 
mates, at some door of fashion in Gros- 
venor-plaoe, jnst when August is far 
enough advanosd to give a frosty freshness 
to the morning air? The lofty imperial 
padced almost to bursting, the ponderous 
wdl, the hat-boxes, gun-cases, bags and 
reticules innumerable, some lashed on with 
difficulty behind, and others impatiently 
crammed in before, above, below, in every 
comer— my lord's portfolio, my lady's 
dressing-case, the pockets stuffed with 
papers, road-books, eau-de-coiogne, and 
niscuits ; the very noise and confusion of 
the multifarious arrangement — ^all combine 
to assist that pleasurable excitement 
which Englishmen invariably derive from 
loco-motion; and when the boys Have 
carefully strapped on their coats to the 
fore-carriage, and John has comfortably 
adjusted himself by the side of Abigail in 
the dickey, which of the gaping bye- 
.standers can repress the wish Smt he 
were also about to be enveloped fn olouds 
of travelling dust, for the next four and 
twenty hours of existeoce ? 

Travelling is undoubtedly the English- 
man's delight; but they do injustice to 
his character who ascribe this peculiarity 
to idleness, or to a love of change. We 
believe that it springs from a higher and a 
commendable motive*— a desire of acquir- 
ing information from that most ferwe of 
alisources, observation of men and man- 
ners. In these days of intellectual pro- 
gress, it appears to be a growing fashion 
to trust too much to books. The school- 
master has become a little pedantic by his 
walks abroad; and such is the super? 
abundance of c^eap literature, in the rorm 
of Penny Magazmes, Penny Novelists, 
and even Penny Encyclopsemas, that, ere 
long, it will be necessary to r^ as well 
as print by steam^ if we wish to keep 



pace with our shoe-Uacks in intelligence. 
Union of these resources then may not be 
ill-timed. We cannot indeed travel far 
for a penny: the posting-market, alas! 
has feJlen very little within our recollec- 
tion, and with all th^ advantages of steam, 
omnibuses, and railways into the bargain, 
it costs a fortune to breakfast with a 
friend at Dublin. A penny a mile will 
carry us very slowly over our ground ; 
but we hope by diligence to accomplish a 
mile a week ; and if it is doubted whether 
this is sufficient speed, let any observing 
man start from his own door, with his eyes 
open, and walking a mile in any direction, 
ask himself, at the end of it, if a week or 
a month will suffice for a thorough inves- 
tigation of the objects on either side of 
his path. 

But to drop our metaphor, lest it should 
become as wearisome as one of those in- 
terminable avenues that now and then 
baulk the traveller's eye in France, our 
purpose is to publish such a compilation 
of matter as shall prove both inslrucHve 
and amusing. We desire to give it all 
the variety as well as the reality of travel. 
As far as we have fallen in with the 
Penny Publications to which we have 
alluded, none of them have adopted the 
miscellaneous, and yet in some respects 
the peculiar plan, on which '^ Thb 
Tourist" will be conducted. We think 
it right at once to avow that the object we 
have in view is entirely philanthropic, and 
that if our engagement is successful and 
leaves any profit, it will be applied 
to a cause of benevolence. Should we 
succeed in establishing a circle of sub- 
scribers that will maintain it in existence 
without loss, we shall not hesitate here- 
after to explain ourselves, without re- 
serve. 

We cannot describe our plan more truly 
than our title implies it. We wish to 
^ve a tour of life ; to observe that which 
IS passing around us is forbidden. 
Perhaps the day is not distant when a 
more desirable tax may be found as a 
substitute for that part of the budget 
which mulcts the circulation of intelli- 
gence. At present, however, we are 
restricted to the observation of what has 
passed, or to the anticipation of what may 
occur hereafter. It is not our purpose 
to harass our readers with much original 
matter of any kind under the head of 
editorial remarks. There is nothing 
new under the sun, and, most assuredly, 
the novelty of '' leading articles" is of the 
most antiquated hue. The ponderosity 
or the prosing propriety of some, the tart 
acuteness or the snapping petulance of 
others, all partake of the cloying of 
satiety. No readers will thank us for 
aping either the one or the other. 



There are some subjects of para- 
mount interest which, thovg^ intimately 
coaneeted with political considerations, 
involve the civil and relieious rights of 
mankind. Amongst whicn are (Gonial 
Slavery, and Reform of our Criminal 
Law. On these we must speak frequently. 
They -will undoubtedly occupy a large por. 
tion of our columns. On topics of this and 
a similar character we will indeed speak 
out. Here we challenge controversy ; we 
seek information, and we have taken the 
best means of obtaining it. 

We rejoice to have it in our power to 
announce, that concurring as we do most 
heartily in their principles and proceedings, 
the Agency Anti-Slavery Society have 
promised us their countenance in every 
way. We shall be happy to render in 
return whatever assistance we can give to 
promote their cause upon the plans which 
they have adopted. We shall very shortly 
revert to this important subject, and 
upon this, and indeed on all of general 
interest, we earnestly intreat the commu- 
nications of correspondents. Where such 
communications are authenticated they 
will be published, unless libellous in their 
expressions; and where they are not 
authenticated they will be preserved for 
a time, to ascertain whether they are 
substantiated by subsequent events, and 
may still be usefully published. 

A prominent part of our Magazine 
will be occupied with anecdote and inci- 
dents extracted froih Modern Travels; 
we hope thus to realize the promise we 
have given, in an entertaining manner, 
and with much instruction as well as 
entertainment, for books of this descrip- 
tion are necessarily expensive, and in« 
accessible to the mass of readers, Tra« 
vellers have the privilege of lying, and 
we are as likely as our neighbours to be 
taken in by them : all therefore that we 
can undertake is to exercise proper vigi* 
luice in our selections ; shoula we be 
favoured with original matter, under this 
head we shall never object to its publics- 
tion on the responsibiuty of our Corres- 
pondent. 

The last experiment we propose to 
make upon the public taste is, we believe^ 
quite novel in its character, at least we 
have never seen it systematically at- 
tempted. Occasionally some able letters 
appear in the public journals, pointing at 
the hardships or inconveniences to which 
particular trades are exposed : but their 
insertion is of necessity so uncertain, and 
regulated so much by the general interest 
which the public may feel on the subjects 
of them, that they fre uently fail in 
obtaining for their writers the desired 
information or relief. We propose to 
dedicate a page or two to commuucationB 



THE TOURIST. 



of this nature^ bo that the tradesman or 
mechanic waj calculate with certainty 
on hit complamta meeting the eyes of his 
brother tradesmen^ and obtaining that 
oensideration which is desirable. There 
are, however, one or two important stipu- 
lations which we are obliged to make 
with correspondents of this class. Their 
letters must be confined to matters of 
general interest to the trade or occupa- 
tion to which they refer, otherwise they 
become Advertisements : they must also 
be limited to some ten or twelve lines of 
letter-press, unless they relate to some 
important subjeet that obviously does not 
admit of compression: and lastly, as all 
the value of such complaints depends upon 
their authority, the name and. address of 
the writer must be published with his 
letter. On these terms, we hope to make 
the " Toubibt" perform one of Uie impor- 
tant functions 01 the Scottish, merchant 
of former days, by becoming the conve- 
nient vehicle of all the trading intelli- 
gence of the community. 

Such, then,is our general design,and ere 
the supercilious critic condemns it, (for 
we are all critics now a-days,) let him re- 
collect the varied scenery ana multiplied 
diversities of soil, and climate, and situa- 
tion, that mark the Tourist's progress; 
now mounted with cockney dignity on the 
box of a Brighton coach, — ^then venturing 
a beck in the roofless, springless shay of 
the Emerald Isle ! At one moment wrapt 
in delightful anticipation of the prawns 
and chocolate of " the Marine Hotel I" 
and the next, snuffing the balmy air, 
after ejecting ''a pet pig" firom its luxu- 
rious couch on the drawing-room hearth 
of an Irish tavern:* imprisoned to-day 
on the deck of a Margate hoy, shifting 
from one leg to the other, for want of 
space for both, and for lack of better oc- 
cupation counting the endless succession 
of Gravesend steamers; tomorrow, tread- 
ing the broad plank of a British frieate, 
and gazing with rapture on the bold, 
clear outline of the Andalusian mountains, 
relieved against the bright azure of a 
southern sky ; or viewing that sky re- 
flected in the calm deep waters of the bay 
of Naples : now scanning with eagle eye 
some Alpine glacier, and then swinging in 
a filthy basket down the bottomless shaft 
of a Durham coal pit. And thus we 
might depict his route in never-ending 
contrast, that would justify far greater 
variety than we, who emulate his career, 
venture to propoae. In one point, we fear, 
the resemblance may prove too correct. 
The most agreeable post chaise companion 
will at times be dull; the lovely romance 
of nature will at length give place to 

• A fact. 



MM««i 



boundless heaths, and barren commons. 
But the Tourist and his friend take 
each other for better or worse ; and if they 
are wise, they will on such occasions 
hurry on the post-boy, and go to sleep till 
the next stage. But there is an advan- 
tage which we fully purpose to secure to 
07ir fellow-travellers, and of which the 
character, whose name we take, too 
often makes his boast in vain. 

In our own persons, whatever we as- 
sert, shall he the truth : we may be de- 
ceived ; we affect not to be wiser than 
those around us; and deception seems the 
universal game of all mankind, but 
knowingly and wilfully^ we will not be 
made the instruments of deception. 
Truth of sentiment, truth of judgment, 
truth of principle, as. well as truth of 
fact, shall be the characteristics of " The 
Tourist;" and while we can well fore- 
see that adherence to this ru|e will 
raise us a host of personal enemies, we 
care little for the enmity of those whom 
truth can alienate, and value (highly their 
patronage whom it will make our friends. 



ORIGINAL PAPERS. 



ADVENTUBB WITH A CAPTAIN- GENEBAL. 

Grenada f June 11. 

Our friend *** remaining confined to his 
bed, and my time being too precious to 
be thrown away any longer at Malaga, Heft 
him in excellent hands, and took a place, 
for want of a more decent conveyance, in 
what is called a " Galera." The vehicle 
is neither better nor worse than— a waggon 
drawn by seven mules. Bales and chests 
have the first privilege of the entree, and 
after their accommodation has been duly 
provided for, the live lumber are welcome 
to look after theirs, as best they may. 
There were seven of us in this predica- 
ment, indudine a padre and his niece, a 
beautiful lass of seventeen. It was seven 
when we turned our backs on Malaga ; 
the heat of the day was amply atoned for 
by the refreshing • breeze and chastened 
silvery moonlight of the night; and by 
eight the next evening we had made 
tedious way, over hill and dale, through 
lonely defiles, and a country void of all 
human imprint, but here and there a 
solitary cross, betokening the violent exit 
of some poor pilgrim like myself, to Loxa, 
an old Moonsh town, where our jaded 
beasts were indulged with three hours' 
halt. Bv midnight, we were billetted in 
a most iil-omened looking inn ; here we ' 
had to contend for a meal with fourteen 
ravenous, whole-star fed cats, one of which 
havine be-plagued and be-dawed a fellow- 
traveUet until he menaced her feline 
existence with sudden extinction, her 



master rushed forward with a brandished 
carver, and letting fly every oath whidi 
the most diabolictd frenzy could either 
vent or invent, would, I verily believe, 
havecut the whole seven of us by the throat, 
had we not leapt up from our seats^ pre- 
sented a bristling front, and threatened, 
d^VEspagnol, to ''turn him inside out," 
if he ventured within reach of the para- 
bola of our only defences. But let this 
pass; we made good our escape oat of 
this peril, and in another hour were nod^ 
ding heads together under the malice of 
an inexorably broiling sun, dreaming (at 
least I can answer for myself) of a 
delightful housing after hap and storm, 
when I was scared out of my trance by 
a sudden jerk of our vehicle. I jumped 
up, and darted a glance through the 
front opening of our canvas roof. There 
were our seven trusty mules, fairly 
brought to an anchor, and tumbling over 
one another, by the assistance of a rope 
drawn right across the road. In advance 
of them, I discovered five horsemen, clad 
in the Andalusian costume, with em- 
broidered trappings of gold and silver, and 
fierce enough of mien to have horrified the 
very imps of the lower regions, galloping 
downupoB us on wild, south-country barbs. 
Each of them had four pistols in his 
holsters, two muskets lashed to his horse 
behind him, a cutlass dangling by his 
side, a long knife bared in his girdle, and 
a blunderbuss — the muzzle of which pre- 
sented itself most uninvitingly between 
his charger's ears — levelled in his right 
hand. At the first blush of the affair, I 
fancied my dreaming fieiculties were amus- 
ing me with the freak of one of Wouver- 
mann's banditti scenes; but no sooner 
did I hear the Captain roar out— ''il 
tierra, boca abajo, ladrones !" — ^To the 
ground ! downwitn your mouths, rascals !«- 
than all the waking terror of reality shot 
across my mind. We crept and clambered, 
one ioathingly after another, out of our 
nest, gained the advance of our mules, and 
laid ourselves in all humility at full 
stretch in the dust. Our driver, nothing 
daunted at an incident which had appa- 
rently lost the merit of novelty in his eyes, 
squatted himself down like a frog, in ex- 
pectation of the next word of command : 
and as to the poor Padre, he sat on his 
feet, with his head between his ankles, as 
you may have seen a duck just before 
he dives under water, senmng Pater- 
noster after Ave Maria! in most v«Ju- 
ble succession. '' Up, scoundrel ! tumble 
down the trunks from the waggon!" 
thundered in the driver's ears, accompa- 
nied by a gesture, wherewith the Captain 
designed to assure us, that no bodilv harm 
impended, provided each quietly dropped 
his purse and watch into the drivei^s ha^ 



6 



Ml^M 



THE TOURIST. 

of my whole retinue of comforts. As for 
my favourite chronometer, the Captain 
skpped it covertly into his jerkin-pocket, 
and, I would wager my existence, has to 
this hour foi^tten to carry it to the 
general account of the^foray. The pillage 
was now at an end; a retreat was sounded, 
and our Captain, throwing himself into 
his saddle with an apology for the incon- 
venience we had been put to. roared out, 
" Remember Jos^ Maria, Captain-general 
of all the flying troops in tne four king- 
doms !" 

And now came a more amusing scene. 
Each party sprung forward to vindicate 
his rignt to a portion of the rags and tat- 
ters left behind ; but conscience cannot 
be convicted of havins lent any hand in 
the transaction : all hdped themselves to 
what lay nearest, providecT it was better 
than its neighbour ; and thence ensued a 
cross-fire of words and abusive epithets, 
which expldded at last in a downright 
battle-royal of nails and fists. Bereft of 
every relic which I might have called my 
own, I stood quietly eyeing the fray, or 
tracking the wreckers in the distance, until 
every trace of both had disappeared, and 
our seven mules, save one, were yoked to 
a burthen whidi none but they were 
pleased to find so marvellously lightened. 

May this said Josi Maria never lay 
his hempen trap across your path. His 
name and feats are so much up in every 
comer of the Spanish peninsula, that it is 
but yesterday, Don Francisco de Paula, 
FeraiuMid's brother,andhis spouse deemed 
it expeoient to avoid the main road to their 
estates in Andalusia, out of sheer dread 
lest he should " bid them welcome.". 



mmt 



wbidi he held out to us as anv street be{;- 
gar would have done; with this difference 
only, th^t the one waylays us, whilst we 
limped to him. I was the last to ap- 
prottBh his stirrup, for my purse was a 
Wvy .on«, and dwtaqoed every other hol- 
low IB the datlering dignity of its descent ; 
next jfinllowed my watch: I took a last 
glitti|iBe at its raitbful features; they 
spoke of many a less, disastrous hour : we 
parted from each other at thirty minutes 
past ten, to a second ; and I laid it gently 
to rest, lesfc their brittle veil should be 
'' rudely entreated." We had all made 
our offermgs ; at the third evolution, the 
Captain drew forth a large bag of leather, 
ftna» horrible to think ! turned the entire 
contents of thedriver'shat in to it at a single 
fillip, without the slightest bowels of 
oompassioii towards the ul-starred glasses. 
'' Comrade !" now hallooed the Captain to 
one of the baod*^^ Oo, and turn the trunks 
about; and see whether there is anything 
to our hand in them. CaballerosI out 
with your keys !•— <and you, master driver, 
1 say, ease the offside mule of his ropes. 
Hang xne, if it 'tisn't a dainty animal !" 
The Captain's fellow then came forward, 
afker having unbuckled a sack from the 
croup of his saddle, which (and I will not 
vouch that my eyes may not Jiave cheated 
me) appeared of such gigantic dimensions, 
that watches, purses, trunks, mules,driver, 
galera, passengers, and all, might have 
been driven into it en masse. In a twink- 
ling, the man opened the huge jaws of 
the devonrer, and ordered the owner of 
the first trunk to his post It was our 
poor Padre'a hapless pre-eminence; he 
applied his quivering fingers to the lock, 
and then to the office of destituting him- 
self of a lean and nap-worn wardrobe, the 
which surmounted a whole museum of 
reaaries, amulets, crosses, relics, and such- 
like geec. But not an item in the whole 
passed muster. At bst a mass-book, with 
silver dasps and comers, crept forth; 
and Flutufi smiled at the rapidity with 
which it flew into the save-all. Each of 
my fellow-travellers was sentenced to a 
similar ordeal ; for I had no mind to con- 
test the palm of precedence with them, 
seeing that the chance of a rescue Was at 
least worth waiting for. Never was 
malice of joy written m more fiendlike cha- 
racter than on the Captain's sun-burnt 
bnyw, when his eye lighted upon my well- 
stored portmanteau. Not a comer was 
left intact ; not one poor remnant, even 
lor a memiento of the slaughter, was cast 
among the cast-aways : the sack wasal- 
leadyfiill to the brim ; but by dint of a 
^k here, and a thrust there, and every 
where a hearty shaking together of its 
heterogeneous contents, a vacuum was 
created barely adequate for the immersion 



• • • 



JEFFERSON'S MAXIMS OF LIFE. 



1. Never put off till to- morrow what you can 
do to-day. 

2. Never trouble others for what you can do 
yourself. 

3. Never spend your money before you have it. 

4. Never buy what you do not vaot because 
it is cheap. 

5. Pride costs us more than hunger, thirst and 
cold. 

6. We never repent of having eaten too little. 

7. Nothing is troublesome that we do willingly. 

8. How much "pains have those evils cost us 
which never happened. * 

9. Take things always by their smooth handle. 
10. When angry, count ten before you speak,— 

if very angry, a hundred. 



HoRRiBLK DuBL. — A numbcr of French prt* 
soners were confined at Stapleton prison, about 
five miles from Bristol, in 1805. A ma<^t fatal 
affrayahappened there between four French 
prisoners, owing to a dispute which arose out of 
a trifling gambling transaction. The two prin- 
cipals first engaged, having split a pair of 
scissors into two parts, and tied the points to the 
ends of two canes, with which they fought; one 
was soon killed. The seconds then engaged, 
when another fell mortally wounded. In fact, 
both the friends on one side fell. * 



ORACLE OF OKIGINS.— No. I. 



SriMstBRs.— Formerly women were prohibited 
from marrying till they had spun a regular set of 
bed-lumiture, and till their marriage were con^ 
sequently called Spbttttn, vrtiich continues till 
this day in all legal proceedings. 

Bridegroom. — Groom signifies onC who serves 
in an inferior station : and it was customary for 
the newly-married man to wait at table on his 
bride and friends on his wedding-day. 

Pin Money. — Pins were acceptable new -years 
gifts to ladies, instead of the wooden skewers 
vihich they used till the fifteenth century ; and 
instead of the gifts, a composition was sometimes 
received in money. 

CHBQUERs.—ln early times, a chequered board, 

the emblem of calculation, was hung out, to inr 
dicate an office for changing money. It was 
afterwards adopted as the sign of an Inn, or 
hostelry, where victuslB were sold, or strangers 
lodged and entertained. 

BONPiRBs, OR BoNBFiRBs.— -These fires are sup- 
posed to have been so called because they were 
aenerally made of bones, and some think it re* 
tetes to the burning of martyrs, first faahionable 
in Eoffland in the reign of Henry IV. The 
learned Dr. Hickes gives a very different etymon; 
he defines a bonfire to be a festive or triumphant 
fire : in the Icelandic language, he says, Baal 
signifies a burning. In the Anglo-Saxon, Bael, 
by a change of fetters in the same organ, is made 
Baen, whence our Botoe/lrr. 



BREVITIES. 

A century ago not one of the bridges existed 
which now cross the Thames. Westminster 
Bridge is now the oldest, and that wsp opened 
in 1747. 

The gross amount contributed voluntarily in 
this country for the support of religious institu- 
tions for general purposes exceeds 300,0001. 
annually. 

Donatello, a celebrated sculptor, when giving 
the last stroke with his mallet, called out to the 
sUtue, *' Speak!" 

Clear Evidence.— Counsel: What kind of 
stockings were they which were stolen 7 Wit- 
ness: Why, sir, thirty-twos, thirty -eights, 
forties, and other kinds.— Counsel : What do you 
, mean by thirty- twos t Witness -. Thirty.twos la 
thirty-twos, sir.— Counsel : So I suppose, but 
what is a thirty-two ? Witness: I told you what 
it was; a thirty-two's a two and thirty ! 

The Lord Chancellor's motto, "Pro regeV 
lege, grege," is not newly assumed, it has beenc 
long borne by the family, and is to l)e seen in an 
old. apartment at Brougham Hall, of the age of 
Queen Elizabeth. 

Napoleon by a word described the characters 
of three Consuls. Do you wish to dine badly, 
go to Lebrun ; well, go to Cambaceres ; rapidly, 
come to me. Lebrun was a miser ; Cambaceres 
a glutton ; and what Buonaparte was all the 
world knows. 

The following words were written by Sir Wnu 
Jones on the blank leaf of his Bible: " I have 
carefully and regularly perused the Holy Scrip- 
tures, and am of opinion; that the volume, inde- 
pendently of its divine origin, containa more 
sublimity, purer morality, more important his- 
tory, and finer strains of eloquence, than can be 
collected from all other books, in whatever lan- 
guage they may have been written.*' 



Tbb Puub.— In the- time of Hippocr ates, it 
was probably not more than sixty Ix ats in a 
minute; from which probably origins .tes our 
smallest division of time, denomimated the 
moment or second, which divides the day into 
86,400 parts. As the human species refine, pro- 
bably the pulse quickens ; and so compi letely are 
we machines, that like a clock, the fast er we go, 
the sooner we are down. 



THE TOimiST, 



NATIONAL GALLERY OF PHILANTHROPISTS^No. I. 



WILLI AU WILBBBFOBOB. 

fjuoqwrumexcfifquodiHO Jorlihn, ntoifnli, 
Nbg pMCfit Amuo, IHO edftx-ibolcn TCtuiUB^" 

This geutlemaii wu bora at Hull, in 
tlie month of August, 1759, and receired 
bis educBtion at St. John'ti College, Cam- 
bridge, where he formed on acquaintance 
with, and became warmly attached to, the 
celebrated William Pitt, with whom and 
Dr. Milner be made his first Continental 
tour. At the general election in 1780, 
he was nnanimoualj returned to FarJia- 
ment fw his native place, but being 
shortly sftenrardi chosen for the county 
of York, he made a Mlection of the latter, 
and centinved the representative of that 
populous county until 1813. From that 
period up to the end of his Parliamentary 
career in 1825, he was chosen for Bram- 
ber. At the very outset of Clarkaon'a 
humane ezertimsto procure the abolition 
of slarery, be wai urged and recom- 
mended to secure the co-operation of 
Wilberforce. Da their first interview the 
words of the latter were, " that the sub- 
ject had often empl(»ed his thoughts, and 
that it was nearest bis heart; and that be 
would not rest until be made proper in- 
quiries into it." Mr. Wilbeirorce soon 
after perfonnedhis promise, by joinina a 
Society which waa formed to cany the 
benentot object <tf CkrkwD into effect ; 



nor did be rest liere, for be gave notice 
of a motion in the House of Commons, in 
the session of 1787, on the subject of 
slavery, and prevailed on Mr. Pitt to 
propose a Resolution, on the gth of May 
in that year, pledging the House in the 
next session, to take the state of the 
Slave Trade into its immediate considera- 
tion. The tardiness of the House of 
Commons, constituted as it then was, pre- 
vented the discussion of the subject until 
J791,when he moved for leave to bring in 
a Bill to prevent the further importation 
of African Negroes into the British Colo- 
m'es. This motion was lost by a majority 
of 75. On the 2d April, in 1792, be 
again called the notice of Parliament to 
the subject, and concluded a moat beauti- 
ful and pathetic speech by declaring, 
that " in bis exertions for the Negroes 
he bad found happiness, though not suc- 
cess, which enlivened bis i^ldng, and 
soothed his evening hours ; that he carried 
the topic with bim to his repose, and often 
bad the bliss of remembering, that he bad 
demanded justice for millions who could 
not ask it for tlieniselves." When a 
motion for "gradual" abolition was carried,' 
Mr. WilberMrce becune rather more in- 
spired with the hope of final success, and 
deteimined heooeforward to redouble bis 
exertions, and in 1807, during the brief 
Adnunifltration of Fox, his earnest 



treaties, bis ardent appeals to the heaita 
and feelings of bis auditors, his Bplen(Ud 
and Christian enthusiasm, met tbeir t«> 
ward — a Bill passed for ^e entire Aboli- 
tion of the Slave Trade, being sanctioiMd 
by both Houses of Parilament. 

His cuidnct as a public cbaracter was i 
laudably ind^>endent; he lent himself to 
no faction, but, on all occasions, spoke and 
voted to the honest dictates of his con- 
science. Some idea — an inadeqnate <ne- 
we confess — may be £nmied M this re, 
spected gentlenui, by the ootline of his 
form, which we have the pleasure to 

Eresent ttiis day to onr readers. Inperaon 
e is short, and in appearance by no means 
dignified; but as an orator, even in the 
last aassioa of his career in Parliament, be 
was siririted, copious, and dear. 

In private life he is beloved and ho> 
nonred. He was united, in 1797, to a 
daughter of an opulent Birmingham mer- 
chant, named Bpooner, by whom be baa a 
la^ family. He has devoted a long life 
to the cause of humanity : neither sick- 
ness nor defeat could ever arrest his 
benevolent exertions — the object nearest 
his heart has been the manl improvement 
of mankind ; every project tbat would 
conduce to so beneticiai a purpose he has 
promoted ; every abuse that would thwart 
it, he has endeavoured to detect and ex- 
pose. In the course of his political life 
he supported Catholic Emancipation and 
ParliamentaiT Reform, reprobated tha 
Lottery as mjurious to public morals, 
insisted that the employment of boys of a 
tender age in the sweeping of chimnies 
was a mo£t intolerable cruelty ; and also, 
after the hostile meeting which took place 
between Tiemey and Pitt, attempted, but 
in vain, to procnre a L^slative enact- 
ment against duelling. By the present 
Lord Chancellor Brougham he has been 
described as "the venerable patriarch of 
the cause of Hie slaves, whase di^ w«re 
to be numbered by sets of benevelanoe and 
|>iety; whose whole life— and he prayed 
It might long be extended for the iMnefit 
of his feUow-ereaturea— bad been devoted 
to the highest, interests of reli^tm. and 
diarity." 

We cannot close this notice of our 
Philanthn^ist without observing, in tbe 
language of Mr. Knibb, " Now that be 
is gathering bis mantle around him, and 
preparing for his entrance into eternity, 
let the attending angel, aa he descends to 
convey his ransomed spirit to tiie realms 
of felicity, whisper in the ears of the d&< 
parting saint, that ' Avrioa is wums f " 



THE TOUMST. 



ORIOINAL POBTRY. 

THE NZGRO^ REPLY. 
I. 
Ah Hum 1 he li ■ (ool or Ioutc, 
And hU heirt i« tteeled to mc, 
Wbo Myi dkt d« poor ilBicted iUtc 
i» htppicr dui de free, 
II. 
But if he be not fool cf InuTe, 
If h« >pnk de truth of me, 
Then let bim come ind be de «UTe, 
And I will be de free. 

MCNOO. 



THB WOXH. 
TdTP, turn thy fautT fool uldc. 
Thi fk*iiK Ibj nynrd loaki deride, 

ProBirlwa Ibikeliw lowed, 
A Bonlon of bb MudlaH Iote 
Ob au pMt won) btMootd. 

ToBlihUnaUnnheK ' 
Aidumdo'eTwrtbtbi fnur bladt 
Foe worm u well u Um. 

lUneHTtb*: 

Idr lowiilillH 



Oh 



rbdr lowiilillH 
IdoDOtlliMT 



ukiH 



OBIQIN OF TBB SLATB-TBADB. 

It will to some appear singular, that the 
slsT^trade shonla hare originated in an 
act of homanity; yet snch was the 
ftet, and exhibits an instance of one of 
the best and most humane men being 
guilty of cruelty, when his mind was 
under the influence of prejndico. Bar- 
tbelemi de laa Casaa, the Bishop of 
Cbiapa, in Fern, witnessing the dreadful 
craelty of the Spaniards to the Indians, 
exerted all his eloquence to prevent it. 
He returned to Spain, and pleading the 
cause of the Indiana before the Em- 
peror, Charles the Vth, in person, sug. 
gested that their place as labaarera might 
be supplied by Negroes from Africa, who 
were then DDnsidered as beings under the 
proscription of their Maker, and fit only 
for beasts of burthen. The EmpertH-, 
overcome by his forcible representations, 
made several r^olations in favour of the 
Indians; but it was not until the|slaveiT 
of the African Negroes was substituted, 
that the American Indians were freed 
inm thfl cnielty of the Spaauidc 



HYLIA8, THE ABY8INIAN 
SLAVE BOY. 
Aboot two months aoo a Uack binr was 
brought to the office of the Anti-Siavery 
Society by a resectable trademan in 
Liverpool Street, Bishiqngate, under the 
following ciicumstanoes: 

He hid been brought to London a few 
weeks previously by a Dutch gentleman, 
who purchased nim as a slave at Batavia. 
By tnis master he was treated as a blavb 
— fondled or flogged, according to the 
vaiTing humour of his ownbb ; that he 
had been many years a slave, but, finding 
he was free in England, he wished to be 
a slave no longer ; that his master was 
goinz away in a day or two, and he feared 
would cany him back into slavery ; and 
that therefore he wished to stay in Eng- 
land, and work for his subsistence here 
as a free person. 

After a careful examination of the 
circumstances of the case, the boy was 
received under the protection of the 
And-Slavery Society; the livery which 
he wore, and i^di he laid belonged to 
his master, was sent back to the 
OWNBB, and be was clothed anew at the 
Society's eipeuse, and his immediate sub- 
sistence provided for. 

Next day it appeared {mtn a report in 
the newspapers, that the master (Myn- 
heer Van Cunnioghen) had applied to 
the Lord Mayor for means to recover his 
lost or runaway slaye; stating' that' 
the lad possess^ extraordinary talents, 
spoke seven different languages, and was 
quite a treasure to him. 

Upon seeing this statement, Mr. Pringle 
waited upon the Lord Mayor and ex- 
plained to him the actual state of the case ; 
that the boy told a story respecting his 
treatment altogether different from M. 
Van Cunnighen's ; but that Uie compa- 
rative accuracy of the conflicting state- 
ments of the Duuter and the slave was 
but a s e condary point : — the boy having 
■ought protection frmn slavery, or from 
bei^g carried back into that condition, 
that protection should bs afforded him, if 
the laws of England could afford it ; and 
that, finally, he, as Secretary of the Anti- 
Slavery Societv, wonld be responsible 
for receiving nim. The Lord Mayor 
merely replied that he understood M. 
Van Cunninghen had gone to the con- 
tinent, and that he did not see that he 
(the Lord Mayor) could interfere farther 
'1 the matter as it then stood. 

Wmt India Logic— A Slav* Owner In the 
Liverpool Hercurj of the 7th in>t,, ittempU > 
logic*! uid wripturtJ proof thri Slavery itcon- 
"'iCent with Christianity, which l« so conspicu> 

Illy tbiurd u to merit ■ comer in our Brsi 
number. He uf >, Infidels hiTe in All ages be«n 
~ loosed to SliTery—inlldelsdisbelieTe the BiUe 

GTEo, aiaverr ii t«acUoiit4 b; Scriptuct. 



LACONICS. 

vice is like ■ dirk lAntliDn, which tunu Its 
bright tide only to him that bean it, but looks 
black and dismal in mother's hand. 

Arts that respect the mind were ever reputed 
nobler than those that serve the body. 

There are four hatriti enentiilly necessary to 
the proper management of temporal concerns : 



lebinuelf 



The profesalon of the Law was Instituted 
merely for the furtherance of justice and the 
preservation of right. 

Socrates said that temperance promoted the 
kaowledfe of the loul, whetted the appetite, and 
rendered men at once both ezcellent and happy. 
Eating, said be, without hunger, and drinking 
without thirst, sinks both the appetite and the 
understanding. 

The revolutions caused by the progress of 
truth are always beneflcial to society, and are 
only burtheosome to those who deceive and 
oppress it. 

^'I wUI admit," lajd H(«Brth, " all the world 
to be competant jodgei of my |dcturea, except 
those who are of the profession," 

Ray obserrei that an obscurs tnd prcdix 
author may not improperly be commired tc 
cuttle-flsh, since he may be said to h^ binu 
under hi* own ink. 

WhoCTer wishes, sayi Aogostln, to be with 
God, ought always to pray and often to read : 
for when we pray we speak to God, and when 
we read he speaks to us. 

A Russian has published " A View of all the 
Known Laaguages, and their dialects." In this 
book we find In all 937 Asiatic, 6ST Enropean, 
2^6 African, and 1264 American lamoaceaand 
dialects, enumerated and classed. Tbe Bible is 
translated into 139 languiges. 

When we think of death, a thousand sins we 
have trode ai worms beneath our feet, rise up 
against us like flaming serpents.— (Scott.) 

The passions, like heavy bodies down steep 
hills, once in motion, move themselves, and 
know no ground but the bottom. — (Fuller.) 

It thou wouldst have a good servant, let thy 
.g^^yant And a good master; be not angry with 
,hiiiv too long, lest he think thee malicious: 
nor too soon, lest he conceive the<e nub ; nor 
too often, lest he count thee humouroni. — 
(Quarle.) 

It is the greatest of all sins, always to continue 
in sin, for where the custom of sinning wazeth 
greater, the conscience for sin nowi the IciS'. it 
IS easier to quench a spark than a flre : I had 
break the cockatrice's egg than kill a 



*Srthi 



... that hath a trade hath an estate ; and he 
that hath a calling hath a place of profit and 
honor. A ploughman on hi* leg* is higher than 
a gentleman on hii knees. 



EDITORS BOX. 



Sib: I beg to inform you that Two LicTOats 
illustrative of the Character of Slavery In the 
Biitish Colonies, and of the advantage, safety, 
and practiciJ>ility of its imniediate Abolition, 
will be delivered at Ebenezer Chapel, High- 
street, Shoreditch, by Edward Baldwin, Esq.. on 
Monday and Wednesday Evening nest, the 17th 
and 19:h, at half, past six o'clock. 

Perhaps you will make it a point todrop in. 



Your* faithftiUy, 



Printed and Published by J. Caisp, at No. 13, 
Wdlington -street. Strand, where all Advertite- 
ments and Comnuoications for the Editor tie 



THE TOURIST; 

OR, 

Metrfi iiooft of fkt ^imts, 

" I pencilled things I saw, and profited by things I heaid."— Lbttjbb of a Walking Gentlbhak. 



Vol. 1.— No. 2. 



MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 24, 18^2. 



Price One Penny. 



ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL. 



This splendid edifice was built on th<! ' 
site of the old cathedral, which was 
burnt down in the great fir« of 16G6. 
The first stone of the new cathedral was 
laid on the 2]st of June, 1675, by 
Sir Christopher Wren himself, who lived 
to see his son, then but a few months old, 
thirty-five years afterwards, deposit the 
hi^est stone of the lantern on the cupola. 
During the early progress of the work, 
an incident occarred, vhich, even in a 
less superstitions age, might haTo been 
considered m favourable omen, without 
any charge of extraordinary credulity. 
Sir Christopher was marking out the di- 
meusions M the great cupola, when he 
ordered one of the workmen to bring him 
a flat stone, to use as a station. , A piece 
was brought : it was the fragment of a 
tomb-stone, on which but one word of the 
inscription was left — that word was hk- 
BUROAiu, Some authors suppose this 
circumstance to have been the origin of 
the emblem sculptured over the south 
portico, by Cibber, namely, a phceoix 



■ isingout of its fiery nest, with this word 
as an inscription. 

During the whole time that the cathe- 
dral was building. Sir Christopher, in 
order to preserve the new temple from 
profanation, alhxed orders on various 
parta of the building, prohibiting the 
workmen from swearing, on pain of dis- 

In 1693, the walls of the new choir 
were finished, and the scaffolding re- 
moved ; and on the 2nd of December, 
l(i97, it was opened for divine service, on 
occasion of the thanksgiving for the peace 
ofltyswick.' Tlie morning prayer chapel 
was opened for divine service the 1st of 
February, 1699. 

' It is remarkable, that tliia mighty 
fabric was begun and finished by one ar- 
chitect, Sir Christopher Wren ; one prin- 
cipal mason, Iklr. Strong ; and during 
one bishopric, that of Dr Henry Compton, 
bishop of London. 

'i'he total expense of the building wns 
736,752t 28. 3d. 



The dimenuons of this cathedral, com- 
pared with that of St. Peter's, are, ac- 
cording to the Parentalia, as follow : 

St^Paul'i St. Peter's 

length, within .... 600 C69ft. 

Gieatest bretwith . . . 22S 442 

HeiEht 940 433 

The great dome over the central area 
is supported by eight stupendous piers, 
four of the arches formed by which open 
into the side aisles. The cathedral church 
of Ely is sud to be the only other one in 
this country in which the central area is 
thus pierced by the aide aisles. 

The choir is separated from the body 
of the church by nandsome iron railings. 
Over the entrance to it is the organ gal- 
lery, and an organ in it supposed to be 
oue of the finest in the kingdom. It was 
erected in 1694, by Bernard Schtnydt,or 
Smith, for 2.000/. 

Few of the persons to whom monu- 
ments are erected in the cathedral, have 
lieen really buried there. Among the 
number, tliB first who clums our notice 
is the great ardiiteet of the building, Sir 



10 



THE TOURIST. 



Christopher Wren. Descending to the 
vaults by a bread flight of steps, you see 
beneath tUe south-east window^ inscribed 
on a low tomb^ the following simple epi- 
taph: 

" Here lies Sir Christopher Wren, Knight, 
builder of this Cathedral Church of St. Paul, 
-who died in the year of our Lord MDCCXXIU., 
and of his age XCI.'* 

On the wall above, there is an addi- 
tional inscription in Latin, with which 
the public are more familiar, and which 
may be thus translated : 

" Beneath lies Christopher Wren, the builder 
of this church, and of this city, who lived up- 
wards of ninety years, not for himself, but for 
the public good. 

"Reader, would'st thou search out his monu- 
ment? Look around. 

" He died 25th February, 1723, aged 91." 

After examining all that is to be seen 
in the lower part of the cathedral, you 
ascend by a spacious circular staircase, to 
a gallery which encircles the lower part of 
the interior of the dome, and is called the 
" Whispering Gallery," from the circum- 
stance, that the lowest whisper breathed 
against the wall in any part of this vast 
circle, may be accurately distinguished by 
an attentive ear on the very opposite side. 
Branching off f-om the circular staircase 
at this place, there are passages which 
lead to other galleries and chambers 
over the side ai&fes. One conducts you 
to the '' Library" of the chapter, which is 
immediately over the consistory. The 
floor of this apartment is a great curiosity, 
being entirely constructed of small pieces 
of oak, without either nail or p^, and 
disposed into various geometrical flgures 
wiUi the utmost nicety. Above the chim- 
ney, there is a good half-length portrait 
of the Protestant bishop. Dr. Compton, 
who bequeathed the whole of his books 
to the library, which is not however, of 
much value as a collection. Over the 
morning prayer chapel, at the opposite 
end of the transept, is a room called the 
** Trophy Room," from being hung round 
with various shields and banners used at 
the ceremony of Lord Nelson's funeral. 
In this room are kept the rejected model, 
according to which oir Christopher Wren 
flrst proposed to erect this cathedral, and 
also the model of the altar piece, which 
was left unexecuted. 

Imagikart Colo.— The late Saville Carey, 
ivho imitated the whistling of the wind through 
a narrow chink, freouently practised. this decep> 
tion in the comer of a coffee house, and he sel- 
dom failed to see some of the company rise to 
examine the tightness of the windows, while 
others, more intent on their newspapers, con- 
tented themselves with putting on their hats and 
buttoning their coats. 

Tlie following extraordinary instance of the 
different effects of various vegetables, some of 
them poisonous, upon different animals, are 
mentioned by the Botanical Professor, in a 
recent lecture delivered at King's College. 
" Horses/' says Mr. Burnett, " will not touch 
cruciferous plants, but will feed on the reed 
grasses, amidst abundance of which goats have 
been known to starve; and these latter again 
will eat and grow fat on the water-hemlock, 
which is a rank poison to other cattle, in like 
manner pigs will feed on henbane, while they 
are destroyed by common pepper : and the horse 
which avoids the bland turnip will grow fat on 
rhubard .and take a drachm of arsenic daily 
>riUi adYantege,'*, 



ORIGINAL PAPERS. 



t€ 



et 



JACK KETCH IN PARIS. 
(From the 5tk vol. of the Livredes Cent et Un,) 

The most striking passage in tiiis volume 
is that which describes a visit to 
Monsieur de Paris, the executioner of the 
French metropidis. Start not, reader ; 
the being has feelings and tastes, which 
would not shame the best among us. 
I was introduced," says the narrator, 
into a small, low apartment, where I 
descried a fellow mortal, apparently some 
sixty years of age, and of features replete 
with candour and sweetness, playing 
up<»i a piano, -Mid -extraoting sounds trom 
it by no means devoid of melody. It 
was Monsieur himself. And in the 
same apartment, was his son, a young 
man of about 34, isar of countenance, 
and of timid and eentle deportment ; on 
his knees sut a little girl, some ten or 
twelve years of age, beautiful as a seraph, 
and with features as expressive and finely 
wrought as eye could desire to look upon. 
It was his daughter. The sight of her 
unhinged the whole chain of my thoughts ; 
I could have wished that nothing so un- 
earthly should have been discovered in 
such a spot as this; 'twas as the sun 
pierdne through a storm ; 'twas a rose, 
raising its deHcate form amidst the stony 
dieerfessness of a sepulchre. M. Sanson 
received me like a man who' knows the 
world ; there was neither embarassment 
nor affectation in his manner ; and he in- 
quired the object of my vLdt. I had my 
excuse nearlv cut andaried: and a con- 
versation, which lasted a couple of hours, 
enabled me to remark, how much correct- 
ness of judgment and purity of views were 
possessed by Monsieur de Paris. One 
thing struck me ; he had often resorted 
to his snuff-box without offering it to me. 
I was surprised, but could not account 
for this departure from the received cus- 
tom between priseurs. All <m a sudden, 
and mechanically, without thinking of it, 
and whilst absorbed in a discussion which 
alienated my attention from what I was 
doing, I offered him a pinch. He raised 
his hand in token of refusal, with an ex- 
pression of countenanoe which it is not 
possible for me to describe; his look 
chilled me to the heart. Unhappy being ! 
the recollection of a past moment brought 
the very blood to his fingers ! M. Sanson 
delights in conversation; probably, be- 
cause he has read much and to great ad- 
vantage. He has an extensive and well 
seleeted library, and it is evidently, in his 
case, no article of mere luxury. His 
books, indeed, are the only company he 
keeps ; for, exiled as he is from inter- 
course with the living, he moves and has 
his being in the disembodied society of 
the illustrious great : and can look upon 
them without a shudder : for it was not 
fits hand which shortened their existence. 
One should have imagined that the na- 
ture of his duties and the class of men 
with whom they compel him to associate, 
would have extinguished every spark of 



humanity : £urfnnn it, they have kindled 
the most delicate sensibility in Sanson's 
breast. You will hear him declaim with 
the most fervid energy against the pu* 
nishment of death, and dwell with ani- 
mation on the means of efficaciously sub- 
stituting some other penalty for it ; and 
you will see him, on the day of an execu- 
tion, pallid and unnerved — ^refusing to 
partake of sustenance — and lifeless, as if 
he had exchanged stations with the 
doomed man, and the doomed man were 
to enact the executioner. This is what 
the world knows not; this is what I 
would not have credited myself, had I 
not been witness to it with my own eyes. 

He related a number of details con- 
nected with the last hours of some cele- 
brated offenders. I will give you an 
anecdote, which is quite in its place im 
these pages. About the year 1750, three 
young men, of that high class of nobility 
who held the monopoly of broken win- 
dows, insults to passers by, and outrages 
against guardians of the night, after a 
jovial supner rambled down the Fau- 
bourg St Martin, laughing, gambolling, 
and gossipping, between two and three in 
the morning, of such things as the toneue 
is given to sport with, when a man does 
not know what word shall tread on the 
heels of another, and has clean forgotten 
what thought last crossed the thresliold 
of his lips. They had made up their 
minds not to return home before the sun 
was up, and not a house was open to re- 
ceive them. When they reached the 
Rue St. Nicholas, they heard the sound 
of music, which had something more 
than commonly joyous and noisy about it. 
Think, what a God-send ! what a re- 
source for closing the night's vocation ! 
One of the party having knocked at the 
door, a man came and opened it ; he was 
civil and plain in his address, and neatly 
attired. The young nobleman, who had 
knocked, briefly explained the motive of 
their unseasonable visit. " I cannot ad- 
mit you, gentlemen ;" the master of tlie 
house replied with fHgid civility ; " 'tis a 
family festival, and no stranger can b« 
allowed to join it" " You are in the 
wrong: never perchance has better so- 
ciety than ours graced your roof." •' I 
must repeat it, gentlemen, I cannot allow 
you to enter." *' Pshaw ! pshaw ! man ; 
you do not know whom you are refusing." 
*' Gentlemen,.— gentlemen, I entreat of 
you not to insist upon admittance!" 
** And pray, sir, in the name of all good- 
ness, who may you be ?" " I am Exe- 
cutioner TO THE City op Paris !'* 
"Excellent ! He! he ! he ! Really, is it 
you who cut off heads, split medibers 
assunder, make the bones cry out between 
two screws, and inflict most exquisite 
torment on poor devils!" ''Aye! aye, 
sir ; I confess, that such are the duties I 
am heir to, by virtue of my office : but I 
make over petty details to my servants. 
It is only when some genUeman of rank 
—for instance, a man of high birth like 



THE TOURIST. 



II 



yoQ, sir — ^has been anfortunate enmigh to 
incar the frowns of justice^ that I do not 
admit others to perform the office of 
punishing him; for> in such cases, I 
deem it an honour to do execution with 
my own hand." 

The party addressing the executioner 
was the Marquis de Lally. And, twenty 
years afterwards, this same Marquis de 
Lally died by the hands of the very indi- 
vidual whose office had been the subject 
of his senseless merriment. 



LABOUR IN ENGLAND. 

The following plain rules are addressed 
to landowners and farmers, by the strict 
observance of which it has been found, 
from long experience, that the labouring 
poor may be rendered comfortable and 
comparatively independent, and the poor 
rates in almost all agricultural parishes 
may be made nearly nominal. By the 
Rev. Joseph Wilson, Minister of Laxton, 
Northamptonshire. 

1.— COITAGES AND LAND. 

1. To each cottage apportion, as near to it as 
possible, one quarter or one-third of an acre of 
land, at a moderate yearly rent, according to its 
quality. 

2. Do not allow of more cottages than the ex- 
tent of the parish really requires. 

3. See that the cottages are kept in good re- 
pair, and presenred dry, and jwell white-washed 
within. 

II.-LABOUR AND WAGES. 

1. For really productive labour always give a 
labourer good and liberal wages, without any re- 
ference to his being married or single. 

2. 'Whenever you can, set the labourers their 
work by the task, or great. 

3. Never allow of rounds-men. 

4. Never permit any part of a man's wages to 
be paid out of the poor rate. 

5. As the labourer should always receive good 
and liberal wages for productive labour, so, oo 
the other hand, when the labourer is employed 
on mere pariah work, he should have hard work 
and short wages, and his work by the task or 
great. 

6. See that the very aged, the nek, and the 
infirm, are kindly treated. 

III.— RELIGION, MORALS, AND ECONOMY. 

1. See that the children of the labouring poor 
have a Christian education, in a well regulated 
and conducted school. 

2. Enforce by all proper means, a regular at- 
tendance of all the people on public worship at 
the parish church. 

3. Allow of no more public houses than are ab- 
solutely necessary. 

4. Discourage in every proper way, all tippling 
and drinking. 

5. Discourage to the utmost degree all lewd- 
ness and improvident marriages. 

6. Never rorce a marriage in order to prevent 
a child being bom illegitimate; but put the law 
fully in force against the mother, by committal 
to prison, if she make the child illegitimate 
chargeable to the parish. 

7. Purchase fuel in summer, to be sold out to 
the labouring poor at a cheap rate in winter. 

8. Pstronize and promote clothing societies. 

9. Endeavour to influence the poor to unite in 
friendly societies, and to put whatever money 
they can save in some saving bank. 

10. Administer the poor lawn firmly and rigidly. 

John Wesley thought he could increase his 
utility by the practice of physic. He, accord- 
ingly, dispensed medicines gratuitously; and 
published a book of recipes, in which a daily 
application of lunar caustic is prescribed for 
films in the eyes; toasted cheese fur a cut; 
quicksilver, ounce by ounce, to the amount of 
several pounds, for a twisting in the intestines; 
a piaster of brimstone and e^hells, spread on 
brown paper, for consumption; and the cold 
bath for agues. 



VULGAR SUPERSTITIONS. 



Sailors are a most superstitious race, 
and have a secret dread of remarkable 
sounds heard at sea. At the Land's End. 
it is not uncommon to hear a mysterious 
sound off the coast previous to a storm, 
which fishermen are not willing to attri- 
bute to natural causes^ but believe it to 
come from the spirit of the deep. This 
effect is obviously occasioned by the com- 
ing storm whistling through the crevices 
of the rocks that stand in the sea^ and 
which skirt the Cornish coast ; so much 
do the people consider this as ominous of 
shipwreck; that no one can be persuaded 
to venture out to sea while this warning 
voice is heard. In the northern seas, our 
sailors are alarmed by a singular musical 
effect, which is now well understood to 
proceed from the whale inhaling his 
breath. Similar sounds, probably, may 
be uttered by other monsters of the deep, 
upon which the ancients fallaciously 
founded their notions of sea nymphs and 
sirens. 

The peasantry may be classed with the 
sailors ; they have not yet lost their faith 
in witchcraft and supernatural agency ; 
yet such is the advance of knowledge in 
the manufacturing districts, where science 
is blended with every operation and every 
art, that these traits of ignorance no 
longer exist The idea that fairies dance 
in the meadows on warm summer nights 
to sweet music, no doubt has arisen from 
the sound ascribed to the midnight dances 
of the ephemera; but to see these green 
little figures flitting to and fro, is a stretch 
of imagination that can only result from 
a state of fear and trepidation. Great 
stress is laid by the country people upon 
sounds heard in the night time, such as 
the croaking of the raven, or the thrill- 
ing note of the screech owl. These are 
always considered as bad omens, and a 
certain presage of disaster and death. 
The power of the imaguiation to repro- 
duce soundS) when in a state between 
sleeping and waking, is a fact that no one 
can doubt. Who has not found himself 
suddenlv aroused by a sound, or startled 
out of sleep by a well-known voice, when 
it is certain no sound has been uttered ? 
These effects, like our dreams, are excited 
by causes extremely slight. By the 
lower order these sounds are considered 
as calls or warnings from invisible 
spirits. 



The Bank of England, though In reality a 
common joint-stock company, yet possesses the 
management, at a commission, of the entire 
rcTenue of the British empire. Every shilling 
of the receipts and expenoiture of the excise, 
customs, post oflSce, and naval and military 
establishments of the country, passes through 
the Bank of England. The commission for the 
management of the national debt amounts to 
the sum of 260,000/. per annum, and the entire 
profits of the Bank, derived from its exclusive 
enjoyment of the business of the revenue, is 
believed to exceed the sum of a million per 
annum, whilst the loss of its notes by fire and 
other accidents by the public is known to cover 
the expenses of the whole establishnfent. 



GRATITUDE. 

Therb is not a more pleasing exercise 
of the mind, than gratitude. It is accom- 
panied with so great inward satisfieiction, 
that the duty is sufficiently rewarded by 
the performance. It is not, like the 
practice of many other virtues, diflicult 
and painful, but attended with so much 
pleasure, that were there no positive 
command which enjoined it, nor any re- 
compense laid up for it hereafter, a gene- 
rous mmd would indulge in it, for the 
natural gratification whidi it affords. 

If gratitude is due from man to man, 
how much more from man to his Maker ? 
The Supreme Being does not only confer 
upon us those bounties which proceed 
more immediately firom his hand, but 
even those benefits which are conveyed to 
us by others. Every blessing we enjoy, 
by what means soever it may be derived 
upon us, is the gift of him who is the 
great Author of good, and the Father of 
mercies. 

If gratitude, when exerted towards one 
another, naturally produces a very pleas- 
ing sensation in the mind of a grateful 
man, it exalts the soul into rapture, when 
it is employed on this great object of 
gratitude ; on this beneficent Being, who 
has given us every thing we already 
possess, and from whom we expect every 
thing we yet hope for. 

I II ■ ■ I I 

AN IRISH GLA.NT. 



Many persons who saw Daniel in his 
old age have described him to us ; and it 
IS plain he would have been, even to one 
of Homer's heroes, a formidable antago- 
nist. Though of course much fallen then, 
he was still a huge skeleton, far above 
the ordinary size of these degenerate days. 
*^ His jaws," said a gentleman to us, 
^ resembled a horse's, and the children 
of Killamey used to break themselves in 
buying apples for him to eat. It was the 
greatest delight to them to see the huge 
working of ms jaws ; and Daniel would 
easily devour a basket full ; so that he 
had always a crowd of urchins after him 
through the streets. But this never gave 
him any annoyance ; he was as simple as 
any one of themselves. At a large pat- 
tern once, he was attacked by the faction 
of the Agars, and got a great beating, 
but no man could knock him down ; at 
last he became completelv roused ; he ran 
to an old cabin, and laid about him with 
one of the rafters, until he cleared the 
field. In short, he was a giant. You could 
put a young child into his shoe ; and his 
voice was so deep and hollow that one 
would think it came out of the bowels of 
the earth." 

Some of the workmen employed in digging the 
.foundation of a house in San-street, Chichester^ 
dtsooTered some ancient coin, of the reign of Con- 
staatine, and what they considered more valuable, 
about 12 guineas were also found, of the date of 
1782. A few persons, taking advantage of the 
men's ignorance, obtained them, in some cssct, at 
half price. 



NOTICES TO CORRESPOf/DElfTS. 



Sir Jambb Mackintosh wilt appear in A'o. 2. 

of " The Naliimal GaUcry of Philmtlmpiil,." 

Theolhtr ieneeolenl iadii-idvals al bided lo by 

F F. M., viill alto appear in lucc. 
We canaol iiuvrl traikv paelra: H. 

are Uft Kilk the PuiliiAer. 



THE TOURIST. 



THE TOURIST. 



SIOSDAy, SEPTEMBER 34, 1832. 

Wk do not wkL to undervalue tlie talents 
or the literary pretensions of our i 
petitors, neither do we wish to hold 
selves up as the beau ideal of a Penny 
Publication ; but we cannot refrain from 
thus frankly acknowledging the 
tensive sale which the first number 
of " Thb Tourist" bat met with 
from the public. Without dipping 
into the troublesome sea of politics, we 
have found, and shall continue to find, 
fund of amusement for the instruction 
and entertainment of .our readers. We 
trust to be able to maintain our claim to 
the support of a discerning public, on 
the fair ground of merit. 

Wb call the attention of our readers 
the following spirited article, which ap- 
peared in " The Times" Newspaper of 
Saturday, the 15th. 

"ATTEMPT TO HXPEL THE MISSION. 
ARIES FROM JAMAICA. 
" Public atlention is drawn to intelligence 
frum Jamaica, respectinj; certain resolutions 
which a body of planters in the northern 
division of that importRnt island liad passed ; 
and which, wo are bound to say, for daring 
illegality and moostrous injustice, have 
never been exceeded by any act, liowerer 
vIlcnsiTe or unreasouable, on the records of 
colonial violence. It is well known that the 
sectarian MisHionariei, who have (jone Ibrtli 
from this country to preach Christianity to 
thelVpstlndiaNegroca, hare been formany 
years objects of extreme jealousy to what is 
called 'the West India interest ;' nnd thai 
no ins.'snce of insnhordinatioH or outrggre 
hat ever occurred thruuirhiiut these culooics 
since the alioljtiun nf tlie slave trade, whfnre 
prompt occasion was not liiben to charge 
llic guilt of it upon the unfortunate Mission- 
aries. In Demerara, not many years since, 
a Preacher was tried by court-martial tor 
im alleged |iartici|iatioii in, or promotion of, 
the rebHIion of the Blacks; and, if we 
remember right, the poor man's life fell a 
B«:rifice to llie sevtrily with which he 
was treated in prison. In the late in. 
surrectioQ of Jamaica some Missionaries 
were subjected to trial under similar 
charges, but notwithstanding the clamour 
raised against them, and the excitement 
ihtn prevailing in tlic island, no miscon- 
duct was substantiated against any one of 
tliem, — not oneconriclion could be obtained, 
howt'ver ardently it was wiahed for, and 
dilifrenlly sought. The bitterness, however, 
which has been cherished against these secta- 
rians, has been apparently slrengtljeocd by 
tlie bad success of its undertakiufiB ; and 
the planters composing 'the colonial union 



of the north.side parishes' of Jamaica 
have signalized the impoleocy or their pre- 
ceding attempts auainst the Missionaries, 
bv the resolutions to which we have already 
tltuded. Bud which will be liiiind in IbJs 
day'spaper. It is possibk that sonieofthe 
Itsjitist Missionaries may he men indilfi-r- 
enly educated, soni", possibly, not of tlie 
highest prudence,— and that on one or two 
oocisioiiB the lun^ruaee employeil by tlieiii 
lb r religious instruction or exhortalion may, 
as is lint unfreqnent her.' in England {iiy, 
and in the Establlalied Chiirdi, moreover',) 
hare been ignorantly |>erverlcd by 
tlieir li.ilf-tanght hearers lo te,ni|)oral 
and mischievous meanings. ; Itiit tliut 
does not make men inc«iidlHrics or 
rebels. Itebels and inr-endiarius may lie pu- 
nished by law. Why have not the mission- 
aries bei'u BO punished? |[ is plain that, 
iftliey could have been fairly exposed loniiy 
legal penally, the planters would never, in 
their desperation, have adopted, as one nf 
their resolutions, a pledge " to Aipe/ t/ie 
lectariaat and other incendiaries from tlio 
island." Why, the men are raving mad! 
What power in the United Kinjr£im, ur 
in any colony under the crown of Itrilain, 
can lawfully exi>rl the meanest human lieing 
from its trrritory, when lie has oommiltcil 
no crime acknoivledgrd by the laiv el' 
Encland? But what despot, hnown to 
Rurope or Asia, has, in modern times, so 
sinned against the human nice, aslo banish 
a man because of the pi!culiBr Buct of Cbris- 
tianitv ef which he wa^ a member ? Tlie 
Uraud Turk— nay, old Ali I*ac1ia hinisidf, 
llie monster of Joannina — would have apt 
upoulbejanissary who proposed it. Expel 
all sectarians from Jamaica ! Try it, gfu- 
tleiiien; but prepare fora trial of strength, 
the next nioment, with the people and 
Keformed Parliament of England, and 
see who will first be " expelled" — 



the missionaries or their hateful persecutors* 
The Irnlb must be told. These planters wil' 
not suffer their slaves to emerge, by the 
nvenue of knowledge of any description, 
iruni the level of beasts, lo which a long 
course of degrading Ireatment has reduced 
them. If men be once educated, or •■yvn 
shown the road to edncalioit, however ini- 
lierfect, they wil! no longer endure the cnn- 
ditiun of quadrupeds. The Jamaica planters 
are well uware of this. Their resolulioDS 
are worthy iif their system; but llie Al- 
torney Cem^ral hascominciiced (he 1pss.iu of 
LAW, irhiub remains to he completed by tlic 
Uoveroment and Parliament of Great Bri- 



SomrAMBOLisu.— Ad incredlbles^ix liloU 
In & Krcncli Paper of a child of iwelre T"Ts of 
a^e, wbo was nuad sKndlng up lo bit Iqio* In 
the eta, nssr the ConqunI, buiy Sihiug- fnr 
plaice widi ■ foane, a wrc of haipooa niod lot 
■Irlking ObI fiali. Some boumen having ■pprosched 
him, the; were utonithetl lo fiml that tlie urcb n 
was asleep, though he hm] aucceeded in calching 
fiveariiiplHicr. Od waking him the cliildVuaa 
Diuch a tnnlahed aa the £ ' 



L laglng 



abed, b 



leiied 1 



Beards.— Some of the ancient German nations 

allowed their beards to grow till they had kilted 
an encmj' in battle; and the Ai>i-lo-Saxons, 
probably on their first arrival in Britain, and for 
a considerable time after, followed thii fashion. 
After the introduction of Christianity, the clergy 
were obliged to shave their beards, in obedience 
to the laws and practice of all the western 
churches. By degrees, the Engliah laity began 
to imitate the clergy so far as to absve all their 
beards, except their upper lips, un which they 
left a lock of hair, by which they were distin- 
guished from the French and Normana.wbo 
shaved their whole beards. In modern times 
«c find this naUonal practice completely re- 



ANCIRNT MONUMENT IN SCRIVELSBY CHURCH. 

SIR ROBERT DYMOKG^S TOMB. 



Scrivelsbf chnrcli is a tmall building, 
assisting of a nave, with a north aisle, 
and a chancel. At the eastern end of the 
aisle nre two totnbs, on one of which is 
the figure of a knight, in chain armour, 
cross-legged; on the other that of a lady, 
ivith a lion at her feet. By the side of 
? is the tomb of Sir Robert Dymoke, 
was champiou at the coronation of 
Richard the third, Henry the seventh, 
and Henry the eighth ; by the last of 



whom be was made a knight banneret. 
On the top of the tomb is a plate of brass, 
on which is sculptured his figure in full 
armour, in a recumbent posture, with his 
helmet under bis head, and a lion at bis 
feet. Above bim is a shield, containing 
arms, and under bim is tlie following in- 
scription, in black letter : 
" Here liethc the Body of sir Robert Demoke 
' SercvelF.by Lnight and baronet who departed 



THE TODKIST. 



THE Tourists portfolio.— No. 



SOMERSBY. 

The village of Somenby is pleasantly 
situated on tlie wolda, in the Lundred of 
Hill, at about the distance of six ir 
(.-Bst from Horncastle, in tbe county of 
Lincoln. 

The manorial eatatei, which conipriee 
the whole ]iarish, have for many years 
Iwen the property of a family named 
Burton. The present proprietor is Wil- 
liamj Raynor Burton, Esquire, which 
latter name he assumed on coming into 
possession of the estates on the death of 
Iiis uncle, Robert Burton, Esquire, of 
Lincoln. 

On the south ude of the church, near 
to the porch, is an el^ant stone crosa, 
which having escaped ooth the lavages 
of time, and the destruction of the Puri- 
tans, remains in so perfect a state as to 
be justly esteemed of unrivalled excel- 
lence and beauty. The extreme height 
of it, including the subcourse, is fifteen 
feet. The shaft is octagonal, and decoro- 
ted^with a capital, surmounted by a co- 
joaalfof small embattlemenls. The cross. 



with its pediment, which rises from this, 
is ornamented ou the south face with the 
representation of the crucified founder of 
the christian faith, and on the oppoeite 
nide with that of tlie virgin and chdd. 



Kamihg tits Weapons. — " I reraember," isya 

Aubrey, " there wu s greit clifTcrence hetwecn 
Sir William Petty snd une of Oliver's knights, 
■hout IfifjO. They printedone sgsinitthe othej. 
Tlie kniglit had hccn a toldicr, ind ehalleneed 
Sir WillUm to fight with him. Sir W illism vim 
extiemely short- s igh Ecd ; and bcin); the chil- 
kiigcd. it helDiiKed to him to nominate the place 
and weapoQB. He nominated for the place a 
dark ceUar, and the weapon to be a great ear. 
pnter'» arel Thii turnedthcknight'ichalleDge 
into ridicule, and >o it came to nougbt. 
.^TTACHdMWT.— The Dalystown eitate, sold to 

Cay off incumbranco. waa the property of the 
ite Right Hon. Denia Bowea Daly. Acurioui 
discovery took place after Daly'a death. The 
body of hia wife, who died thirty yeara before, 
waa found in a high slate of nreieriitioo, in a 
small cloaet, to which none out Mr. Oaly had 

in the frequent habit of visiting. Atthetimeof 
the lady'a deceaae. a funeral took place, and her 
interment, as was supposed, in a cenotaph 
erected on the groniida. The secret, however, 
nevBr transpired until after Mr. Dal y'a death. 
He wore, to the day of his death, theMheaof 
ber heart io a locket. 



ORIGINAL POETRY. 

THE SLAVE DEALER. BtT. PamoLt, Eaq. 

The following anecdote was related by the 
Rev. T. R. England, at an Anti-Slavery Meeting 
■tColk, in September, IB29. 

" One day I waa sent for to visit a sailor wlio 
waa apprnachmg fast to his eternal account. On 
my ipcaking to him of rejttntance, he looked 
sullen, and turned from mc in the bed ;— of a 
ptealGort, he was silent— of the mercy of that 
(Jiid, and he burst into tears. ' Oh !' said he. 
' I can never ci|icct mercy from tind. I was 
ten years on board a slave bhip, and then luiier. 
intended the cruel death of many a sick slave. 
Many ■ time, amid the acreami of kindrco. has 
the sick ini'thfr, father, and newborn habr. been 
wound up incanvaas and remotsclessly thrown 
overboard- Now, their screams haunt mc, 
night nnd day, and I have no iieace, and expect 
nd mercy 1' " 

From ocean's wave a wandersr came. 

With viiagc tanned and dun : 
tli* mother, when he toldhis name, 

Scarce knew her long-lost son ; 
So altered waa his face and frame 

IJy the 111 course he had run. 
There was hot fever in hia blood, 

And dark thoughts in his brain : 
And oh I lo turn his heart to gvod 



And if, at times, a gleam more mild 

When knelt the widow near her child, 

A nd he tt ied with her to pray. 
It lasted not — for visions wild 

Still scared good thoughts away, 
"lliere'a blood upon my hands,'' lie said, 

" Which water cannot wash; 
It was not slird where warriors bled, 

But dropped from the gory lash. 
As I whii fed it o'er and o'er my head, 

And with each stroke left a gaih. 



My soul from murder's dye; 
Nor e'en thy prayer, dear mother, quash 
That woman's wild death-ciy I 

" Her cry la ever in my ear, 
Aitd will not let me fir^y ; 
Her look I ace— her voice 1 hear— 



" Now, Christ from frenzy keep my ton T' 

The wotul widow cried ; 
" Such murder foul thou oe'er haatdone — 

Some fiend thv soul belied!" — 
"Nay, motl.erl'thc avenging One 

Was witness when she died! 
" The writhing wretch with cruel heel 

But that same hour her dread appeal 

Was registered on high ; 
And now with Hod 1 have to deal. 

And dare not meet His eye '." 



Who is hy Niiobboub?— Wa copy 
the following from a Woodstock [Vnmont, U.S.) 

paper An incident occurred in this ndghbonr- 

hood on ihc 4th Intt. ao praiseworthy In itself, and 

creditable ID ihe parties concerned, (hat wc 

not avoid nutlcing li. The blacksmith's shop 

in old man, named Philip Uarinaii. living near 

ibe North Monntain, look Srt on tbtM, and waa 

cnitrely oonauned, logelher niih ail lea contenla 

of a dtsiruclible nature, Ineludirg his aecoanl 

book. The neat morning about 40 of hii neigh- 

ira assemblrd on ibe ipoi, with lii waggona and 

«■, and lelteil, hewed, and hauled up timhn 

lUgh for another shop, which ihey laiud up 

ore niahi, beiidea making the old man up a 

purac of ledollaia, to furnish him with the neces- 

aarj lool* to enable bim Id work again- 



THE TOtmiST. 



MEMS. OF A SLAVE. 



" F«ct«— not fiction*." 



The following little ■necdote ii taken from ii 
iniereatiDE little pub) icatio 
Nemi," Wehsdjuit got! 



, called, 

lit of the harbour of 

_. „_ to the iilnndofSt. 

Croii, wbon the captain ntthetchooner in which 
we uiied. sent ■ little Negro boy to the top of 
themutto fetch downtheflag; in untyini; it, he 
lost hia hold and fell into the aea. (Ic called out 
for help; but our barbaroui captain would not 
let the boat put off to hi) aisistance. However, 
' ;of the captain's seeing the poor 
^---^ and 
ailed 



a Spanish dog of the capUin's seeing thi 
little Negro in the water, jumped OTerboari 
laid hold of the boy's arm. ■" 



<n board, he beat 
is flag. 



It staockingly for losing 



The daughter of one Barvct, a coo 
death a boy of the age of fourteen 
thought, had too tardily executed a commission 
she had given him. He wai suspended under 

" 1. and a large weight placed on his head. 

1 withasplit tatUn till he 



IS then beaten i 



InL. 
I feel it 



Maur 

„ . I duty 'xtiich I owe 

manity to report, that during my exam 

of the outhouses, I pasted two boys, apparently 
of from ten to twelve years of age, who had been 
moat levcrely flogged. These wreched children 
were most heavily chained by their necks, and 
were placed with their faces near 'he ground, so 
aa to expoae their naked persons to the sun. 
On expressing my horror at witnessing such 
cruelty, and entjuiring what crime they could 
possibly have committed, I was informed by Mr. 
Cassenac's nephew, that they had marooned 
(run away) and set fire to some sugucanc. Thi 
children acknowledged their having marooned 
In consequence of my interference tbey wen 
removed into one of the buildings " 

A man of the name of C. A. Hoffman, wai 
thrice arraigned at the bar of justice, in New 
York, for abusing a child who unhappily wu hii 
slave. A wilneaa proved that Hoffman tied the 
hands of the child together, drew them up aba' 
his head with a rope attached to the wall, ai 
fastened his feet by another rope to a staple 
the floor. He then stripped the boy, and applied 
a hone whip with such violence, that the Arst 
blow drew forth aquantity of blood, Theatrokes 
were followed up with the same violence to the 
number of one hundred and forty, when the 
rope broke, and the sufferer fell to the door. Not 
having yet glutted his fury, he gave forty 
while the victim lay prostrate at his feet. So 
great waa the quantity of blood which issued 
rroin the mangled body, that a wo: 
it up. To Incresse 



too tender to have given cause for them, 

ras he conscious of having commitled any 

deserving of punishment; This monater 

was lined two hundred and tifly dollars, and put 

rccogniianco of two thousand dollara, 

the hoy with more humanity. Nutwith- 

itanding this, Hoffman 



till II 



jury ai 






Dili of indici 



ORACLE OF ORIGINS.— Nq. II. 

Dagobh Money. — The Judges, entering Ncw- 
.astlc-upon-Tync. to hold the Asslies. are each 
preaenlcd with a piece of gold coin of the value 
of about 11. lOs.. of the leign of Jamei the Se 
cond. and which ia called damcr-money. It ori- 
ginated from the circumstance of the Judges in 
that King's reign having been presented with 
daggers, to guard them from the attack of the 
Moss-troopers, When no executions occur at 
these Assizes, the Judges are each presented with 
six pair of gloves. Mr. Baron Holland and Mr. 
Justice I^rke received thedagger-moneyandthe 
gloves on their late visit to Newcastle. The 
Judges, when they hold the Assizes at Lancaster, 
are presented with 301. each, by the Chancellor 
ol the Duchy, upon condition that they perform 
any business belonging to the Chancellor's oSica 
that may occur while the Judges arc on tbi 

ClIAIRIHQ MeHBXRS OF Pahliamknt,— Thi: 
custom was taken from the practice in tbi 
northern nations of elevating the King, alter hi 
election, upon the shoulders of the Senators 



imaltet. Bishopa were chaired upon clectioni, 
aa were abbota and otbera. 

THE HOUSEWIFE. 

•• A stUdi In time."— OLtt Anioi. 

Phisehvihg Ice. — Anybody that has a shady 
shrubbery may have an ice-house, without 
expense, by heaping a large cone of well-pounded 
ice, or snow, in the winter, and causing it to be 
thatched with barley-straw about twice the 
thickness laid upon a stack of oats. In this way 



"IlwbeMwi 



Itoribaba 



Just person knows how to secure his own 
re[>utation. without blemishing another's by 
discovering hia faults. — (Quesnet.) 

Ungoverned desire, and fear, and rage, and re- 
?nKe, dwell only in the gloom of a dungeon, 
id ill the midst of maniaca.— (Dvight.) 

Self will is an ardent and active, that it will 
brcsk a world to nieuci to make a stiral Co sit on. 

(Cecil.) 

There be four good mnthn* have four bad 
daughters — truth hatli hatred, prosperity hath 
pride, aecurilv hath peril, and tamillaiity hath 
contempt— ( Hale. ) 

Lsiiineas grows on peoplt ; it begins in eob- 

ebs and ends in irons chains. The more 
business a man hat. the more he is able to ac. 
. impUah, for he leama to economise hia time. — 
(Hale.) 

Physic, for the most part, is nothing else but 
I substitute for eiercita or temperance. — (Ad- 

II.OD.) 

Whatever is not matter 

vitbin the oath, and conseq 
luty of Juron. 



Aim at perfection in every thins, though in 
most things it is u natlai liable i however, tbey 
who aim at it, and persevere, will come much 
nearer to it. than those whose laziness and des- 
pondency make them give it up as unattainable. 
—(Chesterfield.) 



BREVITIES. 

On the 27th of November neit a comet will 
approach to within 3.600 miles of the earth. 

A coach -proprietor, with the infelicitous name 
of Unilmc, haa been advertising " expcditioua" 
traveUing on the northern road. 

Rothschild itated before the Committee of the 
Ilouae of Commons that he buys bills, drawn on 
foreign houses, to the amount of SO.OOOf. or 
100,(xiDl. per week ; and received in the year 
IS-24, in two months, bills to ihe amount ol 
l,500,00W. 

The minor branch of the Royal Famitrof 
France it marked in history by misfortunes. The 
Duke of Orleans, brother of Charles the Sixth, 
was assassinated by the Duke of Burgundy ; 
and the measure of calamity attending the fa- 
mily was not filled up before the year IT'J3, when 
Phillipe d'Orleani perished miserably on the 
scaffold. 

The Dukeof Heicfaatadt left no will i hia mother 
is therefore the helrew of his property, the an- 
nual interest of which is said to tw neatly a 

nllion of imperial florins. 
The march of matrimony haa made no pro- 
gress in the parish of Elmsthorpe. In Leicester- 

■ ire, which contains only four houses, occu- 
!d by 34 individuals, the whole of w' "" 



pied hj 
living I 



le appliei 



randy 



to the wounds. A second witness testified, 
having on another occasion beaten the child in 
a moat barbarous manner, he forced down his 
throat two table- spoonfuls of salts, in order to 
excite thirit. and then confined him in a small, 
uncomfortable, dreary apartment, without food 
or drink, during forty eight hours. What ag- 
gravited these cruellies was.tbat the child was of 



intly pulled out, for tbe longer it remains 
the wound, tbe deeper it will pierce, owing to its 
peculiar form, and emit more of the poison : the 
sting is hollow, and the poison flows through it, 
which is the sole cause of the pain and intlam- 
mation. When tbe sting is extracted, suck the 
wounded jiait, if possible, and very little inflai 
mation will ensue. It harr ■ ■- 
ds rubl 

OmTHBNT roa FiHPLis.— Take of purified lard 
an ounce, of citron ointment an ounce and a half, 
of finest almond oil half an ounce, mix all well 
ttwether. This may be scented by oil of bergamot. 

iHaTTABiT.iTY.— Take tincture of foxglove, ten 
drachms: camphor mixture, ten drachms^ tinc- 
ture of calumba, one drachm-, sulphuric ether, 
IS drops. Make a draught, to be taken every 
four hours. 



_ state of single blessedness ! 
complete sinecure, no service having 
been performed since 1798, and then only when 
he read himself in I The church is novr a ruin, 
clad with ivy. 
Ben Nevis has,till very lately, been considered 
le monarch of the Scottish mountains; but it 
ow appears, from the trigonometrical survey 
lately made by order of Government, that he 
must yield the palm to Ben Macdui, a mountain 
in Aberdeen^ire, who overtopa him by about 
aO feet. 

During the canvass of Mr. Garnet*, among the 
electors of Salford, he and bis friends called at a 
huckster's shop, in which was only a boy, who, 
having learned their buiineas, went to the foot of 
the stairs, and called to his mother, who was 
above, " Mother, here's a moo, as wants yo't 
vote for him to be a Parliament mon." "Well," 
shouted his mother, "tell him thy feyther's not 
in, but if he'll chalk hia name on the counter, 
we'lle nqnire into hit character. 



THE TOURIST. 



16 



LIFE. 
Cling not to earth— there's nothing there. 
However lov*d, however fair. 
But on its features still must wear 
The impress of mortality. 

Cling not to earth^as well we may 
Tiust Asia's serpents wanton play. 
That glitters only to betray 
To death — or eUe to misery. 

Dream not of friendship— there may be 
A word, a smile, a grasp for thee ; 
But wait the hour of need, and see. 
But wonder not— their fallacy. 

Think not of beauty— like the rest 
It bears a lustre on its crest ; 
But short the time ere stands confessed 
Its falsehood— or its frailty. 

CHARITY. 
|n failh and hope the ^orld will disagree ; 
But all mankind's concern is charity. 



EDITOR'S BOX. 

•< Flat JustttUrust eodnm.*' 
TO THS IDITOK OP TUB TOURIST. 

Mr. Editor : I have been vastly interested by 
the first number of Tur Tourist; but being a 
daughter of the Emerald Isle, and tremblingly alive : 
to every thing affecting the domestic proprieties j 
of my native " hearth and home," I beg you will' 
allow me to inquire -.—Whether the "Pet Pig," 
which figures in your leading article, was really 
a grovellmg grunter, or only a gmUua frig ? 

Vours, Sblina. 

[The inquiry of this fair Hibernian places us 
in an unwelcome dilemma: we fear to appear 
uncourteous by passing it over in silence, and we 
have too much sympathy with her feelings of 
amor pattio! to give a direct answer. — £d.] 

to trb bditor of thb tourist. 

Mr. Tourist : Have you seen these few plain 
questions to plain men. J 

** Can a slave marry without his owner's con- 
sent? If so, quote the law : give chapter and 
verse. 

Can a slave prevent the sale of his wife, if his 
owner pleases? If so, quote the law. 

Can a slave prevent the sale of his own child,; 
i f his owner pleases ? If so, quote the law. 

Can a slave with impunity refuse to flog his 
wife, with her person all exposed, if his owner 
pleases to command him ? If so, quote the law. 

Can a slave obtain redress if his master de-' 
privea him of his goods ? If so, quote the law. '] 

Can a slave attend either public or privatej 
worship, without the risk of punishment, if his; 
master forbids him? If so, quote the law. 

These are plain questions, which every slave- 
owner knows can only be truly answered in ouej 
way. 

When then any Englishman gets up to tell you 
liow well the slaves are treated, or how happy 
under such circumstances slaves may be, tell him. 
that he insults your understanding, that he out- > 
rages your British feeling, and that he dishonours 
God. 



A HUSBAND A^D A FATHER. 



ft 



TO THB RDrrOR OF THB TOURIST. 

Sir: 1 send yoa herewith a copy of Sir C. BJ 
Codrington's Letter to the Electors of Gloucester,! 
«nd also a copy of the manly reply to Sir Bethell. 
by Mr. T. F. Buxton, if you should think theov 
of suiBcient interest for your columns. I 

Yours, Z. 

Sir C. JBeiMl CodringUm't Letter. 
Gentlemen : Unwilling at all times to intrude 
myself unnecessarily on your attention, I feel 
that I should be doing my duty neither to myself, 
nor to that man with intentional malignity 
termed my stone, if I did not, in such times as 
these, endeavour to open the eyes df the misled 
anti- slavery Buxtonites. Gentlemen, if I were 
merely, like Mr. Buxton, to make assertions 
which I am convinced he will not venture to say 
he himself believes, I should deserve no credit 
for such assertions. I will therefore state that 
only, which, from a residence on the spot, I have 
been an eye-witness to; or which, extracted 
from letters in my possession, I can vouch for 
the truth of. I bate lived among my Negroes, 



and seen their comforts, and I will assert (defy- 
ing all contradiction) that a more happy and 
contented class of beings never existed, until 
cursed with the blessings of the Anti-Slavery 
Society. Still, Gentlemen, I will say that no 
man can be more desirous of their emancipation 
than myself, because no man would be more be- 
nefited by it, if it answered the desired object. 

Gentlemen, my family have, for a century and 
a half, held under the Crown an Island in the 
West Indies, eleven leagues N. of Antigua. The 
Negroes, in 1825, having within the preceding 
twenty years doubled their numbers, amounted 
to about 430 : their number, at present, exceeds 
500. I have an agent on the island called a 
governor, who, with two overseers, form the 
whole of the white male population upon an 
Island eleven leagues from the nearest land, 
among a Negro (or slave) population exceed- 
ing 500. 

Mr. James, in 1825, states the Negroes to be 
happy and contented, although under the 
greatest subordination; and. In proof, he men- 
tions his having frequently slept in the woods 
(pirates frequently landing,) by the side of his 
horse, surrounded by 100 or 150 of them ; and 
and having often swam out to wrecks, followed 
by these eruelly treated Slave»t in seas where no 
boats could live. That he was in the habit of 
leaving his wife and daughter on the Island, when 
going on business to other Islands, (in fact, he 
has actually gone to England on one occasion,) 
although there was not on any door a lock, or on 
any window a fastening. In fact, (he writes,) 
" the greater part of them would lay down their 
lives to serve me. Scarcely (he adds) does one 
of your vessels goto Antigua without a quantity 
of poultry and salt fish to sell, and in good 
seasons an immense quantity of potatoes. Many 
of them have ten or eleven acres of IsHd in cul- 
tivation, the produce of which, of course, is 
their own property." My agent. Gentlemen, in 
the present year (1832) writes, that the father of 
one of my slaves will not allow his daughter to 
be emancipated, thinking their present state 
preferable to emancipation ; he states fully and 
convincingly the benefits which would accrue to 
me from general emancipation, but adds his con- 
viction that not a fourth of my Negroes would 
be alive at the end of two years. 

Gentlemen, I could add much more ; but I 
have already trespassed too long upon your at- 
tention. I have bought my Negroes, and cul- 
tivated my land, on the pledged uiithof England. 
Secure me from loss, or give me compensation, 
and you may offer manumission to the above 
Negroes to-morrow. Your obedient servant, 

C. Bbthbll Codkington. 
Dodington, Aug. 9th, 1832. 

Mr. T. F. Buxton to Sir C. B. Codrington, 

Sir : In entering upon an answer to the unpro- 
voked attack upon me, contained In your ad- 
dress to the Electors of the County of Gloucester, 
the first question which occurs to me is. How 
does it happen that there is a dispute between us ? 
It certainly did not originate with me — I had 
never offered you any personal insult — I had 
never, in private or in public, mentioned your 
name, or commented on your conduct. I ought, 
perhaps, to take shame for my ignorance — ^but 
the fact is, I was not conscious that there lived 
such a person as Sir C. B. Codrington. 

As, however, you have chosen to step out of 
your way for the purpose of criminating me, I 
feel myself under the necessity of entering into 
some examination of your statements. Isball 
do this in entire good humour. I have been so 
much accustomed to West Indian reproaches 
that they carry with them, to my mind, neither 
suiprise nor pun. 

You begin by telling the Electors of Glouces- 
tershire that you desire " to open the eyet qfthe 
Anti'SUwery Buxtonites*' Why, then, did you 
not point out some sentiment I had uttered— or 
some fact I had stated— and then prove the fal- 
lacy of the one or misrepresentation of the other ? 
Why did you resort to general accusation, and 
steer clear of any particular and tangible charg;e ? 
1 suspect that it was because you found it easier 
to asperse the advocate than to grapple with his 
argument. You can however, easily remove this 
suspicion. All the statements I have made upon 
the sulyect of Slavery are within your reach — se- 
lect any one, or more, which you deny— and if 
I do not verify my statements, whether it be of 
fact or of argument^ by conclusite proof« the 



victory will be your's — ^if you decline this invi- 
tation, the Electors of Gloucestershire will not 
be at a loss to decide where and with whom the 
error lies. 

Permit me to suggest that there is somewhat 
of inconsistency in your mode of reasoning. You 
are very angry with those who are friendly to 
the freedom of the Negro ~ but when you have 
exhausted your terms of vituperation, out comes 
your declaration that " no man can be more 
desirous of their Emancipation than yourself." 
If the Negroes be so rich in comforts — if they 
surpass the rest of mankind in contentment, and 
the causes of contentment — why do you wish to 
rob them of thb joys of slavery ? Why do you 
labour (to use your own strange phraseology) 
'*to curse them with the blessings which the 
Anti-Slavery Society would confer?'' Again, 
you and your agent agree in thinking that great 
'* benefit would accrue to you by general eman- 
cipation* — where then is the necessity of the 
compensation for which you plead? Compen- 
sation for an injury sustained has some colour 
of reason, but compensation for an acknowledged 
benefit is a doctrine more likely to be novel than 
acceptable to the people of England. Again, you 
speax of the increase of your Slaves, and you 
insinuate this as a proof of good treatment. It 
is so— we are agreed upon the fact that mankind 
only decrease under circumstances of peculiar 
cruelty, misery, and oppression. But do you 
not now perceive that, in vour anxiety to confer 
a compliment on yourself, you have touched 
upon the very point which, of all others, 
condemns the Slave system? You cannot be 
i^orant that the population of the Slave Colo- 
nies has, according to official returns, decreased 

FIFTY TWO thousand FIVB HUNDRED AND 

thirty mine, in eleven ybarsI 

But no part of your address gratifies me so 
much as the anxiety with which you labour to 
show that your Negroes can be industrious 
when they work for themselves. You exult in 
the number of vessels carrying from your Island 
to Antigua the goods which your Negroes have 
acquired for themselves by their own labour, the 
poultry that they have raised, the fish they have 
salted, the potatoes they have cultivated, and. 
as if this were not enough, you assure us ** many 
of them have ten or eleven acres of land each 
in cultivation." Indeed ! then they cannot be 
the indolent beings which some Planters repre- 
sent them — ^then they can engage in agricultural 
labour for their own benefit. If the y make such 
good use of the scantling of time you allow them, 
may we not falrlv conclude that when their 
whole time and labour shall belong to them- 
selves, they will work with as much industry as 
the rest of mankind ? 

Thus, sir, your address, though short, is full 
of instructive matter. You have hit upon the 
test of population of all others the most fatal to 
the romance of Ne^ro felicity — and next you 
have furnished me with one of the most striking 
and conclusive illustrations I have ever beard of 
the readiness of the Negro to labour when that 
labour conduces to the gratification of his own 
wants. 

Facts such as these cannot fail to open the 
eyes of the " Anti-Slavery Buxtonites/' as as- 
suredly they have confirmed the views and shall 
stimulate the exertions of. Sir, 

Your very obedient humble servant, 

Thos. Powell Buxton. 

Cromer, Aug. 38th, 1832. 

' - - II I - I- - I I 

OLDRIDOB'S BALM OF COLOMBIA. 
Boston, Llaeolnihirc, Jfily'Jd, last. 
Ointlerotn, 
AboM two years sloco I found my listr fradaally f4lF. 
iDf off, to much to that I wm convlDced ihst In a very 
shore tlaio T ahoald hsve been completely bald) aaoilni: 
the eircamstsnce to yoar AgtatM, Ueun. Parker Jinti 
Sen. of tbls placet I was Induced to try your BALM OP 
COLUMBIA I sfer naingooly tiro aU ahilling boUlea. 
I roood oiy bair as tUcIc aa It ever waa ia ny life. In 
Jiiatlce to youraeUea, aod a benefit to the Fabllc, yuu 
are at liberty to give thia what publicity you pleaae. 
1 am, Oenilemen, fQmn,iic, 

RoBlRT QuAT, Peacock Inn, Beaton. 
To Meaan. C. and A. Oldridge, I, Wellington. aireer. 

Strand, London. 
OLDRIDQB'S RALM preventa'the hair n^ni torn- 
log grey, and the firat application makea it cnri beautf- 
fuUy, itiiea itfroni-fcnrf. and atopa It from falling off. 
Abundance of Certiflcatei of the firat respeclability ar^ 
shown by the Proprietont, C. & A. Ol'irldge, I.VVeU 
Ungton.atreet, Strand, where the Balm 1« aald, ami by 
all respectable Porfnmera and Medicine Ycndera^ price 
3s,«d«i<i.a aad Us. per botUc. 



THE TOUftlST. 



I ProllMKr BURNET 



COLONIAL SLAVKRV — G 

«f Iho ANTI-!«.AV1SKV PAItrV. 
SOCl £ri'Y caniidn it right, it Ihc pi 

dAdUn, fbr the InftmutloQ of Cmnc. — 

thnugbDut (he klnBdom, that tli^r SOLE OBJECT i 




TewkcEburr, John Uutin 
UUo.C. Hantnir; Tnce; 

TmrcT 'HuBleu, Dr. Luih. 



(brthe Hiipwti 
at (UU Mid Auur* nciHeu of the Sodetr 
>d ; 'Ilut tbli Meeunf u decplj ImprsKd 

nniHid ftoafhenatioBi oTtbe GuudluBadetT. 

lIuttliliMectlDf, oImctIi^Uw IncoD* (Inidiacrip. 
lliiiu)tota«BaiiMTinn bM aqiul to goa-balf Iti ntfea. 
dHui* CkI tbat, onliii mldcd hf htttmfdiitf ■^Tywt, **** 
SodMri ■"«>■ of DMAibKH mart b« (mtiT dimlaUnd, 
K Mu poiHMMl gf DO AukM pnpM* whitarcr. 

'm(A>FBbllebeiut«MU«HtMtod, both bf mbKilp- 
tiow ud doDMlait, W glre th* SeclMK that np^oit which 



(. BKOWN, Sec. 
SuhKTiptlciiu to HOT uncant wilt h* ittj UunkTuIlT 
rccclTed oj John Luouchere, Kiq., TVouurrr, S0» Blir- 
:hlB-UDe; br Mori. Houh, Piwd.uidCD., Hamnien- 
leyiDd CkL, UibbockuHl Co., ud bj the SMicUr;, It, 



AGRICULTURAL BMPr.OYMENT I 
sriTUTiON, e 
II£NT lo tb* vnkm 



■ AFFOSaitlQ EHFLOV. 



OiBceoTthe iDMIIutko, No. 3, OkP Jiwar, LOHPoN. 
VICB-PBCSIDENTS AND DIRECrOBS. 

AtHllMmot BmirroL, F.KA, 



lu or Sbuwuubt 
Tlii Rifiit Hoiwonblt the Eiij. or OiroiD w>d Horn. 
Ibe Blaht BSTtnnd (hi Lou> Btuor or BtiK und 



IHiiui, Et^., Aidermu, M.^. 

SoHiTUiuin, Bw[. 
d mwij other Nobunwn u 
Tll£ASURER3. 



SOLICITOR 

HenirF 

THE OBJECTS OF ' 



□ Aidea Cluke, 
E«l. 
SECRETARY. 



INSTITUTION ARE- 

neiwiotnct land bi jUl, gtmi, 1««, or 
iltinteiad dhlde Ibf um Into inutlei 
uMiCBbki ; isd br DHaDi or letting 



SCHEDULE B 

itnln the lumn of tholF Gmtltmen who 

] hare not jrt flillr'nude up thi^r minda 
bit Sdiedule will not t» adTCitiied fbr ■ 

SCHEDULE C, 

terfea confldence to tbr lapport of all 
cur in defiling inKioiaTV abohtiDn. 




tilaniii(«D. J. a. VlTtan 













b"w Gul» 






















HettBnd.J 


llSpaMlng 



^l°^ata°vMoB, T. J 

Hodga 
Kerry, Daniel O'Conncll 



ewcutle.uiider.UrK!, E. 

Feel 

iftml, W. H. Hughi 



Rje, Col. Ue Lacj E 



y. i. A. Taylor 



s,Euteml>l>liian 



W. C. ^aaell 
Ditto, dlltD,T,F.Cooke« 
Yorkthtre, North Ridlig, 

- cjUr. 

UowlDK'nainH to he added to Scheduln C.~TlTertaD, 
Kenoedr—Suiaei, l^rd G. Leniioi.— Kmi'i Lrnn, 
ord W. P. Lennon— Chichcater, Lord A. Lenno*.— 



■Dvinctalpai 



hullhs rallowing ihort pipen. 

No. I. " A ftw plain g^eatloni to Plain Men." 

— 3. " Cnmiaon Senaa a(alDU Colonial Logic" 

— S. ■' citlaeoa and Feilow Counlijnnai." 

» 4 " On Ple<lgei froio PirlUunmlarj Candldlta," 

— S. " Tautlon In aid of Sl»'«7 the Wotat of all 

— S. " vSJ^' fleeauae .ppiiad to N«ro »*«rT." 

— T. "jBI.WOjOOOlIl-lQector.of theOnlled KIm- 

— R " A acme tti R»l Ufa." __ 

SUBSCBIPTIONS SINCE THE LAST 
ADVERTISEMENT. 

ittcr«« and Cl«*unL»di«- Society ___ JJ g J 




congregational Collection at Uckey.cnd, near 
Frandillart,'EHi. Nottln^Mm™ ~ 

Si their reipcctiie diitricU, and to ftirwanl to Ih 
al their HrllMtoonTenlmce, thereMit of Ihel 
lioni to Candiditc^ that no tune may be loll Ic 
UiK the Client towhich the rltdgee oraaaurani 
are aallilaclorT to thli CoJanittee. 



.„ ^„,. , MBDICj 

for this time only. 

SHORT HAN D — O.i Monday n'lt 
Ur inNFS wUl comniEnce A GltATUITOUH 
COURSE 8? THREE l-S^^UR^^^^ATEJ^ER 

" EiS will bo "9"l™l "f"",!'™ ',^^,"^^^^ii 
Memory." prieali., whicfi will ba the only eapeni* at- 

**^tW<5^J^ " " 1" HalL-Tl- number U 



rpHK PKKaCHE « — ™- ^•J„','",^Vm bj 

Bieti Ur.lTioipi %''*^^*'i„ ji 

♦1+ C^uouy'^mel^'i^ leguiled to otjeiVelhat 
no tllume or'patl of Tn. P«"«"" '• ™' »' 1"""' " 
iTOortBl bj ionie of the London o™"^"?"' , 

*^ .,f r-.vUnihi Wdllmrtoo Jtreel. Slrand, 



Printed and Published by J. Cbisp at i> 
Weliiiigtmi-'.feet, Strand, where ill Aav- 
ments Biid Com mum cat ions for the iiAiV 
to be addrtued' 



THE TOURIST; 

OR, 

Sltetr}! Book of tht €mt8. 

" I pencUled things I saw, and profited by tbings I heard." — Lxttsr of a Walking Gbntlekan. 

Vol. I.— No. 3, MONDAY, OCTOBER 1, 1832, Pricb One Penny. 

THE GREAT OFFICIAL SEAL OP ENGLAND. 



I^tbov -lie whole 

o&mI a [ELM US 

rinlfigiur M. P. D. 
as well ai 

the King f Seal was 

Thnme, a u attesta- 

parts of 1 in t'li the 
Mwport the King on his right, whilst I ancient and celebrated motto, "Uoiii Mil I charters of Henry ifl.^ which nere 

Wiadran, Strength, and PW^ are no I ^ut malt/ pen»e," form a rtriking feature scaled with : the impress of Cardinal 

' " ' " !,itl mtliecentre,andgives totheSealagrandl Guala, theL^te,and,WiUiamMar8haJl, 



■ Bandooui to bis left. . TIh ThnDe, i 



18 



m 



THE TOURIST. 



^L. 



the Protector; the Qreat Seal of John 
having been lost with all his treasure^ in 
the washes of Lincoln^ and his son had no 
new Seal nntil two years afterwards. 

Seals appear to nave been little used 
by the Anglo-Saxons, and were probably 
not required to authenticate an instrumenc 
Even after the Norman invasion, also, 
they seem to have made but little pro- 
gress. Since, William I. frequently omi- 
Srmed his charters by a cross, 'and until 
the reign of Henry II., the use of Seals 
hardly extended beyond the greater 
Barons. 

In tlie time of Edward I., seals had 
multiplied to so great a degree, that every 
freeman, and even the higher sort of vil- 
lains had their distinct devices, armorial 
ensigns being used upon them in the 
twelfth century, about the time of the 
crusade under Richard I. ; the earliest 
instance being said to be a Seal of King 
John when £arl of Montaigne. But 
during this period, the custom of signing 
had almost entirely disappeared, and the 
English Sovereigns authenticated their 
charters by their Seals only, until the 
time of Richard II., when royal signatures, 
called Signs Manual, from being written 
by the K]ng*s own hand, came into use. 

HAPPINESS. 

All men pursue good, and would be 
happy, if they knew how : not happy for 
minutes, and miserable for hours; but 
happy, if possible, through every part of 
their existence. Either, therefore, there 
is a good of this steady, durable kind, or 
there is not. If not» then all good must 
be transient and uncertain ; and if so, an 
object of the lowest value, which can little 
deserve our attention or inquiry. But if 
there be a better good, such a good as we 
are seeking, like every other thing, it 
must be derived from some cause, and 
that cause must either be external, inter- 
nal, or mixed, inasmuch as, except these 
three, there is no other possible. Now* a 
steady, durable good, cannot be derived 
from an external cause ; since all derived 
from externals must fluctuate. By the 
same rule, it cannot be derived from a 
mixture of the two, because the part 
which is external will proportionably de- 
stroy its essence. What then remains 
but the cause internal ? the very cause 
which we have supposed when we place 
the sovereign good m mind — in rectitude 
of conduct. 

The oath was lately administered to a Chinese 
in the following manner : The interpreter placed 
a china saucer in the witness's hand, who threw 
it down and dashed it to pieces : the interpreter 
then said "you shall tell the truth, and the whole 
truth, for this saucer is cracked, and if you do 
not tell the truth your body will be cracked like 
the saucer/' Indians are sworn by pouring 
water out of the saucer, &c. 

A gentleman shewing his friend his curiosities 
of pictures, &c., in his gallery, on the other's 
praising them all very much, he gave him his 
choice of any one of them as a present. The 
stranger fixed his election on a tablet, in which 
the I'en Commandments were written in letters 
of gold, "You must excuse me there," replied 
«. tbs gentleman, " those I am bound to keep.^' 



MATRIMONIAL CORRESPON. 

DENCE. 

The following epistles are copied from a 
New York Paper of 1822. The decided 
abhorrence evinced by the gentleman to 
slave property commends it to our co- 
lumns. 

'« Philadelphia, June 5, 1822. 

'' A Ldidy. who has had many suitors in her 
time, and who has been, perhaps not unjustly, 
charged with fickleness and want of just discri- 
mination, feels conscious now of the vaJue in the 
less of time, and is indelibly impressed with the 
conviction, that the present life is but as a 
vapour; she would therefore willingly remedy 
past listlessness, by availing herself of the first 
honourable ofier^ and not refuse being allied as 
consort to a gentleman of good repute. 

" Hitherto (and at present) her orb and 
sphere of action has been among the wealthiest ; 
but riches, she is aware, does not produce talent, 
although it aflbrds leisure to cultivate it; and. 
as her property is amply sufiicient to afford 
every comfort, elegance, and luxury of life, 
having funds to the southward, exceeding two 
hundred thousand dollars (independent of what 
she has at her disposal in this Stale,) her chiet 
wish and desire is to be united, as before ob- 
served, to a gentleman. This term, however, 
though precise and definite to her, may not be 
generally so, where the title is claimed by the 
throng; she does not mean such gentlemen as 
compose the multitude, or canaille, or, as for- 
merly understood, a man of pedigree or ancestry, 
but a man of mental accomplishments ; or, in 
other words, a man of mind and manners. The 
more and the better he is furnished, with respect 
to the latter qualities, if blended with a generoui 
and social disposition, and the less encumbered 
with that gola the world idolizes, the more ac- 
ceptable will he be to her, as she can then avail 
herself of those feelings of grateful recollection, 
inseparable from an honourable ' mind ; and 
which, though the verbal expression is, and 
of right should be, withheld, is discernible in 
every look, word, and action. With these quali- 
fications, and limited in his devotion to revelry, 
or tiie seductions of the table — courteous and 
affable to ladies generally, but affectionate only 
to herself, she will think, for such an exchange, 
the transfer of her hahd and property the hap- 
piest event of her life. She presumes sufficient 
ideas have been traced, to render the object and 
meaning of this communication intelligible ; yet, 
as this public mode of making her sentiments 
known, may not only be condemned by the fas- 
tidious, whose opinion she regards not, but by 
many who, but ror their hyperbolical adulation 
in addressing her, would be more regarded, she 
will not at this time give her card; but as 
Junius, unknown as Junius, intermixed with 
society, and heard himself lauded.or censured, 
so she will, in her round of visits, learn whether, 
in a female, this mode may be consonant to pro 
priety or not. If it is, she will in a few days 
direct where she may be addressed by note; and 
to convince her it is not, something 'more than 
the cold frigid manners of the city must be urged, 
before the enthusiastic feeling that originated 
this novel mode shall be relinquished." 

" New York, June 12, 1822. 

"To tfce unknown Lady in Philadelphia, who 
desires a union in Marriage with a Gentleman of 
merit. 

" Agentleman of one ol the learned professions, 
after having laboured in the fields of science for 
some years ; the toils of which, while it enriches 
and refines the mind, at the same time as surely 
drains and impoverishes the purse — finds himself, 
at the completion of his literary pursuits (as it 
respects/unds) at a very low ebb ; and, fully im- 
pressed with the belief that the marriage state, 
when judiciously accomplished, is absolutely ne 
cessary to secure the highest degree of enjoyment 
which this world can afford, would gladly era- 
brace the first favourable opportunity, to ally 
himself to a lady of mind and taste. 

" Had Fortune favoured him with her bounty, 
he would prefer a union with a lady in opposite 
circumstances, because the abUity to change 
the situation and render his partner, to the highest 

I possible degree, happy, would be a constant source 
of the greatest mental enjoyment. But, being in 



poverty himself, he dreads thetkought of joining 
his heart with one in like circumstances, from 
the uncertainty of being able to support her in 
a stile consonant to her desires — and any dis- 
satisfaction on her part would be to him a source 
of pain and regret. 

"He is therefore induced to seek one, who, 
under the smiles of fortune, may possess funds 
sufiicient to secure an income, that may equal 
the expenses of a sphere in which she may choose 
to move. Having seen your communication of 
the 5th inst. be has been waiting for your card, 
before addressing you ; and he takes the liberty 
to request that you will no longer hide under the 
mask which Junius wore, but give your card ; 
and to offer himself as a person who may suit your 
judgment and fancy lb give any description of 
his person or accomplishments, would be useless, 
as you will see and judge for yourself, before yon 
will surrender to him your hand and heart. He 
can, however, assure you, that he has been, and 
still is, admitted into the best society, and can 
procure abundant testimonials of his being a 
man of honourable feeling, ** blended with a 
social and generous disposition ;*' and also, would 
express to you his firm belief, that the family 
circle is the purest source of human enjoyment. 
He would also very respectfully observe, that 
he must expect the lady to whom he would be 
united, to possess the qualities which you have 
pointed out as requisite in the man of your choice, 
particularly ** mental accomplishments," blended 
with softness of temper and a feeling heart. 

" You say. Madam, that you have lunds to the 
southward, exceeding two hundred thousand 
dollars. If this immense possession should con- 
sist in whole or in part in Slaves, he would as- 
sure you, that "a transfer of your property with 
your hand" could not be accepted by him ; as the 
principle and practice of the Slave-holding States, 
as manifested by their late members in Congress, 
while it disregards the principles of morality and 
religion, and shocked the feelings of humanity, 
has cast a shade, of a dingy kae, over the prin- 
ciples of our happy Government. He would 
therefore observe to you emphalicaUy, that he is a 
friend to freedom and the rights of humanity. He 
would, therefore, assure you, that he could not, 
under any consideration, ever consent to go far- 
ther south than Pennsylvania to reside, until the 
foul stain is eradicated by the benign and illumi- 
nating rays of the principles of the North — 
when the sharkles of slavery shall be broken into 
atoms, and fair freedom shall prevail. 

" DlOSCORIDES." 

" P. S. If you choose not to give your card, 
and desire to favour my address, any conimuni- 
cation for • Dioscorides' will meet with due 
attention." 

THE 'l-REE OF DISSIPATION. 
The 
sin of 
drunkenness 
expels reason, 
drowns memory, 
distempers the body, 
defaces beauty, dimin- 
ishes strength, corrupts 
the blood, inflames the liver, 
weakens the brain, turns men 
into walking hospitals, causes 
interna], external, and incurable 
wounds, is a witch to the senses, a 
devil to the soul, a thief to the pocket, 
the beggar's companion, a wife's woe, and 
children's sorrow — msJces man become 
a beast and a self-murderer, who 
drinks to others' good health, 
and robs himself of his 
ownl 
The 
foot of all evil is 
DRUNKENNESS!!! 



The Duke of Orleans having met, in one of the 
hofpirnls which he visited, an old soldier of Na- 
polconN, who had been in all the EmperorV me- 
morable campaigns, he approached him and saiil. 
taking him at the same lime by the hand, 
*** Brave man, I hope to see you soon cured. 
Old roldiers, like you, are too valuable to be .—. 
«*My Lord,** said the old soldier, bluntly in- 
temipiing him, *^ when I was ill of the plague in 
Jaffa, and the Emperer caipe to take my band, Ac 
I did not w€ar ^Awm." 



THE TOURIST. 



MEMS. OF A SLAVE. 
" Fact! — Dot flctions.'' 
Colonial Atrocity. — Letter from 
Jamaica : — " There haa been a lamenta- 
' ble, and I fear in many instances an un- 
necessary waste of life during this rebel- 
lion ; courts martial, in such times, are not 
guiiled by very nice rules of evidence, as 
will be seen by uur bloody records. But 
summary as are the proceedings of these 
courts, there are some who appear to have 
considered them much too tedious : several 
delinquents, or suspected delinquents, have 
be(;n put to death in cold blood, without 
any manner of trial whatever! What 
will be thought of the poor negro woman's 
case who was-in company with a body of 
Rebels when surprised by the Militia i 
SHE HELD UP HER YOUNG 
CHILD AS A SORT OF FLAG OF 
TRUCE, AN APPEAL TO COM- 
MON HUMANITY, THINKING 
THE DEVICE MIGHT SAVE HER 
LIFE! SHE WAS IMMEDIATELY 
BROUGHT DOWN BY A SHOT ; 
and it was boaatingly declared that the 
aim had been so deiiberutely taken that 
although the mother was killed on the 
spot, her child was uninjured ! 

An African, who was carried off at a 
slave from the banks of the Sen^al, re- 
turned from the Havannah to Goree, 
after on absence of thirty yean, with a 
very numerous bmily of children and 
grandchildren, daughters and sons-in- 
law, all free. The patriarch of this fa- 
mily was very laborious and industrious ; 
and by the earnings of additional labour, 
beyond that required of bim, as a trades- 
man slave, be realised enough to purchase 
his freedom, according to the Spanish 
custom. He also redeemed those of his 
femily and connections who were in bon- 
dage; and being desirous to finish his. 
days in the land of his fathers, and to 
bring his descendants with him, he reached 
Goree with tlie whole, but there the 
younger branches stopt. The sons, who 
knew no other country but the Havannah, 
and who were Spaniards in tuiguage, 
habits, and modes of living, refused to 
pass from Goree into the interior. — (Anti- 
Slavery Magaxioe.) 



A Mr. W — was in the habit, not 
only of cruelly punishing bis Negroes, 
but of beating his housekeeper, a mulatto 
woman who lived with him ; and one day, 
being mure than usually furious, ho struck 
her with some weapon, and killed her 
on the spot. None hut slaves were pre- 
sent, and one of them ran into the vil- 
lage, crying out, "MassahaskilledMissus, 
Masaa has killed Alissus." This gentle- 
man, as be is there called, was, to the 
best of my recollection, brought to trial 
for it, but was not punished, for want of 
evidence! the testimony of slaves not 
being received. 

A decent, free block man, a tradc's- 
man in Kingston, had lived with a fe- 
male slave, belonging to a white lady, 
and much desired to purchase her, that 
he might emancipate her, and marry her. 
He applied to the mistress, wbo demanded 
so great a sum for her, that the poor 
fellow could not raise so much, eren by 
selling all he had. The common price m 
such a slave was then from 1001. to 
130L currency, but this lady asked for 
ber 2001. ! she was, therefore, neither 
emancipated nor married; but she was 
allowed to live on in the same wicked 
way; and all ber children would, of 
COUTH, be bom to perpetual slavery. 

The Public AdverlUer of Jsmaics, 
dated April 22d, 1825, conUins an ac- 
count of the trial of a man, indicted for 
the wilful murder of a female slave. It 
appeared in evidence, that he was amus- 
ing himself by discbsrging a loaded gun 
through the window of his dwelling-house. 
After a while, he proposed to one of his 
ccnnpanions, firing it over an assemblsge 
of Negroes, which being declined, he 
pointed out a Negro of his own, and pro- 
poaed firing at him. This being also 
declined bv bis companion, he seiaed tlie 
gno, and discharged it. A female slave, 
wbo was sitting in the crowd, was shot ; 
and the melancholy event was soon an- 
nounced by the cries and lamentations of 
her mother. The jury who tried this 
man brought in averdict of manslaughter, 
with a recommendation to mercy. He 
was sentenced to twelve months' impri- 
somnent. 



Thy countty, Wilbrrfocce, with .juat disdsin. 
Hura thee by cruel men and tTitpiaui oll'd 
Fanatic, for thy eeal to loo«e tbe CDtbrall'd 

From exile, public nle, and alav'ry'i chain. 
Fiicndortbepoor.the wrong'd, UiefeCter-gaU'd, 

Pear not leit laboui aucti as thine be vain. 

last relieved a part, baat ^ined the car 

:>ugb cold 

And weaia delay, the belter bout ia near 
lliBt ahail remunerate thy toila levere. 

By peace for Arric, fenced with Brititlt law> : 
Enjoy what thou haat won, esteem and love 
Prom all the just on earth, and all the blest above. 

EPIGRAM, BV COWPER. 

To purify tbeir wine, some pGQ|ile bleed 
A lamb into the barrel, and succeed ; 
No nostrum, planters >ay. is half lo i;aod 
To make fine sugar, as a Ntgro'i blood. 
Now, lojnbs and Negroes both are harmleta things 
And thence perhaps thji wondrous virtue springs; 
■Tu in the blood of innocence alone- 
Good cause why planters never try their own. 

THE CHURCHYARD. 

{rriojlelim from Karamiht, a Mu-covilt Potl.) 

Haw frightful tiie grave '. how deserted and drear I 
With the howla of tbe atorm- wind— the creaks 
of the bier. 
And the while bones all clatt'ring togelherl 

How peaceful the grave I its ouiet how deep I 
Itatephyri breathe calmly, and toft is its sleep. 
And flow'rets perfume it with ether. 

There riots the blood-created worm on the dead, 
AndCha yellow skull icrvesthefoultoadforabed. 
And snakes in its nettle -weedi biu. 

How lovely, how loue the repose of the tomb 1 
Notempests are there — hut the nightingalci come 

And sing their sweet chorus of bliss. 

The ravens of night flap Uiair wings o'er tbe 

Tis the vulture's abode— 'tia the wolfs dreary 

Where ikty tear up the earth with their fangs. . 

Therethe coney at evening disports with hiskive. 
Or rests on the sod, while the turtles above 
Repose on the bough that o'ethangs. 

There darkness and dampness with poisonous 

breath. 
And loathsome decap 911 tbe dwelling of death, 
Tbe trees are all tnrren and bare ! 

Osoftarethebreeses that play round tbe tomb, 
And sweet with the violef • wafted perfume. 

With liliea and jessamine fair. 

The pilgrim who reaches this valley so drear, 

Wuuld fain hurry by, and with tremulous fear 

Beholds the fond hopea which we saver. 



The traveller, outwt 



Ijija down hia lude 
turmoil. 
And sweetly repose* for ever. 



life's trouble* and 
grief and 



* Colleg. 

Heibiria, collected by the Isle Dr. John Sims, 
coaiained in four lisadsome cabineis, 
een pieiCDled to ih« botanical depiriminc 
in (he museum by his librul-roinded Riatives, 
Tbe Callegt baa, we are Informed, alsa been 
enabled, Ihroush tbe Uberallry of one of Its Bkp- 
porlen, to make ibe acqaislUon of probably iha 
moti compleie colleciien of Fuliameniary Bc- 
cords in the United KiDgdom. 



20 



THE TOURIST. 



To PARLIAMBNTARY CANDIDATES. 
—The Agency AntLSimmj Cimimittee «re letdy 
to receive the ouuiioni of FtelUmeotary CandidatM on 
the abolition or Colonial SUrtfY, befbre the SCli of 
October when the ichedules will be made up for the 
fourth number of *< Thb Tourist,*' and the Provincial 
IMtper*. 

By order of the Committee of the Agency Anti.SlaTery 
Society. JOHN CRISP, Secretary. 

18, Aldermanbary, Sept. 20 

Where may be bad the following short papers, 
•: at 4s. per 1000. 

No. 1. ** A few plain Questions to Plain Men.** 

— 2. •< Common Sense against Colonial Logic.** 

— 3. ** Citisens and Fellow Countrymen.'* 

— 4. " On Pledges from Parliamentary Candidates.'* 

— A. " Taxation in aid of Slavery the Worst of aU 

tyranny." 

— 6. *< why and Because applied to Negro Slavery." 

— 7. << £1,000,000!!!— Electors of the United King- 

dom." 

— & <• A Scene in Real Ufe.** 



NOTICES TO CORRESPONDENTS. 



P, need not complain about the omission o^ his 
advertisement. We are obliged to him for the 
offer t at the same time we wish it to be distinctly 
understood, that no favours from advertisers can 
he admitted into thevagesof '• Thk Toubist," 
unless they are of the most unexceptionable kind, 

R. C. has Ota' best thanks. We cordially accept his 
proposition, but hint to him at the same time to 
shape his comntunieation like a middy* s dirk — 
sfuirp and pointed. 

A Mimthly Part, stitched in a Wrapper, price Qd. 
will be published on the Sth inst. 

We have to apologise to our readers for a stupid 
and egregious error to which we gave publicity 
in our last number. We copiedfrom a work called 
the ** Doctor," an article on *' Irratibilitv," 
which recommended the reader to take ten drachms 
of the tincture of foxglove, Sfc. A single dose is 
enough to destroy the life of any man. It should 
only have been ten drops at most. We will take 
care how we call in the aid of the ** Doctor** 
again. ^ 

THE TOURIST. 



MONDAY, OCTOBER 1, 1852. 

A CoRRBSPONDENT exDresscs surprise at 
a statement which he lately read in one 
of the pablic papers, respecting the pre- 
sentation of a memorial to the Congress 
f the United States, from J. F. Buxton, 
Esq. M.P., Dr.Lushington, LL.D., M.P. 
and Zach. Macaulay, Esq. It is said this 
petition asked Congress to aid the Ame- 
rican Colonization Society, as an effec- 
tual means of ultimately suppressing the 
African Slave-trade, &c. Our corres- 
pondent wishes to know if this statement 
is correct We are not able ourseli^es to 
inform him — ^perhaps some of our friends 
can furnish us with a reply. We 
will^ however, give our own sentiments 
of the Colonisation Society. We con- 
sider the Colonization Society as so 
far from being likely to aid in suppress- 
ing the Slave-trade, or in abolishing 
Slavery, that it is one of the most delu- 
sive and ingenious devices ever contrived 
to deceive the friends of the Negro, and 
will contribute, in the degree in which it 
operates, to continue the bondage of those 
who are already in Slavery, and greatly 
to promote the African Slave-trade. 
Let those who have any doubt of the 
tendency of settlements on the coast of 
Africa, in the present state of things, to 
encourage the Slave-trade^ read a letter 
to the Committee of the London Anti- 
Slavery Society, on the present state of 
the African Slave-trade, particularlv that 
which exists in the Colony of Sierra 
Leone ; with (;opious extracts from the 



documents lately printed by order of the 
House of Commons, under the head of 
*' Slave-Trade, — Sierra Leone, 6th April, 
1832." 

Fully to detail our views on this im- 
portant subject,and give but a small por- 
tion of the information which we possess 
on it, would occupy too much space, 
and too much of our readers atteiu 
tion. But we are so desirous of cor- 
recting the erroneous opinion which many 
well-disposed persons entertain respecting 
the Colonization Society, that we cannot 
well abstain from making the following 
extract from a little tract on the subject, 
lately published by Nath. Paul, a man of 
colour, agent for the Wilberforce Settle- 
ment, in Upper Canada, and who is now 
in this country. This will give our 
readers the opinion of the people of 
colour, as expressed by themselves. The 
following is copied from the Liberator 
newspaper, published at Boston, Decem- 
ber the 17th, 1831. 

" A Voice FReM Thinton !— At a respectable 
meeting of free people of colour in Trenton, 
convened in the Mount Zion Church, Nov. 30, 
1831, for the purpose of considering the subject 
of colonization on the coast of Africa — on motion, 
the Rev. Lewis Cork was called to the Chair, 
and Abner H. Francis appointed Secretary. The 
meeting was addressed by Messrs. Gardener and 
Thompson, after which the following resolutions 
were unanimously adopted : 

'* Resolved, Inasmuch as we, free people of 
colour, have done all that is in our power to con - 
vince the white inhabitants of these United 
States, that it is our wish to live peaceably with 
all men ; and inasmuch as our general demea- 
nour has been that of industry and sobriety, 
notwithstanding there are some among us to the 
contrary, as well as among the whites ; therefore, 
we do most solemnly declare, that the state- 
ments made to the contrary by the Rev. Mr. 
Crosby, in his late addresses in this city, and all 
statements by petitioners to legislative bodies, 
and by the Colonization Society, or anything of 
the same natura, are a positive libel on our 
general character. 

" Resolved, Whereas we have lived peaceably 
and quieOy in these United States, of which we 
are natives, and have never been the cause of 
any insurrection or tumultuous movements as a 
body, that we do view every measure taken by 
any associated bodies to remove ns to other 
climes, antt -christian and hostile to our peace, 
and a violation of the laws of humanity. 

" Resolved, That if, in the opinion of Govern- 
ment, our stay or liberty can no longer be granted 
in the States in which we live, we see nothing 
contrary to the Constitution of these United 
States, or to Christianity, justice, reason, or 
humanity, in granting us a portion of the 
western territory, as a State, with the same 
franchise as that of Pensylvania, New Jersey, 
or any other free State ; for we challenge the 
Union to prove that, as free men, we have ever 
given the least ground for the uncharitable cen- 
sures that have been cast upon us. 

" Resolved, That we view the American Co- 
lonization Society as the most inveterate foe both 
to the free and slave man of colour ; forasmuch 
as the agents thereof, and its members who have 
petitioned the several legislatures, have unequi- 
vocally declared its object, to wit, the extermi- 
nation of the free peojple of colour fVom the 
Union ; and to effect this they have not failed to 
slander our character, by representing us as a 
vacant race : and we do therefore disclaim all 
union with the aaid Society, and once for all, de- 
clare that we never will remove under their pa- 
tronage; neither do we think it expedient to 
emigrate anywhere, but to remain in the land, 
and see the salvation of God. Nevertheless, if 
any of our brethren should be compelled, or see 
proper to emigrate, we would recommend to 
them Upper Canada or Mexico. 

" Resolved, Ttiat we view, with the highest 



emotion of gratitude, the benevolence of Great 
Britain, and that of the Canada Company, in af- 
fording an asylum in the Wilberforce settlement, 
in Upper Canada, for our oppressed brethren of 
the South, who have been, or may be forced, by 
t heir unconstitutional laws, to leave their rightful 
home and place of nativity, without any cause 
except of having a dark skin. 

** Resolved, That this meeting approve the es- 
tablishment of a College, as recommended by 
the Annual Convention held in Philadelphia last 
June, and that we give all possible aid to that 
institution. 

" Resolved, That we view the Liberator, edited 
by William Lloyd Garrison, as a great herald in 
the cause of liberty, and that we recommend to 
the coloured citizens of Trenton the utility of 
subscribing to the above named Pafier. 

*' Resolved, That there be a Committee of three 
appointed, to draft an address more expressive 
of our views on the above subject. 

'' Resolved, That the following persons compose 
that Committee :— Sampson Peters, Robert 
Thomas, George Cole. 

Lewis Cork, Chairman, 
Abner H. Francis, Secretary. 

The following is the Address referred to in 
the above Resolutions : — 

" We, the undersigned, in conformity to the 
above appointment, beg leave to present to the 
public, in a calm, unprejudiced manner, our de« 
cided disapprobation of the American Coloniza- 
tion Society and its auxiliaries, in relation to 
the people of colour in the United States. We 
are well convinced, from the mass that has been 
written on the above subject by those who have 
preceded us, that it will be difficult to avoid re- 
petition ; nevertheless, we hope to touch aome 
points which have not been fairly understood by 
that Society. They have supposed that our ofaM 
jections are to civilizing and evangelizing AfHca ; 
but we beg leave to say, that thia is an error. 
We are well aware, that there is no surer way 
to effect this great object than to plant among the 
heathen, colonies consisting of Christian mis- 
sionariev. We wish, therefore, to be understood^ 
that we highly approve of the evangelizing of 
Africa, but disapprove of the present measures 
of the American Colonization Society, if their 
motives have not been misrepresented by their 
agents and others, in some previous addresses 
in this city and elsewhere. But, viewing them 
as we now do, we must say that, in our opinion, 
their false representations of our general cha- 
racter — their recommending our removal from 
our native land — their opposition to our having 
a part of the West appointed to us— their ob- 
jections to our {iroposed college, and of out march 
to science — their false statements in relation to 
the health of the colony at Liberia, with a variety 
of other subjects of the same nature — all lead to 
a conclnsion, that it is our greatest foe. 

** We would here ask the public a few ques- 
tions. First—Is the Gospel of Jesus Christ cal- 
culated to lead to insurrectionsry measures T If 
so, why then send it to the heathen ? Second — 
What gentleman, who has set his slaves free, has 
been murdered by them for so doing ? Third — 
What have those States, who have washed their 
hands clean of the cursed stain of slavery, lost by 
it? What neighbourhood,whereeducationand ge- 
neral information have been disseminated among 
the people of colour, is the worse for itt 

" In the close of our remarks, we would say, 
chat we do ^ink that the subjects looked to by 
the Colonization Society, to civilize Africa, are 
incompetent; for we do suppose, that men se- 
lected for such an important enterprise, should 
be men of deep and sound piet^ — men of regular 
and industrious habits, of scientific knowledge 
and general experience ; that such men can be 
obtained, we have no doubt; and if there cannot, 
let us first prepare some In this countty. 
Sampson Peters, i 
Robert Thomas, > Committee.*' 
George Colb, J 



Agriculturai* Employment Institution. — 
Tlie Bishop of Bath and Wells, in a letter ad- 
dressed to H. F. Richardson, Esq. the Secretary, 
expresses himself thus:— "After an experience 
of thirty years, I feel myself justified in assert- 
ing, that I know of few plans better qualified to 
promote the temporal, and at the same time, the 
eternal happiness of the poor, than the giving to 
the labourer a small allotment of land, to be 
cultivated at his lebure hours." 



THE TOURIST. 



21 



inany splftDilid additions, edited after him 
Leioester Buildings. But the most me- 
morable incident in the history of Kenil- 
worth Castle, is the royal entertaimnent 
given by the aspiring Karl to his Queen. 

On the departure of Elizabeth, the 
Earl of Leicester made-Kenilworth his 
occasional residence, till his desth in 
1538, when be bequeathed it to his bnv 
ther, Ambrose, Earl of Warwidc, and 
after bis death to his oWn son. Sir Bobert 
Dudley ; but, hia Intimacy being ques- 
tioned. Sir Bobert quitted the kingdom 
in disgust ; his castles and estates were 
seized by a decree of the court of Star- 
Chamber, and given to Henry, son of 
James I. 

The castle on Henry's death went into 
the possession of bis brother, Cbarlei I^ 
who granted it to Cary, Earl of Mon- 
mouth ; but the doMmfall of this ngantic 
structure was fast approaching. Dorinc 
the wars it was seizea by Cromwell, and 
by him given to some of his officers. 
These rapacious plunderers, who had no 
sort of feeling for the beauteous and ma- 
jestic, soon reduced it to what it now is, 
a pile of ruins. Tbey drained the lake 
which once flowed over so many hundred 
acres, ravaged the woods, beat down the 
walls, dismounted the towers, choked up 
its fair walks, and rooted out its pleasant 
gardens; destroyed the park, and divided 
and appropriated the lands. 

On the reEtoration of Charles II , the 
estate and ruing of the castle were granted 
to Lawrence, Viscount Hyde, of Kenil- 
worth, second son of the celebrated Lord 
High Chancellor, created Baron of Kenil- 
worth, and Earl of Bochester ; and by 
the marriage of a female heiress descended 
from him, passed in 17^2, into the pos- 
session of Thomas Villiers, Baron Hyde, 
son of the Earl of Jersey, who was ad- 
vanced in 1773, to the dignity of the Eart 
of Clarendon ; la the possession of whosa 
son it still remains. 



THE TOUBIST-S POBTFOLIO.— No, 2. 



ST. ALBAN'S ABBEY. 



This beautiful building, which claims 
particular attention from its size, moke, 
and antiquity, it constructed of Boraan 
brick, to which age has given the appear - 
ance of stone. A stone screen, erected 
before the communion table, in 1461, is 
much admired for the richness and light- 



of its sculptnre. The tombs of the 

founder, Ulfa, and Humphrey, Duke of 
Gloucester, are shewn here, and not many 
years ago, the leaden coffin containing 
the body of the latter was opened, and 
the corpse found nearly entire. 



KENILWOBTH CASTLE. 



The Castle of Kennilworth was 
founded by Geoffrey de Clinton, in the 
reign of Henry I. In the reign of Henry 
Iir it was used as a prison, and in 1254, 
the King, by letters patent, gave to 
Simon Montford, who bad married 
Eleanor the King's sister, the castle in 
trust for life. Simon soon after joiued 
the rebellion against the King, and, to- 
gether with his eldest son, was killed at 
the battle of Evesham, in 1265. His 
youngest son Simon, escaped, and with 
other fugitives took shelter in the Castle, 
where they became re^lar banditti. 

The King, determined to put an end 
to their excesses, marched an army 
against them. 8imon fled, and excnped 
to France, but his companions held out 
against a six months' siege. At length 
their provisions failed, a pestilence broke 
out, and the govemm; surrendered the 
castle to the Kug, who bestowed it upon , 



his youngest son, Edmund, Earl of Lei- 
cester, afterwards created Earl of Lan- 
caster. 

In 1286, at Kenilirorth, it it 
said, that silks were worn for the first 
time in England. 

In the reign of Edward II. the Castlf! 
came into the hands of the Crown, and 
the King intended to make it a place of 
retirement for himself ; but in the rebel- 
lion which soon followed, he was taken 
prisoner in Wales, and brought to Kenil- 

During the civil wars between the 
houses of York and Lancaster, it was al- 
ternately taken by the partizans of the 
white and red roses ; ana very long after 
their termination. Queen Elizabeth be- 
stowed it upon her heartless and ambi- 
tious favourite, Dudley, Earl of Leicester. 
Tliat wealthy nobleman spared no expense 
in beautifying the castle, and in making 



SIB WALTEB SCOTT. 

It was the constant wish of this extra- 
ordinary man to die near the place of his 
nativity, and the " land of the mountain 
and the flood" contains all that is left of 
the author of Waverley. An accident 
which occurred in his infancy deprived 
him of the use of one I^ ; he was conse- 
quently much at home, and he ac^red 
from his grandfather, ^ther, and several 
old people in the neighbourhood, great 
stores of information respecting the annals 
of his country, which added to his natural 
turn for legendary lore, old tales, and old 
ballads, superinduced thst wonderful de- 
velopment of mind which has raised his 
name to the first rank among writers, and 
given him a popularity never attained by 
any other author during his lifetime. In 
stature. Sir Walter Scott was above the 
iddle size; with tlie exception of his 
lameness, he was well-formed and of great 
igth ; be was fond of athletic exer- 



22 



THE TOCEIST. 



cises, such as golf, the putting the atone, 
throwing the sledge hammer, &c. His 
features were cbaracteriBed by an appear- 
ance of great good nature ; his face was 
even coarse, but the attentive observer 
could perceive in the forehead an extra- 
ordinary capacity, in the small grey eye 
a qnicknesB, a fire which no artJst 
could ever catch ; and about tlie 
mouth a roguish smile, which Chantry 
has transferred to his bust. Of the nw ■ 
merouB paintings, engravings, &C', of Sir 
Walter Scott, no artUt has done him jus- 
tice, although all resemble him. Wa 
have the man, the good man ; but the in- 
telligence of the poet's face is wanting. 
Wilkie has failed entirely in his portrait 
of Scott, but portrait painting is nottbe 
JbrCe of that great artist. The bust by 
Chantry is most admirable ; it was under- 
taken by express desire of George the 
Fourth, and it now is among the fine col- 
lectitm of art at Windsor — A friend of 
Sir Walter'ib the late Kir. Constable, 
used to relate that they had passed an 
evening with Robert Bums in 1792 
that the latte^' jras wonderfully struck 
with the poM'Sn of young Scott, and prog- 
nosticated his future greatness. Scott 
himself never alluded to it, but 
boasted as the highest honour, of having 
been acquainted with the author of Tam 
O'Shanler. 

The magic of Walter Scott'x oame 
never proved more strongly than at the 
Coronation of George the Fourth. Sir 
Walter was late, and bustling througli 
the crowd, — a serjeant of the Greys said 
it was impossible for him to proceed, 
when Scott assuming the dialect of his 
country, said, Cmialr^man, can yi 
mat' may for Waller ScoU? This was 
irreustible, and a way was formed for 
the Baronet in a trice. 

George the Fourth, whose fine (aste 
was never called in question, used to aay 
that there was a charm about Scott 
which he never met with in any other 
man; besides, his late Majesty used 
to add, " H« is always tit home with 
me, and when he differs in opinion, he 
argues bis point like a man, a gentleman, 
and an equal. It is only upon bis entree 
and conge, that there is any difference 
of rank. I never met any other man 
(except one) who did so." We do not 
require great sagacity to discover tbe 
exception. 

When Bsilty, (physicisn to Henry IV. 
of France,) perceived he was about to die, 
he called his servants to bim singly, and 
gave to rach of them a portion, first uf liii 
money, tbeo of hit plate and furnilure, bid- 
ding- them, as soon as they had taken what 
he had given tiiem, to leave bis house, and 
set! him no more. (Fben tlie physicians 
came to vimiI bim, they told him tliey had 
found li is duor open, the sFrvaoUi a nil the 
furniture removeJ and gone, nothing in fact 
remaining but the bed on ivliich he lay. 
Then the doctor, taking leave of liis physi- 
cians, said, "Since my ha g'ga(,>'e ii packed 
up and giine, it is time that I should also 
£0." He died tbe sanie day, Nov. 6tli, 1005. 



CARISBROOK CASTLE. 

Castle stands on a steep and com- 
manding eminence, in the moat beautiful 
part of tbe Isle of Wight; its walls, 
which enclosed about an acre and a-h:ilf 
□f grouud, iverc in some parts, as appears 
from the ruins which are still standing, 
upwards of eighteen feet in thickness ; 
the garrison wos supplied with water from 
a well withinside the walls, which is still 
to be seen in a perfect state, and ivhich is 
partly cut through a mck, a depth of 210 
feet from the surface of the earth to the 
\vater, which, it is eald, at no time rises 
less tlian 90 feet from the bottom, thus 
making the whole depth of the well 300 
feet. . - - - ' 

But the circumstance which impartf 
the greatest interest to this ruin, is that 
of its having lieen for a considerable time 
the prison of that unfortunate Pj 
Charles the First. The ruins only of 
thA wing of tbe castle in which the un- 
happy King's apartments were situated 
now remains, but the window from which 
he attempted to effect his escape, 
pointed out to the visitor. This is placed 
at an immense height from tbe ground, 
and is fortified with a strong iron grating, 
tbroiigh the bars of which it is said 
Charles succeeded iu forcing his head, but 
could not afterwards pass his shoulders, 
or again withdraw himself; in this painful 
situation be remained for some time, dur- 
ing which his suffering forced from bim 
tbe most heart-rending moans. At length 
he succeeded iu liberating himself, and, 
to inform those of bis partisans who were 
waiting near at band to assist him on his 
reaching the exterior of the castle wall, 
that the attempt had &il«d, the unfortu- 
nate Monarch placed a lighted candle in 
the window, and his friends, thus warned, 
effected a retreat just as the guards, 
alarmedbyCbarles's cries and groans, had 
commenced a search .ifter them. The 
Princess Elizabeth, Charles's second 
daughter, died a prisoner in this castle, at 
the age of fifteen, as it isfoidj of a broken 
heart. The chamber in which she expired, 
a small room about sixteen feet square, 
remaining, as it is said, in its original 
state, extremely plain and unomamented, 
is still pointed out to the visitor. 

The chapel of St.Nicholas, which stands 
iu-the castle-yard, is kept up, and has a 
chaplain regularly appointed to it, with a 
salary. It is now upwards of twenty 
years since the voice of prayer was heard 
to ascend to the throne of Grace from 
those holy walls, within which royal 
tyrs were formerly wont to offer up tbeir 
orisons. 



CiviLiTV,— A voung eentleman was found 
Micep in GeoT^ -n't reel, at an unreaaonable hour. 
When bruughl before the Migislrate. he cun- 
feaud tbat h« bad been tipiy. "Young man, 
yovi aliould be very oorry," *' 1 am aorrj." — 
■' "- must he fined." Handing o»er the moncx, 

liew in Allington church, Dorset, were a 
grandfather, ^reit grandmother, grand- 
, two grand molbers, three motberi, a 
, husbana. two »i»ea, two daughter*, a 
lauglitar. i;reat gtandion, grandson, and 

Ibe whale oompiiaod in five persons. 

laii in the Exeter I^lospital had his leg 
-*-■ 'le having undergone a like operation 



o that t) 



ir fellow 



It leg was 



When the operation 
Hoiabcd, the surgeon said to him, " Weil, 
good fellow, it ii all over." " Bless yoi 
... ,.._..._. . , - -f "Til 



r, dy'e think 1 didn't know 



Millon, when blind, mariicd a shrew. The 
Duke of Buckingham called her a rose. " 1 *in 
nu judge' of colours,'' replied Miltnn. " bi^t I 
dare say you >[« riglit; fur' I .feeV the (horns ' 

Lo.iDoN.— In the beginotn;: of Eliztbath's 
rei;n, her cuitoms rented for £0,0001. per an- 
num ; her lands at Pentonviile, and in the other 

did not exceed 20,000f. per annum; anilthecity 
of lyindon did not include one biiek house. 

Pat[bsce.— " Ben," said an angry father, the 
other day, " ] am busy now, but when I can 
find time, 1 will give you a hearty noKging."— 
■' Don't hurry youiaelf, im,'" said thepaiient boy, 

An En^litliman who went to establish himaelf 
it New York as a hatter, pieced on his sign the 
Intimation that he was a iialter— not from l.on- 
don — but " from the village," Jonathan could 
not understand where the recommendation could 
be ; in fact, it puozled all the Yankees for a con- 
siderable time, until the hattet explained he 
merely announced himself " from the village," 
in order to please the inhabitants by giving them 
an opportunity of gueising. 

When Cortez retutned to Spain, he was coolly 
received by the Emperor, Charles the Fifth. 
One day he suddenly presented himself to that 
Monarch. " Who are you V said the Emperor, 
haughtily. "The man," said Cortez, as haugh- 
tily, " who has given you more province! than 
yoor ancestors left you cities." 
The charms of virtue are so great, that it 
mimands reapect and admiration from those 
ho wish to seduce it. Catharine de Parlhenuy 
as asulled by the importunities of Henry the 
Fourth of France ; her reply was, " sir, 1 am 
tira poor to become your wife, and of too good a 
family to become your mistress," 

PkR^ONALiTY.—An eccentric individual once 
concluded a some what personal story, by saying 
■■I will not mention the gentleman's name, be. 
cause he is now CbanctUor cf the E.rehequer." 

We have heard of a wit who kept a nutmeg- 
gtaier on hit table, in order to say wbenafrfsf 

An Irishman, in France, drinking with some 
companywho proposed tlie tosat, "Thelandwe 
live in," — *' Aye, with all my sowl, my dear,"' 
said he, " here's poor ould Ireland." 

An American newspaper advertises for a wet- 
nurse, to take charge ot a basket of children! 

An Infant Janus.— In the month of Feb. 
ruary, 1B28. a female child was born in Paris. 
and lived for about a quarter of an hour, which 
had two faces ; and all the oi^ns belonging lo 
them, namely, those of taste, sight, and smell, 
double. 

A Nsw Watbr-Clock.— An old inhabiUnt of 
Grenoble, some time ^o, invented a clock which 
is impelled, not by spimei or weights, but by 
water. The rain which folia upon the roof of a 
house, collected in a reservoir, is sufficient to 
keep It in peipetuat motion. 



^-^/^ 



THK HOUSEWIFE. 



R— Mil Hlbi of treacle and 11 
ET well together, md boi! them for 
?8 of hops; when quite 



E"' 



le gallon cask. 



it ferment for 
li ■ itck ; then 






filled upjbung it down in two days— and 
days It will b« fit to drink, and will be 
beer than I«ndon poiter. This is theaimpiea 
it requires no skill— a washing copper, or 

kettle and a tub arc the only requisites; and c 

IS of beer csn be obtained at the following 



THE TOURIST. 






as. cd. 



3 101 

CoLDi,— There cannoi he murh fear of the 
person, who. like Spencer's March ( Fairir Qaene 
vii. 7,) shall bend his brow tothe blasi, and shall 
die his rood of land, and MW hii bushel oficed 
whether the bleak north or the biting east wind 
ficBtler consumption and death among the feeble 
inmates of tne parlour, or the half famished 
tenants of the hut or the garret. Free eiposure 
ti) every wind that blows, provided alwiyi that 
requisite clothing and active eiercJse be attended 
to— will do more to banish couehs and conaumn- 
tions than all ihe foxielove or Iceland moss that 
ever grew, or all the bfeeding, blistering, or tvng 
rubbings tliat were ever tried. Confine yourself 
to a warm parlour, and you wilt shudder at every 
blast, and probably catch a bad cough or a cold 
fever at every slight change of weather, and will 
nnd It dangerous to venture out of doors during 
the cold and chilly days of winter and spring - 
but by free exposure and brisk exercise you 
may learn to set the weather at defiance, and put 
OTthe vigorous: and healthy look of the you ne 
spring, instead of the church-yard cough — ^ 
undermining fe*er of age and debility. 

Fi>TuaEs.-A tenant, who tahes possession of 
a house, either fits it up with H«urra^ buy 
such fixtures as he finds upon the premises It hi 
jiuls in fixtures himself, providrd they be for thi 

..rn.mpnr .„rt f.„„l,..„ ^f the house. ' " 






es.ta. 



I>estry.put.,j. ^u ui wainscot cnimnev nierps 

marble slabs, window blinds connern rilto™ 
gtatea. jocks, bells, &c.,-«llhouEh nsi'led down 

term, and to consider them in the light of uer 
M)nal good, and ch.ittels. The annexation to the 
freehold d,«s not at all alter the quality of the 
thing, or diyest Uie tenants right. But if he 
papers a room, affixes a balcony or viranda to 
Il,L. , n °"M' P"" up «ater cloaels or 

? ,?.,V Jt ' J" J- * T,""^.-*" Sich articles, 
though put up by himself, will in most cases lost 
the ?"'iracter of removable fixtures, and pass lu 
llie landlord at the end of the term 1 ht reason 
it:-flrst, that such articles cannot he rpmoved 
without injury tothe premises, or without beinir 
themselves greatly deteriorated and spoiled in 
value by disannexingthera. For it has been said 
by an able judge.-tEat articles, even ofthis de- 
scription of fixtures put up by a tenant can nnlv 
be removed where tSeyate so attached lothJ 
premises as not to have become part of the auh- 
atance and fabric of Ihe house, ff a tenant idil a 
viranda or conservatory (not being for the our- 
poses of trade, as a nurseryman) byway of , '^ 









tiallyu 
implicai 



—that is, if it be ■ 



rially 



inited to _ , „ „„^ _ 

in of law and equity, p^rmanVn'Oyan 

o the freehold, and cannot removp It 

....,~,..^ rule of law obtains in the erection o 

of the"liEr^J;„H '"tI;'' ""' *""""• '"«' e™"i'">^ 
lh»™if„ H ^^^y*" «*"' dedications t< 
Uie realty, and are not removeable by the tenan' 
at the CI pi ration of his lease Fven Iron ov-ni 
cupboard", and shelves, cisterns and numiis m» 
be ao aimed, and may be lo necessarilv i irnrnn 

reruu7''''tr-'''''^''°™'^'"''"'^^^^^ 
result from their removal, tiiat by imolicalinn 
oflsw. they would pass from the tenant to tht 
landlord on the expiration of the leas.; but tl 



PRINCESS CHARLOTTE'S MONUMENT, ST. OEORGE'S tHAPEL. 



DUELLING. 



i.ACH constitutes himself judge in his 
own case, at s time when pride or pa&sion 
hides both truth and justice from their 
minda. The lawg of God and man being 
set aiiide, the important question of right 
and wrong— of character and reputation 
—is left to the decision of the 6etl marks- 
Thai duellista, who, nine times in 
— , csn strike a dollar, should, at the 
same distance, either miss their an- 
tagonists flltt^ether, or that part of them 
at which they levelled, must be referred 
--. irant of self-poBsesdon. Conscious 
that they are doing wrong, their hands 
tremble, and cariy the bullets aside 
from their aim ; othenrise, the death of 
both parties would be much more common 
than it is. 

A few duels are recollected as having 
taken place before the revolutionary war. 
nad were often fought with swords. 

■ /l"""^ ^^ *'"'* ''"'* P^"o^' fiey have 
, been mnch more frequent, and alwavs 
'withpiBtols. Their folly is eqtui to their 



guilt. They decide nothing — they neither 
prove the courage, the justice, nor the 
innocence, of the parties. The greatest 
cowards may be urged ou to fight duels, 
and the bravest men may, from u sense 
of duty to God and man, and from a con- 
viction of their absurdity, refuse that 
Gothic mode of settling disputes. They 
occasionally rid the worid of a fool, a 
madman, a gambler, a bully, or a black- 
guard ; but sometimes deprive society of 
a worthy man, who, though possessed of 
many virtues, has not courage enough to 
follow his own convictious of duty ; and 
who is so afraid of the imputation of 
cowardice, that he acts the part of a 
coward; for, induced by fear of the cen- 
sure or ridicule of a misjudging world he 
dtliberatelif does what his conscience 
condemns. 



lo OIVK AK IXTKA TOWBR TO GpNPOWBSB — 

Mix fmir ounces of fresh quick lime well pui- 
vensed, lo one pound of powder, which may he 
preserved in any vessel chaely shut. We re. 
commend this to sportsmen, particularly in wet 
seaaons, as pure powder is yery apt to nt damp. 



THE TOURIST. 



"T1»birt voldior thibot AuUm." 

Every weigbt ilicarried it increued in gri- 
Titj: ind u It is impowible to onke humtn 
DiiMTT ■ccommodkte itieK to our will, it jg more 
prudent uid leu fruitleiB to strive to ucomiao- 
datc ounelTcs to humin miterj. 

Time ii like & creditor, who nilows tn Lmpli 
■pice to mike up iccounta, ijut is inezonbte a1 
lut. rime ii like ■ verb thui c>n be uaed in the 

Ererent tenie. Time, well employed, gives thit 
eslth Mid vigour to the soul, which rest and 
retirement give to the body. Time never siti 
hnviiy on us. but when it is bsdiy employed, 
■nine is a grateful friend— use it well, ind " 
Ecver fkils to mtke suitable requital. 

The true spirit of religion cheers u well 
composes the mind; it buiishei indeed sll levity 
of behaviour, uiddiesoluleioirth; but flils the 
\rt>nd with perpetual serenity, uninterrupted 
maerfuineu, aad an habitual inclination to 
please otb«rs, and be pleased ourselves. 

We are too apt, in religious matters, to call 
the man who goes beyond ua in belief a fanatic, 
and he who comes short of our creed an infidel ; 
not reflecting, that He who ia tbe light and the 
truth, sees not with our ejes, and judgee 
with our judgment. 



EDITOR'S BOX. 



: The West Indianiiarty attempt to justify 



the present existence ofilavery, by'brmgiag 
1^^-. — I .1.. •-._. ,!■ d v._; — |j^„ allowed 

another form, and under totally different 






cumitancei to our colonial system. 

Now, if they will insist upon bringing the 
Bihie forward on their side, let them have it— 
but they must stand by it, for on looking at the 
21st chapter of Exodus, where the laws relating 
to Slavery are given. I And in the IGth verse, the 
following: ■■ He that atealeth a man, and aelleth 



Indies were originally 
to be found in the hand of these inen-l^o that 
out of their own mouth the West Indian party 
are condemned, and if they pursue their present 
conduct much longer, their tenience will be put 
in ciecutioaby the Negroes themselves. 



" Pledge* are verv fairly objected to on sub- 
:ls of general policy and commercisl regula- 
1, because Parliament is a deliberative body. 



and therefore the members ol it ought 
approach the subjects for consideration sod dis- 
lusalon unbiassed and unfettered. This can 
never applj to any matter In which first princi- 
ples and the immutable laws of God and nature 
are invcdved : if these laws are not enforced, 
every man, be he high or low. rich or poor, iieer 
or peasant, is bound, to the extent of his power, 
to enforce them 1 if any suffer by the violation 
of these principles and these laws, as all ar* 
luiturally iatsested In their support, and as all 
may become the victims of this violation, all are 
bound to unite lo preserve them Inviolate to 
themselves and to restore them unimpaired to 
others. These are not subjects for considera- 
tion; these cannot be sulgects for discussion. 
The laws of God invest all mankind with certain 
rights ; these are not dependent upon any earthly 
tribunal ; these cannot be annulled by any 
earthly legislation. No law can add force to the 
Divine Law— no hur .... 

with it is binding- 
Impious and foolish. 
" Amonnt these icknowledgedrlghts.BlBckstoni 

IiUces ' life and liberty," - '^■ 
ei— - -■ 



Uiat amoonla to a forfeitore.' Where theseaots 
of forfeiture have not been committed, these 
rights are not subjects tor conaiderntioii and 
discussion, and therefore upon them all have 
a right to demand and none have a right to 
refuse a pledge— he to whom it is a matter 
for consideration, and to be dependent on dis- 
cussion, whether i 
and liberty,' should 
to parliament ; if h^ 



THE PREACHER — VoL 4. price 7s. 6d. 
cloth bauds. Ii now rnd^.iuid cmUaini Siaiiainbi' 
UieBlilin>a(Cak»naf)]iH,Blunt: T. Uala; H. MtC- 
•riil; K. tic nun; B. tloel ( T. J. ludklnj t. Hartl. 
Bwr : Dr. Ttaoip ; S. Robini, Ac. Ac Sc. 



I British Senator." 



loubts whether all have 
doubt whether any have 
:iis mind he cannot heii- 
u not, he is not fit for 



VICE-PRESIDENTS ANU DIBECTURS. 



'lilt HJfht Hi 

Hit Righi H 

The Bight SovoBd the Low Biasi 

Tha Right HevartDd the Loan Bisbof i 
The RiahC Hoonimhik- Ijtan TwvnAU 
The Kltht Hon 



Th( HaDouiable 
V, M.- 

Klgbt 



r Uam Willis. 
L Lord Major 



h'm^iu 



s.fa,. 



Ui JiAb Vmiixa LoUxKk, 



Est. i and Edwaid yostat, Esq. 



INSTITUTION ARE— 



'JhK 




M 



ORAL SONGS. 

Ward! bv Compoitd bj : i. 

lUher Glast.,....W. F.C<illtnl...J. CUftoo... 1 I 



I'rini MlnBtn>L.....dltti. _. 



O aimFr 



iTprenj AD»,eiMilni>h(...ditti) „.. .ditto...... I S 

PoUUiad try deUaid and CoUart (bte CtaMMI and Va), 



flf CountrvBookiellni ai 
o Volume or Pan of Tna P 



w Boon or EconoK 



w 



VT CoDlalnlnc "The WetUv ftttMrr," "Tbi 
lni)ulrT,"Miid"Capt^iillacht*tb,''bHiUIAiUTai(nTtd 
br GIlW, (^itUer. and Ward. PiiiiU. l(h. M. ; Pimb, 
xl li. 1 ftpiFBte Phnis, St. 



LADV FEEL. 



In, )iut pubUihed, 

Fainted b; Sir Ibomai Lawn 






JuU publlibtd. In three vob. poit Bvo. pries Ui. boatdi, 
rw^HK nOUBl.e TRIAL: or. 'fae Cnnae- 

l3u™«M - - - - - 




OBILTY, OENTBY^ THE COHHEB- 



^D 



_ ..ofelCULTUrfAL INTERESTS, 
CONHTTTUENCY IN OEMERAI.. 
AL MAP OF ENGLAND, 
ul. fill deU.arj. OBATIH, H quaiUtly 
TOWN. [Loadon) wtAij Mwnper, 
__. ., ^.^ A^ ENGLAMD (In 



blTJnLouied M. 
idlngUlt Hoiin 



n oTptacttKd abHlly in Ihe 



>l FoUtlo, ^poitinit.iiwi Litiialni 
the kinidom ) Ihe Istter U 



(GKsbUitatd Jinuar;?, IKM.) 

THR CtlKISTIAN AllVOCATR 
NKWSPAPl 



i^>ail^nBi^Ilitseyeus,(tmltit Hdiftaus FuUic 




,, __ jdmi,' it ftcqiienllj sod 

(Uthtnlly npoital In lU colunDi. 

IV. 'iW la the oplnlcoiset forth rmmUmetotlmebr 
lis Cofidueton, the aftpropTtateaeai of iU title u iUuiCn. 
Ud by a uidtbtm niunteninKs of Cbrlitlan p 
iHHUlltj to uo-chi' - 




Printed and Published by J. Crisf, at No. 1^ 
Wellington.street. Strand, where all Advertise- 
ments and Commitni»ti?nsfor the Editor arc 
to be addreucd. 



THE TOURIST; 



Sttetdt Mm% of tht Zimt^, 

" I pencilled things I saw, and profited by things I heard." — Lbttbb op a Walkino Gbktlbhah. 



Vol. 1.— No. 4. 



MONDAY, OCTOBER 8, 1832. 



Price Osb Penny. 



LAHBETH PALACE. 



Thib palace ii tlie venerable mansion of 
the A'^Wihop of Canterbui7. The 
founder aeenu to have been Archbishop 
Boniface, in the 13th century. It snN 
fered much in Wat Tyler'a rebellion, 
1381, when the insurgents of Essex en- 
tered, and put to deaUi Archbishop Sud- 
bury. On the decolaUon of Chwlea the 
First, it was purchased by a Cojonel Scott, 
for £1073, who convertM the chapel into 
a dandng-rocnn. 

The parish church of Lambeth joins 
the old gateway, ot entrance into the 
palace, the tower of which is very lofty, 
and exhibits the marks of many centu- 
ries ; it contains a pleasant ring of bells, 
and is a promin>nit figure in the land- 
scape, at many miles distant. 

It was beneath the old walls of this 
church, that Queen Mary, wife of James 
the Second, when flying from Whitehall 
with her infant son, to escape the ruin 
impending over her family, took shelter 
from the ru'u of the inclement night, 
December the 6tb, 168& It waa here 
she waited, with Httle attendance, till a 
coach could be found to convey her to 
Gravetend, from whence ^e sailed to 
France, and never more returned to this 
country. 

Ath IN).— Frequently aid Alhen* owe her 
Mfety to the llluatiioutmeDiba hul produced .— 
" How often," eicUiraed one of her conqveron, 
" mint lipwe tbe livng for the lake ot the 



MY NOTE BOOK.— No. 1. 



Ome or two pieces by Buros have been put 
into our hands, with an assuTHoce thsc they 
have never bi;fore been published. It is not 
probably feoerally known that the Poet 
once paid our "merry City" (Carlisle) a 
visit, though there is no doubt that he did 
once, at least, get "unco happy" within 
our BDcieot walls. He had come into the 
city on horseback; and his aig was turned 
out to grass for a few hours. 'I'lie horse, as 
may well be supposed, havinfr sucb a mas- 
ter, was a brute of taste, and took into hia 
head, that the grass in a field Moaain^ to 
our worthy Curporation, wliich adjoined 
that iu wliicli he had been put, was oJ a 
better end aweeter flavour tlian its own 
allntment, and accordingly made a^o^' a 
lodgment there. 'I'iie Mayor impoutided 
the horse; and next morning, when Burns 
heard of the disaster, he wrotethe fullaiviug 

Wai e'er puir poetsae befitted. 
The maiiter druak— the horae committed :— 
Puir barmleai beut! tak' thee nae care, 
'iTiou'lt be a horae, when he'snae mair (mayor) . 
His Worship's mayoralty, we should have 
premised, was about to expire on the day 
the stanza was written, it is said, that 
when the. Mayor heard whose hone lie had 
impounded, he gave iostant orders tor its 
liberation — exclaiming, "Good Uod, let 
him have it, or the job will be heard of for 
ages to come!" 

Burns was on the most friendly trnns 
with a gtotlemaa named M'Murdo, at thai 



time steward to the Duke of Uiiccleutfli 
who resided at Drumlaarig Castle: the 
Poet happened to be on a visit to his friend 
at the time Mrs. M'Murdo was lyin^'-in ; 
and on the morning of his departure he 
wrote the following stanza upon a parte of 
class in the room: 
Bleaaed be M'Murdo till hia latest da; [ 
May no dark cloud o'erahadehia evening ray ; 
Oh, mjyno aon ot his the father's honour atain. 
Nor ever daughter give the loother pain. 
To Mr. M'Murdo lie afterwards sent a 
pound of snuET, accompanied with the fol* 

Oh, could I give the Indiea' wealth 

Aa IthiattiQeaend, 
Why then the joy of both would be. 

To thare it with a fiiend. 
But golden aanda ne'er yet bave graced 

The Heliconian atream ; 
Then take what gold could never buy — 

An honest bard's esteem. 



VAiuiofFBESDOM .—The advocates for slavery 

frequently laseit, that the happineai of the 

Slaves is soexquiaile, it not only exceeds that of 

peasantry ot England, but that many Slaves 

a bave bad freedom offered to them would not 

accept it. What can be a stronger pruof uf the 

falsity of this assertioa, than the fact that many 

of the Slaves who were active in suppressing tbe 

late insurrection in Jamaica were rewarded 

with their freedom T It ia well known that no 

greater reward can be given to a Slave. 

ErrlcTS or Coui.^ — Sir, I shall line you for 

]t wearing a white cisvat with your academic 

dresa," aaid a strict diKipliairian to an un- 

tortunato freshman, oo a taw morning in 

January. " Fine me 1 I assure you, sir, my 

at la white.'' — "How can you say so, sir! 

not aeethat it is blue."— " Oh, sir, iiwas 

white when I put it on tbia morning, but it looks 

Uu* from the cold." 



d6 



THE TOURIST. 



BREVITIES. 

The Strand.— In the reign of Edward III. the 
Strand was an open highway. A tofitary house 
occasionally occurred; out in 1353, the rugged- 
ness of the highway was such, that Edward ap- 
pointed a tax on wool, leather, &c., for its im- 
provement. 

A Road.— When George III. was hunting over 
'Wingfteld-plain, he came to a watery lane. 
Meeting with a countryman, he inquired of him 
if that was a road? " Yes,'* answered Hodge, 
"a road for ducks." 

Law.— A celebrated barrister, retired from 
practice, was one day asked his sincere opinion 
of the law. " Why the fact is," rejoined he. " if 
any man was to claim the coat upon my back, 
and threaten my refusal with a law-suit, he 
should certainly have it, lest, in defending 
my coai, I should lose my waistcoat also.'* 

Working Bees. — In a late No. of the Trans- 
actions of the Linnsean Society of Bourdeaux, a 
M. ^paignes affirms, that he has ascertained 
that the working bees are all of one sex— the male. 
If this be true, we shall have to look on these 
wonderful creatures, as miracles of civilization 
as well as industry. 

Ebenezer Adams.— This celebrated Quaker, 
on visiting a lady of rank, whom he found, six 
months a(ter the death of her husband, on a sofa 
covered with black cloth, and in all the dignity 
of woe, approached her with great solemnity, 
and, gently taking her by the hand, thus accosted 
her: "So, friend, I see that thou hast not yet 
forgiven God Almighty." This seasonable re- 
proof had such an effect upon the person to 
whom it was addressed, that she immediately 
laid aside her trappings of grief, and went about 
her necessary business and avocations. 

Elegant Phraseology. — In Pere la Chaise is 
an epitaph upon a person who was the most 
famous reataufoteur in Pari^ in his day, which 
says that "his whole life was consecrated to the 
useful arts." 

A Light upon the Subject.— The candle- 
makers, one and all, dcelare that the abolishing 
of general illuminations effectually contradicts 
the assertion of this heing an enlightened age. 

A SwAMPT Kingdom. — f n the reign of Charles 
II., at the east-end of St. James's-park there was 
a swampy retreat for the ducks, denominated 
Duck Island, which by Charles was erected into 
a government, and a salary annexed to the office, 
in favour of tlie celebrated French writer, M. de 
St. Evremond, who was the first and last 
governor. 

Proper Description.— The Bishop of liondon, 
in a late discourse delivered at St. James's 
church, alluding to the subject of duelling, de* 
scribed the seconds as engaged '* in defining the 
punctilios of mucual murder.'* 

Close Shaving.-— TertuUian, the father of the 
Church, was a great enemy to smooth faces. 
" Shaving the beard," he says, " is a lie against 
our own faces, and an impious attempt to im- 
prove the works of the Creator." 

Punishment.- Sir John Trevor, cousin to 
Lord Chancellor Jeffries, was an able man, but as 
corrupt as he was able. He was twice Speaker 
of the House of Commons, and officially had the 
mortification to put the question to the House, 
" whether himself ought to be expelled for 
bribery." The answer was " Yes." 

Equality.— Boileau used to be visited by an 
idle and ignoiant peraon, who complained to 
him that he never returned his visit. " Sir," 
replied the satirist, **we are not upon equal 
terms : you call upon me merely to get rid of 
your time — when I call upon you, I lose mine." 

Man and Wieb. — In a certain village in 
Yorkshire, a man and his wife were quarrelling 
violently in the open streets during service-time, 
on a Sunday, as the churchwarden was going 
his round. He quaintly observed, ** Whom God 
has joined tojgether, let no man put asunder;" and 
very properly placed the wrangling pair in the 
stocks. 

In confineoient the goldfinch has often been 
kno<«n (o live 16 or 18 years. Gesner saw one at 
MentK which hod attained to 23 ; but the people of 
the house were obliged once a week to scrape its 
nails and bill, that It nilght eat. drink, and sit on 
its bar. It had subsisted priocipallv on poppy 
seeds i it was incapahk of flyiogy and all Its featben 
had bccoma wbltc« 



LACONICS. 

•• The btiC wofds of the bait Aothov.** 

The liberty of the people consists in being go- 
verned by laws which they have made themselves, 
under whatsoever form it be of government; 
the liberty of a private man, in being master of 
hia own time and actions, as far as may consist 
with the laws of God and of his country. — 
[Cowley.) 

The Chinese have a great number of very 
short, but very expressive maxims, among which 
we find the following : — " The tongue of women 
is their sword, and they never staffer it to grow 
rusty:" 

It was decreed that upon the monument of 
Augustus the titles of the laws which he had 
enacted should precede the enumeration of the 
victories which he had gained. — (Tacitus.) 

Life is not long enough for the attainment of 
general knowledge. — (Wesley.) 

A man must be esteemed in order to be use- 
ful.— {Ibid.) 

The avarice of time which he exhibited may be 
allowed to prove the sense which IVIaximuB en- 
tertained of his own happiness. — (Gibbon.) 

Without the power or expressing the thoughts 
with correctne«s and elegance, science is but 
learned lumber ; a burthen to the owner, and a 
nuisance to every body else. — ( Warburton.) 

Licentious habits in youth give a cast or turn 
to old age. The mind of a young creature can- 
not remain empty : if you do not put into it 
that which is good, it will gather elsewhere that 
which is evil.— (Berkeley.) 

A young rake makes an old infidel : libertine 
practises beget libertine cipinions. — (Ibid.) 

Sinful men do with sintul provocation as ball * 
players do with the ball : whoso heginneth the 
other returneth it ; and when it once is up, both 
labour to keep it up. — (Saunderson.) 

Little readini; with much thinking is a more 
probable way to make a man learned, than verv 
much reading without due reflection. — (Granvil.) 

The meanest man may be useful to the great- 
est, and the most eminent stand in need of the 
lowest; in a building the highest and lowest 
stones add to their own mutual stability. — 
(.^aunderson.) 

A wise and a good man will forget the past, 
will either bear or enjoy the present, and resign 
himself quietly to futurity. ^ 

Those persons whose business is pleasure, 
never succeed in their intentions of amusing 
themselves perpetually. 

When persons of rank are coachmen or cooks, 
without being obliged to be so, they are in the 
state for which nature designed them. 

Indolence, rather than length of time, too often 
induces old age. 

However wea)c a Prince may be, he is never so 
much governed by hia Ministers as the world 
supposes him to be. 

It any private person had the least idea of the 
duties of a King, lie would never wish to be one. 

TheSalique law, that excludes women from the 
throne, is a just and a wise law. 



Thb Morning Air.— There is something in 
the morning air that, while it defies the penetra- 
tion of our proud and shallow philosopny, adds 
brightness to the blood, freshness to life, and vi- 
gour to the whole frame — the freshness of the 
Up, by the way, is, according to Dr. Marshall 
Hall, one of the surest marks of health. If ye 
would be well, therefore - if ye would have your 
heart dancing gladly, like the April breeze, and 
your blood flowing like an April brook — up with 
the lark — " the merry lark," as Shakspeare calls 
it, which is " the ploughman's clock," to warn 
him of the dawn; — up and breakfast on the 
morning air — fresh with the odour of budding 
flowers and all the fragrance of the maiden 
spring; — ^up from vour nerve-destroying down 
bed, and from the foul air pent within your close 
drawn curtains, and, with the •sun, ** walk o'er 
the dew of yon high eastern bills." But we 
must defend the morning air from the aspersions 
of those who sit in their close airless studies, and 
talk of the chilling dew and the unwholesome 
damps of the dawn. We have all the facts in 
our favour that the fresh of the morning is uni- 
formly wholesome ; and, baring the facts, we 
pitch such shallow pbiloaopliy to fooli who hate 
nothing else for a foot-ball. 



POBTRY. 

WHAT IS WISDOM I 

" Tbao, what U wladom V* ctidat tbowksk me tbii } 

And with % toiile of doubting empbasli f 

Oh I would to ReBTcn, 1 could with truth reply 

To thu full eaie of that eoqnirinx eye. 

As with a bnthl lateliigeoce It shone, 

CoortlDg a ray aa dassUng at its own 1 

*' Then, what It wisdom ?" tbut with all the pride 

or soaring Intellect, the ttatetman cried. 

As tcoruf uUy he viewed the herd vf fotdt 

Tbut thronged hit levee to become hit toolt; 

Amply repaid for all their aiixiiHit toil, 

Bjrunc nnineanittg, confietcending tmlie. 

From him who answering ambition** call. 

Had prored himtelf the grenteat fool cf all} 

Had ttalced all hope upon a tiag'>e throw : 

One prise of doubtful bllsa, ten tnuuaand blankt of woe I 

" Tbeii,wbat U wisdom i" ** Lady, look at me; 
" Wlidotn bertelf Inyathion't votary tee 1 
** A galopade at Almack't In the teaaon, 
** A g'ance at Veatrit, aure, ts all in reaaon; 
'* I aak no more to crown mjr bapplnaaa ; 
"Ami not wise }" Yea, fair exclatlve, yea. 

'* Then, what ts wladom f*' view yon maia of gold, 

Piled apin heaps, moat accarately told. 

And ten timet weighed with yet nnwearled care. 

In tcalca of truth, 4<yoste<l to a hair I 

** Helieve me. Ma'am. Mhen all i« taid and done, 

'* Real wltdoni It 19 think of nutnber one,** 

" Then w^ at ia wladom i** Loey , will you try 

The walk* of cold and calm phltotophy i 

Wander in acienee } hidden worlda explore ) 

Or ponder on vaat lomea of learned lore, * 

Or teek to analyse the llghliUng'a gleam. 

Or leach mankind to meditate by Kteam ( 

** Then, what la wladom f ** Lncy, follow me. 
And court the bowera of Heaven-born minatrelty ; 
Come, let ot teek tuoie wild romantic tuot. 
To weep witli Byron, or to tmile with Scott I 
Let the world froiva I i love the awAil gloom. 
Darker th«u night, that ahrooda our Bjrron'a tomb I 
liet the world laugh 1 I Joy to cull the flowera. 
That Scott haa acattered 'mid the halla and bowera 
Of attticnt chiralry 1 yea, and the frequent tear 
Of mourning reverence adorna thy bier 1 
A nation's sympathy recorU thy worth. 
Loved and lamented Mlnatrei of the north I 

" But what It wltdom ?*' let ns change the acene : 
Where ha* yon auo-burnt, way-worn traveller been i 
HIaeyetpeakt knowledge, health hia elaatic limb. 
Come then, my Lucy, Jet oa atk of bim I 

** No, atk me nor, ny fair ope, lett my tale 

*' ShouUl dim that eye, and torn thuae rosea pale 1 

" Aye, what la wiadom ? ao would I fain enquire, 

'* And fav I diaaad the felae, evasive fire ; 

" 1 sought her Arat among the haunta.o/mcn, 

"Fool (hat I waa I I tearehed tlieliermii*tglpn; 

** She Wit not there, i paaaed the coovoot wall j 

'* Folly herself olwyed the needleaa call ; 

*' And then, fair Italy, tkvaenlptaredgladea, 

" Thy broken lerracaa and dark areadet» 

*' Echoed the alow and meditative tread 

** I bat aoof ht her>alnly *ii>!dat thy mighty dendl 

" I sealed the pyiamld of antlentdayt» 

" I grov#ll«'d throtigh Its labjrloth of ways, 

*' Th> templet, Atheoa, hearamy anxloas cry, 

" Answering with s mjlea. of eiaaf ic mytter> ! 

** Why did I tarn Ui moaque and minaret? 

** Why acorch with Syrian sands my -weary feet? 

*< Why seek thy lenu, oh child of lahmael? 

** Why court thy deaart'a tweet and tplcy gale{ 

<* Turn thee, fair lady 1 Sae yon new laid earth, 

•• There, wMlt Jaought »' 

A abrlek of maniac mirtti, 
A look of meptal atony, impart 
file emel madneat of a broken heart. 

*' Father of mercy 1 listen to my prayer ! 

*' Take the poor traveller to thy tender care t 

" Reatraln the wanderlnga of nnbrldlfd grief 1 

" Oh. Hitly Spirit! come to hlsreliefl'* 

And thus, unconaclont, on her bended knee, 

And bathed in teara of ChrlstUo sympathy. 

My Lucy had hertelf the antwer given : 

She atkad of Wiadooi while the tbooghtvf Ueavea 1 

Sir : Tlie above Uoat, written la answer to a lady's 
qoeatlon, are foonded upon fact, ao far at retsarda the 
condndinc incident. The returning wanderer found hit 
afflanced bride a oorpie. So tnie la it, that the romance 
of real life far cxcMcdaall the plctorea of poetry I 
1 am. Sir, yoara obedlemly, 

Sept. 28. 1832. . 



London dsscribko bt an Indian Criep.— The 
Rev. P. Jones, the Indian Chief, thuq writes to 
the Editor of the Canada Guardian : — ** London 
is a great city, and i* full of people. I wonder 
how they all get their living ; for they are as 
thick as musquetoes, and almost run over one 
another. There you may see the rich man who 
has everything he wants, and here you may see 
the poor man who knows not where he may get 
hU next meal.*' 



THE tOURlST. 



ORACLE OP ORIGINa— No. III. 

The oppTobrfmis title of bum bat/life, 
■0 cDDStantly bestowed upon the 
sheriff's officers, is, according ti> Judge 
Blackstooe, only the cormptioa of bouniU 
batfliffe, crory sheriff's olicer being 
obliged to enter into bonds and to gtre 
security For his good behaviour, previous 
tohis appointment 

The Ihree hlue balls prefixed to 
the doors and windows of pawnbrokers' 
shops, by the vulgar, humoroualy enough, 
sa'd to indicate thst it is two to one that 
the things pledged are never redeemed, 
were in reality the arms of a set of mer- 
chants from Lomlnrdy, who were the 
first that publicly lent money on pledges. 
They dwelt together in a street, from 
tham named Lombard Street, in London, 
and also gave their name to another at 
Paris. 

The games of marbles, played by boys, 
are of great antiquity, and originated in 
the more manly games with bowls. In 
early times, before the invention of grind- 
ing marbles into a perfectly round 
form was known, boys nsed nuts in their 
atead. It is said of Augustus, when 
young, that, by way of amusement, he 
spent many hours in playing with little 
Moorish boys, cum nucibus, with nuts. 
This trifling circumstance presents ns 
with a pleasing trait in the juvenile cha- 
racter of the greatest of all the Roman 
emperors. 

"TO BE t^NTINUBD." 

I know not whplher Bt^elzehult ever cun- 
tributps in tiei'snn to tlie Magazine''— irt^ nil 
kn«w tl)nt he Writes )iy provy in one or two 
of them— but were he to iln so, tlierr is not 
the shadow ofa doubt npon ray mind but 
that he woulil hrrsk off his article with a 
" to be contimatd," in itilic charseters, be- 
tween brackets. It is an odinus phrase, and 
worthy of all reprobation, that "tobteon- 
tittoed." I bale it ss I do the gentierasn I 
have just named. I eschew it us I do— nut 
Safcn, but Ihe author of SaUn— and all his 
works. Hoiv many Maifasine readers has 
it prejiared for St. Luke's; liow many Ma- 
gazine proprietors has it committed to Ihe 
Fleet ; bow maoy innocent Magazines thera- 
splves has it caused to be gatiierc^ jirenia- 
turrly to the Spectitori and Tallers, anit ihe 
lithf rs fathers iif |ierioilicBl lileratur- ! Uli ! 
you '-iicTpr ending, still beiii lining" writers. 
who, like Ihe evil genius that haunted 
Brutni, cannot learc ut at Sardes without 
promising to lie with its again atPhilippi, 
were there any wholesome discipline in the 
coitiraonwealtli of lelten, a winter in .Siberia, 
sod a sjieech of Sir (Jbaries Welhprell 
daily, would be the sure recompense of 
ynur misdeeds! I iiisb 1 were an auto- 
crat for your sskes. Willingly would I 
see Ihe llritish constitntioo overlurned to 
reach you. To your Bccomplices— 1 mean 
those who print and those who read you — 
I bear no malice. To the former I wish 
a cell and a kreper ; to Ihe latter the 
guardianship of my fxni High Chaneellor, 
the praper protector of unhappy individuals 
whoie loreheads are inclined to the liorizon 
at tlie angle of hopeless idiocy. Arc you 



wis», Mr. Editorl l,et not the wisdom of 
Solomon, pdged wiih the wit of Swirt, pre- 
vail on you to send Ihal paper to Ihe press 
ivhich, lihe a scorpion with a sting in its 
tail, concludes with s "(o be continued." 
To ibe Barnes uitb it incontinently, or the 
leoure of yunr chair is not.tvorth a week's 
purchase. Let any devil take it, but the 
printer's devil. Were it an easay of my 
Lord Verulam, 3-our Magazine would not 
survive it. For mystlf, at least, I hate itas 
did Horace ffsrlic—Voltairi-, ['iron,— Mjra- 
heau, a bislia|^ | abhor itas churcliii.en do 
Cobhett,an(ltli Hwroi ighmongersthememory 
of Jeremy llenthsm. 'To be conttmed,'' 
is attlie butlnm of half our calamities. The 
Irish tiihe-system was tolerable, until .Mr. 
Stanley informed us that it was "tolieeon- 
tiaueJ:" tlic agfrravalinj: feature ofthe Mar- 
quisoCljondiinderry's toideriesin ihe Honst- 
of l,urds is, tliat from session to session, and 
from nigbl lu nicht, Ibey are "to lie eoa- 
linued," we shudder at the lliought:: ol' an 



2? 



Kaster pantomime, becattse we know, by sl_ 
experieuce, that for nearly half the sedson 
tliey are sure " to be eoatinutd ;'" the knock 
of our tsilor with bis bill pierces us ilirough 
and through like a drawn sword, I'nr no 
other reason but our conviction thni Any 
after day, until Ihe rascal is paid, it is " lo 
be eontiaiied;" ne cnuld endure one Jsy 
and even two, of that fellow with the monkey 
or burdygurdy, but what unceniers and 

less we assassin atr him or procure his assassi- 
iialioi, bis perfiirmance i» far more certain 
"to AeeontinNei," than our practice of breiik- 
fnsting or dining, i could go on through 
h^ilfthe woes that afflict humanity; but 
of all our grievances of the " to he con. 
(iTtiMrf" dass, there is none so hard to bear 
as an article in a M^azine ; fur which 
reason it is. Mr. Editor, that this paper, 
like the rotienborough syalem, and (1 think 
I may add) ihe Uench of Bi-hope, is not 
" to be coitinned." 



claremoKt park. 



This Park Is situated near the village of 
Esher, about five miles fVom Kingston 
and seventeen from London. Sir John 
Vanburgh, so well known fir his parti- 
cular style of architecture, bought some 
land here, and bailt a low brick house, 
for his habitation, upon it. The spot he 
chose was in low ground, without the ad- 
vantage of prospect. Thomas Holies 
Pelham, Earl of CJsre, bought it of Sir 
John, andwas created Duke of Newcastle, 
Aug. 2, 1715. The Duke adorned the 
park by many plantations, under the di- 
rection of Kent One of Kent's most 
non designs at Claremont was ■ small 
lake, edged by a winding bank, with 
scattered trees, that led to a seat at the 
end of the pond. On a mount in the 
park he erected a building in the shape of 
a castle, and called it " Claremont," 
from his own nsme, by which the place 
has been known ever since. 

After the death of the Dnke, it was 
pnrcfaased by Lord Clive, the conquerw 
of India. When setting out on bis last 
voyage, h« gave directions te Mr.Browns, 



BO well known fiir his taste in laying out 
grounds, but who used to conwder him-* 
self ss of still greater skill in architecture, 
to build him a Louse and model the 
grounds without any limitation of ex- 
pense. He performed the task much to 
the satisfaction of his lordsliip, who did 
not regard the cost, which is said to have 
been more than 100,000/. Browne bad 
been often employed to alter houses, but 
this is said to be the only complete one he 
ever built. It forms an oblong square 
of forty-four yards by thirty-four. On 
the ground floor are eight spacious rooms, 
besides the ball of entrance and the great 
staircase. In the prindpal front, a night 
of thirteen steps leads to the great en- 
trance, under a pediment supported by 
Corinthian columns. The situation is 
well chosen, commanding various views of 
the water and plantations in the pork. 
In 181 6 it was purchased by Government 
for the country residence of his Serene 
Highness Prince Leopold, and bis consort 
the Princess Chariotte. 



38 



T&E TOURIST. 



NOTICES TO CORRESPONDENTS, 



W, W. will much oblige us by procuring Agents 

in the several toums through which he says he 

shall pass on his route to Falmouth. A few such 

active friends are highly desirable. 
To Z. — certainfy not. 
Jt. P. is thanked. The packet of engravings shall 

be taken care of. 
The young gentleman who writes " Stanzas to a 

Carrion Bird," must not expect to cro^ in our 

pages. His lines are trashy, 
F. E., W. N., and others, must stand over until 

oitr next. 

THE TOURIST. 

!■ I fT n I ■ r ,- wuIV T - ^ - - - ^ - — 

MONDAY, OCTOBER 8, 1882. 

All the world knows that a certain 
Society called the Agency Anti- Slavery 
Society has lately, from time to time, 
published certain Schedules, A, B^ and C, 
containing the names of candidates for 
the ensuing Parliament, hostile or friendly 
to the immediate Abolition of Slavery. 
The measure was original : and not less 
bold than original; it has, of course, 
been largely discussed, and as it is not 
unlikely to become a precedent, we will 
take the liberty of taking a part in the 
discussion. 

*' It is an unwarrantable liberty with 
my name," cries one in Schedule A. 
We were about to describe him, but we 
should bring a hornet's nest about our 
ears. 



''I insist on your omitting me," 
shouts another of these luckless wights, 
'' I have just avowed myself a friend to 
abolition !" 

''How dare you presume to pass 
judgment on my opinions without hear- 
ing them ?" exclaims a third, whose opi« 
nions nobody knows, cocking his hat on 
one side, and stroking down the sleek 
convexity of the epigastric region, with a 
leer that would have done credit to old 
Fahtaffy when sipping his sack at the 
Boar's Head in Eastcheap ! But Sche- 
dule C has, no doubt, been sought with 
an anxiety, scarcely less amusing, than 
the angry remonstrances of the enfans 
perdus of Schedule A. 

" I entreat you to remember Mr. A., our 
liberal candidate for the borough of B*- — ; 
he has, to my knowledge, spent 
the last month in getting your Heporters 
by heart ; he will bear catechising as well 
as a charity-Bchool-boy."i — " The Com- 
mittee of Lord — — be§ respectfully to 
state that his Lordship will be bound hand 
and foot to support any measure which 
the Agency Committee think right, tend- 
ing, in any degree, to effect any object, or 
to assist any purpose, howeyer remotely 
connected^ in any way whatever, with the 
abolition of Colonial Slavery." 

" Sir John feels unbounded gra- 
titude to the members of the Agency 
Committee, individually and collectively, 
for the high and unexpected honour they 
have done him, in scheduling his name 
with that noble list of distinguished phi- 
lanthropists, whose names will be immor- 
talized as the determined foes of that 



most iniquitous, most atrocious, most 
base and detestable traffic, which, under 
the name of the slave-trade, has long dis- 
graced the shores of Africa and New 
South Wales. Sir John has not hitherto 
had time to make himself master of this 
important subject, but pledges himself 
most solemnly, should he continue to be 
favoured with the Society's countenance, 
and obtain his seat, to bnng in a Bill for 
the immediate emancipation of all the 
inhabitants of Liberia and Kamschatka." 
To be serious, we kno^ not any plan 
that could have been devised better cal- 
culated to expose the ignorance, as well 
as the insincerity, of those pretensions 
which have long — ^far too long — ^lieen 
palmed upon the anti-slavery public. We 
are very apprehensive of touching the 
spear of Ithuriel. The Gkhe and the 
Herald have got into a terrible contro- 
versy on this point. Mr. Tom Macaulay 
will, perhaps, in charity, set us right, if 
we err : so we will venture. 

'* No falsehood can endure 
Touch of celestial temper." 

We are very far from ascribing a 
celestial temper to the Agency Com- 
mittee; but we do impute '' Silsehood''-— 
that is, political insincerity — ^to a vast por- 
tion of professed abolition Members, 
in past Houses of the Commons. 
It would be difficult to mention 
any public topic on which so much 
ignorance and so much hollowness have 
been exhibited by our worthy represent 
tatives, as on this. We have ourselves 
conversed with men, public men, other- 
wise well informed^ who, like Sir John 

, whose letter we have just sketched 

as fancy paints it, know not the difference 
between Slavery and the Slave Trade ; 
and, with almost antideluvian simplicity, 
have loudly professed their determinaticHi 
to terminate that, which 1807 abolished^ 
and 181 1 made felony ! Again and again 
have we heard solemn protestations, re- 
ligious professions, and pious ejaculations 
of Christian abhorrence, all of which, by 
some political hocus-pocus, far exceeding 
the legerdemain of Smithiield fair — (take 
care, £ul ye Aldermen-candidates, we avow 
ourselves cocknies !) — ^became converted 
into '^ Oh \ ohs !" and gruff uncour- 
teous *' Hear, hears/' and sometimes 
into actual " coughing," as soon as 
Buxton's honest energy and Lushing- 
turn's animated vehemence are heard m 
reprobation of Slavery's crimes. No one 
who has not witnessed it, can conceive 
the studied and contemptible confusion, 
the Satanic sneering, the not half-sup- 
pressed growls of affected disgust^ but 
real annoyance, with which he has to 
contend, who hitherto has dared, in a 
British Parliament, to declare himself 
the friend of humanity, or the foe to phy- 
sical oppression: — Galway Martin could 
with difficulty assert the claims of brute 
life to pity ; though here no personal in- 
terest interposed : — ^but let the oppressed 
and voiceless negro hare His wrongs 



represented, not the sweet eloquence of 
Mr. Wilberforce, nor the pointed argu- 
ment and energetic sincerity of Mr. 
Buxton, could obtain even the decency 
of tranquil attention. We hope these 
things will be managed better hereafter: 
and the way to secure it, is to learn be- 
forehand the character and feelings of 
those we send to Parliament. How can 
this be done, except by recourse to the 
plan adopted by the Agency Committee ? 
We mistake if Dr. Lushington himself, 
in some of his Anti-Slavery speeches, has 
not most strongly enforced the necessitj 
of distinct, specific, and most clear Anti- 
Slavery pledges ; but cut bono a pledge, 
if not to be published! We hate 
those '^ private" and '^ satisfactory 
assurances/' those very " dear un- 
derstandings/' which are perfect 
enigmas to all mankind besides, that are 
daily given from friend to friend, and 
will not bear the light. Have they not 
been given again and again ? Would it 
not be easy to point out many, who have 
thus beguiled the real friends of the cause 
of abolition, and wormed themselves into 
the confidence, even of Buxton and Lush- 
ington, who nevertheless have failed at 
the pinch, and slided out of *' clear un- 
derstandings" and ''private assurances" 
with as much facility as an eel from the 
fisherman's grasp? No, no! we have 
had enough of this ; the man that ho- 
nestly means what he says, and under- 
stanoiB what he means, wants no privacy 
— ^no convenient '' understanding." The 
English language is not so poor^ but his 
heart can find expression ; and expression 
is that which honesty desires. But, say 
some of our cautious ones, your Schedules 
make enemies'^they deter would-be 
friends— they convert indifference into 
hostility, and give a bias to the doubtful 
scale. Is it so? We rejoice to hear it. 
We seek not to alienate, but to convict 
these men. Never did good arise from 
doubtful allies. The fellows hover 
round the field of battle like carrjion 
crows^— watch every turn'— not a move- 
ment escapes them — they shift from side, 
with wonderful agility, as either side pre- 
ponderates, and thus create alarm a hun- 
dred times beyond their actual strength. 
These are the men for Schedule A : we 
wish to fix them; to nail them down; 
we despise them as enemies, we distrust 
them as friends, and this is the use of 
scheduling them. We ask the question 
calmly ; we know full well the value of 
a vote, come from whom it may ; but for 
our own part, we declare that we should 
entertain better hopes of the cause, if we 
saw Buxton and Lushington, Evans and 
O'Connell, diyiding alone against all the 
House, upon the simple abstract question 
of slavery or freedom, than if we found 
them supported by a vast majority, en- 
cumbered with all the twaddle of equit- 
able arrangements, regard to property^ 
vested rights, and due preparation ! And 
what Anti-Slayery man^ acting on prin- 



THE TOURIST. 



dpte, doea not agree with us * What in 
fact tras the last division but a Schedule 
A > and K> it was riewed, aye, and f«It 
too, by some scores of these half-and-half 
men, these drivellers tluit we have de- 
•cribed. What caused the anxious en- 
treaty, the reiterated appeal, the enger, 
almost suppliant petitions tu Buxton to 
spare a division? Oh, how all de- 
precated a division! how earnestly they 
implored unanimity ! how dexterously, 
Iiow logically, they pointed out distinction 
without a difference, between Buxton's 
motion and Al thorp's amendment ! What 
was their meaning ? They wanted 
nol a place in Hekedule A I — a division 
would schedule all — it would separate 
the spotted sheep, not teas than the white 
and the black I it would send them, in 
their true colours, back to their consti- 
tuents : — it would blow away the cloak 
that hid their deformity. ThU was the 
real explanation of all that fidgetty dis- 
tress which we viewed and exulted in 
with unfeigned delight : and this was the 



embryo of Schedule A! And i 

?ayely ask you, our Anti-Slavi 
arliamentary leaders, whether you i 



your hearts and constnences condemn this 
Schedule A ? Do you know, can you 
mention one honest, sincere, thorough- 
going Anti-Slavery friend, whom it has 
alienated? Can you point the finger at 
one, a single Anti-Slavery professor, who 
has on this ground seceded, whom you 
did not distrust before? We know you 
cannot : but what is infinitely of more 
importance, we know that the public — 
on whom ultimately ^ou mutt rely — are 
satisfied with the step; we know that 
they hail it as a good omen of sincerity in 
the Anti-Slavery party— as a pledge, on 
their part, that no parly feelings, no poli- 
tical ties, shall interfere with the honeit 
exercise of their Anti-Slavery energies: 
we have received good proof of 'this at 
Hythe and Folkstone. Thbrb, in an 
especial manner, the value of Anti< 
slavery pledges has been testkd —Sche- 
dule A has been of essential service — 
there it has proved that neitiier personal 
esteem, nor private confidence, nor poli- 
tical respect, can blind the eyes of a 
bodv of men, however they may betray 
an £oneat and acute individnal into in- 
judicious confidence : " bind them hand 
and foot" wasDr, Lushington's advice to 
the Anti-Slavery body in reference to 
the candidates for 1830. " Bind them 
hand and fiMt" ts the motte of the Agency 
Committee in 1832. Mr. Marjoribanks 
will NOT be bound — then have done with 
bim — act on the learned Doctor's advice ; 
the man will not do for ob : place him in 
Schedule A I so says the Doctor ! 

fff _____ 

OF ill the portnits vrhich h>*e ever be«n prtt- 
duced of Sir Wilter Sratt, undoubtedly none 

Sitli thit by Sir Thomu L^irrence. in his 
jettr'i collectloa. The loan of this picture 
hi> Htinty hu been graciously pleued to grant 
to the boiue of Moon, Boy*, and Orevea, and a 
splendid engnving from it will iboitly appear. 



THE TOURIST'S PORTFOLIO— No. 3. 



ELY CATHEDRAL. 



This cathedral is a noble but irregular 
structure, having been erected at different 
periods. The uorth and south trsnsepts 
are the moat ancient parts of the building, 
aud date their foundation from the reigns 
of William Rufus and Henry I. The 
great west tower was built towards the 
close of the twelfth century; and the 
foundation of that part of the edifice 
which is now the choir, but was originally 
the presbyteiy, was laid by Bishop 
Northwuld, in 1234, and it was completed 
in 1250. The three arches extending 
further westward were destroyed in Fe- 
bruary, 1322, by the sudden fall of the 
lofty stone tower which stood in the 
centre of the building, supported on four 



erection of the present octagon tower, 
supported by eight pillars, and sur- . 
mounted by a noble dome, terminated by 
an elegant lantern. It was built from 
the design of Alan of Walsingham, one 
of the religious fraternity, over which 
he afterwards presided. The stonework 
was finished in six yenra, and the super- 
incumbent woodwork covered with lead 
in fifteen more, the whole being com- 
pleted in 1342- The episcopal palace, 
near the west end of the cathedral, waa 
much altered by Bishop Slaraon, bat 
retains traces of its ancient architecture. 



KIRKSTEAD CHAPEL. 
KiHKSTSAD, anciently called Gristed, is 
situated on the east bank of the Witham, 
in the hundred of Oartree, and is about 
three miles distant from Tattershall, and 
eight from Horncastle. 

South of the ruin] of the Abbey at 



building, which according te tradititm waa 
built previous to the monastery. It is 
of early English architecture, havuu; 
lancet windows at the sides and east en^ 
and an ox-eye window over the entrance 
at the west end. The roof is beautifully 



Kirkstead, is the Chapel, a very curiona I groined, the riba ipringing fnaa corbel 



90 



THE TOimiST. 



tables ; and against the south wall on the 
inside, is a rude figure in stone of a knight 
templar, with the front part of his helmet 
in the shape of a cross. For many years 
the roof of this building was covered with 
thatch, but in 1790 it was removed and a 
covering of tiles substituted. At that 
time also the bell, which' had previously 
hung in a tree, was placed over the west 
end of the building. 

This chapel is a donative of exempt ju- 
risdiction, but appears to have had no sti- 
pend for the omciating minister until it 
came into. the possession of Mr. Daniel 
Disney, who being a Presbyterian, ap- 
pointed a minister of that persuasion to 
perform service- there, with a salary of 
301. per annum. This gift he afterwards 
confirmed by his will in 1732, and in ad- 
dition, bequeathed to the trustees the use 
of the chapel and chapel ground for the 
same purpose. On the death or aliena- 
tion of the minister, the trustees were to 
present the names of two to the lord of 
the manor, who was to appoint one of 
them, and on his neglect or refusal, the 
trustees themselves were to make the ap- 
pointment. Ministers continued to be 
nominated by the prescribed form until 
the death of Mr. Dunkley. On that oc- 
casion the present owner took possession 
of the estates which had been conveyed to 
the trustees, and appointed to the chapel 
a minister of the Church of England, pay- 
ing him 301. per annum. 



A GYPSY PARTY. 



Thbrb is a species of entertainments pecu- 
liar to our islands, called in Wales <« grass 
parties;*' in Jersey " milk parties,*' and at 
Greenwich and Richmond ** pic-mcs :*' they 
are days devoted to all those inconveniences 
which at less-favoured periods would, to 
use an expressive Irishism, «* set you mad." 
You give up the comforts of civilised life- 
tables and chairs are de trop— one glass 
iloes the work of many— and your dinner is 
spread on the ^I'ass, for the'benetit of the 
ants, earwisfs, and other insects. It was for 
the celebration of one of these mistakes (for 
they are called pleasure) that the Selhy 
faniily assembled in a large cai-t, without 
springs, destined to traverse the roufrhest 
of roads that ever destroyed your nerves, 
and threatened your joints. 'I'wo young' 
men joined the party, and, quite as matter 
of right, appropriated the seats by the two 
eldest tf iris ; and Frank was jammed into an 
inconceivable small space between his uncle 
and his aunt, both of whom maintained an 
unceasing flow of discourse— one touching 
his turnips, the other touching her turkeys ; 
while the younger children kept up an in- 
cessant and Babelish din. At length they 
arrived at a nook in a wood : the father and 
mother, with the four younger ones, stayed 
behind to get dinner ready, while they en- 
joined the others to go and walk for an 
appetite ;—i^n injuction Frank, at least, 
thought very needless. However, off they 
went, under a broiling sun, over hedge, ditch, 
bill, and dale ; while to Staunton it was 
obvious that the two young men took an 



underbred pleasure in tirinff, or trying to 
tire, the London strani^er to death. 

"Sad was the hour, and luckless was the day. 
When first from Schiraz walls I bent my way/' 

thought Frnnk, as he toiled up the half- 
dozenth hot hill, for the sake of the prospect, 
which he alone was expected to admire— 
the others, as they observed, having seen it 
80 often. At length they returned to the 
little Wood ; the stump of an old oak looked 
very inviting, and there Frank was about to 
sit, when his second cousin, Willian), canirlit 
his arm, exclaiming, ** Mother! you have 
laid the cloth close to the wasp*8 nest." All 
hurried off— but not till Staunton's left hand 
was as an armoury, in which a score of 
wasps had left their stinjjs. All hurried off, 
two or three dishes and plates broken, also 
the gooseberry pie dropped in the scuffle; 
but as soon as they were seated, doc atten- 
lifui was bestowed on Frank's woimds: a 
key was produced from Mrs. Selby*s pon- 
derous pocket, destined to extract the stings ; 
and when, in spite of the universal declara- 
tion, *' thsit it was the best thing in the 
world," he averred his conviction that it was 
the worst, and withdrew his hand, it had 
just the appearance of a honeycomb. Din- 
ner proceeded ; all seated themselves on the 
grass, nobody knowinof what to do with their 
feet or their plates. Christians not being so 
handy as Turks. There was some rompmg, 
and a great deal of laughter excited hy that 
local wit which is so utterly unintelligible to 
a strani^er. Mr. Selby ate like an Abyssinian 
and drank like a Saxon : he was one of those 
true-born Englishmen whose molality is 
beefi and whose patriotism is ale'. 'I'he re- 
past was con«*luded, and both he and his wife 
dropped off in their accustomed nap, with the 
mutual exclamation, '* Frank, we have a 
water- party in store for you to-morrow.*' 
The party dispersed : Staunton saw the 
receding ^gnres of his two fair cousins with 
the two young meu ; one of whom was en- 
tertaining his companion with the history 
of his brown mare*s cold, and the other was 
being eloquent in praise of his liver-coloured 
pointer ; the ladies, however, seemed very 
well entertained. The wind had changed, 
and it was one of those raw, piercing even- 
ings which pay November the delicate flat- 
tery of imitation : there was a melancholy 
lustliug in the leaves, a dim mist rising from 
the lake: and the visitor walked '^the green- 
wood glade*' alone, bis teeth chattering, and 
a small chill rain beating in his face. This 
small rain gradually took a more decided 
form, and a heavy pelting shower. Mr. 
Selby's voice was heard calling on the p:U*ty 
to assemble together: they did so, and again 
the cart bore its crowded company. Sud- 
denly it was discovered that Staunton %vas 
inissmg. To make short of* a long story, 
they called, they hunted, bdt in vain : it 
was now getting dark, and home they were 
obliged to go — hut minus their cousin. One 
snpposrd he was drowned, and another that 
he had fallen into some old gravel- pits ; a 
third suggested that murders bad been com- 
mitted ere now. The evening closed in on 
a collection of those lugubrious tales that are 
the delight of an English fire side, lint 
the next day they were, indeed, seriously 
alarmed ; for no tidings could be learned of 
Prank Staunton. A s^hastly fear seized on 
the whole neighbourhood — he might have 
been Burked ! Sacks and pitch-plasters were 
that day the sole topics of discourse in the 
neighboitrhood of Ulleswater, Next mom • 



> » > » 1* ■ 



iog, however, came the {lost, and With it a 
letter : it was from Frank Staunton, and 
ran thus:«-* 

*•* My dearest Aunt : There are some tempta- 
ticms that are irresistible; that of the London 
mail passing by my path proved bo to me. I 
called to the coachman, {|;ot up by the guard, and 
was miles on my journey before I remembered 
aught hut the happiness of a return to town. 
I shall ever retain the most grateful recollection 
of your kindness ; I will send my cousins the 
prettiest of the new Annuals this year : but I've 
' made a vow, and registered it in heaven/ never 
again to stir beyond the bills of mortality. 
" Your affectionate nephew, 

" Frank Staunton." 



THERE'S MUSIC IN A MOTHER'S VOICE. 

There's music in a mother's voice. 
More sweet than breezes sighing ; 

There's kindness in a mother's glance, 
Too puire for ever dying. 

There's love within a mother's breast, 

So deep, *tis still o'erflowing. 
And care for those she calls her own 

That's ever, ever growing. 

There's anguish in a mother's tear. 

When farewell fondly taking. 
That so the heart of pity moves. 

It scarcely kveps from breaking. 

And when a mother kneels to Heav'n, 

And for her child is praying, 
O, who shall half the fervour tell 

That bums in all she's saying ! 

A mother! how her tender arts 
Can soothe the breast of sadness. 

And through the gloom of Ufe once more 
Bid shine the sun of gladness. 

A mother ! when, like evening's star. 
Her course hath ceased before us. 

From brighter worlds regards us still. 
And watches fondly o'er us. 






THE HOUSEWIFE. 

** A ftttcb in time."->OLO Adaob. 

How TO KILL SLUGS.-^Take a quantity of 
cshbage- leaves, and either put them into a warm 
oven, or hold them before the fire till they get 
quite soft; then rub them with unsalted batter, 
or any kind of fresh dripping, and lay them in 

f»laces Jnfested with slugs. In a few hours the 
eaves will be found covered with snails and 
slugs, which may then, of course, be destroyed 
in any way the gardener may think fit. 

DoMBstic Yeast. — Ladies who are in the 
habit (and a most laudable and comfortable habit 
it is) of making domestic bread, cake, &c., are 
informed that they can easily manufacture their 
own yeast by attending to the following direc* 
tions : Boil one pound of good flour, a quarter 
of a pound of brown sugar, and a little salt, in 
two gallons of water, for one hour. When milk 
warm, bottle it, and cork it close. It will be fit 
for use in twenty-four-hours. One pint of this 
yeast will make ISlbs. of bread. 

To MAKE THE BARK GROW ON TrEES. - WhCO 

a branch is cut off a tree, or otherwise wounded, 
make the place smooth with a sharp knife; and 
if the tree be cankered, either cut away the part 
affected, or scrape it out until you come to the 
sound wood. In all cases, make the surface as 
smooth as possible; then put half a pound of 
tallow into 2lbs. of tar, and warm it over a fire, 
till the tallow is just melted in the tar ; when 
1 oz. of saltpetre should be added, and* the 
whole stirred well together. The composition 
must then be laid on the parts that you want to 
heal. 

Among the cheap publications, one claiming 
particular attention has just appeared, in the 
i:orm of a large and comprehensive " Map of 
London," at the low price of sixpence. It (s on 
a large sheet of drawing-paper, about three feet 
long by two wide, and has the useful appendage 
of three hundred references. We conceive that 
no one would be without this most excellent 
guide in their walks round '* town." It Is pub- 
lished by Lacey, St. Paul'a Cborch-yard. 



THE TOCKIST. 



MEM. OF A SLAVE. 
" Fut>^not Actions." 
In the " West Indwn Reporter," and 
other papers recently circulated, with a 
Tiew of refuting the common reports re- 
gwoting the " Craelties of West Indian 
Slavery ," the case of Juliana, a child said 
to be about eleven jears of age, is de 
tailed, as given in evidence before a 
Committee of the House of Assembly of 
Jamaica, It appears that when she was 
about five years old, " she was sent by 
her mistress (Eleanw Whitehead) down 
to her house on the Bay for a flannel 
jacket, and did not rotum until the fol- 
wwing morning, when her mistress 
nogged her with a cat of six tails, and 
when running from the lick, the end of 
toe cat licked her in the eye, and a little 
film grew over it" One witness stated, 
ioxt •' he saw the instrument, through 
the means of which the accident hap- 
pened; U mai a tmall cat mUh tix tails, 
and mas made for the purpose of corrcd- 
vtg chiidren. 

"The eouncUof Protection, ha»ini considered 
the ibove depoaiiioDBj snif viewed theilavegitJ 
Juliana, ire untaimouslyofupimon, thst there 
ue DO SToond* for inibtutiDsanv proceedinn 
igunit Eleanor Whiti'hetd in the atuve mattcT. 

■' Dated at the Court House, Savanna-la- mar, 
the 14th dafoT Janaarr, I8B0. 

"John Falconxs." 

From tha proceedings respecting the 
little girl Juliana it does not an>ear that 
there was any thing singnlar in it ; we 
cannot but conclude from the testimony 
of the West Indians themselves, that it is 
one of common occurrence — the child was 
flogged with "acaloftix laiU made for 
tfu purpose ^ correcUng children." 



Choiltt or XiHO FnoiHAliD whim a Bot.— 
The Queen had a dog of extreme beaotj. and 
Feniinuid, vhilat pretendlne topliy^lih bim, 
eauMd bim to »waUow a little hall, in which 
were imtll piai »tuck in various directions, and 
then covered over with paace. The mihippy 
dog swallawed Um fatal ball, when the Prinee 
holding in bis Wid a piece of twine, to which he 
had attached tihe ball, beRaii to draw it upwards, 
rhedng uttered piteous criee; the Queen ran lo 
hii aid, and tl.e young wretch, redoubling his 
efforts, caused a portion of the intestines of the 
animal to attsQli to the pliu, and drew it throuah 
his thiott. ^ 



ANCIBNT COINS. 

A vsav handsome and wrll prescrvid coin of [he 
Empeior Nero was dug up la^l week in Soulh 
SlTMl, Eaetar, by one of SIcMirs. Hooper's oork. 
men, and Is noo In pO)>etHon of Sir. \S illiqm 
Hooper, In Pails Sireei. On one side Is lbs hesd 
or Ihst Empeior, with ilie inieiiplion — irsau 

— which Implin Nero Cliudloi Caiar, Auguilui 
Oeimsnicui, Fantirei Maiimua, Tiihuniiia Pd. 
leiuie, Imptrator 3.' By this Insciiniion we 
digcaier ibai ihe coin was struck In ihe ucond 






uf Ncr. 



(or 



Chilit). which was also probably ibe ircond yes 
of hi] Trlbuniiian piwer. On the reverie ii i 
winged Victory, holding a glubc, on which Ihi 
celebrated letters are inieilbed, i.p.q.r.. A'snafNi 
populiuque Hotuatuu i anil on each side or ihi 
emblematical figun ar* the larn* espiiils n.c. 
Senatxi ContuUo, or, by a decree of the Senile. 
A small capper coin of iba Eoiperai Gsllienus w>i 
also dug up. U wsssilveied over, and nlillilti 
'' head ol the Smpcror wiih the diadeni fcipui 



rsdiaium). i 



CREATION. 

In the progress of the Divine works and 
government, there arrived a prriod in 
which this earth was to be called into 
existence. When the signal moment, 
predestined from all eternity, was come, 
the Deity arose in his might, and created 
the world. What an illustrious moment 
was that, when, from non-ex iatence, there 
■prang at once into being this mighty 
globe, on which so many millions of crea- 
tures now dwell .' No preparatory mea- 
sures were required : no lone circuit was 
employed. " He spake, and it was done j 
he commanded, and it stood fast. The 
earth was at first without foim, and void ; 
and darkness was on the &ce of the deep." 
The Almighty surveyed the dark abyss, 
and fixed bounds to the several divisiona 
of nature. "Let there be light: and 
there was light." Then appeared the sea, 
and the dry land ; the mountains rose, 
and the rivers flowed ; the sun and moon 
began their conrae in the akies ; herba 
and plants clothed the ground; the air, 
the earth, and the waters, were stored 
with their respective inhabitants. At 
last, a man was made after the image of 
God. He appeared, walking with coun- 
tenance erect, and received his Creator's 
benediction as the Lord of this new world. 
The Almighty beheld hit work when it 
was finished, and pronounced it good. 
"" erior beings saw with wonder this 
accession toexistence. " The morn- 
ing stars sang together, and all the sMis 



fathrr 



Imperaior Fius Felii . 
was born a.d. 219, reigired 
a vesTi, ind eighi years alone 
■'■■ . by n 






A coin of Flstlui Julius Constaniiui, brother ol 
CnistaaliHt the Qnac, was sluo dug up on the 
same spot, with thia inBcilptlon round the head, 
which la mcKly adotned wiih a IsBrel wrciih ^ 
Fl. Ilv. CoHslANTifs. Nob. C, daitnallng 
himusNoiiJu C'iFjar, and heir to the Empin : 
and an tiiareierse, ib< repiesentailoD ot a building, 

surmoaoled by a star, and Ibe Intcrlplion 

FaoviDiMTiA Cazes, which impllea that he and 
hli biolhsr erecied soiae public work or (diGce of 
note. At ihc base of iba building an Ihe letieri 
P. Tas., which indicate that the coin was struck 
at Treves or Trien, a city of Oennany, on the 
Moselle, formerly cilied rrevirf, or Auguila 
Trevlromm. Prwldentia is designated generally 
by ■ globe, a building, eari of corn, or tuch pro- 
Villon >s the coin ligiilfied to be msde by the Em- 
peiora. Among oiher things found at Ihe aime 
liihe were ihree human skulls, wiih bones quiie 
perfect, close to the old ciiy wilts ; s fariLing of 
Charles I., worn very ihln. with a Crown on oui 
Mde.Bod theletUrsCABOLUs D.G. SIao. Bkit. s 
retene, an Irlih harp, surmounted by ■ crown.ani: 
the words Fkah. it. Hib. Rax. A)Koa trades, 
dan's token, " J. Y. Silfeiton, 1660," and sonii: 
others ef leuDMe. 



CuKiotn CusTOHs.— At Newcastle.upon-Tyne, 
it was formerly the custom for the iMmmon 
hangman to lead scolding women about the 
town with a machine called the Bnala placed 
ugion their head. The instrument vas made of 
iron bars, and Htted the head like a helmet. A 
piece of iron with a sharp point entered the 
mouth, and severely pricked the tongue, if the 
wearer attempted to niove it. One of the branks 
'- -) b* seen In the CoodcU Chamber, 



of God shouted for 



joy- 



Smohino Mimbsrs of Pa hliakrnt.— Among 
the standing orders of Ihe House of Commons 
liiued about the middle of the seventeenth cen- 
tury, we find the following : " Ordered, that no 
Member of the House do presume to smoke 
tobacco in the gallery, or st the table of the 
House, sitting as committees." A Member of 
Psrliamenl of the seventeenth, had not the dig. 
nity which pertalneth to an M.P, of (be nine- 
teenth century, and could, it appears, find 
pleasure in a pipe — a homely, though a some- 
what inelegant, luxury. What a scene mutt 
St. Stephen have presented In the olden time, 
when probably a Representative in alluding to 
another.wouldspeakofthe" Honourable Mernber 
now lighting his pipe," or of "the Gallant Officer 
with the sborl-cut;" It must have been amus- 
ing to hear disclaimers of any intention to be 
Eersonal " on the l,esrned Gentleman now 
lowing a cloud oppoalte," or of any wish to 
wound the feelings of the "worthy Member who 
had just emptied his tobacco box." 

Climats or ENOI.AHO.— The main temperature 
of England may he taken as follows:— in the 
month of January, 47 degrees of Fahrenheit's 
thermometer; snd April, 47; in July, 59; and 
in October 46 degrees. The sversge tempera- 
ture of one year with another is found not to 
more than 4} degrees. The heat of London 
is about 2 degreea greater than that of the sur. 
rounding country; and there are places in De. 
Tonshire. Cornwsll, and other parts of the south 
, where the heat is u much ss seven de- 
grees above the average. Penmnce Is believed 
to be the piece least visited by the cold. Hie 
largest proportion of rain falls in the north weat 
of England, particularly In Westmorland and 
Lancaabire, owing to the neighbourhood of those 

'jei to the sea, and the height of their 

„m,...lains which attract the clouds. The 
quantity of rain there, is often double of what falls 
elsewhere ; but the mean quantity of rain 
fallinK thronrhout England may be taken at 
l,483lnch, la January ; L,78eineh. la April, 3,SI6 
inch, in July) and £,073 Inch. En October- 



n 



THE romttst. 



^ 



EDITOR'S BOX. 

- FUt JusatU nut cerium.** 

TO THE EDITOR OF THE TOURIST. 

Sir : Should you think this worthy a corner 
in your valuable '* Tourist," it is at your 
senFice. 

Some years ago, I had occasion to visit a 
friend, not a hundred miles from Weybridge ; 
and stayins over the Sabbath, of course went to 
church. The officiating clergyman was newly 
appointed to the living ; and such was his love 
of pedantry, that, to use a clerical phrase, not 
one tithe part of his congregation could under- 
stand his discourse; the consequence of which 
was, a Testry was called, a petition to him agreed 
to, requesting he would in future clothe his lan- 
guage in a more homely way. To the best of 
my recollection I present you with a verbatim 
report of his apoU^ I " Worthy and beloved 
hearers; my oral (focuments having been re- 
cently the subject of your yituperation, from 
their incompatability with your mental endow- 
ments, I hope and trust it will not be deemed an 
instance of vain eloquence or supererogation, if 
I laconically promulgate, that avoiding all sylo- 
gistical or hypothetical allusions, all parabolical 
or hyperbolical extenuations or exagerations, my 
future thesis and h^rpotbesis, whether logical, 
physical, methaphysical, political, or polemical, 
shallfdeflnitiyely andcatagorically,be assimilated 
with, and rendered congenial to, the cerebums, 
caputs and sensoriums of you, my respectable and 
intelligent congregation. Yours, respectfully, 

B.C. 



THE GENTLEMAN. 

TO THE EDITOR OP THE ''TOURIST." 

Sare ; I am a Frenchman ;— my name is Victor 
Gross* Ane, which I find in your Johnson Dic- 
tionary means Big-OM, but what that nieans I 
do not know at all. I did come to London last 
week by the steam -boat, and was set down at the 
Tower by a waterman ; he put me in his skuil, 
which was empty ;~he cheat me, but he say it 
was /ar«, then laugh at me and say he smoke 
mel no occasion— your street full of smoke. 
Well— I go to the Post Office, and I ask the 
postage man for one letter for Mr. Big-As* ; — I 
speak English yery well, you see ! But what do 
you tink f the postage man tell me I one Jack^ass 
to ask for my letter ! then 1 get in one rage, 
and 1 lift my stick, and 1 hit him one blow, only 
ke not let tne. 

Then, after I bid him de good bye, I go into a 
coify-bouse in the Strand; and now I tell you 
one great big story, upon my soul I tell you the 
truth ! I ask to the vaiter, and I say — you yaiter 
— ^you gar^on — ^you bring me my bif-stek and 
my portare. So the vaiter bring it me, and at 
that one moment there came one person ; — he 
have very big hat on his head, and one cigar in 
his mouth, and he sit himself down vi>-a-w de 
moi, that means opposite to me ; and so he sav to 
me— "Sare, you dine, sare?" and I tay to him 
'^•Yes, sare;" and he say ** Sare, I dine along 
with you, sare," and I say " Ver-well, sare ;*^ 
and the vaiter say " he looks very mush lihejen* 
tleman** only he have no hair on the top ot his 
head, andlittle bit of shirt at his elbow, and a 
great hole Mn his toe. So the jentleman he eat 
ail my portare and drink all my bif-stek, and ( 
tell the vaiter to bring me some more portare and 
more bif-stek, and the jentleman eat more than 
half my dinner because he say he very hungry, 
but he look very mush like a jentleman ; and then 
we did both read the n^ewspaper, which very 
muchsuipriEe.me, for the newspaper, he say, 
one Englishman equal to three Frenchman! 
Begar that astonish me very much, and account 
for the jentleman eating three timet as much as 
I did! 

When I had done with the newspaper, in 
which I find great, deal of nonsense about Whig 
and Tory, I say to the jentleman— " Now, sare, 
you pay for your dinner ;' but the jenvleman he 
stare at me, and smoke his cigar very fast^ and 
he say '* he never pay the dinner when he dine 
with his friend." 5o I hold up my two hands in 
one grand astonishment, when he call me his 
frietui, for I never^did see him in all my lives 
before ; but he took so msuh lihe a Jentleman that 
I pny to the Tiiter,^«Dd I go to the door, «nd the 



jentleman he go along with me, and he say 
— -'* Where you go, sare?" so I s^ " I go to my 
logement " (what you call lodging) ; and so 
then the jentlemen he say '* he go along with 
me;" and I say "You not go along witii me, 
sare; I go down the street that way ;" and the 
jentleman he say "he go that way too!" He 
look very mush like a jentleman^ so we go to my 
logement: and the jentleman say to me " you 
take your tea, sare ?" and I sav " Yes, sare." 
So the jentleman say '* he always take tea with 
his friend when he dine with his friend." Then 
I did tell my landlady to bring up my tea and 
my bread and buttare. So the jentleman he eat 
all my tea and drink all my bread and buttare ; 
and so I say " Now, sare, you go away, sare :" 
but the jentleman say " He always take his sup- 
pare with his friend, when he dine and drink tea 
with bis friend." So I did tell to the landlady 
"Madame, you bring my suppare." So the 
jentleman he eat all my suppare; but he look 
very mush lihe a Jentleman, and he tell me " I 
one dam good fellow :"— then I say to him *' Now, 
sare, you go away ;" but the jentleman say ** he 
always sleep with his friend when he dine and 
drink tea and sup with his friend ;" and I say 
" Sare, I have but one bed for myself where I do 
sleep;" and the jentleman say "he sleep there 
too." and he look so mush like a Jentleman, only 
he nave no hair on the top of bis head, and a 
little bit of shirt out of his elbow, and a big hole 
in his toe. So the jentleman he go up into my 
bed-room and he stand against the wall, and then 
I say to him " Sare, you pull off your coat, sare ;" 
but the jentleman say "he no pull off his coat 
when he sleep with his friend ;" and I say "Sare, 
you not sleep with me with your coat on, sare." 
So the jentleman he pull off his coat, but he 
have no shirt on his back, only little bit that 
hang out at his elb^w, but he look very mush like 
a Jentleman: and then I say "Sare*, you pull 
off your boot;" but he say " he never pull off 
his boot when he sleep with his friend. Then 
I get into one grand passion, and I say " you no 
sleep with me, sare, with your black boot on, 
sare " So the jentleman— A« look so mush like 
a Jentleman, only behave big hole in his toe-^he. 
pull off his boots, and he have no stocking on ! 
Then I give him one great blow of his nqse, and 
I call him one dam good rascal, and I kick him 
down stairs ! 

This is to give you notice of what I suffnre for 
one person uiat look very fnush like a Jentleman ; 
and I shal)^ thank you to tell me, sare, what is a 
English Gentleman ? 

T have the honour, Sare, to be 

Your Servant, very humble, 
Victor Gross* Anb. 



Investino Trees. — In the course of ascer- 
taining how far a circulation of sap is carried 
on in trees, some interesting facts have been 
determined by Mr. Knight and others with re> 
gard to tlie effect of inverting stems, or, in other 
words, of planting the superior part of the stem, 
and thus converting it into a root. If the stem 
of a plum or cherry tree, which is not too thick, 
be bent, and the top be put underground, while 
the roots are gradually detached, in proportion 
as the former top of the stem becomes firmly 
fixed in the soil the branches of the root will 
shoot forth leaves and flowers, and in due time 
will produce fruity 

Frequent Drinring. — Labourers in the fields, 
in hot weather, wiio are always drinking and 
yet always dry, would do well to try Major Den- 
ham's plan, instead of pouring down their throats 
such quantities of beer and cyder, the money ex- 
pended in which would obtain for them a nourish- 
ing mealof beefor mutton For health and strength 
in regard to drink, thehalf is betterthan the whole. 
Frequent drinking after the sun has risen, 
should always be avoided; it causes the same 
sickness, droopinK, and thirst in the animal, that 
may be observed in the yegetable kingdom. 
Plants may be completely saturated with water 
at night, and will preserve their freshness through 
the whole of the following day, though exposed 
to the sun ; but if slightly watered in the morn- 
ing, how different is their appearance 1 So it 
is with man. During the whole of our desart 
travelling, on going to rest, I always drank 
freely, seldom venturing to put the cup again to 
my upa till the following night; yet 1 suffered 
less from the heat and thirst than my compa* 
nioni , who ofiudly dnnk during the 4ay, 



TO PARLIAMENTARY CANDIDATES. 
— TbaAfMicy AntLJSUvery Committee are ready 
to reoeiTe the opimona of ParliameBtary Ca o didatea on 
the abolition or Colonial SUvery, before tbe &th of 
October, 'whan the ichedulea will be made iu> fbrthe 
fifth number of " Tbb Tourist,** and tbe Prorindal 

Byoider of Che Committee of tbe Agency Anti-Slavery 
Sodety. JOHN CBTsf, Secretary, 

18, Aldermahbury, Oct 4 

Where may be had the following short papen, 
at4a. perlOOa 

No 1. *< A few plain Queationa to Plain Men.** 

— 8. '* Comnum Seme against Colonial Ixiglc.** 

— 3. *' Citixena and Fdlow Countrymen.** 

^ 4 •( On Pledgee ftom Parliamentary Candida te! .** 

— Sl " Taxation in aid of Slavery the Wont of all 



tyranny,** 
— 6. " Why and Because applied to Negro 
~ 7. «* £I,(WO,000 1 1 1— lOecton of the Unll 



dom.*^ 
— & « A Scene in Real Ut^ 



Slavery.'* 
nited King- 



»t 



Mow ready. Fart I. of the 

WORKS of the late MR. UVBRSEEOE : 
Containhig ««The Weekly Beglater,** *«The 
Inquiry/* and «< Captain Macheath/'beauaAillycngrared 

Z' Oilier, Quilley. and Ward. Fkinta, lQk6d.} Rooft, 
[ Is.: separate Printa. 5a. 

Lonoon : Moon, Boys, and Graves, 6, FaU-nudl ; and 
J. C. Grundy, Mancheatcr. 

Alao, juatpubllahed, 
LADY PEEL. Painted by Sir Thonaa Lawrence, 
exquisitely engraved by Samuel Couaina. Prints, 19k ; 
Prooft, £l Is. : India Proeft, £1 lis. M. ; before Let. 
ters, £8 8s. 



BOOKS. 

Jual published, in three roliw post 8vo. price 84a. boards, 

THK noUBLE TRIAL: or, the Codsc 
qucnoesofan Irish Clearing. A Tale of the pre- 
sent Day. 

"If this very excellent woric has the success it so ftilly 
deserves, it will have many readers, who cannot fail to find 
in its pages something more valuable than mere amuse- 
ment*'— (Imperial JugasineO 

■**The Double Trial* leads to an acquaintance with 
moat of the topics which engage the attention at the 

B resent critical period, and not only the desultory reader, 
ut tbe politician, the divine, the lawyer, and the phllo. 
sopher, may peruse this welL written work to much pur. 
pose, as it conveys instruction on pblnts which are become 
intenaely intere^ing to every mfmow of tlie ecmmunlty, 
^Chelteaham Journal.) 

Published by Smith, Elder and Co. Coirnhill. 



tt 



Pbhiit Axcrmt HiaroftY 
Pbniiy Histosy or Bkq. 

LAHD. 



THE PENNY NATIONAL LIBRARY. 
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MORAL SONGS. 
Wocdsby Gompoaedby s. d. 
The Weather Glaas......W. F. CoUard..,J. Clifton... 1 6 

"^hiVr^ ****^ *»].^.ulitto .ditto 1 6 

while away .•mm,m.m3 

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THE TOURIST; 

OR, 



" I pcndlled things I utr, and profited by things I heard." — Lxttib op a Walking Gbntlbhan. 



Vol. Ir-No. 5. 



MONDAY, OCTOBER 15, 1832. 



Pbicb Okb Penky. 



PERSIAN AND INDIAN MYSTERIES. 



Tbi abova dcacription of initiatiim into the 
£l«uiiiian myiteriei wiD giye the reader 
•ome iaint idea of the Penian and Indian 
mnteriM, of whioh the fanner were pro- 
bablr the copy. 

Notfaiiw flan be ouunvcd vaon Klema 
than the nlea of iaitialion into tjie greater 
m^Rteiiei, as detcribed by Apuleius and 
Dim ChryMatome, who had both gone 
through the awfiil oeremonj ; nothing more 
treawndoot and appalling than the icenery 
•xliibitcd befote uw eyea of the tetrificd 



atpiramt. After entering the grand Vesti- 
bule of the myatic duine, he was led by the 
hierophant, amid at surroDnding darknesa 
and incumbent horrora, through all the ex- 
tended ailea, winding avennea, and gloomy 
adyta. The Metempsychoeia was one of the 
leading principia taught in those temples, 
and thii first stage was intended to represent 
the toilsome wanderings of the benighted 
soul through the mazes of Ttce and error 
before initiation; or in the words of an 
ancient writer quoted by W&rbnrton from 



StolMsiu : " It was a rude and fearful march 
throQgh night and darkneaa." Presently 
tlie ground oegan to rock beneath his feet, 
the whole temple trembled, and strange and 
dreadful T«oes were heard through the mid- 
night silence. To these succeeded other 
louder and more terrific noises, resenibling 
thunder ; while quick and viviil flashes of 
lightning darted through the carem, dis- 

E laying to his view many ghastly sights and 
ideous spectres, emblematical of the vari- 
ous rices, dueasea, infirmities, and calanu« 




mm 



■B 



THE TOURIST. 



ties, incident in that state of terrestrial bond- 
age irom which his struggling soul was now 
going to emerge^ as weU as of the horrors 
and penal torments of the guilty in a future 
state. At this period^ afi the pageants of 
-vulgar idolatry, all the train of gods, su- 
pernal and infernal, passed in awf cd succes- 
sion before him, and a hymn, called the 
Theology ofldoU, recounting the genealoey 
and functions of each, was sung : afterwards, 
the whole fabulous detail was solemnly re- 
canted by the mystagogue; a divine hymn 
in honour of btbbnal and immutable 
TRUTH was chanted, and the profounder 
mysteries commenced. '^ And now, arrived 
on the verge of death and initiation, every 
thing wears a dreadful aspect ; it is all hor- 
ror, trembling, and astonishment." An icy 
chilliness seizes his limbs ; a copious dew, 
like the damp of real death, bathes his 
temples ; he staggers^ and his faculties b^n 
to ndl ; when ^e scene is of a sudden 
changed, and the doors of the interior and 
splendidly-illuminated temple are thrown 
wide open. A '* miraculous and divine light 
discloses itself: and shining phiins and 
flowery meadows open on all hands before 
him." Arrived at the bourn of mortality, 
after having trod the gloomy threshold of 
Proserpine, I passed rapidly through all the 
surrounding elements ; and, at aeep mid« 
night, beheld the sun shining in meridian 
splendour. The douds of mental error, and 
^e shades of real darkness being now alike 
dissipated, both the soul and the bod^ of 
the initiated experienced a delightful vids- 
fiitude ; and, wmle the latter, purified with 
lustrations, bounded in a blaze of glory, the 
fornier dissolved in a tide of overwhdming 
transport. 

THB SANDWICH ISLANDS. 

•(Extractid frvm a letter written on the spot ktt 

wmmer,) 
** O-A-BV is, in every^ sense of the word, a 
second paradise. There is. not a sing-le pro* 
duction of the vegetable kingdom but thrives 
here with the spreatrst luxuriance, and every 
animal imported into the island has increased in 
an astonishing manner. The horned cattle 
in Owyhee have grown wild, and live in large 
herds upon the accliviti^i of the snow-capt 
volcanic mountains. It will scarcely be cre- 
dited, that these animals at times attack the 
Indian villages and compel the inhabitants to 
escape for their lives. The missionaries, who 
would almost appear to spoit with the welfare 
of their flocks, nave contrived to have the cul- 
tivation of the more important species of colo- 
nial productions strictly prohibited. Don Fran- 
eisco Marini, a man of vulgar education but 
«f an intelligent and upright mind, whose name 
will always stand foremost in the annals of 
Polynesian agriculture, has introduced the 
most useful plants from every quarter. His 
Quatimalo cocoa is of the finest quality ;«he 
likewise cultivates cofiee, limes, oranges, grapes, 
asplenia popaya from the Marquesas islands, 
tamarinds, cotton, pine-apples^ and other fruits. 
A M. Serriere of Batsvia has also introduced 
indigo, which has turned out of an excellent 
description. But every one of these products, 
on which the prosperity of so i^any civilized 
nations depends, even to the growth of the 
-sugar-cane on a large scale, are lost to the 
.people of this region : and why are they kstP 



—Because ignorance maintains tlie upper- 
hand, and the blessingfs even of elementary 
education are withheld from the islanders. 
All the sandal-wood has been felled, and the 
only source of their former prosperity being 
therefore gone, the poor creaturfs liavie 
scarcely been familiarized srith the wants of a 
civilized state of being before the means of 
satisfying them have disappeared. Metals are 
founa in the Sandwich Islands, and pieces of 
molten gold have been collected in Owyhee, and 
silver and copper in O-a-hn ; nothing certain, 
however, is known as to their existence in any 
abundance. The religious and political state of 
the Sandwich Islands, at the present day, is 
wretched indeed, and orif^pinates in a most de- 
plorable occurrence. After the death of the 
celebrated governor, Karaimoku, (better known 
by the name of William Pitt), his brother 
Boli, who accompanied Uibo-Riho to England, 
became prime minister in O-a-hu. This 
individual protected the young king as well 
against the power of the Eri-tribe as the in- 
trigues of the missionaries. It is now about 
fourteen months since he set sail for the new 
Hebrides in the brig Tameahamea, for which the 
king paid 40,000 hard dollars, besides a quan- 
tity of sandalwood. He took about 360 Indian 
warriors with him, apparently with the view 
of making descents and conquering new terri- 
tories* The vessel disappeared, — not a word 
has been heard of her fate; ^d the conse- 
quence has been, that Kuakini, who brought his 
own followers with him from Owyhee, con- 
spiring with his sister, the dowager queen- 
mother, now reigns paramount in these islands. 
The young monarch observed to roe himself 
one evening, ' Things will be quite changed 
again when Boli comes back.*'->But Boli will 
never come back." 



ploi^ed up for winter fallows ; and, unless 
the weather be very wet, the wheat sowing 
is completed, to which we are to owe our 
next abundant harvest. Forest and froit 
trees, too, are now planted ; and the farmer 
is as busy in his useful and manly labours, 
as the '' sportsman" is, in his useless and 
unmanly torturing of timid beasts, and 
beautiful and harmless birds. 



ORACLE OF ORIGINS.— No. IV. 



OCTOBER. 

This may be said to be the month in which 
autumn is decidedly set in. The leaves now 
strew the ground in desolate and dreary 
abundance; and most of the birds whicL 
migrate to our shores in the spring, and 
delight us with their sweet warblings through 
the summer, have now winced their way to 
less frigid and more congenial climes. The 
trees grow daily more and more bare^and 
die stubble-fields and fallows look as dismal 
as thouffh they had been laid waste by fire. 
But Uiough the fields and the forests have 
now parted with the many tinted beauties 
which they so lately presented to our gaise, 
the hedge-rows which received the thouwnd 
pimps of summer we scarcely deigned to 
notice, ofiFer some bright colours and beau- 
tiful shapes to our view. The nightshade, 
the hdly, the privet, and the alder, are now 
in the pride of their beautv ; and boys gather 
blackberries, and hips ana haws, and almost 
forget that—- 

" The beautiful summer is gone.'* 

The good housewife must now take her 
sweet store of 'hmiey from the hives ; for the 
bees will otherwise begin to consume it, 
from the failure of the nectar-bearine flow- 
ers, upon wbich they disported and ban- 
quetted during the summer. 

Now, too, js the time for taking wild fowl 
in the fens of Lincolnshire and Cambridge, 
and for. brewing the good old Englishbe- 
verage^-^l Now stubble . fields 



Deodands — In our customs, is a thing 
given or forfeited, as it were to God, for the 
pacification of his wrath in case of a misad- 
venture, whereby a Christian soul comes to a 
violent end, without the fault of any reason- 
able creature. If a horse strikes its keeper 
and kilk him — ^if a man driving a cart, falls 
so as the cart wheel runs over him, and 
presses him to death— -if one, by felling a 
tree, and giving warning to the standers by 
to look to themselves, yet a man is killed by 
the fall thereof, — in the first place, the 
horse ; in the second, the cart wheel, cart, 
and horses; and in the third, the tree, is 
Deodandus, '* to be given to God," that is to 
the king, to be distributed to the poor by his 
almoner, for expiation of this dreadful event, 
thouffh efiFected by irrational, nay, senseless 
and deadly creatures. 

Omnia qme movent ad mortum sunt deodando, 
" What movQS to death, or kills him dead. 
Is deodand and forfeited/' 

This law seems to be an imitation of that in 
Exodus, chap. 21, '' If an ox gore a man or 
woman with his horns, so that they die, he 
shall be stoned to dealii, and his flesh not to 
be eat ; so shall his owner be innocent." 

Parson**— Though we write parson dif<* 
ferently, vet it is but person ; that is, the 
individual person set apart for the service of 
such a church ; and it is in Latin persona , 
and personatus is a personage ; indeed with 
the canon lawyers, personatus is any dignity 
or preferment in tlie chureh. 

TuBNPiKEB — ^Were originally formed 
with a cross of two bars, armed at the end 
Mrith pikes turning oh a pin, and fixed to 
prevent the passage of horses, &c. — hence 
the term* 

Baronbt.— Signifies a little baron, and 
accordingly is a degree of honour next below 
a Baron and above a Knifht. The order 
was founded by James I, 1611. It is the 
lowest degree of hereditary honour. ' 



Caisa ExraAosDiNART.— A gentleman informi 
us that, while sojourning at one of the towns in 
Virginia, he encountered in the street, a stout double- 
lunged negro, who iRas ringing a hand- bell moat 
manfully ; after labouring at it sometime, the fellow 
made a dead halt, and bellowed out something to the 
following effect:— "Sale dia nite— fryine-pans — 
gridirons — book — oyster-knives, and odder .kinds of 
medicines— Joe Williams will hab some fresh oysters 
at his *8tabUshment— by tickler desire, Mr. Hewlett 
will gib imitations ober a^n — ^two or three dozen 
damaged discussion gun-locks, and— Rev. Mr. P — Q 
will deliber a sarmont on temperance, half -past six 
o'clock precise— dats not aU; widout money or 

§rice— de great bull Phillip will be statint at Squire 
— *s— and dats not all nudoer !— <lare will be a perlite 
and coloured ball at Mrs. Johnson's jus arter dis is 



«• - 



"^^'4 



THE TODSIST. 



MEMS. OF A SLAVE. 
" FKti— not flctioni." 
(Prom the Antigua Reptter, Jnne 5, 
1832.) 
Auction of Buildings and Slavks. 
—On Wednndav the 13th iiut, at II 
o'clock, will be aoldj on the oremiwa, tlioae 
extetuire and valnable bailimigs, of C. K. 
Dow, Esq., with three cistenu, and exten- 
sive out-<^cea, all of which have been 
put in moat excellent repair, and lit for 
the immediate receptioa of one or morefa- 
miliee. Immediately after, 

THIRTY SLAVES, 
consisting of oarpentert, honae-serrauti, field- 
n^pves, sailors, washers, 6te. Particalars, 
see Herald, oS 2Ist April last. Coleman 
H. Lttmitt, Auctioneer. 

Terms made known at the vie. 

Cinit thou, »nd bonourcd with i Chriiliin name, 
Buj whkt ia wonun-botn, >ad feel no thRoiet 
Tride in the blood of innocence, uid plead 
Expedience M ■ warrant forthedeedT 
Not he, bnt hii eroercnce forced the door, 
Hefoundit Inniavenlentto be poorj 
Eo n»j the rulBan. -who with ghostlf glide, 
Dig^r in hnnd, itealiclow to four bed aide. 

A Briton know*, — or if be Intowa it not. 
The Scripture placedwithinbiireich, haau|ht, — 
That Bouh have no dlKTiminatiBg hue, 
Alilce important in their Maker"! viev ; 
That none are free from biemish aioee the fall ; 
And LoTc Difine faa< paid one price for >U. 

A clergrman who Tended some yean in 
the West Indies, infonna u*, " that many 
a bitter eiy ia heard when the nunhala' de- 
puties are sent to hunt down and seise the 
victims, and drive them away to the work- 
honse or gaol, till the day of sale arrives 
which is to deprive them of all the little 
comforts which make even Slavery, in some 
measure, tolerable. The woman may be 
separated txom her husband, or parents from 
their children. The tenderest ties of nature 
are bn^en in an instant, and the wife's, or 
mother's, or children's cries would not be in 
the least attended to, any more than the 
moan of so many animals." 

The following affecting account of the Bfr< 
paration of n N^ro bmily was related by 
T. Pennock, a Wesleysn Missionary, at a 
public meeting at Newcastle. Doubtless 
many such cues are continnally oocnrring : 
" A few years agi^ it was enacted, that it 
should not he le^ to transport once esta- 
blished slaves from oiui island to another ; 
and a gentleman owner finding it advisable 
to do BO before the Act came in force, the 
removal <tf great part of his ^iiv^toci was the 
ncoofc He bad a female 8Un, a 



Methodist, and highly ralaable to him (and 
not the leas so for being the mother of eight 
or nine children), whose husband, also of our 
connection, was the property of another 
resident on the island, where I happened to 
be at the time. Their masters not agreeing 
on a sale, separation ensued, and I went to 
the beech to be an eye-witness of their 
behaviour in this greatest pa>ig of all. 
One by one the man kissed his children with 
the firmness of a hero, and, blessing them, 
gave as his last words— (oh I will it be be- 
lieved, and have no influence upon onr vene- 
ration of the Neobo?) — "Farewell! bx 

BONBST AND OBEDIENT TO YOUB HABTBb!" 

At length he had to take leave of his wife : 
there he stood (I have him in my mind's eye 
at this moment), five or six yards from the 
mother of his children, unable to move, 
speak, or do anything, but gaze, and still to 
gaze <Hi the object of hia Imig affection, soon 
to cross the bine wave for ever from bis 
aching sight. The fire of hit eye alone gave 
indication of the passion within, until, aller 
some minutes standing tlius, he fell sense- 
less on the sand, as if suddenly struck 
down by the hand of the Almighty. 
Natnre could do no mora ; the blood gushed 
from Lis nostrils and mouth, as if rusliins 
from the terrors of the conflict within, and 
amid the confuMm occasioned by the dr- 
cumstonoe, the vessel bore off his family 
for ever irom the island I After some days 
he recovered, and come to ask advice of mb 1 
What could an Englishman do in such a 
case? I felt the blood boiling within me, 
but I conquered : I brow-beat my own man- 
hood, ana gave him the humblest advice I 
could afford. 

Mr. P. then narrated leveral other anec- 
tes to prove the liberality and quickness 
of intellect inherent in the uave population, 
most of which were highly descriptive. 

Let those who attempt to justify West 
Indian Slavery £rom Scripture, reconcile this 
with the Mosaic law: " Ye shall hare mie 
manner of law, as well for the stranger, 
OS for one (tf vmir on>n country."— Lev. 

^23. 

Hear the causes between yonr brethren, 
and judge righteoooly between every man 
and his brother, and the stianger uat is 
with thee. If I did despise the cause of my 
man-servant, or of my maid-servant, when 
they contended with me ; what shall I do 
when God riseth up? And when he visiteth, 
what shall I answer him ? Did not he that 

t me, nuke him? And did not one 

lenns?" 



8LATB QUABRDES: 

It wu like a subterrenean werid 1 Above 
the blasted walls of slate, smooth as a mirror, 
and several hundred feet long, scarcely 
enough of the blue heaven was visible to 
enable me to distingnish mid-day from twi- 
Udit. The earth on which we stood was 
likewiae blasted rock ; just in the middle was 
a deep cleft six or eight feet wide. Some 
children of the workmen were amusing them- 
selves in leaping across the chaam, for the 
sake of earning a few pence. The perpen- 
dicnldrsideswere hung with men, who looked 
like dark birds, striking the rock with their 
limg picks, and throwing down masses of 
slate which fell with a sharp and clattering 
sound. Bnt on a sudden Uie whole moun- 
tain seemed to totter, loud cries of warning 
re-echoed from various points — the mine was 

rng. A largemass of rocklooeeneditself 
ly and majestically frtrai above, fell 
down with a mighty plunge, and while 
dust and splinters darkenM the air like 
smoke, the thunder rang along in wild echoes. 
These operations, which are of almost doily 
necessity in me part or other of the Quarry, 
are so dangerous, that, according to the 
statement of the overseer himself, they cal- 
culate on the average of a hundrt^ and fifty 
men wounded, and seven or eight killed, in a 
year. An hospital, exclusively devoted to 
the workmen on this property, receives the 
wounded ; and on my way I bad met, with- 
out being aware of it, the body of one who 
had bllen the day before yesterday;'— "car 
c'est comme un coamp betiulle." Tne people 
who escorted it were so smartly dressed and 
so decorated with flowers, that I at first took 
the procession for a wedding, and was shocked 
when, in answer to my inquiry for the bride- 
gro«mi, one of the attendants pwnted in si- 
lence to the coffin whidi followed at some 
distance. The ovmseer assured me that half 
these accidents were owing to the indiffer- 
ence of the men, who are too careless to 
remove in time and to a sufficient distance, 
though at every explosion they have liill 
warning given them. The slate invariably 
splits in ^arp edged flakes, so that an incmt'- 
siderable piece thrown to a great distance, 
it sufficient to cut a man's hand, 1^, or even 
hesd, clean off. On one occadui, this lost, 
I was assured, actually happened — (Tour 
England.) 



LACONICi. 



•■ Hie bait wotit of (hf ba 



slone that either tmrondiK, or overthrow empire*. 

The Tittuea of K nuiiher give virtue to berchUdrtn ; 

le Tiituet of K father give aaij fame. 

RIcbet take away more bappineu than they 
beatow, bnt one muit have a loul to feel this. 

Your oni; true woman hater, ii he who becomes 
trunmelled In the magic of one, whom hli reaun 
bids him deipiie. 

The man who li moat alow In promiilng it moat 

ire to keep hli word. 

A great talker never wsntt enemlet ; the man of 

mu ipeakt little, and heart much. 

He that lunt ogalnit Ttme, ha* an anttgonitt not 

lUeet to caiualtwa. 

Ttit more haste a man oiBkcs to unravel s ikein 
otthreod, themort he « 



So 



THE TOITRIST. 



NOTICES TO CORRESPONDENTS, 



We are ohlif^edy from wtmt ofrooyi, to defer noticing 
the communieation of JUVKNis, till our next 
Nmnher. 

A highly respectable Corresyondent, who has ftu" 
nished us with the extracts from the Voyage of 
Messrs. Bennett and Tyerman, shall hear from us in 
a day or two. 



THE TOURIST. 



MONDAY, OCTOBER 15, 1882. 

It is about 350 years siDoe the art of print- 
ing books was invented. Before that time 
all books were written by the hand. There 
were many persons employed to copy out 
books, but they were yei^ dear, although the 
copiers had small wages. A Bible was sold 
for thirty pounds in the money of that day, 
which was equal to a great deed more of our 
money. Of course, very few people had 
Bibles or uny other books. Aji ingenious 
man invented a mode of imitating the written 
books by cutting the letters on wood, and 
taking off copies from the wooden blocks by 
rubbing the sheet on the back; and soon 
after other clever men thought of casting 
metal types or letters, which could be ar- 
ranged in words, and sentences, and pages, 
and volumes ; and then a machine, called a 
printing-press, upon the principle of a screw, 
was made to stamp impressions of these types 
so arranged. There was an end, then, at 
once to the trade of the pen-and-ink copiers; 
because the copiers in types, who could press 
off several hundred bodes while the writers 
were producing one, drove them out of the 
market. A single printer could do the work 
of at least two hundred writers. At first 
sight this seems a hardship, for a hundred 
and ninety-nine people might have been, and 
probably were, thrown out of their accus- 
tomed employment. But what was the con- 
sequence in a year or two? Wh^re one 
written book was sold a thousand printed 
books were required. The old books were 
multiplied in all countries, and new books 
were composed by men of talent and learn- 
ing, because they then could find numerous 
readers. The printing press did the work 
more neatly and more correctly than the 
writer, and it did it infinitely cheaper. What 
then.^ The writers of books had to turn 
their hands to some other trade, it is true ; 
but type-founders, paper-makers, printers, 
and bookbinders, were set to work, by the 
new art or machine^ to at least a hundred 
times greater number of persons than the old 
way of making books employed. If the pen- 
and-ink copiers could breaK the printinf^ 
presses and melt down the types that are 
used in London alone at the present day, 
twenty thousand people would at least be 
thrown out of employment to make room for 
two hundred at the utmost; and what would 
be even worse than all this misery, books 
could only be purchased, as before the in- 
vention of printing, by the few rich, instead 
of being the guides, and comforters, and best 
friends, of the millions who are now within 
reach of the benefits and enjoyments which 
they bestow. 



I The cheapness of production is the great 
point to which we shall call your attention, 
as we give you other examples of the good 
of machinery. In the case of books pro- 
duced by the printing-press you have a cheap 
article, and an increased number of persons 
engaged in manufacturing that article. In 
almost all trades the introduction of machines 
has, sooner or later, the like effects. This 
we shall show you as we go on. But to 
make the matter even more clear, we shall 
direct your notice to the very book you hold 
in your hand, to complete our illustration of 
the advantages of machinery to the consumer, 
that is, to the person who wants and buys 
the article consumed, as well as to the pro- 
ducer, or the person who manufactures the 
article produced. 

This little book is intended to consiBt of 
216 pages, to be printed, eighteen on a side, 
upon six sheets of printing paper, called by 
the makers demy. These sheets of demy, at 
the price charged in the shops, would cost 
fourpence. If the same number of words 
were written, instead of being printed — ^that 
is, if the closeness and r^ularity of printing 
were superseded by the looseness and uneveu- 
ness of writing, — they would cover 200 pages, 
or 50 sheets, of the paper called foolscap, 
which would cost in the shops three shillings; 
and you would have a book difficult instead 
of easy to read, because writing is much 
harder to decipher than print. Here, then, 
besides the superiority of the workmanship, 
Js at once a saving of two shillings and eight- 
pejice to the consumer, by the invention of 

{printing, all other things beingequal. But 
he great saving is to come. Work as hard 
as he could, a writer could not transcribe this 
little book upon these 200 pages of foolscap 
in less than t^n days; and h6 would think 
himself very ill paid to receive thirty shil- 
lings for the operation. Adding, therefore, 
a profit for the publisher and retail tradesman, 
a single written copy of this little book, which 
you buy for a shilling, could not be produced 
for two pounds. Is it not perfectly clear, 
then, if there were no printing-press, if the 
art of printing did not exist, that if we found 
purchasers at all for this dear book at the 
cost of two pounds, we should only sell, at 
the utmost, a fortieth part of what we now 
sell ; that instead of selling ten thousand 
copies we could only sell, even if there were 
the same quantity of book-buying funds 
amongst the few purchasers as amongst the 
many, two hundred and fifty c<H)ies; and 
that therefore, although we miglit employ 
two hundred and fifty writers for a 
week, instead of about twenty printers in 
the same period, we should have forty times 
less employment for paper-makers, ink« 
makers, book-binders, and many other per- 
sons, besides the printers themselves, who 
are called into activity by the large demand 
whidi follows cheapness of production.^ — 
ReniUi of Machinery. 

WOMEN. 

Oh ! nought of self is in their gentle hearts 
The things we tempt, and trample when they 
fall; 
Danger and death, the dread that sin imparts 
Sadden but 8h|sks n^pt, they will lots tuouch all. 



ADYANTAGBS OF TEMPERANCE. 

» 

Two glasses of fiio every day, at three- halfpence 
a glass, cost tour pounds eleven shiiling^s and 
three pence in a year; which would pay for — 

£ s. d. 

Aman'sShirt - 6 

Pair Men's Stockings 1 9 

Pair Women's ditto 1 6 

Shift and Muslin Cap 3 8 

Printed Cotton Gown 5 6 

Full-sized man's Cotton Shirt 4 

Ditto ditto Fustian Coat 16 

Pair large BlankeU 12 

Neck handkerchieC 1 4 

Pair Men's Shoes 8 5 

Pair Women's ditto 4 

Flannel Petticoat 2 6 

Coarse Cloth Cloak 7 

Quilting Waistcoat 4 

Fustian Trowsers, lined 7 6 

Pair large Cotton Sheets 6 

4^4 U 2 

MY NOTE BOOK.— No. % 

THE MUSIC OF NATOR8. 

Nature seems to haye minted harmonjr in all her 
works. Each crowded and tumultuous city may 
properly be called a temple of Discord; but wheNTer 
Nature holds undisputed dominion. Music is the 
partner of her empire— the ** lonely voice of water," 
the hum of bees, the chorus of birds; nay, if these 
be wanting, the very breeze that rustles through 
the foliage, is music. From the music of Nature, 
Solitude gains aU her charms; for dead silence^ 
such as tiiat which precedes tluiiider*storiai— rather 
terrifies then delights the mind : 

On earth 'twas yet all calm around, 
A pulseless silence, dread, profoiiadr— 
More awful than the tempest's sound! 

Perhaps it is the idea of mortality, thereby 
awakened, that makes absohite stillness so awful. We 
cannot bear to think that even Nature herself is 
inanition ; we love to feel her pulse throbbing be- 
neath us, and to listen to her juicenta amid the 
still retirements of her daswrts. That soliitude, in 
truth, which is described by our poets, as a- 
panding the tleart and tranquillizing the passions, 
though far removed from the iaharmoaious din oC 
worldly business, is yet varied by such gentle sounds 
as are must likely to make the heart beat in unison 
with the serenity of all surroundiiig olgecta; thua 
Gray- 
Now fades the glimmering landscape oo my sigh^ 

And all the air a solemn stiUnees holds. 
Save where the beetle wheels his droning flighty 

And drowvy tinklingslull the distant folda. 

Even when Nature arrays herself in alt her ter- 
rors, when the thunder roars above our heads, and 
man, as he listens to the sound, shfinka at the 
sense of his own insignificance— even this, witb<* 
out at all derogating from its awful character, may 
be termed a grand chorus in the music of 'Nature. 

Almost every scene in the creation \mii its pecu- 
liar music, by which its character aa dieeriBg,melaA<* 
choly, awful, or lulling, is marked and defined. This 
appears in the alternate succession of day and night. 
When the splendour of day has departed* how con* 
sonant with the sombre gloom of night is the hum 
of the beetle, or the lonely, plaintive voice of the 
nightingale. But more especially, as the different 
seasons revolve, a corresponding variation taka place 
in the music of Nature. As winter. a|iproacbes, 
the voice of b!rds,which cheered the days or summer, 
ceases; the breeze, that was lately singing among 
the leaves, now shrilly hisaet throagh the naked 
boiighs ; and the rill, that but a short time 1190 mnr* 
mured softly as it dowcd along, gushes headlong in a 
deafening torrent. 

It is not therefore in vaUi that, i» the fuU spirit 
of prophetic song, Isaiah has called upon the moun- 
tains to break forth into singing, "the forests, and 
every tree thereof." Thus we may literacy be said 
to *'find tongues in trees, books in the running 
brooks ;" and as we look upward to the vaiilt or 
Heaven, we are inclined to believe, that— 

There^s not the smallest orb which we beh<rid. 

But in his motion like an angel sings. 

Still quiring to the )roung-eyed cherubim : 

Such harmony is in immortal soula ; 

Bnt whilst this muddf vesture of deei^ 

Doth groflily chwe it in, we cemot hter it. 



THE TOUBIST. 



POETRY. 

A VISION OF THE FUTURE. 
Thy chaiiii ire broken, thou art free itlaitT 

Ah ', it it true, iind doe> no duubt remiin t 
la there nu ctief in itoie this bliu to blist, 

!■ this no prelude to on age uf pain 1 
Slave, thou irt free '. ha> freedom come too Ittc ; 

'Hie vords se«m mcaningleai — nojoy ia there; 
EtLCh victim it resigned to meet hii fate, 

Euh eye it upward cut in mute deaiiair. 
Slaie thou art free 1 there'* no trcacheiv here, 

Bleit Libert; ! > Briton'i bout ig thine ; 
Wipe from thy ubie cheek the tolling tear, 

And let thine eye In undimmed radiance ih Inc. 
Free I like an electric ahocb nrnviction eame — 

I'ruth, whitc-rohedTluth, haivon theirhearts 
•tint: 
Farewell to Uood, to agooy, to shame, 

The bitterntsi of sepiratlon's put. 
Free I what a Bath from fhoM Uiek aTea was there, 

""■-• — 's of pearl doe* thai wild laugh un- 



What 

■heath : 
" Free, we are free 1" can hnman natare bear 

Thia burst of joy, nor sink awhile benaatht 
Madly the; ruah into each other's anna, 

Each babe it to its raother't boaom praated, 
No more the dtiver'i whip createa alarms, 

Britain baa put each horcid fear to rest. 
Dear Liberty 1 how beautiful thou art. 

How sweet th; rei^n will in Jamaica be; 
How will tho ihout arise from every heart. 

" Her cbaioa are broken, Africa is free I" 



TO-MORROW. 



1 w 

To-m. 






wgoes. 



. I art to do it. 

Thus Btill repentance ia deferred, 

FVom one day to another : 
Until the day of death ia eome. 

And judgment is the other, 

BREVITIES. 

The man that daiea traduce, becaut* h( can 

With tafcty to hlmiclf, ia not • man. 

The world waa aad ! the garden was a wild. 

The man, the hetmit,aigh'd — till woman smiled. 

Fbiak* or RoTitLTT.~Jaioes 1, in a capiicioua 
mood, threatened the Lord Mayor with removing the 
teat of royalty, the meetingi of parliament, &c. from 
th; capital. " Your Majesty at least," replied the 
Mayor, " will be gracioutly pleased to leave ua 
the Rifer Thamea." 

TBI Elephahi'i Bbaik.— The brain of the ele- 
phant is remarkably small, not more tban one twenty 
tbird part of the human lubject in proportion lo the 
weight of both. 

Hii,K.— In consequence of the increased use of 
colfee, thequantKyof milk conaumed in Paris ia 
twice a> much u u it wa* eighteen or twent j yeara 
ago. 

Hai 
waggonei „ . ■ - 

him asked, " Why bii fore horse was au fat, and 
the rest to lean t The waggoner knowing them. 
answered, " Tiat hii fere-hem wai a tawrtr, and 
Iht reil were Ait cllnili." 

HsA nlHO, WaiTmo, Ann SpiAima.— Httnts of 
litcrar y converaation, and (till more, habiti of ei- 
temporo ditcuaaion in a popular aaaemblf, are pe- 
culiar y uaeful in Riving ua a ready and practical 
command of our knowledge. There it much good 
>«nie in the following aplwiam of Bacan : " Read- 
ing makea a full roan, writing a correct man. and 
apeaking a ready maa," 

BuacNias.— A gentleman In the country lately ad- 
drettrd a paaalonate tU^i'dnue to a lady in the same 
town, adding this curious poatcript—" Pleaae to 
aend a ipeedy anawer, asIhaTe ' 



■pectiT^ couatiet, the Leicestershlreman declared, 
that lie could turn a horse into a field new-mown, 
and the next morning the graaa would he grown 
above hla hoofa. " Pho 1 that's nothing," cried the 
Yorksblreman, " you may turn a hone Into a field, 
in Yoikshirt, and not be Ml to JM him turl t 



THE MAN OF INTEGRITY. 

It will not take much time to delineate the 
cliaira^r of the man of integrity, a« by its 
nature it is a plain one, and easily under- 
liood. He is one, wba makes it hii conBtuit 
rule to follow the road duty, according as the 
word of God, and the Trace of his conscience, 
point it out to him. He li not guided 
merelr by affections, whioh may gometimes 

fire the colour of virtue to a looae and un- 
table character. The upright mania guided 
by a Sxed principle of mind, which deter- 
mines him to esteem nothing but what it 
hononrable, and to abhor whaterer is baie or 
unworthy, in moral conduct. Ht-nce we 
find him ever the same ; at all times, the 
trusty friend, the alfectionftte relation, the 



conscientious man of business, the piotia 
worshipper, the public-spirited citizen. He 
assumes no borrowed appearance. He seeks 
no mask to cover him ; fur he acts no stupid 
part ; but he is indeed what he apppean 
to be, full of truth, candour, and humanity. 
In all his pursuits, ha knows no path, but 
the fair and direct one ; and would much 
rather fail of success, than attain it by re* 
pToechful means. H« neversliows us a smil- 
ing countAuDce, while he meditates evil 
against us in his heart. He never probes 
us among our friends, and then joins in 
traducing us among our enemies. \Ve shall 
never find one part of his character at vari- 
ance with another. In his manners, he is 
simple and unaffected; in all his proceed- 
ings, open and ccmsistent. 



THE TOURIST'S PORTFOLIO.— No. IV. 



CAMBERWELL GROVE. 



Tbb perish in which Camberwdl Grove is 
situated is the east half hundred of Brixton. 
The ancient part of the village is the green, 
and its vicinity ; but the more pleasant and 
favourite spot is Camberwetl Grove, which 
commands very beautiful and extended pn^ 
spects, both of the metn^is and the ooontry 
beyond it, and over the oatuties of Surrey 
and Kent. The living is a vicarage in the 
ardideuonry of Surrey and diocese of Win- 
chester ; charged in K. B. 201. ; patron 
(1829) Sir T. Smith, Bart. The diurch, 
dedicated to St. Giles, it a very antique itone 
structure, the body of which is laige, and 
surmounted with a square tower and neat 
turret Here has long been a proprietary 
chapel of ease, and recently a handsome new 
district diurch has been built, after the 
model of one at RoBie, oa liie eooth baak of 



the Surrey Canal, under the authority of the 
Commissioners for Building New Churchea ; 
living, a curacy, subordinate to the vicar of 
Cambetwell. Here are also severalplaces of 
worship for Dissenters, and a Free Grammar 
Scho^. Much pains has been taken to do 
away with the annual &ir, held on the Green, 
whidi some at the inhabitants deem a nui- 
sance, but being at once a manorial right and 
source of «pdiunent, it stiU remains. There 
is a spring of water on tbe site of the former 
honses and grounds of Dr. Letsom, on Grove 
Hilt, near ^ich a youth is said to have mur- 
dend his node, a catastrophe dramatised by 
Lillo, in tiie well-known ^rfay of " George 
Barnwell." A part of tbe weetem side of 
Camberwell is within the Dean's liberty of 
Lambeth. 



THE TOURIST. 



WINDSOR CASTLE. 



This princely palace of the kings of Eng- 
land is utuated twentv-two miles west of 
London, on the verdant banks of Uie 
Thames, which from its serpentine course 
.( ,vja.f>« port «f 't. was in King Edward the 
^C53fc»sor'8 cliarter termed " Windleshora," 
(the winding shore) hence in time it was 
called Windsor. The magnificent castle ia 
wtUBted npon a hill, which commands a 
delightful prospect over the adjacent coun- 
try. 

It was first built by William the Conque- 
ror, soon afwr Iiis being seated on the throne 
of this kingdom ; it ivas subsequently re- 
paired and beautified by his son Henry I. 
who also surrounded the whole with a strong 
wall. Henry II. held a parliament here in 
1170, sod King John, Henry III., Ed- 
ward 1., II., and HI., sucoeswvely mided 
within its walls. The lost prince was I«wn 
here, and had such affection for the spot, that 



be caused the old buildings to be pulled 
down, and a magnificent pakce to be erected 
on its Kite, under the direction of the cele- 
brated William of Wickliam, and he re-esta- 
blished the princely order of tlie Garter. 

The castle is divided into two courts, 
the upper and the lower, separated from 
each other by the Kound Tower, in which 
resides the governor. On the north of the 
upper court are situated the state apartments; 
and on the south various apartments belong- 
ing to oflicets of state. The lower court is 
chilly remarkable as containing that beautiful 
structure St. Qeoi^'s Chapel. 

Around the noble castle is a magnificent 
and truly royal park, well stocked with 
timber and deer, '{he near vicinity of the- 
Thames adds much to the scenery of 
Windsor and its neighbourhood; — ' 



INTERIOR OP A WEST INDIAN 
WORKHOUSE. 

SoMK of onr readers, who have been ac- 
ciuttHned to hear the delightful descriptions 
given by West Indians of Slavery, may 
apprehend that the accommodations <^ a 
workhouse in the Colonies are very superior 
to those which are assigned to the poor in 
our owD conotry. They may imagine, when 



they read in a Colonial Paper of a Slave 
who has ran away from his " kind" master, 
and all the charms of Slavery, being con- 
demned to the workhouse fw' life, uat he 
will pass the remudder of his days in a 
peaceful retreat, in undisturbed repose. 
We will give them a short sketdi of the 
reality. It would occupy too much of our 
mce in th« prevent number to describe 
ut manner in n4ucti these wretched creatoref 



[ are driven out to thdr woA eveiy 
by the lath of thewhip,andcJiained together. 
Someidea oFitmay be obtained from the cut 
in the third page of our third numlier. 
We will cwifine ourselves at present toa short 
view of the interior of a workhouse in Ja- 
maica. We have the following description 
of B flogging in me of these places, given 
by the Ckritttati Itecord, a periodical pub- 
lished in Jamaica, by some philanthropic 
individuuls, who well deserve the support of 
the friends of the Slaves. 



dnwnivards; her wrists were scciireii by corji 
run into aooacs; her ancles were braiig-lit lo- 
i;ellier, and ]ilsced in anuthcr noose ; tlie 
cord coiiipiwiiig this last one patsed through 
■ block, connected with a post. The cord 
was liglilened, and the young woman was 
thus stretched tu (lie utmost lenglli. A le- 
nisle then advanced, and raised lier ctulhcs 
tnwanli her head. Ii-sving llie person iiidc. 
cently eifMn^d. The boaUwain of the work- 
house, a tall athletic man, Bourished his whip 
Tour or times round his head, and proceeded 
with the. punishment. The inslruinent of pu- 
nishniriit was a cat furmed of knotted cotds. 
Tb(> blood spiling train tlie ivouads it inflirled. 
The puur cre:<lure shrieked in xgony, and ex- 
claimpd, 'I don't deserve this!' She became 
byKlericnl, and continued so until the punUU- 
nent was completed. Four othrr drliiiqnents 
vere successively treMed in the sanie way. Uiie 
vsB a woman about thirty-six years of ti|;F, 
mother a girl of fillren, another a boy of the 
ame a;.'e; and. laitly, an old uuinan about 
Jxly, who really ii|ip(nred scarcely t» ha»e 
■lren)(th to rxprew her agonies by cries! The 
boy of fifteen iias the son of the woman oi" 
thirty-six ! She nss indecently ex]jnsrd, and 
cruelly Hogppd, In the presence ol her son! 



and then had the aildilional naii 
exfinscd, and made tu writlie 



see him also 
under the lash \ 
he observed, 10 complete the hideous 
but fajtlifiil picture of the system of Sisve 
gnrernment, presented to us by the narrative 
of this transaction, that these unrurtunates re- 
lived this punishment for an otTpoce which 
their nwner, it was ilrongly suspected, had 
cnmp«IW them to commit, snd that, too. 
under the terror of the lash; a circuiustaiice 
accounting for the cry '1 don't deserve this!' 
Paiofnl and melancholy as is the above detail, 
we know it to be hut too failhrul a picture 
of what is transacted, from week to wei-k. 



houses of o 



island." 



ind degradstion^-the v 



(Prom Ihc n'atchman, Feb. 5, ISSl.j) 
'St. Amjrew's Vbstsv. — Mr. Fox saiil, the 
•lyslem to which he alluded was still continued 
in tJie worhhonse. He slluded to the sysleui 
■•f su-etching- the Negroes by a block and tackle, 
when they wereabauttu be flogged. He bad 
pledged liimself, as a ftlag-islrate, to bring the 
matter before the Commi«ioner«, with a view 
to its abolition, for it was a cruelly which ought 



might cause the dislocation of the wrists. 

*' Mr, King said that he disclaimed ony 
thing like ateelinj;; of vanity, when he stated 
that tlie workhouse institution of St. Anditw's 
was the best conducted and mildest of all the 
other workhouses ia the Island, but like all 
other human iottilutions, there might b« a gieat 



tHE tOtrtllSt. 



many abuaes which still exist. He was free to | that Honourable and Noble Member of tlie Im- I 



dd 



add, he did notapprore of the present s^fstem 
of stretching' by the block and tackle during^ the 
infliction ot flag^ellation. 

*' Mr. Fox said, he hoped so disgfraceful a 
system would be done away wilh. He was 
ready to make his oath, that he knew a Ne|^ 
who was of no senrice to his owner, from l he 
eflTects of stretching- by means of the block and 
tackle, and he had no doubt there were many 
other instances, fn what light would the 
Planter appear in the eyes of ihe British Par- 
liament, with this fact staring them in. the face? 

'* Col. Robertson said, I myself knew a Negro 
who was totally useless, in consequence of 
being stretched in the workhouse. 

'^ During this discussion, the majority of the 
Ct>mmissioners retired from the Board, one or 
two at a time.'* 

In the sQcceeding nnmber of the Watch- 
man they say, 

*< The attention of our readers in Great 
Britain is especially called to this subject, be- 
cause it would be impossible to rouse public 
opinion in this Island, at least to such a pitch 
as would insure tlieremoyal of the.eTil. 

** There are a number of pemons who will not 
be sparing of their abuse for the exposure, or 
the appeal to the sympathies of the inhabitants 
of Great Biitain and I reland, which we have 
thought proper to make. They feel decidedly 
averse to subjects of this kind being brought 
tinder the notice of liberaUminded men in 
Great Britain, from a conviction that they can. 
not fail to be noticed, and consequently re- 
medied. 

<' Inorder to convey to our distant readers some 
idea of the mode of punishment alluded to, it is 
necessary to be more particular. So far then, 
as decency will permit, we shall endeavour to 
describe it : A Slave about to be flogged in the 
St. Andrew's workhouse is prostrated on the 
ground, with his or her face downwards, nnd 
the body indecently exposed to the gaze of the 
bystanders. The arms are extended, the 
wrists being made <a8t,~the le^s are brought 
close together, and are secured by a rope at the 
nncle, which rope passes through a block, and 
is * hauled taught, stretching even to agony 
every muscle, and until every joint ot the 
wretched sufferer U heard to crack. Then 
comes the boatswain, a strong muscular man, 
who swinging the cat two or three times round 
his head, at each stroke sends it with tre- 
mendous force, cutting into the flesh of— it may 
be a girl just ripening into womanhood, or an 
aged female, whose head is hoary from length 
of years, and occasioning the blood to flotv 
most copiously ! 

*- This is a fact—a fact which we defy the 
assembled Magistrates and Vestry of St. An- 
drew's to disprove. Humane men would sup- 
pose that corporal punishment is of itself 
sufliciently excruciating, and that all but those 
whose consciences are seared as with a hot 
iron, would gladly spare any superadded pain, 
BQch as that arising from the application of 
the block and wckle* Those, however, who 
live in a land of slavery know that, natural as 
such a proposition may be, it is but a vain one 
when entertainetl in reference to a majority of 
the Slave-owners and Managers. These can 
listen to the statements of cruelty, and yet ' retire 
from the lM>ard one or two at a time,' and thus 
elude the question. But will the absentee pro- 
pi'ietors in St. Andrew's sanction this atrocious 
aliusc? Will Lord Chanclos, the leader of the 
West India body, and the heir to thn Hope 
estate, within four miles of this workhouse, and 



perial Parliament set his seal to this abomina- 
tion? Will the Hon. Member for Somerset, 
Mr. Dickenson, who is interested, as we are 
informed, in Cherry Garden,in the same parish, 
unconcf rnedly abet this cruel system p 

" But is there no remedy for this evil ?— no 
method by which its d^tniction may be 
insured f Perhaps the most effectual, if not the 
only one, would be for Mr. Buxton— that best 
friend of the Negro race— to call the attention 
of the House of Commons to the subject ; to 
state the facts, and call upon Lord Chandos and 
the other West India Members to deny the truth, 
if they can. 

'* Afuch praise is due to Mr. Fox, for his 
determined conduct on the occasion, and the 
bold and fearless manner in which he brought 
the subject under the consideration of the Board. 
We entreat him, as well as Colonel Roliertson, 
to peEsevere in their benevolent endeavour to 
r^scae the parish from its present stigma." 



EDITOR'S BOX. 

«' Flat jiutlftU niat coriom.** 

HAPPINESS. 

TO THF KOI TOR Olf THS TOURIST. 

Sir : You will undoubtedly excuse the liberty which 
a well-wisber Ukes, in suggesting that some of his 
readers might suspect, from his article in the third 
number, under the head of " Happiness," whether 
he is not a Deist^at any rate a Socinian. The 
Editor will oblige his readers by inserting a defini- 
tion of happiness, given by John Newton, in his pre- 
face to Cowper's Poems. 

" If happmess could havp been found in classical 
attainments, in an elegant taste, in the exertions 
of wit, fancy, and genms, and in the esteem and 
converse of such persons as in these respects were 
most congenial with himself, he would have been 
happy. But be was not. He wondered (as thou- 
sands in a similar situation will do.) that |he 
should continue dissatisfied, with all the means 
apparently conducive to satisfaction within his 
reach. But, in due time the cause of his disap- 
pointment was discovered to him— he had lived with- 
out God in the world. lu a memorable hour, the 
wisdom which is from above visited his heart. Then 
he felt himself a wanderer, and then he found a 
guide— the religion of the Bible, which, however dis- 
credited bv the misconduct of many who have not re- 
nounced the Christian name, proves itself, when 
rightly understood and cordially embraced, to be the 
grand desideratum which alone can relieve the 
mind of man from painful and unavoidable 
anxieties, inspire it with sUble peace and solid hope, 
and furnish those motives and prospects which, 
in the present state of things, are absolutely 
necessary to produce a conduct worthy of a rational 
creature, distinguished by a vastness of capacity 
which no assemblage of earthly good can satisfy, and 
by a principle and pre-intimation of immortality. 

We learnt the causes of our inquietude — we 

were directed to a method of relief— we tried, and we 
were not disap|)ointed. We are now certain that the 
Gospel of Christ is the power of God unto salva- 
tion, to every one that believeth. It has reconciled 
us to God, and to ourselves, to our duty, and our 
situation. It is the balm and cordial of the present 
life, and a sovereign antidote against the fear of 
death." 

This may probably not be the best definition of 
ba(>pine8s that might be found; but it is the first 
which came to hand, and it is to the purpose. 

Peckham, Oct. 8. Vkritab. 



GRADUAL EMANCIPATION. 

TO THE EDITOR OF THE TOURIST. 

Sir : An immediate abolitionist will be obliged to 
some member of the Anti-Slavery Society, to inform 
him, through the medium of the Tourist, whether it 
is true, as reported, that the Governors of the 
Chartered SUve Colonies have received instructions 
from the Secretary of State not to urge on the 



with more than 310 Slaves, all (aaviofr infants) MP«l»tive Assemblies the adoption of the Orders 

»ck amd taJkle^will 1" ^«»«» of the 2d of November as law ? If this 
[MJK MM cacKie-.wiii I u the cast, it is high time for the fri«ids of the 



subject to the dreadful block 



Slaves to be alarmed at the idea that their labours 
are not likely soon to terminate. ITiis is just the 
course that has been pursuing for the last nine 
years. That time has been occupied in sending 
messages to and from the Secretaries of State and 
the Governors of the Colonies; and how much 
brighter a prospect is there now of the lumina- 
tion of slavery, than at the announcement of that 
period ? The friends of the Slaves, and the real 
friends of the Planters, are concerned at the dread- 
ful situation which they see the Utter to be in, and 
consider that nothing but a speedy abandonment of 
their system of oppression can save them from a 
destructbn similar to that which befel the Egyp- 
tian SUve-holders, as related in the Book of Exodus. 
There is, perhaps, just time to do justly, and thereby 
save their lives, and not only save but improve their 
estates and property, by changing the situation of 
their Slaves into that of free labourers. May they 
be wise enough spontaneously to let the people go, 
and thus avc^ the plagues which appear to be com- 
ing upon them. z. 
October 10. 



NEGRO SLAVERY. 



TO THE EDITOR OF THE TOURIST. 

Sir : Numerous and cruel as the oppressions are 
by which the poor Negroes are tormented and de- 
stroyed, the most afflictive of all is the parsimony 
with which they are maintained, whilst they are 
coerced to the enormous amount of labour already 
described in my second letter. This inadequacy 
of subsistence is placed out of dispute by the express 
admissions of the Colonists, the statements of their 
Assemblies, and the recitals of their laws. When 
the Planters are necessitous and embarrassed in 
their circumstances— which a large proportion of 
them are at all times — ^their Slaves are not only 
scantily fed, but often subjected to absolute want. 
These well-established facts clearly evince what many 
on this side of the Atlantic may find it difficult to 
believe, that, under some circumstances, British 
Planters are capable of subjecting their hard-worked 
labourers to famine " at the cost,*' to repeat the 
strong, but just language of Dr. Collins, *' of the 
blood of their own species.'* Di . Collins was a phy- 
sician and Planter of much experience, who had, 
a great part of his life, resided in the West Indies, 
and who wrote a pamphlet in defence of the Slave 
Trade, and compiled it chiefly with the humane in- 
tention of pointing out to his brother Planters such 
abuses in the treatment of their Slaves as he deemed 
inessential to their system, which be hoped to induce 
them to reform. Mr. Hibbert, the Agent for 
Jamaica, published a new edition of the work, which 
I, therefore, quote' from, as an authority that will 
not be likely to be disputed. In reasoning to per- 
suade the Planters to be more liberal in their allow- 
ance of food, he urges their own self-interest, in 
" the great labour which a well-fed Negro is capable 
of executing, in proportion to one who is half Starved, 
and in his long exemption from disease, and iu pos- 
sible consequence— death ; for" he adds, "lavow 
it boldly, a great number of Negroes have perished 
annually from disease produced by inattention. 
To be convinced of this truth, let us trace the efi'ect 
of that system, which assi^ed for a Negro's weekly 
allowance, six or seven pints of flour or grain, with 
as many salt herrings, and it is in vain to conceal 
what we all know to be true, that in many of the 
islands they do not give more. With so scanty a pit. 
tance, it is indeed possible for the soul and body to 
be held together, provided a man's only business be 
to live; but if intense labour be exacted from him, 
how is the body to support itself r What is there 
to thicken and enrich the fluids, what to strengthen 
the solids, to give energy to the heart, and to invi- 
gorate its pulsations ? Your Negroes may crawl 
about with feeble emaciated frames, but their at- 
tempts to wield the hoe prove abortive ; they shrink 
from their toil ; and being urged to perseverance 
by stripes, you are soon obliged to receive them into 
the hospitu ; whence, unless yoUr plan be speedily 
corrected, they depart but to the grave." 

This is not written by a man who is ignorant of 
the system, or prejudiced against it, but your readers 
will remember, that it is a very eminent West Indian 
Planter and Physician who thus avows the horrible 
truth, that great numbers of these our wretched 
fellow creatures are, by the sordid and cruel parsi- 
mony of their owners, annually«destroyed by ina- 
nition, i. e. slowly starved to death I 

As brevity is as suitable to the convenience of an 
Editor, at to the tastt of the tmeffal tnAm, i shall 



40 



tsnB TOURtsf . 



not, at present, encronch fiirther on the space which 
is due to the many able Conrespondenu of your 
Excellent paper. 
Hereford; Sept. 1832. H. U. U. 

Td T. F. BUXTON. ESQ. 

Sir: Having read in the Cheltenham Chronicle of 
the 6th inst. a letter you have done me the honour 
to addreM to roe, 1 feel that I should be wanting in 
courtesy if I did not notice some of its contents ; and 
I will follow your example in doing so in entire good 
humour, I am charged with having used the word 
"Attxtonites;" with having pointra out no senti- 
ment you had uttered which might be proved falla- 
cious ; having avoided every tangible point ; incon* 
sistency, and other heinous onences. I am asked 
why« it I am really anxious for the manumission of 
my Negroes, I labour to curse them with the blesring$ 
which the Anti'Skwery Society would coiner ? You 
then proceed to discuss the propriety or compen- 
sation, the increase of Slaves depending on good or 
bad treatment, and are quite in extacy to find that 
where Slaves are allowed 10 or 12 acres, they ac- 
tually cultivate them for their own benefit. If, sir, 
in noticing some of these points, the subject may, 
from its nature, draw from me some stronc expres- 
sions, letmeaiAure you that I mean nothing per* 
sonal, giving you credit for good intentions, however, 
in my humble judgment, misapplied. 

If the word Buxtonites has given offence. I am 
sorry to have used it; bat I imagined! was placing 

Jrou In the situation you most coveted, viz. the 
eader of the Anti-Slavery Society, a society not the 
less laudable from any (possibly erroneous) opinion 
I may hold respecting it ; but which I do not hesi- 
tate to sav, (speaking of them as a body,) I con- 
sider to have proved itself a curse as well to the 
Negro as to the Planter : and which will eventually 
prove a curse to the nation. On their heads, in my 
o|>lnion, lie all the rebellions, massacres, and for- 
feitures of Negro life, of which we have seen so much, 
and are, I fear, doomed to see more. They have de- 
stroyed the property of the Planter, taken away the 
means of subsistence from the widow and the father- 
less, have changed the character of the Negro from 
a happy and contented being, (happier, because in 
a more comfortable state than the British labourer, ) 
to that of a rebel and a murderer. They have un- 
fitted him for that state of liberty to which he was 
fait approaching, and which, I am still willing to 
believe, is the object of that Society. I believe, sir, 
your humanity to the Slave has never led you to 
visit those Colonies. The ignorance of the Anti- 
Slavery (may I say) Buxtonites is proclaimed from 
the resident Bishop to the casual visitor : and I will 
repeat, from impressions imbibed from living among 
my Negroes, that a happier or more contented class of 
kAngs never existed, until cursed with the blessings of 
the jinti'Slavery Society. 

But (you say) I have pointed out no sentiment 
you bad uttered — I have avoided every tangible 
point. But have you never (speaking of the Planter) 
used the words atrocious — barbaroui — villainous ? 
Have you not lately referred to an expression (some 
years back) of Lord Grenville, for the express fnir- 
pose of proclaiming your concurrence in the opinion, 
that ** a man who rises in the morning an owner of 
Slaves, and does not liberate them before he retires 
to bed, is a villainV^ I do not know whether these 
will come under the denomination of tangible points, 
and would rather have avoided noticing them, for I 
have no wish to be personal. I will proceed to 
answer the question, wny, wishing the manumission 
of my Negroes, and admitting the benefit I should 
reap from theUr manumission, I still hold them in 
bondage? You would not, sir, yourself urge manu- 
mission. If you did not think they had reached that 
point of moral advancement and instruction, which 
^to use the words of the Archdeacon of Jamaica) 
would make manumission a boon (a blessing to 
tiliem) Instead of acurse; and this, sir, is the point of 
difference between us. I forego what 1 believe would 
eventualiy be a benefit to myself; I defer what 1 
bdieve would be a boon to the Slave, because (with 
the Archdeacon) Tbelieve he is as yet unfitted for 
It, and his present manumission would be to me a 
loss— to him a curM. And this leads me to the 
question of compensation— compensation (as you 
choose to put it) ''for a benent conferred:** out 
here again is the falacy. I ask not compensation, 
but insurance from loss. »My Negro, by tne laws of 
England, is as much my property as any other species 
of property ; if you lienefit my property, I ask no 
compensation ; if, by hastily depriving me of it, ! 
suffer loss, 1 am in hunour and ^ood faith entitled to 
compeniition i Mid I have a right in the 9rst in- 



I stance to claim insurance against loss. Let me not 
be told iw you, that man cmsmot be the property of 
man, I have heard (perhaps I am in error) that you 
have yourself received the benefit of this species of 
property. You have told me of the enormous de- 
crease of Slave population within the last eleven 
years : vour labours, I believe, commenced about 
that period ; from that date I reckon the fall of my 
West India property. You have not in your cal- 
culation distinguished how many have fallen by 
rebellion, massacre, or the halter. But may I ask, 
sir, (without meaning oflence,) were those Slaves, 
from whose sale (the last instalment of which was 
made just eleven years ago) you profited, sold again 
into slavery, to swell that decrease which you now 
so patHetically describe T 1 vouch not for the truth ; 
I should myself have received such profit. But the 
decrease is said to have arisen from the severity of 
the sugar cultivating system, from cruelty, misery, 
and oppression, particularly during the crop season ; 
but no man has witnessed that crop season, without 
seeing the fallacy of this statementr— without learn- 
ing that every Slave would wish its continuance the 
whole year. 

Although I have overstepped the bounds of a let- 
ter, there is one remaining point which must not be 
omitted. ** My negroes can be industrious when 
they work for themselves. If they make such good 
use of the kcantlin^ of time I allow them, will tbe;r 
not work when their whole time and their labour is 
their own?" Sir, 1 know not whether it is your in- 
tention, when you take my Slaves, to divide my 
property among them ; but it is a melancholy fact, 
that the Negroes to whom you particularly allude, 
having imv quantity of land they will, cultivate, and 
occasionally loading my boats with produce for their 
own benefit, have, in a period of five years and a 
half, ending in 1831, kept themselves oot of the pro- 
vision marlcet onl^ 18 months. But, sir, had you 
visited those Colonies, you might have seen that in 
severe droughts (which too freouently occur) no 
labour will produce provisions. But 1 will conclude. 
I have many negroes who will not accept manu- 
mission ; two instances have lately occurred, one in 
Barbuda, of a father refusing the purchase money 
for his daughter's liberty ; the other, of a negro in 
Antigua, declining the manumission of a wire and 
daughter now my slaves. Sir, I am much more the 
Negro's friend ihan yourself. The eyes of the 
Anti -Slavery Society may remain closed; but the 
people of England are beginning to set a proper 
value on thlx hypocritical humbug, and the Negroes 
themselves to see the delusion of Anii- Slavery 
Emandpatum. My writings, sir , may stimulate your 
exertions, and I will warn you, that those exertions, 
if leading to too hasty manumission, can tend only 
to further rebellion, massacre, and forfeiture of life. 
1 am, sir, your obedient servant, 

C. BETHBLL CODRINGTON. 

Dedington, Sept. 10, 1832. 



mmmmmm^SBBmmmtiamS£5timum^iA 



iJUS. 



THOS. FOWELL BUXTON, ESQ. TO SIR C. B. 

CODRINGTON. 

Sir: Your letter, dated Sept. 10th, has but re- 
cently reached me. Its contents are very gratifying 
to me. So far from confuting, it does not even 
assail my statements ; but then it is very successful 
in exposing tlie< errors of your own. Thus stands 
the controversy. You' charged me with misrepre- 
sentation. I replied by challenging you to the proof. 
I gave you a wide field. I caJled your attention to 
all I had said or written on the subject of Slavery, 
and invited you to select and expose any errors In 
my facts, or any fallacy in my arguments. j4m I 
not entitled to construe that silence into a most empha 
tic concession ? 1 want no other vindication. You 
have made a charge, and you have failed to establish it, 
I must apprize vou that I shall never attempt to 
justify any harsh epithets which may have fallen 
from me In the warmth of discussion. If I have 
used the terms 'atrocious," "barbarous," «' villain' 
ous," as applied to the body of Banters, I regret it. 
You who accuse others of '^maiung assertions 
which they do not themselves believe ; — you who 
charge upon their heads " the rebellions, massacres, 
and forfeinires of Negro life," which have recently 
stained the annals on Jamaica; you who dercribe 
as "calumniators," and their doctrine as ''hypo- 
critical humbug"~their acts as "acurse to the 
Planter,** " a curse to the Negro," " a curse to the 
nation;**— you who — (not in the excitement of debate, 
but in the retirement of your closet — not in a 10 years' 
controversy, but in three short letters) assume such 
a license of invective, must surely be no stern critic 
on the language of your opponent. I close this part I 
of the controversy with this single obiervation. Vou | 



have, as you confess by your silence, found it im- 
possible to damage my statements ; but you seem 
to have thought it would do just as well to overturn 
one of vour own ; and this you have done very ef- 
fectually. In your first letter there is this para- 
graph : — '' Scarcely does one of my vessels go to Au" 
tigius without a quantity of poultry and salt fish to 
sell, and in good seasons an immense quantity of 
potatoes." Here we have the picture oi a thriving 
people, not merely living in abundance, but en- 
riching themselves by the export of the superfluous 
commodities. In the last letter you thus speak : — 
*' Jt is a melancholy fact that the Negroes, though 
occasionally loading my boats with produce for 
(heir ovm benefit, have, in a period of five years and 
a half, kept themselves out of the provision market 
only 18 months." The vessels dwindle into boats, the 
constant export offish and poultry into an occasional 
shipment of produce t and these happiest of men. 
who were farmers at home and merchants abroad, 
cannot keep themselves at all during three -fourths 
of their time. What a falling off is this I You may 
well call it a melancholy fact— melancholy both to 
the Slaves and their master. It exposes their 
wretchedness, and It ruins your argument. 

One topic alone remains. You taunt me with the 
sale of my Slaves, and the profit which I derived 
from them. I have had my share of calumny. You 
remind me of one of that troop of libels with which 
I have been assailed. I have hitherto allowed it to 
remain unnoticed, because it rested on the autho- 
rity of anonymous -or hireling writers ; but when a 
person so respectable as Sir C. B. Codriogton gives 
it in any sort the sanction of his name. I have no 
alternative but to reply to it; and 1 trust you will 
excuse me for taking this opportunity of doing so. 
Iltough I am far from ascribing the greater part of it 
to you, yet, being compelled by your letter to allude to 
it, I could not do so without repelling the whole 
accusation The charge first appcard in 1824, and 
thus it ran : 

First— That in the year 1771 I prevailed on Mrs 
Barnard to place 20,0001. in a West Indian House. 
My reply is — This is hardly possible, as I was mot bom 
till 15 ^ears afterwards, 

Sccondlv— That in 1793, I sent a Mr. Gosling to 
the West Indies to sell my Negroes. / reply again, 
that I was not bom at the period, 

Thirdl^r— That Mrs Barnard dying in 1792, I. who 
bad married her ncice, became her executor, and the 
manager of her West India property, her heir — and 
that 1 derived from her 170,0001. Idet^ that I mar. 
ried her neice, or became her executor, or managed 
her property ; and some confirmation of my statetnent 
is derived from thefkct, that J was about six years old 
eti the time — an early ago fitr matrimony, executor- 
ship, or the mnsusgetnent of affairs m America. J 
deny that I became herneir or inherited from her 
1 70 000/. / did not derive a sh illingfrom her. I was 
not mentioned in her will. 

Fourthly— That I sent out a respectable Gentle- 
man to extort the last shilling from my West India 
creditors, and to sell my Negroes. / deny that I 
practised extortion on my West India creditors, for I 
never had a West India creditor, I deny that I sent 
out a.respeetable Oentteman, or any Gentleman at all^ 
to sell my Negroes, for I never hatla Negro to sell, 

'I'he fifth charge is, simply, that I am Judas 
Iscariot, an enemy to Slavery, though every shilling 
I possess was wrung from the bones and sinews of 
Slaves, i repeat I never was master of a Slave — / 
never bought one, or sold one, or hired one, I never 
owned an hogshoidqf sugar or an acre of land in the 
West Indies, 

I may as well here state what foundation there is 
for this widely circulated report. " Some truth 
there is— though brewed and dashed with lies.'* 
There was a Mrs. Barnard. She was my grand- 
father's sister. She embarked a sum of money in a 
West India House, the greater part of which she 
lost. The remnant descended to some of my near 
relations. So £ar is true— but it is also true that in 
that pioperty I never happened to be a partaker, I 
am not, and to the best of my knowledn, NEVER 
HAVE BEEN THE OWNER OF A SHILLING 
DERIVED FROM SLAVES. 

Hoping that the Electors of Gloucestershire will 
forgive you for liavhig extorted from me this tedious 
explanatioa. 

I have the honour to be. Sir, 

Your obedient Servant, 
Cromer, Sept. 21, 1832. T. FOWELL BUXTON. 

Printed and Published by J. Crisp, at No. 13, 
Wellington-street, Strand, where all Advertise- 
ments and CommunicatloM for the Editor are 
to be eddrsisiii 



THE TOURIST; 

OR, 
" I puHulled things I saw, and profited by thing* I heard."— Lbtteb of a Walking Gbntlehan. 



Vol. I.— No. 6. 



MONDAY. OCTOBER 22, 1832. 



Price One Pesnt. 



THE TELEGRAPH. 



The Telegi^, though it hat been in ge- 
neral uae only for a few years, is by no 
meana s modnn inrention. From the fact 
of' the destmctioD of Troy being known in 
Greece before any persoa coald have arrived 
and communicated the intelligence, it is 
probable tliat some sort of tdegraph was 
in uae at that time. This may be gathered 
from the opening scene in a Greek play, in 
which a watchman descends &om the top of 
a tower in Greece, and commniiicutes the 
event referred to in these word): "I have 
been looking out these ten years to see when 
this would happen, and this night it is done." 
The earliest mode of transmitting intelli- 

fpnce in this wav seems to have been hy 
rea or torches lighted on the highest lands. 
Thia, however, must obviously have been a 
very defective method ; as it could only have 
given inAwmatioo respecting some definite 
and expected occurrence, of which it was the 
preconcerted sij^nal ; and nothing could have 
been known by it of any unexpected events, 
or of the collateral drcumitances attending 
such as were foreseen. Several improve^ 
nnenti were made on this coatrivanet 
different periods, some of w^ich were 
ceadingly umenious : hot none of them gave 
sufficient intelligibility and preiiiiioii to the 



reports of the Tel^raph to make it exten- 
sively useful, until the time of the French 
revolution, about the end of the year 1793. 
It was then that M. Cbappe constructed an 
apparatOB for telegraphic communication in 
the following way : An upright post was 
erected on the roof of the palnce of 
the Louvre, at Paris, which was the 
first station. At the top of this past were 
two transverse arms, which might be moved 
in all directions, and with great rapidity, by 
means of a single piece of mechanism. The 
inventor next arranged a number of positions 
of these arms, which should designate the 
letters of the alphabet, and the key to which 
needed only to be known to tlie persons at 
the extreme stations; reducing the number 
of positions to sixteen, by the omission of 
some unnecessary letters. The construction 
of the machine was anch, that each signal 
was given in precisely the same manner at 
all times. It did not depend on the manual 
akillof theoperator; and the position «f the 
arm could never, for any one signal, he a 
degree higher or a degree lower, its move- 
ment being regulated by mechanism. 

M. Cliappe having received at the Louvre 
the sentence to be conveyed, gave a known 
sipial to the Mcond station, which was 



Mont Martre, to prepare. At eich station 
there was a watch-tower, where telescopes 
were fixed, and the person on the watch 
gave the signal of preparation which he had 
received, and this communicated successively 
through all tlie hue, which brought them all 
into a state of readiness. Tiie person at 
Mont fllartre then received, letter by letter, 
the sentence from the Louvre, which he 
repeated with his own machine; and this 
was again repeated from the nest height, 
witli inconceivable rapidity, to the final 
station at Lisle. 

Two models of this Telegraph were exe- 
cuted at Frankfort, and sent to the Duke of 
York, and hence the plan and alphabet of 
the machine came to £ngland. Various ex- 
periments were in consequence tried upon it 
in this country ; and one was soon after set 
up by GoAremment, in a chainof stations from 
the AdmilUty-office to the sea-coast. Not- 
withstanding, however, the ingenuity with 
which the machine was at first contrived, 
and has been subsequently improved, it 
has never, we believe, been applied so advan- 
tageously as might have been expected, to 
thtt conveyance of precise or unexpected in- 
tellif^nce. Were this the case, the advan- 
tages which we might expect to arise irom 



imt 



^im^ 



4$ 

its general adoption are almost inoonoemble. 
To say nothing of the speed with which 
public commands and information might 
be communicated in time of war^ it might 
even be used by commercial men to convey 
messages, with much more speed and cheap- 
ness than could perhaps be secured by any 
other known expedient. 

PRISON DISCIPLINE. 



tHE TOURlSt. 



Thb following is an extract from the 
Eighth Report of the London Society for 
Promoting Prison Discipline : — The Com- 
mittee have given to this subject their best 
consideration^ and have no hesitation in de- 
daring their conviction^ that an effectual 
substitute may be found for the penalty of 
death in a well-regulated system of peni- 
tentiary discipline; a system which shall 
inspire dread, not by intensity of punish- 
ment^ but by unremitting occupation, se- 
clusion^ and restraint. The enforieemeot of 
hard labour, strict silence^ and a judicious 
plan of solitary confinement, will be found 
the most powerful of all mwl instroments 
for the correction of the guilty ; &nd when 
to these are added the apfdioatiea of re- 
ligious instruction, the utmost means are 
exercised which society can employ for the 
punishment and reformation of the human 
character. This discipline admits of a great 
variety of combination, and is therefore 
adapted to the treatment of offenders of 
different classes of criminality. For suc- 
cessful examples of this nature, the Com- 
mittee refer to some of our best houses of 
correction, and especially to the Penitentiary 
at Millbank. It is, however^ from the United 
States that the most extensive experience on 
this subject is to be derived; where a system 
has been adopted which combines sditary 
confinement at night, hard labour by day, 
the strict observance of silence^ and attention 
to moral and religious improvement. These 
plans are enforced with great success at the 
prisons of Auburn and Sing-Sing, in the 
state of New York, and at Weathersfield, 
in the state of Connecticut. At sun-rise, 
the convicts proceed in regular order to the 
several work-shops, where uiey remain under 
vigilant superintendence until the hour of 
breakfast, when they repair to the common- 
hall. When at their meals, the prisoners 
are seated at tables in single rows, with their 
backs towards the centre, so that there can 
be no interchange of signs. From one end 
of the work-rooms to the other, upwards 
of 500 convicts may be seen without a single 
individual being observed to turn his head 
towards a visitor. Not a whisper is heard 
throughout the apartments. At the close 
of the day, labour is suspended, and the pri- 
soners return in military order to their soli- 
tary cells ; there they have the opportunity 
of i'eadtng the Scripture, and of^ reflecting 
in silence on their past lives. The chap- 
lain occasionally visits the cells^ instructing 
the ignorant, and administering the reproofs 
and consolations of religion. The influence 
of these visits is described to be most bene- 
ficial^ and the effect of the entire discipline 
is decidedly suocessfiil in the pievention of 



crime, both by the drpad which dm imprison- 
ment ins]^ires» as wdl as by the. reformation 
of the offender. Inquiries have been insti- 
tuted relative to the conduct of prisoners re- 
leased from the Auburn Penitentiary, the 
prison at which this system has been longest 
observed ; and of 206 discharged, who have 
been watched over for the space of three 
years> 146 have been reclaimed, and main- 
tained reputable chanuiters in society. 

ADDRESS TO BRITISH CHRISTIANS 
RESPECTING SLAVERY. 



My FKLX4OW CoimTRTMBN, 

There are in the island of Jamaica three 
hundred thousand British slaves. 

Fifteen thousand of them, at least, are the 
children of Englishmen and Scdtchmen. 

Under this cruel system the agricultural 
population are rapidly decreasing by cbath. 
Females are flogged in the most indecent and 
disgusting manner, at the will of their <^- 
pressotjs — I have seen it. 

The decrease on thesugar estates by death, 
in the parish of Trelawney, from 1817 to 
1829, was 1394. 

Even on Chrutian proprietors* tstaUs it is 
the same. 

Thousands of these deeply-injured and 
helpless beings are your brethren and Misters 
in Christ, and they are now forbidden to 
worship God, 

In the same town, when I and my brother 
Missionary were prisoners, during the late 
struggle for freedom, more than 100 were 
hung on one gallows, many were shot, and 
about 300 men and women flogged under- 
neath it, till the ground was covered with 
their blood, of which flogging several died. 

They are an interesting and an affectionate 
people, when treated like human beings; 
and it is in ytmr power to give them civil imd 
religious lilierty, if you will conscientiously 
adopt the following Hesolations :— 

1. Meet once in every month to pray for the 
inuneditile and total abolition of Slavery, 
■■ II. Conscientiously abstain from ever using uiy 
produce raJmf 6y «4cve Ardour. Oh I that Christians 
would all do this (and what a trifling sacrifice at the 
altar of mercy] : then muat the ay stem fall, 

III. Vote for no man who wifl not give a distinct 
pled^ that he will vote for the entire and immediate 
abolition of Slavery. 

IV. Petition Christian Slave-holders to commence 
ihu worh of mercy. It is in their power so to do ; 
men could be found who would conduct their 
estates with free labour, and, instead of having the 
curse, they would enjoy the blessing of the Father of 
the oppressed upon their properties. 

V. Use all your it^uenee to promulgate these 
principles. 

Remember, if you now altogether hold 
your peace, help will arise from another 
quarter. But, on ! the guilt, if, at the day 
of judgment, it shall appear that the supine- 
ness of Christians has fastened the chains, 
and increased the oppressions^ of his enslaved 
fellow-men ! 

Christians^ I have seen the cruelties of 
Shivery. I have partaken of the sympathy 
of the N^pro; help me in the glorious cause 
of mercy — and success is ours. 

I am, your friend^ 
And the friend of the Ncsro, 
William Ksibb, 
Baptist Missionary from Jamaica. 
London, Sept. 7, 183S. 



THE DISBANDED SOLDIER. 



In the year 1785, a widow woman and her 
familv resided in the city of Diet, in Holland, 
in a house in a rather lonely situation. Her 
husband had been an eminent carpenter, and he 
had bequeathed to bis widow a comfortable 
residence, with some land, and two boats for 
carrying merchandise and passengers on the 
canals. She was alto supposed to be worth 
some money, part of which she employed in 
a hempen and sail-cloth manufactory, tor the 

Eurpose of increasing her means of instructing- 
er children, consisting of a son and two 
daughters, in useful branches of business. One 
night, when the workmen were ^one home, 
a person dressed in uniform, with a musket 
and broadsword, came to the house, and re- 
quested lodgings. *' I let no lodgings, friend, 
said the widow: *'and, besides, 1 have no 
spare bed, unless you sleep with my son, which 
i think very improper on accoantof your heing 
a perfect stranger to us all." The soldier then 
showed a discharge from Diesbach's regiment, 
(signed by the m^jor, who gave him an excellent 
character,) and a passport from Count Maille- 
bois, governor of Breda. Upon this, he was 
hospitably entertained, and at a seasonable hoor 
withdrew to bed. Some hours afterwards, a 
loud knocking was heard at the door, which 
roused the soldier, who moved sofUy down 
Btairs, and stopped at the hall-door, when the 
blows were repeated, and ^ the door was almost 
broken through. By this time the widow and 
her daughters were alarmed; and they ran 
almost frantic through different parts of the 
house, exclaiming, *< Murder! murder!*' The 
son, haying sei^d a case of loaded pistols, 
joined the soldier at the hall-door ; while the 
latter, screwing on his bayonet, and priming 
his piece afresh, which was charged with sluurs, 
requested the women to keep themselves ont of 
the way of danger. Soon afterwards, the door 
was forced in, and two ruffians entered, who 
were instantly shot by the son, who discharged 
both his pistols at once. Two associates of the 
dead men, however, immediately returned the 
lire, but without effect : when the intrepid and 
Veteran stranger rushed on them like a lion, 
ran one through the body witli his bayonet, 
and, while the other was running away, Utdged 
the contents of his piece between his shoulders, 
and caused him to drop down dead on the spot. 
Af\er the necessary legal investigation of this 
affair, the four ruffians were buried in a cross 
road, and a suitable inscription was placed over 
them. The widow made the soldier a present 
to the amount of a hundred guineas of our 
money, and the city settled a handsome pension 
on him for the rest of his life* This veteran's 
name was Adrian de Gri6s ; he was a native of 
Middleburffh,and was upwards of seventy yeai*s 
old at the time of this exploit. 



Vocal MACHiNsar op Birds.— It is difficult to ac^ 
count for so small a creature as a bird making a tone 
as loud as some animals a thousand times its size ; 
but a recent discovery has shown, that, in birds, 
the lungs have several openings, communicating 
with corresponding air bags or cells, which fill the 
whole cavity of the body from the neck downwards, 
and into which the air passes and repasses in the 
progress of breathing. Tills is not ail: the very 
bones are hollow, from which air-pipes are con- 
veyed to the most solid parts of the boay, even into 
the quills and feathiers. This air being rarefied by 
the beat of their body, adds to their levity. By 
forcing the air out of the body, they can dart down 
from me greatest height with astonishing velocity. 
No doubt the same maehinery forms the basis of 
their voc«l powers, and at^ce solves the mystery. — 
(Qardiner's M usic of Nature.) 



THE TOURIST. 



48 



MEMOIR OK JAMBS STEPH£N, RSQ., THE 
LATE MASTER IN CHANCERY. 



Anothbr, who'hts acted no undistinguished ptrt in 
the great drama of life, has just quitted its stage, 
and gone to his eternal rest. Mr. Stephen died at 
Bath, on the 10th inst., of a diseased liver. He was 
in his 74th year. It is some years since Mr. Stephen 
retired from the field of politics; but thole among 
us who recollect the busy, eventful period of Per- 
ceval's Administration, cannot forget the prominent 
part which Mr. Stephen took in all the Parliamen- 
tarv warfare of the day. We have it in our power 
to furnish our readers with a short and authentic, 
though imperfect, memoir of this gentleman ; 
and we know that they will thank us for it. He 
was descended from a respectable family in the 
county of Aberdeen, but he himself was born at 
Poole, in Dorsetshire, and educated at Winchester: 
we have often heard him say, that lie owed all that 
was good in his character to the precepts and 
example of his mother, a lady of the name of Milner, 
an old family in the West of England. Mr. Stephen 
lost his father, who was also at the bar, in earty life ; 
being thus left to his own resources, he went to the 
West Indies, shortly after the acknowledgment of 
American independence, and practised at »t. Kitt*s 
for many years with great success. He here ac- 
quired that intimate knowledge of Colonial law for 
which be was justly celebrated, and, with it, he im- 
bibed that horrorfof the Colonial system, which led 
him to become one of its most distinguished oppo- 
nents. When he returned from St Kitts, he obtained 
a very lar^ and lucrative practice in the Cockpit, 
sharinp; with the late Chief Justice Dallas nearly all 
the Prize Appeals that came before the Privy Coun- 
cil. Our commercial readers will recollect how fre- 
quently the violation of neutrality led to the capture 
and condemnation of American vessels. Mr. Stephen 
was the first to direct public attention to this impor- 
tant subject in a small pamphlet, entitled "War 
in Disguise ; or, the Frauds of the Neutral Flags.*' 
It was published anonymously; but it evinced a 
knowledge of the subject, and an ability of pen, 
which could not fail to render its author a valuable 
auxiliary to the Government of the day; and Mr. 
Stephen was soon seated in Parliament for a Govern- 
ment borough. He suggested, and virtually, we be- 
lieve, arranged the whole system of Continental 
blockade ; which, for many years, occasioned 
greater embarrassment to Buonaparte, than all 
the other operations of the war put together. 
Of this system, Mr. Stephen was the great Par- 
liamentary supporter, as the pi^sent Chancellor was 
its most strenuous opponent in the same arena. 
Whether it rested upon correct or mistaken com- 
mercial principle, it matters little now to inquire ; 
but it most undoubtedly succeeded in checking the 
hostilities of what we may call the neutral belli- 
gerents, and in augmenting the difficulties of France. 
It had, too, another effect, which its author had 
indeed foreseen, but to which he was too highminded 
to attach the least importance— it annihilated the 
whole of that prize-appeal business from which his 
professional income was derived. It was in con- 
sideration of this generous and patriotic sacrifice, 
that Mr. Perceval obtained for him the appointment 
of one of the Masters in Ordinary of the Court of 
Chancer/, havins previously offered to make him 
Attorney -General or a puisne Judge, which Mr. 
Stephen declined. 

He retained his seat in Parliament, and supported 
the measures of his party ; as will be seen by look- 
ing into the Parliamentary reports of the period : 
indeed, a sort of personal, though good-humoured 
hostility, obtained between him and the late Mr. 
Whitbread, on most political questions. On one, how- 
ever, Mr. Stephen exhibited the most decided inde- 
pendence of his party ; and, rather than forfeit that 
independence, he resigned his seat. He planned a 
scheme for the registration of Slaves, the more 
effectually to check all illicit trading; but, though 
this scheme has since been adopted with unqualified 
success. Lord Liverpool's Cabinet, after the death of 
Mr. Perceval, refused, in the first instance, to sanc- 
tion it : and Mr. Stephen withdrew himself from 
them. He never returned to public life. He always 
complained, and with reason, of this treatment: 
according to the received etiquette of political al- 
liance, the aolicited support ot an auxiliary in Parlia- 
ment is entitled to a return. Mr. Stephen had 
received his oflScial appointment, not as a reward for 
Parliamentary service, but as a compensation for 
the patriotic sacrifice which he had made of his pro- 
fessional resources for the good of the public : the 
only compensation that he ever asked, was the pa- 
tronage of this, his favourite scheme (and it has 



since proved a judicious one,) for the protection of 
the unfortunate African! It was refused; but its 
beoevoient projector has now received his reward In 
the approbation of his Maker : "Thou hast well done, 
good and faithful servant ; enter thou into the joy of 
thy Lord.'* 

it is very little known, that the germ of that re- 
foi:m which has since taken place in the Court of 
Chancery, under the auspices of Lord Brougham, 
wsis planted by Mr. Stephen. Some accidental cir- 
cumstance, we 'believe, led to an investigation of 
the fees taken in the Masters' ofllces. It had been 
the practice, for many years, to estimate the length 
of documents, copied for the use of solicitors, instead 
of actually calculating the number of folios — and such 
estimates were, by mutual consent, always made 
with great liberality— to the unreasonable and im- 
proper advantage of all parties, except the clients. 
The practice was unknown to the Masters per- 
sonally ; but, when it reached Mr. Stephen's ears, 
he at once directed a minute inquiry into the extent 
of the profits thus unfairly made; and not only 
strictly prohibited the practice for the future, but 

gave away to charity thac which could not otherwise 
e restored to justice. We have heard, that the sum 
he thus refunded amounted to several hundred 
pounds. At this time, the choice of the Master to 
whom a cause should be referred, rested virtually 
with the solicitors, and they of course would not 
carry their business to an office which was more 
rigid than any other in the taxation of costs. For a 
time, therefore, Mr. Stephen's office was compara- 
tively deserted; and, although he made repeated 
representations to Lord Eldon of the injustice which 
was thus done to him, it was not until he had for 
years sustained annually a heavy pecuniary loss, 
that Lord Eldon consented to make the first step 
towards reform which Mr. Stephen suggested, that 
references to the Masters should t>e made in rotation. 
Mr. Stephen retained his office for twenty years ; 
and then, following the graceful example of Sir Wil- 
liam Grant, retired to spend the residue of life in 
domestic tranquillity. 

We have been oblig^ed to curtail much of his his- 
tory, even as a public man ; but we must not omit 
to mention a circumstance most honourable to his 
manly frankness of character. In early life, among 
other resources which difficulty had suggested, he 
reported in the gallery of the House of Commons, 
for one of the daily papers, we believe, the Post. 
Afterwards, while he enjoyed a seat in that House, 
and had done so for many years, a question arose In- 
volving the general respectability of the reporters, 
when Mr. Stephen, speaking in their support, de- 
clared his eariy connection with their body as an 
alliance he felt glad to avow. It argued no common 
mind to make this open declaration in the aristocra- 
tic atmosphere of the House of Commons ; but Mr. 
Stephen was a gentleman by feeling, and by educa- 
tion, not less than by birth. 

We have scarcely left ourselves room to advert to 
his Anti- Slavery writings, although it is in connec- 
tion with this holy cause, that his name will be 
handed down to future ages, as one of the illustrious 
dead. He had been a determined enemy of the whole 
system for manj years ; and had, both by his public 
speeches and his private remonstrances with men 
in power, done more to open their eyes to the op- 
pressions and atrocities ot Slavery, than, perhaps^ 
any other man in existence ; while his high cha! 
racter, and acknowledged experience, combined to 

f;ive a weight to all he said, which made the West 
ndian interest regard him as their most formidable 
antagonist : but it was not till 1824, that he pub- 
lished his masterly ''Delineation of Slavery.'* 
Resting, as it does, not upon the disputed testimony 
of strangers, but upon the admissions and statements 
oftheColonistathemselves,it shows up the system in 
a manner which sets all controversy for ever at rest. 
It has not been even attempted to answer the second 
volume, which was published some years after the 
first ; and its truth and accuracy are specifically 
established upon oath, before the liords' Committee. 
Their Lordships are thus spared, as they will here- 
after be told, all farther trouble, if they are sincere in 
wishing to prove what Slavery is : Mr. Stephen has 
done that for them. 

Our readers will recollect with melancholy interest 
his pointed remarks on this subject when he occu- 
pied the chair at the last Anti-Slavery Meeting at 
Exeter Hall. The dying opinion of this veteran in 
the Anti-Slavery cause will be not less gratefully 
received. A few weeks ago, when cautioning one of 
his children against the danger to which he ex. 
posed his health by over-exertion in support of it, 
he expressed himself as follows : — 

*' It is not intended by God that man shall have 



vinced that he will signally interfere with his own 
arm. Let us leave it to him, my dear George, he 
will do it his own way; he has said, ' Vengeance is 
mine, I will repay.' May he visit our guilty oppo- 
nents In mercy !" It is believed that these were the 
last words he ever uttered on the subject. 

It would not, perhaps, be going too far to say that 
Mr. Stephen was one of the ablest pampleteers of the 
age. As a speaker, he was gifted with unusual powers 
;oi language and energy of manner. When once 
'fairly launched in his subject, he showed that nature 
had marked him for a rhetorician. He was too ve- 
hement and impassioned, perhaps, for the taste of 
modern assemblies; but he rarely failed to carry his 
audience with him. It was, however, in writing tliat 
he chiefly excelled. The emphatic style and clear 
and pointed reasoning of his earlier publications 
evince a power and acuteness which have been but 
rarely equalled In the first year of his life his poll- 
tical principles were decidedly liberal, — we hadal> 
most said radical ; but experience and observation 
moderated them to such a degree, that his friends 
considered him a Tory; though he was always so 
free from the least taint of bigotry or prejudice, that 
it would be unjust to class him with cither party. 
In proof of his early political preposscs^^ions, it may 
be mentioned that he is said to have called his 
youngest son, an equally ardent advocate of the 
Negro, after General Washington, though that gen- 
tleman does not, we believe, use the patronymic of 
the father of the United States : yet, as in his 
most liberal days Mr. Stephen had no taint of repub- 
licanism, it can only have been out of respect for the 
public character of the distinguised patriot that he 
named his son after him. 

But who shall describe him in private life ? It is 
not possible to express the respect, the affection, the 
almost reverential esteem, in which he was held by 
the large circle of relatives and friends in which he 
moved. We dare not trust ourselves to enter upon 
this ; our ink is diluted with our tears. In person he 
was rather tall, and was well proportioned : the cha- 
racter of his features was intelligence and openness; 
the expression of his high forehead and his deep- 
seated eye was very remarkable. We once heard a 
public man, distinguished by his Gwn firmness of 
nerve and feature, say of him, '*The look of Stephen, 
when an|;ry or indignant, is terrific." But of late 
years this animated expression was rarely shewn, 
unless when called into play by the wrongs of the 
unhappy Slave; and then, indeed, would his coun- 
tenance lighten up to a brightness that almost 
startled the by-stander. It was the fierceness of that 
holy anger which sinneth not. On other occasions 
he was gentle to tenderness, and meek even to 
humility. He has entered into that ''rest which 
remaineth for the people of God." 



ECONOMY OP " THE TIMES" OFFICE. 



The following statement is extracted from 
Professor Babbci|;e's late work, on l^he Eco^ 
nomy of Machinery and MamifactureSy — a 
prodaction which, from the vast yariety of 
interesting facts it contains^ the important 
principles deduced from them, and the ner- 
vous and felicitous style in which it is writ- 
ten^ is every >vay worthy of its distinguished 
author. We present it to our readers as aa 
almost extreme illustration of the advantages 
accruing to manufactures, from the app- 
lication of machinery and the division of 
labour. 

" The establishment of TTie Times newspaper is an 
example, on a large scale, of a manufactory inwhlch 
the division of labour, both mental and bodily, is 
admirably illustrated, and in which also the efiect of 
the domestic economy is well exemplified. It is 
scarcely imagined, by the thousands who read that 
paper in various Quarters of the globe, what a scene 
of organized activity the factory presents during the 
whole night, or what a quantity of talent and me* 
chanical skill is put in action for their amusement 
and information. Nearly a hundredpersons are eni« 
ployed in this establishment; and, during the session 
of parliament, at least twelve reporters are con- 
stantly attending the House of Commons and Lords ; 
each in his turn, after about an hour's work, retiring 
to translate into ordinary writing, the speech he has 
just heard and noted in short-hand. In the mean 



the honour of finishing this work. I now ftel con- I time fifty compositon are constantly at work, some 



44 



THE TOURIST. 



of whom have already set up the beginning, whilst 
others are committing to type the yet undried manu- 
script of the continuation of a speech, whose middle 
Eortion is travelling to the office in the pocket of the 
asty reporter, and whose eloquent conclusion is, 
perhaps, at that very moment, ' making the walls of 
St. Stephen's vibrate with the applause of its hearers. 
These congregated types, as fast as they are composed, 
are passed in portions to other hands ; till at last the 
scattered fragments of the debate, forming, when 
united with the ordinary matter, eight-and- forty 
<:olumns, re-appear in regular order on the platform 
of the printing-press. The hand of man is now too 
slow for the demands of his curiosity, but the power 
of steam comes to his assistance. Ink is rapidly sup- 
plied to the moving types, by the most perfect me- 
chanism ;— four attendants incessantly introduce the 
ed^es of large sheets of white paper to the junction 
of two great rollers, which seem to devour them with 
unsated appetite ; — other rollers convey them to the 
type already inked, and having brought them into 
rapid and successive contact, re-deliver them to four 
other assistants, completely printed by the almost 
momentary touch. Thus, in one hour, four thou- 
sand sheets of paper are printed on one side ; and 
an imprcsion of twelve thousand copies, from above 
three hundred thousand moveable pieces of metal, is 
produced for the public in six hours." 



THE TOURIST. 



MONDAY, OCTOBER 22, 1832. 

HutfAX expectations are frequently falsified 
by experience. Many a philosopher has de- 
lighted himself with speculations, which a 
single experiment has been sufficient to dis- 
prove. Before the application of this deci- 
sive test, he may have prided himself on the 
accuracy of his views, — ^have exulted in the 
originality and completeness of his theory. 
JBut no sooner has it been submitted to an in- 
fallible criterion^ than it has been proved de- 
fective and illusory^ — the offspring of conceit 
or of partial knowledge. Such also has 
been the case with literary adventurers. 
Ignorant of their own capabilities and of the 
demands of the public mind^ they have com- 
mitted themselves to undertakings which 
they were incompetent to conduct — they 
have begun to build without counting the 
cost. The discovery of their own unfitness 
is soon made to others, and cannot but ulti- 
mately be forced on themselves. For a time 
they may struggle against the conviction. 
Vanity may suggest many excuses for th^ 
insipidity of their productions^ and hope 
may beguile them with the prospect of 
better things. Various artifices are re- 
sorted to, to compensate their deficiency, 
till at length the neglect into which they 
fall, or the explicit and general condemnation 
which they receive, compels the abandonment 
of their ill-conducted labours. 

It is not for us to say, what our own suc- 
cess has been ; we may, however, be permit- 
ted to remark, that neither neglect nor con- 
demnation has been our lot. Friendly 
strictures, indeed, we have received, and 
thankfully acknowledged. We invite their 
repetition whenever the contents of our co- 
lumns may call for them. He who refuses to 
avail himself of the suggestions of others 
must have a most overweening conceit of 
his own powers. 

We have now proceeded sufficiently far to 
know the nature of our undertaking; we 
have learnt somewhat of its difficulties, and 



have familiarised ourselves with the mode in | 
which it must be conducted. We are ht from 
thinking that perfection has been attained ; 
on the contrary, we are free to acknowledge 
that we have failed to realize our own ex- 
pectations. In the hurry of preparation 
some few articles have been admitted which 
a more rigid censorship should have excluded. 
Those who are practically acquainted with 
this dass of literature, will be aware of the 
difficulty which is sometimes experienced by 
an Editor in selecting from the materials 
with which he is furnished. To reject an 
article is to displease a friend, and to attempt 
by the scissors or the pen to bring it into 
shape, is to hazard the chai^ of presump- 
tion or bad taste. The luckless wight on 
whom the unenviable office of deciding in 
this case devolves, is frequently perplexed 
by his public engagements being opposed to 
the gratification of his private friendship. 
It shall be our honest endeavour for the 
future to do what is right in this case. In- 
stead of aiming, like the old man in the 
fable, to please all, we will keep in view our 
obligations to the public, and the regard 
which is due to our own character. Our 
friends must bear with us, if we occasionally 
reject, or slightly alter their papers; what 
is excellent in itself, and may do credit to a 
work of higher literary pretensions than our 
own, may yet be nnsuited to our pages. 

No pains shall be spared to secure the 
literary respectability of " The Tourist." 
It will be the effort of its conductors to 
combine instruction ^vith entertainment ; to 
secure, by the variety and sterling character 
of its contents ; the improvement, as well as 
the interest of its readers : but while anxious 
to secure the literary character of our publi- 
cation, our solicitude will be directed espe- 
cially to ■ the exclusion of whatever would 
offend the most delicate sense of moral pro- 
priety. Deeply impressed with the impor- 
tance of religion, we shall gladly aid its 
diffusion. To parents of families, and to the 
Ministers of religion, we therefore confi- 
dently appeal for support. 

It is our intention, from time to time, to 
introduce such papers as shall assist in the 
establishment of moral principles, and the 
elucidation of Scripture facts. Cheap edi- 
tions of valuable works will also receive 
early notice, and brief critiques on our most 
popular writers will occasionally be inserted. 
To the cause of humanity and religion, we 
pledge ourselves. There is one subject, 
however, in which we take more than ordi- 
nary interest. Believing the slavery of our 
Colonies to be a monstrous violation of the 
rights of our common nature, inconsistent 
with the principles of our Constitution, and 
repugnant to the spirit and precepts of the 
Christian faith, we shall lose no opportu- 
nity of exposing its enormity, and of thus 
bringing down upon it the indignation of the 
public mind. The aspect of the times calls 
for strenuous exertions on behalf of the 
Negro race ; for their oppressors are now as 
intent on their exclusion from the privileges 
of Christianity^ as from the comforts of 
social life. 



POETRY, 



THE LUTE. By L. E. L. 

Oh I sing again that mournful song, 

That song of other times ! 
The music bears my soul along. 

To other, dearer climes. 

1 love its low and broken tone ; 

The music seems to me 
Like the wild wind when singing lone 

0*er a twilight sea. 

It may not sound so sweet to you ; 

'i*o you it cannot bring 
Hie Tallies where your childhood greW| 

Hie memories of your Spring. 

My father's house, my infancy. 

Rise present to my mind. 
As if I had not crossed the sea. 

Or left my youth behind. 

I heard it, at the evening's close, 

Upon my native shore ; 
It was a favourite song with those 

Whom I shall see no more. 

How many worldly thoughts and cares 

Have melted at the strain I 
Tis fraught with early hopes and prayers — 

Oh, sing that song again. 



[The following sonnet is from the pen of Caroline, 

daughter of Dr. Symmons, the biographer of Milton, 

and was wrtten, as her father testifies, in the middle 

of her twelfth year."] 

ON A BLIGHTED ROSE-BUD, 

Scarce had thy velvet lips imbibed the dew. 
And Nature hail'dthee infant queen of May, 
Scarce saw thine opening bloom the sun's broad ray, 
And to the air its tender fragrance threw. 
When the north wind enamoured of thee grew ; 
And by his cold, rude kiss thy charms decay : 
Now drops thy head, now fadrs thy blushing hue- 
No more the queen of flowers, no longer gay. 
So blooms a maid, her guardians— health and joy — 

Her mind array*d in innocency's vest- 
When suddenly, impatient to destroy. 

Death clasps the virgin to his iron breast. 
She fades — the paren^* sister, friend, deplore 
The charms and budding virtues now no more ! 



THE PRIVILEGES OF SLAVERY! 



On Tliursday evening, the 4th inst. the annual 
meeting of the Cinq Ports Bible Society was held at 
Dover. The various speakers expatiated in an inter- 
esting manner on the inestimable value of the Sacred 
Volume, and on the blessings which were derived to 
societv wherever its divine influence extends. At 
the close of the proceedings, Mr. Baldwin, one of 
the Agency Anti-Slavery Society's Agents, who was 
present, rose, and asked the Chairman's permission 
to make a few observations, which having been 
accorded, Mr. B. said, that during the two preceding 
evenings he had occupied that room, in endeavour- 
ing to shew the duty which devolved upon hit 
audience, as men and as Christians, to demand the 
immediate and utter extinction of that foul disgrace 
to Britain — Colonial Slavbrt. But he doubted 
whether he had addressed to them any argument 
so powerful to that end as was supplied in an 
observation which had that day fallen from the 
representative of the Parent Bible Society (the Rev. 
T. Brooke, of the Established Church,) who, in giving 
a detail of its operations, stated that Bibles had been 
distributed among the Slaves of certain estates 
in the island of Antigua, with the consent of their 
owners/ Now, the Bible was admitted by every 
Christian mind to be an invaluable boon, which 
directed the sinner to a Saviour, and was fraught 
with consolation to the weary and heavy laden, by 
inspiring; a hope full of immortalitjr. Its blessings 
flowed fully and freely to us; its invitation, " O ! 
every one that tbirsteth," was addressed to all, and 
yet the poor enslaved African could only receive it 
by permission of his fellow-mortal and fellow-worm ! 
Mr. B. trusted they would bear this in mind, and 
ceaselessly call for the annihilation of a system which 
was alike a disgrace to England and Christendom. 
A very numerous and respectable auditory cordially 
responded to these appropriate sentiments. 



APHORISMS. 



jR divenity of method, whereor the cofne- 

qucDCe ii grcKt. ii the deliveiv of knowledge in 
sphoriBRii, or methods, wherein we rnmy obwrvc thai 
it hith been too much taken into custom out of a 
few axiom! or ohserrationi upon iiny aubjcct, to 
malie > lolemn and formal art, filling it with some 
discouraeii. and illustrating it with eiamplea, nnd 
digesting itintoa aensible method ; but the writ ins 
in iphoilsms bath many txcellent Tlrtucs, whereto 
tbe writing in method doth not approach. 

For first, it trieth the writer, whether he be m- 
perficial or tolid: tot aphoritms, except the j ihauld 
be ridiculous, einoot he made but'of the pith and 
heart of aciencea ; for discourse of illuitration la 
cutoff; recilais of examples are cutofi'; discourse 
of connexion and order is cut ofT; descriptions of 
practice are cut off; so there remaineth nothing to 
nil the aphorisms but some good quantity of obaei. 
ration; and therefore no man Mn sullice, nor in 

is sound and grounded. But m tnfthoda 
l^tntam Kii« jundunquc poUM, 
l^tum da mHilo HimpUi acEsdit tioDorii ; 
at a man shall make agreat showoFan art, which, if 
it werediijointed.wouldcometolittle. Secondly, me 
thods are more fil to win conaent or belief, but lesi 
fit to point to action; for they carry akind of demon- 
stration in orb orcircle.one part ilium inatin? another, 



« beat agree w 



I, repreienting a knowledge brok 



sstly. 



1 to inquire farther, 

carrying the >hov of a total, do secure 

they were at fattheit. — Lord Bacon. (Advance- 



a temple w 



It of h 



A relision without iti myatcries 
out a God.— ttoBKRl Hall. 

Justice is itaeir the standing cnlicy of all civ 1 
goTernmcnt; and any eminent departUTC from it, 
under any circumstances, jici under tiic suspicion 
of being no policy at all.— Buhrk. 

To equal robbery witli murder, is to reduce mur- 
der to robbery; to confour.d in common minds the 
gradations of iniquity, and incite the commissi'in 
of a greater crime, to prevent the detection of a 
lesa.—Dn. Johnson. 

FoUtenesi la the art of making a selection from 



>e thinks. — Ma Oil 



B »rAEL. 



It often hsjipcna that men who armign rcli;ion 
have first been armigued by it ; and their defiance of 
truth is only a refusal upon conH^iencc. — Bishop 

Christianity is not only alivinfrprinci|ile of virtue 
in good men, but nHords thia further bleasing to 
society, that it restrains the vicci rf the bad ; it in 
a tree of life, whose fruit is immortality, and whose 
very leaves arc for the healing of the .lations.— 



!«.— CaU and 



AtiiTiNRsaor Hiarino iv Amu; 
dogs can hear the movements of I! ,.., . 
credible distances, and that even in the midst of 
noise, which we should have thought would have 
overpowered such effects. Rabbits, when alarmed, 
forcibly strike the earth with their feet, by the tI. 
btation of which they Communicate their appre. 
hensions lo burrowa very remote. As an instance 
of the discriminUing power of Uie car of the ele- 
phant, we may mention a circumstance that oc- 
curred in the memorable conflict of shooting the 
maddened elephant at Exeter 'Change. " After 
the soldiers had discharged thirty balls, he 
stooped and deliberately sunk on his haunches. 
Mr. Heiring, concei»ing that a shot had struck 
him ana vital part, cri«l out. ' He't down, boys; 
he's down '■' and so he was only for a moment. He 
leapt up with renewed vigour, and at least eighty 
baJls were successively diachai^ed at him from dif 
ferent positions before he fell a second time. Pre- 
vious to this he had nearly brought down thn build 
ingof Exetet 'Chaogeby his furious lunges, flying 

the midst of the crash of timber and the hallooi'n;; of 
the assailants, he reci^nised the voice of his ke; oei 
in his usual cry, ' CAuntt Hit — CAuii« biir !' wliLcli 
was bis command to kneel, and the noble beast ac- 
tually knelt, and received a volley of bolls that ter- 
minated his suffering."— (Qatdlnet's Music of Na. 



THE TOtmiST . 

SUPERSTITIONS. 

TuR following anecdotes are recorded in 
the very interesting voyage of Messrs. Bennet 
and TyermsB round the world ; and they 
are worth republishing, as showing the ab- 
surdity and groundlessness of some supersti- 
tioui fears. 

" Our chief mate told us, that on.board a ship 
where he had served, the mate on duty ordered 
aome of the youths to reef the main -top sail. 
When the first got up, he heard a strange voice 
saying," 1 1 blows hard." The lad waited for nomore; 
he was down in a trice, and telling his adventure. A 
second immediately ascended, laughing at the folly 
of his companion, but returned even more quickly, 
declaring that he was qu ite sure that a voice not of 
this world bad cried in hia ear " It blows hard 1" 
Another went, and another, but each came back with 
thosametale. At length thrfmate. havingsenl up the 
whole watch, ran up the shrouds himself, and when he 
reached the haunted spot, heard the dreadful words 
distinctly uttered in bis ears. " It blows bard 1" 
" Aye, aye. old one, but, blow it ever so hard, we 



escaped from some other vessel, but had not preti. 
ousiy been discovered to have taken refuge on thia. ' 
Another of our oSicers mentioned, that on one of 
his voyagci, he remembered a boy having been acnt 
up to clear a rope which had got foul above the 
mizen-top. Presently, however, he returned back, 

declaring 'that he had seen " Old Davy" aft the 
croas-ttees; moreover, that the evil one Lad ■ huge 
head and faae, with piick ears, aadeyea as brlgtit 

sion; toall of whom the apparition glared forth, and 
was identified by each to be " Old Davy." sure 
enough." The mate, in a rage, at length mouDted 
himaelf, when resolutely, as in the former case, 
searching for the bugbear, he soon ascertained the 
innocent cause of so much terror to be a large homed 
owl, so lodged as to be out of sight lo those who as- 
cended on the other side the vessel, butwhich, when 
anyone approached the cross trees, popped uu bis por- 
tentous visage to see what was coming. The mate 
brought him down in triumph, and " Old Davy," 
the owl, became a very peaceable ihip-mate among 
the crew, who were no longer scared by hia horns 
r.ndeyes; for sailors turn their backs on nothing 
when they know what itis. Had the birds, in these 
two instances, departed as secretly as they came, of 
course they would have been deemed supernatural 
respective ships, by all who had 



d the ( 



•.n the ol 



THE FIRE-WORSHIPPEBS. 



Thb above is a representation of one of the 
religion! rites of the Persees, or Firs-wnr- 
shippers. This singular tribe were andeutly 
inhabitant* of Pema, from which tliey were 
driven by an inradon of the Amba, and 
gives settled in Bombay, and in tome of the 
southern parti of Hiadoostan. Niebtihr, in 
bis Travels, describes them as a very quiet, 
amiable, and hospitable nice of people, and 
gives much interesting Information respectinf; 
the peculiar customs and religious notions and 
ceremonies by which they are distinguished. 
They profess themselves followers of the reli- 
gion of Zerdust or Zoroaster, and like him, 
acknowledge one God only as eternal and al- 
mighty. Theypey, however, a certain worship 
to the sun, the moon, the stars, andto fire, as 
visible images or symbols of the invisible Di- 
vinity. This veneration for the element of 



fire indnces them to keep a sacred fire con- 
stantly burning, which they feed with odori- 
feroiu wood, both in their templet and in the 
private houses of such persona as possess suf* 
fictent wealth to afford this expense. In 
one of their temples at Bombay, Niehnbr 
asserts that he saw a lire which had burnt 
unextinguished for two centnriei ; and so 
je«lou* are they of the sancdtv of fire, that 
they never even blow out q lig^t, lest their 
breath soilthe purity of the flame. As well as 
paying the honour of worship to the heavenly 
bodies, they firmly believe in the influence 
which they exert on the destinies of this 
world, and the lives of individuals, although 
tbey are for the most part in entire ignorance 
of those &cts and theories respecting them 
which modem science has unfolded- 



4S 



THE TOmtlST. 



TITLE TO SLAVE PROPERTY. 



(From the fFatchman, Aug. 6, 1831.) 
'' At a meeting of the Freeholaers and other 
inhabitants of the pamh of St. Thomas in 
the Vale^ Jamaica^ held at the Court Hoose^ 
on the 90th ult. It was resolved : 

'^Ist. That the property we hold in Slaves 
in this Island has been lawfully acquired, 
under the authority of the laws of the United 
Kingdom, and that it ought to be held as 
sacred as any other description of property 
belonging to his Majesty's subjects. 

** 3d. That it has ever been the pride and 
boast of the British constitution that no in- 
dividual, however humble, can be deprived 
of his property without full and ample com- 
pensation. If, therefore, we are compelled 
to part with ours, we claim the right of being 
paid the worth of our lands, buildings, slaves, 
and other plantation property, not according 
to their {wesent value, but the amount of 
what they would have been soM for before 
they were deteriorated by the aiH» and mis- 
representationsof this party:" (mieaning those 
who are pleading for the freedom of the 
Slaves.) 

It is rather strange that the freeholders of 
St. Thomas in the Vale did not perceive 
that by the b»t of these resohiticms, they not 
only declare thdr slaves entitled to their li- 
bertv, but also to full compensation for the 
whole of their unpaid labour, which has here- 
tofore been am>lied solely to their masters' 
benefit. Shenld this resolution be enforced, 
the whflde wealth of the Indies would not 
be sttiBcneBt to r^M^ the injured Africans and 
their deseeadauts. the heavy arrears dde to 
them. But wheijever these ''/humble indi- 
viduals" attempt to recover die property of 
their own bodies, and to retain their own 
labour for thoir own benefit, they are »ur. 
dered with the most unchristian barbadiy. 

If we examine into the title of the 
'* Freeholders" to their '* Slav^," we ^all 
find it to be tlie very worst that can bt. 
Volumes mi^t be, and^-iisaeed are, filled 
with accounts of tfao'ill^al and barbarous 
manner in which this property was first 
produced : an extract mm John Wesley's 
'* Thoughts on Slavery," will answer our 
present purpose :-^ 

** In what manner are tbey procured ? Part 
of them by fraud. Captains of ships from 
time to time, invited Negroes to come on board, 
and then carried tbem away. But far more 
have been procured by force. The Christians 
landing upon their coasts, seized as many as 
tbey found, men, women, and children, and 
transported them to America. It was about 
1551, that the English hei^an trading to Guinea : 
at first, for gold and elephant's teeth, but soon 
after, for men. In 1556, Sir John Hawkins 
sailed with two ships to Cape Verd, where he 
sent eighty men on shore to catch Negroes. 
But the natives fiying, they fell f4rther down, 
and there set the men on shore, 'to burn their 
towns and take the inhabitants.' But they 
met with such resistance, that they had seven 
men killed, and took but ten Negroes. So they 
went still fartlier down, till liaving taken 
enough, they proceeded to the flTest Indies and 
sold them. 

•' It was sometime before the Europeans 
found a more compendious way of procuring 



African Slaves, by prevailing upon them to 
make war upon each other, and to sell their 
prisoners. l*ill then they seldom had any wars : 
but \Vere in general quiet and peaceable. But 
the white men first taught them drunkenness 
and avarice, and then hired them to sell one 
another. Nay, by this means, even their 
Kings are induced to sell their own subjects. 
So Mr. Moore, Factor of the African Company 
in 1730, informs us : * When the King of Bar- 
salH wants goods or brandy, he sends to the 
English Governor at James' Fort, who imme- 
diately sends a sloop. Against the time it 
arrives, he plunders some of his neighbours' 
towns, selling the people fir the goods he wants. 
At other times he falls upon one of his own 
towns, and makes bold to sell his own subjects.' 
So M. Brue says, « I wrote to the King (not 
the same) if he had a sufficient number of 
slaves I would treat with him. He seized 
three hundred of his own people, and sent 
word, he was ready to deliver them for goods.' 
He adds, *Some of the natives are always 
ready, when well paid, to surprise and carry 
off their own countrymen. They come at 
night without noise, and if they find any lone 
cottage, surround it and carry off all the people.' 
Barbot (another French Factor) says, * Many 
of the Slaves sold by the Negroes are prisoners 
of war^ or taken in the incursions they make 
into tlieir enemy's territories. Others are 
stolen. Abundance of little blacks of both 
sexes, are stolen away by their neighbours, 
when found abroa^l en the road, or in the woods, 
or else in the corn-fields, at the time of year 
wkieu tlh'ir parents keep them there all the day 
to scare away the devouringbirdsh' That tliei'r 
own parents sell theiu, is utterly' false: whites, 
not blacks, are without natural affection ! 

"To 8ft the manner wherein Nejjroes i>rS 
procured in a yet stronger light, it will suffice 
to give an extract of* two voyages to Guinea on 
this account The first is taken veH>Htim from 
the original manuscript of the Surgeon's 
Journal. 

" ' SsSTBo,l>ec. 29, 1724.--No trade to-day, 
though many traders came on lioard. They in- 
formed us, that the people are gone to war 
within land, and will bring prisoners enou{(h in 
two or three days; in hopes of which we stay. 

<( 'The 30th.--No trade yet; but our traders 
came onboard to-day, and iulbrn>ed us the peo- 
ple had burnt four towns : so tluit to*morrow 
we expect slaves oflf. 

««'The3ist. — Fair weatber, but no trading 
yet. We see each night towns bttmin^. But 
we bear many of the Sestro men are killed by 
the inland Negroes : so that we fear this war 
will be unsuccessful. 

<« «The 2d of January.—Last night, we saw 
a prodigious fire breakout about eleven o'clock, 
and this morning see the town of Sestro burnt 
down to the ground ; it contained some hundred 
houses. So that we find their enemies are too 
hard for them at present, and consequently our 
trade spoiled here. Therefore about seven 
o'clock we weighed anchor, to proceed lower 
down." 

<' The second extract taken from the 
Journal of a Surgeon, who went from New 
York on the same trade, is as follows : * The 
Commander of the vessel sent to acquaint the 
King, that he wanted a caigo of slaves. The 
Kinsf promised to furnish him, and in order to 
do it, set out, designing to surprise some town, 
and make all the people prisoners. Some time 
after, the King sent him word, he bad not yet 
met with the aesired snccess^ having attempted 
to break up two. towns, but having oeen twice 
repulsed : but that he still hoped to procure the 
number of Slaves. In this design he persisted, 
till he met his enemies in the field ; a battle was 



fought, which lasted three days, and the en- 
gragement was so bloody, tliat four thousand five 
hundred men were slain-upon the spot.' 

«* Such is the manner wherein the Negroes 
are procured ! Thus the Christians preach the 
Gospel to the Heathens !" 

I know it will be said, that however bad 
the original title might have been, it has 
become good by lapse of time and the law of 
the land. But no length of time can justify 
irobbery and murder^ and no English law can 
{ibr<^te the Divine law : '* He that stealeth 
a man and selleth him, or if he be found in 
his hands, he sfiall surely be put to death/* 

Even though the statutes of England may 
be adduced to justify the Slave-trade> they 
cannot be brought to justify the present 
system of Slavery, or the reducing the chil- 
dren of the victims of the Slave-trade to 

bondage. 

■II. ■ I 1 1 — p— — I ■» I 

THE HYDROSTATIC BED FOR 
INVALIDS. 

The learned and ingenious author of the '' Ele- 
ments of Physics," has recently given to the 
world one of those inventions, which show tlie 
beneficial power of science in alleviating the 
suffering's of humanity. It is a bed, of which 
the gulfstratum is water, and which, in conse- 
quence of the peculiar properties of that element, 
can support the most delicate invalid without 
sensible inequality of pressure. The idea oc- 
curred to Dr. Arnott, in endeavouring to miti* 
gate the sufferings of a lady who, after a pre- 
mature confinement, passed throu<>:h a com- 
bination and succession of low 'fever, jaiiii- 
itice, and pklegmatia dolens of one Ic^. 
lln her state of extrt^me depression and 
debility, she rested too long in one pos- 
ture, and the parts of the body on which she 

, hati rested all suffered — a slough formed on the 
facrum/ anotlicr on the heel, and in the left hip, 
on which she had lain, much inflammation 
began, which termined in abscess. Mr. Karle's 
bed for invalids, with air pillows, was tried 
without success, and her life was considered in 
•imminent danger. It was then the hydrostatic 

J bed was first constructed, of which we give ihe 
following account in the words of the inventor: 
<' A trough of convenient length and breadth 
and a foot deep, was lined with metal to make 
it water-tight ; it was about half tilled with 
water, and over it was thrown a sheet of the 
India-rubber cloth, as large as would be acoin- 
.plete lining to it if empty. Of this sheet the 
edges, touched with varnish, to prevent the 
water creeping round by capillary attraction, 
were afterwards secured in a water-tight man- 
ner, all round to the upper border or top of 
the trough, shutting in the water as closely us 
if it had been in bottles, the only entrance left 
being through an openins^ at one corner, which 
could be pertectly closed. Upon this expanded 
dry sheet, a suitable mattrass was laid, and con« 
stituted a bed ready to receive its pillow and bed- 
clothes, and not distinguishable from a common 
bed, but by its most surpassing softness or 
yielding. The bed was carried to the patients 
house, and she was laid upon it; she was in- 
stantly relieved in a remarkable degree — 
sweet sleep came to her ; she awoke refreshed ; 
she passed the next night nmch belter thau 
usual ; and on the following day IVIr. Earle 
found that all the sures had assumed a healthy 
appearance ; the healing from that time went 
on rapidly, and no new sloughs were formed. 
Dr. Arnott claims no property in the invention. 
He gives permission to any person to construct 

ithe bed, and wishes the invention to be gene- 
rally known for the benefit of humanity. 



THE^TOUHWr. 



CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN 

SIR ISAAC NEWTON ANBMR. LOCKE. 

Nbvton and Locke were equally eminent 
in their respective departi 
They may properly be termed the fathers of 
OUT physical and mental philosopLy. Their 
reputation has survired to the present day, 
and is founded on too permanent a basin to 
bti materially affected by any of the changes 
to which human opinitm ia incident. Their 

firirate chanieters were as pure as their phi 
DSophy IB profound. Living at the same 
period, and addreaaii^ themBeiTes to men of 
the same country, they were free from the 
littleness of envy, and rejwced in each other'i 
siKcess. On tine occBsicw, however, Newton, 
to use his own &miliar but expressive lan- 
guage, entertained hard Ihongkls of Locke. 
Displeased with some of the (pinions ex- 
pressed in the Essay on the Human Under- 
tUmding, he affirmed that they struck at 
the root of all morality, and that he rmirded 
their author as a Hobbitt. His upright and 
benevolent mind soon repented of these rash 
statements, when he addresaed the following 
remarkable letter to Locke ; 

" Sir : Being of opinion that 70a endeavoured to 

embroil mc with women, and by other mMnt, I vts 
BO much affected with it, a< that when one told me 
you were atckly md would not live, I aniwered, 
'tweie better if you were dead- I de«lre you to for- 
f;ive me thii uncharitableneis ; for I am now utis- 
fied that what you have done i* just, and I b^ your 
piu-don for my having hard thought! of you far it, 
and for repreienting that you struck at the root of 
mornlity, in a principle jou laid in your hook of 
ideas, and deelgned to puraue in another hook, and 
that I toot you for a Hobbiit. 1 beg your pardon 
alto for saying or thinking that there was ■ deaign 
to sell me an office, or to embroil me.— I am your 
most humble and unfortunate Krvant, 

" Is. NawTON." 
'-'At the Bull. In Shoreditcli, London, 
Sept. I6th, 1633." 

To this letter Locke returned thq follow- 
ing answer, so nobly distingnished by philo- 
sophical magnanimity and Christian charity : 

" Oatei. Oct. Sth, 1693. ■ 
" Sir: I havebeon, eversiore 1 firit knew vou,>a 
entirely and sincerely your friend, and thougnt you 
so much mine, that I cnuld not have believed what' 
you tell me of yourself, bad I had it from anybody 
rise. And, thought cannot but be mightily troubled 
that you ahould have had so muiy wrong and unjust 
thoughts of me, yet next to the return of good 
ofncei, such as from a aincere good will I have ever 
done you, I receive your acknowledment of ihe con- 
trary as the kindest thing you have ever done me, 
since it gives me hopes I have not lost a friend 1 so 
much valued. After what your letter eiprcises, I 
shall not need to say anjlhlng to justify myself to 
you. 1 shall always think your own reflection on 
my carriage, both to you and all mankind will suf- 
ficiently do that. Instead of that, give me leave 



and lully, that I wish for nothing more than . 

opportunity to convince you that I Iruly love and 
esteem you, and that I have the same good will for 
you as if nothing of this had happened. To con- 
Arm thia to you more fully, t shall be ^ad to meet; 
JOU anywhere, and the rather, because the conclu-. 
lion of your letter makes roe apprehend it would 
not be wholly uaeJeai to you. But whether you 
tiiink it fit or not, 1 leave wholly to you. 1 ahali; 
always be ready to aerve yon to my utmost, in «ny 
way you shall like, and shall only need your com- 
mands or per mi II ion to do it. 
" My bouk Ir going to prentbr a second edition j 
nd, though I can answer for thcdeiigQ with which: 



I placea tJKt gave occasiooto that cenMure, that, by 
explaining myself better, I may avoid being mis- 
taken by others, or unawares doing the least pre- 
judice to truth or virtue. I am sure you are so 
much a friend to them both, that, were you none to 
me, 1 coQld expect thia from you. But 1 cannot 
doubt but you would do a great deal more than this 
for my sake, who, altar all, have all the concern of 
a friend for you, wish you ettremely well, and am, 
without compliment, sc." 

Tbedraftof this letter is indorsed "J. L. 
to L Newton;" and the following ia Uie 
reply of the latter : 

" Sir : The last winter, by sleeping too often by 
my Ore, I cot an ill habit of sleeping: and a dis- 
temper, which (his summer basbeeo epidemical, put 



me farther out of oidm, SIX that when 1 wrote to you 
I had [tot slept an hour a night for a fortni^t to^ 
gether, and for five days tofittber not a wlok. I 
remember I wrote to you, but what 1 aald of your 
book I remember not. If you pleue to send me 
atranscriptofOatpaiaage, I wUl give you an ac- 
count of it if lean.— I am your must humble ser- 
vant, "li.NawioN." 
"Cambridge, Oct. 5, 1693." 
It would be well for the hvppiness of 
society if the spirit of these estJmaUe men 
'generall^revailed. To acknowledge a ftnit 
is to evidence a virtuoos and noUe mind, 
to promote d>e harmony of social life, tod to 
perpetuate our own b^ joys. 



TREATMENT OF SLAVES WHILE MOLEINO IN TOE SUGAR PLANTATIONS. 



Whbn employed in the labonr of tne field, 
aa for example in holeing a cane-piece, i, e. 
in turning up the ground into parallel trenches 
for the reception dT the cane-plants, the slaves 
of both sexes, from twenty perhaps to four- 
score in number, are drawn out in a line, 
like troop* on parade, each with a hoe in his 
or her hand ; and close to them in the rear is 
stationed a driver, or drivers, in number duly 
proportioned to that of the gang. Each of 
the drivers, who are always the most vigor- 
ous and active negroes on the estate, has in 
bis band, or coiled round his neck, from 
which by extending the handle it can be dis- 
engaged in a moment, a long thick and 
strongly pUited whip, called a cart-whip ; 
the report of which is as loud, and the lash 
as severe, aa those of the wbips in common 
uae with our waffgoners; and which he has 
authority to apply at the instant when his 
eye perceives an occasion, without any pre- 
vious warning. Thus disposed, their work 
b^ns, and cmtinues without interruption 
for a certain number of hotira, during which 
at the peril of the drivers an adequate por- 
tion of land must be boled. 

Aa the trenches are generally rectilinear, 
and the whole line of holers advances 
together, it is necessary tiiat every hole or 
section of the trench should be finished in 
equal time with the rest ; and if any one or 
more negroes were allowed to throw the hoe 
rith less n^)idity or ene^ than their com- 
panions in other parts of the line, it is obvious 
that the work of the latter must be sus- 
pended, ix else such part of tlie trench aa is 
passed over by the former will be more im- 
perfectly formed than the rest. It is, there- 
fore, the business of the drivers not only to 
n^ fiinvard the whole png witii suffi- 
cient >p«ad, but Mdnloiuly to wttdi tbat all 



in the line, whether male or female, old or 
yonng, strong or feeble, work as nearly as 
possible ill equal time, and with equal effect. 
The tardy stroke must be quickened, and the 
languid invigorated, and the whole line made 
to dress, in the military phrase, as it ad- 
vances : No breathing time, no resting on 
the hoe, no pause of langour, to be repaid 
by brisker exertion on return to work, con 
be allowed to individuals. All must work or 
pause Ke^ika.— Stephen's Crisis. 



Ms*TH0ASTKD btCoal G.la.-A patent apparatna 
IS in operation at the Gas Offlce jn Old iquare 
odongmg to the Birmiogbam and Tipton Gas 
ComMny, for the purpose of applying gas to culinary 
ana other use) in manufactorlei, instead of coal ore 
This novel desideratum in science will aupply ns 
with combustion inthe most convenient form aathe 
required temperature may be regulated by thermo 
metric admeaauremeot, and the consumption of gas 
limited to the duration of time the proceu ia in 
action,— (Nottingham Review,) 

Answer to thb Chaluhqs or a Dukluw.— I 
have two objections to this matter ; the one is leit 1 
should hurt you, and the other is, lest you should 

'"'f' t";, . .1° ""^"^ '"'' P*^ '* ■"""" ''o m=. to 
put a bullet through any part of your body. Icould 
make no use of you when dead, for any culinajT 

Sirpose, as I could a rabbit, or a turkey : I am no 
annlbal, to feed on the Besh of man. Why, then, 
sfaotX a human creature, of which I could make no 
uteT AbotTalo wouU be better meal, tor though 
your flesh might be delicate and tender, yet it wants 
that flrmnesa and consistency which takes and re- 
talnasalt. Yoo might make a good barbecue it is 
trae, being of ttie nature of a racoon, or an opos- 
sum ! but people are not in the habit of bsrbecuiM 
any thine human now. As to your hide, it is not 
worth taking off, beiD|]ittie beOer than that of 

ITtfi- -'" 

hensions you mrgfal 



old c(dl. As to myself, I don't like much to .uum 
in the way of anvtbing harmful.! am under appre- 
hensions you might hit me: that being the case I 
think it most advisable to stay at a distance. If you 
want to try your pistols, take some object, a tree 
ora bam door, about my dimensions. If you hit 
tbit sendmeword, and 1 shall aaknowledge, tbat 
if I hadbeenln theaamefdace, you might also have 
hit me.— (American PapuO 




THE TOURIST. 



NATUKE. 

In a state of nature no race of animals is 
unhappy ; they are all adapted to the mode 
of life which Ood has ordained them to lead ; 
atid tlieir chief enjoyment consists in pursu- 
ing their natural habits^ whatever these may 
be. The woodpecker j while boring a tree, 
and clinging to it for hours by its scandent 
feet, is just as happy as the eagle is when 
perched upon the mountain cliff, or pouncing 
on its quarry from the clouds. Neither 
could lesbd the life of the other, but each is 
happy in the state which has been assigned 
to it ; and this is observable throughout all 
nature. A rat, which burrows in a ditch, 
is as happy as it could desire, so long as it 
can find garbage sufficient to feed on ; and a 
heron, immoveablj fixed watching for the 
approach of small oshes and frogs, has, there 
can be little doubt, as much pleasure as any 
lover of the angle can enjoy while wearing 
out the summer day in marking his light 
float, and waiting, in mute expectation, the 
wished-for Wte. We generally, I believe, 
connect rapidity or slowness of motion with 
the ideas we form of an animal's happiness. If, 
like the tortoise, it move with slowand mea* 
sured steps, we pityordespise,as the mood may 
be,itsmelancholy, sluggish condition; and the 
poor persecuted toad has, probably, incurred 
as much of the odium so unjustly attached to 
it, by its inactivity, as by the supposed 
loathsomeness of its appearance. On the 
other hand, enjoyment seems always to be 
the concomitant of celerity of motion. A 
fly, dancing in the air, seems more happy 
than the spider lurking in his den ; and the 
lark, singing at " heaven's gate," to possess a 
more joyous existence than the snail, which 
creeps almost imperceptibly upon a leaf, or 
the mole, which passes the hours of bright- 
ness and sunshine in his dark caverns under- 
ground. But these and all other animals are 
happy, each in iU own way; and the habito 
of one, constituted as the creatures are, could 
form no source of felicity to another, but the 
very reverse. Though activity may stimu- 
late Uie appearance of superior enjoyment, 
we may conceive, tliat where it is excessive, 
the animal in whicli it is so demonstrated 
must suffer much irom fatigue. This would 
be another mistake, in so far as relates to 
animals in a state of nature. The worksof God 
are all perfect in their kind ; but if an ani- 
mal were formed to lead a life of almost per- 
petual motion, and that motion were accom- 
panied or followed by fatigue, the work 
would be imperfect : take the swallow as an 
example; it is constantly on the wing except 
at night. From the early morning to the 
downgoing of the sun, it is for ever dashing 
through the air with the rapidity of an arrow, 
but neither morning nor evening does it ever 
sliow one symptom of weariness ; it has a 
mag which never tires ; and at night it be- 
takes itself to repose, not worn out by the 
fetigues of the day, but prepared for sleep 
after what is t o it a wholesome exercise. 

Gibbon compares the difl'usion of letters to the 
hrnkinaup of a golden image, which ceasing to 
exist as a worlc o« art, circulates in the more useful 
shape of coin» extending wejJth and industry among 
aU classes. 



ANECDOTE OP NAPOLEON. 



The following anecdote shews that Napo- 
leon possessed a heart, amenable to humane 
feelings : — 

'*l'here was a gentleness and even softness in 
his character. He was affected when he rode over 
the fields of battle,whicb his amhition had strew- 
ed with the dying" and the dead, and seemed not 
only desirous to relieve the victims — issuing for 
that purpose directions which too often could 
not be obeyeil — 'but shewed himself subject to 
the influence of that more acute and imagina- 
tive species of sympathy, which is termed sen- 
sibility. 'J he following circumstance indicates 
a deep sense of feeling. As he passed over a 
field of battle in Italy, with some of bis generals, 
he saw a houseless dog lying on the body of his 
slain master. The creature came towards them, 
then returned to the dead body, moaned over it 
pitifully, and seemed to ask them assistance. 
" Whether it were the feeling of the moment,*' 
continued Napoleon, " the scene, the hour, or 
the circumstance itself, I was never so affected 
by any thing which I have seen upon a field of 
battle. That man, I thought, has perhaps had 
a house, friends, comrades, and here he lies de- 
serted by every one but his dog. How myste- 
rious are the impressions to which we are sub- 
ject! 1 was in the habit, without emotion, of 
ordering battles, which must decide the fate of 
a campaign ; and could look with a dry eye on 
the execution of manoeuvres which must be at- 
tended with much loss, and here 1 was moved 
— nay, painfully affected, by theories and grief 
of a dog. It is certain that at that moment, 1 
should have been more acci*ssible to a suppliant 
enemy i and could better understand the conduct 
of Achilles, in restorin^if the body of Hector to 
the tears of Priam." — (Sir Walter Sco'.t's Life of 
Napoleon.) 



I EDITOR'S BOX. 

«• FUt JiutflUraat oortum.'* 
TO THF BOITOR OF THK TOURIST. 

Sir : Yeu will oblige a Constant Reader, by in- 
forming your friends that Lectures on Colonial 
Slavery will be delivered by the Rev. T. PRiciSf at 
Devonshire-square, London, on Wednesday and 
Friday evening next, the 24th and 26th. To com- 
mence at seven o'clock precisely. Yours, 

Alpha. 



A venerable American Judge relates the following 
revolutionary anecdote :— " The niornlne following 
the battle at York Town, 1 had the curiosity to at- 
tend the dressing ot the wounded ; and among others, 
whose limbs were so much injured as to require am> 
nutation, was a musician, who had received a mus* 
ket ball in his knee. As was usual in such cases, 
preparations were made to lash him down to the 
table, to prevent the possibility of his moving. 
Says the sufferer, ' Now, Doctor, what would you 
be at V — * My lad, I'm going to take oflf your leg ; 
and it is necessary you should be lashed down.' I 
shall consent to no such thing; you may pluck my 
heart from my bosom, but you'll not confine mc : 
is there a fiddle in the tent? if so, brin^ it to me. 
A violin was furnished, and after tuning it, he said, 
' Now, Doctor, begin ;' and he continued to play 
until the operation, which took about forty minutes, 
was completed, without missing a note, or moving 
a muscle.'* 

HiAT. — We know nothing of the nature or cause 
of heat; some suppose that it is a peculiar fluid, 
which has been termed "caloric," and certainly 
there are many phenomena in favour of the exist- 
ence of this fluid. Others have described the phe- 
nomena mentioned, to be a vibratory moiton of the 
particles of matter, and that the sensible heat or 
temperature would increase with the velocity of the 
vibrations, and that increase of capacity for heat 
would be produced by the motion being performed 
in greater space. Upon another hypothesis, tempe* 
ratur^ is referred to the quantity of caloric present, 
and the loss of temperature, which happens when 
bodies change their state, viz., in liquifaction, 
depends upon the chemical combination of caloric 
with the solid, and in the case of conversion into the 
gaseous state with the liquid. Of the nature or 
cause of heat, however, we know nothing. — (Brande's 
Lectures.) ^ 

Samuel Cox, the counsel, walking by the sea*side, 
as if absorbed in deep contemplation, was questioned 
about what he was musing on. He replied, '^ 1 was 
wondering that such an almost infinite and un- 
wieldly ekm^t sboald produce a sprat." 



A HoRSB WITH ONE Fault. — Sergeant Bond re- 
lated the following anecdote of himself with great 
good humour: — '* I once bought a horse from a 
horse-dealer, warranted sound in all his points. I 
thought I had got a treasure, but atiU wished to find 
out if he had txty fault. I, therefore, when I had 
paid for him, said to the seller, * Now, my ftriend. 
you have got your money, and 1 the horse, so that 
the bargain is closed ; but do, like an honest fellow, 
tell me fairly of any fault which he has.* 'Wby» 
sir,' says he, ' you have dealt with me like a gentle- 
man, and, as you ask mc to be frank with you, I 
must tell you that the horse has one fault' I pricked 
up my ears. ' What is it, my friend f ' Why, sir/ 
says he, ' it is that he will not go into the yard of the 
Crown Inn at Uxbridge.' * Pooh, pooh,' said I, * if 
that's all, I am not likelv to put him to the trial, as 
I have nothing to do with, or to lead me to Uxbridge.' 
It, however, so happened, that I had occasion to go 
to Uxbrid^, and I determined to try if my horse 
retained his dislike to the yard of the Crown Inn. I 
accordingly rode up the street until I came opposite 
to the inn yard of the Crown. ' I faced about,' said 
the Sergeant, ' seated myself firmly in my stirrups,* 
at the same time exhibiting the attitude in which 
the feat was to be performed. Expecting a plunge 
from my horse, I struck my spurs into his sides, and 
pushed him forward into the yard; but what was 
my surprise to find him enter the yard as quietly as 
a cow that had just gone in before him. But I was 
not long left in doubt of what appeared to be the 
cause of this change in his antipathies, by the land- 
lord's coming up to him, and tapping him on the 
shoulder, 'Ha, Jack!' says he, *I am glad to see 
you again ; I thought i had lost you !* ' What do 
you mean, Mr. Landlord?' 'Sir,' says he, 'this 
horse was stolen from me about six months ago, and 
I have never seen him since.' ' I did not much relish 
this piece of information,' said the Sergeant, 'but I 
could not help laughing at the conceit of the horse- 
dealer, to prevent me from going to a place where 
his theft would be discovered; I wished I had 
attended to his caution, as the sale was not regular, 
and I wai left to make the best terms I could with 
the landlord." What they were he kept to himself. 
— (Fraser's Magazine.) 



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O R 



jyr uKAii SONG 

The Weather Glass ^T^^S!JtS^^tbSL,\ % 

lis a sweet thmg to7 .... .,,^ 

while away ..^,,^.,..3 ••••••*"«« ••...M.»..dltto...... i fi 

The Nightingale .....-....^.^..dltto ...... 



S. 



^^ ^ a?»__~ ^ "" '" — — w_ w VB w« wwvMmI wlA^a 

1 ne owan .......................^..ditto ■T».m».,,iditto„ 

..ditto .MM...M.wdittO.M 



6 
6 
6 



Then of goodnfess, 0\ ..^^ ._ . , 

never delay the hour 3 ••^••"'^w •••^MMMMditto...... 1 6 

??ll ^Sf^JJ?^ Mingrel......ditto ditto...... I 

O the ^e that's tarlght.M^.dltto...;^.«.ditto...... 1 

The pure Heart's cheer.l .,„^ .,^^ 

fUf smlle.......,...,...^. j ..^.«tto .....M.....ditto. 

Ihe Sjmsltlvc l»lant . .....ditto ..^.. ditto. 1 

My pretty Anne, good night ..uUtto ......ditto...... I 



6 




1 6 

6 
6 
6 



fiofch^lSSui^ <^httd and GoUaid (late Clamenti and Co.). 



^^}S^. !?^ Published by J. Cuisp, at No. 13, 
Wellington-street, Strand, where all Advertise- 
menU and Communications for the Editor are 
to be tddrtiMd* 



THE TOtttlST; 

OR, 



" Utilb dclci." — Horace. 



Vou l^No. 7. 



MONDAY, OCTOBER 29, 1882. 



Pbicc Oke Pbrny. 



TH£ BEE-HIVE. 



Here their dettdMU tuk the fcrrCDt b«et. 
In iwirming mUlloD*, tend ; uound, ithvart. 
Through the lolt air, the bu>r nitioni By, 
Clincto the bud. lad «hb mMtted tube 



Suck iu port ««Mncc, tti atherul muI ; 

1 irllh bolder iring th«r souing di 

ir where the wild thyn 



And on wlih bolder wing th«r 

- ptlrple^'-" "-" 

IjcUbw 



Andjcl 
Thbu 



Imd ttwiu with the loKioin ipoil. 
Thomwh. 
tppean to be an almoBt instinctive 



tendency in the hmnaa mind to attach itself 
to any clan of beine with wfaotn any of ita 
ittributp* are shared; and that in proportion 
to the importance of the faculties held in 
cotntnoiij and to the degree of development 
in which they areobaemd. It ii not, there- 
fan, taifrmaf^ that the bee sboold always 
have been an opject of cnriontr and intereat. 
Perhaps there is no animal in its vidnity in 
the sa^e of beinfp wb^i:h exhibits to many of 
the better featuivs of tbe human cluracter, 
with ao few of its defects ; and bence it baa 
in all ages b^ adopted by moraliata and 
poeta, aa «ne of tbe moat appropriate em- 
blema tbey t^ld select to pdnt the pro- 
▼erba and &bles of the taw. or to embellisb 
the deacripdixis of t^e, otter. Indeed, the 
whole circle of animated jiatnre affords but 
few 11)0^ di»3^Te eytdencea of the wisdom; 
and benevdm<;e of tbe <!7reator, t^an ^nay 
be obaerrd in the eoODOiny o^ the bee-hive, i 
•&m otntrrv iriU mwmIt kavir iriiieh to 



admire most, the wonderful adaptation of 
these inaecta to the circnnutances in which 
they are placed, or the unity, industry, 
loyalty, and domestic and political sagacity 
wnioh diatinguiah their little commrawealtba. 
It would be utterly impossible within sncb 
limits aa ours, to give any regular detail 
either of the structure or babits of bees ; and 
we will therefore content ourselves with 
extracting from the wrltinga of the moat 
ingenious end laborious entomologists some 
anecdotes rejecting them. The following 
amusing instance of their sagacity in the 
ventilation of tbe hive in given by Messrs. 
Kirby and Spence, in their Introauction to 
Entomology. 

" In trcKting or the virlaitt emiilormentt ofbeei,! 
muat not omit to mention one of the greiteat im- 
portance to them — the venCilition or their abode, 
when you consider the numbera csntaincd in lo 
conOned. a >pace, the high lenperatuie to which its 
■tmoiphere ia rained, and the imaJl aperture at 
which the air principally enteri. you will readily 
concei*e how aoon it must be rendered unfit for re- 
spinkUoD, and be convinced tbatthere musCbeiome 
mean* of conitantly renewing it. If you think that 
the ventilation takes place, as in our apartments, by 
natural mesu!, resulting from the mrefacUon of the 
alriby the heat of the hive, and the coniequent es- 
tablithment of an interior and exieriat current — a 
simple experiment will satisfy you that thla cannot 
he. 'nike a vessel of the »lie ui ■ bee-hiTC, with a, 
similar or even •onewbat larser apertnrc, iatroduea' 
a Ufhttd taper, w4 H tba tampsntan b* rated 



to more than 140 degreei. It will fo out in a ihort 
time. We must, therefore, admit, as Huber oh- 
serves, that the beei posseat the aatonidiing facultjr 
of attracting the external air, and at the same timCi 
of expelling that which has became corrupted by 
their respiration. 

" What would you say, should 1 tell you that tbe 
bees, upon this occasion, have recourse to the aame 
instrument which ladles uie to cool themselves 
when an apartment is overheated T Yet it is strictly 
the case. By means of their maieins] hooks, they 
unite each pair of wings into oncpFane, slightly con-, 
civc, thus acting upon the air, by a surface nearly 
as large ss possible, and forming for them a pair of 
most ample fans, which in their vibrations describe 
sn arch of 90 degrees. These vihratloni are so 
rapid as to render the wings almost invisible. When 
they are engaged in ventilation, the bees, by means 
of their feet and clans. Si themselves as firmly a* 
possible to the place they stand on. The first pair 
of legs is stretched out before the second, extended 
■ ■■ ■ ;htandle(t; whilst the third, placed very 
perpendicular to the abdomen. 



each othi 



longer or shorter according to eircumitances ; sonn 
have beeji observadlo continue their vibrations for 
nearly half an hour wilhout resting ; susjiending the 
action for not moie than Instant, as it should seem, 
to lake breath. When one retires, another occupies 
its place; «o that in a hive well peopled there la 
never any iDterTuptloD of the humming sound ocn< 
sioned ^ this action." 

The following circumstance, prorii^ the 
mathematical correctness and beauty witji 
which the cells of thtt houey-cunb are eon- 
atmeted, if it doeaaot evince the intelleo- 
toal tad pbiloMphiiisi diancter of these 



60 



THE TOURIST. 



WW 



animals^ exhibits at least an iiistinci ai | 
powerful and accurate as any to be found in 
the whole range of animated natore. 

** Reaumer suspected that, is the bottom of the 
cells had a uniform inclination, this particular di- 
rection was the one which caused the least expendi- 
ture of wax. He therefore aslced Koenig, an able 
analyst, to solve the following question :— Among 
all the hexagonal tubes with pyramidal bases, com- 
posed of three similar and equal rhombs^ to deter- 
mine that which can be constructed with the least 
possible quantity of matter ? Keenig, not at all 
aware of the object which Reaumur had in view 
when he proposed this problem, worked it out, and 
found, — that if three rhombs or lozenges were so 
inclined to each other, that the great angles mea- 
sured 109 » 26', and the little angles 70 « 34', this 
construction would require the least quantity of 
matter. Maraldi measured the angles formed at the 
bottom of a cell, and found that the great angles 
gave 109 ^ 28', the little one 70 = 32/ !— Such an agree- 
ment between the solution and the actual measure- 
ment is, it must be acknowledged, sufficiently sur- 
prising. It is impossible to look at a cell without 
fancying that some profound geometrician had not 
only furnished the general plan, but also assisted in 
its execution. The bees appear, says Reaumur, 
to have had a problem to solve, which would puz- 
zle many a mathematician. ' A quantity of matter 
being given, it is required to form out of it cells 
which shall be equal and similar, and of a deter- 
minate size, but the largest possible with relation to 
the quantity of matter employed, while they shali 
occupy the least possible space.' By making the fof4n 
of thecell hexagonal, the bee has fullyanswered all the 
conditions of the problem : this form occupies the 
least possible space, while its construction consumes 
the least possible quantity of material." 

We have mentioned harmony as one of 
the distioguishing features of this interest- 
ing society. This, howeyer, is occasionally 
interrupted ; and then the fiercest contests 
ensue. The following account of a '' set- 
to " will doubtless be read with intei«st by 
*' the fancy/' if we should happen to number 
any of that fraternity among our readers. 

" On those fine spring days, in which the sun is 
beautiful and warm, duels may often be seen to take 
place between two inhabitants of the same hive. In 
some cases, the quarrel appears tobave begun within, 
and the combatants may be seen coming out of the 
gates eager ' for blows.' Sometimes a bee peaceably 
settled on the outside of the hive, or walking about, 
is rudely ^jostled by another, and then the attack 
commences, each endeavounng to obtain the most 
advantageous position. They turn, pirouette, throttle 
each other'; and such is their bitter earnestness, that 
Reaumur has been enabled to come near enough to 
observe them with a lens without causing a separa- 
tion. After rolling about in the dust, the victor, 
watching the time when its enemy uncovers his body, 
by elongating it, in the attempt to sting, thrusts iu 
weapon between the scales, and the next instani iU 
antajgonist stretches out its quivering wines, and ex- 
pires. A bee cannot be killed so suddenly, except 
by crushing, as by the sting of another bee. Some- 
times the Stronger insect produces the death of the 
vanquished by squeezing its chest. After this feat 
has been done, the victorious bee constantly remains, 
says Reaumur, nearliis victim, standing on his four 
front legs, and rubbing the two posterior ones togs- 
ther. Sometimes the enemy is killed in the hive ; 
then the victor always carries tbe corpse out of the 
city, and leaves it. These combaU arestricUy duels, 
not more than two being concerned in them ; and 
this is even the case when armies of bees meet in 
combat." 

We can only afford room for one ipoie 
anecdote— 4n instance in which their militarj 
prowess was more advantageously employed^ 

"Lesser tells us, that in 1525, dorincthe confusion 
occasioned by a time of war, a mob of peasants, as- 
sembling in Hoherstein, attempted to pillage the 
bouse of the minister of Elende, who bating in vain 
employed all his eloquence to dissuade them from 
their design, ordered his domestics to fetch his bee- 
nives, and throw them into the middkof tbe enfu* 
riated multitude. Tbe effect answered hit cxpecta* 
tions: they were immediatelr put to il|bt, and 
happy were those iwho escaped nnstUQf ." | 



THE SLAVE TRADE AND THE 
MAURITIUS. 



A VALUABM article on this snbject has 
lately appeared in the Christian Advocate^ 
the substance of which we shall transcribe 
into our columns. We are sony that eur 
space prevents our giving the whole paper 
to our readers. 

The case of the Mauritius most not be 
lightly passed over. It is one of those dark 
episodes in the Colonial tragedy that have 
been curiously kept back from the eye of the 
public^ but which speak volumes upon the 
question of Slavery. The ostensible reason 
of hostility to Mr. Jeremie was, his publica« 
tion of certain Essays on Colonial Slavery ; 
but the real motive lies much deeper ; and, 
to explain it, we must recur a little to facts, 
which, as we have already observed, but a 
scanty portion of the public ever knew, and 
that portion seems to have forgotten. 

The Mauritius was captured in 1810; 
and, from that period to 1823, was prin- 
cipally under the government of Sir Robert 
Farquhar. Generals Hall, Dalrymple, and 
Darlinff, were successively appomted; and 
each hdd the government for a few months. 
During this long period of nearly thirteen 
years, the Slave-titide was carried on at the 
Mauritius to an unexampled extent. Oen. 
Hall exerted himself most strenuously to 
suppress it, and thereby made himself in the 
highest degree odious to the inhabitants. 
Farquhar, on the other hand, was idolised 
by them ; and for what reason, we do not 
pretend to say. 

The horrible extent to which the trade had 
been carried on, was almost wholly unknown 
in this country, even to the wvernment, 
until General Ilall succeeded Farquhar, in 
November, 1817 ; but the public genendlv 
received no information on the subject tifl 
a much more recent period.' About the year 
1825, Mr. Byam, who had filled a high 
situation in the Mauritius police, arrived in 
this country, and put thoAnti -Slavery party 
in possession of the real facts of the case. 
Mr.Buxton moved for acommittee of inqtury, 
which was appointed, and, in the commence- 
ment of lffi36, this committee commenced 
its duties, The political changes of that 
period combined with other circumstances 
CO terminate abruptly the labours of this 
committee, before many witnesses had been 
examined ; but the inquiry went on out of 
doors, and a mass of important evidence was 
obtained. It also happened that certain 
Commissioners of inquiry arrived at the 
Mauritius at the latter end of 1827> or the 
beginning of 1828 ; and they fully corrobo- 
rated, by their Report of the 12th of March, 
1^38, all the information that had been pre- 
viouflly given. 

And what was this information? To guard 
against misconception, we will premise that, 
as far as we are aware, the supposed amount 
of slave importatioos into the Mauritius has 
never been officially stated; but, from data 
officially given, we advisedly declare it to be 
our conviction that, oat of a populatieii of 
84,709 daves in the year 1893, not bM dian 
50,000 had been iUe^y imported, Ainee the 



British Parliament had declared such impor- 
tation to be fdoniooaf 

When the Commissioners of inquiry had 
made their Report to his Majesty's Govern- 
ment, and Mr. Buxton was admitted to have 
established his ccnnplaint, it would have been 
preposterous to revive the Parliamentary 
committee. Sir George Murray, with that 
noble frankness that marks his character, 
at once acquiesced in Mr. Buxton's position, 
that all these Slaves were entitled to needom, 
or, rather, that they were de jure free, and 
that their freedom must be asserted for 
them. 

But here arose great difficulty. Laxge as 
the proportion of nmr alaves was understood 
to be, it was almost impossible to distinguish 
them from those Slaves wh</ had been londly 
imported into the isknd under tlie IML 
Government before 1810. Sir Geoive Murray 
felt the difficulty, but expreesed himself 
with the same honesty as to the proper 
means of surmounting it: ''The Slave- 
owners had themselves created the confusion, 
to receive the fruits of their criminality. 
They must take the consequences--4dl the 
slaves in the Mauritius shall oe free, whether 
l^ally or illi^gally imported, rather than the 
free men shall remain in bondage. If the 
owner can identify his slave, as one legally 
acquired, let him retain his property; but 
the onus probandi shall lie upon him." 

Such* was the just determination of Sir 
Geofee Murray; and Mr. Buxton and hia 
friends were satisfied with it. But, alas! 
for the unforttmate Slaves, Sir George 
quitted office ere he oould redeem his pro- 
mise: an anti-slavery Administration has 
succeeded, and, though with Lord Goderich 
at the h€«d of the Colonial department, a 
man not a whit less honest or less able than 
Sir George, the Mauritius Slaves remain in 
bondage . still. At the commencement of 
the present year, Mr. Jeremie was sent to 
the Mauritius, invested with laige powersffor 
the emancipation of these unfortunate men ; 
but upon a diffisrent and hi less equitable 
principle. The onus probandi was shifted 
from the owner to the slave: the latter was 
to prove his freedom, instead of the former 
establishing his title. Certain facilities, it 
is true, were given to the admission of evi- 
dence on the part of the Slave'; but we, who 
have vowed to speak the truth on this ques- 
tion, hesitate not to declare, that this was a 
gross dereliction of those principles which 
ought to have distinguished our anti-slavery 
Government, and an act of cruel injnstioe to 
the Slave himself. 

We CO further : let not our readers be 
startled at the boldness of the assertion, 
when we add that, on this occasion, bis 
Majesty's Government have sanctioned the 
enjoyment of thefroits of felony— of that 
very felony which the Lord Chancellor had 
himself created, as a member of the lower 
House : for, to compensate Uie poorr slave for 
thus shifting upon nim the burthen of proof, 
the celebrated Order in Council of last No- 
vember declared it to be sufficiont, to sustain 
a presuinption in ikvour of slavery, that 20 
years' 'nndispiited possession of the slave 
ghooM bt established. Tbni, inaamnch aa 



THE TOURIST. 



5i 



Mr. Jeremie's fdnctioni would not commenoe 
till Jvlj, 1832, all the posseMors of slaves 
illegally imported prior to the same month in 
1813> woold, nnaer the Order in Council, 
have their felonious title to them converted 
into a lesal one. We shall be truly glad 
to find uat we are in error here : we shall 
rejoice to learn, either that oar construction 
of the Order in Council is erroneous, or that 
Mr. Jeremie*s instructions are essentially 
different from that which we believe. At 
present, however, so stand the facts, accord* 
ing to the best information which we have 
been able to obtain. 

However, even in the exercise of these qua- 
lified powers, Mr. Jeremie has been success- 
fully defied: he returns to England, the 
bearer, in his own person, of contempt and 
insult from the colony. We hope tnat he 
will go back to the Mauritius to cuastise its 
inhabitants as they deserve. We trust that 
Sir William Nicday is, at this moment, 
receiving specific instructions for removing 
every coTomal functionary from his office, and 
vindicating the rights of the oppressed. 

Can it be doubted that these Slaves are 
entitled to freedom } This is not mixed up 
with the grand question of Abolition. It 
stands quite alone: its merits are peculiar. 
£ven the most staunch colonial advocate, 
however wedded to the system by bigoted 
prejudice or inveterate habit, can have no* 
thing to sav in fiavour of the Mauritius. The 
voice of all England has declared slave^ 
iradinjg to be felony. Never was there an 
Act of the Legislature that carried popular 
feeling more strongly with it Lord 
Brougham received his mural crown in his 
Yorkshire election, for having branded it 
with the opprobious term. The West 
Indians themselvea— ay, even the West 
Indians — ^blush at the suspicion of being 
slave-traders, and resent the unputation as 
an insult I as if to hold a slave were an in- 
ferior crime ! 

And it is to his Majesty's Government, 
in the first instance, and ultimately to the 
British people, that these appeals must be 
made. Let, then, the friends of the Negro 
act for themselves ; and, abjuring political 
influence on this suliject once and &r ever, 
throw themselves npon the country. We 
do most cordially rejoice to see how much 
this has been alreadv done : we have already 
enumerated many putces where the elections 
have assumed a aecided Anti-Slavery cha- 
racter. It is with pleasure we can add others 
to our list : at Hythe, this is the turning 
point between Frazer and Majoribanks; 
Grazer will pledge himself, and IVujoribanks 
will not. It is not difiicult to see who will 
go to the wall ; and this, again, is likely to 
become the gist of the controversy, on a 
far more important arena. Middlesex will 
be contested upon this ground. Lord Henley, 
in every respect a most desirable man, has 
avowea himself a candidate, and carries with 
him the good wishes of a vast body of the 
electors — who, perhaps, would prefer the 
supposed principles of Mr. Hume, but that 
his gross inconsistency, upon this ver^ ques- 
tion, has made it a matter of curious inquiry 
what his politieal principles leally are; 



while his singular comments, upon the pro- 
vidence of God, on some casual discussions 
in the last Session, have made it very appa- 
rent what his religious principles are not! 
Most heartily do we wish his Lordship suc- 
cess ; but he must not hang back : he must 
come to the point on this as on all other 
matters : and so he will^ we doubt not. He 
spoke plainly at Exeter hall, the other day ; 
his words are not forgotten. The Dissenters 
received, with no common satisfaction, the 
assurances of his deep sympathy in the 
wrongs of their persecuted brethren; and 
they will prove that satisfaction, on this oc- 
casion, if we mistake not. In fieict, it is a 
question, as we have often said, of deep 
religious interest. This is the true ground on 
which to rest it ; and if religion,real religion — 
true, e^angelicalreligion,has yet a place which 
she can call her own, witliin the shores of 
England, it is to be found in the chapels of 
the Independents, the Baptists, and the 
Methodists. Let them — we implore them, 
on this occasion to remember, that it is the 
command of the Almighty to *< let the op- 
pressed go free;" — ''not by might, not by 
power— but bv my name, saith the Lord of 
Hosts." 



I 



«« 



FILIAL AFFECTION. 



GENERAL PUTNAM. 



Few men have been more remarkable than Gene- 
ral Putnam for the acts of succesiful rashness to 
which a bold and intrepid spirit frequently prompted 
him. 

When he was pursued by General Tryon at the 
head of fifteen hundred men, his only method of 
escape was precipitating his horse down the steep 
declivity of the rock called Horseneck; and «s none 
of his pursuers dared to imitate his example, he 
escaped. 

But an act of still more daring intrepidity was his 
venturing to clear in a boat, the tremendous water- 
falls of Hudson's river. This was in the year 1756. 
when Putnam fought against the French and their 
allies, the Indians. He was accidentally with a boat 
and five men, on the eastern side of the river, con- 
tigious to these falls. His men, who were on the 
opposite side, informed him by signal, that a consi- 
derable body of savages were advancing to surround 
him, and there was not a moment to lose. Three 
modes of conduct were at his option— to remain, 
fight, and be sacrificed; to attempt to pass to the 
other side exposed to the full shot of the enemy ; or 
to sail down the waterfalls, with almost a certainty of 
being overwhelmed. These were the only. alterna- 
tives. Putnam did not hesitate, and jumped into 
the boat at the fortunate instant, for one of his com- 
panions, who was at a little distance, was a victim 
to the Indians. His enemies soon arrived, and dis- 
charged their muskets at the boat before he could 
get out of their reach. No sooner had he escaped 
this danger through the rapidity of the current, but 
death presented itself under a more terrific form. 
Rocks, whose poinu projected above the surface of 
the water ; large masses of timber that nearly closed 
the passage ; absorbing gulfs, and rapid descents, for 
the distance of a quarter of a mile, left him no hope 
of escape but by a miracle. Putnam however placed 
himself at the helm, and directed it with the utmost 
tranquillity. His companions saw him with admira* 
tion, terror, and astonishment, avoid with the utmost 
address the rocks and threatening gulfs, which they 
every instant expected to devour him. He disap- 
peared, rose again, and directing his course across 
the only passage which he could possibly make, he 
at length gained the even surface of the river that 
flowed at the bottom of this dreadful cascade. The 
Indians were no less surprised. This miracle asto- 
nished them almost as much as the sight of the first 
Europeans that approached the banks of this river. 
They considered Putnam as invulnerable ; and thev 
thought that thev should offend the Great Spirit, if 
thev attempted the life of a man that was so visibly 
Qttder his immediate protection.— (Percy Anec- 
dotes.) 



DuBiNO the French Revolution, Made-i 
moiselle Sombruil had been eight days with 
her father in prison, when the unhappy mas- 
sacres of September commenced. After 
many prisoners had been murdered, and the 
sight m blood, oontinnally flowing, seemed 
only to increase the rage of the assassins, 
while the wretched inmates of the prison 
endeayoured to hide themselves from the 
death that horered over them, Mademoi- 
selle Sombmil rushed into the presence of 
the murderers who had seized her father. — 
" Barbarians !" she cried, *' hold your hands, 
he is mv fsther !" She threw herself at their 
feet. In one moment she seiaed the hand 
which was lifted against her father, and in 
the next, she offered her own person to the 
sword, so placing herself that the parent 
could not be struck but through the body of 
his child. So much courage and filial affec- 
tion in so young a girl, for a moment diverted 
the attention of the assassins. She perceived 
that they hesitated ; and seized on the fa-* 
vourable opportunity. While she entreated 
for her father's life, one of the monsters pro- 
posed the following condition i^^^' Drink," 
said he, '^ a glass of blood, and save your 
father." She shuddered, and retreated some 
paces : but filial affection gained the ascen- 
dancy, and she yielded to the horrible condi- 
tion. — * * Innocent or guilty," said one of those 
who performed the office of judge, " it is 
unworthy of the peopl<e to bathe their hands 
in the blood of the old man, since they must 
first destroy this virtuous girl." A. cry of 
" PardoQ !" was heard. The daughter, re- 
vived by this signal of safety, threw herself 
into her father's trembling arms, which 
scarcely had power to press her to his bosom, 
being overcome by such powerful affection, 
and so providential a deliverance. Even the 
most outrsgeous assassins were unable to 
restrain their tears: and the father and 
daughter were triumphantly conducted to a 
place of comfort and safety. 



Dean Swirr.— Dean Swift was a great enemy to 
extravagance in dress, and particularly to that des- 
tructive ostentation in the middling classes, which 
led them to make an appearance above their condi- 
tion in life. Of his mode of reproving this foU;r in 
those persons for whom he had an esteem, thet ol* 
lowing instance has been recorded. When George 
Faulkner, the printer, returned from London, where 
be had been soliciting subscriptions for his edition 
of the Dean's works, he went to pay his respects to 
him, dressed in a laced waistcoat, a bar wig, and 
other fopperies. Swift received him with the same 
ceremony as if he had been a stranger. ** And pray, 
sir," said he, "what are your commands with me?*' 
" I thought it was my duty, sir," replied George, 
" to wait upon you immediately on my arrivsl from 
London." "Pray, sir, who are yout" "George 
Faulkner, the printer, sir." •' You George Faulkner, 
the printer ! why, you are the most impudent bare- 
faced scoundrel ot an imposter I ever met with ! 
George Faulkner is a plain, sober citizen, and would 
never trick himself out in lace and other fopperies. 
Get you gone, you raMal, or I will immediately send 
you to the House of Correction." Away went 
George as fast as he could, and having changed his 
dress, returned to the Deanery, where he was re- 
ceived with the greatest cordiality. <' My friend, 
George," says the Dean, "lam glad to see you re- 
turned safe from London. Why, here has been ant 
impudent feUow with me just now, dressed in a laced 
wustcoat. and he would fain jpass himself off for 
you, but I ioon sent klm away witk a flea in his ear. ^ 



THE TOtmiST. 



AUTUMN. 

SooH U the morning trcmblH o'er tha ikr, 
And iiQperceiT*d unfoldi the ipreading d&j. 
Before the ripened field the reapeis ttuid 
In ftit tmj, etch b; the lui he lovei, 
To bear the rougher put, and mitigate, 
By nameleu gentle oSicei, her toll. 
At once they stoop and iwell the Imty (huYea, 
While thro' their cheerful band the ninl t»lk, 
The rural acandal, and the rant ]e*t. 
Fly harmleu, to decalTe the tediou* time. 
And atetl, aofelt, the sultry hour* awKy. 
Behind the maater ««]k«, builda up the ahoela, 
And, coDicioui, gUndng off on every aide 
Hii lated eye, feel* hii heart heave vlth joy. 
The gleanen tpntd iround, and here and there. 
Spike afteir ipike, their icaat; hane*t pick. 
Be not too narrow, Hnsbandmen < bat fling 
From the fuU aheaf, with charitable itealtb, 
Hwlibertl handful. Thohioh. 



Mk whether they may lo to auch a pT" X 

own leeii I wouU f^n know h- -rT* ™ ™'*^ 
otherwrie.-Ibid. -« thej ow - 



letoproduceitrSFe and hatred 



APHORISMS. 

WoKH are but the >lgns and counter* of know- 
ed^, and their currency should be regulated hy the 
capita] which they reprswnt. — Colton'* L*comci. 

A ToJume that containe more worda than Ideas. 
]ikc a tree that hu more foliage than fruit, may luit 
those to resort to, who want not to feaat but U 
dream and to ■lumber. — Ibid. 

He that puriuei ftme with juit claim, trutti hii 
happineii to the winda; but he that endeavour! 
after it by false merit, has to fear not only the vio- 
lence of the storm, but the leaks of hit TeweL— 
Dr. Johmsok. 

Marriage is nothing but a civil contract. It ii 
true, it is an ordinance of Qod — so Is every other 
contract: God commands me tokeep it when Ihave 
made it.— 3«Lj«N'a TABLa-rALK. 

When men ask me whether they may take „ 
rDMoM, ttlitomtjuirttieyibonld 



oaUi in their o' 



The tendency of pr' 

L'St""-"'™'^''- 

'^;.'. ' "*, construct a «ystem of politeness, which it 
""^.ing more than a sort of mimic humility. In 
which the tentlments of an offensive self-estlmntioD 
are to far disguised and suppressed, as to mtke them 
compatible wilh the spirit of society. — RoBaaTHAU., 
Mischiefs in a state are like hectic fivers In a 
body ; in the banning hard to be known, but easy 
to be cured, but let them alone awhile, they become 
more eaiy to be known, but more hard to be cured. 

— QUAKI^S. 

Sorrow is a kind of rust of the soul, which every 
idea contiibutEi in it4 passage to scour away, Dr. 



DECISION OF CHARACTER. 

Yoo may recollect the mention. In one of our con- 
venations, of a young man who wasted in two or 
three yean a large patrimony, in profligate revela 
with a number of wortbleaa assocjatci calling them- 
selveshit friends, tillhis means vrere exhausted, when 
they ofcourte treatedhim vrithneglector contempt. 
Reduced to absolute want, be one day went out of 
the houie with an intention to put an end to hli 
life; but wand eting awhile almost aaconiciousty, 
became to the brow of tn eminence which over- 
looked what were lately hit eitates. Here he aat 
down, and remained fixed in thought a number of 
houn, atthe end of which he sprang from the gmand 
with a vehement exulting emotion. He had formed 
his resolution, which was. that all these es' ' 
should be his again; he bad formed his phm 
which he instantly began to execute. lie walked 
hastily forward, determined to seiie the veiy 
opportunity, of however humble a kind, to gain 
money, though it were lo despicable a trifle, an. . . 
solved sbso'utcly not to spend, if he could help it, 
a farthing of whatever be might obtain. I'he first 
thing th:U drew his attention was a heap of coats 
shot out of cart* on the pavement before a house. 
He oflered himself to above) or wheel them into the 

Elace where they were to be laid, and was employed, 
le received a few pence (or the labour; and then, 
in pursuance of the saving part of his plan, request- 
ed some imall gratuity of meat and drink, which 
WM girljil biJA, He then loolud out for the next 



thing thai might chance to offer ; and went with 
indefsUgaWe industrj through a sDMesslon of jet- 
vile employmiartaj of longet of »hort«r du»tion, 
sUll scrupulously tvcMlDg. ■* t*r as powaUe, U» ex- 
penierfapeBay. He promptly aritedfenji oroor- 
tunlty whiSh couM advance hW dertpi, •lnw«* "* 
gardingtbemeannetaafQCCUMtlan at ■Ptl«^"«- 
By this method he had ^^M, after t nflslttonl^ 
lime, money enoUgh to purlihaM, in oTdet to srtl 
again, a few cattl«, at *hlch be bad taken palna to 
understand the value. He ipeodlly but cauuonsly 
turned hii first gains into second advantage*; re- 
tained without asinglo deviation hli extreme i«rrt- 
mony ; and thus advanced by degree* Into larger 
transartlona and indplent wealth. I aWncrtliMr, 
or have forgotten, the continued cootm of Us Ufe: 
but the find result was, that he more thanrecowed 
his lost posaeaslona, and died an Iweteitfe ndier, 
worth 60,0001. I have dways reeoUCctM thli as a 
signal Instance, though In an nnfcrtunate wid Igno- 
ble direction, of decisive cbarmder, andof tiie eltra- 
ordioary eftcl, which, according to genera! laws, 
belongs to the stiuneeit form of inch a character.— 
(Foster's Essay*.] 



I, at the depth of GOO feet, through which 
tne ort a now tianspoited, instead of bdag hoiited 
lothetop. It* Iti^ i* 6,000 feat, anditocGn[He4 
33 fears In it* completion. Hie proeeia waa most 
tedious, being entirely by calcination and bammtr- 
ing. which brought the rock off in lakes. Only 
two men could work at a time; it wai commenced 
both internally and externally; and it is much to 
theircredit thst. upon meeting, there were only two 
or three feet difference in tha level, and iKme iatbtt 
direction. It ia from six to seven feel wide, and 
from ten to fifteen high. 

Johnson could not brook appearing to be wonted 
in argument, even when, to show the tbrce and 
dexterityof his talents, he had taken the wroi^ side, 
When, therefore, he perceived that bis opponent 
gained ground, he had recourse totome audden node 
of robust aophlstiy. Once when Mr. B. was prewliig 
upon him with visible advantan he flopped bin 
thus; "My dear B. left have i4nore of lUsijou'll 
make nothing of it. I'd rather bate you wbutle a 
8ci«eh tone." 



TBE TOTntlST. 



&a 



■tccilUug B'«n roath'i luppy feeling,' 

E «n A<oD tbt hctrt wu wnotg 1 tcu ; 
Oh, inch bricht momeiiti nuke lU aif h. 
Thtt Mrth'i fijr flowen ire doomed to dic^ 
But, ever oq time'i oumnt floving, 

Joj ifter joy i< wafMd on, 
And GHh N) fl««t, th&t, u 'til tolng, 

We lee it but to feel -lli gone. 
Like peifmned wind* tbat, iweetlj bloving 

Vet steal from all they breaUie upon. 
And life itaelf muit ihortly fly. 
Such Dover) of earth tre doomed to die. 
Yet, doth Doe hope, to mortala glTen, 

Belie the motto of my aong: 
One hope that when eartb'« Ua Uc iHeHi 

And er the dying fancy throng 
Vuioiu of doubt, point* up to HetTen, 

ue to iigh 

are doomed to die. 



And cheera the 

'Til thii will mtk* ai cci 
Thatetrth'a fair aowcre 



^»y tefript iu boughi to wander free, 

And thoot and bkuiom, wide and high. 
Far better lotn to bend lu arm* 

Downward again to that dear eaith 
From which the life, that lllb and warm* 
- It* grateful being, flnt had biitb. 
Tia tbut, though wooed by flattering triendi. 

And fed with fame (ir fame it be,) 
Thii heart, my own dear mother bendi, 

With loie'i true initinct, back lo thee. 



Thow envioui flowen on thy bosom, dear Jane, 

With iti innocence aoughi to have vied ; 
But, though peerlesi and fair 'midst the flowers of 



„b peerle 
the pUin, 
In despair of that cc 



st have died. 



EPIORAH. 
l7Vr)Mte(«lf>ra« the fVncA.) 
Of aD toe men one meets about 

Thcre'i nooe like Jack— tae'a every where. 
At church, park, aactioo, dinner, rout ; 

Go wlwn and where you will he's there : 
Try the Wat End, he's at jonr back, 

Heeti yoi like Eoru* io the East, 
You're caliid wron lot "Howdo, Jackl" 

One htiDdiM time* a day, at lost. 
A h1«Dd<rfbl«oaeeTening taliT, 

As buM be to(A Ms pensive way, 
■' Upon mj wordf I faar Jack's dead, 

I'fe seen him but three tiuet to-daj." 



Ms. STiFHIitaoN, in bis N&lure and linpor< 
l&oce of thr Chrisliaa Sabbalb, relates the 
fallowing iDlerettiug' fact: 

" In the city ofBath.duringthe last century, lived 
a barber, who made a practice of (allowing his or- 
dinary oceapation an Hie Lcad'i 'day. A> he wu 
pursuing bis morning'* eit^loTnieBt, be happened 
to look Tnto tonu place of worship, just ai the minis- 
ter WB* gjvint out hi* text, 'Remember the Sabbath 
day to keep It holy,' Exodus SO. verse 8. He listened 
long enough to be convinced that he was constantly 



easy, and went with a bcavy heart to hi* Sunday 
taak. At length he took courage, and opened his 
mind to the minister, who advised him to give up 
Sunday dreuing, and worship Ood. He replied, 
that beggary would be the consequence ; be had a 
louriahrng trade, but it woitU almcat all be tost. 
A* leogtb, alter many i aleepleta ni^it, spent in 
WMpiDC and pi^ingt be was determined to cast all 
hii caM upon md, a*, th* more be reflected, the 
more hit duty became apparent 
" Hedi*coiitiiiaedSiiiiday drcM 
^ euJy totba public KTTlcci oi 



enjoyed U»at aelf-gratulation, which is one of the 
reward* of doing our duty, and Uiit peace of God, 
which the world can neither give nor take aWsT. 
Tfae ctHuequencea he fomaw actually followed. Hi* 
genteel cuatomeri left him, as he was nlek-named 

(puritan or metboditt. He wat obliged to give up 
li faihtonable ihop) and in the course of yean 
became ta reduced, a* to take ■ cclttr under t)^e old 
ma^ke^hDnte, and shave the common people. One 
Saturday evening, betWetnllghtanddatt.ntranger, 
from one of the Go^bei, asking for a barber, vrat 
directed by the oatler to the cellar opposite. Coming 
in hastily, he requested to be ihived quickly, while 
they changed hones, <u ht did nal tike la violate the 
Sabbath. Thi> was touching the barber on a tender 
chord : be bunt into tears, asked the stranger to 
lend him a halfpenny to buy a candle, as it «•• not 
light enou^ to ahave him with safety. He did so, 
revolving in hii mind the extreme poverty to which 
tbe poor man mu>t be reduced. 

" When shaved, be aaid, 'There muat be lome- 
tblng extraordiilal7 in your blatory, which I have 
not noik time t<t hear. Heielihalf-a-crownfor you) 
U'heo 1 return, I will call and investigate your case. 
What i> your nsmet' 'William Reed,' said tbe 
astonished barber. 'William Rmdl' echoed the 



from the West!' 



Kingston, 



Taunton.' ' WUDam Reed, from Kingston, neat 

Taunton I What was your father'a name I'— 'Tho- 
mas.' ' Hadbe any biotherT' ' Ye«, sir, ooe, after 
whom I was named ; bat he went to the Indies, and, 
as we never heard from bim, we suppose him to be 
dead.' 'Comealoag, followme,' said the stranger; 
' I am going to see a person, who says bis name is 
William Reed, of Kingston, nesr Taunton. Come 
and confront him. Ifyou prove to beindeed him, 
whom you say you are, I have glorious new* for 
youi Tour nncle is dead, and has left an Immense 
tortane. which I will put yc« in pouession of, when 
■I! legal dinibtt are removed.' They went by the 
coach, u« the pretended Wiiliam Reed, and proved 
him to be an impoitor. The stranger, who wa* a 

E'ous attorney, was suOD legally satlsfled of the bar- 
'x'» identity, and told him that be had advertised 
him in vain. Providence had now thrown bim in 
his way, in a most extraordinary manner, and he 
had much pleasure in transferring a great many 
thousand pounds to a worthy man, the rightful heir 
of the property,— llius was man's extremity God's 



have remained unknown for years ; but he trusted 
in God, who never said. ' Seek ye my face in vain.' " 
—(From A Plea for the Sabbath.) 



NEWSTEAD ABBEY. 



EvutYBony bnowa that Nevntead Abbey- 
is coDMcrsted, b^ hariiig been tbe pstri- 
moniftl estate and residence of Lord Byron. 
It ia sitnated near Mansfield in Nottingham- 
shiie. Tbe anceston of its late celebrated 
poueuor came into possesaioa of it at tbe 
time of the dinolntion of the monaeterie* ; 
but tbe btiilding itself ia of a mnch eaiiier 
date. It was foimded and dedicated to Ood 
and tbe Viigin by Heuy II., and its Monka 
were of the order of St. Augnatine. Duiing 
the life-time of the fifth Lord Byron, there 
vros found in a lake in front of the bouse, 
where it is supposed to have been thrown for 
concealment by the Monies, a large brass 
eagle, in tbe body of which was discoTered 
a secret apertore, concealing within it a 
number of legal papen relating to the rights 
and privileges of the fonndation. The sub- 
joined short description is from the pen 6f 
one of bisLordsbip's gueatsin 1809 : " 'Hiaasb 
sadly fotlen to decay, it is still completely 
an Abbey ; and moat part of it ia stanaing in 
the same state as when it was first built. 
There are two lien rf doiat«n, with a 



variety (J cells and imms about them, 
which, though not inhabited, nor in an in- 
habitable state, might easily be mode so ; 
and many tS the original rooms, aiturngst 
which is a fine atone hall, are atill in tue. 
Of the Abbey Church, only one end remains ; 
and the old kitchen, with a long range of 
apartments, ia reduced to a heap of ruMtisb. 
Leading irnm. the Abbey to the modem part 
of the habitation is a noble room, aeventy 
feet in length and twenty-three in breadth ; 
but every part of the house exhibits neglect 
and decay, save those rooma which the 
present Iiord baa lately fitted-up." 

The booae and p"!™? are entirely iur- 
Tounded by a wall with battlementa. In 
front ia a large lake, bordered here and there 
with castellated bnildings, tbe chief of 
which stands on an eminence at the further 
extremity of it. All this is Btirronnded with 
bleak and barren hills, with scarce a tree to 
be seen for miles, except a solitary clnmp or 
two. It was in the autumn of 1806 that 
tfae late Lord Bynm took up his residence 
dier*. 



64 



THE TOURIST. 



MEMOIR OF SIR THOMAS MOR£. | of that patriarchal simplicity and peacefulness | House of Commons; as well m te break the 

which (fistinguisbed his household. At this 
time, his engagements were both laborious and 



A LIFE of this lextraordinary man has appeared 
in '* Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopedia," from the 
pen of the late Sir J. Mackintosh. The great 
and deserred reputation of its lamented author, 
and the Wrtues and misfortunes which adorned 
and signalized the life of the snbiect of it, ren- 
der it unnecessary to recommend it as a most 
interesting and admirable piece of biography. 
There is also another source of interest con- 
nected with this Memoir, which is more rarely 
found in similar productions. We mean the 
intimate sympathy obeerTable in ev^ery part 
between the mind of the biographer and that of 
the subject of his history. Tois perpetually and 
v^erv agreeably transfers our interest from the. 
book Of the author ; and it is in some instances 
so remarkable as to conTince us that there were 
some strong points of resemblance between the 
two men ; and to suggest the conjecture that 
had it been possible for the case to be exactly 
reversed, that is for Sir Thomas More to have 
written the life of Sir J. Mackintosh, we should 
have had a work very similar in all its principal 
features to that now before us. It is from the 
work we have thus introduced to the notice of 
our readei^, that we haye drawn the materials 
for the following brief memoir. 

Sir Thomas More was born in Milk Street, 
in the City of London, A.D. 1480. He receiTed 
(he first rudiments of bis education at St. An- 
thony's School, in Threadneedle Street, under 
Nicholas Hart, where his studies were almost 
confined to Latin ; and was removed from this 
school in his iitleenth year, to the household 
of Cardinal Morton, Archbishop of Canterbury, 
where,according to the custom ofth at age, which 
prevailed even among youths of rank, he lived 
for some time in a menial capacity. Here the 
talents which More began to exhinit were fully 
appreciated, and the aged prelate frequently pre- 
dicted with sanguine confidence the distinction 
(o which he afterwards attained. In 1497) he 
commenced his studies at Canterbury College, 
Oxford, where he warmly espoused the notions 
of those who were for the first time attempting 
to introduce the study of Greek literature into 
that University, and advocated this innovation 
in a letter addressed to the whole body. At this 
University he formed a friendship, which lasted 
through life, with the learned £rasmus, and 
wrote the greater part of those Latin verses 
which bear his name. On leaving the University, 
he applied himself to the study of law, and lec- 
tured upon it for three years at Furnivals Inn. 
He also delivered lectures at St. Lawrence's 
Church, in the Old Jewry, on St. Augustin's 
work *' De Civitate Del," that is, on the divine 
government of the moral world ; and it is 
thought that the polemical discussion into which 
he was thus led tended in some measure to 
embitter his temper, which was naturally re- 
markable for its serenity and sweetness. 

About this time, More was residing near the 
Carthusian Monastery ,called the Charter-house, 
and is said to have manifested a predeliction for 
monastic life, and to have practised some of its 
austerities and self-inflictions. He was, how- 
ever, soon convinced of his unfitness for the 
priesthood, and evinced this change by a mar- 
riage with Jane Colt, the daughter of one of 
his intimate friends. She died after a union of 
hut few years, leaving him four children, of 
whom the eldest, Margaret, inherited both his 
features and his genius, and seems to have 
enjoyed a distinguished share of his paternal 
affection. But a short time after his wife's 
death, he married a widow, who, though con- 
siderably older than himself, and in other 
respects but ill suited to him, yet contributed 
much to his happiness, and to the maintcivuice 



important His talents as a lawyer, and his 
spotless character for integrity, bad obtained for 
him a large and lucrative practice, and the 
highest forensic reputation ; so that there was 
no case of consequence in any Court of Law in 
which he was not counsel for one of the parties. 
In additi«)n to tliis, he was invested with the 
office of under-sheriflTof the city of London, and 
was shortly after elected to serve in Parliament. 
Here his career was equally brilliant and 
consistent. It is to him, in this situation, that 
posterity must ascribe the proud distinciion of 
naving awoke Parliamentary eloquence from its 
long and profound sleep, and of having first 
directed its energies to the establishment of 
those great principles of liberty which, in our 
days, nave won and are daily winning such 
signal triumphs. 

In 1514, Sir T. More was senton a mission to 
the Netherlands, the object of which was to 
settle some particulars relating to the commer- 
cial intercourse between the two countries; and 
again in the following,year,for a similar purpose. 
In the beginning of the year 1516, he was made 
a Privy Counsellor, much against his own 
inclinations, which were strongly in favour of 
a more private station. He was now a constant 
immate of the Palace of Henry VIII., and so 
grateful was his conversation to the King, that 
he kept him continually in his presence, and 
would not so much as suffer him to visit his wife 
and children at Chelsea more than once in a 
month. In the moments, however, of Henry's 
strongest partiality, More never lost sight of 
the unprincipled brutality of his character, and 
declared, on one occasion, to his son-in-law. 
Roper, who had congratulated him on die place 
he held in the King's confidence and regard, 
that he was nevertheless well aware that if his 
head would win the King a castle in France, in 
case of a war between the two nations, i^ would 
not fail to be sacrificed. ••• 4k».^n-« 

It was in this year that More composed the 
extraordinary work by which he has been best 
known to men of letters on the continent. This 
was his '* Utopia."* The limits of this sketch 
will not allow of our giving any description of 
it, further than that it was designed as the plan 
of an imaginary Commonwealth ; and embodies 
the author's notions of the perfection of civil 
government From 1517 to 1522, he was em- 
ployed on various missions at Bruges and 
Calais, of the irksomeness of which we may 
form some idea from a passage in one of the 
letters of Erasmus. He writes, *' More is still 
at Calais, of which he is heattily tired. He 
lives with great expense, and is engaged in 
business most odious to him. Such are the 
rewards reserved by Kings for their favourites.** 
In 1523, however, his duties assumed a more 
important and influential aspect ; for the Parlia- 
ment which met in the spring of this year 
made choice of him as their Speaker, and per- 
sisted in their election in spite of his decUning 
the situation, on the ground of incompetency. 
The magnanimous manner in which he dis- 
charged the functions of this high office, proved 
him every way worthy of it. In an address to 
the Sovereign, which was equally characterized 
by respectfulness and decision, he maintained 
the freedom of Parliamentary discussion, and 
the privileges ef his order ; and by the whole 
tenor of his conduct contributed, in no small 
degree, to raise the dignity and authority of the 



* This title is derived from the Greek, and signi- 
fies " nowhere." The other names of persons and 
places occurring in this work have a similar origin 
and meaning. 



arbitrary po^er of the Monarch,and the equally 
dangerous inflaence of the Jesuitical Wolsey. 
The latter, we are told by Erasmus, rather 
feared than liked More ; and this his subsequent 
conduct towards him clearly testified. On one 
occasion, after the close of the Session of Par- 
liament, whilst they were walking together, 
Wolsey said, ** I wish to God you bad been nt 
Rome, Mr. More, when I made you Speaker.'* 
The reply of Sir Thomas is an amusing mstancc 
of his characteristic dryness: ^' Your Grac« 
not offended, so would I too, my Lord, for then 
should I have seen the place i have long desired 
to visit." 

Wolsey now made it his object to secure the 
removal of More ; and this he endeavoured to 
compass, by inducing the King to send him 
as an ambassador to Spain. More only an- 
swered the proposal by beseeching Henry not 
to send bis faitnful servant to the^rave: and 
the King, who also suspected the sinister mo- 
tives of Wolsey, abandoned the design. Ou 
the 25th of December, 1525, More was ap- 
pointed Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster; 
and in 1529, after the commencement of the 
prosecution against Wolsey, the King, by de- 
livering to him the Great Seal at Greenwich, 
invested him with the highest dignity of the 
state and of the law. We are sorry that we cannot 
afford room for any extracts from the eloquent 
and powerful address delivered by him on his 
installation into the office at Westminster, nor 
any of the particulars of his Chancellorship ; 
especially as we imagine, that our readers 
would concur with us in tracing some strong 
and most interesting points of resemblance be- 
tween the conduct of More, and of the illustrious 
individual whose vast and various powers of 
mind, whose unsullied integrity, and whose 
ardent and consistent patriotism, are notcr ra- 
flecting a dignity on the same office, infinitely 
superior to any which it can besiow. One sen- 
tence, however, we cannot help quoting from 
Sir J. Mackintosh's statement, and will leave 
the application to our readers : *' He is said to 
liave dispatched the causes before him so speed ily, 
that on ueing asked for the next, he was told that 
noHc remained." 

In bestowing the Great Seal on More, Henry 
had. hoped to gain his sanction and authority to 
'his project of divorcing his Queen, Catha- 
rine of Arragon, and marrying Anne Boleyii. 
This scheme, however. More could not consci- 
entiously etMnlenance, and on being pressed by 
the King for his opinion, he excused himself as 
unqHaliSed to enter on such Questions, and ra- 
oommeaded him to the study of some of the 
1?e^eT^f whose evidence would be unbiassed by 
any fear of bis displeasure. This was but little 
satisfactory to Henrv. He took another oppor- 
tunity 6f requesting his advice; on which More 
gave it fearlessly against his master's wishus. 
Henry professed himself free from all feelings 
of displeasure; and allowed him to retain his 
office. But More, perceiving the vigorous man- 
ner in which Henry was nevertheless prosecuting 
his design, procured from his friend, the Duke of 
Norfolk, his discharge from office, and retired 
once more into the £>som of his family. Bot 
More was far too honest to be suflered to live 
even in retirement, under the goveromeut of a 
tyrant. An arbitrary edict, miscalled a law, 
was issued in 1534, by which it was made hi|fh 
treason to do or write anything to the prejudice 
or slander of the King's lawful matrimony with 
Queen Anne, and enjoining all persons to take an 
oath to maintain the whele contents of the statute. 
SirThoraas More was summoned among others to 
take this oath before the commissioners appoint<»d 
to administer it. Thfshe calmly and resolutely 
refused to do ; and on the failure of all attempts 



THE TOURIST. 



tu iierauade him to cooseot, he was brought io | CAPTAIN COOK AT OWHYHBB. 1 Cook'i Tisit, if not also his person* though he was 



trial at Westminster, on the eth o( May, 1535, 
fot high treasoQ. He defended himself in the 
most satisfactory manner, and with his charac* 
tcrestic calmness and suavity ; bat persisting in 
the conduct which bis conscience dictated, he 
was condemned, and perished at the block on 
the 5th of July, 1535, the martyr of veracity. 
^»uch were the principal events io the history of 
tliitf venerable man. The delineation of his cha<- 
racter shall be left to the pen of his equally en- 
dowed biographer ; and in extracting it for our 
readers, we believe tliat we are presenting them 
with one of his happiest productions. 

" Of all men nearly perfect. Sir Thomas More had 
perhaps, the clearest marks of iadividual character. 
His peculiarities, though distinguishing him from 
all others, were yet withheld from growing into 
moral faults. It is not enough to say of him tnat he 
was unaffected, that he was natund, that he was 
simple ; so the larger part of truly great men have 
heen. But there is something homespun in More 
which is common to him with scarcely any other, 
and which gives to all his faculties and qualities the 
appearance of being the native growth of the soil. 
The homeliness of bis pleasantry purifies it from 
show. He wallcs on the scaffold clad only in his 
household goodness. The unrefined benignity with 
which he ruled his patriarchal dwelling at Chelsea, 
enabled him to look upon the axe without being 
disturbed by feeling hatred for the tyrant. This 
quality bound together his genius and learning, his 
ck>quence and tame, with his homely and daily 
duties, bestowinc[ a genuineness on all his good 
qualities, a digmty on the most ordinary offices of 
tafe, and an accessible familiarity on the virtues of a 
hero and a martyr, which silences every suspicion 
that his excellences were magnified. 

**' He thus simply performed great acts, and ut- 
tered great thouants, because they were familiar to 
his great soul. The charm of this inborn and home- 
bred character seems as if it would have been taken 
off' by polish. It is this household character which 
relieves our notion of him from vagueness, and di- 
Tests perfection of that generality and coldness to 
which the attempt to paint a perfect man is so liable. 

" It will naturally, and very strooely, excite the 
regret of the good in every age, that the life of 
this best of men should have been in the power of 
him who was rarely surpassed in wickedness. But 
the execrable Henry was the means of drawing forth 
the magnanimity, the fortitude, and the meekness of 
More. Had Henry been a just and merciful monarch, 
we should not have known the degree of excellence 
to which human nature is capable of ascend- 
ing. Catholics ought to see in Blore, that mildness 
and candour are the true ornaments of all modes of 
faith. Protestants ought to be taught humility and 
charity from this instance of the wisest and best of 
men nJling into, what they deem, the most fatal 
errors. AH men, in the fierce contests of contending 
factions should, from such an example, learn the 
wisdom to fear lest in their most hated antagonist 
they may strike down a Sir Thomas More ; for as- 
suredly virtue is not so narrow as to be confined to 
any party; and we have, in the case of More, a signal 
example that the nearest approach to perfect excel- 
lence does not exempt men from mistakes which we 
may justly deem mischievous. It is a pregnant 
proof, that we should beware of hating men for their 
opinions, or of adopting their doctrines because we 
love and venerate their virtues.** 



A Singular FoaoivsNKss.—^ir Walter Scott in 
his article in the Quarterly Review, on the Col- 
loden papers, mentions a characteristic instance of 
sui old Highland warrior's mode of pardon. " You 
must forgjve even your bitterest enemy, Kenmuir, 
now," said the confessor to him, as he lay gasping 
on his death^bed. "Well« if I most, I mustr re- 
plied the chieftain, "but my curse be on yon, 
Donald," turning towards his son, " if you forgive 
him." 

Caligula.— At an exhibition of gladiators, he 
caused the survivors to be sold by auction. While 
«o employed, he observed that one Aponius was 
4iosing in hts sMt, when turning to the auctioneer, 
he desired him " on no account to neglect the bid- 
dings of the gentleman who was nodding to him from 
the benches!" Finally, thirteen aladiators were 
knocked down to the uQCOMciotta bidder |for nearly 
73,000/. 



In the interest ng Tolames of Mr. Ellis 
under the somewhat infelicitous title of 
'' Polynesian Researches," a laree fund of in- 
formation respecting the trautions, social 
habits, superstitions, and political institutes 
of the South Sea Islanders is contained. 
The chanse effected throughout these Islands, 
by the enlightened and sdf-denying labours 
of the Christian Missionaries, must be 
highly gratifying to every humane mind. 
The following extracts of Mr. Ellis's visit to 
the scene of Captain Cook's death , and of the 
superstitions veneration in which his me- 
mory is held by the natives, will, we think, 

be read with great interest. 

" In theafternoOn, Mr. Thurston and! climbed the 
rocks which rise in a northwest direction from the 
village, and viaited the cave in which the body of 
Captain Cook, was deposited, on being first taken 

from the beach Tne cave itself is of volcanic 

formation, and appears to have been one of those 
subterranean tunnels so numerous on the Island, by 
which the volcanoes in the interior sometimes dis- 
charge their contents upon the shore. It is five feet 
high, and the entrance about eight or ten feet wide. 
The roof and sides within are of obsidian or hard 
vitreous lava; and along the floor, it \i evident that 
in some remote period a stream of the same kind of 
lava has also flowed. 

"There are a number of persons at Kaavaroa, and 
other places in the Islands, who were either present 
themselves at the unhappy dispute, which in this 
vicinity terminated the vvuable life of the celebrated 
Captain Cook, or who, from their connexion with 
those who were on the spot, are wcdl acquainted 
with the particulars of that melancholy event. With 
many of them we have frequently conversed, and 
though their narratives differ in a few smaller points, 
they all agree in the -main facts with the account 

published by Captain King, his successor ' The 

forei|iier,* they say, * was not to blame; for, in the 
first instance, our people stole his boat, and he, in 
order to recover it, designed to take our Kine on 
board his ship, and detain him there till it should be 
restored. Kapena Kuke and Taraiopu, our King, 
were walking towards the shore, when our people, 
conscious of what had been done, thronged round 
the King, and objected to his going any further. His 
wife also joined her entreaties that he would not go 
on board the ships. While he was hesitating, a man 
came running from the other side of the bay, entered 
the crowd almost b reathless, and exclaimed—' It is 
war! the foreigners have commenced hostilities, 
have fired on a canoe from one of their boats, and 
killed a chief.' This enraged some of our people, 
and alarmed the chiefs, as they feared Captain Cook 
would kill the King. The people armed themselves 
with stones, clubs, and spears. Kanona entreated 
her husband not to go. All the chiefs did the same. 
The King sat down. The Captain seemed agitated, 
when one of our men attacked him with a spear : he 
turned, and, with his double-barrelled gun, shot the 
man who struck him. Some of our people then 
threw stones at him, which being seen by his men, 
they fired on us. Captain Cook then endeavoured 
to stop his men from firing, but could not, on account 
of the noise. He was turning again to speak to us, 
when he was stabbed in the back with a pahoa ; a 
spear was at the same time driven through his body ^ 
he fell into the water, and spoke no more. 

*' * After he was dead, we all wailed. His bones 
were separated— the flesh was scraped off and burnt, 
as was the practice in regard to our own chiefs when 
they died. We thought it was the god Rono, wor* 
shipped him as such, and, after his death, reverenced 
his bones.' 

" Many of the chiefs frequently express the sor- 
row they feel whenever they think of^the Captain ; 
and even the common people usually speak oi these 
facts with apparent reeret. Yet they exonerate the 
Kin^ Taraiopu from all blame, as nothing was done 
by his orders. I was once in a house in Oahu with 
Karalmoku, and several other chiefs, looking over 
the plates in the folio edition of Cook's Voyages. 
They were greatly affected with the print which re- 
presented his death, and inquired if I knew the 
names of thoee who were slain on that occa- 
sion. I perceived Karaimoku more than once wipe 
the tears from hii eyes, while conversing about this 
melancholy event. He said he recoDeeted Captain 



at Maui at the time of his death. More than once, 
when conversing with us on the length of time the 
Missionaries had been in the Society Islands, they 
have said, * Why did you not come here sooner? 

Was it because we killed Captain Cookf It has 

been supposed that the circumstance of Capt. Cook's 
bones having been separated, and the flesh taken 
from them, was evidence of a sava^ and unre- 
lenting barbarity; but so far from this, it was the 
result of the highest respect they could shew him. 
We may also mention here the reason for which 
the remains of' Captain Cook received, as was the 
case, the worship of a god. Among the Kinp who 
governed Hawaii, or an extensive district m the 
island, during what may in its chronology be called 
the fabulous age, was Rono or Orono; who, on 
some account, became offended with his wife, and 
murdered her; but afterwards lamented the act so 
much, as to induce a fttate of mental derangement. 
In this state he travelled through all the islands, 
boxing and wresthna with every one he met. He 
subsequently set sau in a singular-shaped canoe for 
Tkhiti, or a foreign country. After his departure he 
was deified by his countrymen, and annual games of 
boxing and i^restling were instituted to his honour. 
As soon as Captain Cook arrived, it was supposed 
and reported, that the god Rono was returned ; the 
priests cbthed him with the sacred cloth worn only 
by the god, conducted him to their temples, sacri- 
ficed animals to propitiate his favour, and hence the 
people prostrated themselves before him as he 
vralked through the villages. But when, in the at- 
tack made upon him, they saw his blood running, 
and heard his groans, they said, ' No, this is not 
Rono.' Some however, after his death, still sup- 
posed him to be Rono, and expected he would appear 
again. Some of his bones, his ribs and breast bone, 
were considered sacred, as partof Rono,and deposited 
in a heian (temple) dedicated to Rono, on the oppo- 
site side of the island. There religious homage was 
paid to them, and from thence they were annually 
carried in procession to several other heiaus, or 
borne by the priests round the island, to collect the 
offerings of the people, for the support of the wor- 
ship of the god Koao. The bones were preserved 
in a small basket of wicker-work^ completely covered 
over with red feathers ; which in those days were 
considered the most valuable article the natives pos- 
sessed The Missionaries in the Society Islands 

had, by means of some Sandwich islanders, been 
long acquainted with the circumstance of some of 
Captain Cook's bones being r^reserved in one 
of their temples, and receiving religious wor- 
ship ; and since the time of my arrival, in com- 
pany with the deputation from the London Mis- 
sionary Society, in 1822, every endeavour has been 
made to learn, thoueh without success, whether 
they were still in existence, and where chey were 
kept. All those of whom inquiry has been made have 
uniformly asserted, that they were formeriy kept by 
the priests of Rono, and worshipped, but have never 
given any satisfactory information as to where they 
are now. Whenever we have asked the King, or 
Heuaheva, the chief Priest, or any of the chiefs, they 
have either told us they were under the care of 
those who had themselves said they knew nothing 
about them, or that they were now lost. The best con- 
clusion we may form is, that part of Captain Cook's 
bones were preserved by the priests, and were con- 
sidered sacred by the people probably till the abolii 
tion of idolatry in 1819; that atthat period they were 
committed to the secret care of some chief, or depo- 
sited by the priests who had charge of them in a cave 
unknown to all besides themselves. The manner in 
which they were then disposed of will, it is presumed, 
remain a secret, till the knowledge of it is entirely 
lost. The priests and chiefs always appear unwilling 
to enter into conversation upon the subject, and 
desirous to avoid the recollection of the unhappy 
circumstance." 



Lake or Vitsiol.— There is. In the Island of 
Java, a volcano, called Mount idienne, from which 
the Dutch East India Company hare been often sup- 
plied with sulphur for tne manufacture of gun- 
powder. At the foot of this volcano is a vast natural 
manufactury of that acid commonly called oil of 
vitriol, although it is there largehr diluted with water. 
It is a lake about 1.200 French feet long; the water 
Is warm, and of a greenish white colour, and 
charged with acid. The taste of this liquid is sour, 

Sungent, and caustic ; it kills all the llsh of a river 
ito which It flows, gives violent colics to those 
who drink It, and destroys all the vcgttatkm on its 
banks.-*(Lardner's Cabhiet Cydopadia.) 



66 



•*. » »i 



THE TOURIST. 



I lit 



lak 



THE IMPORTAKCE OF TRIFLES. 



When Rdbert Bnioe> king of Scotland^ 
" had retreated to one of tbe miserable places 
of shelter in which he could ventare to take 
some repose after his disasters^ he lay stretch- 
ed on a handM of straw^ and abandoned 
himself to his melancholy meditations. He 
had now been defeated four times, and was 
on the point pf resolring to abandon all hopes 
of Carther opposition to his fate, and to go to 
the Hoi J Land. It chanced, his eye while 
thus pondering, was attracted by the exer- 
tions of a spider, who, in order to fix its 
web, endesTonred to wring itself from one 
beam to another above his head. Involun- 
tarily he became interested in the pertinap- 
city with which the insect renewed its exer- 
tions after falling six times. At the seventh, 
it gained its object ;" and Bruce, in conse- 
quence, was encouraged to persevere until 
he carried his own. 

At a period much later, we have, in the 
case of Mungo Park, a striking illustra- 
tion of the use which Providence often makes 
of the most trifling means to animate the 
mind. When travelling in Africa, he was 
seized by a banditti, plundered, and lefb al- 
most entirely destitute of clothing. Li this 
wretched situation he sat for some time 
looking around him with amazement and 
horror. ''In the midst of a vast wilder- 
ness ; in the depth of the rainy season ; naked 
and alone ; surrounded by savage animals, 
and men still more savage; five hundred 
miles from the nearest European settlement" 
— all these circumstances crowded at once 
on his recollection, and no wonder that his 
spirits (as he confesses) began to fail him. 
* At this moment (says he), painful as my 
recollections were, the extraordinary beauty 
of a small moss, in fructification, irresis- 
tibly caught my eye* I mention this (he 
adds) to show from what, trifling circum- 
stances the mind will sometimes derive con- 
solation ; for though the whole plant was 
not larger than one of my fingers, I could 
not contem^te the delicate oonfotmation of 
its roots, leaves, and capsula, without admi- 
ration. Can that Being (thought I) who 
planted, watered, and brought to perfection, 
m this obscure part of the world, a thing 
which appears of so small importance, look 
with unconcern on the situation and suffer- 
ings of creatures formed after his own 
imafle?-— Surely not! Reflections like these 
would not allow me to despair. I started 
up, and, disregarding both hunger and fa- 
tigue, travell^ forwards, assured that rdief 
was at hand, and I was not diappointed.*' 



Pay or ▲ Roman Actor. — The daily pay 
of Roscius, Uie greatest actor of Rome, was 
somewhere abovt thirty pounds sterling. His 
annual profit, according to Pl!Dy> w^s four 
thousand pounds, but five thousand according 
to Cicero. Roscius was a generous, benevo- 
lent man and a great oonlemuer of money ; for 
liaviag asMSBed sufficient to satisfy his wishes 
by the exercise of his art, he Ibr ten yvars be- 
stowed his labours gratuitously upon the people, 
thus voluntarily saerifEcing the sum otfitj 



DELIGHTS DF SLAVERY. 



We often hear, from those who consider it 
their interest to support Slavery, florid de- 
sc^ptions of the haj^ness of ^e West 
Indian SlaV'es, and that they do not wish for 
their freedom. Let any one look at the 
advertisements of Runaways, Sales of Slaves 
by Auctions, &c. fn a Goloaial newspaper, 
and he will see enough to convince him of 
the fals^ood of thtee assertions. In the 
'' Antigua Register," for the 29th of May, 
1832, is the fiulowing advertisement : 
''Tin Dollars Reward. 

'* Runaway from this estate, a Nespro man, 
named John, but more eommoniy called John 
Cooper. fl£ IS SUPPOSED i'O BB HAR- 
BOURED BY HIS WIFE, who lives at the 
Great House on the Grove Estate, now under 
rent to W. Bumthorn, Esq. The above reward 
will be cheerfully paid to any person that will 
deliver him to the subscriber. 

** The above Slave has already made an 
effort to leave the Island, and masters of vessels 
are now cautioned, lest they may be Induced by 
him to favour hui escape. 

<' Samubl L. Bridobs. 
" Crabb's, 29lh May, 1832." 

In another number of the same paper is 
the following : 

'« IvfarshalFs Office, 1st June, ia32. 
" Notice is hereby given, that the sale of a 
Slave named John, levied upon by virtue of 
executions against Sarah F. Gambles, deceased ; 
also the sale of* Mary, levied upon by virtue of 
an execution against Arabella Knewslub, d<?» 
ceased, which were to have taken place on tlie 
23d of May, stand postponed to Wednesday 
next, the 6th instant, at Brown's Tavern, at 11 
o'clock in the forenoon. 

" Martin Nanton, 
•« Dep. Prov. Marshall.'* 

Let us hear the testimony of ar disinte- 
rested eye-witness on the Negro's love of 
freedom. In the coarse of his speech at the: 
public meeting at Exeter Hall^ Mr. Knibb, 
the Baptist Missionary^ said^ 

" We are told that Negroes do not like their 
freedom ; that they do not wbh for it Only 
try them. Let me be sent out with the char- 
ter of their freedom in one hand^ and in the 
other an awl to bore to the door«post the ears of 
those who refuse it, and 1 will pledge myself 
to return the instrument pare and blobdiess. In \ 
many cases the Negfroes have made surprising 
exertions to save as much money as would pro- 
cure their manumission. I have myself been 
induced by a Negro, aged seventy-three, to 
purchase his iVeedom. Ten doubloons were at! 
tirst asked ; tbe price was then raised to fifteen,! 
and, white the negociation was going on, I was- 
arrested. 'On another occasion, a female' 
Negro was put in gaol— for whatf because her 
mistress could not pay her debts. She was 
put up for sale; f went to see it; .the sight, 
affected my heart, as wbo^e would it not?' 
Having some. money at the time, I purchased 
her. * O, then,' some might exclaim, * you 
also are a Slave-owner!'* No; I am not a 
Slave-owner. When the poor creature came 
home to my house I was at dinner ; 1 said, 
your shackles are off— you are free. The 
name of this poor woman is Amelia Sutherland. 
Well, did this woman, on obtaining her free- 
dom, turn out to be an idle and careless person ? 
* O yes !' doubtless, some will exclaim. But 
no ; she did not turn out either idle or careless ;j 
on the contrary, she set herself diligently Hf 
work, and paid me a dollar a week out of 



her savings for the tn'oney advanced for 
her freedom. And yet these are the people 
who are described as unfit to obtain their fm- 
dom. I could mention another instancoi that 
of a Negro named Richard Brown, who saved 
2001., with which he purchased his freedom* 
Was this man idlef He also porchased his 
wife. Was he still idle! He, in addition, 
purchased a piece of land from Samuel Molton 
Barnett; ano though 1 have never seen the flag 
of liberty wavins' over the house of that poor 
man, I have often witnessed the blessings of 
liberty enjoyed under its roof. This poor man 
also took in his aged mother, who had been 
for some time CAST off bt nsRowNMts. Yet 
these were the men unflt to have freedom be- 
stowed upon them !*' 



MuMMiBS.— The mountains in this ndshbourhood, 
called Goomo, have for some centuries been the ce- 
meteries for the dead ; and notwithstanding the ha- 
voc which, durin|; some years, has . been made 
amongst them, their contents ap{)ear inexhaustible. 
It would scarcely be an exaggeration to say that the 
mountains are merely roofs over the masses of mum- 
mies within them. The coffins serve as fire-wood 
to tbe whole neighbourhood ; I saw nothing else 
burnt.. At first I did not relish tbe idea of my dmner 
being dressedtwith this resurrection wood, particu- 
larly as two or threeof tbe coffin-iids, wbicli, as I said 
before, were in the shape of human figures, were 
usually seen standing upright against the tree under 
which the cook was performing his operations, 
staring with their large eyes, as if in astonishment, 
at tbe new world upou which tbey had opened. — (Mra. 
Lushington's Narrative.) 

Lacs maps by CATBapixxARs.—- A most extraor- 
dinary speeies of manufacture, which is in a slight 
degree coenected with .copy-in^, has been contrived 
by an officer of engineers residing at Munich, it 
consists of iace, and veils, with open patterns in 
them, made entirely by caterpillars. The following 
is the floode of proceeding adopted :— Having made 
a paste of the leaves of tbQ plant, on which the 
species of caterpillar he employs feeds, he spreads it 
tninly over a stone, or other flat substance, of the 
required size. He then with a camel-hair pencil 
dipped in olive oil, draws the pattern he wishes the 
insects to leave open. This stone is then placed in 
an inclined position, and a considerable number of 
the caterpiOars, ai'C placed at the bottom. A peculiar 
species is chosen, which $pins a strong web; and tbe 
animals commence at the bottom, eating and spinning 
their Wav up to the top, carefully avoiding every 
part touched by the oil, but devouring every other 
part of the paste, the extreme lightness of these 
veils, combined with some strength, is truly sur- 
prising. One of them, measuring twenty-six and a 
naif inches by seventeen inches, wei|;hed only 1.51 
grains, a degree of lightness which will appear more 
strongly by contrast with other fabrics. One square 
yard of the substance of which these veils are made 
weighs four grains and one-third, whilst one square 
yard of silk ^uze weighs one hundred and thirty- 
seven grains, and on( square yard of the finest pa- 
tent net weighs two hundred and sixty-two grains 
and a half. 



Erratum —In Tub Tot^atST, No. 5,' page 40, 
column 3, line 46, for 1793, read 1783. 



NOTICES TO CORFtESPONDENTS. 

M.D,U infonhed tikat the mUtake ke alktdet to 
was corrected in the following' Number, 

We areohUg^toavjr CorrespoHdent, Mr. CAambers, 
for hi* communic^ti^nf hU do not <AiM it neceosary 
to notice the nmneroua fiUtehoqd* of the Mnd he men- 
tions, which are daiiy puilished* Such gross tnisre- 
presenttUions carry with them their own refutation* 

A CorretfondaUt vihose ktUr it mislaid, oommlains 
of certain articles inotieqfthe early tuasnbersof" 7%tf 
Tourist," The present Editor is not responsible far 
them. 



Printed and Published by J. Ckisp, at No. 13, 
Wellington-street, Strand, where jJl Advwtise- 
ments sod Cosunttalcations for the Editor are 
to bs addrisied. . 



THE TOURIST; 



^Itttcii MnJi/lt 0f th$ ®tntt!5« 



' Utile dulci," — Horace. 



( WITH A SUPPLEMEST. 



Vol. I,— No. 8. 



MONDAY. NOVEMBER S, 1882. 



PmcE One Penny. 



ISAAC WALTON'S HOUSE. 



The above engraving does not, like many 
of our embellishmenU, recommend itself 
to the notice of our readers, by the aatural 
or architectural beauties which it depicts. 



It is only intereGting as representing the 
residence of one who must be known by 
name to most of our readers, and who has 
ever been a great favourite with all who 



have perused the work by which he ha^ 
immortalized himself. If, as we believe, 
it is the prerogative of genius alone, to 
throw fascination and interest over a tri- 



58 



THE TOURIST. 



vial subject, or a dry detail, we need not i doing, uge him as though you loved him; 
wonder at the rank which Isaac Walton that is, harm him as little as you may 



enjoys in the estimation of posterity. His 
work on angling has been the delight of 
every •* brother of the angle/* and of 
every man of taste, since its first appear* 
ance. The simplicity of its style, the ge- 
nuine love of nature which it displays, the 
purity and philanthropy of its sentiments, 
that true politeness, the result of a sound 
understanding and of an amiable sensi- 
bility, beautifully exhibited in every page, 
and heightened in effect, rather than ob- 
scured, by the somewhat quaint language 
of the age in which it was written. But 
the book is itself a portrait of its venerable 
author ; nay, it presents- him to yoti alive 
—you walk with him, reflect with him, 
dwell with him on the peaceful beauties 
of the landscape, and silently and gently 
sink into the calm and amiable temper of 
mind and heart which dictated this most 
innocent of books. 

Walton appears to have been well ac- 
quainted with the writings of Montaigne, 
whose essays \^ere excellently translated 
by his friend Cotton. In many respects, 
particularly in the artlessness of his cha- 
racter, our author resembles Montaigne, 
but he had less of whim and eccentricity. 
Montaigne informs us of his good nature, 
but th£ kindheartedness of honest Isaac 
oozes from htm unconsciously from every 
pore. Of the tenderness of his natural 
disposition, it is impossible to doubt ; and 
yet it is curious and almost ludicrous to 
note how the love of his art, and the 
force of habit, occasionally hoodwink his 
humanity. He expresses indignation 
against every other form of cruelty; and, 
censuring those who even fish at improper 
seasons, he observes : 

^' But the poor fish have enemies enough 
beside such unnatural fishermen, as, name- 
ly, the otters that I spake of, the cormo- 
rant, the bittern, the ospray, the sea-gull, 
the hem^ the king-fisher, the gosara, the 
puet, the swan, goose, ducks, and the cra- 
ber, which some call the water-rat: against 
all of which, any honest man may make 
a just quarrel; but I will not, I will leave 
them to be quarrelled with and killed by 
others ; for I am not of a cruel nature, I 
love to kill nothing but fish." 

And his mode of preparing a live bait 
still more strikingly illustrates our ob-* 
servations : — 

" Put your hook into his mouth, which 
you may easily do from the middle of 
April till August, and then the frog's mouth 
grows up, and he continues so for at least 
»ix months without eating, but is sustavaed, 
none but He whose name is wonderful 
knows how : I say, put your hook, I mean 
the arming wire, through his mouth, and 
out at his gills, and then, with a fine needle 
and silk, sow the upper part of his leg, 
with only one stitch, to the arming wire of 
your hook ; or tie the frog's leg above the 



possibly, that he may live the longer." 

This is perhaps as singular a case of 
self-deception as the records of biography 
exhibit. Dr. Paley resembled Walton, 
we believe, in this peculiarity of his cha- 
racter, as well as in its simplicity, bene- 
volence, and intimate sympathy with na- 
ture. No writer presents us with more 
joyous and eloquent descriptions of the 
gaiety and revels of inferior animals, than 
are contained in his Natural Theology ; 
and these he gives with a gout which we 
should not readily imagine to consist with 
the love of angling. Such, however, was 
the case. Little remains to be said of the 
life of Walton. Few events worthy of be- 
ing recorded can ever mark the history of 
any man, whose time was engrossed, and 
whose desires were confined to the prose- 
cution of an amusement. He was bom 
at Stafford in the month of August, 1593, 
died at Winchester on the 1 5th of Decem- 
ber, 1683, and was buried in the cathedral 
there. 



MODERN IMPROVEMENTS AND 
ANGIENT OPINIONS. 



While we are erecting suspension bridges 
over arms of the sea, and cutting tunnels under 
navigable rivers, it is worth while to take a 
glance at the opinions of our forefathers, with 
regard to the spirit of improvement This 
seems to have begun to show itself in the last 
half of the seventeenth century ; for we see, 
from "Grey's Debates,'* that on April 4th, 1671, 
the second reading of a bill was moved, " for 
building a bridge over the river Thames, at 
Putney ;" and it is from tlie opinions delivered 
during ihe debate, that we are enabled to draw 
conclusions very favourable to the progress of 
knowledge. Upon that occasion. Sir William 
Thompson observed, — 

" Mr. ^ipea]cer, — London is circumscribed, 
f mean the city of London ; there are walls, 
gates, and boundaries, the which no man can 
increase or extend : those limits were set by 
the wisdom of our ancestors, and God forbid 
they should be altered. But, Sir, though these 
landmarls can never be removed — I say nevcTf 
for 1 have no hesitation in sUUing, that, when 
the walU of London shdli no longer he visihley 
and Ludgate is demolished^ EngUnd itself will 
he as fiot^ffM-^ough, Sir, these landmavks" 
ai'e immovable, indelible, indestructible, ex- 
cept with the«on5titation-of.thc> country, yet 
it is in the power of speculative theorists to 
delude the rainda of tlie people with viSionaiy 
projects of increasing the skirts of the city, so 
that it may etenjoin Westminst&r.' * ♦ • " 

Mr. Boficawcto said, *Mf there weie any ad** 
vantage derivable from a bridge at Putney, 
perhaps some gentleiiien would find out that a 
bridge at Westminsttr voviid be a convenience. 
Then other honourable gents, might dream 
that a bridge from the end of Fleet-market into 
the fields on the opposite side of the water 
would be a fine speculation ; or who knows 
but at laist it might be proposed to arch over 
the river altogether, ana build a couple wore 
hridges, one from the palace at Somerset'housSj 



- inio the Surrey marshes, and another from the 

upper joint to the armed wire ; and, m 9o\ front of Ouiidhall into Southivarh, (Great 



laughter.) Perhaps, some honourable gentle- 
men, who were mterested in such matters, 
would get up in their places, and propose that 
one or two of these bridges shoula be huilt of 
iron! (Shouts of laughter.) For his part, if 
this passed, he would move for leave to bring 
in half a dozen more bills, for building bridges 
at Chelsea, and at Hammersmith, and at 
Marble Hall Stairs, and at Brentford, and at 
fifty otlier places besides.'' (Continued laugh- 
ter.) 

Mr. Low declared it to be the opinion of the 
** worthy chief magistrate," that, if any carts 
go over Putney bridge, the city of London was 
irretrievably ruined f and added, that the river 
above London bridge would be totally destroyed 
as a navigation ! 

In the present day, it is not only highly 
amusing to read these denunciations of misery 
and ruin, but we are thereby reminded of the 
fallacy of human judgment and foresighL 
Not only is there a bridge at Putney, but the 
forebodings of Mr. Boscawen are almost all 
realized, as relates to the erection of bridges, 
alUiough not so, as to their desolating effects 
on the city of Loudon. A bridge at West- 
minster has been found to be a convenienes'^ 
another has been erected from Fleet^market 
into the opposite fields (at Blackfnars) ; even 
the ^ couple more'' are really in existence, and 
nearly in the sites pointed out — the Waterloo 
and South wark bridges; and, what is still 
more remarkable, it has not only been ^pro^ 
posed, ^' but one of these (the Souttiwark bridge) 
is actualltf built of iron Iff Sir Wm. Thomp- 
son, had he lived to the present moment, might 
have sought in vain for the walls of London. 
Ludgate bar is demolished ; the *' wall, gates, 
and boundaries, set by the wisdom of our an- 
cestors, which no man could increase or ex»..« 
tend," have disappeared. London is extended - 
on every side, so that the skirts of the city are 
not to be distingtiished, by a stranger, from 
Westminster. 

The conclusion of this remarkable debate is 
not less deserving of notice. Sir Henxy Her- 
bert, just before the house divided, said, '* 1 
honestly confess myself an enemy to. monopo- 
lies ; I am equally opposed to mad, visionary 
projects ; and I may be permitted to say, that, 
in the late king's reign, several of these 
thoughtless inventions were thrust upon the 
house, but most properly rejected. If a man. 
Sir, were to come to the bar of the house, and 
tell us that he proposed to convey us regularly 
to Edinburgh, in coaches, in seven days, and 
bring us back in teven days more, should we 
not vote him to Bedlam ? Surely we should, 
if we did him justice ; or, if another told us 
he would sail to the Indies in six wonths, 
should we not punish him for practising upon 
our credulity f Assuredly, if we served him 
rightly." 

LUTHER*8 VKDAVNTEDNKS8. 

Luther, when making hit way into the presence 
of Cardinal Cajetan, who had summoned him to 
answer for his heretical opinions at Augsburgh, 
was asked by one of the cardinal's minions where 
he should find a shelter if his patron, the elector 
of Saxony, should desert him ? — '* Under the 
shield of heaven ! ** was the reply. The silenced 
minion turned round and went his wa^. 

ETHBLWOLD, BISHOP OF WINCHESTER. 

Ethel wold, Bishop of Winchester, in a famine, 
sold all the rich vessels and ornaments of the 
church, to relieve the poor with bread, and said, 
" There was no reason that the dead temples of 
God should be sumptuously furnished, and the 
living temples suffer penury." 



THE TOURIST. 



69 



THE PASHA OF EGYPT. 

The following account of this extraor- 
dinary man is taken from an address of 
Sir A. Johnston to the Royal Asiatic So- 
ciety:— "The Pasha of Eg]mt, one of our 
honorary memhers, a chief of a clear and vi- 
gonms mind, observing the advantage Euro- 
pean states have derived from a similar policy, 
nas publicly encouraged the introduction into 
Egypt of all those arts and sciences which are 
cuculated to improve the understanding of the 
people, to mitigate the effects of their religious 
feelings, and to secure the stability of the local 
government ; he has assimilated his army and 
his navy to those of Europe, and subjected them 
to European regulations and to European dis- 
cipline ; he has formed corps of artillery and 
engineers upon European principles ; he has 
attached regular bands of military music to 
each of his regiments, with European in- 
structors, who teach the Arab musicians, ac- 
cording to the European notes of music, to 
play upon European instruments the popular 
marches and airs of England, France, and 
Oermany ; a short distance from Cairo he has 
established a permanent military hospital, and 
placed it under European surgeons, and the 
same rules as prevail in the best regulated hos- 
pitals in Europe ; and he has formed a school 
of medicine and anatomy, in which not only 
botany, mineralogy, and chemistry are taught, 
but human bodies are publicly dissected by 
students who profess the Mahomedan religion, 
and who are publicly rewarded, in the heart of 
a great Mahomedan population, according to 
the skill and the knowledge which they dis- 
play in their different dissections. At Alex- 
andria he has established a naval school, in 
which the Mahomedan students are instructed 
in the several branches of geometry, trigono- 
metry, mechanics, and astronomy, connected 
with naval architecture and the science of na- 
vigation, and a dock-yard, under the control 
and superintendance of a European naval ar^ 
chitect distinguished for his talents and his 
skill, in which, besides frigates and other ves- 
sels of smaller dimensions, four ships of the 
line, three carrying 1 10 guns upon two decks, 
and one of 130 guns, have been recently built; 
he has opened the old port, which was formerly 
shut against them, to all Christian vessels. 
He has encouraged the formation of regular 
insurance offices, and authorised Christian 
merchants to acquire a property in lands, 
houses, and gardens. He has employed an 
English civil engineer of great eminence, on a 
very liberal salary, to improve all the canals 
in the counti^ and the course of the Nile : he 
is about to cfiiistmctcarriage^roadsfrom Alex- 
andria to Caiiio,. and from Alexandria to Ro- 
zetta and Dfrnitlta : and M. Abro, the cousin 
of his minister^ ift_al)out to establish upon them 
public stage-coaches, built on a model of one 
sent to him by a coachmaker from this coun- 
try; he has introduced steam-boats, wliich 
navigate upon the Nile, and steam-engines, 
which are used for cleansing and deepening the 
bed of that river, and for various other public 
works; he has patronised the employment, by 
Mr. Brigffs, of two Englishmen, taken for the 
purpose nom this country, in boring for water 
in different parts of the desert, and he has dis- 
covered, through their operations, some very 
fine water in the desert between Cairo and 
Suez ; he has encouraged the growth of cotton, 
indigo, and opium, and the former of these 
productions is now a neat article of trade be- 
tween Egypt and Enj^and, France, and Gei^ 
many ; he has established schools in the coun- 



try, for the instruction of all orders of his 
people, in reading, writing, and arithmetic; 
he has sent, at creat expense to himself, young 
men, both of the higher and lower ranks of 
society, to^ England and France, for the purpose 
of acquinng useful knowledge, the former in 
those branches of science and literature which 
are connected with their service in the army, 
the navy, and the higher departments of go- 
vernment ; the latter in those mechanical arts, 
which are more immediately connected with 
their employment as artisans and manufac- 
turers ; he has constituted a public assembly 
at Cairo, consisting of a considerable number 
of well-informed persons, who hold regular 
sittings for forty da^s in each year ; and pub- 
licly discuss, for his information, the interest 
and wants of his different provinces ; he pa- 
tronises the publication of a weekly newspaper 
in Arabic and Turkish, for the instruction of 
his people ; and, finally, he protects all Chris- 
tian merchants who are settled in his country, 
not only in time of peace, but also in time of 
war, and afforded the European merchants 
who were settled at Alexandria and Cairo, a 
memorable instance of his determination to 
adhere under all circumstances to this policy, 
by informing them, as soon as he had received 
intelligence of the battle, of Navarino, that 
their persons and their property should con- 
tinue as secure as if no such event had oc- 
curred. I have dwelt at some length upon 
this subject, because 1 have felt it to be my 
duty, in consequence of the information which 
I have received as Chairman of the Com- 
mittee of Correspondence, to give publicity in 
this country to those measures, by which one 
of the most distinguished of our honorary 
members has restored to Egypt, in dieir 
highest state of perfection, all the arts and 
sciences of £urope; has emulated, as a patron 
of knowledge, the conduct of the most en- 
lightened of the Caliphs of Bagdad ; and has 
afforded, as a Mahomedan, a bright example, 
for their imitation, to all the Mahomedan so- 
vereigns in Europe, Africa, and Afia." 



Extract from a Letter to Mr, Wilberforcey in 
1787, 6y Dr, Currie, 

**Very frequently, indeed^ it is asserted, 
that the condition of the negroes in the West 
Indies is happier and better Uian in their own 
country ; and, therefore, that those transported to 
our sugar colonies can really sustain no injury. 
Whence, then, I have asked, arises the waste 
of life in the West Indies, which occasions 
the necessity of so large a supply to keep up 
the numbers there ; and whence the increase 
of life in Africa, whjch affords this supply 
without their numbers being diminished P 
Ten taUlions of negroes have been carried across 
the ocean to support a population which, it is 
said, at present does not amount to more than 
800,000 souls. Ten families planted in those 
islands 300 years ago, when the slave-trade 
commenced, under the auspices of freedom4 
and of nature, with the advantages of a fertile 
soil, and a climate congenial to their constitu- 
tions, might by this time have produced a 
greater number. Who can doubt it ? Within 
half this time, a handful of Englishmen have 
spread themselves over an immense continent 
— ^have converted a wilderness into a fertile 
country — have given battle to the most power- 
ful people of Europe ; and through a sea of 
toils ana troubles, have arisen to &» rank of 
thirteen independent states. The English were 
free men : the unhappy Africans were» slaves.*' 



THE SAFETY OF IMMEDIATE EMAN- 
CIPATION. 

Some of the friends of Negro Emancipation 
are apprehensive of evil consequences from its 
immediately taking place. This is much to be 
regretted, as it senes to weaken a righteous 
cause. We purpose, in a future number, to 
treat somewhat at large on this point, and aje 
confident we shall be able to snow the utter 
fallacy' of the fears which are entertained. 
For the present we mu^ content ourselves with 
letting our readers know the opinion which is 
entertained by some intelligent observers, re- 
sident in Jamaica. The following piftsage is 
extracted from the Christian Record, for May 
last This publication is conducted by <4itirch- 
men, and is every way entitled to public con- 
fidence. Coming from such a quarter, we 
hope the sentiments expressed in this editorial 
paper will have their proper influence. 

** We would tlierefore have every Christian 
proprietor to examine the question closely, and 
consider whether that which his conduct assists 
in perpetuating is, under any modification what- 
ever, what his Heavenly Master would have him 
to perpetuate. If it be not contrary to his will, 
the Christian will be comforted by the examina- 
tion which satisfies him of this clearly ; if it 6e 
contrary, and he is convinced of this, will he not 
rejoice that he has made the examination, and 
discovered in time the necessity of an alteied con- 
duct? — of doing every thing in his power, and, 
with a fixed purpose, to bring it to an end 1 For 
our own parts we beg to avow distinctly our be- 
lief that keeping men in slavery is directly op- 
posed to the spirit of the gospel, and that were all 
slave-holders to become Christians indeed, the 
state of slavery would not exist a single moment. 
But unhappily* there are many who are, and will 
still contmue, any thing but Christians. We 
think ourselves, therefore, compelled, in our de- 
sire to have it abolished, as a crime against God 
and our fellow -creatures, to have regard to those 
measures of precaution and expediency which may 
be necessary to guard against the evils that would 
arise from any hasiy and undigested measure of 
emancipation, through the opposition of unchris- 
tian men, and the working or the general depra- 
vity of man — a depravity a* strong no doubt in the 
bosom of a slave, as in that of the being who con- 
siders him as but one of the live stock of his 
estate. But at the same time, we would record 
our deliberate belief, founded upon no Uighi ac-* 
quaiotance with, or thori experience of» the jrrtMnt 
race of negroes in this island, that the measure of 
emancipation (which all aoree must one day be 
passed), accompanied by a judicious, and in its 
details well defined, enactment, for the alteration 
and goyernmeut of the newly freed labourers, and 
with the establishment of an efiective police, 
might THIS DAY lake effect with perfect safety to 
all classes of tjie community, and without one of 
those evils following, which are made the bug- 
bears to frighten from the measure the Christian 
advocates ol truth and justice. Nay more — ^if the 
negroes are not mm? tit for such a boon, we be- 
lieve they NEVER will be. We desire, therefore, 
to see Christian Proprietors, not seeking how to 
reconcile themselves to their possession of their 
fellow-men, but how they may immediately and 
consistently abandon it. A^n we say, the ques- 
tion presses — it must be decided soon. We must 
either go back at onee, if we caw, to the state of 
slavery in which we were thriving a hundred years 
ago, — or at onee meet the spirit of the times, and 
change our unwilling slaves into willing, because 
properly recompensed, free labourers — or fearful 
indeed will be the consequent ruin and destitution 
to all the present proprietors — the very least of 
thedi* We say now is tne time to make the change 
— only fix this, and men will be astonished at the 
easiness and safety with which it will be effected. 
May the spirit of wisdom and of a sound mind be 
in all our councils !" 



NOTICES TO CORRESPONDENTS. 

Tl* tagnulinn ^S. H, wiit b* attlJ upon. 

Wt ttunlifuay arknoaltigi ih* rminhiliimi rf 
R. C. Thttl will nil bt JRirrlfEj sitftml dtlty. 

IF< or« ««Ti( Ifcol u» euunoi iimrl (At iwriU of 
" Mmon." 

»*< ihall bf hippy ioJ>MrB^iii/i«r. P. A. 



THE TOURIST. 



MONDAY. NOVEMBER 5, 1832. 

Mr. Burke somewhere expresses an opi- 
nion, 4hrLt it is belter that the minds of 
men should be occupied with information 
ever so trivial and useless, so that it be 
not erroneous and prejudicial, than that 
they should be destitute of information of 
all kinds. Nor does the ^eat name of 
Mr. Burke, with all the knowted^ of hu- 
man nature and of politics with which it 
will ever stand associated, yield by any 
means the most powerful sanction to this 
Opinion. It is perpetually reiterated and 
confirmed to us by the concurrent voice 
and experience of those, amon^ whom, 
during later times, the advantages of ex- 
tended knowledge and intellectual cul- 
ture hare been enjoyed. It has at length 
become a problem, how any persons pos- 
sessing the benefits of an ordinary educa- 
tion could delude themselves with the 
notion, that the same causes which pro- 
duced innocent gratification to tbem 
should involve the elements of anarchy 
and mischief to others. Por, what, let us 
inquire, have they first to establish, before 
they can give any weight or plausibility 
to their opinion ? They must prove, that 
men will be the more likely to disobey, 
the more thoroughly they know and ap- 
preciate the cogent reasons which enforce 
-obedience : that they will be the more 
engrossed by sensual pleasures, in pro- 
portion as they have access to such as are 
of a higher and an opposite character 
contradiction to the experience of all 
mankind, they must show that we are in- 
flated with vanity, in proportion to our 
intellectual acquirements ; and dispmsed 
to fraudulent self- aggrandizement by 
teaming, from the historian and the mo- 
ralist, that " true self-love and social are 
the same." In short, they must make an 
admission, at once the most humiliating 
and impolitic that can well be imagined ; 
namely, that the grounds of truth and of 
duty in religion, morals, and politics, are 
so weak and questionable as to render it 
necessary to forbid all examination of 
them. 

We trust, however, that these remarics 
are but little called for by the present state 
of society. We are persuaded, that if 
there be a party who uphold the opposite 
opinion, that party is daily on the wSne. 
We Joyfully hail those indications which 
distinguish the present as the golden age 
of education. We cannot but anticipate 



THE TOURIST. 

its constant and accelerated progress, 
when we find, among its most zealous 
promoters, men upon whom it has most 
profusely showered its advantages, and 
who combine the influence of rank with 
the authority of office. 
. But while weentertain the highest hopes 
from the operation of these forces, which 
may be said to constitute the primum 
mobile of the great process, we may ad- 
. with equal pleasure to the excellent 
order and adaptation of the mechanism 
by which it is carried forward. We refer 
particularlytotheabundanceofcheappub- 
lications, the rise and currency of which we 
deem ofsufEcient consequence to be ranked 
among the most important characteristics 
of the present age. In some of them the 
most useful knowledge is contained, sim- 
plified to the level of every degree of in- 
telligence, and rendered accessible and 
attractive to all by their cheapness and 
elegance. We confidently anticipate the 
most beneficial results from this source, 
and we trust that The Tourist will not 
contribute least to justify such expecta- 

We cannot close these remarks i 
suitably than by adopting the eloquent 
language of one of the greatest writers 
our literature can boast, in confirmation 
of these opinions. 

m thee 



set on foot, for the improvement of the lower 
classes, and especially the children of the poor, 
in moral and religious knowledge, from which 
we hope much good vtill aecrue, not otHj tu 
the parties conceraed, but to the kingdom at 
luge. These are the likeliest, m rather the 
only eTpedients that can be adopted, foi form- 
ing a SDUud and virtuous populace; and, if 
there be any troth in the figure bj^ which so- 
ciety is comjiared lu a pyramid, it is on them 
'' slafaiUt; chiefly depeuds: the elaborate or- 
neut at the «p will be a wretched fom- 
pensadou for the want of solidity in the lower 
parts of the stmcluie. These are not the times 
in which it is safe for a nation to repose on the 
lap of ignorance- If (here eret were a scMon, 
when public tranquillity was ensured by the 
absence of knowledge, that seascn is past. 
The convulsed state of the world will not per- 
mit unthinking stupidity to sleep, without 
being appalled by phantoms, and shaken by 
terrors, to which reason, which defines her oti- 
jects and limits her apprehensions by the 
reality of things, is a stranger. Every thing 
in the condition of mankind announces the 
approach of some great crisis, for which no- 
thing can prepare us but the diffunou of know- 
ledge, probity, and the fear of the Lord. 
While the world is impelled, with sncb vio* 
lence, in opposite directions ; while a spirit of 
giddiness and revolt is shed upon the natkins, 
and the seeds of mutation are so thickly sown, 
the imprureinent of the mass of the people 
will be our grand securitv, in the neglect oC 
which the politeness, the refinement, and the 
knowledge accumulated in the higher aiders, 
weak and unprotected, will be exposed to im- 
minent danger, and perish like a garland in 
the gnsp of pc^ar fury." 



NETLEY ABBEY. 



These are the rnins of one of the most 
beautiful monastic edifices which we owe 
to the piety, or the superstition of our 
foTefalhers. Its siUiation is most ro- 
mantic, and, at the same time, exceed- 
ingly appropriate to the purposes of its 
establishment. It was founded by Henry 
the Third, and peopled by a colony of 
Cistertian monks from Eeaulieu Abbey, 
which lay a few miles olf. What time 
this holy fraternity spent in their devo- 
tions, we are not mformed ; but we may 
fairly conjecture that they did not lufier 



themselves to be unduly engrossed by 
literature, as their library at the time of 
the dissolution, under Henry the Eighth, 
consisted but of one book. 

Afler this time, Netley Abbey passed 
into the hands of various possessors, and 
among others of Sir Bartlett Lucy in the 
year 1700, who sold it to a carpenter of 
Southampton. The latter intended to pull 
it down, forthesaice of the materials; and 
we are told that we owe the preservation 
of the ruins from this Gothic attack to the 
following occurrence, the account of 



THE TOURIST. 



which we take frcnn Browne WiUis, who 
gires full credence to the legend. " Dur- 
ing the time," says he, " this man was in 
treaty with Sir Bartlett, he was greatly 
disturbed by frightful dreams, and, as 
some say, apparitions : particularly bv 
that of a monk, who threatened him witn 
great mischief, if he persisted in his pur- 
pose (of pulling down the edifice). One 
night, in particular, he dreamed a lai^ 
stone from one of the windows fell upon 
him and killed him. This bo terrified 
him, that he communicated these disturb- 
ances to a particular fnend, who advised 
him to desist : but avarice, and the con- 
trary advice of other friends, getting the 
better of his fears, he conclud«i the bar- 
gain ; when attempting to take out some 
stones from the bottom of the west wall, 
the whole body of a window fell down 
upon biro, and crushed him to death." 



THE TWILIGHT HOUR. 

Sweet hour! the laMt, Igielleii. 

Of all Ihat 'lead upon the ina ; 
Ttiou bluihiDg loiterer of the Weil, 

1 would tlie winlr; months weragone. 
If bat igiin to welcame Ihit, 
Aod ibtn Ih; (mile o'ei Itnd (od tea. 
And while the gor^eoui henveai weive 

The ciimsoD cioudi into a veil 
Before his brow, ■■ he takes leave 

or earth — to walch the crescent pale 
O' ttke moon, I see the evening slar 
Beckoning her tistere from afar; 

And liiten (o the tiniiling bell* 
Of flocka returning to the fold ; 

Or village peal — those chimes thai lell 
A tale 01 memorj to the old, 

Of hope to youth — whilst, high above, 

The rook* wend homeitard 10 the ^ve ; 

Or see, while iiillg the nightingale 









And bus' swift circuit in the date ; 

All motives to a drear; Iraia 
Of pleaiaot thonghts, Ihat breathe repoae, 
And mark the ro>]i ereniog'i close. 

O'er lands beyond the Appenine, 

Though darknet* loon dispels the charm, 

^Vith deeper glow Ihy beauties shins. 
Sweet twilight < — micror'd in the calm 

Blue water, till the night-wind's play 

Succeed* (be sultrioesi of day. 

There 'tis the convent-bell je beer, 
And the impuiion'd vesper-chaunt ; 

Or blither mutic greets the ear, 
When the guitar, and some romaunt, 

The tarantell' and tambourine. 

Make glad some vine-emboner'd scene. 

There, too, the fira-Siei hold their dance, 

And the cigatl't jocund song 
Resounds, unheeding night's adrance. 

The silver olive trees among ; 
And myrtles jield their fraerancj 
To wanton zephyrs wandering by. 

I would the wintry months were flown. 
Once more, sweet hour, lo walk with thee 

It, baply, not where suds go down 
Id climes Ihat lone ibe midland Ma, 

With fani? and with thee to raam 

Among thaccuitom'd aceanof home. 
Fttit Fartiy'i Briilet jMmaJ. 



DIANA OF THE EPHESIANS. 



This was one of the most celebrated 
deities of ancient mythology. She was 
worshipped with the same distinctive at- 
tributes, in various countries, and under 
vanons names. She is supposed to have 
been originally the lais of the Egyptians, 
and to have been introduced into Greece 
under the naine of Diana at the same time 
with Osiris, under that of Apollo. This 
figure is remarkable as representing one 
of the false deities mentioned in the Scrip- 
tures, " Diana of the Ephesians," her 
most splendid temple being at Ephesus. 
It was built by the united contributions 
of many of the Grecian states and princes, 
and was so magnificent as to be esteemed 
one of the wonders of the world. The 
figure itself was probably intended to set 
forth the extensive blessings of Provi- 
dence, as bestowed on all classes of 
created beings. It is drawn as many- 
breaated, to denote that the goddess pos- 
sessed abundant fountains of nourish- 
ment. The turrets, crowning her head, 
show her peculiar guardianship over 



cities; while the heads of cattle beneath 
signify that her care extended to the 
country also. The breastplate or neck- 
lace, adorned with the sig^s of the zodiac, 
was intended to show that this superin- 
tendance was exercised through all the 
seasons of the year. There seems good 
reason to believe that when the Romans 
invaded this country the worship of this 
great goddess was introduced among our 
ignorant ancestors. In the year 1602 an 
image was dug out of the ground in Mon- 
mouthshire, which, by the form, dress, 
and inscription, appears to be the figure 
of the Ephesian idol. We are also in- 
formed by an ancient manuscript in the 
Cotton Library, that in the time of the 
hepUrchy, Ethelbert, King of Kent, built 
a church in London, to the honour of St. 
Paul, upon the spot where formerly stood 
a temple of Diana ; and a variety of relics 
have been dug up, at different times, near 
the site of St. Paul's, which strongly con- ^ 
firm this account. 



02 



THE TOURIST. 



PUBLIC OPINfON AN AUXILIARY TO 
CHRISTIANITY. 

If there be anything in this lower creation, 
with which men have to do, and which has to 
do with men, and yet too ghostly to be made 
tlie subject of a definition, it is public opinion. 
Though we cannot tell what it is, no one doubts 
its existence; though it does not present itself 
in palpable forms, all men feel it» Its secret 
ana inrisible influence operates on every mind, 
and modifies every one s conduct. It has 
ubiquity, and a species of omniscience; and 
there is no power on earth so stem in its cha- 
racter, so steady, so energetic, so irresistible in 
its swav. Every other power mast do homage 
at its altar, and ask leave to be. The thrones 
of kings stand by its permission, and fall at its 
beck. It is a power that lives, while men die, — 
and builds and fortifies its entrenchments on the 
graves of the generations of this worid. With 
eveiy substantial improvement of society, itself 
improves ; with every advancement of society, 
itself plants its station there, and builds upon 
it, and never yields. Time and the revolutions 
of this world are alike and equally its auxili- 
aries, and contribute by their influence to its 
maturity and increasing vigour. And this is 
the power which has adopted Cfatistouty, 
and set itself up its advocate and defender, in 
the hands of an Almighty Providence. 

In the days of the apostles, and in subsequent 
ages, the public opinion of the world ' stood 
marshalled against Christianity. And it was 
not until after the political and moral convul- 
sions of eighteen centuries— convulsions, in tiie 
bosom of which Christianity has been making 
its bed and planting its seeds: it was not 
until Spiritual Babylon had thoroughly dis- 
gusted and astounded the world by her arro- 
gance and abominations ; — it was not until the 
Sun of the Reformation, rolling on to the West, 
had gone down in that region where first he 
rose, and opened again bis morning twilight on 
Luther's grave ; — ^it was not until infidelity had 
done its worst, ' and played such tricks before 
high heaven, as made the angels weep ;' — ^it was 
not until Mohammedism and Paganism had 
wearied out the patience, and drank the very 
life-blood of the most enduring hope of man, and 
man had tried eveiy possible expedient to work 
out his own redemption, but the only true one ; 
— it was not until every human and every diar 
boUcal invention, to overthrow the foundations 
and defeat the designs of Christianity, had been 
exhausted — Christianity in the meantime and 
all the while gradually settiing down and gain- 
ing a stronger hold on the afiections of man- 
kind;— it was not until all these grand events, 
and all that is comprehended in them, had 
transpired in the providence of God, that the 
worla seems to have consented, evidently con- 
sented, that Christianity should rdgn. And 
here is the point, at which the enterprise of 
Christians of these times may safely begin. 
This is the ground which tiiey ought to assume, 
as all cleared and settled at their hands. 

Calvin Colton. 



PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF INTOXICA- 
TION. 

**Malt liauors, under which tide we in- 
clude all kinas of porter and ales, produce the 
worst species of drunkenness, as, in addition to 
the intoxicating principles, some noxious in- 
gredients are usually aadcd, for the pur])ose of 
preserving them ana giving them their bitter. 
The hop of these flui& is highly narcotic; and 
brewers oAen add other substances to heighten 



its effect, such as Hyociamus, Opium, Bella- 
donna, Cocculus, Indicus, Laura, Cerasus, &c. 
Malt liquors, therefore, act in two ways upon 
the body, partly by the alcohol they contain, 
and partly by me narcotic principle. In addi- 
tion to this, the fermentation which they un- 
deigo is much less perfect than tiiat of spirits 
or wine. After being swallowed, this process 
is carried on in the stomach, by which fixed 
air is copiously liberated, and the digestion of 
delicate stomachs materially impaired. 

" Persons addicted to malt liquors increase 
enormously in bulk. They become loaded 
witii fat, their chin gets double or triple, the 
eye prominent, and me whole face bloated and 
stupid. Their circulation is clogged, while 
the pulse feels like a cord, and full and la- 
bouriDg, but not quick. During sleep, the 
breathing is stertorous. Every thing indicates 
an excess of blood, and when a pound or two 
is taken away, immense relief is obtained. 
The blood, in such cases, is more dark and 
sizy than in others. In seven cases out of ten, 
maltMquor drunkards die of apoplexy or paUy, 
If they escape this hazard, swelled liver or 
dropsy carries them off*. The abdomen seldom 
loses its prominency, but the lower extremities 
get ultimately emaciated. The effects of malt 
Squors on the body, if not so immediately 
rapid as tiiose of ardent spirits, are more stu- 
pifying, more lasting, and less easily removed. 
Ilie last are particularly prone to produce 
levity and mirth ; but the first have a stunning 
influence upon the brain, and in a short time 
render dull and sluggish the gayest disposition. 
lliey also produce sickness and vomiting more 
reamly than either spirits or wine. Botn wine 
and malt liquors have a greater tendency to 
swell tiie body than ardent spirits. 

" The most dreadful effects, upon the whole, 
are brought on by spirits; but drunkenness 
fixnn malt liquors is the most speedily fatal. 
The former break down the body by degrees, 
the latter operate by some instantaneous apo- 
plexy, or rapid inflammation. No one has 
ever given me respective characters of the 
malt-liquor and ardent-spirit drunkard, with 
greater truth than Hogarth, in his ' Beer Alley, 
and Gin Lane.' The first is represented as 
plump, rubicund, and bloated ; the second, as 
pale, tottering, and emaciated, and dashed* 
over with the aspect of blank despair." — Dr. 
Macnish*s Anatomy of Drunkenness. 



FREE PEOPLE OF COLOUR, 

From Walshes Notices of BrazV. 

" The number of free blacks and mulattos 
is very considerable already in the country. It 
is calculated of the former, that there are 
160,000 ; and of the latter 430,000, making 
about 600,000 free men, who were either slaves 
themselves, or the descendants of slaves. 
These are, generally speaking, well-conducted 
and industrious persons ; and compose, indis- 
criminately, different orders of the community ; 
there are among them, merchants, farmers, doc- 
tors, lawyers, priests, and officers of different 
ranks. Every considerable town in the in- 
terior, has regiments composed of them ; and 
I saw, at Villa Rica, two corps of them, one 
consisting of four companies of free blacks, 
and the other of seven companies of mulattos. 
The benefits arising from tnem, have greatiy 
disposed the whites to consider the propriety 
ana necessity of gradually amalgamating the 
rest with the free population of the country, 
and abolishing for ever that outrage upon 
the laws of God and man — ^the condition of a 
slave." V 



AN EXAMPLE FOR THE CLERGY OF 
ENGLAND, IN THE CONDUCT OF 
CYPRIAN, AN AFRICAN BISHOP. 

" Numidia, a country adjoining to Carthage, 
in Africa, had been blessed with the light of 
the gospel, and in the third century a number 
of churches were planted in it By an irrup- 
tion of the barbarous nations, many Numidian 
converts were carried into ci^tivity." In an 
epistie jmtten by Cyprian, the Bishop of Car- 
thage, on this occasion, he says, ^ Wno, if he 
be a father, does not now feel as if his sons 
were in a state of captivity ? Who, if a hus- 
band, is not affected as if his own wife were 
in that calamitous situation ? This must be the 
case, if we have but the common sympathy of 
men. Then, how great ought our mutual sorrow 
to be, on accoimt of the danger of the virgins 
who are there held in bondage ? Our brethren, 
ever ready to work' the work of God, but now 
much more quickened by great soirow and 
anxiety to forward so salutary a concern, have 
freely and largely contributed to the relief of 
the distressed captives. For, whereas the 
Lord says in the gospel, ' I was sick and ye 
visited me ;' with how much stronger approba- 
tion would he say, * I was a captive and ye re- 
deemed me !' And when, again, he says, * I 
was in prison, and ye came to me ;' how much 
more is it in the same spirit to say, *• I was in 
the prison of captivity among barbarians, and 
ye freed me from the dungeon of slavery ; ye 
shall receive your reward of the Lord in the 
day of judgment' Truly we thank you very 
much that ye wished us to be partakers of 
your solicitude, and of a work so good and 
necessafy. We have sent a hundred thousand 
sesterces (about JC781 sterling), the collec- 
tion of our clergy and laity of the church of 
Carthage, which you will dispense forthwith 
according to your diligence. If, to try our 
faith and love, such afflictions should again 
befal you, hesitate not to acquaint us ; and be 
assured of tiie hearty concurrence of our 
church with you, both in prayer and in cheerful 
contributions." — MUner^s Church History. 



APHORISMS, 



There are in nature certain fountains of justice, 
whence all civil laws are derived, but as streams ; 
and like as waters do take linctures and tastes 
from the soils through which they ran, so do civil 
laws vary according to the regions and governments 
where they are planted, though they proceed from 
the same fountains. — Bacon. 

No schism in the body politic can be more fatal 
than that which alienates tne hands from the head, 
the physical strength of society from its presiding 
intellect. — Robert Hall. 

Ignorance is a blank sheet on which we may 
write ; but error is a scribbled one on which we 
must first erase. — Colton^s Lacow. 

It is in literature, as in finance, much paper and 
much poverty may co-eiisti — Colton's JLiacon. 

To be attached to the subdivision, to love the 
little platoon we belong to in society, is the first 
principle, the germ, as it were, of public affections. 
— Bvrkk. 

Faith says many things concerning which the 
senses are silent, but nothing which the senses deny : 
it is always superior to them, but never contrary to 
them. — Pascal. 

The sphere in which we move, and act, and un- 
derstand, is of a wider circumfieience to one crea- 
ture than another, according as we rise one above 
another in the scale of existence; but the widest 
of these our spheres has its circumference. — Ad- 
dison. 



THE TOURIST. 



63 



COLONIAL. SLAVEKY. 



TO MR. POWELL BUXTON. 

Yorky Oct, 4, 1832. 

Sir, — So satisfied should I be to leave whet you 
term '* the controversy between us" in the hands 
of the electors of Gloucestershire (to whom your 
JtDguage is evidently addressed), that I would pass 
unnoticfMl your letter of the 21st ult., did I not 
indulge a hope that I might tempt you bjr an offer 
which might go some way towards putting your 
philanthropy to the negroes, as well as my own, to 
the test. But let me first Te<]((iest that, if you 
should honour me with any further notice, you will 
explain why every statement coming from me must 
be untrue, every expression intended to mislead T 
*' What, in my first letter, I had called vessels, 
are, in my second, dwindled into boats ; my ne- 
groes, instead of making constant exports of pro- 
visions, now make only occasional snipment» — a 
falling off which (you state) exposes their wretch- 
edness." I thank you. Sir, for this assertion, as it 
comprehends in itself the proof of every foul libel 
uttered against the West India planter. But, Sir, 
my vessels shall be of any denomination you 
choose to give them ; they are built to convey a 
few oxen or sheep from Barbuda to the neighbour- 
ing islands ; they are manned (mark me) by my 
own slaves only, who have thus an almost daily 
opportunity of putting themselves on board vessels 
bound to North America, France, or even that 
land of liberty, England. But ** my negroes send 
only occasional shipments ; they cannot keep 
themselves at all during three-fourths of their 
time." A curious argument this to prove their 
wretchedness : they are so well fed, they have so 
little occasion (to say nothing of inclination) to 
work for themselves, that, with ten or twelve acres 
allowed them, the land is left uncultivated three- 
fourths of the year. 

To this assertion, then, of wretchedness, I dare 
you to the proof: you have not in your brewery a 
man less wretched than one of those wretched 
slaves, not one of whom would change situations 
with them. And this leads me to the offer by 
which this state of wretchedness may be deter- 
mined. In my last, I ventured a belief that your 
humanity to the slaves had never led you to visit 
those colonies. If I can tempt you (in the cause 
of the wretched slave) to trust yourself across the 
Atlantic, one of my vessels shall convev you from 
any neighbouring isle to Barbuda ; while there you 
shall have every accommodation free of expen&e ; 
and I pledge myself to give you, at the end of one 
week, the power of mfinumitling a boat- load (not 
exceeding fifty) of those wretched slaves, on the 
following conditions, vis. : — ^Their manumission 
shall not be compulsory \ you shall fully explun 
to them the difiference between their present and 
future state ; and, as their number has increased 
beyond any means I can find of employing them, 
they shall quit my property. Doubtless, Sir, you 
will favour the public with a full and candid state- 
ment of the condition in which you found them, as 
to food, clothing, comforts, and contentment. If 
you accept my offer, I shall be glad again to hear 
from you : if you reject it, I must beg to decline 
further controversy. 

And now. Sir, a few words as to manumission 
generally. You do not covet it more than I do, 
when it can be bestowed beneficially to the slave 
himself. It cannot benefit him, without my re- 
ceiving my share of that benefit. He is a slave 
by no act of the planter, but by the laws of Eng- 
land : by the same laws he is my absolute pro- 
perty, of which I cannot justly be deprived without 
compensation. By the colonial laws, he cannot 
be entirely manumitted ; nay, shudder not, Sir ! 
by that humane and salutary law I have no power 
of fleeing myself, even after his manumission, 
from feeding, clothing, and supporting him ; if 
either he turns out a vagabond, or in his old age. 
If, then, you force improvident manumission, you 
convert that into a curse which might eventually 
be a blessing. I repeat, Sir, that no man will see 
with more satisfaction than myself the total ex- 



tinction pf slavery, when it can be accomplished 
with security to property, and benefit to the slave 
himself. 

Sir, there is still a point of minor importance on 
which I may be expected to say a few words. You 
have borne, it seems, all sorts of calumny with ex- 




by sucb an expression 
it not been preceded (scarce many days) by an ob- 
servation, "that you was not even aware of the 
existence of such a person." You have honoured 
me. Sir, with an introduction to your grandfather*s 
sister, but you have omitted to introduce roe to 
your grandfather himself. Far be it from me to 
doubt any thing that comes from so respectable a 
person as Mr. Fowell Buxton ; still farther be it 
to couple your name with a set of vagabond lec- 
turers who, fortunately for themselves, have es- 
caped from the West Indies just before the halter 
was round their necks ; you have, however, pro- 
nounced my name as a slave-owner to be synony- 
mous with villain. Now, Sir, there are obstinate 
people who still assert that your grandfather had 
considerable property in land and tlavet in the 
island of Barbadoes ; that some 35 or 36 years ago 
he sent out the late Mr. Holden (indeed the in- 
formation came from Mr. Holden himself) to dis- 
pose of that property ; that it was so disposed of 
for a large sum of money, a proportion of which 
was invested in proper^r at Weymouth, which gave 
the right of voting, and in virtue of which property 
you possess your present influence in that borough. 
I vouch not for the truth of these assertions \ but, 
if they are matters of fact, the electors of Wey- 
mouth doubtless will know hoW to appreciate your 
claims to represent them in a Reformed ParliamenU 
I have the honour to remain, Sir, 
Your humble servant, 

C. Betbsll Cooringtok. 



TO SIR C. BETHKLL CODRZVOTON, BART. 



Sir,— You express a desire that the correspond- 
ence between us should cease. That correspond- 
ence was not begun by me, nor am I now in any 
haste to .close it, being persuaded that the more 
the question of slavery is discussed the more truth 
will prevail. 

You askme to explain •* Why ^very statement 
coming from you must be untrue, every expression 
intended to mislead V I am sure I never meant 
—I trust no expression of mine can be construed 
to mean— that you have wilfully misled the public 
I believe you to be incapable of any such purpose, 
and I make the acknowledgment the more frankly, 
because I disdain to follow the example of those 
who mingle in a public discussion the bitterness 
of private slander. All I have done is to compare, 
one with another, the statements of your several 
letters. Some of them I have certainly found it 
difficult to reconcile ; for instance, in your first 
letter you assure us that *'many of your slaves 
have ten or eleven acres m euUivation,*' In your 
last it is said that, " with ten or twelve acres al- 
lowed them, the land is left uneuttivated,** Again, 
in your first letter, the negroes are described as so 
industrious as not only to support themselves, but 
to make considerable exports. In the second, 
"the melancholy fact" is confessed, that they 
are so idle that they cannot maintain themselves ; 
and, in the third, by way of mending the matter, 
you have given us a definition of their state which 
is entirely new, and as entirely at variance with 
both the preceding — viz., that they have no occa- 
sion to work for themselves. 1 his is something 
distinct both from industry and idleness — ^it can- 
not claim the merit of the one, nor can it be 
charged with the reproach of the other. The slaves 
seem to me to have a new character in every let- 
ter — now they are idle, now industrious, and now 
neither industrious nor idle. Their fields, at your 
bidding, are cultivated or uncultivated ; the very 
craft which carry their potatoes and poultry are 
alternately expanded into vessels or contracted 
into boats 3 and you close these transformations 



by the libeml offer of mikbg them «' of any deno* 
minadon I pleasa" . 

1 feel so convinced that these statements hawa 
each, in their turn, been uttered in sincerity, that 
I have laboured hard to resolve their apparent in* 
consistency. Will you allow me to suggest the 
best solution of the difficulty I can arrive at— a 
solution which I have found to unravel many a 
discordant statement coming from the West In- 
dies respecting the character and capabilities of 
the negro ] It is this : that he is idle when he 
works for his master— industrious when he works 
for himself— ^ligent when supplied with a. motive 
— ^inert when all motives are withdrawn* Do<» 
this argue peculiar sloth in the negro race 1 Is it 
not the case with men of every shade of com-- 
plexion, and the characteristic of every family of 
mani Take the most labonous of the whites ; he 
toils, not because he loves labour for its own 
sake, but because he covets the reward of labour. 
Now, slavery is labour without reward. The ex- 
ertion is required, but the motive is wanting. 
Here lies the incurable evil of the system : we 
deny to the negro those motives to which nature 
has given an all-powerful influence, and we sup- 
ply their place by the rigour of the whip, and by 
those other rugged expedienu which extort invo- 
lunury, and therefore feeble, efforts, much to the 
misery of the slave, and as much, I apprehend, to 
the injury of his employer. This consideration 
brings me to the conclusion that all ameliorating 
measures are comparatively but idle dreams ; they 
assail not the root of the mischief ; so long as the 
system continues to be labour without wages, 
so long must it be unprofitable to the master, and 
a fruitful source of wretchedness to the slave. 

Of the wretchedness of the slaves in our West 
India colonies you *' dare me to the proof." I 
have already adverted to one proof of that wretch- 
edness, which, I persuade myself, carries convic- 
tion to every rational and unbiassed mind — viz.. 

That IN ELEVEN YEARS OUR SLAVE POPULATION 
HAS DBCRBASEA FIFTT-TWO THOUSAND. WheU yOU 

have discovered a satiafactory reply to this fact, I 
have other- proofs in reserve almost as cogent. 

I now come, Sir, to the principal point of yonr 
letter. You do me the honour to make me a very 
handsome proposal, the effect of which would l>e 
to get me out of the way during the impending 
discussions on slavery. I presume not to doubt 
your zeal for emancipation, of which we have 
heard so much. But, perhaps, I may assist in 
accomplishing the object you so earnestly "covet*' 
as directly- by^ staying at home. 

I shall certainly labour hard to promote the 
liberation, not only of your proffered boat'load, 
but of the rematniog seven hundred and fifty 
thousand. 

You call the slave your absolute property. 
Here, indeed, is precisely the point on which we 
are at issue* I venture to call your property in 
him, however acquired, an tuurpatiofi, I deny 
that any human being, or body of men, can have 
had power to give him to you. My creed is, that 
to every individual born into the world belongs 
the absolute right to his own limbs, his own la- 
bour, his own liberty, to his wife, to his children, 
to the enjoyment of entire freedom; and to the 
unrestricted worship of his God. I know, in 
short, no claim you can plead to extort from him 
his unrewarded labour, which an Algerine might 
not plead, with equal force, to hold in bondage 
his christian captives — ^absolutb propbbty in 
OUR fellow man ! ! ! 

I now come to a point which you truly call of 
minor importance. You charged me with having 
sold my slaves. I distinctiy denied that I ever 
possessed, bought, sold, or hired a slave. You 
then bring, as a crime against me, that my ances- 
tors were possessed of West India property. I 
have already told you that some of my near rela* 
tions inherited the remnants of property derived 
from the West Indies ; but that, to the best of my 
belief (and, in the difficulty of asoertaioing ex- 
actly the source from whence property is derivedi 
it is impossible to say more), no part of that pro- 
perty descended to me. I adhere to my original 
statement, that I never was master of a slavei 



64 



and, to the best of my knowledge and belief, I am 
not, and^ never have been, owner of a ihilling de- 
rived from ilavery. 

But, allow me to ask, What if I had ? Should 
I owe less obligation to the negro if I had even 
remotely participated in the fruits of his oppres- 
sion, and been enriched by his spoils ? Prove, if 
you can, that I ever sold a man, knowing, as I 
must have done, that he could not by any pos- 
sibility belong to me ; and you, indeed, fix deeper 
guilt upon me. Prove, if you can, that my an- 
cestors were slave-owners, and that the prodoce of 
that property descended to me — I aeknowUdge no 
criminaluy, for I was no party to their acts ; but, 
I admit you show me that I have one motive more 
to labour in the cause of the negro. 

I will not stop to point out how grossly you 
have been deceived as to my property and influ- 
ence in the borough of Weymouth. With respect 
to influence in that borough. I pretend to none, 
save that for many ^ears I have been the repre- 
senUtive of the real indei>endence of the town. A 
struggle is approaching, in which it will be de- 
termined whether the right of returning raembera 
arises from property, or from the independent 
choice of the electors. 

I cannot think why you have dragged my con- 
stituenU at Weymouth into this controveray, but 
you could not have chosen judges more to my 
mind. 

I will only add to this already too long letter, 
that I have no wish to avail myself of your per- 
mission to separate my name from those " vaga- 
bond lecturers" who, as you say, " have escaped 
from the West Indies just before the halter was 
round their necks;" on the contrary, I desire no 
greater honour than to be justly classed with 
those brave and good men, who, for a righteous 
cause, have borne the horrors of persecution, and 
to whose heroism future generations in the West 
Indies will owe much of their civil and religious 
liberty. 

One word more, and I have done. Appearances 
which are hourly coming to light so deeply impress 
my miod, that I cannot help saying, with all the 
emphasis of which I am capable, let us lay aside 
our diflerences, and commence instantly the ne- 
cessary measures for a safs and immediate eman- 
cipation. 

The fact is, our time for emancipating at all is 
fast drawing to a close ; let us avail ourselves of 
it, while a peaceful extinction of slavery remains 
within our power ; we are all equally fervent in 
the desire that it should not meet its end by vio- 
lent convulsions. 

With this solemn warning to you, and, through 
you, to every Englishman who may read this 
letter, I beg to subscribe myself. 

Sir, your obedient humble servant, 
Cramer, Oct, 24. T. Fowell Buxton. 



AN ARAB S REVENGE. 

The following disgraceful illustration of the 
text, ** Burning for burning, wound for wound, 
stripe for stripe," is extracted from Sir W. Ouse- 
ley*s edition of Burckhardt's Notes on the Be- 
douins :— *• In a skirmish between the Maazy 
Arabs and those of Sinai, in 1813, the former, by 
chance, wounded a woman of the latter, who, 
however, soon recovered. In the year following, 
the Sinai Arabs made an incursion into the Maazy 
territory, surprised an encampment near Cosseir, 
killed eight or ten men, and were going to retire) 
when one of them recollected the wound that had 
been inflicted on a female in the preceding year • 
he, therefore, turned upon the Maazy women' 
who were sitting before their tents weeping, and| 
with his sabre, wounded one of them, to avenge 
the blood of his countrywoman. His companions 
although they applauded what he had done, ac- 
knowledged they should not like to imitate his 
example." This is the only circvmstence of such 
a nature that wai ever mentioned to me. 



THE TOURIST. 

TO THE BDITOB Or THE TOURIST. 

A little time ago I was talkiuff to a liberal- 
minded man from the- West Indies,, respecting 
some estimable characters who had been griev- 
ously abused in the islands. He said, *<When. 
ever you hear of a man being evil-spoken of, and 
persecuted in the West Indies, depend upon it he 
IS a good, honest man ; it is a sure sign of his 
being a respecteble character." I have lately 
been reminded of this criterion of character, by 
the obloquy that has been attempted to be thrown 
upon the Agency Anti-Slavery Committee by all 
parties, except those few who are reallii eoneemed 
for the good of their poor oppreuedfellnw-ereatures, 
the ilaves. I hope the Agency Committee will not 
be discouraged ; they are pursuing the most ef- 
fective means of procuring an early annihilation 
of the slave system. Let them |o on to inform 
the people of the real nature of slavery, and it 
will soon come to an end. I believe there is yet 
religion and humanity enough in the country to 
accomplish this, even if policy, and an attention 
to their own interests, did not urge the people of 
England to call for the abolition of a system of 
cruelty, for the support of which they are dearly 
paying. I sincerely wish the Agency Committee 
prosperity ; and that, instead of being diverted 
from their purpose by quarrelling with their ene- 
mies and false friends, they may go siraieht for- 
ward towards their grand object — the entire and 
immediate abolition of slavery throughout the 
British dominions. . 

A TRUE Abolitionist. 



FECUNDITY OP INSECTS AND FISHES. 

According to naturalists, a scorpion will pro- 
duce 66 young ; a common fly will lay 144 eggs : 
a leech 150 ; aod a spider 170. I have seen a 
hydrachna produce 600 eags, and a female moth 
1100. A tortoise, it is said, will lay 1000 eggs, and 
a frog 1 100. A gall insect has laid 5000 eggs : a 
shnmp 6000 ; and 10,000 have been found in the 
ovary, or what is supposed to be that part, of an 
ascaridcs. One naturalist found above 12,000 
eggs in a lobster, and another above 21,000. An 
insect very similar to an ant fMtuUla 1) has pro- 
duced 80,000 in a single day ; and Leeuwenhoeck 
seems to compute 4,000,000 in a crab. Many 
fishes, and those which in some countries seldom 
occur, produce incredible numbers of eggs. Above 
36,000 have been counted in a herring ; 36,000 in 
a smelt; 1,000,000 in a sole; 1,130,000 in a 
roach; 3,000,000 in a species of sturgeon- 
342,000 in a carp; 383,000 in a tench ; 646,000 
m a mackerel ; 992,000 in a perch ; 1,357,000 in 
a flounder. But. of all fishes hitherto discovered 
the cod seems the most fertile. One naturalist 
computes that it produces more than 3,686 000 
eggs ; another 9,000,000 ; and a third 9,444,000. 
Here, then, are eleven fishes, which, probably, in 
the course of one season, will produce above 
13,000,000 of eggs ; which is a number so asto- 
nishing and immense, that, without demonstra- 
tion, we could never believe it true. 

The fecundity of insecto is no less remarkable 
than that of fishes. In some instances, particu- 
larly in those already mentidbed, the numbers 
produced from the eggs of a single female far 
exceed the progeny of any other class of animals. 
It IS this extraordinary fecundity which, under 
favourable circumstances, procfuces countless 
swarms of insecte that give origin to the opinion 
of their being sponUneously generated by putre- 
faction, or brought in some mysterious way by 
blighting winds. The numerous accidents, how- 
ever, to which insects are exposed, from the 
deposition of the egg till their final transforma- 
tion, tend to keep their numbere from becoming 
excessive, or to r^uce them when they are at any 
time more than commonly numerous. — Inteet 
Trantformations, 



• ANBCDOTI OP PAINTING. 

The following is an extract from a letter ad- 
dressed by a yoong gentleman in London to his 
sister in Liverpool : — " As I am upon the subject 
of jpainting, I will mention to you an anecdote 
which I heard related by Hofliand (a celebrated 
landscape composer), regarding two of the finest 
pictures which are in this, or, perhaps, any other 
country; they are the works of the immortal 
Claude. A nobleman, whose name I now forget, 
purchased them in Italy, and sent them over to 
this country, directed to a friend, with instruc* 
tions for him to pay the duty upon them, which 
amounted to £2>10c., and to preserve them care- 
fully until his return. These instructions the 
friend never received; and, when the pictures 
were landed at Dover, nobody being there to 
make any inquiries about them, they were seised 
by the oflicere of the port for non-payment of the 
duty, and were put to public aucuon, as is cus- 
tomary in these cases, for that purpose. Strange 
to say, there was no one who had discernment 
enough to see the merits of these stupendous pro- 
ductions, and the pictures were fortunately drawn 
in unsold, £17 being the greatest ofier for them. 
Shortly after this the nobleman arrived in England, 
and instantly wrote to his friend about his pro- 
perty. You may imagine, by the sequel, what 
was his surprise when his friend returned for 
answer that he was extremely sorry to say that be 
was entirely ignorant of such things existing. 
The thought which struck him first was to 
proceed to the landing-place, Dover; and, after 
several inquiries, he at last found his treasures 
thrown by in an old wareroom, amidst a heap of 
confiscated rubbish. He paid the £27 10«. Joy- 
fully, and the pictures were given up to him. 
Two years after this those pictures were put up 
for sale, and purchased by Mr. Beckfoid, of Foot- 
hill Abbey, tor 12,000 guineas ; when that gen- 
tleman sold his magnificent domain to Farquhar, 
the pictures were token along with it, for the ori- 
ginal price ; when the latter died they were again 
{)ut to the hammer, and bought by Angerstem, 
or an advance of 3,000 guineas, making the sum 
15,000 guineas ; and when bis collection was pur- 
chased by government, as public property, they 
were token at a valuation of 16,000 guineas, and 
they are, at this moment, the most splendid orna* 
ments in the British Gallery." 



THE HEAVENLY REST. 

There is an hour of peaceful rest, 
To mourning wanderers given ; 

There is a tear for souls distressed. 
A balm for every wounded breast 

'Tis found above — ^in heaven. 

There is a soft, a downy bed. 

Fair as the breath of even ; 
A couch for weary mortals spread. 

Where they may rest the aching head, 
And find repose in heaven. 

There is a home for weary souls. 

By sin and sorrow driven ; 
When tossed on life's tempestuous shoals. 

Where storms arise and ocean rolls. 
And all is drear but heaven. 

There faith lifts up the fearful eye. 
The heart with anguish rivfen, 

And views the tempest passing by ; 
The evening shadows quickly fly. 

And all serene in heaven. 

There fragrant flowera immortal bloom. 
And joys supreme are given ; 

There rays divine disperse the gloom ; 
Beyond the confines of the tomb 

Appears the dawn of heaven. 
Jamaica Watchman, July 13, 1832. 



Printed by J. HsonoN and Co.; and Published 
by J. Crisp, at No. 27, Ivy Lane, Paternoster 
Row, where all Advertisements and Communi- 
cations for the Editor are to be addressed. 



[SUPPLEMENT.] 



THE TOURIST; 

OR, 



• Utile D«u;i," — Bamce. 



Vol. I.— Supplement to No. 8. MONDAY, NOVEMBER 6, 1832. 



Price One Pbhht. 



HIUTARY HISTORY OF ELEPHANTS. 



THielephaai, from iu stupendous size I position, has always been an object of 
and Btren^h, from the curious adapta- 1 great curiosity and interest to the nata- 
tions observable in iu structure, and from I ralist. The ibnner characteristics alone 
its sagacious, docile, and affectionate dis- ( would make tiie employment of it, in the 



service of mau, a matter of questionable 
expedience ; but combined with the latter 
they have, in some instances, recom- 
mended him as an auxiliary of no small 



66 



THE TOURIST. 



importance. His services have been chiefly 
of a military kindi; and at is in thecfSpa- 
city of a soldier Uiifei. we now propane to i 
give a short aacount«f him. 

It is not certainly ascertained at what 
time elephants were first employed in 
battle. We have notices of them as early 
as Semiramis ; but the records fson'^vincii 
they are drawn lie beyond that line at 
which history loses its authority, by merg- 
ing into tradition and fable. The first 
credible account of them is in the war of 
Gyrus against an Indian tribe; and the 
sUleuieRl' tftttSttt nuin'bers even on this ' 
occaiiMi mu«t 1»e r^ected as one of the 
^^**Cg^*^*'^^? "^ Jraqiiently met with in 
the history of remote ages. Later writers, 
however, speak in positive terms of the 
immense numbers of elephants with 
which the kings of India went to war. 
Little was known of them to Euro- 
peans until the conquests and disco- 
veries of Alexander the Great; nor 
were they much better known to some 
eastern nations, as is evident from the 
fact that the name of the animal is not to 
be found in the Hebrew language. It is 
uncertain whether Alexander used them 
or not. Certain ancient medals repre- 
sent him mounted on an elephant; but 
Sir Thomas Browne reckons the opinion 
among "vulgar errors." There is no 
doubt, however, that Poms used them in 
considerable numbers in the great deci- 
sive battle against him, and in the former 
part of the day with success ; until die 
Greeks directed all their efforts agamat 
them ; chopping their legs with axes, and 
cutting off their trunks with a crooked 
weapon resembling a scythe. U|H»i this 
the animals became infutiajled mad bb- 
manageable, and, turning imi dwir ova 
ranks, assisted the enemy in the &ightf«il 
slaughter that ensued. This appeaa firaoEi 
history to have been most fFeqiieatlj the 
case when elephants have been CHnhiydl 
in the field of battle ; thoi^ ki the tas 
active and dangerous parts of a 
they have often been found 
In the march of an Indian amy, lor in- 
stance, there are peculiar chcwMlanoes 
in which their aid is indispenoaUe. IWs 
is clearly illustrated by the foflowio^ pas- 
sage from a recent work on this snfafect : 

" The progress of an anay thioagh a 
country intersected with good loads is 
direct and speedy. In the newly noqaired 
territories of India, reonte fion £qio- 
pean settlements, thick jimfiles, exienaiwe 
DogSy and precipitous inovntains, oifer 
impediments to an invader, which only 
the most undaunted perseverance oould 
overcome. In such situations, the power 
of the elephant is called into action. In 
a * Narrative of the late Burmese War,' 
the writer says, * The road lay partly 
through a thick jungle ; but, with the aid 
of three elephants, a passage was fwced.' 
Here the strength which the animal ordi- 
narily employs in a state of natwe was | 



called into exercise. The impediment 
'which pionewB could not rttnoRre without 
gvent Iflibour and consequent ^elay, the 
three elephaats speedily overonme. The 
higb grass was trampled under their feet, 
the thick bushes yieMed to their prodi- 
.gious weight, tlie slender trees were 
broken on at the stems — ^the path was 
open for troops to follow. 

** Many of our most arduous military, 
operations have been greatly indebted for 
their sucoess to the sagacity, patience, 
and exertion of elephants. Exclusive of 
their utility in carrying baggage and 
stores, considerable aid is freqnendy sup- 
plied by the judgment they display, bor- 
dering very closely on reason. When 
cannon require to he exlncated Irom 
sloughs, the elephant, placing his fore- 
head to the mu£^, which when limbered 
is the rear of the pieoe, with an energy 
scarcely to he oo noawai , mSSL mge it 
through a bog team, whidi hmdiwds of 
oxenorfaocBeBcowldnotdrag It; at other 
tawft^lappnig his treak ranad Ihecaa- 
abn, he will lift while die caetlle aad men 
pull ftnrwaid. Tlie native princes attach 
an el^ihant to each cannon, to aid its 
progress in emergencies.'* 

Some yeare a^er the death of Alex- 
aadtf , the Egyptians, mnder Ptolemy the 
F^nptand his successors, first adopted the 
use of these animals in their wazi agahist 
the rival Macedonian generals, ft was 
from the experience ^hey obtained in 
these wan of the fonnidable power of 
the dephant, that they first learned its 
nse ; and, having amj^e oppottnaities of 
obtaining them from the Ethiopian fe- 
rests, theyaoon plaoed themselves on an 
eqnafity wfth their enunies. 

it waa m the y«ar 1280^ B. C.,dHkt the 
i4ffiwnt was first seen in Italy, in the 
amy of Pynhns, Kin^ of Epiras. This 
waaamndtk hnmght them over ra his cam- 
IMdgn against the Romans, and in the 
first bai^ gained a compete victory by 
nw n no of tbem. Shortly a^ber, howmr, 
the BfoawHH oootrived a method of 
their overwhdoaing attack hy 
ii^rfed tofches againA them. 
Hiis was donUysoooessliil, as it not only 
aecaiod (he Roamns, but tamed the 
stienglh of the dephmts against Iheir 
own party, and within fimr years after their 
intpodnction into Italy, they had oeased 
to be fivmidahle. 

In the Pimicwais, however, the Ro- 
had to oontend with tibon in nuich 
■iben. When Xantippos, the 
Laoedeaaottian general took die ^v<M»«fc^ffw i 
of the Carthagenian army, he nmde snch 
good noe of this part of his forces 
that he completely rovtod the Roman 
army; but at the siege of Panormus 
(Palermo) some time after, a vast num- 
ber of them were driven back, by a 
shower of darts, upon their own ranks, 
and a hundred of them were taken 
alive and sent to Rome. They 



never esteemed there but as a curi- 
osity. The Romans had siibn, in many 
instances, the iligoadftjl oCecte of a panic 
amongst them in hattle, and judged that 
they would ratber weaken than assist 
their armies. Indeed, the Roman army 
appears peculiarly ill calculated for de- 
riving advantage from their adoption. 
Their dependence on courage and an ac- 
curate knowledge of military tactics, ren- 
dered them independent of such aid ; 
and the rapidity and order of their evolu- 
tions would have been impeded and de- 
stroyed by the presence of tlRfte^aSt'tttiff" 
unwiekly creatures. 

The only use therefore, which thc;^ 
made of them was, to adorn the triumphs 
of their generals, and to add dignity to 
their funereal and religious processions. 
Julius Ceesar, indeed, seems sometimes 
to have had the elephant in his armies, 
but he appears to have attached very 
little importance to their use, and only re- 
tained them to give courage to his soldiers 
where they were likely to be opposed by 
the same description of force, or to strike 
a panic into those nations who were un- 
nsed to this mode of warfare. Subse- 
qnendyto his time, they were scarcely 
nted at all by the Romans, except in the 
bfeod-diosty sports of the circus ; and in 
the time of Justinian, A. D. 527, we are 
told that an elephant was esteemed a cu- 
riosity hodi at Rome and Constantinople* 

We see that we have rather confused 
the chnmohigy of our history by our allu- 
siotts to the more recent wars in India. 
It only remains to say, that the elephant 
is ravely mentioned in the accounts of the 
wan of the last half-century, between 
the Bdtisli in India and the native troops ; 
thos^ he is still used by a few of the 
iHMiv« powers, the farthest removed from 
Earc^^ean influences. 

SLAVERY. 
Then it no flesh in man's obdurate heart, 
It Awe B0t feel for man ; the natural bond 
Of bwtherliood is severM, as the flax 
l%itii^ asunder at the touch of fire. 
Heiiadt hts fellow guilty of a skin 
Kat €al«ur*d like his own ; and, having powV 
T «Bibrce the wrong, for such a worthy cause 
Dooms and devotes him as his lawful prey ; 
And, worse than all, and most to be deplor'd. 
As human nature's broadest, foulest blot, 
Clftaias him, and tasks him, and exacts his sweat 
Wjiii atiuet, that Mercy, with a bleeding heart, 
W«i^ when liw sees inflicted on a beast. 
TkoL irfMt ti autn t And what man seeing this, 
Aad haviaf iMsaaa feelings, does not blush, 
JLmA kM kis l«ad« to think himself a man t 

I worn Bit ktve a slave to till my ground, 
T« carrf aae, ti hm me while I sleep. 
And tnaUe iiliea I wake, for all the wealth 
Tint nMfPB Viught and sold have ever eam'd. 
No : dnr as freedom is, and in my heart's 
JosteWiBiiHion prized above all price, 
1 had much rather be myself the slave. 
And wear the bonds, than fasten thera on him. 

Slaves cannot breatlie in England ; if their lungs 
Receive our air, that moment they are free. 
That's noble, and bespeaks a nation prond 
Aad waloueaf tliablcssiiig* Sfaaaa it, th«a. 
And let it circalaie tbraagb every veia 
Of all your empixe; that, wbeia Britain's poivar 
Is felt, laankina may feel her mercy tooi. Cowfxb* 



THE TOURIST. 



tn 



XH£ UNIFO&M ROTATION O? THE 

EARTH. 

The eartii wliicli we inhabit is not precisely a 
spherical body, but a spheroid flattened at its 
poles, similar in shape to an oian|;e. Tts 
wortest diameter is about 7940 miles^ its long- 
est about 7966 miles; tlieir difference being 
about 26 miles. 

This body passes through its orbit, which is 
nearly a circle of 190 millions of miles in di- 
ameter, in a solar year ; it also oevolYes uni- 
fcnnly upon its shorter diameter as an axis^ so 
as*to male a complete rotation in 23^ i^"^ 4> ; 
and that without the tiighteU variation^ in all 
seaums of the yeary and in all ages of the 
world, haplace, from a compasison of numer- 
ous obserrations, ancient and modem, affirms 
that this is decidedly and unquestionably the 
most unifbrm motion which the universe pre- 
sents to observation : for, although the planet- 
ary rotations probably present the same positive 
nnifbrmity, it is not accompanied with equally 
decisire-eridence. 

Now, to the same time of rotation, there are 
two widely different forms, each of which is 
equally consistent with stability. Thus, if the 
ewrth were a homogeneous body, the ratio of 
the polar to the equatorial axis might be either 
that of 1 to 680, or that of 229 to 130 ; the 
latter of these is the one which actually exists; 
Us adoption is a proof of design^ by which 
maiiT inconveniences to the inhabitantB are 
avoided, which, however, cannot now be de- 
tailed, without deviating from the immediate 
purpose of this article. 

The earth is constituted partly of solid, 
parUv of liquid matter, known under the gene- 
ral distinctiimia of land and watne. If the 
solid matter had been formed into a precise 
sphere, and:tii0n.tiie water created, tiiat water, 
as soon a^ tiie easth received its rotation, 
fvould, by r^son of the centrifugal fbroe, have 
disposed itself about the e<]^uatorial regions, so 
as to cover them entirely with water. To pre- 
vent this, apnitnberwice has been giveir to the 
equatorial regions; and the fbrma^ shapes, 
depths, conteuc, &c., of the land and water 
respectively, haare been so mutually adjusted, 
not only there, but in oveiy habitable naxt of 
the earth, f|»topmmote, most exquisitely, the 
well-being ^ the inhabitants ; m Umg a» the 
VJ^pod of ratatton- remains what it atftrstiwaa* 
There couldi be but ona time of intKtioa tliat 
would thus aJtow tile w«ta» just te^ffll esitBai 
cavities, andlvatnottocmsijfloiP tie hilb; that 
is, that wouliE omi^ to L ' the gBnanl sarf a aa ^ e tftfte 
liquid parts to harmonize with that of the solid 
parts: and to produce tliat time of rotation 
about a ^ven axis, a given force must act at a 

ftpen point, and in a given direction. What 
ut intelligence and design, opemting for a 
benevolent purpose, could cause the union of 
^ese three independent eiicumstances ? 

fiut farther, a more mpid rotation^ would 
cause moro of the waters to flow towards- the 
equatorial regions^ and thus, if oarried beyond 
a certain limit, to inundate the whole land 
there, and leave others dry ; while a slower ro- 
tation would cause the waters to recede from 
tile- equatorial regions, and leave them dry, at 
Sesame time inundating Ae land in the tem- 
Mxate and other regions. So diat the uni- 
foimi^ of rotation is eswntial to the. well- 
being of the inhabitants of the earth; and yet 
there is a constant tendency to destroy thai uni^ 
fomUty, which is^as constantly prevented by the 
beneement operation of divine energy. 

To uad^fBtand- the reason of this, let the fol- 
lowing facta be oonsidered. In oonsequence 
of the rotatory motion, night and day are al> 



ways dividing between them die surfiice of the 
earth ; and me day as incessantly rousing into 
activity ^t half of the inhabitants over whom 
the light of the sun is passing, llius many 
millions of human beings aro incessantly per- 
forming some mechanical action or other; and 
many ^ousand of animals, and many diousand 
of machines of diflGBient kinds, are as inces- 
santly performing mechanical operations under 
their superintendence; and this with an incon- 
ceivable variety of effort, of direetion, and of 
place, over the entire habitable surface of the 
globe. In all these actions, except those 
which are so regulated by refined knowledge 
and skill as to produce a maximum of effect 
with a given effort (not one in ten thousand 
probably), thero is a positive loss of mechanical 
power. What bbcombs of it? Since action 
and re-action are equal and opposite, the 
amount of these losses of power is expended 
upon the earth, the necessary fulcrum of all 
our movements. Now, either all these millions 
of losses of power, incessantly occurring, must 
be directed towards the centre of the earth , 
which is infinitely improbable ; or they must 
so oocur, ae every moment just to coimter- 
balance and annihilate each otiier, which is 
also infinitely improbable ; or they must con- 
stantly tend to change the velocity and dura- 
tion 01 the earth's rotation, and thus to produce 
the evils which we have shown would result 
ttom such a change. It is, indeed, quite im- 
possible to estimate the accumulation of mis- 
chief that would thus accrue, in one month, 
from ignorance in the application of human, 
animal, and mechanical ag^ency; but a bare 
reference to the facts may serve to excite a 
train of devotional meditation upon " the 
goodness and meroy" that aro constantly en- 
gaged in a wide field of providential operation 
which is thus laid open, and which is not the 
less real for being shut to ike ken of our 
senses, since it is open to the enrapturod view 
of intellect and science. 



CHINESE TOMBS. 

The tombs and monuments of China exhi- 
bit a variety of arohitectare,eiic^t those of the 
common people, which are notiiing moro than 
small' cones o£ earth, on the summits of which 
thcT' fiequentfy plant dwarf trees. These 
simple grwraft are oeoaffionally visited by the 
fimdjjK,. who ace padifmliiii; careful to trim 
aiidikaestiiflBLin naatiadsii. The coffins of 
tins omSataf an mariift of iwqf thick boards, 
phiiliftilly. pitohed> wittin^an£ furnished with- 
out ; whicii makes them durable, and prevents 
them from emitting putrid exhalations: this 
process being absolutely necessary, where the 
coflins of the lower class often lie scattered 
among the tombs, totally uncovered with 
earth. The rich spare no expense in having 
coffins of the most precious wood, which are 
frequently provided several years heSoxe the 
death of the persons- intended to occupy them. 
A deceased parent is oftentimes preser\'ed in 
the house by an affectionate family for months, 
and even years ; ^et, either from their know- 
ledge of embalmmg, or from the practioe of 
securing the joints of the coffin with bitumen, 
no contagious effluvia proceeds from it 

The duty of the widow or children is not 
finished here ; even after the oorpse is depo- 
sited in the sepulchre of its ancestors, the dis- 
consoUUe relatives (olad in oosme canvas) still 
reside with the boay, and' oontinue thair lar 
mentation for some months. Epitaphs,, extol- 
ling the virtues of the deceased, are inscribed 
on tablets of marble at the entrance of the 
TtnitBw^Aiexanders China, 



ILL-POLICY OF SLAVE LABOUR. 

In a recent number of Ae Antigua Register, 
is the fbilawing* notice of Jamaicar : 

^^Twenlj'^va years ago, this fine* colony 
produced from 130,000 to 160,009- oasks of 
sugar annually: in the last seven years its 
average produce has not amounted to 100,000.** 

The injnrions operation of slavery on the 
produce of the soil is thus Hlustrated in the 
" Working Man's Companion." 

" It was by a very slow procesi that the Eagltth 
slave went foiwud to the complete enjoyment of 
the lagtl Rgbia efi a free exehaogar. Tht traui- 
tion. eiliibiti very many yens of mss-injvaiiGe^ef 
bitter auflhriiig„of iteurd and iamctual violaliflns 
of the natural riEhts of man ; and of straggles be- 
tween the capUjiatand the hibomery for asdiiaive 
advantages,.parpetaated by ignorant Uwgi»ers,who 
could not see that the interest of all claasea of 
producers is one and the same. Wo may not im- 
properly devote a little space to the description of 
this dark and evil period, to which. we have alluded 
in the last chapter. We shall see, that while such 
a straggle goes forward,— that is, while secnritjr 
of properly, and fteedom of indnttry, are not held 
as the interchangeable rights of the eapitalist and 
the labourer— there can be little faoduetion and 
leas accumulalioii. Wherever poaibve ahcrery ex- 
ists — wherever the lahourers are utterly depnvad 
of their property in their labour, aad are com- 
pelled to dispose of it, without retaining any part 
of the character of voluntary ezchao^;eis, there are 
found idleness, ignorance, and unskilfulness ; ia- 
dastry i&enfeebled — the oppressor and theoppressed 
are both poor — there is no national accumulation. 
The existence of slavery amongst the nations of 
antiquity, was a great impediment to their progress 
in the arts of life. The community, in such na- 
tions, was divided into a caste of nobles called ci- 
tizens, and a caste of labourers called slaves. The 
Romans were rich, in the common sense ^of the 
word, because they plundered other nations ; but 
they could not produce largely, when the indivi- 
dual spirit to inaustry was wanting. The indaist^ 
of the freemen was rapine : the slaves were the 
producers. No man will work willingly, when he 
IS to be utterly deprived of the power of disposing 
at his own will of the fruits of his labour ; no man 
will work skilfully when the same scanty pittance 
is doled out to each and all, whatever be the dif- 
ference in their talenu and knowledefe. Wherever 
the freedom of industry is thus violated, property 
cannot be secure. If Rome had encouraged free 
labourers, instead of breeding menial slaves^ it 
could not have happened that the thieves who were 
constantly hovering round the suburbs of the city, 
like vultures looking out for carrion, should have 
been so numerous, that, during the insurrection 
of Catiline, they formed a large accession to his 
army. But Rome had to encounter a worse evil 
than that of the swarms of highwaymen, who were 
readv to plunder whatever had been produced. 
Prodttctton itself was so feeble, when carried on 
by the labour of slaves, that Columella, a writer 
on rani aiBiirs, says, the crops continued so gm- 
dually to fall off, mat there was a general opinion 
that the earth was growing old and losing its 
power of productiveness. Whesever slavery ex- 
ists at the present day, there we find feeble pro*- 
duction and national weakness. Poland, the most 
prolific corn-country in Europe, is unquestionably 
the poorest country ; and at this moment it lies 
prostrate at the fbet of an invader, when, if its 
people were- animated by the spirit which always 
enaoles iieemen suooessfully to defend their pro- 
perty, the armies of Russia would be swept at 
once from the soil; Poland has been partitioned, 
over and over ageing by a or emm ents that knew 
her weakness; and. she has been said to have 
fallen ' without a. crime.' That is not correct. 
Her 'crime' was*, and isi the slavery of her la- 
bourers. There is no powerful class between the 
noble and the serf, or slave ; and whilst this state 
of things endures, Poland can never be inde- 
pendent, because she can never be industrious, 
and dierefore never wealthy." 



MEXICAN BANDITTI. 

JVarralMW of om Attack on Mettrt. Diektam and 
jirklU, iy Kebben, at Pueblo, tn Mexico, at 
laJUn iy Ihr. Jenkitu, from Mr. I>iektcM't 
DietatioK. 

OuB pniu, cnnsisting of three coaches, left 
Pnebla for Vera Cniz, on Satuidaj morning:, 
the ISth Nov. 1828. The two first co&ches, 
h&Tii^ better mules, soon left us behind, and 
we lenutined Eeparate Tor the rest of the At.j. 
At about half-past three o'clock in the afler- 
nooo, u we entered a small bananca, between 
Acqete and Amosoque, six or seren le^(ues 
fenn Puebia, Mr. NeriUe and mpelf had the 
front seals in the coach ; the back seats were 
occupied b; Don Juan Rodiegnez and his fa- 
mily, consisting of his aisler, anuise, and three 
cbildTen. OTercome by the sultriness of the 
afternoon, I had &.llen asleep in my comer of 
the coach, when loud shouts from the front 
suddenly awoke me, and immediately five or 
■ixfiiniresonhoreebacli, and masted, appeared 
rouud the coach, two of whom, at Mr. Neville's 
nde, demanded, with loud threats, our surren- 
der. My pistols were lying on the cuehion 5 
and, talang aim at one of die figures, 1 shot 
him dead on tbe spot In an instant his com- 
panion was at the front, and shared a similar 
&te from my other pistol. A pauBe of about 
one minute succeeded, which I suppose arose 
troia surprise at the sudden repulse. Another 
loud shout was however raised, and about 
twenty or thirty horsemen, similarly masked, 
in a few momeuls surrounded the carriage. 
Three sucoessive volleys were then fired into 
it ■, after which, when the smoke cleared away, 
I fimnd that Hr. Neville had been shot through 
the head, and Don Juan Rodreguez throui;]! 
the heart I cannot myself say whether Mr, 
Neville fired his pistols or not : be might have 
dime so during the volleys that were fired by 
the second and larger party of robbers ; and 
the sister of Don Juan KoHreguez has since 
informed me that he actuBlly did so, nnd 1dlle<i 
or wounded one or two of them. When the 
robbers had ceased firing, they demanded de- 
livery of our arm?. I had scarcelv complied 
with this demand, when I received a shot in 
my side, and fell. The brigands then drove 
the carriage, with shut curtains, for about the 
nmce of an hour; but, whether it was in the 
r^t Toad, or in an^ by-path, I nQ<i unable to 
determine. All this lime I was bleedin;; ]iro- 
lusely, though endeavouring, us mudi .-isi pus- 
dble, to slop the orifices of my uouuds bv 
pres^g my clothes against them. .\t length 
we airived at a plain, where the robbers caused 
the carriage to be stopped, and dragged out 
wa bodies, threw them on the ground, and 
nfoceeded forthwith to ransack our equipage. 
Nothing appeared to attract their 



Med 
One man, in particular, asked the 
was that fired^ and I was pointed out as the 
person. Notwithstanding the entreaties of his 
comrades, this fellow dragged me from beneath 
the dead bodies, and I luid scarcely time to 
cover my chest with shoulder and hand, wben 
I received a number of succesdve stabs directed 
towards the heart At this moment, however, 
the cry of people, who upeared at a short dis- 
tance, caused the banditti to mount their horses 
and gallop off; but they left two of their nnm- 
her behind, for what purpose I know not 
These fellows searched our bodies a second 
time, but discovered nothing at all, ejiccpt that 



THE TOURIST. 

1 was still alive. They then consulted whether 
to spare my life or not, seeinfc that they had 
not found the money of the English /leretiei. 
He inquired of the women where it was 
placed, to which the latter answered they did 
not know. I thougbt it high time to inform 
them where mine was to be found, upon the 
condition of their sparing my life ; and they, 
having obtained the money, and the strangers 
appearing close in sight, mounted their horses 
and rode off. We remained upon the spot two 
hours, waiting the arrival of the Alcaldo of 
Acajet^ who took an inventory of all the papers 
and articles foimd upon tbe person of Mr. Ne- 
ville, i do not know in what manner the bodle* 
were conveyed to Acaiete. I have since heard 
that Mr. Neville's body was interred near tlie 
village, and that a cross is, or is about to be, 
placed, to mark the spot As the articles of 
Mr. Neville, Don Juan Rodreguez, and my 
own, were mixed and packed in different boxes, 
Don Emanuel Espinoza, belonging to one of 
the other coaches, took charge of the whole 
until their arrival at Vera Crui, where I re- 

Suested he would separate each, and deliver 
Ir. Neville's to the house of Messrs. Tayleur 
and Co., as (he most proper persons, having 
heard Mr. Neville mendon that firm in some 
business he had to do there. The reason 
of their not being left with me was, that the 
family of Don Juan Bodreguez inristed on 
their being taken along with them, on account 
of tlie mixing of the H.rtic1es. 

.Vfj-im, laib i\'nr. 1828. 



This is the interesting narrative dictated by 
Mr. Dickson, ten days after his miraculous es- 
cape from the hands of these ferocious bti- 
gauds. It appears from a letter by his amiable 
aud accomplished ^ster, that, after the banditti 
bad left him desperately wounded, as above 
described, he was carefully conveyed to the 
house of his friend, Don Juan Palazza Trueva, 
a Spaniard, where every attention kindness 
could dictate was shown him, and tbe best 
medical as^stance procured. An express was 
immediately dispatched to Hr. Eobertson, an 
eminent British mcrcliant at Mexico, and he 
lost no time in sending Dr. Jenkins, an En- 

S'ish surgeon, with instructions not to leave 
r. Dickson till he was out of danger. Dr. 
Jenkins found that tbe Mexican surgeons had 
treated their patient properly, but nevertheless 
he remained with him, and took down from his 
lips tbe preceding narrative. Mr. Dickson 
owes his preservation 'to the providential inter- 
vention of his Bible, which, being in his pocket, 
intercepted the dagger of tbe assassin, aud pre- 
vented it reaching his heart Indeed, nothing 
was talked of throughout the country, but the 
miracle of the heretical prayer-book, as the 
Bible is called; and the people say that Hr. 
Dickson is safe from all similar attempts in 
future ; which, we trust will prove true in a 
different sense from that of those ignorant and 
superstitious creatures. Few lives have been 
so wonderfully preserved. — London Morning 
Journal, 



HERTFORD CASTLE. 



The above is a very picturesque view 
of the ancient castle of Hertford. It was 
built according to the most approved tes- 
timony about the year 905. It was given 
by William the Conqueror into the cus- 
tody of one of hia barons, and frequently 
changed its masters under his successors. 
It has occasionally been a royal residence. 
Henry the Sixth spent a part'of his time 
here, and granted it to his queen, who 
from time to time held her courts here. 
Charles the First gave the castle with va- 
rious privile^s to William Cecil, second 
Earl of Salisbury, and it has remained 
the property of that family ever since. 
An ancient historian of the antiquities of 
Hertford, relates rather a singular coin- 
cidence in connexion with this place. 



John, King of France, who was taken 
prisoner by the Black Prince, at the 
battle of Poictiers, and David, King of 
Scots, were both confined here at the same 
time ; the former for fire years and the 
latter for nine. " What is very odd," 
says he, " in the history of these royal 
captives is, that, about seven years after, 
they both came hither again and met here 
the King of Cyprus, whose errand was to 
solicit assistance in the holy war. These 
two had been here in disgrace, and me- 
thinks it should seem a mortification to 
them to be seen again ; and yet it is re- 
ported that the King of France came to 
show himself in the state of a king. He 
fell sick and died in En^aud." 



THE TOURIST. 



The interest excited by men of ^nius 
seldom coDfines itself to their writings. 
The curiouty no less than the social cha- 
racter of the human mind inspires a wish 
to know something of the history and ha- 
bits, and even of Ute person ana features, 
of Uiose writers from whose productions 
we have derived much instruction or 
amusement; and any legendary scraps 
and anecdotes Tespectin|; them are conse- 
crated and cberisned with an almost su- 
perstitious veneration. No man perhaps 
ever existed who has excited among pos- 
terity mote of the feeling referred to than 
Shakspeare ; and there are but few of 
whose private hbtory so little is known. 
Indeed, the only notice we have of his 
person is from Aubrey, who says, " He 
was a handsome well-shaped man, very 
good company, and of a very ready and 
pleasant and smooth wit." 

Under these disadvantages we must 
tax the faith of our readers to believe 
that the above is an accurate likenesa of 
his person, and present them with the 
principal facts of his history that are 
well -authenticated in the following brief 
memoir. 

William, the son of John Shakspeare, 
was bom at Stratford-upon-Avon, on the 
23d of April, 1564. His father was a 
considerable dealer in wool, and appears 
to have been at one time a man of some 
property and influence, having held an 
honourable situation in the corporation of 
Stratford, though, in his latter years, he 
was much reduced in circumstances. 
His mother was the daughter and heiress 
«f Robert Arden, of Wellin^cote, in the 
county of Warwick. William was the 
eldest of their ten children. He received 



SHAKSPEARE. 

his early education at a free-school, sup- 
posed to be that founded at Stratford. 

Here, however, he enjoyed but few ad- 
vantages, being removed from it when 
very young, and placed, as it is thought, 
in the odice of some country attorney. 

At the age of eighteen he married 
Anne Hathaway, the daughter of a yeo- 
man in the neighbourhood of Stratford. 
Nothing is known of the occupation he 
followed at this time ; but we nave rea- 
son to believe that his affairs were not in 
a very flourishing condition, from the fact 
of his connexion with a gang of deer- 
stealers, with whom he was detected in 
robbing the park of Sir Thomas Lucy, of 
Charlecot, near Stratford. This gentle- 
man prosecuted him so rigorously, that 
he was obliged to leave his family and 
business, and betake himself to London 
for concealment, where he arrived in the 
year 1586, at the age of twenty-two. 

Here he first became connected with 
the theatre, where his poverty obliged him 
to accept the office of call-boy, or promp- 
ter's attendant. 

It has been asserted, that his first em- 
ployment was to hold the horses of those 
persona who had no servants, at the door 
of the theatre ; but there are many reasons 
for doubting the authenticity of this state- 
meat. Whatever might have been bis 
first employment at the theatre, he ap- 
pears very soon to have given proofs of 
his splendid talents. His first distinction 
was probably acquired as an actor, in 
which his best character is supposed to 
have been the ghost in Hamlet. He does 
not, however, appear to have acquired 
much celebrity in this department; though 
in the instructions given to the players in 



Hamlet, and other passages of his works, 
he has shown how intimately he was ac- 
quainted with the theory of his art. 

There are various opinions as to which 
was the first play he wrote, or when he 
first began to write ; but there is reason to 
believe that he commenced writing in 
1592; it has been found that Romeo 
and Juliet, and Richard H. and III, 
were printed in 1597, when he was thirty- 
three years of age. His plays were not 
only very popular, but much approved by 
persons of the higher order, as he is known 
to have been in high favour with Queen 
Elizabeth, and also with the Earl of South- 
ampton, to whom he dedicated two of his 
poems. How long he acted is not known, 
but he continued to write till the year 
1614. He retired some years before his 
death to a house in Stratford, where he 
spent his time in ease and retirement, and 
in the enjoyment of the society of his 
friends. Considerable property appears to 
have been amassed by him during his dra- 
matic career : indeed it is stated to have 
amounted to £300 per annum, a sum equal 
to about £1000 at this time. He died on 
his birth-day, Tuesday, April 23, 1616, 
when he had completed his fifty-second 
year, and was buried on the north side of 
the chancel, in the great church at Strat- 
ford, where a monument has been erected 
to his memory. His family consisted of 
two daughters, and a son named Hamnet, 
who died in 1596, in the twelfth year of 
his age. SusannaJi, his eldest daughter, 
married Dr. John Hall, a physician, and 
Judith, his youngest daughter, married a 
Mr. Thomas IJnney. In the year 1741, a 
monument was erected to bis memory, in 
Westminster Abbey, by order of the Eari 



70 



THE TOURIST. 



of Burlington, Dr. Mead, Mr. Pope, and 
Mr. Martyn. The performers of each of the 
London theatres gave a benefit to defray 
the expenses of it, and the Dean and 
Chapter of Westminster received nothing 
for the ground. 



REVIEW OF LITERATURE. 



Mb. Millhouse*s Poem, the Destinies of 

Man. 

We hail the appearance of this Poem with 
feelings of no ordinary kind. In the politics 
of the world, extraordinary events often occur; 
the passions of men, their fruitful souic«, aie 
easily roused ; and amidst the conflict of ho»> 
tile mterests, circumstances and traits of an 
astonishing character present themselves to 
view. It is not so, however, in ihti world of 
philosophy and imagination. The great re^ 
suits of the former are but occasionally mailed 
out, and the real sublime of poetic g^mas is a 
rare visitant of earth. It would seem to re- 
quire the conjoined strength and fertflily of 
several planets, frequently to produce such 
men as Locke and Newton, while the poetic 
sublimity of Milton has placed him single and 
alone in the world of genius. Shukspeare and 
Byron are perhaps equally great; but we shall 
search in vain, thvough the many centuzies of 
our literary existence, fox any other names of 
equal grandeur with these. 

We may, therefore, be allowed to exult in 
the poetry of the ^^ Destinies of Man." The 
muses have again asserted their empire ; and 
spite of poverty and the loom, the Nottingham 
MiUhouse has captivaled all lovers of verse by 
the truth and lesJUy of his inspiration. 

^ It has been truly said, that tne dashes may 
aid, but canj|»ot form, a genuine F.ngliali style. 
Our author ha3 proved, that " the heavenly 
gift of poesy'' waits not for learning; but that, 
surrounded by creations of ite own, it goes 
forth to give tnem form aad substance, inde- 
pendently of the derived helps which weaker 
and uninspired spiiiia so maaifostly iKed. it 
cannot, however, be denied, that MiUhouse, 
although truly a poet, is well acquainted with 
the world's history. He has read the page of 
man, and has penetrated into the recesses ol 
tiiat inner temple, whence emanate the gifts 
and the imaginmgs of mind and spirit It is 
peculiarly delighml amidst the teeming pro- 
ductions of '* pseudo-poets" to touch even the 
hem of the garuMnt euvelnpiug real grains. 
But our thanks are doubly won by Mr. Mill- 
house : he ha3 not only permitted us to enter 
the vestibule, he has at once, conscious of hi& 
endowments, laid open the noblest apartments 
of his mind, and widi perfect safely he may 
court the presence and the scrutiny of the 
wosl highly-gifted guests. He haa not pre- 
sented us, timidly and doubtfully, with a few 
isolated stanzas, asserting his chum to noetic 
talent ; but he has thrown upon the worla, a.s a 
first attempt, the " Destinies of Man."' The ele- 
vation of the theme, itself denotes poetic as- 
viiation and daring ; but, handled as it is by 
Mr. MiUhouse, it secures, for hin aX omce^ and 
for ever, the highest poetiQ fiune* Milton, in 
the zenith of his greatness, his mind richly 
fraught with varied learning and attainnent, 
and his spirit neHowed and disciplined by 
trial, immortalized his name and Ais age by 
his Paradise Lost. Millhause, on the contnuy, . 
Itttallj un^dvcalad, the child ol poverty from ' 



the dawn of his existence, stealing, at intervals, 
from the laborious and incessant occupations 
of th^ stocking-frame, a glimpse only at his- 
tory and the productions of other men, broke, 
at once, from the trammels of his oondilion, as 
the author of the ** Destinies of Man." 

The limits of the Tourist will not allow us 
to enlarge, or it were gratif^rngto dihite on 
the many beauties of the poem. The foUowmg 
stanza, speaking of the sea, combines power 
and origiiuility of thought, with sublimity and 
grace of diction, evidencing also Mr. Mil^ 
house's versatility. The last two lines aw ex> 
tremely effective. 

«* Thou art mot of the things that htii decay ! 
We look i^n thee in our ymoAhi} oiorn* 
Whs» the glad hours flee JMfiilly «way , 
AnA hac^iaflit smiles our oaronss hiewt adorn. 
Agaia we mark thee, when old a^e fovlDm 
Bwa d«e^trench*d wrii^es and the frost ef 



WhM Ufa hath abed ils in»M, bat kept the 

ther«>^ 
Aad thaw art reliSog on ^ eeniae aabUmet 
Uaahnakiag in tky atrengtiC aAboaadiag in tiiy 



pruDo 



t >* 



Another quotation will evidence Mr. Mill- 
housed ftiiannation and his poetioaL &cifijty. 

The overflowing Nile is rolling still ; 
The crocodile is there, but not adored ; 
There other tribes obey a tyrant's will. 
The* goae the waalth with which that land was 

stored. 
Sunk is the nune of scieaoe, for the sword 
Has chased her arts and sciences away : 
Yet, in despite of each succeeding horde 
That bore destruction in its fierce array. 
Wrecks of gigantic skill still wrestle with decay.'^ 



PAGODA, OR TOWER. 

These buildings are a striking feature on 
the face of the countnr. The Chinese name 
for them is Ta ; but Europeans have impro- 
perly denominated them Pagodas, a term used, 
in some oriental countries for a temple of re- 
ligious worshijpw It seems the Ta of China is- 
not intended for sacred purposes, but erected 
occasionally by viceroys or rich mandariBes^ 
either for the gratification of personal vanity, 
or with the idea of transmitting a name to pos- 
terity; or, pNerhaps, built by the magistracy, 
merely as objects to enrich the landscape. 

They are generally built of brick, and some^ 
times cased with porcelain, and chiefly coasist 
of nine, though some have only five or seven,, 
stories, each having a galleiy, which may be 
entered from the windows, and a projecting 
roof, covered with tiles of a rich yellow colour, 
h^hly glazed, which receive from the sim a 
i^iendour equal to burnished gold. At each 
angle of the roof a light bell is su^ndsd, 
which is rung by the force of the wind, and 
modufies a jingling not altogether unpleasant. 
These buildings are for tne most part oc- 
tagonal, though some few are hexagonal, and 
round. They diminish gradually in circum- 
ference from the foundation to the summit^ 
and have a slaiicase within, by which they as- 
cend to the upper stoiy. In heighl lihey are 
genesally from 100 to IM i)eet» and are situ- 
ated indiscriminately on eminences or plains,, 
or oflener in cities. Those of a more ancient 
date are in a mutilated state, and the roofs 
covered with grey tUes, overgrown with moss, 
while others mtve a cornice only, instead o{ a 
projecting roof.—JtooiKier'* Ckma, I 



ICHNEUMON FLY. 

It must have occurred to the least attentive 
observers of the very common cabbage-caterpillar 
^Pontia Brauicic), that when it ceases to feed, and 
leaves its native cabbage to creep up walls and 
palings, it is often transformed into a group of 
little balls of silk, of a fine texture, and a beau- 
tiful canary yellow colour ; from each of which 
these issues, in process of time, a small four- 
winged fly (Microgaster glomeratus, Spinola), of 
a black colour, except the legs, which are yellow. 
By breeding these flies in a state of confinement, 
and introducing them to some cabbage-caterpillars, 
their proceedings in depositing their eggs may be 
observed. We have more than once seen one of 
these little flies select a caterpillar, and perch 
anon its back, holding her ovipositor ready brand- 
bhed to plunge between the rings which she 
seems to prefer. When she has thus begun laying 
her eggs, she does not readily uke alarm ; but, as 
R6amur justly remarks, will permit an observer to 
approach her with a magnifying glass of a very 
sbwt focus. Having deposited one egg, she with- 
dsftws her ostpositor, and again plunges it, with 
another egg, into a diflferent part of the body of 
the caterpillar, till she has laid in all about thirty 
eggs. It is not a little remarkable that the poor 
caterpillar, whose body is thus pierced with so 
many wounds, saeaas to bear it very patiently, 
and does not taixu upon the fly, as he would be 
certain to do upon another caterpillar, should it 
venture to pinch him, a circumstance by no means 
unusual. Sometimes, indeed, he gives a slight 
jerk, but the fly does not appear to be at all in- 
commoded by the intimation that her presence is 
disagreeable. 

The egga, it may be remarked, are thr«it suf. 
ficieatly deep to prevent their being thrown off 
when the caterpillar casts its skin ; and, being in 
due time hatched, the grubs feed in concert on the 
Uvieg body of the calexpillar. The meat wonder- 
liil circumatanee> indeed, of the whale phewne- 
non, is the instinct with which, the gmhs are evi- 
dently guided to avoid devouring any vital nart» so 
that they may not kill the caterpillar, as in that 
case it would, be useless to them tot food. Wban 
full grown, they even eat 4eir way thrauah the 
skin of the caterpillar without killuie it; though 
it generally dies la a few days, without moving 
far from the place where the grubs have spun 
their gaoup ef silken cocooaa in which to pass the 
wuiter.--Jfifl«cC TramtfiarwttUiinm* 

»VKS OP ORMONDE AND BISHOP ATTEBB^RY. 

In 1715, 1 dined with the Duke of Ormoode 
at Richmond. We were fourteen at table. There 
was my Lord Marr, my Lord Jersey, ray Lord 
Arran, my Lord Lansdown, Sir WiUmm Wyad- 
bam, Sii> Kedmond Eveaaed, and AUasbary^ Bi- 
shop of Rochester. The rest of the company I 
do not exactly semember. During the dinner 
there was a jocular dispute (I forget how it was 
introduced) ceaeernieg short wayers. Sir Wil- 
liam Wyndham told usi that the ahartaet pnyer 
he had ever beard was the prayer of a common 
soldier, just before the battle of Blenheim, — " O 
God, if there be a Gbd, save my $oul, if I hqve a 
teul r 1'hia was loUowed by a geaeral laugh. I 
ioMiedialely leAecle^ that smuh a tasaMnsnt of the 
subject was too ludicrous, at least very imyioper^ 
where a leaiuied and relisious prelate was one of 
the company. But I had soon an opportunity of 
makiag a dififarent lefleetioB. Atterbury seaaMBg 
to joie ia the eoaversatvn^ and apflying hims^df 
to Sir WiUiam Wvndham^ said^ *'' Xoas pcayer. 
Sir William, is indeed very short ; but I rememoer 
another as short, but a much better, oflbed up 
likewise by a peer sekHer in the aaoM niicii 
ataaoe%--<^ i>GeiU.ififitheiM9ef 4ett^.i>f«tt 
thee, do thcu tufijfcmf me !**• 'Vm, aa Attacbwy 
pronounced it with his usual grace and dignity, 
was a veiy gentle and' poKte reproof, and was 
inmedialely fete by the whole eempai^r and the 
]>«ke> of Oiasondev who waa the beat bsed man ef 
his age, suddenl;|r tamed the diaeeuna to. another 
subject. — J)r* William King, Aneciiftee ef His Own 
Times, 



THB TOURfST. 



71 



DR. ADAM CLARKE ON THE POPU- 
LOUSNESS OF ANCIENT CITIES, &c. 

The following extmct from Dr. Claike's 
Appendix to Fleuiy^s Manners of the Ancient 
Israelites, will show the Aitili^ of the objec- 
tion preferred i^^ainst revelation on aooouni 
of the populoosness which it attrilrates to 
Judea i"^ 

" The free citizens of Syharis, able to bear 
arms, and actually dmwn oat in battle, were 
300,000; they encouniered at Siagara with 
100,000 of Crotona, a neighboimng Greek 
city, and were defeated. — Dtod. SictU. lib. xli. 
Strabo confirms this account, lib. yi. 

** The citizens of Agrigentam, when it was 
destroyed by the Cart£iginians, amounted, 
according to Diodonis Siculus (Ub. xiii.), to 
20,000, besides 200,000 strangers; but neither 
the slaves, nor women and children, are in- 
cluded in this account On the whole, this 
city must have contained nearly 2,000,000 of 
inhabitants. 

"Polybius says (lib. n.), that when the 
Romans were threatened with an invasion 
from ^e Gauls, between the first and second 
Panic war, on a master of their own forces, 
and ihose of their allies, they were found to 
amount to 700,000 men able to bear arms. 
The country that supplied this number was 
not one-third of Italy ; viz., the Pope's domi- 
nions, Tuscany, and a part of the kingdom of 
Naples. But Diodonis Siculus (lib. ii.) makes 
the same enumeration amount to nearly 
1,000,000. 

'* Julius Csesar, according to Appian (CeU 
tica), encountcoed 4,000,000 of Gauls, killed 
one million, and took another million pri- 
soners. 

** Athenaeos says (lib. vi., c. 20), that, by the 
enumeration of 'Demetrius Pbalereus, there 
were in Athens 21,000 citizens, 13,000 
strangers, and 400,000 slaves. 

'^llie same author says, that Corinth had 
<mce 460,000 slaves; and Egina 470,000. 

*'The Spartans, says Flutaich (in Vit. 
Lycurg.), were 9000 in the town, 30,000 in 
the country ; the male slaves must have been 
78,000— the whole, more than 3,120,000. 

''In the time of Diodonis Siculus, there 
lived in Alexandria 300,000 free people ; and 
this number does not seem to comprehend 
eiUier the slaves (who must have been double 
the number of grown persons), or the women 
and childien. Lib. xvii. 

" Appian says, (Ceit. pais. 1), that there 
were 400 nations in Gaal ; and Diodonis Si- 
culus says (lib. v.), that ihe largest of these 
nations consisted of 200,000 men, besides 
women and children, and ^e least of 60,000. 
Calculating, therefore^ at a medium, we must 
admit of nearly 200,000,000 of people in that 
country; the population of wnich does not 
now amount to 30,000,00a The latter his- 
torian tells us, that the army of Ninus was 
composed of 1,700,000 foot^ and 200,000 
horse (lib. ii.). There were exact bills of mor- 
tsJitv kept at Rome ; but no ancient author has 
given us Uie number of burials, except Sueto- 
nius, who tells us, that in one season 30,000 
names were carried to the temple of Libitina 
(the goddess of death), but it appears that a 
pla^e raged at that time. Suet in Vit Ne- 
ronis. 

'' Diodonis Siculus Oil>- ii*)i ^J^i ^'^ ^^' 
onysius the elder had a standing army of 
100,000 foot and 10,000 horse, and a fleet of 
400ffalleys. 

''If the preceding statements be correct, 
what desolations must have taken place in the 
earth in the course of the last 2000 yearsT 



LINES TO THE MEMORY OF A 
LOVELY LITTLE GIRL. 

BT A UOTRBR. 

Still her tones of endearment breatke sweet on my 
ear; 

Still fancy will jncture her melting blue eye ; 
And, oh ! every smile to my heart was so dear, 

I could net believe my Uved Mary would die. 

Oh, my Mary ! thou dear little angel of light ; 

On earth thou wert all that an angel could be ; 
The last thoughts of my bosom thou art every 
night; 

The sigh of the rooming is prompted by thee. 

When the still lapse of time shill have softened 
the woe. 
That rends the fond heart of a mother for thee, 
From my lips the warm praise of thy beauties 
shall flow ; 
For, oh ! they will ne'er be forgotten by me* 

When the father, whom Mary so sweetly re- 
sembled. 
Can hear her dear name without wounding his 
breast, 
I may tell hxm how often I tenderly trembled. 
For the fate of the beautiful flower I pressed. 

For, oh ! thou' wert elapsed to the heart that now 
mourns thee. 
With all the afiection a mother had known ; 
How often these arms have endearingly borne thee. 
While soft round my neck thou didst circle thine 
own! 

Thou wert the bright sunshine that chased away 
sadness ; 

Thou wert the fair spirit of peace and of love ; 
And thine was the laughter of innocent gladness— 

An angel in beauty— -in softness a dove. 

And do I then weep that my Mary possesses 
Transcendently more than to angels are given ? 

Oh ! could I but soothe the wild throb that op- 
presses 
My heart, I'd not wish to recal her from heaven ! 

Tmbemad€ Square. S. K. 

BATTLE WITH A CROCODILE. 
Every now and then a huge fish would 
plunge and strike in the water ; the Cayman 
was now upon the stir, the noise they made 
was a singular and awful sound ; it wa£ like a 
suppressed sigh bursting forth all of a sudden, 
ana so loud that you miffht hear it above a 
mile off ; first oae emittea this horrible noise, 
and then another answered him. Hie Indian 
made on instrument to take ^e Cayman ; it 
was very simple. There were four pieces of 
tough, hard wood, a foot lonff, and about as 
thidc as my little finger, and harbed at both 
ends ; they were tied round the end of a rope 
near one of their ends, the other ends pro- 
jecting a small distance from the rope, wMch 
was thirty yards long and was fastened to a 
tree, and the instrument was well baited, and 
suspended about a foot over the water. It 
is evident that if the Cayman swallowed this, 
the more he pulled, the more the baits would 
stick into his stomach. He then took the 
empty shell of a land tortoise, and gave it 
some heavy blows with an axe. f asked him 
why he did that; he said it vras to let the 
Caymaa hear that something was going on. In 
fact, the Indian meant it as the Cayman's 
dinner-bdl. In the morning, the Indian stole 
off silently to look at the bait On arriving at 
the place, he set un a tremendous shout We 
all jumped out of our hammocks and ran to 
him. We found a Cayman ten feet and a half 
long fast to the end of the lope. I then moi^ 
terra all hands; theie were four South Ame- 
rican savages, two necvoes from Africa, a 
> CzedefionTiiBidftdy and myielf,« white mail, 



from Yorkshire : in faot» a fit^ town of Babel 
group in dress, appearance, and language. I 
placed all the people at the end of the rope, 
and ordered them to pull tfll the Cayman ap- 
peared on the surface of the water; while t 
knelt on one knee, about four yards from the 
water's edge, with the mast of the canoe in 
my hand, determined to thrust it down his 
tliroat in case he gave me an opportunity, llie 
people pulled, and out he came ; by thie time 
he came within two yards of me^ I saw he was 
in a state of fear and perturbation : I instantly 
dropped the mast, sprung up, and jumped on 
his Imok, turning half round ss I vaulted, so 
that I gained my seat with my face towards 
his hem. I immediately seised his fore legs, 
and by main force twisted them on his back ; 
thus they served me for a bridle. He now 
recovered from his surprise, and began to 
plunge furiously, and lathed the sand with 
Lis long and powerful tail. The people dragged 
us about forty yards on the sand ; it was the. 
first and last time I was ever on a Caytnan'a 
bade Should it be asked how I managed to 
keep my seat, I would answer, I hunted aoiM 
years with Lord Darlington's fox-houndl. 
A fterrapeated attempts to regain his liberty, 
the Cayman gave in, and became tranqml 
through exhaustion. I cut his throat, and 
commenced lus dissection. The back of the 
Cayman is almost impenetrable to a musket- 
baU, but his ades are eadly pierced with am 
arrow. He has no grinders, his teeth are en- 
tirely made for snatch and swallow ; there are 
thirty-two in each jaw. Perhaps no animal ia 
existence bears more decided, maiks in hts- 
countenance of cruelty and malice than the 
Cayman. He is the scourge and terror of all 
the large rivers in South America, near the 
Line. One Sunday evening, some years ago^ 
as I was walking with the Governor of Angus^ 
tura, on the bank of the Oroonoqne, ^ Stop here 
a minute or two," said he to me, ** while I re* 
count a sad accident One fine evening last 
year, as the people of Ai^pistum were saun- 
tering up and down here in the Alameda, I 
was vrithin twenty yards of this place, when I 
saw a large Cayman rush out of the river, 
seize a man, ana carry him down, before any 
one had power to assist him. The screams of 
the poor fellow were terrible as the Cayttall 
was running off with him. He plunged into 
the river witii his prey ; we instantly lost sight 
of him, and we never saw or heard of him 
more." I was a day and a half in dissecting 
our Cayman, but succeeded in my object of 
preserving his skin in a perfect state, and 
thought myself fortunate in procuring an ad- 
dition to my collection, so rare is his skin.-— 
Waiertan^s Trmv^ m Demerwra. 



Tn« EABL or NORTHAMPTON AND KINO JAMtS. 

Thb Earl of Northampton, then lord privy 
seal, was asked by King James I., openly at the 
tsble, where commonly he entertained the king 
with discourte, " My lord, have you not a desira 
to see Romel** Mj lord privy teal answered, 
"Yes, indeed, Sir.^' The kmg said, ''And 
whyt" My lord answered, '* Because, if it 
please your majesty, it was the seat of the greatest 
monarchy, and the seminary of the bravest men 
in the world, whilst it was heathen ; and tb6n» 
secondly, because afterwards it was the see of so 
many holy bishops in the primitive church, most 
of them martvrs." The king said, " And foe 
nothing else r ' My lord answered, « Yes, if it 
please your mijesty, for two tbisg» more; the 
one, to see him who they wy hath sol great a 
power to forgive other men their sins, to confess 
nis own sins upon his knees before a chaplain or 
priest ; and* the other« to hear Antichrist say his 
deed* 



73 



APHORISMS. 



Providxnce is anexerciie of reason ; experience 
an act of sense ; by how much reason excels sense* 
by so mach providence enceeds experience. Pro- 
vidence prevents ^at danger which experience re- 
Sents : providence is the rational daugnter of wis- 
om ; experience the empirical mistress of fools.— 

QVA&LES. 

He that suffers bv imposture, has too often his 
irirtaemore impairea than hisfortnne.—- Ba. John- 
son. 

The seat of Law b the bosom of God, her voice 
the harmony of the world ; all things in heaven 
mnd earth do her homage ; the very least as feeling 
her care, the greatest as not exempted from her 
power ; both angeUand men, and creatures of what 
condition soever, though each in different sort and 
manner, yet all with uniform consent admiring her 
as the mother of their peace and joy. — ^Hooker. 

Ceremony keeps up all things ; it is like a penny 
glass toarieh spirit, or some excellent water ; with- 
out it, the water were spilt, the spirit lost — Sil- 
DSif's Table-Talk. 

He that studies books alone, will know how 
things ought 'to be ; and he that studies men will 
know how thinn are.— Colton's Lacon. 

There is such a sin as oppression, which con* 
sists not in that gross violation of justice which is 
cognizable by law, and against which the wisdom^ 
of all civilized nations has provided, but in taking 
such an advantage of the weakness and necessities 
of tiie poor, as converts them into mere instruments 
of a superior power, the victims of selfish emolu- 
ment, with no other consideration than how far 
their physical exertions may be rendered subser- 
vient to the gratification of an unfeeling rapacity. 
-^-Robert Hall. 



THE TOURIST. 

myself ; and our first impulse was, to threaten to \ 
shoot the driver . if he did not desist. I am not I 
ashamed to say, that, after drawinf off to such a I 
distance that our small shot could not seriously | 
injure the vagabond, vre peppered his legs pretty 
handsomely. That we should have adopted so 
summary a mode of punishment, had we lived 
twice as long in the world, I will not say ; but my 
conscience has never reproached me for the steps 
which we took to show our disapprobation of the 
diibolical acL 

" I have too often witnessed the application of 
the lash to old and young, male and female, and 
have too frequently heard their cries and lamenta- 
tions, ever to forget it ^ nor shall I ever cease to 
hold in utter detestation and abhorrence this infer- 
nal system.** — Sm " Rough Sketche9, Lift of an old 
Soldier, Ity Lieut, •CoUmel l^each, pp. J 9, 21. 

Surely, after reading this, no Briton valuing 
justly liis rights can vote for any candidate 
who upholds the continuance of such a system 
any longer — but must insist on immediate 
abolition. 

Your early insertion will oblige 

S. 

A Friend to civil and religious Liberty 

THROUGHOUT THE WoRLD. 



TO THE EDITOR OF THE TOURIST. 

' Dr. Johnson has some remarks on the value 
of first impressions, before the mind becomes, 
either by custom or association, so prejudiced 
as to prevent its deciding clearly between right 
and wrong. I shall, therefore, make no apo- 
logy for giving you an account of the first 
impressions of a young soldier on the horrible 
effects of slavery. On being about to leave 
Antigua be thus writes : — 

" Before I bid adieu to the spot where so many 
of my earliest and much-valued military friends 
and companions were taken to their long homes, 
I must say a word or two on the idea which I 
formed of the system of slaveiy. I am well aware 
that different persons look at this question in differ- 
ent points of view ; but I am willing nevertheless 
to believe, that the numbers in England who view 
it with the same degree of indignation, horror, and 
^sgust, which I ever have done, preponderate be- 

Sond all comparison ; and that the time is not far 
istant, when the voices of those will be silenced 
who are not ashamed to declare that an unfortu- 
nate negro, writhing under the lash of the merci- 
less slave-driver, for laying aside his spade for a 
few minutes in the heat of a trooical sun, or for 
some offence equally ^trivial, is infinitely better off, 
decidedly more happy, and in a more enviable si- 
tuation, than the labouring peasant in the mother 
eountiy. Facts are stubborn things; and, although 
many years have rolled over my head since I left 
the West Indies, I have not yet forgotten what the 
system of slavery was in 1803, 1804, and 1805. 
The first exhibition of the kind which met my eye, 
a few days after landing in Antigua, was a huee 
slave-driver flogging, most unmercifully, an old 
decrepit female negro, who appeared bowed down 
with misery and hard labour. I know not what 
her offence was, but she was one of a gang, as 
they are termed, of negroes, of different sexes and 
ages, workinff with spades under a mid-day tropi- 
cal tun. A nrother officer, who was with me on a 
ahooting excursion, felt as astonished and indig- 
nant at this unnatural and inhuman proceeding aa 



EPITAPH ON BRADSHAW. 



The following Epitaph on John Bradshaw 
was engraven on a cannon, placed over his 
grave, by an American. 

Stranger I 
Ere thou pass, contemplate this cannon ; 

Nor regardless to be told, 

that near its base lies deposited the dust of 

JOHN BRADSHAW : 

Who, noblv superior to selfish regards, 

despising alike the pageantry of courtly splendour, 

the blast of calumny, 

and the terror of regal vengeance, 

presided in the illustrious band of heroes & patriots, 

who fairly and openly adjudged 

CHARLES STUART, 

tyrant of England, 

to a public and exemplary death ; 

thereby presenting to the amazed world, 

and transmitting down through applauding ages, 

the roost glorious example 

of unsnaken virtue, 

love of freedom, 

and impartial justice, 

ever exhibited on the blood-stained theatre 

of human action. 

Oh! Reader! 

pass not on till thou hast blessed his memory ; 

and never — never forget 

THAT REBELLION TO TYRANTS 
IS OBEDIENCE TO GOD. 



JODOS JEFFRIES' TREATMENT OF RICUARO BAXTER. 

The hatred with which Jeffries regarded the 
Presbyterian party found a free vent on the trial 
of the celebrated Richard Baxter, for publishing 
what was termed a seditious libel. The language 
which, during this trial, Jeffries applied both to 
the counsel and to the defendant, was more gross, 
vulgar, and indecent, than had ever before been 
heard in a court of justice. Interrupting Mr. 
Wallop, the counsel for Mr. Baxter, he said, 
" Mr. Wallop, I observe you are in all these dirty 
causes ; and were it not for you gentlemen of the 
long robe, who should have more wit and honesty 
than to support and hold up these factious knaves 
by the chin, we should not be at the pass we are 
at."—*' My lord," said Mr. Wallop. ^* I humbly 
conceive that the passages accused are natural 
deductions from the text«" — " You humbly con- 
ceive I" cried Jeffries, " and I humbly conceive. 
Swear him— swear him!" Soon afterwards he 
added, "Sometimes you humbly conceive, and 



sometimes you are very positive ; you talk of your 
skill in church history, and of your understanding 
Latin and English : I think I understand some- 
thing of them too, as well as you* but, in short,, 
must tell you that, if you do not understand your 
duty better, I shall teach it you.'* Upon this Mr.. 
Wallop sat down. On Baxter endeavouring to 
address the court, Jeffries stopped him. " Richard f 
Richard ! dost thou think we will hear thee poi- 
son the court 1 Richard, thou art an old fellow, 
an old knave, and thou hast written books enougb 
to load a carL Every one is as full of sedition, X 
might say treason, as an egg is full of meat. 
Hadst thou been whipped out of thy writing trade 
fortv years ago it had been happy. Thou pre., 
tendest to be a preacher of the gospel of peace, 
and thou hast one foot in the grave. It is time for 
thee to begin to think what account thou intendest 
to give ; but leave thee to thyself, and I see thou 
wilt go on as thou hast begun ; but, by the grace* 
of God, I'll look after thee ! I know thou hast a 
mighty party, and I see a great many of the bro- 
therhood in comers, waiting to see what will be-^ 
come of their mighty don, and a doctor of the 

a (looking at Dr. Bates) at your elbow ; but, 
e grace of Almighty God, I will crush you 

When the chief justice had finished his summing 
up, Baxter said, " Does your lordship think that 
any jury will pretend to pass a verdict upon me 
upon such a trial V — •• I'll warrant you, Mr. 
Baxter," replied Jeffries ; " don't you trouble 
yourself about that." The jury immediately found 
a verdict of guilty. — Hoteoe's Briiiik Lawyeru 

EXPEDITIONS TRAVELLING. 

(From the Nttoeastle Courant, daUd 1712.^ 
Edinbro', Berwick, Newcastle, Durham, and. 
London Stage Coach begins on Monday, the 13th 
October, 1712 ; all that desire to pass from Edin- 
bro' to London, or any place on that road, let 
them repair to Mr. John Bailies, at the Coach 
and Horses, at the head of Canon- gate, Edinbro'. 
every other Saturday ; or to the Black Swan, in 
Hoi bom, every other Monday. At both of which 
places they may be received: in the stage coach, 
which performs the whole journey in thirteen days 
without any stoppages (if God permit), having 
eighty able horses to perform the whole journey ;. 
each passenger paying four pounds ten thittings, 
allowing each passenger 201bs. luggage; all 
above, 6d, per lb. The coach sets off at six 
o'clock in the morning. — Performed by Henry 
Harrison, Richard Crott, Nicholas Speight, Ro- 
bert Garbe. 



VALEDICTORY STANZAS. 

Farewell ! — the wonl is on my tongue. 
The feeling in my heart. 

With all those thoughts of sorrow, wrung 
Which come when we depart 

From those with whom the winter's day 
Grew even shorter still. 

While something yet remained to say- 
Some promise to fulfil. 

Farewell ! — some eyes will mark the word,. 

Which love and grief combine — 
Some hearts will memories record. 

Delightful still to mine ; 
And mine, in musing upon this. 

Will still more fondly beat. 
While fancy raised pourtrays the bliss 

*Twill be again to meet. 

Farewell — farewell ! I name no name. 

But kindred thoughts will roam 
To those who kindred feelings claim. 

In many a happy home ; 
The parting word — the parting glance — 

The tear which lately flowed. 
Remembered yet will tell, perchance. 

On whom my rhyme's bestowed. 



Printed by J. Haodon and Co. ; and Published 
bv J. Crisp, at No. 27, Ivy Lane, Paternoster 
Row, where all Advertisements and Communis, 
cations for the Editor are to be addressed. 



THE TOURIST; 

OR, 



' Utile Dulci." — Horace. 



MONDAY, NOVEMBER 12, 1882. 



Phicb One Pbhny. 



MOUNT VESUVIUS. 



Tii£ Journal (1e Physique contains an 
mtereBting narrative of some travellers, 
who had the hardihood to descend the 
crater of Vesuvius, and examine its burn- 
ing focas. Though the relation of their 
adventure is not charged with many facts, 
it is upon the whole interesting. 

The party was composed of several per- 
sons, asaigted by the usual Neapolitan 
guides, called . Lazaroni. They availed 
themselvec of their carriages to the base 
of the mountain, where they arrived about 
midnight, when they proceeded to ascend 
its sidea, mounted on mulcfi, pursuing the 
usual track, one by one. Amid the thick 
darltnesa, the numerous guides, bearing 
lighted torches, gave to the whole cortege 
sa air that would have been sufficiently 
solemn and mysterious, but for the gaiety 
and mirth which the buoyant spirits of 
the company otherwise remarkably con- 
trasted with it. At about midway, the 
ascent becomes so steep and difficult that 
travellers are obliged to alight, and make 
the rest of the Journey on foot. All this 
upper half of the mountaih being com- 



posed of lava, cinders, and ashes, this 
portion of the adventure is a work of real 
toil and fatigue. Accordingly, when they 

gained the edge of the volcano, at about 
alf past two in the morning, they found 
themselves overwhelmed with perspiration 
and perfectly exhausted; insuperable dif- 
ficulties seemed now to present them- 
selves to all attempts to make any nearer 
approach to the awful mysteries of the 
mountain, than the edge of the imtnense 
crater : the inside abyss, extending by 
computation, somewhat more than 5700 
feet in circumference, has a perpendi- 
cular depth of about 200 more, forming a 
crater or cup, in the centre of which lie 
strewed, masses of recently glowing sco- 
ria, and heated ashes, all tliversely varie- 
gated, from among which the ignited va- 
pours find a passage upwards through 
numberlees rents and little orifices. While 
the travellers were deliberating on the 
means of descending further, some stones 
that came rolling down from the higher 
edge of the crater, occasioning a general 
agitation of the mosses over Which they 



passed, one of the party, Adjutant Dam- 
pierre, feeling at the same time the earth 
shake under him, was led to exchange 
his ground. 

He had scarce called to a companion, 
named Wicar, to follow him, when the 
entire portion of this part of the crater 
sunk down and disappeared. Soon after 
still greater masses underwent the same 
change, the whole of the small eminences, 
thereabout, crumbling down successively; 
so that, in the course of half an hour, 
what had been the summit of the volcano, 
was precipitated with an awful noise into 
the Ixjttom of the crater. 

Dejected by difficulties, that seemed 
erfectual barrier to their accomplishing 
the object of their journey, they had pro- 
ceeded to satisfy tiieir curiosity by inak- 
ing the circuit of the crater, when fortu- 
nately they discovered a long declivity, 
or rather a portion of the shelving Mdes 
of the crater, much less precipitous than 
the other parts: thoi^h deep, it was 
seemingly smooth, and conducted imme- 
diately to the focus, or burning issue of 



74 

the volcano. Without waiting to examine 
whether there w#b Itoy ptV^t diffic|ities, 
such as rents ipd precipices, wHich inter- 
posed between their curiosity ajld the m- 



nermost mysteries of Ihe idduntam, 
ambassador's secretary, M. Debeer, tak- 
ing a Lazaroni with him, set out ^rs^^ 
traverse the passage ; they had reached 
half of the descent, gliding down in a 
torrent of ashes, which their feet displaced 
as they moved on, when they found them- 
selves at the edge of a precipice, about 
twelve feet deep, down the face of which 
il"^was necessary to descend to reach a 
lower declivity. The Lazaroni here stood 
aghast, and refused to proceed. A speedy 
recourse, however, to the sign of the cross, 
and invocations to the Madonna and St. 
Anthony of Padua, giving him fresh cou- 
rage, he threw himself, \f'ith the secretary, 
to the bottom of the precipice. Another 
cliff of less height interposed, but it was 
overcome with more ease and less reluc- 
tance. At length, amid torrents of rush- 
ing lava, ashes, and stones, that inces- 
santly broke away from the declivity, they 
arrived at the bottom of the crater. Here, 
with outstretched arms and shouts of joy, 
that were answered by their more timid 
companions with satisfaction and enthu- 
siasm, they cheered on the others to fol- 
low them. 

M. Houdonart, an engineer, was the 
next adventurer after M. Dobeer. He 
encountered the same, difficulties and 
dangers. Mr. Wickers, another of the 
party, hesitated when he came to the 
cliffs, but seeing that no assistance could 
be rend*ied bim, he grew impatient and 
rushed down, amid similar floods of ashes, 
stones, and volcanic scoria, as his prede- 
cessors. Adjutant Dampiere. M. Bag- 
nins. Physician to the Army, Messrs. Tas- 
sinct, and Andres, two French travellers, 
and M. Mouliu, Inspector of Ports, next 
followed; these all arrived at the crater, 
after overcoming the same difficulties, 
and incurring the same dangers as the 

others. 

• The bottom of the crater, of which no 
correct conclusions can be formed, when 
examined from aHove, is a vast field of 
rugged inequalities, made up of piles of 
porous lava, sometimes hard and firm, 
and sometimes extremely yielding and in- 
:fecure ; particularly just when the tra- 
Vellers reached the focus. The most in- 
teresting sight, however, of the whole, 
was the number of small orifices or vents 
▼ery properly denominated spiracles, 
which, both at the bottom of the crater 
and on the interior face of the mountain, 
suffer the ignited vapours to escape. 
' Their observations being finished, it 
wa5 a business of some thought to get 
back again— the descent is far less labo- 
rious tfan the ascent. It is not easy to 
climb ^inences,where the supports for the 
feet are moving with every step ; besides, 
^Spending but by one at a time, it is ne-r 



THE TOURIST. 

cessary that persons should succeed each 
otiicr ationg intervrfs, for fwqrof burying 
under aitorrent of volcanic matter those 
that fol\owe4 tham. Every tread dis- 
places a rhass of ashes through a circuit 
of thirty feet of the acclivity. 

On arriving at the two precipices, it 
was necessary to adopt the expedient of 
mounting on the shoulders of a man sta- 
tioned at the bottom, to give necessary 
aid, while another standing at the top of 
the' cliff, by means of a stick, was to help 
the person to scramble upward ; he was to 
rest the feet, however, no where but with 
caution and gentleness. In this way the 
summit of Vesuvius was again reached, 
and each of the adventurers, without ac^ 
cident, but in a state of exhaustion and 
fatigue, and covered with ashes and 



The church in Falmouth, to which Mr. 
Hdmes iefecs» was xaisod by the exertions of 
tke Rev, Jam«B Mann, of lierwick-upon-Tweed, 
who \m callfd to his rest on the 13th of Feb. 
1930. The diuvch then made a request that 
I woald take the pastoral charge, to which I 
acceded, and continued with them till the 
chapel was destroyed on the 7th of Feb. 

183^. 

The whole of the collections and subscrip- 
tions raised from slave members, and free, 
were voluntary donations, and amounted to 
4s. 2d. currency, or 2s. 6d. sterling, from each 
individual per annum. The smallest coin in 
Jamaica is a fivepence, and this was contri- 
buted by eaeh person, on an aveiagfe^tea Oaa^ 
during the year. 

The whole sum thus collected was appro- 
priated towards paying for the ehapel «-Sri-^ 
mouth, which was destroyed by the magis- 
trates, and other breakers of the public peace. 
I never received a single fraction of what was 
contributed^ being supported entirely by the 



smoke. The six of the party who had . ...^.-.^.-^, — . ,. . . 

not essayed this descent into the volcano, Bajfttst Mtsst^nary Society, 
not eissaycu luia "" . , . . . / When my house was illegally entered and 

received their weaned friends with joy, ^?^5 u/ william Sever and Mr. Kitchen 



supplying them with refreshments that 
were very needful to them. 
. This excursion was made with no view 
more important, says the Journal de Phy- 
sique, than to try the possibility of reach- 
ing the centre of the crater, and to show 
the practicability of the philosopher, the 
naturalist, and chemist, exploring at their 
leisure this great furnace of nature. The 
variety of matters that form the consti- 
tuent elements of it afford an ample field 
for chemical research; from which, jjer- 
haps, might be elicited discoveries im- 
portant in art or science. 



VINDICATION OF THE BAPTIST 
MISSIONARIES. 

Wb cheerfully insert the following 

letter from our respected correspondent, 
Mr. Knibb. It will serve at once to 
vindicate the Jamaica Missionaries, and 
to exhibit in its true character of mean- 
ness and falsehood the opposition which 
they have had to encounter. These ex- 
cellent men need not fear the verdict of 
the British public. They have the con- 
fidence and the sympathy of the nation. 
Let them proceed in their work of mercy, 
and their best wishes will soon be re- 
alized. 

TO THE EDITOR OF THE TOURIST. 

Dundee, Oct 30, 1832. 

Sir, — ^Having noticed in several of the 
newspapers, a paragraph, copied £rom the 
Comtcall Chronicle, publishea in Montego 
Bay, Jamaica, by a Mr. Holmes, in which the 
assertion is made, that, during my mis- 
sionary career, I collected the sum of twelve 
thousand pounds, you will oblige me, by per- 
mitting me, through your columns, to repel 
the fool slander. Mr. Holmes has stated a de- 
Ubemte falfiehqod ; and I dare him, ^ every 
editor who has copied the paragraph, with ap- 
parent pleasure, to prove the charges they have 
promulgated. 



searched hv William Seyer and Mr. Kitchen 
of Falmouth, and my papers stolen, they took, 
among other articles, the Church Account- 
Book, in which every sum received was en- 
tered, together with the manner of its appro- 
priation. This book was examined by the 
officers and the colonel of the Trelawney regi- 
ment, and I dare the bitterest enemy 1 have 
to produce the least shadow of proof that the 
negroes contributed in any way, or for any 
purpose, more than 1 . have stated, or that I 
ever appropriated any portion of the proceeds 
of the church to my personal advantage. 

My church accounts were audited every 
quarter of the year by four of my brother mis- 
Nonaries, and a copy transmitted to the Parent 
Society in London, where anv respectaUe per- 
son may see them, and satisiy himself respect- 
ing the trutii of Uie statement I have made. 
The &ct is, that instead of gaining any emo- 
lument, a portion of what Httle I possessed 
was lent on one of the chapels which has been 
destroyed, and is therefore lost 

I am not at all surprised at such men as 
Mr. Holmes imagining, that the love of money 
actuated me, in my endeavours to instruct the 
negroes. His sordid soul was never inspired 
by a higher motive ; anfl were his character a^ 
well known in Scodand as it is in Jamaiea, 
the same degree of credence would be given 
to his assertions. 
As the advocates of ^veiy, and tJ^e snp^ 

Sortens of tbe iftoggiug of femsdes, are still ep- 
eavouring to cast the blame of the late di»- 
turhances in Jamaica on the Baptist Mission- 
aries, let them come forward like men ; I 
challenge them to prove the assertioiis they 
make. I will meet them, on this subject, at 
anv time and phice ; and a discerning publiQ 
shall jujclg'e upon whom the blame should rest^ 
The only punishment I wish may be allottied 
to Mr. Holmes is this, that when he has reaped 
a full harvest, by traducing the characters of 
the Baptist Missionaries, he naay be compelled 
to devote ihe sum at which he affixes my for- 
tune to the iastrootion of the deeply injured 
and oppressed sons and daughters <if Afiri<Mk 
I semaia. 



Your obedient servant, 

WILLUM KNIBB, 

P.S. I shall not notice any reply to thia» ex* 
cept .the individual places his name to his 
I communication. W. K. . 



THE TdURigr; 



ff 



VENETIAN JUSTICE. 

A MOST affecting instance of the odious in- 
flaidbility of Venetian courts, appean in the 
case of Foscari, son to the Doge of that name. 

This young man had, by some imprudences, 
fiten offence to the senate, and was, by theax 
orders, confined at Treviso, when Almor Do- 
iMito, one of the Council of Ten, was assassi- 
nated on the 5th of November, 1750, as he en- 
tered his own house. 

A reward, in ready money, with paidon for 
this, or any other crime, and a pension of two 
httodred ducats, rerertible to children, was 

Somised to any person who would discover 
e planner, or perpetrator, of this crime ; no 
Sttdi discovery was made. One of young Fos> 
Mfi's footmen, named Olivier, had beoi ob- 
MTved loitering near Donato^s house on the 
erening of the murdor; he fled from Venice 
&en morning. These, with other ciroiun* 
Aances of less importance, created a strong' 
Aiq»icion that Foscari had engaged this man 
to oommit the murder. 

Olivier was taken, brought to Venice, put 
to the torture, and confessed nothing : yet the 
Council of Ten being preposseased with an 
opinion of their guilt, and imagining that the 
jinaster would have less resolution, used him in 
liie same cruel manner. The unhappy young 
man, in the midst of his agony, continued to 
assert that he knew nothing of tlie assassina^ 
tion. This convinced the court of his ^rmness, 
but not of his innooenoe ; yet there was no 
le^ proof of his guilt — ^they could not sent- 
-cnoe nim to death. He was condenmed to 
pass the rest of his life in banishment, at Car 
n^a, in the island of Candia. 

This unfortunate youth bore his exile with 
more impatience than he had done the rack ; 
he often wrote to his relations and friends, 
praying them to intercede in his behalf, that 
theterm of his banishment might be abridged, 
and that he might be permitted to return to 
\A$ fiimily before he died. All his applications 
were fruitless; those to whom he addressed 
liimself had never interfered in his favour, for 
fear of giving offence to the obdurate Council, 
or had interfered in vain. 

After languishing five years in exile, having 
lost all hope of return, Ifarough the interposi- 
tion of his own faipily, or countrymen, in a 
fit of despair he addressed the Duke of Milan, 
^tting him in mind of the services which the 
Doge, nts father, had rendered him, and beg- 
ging that he vcould use his powerful influence 
<with the State of Venice, that his sentence 
might be recalled. He entrusted his letter to 
a merchant, going from Can^ to Venice, who 
promised to tdce the first opportunity of send* 
tng it from Aence to the Duke; instead of 
which, this wretch, as soon as he arrived at 
Venice, delivered it to the chiefs of the Council 
of Ten. 

- Thi^ conduct of the young Foscari appeared 
crimimil in the eyes of those jud^ ; for, by 
the laws of the republic, all its subjects are ex- 
iprcssly forbid claiming the protection of foreign 
princes, in any thing which relates to the go- 
vernment of Venice. 

• Fbscari was, therefbre, ordered to be brought 
firom Candia, and shut up in the 8tat^rison. 
There, the chiefs of the Council of Tea or- 
dered him once more to be put to the torture, 
to draw ifrom him the motives which deter- 
mined him' to apply to the Duke of Hilan. 
"Such an exertion of law is, indeed, the most 
flafijant injustice. 

Tlie miserable youth dedared to the Coun- 
cil, tliat he had writtOD the letter in the iVill 
persuasion Hitit the merchant, whose character 



he knew, would betray him, and deliver it to 
them ; the conseqilence of which, he foresaw, 
would be, his being ordered back a prisoner to 
Venice, the only means iie had in his power of 
seeing his parents and friends ; a pleasure for 
which he had languished with insurmountable 
desire for some time, and which he was willing 
to purchase at the expense of any danger or 
pain. 

The judges, little affected with this generous 
instance of filial piety, ordained that t)ie tm- 
happy young man should be carried back to 
Candia, and there be imprisoned for a year, 
and remain banished to that island for life ; 
with this condition, that if he should make 
any more applications to foreign powers, his 
imprisonment should be perpetual. At the 
same time they gave permission, that the 
Doge, and his lady, might visit their unfor- 
tunate son. 

The Doge was, at this time, very old ; he 
had been m possession of the office above 
thirty years. Those wretehed parents had an 
interview mih their son in one of the apart- 
ments of the palace ; they embraced him with 
all the tenderness which his misfortunes and 
his filial aflection deserved. The father ex- 
horted him to bear his hard fate with firmness: 
the son protested, in the most moving terms, 
that this was not in his power ; that however 
others could support the dismal loneliness of a 
prison, he could not ; that his heart was formed 
for friendship, and theredpiooal endearments 
of social life, without whicn his soul sunk into 
dejection worse than death, from which alone 
he should look for relief, if he should again be 
confined to the horrors of a prison; and, melt- 
ing into tears, he sunk at' his father's feet, im- 
ploring him to take compassion on a son wlio 
had ever loved him with the most dutiful af- 
fection, and who was perfectly innocent of the 
crime of which he was accused; he oonjured 
him by every bond of nature and religion, by 
the bowels of a father, and the mercy of a 
Redeemer, to use his influence with the Coun- 
cil to mitigate their sentence, that he might be 
saved from the most cruel of all deaths — ^that 
of expiring under the slow tortures of a broken 
heart, in a horrible banishment from every 
creature he loved. **My son,'^ replied the 
Doge, " submit to the laws of ypm country, 
and do not a^k of me whal St is not' in my 
power to obtain." 

Having made this effort, he retired to another 
apartment ; and, unable any longer to support 
the acuteness of his feelings, he sunk into a 
state of insensibility, in which condition he re- 
mained till some time after his son had sailed 
on his return to Candia. 

Nobody has presumed to describe tho an- 
guish of the wretched mother ; those who are 
endowed with the most exquisite sensibility, 
and who have experienced distresses in some 
degree similar, will have the justest idea of 
what it was. The accumulated misery of those 
unhappy parents touched the hearts of some 
of die most powerful senators, who applied 
xn^ BO much energy for a complete pardon for 
young Foscari, that they wei-e on the poisit of 
obtaining it, when a vessel arrived from Can- 
dia, with tidings that the miserable youth had 
expired in prison a short time after his return. 
Some years aftor this, Nicholas EriKzo, a 
noble Venetian, being on his death-bed, con- 
fessed that, bearing a violent resentment 
against the senator Donato, he had committed 
me aasasrination for which the unhappy family 
of Fosoari had suffered so much. 

At this time 4ie sufferings of the iDoge w^:e 
at an end ; he had existed only a few months 
after the death of his son His life had been 



prolonged till he beheld h» son persecuted to 
death for an infamous crime, but not till he 
should see this foul stain washed from his 
family, and the innocence of his belo^^ wik 
made manifest to the world. 

The ways of beaven never aupeairod more 
dajrk and intricate than in the mcidents and 
catastrophe of tiiis moomful story. To ceoe»* 
cile the permiasion of such events to our ideas of 
infinite power and goodness, however difficult ia 
a natoral attempt in the human mind, and hat 
exercised the ingenuity of philosophers in all 
ages; while, in the eyes of Christiana, Uieao 
seeming perplexities afford an additional proo^ 
that there will be a futore state in which thtf 
ways of God to man wiU be ftilly justified.-^ 
Mwr^s TraveU in Italy. 



A CHAMCELLOa's PUN. 

After Lord Baoon had been heavily fined 
by pariSament, and reduced to extrame povMtyi 
he wrote to James I. in the following tenna^->>- 
*' Help me, dear sovereign lord and master! 
and pity me so far, that I, who have so long 
borne a hag, be not forced in my old age ta 
carry a tvalUt.^^ 



ROME. 



[Ftom tin Metf^polU^,] 

If e'er you've seen aa artist skvtohing. 

The purJieas of this ancient city, 
I need not tell you how much stretching. 

There is of truth, to make things pretty ;^- 
How trees are brought, perforce, together. 

Where never tree was known to grow ; 
And founts condemned to trickle, whether 

There's water for said founts, or no ; — 
How even the wonder of the Thane, 

In stretching, all its wonder loties. 
As woods will come to Dansinaae, 

Or any where the sketcher chooses. 

For instance, if an artist see,-— 

As at romantic T^voli,^^ 

A waterfall and ancient shrine. 

Beautiful both, but not so plae'd, 
As that his pencil can combine 

Their features in one u}hoU with taste, — 
What dots he do 1 Why, without scruple, 
He whips the temple up, — as supple 
As were those angels, who (no dbubt) 
Carried the Virgin's house about, — 
And lands it plump upon the brink 

Of the cascade, or wheresoever ^ 

It suits his plaguy taste to think 

'Twill look moit pictaresque and clever. 
In short there's no end to the treacheries, i 
Of man, or maid, who once a sketcher is. ] 
The livelier, too, their fancies are. 

The more they falsify each spot ; 
As any dolt can give what's thtre, . , 

But men of genius give what's yiot. 

Then 'come your travellers, false as they,— > 
All Piraoesis, in their way ; 
Eking out bits of truth with fallacies. 
And turning pig-sties into palaces. 
But, worst of all, that wordy tribe, 
- Who sit down-^hang them ! — to detettbti 
Who, if they can but make things fine. 

Have consciences, by no means tender. 
In sinking all that will not shine, 

Ail Vulgar facts, that spoil their splendour ;— ^ 
As Irish country squires, they say, 

Whene'er the Viceioy travels nigh, 
.Compound with beggars, on the way» 

To be lockM up, till he goes by ; 
And so send back his Lordship marveHing, 
That Ireland should be deemM so ttarvelng. ' 

tnoiustfoofti. 



MIRACULOUS ESCAPE. 

The follonmg account is taken Trom an 
Americwi paper, to whicli il whs communi- 
cated b; the captain of a, Guinea ahip : — 

" The bosom of the ocean was erceediugly 
tnuquil ; and the heat, which was intolerable, 
had made ns bo languid, that almost a general 
wish overcame us, on the approach of the 
evening, to bathe in the waters of Congo. 
However, myself and Johnson were deterred 
item it by the fear of sharks, many of which 
we bod observed in the progress of our voyage, 
and those enormously large. At lengtii, Camp- 
bell alone, who had been making too free with 
the liquor-case, was obstinately bent on going 
overboard ; and although we used every means 
in our power to dissuade him, he dashed into 
the watery element, and had swam some dis- 
tance from the vessel, when we on deck dis- 
covered an alligator making towards him from 
behind a lock that stood at a short distance 
from the shore. His escape I now considered 
impossible; and I asked Johnson bow we 
should act He, like myself, affirmed the im- 
poeaibility of saving him, and instantly seized 
upon a loaded carbine to shoot the poor fellow 
before he fell into (he jaws of the monster 1 
did not, however, consent to this, but waited 
with buiTor the tragedy we anticipated. Yet, 
willing to do all in our power, I ordered the 



THE TOURIST. 

boat to be hoisted, and we fired two shots at 
the approaching alligator, but without effect 
The report of the piece, and the noise of the 
blacks from the eioop, soon made Campbell 
acijuaiuted with his danger ; and he saw the 
creature making; for him ; and, with all the 
strength and skill he was master off, made to 
the shore. And now the moment arrived, in 
which a scene was exhibited, beyond the power 
of my humble pen to describe. On approach- 
ing within a short distance of some caiics and 
sliTubs which cuvered the liauk, while closely 
pursued by the alligutor, a fierce aud ferocious 
tiger sprang towards him, and thai just at the 
same instant that the jaws of the first enemy 
were opened to devour him. AtthEs moment, 
Campbell was preserved. The tiger, eager for 
his prey, by overleaping bim, encountered the 
gripe of the amphibious monster. The water 
was covered with the Mood of the tiger, whose 
efforts to tear the si;aly covering of Uie alliga- 
tor were unavailing ; while the latter bad also 
the advantage of keeping the tiger under 
water, bj which the victory was soon obtained, 
for the tiger's death was now effected: they 
both sunk to the bottom, and we saw no mote 
of tlie alligator. Campbell was soon recovered 
and conveyed on board ; and, the moment he 
leaped on the deck, he fell on his knees, and 
returned thanks to God for protecting him." 



TAVISTOCK ABBEY. 



These are the ruins of a monastery, 
coeval with the very ancient town of Ta- 
vistock, in Devonshire, in which they 
Btand. This antiquity, however, only ap- 
pertains to the endowment, as the edihi-'e 
was destroyed by the Daues, though it 
subsequently arose from its ruins with 
considerable enlargement. It was founded 
byOrdgar, Earl of Devonshire, in 961, 
in conseauence of an admonition (o that 
effect, wnich he is slated by tradition to 
have received in a dream. It was com- 
pleted by his son in 981, richly endowed, 
and consecrated to St. Mary the Vii^n, 
and St. Rumon (a gentleman of whom 
we can give no account), in 997, The 
^bbey church was dedicated in 1318, by 
Bishop Stapleton ; and in 1539, the mo- 
nastery was surrendered to the Icing, by 
John Peryi), the last abbot, when its 
revenuei were found to amouut to 
£902 1 5 : 7 — do inconsiderable sum in 
those daTS. This establishment is remark- 
able, as having contained, at a very early 



period, a school for Saxon literature, and 
an ancient printing press, soon after the 
iiitrotluotiuu of printing into England. 
Ill E.'seler College, Oxford, there are pre- 
sei-ved copies of certain books which 
were printed here, in the year 1525, by 
Dan Thomas Rychard, one of the monks 
of the abbey. Its possessions, with the 
borough and town, were granted at the 
time of the dissolution to John, Lord Rus- 
sell, ancestor of the present noble pro- 
prietor, the Duke of Bedford. The un- 
fortunate Lord William Russell was re- 
turned to the House of Commons from 
this borough, as also the celebrated John 
Pym, in the reign of Charles I. There 
are still, as partly appears fioiu the above 
engraving, sufficient remains of this ve- 
nerable fabric, to indicate its former ex- 
tent and beauty; though now much 
mutilated and applied to various uses. 
Within the parish there are also remains 
of old Morwell House, formerly the hunt- 
ing seat of the holy Nimrods of Tavistock. 



COMMISSION EXCHANGED. 
In the papers of Richard, Earl of Cork, it 
is related, that towards the conclusion of 
Queen Hary's reign, a commission was signed 
for the persecution of the Irish Prolestants; 
and, to give greater weight to this important 
affair, Dr. Coke was nomiouted one of the 
commissioners. The doctor, on his way to 
Dublin, halted at Chester, where he was 
waited upon by the mayor, to whom, in the 
course of conversation, lie imparled the object 
of his mission, iind exhibited the leathern box 
that contained his credentials. The landlady 
of the inn where the interne w took place, beinga 
Protestant and having overheard the conversa- 
tion, seized an opportunity, whUe the doctor was 
attending the mayor to the bottom of the staiiB, 
to exchange tlie commission for a dirt}' pack 
of cards, on the top of which she facetiously 
turned up the knave of dubs. The doctor, 
not suspecting the trick which bad been played 
him, secured his box, and pursued his way. 
Arriving at Dublin, on Ibe 7th of October, 
1S58, be lost no time in presenting himself la 
Lord Fitxwnlter and the privy council; to 
whom, after an explanato^ speech, he pre- 
sented his credentials iu the box, which, to the 
astonishment of all present, contained only a 
pack of cards ! The doctor, gieaUy chagrined, 
returned instantly to London, to have hu com- 
mission renewed : but while waiting a second 
time on the coast for a favourable wind, the 
Dews reached him of the queen's death. — Lord 
Fltzwalter afterwards relMed the circumstance 
to Queen Elizabeth ; which so much pleased 
her, that she afterwards allowed the good Pro- 
testant woman an annuity of forty pounds per 



Havind occasion to suspect that hedgehogs, 
occasionally, at least preyed upon snakes, ^o- 
fessor Buckland procured a common snake 
(Coluber natrix), and also a hedgehog, which 
had lived in an undomesticateil state, some 
time in the botanic garden at 0.\ford, where it 
was not likely to have seen snakes, and put 
tlie animals into a box together. .The hedge- 
hog was rolled up ^f the first raeetingj but 
the SDake was in cimtiuiial motion, creeping 
round the box as if in order to make its escape^ 
Whether ot not it reco^ised its enemy was 
not appareut; it did not dart from the hedge- 
hog, but kept creeping gently round the box; 
the hedgehog remained rollol up, and did not 
appear to notice the snake. The professor then 
hiiu the hedgehog on the body of the snake, with 
that part of the oall where the head and tail 
meet downwards, touching it The snake pro- 
ceeded to crawl ; (he hedgehog started, opened 
slightly, and, seeing what was under it, gave 
the snake a hard bite, and instandy rolled 
itself up again. It soon opened a second time, 
repeated the bile,then closed as if for defcnce; 
opened carefully a third time, and then in- 
dicted a third bite, hj which the back of the 
snake was broken. This done, the hedgehog 
stood by the snake's side, and passed the whole 
body of the snake succes^vely through its 
jaws, cracking it, and breaking the bones at 
inlen-als of half an inch or more, by which 
aeration the snake was rendered entirely mo- 
tionless. The hedgehog then placed itself at 
the tip of the snipe's tail, and began to eat 
upwards, as one would eat a radish, without 
intermistdoD, but slowly, tilt half of the snake 
was devoured, when die hedgehog ceased from 
mere repletion. During the ibllowing night 
the anterior half of the snake was also com> 
pletely eaten up. 



THE TOURIST. 



LIFE OF SIR J. MACKINTOSH. 



Sir James Mackiktosh was bom id 
1765, in tbe county of Inverness. He 
was a bmnch of the clan of Mackintoshes, 
which was, In former times, a numerous 
and considerable tribe in Scotland, 
and produced some men of martial and 
official notoriety. His father, Captain 
Maclcintoah, being absent on militari^ 
service during the earlier years of Sir 
James's life, the care of his education 
was chiefly devolved on Lady Mackin- 
tosh, his grandmother. This was com- 
menced at the school of Fortroae, where 
lie evinced such talents as induced the 
master to recommend his being placed at 
a university, and he accordir^ly entered 
at King's College, Aberdeen. Here his 
studies were of a somewhat various and 
desultory character, having no specific 
lelation to either of the professions to 
vhich he subsequently attached himself. 
it was at this time, however, that he 
formed a connexion which had, as he 
liimsclf testifies, a most important bear- 
ing on his future character. This was 
with tlie late Rev. Robert Hall, with 
whom he was ever after on terms of inti- 
mate friendship, and for whom he enter 
tamed the highest veneration and regard. 
The fcllowing testimony, as to the influ- 
ence of this intimacy on his mind, cannot 



fail to be interesting to our readers. It 
is extracted from a letter written to Mr. 
Hall from Bombay, which has since been 
published, and which ntfords a specimen 
of the remarkable taste and beauty of his 
epistolary style. 

" It happened to me a few days ago, 
in drawing up, merely for my own use, a 
short sketch of my life, that I had occa- 
sion to give a faithful statement of my 
recollection of the circumstance of my 
first acquaintance with you. On the 
most impartial survey of my early life, 1 
could see nothing wliich tended so much 
invigorate my understanding, and to 
direct it towards high, though, perhaps, 
inaccessible objects, as my intimacy with 
you. Five and twenty years have now 
elapsed since we first met; but hardly 
any thing has occurred since which has 
made a more ag;ree^Ie impression on my 
own mind." 

The time now came at which it was 
uecessary for him to fix upon some pro- 
fession — a necessity which, it would ap- 
pear, was very adverse to his tastes and 
pursuits. The medical profession was 
chosen; and Edinbuigh having, of late 
years, attained an unrivalled celebrity in 
this branch of science, he repaired thither. 



n 

Here be attended the lectures of Dr. Cul- 
len and Professor Black, though he still 
indulged deeply in those mor^ and me- 
taphysical studies for which his mental 
character appeared through life to be es- 
pecially adapted. In 1787 he graduated 
in medicine, and retired from Edinbui^h. 
Instead, however, of entering on the prac- 
tice of his profession, he engaged more 
deeply in the study of politics, and, in 
1789, published his first pamphlet on 
the regency (juestion, which harmonized 
so little with the tone of the times, that 
it was comparatively unnoticed. In this 
year he married Miss Stuart, and, to the 
fixed and regular character given by this 
event to the habits and pursuits of Mr. 
Mackintosh, we probably owe the extra- 
ordinary production which appeared two 
years after from his pen. We mean the 
" Vindicice Gallicte," in answer to Mr. 
Burke's letter on the French Revolution. 
This book, though composed amidst con- 
tinual iuterruption, and with a careless 
rapidity characteristic of its author, 
evinces such a profound acquaintance 
with political science, such acuteneas in 
aigument, such vigour and variety of il- 
lustration, and such overwhelming power 
of eloquence, as place it at the founda- 
tion of his fame, and assign it a most 
distinguished position in the literature of 
the age. It would not comport with our 
necessary limits to attempt extended cri- 
ticism of this masterpiece of political con- 
troversy. We may, however, give it as 
our opmion, that the time of its compo- 
sition may be fixed as dating the zenith 
of its author's powers. The entire re- 
sources of his mighty genius seem to 
have been mustered for this important 
and trying occasion, and the result was 
a work which can - only be adequately 
eulogised by saying, that it was equally 
worthy of liira from whom it emanated, 
und of the illustrious opponent against 
whom it was directed. 

But it was not Mr. Burke's " Reflec- 
tions" alone that this work was intended 
to oppose ; it also contained strictures on 
a publication of M. Calonne ; and it is 
not the least to the honour of the author, 
that whilst, throughout his work, he vents 
his indignation against the principles held 
in common by Burke and Calonne, he 
constantly preserves, with respect to their 
authors, the widest and most marked dis- 
crimination. Indeed, he rarely omits an 
opportunity of testifying his high appre- 
ciation of the virtues tnat adorned, and 
the genius that illustrated, the character 
of Mr. Burke ; whereas, in the cold blood 
of his preface, he pours on Calonne the 
following pungent vituperation : — " That 
minister, who has for son^e time exhibited 
to the eyes of indignant Europe the spec- 
tacle of an exiled robber, living in the 
most splendid impunity, has, with an ef- 
frontery that beggars invective, assumed 
in his work tbe tone of afflicted patriot 



ii 



THE TOIJRIST: 



isih, dnd deliyei*8 his polluted Philippics 
as the oracles of persecuted virtue." 

In 179:2, Mr. Mackintosh entered him- 
self at Lincoln's Inn, arid commenced the 
study of the law. It was whilst employed 
in this pursuit, that he suffered a severe 
domestic calamity in the loss of his wife ; 
and the depression of mind which this 
event occasioned rendered it the more 
desirable that he should occupy himself 
in some congenial labours. He, there- 
fore, directed his chief attention to the 
study of the law of nations, in which he 
is believed to have much excelled. Hav- 
ing digested the subject, he arranged the 
plan of a course of lectures upon it, which 
he delivered at Lincoln's Inn, and which 
were listened to with admiration by some 
of the greatest men of the day. The in- 
troductory lecture has been published, 
and exhibits the genius and research of 
its author in a very advantageous light. 
This treatise was published in 1799, four 
years after he had been called to the bar, 
during which time, he had entered into a 
second marriage with the daughter of J. 
B. Allen, Esq. of Cressity, in the county 
of Pembroke. 

In 1803, a new scene opened upon him. 
A prosecution had been set on foot against 
M. Peltier, a French journalist, resident 
in London, at the instance of Buonaparte, 
then First Consul of France, fot a libel 
upon himself. Mr. Percival, afterwards 
prime minister, and the late Lord Tenter- 
den (then Mr. Abbott), conducted the 
prosecution, and Mr. Mackintosh singly' 
undertook the defence. The verdict was 
' given against M. Peltier ; but the extra- 
ordinary professional talent displayed by 
Mr. Mackintosh marked him out as a 
person who might be employed in some 
official station with great advantage to 
liis country. The Recordership of Bom- 
bay was accordingly offered to him in the 
same year, which, after some hesitation , 
he accepted, and spent nine years in that 
.capacity, at the expiration of which he 
was obliged to relinquish his arduous and 
effective services, and return to England. 
In 1813 he commenced his parliamentary 
career, as representative of the county of 
Nairn, in Scotland. In the field of debate 
he had some serious difficulties to oppose 
—a harsh voice, and a strong provincial 
pronunciation. These, however, soon 
yielded. His finn and consistent sup- 
port of his principles, and his energetic 
and impassioned eloquence, soon gained 
him the respectful attention of the house ; 
and few men have shown more power to 
compose or to agitate the stormy ele- 
'ments it contained, than did Sir James 
on many memorable occasions. His ar- 
dour was chiefly directed to the reforma- 
tion of the criminal code, a task be- 
queathed to him by his unfortunate but 
Tiighly-gifted friend, Sir Samuel Romilly. 
Various other questions received from' 
liim occasioYial attention; but, above all,' 



we rejoice «b ckaM him «• one of the 
most unw^iwrnig mud valwubk opponaits 

of the,4iUoci<Ki« system of West Indtftn 
Slavery* Hb opmbns on tJtm sobject 
were ftmH decid<ra) toid «tood conspicu- 
ous in Im mfMm) mA poiiCical creed. He 
affirnmed that hs deeiAed it ** the greatest 
of all public quefttioiis ;** mkI, at a meet- 
ing of Uie Anti'^Slav'erT Society held in 
1825» he tuntned ap his views on this 
point kt the l<dlowtng terms: — ^*I feel 
the most cetttous withes for die success 
of thirs oause> be<^use I consider its suc- 
cess iiidispen^ble to acquit the consci* i 
ences imd clear tlie honour of the British 
people; because, ia sincerity of soul, I 
belief its success wotild, more than any 
othef measure, contribute to the safety 
and V^lfare of the European inhabitants 
of the colonies ; and lastly, and above 
all, because I think it would raise a mil- 
lion of human beings to the condition of 



esiYod within tiM»e walls the oiisequies of 
a panegyric^ inore endurinf ihaCk the ho- 
iKNireofaiBonumentorattepita{A« But 
these days liave long passed away; and 
we are left to rqoice, in tke absence of 
that tribttte to which he was nnquestiou- 
ably entitled, that during his life he 
achieved far more for bis own immorta- 
lity tbui cotttd be expected from the 
endiusiasin of postkumous ven^ation. 



«M 



men. 



To conclude this veiy imperfect sketch, 
which our limits of time and space forbid 
us to extend, we mu^ glance, in few 
words, at his other literary productions. 
The principal of these is his History of 
England, of which a part only has ap- 
peared, in Dr. Lardner's Cabinet Cyck)- 
psedia, and the remainder has been found 
since his death, as we understand, in 
different degrees of completeness, and 
in ** shreds and patches," very charac- 
teristic of the fitful temperament of the 
author. What we have been favoured 
with, though, perhaps, the subject is not 
the most adapted to the favourable exhi- 
bition of Sir James's talents, is impressed 
with all the prominent features of his in- , 
tellectual character. The general plan , 
and structure of it is highly philosophi- 
cal ; the thought is free and vigorous ; 
and occasionally we meet with the well- 
known bursts of his rampant and impe- 
tuous eloquence — the chafing of his ge- 
nius, impatient of the chastening severity 
o^ the historical style. Besides this, we 
have from his pen ^* Discourses on the 
Laws of England," publi^ed in 1799 ; 
and various admirable criticisms in the 
Edinburgh and Monthly Reviews, are 
confidently attributed to his pen. In 
addition to these works his history 
■of Moral and Metaphysical Science 
wiH ever be esteemed among the most 
valuable productions of his pen. He 
died on the 30th of May in the present 
year. In addition to what has already 
been said of his character, we may add, 
that it was graced with private and social 
virtues of a high order, which contributed 
to the admiration of his talents the rarer 
addition of personal affection from all 
who were privileged with his intimacy. 
We cannot close without adverting to the 
silence and neglect with which die event 
of Sir James Mackintosh's death was 
treated in the House of Commons. There 
was a time when departed greatness re- 



SLAVE AND FREE-LABOUR CONTRAST- 
ED: A HINT TO SLAVE-HOLDING 
CULTIVATORS, 

A wRfrca ia am AsMiioaii papery says, ** I 
was conung^ fWn Washiagum c^ ^ other 
day, and stopped at fi» half-way house; 
where presently thera otne ihroagh the 
lot thirteen horsts, oa eash hofse a negro, 
and over «ach hone's Sbouldets a bag of oats. 
They came alon^ at a very sbw walk, and 
stopped at the tavem well. I ssSoed them how 
far they had come, aad^was aasv^^erMl, ^half a 
mile ;' and that«ach hoise was to be watered ; 
and that then they would proceed to a field at 
*80me distance, to sow these oats. I remained 
half an hour, and, when I lei^ .they had not 
ioiiRked watering the horses. What would 
these oats cost the culdvator of them, on such 
a system ? I presently passed a small new 
house, and about thirty acres, well fenced, and 
divided into four fields ; and in one field weie 
a wliite man and two lads, planting potatoes ; 
the father dropped manure from a cart drawn 
by a yoke of oxen ; one boy dropped the seed 
from the basket, and the other covered the hill 
before the manure became sun-dried and im- 
poverished. Thought I to myself, this man 
will be able to undersell Lis wealdiier neigh- 
bour, in potatoes,a&d oats too, if he liave any." 
— Gen, Universal Emancipation, 

POPULATION. 

There is a striking disproportion in the 
comparative increase of the jwpulation of three 
of the leading monarchies of Europe, during 
the last ten or twelve years. England, Walea, 
and Scotland, had 14,072,331 inhabitants in 
1821, and, in 1831, 16,255,605, showing an 
average increase of 218,334 souls per annum ; 
Prussia increased her population by 2,033,315 
souls during the interval between 1817 and 
1828, being an average increase of 184,846, 
which, on an average population of 1 1 ,000,000; 
is far greater than our own ; and France, during 
the same eleven years, exhibited an increase of 
2,260,530 only, averaging but 205,502 a yea«, 
on an average^ population of scajcely more 
than 30,000,000. Had our population in- 
creased at the rate of the Prussian, it ought to 
have given an average augmentation of 258,700 
per annam, whilst the French should have^ 
added an average of 554,400 to its aaml)er> 
instead of only 205,502. 

COTTON. 

The first-cost of a year's cotton, manu£us- 
tured in England, is estimated at £6,000,000 
sterling; the wages paid to 833,000 persona 
employed in its manufacture, in various wayi^ 
is £20,000,000 sterling ; the profit of the ma* 
nufacturers may be estimated at £6,000,000 
at least This gi ves a dear profit of £20,000,€0# 
from the maxuifactuK of not quite one»thiid of 
the amount; or the increased value of thf 
manufactured over the unwrought material ^ 
31-4d to 1 ; and nearly a million of persons 
besides get froni it constant employment. 



REVIEW, 



Remarks on the Colony of Liberia, anp 

THE American Colonization SocI£1^Y. 

By C. Stuart. London: J. Messeden. 

1832. 
A Letter to Thomas Clarkson. By jAVEft 

Cropper. And Prejudice Vincisle, &o. 

By C. Stuart. Liverpool : Egertoii, Smith, 

Sc Co. 1832. 

Anti-Slavery Reporjer. No. 103. 

We class these publications together, as 
they relate to the same subject, and are emi- 
nently adapted to disabuse the public mind in 
reference to the character and design of the 
American Colonization Society. It has been 
with much pain we have discovered the truth 
of the case, and we feel it due to tlie cause of 
humanity and truth unhesitatingly to an- 
nounce our conviction. In common with 
suuiy friends of the Negro race, we hailed the 
.&i8t announcement of this Society as an omen 
of good to Africa. We imagined it was based 
on righteous principles, and would prove sub- 
servient to the happiness of the Negro and the 
civilization of Africa generally. In this con- 
elusion we have erred, and we should not be 
honest to the Anti-slavery cause if we did not at 
once seek to unmask the delusion. 1 1 is, probably, 
known to many of our readers, that an agent 
of the Colonization Society is now in Engi> 
land, soliciting pecuniary aid. His applica- 
tions iave BaturaUy led to some enquiries re- 
specting the principles and history of the So- 
ciety, and we regret to say that the result has 
been most unsatisfactory and painful. Mr. 
Qioppet and Captain Stuart^ whose names are 
well known to the Anti-slavexy public, and 
whose characters command universal respect, 
kave come forward, in the pamphlets before 
09, to aoqmint the pubKc with the true state 
of the case. The Anti-slaverv Reporter, also, 
has taken up the subject, in its present num- 
ber, so that we hope the religious and humane 
of this country will be effectually guarded 
against a misappropriation of their funds. 
Ine state of the case appears to be this — the 
Colonization Society originates in the dis- 
graceful prejudices of the white class in Ame* 
rica, and is adapted to perpetuate slavery in 
the States by removing uie competition which 
arises from the presence of the free coloured 
population. The slave-holders, therefore, are 
amongst its warmest supporters; while the 
free coloured people protest against its pro- 
ceedings, as based in unrighteousness and 
tending to their ruin. The black population, 
both nee and enslaved, is rapidly increasing.. 
The former is already about half a million — 
^e latter upwards of two millions. This iU"* 
oreaee terrifies the slave partf , and they there- 
fore propose to transport the free black to 
Africa, in the hope of being able more easily to 
retain their slaves in bondage. This is not the 
representation of an enemy, but may fairly be 
^thered from their- own Reports. Thus, in 
the Fifteenth Report, page 25, it is asked, 
''.What is the free black to the slave? A 
standing, perpetual excitement to discontent. 
The slave would have then little excitement to 
discontent, but for. the free Uack; he would 
have as little to habitB of depredation, his next 
strongest tendency, but from the same source 
df deterioration." 
, Again— 

;" 15th Report, pag« ?6*-r' If none were draiped 
away, slaves became inevitably and speedily re- 
duodant, he. ^c When this sta^e bad been 
reached^ what course or remedy remained T Was | 



f t^ft t<>urist. 

open butehtry to be resorted to, as among the Spar- 
tans with the helots ; os general emancipation and in- 
eorporation^ as in South America ; or abandonment of 
the eouutru b^ the niatien f* Either of these was a 
deplorable catastrophe .'—-could all of them be 
avoided 1— -aad if they could, how? ' There was 
hut one way, aod it was to provide and keep open a 
drain fir the exoetsofiMOrease, beyond the occasions 
of profitable employment, &c. &c. This drain was 
already opened. The African Repositor^f vol. 7, 
p^^ 246, savB, ' Enough, under favourable cir- 
cumstances, might be removed for a few successive 
years, if ^ung females were encouraged to go, to 
keep the whole coloured population in check ! ! P 
" In 14th Report, pages l2 and 13 — < And the 
tlave*holder, so far ^om paving just cause to com- 
plain of the Colonization Society, has reason to 
congratulate himself, that in this institution a 
channel is opened up, in which the public feeling 
and public action can flow on without doing vio- 
S^i^ee to his rights ! The closing of this channel 
might be calamitous to the slave-holder beyond his 
coneeption ; for the stream of benevolence that 
notw flows so innocently in it might then break out 
in forms even far more disastrous than abolition 
societies, and all their kindred and ill-judged mea- 



n 



fiures. 



The cloalc under which this nefarious design 
is concealed is that of Christianizing Africa. 
" The Society proposes to send, not one or two 
pious members of Christianity into a foreign 
land, but to transport annually^ for an ind^- 
nite number ofyears^in one view of its scheme 
6000, in aBOther 56,000, missionaries of the 
descendants of Africa, itself to commimicate 
tfie benefits of our religion ajid of the arty.'' — 
Report of the Pennsylvania Col. Society, 
for 1830. And yet the same persons are de- 
scribed in the Thirteenth Report of the General 
Society, as an ** unf(^tunate, degraded, and 
anomalous class." *' They are, emphatically^" 
it is said, *' a mildew upon our fields, a scoiu'ge 
to our backs, and a stain upon our escutcheon. 
To remove them is nobcrc^ to ourselves and 
justice to them." Again: Fifteenth Re- 
port, '^ The raoe in questioii were known, as 
a class, to be destitute, depraved, the victims 
of all forms of social misery.'* Such is the 
inconsistency of error. Africa is to be blessed 
with an importation of 56,000 missionaries 
annually, drawn from the lowest and most de- 
praved of the Americaa population. 

The advocates of this Society shrink not 
from proposing the most violent methods in 
order to accomplish its design. What will 
the British public think of the following lan- 
guage employed in the Virginia House of 
Delegates : — 

'* ' It is idle to talk about not resorting to force,' 
said Mr. Broadnax* a member, ' every body must 
look to the introduction of force of some kind or 
other \ and it is in truth a question of expediency, 
of moral justice, of political good faith, whether 
we shall fairly delineate our whole system on the 
fkce of the bill, or ieave the aoquisition of extorted 
consent to other processes. The real question, the 
only question of^ magnitude to he settled, is the 
great pittliminary question— J^o you intend to send 
the free persons of colour oat of Virginia, or not I 

'* * If the free negroes are willing to go, they 
will go — if not willing, they must be compelled to 
go. Some gentlemen think it politic not now to 
insert this feature in the bill, though they proclaim 
their readiness to resort to it when it becomes ne- 
cessary ; they think that for a year or two a suffi- 
cient number will consent to go, and then the rest 
can be compelled. For my part, 1 deem it better 
to approeeh theqnestion and settle it at once, and 
avew it openly. 

*" 1, have already expressed it as my opipioi^ 
that few, very few, will vo^uftfart/y consent to emi* 
gnUe, if no COMPULSORY mmuie be adopted. 

" ' I will not express, in its full extent, the idea 
I entQTtaia of what has been done, or what enor- 



mities will be pjBrpetratedj to induce this class of 
persons to lea^e the Stat*. Who does not know 
that when a free negro, by qrime or otherwise, has 
rendered himself obnoxious to a neighbourhood, 
how easy it is for a party to visit him one night, 
take him fcpm his bed and family, and apply to him' 
the gentle admonition of a severe flagel/ation, to 
induce him to consent to go away ? In a few nights 
the dose can be repeated, perhaps increased, untiL 
in the language of the pnysicians, quantum stiff, 
has been administered to produce the desired opC"' 
ra^tion^ and the fellow then becomes per/ecr/j^ tri/^., 
ing to move away. 

** * Indeed* Sir, ai.l of us look to torce of 
some kind or other, direct or indirect, moral of 
physical,, legal or illegal. IMany who are opposed, 
they $ay, to any compulsory feature in trie bill, 
desire to introduce such severe regulations into ouf^ 
police law$-.^such restrictions of their existing^ 
privileges — such inability to hold property, obtain 
emplovment, rent residences, &:c., as to make it 
impossible for them tp remain amongst u$. h not, 
this force ?' 

, *' Mr. Fisher said : — * Jf we wait until the ftee 
negroes consent to leave the state, we ahall wa\t 
until time is no more. They nevir will give their 
consent ; and, he believed, if the house amended 
the bill as proposed, and the compulsory principle 
were strioken out, this class of people would be 
forced to leave by tlie harsh treatment of the 
whites.' 



We could say much on the iniquity of this, 
and some similar proceedings in Amcrici^ but 
our limits forbid. We shall probably recur to 
the subject ere long, for the purpose of no- 
ticing some pcnnts which we are compelled to 
omit at present. In the meanwhile, let the 
friends of humanity and constitutional free- 
dom discountenance the scheme as essentially 
unjust, tending to the perpetuation of slavery, 
and to the encouragement of all the vices of 
which slavery is the hot-<bed. " The term dia- 
bolical," remarks Mr. Crofiper, '^ is not too 
severe $ for never did Satan, with more suc- 
cess, transform himself into an angel of Hght, 
than in the gloss which has covered its de- 
formities." Iniat any of the philanthropists of 
America, or of our own country, should have 
lent ih^ influence to it» mnst have resulted 
from ignorance, and cannot long be continued. 
Truth is omnipotent, and, though sappoessed 
for a season, will ultimately triumph. 



CAPTAIN CAREW. 

At the siege of Tortona, the commander of the 
army, which lay before the town, ordered Carew, 
an Irish officer in the service of Naples, to ad- 
vance with a detachment to a particular post. 
Having given his orderSj he whimpered te Carew, 
" Sir, I know you to be a gallant man i I have, 
therefore, put you upon this duty. J tell you in 
confidence, it is certain death to you all. I place 
you there to ms^ke the enemy spnog a mine below 
you." Carew made a bow to the general, and 
then led on his n»en in silence to the dreadful 
post. He there stood with an undaunted eoun- 
tenance ; and, having called to one of his soldiers 
for a draught of wine, ** Here," said be, "I drink 
to all those who bravely fall in battle.*' For- 
tunately at that instant Tortona eapttulated* and 
Carew escaped that destruction which he had so 
^ nobly displayed his readiness to encounter at the 
call of honour .*-p0fvy Aneedotes. 



conn BACON. 
When the French Ambassador visited the illus- 
trious Bacon, in his illness, and found him in bed, 
with the curtains drawn, he addressed this fulsome 
compliment to him : — " You are like the aqgels, 
of whom we hear and read much, but have not the 
pleasure of seeing them." The reply was tha sen- 
timent of a philosopher, and language not un- 
worthy of a Christian : — " If the complaisance of 
others compaxes me to an angel, my innrmities tell 
me I am a' man," 



f* 



THE TOURIST. 



PiBUAi-g that ii nearly ihe peireclioD of good 
vriUng, which ii origiDai, but wboie tnitb alone 
prevent! the reader from luiHcting that it ii w : 
ami which effecU that Tor knowledge which tbe 
leni efiecti for the snn-beam, when It candenwi 
it* briithtneu in onkr to incieaaa iti force. — Col- 
tod's Lacon. 

Hen cariy their nindi. Tor the moil part, aa 
they carrv their watchei, content to be ienoraDt of 
the conautution and aciion within, and attentive 
only to the little eileiior circle of things to w1 ' 



the 



£ipBuion«. , 

The only humaaity which, i 
of men, claims theit r 



-FOBTI 



a the gmt afliain 

^ . is that manly and 

•ipanded humanity which fixei ila steady eye on 

... ..■. . ., . i ; '':Bj.MiCI- 



e abject of genenl happioeii^^^ia 

The highest perfeclion of boman mason ia to 
know that then it an infinity of truth beyond iti 
iMtch, — Pascil. 

Nobility i* the Corinthian ca^tal of polished 



LINES WBITTEN IN A LADY'S ALBUM. 

I WOULD my lyre was as it was. 

In days of other yean, 
Ere grief bad dimined the magic glass 
■ Of Fancy with my teara ; 
I wonld my pa»ive loul had took 
No tint but of this virgin book. 

All white as it appears ; 
Then might I filly hope to gain, 
foi^iveness for the page I itaiu. 
But life's a strange bewilderitig stream. 

And tisDDtoft wefind 
That foHovfing far our favourile dream, 

Leaves do blank ebb behind ; 
iUnown or love — gold — titles — itar* — 
Whale'er our chase, it deeply mars 

That music of the mind, 
To which, when life was imiliog yet. 
Its thoatand sliiriDg Blriugs were set. 
And thus the discoid grows, which turns 

Our gladness into gloom, 
And hearts, like rose-lcBvea, cast in ums. 

Yield bat a faint perfume : 
I can restring the lyre no moie, 
] cannot to the flower restore, 

The beauty of its bloom,— 
My flower is gathered, and my lyta 



Isw 



m with DO celestial lita. 



The sonth-H 
It sometimes wakes the taneiess ttrinf , 

And Wives the withered rose i 
Till both the flower and instruinent. 
Give forth a music and a scent, 

Diviner from repose ; 
Ev'n thus my spirit from its thralF, 
Awakes at thy enchanting call. 

Bnt, Miry, there's a sweeter voice, 

A lovelier brceie abroad. 
To bid the wilderness icjiHce, 

And tune the lifeless chord ; 
It is the still small whisper heaid. 
In the soul's aoUtude—tlie Word 

And Spirit of the Lard, 
Which, as it vibrates round ui, brioga 
All Eden on iu healing wings. 
Come, Dove divine 1 immortal breath 

Of mercy, make descent ! 
Speak life to the dall ear of dealli. 

Sped peace to our lament ; 
Beslring the broken chord, chastise 
To goodness the lost soul that lies 



ST. GERMAINS. 



The above is all that remains of a con- 
vent of Aufrustine canons, now fanning 
part of a church, which conatitutea the 
chief object of interest in the little town 
of St. Germains, iu Cornwall. It con- 
tains several monuments of the Eliot fa- 
mily, upon the representative of which 
it confers the title of Earl of St. Ger- 



mains. Among them is a magnificent 
tomb, erected in memory of Edward 
Eliot, uncle of the first Lord Eliot, with 
a recumbent statue of the deceased, and 
other figures, executed by Rysbraclc. 
Here also is the monument of Walter 
Moyle, an eminent writer, and iutiraate 
friend of Locke, who died in 1721. 



Of King YriUlam tbe IVth In Slavery* 

TO ELECTORS. 

The following Question is recommended to be pnt to every Parlia- 
mentary Candidate, upon the subject of British Colonial Slavery. 

In the event of yaar becoming a member of the 
next Parliament, will yon TOte for and strennonsly 
support measures for the Inunedlafe and' entire 
abolition of Colonial Slavery f 

By the immediate aholition of Slavery is understood tlie substitution of 
judicial for the privRte and irresponsible autnoriCy now exercised by the master, 
securing to the Slave an equality of all Civil, Political, and Religious Rights- 
with the free-born subjects of Great Britain. 

Agency Anti-Slavery Society't Office, 18, Aldennanbury. 

Ja*l Published, 
LANDSCAPE ANNUAL FOR 1833, 

rHE Landscape annual, or tour- 
l.ST IN ITALY, tor ISn, iHiMmml with Iwcnty-itK 
'•mirLiI EuijriTiiigi In 1l», (twn nr>«tii(. bv I. U. 
ISDlNn : IKc Lilcriry DepirluioDI by Thuhk Roscoa. 



Theiie is a system pursued in the German 
dominions of Austria, which hua been attended 
with singulart; beneficial results, in difiusinK 
knowled)^ ainongiit (he working classes, ana, 
in fact, amongst the people in geueraL No 
Tillage is wiihout its school ; Hud each school 
U under the cai« of a master, who is paid by 
the gavemmenL U is a law of the land, in 
the hereditary provinces, that no male can 
enter into the muniege state unlesa he is able 
to read, write, and cast accounls ; and ereiy 
roaster is liable to a heavy penalty, if he em- 
ploy a workman who is unable to read nnd 
write. Short publications of a moral charac- 
ter, whioh are cimipiled with great care, and 
sold at a low price, are citciuated in every 
town, and throughout e^ ery cabin iu the couu- 
tiy. May we not refer it lo this system, that 
crimes are of extremely rare occurrence in the 
German provinces of the cmivn of Hapsburgh 7 
Indeed, it is accounteda disastrous year, so far 
as public morals are coiicemtd, if two execu- 
tions take place at Vienna in the course of ihe 
twelvemonth. Under what other Ay, we may 
ask, Is the schoolmaster abroad to ta rich a 
purpose F — Quarterly Journal of Education. 



e One Giiic 



Tu'cnty-ilx lUiMntlau lo Oit nhnvc, dnUven 
PnrltulJD, Coluiibkr 4Io. 

lulla Froofi before letun . . . . £t A 

In<1U Pnofi wilh leUers .1 : 

Primri, while paper ...... * ] 

A r>*w eoplMof ea^ year, udkI;, ISM, tl, uh 

Thjl, Uie todrth C\!llua', e '' 
Uiiin. Prwt and Hinllu 

JuiiHiKai AND CnirLiN.m. Cui 



MipleteilhaTonratlidy, by 



Wt ficH rtttivid lb Pofliy rf F. 

Our lliaala »•« dM In S. 

Fart, 1. aNd II. of '■ The TturUf . 



Printed by J. IIaddon and Co. ; and Published 
by J. Crisp, at No. 27, Ivy Lane, Paternoater 
How, where all AdrertiseiDeiils and CommBnt- - 
cattooi for the Editor are to be addressed. 



THE TOURIST; 

OR, 



' Utile Dulci," — Horace. 



Vol- I.— No. lO. 



MONDAY. NOVEMBER 19, iea2. 



Price One Pknnt. 



ON LIBRARIES. 



But wbtt itraa^e vti, what migic cin diipow 
The doubled mind to chKDge iti aiiive woci ! 
Or letd Qt willing Aom ounclTci, to lee 
Othen mora wielehed, mora andoM than we 7 
Thii. booki c>n do— am tbi* tlone ; they give 
New liew* to life, ind teach ui how to live ; 
Tbev Moihe the giierei], the ttubborn the; ehiatiie ; 
Foou ibejr admontih. nd codEtih the iriie ; 
Their aid ih^ jield lo all : thej nerer ihna 
The man of lonaw, nor the wietch undone ; 
Unlike the haid, the lellish, and the proud, 
The; fly DOl tuUen bom the lappliant eiawd ; 
Noi lell to varioBi people lerioni thitigi. 
But ihow lo inbjecti what the; show to kinp. 
Tfit Uhrari) — Crabbe. 

From the earliest ages, aad in erery 
state of society, men have been desirous 
of preserving teatimoDieB and memorids 
of the achievements and glory of their 
forefathers, their tusUe being reflected on 
themselves. During many centuries, 
tradition alone conveyed from one gene- 
retion to another the deeds and story of 
nations ; but it naturally, in course of 
time, became obscure and fabulous, as 



any defect in the memory nould be sup- 
plied by the aid of imagination. As soon, 
therefore, as the invention of means to 
supply the defects of tradition were dis- 
covered, oral authority would be super- 
seded by written, and collections of re- 
cords be formed. 

To the Hebrews is attributed, in the 
collection and preservation of the Sacred 
Writings, the earliest formation of a li- 
brary. The Greeks, Romans, Egyptians, 
and many other nations, fonned public 
collections of books. The 6rst literary 
collection of the Greeks was established 
by Pisistratus of Athens, in the sixth 
century before Christ; that of the Ro- 
nians by Asinius Pollio ; and the cele- 
brated Alexandrian library by Ptolemy 
PhUadelphuB, 264 years B. C. This last 
contained 700,000 rolutnes; by which 
we musthiot understand volumet such as 
our modem libraries are composed of, but 
rolls of papyrus or parchment, each con- 



taining only a chapter or small subdivi- 
sion of the whole work. This immense 
collection, afler various vicissitudes, was 
at last totally destroyed by order of Omar, 
the Arabian caliph, A. D. 638 ; who, be- 
ing solicited to preserve it, returned the 
well-known answer : " If these writings 
of the Greeks agree with the Koran they 
are useless, and not to be prewired : iF 
they disagree they are pernicious, and 
ought to be destroyed." Gibbon says, 
" The sentence was executed with blind 
obedience ; the volumes of paper or 
parchment were distributed to the four 
thousand baths of the city, and such was 
their incredible multitude, that six months 
were barely sufficient for the consumption 
of this precious fuel." 

But two centuries before tiiis period the 
northern hordes of barbarians had in- 
vaded the Roman empire, which crumbled 
to pieces under their unceasing attacks. 
In less than a century after their settle- 



92 

ment in their new conquests, almost all 
the effects of the knowledge gnd the civi- 
lization which had spread tK*ough Europe 
disappeared. In the destruction of cities, 
the libraries also shared in the universal 
desolation, and Europe had to pass 
through a long night of darkness and ig- 
norance. The little that remained of the 
world's knowledge found refuge in the mo- 
nasteries, where, however, these precious 
volumes were in general as little appreci- 
ated as by the barbarian spoilers. It is re- 
lated that in the middle ages manuscripts 
were not unfrequently destroyed, in bind- 
ing works on useless scholastic divinity ; 
sometimes for the making of rackets for 
the amusement of the idle monks ; and 
even what were spared lay rotting in some 
neglected corner. We ought not, how- 
ever, to think too harshly of the conduct 
of these illiterate monks : it is scarcely to 
be expected they would set much value 
upon what they could not understand. 
Persons of the highest rank, in those 
times, could not read or write; many of 
the clergy did not understand the breviary, 
which they were obliged daily to recite ; 
some of them could scarcely read it. 
Even in late years, it is reported that Sir 
Robert Cotton redeemed the original of 
Magna Charta from the hands of a tailor 
who was on the point of cutting it up for 
measures. Yet some gleams of light 
shone brightly in the dark ages. To those 
men of learning, who devoted their time, 
their means, and their health, to the col- 
lecting and preserving of the remains of 
the dispersed libraries, the world owes a 
debt of gratitude. The few following 
facts, showing the extreme rarity and va- 
lue of manuscripts in the four or live 
centuries preceding the invention of print- 
ing, will be neither uninteresting nor un- 
instructive. 

In the ninth century, the Abbot of 
Pontivi, in possessing 200 volumes, was 
considered to have the largest library in 
France. 

In the tenth century, so scarce and so 
valuable were manuscripts, that a copy of 
the Homelies of Aymon of Halberstat was 
purchased by a Countess of Anjou for 
200 sheep, three measures of com, and a 
number of skins of valuable furs. 

In the eleventh century, the abbey of 
Pomposa, near Ravenna, in Italy, al- 
though celebrated for the extent of its 
library, possessed only 63 volumes, 7 of 
which were volumes of the classics. 
. In 1048, the Abbot of Gemblours, in 
Flanders, had collected, in addition, to 
100 volumes on theological, 60 volumes 
on profane subjects, and imagined he had 
/ormed a splendid library. 

In the twelfth century, the catalogue of 
the AJbbey of Monte Cassino, one of the 
wealthiest in Europe, consisted but of 90 
volumes, and yet had required the labours 
and journeyings of two successive abbots 
tQ collect 



THE TOURIST. 

In 1251, the chapter of the Cathedral 
of Ratisbon purchased 500 volumes for 
67 marcs of gold, equivalent to about 
£10,000, or £20 for each volume. 

In the succeeding century, we may 
date the commencement of the revival 
of learning. It gave birth to many cele- 
brated men ; among whom, none more so 
than Petrarca, Boccaccio, and Richard 
do Bury, Bishop of Durham, who spared 
neither labour nor expense in collecting 
manuscripts ; • accordingly, we find the 
libraries throughout Europe much in- 
creasing. In 1373, the library of the 
King of France contained 910 volumes, 
and had increased to about 1100 volumes 
in 1425, when the greater part of it was 
sent to England by the regent, Duke of 
Bedford; and in 1439, the cardinal Bas- 
sarian, with royal profusion, had collected 
600 manuscripts, at the enormous cost of 
about 30,000 Roman crowns, equivalent 
tQ about £26,000. 

From these notices of the scarcity and 
high price of books, it must be obvious 
that was within the reach of but few. In- 
deed, none but kings and prelates could 
enjoy the costly privilege of a library. 
At last, in the middle of the fourteenth 
century, occurred the greatest revolution 
in the history of literature, or of the hu- 
man mind. The art of printing was in- 
vented ; and whilst ^Eneas Sylvius, Pope 
Pius II., in 1458, waa writing in his Cos- 
mographia, that the destruction of all 
written .documents would, ere long, be 
inevitable, this art was impressing on 
them perpetuity and ten-fold value. A 
learned continental bibliographer has made 
.a calculation, that from the year 1455 to 
1500, 14,750 editions had been printed 
from presses established in 212 cities; 
which, at an average of 435 copies for each 
edition, would give 5,416,250 volumes 
as the circulation of books in 45 years. 
Again, from 1501 to 1536, the number of 
cities had decreased from 212 to 184, yet 
17,779 editions had been produced ; and, 
in consequence of a greater demand for 
books, each edition may probably have 
increased to 1000 copies, which would 
give us an amount of 17,779,000 copies. 
From these calculations it results, that 
during the interval of 8 1 years, from the 
date of the first printed book to the year 
1536, no less than twenty-three millions 
of volumes had been circulated among 
mankind ! Nor wUl our average appear 
an extravagant one, as it is well known 
that, in the year 1526, as many as 26,000 
copies of the Colloquies of Erasmus were 
printed and sold. 

From this period, books became acces- 
sible to all classes of society ; and, after 
a ftw years, national public libraries were 
formed, which have ever since continued 
to increase, and which have mainly con- 
tributed to the subsequent advance of 
literature. The principal throughout 
Europi^ are — 



The Vatican, said to contain . 
The Royal Library at Paris . 
Of pamphlets 
Manuscripts • 
Vienna .... 

Munich . . . . 
Gottingen . . . . 
British Museum . 

George III.'s Library . 
Manuscripts . 
Bodleian . . . . 



Volumes. 

500,000. 
350,000. 
300,000. 

50,000. 
300,000. 
400,000. 
200,000. 
181,000. 

65,000. 

20,000. 
200,000. 



In addition to these, almost every scien- 
tific and literary institution, and most of 
the ecclesiastical foundations in Europe, 
have libraries attached to them, of gieaiec . 
or less extent. These vast repositories 
contain not only such works as are most 
useful, but such as, from their costliness 
or scarcity, are inaccessible to ordinary 
students. 

Thus has useful knowledge been ex- 
tended and cheapened by the exertions of 
the moderns. The difficulty of the student 
is no longer to obtain, but to select, the 
best sources of information from the be- 
wildering accumulations with which he 
is surrounded. If the literary world be in 
an unhealthy state, it arises from plethora 
— from so vast an abundance of resources, 
as distracts investigation, and prevents 
the formation of a judicious choice. At 
all events, there can now be no excuse 
for ignorance. That power which our im- 
mortal Bacon attributes to knowledge, is 
wielded by the hands of millions ; and it 
now becomes the special and increas- 
ing duty of the moralist and the Chris- 
tian, to heighten its benefits, by keeping 
pace with its progress, and, by the assi- 
duous inculcation of virtuous principles, 
to prepare the world for those important 
changes, which all the phenomena of so- 
ciety appear to indicate. 



We are indebted to DTsraeli's Curios- 
ities of Literature for the following extra- 
ordinary calculation of the number of 
books printed from the first invention of 
the art. A cunous arithmetician has 
discovered that the four ages of typo* 
graphy have produced no less than 
3,641,960 works! Taking each work at 
three volumes, and reckoning each im- 
pression to consist of only three hundred 
copies (which is a very moderate suppo- 
sition), tlie actual amount of volumes 
which have issued firom the presses of 
Europe, up to the year 1816, appears to 
by 3,277,640,000! And if we suppose 
each of these volumes to be an inch in 
thickness, they would, if placed in a line, 
cover 6069 leagues ! J " We are, how- 
ever, indebted," says this entertaining 
writer, " to the patriotic endeavours of 
our grocers and trunk-makers, the al- 
chemists of literature; they annihilate 
the gross bodies without mjuring the 
finer spirits." 



THE TOURIST. 



A PUBLIC DINNER IN THE NEIGH- 
BOURHOOD OF MONTE VIDEO. 

Ajbout two o'clock, we arrived at the house 
of our host, and fbiuid the company assembled, 
among whom we presently' took our seats at 
the iMef which was continued through two 
rooms. The party consisted partly ot patriot 
Spaniards, witn some Americans, French, and 
Portuguese ; altogether ahout sixty in number. 
The dinner was profusely abunimnt ; bujt no 
dish appeared very remarkable, except a large 
roast 01 beef with the hide on. This mode of 
cooking has the effect of retaining the juice of 
the meat; and, from the number who partook 
^of it, it appeared to be a farourite nana. The 
wine, of which there was variety, went merrily 
round during the entertainment ; and, bv the 
time the clo£ was removed, the organs of arti- 
culation had become so volatile, that you could 
scarcely hear your next neighbour. Some 
Spaniards, who were less clamorous, amused 
themselves with shooting little bread balls at 
one another across the table, and aiming at 
the face. This amusement was an annoyance 
to me ; but, by my remaining neutral, they 
allowed me to sit in peace. Their nationid 
toasts were ilrank in quick succession; but 
on their Vice-president proposing the toast 
of, " Long live King Ferdinand the Seventh," 
nearly the whole company dissented, and 
loade<i him with a torrent of abuse ; t9 which 
he replied with so much acrimony, that the 
table of expected friendship and conviviality 
jsoon presented a scene of the most inveterate 
warfare. The Vice-president prudently, how- 
ever, sat in silence for a few minutes, by which 
means order was restored, and tlie offended 
party vented their rage on the wine, which, in 
naif an hour, was uist becoming conqueror. 
Glasses and plates flew to destruction ; and, to 
crown the whole, an a^e Spainaid mounted 
the table, making a variety of antics, which so 
destroyed the economy of it, that no further 
hint was necessary to advise us to depart; and 
ive rose, got seated in our noddy, and drove 
homewards. Thus ended the dinner, which, 
in the whole, had occupied not more than two 
hours and a half. — WeddelVs Voyage Unoards 
the South Pole. 



APPARENT VIOLATION OF THE 
LAW OF NATURE. 

There are many facts and appearances in 
nature which fail to strike us at once with sur- 
prise and admiration, only because they are so 
eommon. Among these, the motion of a fly 
iipon walls and ceiHngs, and the adhesion of 
lihe gecko, a species of the lizard, to even the 
most polished surfaces, deserve to be classed. 
Familiar as the fly has been to our obf^n-ation 
from earliest infancy, few persons have seri- 
misly attempted to explain the manner in 
which that insect is enable to advance, so 
much at its ease, in apparent opposition to 
*^ nature's universal law,'^ gravitation. The 
cause of it appears never to have been correctlj 
•flrigned, till Sir Everard Home, by carefully 
examining both the fly and the gecko, disco- 
Tered, in the peculiar structure of their feet, 
ihe pneumatic mechanism by which they are 
enamed to carry on progressive motion against 
gravity. It appears that their feet axe so oon- 
•tmcted as to act Kke a cnpping glass or com- 
mon sucker, and thus, by the pressure of the 
4ur, attach them to any substance with which 
ikey maybe in contact; or, on its relaxation, 
to allow the animal to move at its pleasure, 
liaring detected thb wondrous mechaiiin&ini 



the foot of the fly and the gecko, the anatomist 
above referred to hsis extended his researches 
to a much more bulky animal, the walrus, in 
which he found an analagous provision, for an 
apparently similar purpose. The hind flipper 
or foot of the walrus bears so general a resem- 
blance to ^e foot of the fly, uiat there seems 
no reason to doubt the similarity of its inten- 
tion. 

'* It is a eurious circumstance," remarks Sir 
Everard, 'Uhat two animals, so difierent in 
size, should have feet so similar in their use. 
In the fly the parts require being magnified 
one hundred times to render this structure 
Tisible; and in the walrus the parts are so 
large as to require being reduced from diame- 
ters to bring tnem within the size of a quarto 
page. As a knowledge of the structure of the 
fly 8 foot led to the detectiou of the use of the 
hind flipper of the walrus, so, on the other 
hand, an examination of the toes of the walrus 
has enabled me to make out the use of a part 
of the foot of the fly which I did not sufiiciently 
understand. On comparing them with the outer 
toes of the walrus, they are evidently intended 
to surround the exhausted cavity, so that a 
vacuum may be more suddenly and perfectly 
formed." 

On dissecting this flipper, it soon lost all ap- 
pearance of a foot, and took that of the hand 
of a giant, so far as respected the bones and 
muscles, but differing from it in having a web 
covering all the other parts, and exten^ng be- 
yond tl^ point of the thumb and fingers. On 
the back of the flipper, too, was found the 
tendon of the indicator muscle. 

"That this gigantic hand is employed as a 
cupping glass to prevent the animal from fall- 
ing back in its movements, whether on the ice 
or in climbing the rocky clifis, there can be no 
doubt; for it is only necessary to take the hu- 
man hand, and envelope it in an elastic web 
extending some way beyond the points of the 
fingers, to prove that it could perform such an 
ofiice: but, when we find the cumbricales 
muscles wanting, the only use of which is to 
clench the fist, it adds to the proof ; and when 
the indicator is met with, a mode cf opening a 
valve to let in the air is pointed out.' 



THE CAPTIVE AFRICAN. 

Tiisms was no sonnd upon the deep, 

The breeze lay cradlad there. 
The motioaless waters sank to sleep. 

Beneath the sultry air ; 
Out of the cooling brine to leap. 

The dolphin scarce would dare. 

Becalm'd on that Atlantic plain, 

A Spanish ship did lie ; 
She stopp'd at once upon the main. 

For not a wave roll'd by ; 
And she watch 'd six dreary days in vain. 

For the storm-bird's fearful cry. 

But the storm came not, and still the ray 

Of the red and lurid snn, 
Wax'd hotter and hotter every day. 

Till her crew sank one by one. 
And not a man coald endure to stay 

By the helm, or by the gun. 

Aad deep in the daik and fetid hold* 

Six hundred wretches wept ; 
They were slaves that the cursed lust of gold 

From their native land had swept ; 
Aad there they stood, the young and old. 

While a peettlence o'er them crept : 

Ciamn'd in that dsngsoa-hold they stood. 

For many a day and night; 
Tin the love of life was aU sabdned 



By At fever'f seorcbiiq; blight i 

And their dim eyes wept, half tears, half blepd^ 
And still they stood upright : 

And there they stood, the q|uick and dead. 

Propp'd by that dungeoir s wall ; 
And the dying mother bent her head 

On her child— hat she could notfUf j 
In one dread sight the Hfe had fled 

Film half that were then in thiaU« 

The morning came, and the sleepless crew, 

Threw the hatchways open wide ; 
Then the sickening fumes of death ap-flew. 

And spread on every side ; 
And, ere that eve, of the tyrant few. 

Full twenty souls had died. 

Thev died, the gaoler and the slave--* 
They died with the selfsame pain ; — 

They were equal then, for no cry could save 
Those who bound, or who wore, the chain ; 

And the robber white found a oemaon grave 
With him of the Negro stain* 

The pest-ship slept on her ocean bed. 

As still as any wreck, 
Till tliey all, save one old man, were dead. 

In her bold or on her deck : 
That man, as life around him fled, 

Bow'd not his sturdy neck. 

He arose — the chain was on his hands. 
But he climbed from that dismal plaot. 

And he saw the men who forged his bands, 
Lie each upon his f^ce ; 

There on the deck that old man stands, * 

The lord of all the space. 

m 

He sat him down, and he watch'd a'clond. 

Just cross the settings sun. 
And he heard the light breeie heave the shroud, 

£re that sultry day was gone. 
When the night came on, the gale was load. 

And the clouds rose thick and dun. 

And still the negro boldly walkM ' 

That lone and siient ship. 
With a step of vengeful pnde he stalked^ 

And a sneer was on his lip ; 
For he laughed to think how death had balk'd 

The fetters and the whip. 

At last he slept — but the lightning flash 

Play'd round the creaking mast. 
And the sails were wet with the ocean's plash. 

But the ship was anchored fast ; 
'Till at length, with a loud and fearftil out. 

From her cable's chain she passed* 



Away she swept, as with instinct 
O'er her broad and daogerons path ; 

And the midnight tempest's sudden strife 
Had gathered sounds of wrath ; 

But on board that ship was no sound of Kfe, 
Save the song of that captive swarth. 

He sung of his Afric's distant sands,] 

As the slip^ry deck he trod ; 
He fear'd to die m other lands, 

*Neath a tyrant master's rod ; 
And he lifted his head and fetter'd hands. 

In a prayer to the Negro's God.j 

He tonch'd not the sail, nor the driving faeht f 

But he look'd on the raging sea, ««g| 
And be joy'd— for the waves that would o'er- 
whelm, 
Womld leave his body fvse i 
And he pray'd that the sb^ to no Chriaiu 
realm. 
Before the storm might flee. 

He smil'd amid the tempest's frown, ^ 

He sang amidst its roar ; 
His joy, no fear of death could drown ; 

He was a slave no more ! 
The helaaleas ship that nigfat w«Bt4awa, 

On SMe|Mib»a'4 •horn. 



M 



THE TOURIST. 



NOTICES TO CORRESPONDENTS. 

Wb hw6 rtteived Contnbutum$ from W. R. P., 
F,f and B. H. Their terviea tciil alwayt be m- 
teptabU, 

Th» artielts med IL S,, afu2C.fi. 7., are not 
BuUed to " The Tourist.*' 



THE TOURIST. 

MONDAY, NOVEMBER 19, 1832. 

As the dissolution of Parliament is 
drawing near, it becomes every friend of 
humanity and justice to exert him- 
self to the utmost in order to secure the 
return of such candidates as favour the 
immediate abolition of slavery. No time 
must be lost — no effort spared. We have 
but a few days in which to work; and 
the happiness and existence of our negro 
fellow-subjects are dependant on our la- 
bours. The cool calculations of prudence 
must be laid aside, and our whole strength 
be consecrated to vigorous exertion. Our 
opponents are numerous, subtle, and ac- 
tive. They will spare no pains, nor shrink 
from the adoption of any measures, how- 
ever reprehensible, to accomplish their 
purpose. To expect honesty from the 
abettors of theft would be to stultify our- 
selves, and to betray our cause. We must, 
therefore, be decided and active. We 
must work in season and out of season, 
esteeming every hour as pregnant with 
consequences in which humanity is deeply 
interested. 

Should a majority of the next parlia- 
ment be favourable to the continuance of 
our slave system, it will be in vain that 
the nation petitions for change. Some 
slight modifications may be attempted — 
some unimportant and ineffective regula- 
tions may be introduced ; but the horrors 
of slavery, its brutality and its vice, will 
continue undiminished. ** Now, then, is 
the accepted time ; now is the day of 
salvation." This is emphatically the crisis 
of the negro*s history, and upon its im- 
provement or neglect depends the whole 
complexion of his future destiny. Never 
was the feeling of the people so awakened 
to the diabolical character of colonial sla- 
very as it is at present. The national 
conscience has been aroused, and a ge- 
neral cry for redress and freedom is raised 
throughout the kingdom. If, then, the 
friends of humanity are but faithful to 
their undertaking—- if their efforts are but 
proportioned to the interests which are at 
stake — if they labour with a simplicitv 
and zeal commensurate with their high 
and holy calling — they cannot fail. The 
spirit of the times, the growing intelli- 
gence of the nation, its commercial pros- 
perity and religious principle, alike insure 
success. 

Our only fear arises from the possibi- 
lity of our enemies imposing, to any con- 
siderable extent, on the anti-slavery pub- 
lic. This is a day of profession both in 
the church and the world ; but we are free' 



to confess, that, of all the forms which 
hypocrisy assumes, there is none for which 
we feel so superlative a contempt as for 
that which is exhibited by many pro-sla- 
very candidates. We could name men 
who are known to be slave proprietors, 
and advocates of the slave system, who 
can yet venture in the light of day to 
impose upon the ignorant and the credu- 
lous by professing an abhorrence of sla- 
very, and a willingness to manumit their 
bondsmen at the proper season. And 
such men are frequently heard talking, 
in no measured terms, of the hypocrisy 
of the saints^ as though this vice were, of 
all, the most hateful in their sight. Now, 
it is possible that some may be deluded 
by such professions; but we cannot think 
so meanly of the English public as to 
believe the delusion will be extensive. 
The friends of truth and fair dealing 
should unmask the hypocrite wherever he 
is found. Nor is it difficult to do so. 
Two or three plain questions put at a 
public meeting may elicit the truth. If 
the candidate hesitate to reply — or if 
his answers be vague^-or if he talk 
of the pecuniary interest of the proprietor 
as though it were of more importance 
than the freedom of the negro — or of the 
unfitness of the slave for liberty — the 
electors will know what to think of his 
sincerity, or how far they may confide to 
him the protection of their rie^hts. It 
will happen in some cases, and this we 
much regret, that long connexions must 
be dissolved. On this great question we 
must know neither father, nor brother, 
nor friend. No matter how long, or how 
laboriously, certain candidates may have 
represented us in parliament, the ques- 
tion we have now to determine is, whe- 
ther we can answer it to God and our 
conscience to return him again if we 
know, or have reason to think, he will 
vote for the worst system of oppression 
and slow murder which has ever been 
established on earth. 

The following letter, from an elector of 
Maidstone to Mr. Robarts, a member for 
that town, and a candidate for its future 
representation, is highly creditable to the 
good sense and moral principle of the 
writer. 

Respected Friend, 

I take great pleasure in acknowledging the 
receipt of thy liberal remittances of two ten 
pound notes— one on tby own account, and the 
other on that of thy respected colleague, C. J. 
Bamett, Esq., for the furtherance of the ob- 
jects of ihe British School Society in this 
place ; and, as the agent of that society, and a 
numble promoter of the cause of education, I 
beg to express to you both my sincere thanks 
for your generous contribution, which, I have 
no doubt, will be heartily ratified by a minute 
and vote of the committee, when it meets. 
With respect to the latter subject to which 
thou art pleased to allude, I heartUv wish we 
could coincide in our views. Were the subject 
at issue between us one of mere opinion, I 
should be quite disposed to give, what I de- 



mand for myself, the liberty of private jud^ 
ment; but, in a matter of practical importence, 
involving the rights of near a million of beings, 
who ounit to stand in no other relation to us 
than feuow-subjectB, and moreover involving a 
question most intimately connected with the 
great measure of reform, I feel that I should 
be guilty of a compromise of principle, were I 
to give my suffrage to one who can, upon any 
principUj uphold, for the shortest period, so 
iniquitous a system as that of slavery. The 
subject appears to me to lie in very small com- 
pass. I Know that thou wilt grant me the po- 
sition, that personal freedom is the inalienaole 
birthright of erery human bein^, of which no 
authority of law can deprive him, unless he 
have forfeited it by some overt act against the 
peace or security of society; and consequently^ 
that no party can be morally justified, by any 
legislative enactment, in seizing this birthright, 
or withholding it from him. In this position, 
then, are the negroes of the West Indies, and, 
morally, can be looked upon in no other light 
than a" free people, though physically enslaved, 
since they have committed no overt act to sub- 
ject them to the loss of liberty. Therefore, 
any compact entered into between this govern- 
ment and the planters, involving the violation 
of the birthright of the nesroes, must be viewed 
as a foul conspiracy, and constitutionally in- 
valid. Whence it is evident that, in the con- 
sideration of the just and equitable claims of 
the several parties, any such compact cannot 
supersede or in any way operate as an expe- 
dient to the restoration of tliis cruelly injured 
people to rights of which they have been de- 
prived by the wicked policy of cruel and un- 
principled men. Thus far in justice to the 
negroes, as a constitutional question. The 
claim of the negroes is an inalienable right — 
that of the planters a power acquired by vio- 
lence and injustice, and maintained by a suc- 
cession of wronffs. The negroes are poor and 
imbecile — ^the planters are rich and powerful. 
Whence I argue that that man's principles, as 
a reformer of abuses and the upholder of poli- 
tical rights and privileges, are litde deserving 
of confidence, who (forgive me if I say from 
considerations of self-interest) will support the 
usurped power of the rich and powerful, ac- 
quired by fraud and iiyustice, against the in- 
alienable riffht of the poor and the weaL 

In regara to the claims of the planters to 
compensation, I say, let the negroes nave their 
right — ^let a e^tem of free compensated labour 
be tried; and then, if the planters can make 
out their case, I, as an individual, and I doubt 
not the government, would cheerfully grant 
them to the full of the loss that they can prove. 
I say this in the full confidence that the plan^ 
ers would be gainers instead of losers by the 
change ; but, as a matter of abstract right, I 
ask, why the planters should be indemnified 
for the abstraction of a privilege which has 
cost them nothing ? The planters entered npon 
this speculation in the confidence that the 
system of [slave labour was more profitable 
than that of free labour. If they have found 
it so, their speculation has answered — they 
have received their remuneration ; but, in jus- 
tice, every penny that they have gained by it 
belongs to tne slaves — ^they are the parties that 
have a right to demand remuneration. If they 
are disappointed in their expectations, ana 
they find that they have been plaving a losing 
game, wuat ground nave they to demand com- 
pensation for the change? And, after all, 
what is it that the abolitionists require ? That 
the peasantry of the West Indies should receive 
an equivalent for their labour — ^to substitute 
judicial for the private and irresponsible au- 



-fkorit; now eMrcised oTMthem, mod to obtain 
6w them an equal enjoyment of dTJl nAts 
-nth ftee-bon subjects of Great Biilain. la it 
-not a Eirange, a monstrous anomaly, llial an 
.AMwol champion in the cause of Tefonn, and 
Ac sieni nqiporter of out civil and religiout 



THE TOURIST. 



Ubetties, diould withhold from oui negro popu- 
lation a participation in those lifhls 



1 pre me credit for equal 
loy, in refusing ' ' 



flimsy plt» of a'chartered monooolj' ? I make | towards the slaves, by withholdini;^ injr 
igv for wrilinR thus freely on 
rolving as il does thy coarat 



apofogv for wrilinR thus freely on ihe sub- | from o supporter of the system, which thou 

*'---"- ^— ••— -*■ — -1 a I laiest lo thyself for opposing a measure for its 

lilt annihilatiou. 



DMpiD 

Where tha thick coppici 
With arrawi b1uat«f ui 
lanoiioai. ileepi the go 
Too *Eli I koov, too oft have felt his poirer, 
Nor dm I visit thai eoclianied bower, 
Leu, by sooie magic, ha rrom ilumlKr iiart. 
His bmp rekindle, and new point hii dut. 
Tike thy npoaa, iwwt tynni, sorereign lave 
For me. eternal may thy ilumbera prove ! 
The prepoDderBUce of imagiuation 
the intellectual character of oriental n 
tions, and that love of the marvellous , 
that !b so generally found to obtain in 
times of remote antiquity and of compa- 
rative ignorance, have together generated 
tkoBe systems of mythology which sprung 
up in the east, and have descended to 
VB, variously modified and tinctured by 
the notions and national character of 

OLD MAIDS. 

I LOTB an old maid — I do not spealc of an 
individual, but of the species — I use the wn- 

Elar number, as speaking of a dugularity in 
nuwity. An old maid is not merely an 
wttiqaanan, she is an antiquity — not merely a 
lecora of the past, but the very past itself ; she 
kas escaped a creot change, and sympathizes 
not in the ordinary mutations of mortality. 
She inhabits a little eternity of her own. She 
% Miss &om the beginning of the chapter to 
the end. I do not like to hear her called 
'Midress, as is somelimea the practice, fbi thai 
bois and sounds like the reagiiation of de- 
ipair, a voluntary extinction of hope. I do 
BOt ^ow whether maxriages an made in hea- 



CUPID SLEEPING. 

those who have subsequently entertained 
them. They are, in fact, only the varie- 
ties of idolatry, consisting chiefly of per- 
sonifications of such qualities as are either 
attributed to the Divinity, or observed in 
human nature ; and the tendency that 
has ever been manifested by the mind of 
man thus to personify seems resolvable 
into the principle, that we are naturally 
more susceptible of impressions from sen- 
sible objects than of such as are made 
immediately on the mind. It is not, 
therefore, at all surprising that an all- 
pervading sentiment, like that of love, 
should have been embodied in the my- 
thologies of antiquity ; and accordingly 
we find it, in one or other fomi, in the 
pantheons of all the ancient nations. 



van; some people say that they are; but I am 
almost sure that old nuiids are. There is 
something about them which is not of the 
earth earthly. They are spectators of the 
world, iiol aoventurers nor ramblers; perhaps 
guardians; ue say nothing of lallcrs. They 
are evidently preaeslinatetl to be what they 
are. They owe not the siiigiLlarity of Iheir 
condition to any lack of beauty, wisdom, wit, 
or good temper; there is no accouuling for it 
hut on the principle of fatality. I have known 
many old maids, and of them all not one that 
has not possessed as inauy good and amiable 
qualities as ninety and nine out of a hundred 
of my married acqnainlauce. AVLv, then, are 
they sin^e? Jt is their fnXe'.—J-'riendiAip'i 
Offtring. 



Sometimes he was represented as a winged 
boy, occupied in some childish amuse- 
ment ; sometimes as a conqueror, armed 
with a helmet and spear ; and sometimes, 
to show the extent and supremacy of his 
dominion, he is represetited aa breaking 
in pieces the thunderbolts of Jupiter. It 
is not necessary to specify the various de- 
vices under which this potent deity has 
been worshipped : he exhibits one more 
afTecting instance of the mutability of 
human honours, on which the homilies of 
innumerable moralists save us the trouble 
of enlarging ; and. having received the 
ardent homage of the world for ages, here 
he lies, degraded from his divinity, in the 
very earthly character of a garden orna- 



SATIMOS' BANKS * 

Ma. Pbatt, the barrister appobted to certify 
the niles of mviugs' hanks and friendly socie- 
ties in England and Wales, has published a 
table, showing the increase or decrease of sav- 
ings' banks, depositors therein, friendly socie- 
tieti, and charitable societies, in every ooun^ 
of Engluud, Wales, and Ireland, between N»- 
rember, 1830, and November, 1831. The re- 
sults are highly gratifying : the increase in the 
uuniber of depositors in savings' banks isl3,750, 
and the increase in investments in the funds 
onaccountof saviags'banks,£ll4,9tf8. There 
has also been an increa'W in the number of ac- 
counts kept ba friendlv and charitable i 
of «3. 



*HE TOURIST. 



SOLAR RAYS. 

Whethbe the solar rays are so far hoinoge- 
neous that the same rays produce both heat 
and light, ot whether each requires for its pro- 
duction a separate set of rays, is a question 
which has frequently occupied the attention, 
and divided the opinions, of philosophers. 

The celebrated Dr. Hooke appears to hare 
been the first who contended for this distinc- 
tion, which was afterwards supported by M. 
Scheele, Dr. Herschel, and Sir Henry Engle- 
field. The two latter, especially, inferred, 
from their experiments, that the sun emits 
illuminating rays which give no heat, and 
calorific rays which are not aocompaiiied with 
light On placing a thermometer in the well- 
known figure called the Spectrum, this ther- 
mometer seemed to be the more afiected the 
nearer it was placed to the red margin, and 
less as it approached the opposite or violet- 
colouiCfid edge. But the most remarkable effect 
of all was, that the thermometer indicated the 
greatest heat when placed just without the red 
margin, where none of the visible rays reached 
it at all. They, therefore, concluded that tliis 
effect was produced by a set of dark colorific 
rays, which are less refrangible than anv of 
the other rays. M. Berard, by repeating these 
experiuientsi obtained similar results, except 
that he found the maximum of heat in the 
red ray. These experiments were very elabo- 
rately conducted, and afforded much reason 
for the conclusion we have mentioned, that 
the illuminating rays are distinct from those 
which produce heat. Professor Leslie, how- 
ever, has questioned the accuracy of this con- 
clusion, having, by a different mode of expe- 
rimenting, found it impossible to detach any 
of these dark rays from the light Having 
rendered a circular spot opaque in the middle 
of a large convex lens, he received the light 
tranauitted by the remaining transparent ring 
upon a surface of black wax, held at such a 
distance tliat the light formed xx^n the wax 
an iris, or ring, composed of a set of distinct 
concentric rings, which severally possessed all 
the various colours of the common Spectrum. 
Mr. Leslie then CftrefuUy observed the effect 
of these rings on the wax, and found that none 
of it was melted beyond where it was covered 
by the iris ; whereas, if a set of dark calorific 
rays had existed, these ought to have more 
thoroughly melted a larger ring than that 
whereon die light fell ; for the dark rays, if 
leas refrangible than the light, wonld have 
fiaUeu wlt£>ut the margin of the red ring 
which includes all the others. As this expe- 
riment, which is of a more simple and decisive 
cast than any performed by the gentlemen 
above-mentioned, seems to render their con- 
clusion doubtful, Mr. H. Meikle has suggested 
what appears to him the principal source of 
deception. If a prism, such as Dr. Herschel 
enployed, be heated, a very delicate thermo- 
meter will, cateris paribus , be more affected 
when it is held opposite to one of the flat sides 
of the prism, tluui when opposite to one of its 
edges; because heat escapes from glass and 
many other sabstanoes, wnen smooth or po- 
luiied, diiefly in straight lines, perpendicular 
to the surface. Now, if we attend to the 
position of Dr. HerschePs prism and thermo- 
meter, this wiU help to explain why the ther- 
mometei indicated heat, even when none of 
the iUumiuating lays reached it at all; as, 
also, why the keating power of the red rays 
aeemed so lauch to surpass that of the other 
cdoiirs, 6ec ; hecause, ike more directly op- 
posite the thenoomelei was to the flat side of 
the prism, the more of its heat would it re- 



ceive ; and, in the course of such an experi- 
ment, there can be little doubt that the prism 
became considerably heated by absorbing a 
portion of the solar rays. This deserves con- 
sideration. 



COMPLAINT OF A ZOOLOGICAL 
GARDEN QUADRUPED. 

To the Editor, 

Honoured Biped Sir,— If you have ever 
been at our gardens, you may have observed 
in one of the oages near — but I must not too 
minutely describe my locality, lest I should be 
subject to fresh annoyances-— a quiet demure 
little animal, your present humble ^uadru- 
pedalian petitioner. If you have, nity my 
sorrows and those of. my brethren, wiio have 
not one day's rest all the year round. Would 
not six days in one week be sufficient for 
poking parasols into my poor eyes, but a 
sevenUi must be added P I alwavs understood 
(so far as a quadruped could ttnaerstand such 
matters), that you Christian bipeds rested one 
day in seven, and gave your cattle and all otiier 
things rest too : but, to my sorrow, I 4nd this 
to be quite a mistake ; and equally a mistake the 
old notipn that man may be denned to be *^ a 
i-eligious animal," as no other animal is so ; 
for I now see that our Zoological Garden mas- 
ters are not religious animals any more than 
their horses, whom, as well as our two-footed 
keepers, thev work on Sundavs as well as other 
days. Much, it seems, has been said in a re* 
ligious way about tliis matter ; but those who 
manage the Gaidens have not felt the force of 
diis appeal ; being, I suppose, not of tho reli^ 
gious genus. Our *' half-reasoning" elephant, 
a very judicious observer, who does not much 
mind tqe annoyance of company, in considera- 
tion of their dainty coutributions of fruit and 
confectionary, is inclined to believe — so far I 
mean as he comprehends the question — ^that 
our worthy governors are great hypocrites tea 
excluding the shilling-a-head public on Sun- 
day, while the^-admit themselves, their fami- 
lies, their friends, and visitors. They have, it 
is true, a nicer quieter day, while their neigh- 
bours are at church ; but if it be a sin to open 
the Gardens to a thousand persons, it miist be 
so to five hundred, unless the God. of Chris- 
tians makes a distinction between guinea sub- 
scribers and tlie shilling-a-head people. But 
this is a matter for your consideration, being 
too puzzling for your poor persecuted servant, 
A Zoological Garden Quadruped. 

Chriitian Obttrwr, 



TRIUMPH OF SCIENCE. 
1'hat a man, by merely measuiing the 
moon's apparent distance from a star with a 
little portable instrument held in his hand, and 
applied to his eye, even with so unstable a 
footing as the deck of a ship, shall say posi- 
tively, within five miles, where he is, on a 
boitudless ocean, cannot but appear to persons 
ignorant of physical astronomy an approach to 
the miraculous. Yet, the alternatives of life 
and death, wealth and ruin, are daily and 
hourly staked with perfect confidence on these 
marvellous computations, which might almost 
seem to have been devised on purpose to show 
how closely the extremes of speculative refine- 
ment and jNractical utility can be brought to 
approximate. We have before us an anecdote 
communicated to us by Cant Basil HaU, R.N. 
a naval officer, distinguished for the extent 
and variety of his attainments, which shows 
how impressive such results may become in 
practice. He sailed from San Bias on the 
west coast of Mexico, and, after a ▼a>'agex)f 



8000 miles, ocenpving 80 days, airivid iff 
Rio de Janeiro, havmg, in tikis interval, passed 
through the Pacific Ocean, rounded Cape 
Horn, and crossed the South Atlantic, withoiit 
making any land, or even seeing a single sad, 
with Uie eiEception of an American whaler off 
Cape Horn. Arrived within a week's sail of 
Rio, he set seriously about determining, by lu- 
nar observations, the precise line of Uie ship's 
course, and its situation in it at a detenninate 
moment ; and, having ascertained this within 
from &ye to ten miles, ran the rest of the way 
by those more ready and compendious methods 
known to navigators, which can be safely em- 
ployed for short trips between one known point 
and another, but which cannot be trusted in 
long voyages, where the moon is the only sure 
guide. Tne rest of the tale we are enabled, 
by his kindness, to state in his own words : — 
" We steered towards Rio de Janeiro for some 
days after taking the lunars above described, 
and, having arrived within fifteen or twenty 
miles of the coast, I hove to at four in the 
morning, till the day should break, and then 
bore up ; for, although it was very hazy, we 
could see before us a couple of miles or so. 
About eight o'clock it became so foggy that I 
did not like to stand in further, and was just 
bringing the ship to the wind ag^n before send- 
ing the people to breakfast, when it suddenly 
cleared off, and I had the satisfaction of seeing 
the great Sugar Loaf Rock, which stands on one 
side of the harbour*8 mouth, so nearly right 
^ead that we had not to alter our course above 
a point in order to hit the entrance of Rio. 
This was the first land we had seen for three 
monthsi, after crossing so many seas, and being 
set backwards and forwards by innumerable 
currents and foul winds." The effect on all 
on board might well be conceived to have been 
electric ; and it is needless to remark how es- 
sentially the authority of a commanding officer 
over his crew may be strengthened by the oc- 
currence of such incidents, indicative of a de- 
gree of knowledge and consequent power be- 
yond their leai^h. 

MASSILLON AND LOUIS XIV. 

The publisher of Massillon's Sennons de- 
scribes, in the prefaoe« the biskaps method of 
preaching, by saying, that *^ what formed the 
distinct character of Father Massillon's elcr 
quence was, that all his strokes aimed directly 
at the heart ; so that, what was simply reason 
and proof in others, was feeling in his moudi. 
Hence ^e remarkable socoess of his imtamsh 
tiiHis. Nobody, alter hearing him, stopped t» 
praise or cntioise his s^mon ; eaah aomtor le- 
tired in pensive ^ence^ with a thoughtihl air, 
downcast eyes, and composed counteuance, 
carrying away the arrow fastened in his heart. 
When Massillon had preached his first advent 
at Versailles, Louis XJV. addressed these re- 
markable words to him : *' Father, I have heard 
many fine orators in my chapel, and have been 
very much pleased with them ; but as for you, 
always when I have heard you, I have been 
very much displeased \*ith myself.' " 

THE RULING PASSrON. 

Brindlet, the. great engineer and con- 
structer of the Bridgewater canal, was a singu- 
lar instance of protessional' enthusiasm. This 
he evinced, in a rather amusing way, upon his 
examination before the House of Comm<>na^ 
in which he spoke with so much contempt of 
rivers, as means of hitemal navigation, that 4ii 
honourable member was tempted to ask him 
for what purpose he supposed rivers to have 
been created. Btindley, without a momratff 
hesitation, replied, '*to f^ canals T' 



THE TOUHIST* 



87 



FURTHER OUTRAGB ON THE 
JAMAICA MISSIONARIES. 

The following letter from Mrs. King- 
don, wife of a Baptist Missionary, will 
be read with painful interest. The atro- 
cious outrages which it details remind us 
of! the worst scenes of the worst times. 
When the magistracy and most infiuen- 
tial portion of one of our colonies sanc- 
tion such enormities, it is 'surely time 
for the supreme government to interpose. 

Mt DIAR Fbiknd, 

I hope you have received Mr. Kingden's last 
letter, dated July 31, as that contained some par- 
ticulars of our recent trials. He has written you 
a short letter, by this packet, but he had not Ume 
to give you any account of our present situation. 
On the 8th instant a meeting of the Colonial 
Church Union took place, at which it was pro- 
posed by Mr. Whitelock, a magistrate, seconded 
by a man named Vickers, that they should expel 
all sectarians. One of them wished to prevent an 
attack on a person who refused to sign tnese reso- 
lutions, when some of them cried out, ** Let him 
alone, 'tis the Baptist parson we want, and have 
him we will this day.*' Then JMr. Whitelock said, 
" The Custos has not only absented himself from 
the meeting, but kept back the papers received 
from other branches of the Union." He, therefore* 
proposed a resolution expressive of their contempt 
of tne Custos. After the meeting we heard that 
the Unionists had gone to the barracks, and would 
come in the evening to pull down the house in 
which we lodged, and dnve us away. In conse- 
quence of the above resolution (corresponding 
with what has been adopted by other parishes), 
we assembled a flew friends with the view of pre* 
venting an attack being made on us, as we had 
done before. Seeing a number of the Colonial 
ChurchUnion men, with others, parading the streets 
during the evening, Mr. K. wrote to Dr. Distin, 
a magistrate, residing near the Bay, for him to 
ooMe down to us, as a mob was collecting to do 
us injury ; he was at home, and might have come 
down in time (as the messenger returned before 
the attack commenced), but he declined on account 
of iiis wife's indisposition. The other magistrate, 
to' whom application was made at the same time, 
came as soon as possible aftetwards, though not 
till the ^ffray had begun. During the evening 
they passed and repassed several times; once 
they stopped nelir tne house. Mr. Rickets, a 
friend, attempted to pacify them, when they 
stabbed at him without any provocation, for our 
friends were all on the premises belonging to the 
house. They commenced a furious attack on the 
house where we lodged, occupied by Miss Mahone. 
It belonged to Mr. A. Deleon, Jun. ; they endea- 
voured to break open the front door, and to break 
in the windows. On this attack being made, some 
females, who were in our apartments, threw out 
some boiling water upon the assailants, which not 
only happily extinguished an explosive rocket 
placed underneatli Uie house to blow us up, but 
also drove them back a moment. They then fired 
in at the windows. Mr. K. and I had just retired 
to the study, to commit ourselves into the hands 
of God, as our whole dependance was on him 
alone^— we had no other refuge — ^we earnestly 
sought divine aid and support, and our prayers 
were graciously heard and answered. I think not 
less than ten or twelve shots were fired in at the 
windows. In my fright, I endeavoured to jump 
out of window ; I was prevented by my servant, 
who took me by the waist and dragged me from 
the window. Almost at the same moment a shot 
came through the window, which would have 
stmek my face bad I remained a minute longer. 
Mr. K. stepped towards the table — I called to 
him to stoop ; while he was stooping a shot 
passed over bis head. Their determination was 
%6 murder Mr. K. and Messrs* Deleon, W^ were 



then advised to make our escope^^'it was in vain 
to resist tliem much longer. We accordingly 
escaped in disguise to a negro but. We bad not 
long been there when we were told we were not 
safe; we, therefore, fled to another place for 
safety. By this time the magistrate arrived, but 
the civil power was of no use. They cursed the 
king, and said that they were fighting under 
America. During the attack the rebels sent for 
the cannon from the Court House, but the gates 
were too strong for them ; it was to blow up the 
house, as many of the foes thought we were still 
there. A friend came to our place of refuge, and 
told us that some of the rebels thought we were in 
that direction. The magistrates thought they had 
prevailed on the mob to let the Messrs. Deleon 
pass with them, and that they could take them 
away ; but they had not advanced more than four 
steps each, taking hold of the magistrate's arm, 
when the Unionists fired upon them, and they and 
the magistrate were obliged to escape for their 
life. At this time Mr. K. and I were just leaving 
our second hiding-place, when the shots came 
flying in all directions. I now be^an to feel al- 
most exhausted with fatigue and fright ; I scarcely 
knew where I stood. The drum was beating, the 
guns firing, the females screaming. In my fright 
1 lost Mr. K., as I took a different path ; I also 
lost my shoes, and was obliged to pass through 
bush and water barefoot, as some of our poor 
Baptist friends took me to a place of safety at 
some distance. After the secona firing they began 
to break down the house. 7'hey entered it, and 
broke and destroyed all the furniture. The house 
was too strong for them without axes, so they left 
it till the next night. I cannot express, my dear 
friend, the anguish of my mind for some hours. I 
thought in all probability my husband had been 
taken and murdered by his enemies. About two 
or three o'clock two females, my own servant and 
another black woman, found me, and told me that 
my dear Mr. K. was safe. They took me away, 
and led me to a negro hut, when I was given to 
the care of another negress, who conducti^ me to 
Mr. Deleon's, sen. where we soon found ourselves 
in each other's society. Thankful, indeed, were 
we to that gracious God who had so mercifully 
delivered us so far from the hands of blood-thirsty 
men. He was evidently with us in all our distress, 
and strengthened and supported us during all the 
danger we were in. His countenance cheered us, 
even in the darkest moment. He alone was all our 
trust. 1 felt that I could die in the cause of my 
Redeemer, but to see my husband put to an igno- 
minious death, in ny presence, seemed insupport- 
able ; and this was what I expected every moment. 
I can now sing of mercy and goodness ; they have 
surely followed me all the days of my life. We 
remained in a state of great anxiety lest we should 
be discovered. Mr. A. Deleon and his wife were 
concealed with us. They threatened to pull down 
all the houses in the Bay, in order to find Messrs. 
Deleon and Mr. K. The Custos knew where they 
w«re ; and, knowing that their lives were in immi- 
nent danger, sent for Mr. K. to the Court House ; 
he got the ringleader to pledge his word that the 
mob should not hurt him. This Walter Younsr 
accompanied Mr. Williams, the Custos's brother, 
a magistrate, and took Mr. JC. to the Court House. 
It was with the greatest difficulb^ they could keep 
the mob from foiling on him. The Custos seeing 
our danger, kindly offered Mr. K. protection in 
his house, a distance of six miles from the Bay, 
and that Mr. Eveling should fetch me in his gig, 
and take roe after him. 1 had, indeed, taken my 
leave of my husband, thinking it almost impossible 
he should escape with his life. In less than two 
hours, however, I found myself within the peace- 
ful walls of Anglesea. Worn down with anxiety 
and fatigue, we retired early to rest — we had just 
fallen asleep when some one came to the bed -room 
door, and said that Mr. Grant, the magistrate, 
wished to see Mr. K. : he dressed, and went down. 
This gentleman said, that Mr. Whitelock, the per- 
son I have before mentioned, had if^sued a warrant 
for Mr. K.'s apprehension^ and that the mob said, 
that if he was not brought and put into prison, 
they would come and pull down the Custos's house. 



The Cot tos himself was on the Bay, with other 
magistrates, and the mob was employed destrcy* 
ing the house of our friends. Mr. Granl kindhr 
told Mr. K. to keep his clothes oth The watch 
was set, and when the alarm was given he was to 
escape. About two o'clock the alarm was giveaj 
a negro then took Mr. K. to a place of safety : I 
expected every moment they would come to th* 
room to search. I was soon Relieved, by finding 
it to be only the constable come to take my dear 
husband to prison : Whitelock, who issued the 
warrant against Mr. K., was, at this time, assist* 
ing the mob to pull down the houses. Mr. K. left 
me ; I intended to folio* him at day-Weak. They 
met Mr. W. Williams and Mr. Eveling, who 
brought Mr. K. back with them, and said that Mr» 
K. was in their custody first : by this tinie the 
Messrs. Deleon were lodged in prison by this satne 
Whitelock. In the morning Mr. K. was taken to 
prison. I left half an hour after, and we have 
been here ever since. The first four or five nights 
we were every moment in danger of the rebels 
pulling down the prison, such was their thirst for 
blood : all they wanted was the life ef the Messrs* 
Deleon, and Mr. K. — a plan was, I believe, laid 
for that purpose. There were no military here-^I 
believe there were none nearer than fifty miles. 
They are now come, and our fears are greatly re- 
lieved. The prison has been full of poor Baptists, 
who were obliged to come for protection. The 
Messrs. Deleon are here. It is a most miserable 
place. We sleep sometimes twelve in one rooni. 
The gentlemen are obliged to do the best they can; 
there are twenty-four men with Mr. K. and the 
Messrs. Deleon of our party ; three or four poor 
slaves are in irons. We have to keep four poor 
men that have no other resource. I cannot tell 
one half we have endured* , 

Pray remember me very affectionately to all my 
dearfriends at Camberweli. We need their prayers ; 
this is indeed a great source of encouragement to us* 
to know that we are not forgotten by our friends at 
home. I trust the time will soon arrive, when the 
Gospel of Christ will be preached all over this 
benighted island. It is truly distressing to see 
thousands of poor slaves hungering and thirsting^ 
for the word of life. They are persecuted, and 
many imprisoned, only for the sake of their attach- 
ment to their Saviour. My heart aches, from 
morning rill night, on account of their suflterings. 
This letter, my dear friend, is merely intended to 
give you an account of what has taken place, I 
am not able to say anything respecting my own 
state of mind ; only I desire to bless God that he 
has brought me to this place, and given me to feel 
more and more my dependance upon him. May 
I never lose sight, for one moment, Qf his great 




earnest desire to spend and be spent in his service, 
and to know nothing short of Christ, and him cm- 
cified. I remain, my dear friend. 

Yours very sincerely, 

M. A. King DON. 



P. S. — ^The members of the Baptist churches 
are persecuted very much. I will give you one 
instance. — A good man, a leader, belonging to the 
Baptist church, on his return from a prayer-meet- 
ing, on the 2d of January last, was taken up and 
thrown into prison, where he has been ever since* 
solely on account of his religious principles. When 
he was taken up, it was said that he was suspected 
of being connoted with the rebels, but that was 
only an excuse ; he is a man remarkable for his 
piety though a slave. He has never been tried* 
nor any notice taken o( him, only his owner, or 
the attorney of the estate he belongs to, who sent 
him to prison, says, that if he will abandon his 
religion, and deny being a Baptist, he shall come 
out, but if he will not, he shall be shipped off the 
island, that is, transported for life. But the poor 
soul says, that if they kill him, he will not deny 
.his Saviour. I understand he is quite cheerful* 
though in irons. 



LANERCOST PRIORY. 

These are the relics uf a convent of 
Augustine monks in Cumberland, foun<]ed 
and endowed bv Robert de Vallibna,Lord 
of Gilsland.in'UIfi. It is situated in a 
fertile vale, shut In on every side by lofty 
bills, some clothed with wood, and others 
divided into fine inclosures. The approach 
to it is under a venerable elliptic arch. 
Few relics of it, as a monastic edifice, are 
uow visible, the conventual church having 
assumed the form and use of a common 
parish church, and the ptiory-house having 
been stripped of its romauce to accommo- 
date the family and descendants of Sir 
Thomas Dacre, to whom it was granted 
by Henry the Eighth at the time of its 
suppression. It abounds with i n teres ' 
remains of antiquity, consisting of mi 
ments and ancient inscriptions. Neither 
the beauty, however, of the one, nor th( 
curious character of the other, have pre- 
vailed ^lainst the influence of time ant: 
neglect, so that they now only afibrd 
matter for the speculations of the i 
quary. It appears from the Tjtnercost 
Chronicle, deposited in the British Mu- 
seum, that Robert Bruce, the Scottish 
King, was here with his arniv in 1311. 
when he imprisoned some of tlie monks, 
but liberated them again before his de- 
parture. Thi» body sustained many in- 
juries in the wars between England and 
Scotland ; their convent was burnt dowi 
during an incursion of the Scots in 1296 
and they were plundered of all their trea- 
sure and jewels bv a simitar invasion ir 
1346. 



THE TOURIST. 

recollected after a «hi1e that the pot had not 
l)een retumed.and applied for it; but whaterer 
words lie made use ot were always repeated in 
imitation hj the Fuegian. At lengtn he be- 
enraged at hearing his requests reiterated, 
anil, placing himEelfin a threatening at^tude, 
in an angry tone, he said, "You coppered- 
coloured tascal, where is my pot?" The Fue- 
gian, ftiisuming the saiue attitude, nith h>( eyed 
fixed on the sailor, called out, " Vou eonpned- 
coloured tascal, where is my pot?*' The imi- 
talion was so perfect, that ererv one laughed, 
except the sailor, «ho proceeded to itearch him, 
nnd under his arm he found the article Tpis»- 
ing.-—Wtddeiri Vouags toMardt the South 
Pole. 



REVIEW. 



I for 1833. By Thom*! 
'.led from Dnaeingt 
D. Hardinu. Jennings and Chaplin. 

The class of hooks to which the Landscape 
Annuo] belongs fonns a most agreeable ui- 
gression from the ordinarv routine of litera- 
ture ; and in that class the landscape Annual 
holds a most distinguished place. It is 
much too late, at the present time, to in- 
troduce this elegant pnhlication to the no- 
tice of our readers. They have doubtless 
admired the former Tolunies of Ihe series, 
need therefore only say that the pieseat 



APHORISMS. 



cal, iriitocntical, democralieil ; lad they (if wt 
lo (M three aevenil w»i into ruia : Che fint, by 
tyraoDyi the ucaad, by imbitioii; the last, 1^ 



A SAILOR had given a Fuegian a tin pot fall 
of coffee, which he drank, and was using all 
bis an (o Meal the poi. The sailor, however, 



itj'le worthy of the name it bears; andtheeir 
bellishroents are so elalwrately beautiful as i 
leave us no room lo wish for any further ire 
pravemeut in that branch of the line arts. 



I't'Bi.ii^ curiosity was scarcely ever so ttroogiy 
iateretted as oa the day nben Mr. Sheridia was 
to speak on the liegum charge, on tbe impeach- 
meatof Mr. Hastiaga. The avenues leai^Dg lo 
the hall nere lilUd with penoiii of the lirsl dii- 
tinctioD. maoy of Ihem peareises in Tull dress, 
who waited in the opea air for upwards of an 
hour aud a half before the gates were opened, 
when tbe crowd pressed so eagerly rorward, that 
many pereons had nearly perished. Sa extract 
can do juiUce to (bis speech. 

"He bas ibis day," said Mr. Burke, '• >ur- 

Erisad tbe tbousaadi who fauaj; with rapture on 
ia scceats, by such an array oF talents, such an 
eihibilion of capacity, such a display of powers, 
as are unparalfeled ia the annals of oralory ; a 
display that reflects the higliesi honour upoa him- 
self, lustre upon letters, renowu upon parliament, 
glory upon Ibe country. Of all speciei of rhetoric, 
of every kind of eloquence that has been wilaeased, 
or recorded, either in ancient or mudem times ; 
whatever the acuteneis of the bar, Ibe dignity of 
(he setia(e, the solidity of tlie }udgment-seat, and 
the sacred morality of tbe pulpit have hitherto 
furaished, aotbing bas surpassed, ootbing has 
etiualled what we have (hii day heard ia West- 
miaster-ball. No holy seer of religion, no sage, 
no lUtesmau, no oiator, do man of any literary 
description whatever, has coma op, in the one 
instance, to the pure sentiments of^morality — or, 
in the other, to that, variety of knowledge, 
of imagiaation, propriety and vivacily of alia 
beauty aud elegance of diction, ■trenglh am 
pionaness of slyle, pathos and snbUmily of 
cepiion, to which we have (his day listened with 
ardour and admiration. From poetry up to elo- 
quence, there is not a species of composition of 
which a complete and perlect specimen might not 
from that single speech be called and colleclcd." 
— Ftrty Atuidetn, 



There an three sorts of go* araiMnt : 



tumults. A commonwealth, gmuDded upon any 
le of these, is not of loag coatinuanee > bat, 
isely raingled, each guards tbe other, and makaa 

Kings will be tyrants from policy, when snbjecte 
arc rebels from pnnciple.^-BuaiE. 

I'hose whom we ciJl the ancirals, were in tralh 
novices in all things, and properly canstitated tkc 
infancy of mankind ; and, as we have added M 
their knowledge the eiperieoce of succeediag ana. 
it is in our onrselves that we ihoold recognise that 
antiquity which we revere in others. — Pabcai,. 

Hypocrisy ii Ihe necessary burden of *illany ; 
aflectalion, part of the chosen tiappinga of folly ; 
Ihe one completes a villain, Ihe otiier only finishes 
a lop. Contempt is Ihe proper puoishment of 
aflectatioQ, and detaststion the just < 
of hypocrisy. — Dr. Johnson. 



D'IsBAELi's Curiosities of Literature, ttei 
ing of the mutilation and suppression of n 
nuscripts, bas the following passage, whi 



;rest by si 



rested for the abolition of slavery : — 

" Such, 1 have heard, was (he case ef 
Bryan Edwards, who composed tbe lint ar- 
couutsuf MungoPaik. Bryan Edwards, whose- 
personal interests were opposed to the abolid' 
ment of the slave-trade, would not suffer any 
passage lo stand in which the African traveller 
bad expressed his conviction of its inhuutanitT. 
Park, 'among confidential friends, frequeDtly 
complained that his work not only (Ud not 
contain his opinions, but waa interpolated wilb 
many which Qe utterly diaclalmed." 



EPITAPH ON A WELUKXOWN POETJ 
By Thohas Moobe, Esq, 

Beneath these poppies, buried deep, 
Tbe bones of Bob, the bard, lie hid , 

Peace to his maaesl — and may he sleep 
As soundly as bis readen did ! 

Through every sort of verse meandering. 

Bob went without a bitch or fall. 
Through lipic, Sapphic. Aleiandrioe, 

To verse that was no vene at all ; 
Till Fiction having done enough 

To make a bird at least absurd. 
And give hii readers {lunium lujf.. 

He look to praising George the Third : 

And now, in virtue of bis crown. 

Dooms us poor whigs at once to slaughter. 
Like Doaellaa of bad renowa. 

Poisoning ui all with Uarel-waler. 



Death, weary of so dull a writer. 
Put to bis works a Jinii thus : 

Oh ! may Ibe earth on him lie tighter. 
Than did h- ' ■ 



id his quartos upon os ! 



Priatad by J. Hadbor and Co.; and Pablisbad 
bv J. Cnisr, at No. 37, Ivy Lane. Falemsrier 
now, where all Advertisements and ComianM- 
cationt for the Editor are to be addresaed. 



THE TOURIST; 

OR, 



' Utile dulci." — Horace. 



Vol. I.— No. U. 



MONDAY, NOVEMBER 26, 1832. 



Price One Pbknt. ij| 



VIEW IN THE KREMLIN AT MOSCOW. 



The Kremlin is one of the Oivision» of 
the city of Moscow, whicli esca|>ed tlie 
ccnflagration that in 1811 destroyed al- 
most the whole of that city, and clouded 
the hopes and fortunes of Buonaparte. 
This escape is doubtless attributable to 
the fact or its having been built chiefly of 
stone, whereas the remainder of Moscow 
was principally composed of wooden 
houses. 

The Kremlin derives its name from the 
Russian word krem or krim, which signi- 
fies a fortress. It Mood in the central 
and hiehest part of the city, is of a trian- 
gular form, and about two miles in cir- 
cumference. It is surrounded by high 
walls of stone and brick, which were con- 
structed by Peter Solariua, a Milanese, in 
the year 1491. 

It is not a little extraordinary that the 
Tzars should have employed foreign archi- 
tects at so early a period of their history 
as that in which the Kremlin was built, 
and when they were but little known to 
the rest of Europe. Such, however, waf 
the case ; and the consequence is, that 
this curious place wears a most anomalous 



appearance amongst the surrounding 
specimens of KuKsian taste and skill, of 
which it commands an extensive view. It 
contains the ancient palace of the Tzars, 
the arsenal, and several convents and 
churches; together with other buildings, 
of various uses, and different degrees of 
magnificence. 

In the midst of the Kremlin is a deep 
pit, containing the great bell of Moscow, 
which is known to be the largest ever 
founded. The current account of its 
fall is fabulous : it lies in the same place 
in which it was cast, and never was, nor 
ever could have been, suspended. 

Its circumference is sixty-seven feel 
four inches, its height twenty-one feet 
four inches and a half, its thickness in the 

EBrt where it would have received the 
low of the hammer twenty-three inches, 
and its weight has been computed to be 
443,772 lbs. ; which, if valued at three 
shillings a pound, amounts to £66,565 
16s, The great gun is another of the 
wonders of this place ; it is about 
eighteen feet end a half long, ten in 
thick, and of sufficiently lai^ calibre to 



allow of a man sitting upright within it. 
Such are some of the curiosities of the 
Kremlin. 

The description of the gencrd appear- 
ance of it shall be given by the late Dr. 
Edward Daniel Clarke, one of the most in- 
defatigable travellers, one of the roost 
enthusiastic naturalists, and one of the 
most entertaining writers that our coun- 
try can boast. 

" There was a jJan to unite the 
whole Kremlin, having a circumfer- 
ence of two mites, into one magnificent 
palace. Its triangular form, and the 
number of churches it contained, offered 
some difficulties, but the model was ren- 
dered complete. Its fronts are orna- 
mented with ranges of beautifiil pillars, 
according to difierent orders of architec- 
ture. Every part of it was finished in 
the most beautiful manner, even to the 
fresco paintings on the ceilings of the 
rooms, and the colouring of the various 
marb!e colnrans intended (o decorate the 
interior. It incloses a theatre and mag- 
nificent apartments. Had the work been 
completed, no edifice could ever have 



PO 



been compared with it. It would have 
surpassed the Tenpie of Solomon , the 
Propyleeum of Amasts, the Villa of 
Adrian, or the Forum of Trajan. 

"The architecture exhibited in diflferent 
parts of the Kremlin, in its palaces and 
churches, is like nothing seen in Europe. 
The architects were generally Italians; 
but the style is Tartarian, Indian, Chi- 
nese, and Gothic : here a pagoda — there 
an arcade ! In some parts richness, and 
even elegance — ^in others barbarity and 
decay ! Taken altogether, it is a jumble 
of- m a gn i fi cence and ruin. Old buildings 
repaired, and modem structures not com- 
pleted ; half-open vaults and mouldering 
walls, amidst white-washed brick build- 
ings, and towers, and churches, "with 
glittering, gilded or painted domes." 



VINDICATION OF COLONIAL 
SLAVERY. 

It is very common to hear the advo- 
cates of the abolition of slavery challenge 
their opponents to bring forworel a single 
argument in favour of the abstract justice 
of that odious system. We have confi- 
dently joined in the challenge ; and we 
will, therefore, be the first to make the 
amende honorable to the injttred patty, 
by extracting for their benefit, from Mon- 
tesquieu's " Spirit of Laws/' a hypotl»- 
tical defence of slavery; jutt pr emfmg, 
that all who know any thing of tins cele*^ 
brated writer will be willttf to believe 
that he was not likely, m this muster of 
argument, to omit asy that bore upon the 
question. 

In the above-mtfittioTTed wcRpk, b« %v, 
ch. 5, we find the MHowing: ftamg^ to 
which we beg the ffwre MeittkMi ut om 
readers. 

** Weie I to vindicate our right to make 
slaves of the negroes, these should be my argu- 
ments. 

'* The Europeans, having extirpated the 
Amerkaas, were obliged to make slaves of the 
Africans fdt clearing such vast tracts of land. 

^* Sogar would be too dear, if the plants 
winch prodvce it were cultivated by any odier 
than slaves. 

" These creatures are all over black, and 
with such a flat nose, that tliey can scarcely 
be pitied. 

** It is hardly to be believed that God, who 
is a wise being, diould place a soul, especially 
a good soul, in such a black ugly body. 

^' The colour of the skin may be determined 
by that of the hair ; which, among the Egyp- 
tians, the £est philosophers in the world, was 
of such importance, that they put to death all 
th^ red-haired men who fell into their hands. 

^ Tlie negroes prefer a glass necklace to that 
gold which polite nations so highly value : can 
Uieie be a greater proof of their wanting com- 
mon sense ? 

'* It is impossible for us to suppose these 
creatures to be men, because, allowing them 
to be men, a suspicion would foUow, that we 
ourselves are not Christians. (! !) 

-*• Weak minds exag^rate too much the 
ymm^ done to the Afiicans. For, were the 



THE TOURIST. 

case as they state it, would the European 
poweis, who malieso many needla» eanven- 
tions^arao^g themselves, hai^ fkiled* to. make 
a general obe, in behalf of humanity- and com- 
passion?" 

BRITISH POETS. 

SpBNsBft was steeped in romance. Ete was 
the prince of magicians, and held the keys 
which unlocked enchanted doors. All the 
fantastic illusions of die brain belonged to 
him — the dreamer's secrets, tlie madman's 
visions, the poet*^ golden hopes. He threw a 
rainbow across the heaven oi poetry, at a time 
when all seemed dark and unpromising. He 
was the verf genius of personification : and 
yet his imagination was less exerted than his 
fancy. His spirit was idle, dreaming, and 
voluptuous. He seems as though he had 
slumbered through summer evenings in caves 
or forests, by Mmla's stream, or the murmur- 
ing ocean. Giants and dwarfs, fairies and 
knights, and queens, rose up at the waving of 
his '' charming rod." There was no meagre- 
ness in his fancy, no poverty in his details. 
His invention was without limit He diew uv 
shape after shape, scene after scene, casde and 
lake, woods and caverns, monstrous anomalies 
and beautiful impossibilities, ftom the uniar 
thomable depths of his nrind. There is a 
prodigality and a c ^Bsei e TOn ess oi weakh 



about his creations which mmncb one of the 
dash and sweep of Rubens's pencfl ; bn^ in 
other respects, his genina £fieied OMterially 
firom that of the oelebtated Fleadng. In 
coioBring they are semewbaC aUke, sad, in 
the ** Masqne of Cupid!," sene of the figms 
even claim an aiBnity t» the artist*^ mifes. 
But, generally ^eakiK Spenser was mate 
ethertol and refined, tiuhena was a Ja ekted 
plater of fieah and bkocL Be McMigwi to 
eartk, and shoaM never have aspired to hev?«B. 
Bis nen wers^ indeed, sontensies cni? aAMV 
and iateSeetiial, (his beails weie gMad aai 
matoMesft!) b«t Us wmmb weir tiwutJiliy ef 
eiat, and of a voy hnwelj iwlriwi. Smmt 
ileCeMI wfft mm fmiM m, aad lafalilj 
ffwre ^jRcacy. He had not (he Ifush ana 
fever of colouring which lighted up the pro- 
ductions of the other; but his genius was 
more spiritualized ; his fancy traversed a 
loftier eminence, and loved to wander in re- 
moter haunts. The brain of the one was like 
an ocean, casting up, at a single effort, the 
most common and extraordinary shapes; while 
the poet had a wilderness of fanc^, from whose 
silent glades and haunted depths stole forth 
the airiest fictions of romance. The nymphs 
of Spenser are decidedly different from those 
of the painter; and his Sylvans have neither 
the hideous look of Poussin's carnal satyrs, 
nor that vinous spirit which flushes and gives 
life to the reeling Bacchanalians of Rubens. 

In regard to Milton, we scarcely know 
whether to prefer his sublimity or beauty. His 
power over both was perfect. We prostrate 
ourselves before him, alternately in fear and 
love ; while he lets loose the statures of hell 
upon us, or unbars the blazing doors of hea- 
ven, or carries us " winding tborough the mar- 
ble air," past Libra and the Pole, or laps us 
in ^ dream of Paradise, and unfolds the florid 
richne.s6 of his Arcadian landscapes. Milton 
has told a story of burning ambition. He has 
sung the paean of victory over the foes of hea- 
ven — ^that " horrid crew," who, banished from 
the sky, and hurled headlong down to hell, 

'< Lay vanquished, roll'ag in the fiery gulf, 
Coiifounaed, though imioortal." 



But he has not dwarfed the contest of the an- 
gel% by stritiag pnne dislr enemies, and 
arming, with adtigs and reptile tails, the le- 
gions who scared Chaos and the Deep, and 
waflsdevan '* dttbioua^battle'* with the Creator 
and his myriads in arms. 

The Satan of Milton is the most magnifi- 
cent creation in poetry. He is a personifica- 
taoii- of idl that is gloomy or grand in nature, 
with more than the daring of man. He has 
the strength of a giant, the fashion of an 
angel — '' unconquerable will, immortal hate" 
— ^revenge that nothing can soothe, endurance 
which never shrinks, the intellect of heaven 
and the pride of earth, ambition immeasurably ^ 
high, and a courage which quails not, even 
before God ! Satan is essentially ideat He 
is not like Macbeth or Lear, real in himself^ . 
literally true, and only lifted into poetry by 
circumstance: but he is altogether moulded 
in a dveam of the imagination. Heaven, and 
earth, and hell, are explored for gifts to make 
him eminent and peerless. He is compounded 
of aD; and at last stands up before us with 
the starry SBandenr of daiiness upon his fore- 
head, hot hanng the paasiens of clay within 
his heart, and hm home and foundation in the 
depdM below. It is this gkaning, as it were, 
fxmn every element, and compounding them 
all in one grand design^ which constitutes the 
poetiy of the character, f erhaps Ariel and 
Caliban are as purely ideal as the hero of 
MBton, and ameach as acarly to him as any 
other fietion mat aecnrs t» us ; but the latter 
is incontesllibUy a nander formation, and a 
mightier aoaat, and moves through the per- 
^ezities a/ his career with a, power that defies 
eompetitiMi* MflCoi^ way is like the '* terrihil 
9ia" oi Bfiehad^Aiiado, which no one, before 
or since, haa been aMe la tiead. 

CoBparisiMM have hectt instituted between 
m» great poet and iXaote ; there are certainly 
eeeasSMHUtesRBhiaaees hi the speeches and 
simik!9> §m 



''iUcMuies 
hsirdoiofDas aols, traverse the sky 
oat in leaf ^tnjt ■• I beheld 
Ofifka who CMOa food watfisf, harried on/' &c. 

Inf, c. V. 

And again — 

"And aow there eame o'er the perturbed waves 
Load-crasbiog, terrible, a sound that made . 
Either shore tremble, as if of a wind 
Impetuous, from conflicting vapours sprung. 
That 'gainst some forest driving all its mi&at 
Plucks off the braoches," &e. Inf, c. 9. 

But Dante reminds us oftener of Virgil than 
Milton, and as often of Spenser, we think, in 
the treatment of his subject We recolleet the 
latter, particularly when we read Dante's per- 
sonifications of Pleasure, of Ambiti<m, and 
Avarice (in the first canto of the Inlerno), and 
the punishment of Fucci for blasphemy (in the 
twenty-fifth canto), and other things similarly 
treated. Dante's s^enius seems to consist in a 
clear and striking detail of particulars, giving 
tliem tlie air of absolute fact. His strencth 
was made up of units. Milton's, on the omer 
hand, was mas^ and congregated. His ori- 
ginal idea (of Satan) goes sweeping along, and 
colouring the subject from beginning to end. 
Dante shifts from place to place, from person 
to person, subduing his genius to the literal 
truths of history, which Milton overruled and 
made subsenient However excellent the 
Florentine may be (and he is excellent), he 
had not the grasp nor the soaring power of the 
English poet The images of Dante pass Iff 
like the phautasmas on a wall, dear, indeeJ^ 



THE TOURIST. 



91 



and pictuiefique ; but al^ugh true, in a great 
measure, to fact, they are wanting in reality. 
They have complexion and shape, but not 
flesh or blood. Milton^ Murthly creatures have 
the flesh of living beauty upon them, and 
show the changes of human infirmi^. They 
inhale the odoura of the gaiden of Paradise, 
and wander at will ovec lawns and flowers ; 
Aey listen to God; they talk to angels; they 
love, and aie tempted, and foil. And with all 
this theve is a living principle about them, and 
(aldwuffh Milton's &culty was by no means 
.genendW dramatic) tiiey are brought before 
the leader, and made-^ot the shadows of 
what once exioted — but pieeent probable 
truihs. His fiercer cieations possess the gran- 
doar of dfcoms, but tfa^ have vitality within 
.tiMm also, and, in chamcter and substance, 
ace OS solkl as the rock. 

The geniua of Milton was as daring as it 
woB great He did not seek for a theme 
amidst ordinary passioos, with which men 
most sympathize, or, in literal fiicts, which 
tiie many might comprehend. On the oon- 
t&aiy, faeploDged at onoe through the deep, 
and ventured to the gates of heaven for crea- 
tures wherewith to people his story. Even 
when he deeeended upon earth, it was not to 
select from the common materials of huma^ 
nity : but he dropped at once upon Paradise^ 
and awoke Adam from the dust, and painted 
the primitive purity of woman, and the erect 
stature and yet unclouded aspect of man. 
Nothing can be more beautiful than his pic- 
tures of our *^ first parents," breathing the 
ftagruit airs of Eden, communing with supe- 
rior natures, dreaming in the golden sun, 
feeding upon nectareous fruits, and lying 
** imparamsed" ia one another's arms, on pil- 
lows of violet and a^faodel ! What can sur- 
pass the figure of Adam — 

*' HU fair large front, and «ye sublime, dsolarcd 
Absolate cule," 

except it be that of Eve, who^ 

** ^ as a veil, down to the slender waist 
Iicr«nadorned goidea tresies were,*' 

the meekest, the mirest, the loveliest of her 
sex! Thus has Milton, without ai\y of the 
ordinary jaids, iashioned a poem, which, both 
for sublimity and beauty, is quite unparalleled 
in the history of ficti<m. jUom^r was more 
various, more dramatic, more unilonnly ac- 
tive, more true to the iiteial fact, nerliaps, 
than he, and Virgil more correct, whUe Spen- 
ser dwelt as complete\y upon poetic ground ; 
but there is a gmndeur of conoaption in Mil- 
ton, a breadth of character, and a towering 
spirit, which stood over his sul^t and per- 
vaded it from hffflnning to end, that we Miall 
scarcely admit to exist in any other poet He 
was, in our minds, the greatest epic poet in 
the world. At any rate, there is no one but 
Homer can stand in competition with him. 
Shakspeare alone excelled them both (query P 
Ed,)i but he went beyond all m«i, and 
stands in the array of human intdleot, like 
.the sun in the system, single and unaf^proaeh- 
able. 

Thomson looked on nature with an ob- 
servant but easy eye, and transcribed her 
varying wonders to man. His "Seasons*' 
contain finer, or, at least, more popmlor things 
than any of his other poems (althaugh he bat 
too frequently amj^ifies a simple iaet, till you 
scarcely Juiow what he is about) ; but tbeve is 
a much more equal power, Mid fiur -mese pure 
noetiy in his deughnid " CasUe of JndolsMe." 
It was here tliat he built up tiMise shadowy 



battlements, and planted those *' sleep-sooth- 
ing" groves under which lay 

" Idlease, in her dreaming mode." 

It was here that he wove in his poetic loom 
those pictures of- pastoral quiet, of flowery 
lawns and glittering streams, of flocks and 
tranquil skies, and verdant plains. 



" And vacant shepherds piping In the dale" — 

the stockdove, and the nightingale, and the 
rest of that tuneful choir which lull our minds 
into forgetfulness, and sing to us on summer 
nights, in town and country equally well, un- 
til we forget the prose of human life in its 
romance, and bathe our fevered senses in the 
fresh floweis of poetry which Thomson has 
bequeathed to us. There is nothing in the 
history of verse, from the restoration of Charles 
the Second to the present time (not even in 
Cdlins, we think, and certainly not in Gmy), 
which can compete with the fast part of the 
" Castle of Ind<4ence." His account of the 
land of " Drowsy Head," and 

" Of dreams that wave before the half-shut eye/' 

of the disappearance of the sons of Indolence, 
with the exqgHite simfle moA- which it closes 
— the huge covsMd tables, oH odorous with 
spice and wins 'the taysstfied hoUs and their 
Italian pict uw s 4he lielaacholy oiiu^o-'and, 
altogether, tbe golden mqgwfficeaoe and orien- 
tal luxuries ad tke place, and tlae ministers of 
the spirits \skg> 



**PouredaUHm 

(an exquisite liae) — m^y aland in eoovarison 
with almost .o^y tidag in the cinde of poetry. 



their only resemblance, for no two animals 
can possibly be more unlike oach other. 

It is a very curious phenomenon how they 
can possibly exist on shore ; for, from the first 
of their landing, they never go out to sea, and 
they lie on a stonny beach for months toge- 
ther without tasting any food, except con- 
suming their own fat, for they gradually waste 
away ; and, as tliis hi or blubber is the gnat 
object of value for which thi^ are attacked 
and slaughtered, the settlers contrinre to com- 
mence qperations against them upon their fist 
arrival. I examined the contents of die sto- 
mMch. of one they had just billed, but could 
not make out the nature of what itcontaxnod; 
the matter was of a. lemarkaMy blight gssen 
colour. They have many eneoiieS' even in ^e 
water ; one called the killec, a species ^of 
grampus, which makes terrible havoc amongst 
Uiem, and will attack and take away the par- 
case of one from alongside a boat Bat man 
is their greatest enemy, and causes the most 
destruction to their race ; he pursoes them to 
all quarters of the globe; and, being aware 
of their seasons & breeding (which is 
always done on shore), he is there ready 
with his weapons, and attacks them without 
wevQj. Yet this ofieaaive >war is attended 
with considenible dangei:, aol from the ani- 
mals themselves, they beiiw incapable of 
wM^Vng much resistance, but Qie beaches they 
firequent are most fiearful; iwats and boats' 
crews are coDtinuolly lost; but the value of 
the oil, when they are successful, is an in- 
dueement to man, and no dangers will deter 
ban from puisuiAg the sesr^Wphant until the 
species is extinct — Marie's Nmn^ Zealand, 



«EA eumiANT. 



June 6th. — Shis is jaow-te middle of win- 
ter : the winds ase ofaaQgeoMe and boistciOQs. 
I saw to-day, lor .|he fisst time, what the set- 
tlers call a ptd of ssa-^Vpbgwts At H^ par- 
ticular season these animals lie strewed about 
the beach, and, unless you disturb them, the 
sight of a man will not frighten them away. 
1 was determined to get a good portrait, and 
accordingly took my sketoh-book and pencil, 
and seated myself very near to one of them, 
and began my operations, feeling sure I had 
now got a most patient sitter, for they will lie 
for weeks together without stirring ; but T had 
to Iceep throwing small pebbles at him, in 
order to make him open his eyes and prevent 
his going to sleep. The flies appear to tor- 
ment these unwieldy monsters cruelly, their 
eyes and nostrils being stuffed full of them. I 
got a good sketoh of the group. They ap- 
peared to stare at me occanonally with some 
little astonishment, stretching up their im- 
mense heads and looking around ; but, finding 
oil still (i suppose tfaev considered me a mere 
rock), they composed themselves to sleep again. 
They are the most shapeless creatures about 
the Dody. I could not nelp comparing them 
to an overgrown maggot, and their motion is 
similar to that insect llie face bears some 
rude resemblance to the human countenance ; 
ihe eye is large, black, and expressive ; ex- 
cepting two very small flippers or paws at the 
shoulder, the whole body tapers down to a 
Saih'a tail ; they are of a delicate meuse co- 
lour ; the fur is very fine, but too oily lor ai^ 
other purpose than to make mocassins for the 
islanders. The bull is of an enormous size, 
Mid would weigh as heavily as his namesake 
of the land ; and in that one tiling consists 



ACCOMPLlSHftieNT. 

Hew is it that mastSfSt and ■riooce, and art. 
One spark of intdlligeace £itl to impart. 
Unless in that chemical vtoion osmbined. 
Of wfaieh the obsuH, in ooe ffsnl, is a mind ? 

A youth may have studied aad tsavell'd abroad, 
Mi^ siogUke Apollo, and paiot like a Claude ; 
And speak all the languages under the pole. 
And have every gift in the world — ^but a soul. 

That drapery, wrought by the leisurely fair, 
Call'd patch'work, may well to such genios oom- 

pare; 
Wherein every tint of the rainbow appears. 
And stars, to adorn it, are forced from their 

spheres. 

There gtowa a bright pattern (a sprig or a spot), 
'Twixt clusters of roses, fulUblown and red-hot ; 
Here magnified tulips, divided in three» 
Alternately shaded with sections of tree. 

But when all is finish'd — this labour of yeasi, 
A mass unharmonious, unmeaning appears ; 
'Tis showy, but void of intelligent grace. 
It is not a laiftbcape, it is not a lioe. 

'Tis thus Education (so call'd in our schools), ' 
With costly materials, and capital tools. 
Sits down to her work, if you duly reward her, 
And sends it home finish'd, accoidiog to order. 

See French and Italian spread out an her lap ; 
Then Dancing springs up, and skips into a gap ; 
Next Drawing and ail its varieties come, 
Sew'd down m their place by her finger and 
thumb. 

And then, for cosspletiag her fanctlnl robes. 
Geography, Music, the use of the Globes, 
Ktcetera, etcetera ; which, match as they will. 
Are sewn into shape, and set down in the bill. 

Thus Science distorted, and torn iato bits, 

Art tertur'd, and frighten'd half out of her wiu'; 

la portions and patches, some light and some 

shady. 
Are stitch'd up t^fathsr, and aiake.# jHyuQcMr* 

Janb TAYLOa. 



A PARALLEL CASE. 
In the sixth oentui;, Giegory, the Bisliop of 
Rome, in a letter to Constantia, the empress, 
says, " KnouiDg that there trere many idola- 
(UI3 in Sardinia, that th<'j worEhipped idols, 
And that tie clci^y ^ere remiss in preaching 
OUT Redeemer to tliem, I sent a bishop from Italf 
thither, who, the hand of the Lord being' with 
him, brought over mau; of them to the faith. 



that they may be allowed to do so with im- 
punity. Some, having been bBpti7^d, and 
ceaung to worship idnlK, are still obliged to 
pay the same fine to the judge, who, when the 
bishop blamed him, answered, that he bad 

nid |B0 much money for the purchase of 
1 office, that he could not recoier his ex- 
penses but by such perquisites. The iiiland 
of Coivica ako is oppressed with such ex- 
actions and firierances that the inhabitant', 
are scarcely able lo naj the hihubs, even by 
the [sale of their children. Hence a num- 
ber of pruprielors in tlie island, relinquish- 
ing Jllic_Homan government, are reduced 



THE TOURIST. 

to put themselves under the protection of the 
Lombards. For what mote grievous omireMon 
can they suffer from the barbarians, than to be 
obliged to sell their children ? I know that tlie 
euiperor will say, that the whole produce of 
the reieuue in llicse islands is uipUed to the 
and defence of Italy. Be it so; but 
: blessing ought not lo he expected to 
attend the gains of sin."—MUaei-'i Church 

Uur aiUi-s1avery friends will apply the fore- 
going facts nud reasoning to some cir 
stances of the present times. 



:e" 



Tkeke was a King of Hungary who took .. 
bishop in battle, and kept him prisoner. Where- 
upuu the I'ojie wrote a monitory letter to him, 
for breaking the privilege of holy church, and 
tiikiug hU sou. The king !>cnt an embassy to 
him, and sent withal the aruionr wherein the 
bishop was taken, and this only in writing 
" Know now whether this be thy soil's coat 



ROCHE 

Tilts is all that time and anliquar 
rapacity have spared of Roche Abbey, 
Yorkshire. It was founded in 1 147, e 
dedicated to the Viipn Mary. But little 
is known of its history ; but it appears, at 
the time of its dissolution, to have pos- 
sessed considerable wealth. It is now 
only interesting for the picturesque beauty 
of its situation and ruins, which are thus 
described in the " Tour of Great Britain." 
"The north and south side of these ruins 
are bounded by two large woods. To the 
east is a large bed of water, the collec- 
tion of a rivulet which runs amongst the 
ruins. The banks od each side of this 
water are steep, and charmingly clothed 
with trees of various sorts, interspersed 
with several peeping rocks and ruins; 
under one of the rocks is the mouth of 
a cavern, which, 1 was told, had a com- 
munication with a monastery in Tickhill 
Castle, about two miles distant ; but that 
now the passage is stopped up by the 
fidling in of the earth. Several tradi- 
tionary stories are almost universally told 
and believed, by the inhabitants here- 
abouts, of ridiculous pranks which have 



ABBEY. 

been played by severdl goblins and ghosts 
in this cave, and about this abbey, and 
we were not a little entertained by the 
honest simplicity of the credulous rela- 
tors. One side of the iief of the build- 
ing, and some odd arches, are all that 
are now left, except several small frag- 
ments, which are dispersed for above a 
mile round, a great part having been car- 
ried away, from time to time, to repair 
adjacent churches, or to build gentle- 
men's seats. These ruins, among which 
large trees are grown up, and the con- 
tiguous borders, make a picture inexpres- 
sibly charming, especially when viewed 
with the lights and shadows tliey receive 
from the western sun, together with the 
fragments of sepulchral monuments, and 
the gloomy shades of those venerable 
greens, ivy, and yew, which creep up, 
and luxuriantly branch out, and, mixing 
with the beautiful whiteness of the rocks, 
give such a solemnity to the scene as 
demands a serious reverence from the 
beholder, and inspires a contemplative 
melancholy, oftentimes pleasing, as well 
as proper, to indulge." 



SUCCESSFUL COURAGE. 

The uamtioQS of a frontier circle, as they 
draw round their evening Gre, oRen turn upon 
liie exploits of the old race of men, the heroes 
of the past days, who wore hunting-shirts, and 
settled the country.. 1 a a boundless forest fiill 
uf panthers and bears, and more dreadful In- 
dians, with not a « hite within a hundred miles, 
a solitary adventurer penetrates the deepest 
wilderness, and begins to make the strokes of 
Iiis axe resound among the trees. The Indians 
iiiid him out, ambush, aud imprison him. A 
more acute and desperate wamor than them- 
selves, they wish to adopt him, aud add his 
strength to their tribe. He feigns content- 
ment, uses the savage's insinuations, outruns 
him in the use of his own ways of manage- 
ment, but watches his opportunity, and, when 
their suspicion is lulled, aud thev fall asleep, 
he springs upon them, kills his keepers, and 
bounds away into unknown forests, pursued 
by tlieni and their dogs. He leaves them all 
at fault, subsists many days upon berries and 
roots, and finally arrives at his little clearing, 
and resumes his axe. In a little palisade, 
iliree or four resolute uien stand a siege of 
hundreds of aasailanls, kill many of them, and 
mount calmly on the roof of their shelter, lo 
pour water upon the fire which burning arrows 
have kindlea there, and achieve the work 
amidst a shower of balls. A thousand in- 
sliiuces of that stem and unshrinking courage 
nhich had sliaken hands with death, of that 
endurance which had delied all the inventions 
of Indian torture, are recorded of these won- 
derful men. The dread of being roasted alive 
by the Indians called into action all their hid- 
den energies and resources. 

I will relate oue case of this sort, because I 
knew llie party, by name BapUste Roy, a 
Frenchman, who solicited, and, 1 am sorry to 
say, in vain, a compensation for his bravery 
from Congress. It occurred at "Cote saus 
Dessein," on the Missouri. A numerous hand 
of northern savages, amounting to four hun- 
dred, beset the garrison-house, into which he, 
his wife, and another man, had retieated. 
They were hunters by profession, and had 
powder, lead, and four rifies in die house ; 
they immediately began to fire upon the In- 
dians. The wife melted and moulded the 
lead, and assisted in loading, occasionally 
taking her shot with the other two. Every 
Indian that approached the house was sure to 
fall. The wife reUtes, that the guns would 
soon become too much heated to hold in tlie 
haud ; water was necessary to cool them. It 
was, I think, on the second day of the siege 
that Roy's assistant was killed. He became 
"ipatient to look on the scene of esecntion, 
id see what they had done. He put his eye 
the nort-hote, and a well-aimed shot de- 
stroyed him. The Indians perceived that their 
shot had taken effect,'and gave a yell of exul- 
tation, lliey were eucouraged, by the mo- 
mentary slackening of the fire, lo approach 
the house, and fire it over the heads of Roy 
and his wife. He deliberately mounted the 
roof, knocked off the burning iioaidE, and es- 
caped untouched from the shower of ImIIs. 
Wnat must have been the nights of tliis hus- 
band and wife ? After four days of unavailing 
siege, the Indians gave a yell,' exclaimed that 
the house was a "grand medicine," meaning 
that it was charmed and impregnable, and 
went away. They left behind forty bodies to 
attest the marksmanship of the besi^ed,.and 
a peck of halls collected from the logs of the 
ho\UK.—Flmfi Mitim^L 



THE TOURIST. 



93 




This island is situated in the Atlantic 
Ocean, about four thousand miles south- 
west of England. It is one hundred and fifty 
miles in length, and its average breadth 
is about forty miles. Its centre lies in 
about 18^ 12% in north latitude, and in 
longitude about 76** 45' west. Its cli- 
mate, therefore, is extremely hot, varying 
but little in summer and winter. The 
face of the country is exceedingly fine, 
being beautifully wooded, varied with 
hills of gentle acclivity, and abounding 
with springs and streams. Indeed, its 
name, which, by the early Spanish histo- 
rians, was written Xaymayca, is said to 
have signified, in the language of the 
original natives, a country abounding in 
springs* 

Its productions are various and profuse, 
and in some parts there are appearances 
of metals. Indeed, in all the prominent 
features of this ill-fated land, we may 
read a benediction of nature, which is 
frightfiilly contrasted with the burning 
curse stamped on every page of its mo- 
dern history by the heartless cupidity of 
Europeans. 

Jamaica was discovered by Columbus, 
on the 3rd of May, 1494, in his second 
expedition to the New World. Conceiv- 
ing that this was the country to which the 
Indians had directed him, he turned his 
•course towards it, and, after a slight con- 
test with the natives, which terminated 
amicably, he took possession of it. Nine 
years ailer this, in his fourth and last 



JAMAICA. 

voyage, he was shipwrecked on its coast, 
and, after a painful confinement of a year 
in the island, he returned to Spain^ where, 
exhausted by his recent hardships, he 
soon terminated a life which the most 
unparalleled and successful enterprise 
has consecrated to lasting fame. After 
the death of Columbus, and about se p^ en- 
teen years after the first settlement of the 
Spaniards in Hispaniola, the latter sent 
out a colony to re-possess Jamaica. 
Diego Columbus, son of the discoverer, 
claimed the island as his father's heir, and, 
after much difficulty, arising out of the same 
unprincipled meanness in the king, which 
thwarted and embarrassed his father, es- 
tablished his light y and sent over Juan de 
Esquivel, as his deputy. Esquivel was 
succeeded, after his death, by governors 
who deviated widely from the pacific po- 
licy which he had observed; and from 
that time the. history of Jamaica began to 
be written ^n blood. Unhappily, the 
Spaniards ^ook with them to the Indies 
their religion and their avarice: and, 
with these two weapons, they extermi- 
nated the whole of the Indians — not a 
single descendant of the aboriginal inha- 
bitants being alive when the English took 
the island in 1655, nor, as is believed, 
for a century before. The minuter de- 
tails of these events, however, are happily 
concealed by the silence of history, which 
affords comparatively scanty notices of 
the interval between the first settlement 
of [the Spaniards in Jamaica and the 



possession of it by the English during 
the protectorate of Cromwell. 

Prior to the treaty between Spain 
and England in 1630, which was the 
latest entered into previous to the protec- 
torate, the Spaniards had claimed and 
exercised the exclusive privilege of navi- 
gating the American seas, by open hostil- 
ities towards all other ships found there. 
Such an exorbitant pretension was, how- 
ever, resisted by every maritime state 
whose interests were involved ; and par- 
ticularly by the English, who had already 
planted colonies in Virginia, the Bermu- 
das, St. Christopher's, and Barbadoes. 
To end these contests, the treaty of 1630 
was entered into, which promised to se- 
cure uninterrupted communication be- 
tween the English and their settlements ; 
but, in violation of all that is held sacred 
in the intercourse of states, a colony of 
the English in the little island of Tortuga 
was, eight years after, attacked by the 
Spaniards, who, with characteristic fero- 
city, put every man, woman, and child 
to the sword ! The same atrocity was 
again perpetrated at Santa c7uz in 
1650. 

Under these and similar provocations, 
a powerful armament was equipped by 
Cromwell, and sent out to reduce Hispa- 
niola, a principal settlement of the Spa- 
niards. In this attempt, however, the 
English were unsuccessful, but took Ja- 
maica in May, 1655. They found it 
thinly populated, a large part of it waste 



94 



THE TOURIST. 



and uncultivated, and totally destitute of 
those productions which have made it 
valuable in later times. Its population 
-«7as about equally composed of whites 
and of African slaves, whom the Spa- 
nish settlers joined, with their neigV 
hours of Hispaniola, in obtaining, as 
soon as they had exterminated the 
original natives. This iniquitous po- 
licy was the more ^aittoo, as they had 
no useful ;pi]rp0fle apparently to which 
<their labour wm directed. IHie Spanish 
ittbabkants fleem t» have lived in great 
peniflry and sloth : they had no commerce 
worthy of mention, and they only ex- 
ponded .so muoh labour on the soil, as 
was necessary to procure from it the 
means of subsistence. 

After the capture of the island, it re- 
mained under military jurisdiction, until 
the restoration of Charles II. The army 
underwent severe hardships, being inces- 
santly harassed by the dispossessed Spa- 
niards and negroes, and at length became 
discontented and mutinous, under the af- 
flictio(i of both plague and famine. Crom^ 
well /'however, bent his attention to the 
peopling of the island, and held out con- 
si^l^ble inducements to colonists, both 
froiti the neighbouring islands, and from 
Enghffid. But what-centrfbuted fietrmore 
than these expedients to the preservation 
and improvement of Jamaica, was the 
mission thither of D*0y1ey as commander 
of the troops, who gained their affections, 
vevived their spirits, and, assisted by their 
bravery, deifeated with triantph an at- 
tempt, made in Hie year 1658, by the 
.fermer possessors of the island, under t^e 
Governor of Cuba, and the Viceroy of 
Mexico, to regain it. Tranquillity being 
restored, numbers of all professions, and 
fimn all puts of the British Empire, 
. jlocked to Jamaica ; some owing to the 
eoafuflion which oversprecMl England on 
CDomweirs death, and others who had 
been active in bringing Chories the First 
to the Mock, and who considered this 
ifltand as a safe place of refugo. In 1661, 
Qiaries the Second appointed D'Oyley 
•chief governor of Jamaica, with orders 
to retease the army from military subor- 
dinalkm, and, with the advice of a covn- 
-eil to be eieoted by the ishabitants, to 
peso laws sattable to the exigencies of the 
colony. This may be considered as the 
first estabKshment of a civil government 
in the iriand, after the English had be- 
OOMC niaBters of it. Hil^ito the p^icy 
of England had been pacific and eq«i- 
table ; bat in 167^, when m«ch had been 
done to iniare liberty at home, the privi- 
leges of the colonist abroad excited the 
Jeaiottsy of g^overament, a new sys- 
tem of legislation was adopted Ibr Ja- 
Jttaica, and the Earl of Carlisle was sent 
4Mit as- Governor to enfonee it. The a»- 
•embiy , Iwnrever, indig nantly resisted the 
attack 4ipon their liberty involved in it ; 
and Gotonel long^ who haid eKomised the 



office of Chief Judge in the island, with 
great honour to himself and advantage to 
the inhabitants, opposed it with such 
ability and fortitude in the council, that 
he was dismissed from his post by the 
new governor, and conveyed .as a state- 
prisoner to England. This measure, how- 
ever unjustifiable, was productive of good ; 
for -Colonel Long, being beard before the . 
king and privy council, Tpointed oat,wilh 
such force of argument, the evil tendency 
of the steps recently tfdsen, that the En- 
glish government reluctantly submitted, 
withdrew their .plan, and removed Lord 
Carlisle from the governorship. 

These measures, however, were far 
from destroying all cause of future con- 
test with the crown ; for although the as- 
sembly had recovered the privilege of 
framing such laws as the exigencies of 
the colony might require, yet the bills 
which they passed, and the judgments of 
the courts of law, when brought before the 
king, though not disallowed, frequently 
remained long unconfirmed. All these 
vexations arose out of the question of re- 
venue ; and affairs remained on this un- 
settled and precarious footing for fifty 
years; until, in 1728, the revenue act 
was passed, which included conditions 
agreed to by both parties, and put an end 
to these contests. 

Such is a very brief sketch of the his- 
tory of Jamaica up to 1728. The fur- 
ther prosecution of it would lead us far 
into the details of slavery, which subject 
we purposely avoid at present, partly be- 
cause the limits of this article wouM not 
admit of any other than a cursory glance 
at that important subject, aud partly be- 
cause we are unwilling to anticipate the 
more comprehensive history of slavery, on 
which it is our intention shortly to enter. 



AGENCY ANTI-SLAVERY SOCIETY. 

COMMITTSE. 



Wm. Allen, Esq. 
HxNRY AoGSf Esq. 
Richard Ba RRSTTjEsq. 
Key. Dr. Cox.^ 

EUANOBL COOPBR, E^q. 

Joseph Coopbr, Esq. 
J. S. Elliott, Esq. 
Wm. EnwASDa, Esq. 



TfioMM FisNCR, Esq, 
Rev. Jot. IviMBY. 
L. C. Lecesks, Esq. 
Wm. Natsh, Esq. 
HxmiY Po«irNALL,'Esq. 
Rbv. Thos. Prdos. 
GsoROE Stacry, Esq. 
Joseph Wilson, Esq. 



TO THE BDIIOR OF7BE TOURIST. 

Affency Anth^avery Society's Office, 
16, Aldemumkuip. Nev, 6, 1832. 

Swi,— The SeCTetwy of tbe Anti-Slavery Sockty 
bRviDg issued SRofBdiil notification thst that body 
is distinct from the Agaocy Aati-Slavery Soeiety, 
I am directed by the latter to communicaffte to yon, 
for the iofoitnation of the public, .some facts not 
ad««rted to in Mr. Ptingle's letter. 

In llie early pert of the year 1881, some bene- 
volent indtvidnals, warmly esponsing tlie tmiDe- 
diate abolition of elave^, anci feelif^ persuaded 
that this measure would oe greatly promoted were 
the peUic nind' better informed as to the existing 
state end raal chareeier of slavery in the British 
dominions, came forwatd with the oibr of liberal 
contributions, and proposed io the Anti-Slamry 
Society a plan for unpaiting this infoonatian, by 



the means of public lectures, to be delivered 
throughout the country by gentlemen possessing 
the necessary qualifications for this duty. 

It^was Aetorniwed thttt^cMs deperiuieiil oF Anti- 
Slavery labour, with the application of the fujads 
then offered, and other pecuniary aid afterwards 
obtained for the same purpose, should be entrusted 
to ite 'OTciwei^e management of a distinct Cam- 
nsitlee. That 'CSemmittee -mtm formed by, and 
compesed of« membflrs of the And -Slavery Com- 
mittee ; together with emuc other ^ntleraen who 
were not members -of that body. The busi- 
ness <of boih committees was, for a period of 
twelve months, eonducted, not edlyoon 'the sane 
premises, but. in IhesameofHces ; until the Agency 
'Committee, eonceiving that the object of its insti- 
tution would be beat pcomoted by separation f nam 
the other society, lemoved its %asioets to a dif- 
ferent suite of offices in the «aene bwlding ; not 
less, however, than oneJtn^ of the gentlemen con- 
stituting the Agenoy 'Committee slill remaining 
members of the Anti-Slavery Committee, and some 
of them actively co-operating with both. 

The 'principal object of the institution being the 
employment of agents for the performance of the 
duty before specified, it consequently adopted the 
designation of •• Agency A nti- Slavery Society ;" 
and. as such, has published a report of its pro- 
ceedings, with an account of receipts and expta- 
diture, for the satisfaction of its stfl»crlbers. 

The Agency Society, disclaiming all political 
and party views, has, nevertheless, felt it a para- 
mount duty, by every legitimstte means, to exeite 
a parliamentary influence in favour of the extinc- 
tion of slavery. In the claseifieationef candidates, 
favourable and unfavowab le' t o iumiedia r e emaivi- 
pation, it has followed the precedent of a ^milar 
measure, successfuHy adopted on other great na- 
tional questions. The object has been to apprise 
the constituency at large of the real sentiments of 
their respective candidates on this particular point; 
and its beneficial effect is clearly demonstrable, 
from the gratifying fact of the Agency Society 
being aireadif enabled to record near^ 150 outtdi- 
dates, in England alone, who have avowed them- 
selves the supporters of immediate emancipation. 
The repeated complaiots, on the part of candi- 
dales, of the omission of their naones in Scbedale. 
C of the Society's lists, induced the «oaimiltce 
to direct their secretary to addreas a letter to those 
whose opinions were not known, soliciting infor- 
mation on the subject, with a view to obviate 
such complaiuls; and the committee oannot oh- 
serve, either in the terms of this letter any tUag 
disrespectful, or in its object any thing sinconsli- 
tiitional ; an(l that it is not viewed in any objec- 
tienable or offensive light by men of bonest 
pmaoip<e--qnen wlio sneh not to ^deoeive hy delu. 
ahre or evasive professions — is sufficiently proved 
by the Aumber of satisfactory ajuwen received 
from candidates. 

The Agency Anti-Slavery Society has now the 
.•leasing duly to perform of oongeatnlafting the 
friends of the cause on the unenampied anoceas of 
iu exertions. To estimate aright their effect, it is 
only necessary to contrast the apathetic indif- 
ference which so generally prevailed on the slavery 
qnestioiii at the cemmeocement of its labours, with 
the feeling now awakened, and strongly eKpiessed, 
throughout tlie kingdom. The lectures delivered, 
the public meetings held, and the associations 
Conned, by the a^nts of this society, have greatly 
eoaCributed te this change in the public mind ; and 
to such sncceaafttl efiorts is the society indebtad 
for the great and generous aoj^port it has reoetvedf 
and continues to receive ; and to the same caase 
niay be attributed the hostility which it has expe- 
lienoed from a portion of the daily press, which, 
professing siill to have negro emanoipetien in 
view, finds its aooovnt in protracted JisoMsion 
and delay. 

The success of the past must stimulate the 
Agency Society to increeeed exertion fsr the 
future ; and it is detenrinad fwneaenngly and 
UDCompromisingly to piiraue the tenor of Ms way, 
throngn evil as well as through good report. It 
feels no unworthy rivalry towards kindred insti- 
^"^ it seek* neither to detract from thair 



THE* TOflM«T. 



95 



ntrit*. BM to r6|iTe!i» Uietr dfinte in tliU sacnd 
csauaa y and: to all who» with a- wftn&i ssaal and 
an. honest activity, IsbouT ibr. it» promotion* it 
most cordially extends, the right hand of fellow- 
ship, and, heartily bids "God speedk." 

I am, sir, jonr vary obedient sorrMit) 
Jow Cbisi*> Secretary*, 



SLIDE OF iJL?NAX:H. 

Tub following most interesting, account 
of this stupendous undertaking is found 
translated in BrewsterVJournoi, aotdis a 
»trikiii|p- proof that ttatitre itself presents 
n«» obstacles which may not be surmount- 
ed by^ like enterprise of men, in alliance 
with the powerful machinery to which 
their ingenuity has given rise. 

For many eentaties the rugiged flanks -and 
the deep.geffgesof Moimt Pili^iM were covered 
with, iflnpeiietrable fbreste. Lofty pTOcipices 
eneisoJea them on all sides. £yen the daring 
huntezs were scai'criy able to reach them; 
and tiie iflhabitanls of the valley had never 
eoneeived. die idea of disturbing them widi 
the axe. These immense forests were^ there- 
iore', permitted to grow and to perish, withoat 
being of the least utility to man, till a foreigner, 
conducted into their wild recesses in the pur- 
suit of the ehamois, was struck with wonder at 
the sight,, and. dimcted the attention of several 
Swiss gentlemen to the extent and superioriojr 
of the timber. The most intelligent and skil- 
ful individuals, however, considered it quite 
impracticable to avail themselves of such in- 
accessibla stores. It was not till November, 
1910, that M. Rupp, and three Swiss gende- 
men, entertaining more sanguine hopes, drew 
4zp a plan of a slide, founded on trigonometri- 
cal measurements. Having purchased a cer- 
tain eiElent of the forests fh>m the oommnne 
of Alpnach for 6000- crowns, they began the 
coQstcuction of the slide, and completed it in 
die spring of 1818. 

The Slide of Alpnach is formed entirely of 
aibout 25,000 large pine trees, deprived of their 
hark, and united together in a very ingenious 
maimer, without the aid of iron. It occupied 
about 160 workmen duiing eighteen months, 
and cost nearly 100,000 francs, or £4,260. It 
is about three leagues, or 44,000 English feet . 
long, and terminates in the Lake of Lucerne. 
It has the form of a trough, about six feet 
broad, mad from three to six feet deep. Its 
bottom is formed of three trees, the middle 
one of which has a groove cut out in the direc- 
tion of its length, for receiving small rills of 
water, which are conducted into it from vari- 
ous places, for the purpose of diminishing the 
friction. The whole of the slide is sustained 
by about 2000 supports ; and in many places 
it is attached, in a vety ingenious manner, to 
the rugged precipices of granite: 

llie direction of the slide is sometimes 
straight, and sometimes zig-zag, with an in- 
clination of from 10 to 18*^. It is (rflen car- 
ried fdong the sides of hills and the flanks of 
precipitous rocks, and sometimes passes over 
their summits. Occasionally it goes under 
ground, and at other times it is conducted over 
uie deep gorges by scaffoldings 120 feet in 
height. 

Tne boldness which characterises this work, 
the sagacity displayed in all its arrangements, 
and the skill of the en^eer, have excited the 
iMosader of every petson who has seen it Be- 
teie any step could be taken in its erection, it 
was necessary to cut several thousand trees to 
obtain a passage through the impenetrable \ 



tUohets; sad, as the woifimen* advanced, men 
were posted' at oertain <fistances, in order to 
point ent the road' for their letum, and to disco- 
ver, in- the gorges, the pilules where die piles of 
wood had' been establi^kedl M. Rupp was 
himself obliged, mere than once, to be sus- 
peaded'byoords,in order to descend precipices 
many hunched- feet high; and, in the fost 
months of the undertaking, he was attacked 
widi a ^oien# ihver,- which deprived him of 
d^e power of superintending his workmen. 
Nothing, however, oould diminish his invin- 
cible perseverance. He was earned every day 
to the m£Attttain in a barrow, to direct the 
labours of the workmen, which was absolutely 
neoessary, as he had scarcely two good car- 
penters among them- all, l^e rest having been 
nired by aocidsnt, without any of the know- 
ledge which such an undertaking required. 
M. Kupp had also to contend against the pre- 
jndlees of the peasantry. He was supposed to 
have eonununion with the devil. He was 
ehacged with heresy, and every obstacle was 
thrown in the way of an enterprise which they 
regarded as absurd and impracticable. All 
these difficulties, howeven, were, susmounted, 
and he had at last the satisfaction of observing 
the trees descend from the mountain widi the 
rapidity of lightning. The larger pines, which 
were about a hundred feet long, and ten 
inches thick at their smaller extremity, ran 
through the space of thnv leagues, or nearly 
nine miles, in two minutes and a half; and 
during their descent they appeared to be only 
a few feet in length. The arrangements for 
this part of the operation were extremely sim- 
ple. Trom the lower end of die slide to the 
upper end, where the trees were introduced, 
workmen were posted at regular distances, 
and, as soon as every thing was ready, the 
workman at the lower end of the slide cried 
out to the one above him, **Lachez^* (Let go). 
The cry was repeated from one to anoUier, and 
reached the top of the slide in three minutes. 
The woikmen at the top of the slide then cried 
out to the one below him, "// vient^* (It 
comes), and the tree was instanUy launched 
down the slide, preceded by the cry which was 
repeated from post to post. As soon as the 
tree had reached the bottom, and plunged into 
the lake, the cry of "ZocAez** was repeated 
as before, and a new tree was launchecl in a 
similar manner. By these means a tree de- 
scended every five or six minutes, provided no 
accident happened to the slide, wnich some- 
times took place, but which was instantly re- 
paired when it did. 

In order to show the enormous force which 
the trees acquired from the great velocity of 
their descent, M. Rupp made arrangements 
for causing some of the trees to spring from 
the sKde. They penetrated by their thickest 
extremities no less than from eighteen to 
twenty-four feet into the earth; and one of 
the trees having by accident struck against 
the other, it instantly cleft it through its 
whole length, as if it had been struck by 
lightning. 

After me trees had descended the slide, they 
were collected into rafts upon the lake, and 
conducted to Lucerne. From thence they de- 
scended the Reuss, then the Aar to near 
Brugg, afterwards to Waldshut by the Rhine, 
then to Basle, and even to the sea, when it 
was necessary. 

In order that none of the small wood might 
be lost, M. Rupp established in the forest large 
manufactories of charcoal. He erected inaga- 
zines for preserving it when manufactured, and 
had made arrangements for the construction of 
barrels fbr the purpose of carrying it to the 



market. In winter, when the slide was co- 
vered with snow, the barrels were made to de- 
scend on a kind of sledge. The wood which 
was not fit Ibr being oaihonised- was heiqped 
up and burat^ and the ashes packed^ up and 
carried away during the winter. 

A fbw days befi>re the audior of the pus* 
ceding account visited the slide,, an inspector 
of the navy had come for the purpose oC ex;* 
aminilig the Quality of the timber. He de» 
dared that he nad never seeoanv timber tha^ 
was so strong,, so fina» and of wuit a ^m;- sad 
he concluded an advantageous baigain for 
1000 trees. 

Siwh is a brief aecount of a woik ttndM» 
taken and eieeuted by a nnffle individual^ 
and which has escited a very high degree of 
interest in every part of Europe. We regret 
to add, that this magnificent structure no longer 
exists, and that scarcely a trace of it is to be 
seen upon the flanks of Mount Pilatus. Poli- 
tical circumstances having taken away the 
principal soujpce of the di^mand for tiad^er, 
and no otiiQi market having been, found* the 
Qpemtion of cutting and tEansposting the toots 
necessarily ceased. 



STANZAS, 

%VIMTTCN BY AN OPnCSR LONG KSSIBENT IK 
XNBZA, OK HIS USTVRN TO EttOLAlfD. 

fFrom "The mUhman,"/ 

1 Gutn, but they had paM'd away,-^ 

The fiair in form, the pure m. miodft— * 
And, like a stricken deer, I stray. 

Where all are strange, and none afe kind j^ 
Kind to the worn». the wearied sonl. 

That pants, that struggles for repose : 
Oh ! that my step had reached the goal 

Where earthly sighs and sorrows close ! 

Years have passed o'er me like a dieam. 

That leaves no- trace on memory's page } 
I look around me, and I aaem 

Some relic of a fiormai' age. 
Alone, as in a ^t^canger-clime, 

Where strangrer-voices mock my eax» 
I mark the lagging course of time, 

Without a wish — a hope a fear ! 

Yet I had hopes — and they have fled ; 

And I had fears — ^were all too tr«e ; 
My wishes, too !— 4>ut they are dead. 

And what have I with life to do ! 
Tis but to bear a weary load« 

I may not, dape not, cast away ; 
To sigh for one small, still abode. 

Where I may sleep as sweet as they : — 

As they, the loveliest of their race. 

Whose grassy tombs my sorrows sleep— 
Whose worth my aeul delights to tsace— r 

Whose very loss 'tis sweet to weep— 
To weep beneath the silent moon. 

With none to chide, to hear, to see i 
Life can bestow no dearer boon 

On one whom death disdains to free« 

I leave a world that knows me not. 

To hold communion with the dead ; 
And fancy consecrates the spot 

Where fancy's softest dreams are shed. 
I see each shade all silvery white ; 

I hear each spirit's melting sigh ; 
I turn to clasp those forms of light. 

And the pale morning chills my eye. 

But soon tJie last dim mom shall rise ; 

The lamp of life burns feebly now, — 
When stranger-hands shall close my eyes. 

And smoothe my eold and dewy brow. 
Unknown I lived — ae let me die ; 

Nor stone,. nor monumental dOM, 
Tell where, his nameless ashes lie^ . . 

Who sighed for gold, and found it diross.. 



96 



THE TOURIST. 



APHORISMS. 

MxMOBY is the purveyor of reason, the power 
which plftces Uioae images before the mind ii|>oa 
which the judgment u to be exercised, and which 
treasures up the determinations that sre once 
passed, as the rules of future actions, or grounds 
of subsequent conclusions. — Dr. Johnson. 

It is not in the roar of faction, which deafens the 
ear and sickens the heart, that the still voice of 
Uberty is heard. She turns from the disgusting 
scene, and regards these struggles as the pangs 
and convulsions in which she is doomed to expire. 
■ — RoBSBT Hall. 

Shakspeare was born with all the seeds of poetry, 
and may be compared to the stone in Pyrrhus*s 
ring, which, as rliny tells us, hsd the figure of 
Apollo and the nine muses in the veins of it, pro- 
duced by the spontaneous hand of nature, without 
any help from art. — Addison. 

The evils of anarchy and of despotism are two 
extremes which are equally to be dreaded, and be- 
tween which no middle path can be found but that 
tifeffeetuaL reform. — Robert Hall. 

Kome was never more opulent than on the eve 
of departing liberty. Her vast wealth was a sedi- 
ment that remained on the reflux of the tide. — lb. 



down to the temperature forty degrees, while, 
from that to thirty-two degrees, which is its 
freezing point, it again dilates. A very curi- 
ous consequence of this pecularity is exhi- 
bited in the wells of the glaciers of Switzer- 
land and elsewhere, namely, that when once a 
pool, or shallow well, on the ice commences, it 
goes on quickly deepening itself until it pene- 
trates to the earth beneath. Supposing the 
sur&ce of the water originally to have nearly 
the temperature of tbe melting ioe, or thirty- 
two degrees, but to be afterwards heated by 
the air and sun, instead of the water being 
thereby dilated or specifically higher, and de- 
tained at the surface, it becomes heavier the 
more nearly it is heated to forty degrees, and 
therefore sinks down to the bottom of the pit 
or well ; but there, by dissolving some of tne 
ice, and being consequently cooled, it is again 
rendered lighter, and rises to be heated as be- 
fore, again to desceud ; and this circulation 
and diffging cannot cease until the water has 
bored its way quite through. — Dr. AmoiCs 
Elements of Physics, Vol. iL 



EFFECTS OF EXPANSION. 

A cannon ball, when heated, cannot be 
made to enter an opening, through which, 
when cold, it passes readily. A glass stopper 
sticking fast in the neck of a bottle, may be 
released by surrounding the neck with a cloth 
taken out of warm water, or by immersing the 
bottle in the water up to the neck : the bind- 
ing ring is thus heated and expanded sooner 
than the stopper, and so becomes slack or loose 
upon it IHpes for conveying hot water, 
steam, hot air, &c., if of considerable length, 
must have joinings that allow a degree of 
shortening and lengthening, otherwise a change 
of temperature may destroy them. An incom- 
petent person undertook to warm a large ma- 
nufactory, by steam, from one boiler. He 
laid a rigid main pipe along a passage, and 
opened lateral branches through holes into the 
several apartments, but on his first admitting 
the steam, the expansion of the main pipe 
tore it away from all its branches. In an iron 
railing, a gate which, during a cold day may 
be loose and easily shut or opened, in a warm 
day may stick, owing to there being greater 
expansion of it, and of the nei^lMuring 
railing, than of the earth on which they are 
placed. Thus also the centre of the arch of 
an iron bridge is higher in wann than in cold 
weather: while, on the contrary, in a suspen- 
sion or chain bridge the centre is lowered. 
The iron pillars now so much used to support 
the front walls of houses, of which the ground 
stories serve as shops with spacious windows, 
in warm weather really lift up the wall which 
rests upon them, and m cold weather allow it 
again to sink, or subside, in a degree consider- 
ably greater than if the wall were brick from 
top to bottom. The pitch of a piano-forte is 
lowered in a warm day, or in a warm room, 
owing to the expansion of the strings being 
greater than the wooden fnune-woric ; and in 
cold the reverse will happen. A harp, or 
piano, which is well tuned in a morning 
drawing-room, cannot be perfectly in tune 
when the crowded evening party has heated 
the room. Bell-wires too, slack in summer, 
may be of the proper length in winter. There 
exists a most extmordinaiy exception, already 
mentioned, to the law of expanaon by heat 
and contraction by cold, producing unqieakable 
benefits in nature, namely, in the case of water. 
Water contracts according to the law only 



To the Editor of the Tourist. 

Sir, — A little pamphlet has lately been 
sent out, entitled, " Facts relative to Colonial 
Slaveiy and Free Negro Labour, addressed to 
the Electors of the United Kingdom ; by an 
Elector of Finsbury." At any other time than 
the present, this rubbish would be unworthy of 
notice ; but as it is calculated to mislead un- 
thinking people, who do not look beyond the 
mere suiiace of things, you may think a few 
remarks upon it not unworthy of in.sertion in 
the Tourist. The Letter commences with a 
violent tirade against the ^' Anti-Slavery So- 
ciety," which, I doubt not, they can very well 
bear ; and then gives a short history of the 
origin and rise of the West India Trs^e, and 
the traffic in human beings, to prove that the 
present West India proprietors did not origi- 
nate the trade (if tliey had, they must be 
men of a patriarchal age) ; but that it has 
from time to time been recognized and en- 
couraged bv the English government, and 
that, tlierefore, '* having purchased his la- 
bourers of the people of England, the planter 
cannot, with- justice, be depnved of them, by 
England, without compensation." To this 
specious statement I shall merely reply, that, 
by the spirit of the English law and constitu- 
tion, stolen property never can become good 
property ; and, without aiguing the point, con- 
tent myself with referring to the invaluable 
writings of Granville Sharpe. Our Finsbury 
Elector asserts, that '' could the negroes be got 
to work at free labour, like the labouring 
classes in England, the planters would gladly 
concede the point, and it would require no le- 
gislative enactment to force the emancipation 
of the slaves." This is mere assertion, and I 
might in reply simply contradict it But this 
is a course omy becoming one who is unable 
to prove what he savs. Mr. Burchell^ the 
Baptist Missionary, has declared in publicy 
that jnsi hrfore the insurrection in Jamaica 
broke out, the slaves, on a plantation in St, 
Jameses parish, believing they were to be freed 
at Christinas, went in a body to the planter, to 
ret^im the instruments of culture he nod placed 
in their hatuU^nd PROPOSED toCONTINUE 
at their WORK if he would employ them as 
FREE LABOURERS. It is unneccssaiy to add, 
that the muster did not *^ gladly concede the 

Soint.*' The remainder of the pamphlet is a 
etailed description of the State of Harti, in- 
tended to show the iniurious effects of negro 
free labour. Now, admitting this account to 



be true, and supposing that the effects of to- 
luntary emancipation would be the same as 
those of a revolution (which, however, I deny^,. 
who are to be blamed for the '* present unpre- 
pared state of the slaves for freedom" but tlie 
phinters themselves ? And if the slaves are to 
wait for their freedom till this good work ha^r 
been accomplished by their masters, their case 
is hopeless indeed. But, suppose the com- 
merce and agriculture of Hayti are now at Hbo 
lowest ebb, does this alter the relation of riykt 
and wrong? No. — ^The eternal principles of 
justice are not altered by climate or com- 
plexion — they cannot be diminished or im- 
E aired by any sanction given to injustice b^r 
kw. Shall we, then, as men and as Chiis- 
tians, continue tliis most flagitious enormity, 
this blackest violation of the laws of that God, 
who has said, " TViow shalt not steal"-^'' Than 
shalt do no murder*' — simply because it ba.9 
been recognised and sanctioned by humms 
laws ? — and, doing this, dare we arrogate the 
name of a " Christian nation,'* and prestune, 
forsootli, to boast that the *' laws of God ssre 
part and parcel of the laws of the Usnd?** It 
is impossible. It cannot be that, because our 
fathers did wrong, we dare perpetuate so atro- 
cious an injustice. Let us, rather, act accord- 
ing to the dictates of Christianity and common 
sense, and adopt tlie wise sentiment of tlie 
Roman, saying, 

** Fiat Jcstitia, Ruat C<elum." 



BRITISH and FOREIGN TEMPERANCE 
SOCIETY.— Six Individuals, dcfirons of promvtin; 
tlie important object of tbe above Society, and evpccUlljr 
anxious to prevent the diacontinuance of its TravcUiBg 
Agency, for want of early pecuniary support, arc willtoe 
to contribute 10/. each to the Society's rands, on coadi- 
tion that fourteen similar donations be procured, to pro- 
duce 200/. ; and a liberal Member of the Society engagie* 
to add, from his own purse, one-fiflli to any sum that cnn 
be collected for this Society, within the ensnio^ two 
monttis. 

Subscriptions will be gratefully received by CorncLra* 
H anbury. Treasurer to the Society; by B.-urnetts, Ifiwrrv 
and Co., Bankers, Lombard-street ; or by Dmnmoouds nmA 
Co.. Ch A ring-cross. 

Tbe names of the persons who have offered each I9i., 
may be seen by application to the Treasurer. 



FOR the CURE of COUGHS. COLDS, 
ASTHMAS, SHORTNESS of BREATH, &c. &e. — 
WALTER'S ANISEED PILLS.— Tbe unnierons and 
rcspect4ble testimonials daily received of the extraortli- 
naiy eflScacy of the above Pills, in curing the most das* 
tressing and long-established diseases of the pulmonary aatC 
respiratory organs, Indnces the Proprietor to recommend 
them to the notice of those afflicted with the abov» c^us- 
plaints, conceiving that a Medicine which has now stood 
the test of experience for several years cannot be too geu.*- 
niily known. They are composed entirely of balsanrtc 
and vegetable ingredients, and are so speedv in their bene- 
fieial elfects, that In ordinary cases a few doses have bet» 
found sufficient, and, unlike most Cough Medicines, they 
Deiiher affect the head, confine tite bowels, nor pro^bicv 
any of the unpleasant seBaatioas so frequently eomplakieil 
of. Tbe following cases are submitted to the Public from 
many in the Proprietor's possession : — K. Boke, of Globe- 
lane, Mile-end, was perfectly cured of a vitAcnt ooogll, 
attended with hoaraeiieBs,vihlcb rendered bis speech inaa- 
dibie, by taking three or four doses. B. Rooley, of Qncea* 
•treet, tfpitalflelds, after taking a few doees, was'entirely 
cured of a most inveterate oough, which he had had for 
many months, and tried almost every thing witliont sac- 
cess. Prepared by W. Walter, and soM by I. A. Shai- 
wood. No. M, Bishopigate Without, in boxes, at Is. lid., 
and three in one for ts. Od. % ami by appointment, bv Han- 
nay and Co., No.'6S, Oxford-street ; Green, No. 4S,Wbit*- 
cbapel-road; Proof, No. ISO, Strand ; Sharp, Croi»4trc«l*, 
Islington; Pink. No. 69, High-street, Borousk ; Allison, 
No. IM, Brick-lane, Bethnal-^reen ; Farr«r, Upton-j^acc, 
Commercial-road ; Hendeboorck, SM, Holbom ; and by- 
all tbe wholesale and reUil Medicine Venders In the United 
Khugdom. — N.B. In consequence of the lncreasc<l demand 
Ibr tills excellent Medicine, the Publle are cautlooeil- 
againstCoanterfeits^none can be genuine unless signed bj 
1. A. Sharwood on the Government Stamp, and W. Waller 
on the outride wrapper.->Be sure to ask fior " Waltct'a 
Aniseed PiUs." 



Printed by J. Haddon and Co. ; ftnd Publididd 
bv J. Crisp, at No. 27, Ivy Lane, PaternotMr 
Row, where all Adverturmeoti and ComrounL-- 
cations for the Editor aie to be addrened* 



THE TOURIST; 

OR, 

.^Itetrli iSoioft of tide Stm^g* 



' Utile duj,ci." — Horace. 



Vol. I.— No. 12. ' MONDAY, DECEMBER 3, 1832. Price One Pensv. 



RUGBY SCHOOL. 



98 



THE TOURIST. 



This institution now holds 'a conspi- | 
cuous place among the public schools of 
England. It was founded in the year 
1567 y by Lawrence Sheriff, citizen and 
grocer^ of London, who bequeathed pro- 
perty for its future maintenance ; namely, 
the parsonage of Brownsover, his birth- 
place, a freehold house in Rugby, and 
one-third part of his estate in Middlesex, 
comprising a pasture land called Conduit 
Close, in Ghray's-Inn Fields. These were 
but small beginnings. The Middlesex 
estate was of little value at the time of 
its bequest, as it lay nearly half a mile 
from any houses of the city then erected, 
and especially as there was no hope of its 
ever forming part of the metropolis, owing 
to some acts of parliament, passed in the 
reigns of Elizabeth and James the First, 
prohibiting the erection of any new houses 
within the walls of the city, pr within 
three miles of its gates, on the penalty 
that all such houses should be destroyed. 
Happily, however, for this Foundation, 
these enactments were of but temporary 
force. They appear to have arisen from 
the ravages which the plague had made 
in London during these reigns, which 
had left many tenements unoccupied, and 
which appeared to Government to have 
been caused by excess of population. The- 
immense subsequent improvement of this 
'' pasture" may be estimated from the 
fact, that, in 1809, it was covered with 
upwards of eighty houses, besides other 
valuable erections^ In proportion to these 
advantages, this institution has risen in 
scholastic eminence, having supplied our 
universities, and other literary bodies, with 
' some very distinguished ornaments. 

Still, however, with all the 6clat of 
this, and similar institutions, we can- 
not help avowing our opinion, that 
the system of public education in 
England is one of very doubtful ad- 
vantage. The alternate servitude and 
tyranny, which constitutes the school-life 
of the students in these establishments, 
must surely be an inauspicious prepara- 
tion for the exercise of those powers and 
privileges to which many of them are in- 
troduced in after-life ; and the misery of 
the first condition, considering the very 
critical time of life at which it occurs, and 
the influence which it must exert on the 
formation of the character, would of itself 
lead us to prefer a private to a public 
education. Besides this, the numbers of 
such establishments are in general so 
great, as to render hopeless that constant 
and strict superintendance, on the part of 
the masters, which appears to ui equally 
necessary to the literary and moral well- 
being of those who are placed under their, 
care. 

Nor do we think that the statistics of 
literature offers any stronger evidence for 
the necessity of such institutions, than 
the moral considerations we have sug- 
gested. It is true that the public schools 



of England have furnished the learned 
professions, and the literary wprld, with 
many distinguished men; buH that the 
greatest men, in every department of 
literature and science, have attained their 
eminence without such assistance, may 
be seen from the following* passage, ex- 
tracted from the Edinburgh Review, Au- 
gust, 1810. 

''According to the general prejudice in 
favour of public schools, it would be 
thought quite as absurd and superfluous 
to enumerate the illustrious characters 
who have been bred at our three great 
seminaries of this description, as it would 
be to descant upon the illustrious charac- 
ters who have passed in and out of Lon- 
don by our three great bridges. Almost 
every conspicuous person is supposed to 
have been educated at a public school, 
and there are scarcely any means fas it 
is imagined) of making an actual com- 
parison; and yet, great as the rs^e is, 
and long has been, for public schools, it 
is very remarkable, that the most eminent 
men, in every art and science, have not 
been, educated in public schools — and 
this is true, even if we include in this 
term, not only Eton, Winchester, ahd 
Westminster, but the Charter-House, St. 
Paul's School, Merchant-Taylors', Rug- 
by, and every school in England at 4ill 
conducted on the plan of the three -first. 
The great schools of Scotland we- do liot 
call public schools, because in these th^ 
mixture of domestic life gives to them a 
widely different character. Spenser, Pope, 
ShakspcEU'e, Butler, Rochester, Spratt, 
Pamell, Garth, Congreve, Gay, Swift, 
Thomson, Beaumont and Fletcher, Ben 
Johnson, Sir Philip Sydney, Savage, Ar- 
buthnot, and Bums, among the poets, were 
not educated in the system of English 
schools. Sir Isaac Newton, Maclaurin, 
Wallis, Hampstead, Saunderson, Simp- 
son, and Napier, among men of science, 
were not educated in public schools. The 
three best historians that the English 
language has produced , Clarendon , H ume, 
and Robertson, were not educated at 
public schools. Public schools have done 
little in England for the fine arts,' as in 
the example of Inigo Jones, Vanbrugh, 
Reynolds, Gainsborough, Garrick, &c. 
The great medical writers and discoverers 
in Great Britain, Harvey, Cheselden, 
Hunter, Jenrier, Meade, Brown, and Cul- 
len, were not educated at public schools. 
Of the great writers on morals and meta^ 
physics, it was not the system of public 
schools which produced Bacon, Shaftes- 
bury, Hobbes, Berkeley, Butleir, Hume, 
Hartley, or Dugald Stewart. The greatest 
discoverers in chemistry have not been 
brought up in public schools — ^we mean 
Dr. Priestley, Dr. Buck, and Davy — ^the 
only Englishmen who have evinced a re- 
markable genius in modem times; for 
the art of war, the Duke of Marlbo- 
rou gh, Lord Peterborough, General Wolfe, 



and Lord Clive, were all trained in pri- 
vate schools ; 80 were Jjord Coke, Sir 
Matthew Hale, and . Iprd s Chancellor 
Hardwicke, and Chief Justice Holt, among 
the lawyers; so also, among statesmen, 
were Lord Burleigh, Walsingham, the 
Earl of' Strafford, Thurlow, Cromwell, 
Hampden, Lord Clarendon, Sir Walter 
Raleigh, Sydney, Russell, Sir W, Temple, 
Lord Somers, Burke, Sheridan, Pitt. In 
addition to this last, we must not forget 
the of names such eminent scholars, and 
men of letters, as Cudworth, Chilling- 
worth, Tillotson, Archbishop King, Sel- 
den, Conyers Middleton, jBentley, Sir 
Thomas More, Cardinal Wolsey, Bishops 
Sherlock and Wilkins, Jeremy Taylor, 
Richard Hooker, Bishops Usher, Stilling- 
fleet, and Spellman ; Dr. Samuel Clark, 
Bishop Hoadley, and Dr. Lardner." 

THE aUAKERS AND SLAVERY. 

The dnakeis soon saw the incompatibility 
of slavery with Christianity, and emancipated 
their slaves. In tiiie year 1787 there did not 
remain a single slave in the^possession of any 
member of the Society of Fnends. 

Thev were actually persecuted for their en- 
deavours to instruct their own negroes. 

It is curious that the duakens, so far from 
seeking compensation for the loss of their 
slaves, actually gave compensation to the 
slaves for the injury which had been done 
them by holding mem in slavery. They cal- 
culated what would have been, due to the 
slaves as wages, over and above food and 
clothing, from the commencement of their 
slavery, and paid the debt, thus cl^arin^ their 
conscience, as far as they could, of this deep 
offence. 

The Friends are determined advocates of 
immediate abolition. — Morning Ckroniele, 

SINGULAR FACT. 
Some idea of the quantity of water which 
can be injected into wood, by great pressure, 
may be formed from considering the fact stated 
by Mr. Scoresby, respecting an accident which 
occurred to a boat of one of our wtaaling-shij^ 
The line of the harpoon being fastens to it, 
the whale in this instance dived directly down, 
and carried the boat along with him. (>n re- 
turning to the surface, the animal ynji killed ; 
but the boat, instead of rising, was found sus- 
pended beneath the whale by the rope of the 
harpoon ; and, on drawing it up, every part of 
the wood was found to be so completely satu- 
rated with water, as to sink immecuatelv to the 
hottom.-r-Babbage's Economy of MdnttfdcHurm. 

A LAaoE library has this advantaffe, that it 
frightens him who contemplates it*' Two hun- 
dred thousand volumes are calculated to dis- 
courage a man who is tempted to print But 
unfortunately he says to himself, The greater 
part of the^ authors are not read, but I may 
be. He compares himself to a drop of water 
which compiamed of being lost and unknown 
in die ocean ; a genius took pity on it, and 
caused an ovster to swallow it It became the 
most befiutiful pearl of the East, and the prin- 
cipal ornament of the throne of the Great 
Mogul. Those who are but cominlers, imi- 
tators, petty verbal critics — in short, those on 
whom some good genius has. not taken pity, 
will remain for ever drops of water. But our 
hero fags in his garret with the hope of be- 
coming the pearL — Voltaire. 



THE TOURIST. 



99 



REVIEW OP LITERATURE. 



Illustrations of Political Economy. Db- 
MERARA. A Tale. By Harriet Marti- 
NEAU. London : C. Fox. 1933. 

There is more truth and sound philosophy 
in this Tale than in half the Essays which are 
puhlished. It treats of slavery; exhibiting 
m a naphic st^le its impolicy and wicked- 
ness. Miss Mutineau has merited the praise 
of the humane and wise of all classes, by oc- 
cupying her time in the preparation of such a 
work. We have read it with pleasure, and can 
avouch for the moral accuracy of the principles 
and calculations which it embodies. 1 1 displays 
an extensive acquaintance with the facts of the 
case, and developes with a master's hand its 
moral and political enormities. It consists of 
Twelve Chapters, the titles of which we sub- 
join — 1. Sunrise brings sorrow in Demerafa. 
2. Law endangers property in Demerara. 3. 
Prosperity impoverishes in Demerara. 4. 
Childhood ii wintry in Demerara. 5. No 
haste to the wedding in Demerara. 6. Man 
worth less than beast in Demerara. 7, Chris- 
tianity difficult in Demerara. S* The pMud 
covet pauperism in Demerara. 9, Cv^^anity 
welcome in Demerara. l6. Protection is op- 
pression in Demera^ 11. iBoa^'h^mtnien' 
m Demerenu 12. No master Imow^ his man 
in Demerara. Hie tale is ih the fotlk of <a * 
dialogue ; and the princtpal jJeisonaftes Me Mr.t 
Bruce, a plttiter, and his son Alfred, lately 
arrived from England. The fdllo^ing e^Anuft 
exhibits the Ittfi^ioy of ibe systciin, and will 
be read withrinterest. 

'"Well, bttt, ]%HM, ^'filfeHte item. Tell 
me the value (tf u'lftalftay'^8l«fe iH tw^tety^one V 

" ' I believe bis kbourwili be4<MnMl «i lM»t4^ 
per cent, dearer than free labour. From birth to 
fifteen years of age, including feed, clothing, life- 
insurance, and inedicine, he will be an expense ; 
' will not he V 

*" Yes. The work he does will scarcely pay 
his insurance, medicine, and attendance, leaving 
out his fpod and clothing ; but, from fifteen to 
twenty- one, his labour may just defray his ex- 
penses.* 

" ' Very well ; then food and clothing for fifteen 
years remain to be paid ; the average cost of 
w hich, per annum, being at the least £6, he has 
cost £90 over and above his earnings at twenty- 
' one years. Then, if we consider that the best 
work of the best field-hand is worth barely two- 
thirds of the average field-labour of whites — if 
we consider the chances of his being sick or lame, 
or runnipg away, or dying—and that, if none of 
these things happen, he must be maintained in 
old age, we must feel that property of this kind 
ought to bring in at least 10 per cent, per annum 
interest on the capital laid out upon him. Whe- 
ther the labour of a black, amounting to barely 
two-thirds of that of a white labourer, defrays his 
own subsistence, his share of the expense of an 
overseer a^d a driver, and 10 per cent, interest on 
£90, 1 leave you to say.' 

'"Ceftdiniy not, son, even if we forget that 
we have taken the average of ftee labour, and the 
prime of slave labour. We have said nothing of 
the women, wboae cost is full a^ much, while their 
earnings are less than the men's. But you over- 
look one grahd consideration ; that whites cannot 
work in the summer time in this climate and on 
this soil.' 

" ' It is only saying /rM black instead of whiu. 
The tenure of the labour is the question, not the 
colour o^ the labourers, u long as there is a plen- 
tiful supply of whichever is wanted. Only let us 
look at whiat Is passing before our eyes, and we 
shall see whether negroes working tor wages, or 
even under tribute, are not as go<Ki labourers as 
whites.' 

" ' I have often meditated adopting the plan of 



tribute; Alfred, since times have gone badly with 
me ; but it is difficult on a cofiee-plantation. If 
I were in Brazil, the proprietor of a gold mine, 
or at Panama, the lord of a pearl-fishery, I would 
adopt their customs. I would supply my slaves 
with provisions and tools, and they should return 
me a certain quantity of gold or pearls, and keep 
the surplus.' 

" ' 1 hat is one way of making them work by i 
fair means, father. It is an important approach 
to emancipation, as I believe it was found in Rus- 
It seems, too, an excellent preparative for a 



sia 



state of freedom ; and surely such a preparative 
would never have been adopted, and would not 
have been allowed to proceed to entire emancipa- 
tion, if such comparative freedom had not been ad- 
vantageous to the master as well as the slave. It 
is a strong argument, brought forward by slave- 
holders, in favour of emancipation.' 
« ' But the plan could not be tried on a coflee- 

f plantation, son : that is the worst of it. If we 
ived in the neighbourhood of a large town, I 
would attempt it on a small scale. Some of my 
slaves shoula let their labour, paying me a weekly 
tribute, and keeping whatever they earned over and 
above. This is done in places south and west of 
us OB this continent, as a Spanish friend of mine 
wo telUag me lately.' 

** 'Suppose we try task-work iiiltead, father.' 
^" I have no other objection than this, son — 
4f the e)(perimeiit did not answer, there would be 
no -getting the slaves back to the present system.' 

" <X it^MfUg Argument against the present 
«)rdtem, ifttmr-; but not the less true for that : 
nirppoee then we ^ with some new employmenL 
'Tf •ttae'b)aeks«tfe4n 8hipid«s th^ are thought to 
be hera,r weaeed not fear Iheir carrying the princi- 
ple out My farther than ^re wish. Suppose we 
make 4iriek8 by lask-work. Why shoula we im- 
port ^em, when ^e have abundance of brick clay* 
on the 'estate, and labour to spneV 

" * -It hae been found to answer better to import 
taem.' 
- "'Wlio-seys^r 

"'Mr. Herbert, my old neighbour. He had 
not straw enough, to be sure, growing, as he does, 
little besides sugar.' 

" ' Ah ; the bounty is all in all with these sunir 
growers, fiither. They keep their eye fixed on that 
bounty, and give no other article of production a 
fair chance. Besides, I suppose he did not try 
task- work.' 

" * Not he. But consider, Alfred,' how very 
little the freight is : and then, there is the fuel.' 

"*Tbe fuel is easily had; and a ton of coal 
will serve for eight tons of bricks. We are better 
supplied with straw than if we raised sugars only ; 
and the apparatus is not expensive. Only con- 
sider, father : the labour of your slaves, at present, 
does not average more than fifteen pence a day ; 
and brick-makers, in England, make from five to 
seven shillings a day. Do let me try whether, by 
working by count, we cannot raise the value of 
our slave-labour, and save the expense of importa- 
tion.' 

" ' But, my dear son, we do not want bricks 
enough to make it worth while.' 

" ' Our neighbours want them as well as our- 
selves ; and it may answer well to withdraw a per- 
manent portion of labour from our coffite-walks 
and trapsfer it to our brick-field. The art is not 
diflicult, and the climate is most favourable, so 
confidently as we may reckon on the absence of 
heavy rains for weeks together.' 

" ' Well ; we will see about it, son.' 

" ' I give you warning, father,' said Alfred, 
laughing, ' that I shall not be content with one 
experimenL If we save by brick-making, I shall 
propose our making the baeging and packages for 
our coflFee at home, instead of paying so high as 
we do for them.' 

'■' ' Nay, Alfred ; what becomes of your boasted 
principle of the division of labour V 

'* ' I think as highly as ever of it where labour 
is as productive as |t ought to be. But where 
eight free labourers do as much work as twelve 
slaves, it follows that if those twelve slaves were 
set free, four of them would be at leisure for more 



work. If as much ingar was raised alretdv as 
was wanted, those four labourers might make a 
great saving by refining and clajring the sugars at 
home ; which bnsiness is now done elsewhere.' 

'"In the Spanish colonies, where there is a 
large proportion of free labourers, I know thev 
do many things among themselves which British 
planters do not, and thus reduoe the.cost of culti- 
vation in a way that we should be very glad to 
imitate.' 

" ' Such imitation is easy enough, surely. We 
have only to introduce as large a proportion of 
free labour.' 

" ' The wages of free labour are so dreadfully 
high,' objected Mr. Bruce. 

<' ' Only in proportion to the scarcity of free 
labour, I believe, father. Wherever there is little 
of a good thing, it is dear, according to the general 
rule. Slave- labour is not only dear in itself; but 
it makes free labour dear also ; and gives an uindue 
advantage to free labourers at the expense of the 
other two parties. If we vrould but allow natural 
principles of supply and free competition to work, 
the rights of all parties would be equalised.' "•— 
pp. 74—79. 

We must make zoom for another extract, 
which we take from iht Seventh Chapter. We 
have often coigectured what the language of 
slaves must be when addressing the Deity. 
We have endeavoured to plaoe onrselves in 
their situation, to realize their sufferings, ig- 
norance, and degradation; and have then 
asked what would be our petitions if in similaT 
circumstances we offered prayer to God? 
However we may disapprove, we ought not to 
wonder if the praters of slaves should be for 
the death and ruin of their cruel oppressors. 
Miss M. gives the following illustration : — 

" When Alfred reached the threshold, bethought 
he heard the murmurs of a voice within, and 
stepped round to the opening, which served for a 
window, to observe tor his guidance what was 
passing within. Cassius was alone : it was his 
voice uat Alfred had heard. His night-fire was 
smouldering on the earthern floor, and he was 
kneeling beside it, his arms folded, his head 
drooped on his breast, except now and then when 
he looked up with his eyes, in which blazed a much 
brighter fire than that before him. A flickering 
blaze now and then shot up from the embers, and 
showed thst his face was bathed with tears or per- 
spirarion, and that his strone limbs shook as if an 
icy wind was blowing upon nim. 

** Alfred had often wondered, while in Engltndy 
what Christianity could be like in a slave country. 
Since he arrived in Demerara, he had beard tidings 
of the Christian teacher who had resided there for 
a time, which gave him a sufficiently accurate no- 
tion of the nature of his faith and of that of the 
planters ; but he was still curious to know how 
the gospel was held by the slaves. He had now 
an opportunity of learning, for Cassias was at 
prayer. These were snatches of his prayer. 

" ' May he sell no sugar, that no woman may 
die of the heat and hard work, and that her baby 
may not ci^ for her. If Christ came to make men 
free, let htm send a blight that the crop may be 
spoiled ; for when our master b poor we shall 
be free. O Lord, make our master poor : make 
him sit under a tree and see his plantation one 
great waste. Let him see that his canes are dead, 
and that the wind is coming to blow down his 
house and his woods ; and then he will say to us, 
/ have no bread for you, anil you may go, O God 1 
pity the women who cannot sleep this nirht be- 
cause their sons are to be flogged when uie sun 
rises. O pity me, because I have worked so long, 
and shall never be free. Do not say to me. You 
thall never be free. Why shouldst thou spare 
Homer, who never spares us? Let him die ia his 
sleep this ni^t, and then there will be many to 
sing to thee instead of wailing all the night. We 
will sing like the birds in the morning if thou vrilt 
take awsy our fear this night. If Jesus was here, 
he would speak kiadly to us, and, perhaps, bring 
a hurricane for our sakes. O do not help us less 



faeciiiu tie i> iriih tbee IntUad of witli d> '.. Wa 
hue wailed loos. ^ ^f^' "'< >>**< »<" ^'^^^ 
kny one : we hive dem dc bum. beciBiC tbou 
tiast conunuided bi to be pitieat. If we mutt 
wait, do tbon giv* d* patience ) for we an Tei7 
miienble, >ih1 oor grief makei u« logrj. If wa 
may not be angry, be thou angry with one oi two, 
that a great many may be bappy. ' 

"Theae wordicangbt AKnd ■ eai anidit muj 
which he could not hear. In deep emotion, h* 
wa* abovt to beckon hi> companion to came and 
)i>len too, whan he found ha wai already at bii 
elbow. 

'" Stand and bear him ont,' whiipeied Alfred. 
' You will do hlui no harm. 1 am lure. You will 
not paniah a man for hii derationi. be their cha- 
rietei what it may. Let Cauini be mailer for 
once. Let him taadi n* that which he nndet- 
■tandi better than we. He aeema to haTe thought 
men thaa yon or 1 on what Chtiit would aay to 
our (Qthority if he were here. 1 will go in when 
he riwi and hear mote. ' 

" ' For God'i lake, do not Unit younelf with 
liim. Let >» go. Don't uk him for wtler. or 
anything elie. J will have nothing — I am going 
home (hu moment' 

'•'Then I will follow,' taid Alft«d, knocking at 
the door of the hut ■■ Kion ai be law Ihii Cauini 
had riien and wu about to replantih hia fire. 

" ' Cauiui, I hare overheaid some of yonr 
prayen,' ha laid, when he had eiplaiaed to the 
aitonished ilive the cauie of bii appearance. ' I 
was glad when you told me that you had been 
made a Chriilian ; but your prayer it not that of 
a Chriilian. Surely tbis i> not the way you were 
tangb' to pray V 

" ' We were toid lo pray for the miier»ble, and 
to ipeak to God as our Father, and tell bim all 
that we wish. 1 know none so miserable as ilavel, 
and therefore I prayed that there might be an end 
of their misery. 1 wish oothing u much ai thai 
I and all slaves may be free, lod *o 1 prayed for 
it. It it wrong lo pny for this V 

" ' No. I pray for the tame cbiog, perhaps, as 
often at you ; but ' 

" ' Do you 1 Do yon pray the Mm« player is 
we do?' cried tbe ilave, ftlliog at Alfred'i feel 
and looking up ia hit face. ' Then lei us be your 
alaves, and wa will all pray together.' 

" ' I wish lo have no ilaies, Cauius ; I would 
lather you should be my servants, if you worked 
for me at all. But we could not pray the same 
prayer while yon atk for levenge. How dared you 
ask that the oreneer might die, and ibai your 
mattei migbt be poor, and lee his estste laid 
, witie, when you know Jeans prayed for pardon 
ioi hia enemieti and commtoded us lo do them 
good when we could V 

" ' Wu it [avenge V aiked Caasius. ' I did not 
mean it for nvenge ; but 1 never could undenland 
what prayer would beat pleate God. 1 would not 
pray for my matter's sorrow tod Horoei'i dealh if 
It would do nobody any eood, or aveo oobody but 
me ; but when I know tbat tbera would be joy iu 
a hundred coUaget if there was death in the over- 
tMi's, may I not pray for the hundred families? 
And if 1 know that the more barren the land 
grows, the more the men will eat, and the women 
ling, and ihe children play, and the tooner I my* 
lelf ihull be free, may I not pray tfaat tbe land 
may be barren 1 And M the land grows barren, 
my master growi poor. You knoi* the gospel belter 
than 1 do. Explain this lo me.' 

"AlFreddid hit best to make it clear lh>l. while 
' , bleiiiDga were prayed for, ibe mean* should be left 
to divine wisdom ; but though Cauius acqulcKed 
and promised, it was plain be did not see why be 
should nol lake for granted tbe luiubleneu of 
meant which appeared to him to obviout. When 
Alfred heard what piovocalion he bad just re- 
ceived, be only wondered at the modpratiop of his 
petitions, and the paiicnce with which he bore re- 
ptoof. Horuer hsd glvvD him notice, the jKeeeding 
evening, that as it appeared, Irom hit eiertions at 
ike miU-dun, that he wai of moie value than he 
1m4 alwayt pielended, bit rnasom thouU be dou- 
bled. In such a case, a prayer for such law piicei 
as would Imenhispwit value waaihe most nttunl 



THE TOURIST. 

We regret we cannot quote more; but 
our readers, we doubt not, will generallr pn>- 
oiire the wort itself. Its extendve ciiculadon 
cannot fail to produce a powerful impressian 
in favour of the immeaiste rdettie of the 
wretched and perishing bondsmen. 

Lives of the Tvelve ; or, the Modebn 

Cmaks. By H. W. Montaoub. Parti — 

Napoleon Buonapartb. (EmieUithed 

xnlA Four beautiful Engnmvngt.) 

The lapse of eleven years since the death of 

Buonaparte, and the numerous bistories of 

Ids life and delineatioDi of hit character which 

have been presented to the public daring the 



interval, da not ajipear to have materiallf dt- 
niniflhed the interest universally felt in all 
that relates to him. He little volume before 
tit it the last attempt that has been made tn 
eratify that interest; and, thoiigh it contains 
but a very sucdnct and crawdml acccunl of 
the principal evenla in the life of Napoleon, 
yet it appears to us to ansirer its end. 

Its.nairatives are orderly and perspicuous ; 
and the tedium of detail is frequently re1iei-ea 
by lively anecdotes and occasional quotations 
of poetry. On the whole, we thini, from this 

Kciinen, that the series of biogruphical 
tches which it commences, is likely to prove 
both entertaining and instractive, and well 
adapted to the perusal of voung persons. We 
hope that the future numtieis will not disap- 
point these expectations. 



KIRKSTALL ABBEV. 



" It lies, perhaps, a liiile low, 

Became the manka preferr'd a hill behiod 
To ihetler their devotion from the wind." 



TsESB reverend gentlemen appear to 
have had more taste thao one who looked 
only Eit the general character of tlie mo- 
nastic pursuits would be disposed to attri- 
bute to them. At all events, if we judge 
oftheirauiterity of character by the spots 
which they selected as the scenes of their 
devotional retirement, we must conclude 
that they did not so rigorously mortify 
their tastes and feeling as their creed 
would seem to demand. The Cistertian 
monks (as we think we have observed in 
our notices of monastic remains) appear 
to have been especially happy in the 
choice of their localities, and Kirkstall 
Abbey is an admirable specimen of this. 
The worthy founder, who pretends to have 
been directed to the spot by divine in- 
timation, has steered clear of all the dis- 
advantages of damp and bleakness, and 
to have settled his brethren where (if any 
where) tfaey might dream away their lives 
in all the luxury of indolence, but without 
the miseries of ennui, 

The site of this beautiful ruin is in a 
vale, watered by the river Aire, between 
Bradford and Leeds. The monastery was 
founded in 1 1 52, at the expence of Henry 
De Lacy, and m consequence of a vow 



made by him, in case of his recovery 
from a dangerous illness, to build a reli- 
gious house, to be dedicated to the Vir- 
gin, and peopled with Cistertian monks. 
It occupies a very considerable area; 
measuring within the walls 445 feet from 
east to west, and from north to south 
340 feet, and enclosing a quadrangle of 
143 feet by 115, It is somewhat remark- 
able that it does not point due east and 

These venerable relics, though entirely 
destitute of ornament, must still have 
been remarkable for their elegance and 
beauty, if we may judge by the unusually 
elaborate style in which they are noticed 
by antiquarian vrritera. Thomas Gent, in 
his History of Rippon, describes it in the 
following passage : — " Before I proceed 
to the monuments of St. John's, I shall 
refresh myself, and the reader, with a 
little observation of Kirkstall Abbey, near 
Leeds. A place once so famous excited 
my curiosity to ride thither, early one 
morning, in order to view it. No sooner 
it appeared to my eyes, at a distance, 
from a neighbouring hill, but it really 
produced in me an inward vetieration. 
Well might the chief of the anchorites 
leave the southern parts for this pleasant 
abode, and the abbots also desire so de- 
lightful a situation. I left my horse at a 
stile; and, passing over it, came down by 



a jrentl-j descent towai^i iu awful ruios; 
which, good God ! were enough to strike 
the most hardened heart into the softest 
and moat serious reflection : the ttatelv 
gate, north-west of the abbey, throngh 
which they were once used to pass into a 
spacious plain, at the west end of the 
church, and so, through another gate, to 
the area facing the Lord Abbot's palace, 
on the south side of it ; the crystal river 
Aire incessantly running by, with a mur- 
muring but pleasant noise, while the 
winged choristers of the air add their me- 
lodious notes, to make the harmony Che 
greater ; the walls of the edifice (buUt 
after the manner of a crucifix) having 
nine pillars on each side, from east to I 
west, besides those at each end, if they 1 



THE TOURIST. 

may be called so; the stately rererential 
aisles in the whole church ; the places 
for six altars, on each side of the hi^h 
altar, as appear by the stone pots for holy 
water; the burial-place for the monks, 
on the south side (near the palace), now 
made an orchard, having trees in it much 
of the same height of the lofty walls, 
casting an awful gloomy shade ; the dor- 
mitory, yet more south-east, with other 
cells and offices ; all these are enough to 
furnish the contemplative soul with the 
most serious meditations. And what is 
yet to be observed, that this stately build- 
ing, having been the last in this country 
that arrived to its full perfection and 
beauty, was the soonest visited and de- 
stroyed at the Dissolution. Now only is 



it a mere shell, with roofless walls, having 
yet a well-built, but uncovered steeple ; 
the eastern parts embraced by its beloved 
ivy ; and all about the whole pile deso- 
late, solitary, and forlorn." The same 
tone is also perceptible in the following 
remarks on Kirkstall Abbey, from another 
pen : — " Neither is the ruin less pleasing 
and picturesque, on whatever side you 
approach it. The soothing and harmo- 
nious variety of its parts, with the ve- 
nerable aspect of the whole, captivate the 
mind in that degree, as to cancel, in a 
manner, all concern for its present state. 
For, like the censor Cato, in his old age, 
it supports that dignity in decay as seems 
to boast a triumph over time." 



HINDOO TEMPLE AT GORUCKHNATH, NORTH INDIA- 



This plate presents a view of a place 
of heathen worship, called Goruckhoath, 
about two miles from Goruckhpore, North 
of India. This temple is situated in the 
midst of a beautiful and extensive forest 
of mango trees ; and is a place of much 
celebrity among the Hindoos, who resort 
to it, not only from the surrounding dis- 
tricts, but even from the remote provinces 
of India. 

A chief priest, called a Mohunt, and a 
number of devotees, are coouected with 
this temple ; and are mamtained by a 
large revenue, derived from lands, and 
other sources. The devotees wander over 
the country, dressed in garments of a 
salmon colour : for the double purpose of 
extending the tenets peculiar to this sect 
of Hindoos, and of collecting the contri- 
butions of the people in support of the 
temple, and its worship. 

The peculiar feature of th'n superstition 
■s, that there is no visible representation 
of the supposed deity : his influence, it is 



■manned, nresides; while his seat, which 
has no idol figure on it, is an object of 
idolatrous reverence. 

Once a week, on a fixed day, the chief 
priest holds a kind of religious levee in 
the verandah of the temple. On these 
occasions, several handsome carpets are 
spread near the central door, on which is 
placed a large cylindrical pillow. Upon 
this the Mohunt reclines, clothed in a 
variegated silk dress. A lai^ concourse 
of disciples attend ; each of whom, in re- 
gular order, ascends the steps of the ve- 
randah, and advances toward the en- 
trance : having deposited his ofiering on 
the shrine, he retirea-^rings a bell, hung 
up fbr the purpose immediately above 
the door, makes his salaam, or obeisance, 
to the chief priest — and then mingles with 
the crowd assembled in the quadrangle in 
front. Rajahs, and other persons of rank 
or inSuence, usually occupy a post of 
honour near the Mohunt, after they have 
done homage at the ihnne ; while ordi- I 



nary worshippers retire, satisfied with a 
slight inclination of the hand, or a con- 
descending recognition, from the priest. 

The following reflections are from the 
very original pen of Mr. Foster, with 
whom most of our readers are (or ought 
to be) acquainted, as the author of " Fos- 
ter's Essays" — one of the most eztj^ordi- 
nary productionsof genius which our lan- 
guage contains. The subjoined passage 
IS, we think, not an unfair specimen of its 
author's general style of thinking and 
writing ; and, as it is immediately con- 
nected with our subject, we cannot refrain 
from quoting it. Speaking of the resist- 
ance offered to the efforts of a teacher of 
Christianity, by temples, pompous cere- 
monies, and oilier visible symbols of the 
Hindoo religion, he says;^- 

" His next address may be uttered in 
the vicinity of a temple, which, if in ruins, 
seems to tell but so much th$ more im- 
pressively, by that image and sign of an- 
tiquity, at mat a remote and solemn 



102 



THE TOURIST. 



• 

distance of time that ivas the religion 
whiqh they feel to be the religion still ; 
if undilapidated, and continuing in its sa- 
cred use, overawes their minds with the 
mysterious solemnities of its unviolated 
sanctuary; while the sculptured shapes 
and actions of divinities, overspreading 
the exterior of the structure, have nothing, 
in their impotent and monstrous device 
and clumsy execution, to abate the reve- 
rence of Hindoo devotion toward the ob- 
jects expressed in this visible language. 
The missionary, if an acute observer, 
might perceive how rays of malignant in- 
fluence strike from such objects upon the 
faculties of his auditors, to be as it were 
reflected in their looks of disbelief and 
disdain, upon the preacher of the new 
doctrine. What a strength of guardian- 
ship is thus arrayed in the very senses of 
the pagan, for the fables, lying doctrines, 
and immoral principles, established in his 
faith ! 

** Orwe may suppose the protester in the 
name of the true God to be led to the 
scene of one of the grand periodical cele- 
brations of the extraordinary rites of ido- 
latry. There, as at the temple of Jagger- 
naut, contemplating the enect of an in- 
tense fanaticism, glowing through an al- 
most infinite crowd, he may perceive that 
each individual mind is the more fitted, 
by being heated in this infernal furnace, 
to harden in a more decided form, and 
stamp of idolatry, as it cools. 

" The very riches of nature, the con- 
formations and productions of the ele- 
ments, co-operate in this mighty tyranny 
over the mind by occupancy of the senses. 
Divinity, while degraded in human con- 
ception of it, in being difiused through 
these objects, comes, at the same time, 
with a more immediate impression of pre- 
sence, when flowers, trees, animals, rivers, 
present themselves, not as effects and il- 
lustrations, but often as substantial par- 
ticipants, or at least sacred vehicles, of 
that sublimest existence, and the whole 
surrounding physical world is one vast 
mytholc^y, an omnipresent fallacy. In 
praying that the region may be cleared 
of idol gods, the missionary might feel 
the question suggested, whether he is not 
repeating Elijah's prayer for the withhold- 
ing pf rain, which would certainly do 
much toward vacating the pantheon, by 
the destruction of the flowers, trees, ani- 
mals, and streams." 

ANTIDOTES TO POISONS. 

"What signifies philosophy that does not 
apply to some use ?" inquires the most prac- 
tical of philosophers, Franklin. One of the 
most obvious, as well as most important, ap- 
plications of scientific discovery is, the stuay 
of the uses and antidotes of poisonous 8ul>- 
stances. Mr. John Murray has been engaged 
in maMnff some experiments on yegetc3)le 
|X)isons, which have led to important results ; 
and will probably be followed by others of 
equal value : these we shall endeavour to lay 
before our readers as they become known to us. 



THE SPANISH BULL FfGHT. 

At the head oif the entertainments that belong, 
most exclusively, to the Spanish nation, must be 
placed a spectacle for which it still has a most 
nnbounded attachment, whilst it is repugnant 
to the delicacy of the rest of £arope-^[ mean 
the bull fights. The arena is a Icind of circus, 
round which are placed a score of seats, oae 
above another, the highest of which, only, is 
covered; the boxes are in the upper part of 
the building. In some towns which have not 
places spaciously appropriated for these com- 
bats, the principal square is used for the fight 
The entertainment begins with a kind of pro- 
menade round the arena, where appear on 
horseback, as well as on foot, the athletic 
heroes who are to be matched with the furious 
animals, all dressed in the elegance of Spanish 
costume. The picadarei wear a round hat, 
half covered with a short cloak, of which the 
sleeves float loose in the air: they are seated 
in the saddle, ^d have, instead of boots, only 
gaiters, made of white leather ; those on foot 
wear a dress very similar, but more CQ^y : both 
have a short waistcoat of silk of a bright colour, 
trimmed with ribbons, a scaif of the same 
colour, and their hair put in a large net of 
silk. When this promenade is dfer. One or 
two alguazils, pn horseback, dressed in a black 
robe and a wig, advance gravely, and ask of 
him who presides at the festival llie order for 
beginning it. The signal is immediately 
given: the animal, which has hitherto been 
kept in a kind of shed, the door of which 
opens into the arena, appears. 

The bull is received and stunned by their cries 
an d the noisy expression of theirj oy. He has im- 
mediately to defend himself against the combat- 
an ts on horseback {cBMedpicadores)^ who attack 
him with a long lance. This exercise, which 
requires at once address, conzage, and strength, 
has notliing disgraceful in it: formerly the 
first grandees did not disdain tio partake of it 
The picadcres open the scene — often the bull, 
without being provoked, flies at thein— Vand 
every body augurs favourably of bial Valour. 
If, in spit9 of the weapon which repiilscd his 
attack, he return again immediately to the 
charge, the cries redouble ; but if tlie bull, in a 
pacific confounded manner, sneaks round the 
place, the murmurs and hissings fill the whole 
edifioe. *If nothing can excite his courage, 
he is judged unworthy to be tormented bv 
men, and the cries of *' Ihe dogs, the dogs, ' 
redouble, and his enemies increase-'-enor- 
mous large dogs are let loose on him, who 
get hold of his neck and ears — the dogs 
are thrown into the air; they get up again, 
recommence tlie combat, and finish, in com- 
mon, by dragging their antagonist to the 
ground, where he perishes by an ignoble blow : 
but, if he conducts himself according to the 
wuthes of the spectators, he runs a more glori- 
ous, but more painful, career. The first act in 
this tragedy belongs to the combatants on 
horseback — these are the most animated, the 
most bloody, and often the most disgusting 
scenes. The animal being irritated, braves the 
iron that has deeply wounded him, -flies on 
the innocent horse that carries his enemy, 
tears his sides, and throws him and his rider 
to the ground, who, in this crisis, would run 
great risk, if the combatants on foot, called 
chvlos^ did not distract and provoke the bull, 
by holding before him some stuff's of different 
colours: but it is at their own hazard they 
save the riders. Sometimes the bull pursues 
them ; they have then need of all their agility ; 
they escape by droppusg some pieces of stuff, 
which are their only armS| and upon which the 



rage of the deceived animal is exhausted. 
Sometimes he is not thus arrested, and the 
combatant has no other resource but to leap 
over the railing, which is six feet high, and 
encloses the arena. If tiiis does not happen, 
which is very seldom, he remains in his place. 
The overthrown horseman has had time to get 
up again. He remounts, if his horse is not 
too much wounded, and the combat begins 
anew ; but he is often obliged to change horses 
several times. I have seen eisht or ten horses 
torn, and their bellies ripped open, fall and 
expire on the field of battie. Sometimes these 
horses — afiecting models of patience,of courage, 
of docility — ^present a spectacle at which it may 
be allowable to shudder. You see them tread 
under their feet their own bloody entrails, 
hanging out of tiieir sides, and still obey for 
some time the hand that guides them. Dis* 
gust at this period overpowers every sensation 
of pleasure m the mincb of spectators of sen- 
sibility. 

But another act is preparing. When it is 
.judged that ^e bull is sufficientiy tormented 
by the horsemen, they retire, and deliver him 
to the barbarous teasings of those on foot 
These go before the animal, and, at the mo- 
ment he rushes upon them, plunge in his neck 
a species of arrows, called tanderUlas, termi- 
.nating in a barb, and ornamented with litde 
streams of coloured paper. The fury of the 
bull increases; he roars, is agitated, and his 
vain efibrts serve only to render his pains more 
poignant Wlien the vigour of the bull ap- 
pears nearly exhausted, and the impatience of 
the people calls fur another victim, the presi- 
dent then gives the signal of death. The 
matador advances and reigns alone in the 
arena ; in one hand he holds a long sword, 
and in the other a kind of banner, which he 
waves before his adversary. They are now 
face to face — they stop— they look at one 
another. The matador several times deceives 
the impetuosity of the bull, and the suspended 

Pleasure of the spectators becomes more lively, 
he bull in this situation — the matador calcu- 
lating his movements, and divining his pur- 
poses — form a picture which a masterly pencil 
could not disdain. The matador at last strikes 
the mortal blow ; and, if the animal falls in- 
stantiy, thousands of cries celebrate the tri- 
umph of the conqueror; but, if the bull sur- 
vives, the murmurs are no less tumultuous. 
The torreador, whose glory was about to be 
raised to the skies, is now no more than a 
bungling butcher. He soon takes revenge, 
and at last strikes a more fatal blow; the 
animal vomits streams of blood, struggles with 
death, totters, and falls, and his conqueror is 
inebriated with applause. Three mules, or- 
namented with bells and streamers, finish the 
scene. The bull is fastened by those horns 
tiiat showed his valour, the furious and noble 
animal is dragsfed out of the arena, and leaves 
no trace behind him but his blood and a faint 
remembrance, which is fioon obliterated by the 
sight of his successor. — Bourgoins Spain. 



THOUGHTS. 

Hast thou seen, with flash incessant. 

Bubbles gliding under ice, 
Bbdkd forth, and evanescent. 

No one knows by what device ? 

Snch are thonghts — a wind-swept meadow, 

Mimicking a troubled sea ; 
Sach is life— and death a shadow 

From the rock eternity ! 

WoRDSwonrii. 



THE TOURIST. 



103 



THE EARTHQUAKE AT PORT^ROYAL. 

[Mr. Wesley, in his " Survey of the Wisdom of 
God ia Creation ; or, Compendinm of Natural 
Philosophy/' eives the following account of the 
great earthquake at Port- Royal in Jamaica, as 
reported by an eye-witness.] 

This earthquake happened on July 7, 1692, 
just before noon ; and, in the space of two 
minutes, shook down and drowned nine-tenths 
of the town, llie houses sunk outright thirty 
or forty fetthoms. The earth opened and swal- 
lowed up the people in one street, and threw 
them up in another : some rose in the middle 
of the harbour. While the houses on one side 
of a street were swallowed up, those on the 
other side were thrown on heaps. The sand 
in the street, rising like waves in the sea, 
lifted up every one that stood upon it Then 
suddenly sinHng into pits, the water broke out, 
and rolled them over and over. Sloops and ships 
in the harbour were overset, and lost: the 
Swan frigate was driven over the tops of many 
houses. All this was attended with a hollow 
rumbling noise. In less than a minute, three- 
quarters of the houses, with their inhabitants, 
were all sunk under water; and the litUe part 
which remained was no better than a heap of 
rubbish. The shock threw people down on 
their knees, or their faces, as they ran about 
to look for shelter. Several houses which were 
left standing were removed some yards out 
of their places. One whole street was made 
twice as broad as before. In many places, the 
earth cracked, opened and shut, with a motion 

auick and fast ; and two or three hundred of 
iese openings might be seen at a time. In 
some of these, people were swallowed up, in 
others caught by the middle and pressed to 
death. In others the heads of men only ap- 
peared, in which condition dogs came and ate 
them. Out of some of these openings, whole 
rivers of water spouted up a prooigious height; 
and out of all tiie wells the water flew with a 
surprising violence. The whole was attended 
with a noisome stench, and the noise as of fall- 
ing mountains at a distance ; while the sky in 
a minute's time turned dull and reddish, like 
a glowing oven. And yet more houses were 
left standing at Port-Royal, than in all the 
island beside. Scarce a planter's house or 
sugar-work was left throughout all Jamaica. 
A great nart of them was swaUowed up ; fre- 
^ently houses, people, and trees at one gap, 
in the room of which there afterwards appear- 
ed a large pool of water. This, when dried up, 
discovered nothing but sand, without any mark 
that house or tree had been there. Two thou- 
simd people lost their lives: had it been in 
the night, few would have escaped. A thou- 
sand acres of land were sunk : one plantation 
was removed half a mile from its place. Yet 
the shocks were most violent among the moun- 
tains. Not far from Yall-house, part of a 
mountain, after it had made several leaps, over- 
whelmed a whole family, and great part of a 
plantation, thourii a mile distant A large 
mountain near Port Morant, about a day's 
journey orer, was quite swaUowed up, and, in 
the place where it stood, remained a lake, four 
or five leagues over. Vast pieces of mountains, 
with all the trees thereon, falling together in 
a confused manner, stopped up most of the 
rivers, till, swelling abxoaa, they made them- 
selves new channels, tearing up every thing 
that opposed their pasMge, canymff with them 
into^ the sea such prodigious quandties of tim- 
ber that they seemed like moving islands. In 
Lxquania, the sea, retiring from the land, left 
the ground diy for two or three hundred yards. 



But it returned in a minute or two, and over- 
flowed a great part of the shore. Those who 
escaped from the town got on board the ships 
in tae harbour, where many continued two 
months, the shocks all the time being so violent, 
that they durst not come on shore. The noi- 
some vapours occasioned a general sickness, 
which swept away three thousand of those that 
were left. 

The following account of this memorable 
event is given by the rector of Port-Royal : — 

" On Wednesday, June 7, 1 had been reading 
prayers (which I have read every day since 1 
came to Port-Royal, to keep Up some show of 
religion ai^nff a most ungodly people), and 
was gone to uie President of tne Council. 
We had scarce dined, when I felt the ground 
heave and roll under me. I said, ' Sir, what 
is this ?* He replied, composedly, ' It is an 
earthquake. Be not afraid, it will soon be 
over.* But it increased more and more : and 
presently we heard the church and the tower 
fall. Upon this we ran to save ourselves : I 
quickly lost him, and ran towards Morgan's 
mrt; as that was a wide open place, and secure 
from the falling of houses. As I ran I saw 
the earth open, and swallow up multitudes of 
people, ana the sea mounting over the fortifi- 
cations. I then laid aside all uioughts of escape, 
and went homeward to meet death in • as good 
a posture as I could. I was forced to go through 
two or three narrow streets; the nouses fell 
on each side of me. Some bricks came rolling 
over my shoes, but none hurt me. When I 
came to my lodging, I found all things in Uie 
same order that I left them. I went to the 
balcony, and saw that no houses in our street 
were fallen. The people, seeing me, cried to 
me to come and pray with them. When I 
came into the street, every one laid hold of 
my clothes, and embraced me. I desired them 
to kneel down in a ring, and prayed with them 
near an hour, till I was almost spent, between 
the exercise and the heat of the sun. Thev 
then brought me a chair, the earth working all 
the time like the rolling of the sea, insomuch 
that sometimes while I was at prayers I could 
hardly keep on my knees. By the time I had 
been half an hour longer with them, in setting 
their sins before them, and exhorting them to 
repentance, some merchants came, and desired 
me to go on board one of the ships in the 
harbour. From the top of some houses, which 
lay level with the water, I got into a boat, and 
went on board the Siam Merchant The day 
when this happened was exceeding clear, and 
afibrded no suspicion of evil. But about half 
an hour past eleven, in less than three minutes, 
PortrRoyal, one^ of the fitirest towns in the 
English plantations, was shattered in pieces, 
and left a dreadful monument of the justice of 
God." 

About ten years after the town was rebuilt, 
a terrible fire laid it in ashes. Yet they re- 
built it once more. But in the year 1 722, a 
hurricane reduced it a third time to a heap of 
rubbish. Warned by these extraoidinary cala- 
mities, which seemed to mark it out as a de- 
Toted spot, they removed the public offices from 
thence, and forbade any market to be held 
there for the future. 



SOUTH. 



Dr. South had a dispute with Dr. Sherlock, 
on some subject of divinity. Sherlock accused 
him of making use of wit in the controversy : 
South in his reply observed, that had it pleased 
God to have made him (Dr. Sherlock) a wit, he 
wished to know what he would have done. 



CHANGE OF CLIMATE. 

So great is the influence of the atmosphere 
upon human health and pnjoyment, and upon 
almost every thin^ connected with both, uiat 
an inquiry into* its changes and their causes 
can never cea^e to be an object interesting to 
man : more especially if this inquiry should 
promise him the means of increasing its ad- 
vantages, or of remedying its inconveniences. 
As no country in the world is exposed to a 
greater variety of atmospherical changes than 
our own, the subject has been considered by 
us with much attention ; and particularly the 
question whether, of late years, the seasons 
have not lost much of their original regularity, 
and the climate itself suffered a very material 
and discouraging deterioration. That certain 
alterations produced by human agency on the 
surface of the earth, such as the destruction of 
forests, and the drainage and cultivation of the 
soil, will occasion a local change in the dis- 
tricts where such alterations take place, is un- 
questionable ; and this change, wnich is gene- 
rally beneficial, is often carried forward to a 
considerable extent, both of influence and ter- 
ritory. But the change to which we first 
alluded is of a formidable nature, totally in- 
dependent of human power, and calculated to 
fill the hearts of those who cherish the fear of 
it with terror and dismay. Whether such an 
alteration for the worse, of the seasons and the 
climate, is really in progress, or is in any mea- 
sure probable, is, therefore, of no littie moment 
with those who are interested, as we are, in the 
result pf its investigation. 

The only way in which we can arrive at any 
rational conclusion on this sul^ect is, by a 
comparison of the seasons at difi^rent periods, 
and, if practicable, at different places also, 
within a certain distance. For tnis purpose 
we must search the records of history, and 
compare the reports of different observers of 
atmospheric and metereological phenomena. 
The most important of these phenomena are 
those changes of tempemture — those variations 
of heat and cold — which are productive of 
such wonderful effects as we have frequentiy 
occasion to notice. If we had a correct and 
continuous register, for a long series of years, 
of thermometrical observations on temperature, 
we should be much assisted in our determina- 
tion of this enquiry. But though we have no 
such register of sufficient leng^, and though 
the thermometer itself, as an instrument to be 
depended upon, has not been known much 
more than a centur}\ yet of the more striking and 
remarkable phenomena, such as the freezing 
of rivers and seas, the prevalence of moisture 
and drought, we have accounts, for a long time 
back, sufficiently ample and explicit to enable 
us to form an opinion on the question now 
before us. 



to tbe editor of the tourist. 

Sir, 

It has been very much the fashion 
amongst people professing an extm portion of 
zeal for religion, to stigmatize the present mi- 
nisters as men, not only indifferent to the 
cause of religion, but as in some degree in- 
imical to it. But, Sir, I put it to your can- 
dour, whether instructions like the following, 
conveyed in an official dispatch from a Secre- 
tary of State to the Governors of Colonies, are 
not calculated more to forward the cause of re- 
ligion than the cant and hypocrisy of all those 
who have joined in the malignant cry above 
alluded to. 



104 



THE TOURIST. 



The following extract is taken from a di&- 
patch from Lord Oodezich to the Goyemor of 
Siena Leone, dated Downing-street, 18th of 
January, 1832; and laid before Parliament 
last session, numbered 364 : — 

Speaking of certain African superstitious 
rites, his Lordship says, " Those superstitions 
will yidd to the benign influence of Chris- 
tianity; but may, otherwise, be r^;arded as 
invincible. If any new motive were wanting 
to stimulate the wish of His Majesty's Govern- 
ment for the diffusion of Christian Know- 
ledge amongst this body of people, that motive 
would be round in the intimate connexion 
which subsists, in their case, between the er- 
rors of Heathenism and the extension of the 
Slave Trade. 1 cannot, therefore, too earnestly 
recommend to your support and countenance, 
not only the clergy of we Established Church, 
but the various Missionaries whom the zeal of 
different classes of Christians in this country 
has ensaged, and is now supporting, in the 
work of convertins^ and instructing the liber- 
ated Africans. You will encourage their ef- 
forts by all personal kindness and attention 
which it may be in yoiir power to bestow. 
You will at ail times be ready to ajd them by 
.your counsels, without, of course, assuming 
any spiritual authority over them ; and, if in- 
! stances should occur of those inflrmities of tem- 
per and judgment to which, in common with 
all other men, they must be subject, you will, 
I am persuaded, feel that kindness and . for- 
bearance axe better calculated than any other 
methods to correct those errors which may be 
found in alliance with honest zeal and ujpright 
intentions. Although ,it^ is far froni mv pur- 
pose to attribute to you any improper conduct or 
demeanour towards the, various Misaonaries at 
SienaLeone, yet it has not escaped my attention 
that you apj>ea^*^ regard thep wi^ a degree 
of distrust, if not of 'fi^spicion,' ^hich is' emi- 
nently uniieivourable to the growth of those 
.kind and amiable relations which ought to .sub- 
sist between them and the Governor of the Co- 
lony. It is on that .accouiiit tha^ I have thougl^t 
it right to press the preceding remarks' on your 
atteBtion." , . , . ' 
. To the further promulgation of these senti- 
ments, which are equally honourable to thp 
head and the heart of the noble writer, I Ixust 
you will contribute by inserting them in the 
Tourist 

I am, Sir, 

Tour obedient ser^'ant, 
R. S.' 



COLONIAL SLAVERY. 

Gkiat misconception bavini been found to preyail as to 
the oMectof the ANTI-^LAVERY.PARTY, the AGBKC Y 
SOCIETY consider it richt, at the present cdsil, aKnin <o 
declare, for tlie information of Candidates and Electors, 
tlirottghont the kiuftdora, that their SOLE OBJECT is im- 
mediately to sabittltnte Jndicial for the Private and Irre- 
sponsible Authority now exercised over 8S0,M^ of their 
fellow-creatnres, and to obtain for them an equal enjoy- 
ment of civil rigbu with free-bora subjects of Great .Bri- 
tain. , 1 

The Irst of the foUoviag Sehcdiilcs contains the names 
of those Genileraen who are either meinlMfrs of |he exittlng 
Parliament, or reported to be CHiididates for the next, and 
whose past conduct or preacat profesfivns, or miioiCtori per- 
sonal interest in the Question, loaves (he igencyAnti-Sla very 
Committee without hope that they wiH support the reason- 
- able object above described. This Sch«xlule cootalas, as a 
matter of course, aU who arc known to W Slave Proprie- 
tors. 

The third Schedule contains the names of those Gentle- 
men whom the Committee recommond with perfect coo- 
lidence to the support of all Electors who concur in de- 
siring Immediate Abolition. 

SCHEDULE A, 

eontainiiig the names of those of whom the Agency' Anti- 
Slavery Committee are without hope that 'they will stip- ' 
poit Immediate AboUtioa as above aefincd. 



Abingdon, T. DafDeld 
Aylesbury, Col. Harmer 
Boston, /. S. Brownrigg 
Beverley, Mr. Winn 
Berkshire, P. Pnsey 
Bnckinghamsbire, Harquis 

Chamlos 
Cambridgeshire, Capt. Yorke 

R. N. 
Chatham, Col. Maberly 
Clitheroe, J. Irving 
Crickdale, R. Gortlon 
IKwer, Sir John Rae ReM 
Dumfries, Keith Douglas 
Essex, North, A. Baring 
Eye, Wm. Bune 
Frome, Sir T. Champncys 
Glasgow, J. Dixon 
Ditto, D. K. Sandford 
Gloucester, W. T. Hope 
Gloucestershire, Eastern Di- 
vision, G. W. Codriogton 
Hereford, R. Blakemore 
Honiton, Lord VllUers 
High Wycombe, lyisraell 
Hull, Daniel Carnithers 
Hythe, S. M^oribanks 
Jedburgh, Sir Adofplms Dal- 
rym'ple 



Liverpool, Lord Saadon 
Lvmington, John Stewart 
Middlesex, Joseph Hume 
Newark, W. E. Gladstone 
Orfbrdi Spencer Kilderbee 
Pcnryn, J. W. Freshfield 
Rochester, Ralph Bemal 
Reading, C. Russell 
Salisbury, Wadham Wynd- 

ham 
Suffolk, Eastern Dlvlsioa, 

R. N. Shaw 
Ditto, ditto, — Archdeekne 
Ditto, Western Division, 

John Fltigerald 
Sandwich, J. Marryatt 
Somersetshire, Eastern Divi- 
sion, William Miles 
Sunderland, Aid. Thompson 
Ditto, David Barclay 
St Alban's, H. G. WarrI 
Tewkesbury, W. Dowdeswell 
Totnt-ES, T. P. Conrtenay 
Tower Hamlets, Mr. Clay 
Ditto, F. Marryatt 
Tyoemonth, Fi-ederic Young 
Wolverhampton^ P. Dwarris 
Whitby, Aaron Chapman 
Winchester, Mr. East 



The Committee see no reason at present to remove any 
of the above names flrom this Scliedule, and particulaily 
caution their friends not to be misled by any General Anti- 
Slavery professions. 

SCHEDULE B 

Is Intended to contain the names of those Gentlemen who 
offer doubtful or indefinite promises ; but, as it is probable 
that some of them have not yet fully made up their minds 
on the subject, this Schedule will not be advertised fortlie 
present. 

SCHEDULE C, 

eontalalng the names of those whom the CommlKee re- 
commend with perfect confidence to the support of all 
Electors who concur In desiring Ifninediate Abulltlou. 



Abingdon, Thomas Bowles 
Anstrutber,Andrew Johnston 
Ashtoa-aader-Liae, Qi Hind- 
ley . 
Aylesbury, T. B. Hobhouse 
Banbnry. Mr- H. J. Pye 
Bath, J. A. Roebuok 
Bedfordshire, Sir 'Peter 

Payne 
^Bedford, Samuel Cr/rwley 
Berkshire, R.llirockmorton 
Ditto, J. Walter 
Beveriey, Mr. Lahgdale 
Ditto, Mr. Burton 



Derbyshire, T. Gisborne 
Devonport, Sir G Grry 
Ditiff, G. Uxeh 
Derb> shire, Hon. G. T. Ver- 
non' 
Dover, CNp.R. H. Stanhope 
yDui ham. South Division, 
IwioseDh Pease. Juii. 
% Essex, Boutn i^ivision, T. 
Lenunrd' 
Ditto, North Division, T 

Brand 
Ptnsbury, M •'• Wakley 
Giimorgan, J. H Vivian 



Newport, John H« Hawfelas 
Ditto aae of Wight), Wm. 

Oxford, W. H. Hughes 
Plymouth, Tiiomas Bewes 
Ditto, G. Collier 
Potteries, Josiah Wedg^ 

wood 
Penrya, C. Stewart 
Poole, Sir John Byng 
Ditto, Ml^ Lester 
Preston; John Wood 
Ripon, T. K. Stavely 
Ditto, J. S. Cromptvn 
Rochdale, John Ftrnton 
Rochester, John Mills 
Rye, Col. De Laey Evans 
Reading, C. F. Palmer 
Somersetshire, Bast Division, 

W. B. Brigstock 
Sonthwark, L. B. Allen 
Sussex, LonI G. Lennox 
Surrey, East Division, A. W. 

Beauclerck . 
Sairord,J. Brothorton 
Ditto, Jeremiah Garnott 
SheiBeld, J^ 8. Buckingham 
Somerset, Eastern Division, 

Gore Langton 
Ditto, West Division, A. 

Sanford ■ 

South ShieMs, W. Gowaa 
St. Albans, Sir P. Viucent 
Sadl>ury,!M. A. TayitM* 
Surrey, J. I. Briscoe 



Bfrmingliam,1'hos. Attwoo<t M^iSii L. W. D|"wvn 



Ditto, Joshua Schulctield 
Blaekbum,- Dr. Bowi ing 
■Bolton,-Colonel Torrens 
Ditto; Ibhn Ashton Yates 
.Boston, John Wilks 
. Ditto, M^or Hundley * 

gmdrord, T.' Lister 
itl«», — Harrly 
Bridpurt,' Henry Warbnrlon 
^Ditto, John Hoii)iUy , , 
Brighton; Isaac N. WIgney 
Dittiv George FaRhfiil 
Bristol, Kdw. Prvthcroe ' 
Bucks, John' Smith 
Ditto,' George Dash wood- 
Bury, Lancashire, Ri Walker 
Ditto, E. Gruudy 
Cambridgeshire, J. W. Chttr 

ders 
Ditto, H. J. Adeane 
Carmarthen, W. H. Yelvei^ 

ton 
Ditto, E. H.A^xms 
Chatham, Ersklne Perry 
Cheshire, East Division, .F. 

Marshland 
Ditto, ditto, H. Marshland ' 
Ditto, dltto,£.D.,Devenport 
Chichester^ Lord A Lennox 
CUre, Maurice O'Gonnell 
'^elchester, R. Sanderson 
Ditto, D. W. Harvey 
Ditto, Wm. Maybew 
Cork, D. Callaghaa 
Coventry, E, L. Bulwer 
Ditto, K. BHice 
Cornwall, S. E. Division, 

Kir W. Molcsworth 
Ditto, Ditto, C. S. Trelarwney 
Cumberland, East Division, 

W.Blamire 
Deablghshlre Boroaghs^ohn 
• Madoolu • • • 
Ditto, Robert M. Biddntph 
Derby, Ed. Strutt 
Ditto, Cotonel Cavendish 
Ditto, £. D. Devenport 
Ditto, South Divlsioa, 6. J. 

Verum 
Dlno,ditto, Lord Waterpark 
DUte, North Divialota, Lord 

Cavendish 



B. 



tiiclas 
Gloucester, Cap Berkt-ley 
Ditto, Jtdin PUilpotA 
Gioucefeier, Eastern Division, 

Henry' Moreton 
Ditto, {fitto, B W. Guise 
Gtuucesicr, Wvn Division, 
• Grautlev, F. B»-rkcley 
Greenwich, Capw Dnndiis 
Ditto, Mr. £. B«rn^Hl , 
Hastings, H. £lphiDst<uie , 
Herefoi^sliire, Kedgwin 

Hoskivs ' 
Hertfoixl, J. E..8palding 
Ditto, T. S. Dnticuihbe 
ilertftvftbAlin!, R. Alnon . 

guaitoii, Jajuea R. Todd . 
ythe, W. Frafttr 
Hull,M^D;Hi]I 
4mt<). Mr..Hiftt 
Ipswidi, i. Morrison 
'Ikent, Western Division, T. 

.L. Hodges. 
Ditto, ditto, T. Rider 
Ditto, Eastern Division,' J. 

P; Plurfiifee' 
Kefry,,I>auIf*l 0*6o«um)II .«> 

fe»n<lon, Sir John Key • • 
Itto, Muttliew W\ii.d 
Plito, OeorgrGnite ' 
Lyme Jiegi,*, /. MolviHc , 
Lynn Kings,. Li/id vy.. P. 
' Lennoi '' .' 

Lambeth, DanM Wskt.'field 
Leeds, T. B. MacayUy . . 
Leicester, South Division, £. 

DawH-a 
Leicester, William Evans 
4Htto, W>nn Ellis 
Lincoln, South Divisit-n, H. 

^andley 
Louth, R. L. Shell 
Lviniagton,>oim -Shckision 
Manchester, Mark Pliillips 
Maryleboae. Sit S. Whall^y 
Maids^oMo, C. J» Barnect 
Middlesex, Lord Henley 
Monmouth, B. H.il! 
Nef^vrk.SerJeiint Wilde 
Ditto, W. F. Haadley 
NewcusttG-under-iine, E. 

Peel 



Sussex, But Division, Her* 

bert Curtels 
-Tiverton, Mr. Keaacdy 
Tewkesbury, John Mania 
Ditto, C. Hanbury Tracer 
Thiiik, R. Gibson 
Tower Hamlets, Dr. Lush- 
in gton 
TruVo,.W. Tooke 
Warwick, John Tomes 
Warrinstoa, Mr. Horaby 
Ditto, E. B. King 
Weymouth, T. F. Buxton 
Whitby, Richard Mooraom 
Wigan, Mr. Thieknesse 
Wilts, North Division, Paul 

Methnen 
Worcester, Eastern Division, 

W. C. Russell 
Ditto, ditto, T. F. Cookes 
Wycutnbe, Colonel Grey 
Diito, Robert Smith 
Warwick, North Divfsiuir, 

Sir G. Ghetwynd 
Ditto, D. Hemming, Esq. 
Ditto, Sn- R. Wihnot 
Wight, Isle of. Sir It Si- 
meon, Bart. 
Walfal, G. B. Airwood 
Wolvertiampton, R Fryer 
Ditto, W. W. WbiUnore 
Yorkshire, North Rkliiig,M. 
StapyTton, J. C. Raiiitxien 
Ditto, ditto, — Cayley, Em|. 



FOaFENDERS;FlRt:tlRONS,KNlV£S.&c. 

FAMILIES FURNISHING may effect an 
immenuB SAVlNGyiby making their purchases, for 
Ready Moneys at > . > - 'r ■' 
Rli^PON'S <)CD E$;TARLISHED cheap FUR- 
NISHING lUON'MONOERY WAREHOUSE, 

U, Castle-streut ^ast,'OxA)rd Market, 
(At the comer , of Cartlc-Mreet and Wells-street,) 
whtre every attlcle sJld I* warranted ^'ood,au'.1 cxchaujed 
if not approved of.' 

Tea Urn, 30s« ; Platqil Candlesticks, with SUv.er MonnV 
Ings, 19s. per pair; tvury-handle<l Oval-rimnied Tabic 
Knives and Porks, 40». the set- of 00 pieces; Fashionable 
Iron Fenders-^Biack, 18.v| Bi!Dnxed,21s.; Brass Fender*, 
10s. ; Gre«u Fenders, wit|i Brass Tops, 1^. ; Fire Irons, Is. 

ftr set ; Polished Steel Fire Irons, 4i. 8d. pci s^t; Bra»s 
Ire Pnrnliare, 0a. 6d. per' set ; Block-tin Dii4i' Corer«, 
as Od. per^; Cooper Tea Xettlcs.to hold <yi^ galloi^ 
7s.; Bottle' Jncks, Bs. fkl. ; Copper Wannliw Fans, Cs.: 
'Brass Candlcstfcbs, Is. 4d. pef nair: Brihrnnhmfrtaf Tek 
Pots, Is. 41. ca^h ; Japanned T«a Trays,.'l».';f\Vaiterf, 
tft. ; Bread Trays, .Id. ; Japanned C|^anib«i: Csudlesticks, 
with Sntiffers and Extinpiisher, tVI. ;' Sift^fiVrs and Tray, 
0(i. : BUck-haadied Steel T^bl^ Knives knd Forks, Ss. 9dk 
the half-doxen. Copper CoAl ^oaps, Iftt.i..a newly ia- 
vented Utensil for cooking .Potafoes, superior to thotp 
boiled, steamed, or roiiked, t>ricetf^.,6s ,ari^i 7s.; Cupper, 
Iron, and Tin' Saqcep^ ancf Steviepaat, together with 
every article, in the «bove lioe^ cheaper than any other 
House in London. ' < . «. . > 

FOR the CUBR of COt/GM^, COLDST, 
ASTHMAS, SHORTNESS t>f MlEATH,&c. Ac* 
WALTER'S ANISEEUI. PlLLS.VTlie onmerous and 
respectable Testijnonials daily received of .the extraordl- 
•naiy efficacy of the above Pills, in coring 'the niost di9- 
.tressipg and> loag-estaMlshod diseases^of the pnlmoaary and 
respiratoiy organs^ induce the Proprietor to recommend 
them to the notice of those Hi^icted with the mbove com- 
-Vlaints, conceiving ihaC a Medicine vihkhhas now stood 
tiia test of . experience for se^eiidl years cannot be too geno- 
'rally known.. They arc CDmp<«c<i entirely of balsamic 
-and vegetable Ingredients, aqd are so Mpcc<ty In their bene- 
■fichd fctfaets, that la ordinary caMs % few doses have been 
.fonad suflicicm; and, unliktsJttost Cou|^i Mediciaes, i^ey 
'neither atf66t the head', connne the bowels, nor pro<iace 
-any of the unpleasant' sensatlom so freqnenily eoinplatued 
of. The foilowiug pases are submitted to the Public from 
many in the Proprietor's possession :— -K/ Buke, of. Globe- 
lane. Mile-end, was pencctly ctfred of a violent coas^h, 
•atteodad with hoaneness, \vhK>b rebdored h'is speech ihan- 
^iUf^ by taking three or fofir <^ses. E. Boo&ey, of <2u««l^ 
street, Spitalfields, after taking: a fvw' doses, was .e'uiirely 
-^nred of a roost inveterate cough, which ho had had tor 
jnitay moatht, and tried ji}mi>at «v«r>' tliinip without suc- 
cess. . Prepared by W. Walter, and sold by I. A. Sbar- 
wood. No. 6S, Bisliopsgafe.NVlUiont, in bi)xes. at li^. \^l, 
and tfarte ihoae fos 2s. fid.; and by-ap^oiafmeni, by Ban- 
nay and Co., No 63, Oxtord-street; Qraeu^ N<x4ft, v^rhiic- 
chapcl-rpM; Front, No. !280,Slraml: Shiirp, Cross-Street, 
isttaxton; Fmk, No. M, Ulgh-sn-eet, Boronidi; Allison, 
No;13«, Brick-Iaae, Bcthaalgroea ; V4nrtf , Uptun-placa, 
Cummercial-road ; Hendeb<tiu-ck, 3S0, Holbof ir; aiid'by 
all the wholesale and fCWil Medicine Vcifders in theUnitcil 
KUigtlam>— N^B. Ita iconscquthich of the increased demaiM 
for this excellent Meiiiciae, the Public arc ^aa\Maed 




ste« 



Printed by J. U addon and Co. ; itbd Vub&bed 
by J; Cjtisr; at No. 27, Ivy Lane, Paieruoster 

' Mff, where all^ Adventsemeots and Communt- 
cations for the Editor are to be addressed. 



., .»■ 



THE TOURIST; 

OR, 

^Kftcli iioott of tfif Stmes. 



' Utile Dclci." — Hm-ace. 



Vol. I.— No. 13.— Supplement. MONDAY, DECEMBER 3, 1832. 



Price One Penny, 



BIVOUAC OF ARABS WITH THEIR CAMELS. 



■ The above engraTing represents an en- 
campment of Arabs, of which some fur- 
ther ideas may be formed from the fot- 
lowing description of a similar scene in 
Asia Minor, from Mr. Mac Failane, 
published in the Library of Entertaining 
Knowledge. 

" On their jonrneys, the devidjia al- 
ways choose, for haltmg-places, spots that 
abound in bushes or brakes, where such 
are to be found ; the camels are left at 
liberty to browse, and theirdrivers smoke 
their pipes or go to sleep. Tliere is no 
danger of the camels escaping, or wan- 
dering to any distance ; they keep close 
to the spot where they are set at liberty, 
and can be rallied and formed in line in 
a moment. I have more than once seen 



this done, by the mere voice. When 
they rest for the night, they generally 
kneel down in a circle — it is rarely con- 
sidered jiecessary to tie one of their tore- 
legs, at the bend of the knee. They al- 
ways repose on their knees; and a cn- 
rious thing in relauon to their natural 
habits is, that I never saw one of them 
throw himself, even for a mnment, on his 
side. During the night's rest, the di- 
vidjis generally sleep in the midst of the 
circle formed by the recumbent camels ; 
if it be a rainy winter night, they will 
pitch a little tent ; but (in this genial cli- 
mate 1 speak of, Asia Minor) they neatly 
alwavs repose, fike their qniet beasts, in 
tlie open air. 1 once invaded a primitive 
dormitory of this sort, in a curious man- 



ner. It was at Boudja, a village (a few 
miles from Smyrna) where many of the 
Franks have their country houses. I was 
hurrying home, on a very dark night,— 
at the entrance of the village, and, in the 
shadow of a garden wall, I stumbled o?er 
something, which proved to be a young 
camel (diey accompany their dams on 
their journeys almost as soon as they are 
born), and going forward, I stumbled 
again over a sack, and fell headlong 
through an opening of the " domestic 
circle " into Uie midst of it, and upoa 
the sleeping dividjis. I suppose thev were 
surprised at the intrusion, but boui men 
and beasts were very civil — the latter, in- 
deed, never moved, and seemed as passive 
as if I had been falling over roots of trees." 



106 



THE TOURIST, 



In connexion wilb-die foregoiM- de- 
scription, soma notiM of the-Mlurv his- 
tory and habits of tile chisel may aiDt be* 
unacceptable t6 the reader. - -' 

This class of animals is divided into 
two principal species ; the dromedary^ or 
Arabian camel, distinguished hf one 
bunch or protnberance on its back, and 
the Bactrian camel, which has two, but 
is in other respects like the former. Asia 
is, no doubt, their original country, and 
here we have mention made of them, in 
thfr Sarred Writings, at av«ry early pe* 
riod. Tha remarkable adaptation of their 
physical structure to the pepulianties of 
oltmate and soil in their native regions, 
and their great docility and power of en- 
durance, have made them, perhaps, the 
most valuable auxiliaries to man that 
are to be found among inferior animals. 
Their feet are so formed as to tread lightly 
on a dry and shifting soil ; theirnostrils have 
the power of closing, so as to shut out the 
sand when the wind raises and scatters it 
in the desert; and, above all, this animal 
is provided with an apparatus for retain- 
ing water in its stomach, so that it can 
march from well to well, without great 
inconvenience, although they be seTeral 
hundred miles apart. With these ad- 
vantages, it is not surprising that it should 
ever have been considered by the Ara- 
bians, te whom it is most useful, as a 
sacred animal, bestowed by Heaven for 
their use. Indeed, firom the time of Job 
to the present day, camels have consti- 
tuted the staple, and the criterion of the 
wealth of Arabia ; for without them the 
Arabs could neither travel, trade, nor 
subsist. They use their milk and flesh 
for food, and make stuffs for clothing and 
other furniture from their hair, which 
is fine and soft, and which is completely 
renewed every yearv Besides this, their 
pow^er of supporat^ the iatigaas of tra- 
velling makes them of great value, in 
case of invasion^ to. their wandering own- 
ers, whom they can in one day. remove 
150 miles into the deiBit^ and so efiee- 
tually cut off aU apiMoiKoh from their 
enemies. 

But it is in commerce that their ser- 
vices are most important. The caravans, 
or large companies in which the mer- 
chants travel, always consist of more 
camels than men* The largest of these 
animals will carry a burthen of a thou- 
sand, or even twelve hundred, pounds' 
weight, and the smallest from six to seven 
hmidred, and, with these loads, they walk 
about thirty miles a day. When in a rich 
country, or fertile meadow, they eat, in 
less than an hour, as much as serves 
them to ruminate the whole night, and 
to nourish them for twenty-four hours. 
They seem, however, happily to prefer 
the nettles, and prickly plants, which 
they more commonly meet with, to richer 
herbage ; and, when they can get plants 
of any kind, they easily dispense with 



wtfker. Thift lacilitf of aM«ni«g from 
drink is> not an edbct oft habit alone, but 
is rather denehdant on theif physical 
structure. Besides the four stomachs, 
which are common to ruminating animals, 
the camel is provided with a fifth bag, 
wiflch serves as a reservoir for water. This 
fifth stomach is peculiar to the camel. It 
is so large as to contain a vast quantity 
of water, which remains in it without cor- 
rupting or mingling, with the other ali- 
ments. When the animal is pressed with 
thirst, or has need of fluid to macerate its 
dry food, it causes a part of the con- 
tents of this reservoir to rise into the up- 
per apartments of the stomach, and even 
as liigh as the throat, by the simple con- 
traction of certain muscles. It is by this 
singular construction that the camel is 
enabled to pass several days without 
drinking ; and to take, at a time, a pro- 
digious quantity of water, which remains, 
in this natural cistern, pure and limpid. 
Travellers have sometimes, when much 
oppressed with drought, been obliged to 
kill their camels, in order to obtain a sup- 
ply from these reseivoirs. 



FUTILITY OF THE OBJECTIONS 

TO THB 

IMMEDIATE ABOLITION OF COLONIAL 



Sir. 



SLAVERY. 



You ask me for answers to tbe following objoc- 
tions, which are urgecl against the ivnediaie 
emancipation of the slaves in oor colonies. In 
the compass of a letter I can only state the mailer 
shortly. J\ is urged that 

I. ** The slaves are idle and dissolute, and 
would not work to support themselves." 

II. "The whites would be driven from tiie 
islands, or their personal safety would be en« 
daoffered*" 

III. " The capital of the planters wonld be do* 
strayed, and the commerce and manufactorea of 
this country greatly iDJared*" 

Tbe two last are merelv appendages to the fiitl 
pffoposilion ; and, if this be a mtmlotta bypothe- 
sis reeling upon no faels, biM derived from a false 
analo^^^ the resMinder falls to the fUtwndL 

" The slavsa aie idle and dissolute :" we admit 
it fblly and fieely. How should they bo other* 
wise ? What indnoements have they to bo indw* 
trioos, temperate, and chaete t But they are idle 
only when working for their masters. They sup- 
port themselves by . voluntary labour. It is a 
great mistake to suppose tibat tbe slaves are alto- 
gether fed by the masters. And if they do now 
labour with unremitting toil in order to procure 
necessary food for themselves and families, will 
they not continue to do to 1 It is clear that the 
negroes must either work or plunder. And it is 
not conceivable that the same means by which the 
slaves are restrained should be inadequate to the 
preservation of order amongst the same men when 
free. It is a mistake, however, to suppose that 
the slaves have not a proper sense of the benefits 
of social order. The present race of slaves in our 
West India colonies have either been bom there, 
or have been there from so early an age that they 
are acquainted with no other mode of subsistence 
than that derived from agiicuUnre. Besides, the 
physical character of these colonies precludes the 
exercise of tbe pastoral life. Hence, to till the 
earth is considered by the slave to be an essential 
condition of his existence. 

And are negro timoet ooly chaacteriied by dis- 
solute and licentious habits? It will be tiine 



dea t with the w f l a emi i thus covertly 
intended wheathe distinetiaV is broadly stated; 
namely, that Ae wMtes arei^ under all circum- 
sftAces^ orderly, monl» and uUustrious. 

I' will prove that ftffd blacks, under every 
variety of condition, are able and willing to 
exercise the qualities of socisl life : — 

1st. With respect to the manumitted slaves in 
our coloDies ; 

2nd. With respect tp^the maroons, or descend- 
ants of runaway slaves ; 

3rd. With respect to tbe emancipated slaves of 
Hayti> Mexico, &c. 

4th. With respect to the native Africans. 

1st. In our West India Colonies there are 
a,bont 100,000 free persons of colour, winr wnr 
either manumitted slaves, or the descendants of 
such. In some of the islands there is not a single 
;».»».>#»^ ftf thffia nonnlfi **^ "*»*'» OAiksaiiaCli^^Hb' 
the public, and, throughout the whole, the num« 
her who received relief in a period of five years, 
was at the rate of 1 in 370 ; while, in the' same 
period, the number of whites who received aid as 
paupers, was as 1 in 40.* 

The testimony of the colonial authorities con- 
cwa with statistical facts in proof of the orderly, 
Boralf and industrious habits of these free 
negfoee. 

2nd. The maroons of Jamaica, though under 
circumstances the least favourable to any improve- 
ment, arO) nevertheless, sufficiently industrious to 
maintain themselves in sucb a manner that the 
population increases rapidly. Those of them who 
were established at Sierra Leone, in 1800, "have 
shown an aptness which gives them the first place 
in the colony as tradesmen." t 

3]d» Hayti, however, presents the most tri- 
inaphiiil relutation of tbe aspenions cast upon 
tbe hkck race. There, nearly 500,000 slaves, 
s«ddettly emMCTpatrd, have so iropoved their 
coiditie» that the popnlation haa doubled itself in 
thecoiiiee ol 30 years. Let it never be forgotten, 
thai it was at the latter e«d of the year 1793 that 
the slaves in St. Domingo weie emancipated; 
that tbe maasaciee, and burnings, aad pi underings, 
took plaee brfor9; and that Malenfaut, in 1794, 
states that—*' After this publie act of emancipa- 
tien, the negroe* remained quiet» both in the 
sontb and in the west, and ther continued to 
woik «pe» all tbe piaatations." He further says, 
that — **The oolony Aatttished under Toussaint. 
The whites lived happily* aadji» peace, upon 
their estatea ; and the nemes oentinued to work 
for them.'* This state or things is. up to 1802. 
It wae tbe attempt after thn. t^ re-establisb 
sUvtfy which led to the devastatiea that expelled 
the wbiieB»; and destroyed tbe capital embarked 
in the oulttvation of the soil* and the manufacture 
of sugar* Here, then, is tbs AH>k> upon which it 
is fabsly aaHuaed that emaacipMion will be fol- 
lewod by desetetiom. 

In tbe repnblic of Mestoo, tlie slaves were snd- 
danly* omanBipaird; . aad* 1 challenge* evidence 
that the act has been followed by any ill conse- 
quences to society. 

4th. Tbe concurring testimony of all traveUtrs 
to the present day respecting the Africans, shows 
that, in their own country, they are an industrious 
people, cultivating the earth, even though at the^ 
risk of not rei^ping that they have sown. Wbeiw 
ever the contrary to this is found, it is tbe efiect 
of the wars, produced mainly by the slave trade, 
which the slavery of the European colonies excites 
and maintains. 

The conclusion, then, is inevitable, tbat Ae 
slaves are fit for freedom, and that their emaiici- 
pation should not be delayed an hour longer than 
IS necessary to give it full and complete effect : 
meaning thereby, " the substitution ot a system of 
judicial restraint for the irresponsible authority of 
the master." 

I have argued this 'Subject as a mere question of 
intellect, a dry investigation of the understanding. 
And, if immediate emancipation is tku$ d o M on - 



■•*■ 



* Parliuneatanr Papen, 1890. 

f Report of CommimoD of Knqairy, Sierra Leone, Par- 

liuuotarj Pspcrw, 18«7. 



Xfi£ TOtJKiBr. 



mi 



8tiable, does it not becpne imperative when \ 
viewed ax a question of morals between man and 
man, and of religion, between man and his Crea- 
tor! He who holds hit brother in slavery pre- 
Yents the exercise of his* free agency, and is, there- 
fere, chargeable, by his own act, with the moral 
fciyeeiibility frem which that brother nay be ex- 
MMaled. 1 wa«ld not be in thia swlal poikioii 
for «11 ihii this wodd can bettow. 

I am, 
Your's fiincera^y, 

C. K, U. 



DESCaUFnON OF A LION-FIGHT 
AT ROME. 

The Empeior's arrival oommeneed the grand 
diqfelii>y* He took his place under the euitains 
ef the loy^ pavilion* The dead were remov- 
ed ; peifuwes >vere scattered through the air ; 
xoee-water was sprinkled Irom silver tubes on 
the ^Khansted multitude; music resounded; 
iiWAQse bttmed; ^d, in tlie midst of these 
IMepamtions of luxury, the tenors of the lion 
€omhat began. 

A portal of the arena opened, and the eom- 
hataat, with a mantle thrown over his face 
iwd figure, vms led in, surrounded by soldiery. 
The lion roared and ramped against the bars 
cf its den at the sight The guiurd put a sword 
and buckler into me hands of the Christian, 
and he was left aloue. He drew the mantle 
from his face, and bent a slow and iirm look 
sound the amphitheatre. His fine countenance 
smd loii^ beiwng raised an universal sound of 
admiratmn. He mi^ht have stood for an 
A|M>Uo enoeunteriug the Python. His eye at 
last turned on mine. Could I Mieve my 
senses ! Constantiiis was before me ! 

All my rancour vanished. An hour past I 
could have struck tlie betrayer to the heart. I 
.eeiild have called on the severest vengeance of 
man and heaven to smite the destroyer of my 
«hild. But to see him hopelessly doomed; 
4he man whom I had honoured for his noble 
qualities, whom I had even loved, whose 
crime was at worst but the crime of giving way 
10 the strongest temptation that can bewilder 
the heart of man ; to see this noble creature 
flung to the savage beast, dying in tortures, 
tMU piecemeal before my eyes, and this mi- 
lieiy wEoug^ by me — I would have obtested 
earth and heaven to save him. But my tongue 
cleaved to the roof of my mouth. My limbs 
refused to stir. I would have thrown myself 
at &e feet of Nero ; but I sat like a man of 
«tone, pale, pani}yaed--4he beating of my 
pulses Qtoppea-*my eyes alcme alive. 

The gate of the den was thrown back, and 
the lion rushed in with a loar, and a bound 
that boie him half aerees the arena. I saw 
the sword glitter in the air: vthen it waved 
again, it was oovered with blood, and a howl 
told that the Uov had been driven home. 
The lion, one of the largest from Numidia, 
and m«4e furious by thirst and hunger, an 
animal of prodigious power, couched iix an 
instant) as if to make sure of his prey, crept a 
few pMe» onward, and tpnmg at the vietom's 
throat. He was" met by a seeond wound, but 
his inqpulse was iiresistible, and Cenetantius 
was-- flung upon the gmmd. A cry of natoral 
henor rang round the amfriliithealre. The 
otruggle was now for instant life or death. 
They rolled over eaeh other ; the lion reared 
on its hind feet, and, with gnashing teeth and 
distended talons, plunged on the man ; again 
they rose together. Anxiety was now at its 
wiloeetheight. llie swerd swung round the 
champion's head in bloody drsles. . Tbav fell 
fueain, covered with gc^re and dast The hand 
m Coneiaiititts had gmq>ed the lion^ aane. 
and the furious bounds of the monster coula 



not loose the hold ; but his atmgth was evi* 
dently giving way: he still struck terriMe 
blows, but each was weaker than the one be« 
before ; till, collecting his whole force for a 
last effort, he darted one mighty blow into the 
lion's throat, and sank. The savage yelled^ 
and, spouting out blood, fled bellowing round 
the arena. But the, hand still gmsned the 
mane, and his conqueror was dragged whirls 
ittg through the (lust at his heels. A univer- 
sal crv now arose to save him, if he were not 
already dead. But the lion, though bleedinr 
from every vein, was still too teiribk, and aU 
shrank from the hazard. At length the grasp 
gave way, and the body lay motionless on 
the ground. 

Whathannened for some moments after I 
know not. Tnere was a struggle at the portal ; 
a female forced her way through tlie guards, 
rushed in alone, and flung henelf upon the 
victim. The sight of a new prey roused the 
lion ; he tore the ground with his talons ; he 
lashed his streaming sides vith his tail; he 
lifted up his mane, and bared his iang& 
But his approach was nolonger with a boimd ; 
he dreadea the sword, and came snuffing the 
blood on the sands, and stealing round the 
body in circuits still diminishiag. The confu- 
sion in the vast assembly was now extieme. 
Voices innumerable called for aid. Women 
screamed and fainted; men burst out into indig- 
nant clamours at this prolonged cruelty. Even 
the hard hearts of the populace, accustomed as 
they were to the ^^acrifice of life, were roused 
to honest curses, llie guards gra^i^ed their 
arms, and waited but for a sign from the em- 
peror: but Nero gave no sign. 

I looked upon the woman's face. It was 
Salome ! I ^rung upon my feet. I called on 
her name ; I implored her by every feeling of 
nature to fly from that place of deadi, to 
come to my arms, to think of the agonies of all 
that loved her. 

She had raised the head of Constantius on 
her knee, and was wiping the pale visage with 
her hair At the sound of my voice she looked 
up, and calmly casting back tlie locks from her 
forehead, fixed her gaze upon me. She still 
knelt: one hand supported the head, with tlie 
other she pointed to it as her only answer. I 
again adjured her. There was the silence of 
death among the thousands round me. A 
sudden tire dashed into her eye, her cheek 
burned. She waved her hand vrith an air of 
superb sorrow. 

'< I am come to die," she uttered iu a loftv 
tone. " This bleeding body was my husbana. 
I have no father. The world contains to roe 
but this day in my arms. Yet," and she 
kissed the ashy lips before her, "yet,, my 
Constantius, it was to save that father 
that your generous heart defied the peril of 
this hour. It was to redeem him from 
the hand of evil that you abandoned a quiet 
hcMne ! Yes, cruel fatner, here lies the noble 
being that threw open your dungeon, that led 
you safe through conflagration, that to the 
last moment of his liberty only thought how 
he might preserve and protect you." Tears at 
length felt in floods from her eyes. " But," 
saia shci in a tone of wild horror, " he was 
betrayed ; and may the Power whose thunders 
avenge the cause of his pec^le, pour down just 
retribution upon the head that dared"- ■ 

I heard my own condemnation about to be 
uttered by tiie lips of my ehild. Wound pp 
to the last degirae of suffering, I tore my haii^ 
leaped on the bars before me, andjplunged 
into the arena by her side. The height was 
stnnning; I' tottered fbrward a few paces, and 
fell. Ine lion gavea roaradd spnmg upon me» 



I Jty iielpleas wi^r <him. I Mt bis fieiy 
breath— I saw his lurid eye glaring— 1 heard 
the gnashiiig of his white fangs above me. ., 

An exulting shout arose. — 1 saw him reel as 
as if strucL^-Qore filled his jaws-rAnolher 
mighty blow was driven to bis heart— fie 



dropneil ; ^« «as > dl«d*^ The snaphitheatre 
tluindered with aiylivmfttkm* 

With Salome dinginff to my bosom, Con- 
stantius raised me from ue ground. The roar 
of the lion had roused him from his swoon, 
sndtwa blows lavied me. >The takoiiiiQwas 
broken in the heart of the monster. The whole 
multitude stood ujp, supplicating for our lives 
in the name of filial piety and heroism. Nero, 
devil as he was, dared not resist the strength 
of the popular feeling. 

He waved a signal to the guards ; thepdttal 
was opened, and my children sustaining my 
feeble steps, and diowered with garlands and 
ornaments by innumerable hands, slowly led 
me from the arena." — SaUthieL 



COFFIN DEALERS IN JAVA. 

These aire many eoffin-malcers in thi8<fMat 
city, where death so ofren keens his court, mad 
slays not only his ordinary mousands in the 
course of the*^rear ; but, at paitienlar seasons, 
strikes down )m tens of thousands— 4n tiie 
bouses — ^in the streets — in the fields : walking 
with the pestilence in doriuiess, and slaugfrter- 
ing with the arrow that flieth at nooB'day. 
We noticed partionlariy the Chinese 'coffins, 
which are not only exposed for sale in every 
undertaker's work*shop, bnt are frequently 
seen placed at tlie doors of their own dwellings ; 
for a China-man likes a good bargain of any 
kind, and will eagerly buy a coffin for himseiif 
if he can get it cheap, though be hopes to live 
forty years ; nor does the sight of it annoy 
him' with any feeling less pleasant than the re- 
collection that he has his money's worth in it 
These coffins are not expensire, being made 
both solid and spacious oat of four thick 
blocks of timber, the upper one forming the 
lid and projecting over the edges, wiih a 
shoulder-piece; the body of the chest, thus 
compacted, is nearly cylindrical. The burying- 
place of the Chinese belonging to Bala?ia, 
like one which we have elsewhere described, 
is on the slope <fi a hill, where the graires are 
disposed in me most exact order, as cells, with 
their precious deposits sealed up in masomy, 
or briok-woric, with ornaments aocoMking to the 
rank or riches of the deceased. A aeeend 
corpse is never laid in a sepulchre already-oc- 
cupied. — Bennet mid Tyemuin's Vo^a^tt. 



THE TWO FOUNTAINS. 
(Frmn Moore't Eatmngi m Grum.) 

I sawy from yonder silent cave, 

Twe fountains running side by side ; 
The one was Memory's limpid wave. 

The other cold Oblivion's tide. 
'* O Love !" said 1, in thoughtless dream, 

As o'er my lips the Lethe pass'd, 
*' Here, in this dtrk and chilly stiean, 

Be all my pains fsrgot at last." 

Bat who eould bear that gloaaoy Usok. 

Where joy was lost as well as petal 
Quickly of Memory's fount I draak. 

And broQght the past all back ^gaia : 
And said, '* O Love 1 whatever my lot« 

Still let this m>u1 to thee be true — 
Kather than have one bliss foi^ot. 

Be all my paint xememberetTioo !** 



168 



THE TOURIST. 



NOTICES TO CORRESPONDENTS. 

Wt have received cemmunieatUmi from B, C, 
A Hater of Slavery^ A Btuctonite, and A, 8, 

We are partiailariif obliged hjf the coNtrtitttum of 
Marien, aad hope we shall have te thank her for manjf 



THE TOURIST. 

MOKDAY, DECEMBER 3, 1832. 

ON THE DISUSE OF SLAVE SUGAR. 

Human nature lias been tenned a bundle of 
inconsistencies. Conflicting opinions are fre- 
quently entertained by the same person, and 
practices are sanctioned at open variance with 
the profession made. A very limited know- 
ledge of manlund will be sufficient to convince 
us of the accuracy of such a representation. 
We have only to compare the conduct with the 
recorded sentiments of men, in order to be 
assured of their frequent incongruity. On no 
point is this inconsistency more gross and pal- 
pable than on that whicn is referred to in ^e 
title of this paper. It is well known that a 
large and rapidly increasing portion of the Bri- 
tish public regard colonial slavery as a process 
of slow murder; and they appeal trium^iantly 
to the population returns or the sugar islands^ 
in justification of their estimate. It is not sim- 
ply that they view slavery with disfavour,— 
that they reg^urd tlie coerced and uni«mune- 
lated labour of the African as impolitic and 
unrighteous. Such a conviction would, in all 
honesty, pledge them to abstain from the con- 
sumption of slave produce, — tp withhold from 
such a system of exaction and wrong die 
slightest share of their patronage. But the 
truth of the matter is, their conviction of the 
iniquity of British colonial sla^erv is much 
stronger than we have supposed. They believe 
it to be a barbarous and cursed system, involv- 
ing the woTbt features of rebellion against God 
with imparalleled cruelty to man. . And yet 
they patronize it: they encomttge the planter 
in the perpetiation of wron^^, yea, they bribe 
him to coerce the labour of his daves to a mur- 
derous extent But how, it may be asked, is 
this done ? How can charges of so serious a 
nature be established ? NoUiing is more easy. 
We consume the articles which the planter 
sends us, and moro especially his sugar, to 
which our observations now extend. It is in 
the production of this latter article that the 
misery of the skves is perfected. Hiey are 
worked on an average tnrough the year six- 
teen hours per day, and their labour during 
the greater part of this time is performed under 
the impulse of the whip. Human nature can- 
not endure such exaction. It is a demand 
which her powers aro not competent to meet : 
and we find, what general principles would 
have led us to anticipate, that Uie negro po- 
pulation throughout the sugar colonies is rar 
pidly decreasing. 

** Of all the evils to which the Negro is lia^ 
ble, throughout the whole system of slavery, 
t}iere is not a greater than this — uightrwork on 
suffar estates. In proof of tlus, my Lord, only 
}(M at the facts to be found in a late return to 
Parliament, of the average increase and de- 
crease of slaves for the five preceding years to 
1S38, on the principal properties in Jamaica, 
distinguishing coffee and other plantations 
from Sie sugar estates. We find firom these 
returns, one sugar estate with e6S slaves, on 
which there has been an average decrease of 
ten. On another, with 242 slaves, a decrease I 
o£ fifteen ; and on a third, called Blue Moun- 1 



tain, the still more fearful waste of human 
life discovered, in va average decreate of sevens 
tetn Negroet annttally out of 31 4 — or eighty' 
five slavegj being equal to one-fifth of the whole 
^Milaiionj cut off in the space of five years! 
Tne estates of John Thorp, situate in uie pa- 
rish of Trelauney, show a diminution of mim- 
bers, within the same period, amounting to 
two hundred, out of a population of 2809. But 
on the cofiee plantations, where night-work is 
unknown, mark the contrast; on a plantation 
having 214 slaves, the average increase for five 
years is three per cent per annum ; and, taking 
an extensive parish, the staple commodity of 
which is coffee, the average increase through- 
out is not less than three per cent, per annum. 
Can there be a more convincing proof of the 
shocking waste to which human life is subject 
on sugar estates (and owing mainly to the 
system of night- work), than this ? And yet to 
such a system must tlie man of grey hairs, or 
the mother of a numerous offspring, after tmling 
throughout the day, under the scorching beams 
of a tropical sun, submit ; and again be ex- 
posed to the bleak north wind, to the chilling 
mists of heaven, or to the pelting rain ; anc^ 
when overtaken with sleep, to lie down &int 
and weary, and at the risx of a heavy punish- 
ment, under the great canopy of heaven, with- 
out another comforter, save Him, who pities 
the oppressed."* 

From the population returns we learn, that 
in fourteen sugar colonies the decrease of the 
Negroes, on an avenup of the last eleven years, 
has been 58,601. The ' advocates of slavery 
have endeavoured to account for this decrease 
by various theories, which are sufficiently dis- 
proved by the notorious fact, that the Maroons 
in Jamaica, the free blacks throughout our co- 
lonies, and even the slaves in America and 
on the coffee plantations in our own islands, 
are uniformly increasing. The decrease on 
sugar plantations cannot therefore be account- 
ed for by circumstances which exist equally in 
the case of those other classes. There must 
obviously be something in the nature of their 
employment, and its duration and intensity, 
which shall account for a difference so palpa- 
ble. — This argument is strengthened by the 
fact, that the rate of decrease in the sugar 
colonies bears an observable proportion to the 
quantity of sugar produced, in Demerara, 
Trinidad, and the Mauritius, for instance, 
whence the exportation of sugars has been 
largest in proportion to the number of slaves, 
the Negro population has decreased most ra- 
pidly; while in Barbadoes and Dominica, where 
little sugar is grown, the slaves have slightly 
increased; and in tiie Bahamas, where no 
sugar is raised, their increase has been rapid. 
The increase in the latter case has been sub- 
sequent to the abandonment of sugar cultiva^ 
tion. As long as the soil would furnish a crop 
of sugar-canes, the slaves in the Bahamas an- 
nually diminished; but, immediately that it be- 
came too exhausted for this purpose, the same 
race multiplied. The depressing force was 
removed, and nature acted on her general 
law. 

Such is the fact What, then, is the course 
which we pursue? Manifestlv such as no 
moral principle or humane feeling can sanc- 
tion. We receive the sugar raised at this 
sacrifice of human life. We exempt it from 
fair competition with free-labour sugar by our 
bounty and protecting duties. We give on an 
average several hundreds annually to each 

imnmmmmma^^^a^mK^m^mmemammma^tm^mmK^mi^mK0i^mmmHa^^emmaanmma^e^^K0i^^ai^a^teeei^mem 

• Rev. J. M. Ciew's Letters to the Duke of 
Wellington, 1830. 



West India planter as an encouragement of 
his expensive and murderous system, and after 
all are insulted and threatened with rebellion. 
When will the national conscience be aroused 
to the moral obliquity of such a course? When, 
especially, will British Christiaiis do justice to 
their principles, by withdrawing their patioiir 
a^ from so accursed a traffic ? The ^stem is 
within our power, and we may do with it as 
we please. If our rulers refuse to manumit 
the slaves, we may accomplish it ourselves^ 
by a process which,' though slower, will be as 
effectual. If the opposition of the West India 
party prevent any pariiamentary enactment, 
we have only tp exclude their produce from 
our dwellings, and the triumph of humanitv 
will be achieved. Let us, then, combine with 
a zeal and self-devotedness worthy of the 
cause. Let associations be formed throughout 
the kingdom for the exclusion of West India 
sugar. Let the ministers of religion take a 
leiui in this movement, and outraged humanity 
will rise from its oppressions, and bless our 
name. 

We have commonly heard it alleged that 
such an attempt is hopeless; but we are per^ 
suaded to the contrary. This is the common 
plea of supineness, and should be treated as 
such. Suppose it were weU founded, would 
it justify our continued encouiajeement of 
cruelty and murder f If we can effect no im- 
provement in the condition of tlie slave, we are 
^et bound to abstain from the infliction of in- 
jury. If we cannot manumit, we must refrain 
from rivetting his chains. We owe it to our- 
selves as w^l as to the negro to wash our 
hands of this pollution. 

But positive benefit must follow. If the 
slave-holder finds the sale of his sugars greatly 
diminished, he will, as a mere matter of com- 
mercial policy, modify his system, 'so as to 
meet the views of his customers, and to pre- 
serve himself from ruin. Let hiin once per- 
ceive that the British public are thoroughly 
resolved no longer to encourage him in their 
market, and he will abandon slavery ratiier 
than abide by its consequences. Tfie same 
plan would work redemption to the slaves in 
various other ways. It would materially lessen 
the value of slaves, and thus fadlitate manu- 
mission. This appears by the returns from the 
slave colonies jprinted May 9th, 1826, and num- 
bered 353. liiese returns embrace a period of 
five years — ^from the 1st of January, 1821, to 
the 31st of December, 1826. Amongst other 
matters, they furnish the number of slaves sold 
in execution for their masters' debts, specifying 
their age, sex, price. Sec, Hence we team the 
average price <Mf slaves in the different islands, 
and the following are some of the results 
ascertained. In Demerara, a sugar colony, 
the value of the slave is £86 sterling, and in 
Berbice £90; while in Baibadoes, whence 
little sugar is exported, his price is reduced to 
£28 ; and in the Bahamas, where no sugar is 
raised, he may be purehased for £21 8«. How 
much greater the facility of manumission in 
the latter islands than in the former! — and 
how much more enviable in consequence the 
condition of the slaves ! 

But this is not all. The time of a slave in 
a sugar colony is of more value to his master 
than in any other. Hence the labour exacted 
from him is more protracted and intense, and 
the opportunities of improving his own condi- 
tion are proportionally smaUer. But, further, 
in sugar colonies, the slaves are mainly de- 
pendent on imported goods with which their 
masters supply them. These are given in such 
quantities as barely suffice for die maintenance 



k 



rf life, and nothing can, in consequence, be 
'Mred by the nepo u part of the price of his 
redemption. Bnt when the cultiTaiion of 
aagn ceawa, the nuuter finds it for hia prolit 
to gin ptovinon Krounds W his alavra, on 
wUch they raise their own Bupport. Hence 
fliej bectnue the small poulterers and green- 
grooets of the commnnity, and are enabled, Ui 
naay cases, gradually to accumulate a sufn- 
dent sum to pnichaie theix freedom. The 
<7*em, therefore, which we recommend, ope- 
ntea in their favonr two ways : it reduces their 
TBlne, and it eopplies them mth money. Eng- 
UAmen ! let your hereditary love of freedom 
dictate the course you should puraue. Open 
ereiy door of esope to yonr oppressed and 
wretched fellow-subjects. Restore to them, br 
ewiy means in yotir power, the rights of which 
Umt are deprifed, the joys which have long 
Wn strangers to their breasts. Then wiD you 
have the purest satisfaction which is allotted 
to hnmanity on earth, and will shield vour 
eonutry from those ap^inc evils with which 
a retributive providence will otherwise virit it. 

euBsiruENCB of the Biiltic. 
A iiHOULka and interestine fact has been 
respecting the level of the Bailie. 



THE TOURIST. 

It was Euq»ected that the waters of this sea 
were gmxlually sinking; but a Memoir in the 
Swedish Tiansaclions for 1833 lias put the 
change beyond doubt From Intitude 56 lo 
63 degrees, the observadons show a mean &11 
of one foot and a half in forty vaus, or four- 
tenths of an inch annually, or three feet four 
inches in a centuiy. The Baltic is very shal- 
low at present ; and, if die waters contlnne to 
sink as they have done. Revel, Abo, and a 
hundred other ports will, bj and by, become 
inland towns ; the gulfs of Bothnia and Fin- 
land, and ultimately the Baltic itself, will be 
(longed to dry land. 



Atiribuud to (A< Bight Hm. Cttirgi Canniaf. 

Here rasti — and let no lancy knave 

Ficinme to ineer and liugh, 
To leim that muuldering in tha grave 

I» laid— a Britiili catf. 

For he who writes these Uati ii sure 

That ihoic that leod (he whole 
Will fiod such laugh is premature. 



And here five little ones npose, 

Twin-boTD with other Gva, 
Unheeded by thur brother low, 

WhonowaieallflKr.. 
A leg awl foot, to speak tnoie pta 

Rest bete of cue commauiiDg, 
■Who, I 

Lost 
And whertdw gnus, with thnndv ftwaght, 

Poor'd blllels thick a* hail, 
Could only in this wij be taught 

To give the foe itg-iail. 
And now in Eogland, jnit as gay 

At in the batue braie. 
Goes lo the rout, review, or pUy, 

WiA tHtfant at l*< grmvt' 
Fortune in vain here showM her spitt, 

For be will still be found, 
Should EneUod'i sons eugage in fight, 

Resolv'd to land Ml gnnd. 
For rorlune'i pardon I muit beg — 

She mesut nol lo disarm ; 
And when she lopp'd the hero's leg. 

She did not seek his h-arm ; 
And but indulg'd a hannlev whim, 

Since be codd walk with one. 
She isw two legs were lost on him. 

Who never meanl to run. 



SCULPTURE OF THE FATES INTERRUPTED BY THE GODDESS OF HEALTH. 



Hark with what fiual sUII yon deathful pair 
The web <d haman daatiny prepare ; 
■ life's brittle thread those mtblcMSisurs hold, 
. A>d swift aioond the impelDoaa wbetl u roll'd. 
A third moie dreadful usiei near tham stands. 
The fatal shears extended in her hands, 
Eager lo itrike the blow, and seal the doom 
Of tone pale nctim trembling o'er ibe tomb- 
Tit K ancient mythology recognized a 
power superior to that of the goda, namely, 
tbaX of fate, or necessity. Hence Herod- 
otus quotes an oracle which declared that 
" God hinuelf could not shun his des- 
. lined fate;" and in the fragments of 



Philemon we find the following sentence: 
" We are subject to kings, kings to the 
gods, and the gods to necessity." In- 
deed, to suoh B height was this impiety 
carried, in the earliest ages of Greece, 
that we find Homer and Hesiod teaching 
that the gods themselves were generated 
by Necessity of Night and Chaos. The 
same power exercised an uncontrolled 
dominion over the events and duration of 
human life, and in this character is re- 
presented by the three sisters, seen in the 
above engraving. They were called 
Parcte ; which name, as we are informed 



by an ancient commentator, is an instance 
of a very singular figure common in the 
Latin language, being derived from the 
word^wrco, " to spare," because, forsooth, 
thei/ ipare nobody .' 

Their personal appellations were, CIo- 
tho, Lachesis, and Atropos; of whom die 
first held a distaff, the second spnn the 
thread of human destiny, and the third 
cut it short with a pair of scissors— tiius 
determining the close of life. The an- 
cients imagined that the Parce used white 
wool for a. long and happy life, and black 
for a short and unfortunate one. 



110 



THE TOURIST. 



DECISIVE BATTLE BETWEEN THE 
IDOLATERS AND THE CHRISTIANS 
IN THE ISLAND OF TAHITL 

The 12th of November, 1815, was the most 
eventful ^ay tiiatiiad yet occuired m the his- 
tory of Tahiti. It was the Sabbath. In the. 
forenoon, Pomare, and the people who had 
come over from Eimeo, probably about eight 
hvHMlrad, mlwwifckd for puMic wor4iip at a 
place called Nalii^ Bear me village of Buna- 
auia, in the -district of Atefaurn. At distant 
points of the district they stationed piquets ; 
and, when divine service *was about 4o com- 
mence, and the individual who was to officiate 
stood up tosiettd Ihe first hymn, .« firing of mus- 
kets was heard; and, looking out of the building 
in whiah th^y w«re assembled, a large body of 
armed men, preceded and attended by the 
flag of t^ gods^ 4u^ the varied endblems of 
idolatry, weie seen marcluag fotmd a distant 
point of land, and advancing towai'ds the 
place where they were assembled. It is war ! 
it is war ! was the cry which re-echoed through 
the place ; as the approaching army were seen 
from different parts of tlie building. Many, 
agreeably to the precatttioDs of tibe Missiona- 
ries, had met fbrwor^tp under arms; others, 
who had not, were preparing to return to their 
tents, and arm for the battle. Some degree of 
confosion consequently prevailed. Pomare 
arose, and requested them all to remain qui- 
etly in their places ; stating, that they were 
under the special protection of Jehovah, and 
had met together for his worship, which was 
not to be forsaken or disturbed even by the 
approach of an enemy. Anna, formerly an 
Areoi and a warrior, now a Christian teacher, ! 
who was my informant on these points, iheii 
read the hymn, and the congregation sang it. 
A portion of scripture was read, a pnyer <6lfeT- 
ed to the Almighty, and ihe service dosed. '[ 
Those who were uiianned now repdij?ed to 
their tents, and procured their wM^poos. 

In assuming the posture d «mnoe, ^e 
king^s friends formed tUimsehes «Mo two tnr 
or t^ree columns, one On the 'Sear^beoKAn, «i»d 
the other at a short distance tewavdslheVMVKi*^ 
tains. Attached toPormge^soainywu&aiMMtt 
ber of refugees, who lifld, during Ike hikeKMm- 
motions in Tahiti, taken shiAter linger liis|iK>^ 
tection, but had not embrace4 Chi3.s(iaaii|;y ; 
on these the king and his adli«(«ats placed no 
reliance, but stationed ^Kin 4ft the QesaXHe^ <or 
the rear. The Bure A$(ui re^esteAfta^xtm. the 
viro or front line, advanced ^|ttai*d; attd the 
apoa viri, or cheek of their Imkks ; ^MMe liie 
people of Eimeo, immUBikalb^ in ^&ie rear, 
formed what they calledthe tojfmuiy or fifaiMil- 
der, of their army. In tbemst ii the line, 
Anna, L^paparu, Hitote, and others eeffiiAy 
distinguisnea for their steady adherence to the 
system they had adopted, took their station on 
this occasion, and tiiowed tbeir reatUness to lay 
down their lives rather than relinquish the 
Ohfisciati-ftilh,'«nd Ichc pri^leges it conferred. 
Mahiae, the king of Hui^ine, and Pomare- 
va]ii|)e, ilie heroic daughter of the kasg of 
Haiatea, with those of their people who had 
professed Christianity, arranged themselves in 
battle-array immediately behind the people of 
fJii^LO, forming the main, body of the army. 
Mahviie «n this occasion wore a cnrions hel- 
net, covered on the outifide with plates of tlie 
4>eautifiil}y spotted cewre, «r tiger-shell, so 
abundant in the islaurls; and ornamented 
with a plume of the tropic, or man-of-war 
bird's feathers. The queen's sister, like a 
daughter of Pallas, tall, and rather masculine 
4b her Stature and features, walked and fought 
by Mahine'-s Aide, clothed in ifksnd of armour 



or defence, made with strongly twisted cords oi 
romaha, or native flax, and armed with a mus- 
ket and a spear. She was supported on one 
side by Farefau, her steady and courageou^ 
friend, who acted as her squire or champion ^ 
while Mahine was supported on the other ,by 
Patini, a fine, tall, manly chief, a relative of 
Mahine's family, and one who, with his wife 
and two children, has long enjoyed the paren- 
tal and domestic happiness resulting from 
Christianity, — but whose wife, prior to their 
renunciation of idolatry, had murdered twelve 
01* fourteen children. 

Pomare took his station in a canoe witli a 
number of musketeers, and annoyed the flank 
of his enemy nearest the sea. A swivel mount- 
ed in tlie stem of another canoe, which was 
commanded by an Englishman, called Joe by 
the natives, and who came up fvom Raiatea, 
did considerable execution during the engage- 
ment. 

Before the king's friends ixad properly form- 
ed themselves for i-egulax defence, the idola- 
trous army arrived, and the battle commenc- 
ed. The impetuous attack of the idolaters, 
attended with all the fury, imprecations, and 
boasting shouts practised by the savage wl^en 
rushing to the onset, produced by its shock a 
tcmporar}^ confusion in the advanced guard of 
the Christian army : some were slain, others 
wounded, and Upaparu, one of Pomare's lead- 
ing men, saved his life only by rushing into 
the sea, and leaving part of his dress in the 
hands of the .antagonist with whom he had 
grappled. Notwithstanding this, ^ttb assailants 
met ^ith steady avd detecninod tvsistance. 

Ovtn^werea, however, by shmAmcs, the viro 
'or front tMiks were ^iged %o p.ve way. A 
kind <^ iwrniag iiglit «e»neuced, <aiia the 
paities iauteraoiBgled In -all the ^onteion Mof 
barbarous wai&re. 

" Here wi^ht Ihe ln4eOQS' face -of war be toea, 

Stript «€ all pomp, tdorMoeat, and diagiibe/' 

T}ie ground on which they now fooght, ex- 
cepting tlat near the sea-beach, wa.s pavtiaHy 
covered with trees and bushes; which at tiaies 
sqiarated the ocntendiag parties, umi tutor- 
cepted their view of each other. Under these 
ctrcumstaaces it was, tliat the Christians, when 
not actually «qg«ged with their eaemies, olltea 
kneeled down on the grass, Aliher aog4y«r 
two or three toge^er, aiMi offered up an ejacu- 
latory prayer lo God — ^ihat he would cuvier 
their h^ds ia the <^lay of battle, and, if ame- 
able to his wdll, presene them, hat espeoiaSy 
prepad»<liem Ibi* the results of -libe d^, -^M^- 
ther victory or defeat, life «r deaXih. 

The battle <X)>Bti»Md te isi^ wiNb teoe- 
iiess ; aef«val weve hilled on he/dh «des ; llie 
tdolaters still pviisaed tiieir way, and victory 
seemed to attend their desolating march, imlil 
they came to the position occupied by Ma- 
hine, Pomare-vahine, and (heir companions in 
arms. The advanced ranks of these united 
bands met, and arrested the progress of the 
hitherto victorious idolaters. One of Ma- 
hine's men, Aaveae, pxeroed the body of Upa- 
fara, the chief of Papava, and thecoramaa<kr- 
in-chicf of the idolatrous forces. The wounded 
warrior fell, and shorty afterwards expired. 
As he sat gasping on the sand, his friends ga- 
thered round, and endeavoured to stop the 
bleeding of the wound, and afford every as- 
sistance his mroumstances appeared to require. 
'* Leave me,^* said the dying warrior : " Mark 
yonder man, in front of Mahine's ranks; he 
inflicted this wound; on him veveoge my 
death." Two or thtee athletic men instantly 
set off for that purpose. Reveae was retiring 
towards the main body of Mahine^s men, when 



one of the idolatefs, wha had outnui hiBoooi- 
pauions, sprang, upon him before he w^s^wpire 
of his approach. Unable to throw hiia on <jbie 
sand, he cast his arms around his neck, ififBd 
endeavoured to strangle, or at least to s^- 
cure, his prey, until some of his .companiops 
should arrive and despatch him. Bavoae vyps 
armed with a short musket, which he had 3»^ 
loaded since wounding the chief; of this, it is 
supposed, the man who held him was mcMOip- 
scious. Extending his arms forward, Q^Cf^ne 
passed the muzzle of his musket widec hi& 
own arm^ suddenlv turned his body on im»e 
side, and, pulling the trigger of his^ piece M the 
same instant, shot his antagonist tltroi^ the 
body, who immediately lost hold ofhi^ |»«y, 
and fell dying to the ground. 

T|ie idolatrous army continued to %ht wUii 
obstinate fury, but were unable to i^dvance/ ^r 
make any impresaon on Mahine and Pomue- 
vahine's forces. These not only ^"^?n*ni?if*^ 
their ground, but forced theu: adveraaQ«» 
back ; and the scale of victory now appearad 
to hang in doubtful suspense over, the oontend- 
ing parties. Tino, the idolatrous priest, and 
his companions, had, in the name of Oro, 
promised their adherents a oettain und an easy 
triumph, lliis inspired them £or the conflict, 
and made them more oonfidefit and ^bstiaale 
in battle than they would otherwise have been ; 
but the tide of conquest, which had rolled with 
them in the onset, and during the early part 
of the engagement, was already turned against 
them, and, as the tidings of their leader's death 
became more extensively known, they spread 
a panic through the ranlcs he had commanded. 
1 ne pagan army now gave way before their 
opponents, and soon fled precipitately from 
the field, seeking shelter in their pari's, strong- 
holds, t>r hiding-places in the mountains ; 
leaving Pomare, Mahine, and the princess 
item. Kaialtea, in undisputed possession of the 
field. V 

Flushed with success, in the moment of vic- 
tory, the king's warriors were, according to 
lonaer «B|ge, pijsparing to pursue the flying 
enemy. Jtaotre approached, and exclaimed 
ileetift .' ft is OBOi^! >and strictly prohibited any 
«f his varneM 'fycfm ifursuing those who had 
fied fton the £eid <of battle : forbidding them 
also to repair to the villages of the vanquished, 
to jtaider their property, or murder their 
hdploBs wiviea and cnildren. — EUis^s Pofy" 
MBsmurcIies. 



SIMPLE EXPEDIENT. 

Cv the gnuute quarries near Seringapatam, . 
4Jhe flBost enormc »us blocks are separated from 
the solid rock by the following neat and simple 
process. The workman having found a portion 
of the rock 8ttffieientfy,6aBt<fi8iv«,4ind situated 
near the edge of the part already quarried, 
lays base the mppet sur&oe, -asd raaihs <m it a 
line in the durecti<m of the hUended separation, 
along whioh a groove is out with a olrisei ahout 
aooupleof otdiesinidepth. Above this gyoove 
a aaaow hno of ^re is then kindledvand main- 
tained till Ihe rock bekvwis thoroughly heated, 
immediately on which a line of menand wo- 
men, each provided vrith a pot full of cold 
water, suddenly sweep off the ashes, and ponr 
the water into the heated ^Kioii«, when the 
rock at once splits with a clean ficactiuee. 
Square blocks of six feet in ihe side,. and up- 
wards of eighty feet in length, are !$ometimes 
detaohed by this method, or i>y another equally 
simple and edBcaoious, hwt not^MHily exphdnM 
' wi(boiU<oBterin|r into fMUtianhav vif miBei«fa>- 
gical deUdl-^HerschePs Natural Fhiloi'iphy. 



THE TOURIST. 



1^1 



LAISr DAYS OF VUTTAIBE. 

Wb have very full details of the last days of 
thi4 distiognjahed peison. He came to Paris, 
as is well known, after twenty-seven years- ab- 
sence, at the age of eishty-four ; and^ the very 
evebii^ he arrived, he recited himself the 
whole of his Irene to the players, and passed 
all the rest of the night in correcting the piece 
for ' ity ies ep tation. A few dsysafifter, he was 
seised with a vioknt vomiting of blood, and 
iusfautlT called stoutly for a pfiest, saying, 
that thay sheuld not throw him ovt on the 
■duQfhilL A priest was aoo(»dtegly brought, 
and the patriarch vefy gravely sahscribed a 
profession of^ Ins fait]/ in the Christian Reli- 
gion; ofwhich he wasashamed,- and attempted 
to make a jest, as soi>Q as he i^coverod. He 
wa4 leoeived with unexamfiled honours at the 
AcSkdwny, the whole members of which rose 
tog^dter, and came out to the vestibule to escort 
him to tile hall ; while, ou the exterior, all the 
avenues, windows, and roofs of houses, by 
which his carriage had to pass, were crowded 
with spectators, and resounded with accla- 
mations. But tn^ great scene of his glory was 
the theatre ; in which he no sooner appeared 
than die whole audience rose up, and continued 
for upwards of twenty minutes in thunders of 
applause and shouts of acclamation, that 
filled the house with dust and agitation. When 
the piece was conchided, the curtain was again 
drawn up, and discovered the bust of their idol 
in the middle of the stage, while the favourite 
actress pli^ed a crown of laurel ou its brows, 
aAd recited some verses, the words of which 
could scarcely be distinguished amidst the tu- 
mttltnotts shouts of the spectators. The whole 
soene, says M. Grimm, reminde<l us of the 
classic days of Greece and Bome.^ But it be- 
came more truly touching at the moment when 
its object rose to retire. Weakened and agi- 
tated by the emotions he hacl experienced, his 
limbs trembled beneath him ; and, bending 
almost to the earthy he seemed ready to expire 
uader the weight of yeare and honoiurs that 
had been laid upon him. His eyes, filled 
with tears, still sparkled with a peculiar fire 
in the midst of his pale and faded countenance. 
All the beauty and all the rank of P^^nce 
crowded roimd him in the lobbies and stair- 
cases, and literally bore him in their arms to 
the door of his carriage. Here the humble 
nmltitiide took their turn ; and, calling for 
torches, that all might get a sight of him, 
they clustered round liis coach, and followed 
it to the door of his lodgings, with vehement 
shouts of admiration and triumph. This is 
the heroic part of the soene ; but M. Grimm 
takes care also to let ns know that the patriarch 
ajmeafed, on this occasion, in long lace ruffles, 
and a fine coat of cut velvet, with a grey 
periwig of a fashion forty years old, which he 
used to comb every morning with his own 
hands, and to which nothing at all parallel had 
been seen for ages, except on the head of 
Bachaumont the novelist, who was known, ac- 
cordinglvy among the wits of' Paris, by the 
name of ** Voltaire's wig-block." 

This brilliant and protracted career, however, 
was now drawing to a close. Retaining, to the 
last, that untameable spirit of activity and im- , 
patience which had characterized all his past' 
life, he assisted at rehearsals and meetings of 
the Academy with all the zeal and enlliusiasm 
of early youtli. At one of the latter, some ob- 
jeoliions were started to his magnificent project 
of giving a new edition of their dictionary, 
and he resolved to compose a discourse to ob- 
viate these objections. To strengthen himself 
for this task, he swallowed a prodigious quan- I 



tity of strong coffee, and then continued at 
woik for upwards of twelve hours without in- 
termission. This imprudent effcurt brought on 
an inflammation in his bladder; and, being 
UAA by M. De Richelieu, that he liad been 
much relieved in a similar situation by taking, 
at intervals, a few drops of laudanum, he 
provided himself with a large bo^e of that 
medicine, and, with his usual impatience, 
swallowed the greater part of it in the course 
of the mlgkt Tlie consequence was, as might 
naturalhr hare been expected, that be fell -into 
a sort of lethal^, and never recovered the nse 
of his faculties, except for a few minutes at a 
time, till the hour of his death, which hap* 
pened three davs after, on the evening of the 
30th of May, 1778. 

The priest to whom he had made his con- 
fession, and anotlier, entered his chamber a 
short time before he breathed his last He 
recognized them with difficulty, and assured 
them of his respects. OnO of them, coming 
close up to him, he threw his ann rotmd his 
neck, as if to embrace him; but when M. 
a Car6, taking advantage of this cordiality, 
proceeded to urge him to make some sign or 
acknowledgment of his belief in the Christian 
faith, he gentiy pushed him back, and said, 
*'Alas! let me die in peace." The priest 
turned to his oompanion, and, witli great mo- 
deration and presence of mind, observed aloud, 
" You see his faculties are quite gone." They 
then quietly left the apartment; and the dying 
man, having testified his gratitude to his kind 
and vigilant attendants, and named several 
times the name of his favourite niece, Madame 
Denis, shortly after expired. 

Nothing can better mark the character of 
the work before us, and of its author, than to 
state, that the dispatch which contains this 
striking account oi the last hours of his illus- 
trious patron and friend, terminates with an 
obscene epigram of M. Rulhiere, and a gay 
critique on the new administration of the 
Opera Buffa. 

There are various epitaphs on Voltaire, 
scattered through the secret of the volume : 
we prefer this verj- brief one, by a lady of 
Lausanne: — 



tt 



Ci git Tenfaiit gat6 da monde qu'il gata." 



Among the other proofs which M. Grimm 
has recorded of the celebrity of this extraordi- 
nary person, the incredible number of his por- 
traits that were circulated deserves to be no- 
ticed. One ingenious artist, in particular, of 
the name of Huber, had acquired such a fa- 
cility in forming his countenance, ^at he 
could not only cut most striking likenesses of 
him out of paper, with scissors, helj} behind his 
back, but ooiud mould a little bust of him, in 
half a minute, out of a bit of bread; and, at 
last, used to make his dog manufacture most 
exeeUent profiles, by making him bite off the 
edge of a biscuit which he held to him in 
thrae or four difierent positions l^^Edinhurph 
Beview nf M. GriirmCs Correspondence. 



MODES OF LIVING AMONG THE 
CHINESE. 

TfiB modes of living among the Chinese 
are, of cqurse, very different, according to the 
rank and wealth of the people; but the ex- 
tremes of luxury and misery are no where 
more ludicrously contrasted. Thc^e who can 
afford to purchase rare and expensive delica- 
cies grudge no cost for them, as is proved by 
the price paid for edible birds' nesU glutinous 



compositions, ibrmed lnyai l^M of swidl^, in 
vast clusters, found in eaves in the Nioobar 
and other islands), 5000 dollars beimi some- 
times given for a picul, weighing 1332 pounds. 
In the streets, multitudes or men are employed 
in preparing these for sale, with a pair of, 
tweezers, plucking from them every hair, or" 
fibre of feather, or extraneous matter ; and, at .' 
the same time, carefully preserving the fbrm 
of the nests, by pushing through tb^m very 
slender slips of bamboo. Sharks' fins are 
highly prized, and, when well-dried, they fetch 
a great price. The beche-de-lamer (a horrid* 
looking black sea-slug, formerly described), 
brought from the Pacific^ Islands, is also ex- ' 
ceedingly esteemed by Chinese epicures. But^ 
while Uie rich fare thus sumptuously, the mass 
of tlie poor subsist on the veriest garbage. 
The heads of fowls, their entrails, their feet, 
with every scrap of digestible ammal mattei^— 
earth-worms, sea-reptiles of all kinds, mts, and 
other vermin, are gredihr devoured. We have 
noticed lots of black frogs, in half dozens, 
tied together, exposed mr sale in shallow 
troughs of water. We have seen the hind- 
quarter of a horse hung up in a butcher^ duip, 
with the recommendation of the whole leg at- 
tached. A lodger in our hotel complains that, 
his bed-room being over the kitcnen, he is 
grievously annoyed in a morning by the nolaes 
of dogs and cats, which are slaughtered below 
for the day's consumption — but not at our 
table. Not a bone nor a green leaf is ev%r 
seen in the streets : some use or another is found' 
for every thing that would be refuse elsewhere. 
— Bennet and Tyerman^s Voyatges, 



THE PETITION 

OP 

THE SUGAR-MAKING SLAVES: 
Humbly addretud to the Contumert of Sugar, 

YOU DO wish that we should tufier. 

Gentle Massa, we are sure ; 
You quite williog we be happy. 

If you see it in your power. 

We are very long kept toiling. 

Fifteen hours in every day ; 
And the night for months is added. 

Wearing all our strength away. 

Tis because yoa love our sugar. 

And 80 very much you buy ; 
Therefora, day and night we labour, 

Labour, labour, till we die» 

Oh ! if less could e'er content you. 
Or you'd buy from Eastern isles. 

Yon would fill our hearts with gladness, 
And oar tearful eyes with smiles. 

Then we should have time to rest us. 
And our weary eyes might sleep ; 

We could raise provision plenty, 
And we might the Sabbath keep. 

TwouM not hurt us, Massa gentie, 
If you should our sugar leave; 

We should only fare the better, 
So yott need not for us grieve. 

*11s while plenty sugar's wanted. 
That we suflfer more and more: 

Ease us, Massa, ease our sorrow ! 
See, it is within your power. 

It should be enough for Massa, 

If we work as English do; 
All to want poor Negro's sugar. 

Makes our toil a killing woe. 



THE TOURIST. 



JAMAICA ADVERTI5F-MENTS. 

(Tnint thi Roiffi Jamaica CasctU.J 
Kingiton WeiUiOiM, April 27, 1832. 
Elitabeth, aliu Fnmcei, a Creole nsgro woinui, 
4 f«at 10} iiKhe*, marked S. U. D. on rigln 
(AouU*r, md hu ■□ impediment in ber ipeech, (o 
Miss Manr L. Watt, at Falmouth ; nmmittml on 
tbe 24th Saiamj, 1832. 

Manditilcr H'Brklmiae, Juni 13, 1B32. 
Hobeit WiUoD. alias Peter, a Cnole. 5 feet 6J 
imdiee, narjM JUT., htarC on lap, *n lij'l ihoaidtr ; 
hat marks '^fi'*gging on rtghi tlioutder, two Amall 
cuts on bii torehead. and the maik of a sore on 
right leg. 

&. Uary'i ICotMouk, Afajr 30, 1832. 



prioi to Wednoda;, thg 2Sth dav of July oeil. 
he will, on that day, between the houra of 10 and 
12 o'clock in ths forenoon, be put up to public 
■ale, and sold to the highest and best bidder, at 
the Court Houu, in Manning's Town, agreeably 
to the Workhouse Law sow iif force, fur paunuti'l 

cfhufii>. 

James Edwards, a Creole of St. Dorothy's, S 
IWt 1 incbes, says he is free. This man has 
already had thies Special Sessions, and can bring 



farwtid DO dominnd o; 



i whaievei 



Spanith Toitn WvrklioM 
Saady, a Creole, 5 feet i 



,1, M^l'^g "">rh 
JH ihouldtrt, ngbl ear bored, sajs be is a sailor, 
. belonging to the schooner Enterpiiie, Captain 

Port Royal Workhousi, June 29, 1832. 

James RohW, tlias James Dailey, a Sambo 
Creole. 5 feet 6) inches ; no mark ; savs he for- 
merly belonged lo Dr. Charles Gray Reed fde- 
ceased), of Camperdown; St. Ann's, who left him 
free (bM kai no documenti ef frteditmj, and (bat 
Ui. Angus, of 8t. Ann's, is br. Reed's executor. 
St. Georgi't Work!,euse. July 4, 1832. 

Joe, a Maeo, 6 feet IJ inch, marttd apparintly 
I. H, on ihtuldtTt ; a pitet of hii left tnr ii eat eff, 
and two of his lower front teeth are lost, to Miss 
Barnes, a black woman. Port Maria. 

Agnes, ■ Creole, 4 feel 1\ inches. marStd P. D. 
an right ilmulder, cupping marks on temples, says 
she belongs lo Stephen Hannaford, Esq., St. Do- 

The Jamica Ci»„-anl. 

StpHmisr 4, 1832. 
" Ran away from the Subscriber, sii weeks 
back, a negro man, bj tbe name of Richard, alias 
Charles ^Vtlliams. He is stout made, rather short, 
large whiskers, a painter by trade, formerly the 
property- ofUiss Rose Powell. It ia strongly sus- 
pected tbai he it harboured by hia wife, the pro- 
perty of Mrs, Austin, in Upper Hannah's Town. 
One pound six shilling and eight pence will be 
paid for his appreheniion, and a further sum of 
two paands thirteen shillings and four pence, by 
provmg to conviction by whom harboured. 

"MnsEsBaiNnoN." 

Stpltmber G, 1832. 
" Ran away from tbe Subscriber, on Saturday 
last, a negto woman by tbe name of Eve. alias 
Elitabeth Mitchell, wiib her infant child. She ii 
5 feet 8 inches in height, full eyes, wax once the 
property of Aleiaader Bravo, and afterwards Miss 
Ann Gibbons. It is strongly suspected that she 
M harboured by a black man by the name of Da- 
viea, who is her father- in -law, or by ber husband, 
John Bryan, a slave to Jlr. Scoll, Long Bay. 
Two pounds thirteen shillings and fnurpence will 
be paid for her apprehension ; and a further sum 
of ten pounds by proving to conviction by whom 
harboured. 

" E. L. WoOLfBYS." 



CHURCH OF ST. MARY REDCLIFF, BRISTOL. 



This beautiful btiilding appears to have 
been erected at different times, and by the 
pious zeal of different individuals. The 
old Chronicles of Bristol, under the year 
1294,mention a church built bySir Simon 
de Bniton on this site, and giants of land 
to it are dated as early as. 1207. The 
greater part of the present edifice appears 
to have been erected by William Canynge, 
a wealthy citizen of Bristol, in 1389. In 
1445, during a very violent stonn, the 
steeple was struck down by lightning, 
and the whole edifice so much injured by 
its fall as to be nearly in a ruinous state. 
The grandson, however, of the founder 
repaired it at great expense, and has in 
consequence received the honours of a 
second founder, in the archives of Bristol. 
This church has received the admiration 
of all judges of architecture : though 
lai^ and spacious, it has a light and airy 
appearance, and is sufficiently orna- 
mented, though not crowded with small 
and unbecoming decorations. It is 239 
feet in length, and 117 ia breadth. The 



tower at the west end of it is 148 feet ia 
height, and forms a fine object from the 
adjacent country. The church was re- 
paired in i 757, and then embellished with 
three beautiful paintings, from Scripture 
history, by the celebrated Hogarth. 

It has become, of late years, an object 
of some further curiosity, from ila being 
the place from whence Chatterton pre- 
tended to have drawn the poems which 
bear his name. He alleged that they 
constituted a portion of those ancient 
manuscripts which his father surrepti- 
tiously obtained from one "of a number of 
chests, which were preserved in a siuall 
room over the north porch of the church. 
The chest in question was supposed to 
have belonged to Mr. Canynge, of whom 
we have spoken, and was called Mr. 
Canynge's co/re. His story, however, 
was such a complete tissue of prevarica- 
tion and inconsistencies, that no one, we 
believe, lias yet been able to ascertain 
what part of it was true, and what was 
false. 



BREATH, tc. 4.:.— 

WALTER'S ANISEED PILUt.— Tb( naioenHi ind 
reipKUble iiuinionUli dully iwclvid of ihe Eilnordi- 
Biry efficacy of the ilxiTe Pills, in cgrlaf ihe man dti- 
Irettlng jind iH^-nuiUlihud illieuci or Ilie palmuisry iihI 



apcrlene 



> KnHclne which hi 



rally kKwii. They ire conpoKd ei , .. 

•wrioeeuililo iDKmiieati, and an lo tpcedy lo ihelr b 
ndil er«u, ibai li ontisary caui s few itmet batt I 



wither 



a Ibe b 






llM boweii, _.. , 

•DjDii ine nnpieaiiiii kdhhobi h fr«|iKIilly compliliKil 
of. The raUoHlDi caM( are mlmlilcii to tlie PnMk from 
mny In Ibe Pn>priet<j-i powHliai :— K. Bake, of GIoIm- 
hne, Mlle-ewt, wai wrftdly cnted of a vMest wuah, 
itwndMi with hoarKiemwIdck nodered hli apeech hun- 
diMe. by Iikini ihm or tonidoiet. B. Booley, of Queen. 

Hrael, UpllllAelHi, after aUw a f— •— — — 

cumi ora inoil Innlenle Saih, 
many inunihi, and Irled almoat ei 
eeu. Prepared by W. Waller, ii _ _ 

i>i>od. No. U, BMioinjBie Wltkoot, In boxes, 
and three 111 ii» ror lb M. I and by appatDKicnl, by Hia^ 
Oifoid^inet 1 Greui,No.41,WMle. 
Mo.ne. Hinnri : Sbirp. CroH-Ureet, 
. M. Hl|b4ti<el. Bomih ; AIUkb, 

- .. ., B«IbBd.iiHn : Pamir, lIploB-plKr, 

ComiocrFlot-nHd ; Hcidebonrek, HA, Hoibom; ani' ■-- 
all Ibe wtiolefale and — " m-<i.i-.v— .— ■- -■-- •'- 
Klotdi>n..-N.B. Ini 



Ii bt bud liiid ror 
'•old by 1. A. '^n. 



iiipcl.nHd: Pnwl, 

illuRon 1 Pink, No 

I, Brkk-laae. 



neVenlcn 



t Medicine, ibe PaUtc 



A, Sbirwcwd on ibc Oonrn 



:m Bump, ami W^alur 
re lo aik for " Waltrfs 



London : —Published by J. Caup, at No. 37, 

Ivy Lane, Patemoater Bow. 

Whm all Ccmmuniaitimii far the Editor argtatt 

riddraued. 

Tottn Agnti, 



B. Steil, Faltrnmt 
W. Hitange, HUIa 
G. Berber. J/a;yir«;j 



I. Clem 



a, Putttntf itm€ 



SinmiHgham, I. D, 



Dtrbf, Wllklui ind Son 
£rfii>h>rf«,J. Wardlaw 
FalmtHti,!. PhUp 
Glucw, ij.Gallie 
»mU, W. Stepbepion 
Oltlo, 1. NoMe 



, Pnrkeu. Camjitoi-itml 
I Lloyd, Hageiimirl 
CouutTy Agtttli. 



MaHctaler, R. RoUon 
JliUa, W. Ellert. 
Kttccailtr, Chan ben 
KontUJi, JtmU ami Bam 
Natibulum, C. Wright 

ffWcMn-ij. R.Han 
DUIa, H. DeJtbioa 



PriutedbyJ. Hiddan 






THE TOURIST; 

OB. 

Sitetcli M&tM of the Zitttt»^ 



' Utile dulci." — Horace. 



Vol. I.— No. 14. 



MONDAY, DECEMBER 10, 1832. 



Price One Pekkt. 



CATHEDRAL OF NOTPE DAME, AT PARIS. 



The cathedrals and other ecclesiastical 
edifices which arose throughout Europe, 
during the twelfth, aod three following 
centuries, are justly the pride of every 
country where they exist ; they form by 
Ar the most beautiful ornaments of their 
cfaief cities, and at once testify to the 
z«al and piety, taste, muniiicence, and 
peneverance, of the ages in which these 
beautiful structures were erected. If, in 
discarding the superstitions of by-gone 
times, we had retained a little of that ve- 
neration vith which every building was 
viewed that had once been coniecnited to 
Chriatian worship, we should not have to 
re^t the neglect and consequent decay 
of so many of our national antiquities. 
Time has destroyed much ; but the ruth- 
less hand of man much more. We anti- 
cipate, however, that, as knowledge and a 



love of science become more generally 
diffused, the desire tvill be evinced, by nil 
classes of society, for the preservation of 
these splendid productions of our fore- 
fathers. 

In no country of Europe have religious 
btiildings suffered so much from popular 
violence as in France : scarcely one is to 
be seen \i-hich has not been dtfaccd ; and, 
even within a very short period, the vene- 
rable and cuTioiiE church cf St. Gemiuin 
I'Auxerrois, and the arch i episcopal pa- 
lace attached to the metropolitan cathe- 
dral, havebeen, the one partially destroyed, 
the other razed to the ground. Previous 
to the late revolution, the government 
had, by yearly grants o\' money, assisted 
in repainng some of the mojt splendid of 
those edifices which had been mutilated 
in a spirit of most senseleis Vandulinn. 



To the cathedral of Notre Dame of Paris, 
of the rise and history of which we purpose 
to give a brief sketch, a sum of two 
thousand pounds was annually granted 
for its restoration ; and in a few years it 
would, no doubt, have been restored 
to its original beauty. It has suffered 
from every revolutiou , of which the 
French capital has been so prolific ; much 
of its exterior sculpture was destroyed 
during the insane fury of 1793; yet it 
is still a splendid fabric, and " may 
be consideTed as among the boldest ana 
most successful existing in Gothic archi- 
tecture." 

The present structure, vdiich is situated 
in the old city, on an island formed by the 
Seine, «as commenced in 1163, in the 
reign of Louis the Youi^. The first 
stone was laid by Pope Alexander III., 



114 



THE TOURIST. 



who was then a fugitive in Fcance, Mau- 
rice de Sully bein^ BiBhqp of Paris. . As 
early as the year 1189 it was sq far ad- 
vanced that diie higb. altar, was «OMe- 
crated ; and near the steps of it Geoffery, 
Duke of Brittany, son of our King Henry 
II., who died in Paris in 1186^ was in- 
terred ; yet two centuries mora elapsed 
before it was brought to its completion. 

The nave and west front, with its high 
and massive towers, are supposed to have 
been terminated about the year 1223. 
The south portal was commenced in 1257, 
and the northern one not until about 
fifty years after, in 1312 or 1313. Even 
as late as 1447, there is a record of a 
grant being made by Charles VII. to com- 
plete a psut of it, or to make sonie ad- 
dition. 

A curious and, no doubt, most interesting 
discovery was made during its progress. 
In the year 1218, on the pulling down of 
an old church dedicated to St. Stephen, 
which adjoined the south side of the ca- 
thedral, were brought to light the following 
relics, which are recorded to have been 
given to the church by Philip Augustus ; 
but it is not stated from whence he ob- 
tained them. They consisted of .three of 
the teeth of St. John the Baptist; an 
arm of St. Andrew ; a number of the 
stones with which St. Stephen had been 
martyre^ ; and a part of the head of St. 
Denis!-— the whole of which precious trea- 



tha cat&adnd, beginaingwith ChiUebert 
I., and terminating with rhilip Augustus. 
Not a vestige of them is remaining ; they 
were entirely destroyed in 1793. Above 
this gallery is the centre window, which 
is 43 feet in diameter, and still retains 
some of the fine stained glass of the 13t6 
century. The height of the towiers from 
the casement is about 221 feet, and the 
width of the facade about 1^ feet ; the 
extreme exterior length is about 449 feet, 
and the greatest width 162 feet. 

We have but little to add concerning 
the interior, the architectural effect of 
which is not very imposing ; the solid 
pillars of the nave, the double aisles 
which surround the choir, and the some- 
what grotesque basso relievos, represent- 
ing the life of Christ, may be, perhaps, 
interesting to the antiquary ; but ^ere are 
few that will not admire the splendid 
rose window of the south transept, which 
exceeds 45 feet in diameter, and was re- 
stored, in 1727, by Claude Penel, at an 
expense of four thousand pounds, which 
was defrayed by the Cardinal de Noailles. 
The choir is ornamented with some tole- 
rable pictures ^of the modem French 
school. 

Many extraordinary events, during the 
lap*! of ages, have pasaed within th« in- 
terior of the cathedral, bat none, perhaps, 
more memorable than the coronation of 
that child of Fortune, Napoleon Buona- 



sure was transferred, with much pomp I parte and his wife Josephine, on the 2nd 
and ceremony, to the rising cathedral, on of December, 1804, amidst all that was 



the 4th of December. 

The west front of the cathedral, with 
its towers and marigold window, of which 
we present to our readers a most faithful 
and spirited drawing, is remaikabk not 
only for its general effect, but for its ele- 
gant simplicity, bold chaiacter of outfine, 
and, what is radier tniiKHaftly its tmifionmty 
of design ; it nay be described as beia^ 
divided horizontally kilo four conpart- 
ments, the lowermost of wUdb huB for its 
centre the principal entrwice-jpordi ; am 
either side is a snnilar one of eemspond- 
ing character; theyofieB«fcblM|^^paiiilMl 
arches, and form deep recesses, gradually 
contracting to the doors ; they are ex- 
tremely b^utifnl, being highly decorated 
with alto-relievos. The sculptures above 
the doors of the middle porch represent 
the last judgment ; within the porch to 
the left of the spectator are sculptured 
various subjects from the New Testament, 
and within that to the right are the figures 
of prophets, evangelists, and saints ; but, 
unfortunately, the greater number of the 
statues are deprived of their heads, the 
monsters of the French Revolution having 
extended their impious fury even to the 
beheading of stones. Immediately above 
the porches is a gallery called the " Gal- 
lery of the Kings" from its having been 
decorated with the statues of twenty- 
eight of those who were considered to 
have been the pryicipal benefactors of 



splendid and illustrious ra their ca{Htal. 
The bead of the Catholic church had 
been forced to repair to Paris to bear his 
part in the great pageant. ** The Po|>e 
blessed them, and consecrated the dia- 
dems ; but these were not placed on their 
heads by his hand. That office, in 
efliier case. Napoleon himself performed. 
Throughout the ceremonial his aspect was 
tlioitghtful ; it was on a st^rm and a 
gloomy brow thai lie, with bis own hands, 
planted the sj^abol of socftiMful anbi- 
tion and measjporwer; and the shaots 
of Aa 4epalias fseseaty caMlMy seleded 
for the purpose, sounded faint and hol- 
low amidst the silence of the people." 

T. 



THEY ARE GONE! 
(From Moor$*$ Evmings in Gtiece.) 

Ah ! where are they who faetid, in former hours. 
The voice of so&g in these neglected bowers 1 
They are gone — they are all gone ! 

The youth, who told his pain in such sweet tone. 
That all who heard him wish'd his pain their own— 
He is gone— he is gone ! 

And she who, while he sung, sat listening by. 
And thought, to strains like these 'twere sweet to 
die — 
She IS gone^she, too, is gone ! 

Tis thus, in future hours, some bard will say 
Of her who hears, and him who sings this lay — 
They are gone — they both are gone ! 



COLONIAL SUkySRY 

A SOVaCE OP niSTEESS AT HOkB NO LESS 
THAN OF MISERY ABROAD. 

TO THE ELECTORS OF GREAT.BRITAIN 
AND IRELAND. 

Faiswns akd Fellow Countrymen, 

Hitherto you have possessed little power to 
influence the conduct of your rulers, and have, 
therefore, been less responsible for their mea- 
sures. The case is now altered. The power 
of choosing the House of Commons is placed 
in your own hands ; and, therefore, the guilt oF 
tolerating, and still more of sanctioning abifse, 
will now rest upon you. 

The reform in the representation which has 
led to this important change will prove of 
small value, unless it be followed by a reform 
of the abuses which have grown up under the 
old system. It were vain, indeed, to aim 
at sweeping them all away at once. They 
must be assailed in succession, otherwise your 
strength will be divided, and your final vic- 
tory over them retarded. Your combined ef- 
forts ought to be directed to their removal, 
one after another, according to their compa- 
rative urgepcy and importance ; and thus, by 
the blessing of God, may you expect, in no 
long time, to effect their entire extirpation. 

But surely there is no one abuse to be 
named which, when contemplated in all its 
bearings, can vie in enormity with that of 
Colonial Slavery ; nor is there any one 
duty which prefers more powerful claims on 
every British heart than that of rescuing up- 
wards of 800,000 of our fellow-subjects from 
the cruel and degrading bondage in which, 
without any crime of theirs, they are at this 
hour iniquitously held. 

The intrinsic immorality and wickedness of 
Colonial Slavery are now almost univer- 
sally acbnitled, and are scarcely denied even 
by its apologists. It is needless, therefore, to 
recur to the facts and arguments whkh have 
extorted tbat tardy admission. The object of 
the present address will rather be directed to 
show that it is no less impolitic than it is in- 
human and ttnjust ; and that it is maintained 
■at only by a sacrifiee of Christian principle, 
but by oth^r most ooetl j sacrifiees, iKith pecu- 
mmj attfl eoauaeicsd, of which von can rid 
yovmbes only by its en^fe cxtiaetion. To 
iStM cMy teeme, oi^ your vitws, m the 
^MM of MMCDUitivetf at the approaching 
i^eedons, to De especially directed, wholly re- 
jecting the pretensions of such as are opposed 
to tibe aMition of slaveiy, or are interested in 
its continuance. 

Amouff the evils flowing from this 8onic& 
one of Oie most prominent is the frightful 
waste of human life which has taken place in 
that great charnel-house, the Sugar Colonics 
of Great Britain. Mr. Fowell Buxton has 
proved this point in the most 'satisfactory 
manner. By a careful digest of the offioial 
pariiamentary returns of the slave popalatkm 
in those colonies, furnished by the colonisttf 
themselves, it appears that its actual decrease 
in eleven years has amounted to 52,624. This 
statement has, for many months past, been 
placed before the public without receiving any 
refutation, so that its coneetneas may be fairly 
assiuned.* 
This decrease, however, large as it is, and 

■ I I I ' III I !■— I— t » 

* Th^ie who wiih tt rel^r to tUs 4#c«iBent 
will find a faithful transcript of it ia the " Anti* 
Slavery Reporter," K'o. lOO. 



THE TOURIST. 



115 



though k sujppUes a proof, which ao aophistay 
«au elude, of miseiy and suffeKiiig, fbnns but a 
email pact of the mmderoas results with which 
BaiTi&B Colonial Slave by is ofaaigeable. 
Had its Tictims been plaeed in circumstances 
equally favourable wiui the free blacks around 
them, or even with their fellow slaves in the 
United States, instead of decreasing in eleven 
years by 62,624, they ought to have increased 
by upwards of 220,000. The following is the 
ground on which this appalling fact (involving 
a waste, in the slave colonies (3* Great Britain, 
of more than 270,000 lives in eleven years) is 
oonfidentlv averred ; — 

The Airiean slave-trade was abolished by 
Great Britam, and by the United States, in 
the very same year — ^tihat is to say, in 1 808. 
Any impediments to the progress of population 
arising from the disproportion of the sexes, or 
iiom other circumstances incident to that traf- 
fic, must have been nearly alike in the two 
eases. In 1808 the slaves of the United 
States may be computed to have amounted 
to 1,130,000, and those of the British West 
Indies to 800,000. In 1830 the slaves of the 
United States amounted to 2,010,436, and 
tiiose of the British West Indies to 678,527. 
If, however, the British slaves had increased 
at the same rate with the American slaves, 
their number, in 1830, instead of being only 
678,627, would have been 1,423,317, or 
744,799 more than their actual amount. 
There has, therefore, been, in the twenty-two 
years, from 1808 to 1830, a waste of slave life 
in the British West Indies, as compared with 
its increase in the United States, of nearly 
746,000 human beings.* 

If this statement be even a distant appzoxi- 
mation to the truth (and there appears no 
ground on which to impeach its genieml cor- 
rectness), can it be denied that British colonial 
slavery is one of the severest calamities which 
now afflict humanity P And even ibis heavy 
accusation, supported as it b by such trre- 
firagable proof of the nniTdeiDus tendency of 
that wretched system, would be ai^ravsted by 
a view of its demoralizing effects on both the 
slave and his master, and of its admitted in- 
oompatibiliiy with tiie progress of Christiaiiity 
in the slave colonies. But on this point, also, 
the public mind is now aboadantly satisfied. 
The demolition of tlie houses of God m Ja- 
maica, and the perMKmtion of 'the Gbristian 
missionaries and tbeir negfo eenverta» whidi 
still rages there, render it nnneoeBBaiy to 4m^ 
on that subject. 

These ciicomstaiices of csiaie asd -cnMity 
will greatly aggravate ye«r guilt, if having, as 
electors, the power U putting an e&d4o this 
enormity, you suffer its existence to be pro- 
longed. But yet these evils are wholly dis- 
tinct from those pecuniary and commercial 
SAcaiFiCEs to which this address is intended 
especially to point your attention. — ^To glance 
at some of them : — 

The people of this country are now paying, 
to the growers of sugar by slaves, a bounty on 
its cKport of upwards of five shillings a cwt, 
hj whieh bounty the price of the article is 
laised to the same extent in the home market 
The tax thus levied on the British consumer 
amounts to more than a million pounds ster- 
Bng a year, and it is paid in direct support of 
ihat system of slavery which, as has been 
AowB, produces such disastroas effects, ft 
epeiales, in fact, as an indemnity to the slave- 
JK>lder for the ^loanous waste of negro life ke 



«« 



* See, for farther details on this subject^ the 
Ami-Shvery Reporter/' Nos. 97 and 100. 



iaenis in sapplynig ns with the sugar we con- 
sume. We are thus made direct participators 
in his crime. 

AuoUier million of pounds, at the least, is 
annually paid by this country for maintaining 
those establishments, civil, naval, and military, 
by which the slaves in the West Indies, the 
Cape of Good Hope, and the Mauritius, are 
kept in subjection to the cart-whip, and by 
which the masters are protected in inflicting 
upon them miseiy and death. 

Besides this, the interests of British com- 
merce are sacrificed, for the profit of the 
growers of sugar by slave labour, in the West 
Indies and the Mauritius, and in order to pro- 
tect them against the competition of free la- 
bour in our own Asiatic dominions. This is 
done by imposing on the sugar of India a duty 
of six shilling a cwt more than is paid on tiiat 
of our slave colonies. 

The mischievous effects of such a policy are 
obvious. Sugar is one of the most generally 
— ^nay, universally, desired articles of foreign 
import; and its consumption in this country 
might be increased three or four fold. And 
yet, so attached are we to slavery that we pre- 
vent, by this additional impost, the hundred 
millions of our fellow-subjects in the East 
from supplying us with this article at a cheaper 
rate, in payment of our manufactures, which 
manufactures thev would gladly buy of us if 
we would take their sugar in return. And 
how desirable is it to encourage such a 
vent for our industry ! At the rate of even a 
shilling a head, our Indian population would 
consume five mUlious' worth of our manufac- 
tures; and, by giving employment to our 
workmen to that extent, and thus raisins their 
wages, far more good would be done than if 
the same money were given away among 
them. In short, the benefits to be derived 
from removing restrictions from trade in every 
direction are incalculable ; but in no direction 
axe such restrictions more injurious to our own 
interests, and more destructive of hmnan hap- 
piness at home and abroad, than when em- 
ployed to bolster up the cruel and impolitic 
system of slaver)-. 

It has been shown that the destruction of 
homan life in ear slave colonies, during the 
twenty-two yean firan 1808 to 1830, has 
amonnted to about 745,000 of our fellow- 
creatures. If these, instead of being thus 
wasted b^ the rigoms of slavery, had, by a 
move lement tKatment, been added to the 
eri ati ag paimlati0n, we ^lonld now, probably, 
be r ece i vii^ from iheAr labour 400,000 or 
4dO»600 tons of eugai!, iaitead of our present 
sapiAy of 900,000. Si^ar would thus be so 
much Tcdnced in price, and the duties upon it 
might also be so much lowered, as to bring it 
within the reach of our whole population. 
Such an effect, in regard to cotton, has fol- 
lowed the increase of population in the United 
States. The import, tlience, of that article 
into Great Britain has increased about four- 
fold in the last fifteen or sixteen years, while 
its price has fallen to a third of its former rate 
— taat is, from Is. 6d. to Od. a pound — ^Ans it 
has gready lowered the cost, while it has en- 
laiged the manufacture and consunmtion, of 
that uow indispensable necessaiy of life. 

It might fukher be shown, that not only 
would trade and shipping be benefited, in an 
almost incalculable measure, by the abolition 
of slavery, and of all those commercial restric- 
tions by which slavery is upheld, but that still 
more important results might be expected to 
fellow. The competition ^ firee labour in our 
Indian dominions has graduallv compelled the 
slave-holders,^ all over Uie world, to abandon to 



them the vuitinitioD of indigo ; and k is now 
grown solely by Jfree labour. In Uiis case, the 
extinction of slavery in the British colonies, 
even if it should not operate powerfully in the 
way of example, as we might fairly expect it 
to do, on the United States, and on iWce, 
Brazil, Spain, aad other natmns, womM, at 
least, establish in the West a glowing p<mii]a- 
tion of free labourers, to aid. the efforts of the 
firee labourers of the East in rendering slavery 
as unprofitable, in the culture of sugar and 
other articles, as it now is in llie culture of 
indigo, and thus maJdng it the common in- 
terest, no less than the dnty, of all nations to 
abandon the crimes bodi of slavery and the 
slave-trade. 

The enormous evUs of British slavery, and 
its tendency to obstruct, by tiie sacrifices re- 
quired to support it, the extension of our com- 
mercial intercourse with the world at large, 
and the advance of happiness and civilization, 
not only in this but in all lands, have now been 
laid before you. Can a single word be neees- 
sary to excite the Electors of Great Britain and 
Ireland to exert every nerve to rid themselves 
of the withering influence, on our highest in- 
terests, botii moral and commercial, of this 
scourge of humanity — ^this foul stain on our 
national character? It is now in your power, 
for the first time, to destroy this gigantic evil, 
and to save youiseih-es from its guilt and its cost- 
liness; and while, oy doing so, you wiU largely 
benefit your own country, you will be confer- 
ring blessings, in other countries, on millions 
yet unborn, and may even hope to be instru- 
mental in terminating botii slavery and the 
slave-trade throughout the worid. 

Be persuaded, l^refore, Electois, to rise to 
the full appreciation of tiie high and sacred 
obligations which attach to you in the exercise 
of your newly-acquired franchises— obligations 
wMch you cannot overlook without guilt By 
means of the representatives of your choice, 
you may put an immediate extinguisher on 
this expensive national crime. Assert, then, 
your right to deliv^ yourselves from its malig* 
nant influence, and to extend the bloodless 
and unfettered range of your commercial in- 
tercourse into every comer of the habitable 
globe. If you thus act, you will see the vrant 
of employment, and the distress consequent 
upon it, of which so many now oomplain, va- 
nish by degrees from your sight; while your 
growing prosperity, founded on the bans of 
humanity ana justice, will shed tiie blessings 
of light, liberty, and improvement, not only on 
the population of the British empire, but on 
the whole family of man. 

That such may be one of the fiist-iruits of a 
Reform in the Commons* House of Parlia- 
ment, is the earnest prayer of 

A Brother Elbctor. 



TRANSLATION OF 

MARTIAL'S EPIGRAM ON UBERTY. 

Would you be free ! Tis your chief wish, you 

say : 
Come on ; I'll show thee, friend, the certain way. 
If to no feasts abroad thou lov'st to go, 
Whilst bouQteoas God does bread at home bestow ; 
If thou &e goedneit of thy clothes dost prize 
By thine own use, and not by other's eyes ; 
If (only safe from weathers) thou eaa'st dwell 
In a amaU boase, bat a ceafenieat shell ; 
If thou, withoat a sigh, or goMen wish, 
Canst look upon thy beeeheo bowl aad dish ; 
If in thy mind such power aad gieatness be. 
The Persian king's a slave compared with thee. 



THE TOURIST. 



MOS'DAY, DECEMBER 10, 1832. 

"We beg to direct the special attention 
of our readers to the addreas " To thi 
Electora of Great Britain and Ireland,' 
contained ia our present number. It 
contains as important and parspicuouR 
statements, and as cogent ai^uments, 
with relation to the abolition of slavery, 
as we remember ever to hare seen. It is, 
moreover, particularly appropriate to the 
present time, when the constituency of 
the kin^om are expecting shortly to ex- 
ercise {and many of them for the first 
time) the most important and responsibli 
function that can devolve upon then 
in their political capacity. The public 
mind has been too long misled by the 
false statements and the equally dishonest 
omissions of the party interested in the 
perpetuation of slavery. It is now higli 
time that the delusion should be exposed 
and discarded, and that Englishmen 
should (though late) yield their honest 
attention to a subject which addresses 
them in every relation they can sustain — 
as husbands, as fathers, as friends ; which 
appeals, in short, with equal force, to 
their principle, their benevolence, and 
their selfishness. 

We take this opportunity of stating 
that a series of articles will shortly appear 
in the Tourist, upon thk s.\fetv op im 

MEDIATE EMANCIPATION. 



The most singular disposal of eggs 
which wo are aeijiiaintea in the economy of 
insects is exemplified in the common gnut. 
(Culex mpieiu, Linn.) It is adrarrably de- 
scribed by Reaumur, though it seems first to 
have been discovered by Langallo, who men- 
dons it in a letter addressed to Redj, printed ut 
Florence in 176tf ; and by Alloa, who actually 
saw the eggs laid, and aftetnards sketched a 
fi^re of tliem. Tbone who wish to witness 
this singular operation must repair before five 
or six o'clock in the morning to a pond or 
bucket of stagnant waier frequented by gusl} 
when Hteumur went later m the day be wo 
always disappointed. 

The problem of the gnat is to constmct 
boat-sliapcd lal^ whicli nil! Boat, of eggs 
heavy enough to sink in water, if dropped into 
it one by one. The eggs are nearly of the 
pyramidal form of a pc^et gunnowdei fiask, 
rather pointed at the upper, and broad at the 
under end, »ith a projection lite [he mouth of 
a botdc. Tbe first operation of the mother gnat 
is to fix herself by the fore-legs to tbe side of a 
bucket or upou afloating leaf,«itb her bodjlletel 
nith and rcKtiug upon the surface of Ibe water, 
excepting the last ring of tbe tail, which is a 
little raised ; she then urosses faer two hind-legs 
ID form of an X, the inner opening of wliich 
is intended to fonn the scaffolding of lier struc- 
ture. She accordingly brings tbe inner angle 
of her crossed legs close to the laiaed part of 
her body, and places in it an egg, covered, as 
is^uEual among insects, with a gmtinnus fluid. 



THE TOURIST. 

On each side of tliis egg she places another, 
all nhicli adhere lirmly together by means of 
their glue, and form a triangular figure thus, 
*^, which is the stem of the raft. She pro- 
ceeds in the same manner to add egg alter e^ 
in a vertical (not a lioriiontal) position, care- 
fully regulating the shape by her crossed legs; 
and, as her rail increases in magnitude, wie 
pushes the whole Eradually to a greater dis- 
tance, and, when she has about half finished, 
she uncrosses ber legs and places them paml- 
lel, the angle being no longer necessary for 
shaping the boaL Each raft consists of "from 
250 to 350 eggs, wbicli, when all laid, float on 
the water, secure from sinking, and are finally 
ahandoned by the modicr. They are hatched 
in a few days, the grubs issuing from the lower 
eud; hut the boat, nun composed of the empty 
shells, coutinnes to float tillit is destroyed by 
the weallicr. 

Kirby justly describes this little vessel as re- 
sembling a London wherry, being sharp and 
higher, as sailors mj,fore and aft, convex be- 
low and conciive above, and always floating on 
its keel. "The most violent agitation of the 
water," he adds, "cannot sink it; and, what 
is more extraoidinary, and a property still a 
desideratum in onr life-boats, though hollow, 
it never becomes filled with water, even though 
eicposed. To put this to the test, I placed 
half a dozen of these boats ypon die surface 
of a tumbler half full of water: 1 then poured 
ujion tliem a stream of that element from Uie 
mouth of a quart bottle held a foot above 
them. Yet, alter this treatment, which was bo 
rough as actually to project one out of the 



fclais, ] found them floating as before upon 
their bottoms, and not a drq) of water wiUitii 
their cavity." We have repeatedly pushed 
them to the bottom of a g\uB of water j bat 
they always came up immediately to the sov- 
face, appatendy unwetted.— ZnnJWer'f Caiintt 
Cgdoptidia, 



ART AND NATURE. 

O HOW much sweeter is ii to me to recal to 
my mind the walks and the sports of my happy 
childhood, than the pomp and the splendour 
of the palaces I have since iuhabited! AH 
these courts, once so brilliant, are now faded ! 
All the projects which were then built with to 
much confidence arc become chimeras! The 
impenetrable future has cheated alike the se- 
curity of princes and the ambition of counien ! 
^'eisailles is dropping into ruinj the delicious 
gardens of Chantilly, of Villers^Coterets, of 
Sceaux, of the Isle-Adam, are destroyed! I 
should now look in vain for the vestiges of 
that fiagile grandeur which I once admired 
there : but I should find the banks of tbe Loiie 
as snriling as ever, die meadui*s of Si. Aubin 
as full of nolets and lilies of die vaJIey, and 
its woods loftier and fairer ! There are no vi- 
cissitudes for die eternal beauties of nature ; 
and while, amidst blood-stained revolutions, 
palaces, marble columns, statues of bronxe, 
and even cities themselves, disappear, Uie sim- 
ple flowers of tbe field, regardless of the 
storm, grow into beauty, and muldpiy for 
ever. — Madame de Oeniit. 



LAUNCESTON CASTLE, CORNWALL. 



The above represents the ruins of one 
of the most ancient castles in the coun- 
try. It is situated on the summit of a 
hill, on a high, conical, rocky mount, 
partly natural and partly artificial. It is 
of such antiquity as to defy the efforts of 
the curious to ascertain who were its 
founders, or what was the precise date of 
its foundation. One of the earliest no- 
tices of it which we find is in the reign of 
King John, who constituted Hubert de 
Burgh ^vemor of it, a person of consi- 
derable possessions in Cornwall. 

From its strong position, and its situa- 
tion at the entrance of the county, this 
castle was an important post during the 



parliamentary war. It was at first in the 
hands of the parliament, and under the 
governorship of Sir Richard Buller, who, 
on the approach of Sir Rtdph Hopton 
with the king's forces, quitted the town 
and fled, lu 1643 Sir Ralph was at- 
tacked by Major- General Chudleigh, 
without success. In August, 1644, the 
place was surrendered to the Earl of Es- 
sex, but fell into tlie hands of the royal- 
ists again after the capitidation of tbe 
earl's army. In the time of the CommoB- 
wealth, the castle and park, being put up 
to sale by the government, were purchased 
by Robert Bennet, Esq., but on the Re- 
storation they reverted to the crown. 



ELECTRICAL EEL. 
Those of our readen wlio are acquunted 
wiUi lie history of the Royal Society, or bave 
read tlie inteKsting' papeis recorded ja its Phi- 
losophical Transactions, nill recollect tlie Terj 
cnrinun and valuable esperimenls inade by 
Mr. Walsh, in the jear 1772, on the Toriiedo, 
■at cramp iish (Jtaia Torptdo), by wbicii he 
ascertained, not only that the effects produced 
fiT its touch uere electric in their origin and 
character, hut also that the will of tlie animal 
commands (he electric powers of its body. 
Those also who have read, are not liLely ercr 
to forget, the learned, instnictire, and elegant 
diiu^ourse addressed to the Royal Society in 
1774, by Sir J. Pringle, then its president, on 
delivering lo Mr. \Vabb the Copleyan gold 
medal for his ingenious paper. Altliougli it is 
OUT object, in this pai'anapl'i to present lo our 
leaders an account of a most Bingulai fact 
irhich has recently taken place, we would ob- 
serve, in passing, that the discourse we have 
referred to was printed, with five others, in 
1783, under the title of '' Six Discourses, de- 
liFered by Sir John Pringle, Bart, uhen 
President of the Royal Society ; on occasion 
of sis annual a.'^gnments of Sir Godfrey 
Copley's medal;" and that, if they happen lo 
meet with the volume, the purchase and peru- 
sal of it will highly gmlify their laste for sci- 
entific researchandelegantcoinposilion. Never 
Hoce He first read these admirable discourses, 
nearly thirty years ago, bare we forgotten tlie 
lelisb which tiiey then produced, oi failed to 
lenew it on every fiesh perusal. 

Other kinds of fish have been found lo pos- 
sess similar properties, in some respects, to the 
torpedo ; but none of then) in so remarkable a 
d^ree as the Ggnawtut Eltclriaa, or Elec- 
trical Eel. A specimen of tliis fish has lately 
I>een examined by the PHrician taami. The 
greatest number were satisfied with a single 
touch, and consequent shock ; but one doctor, 
either u^d by a greater zesj for science, or 
governed by a more insatiable curiosity, re- 
solved to tiT the utmost extent of the animal's 
wwers, and seized it with both his hands ; but 
bad quickly reason to repent his temerity ; for 
Jic immediately felt a rapidly-repealed series of 
the most violent and succesdvely- increasing 
shocks, uhich forced him to leap about in a 
most extraordinary maimer, and lo utter the 
meet piercing screams, from the agony lliat he 
felt. He then fell into convulsions, in conse- 
quence of which bis muscles became violently 
«autiacted, as, from some strange proj'erty in the 
4ieh, It became impotdbte to detach tlie animal 
jiomhis grasp. In this situation he remained 
a considerable time, and, in all probability, 
would have expired under the agonv of hi 
sensations, if some of the persons had no 
fiuggested the plunging of the bands in natei . 
when the eel immediately dropped off. The 
doctor has since been dangerously ill. 



ANDERSONIAN MUSEUM. 
Amoxgst the Egyptian antiquities preserved 
in the Andersonian Museum were two mum- 
mies of the cat, which animal was held sacred 
by the ancient EKVptians, along with tlie ox 
aad ibis. From the extreme antiquity of the 
mecimens of these animals, it became a ques- 
tion of come interest to ascotain their identity 
srith lecnit and exiatiDg spedea. This inves- 
tigmtion was undertaken by Cuviei,with a view 
to refhte tbe bypo(h«as of La Hare, of the 
traiMmutMion of aniniahi in the process of 
time, and Cnmi the inflnence of external 



THE TOURIST. 

causes. No difieience wlialever could be dis- 
covered beiweeu them and tlie animals of the 
race at the present time. Dr. Scouller 
opened up and exainiued one of the mummies, 
and, under his direction, the skeleton has been 
very successfully set up. Pus.', who, from tlie 



117 

respect paid to her remains, must have been a 
cat of consequence at "Thebes, three thousand 
years ago," differs in no respect from humbler 
cats of modem days, who never raise e 
uf awe in loftier breasts tlian those of in 
sparrows. — Edinburgh Chnmielt. 



GREENWICH HOSPITAL. 



Tins very interesting and valuable in- 
stitution was founded by King' William 
and Queen Mary, at tlie suggestion, it is 
said, of the latter. The building was com- 
menced at an earlier period by Charles 
the Second, and intended for a palace, 
in place of the old one, on the site of 
which it stood. One wing of it, only, 
was completed, in which the king occa- 
sionally resided, and no further progress 
was made in it until after tlie Revolu- 
tion, when a project was formed for pro- 
viding an asvlum for seamen, disabled 
by age, or maimed in the service of their 
country. Various places were recom- 
mended as the site of this building; but 
the advice of Sir Christopher Wren was 
adopted, who proposed that the unfinished 
palace at Greenwich should be appro- 
priated to this use, and enlarged suffici- 
ently. Accordingly, in 1694, the King 
and Queen granted this palace, with 
other buildings and land adjoining, for 
that purpose, and the sum of £2000, 
yearly, for carrying this noble work into 
effect. 

Sir Christopher Wren was appointed 
the architect, and for several years con- 
tributed his time, labour, and skill to the 
work, without any remuneration. The 
foundation of the first new building was 
laid on the 3rd of June, 1696, from 
which time it haa been gradually en- 
larged and improved, until it has at- 
tained its present degree of splendour and 
magnificence. 

Greenwich Hospital now consists of 
four distinct piles of building, distin- 
guished by the names of King Charles's, 
Queen Anne's, King William's, - and 



Queen Mary's. King Charles's and 
Queen Anne's are those next the river : 
between them is the grand square, 270 
feet wide ; in the centre of which is a 
fine statue of fJeorge the Second, carved 
out of a single block of white marble, 
by Rysbrack ; and, in front of them, 
by the river side, is a tenrace, 865 feet 
in .length. To the south-west of the 
square stands King William's building, 
which contains the celebrated hall, 
painted by Sir James Thomhill. "This 
artist commenced his undertaking in 
1708, and completed it in 1727; thus 
leaving an almost unrivalled inonument 
of his taste and skill. On the ceiling 
are portraits of the royal founders, 
William and Mary, surrounded by the 
cardinal virtues, the four seasons of the 
year, the English rivers, the four ele- 
ments, the arts and sciences relating to 
navigation, and other emblematical fi- 
gures ; among which are introduced por- 
traits of Plamstead, the Astronomer 
Royal, and others. 

We have not room to enter more par- 
ticularly into a description of Greenwich 
Hospital ; but it is one of the most inter- 
esting and useful institutions which our 
country can boast; and whether we 
regard the benevolent^ of its design, 
the magnificence of its structure, the 
extent of its resources, or the excellence 
of its economy, it is every way worthy 
of a great, a generous, and a Christian 
people, and admirably calculated, by ex- 
hibiting the gratitude and respect of the 
nation to its gallant naval defenders, to 
stimulate succeeding generations to rival 
their exploits and participate their glory. 



118 



THE TOURIST. 



ANECDOTE OF NAPOLEON, 

Napoleon, sitting one day fiuxfoanded by 
Ids firiends, related the following aneodote, 
-whkh, he said, will do wonders as a lesson, if 
it is but listened to, and remembered. ^ There 
lived once, at Marseilles, a rich merchant, 
who received one morning, ihroogh the hands 
of a young man, a letter, strongly recommend- 
fng the bearer to his notice ; the young man 
was of good fortune, and wanted only an in- 
txoduction into society ; he brought also a let- 
ter of credit to a large amount The mer- 
chant, after having read the letter of recom- 
mendation, instead of either throwing it aside 
as waste paper, or shutting it up in a drawer, 
examined it, and, finding Uiat it formed only 
one of the four sides of the sheet, tore it in 
two, placed the written half in a leaf of his 
portfolio, and then, folding the other half, so 
that it would serve for writing a note, put it into 
another portfolio, which akeady contained a 
number of similar papers. Having completed 
his little meanue of economy, he turned 
towwds the yeung man, and invited him to 
dinner for that ve^ day. The youth, ac- 
customed to a life of eleganoe and luxury, felt 
but little inclinatieii for dining with a man 
who could thus approj^iate the privileges of 
the ek^ffonievy by deprivinf^ him of his waste 
paper; he accepted the invitation, however, 
and promised to return at four o'clock. But 
as he dfiseended the narrow gtaireaee, from the 
counting-house of his banker, his mind rapidly 
reterted tq the observations he had made upon 
that small gloomy room, with the two long 
offices that led to it, encumbered with ledgers 
that were half smothered with dust and smoke, 
and where ten or a dozen young persons were 
working in silence, whose faces appeared to 
bis jaundiced eyes like perfect skeletons. He 
thought of tlie windows, plastered with a thick 
coat of mud, through which no ray of the 
beautiful sun of Provence could ever pene- 
trate ; the little bowl of box- wood, filled with 
saw-dust, to serve for powder, the broken wri- 
ting-desk, the dressing-gown of the banker; 
and all these recollections, rushing at once 
upon his mind, produced the reflection, 'I 
have done a foolish thing in accepting the 
invitation; but no matter, a day is soon 
passed.' The duties of the toilet were dis- 
charged rather for his own satisfaction than in 
compliment to the host who expected him; 
and, that done, he proceeded to the stieet of 
Bome, where his banker's house was situated. 
As the latter had told him his wife did not 
live in that part of the mansion occupied by 
the counting-house, he begged, on arriving, 
to be conducted to the lady. A number of 
valets in rich liveries led him across a small 
ganlen, .filled with rare and exotic plants ; 
and, ailer conductin(r him through several 
apartments sumptuously furnished, tntroduced 
him to a handsome dxawing-ioom, where he 
found his banker, who presented him to his 
wife and mother ; the former was young and 
pretty, the latter not yet old, and both were 
dressed in rich stuffs, and adorned with fine 

Siarls and sparkling diamonds, which attested ' 
e uoalth of the honest and laborious head 
Qf the £aanily ; he himself was no longer the 
personage his gue^ had seen in the morning; 
ie seemed to nave left behind, amongst the 
dustv ledgers and portfolios, the man of the 
black velvet cap and woollen dressing-gown, 
while the manners and conversation of fifteen 
er twenty visitors, who were assembled in the 
drawing-room, led to the inference that this 
lumse was one of the best, if ttotthe very best, 
in the city. Dinner was served, and lie was 



convinced that it was so. The viands were 
excellent, the wines exquisite, the table co- 
vered with an abundance of massy silver plate ; 
in short, the young traveller was obligea men- 
tally to admit, that he had never partaken of 
more delicate fare, or seen a greater display of 
magnificence ; and he was more than ever con- 
founded upon ascertaining, from one of the 
persons near him, that uie banker gave a 
similar entertainment once or twice a week. 
While coffee was serving he ruminated on all 
that he had witnessed ; but -Ids young ideas 
had to arrange themselves into that mutual 
dependance of cause and efiect which would 
easily have brought the whole to the level of 
his understanding. 'Young man,' said his 
host, tapping him on the shoulder, * you are 
absent, and almost pensive; have you made a 
bad dinner?' But the expression of his eyes, 
and the infiexion of his voice, in proneuncing 
diese words, seemed to nwan, ' Has not your 
fear of a bad dinner yet vanished ?' The young 
man blushed, as if he had seally heard the lat- 
ter sentence, but the good-humoured financier 
understood his blush, and, laughing, said, < No 
offence ; you are too young to understand how 
masses are formed, we true and only power ; 
whether composed of money, water, or men, it 
is all 8d]li». A mass is an imnwnse centre of 
motion, but it must be begun — ^it must be 
kept up. Young man, the little bits of paper 
which excited your deriaioa this morning are 
one amongthe means I emnloy for attaining it.' " 

'•*' A fine story this, tnat you have been 
telling us, Buonaparte," said Josephine, smi- 
ling; "to me the most marvellous part is, 
that you have been speaking for a quarter of 
an hour togellier, ana that to women only." 

*' I did not forget that, I assure you," re- 
plied he, winking to the other ladies; ''do 
you think I should have preached in the same 
way to men P They never reauire it" I was 
much struck by this idea ot masses as the 
foundation of power. — Memoirs of the Duchess 
D*Abrante8, «^_..^ 

PERSECUTION AND SLAVERY. 

Friends and Fellow Countbymen, 

Think of the present state of things in the 
West Indies. Realize the miseries, the wrongs, 
which are there endured. Look especially at 
the violated rights of British subjects, and the 
peritecution of Christian Missionaries, and of 
all other Christians. Will you support such a 
state of things as this? Or are you resolved 
that it shall cease? Remember that all the 
mtmeff you pay for sttgar raited by slave labour 
goes to support slavery^ and the ems that system 
perpetuates^ Renounce slave-grown sugar, and 
slavery must fall. Give, then, this practical 
proof to the government and the slave-holders 
that you are «n earnest. Let every one who is 
the friend of civil and religious liberty, of the 
slave and the missionary (and these will be 
found to be the best finends to the planter like- 
wise, who wiU soon be ruined by the continu- 
ance of the present system), come forward and 
j^ive a pledge to use no more sugar raised by 
slave laboufj since it is stained with his bro- 
ther's blood. If this resolution were general 
through the country (and by means of active 
associations it might speedilj^ be rendered so), 
it would strengthen and quicken all the mea- 
sures now in operation, and slavery would 
receive its death-blow. There is otlier slave 
produce, but nothing that can be compared 
with sugar, either in the quautitr consumed, 
or its effects on the comfort and life of tlie 
slave ; while fAI^e labour sugar can now be 
obtained both cheap and good, and a little en- 
couragement wHl render it cheaper and better. > 



A GRECJAN LEGEND. 

Thbrb lay a ship of Egypt homeward borne, 
Whfire Aehelous, from embowering woods, 
Pours forth in spkndour, and the Ionian wave 
PUya dimpling roimd the green Echinadei. 
Calm slept the silent ^osts, and heavily 
Her sails nung cloud-like from the unbending mast ; 
And motionless, above the level waste. 
Rose, twined with dragon wreaths, her brazen prow. 
Night, with its stars, had faded, and from far 
The low sweet sound of wakened birds was heard 
From fragrant forests, where the unfolding rose 
Blushed through the^lvan twilight ; yet no streak 
Or rosy glimmerings from her halls of light 
Gave note of morn's uprising — sullen, dim. 
And scarcely marked beneath the lifted clouds, 
Piled dense above, that hoar of gentle prime, 
Gleamed mist-involved along the shadowy sea. 

Day came, but mantled in its gloomiest stole. 
With fitful lustre straggling into birth, 
And, slowly mouoting on bis upward path. 
Glared pale at intervals the spectral sun. 
Hushed as before, the winds of heaven were still. 
But o*er the quiet deep began to steal 
I At first a darkeniog ripple, and an#n 
The heave and swell of fast-succeeding waves. 
As though beneath, the wildly rolliog flood 
Were moved in terror from its caverned bed ^ 
And ever from the distant vales arose 
A moaning, feeble as the gust which sighs 
Round pool and thicket dank, when winter's sun 
Sinks prematurely veiled, that sound, dismayed. 
The sea-bird heard, and cowered with folded wing ; 
And round the mariner, with wistful eyes, 
Gazed on the clouds and solemn foreets, spread 
Dim by the lea -, but tranquil yet as death 
Seemed earth around, and shrouded heaven on higii. 
So noon went past ; but when, in mid descent. 
Stooped westering to his goal the Lord of Day, 
Along the shore, and from the wooded heights* 
Stole sounds of rising music, softened notes 
Drawn from the strings of dulcimer and lute, 
AndMeymbal tinklings, and the tone subdued 
Of one Jone trumpet, blown as if to pour 
Its brazen wail above the heroic deaa. 
Before the prow of that fast-ancbored bark 
Passed the wild melody, then died remote. 
Calming the billow, and succeeding fiast ; 
Up sprang a voice among the answering rocks » 
Shrill as the night-bird's cry — " Lament ! lament' 
Fair valleys, and thou, flower-apparelled earth !— 
Ye ivy mantled caves, and horrent pines, 
And^fountains gleaming from your beds of moss !«. 
Uofathoroed ocean, with incessant roar. 
Lifting thy waters limitless and free 1 — 
And ye unchanged and ever-living fires. 
Who sow with fight the azure fields of space. 
Lament ! lament ! dead is the mighty Pan !" 

That voice with mom the Seric coast had heard. 
Bathed with its tepid wave ; and from the woods. 
Sounding with bidaen streams^where Ind sends £cNrth 
Her cloiMS of incense from a thousand isles, 
One universal altar, slunk appalled 
The lurking tiger from his cany lair. 
By broad Euphrates, and those flowery meads. 
Starred with the wild gourd*s blossoms, sternly 

paused 
The Assyrian horseman, and his bow upraised 
Dropped nerreleas, smitten with a dreaa unknown. 
Memnonian Thebes made answer to the plaint 
With murmurs from a thousand stony lips ; 
And o'er Cyrene*s olive-shaded hills. 
And Hellas, with her founts and vales of song. 
And green Ausonia, where the trophied Rome 
Sat arbitress, supreme of earth and sea, 
Fear fell as night.~the guest his jewelled cup 
Untasted left, and from the threshold turned 
The saflVon-vested bride, amidst the blaze 
Of congregated torches, while the wail 
OOorrow sank beside the bier of death. 
So passed the sound o'er wild Iberia's mo6i 
By Tarshish, tower-crowned qneen, and W away. 
As sought the sun those yet untraversed coasts 
Renowned in legends old, with akiaittg groves. 
As Fancy deemed, by seipenUwatchsnrvefed, 
Died on the wide Atlantic. Q* - 



THB TOURlSf : 



n# 



THE IMPOLICY OF SLAVE LABOUR. 

' A SERIES of valuable papers on liie subjact 
of Colonial Slavery ia now in the comae of ap- 
pearing in the Cambridge Independent Press, 
They are famished by me Rev. G. W. Cwra- 
furd, a Fellow of King's College, and cannot 
fail to do important service to the cause of 
humanity. We hope they will be extensively 
read ; and diat their talented author will, ere 
long, have to rejoice arer die aafi&ilation of 
so impolitic and inhaman a system. The 
following paper forms the second of the series. 
In introducing it to our readers, we may be 
permitted to remark, that Mr. Craufurd has 
fallen into a slight inaecumcy in stating; the 
amount of the protecting duty on sugar and 
coffee : it is now £S on the former, and £24 
on the latter; instead of JSIO, and JC28, as 
stated by Mr. Craufurd. 

If we can persuade men, from motives of 
BVRE inrMANiTv OF BELToioN, to TxndeKake a good 
cause, of course it is very delightful : bat we 
know, from experience, that the greater part of 
mankind are very liltle moved, except by motives 
of sELv^iMTBBBST ; Sttd cven religious persons are 
NOT SORRY when they find that their exertions in 
the cause of mercy tend to advance their worldly 
profit. I feel, therefore, pvetty certain of gaining 
the attention of many, while I address you upon 
the subject of "the enormous expensiveness of 
slavery,'* and show tvhat a heavy burden it lays 
upon us — the people of Great Britain ; and what 
Tuin it brings upon the slave-owners and planters 
in the colonies. When I get to the subject of 
mere mercy, or religion, the attention of many 
readers will, I fear, begin to flag. 

First, let me show the ruin which it necessarily 
biingH upon the planters and slave-owners. Land 
is every where cultivated at the simple expence of 
the support, that is, the maintenance m food, 
clothing, and lodging, of the race of labourers. 
These are the natural wages of labour. Acci- 
dental circumstances, indeed, may cause fluctua- 
tions in them, and changes for a short time ; but 
this is the centre, or natural level, determined by 
the constitution of things. The market price of 
produce must cover this expence, together with 
the wsAR and tear of all machines or im^ements 
used ; besides a certain profit on the capital em- 
ployed. Now, the race of slave-labouzers (so 
their mastsfs assure us) receive the same mainte* 
nance as the free. In addition to which, while 
infants, before they are able to work, when they 
are sick, and in the decrepitude of old age, they 
draw their subsistence from the funds of their 
owner, without making any return. And 
planters assure us, that, at such seasons, they are 
very handsomely provided for. Again, the planter 
is said to furnish all his slaves literally with food 
and raiment. Now, in furnishing supplies, the eco- 
nomy of an individuaU who has only himself, or 
his family, to consult for, must be always superior 
to that of a man who has under his charge a great 
number of families, who, all of them* consider 
WASTE as no loss to tsrh. This must he, even 
when he himself is the proprietor, resident on 
his property. But the proprietors of Unee quar- 
ters of West Indian estates are persons resident in 
England ; and their afikirs are conducted by 
agents, whose only interest is to make sugar as 
fast as possible, and get their commission paid : 
while, upon them, no loss, occasioned by the 
waste of slaves' lives, or the waste of property, 
ever falls. Here, then, is a double drain upon 
monev : the wastkiilneas of the slaves themselves, 
and that of the overseer or agent. Besides, when 
slaves are indolent, or refractory, or criminal^ the 
whole pecuniary loss fidls upon the owner. 

And to all these drawbacks we have to add a 
pwMNnMR asn mcnnEWtyne* xmsuive pnypnv- 
tor has introduced an sxfbnsxvs hsckins into has 
system, with which the master of free Xaboumrs is 
not burdened, namely the slave himself. The 
annual interest of the first cost of this machine, 
and its restoration, before the machine is worn 



out, must, along with oiher charges, be covered 
by the market price of the produce of the land. 
Hence, the proprietor who cultivates his estates 
by slaves, cannot, in similar ctreumstanees, com- 
pete, in the same maxket, with him who amploys 
free men i he mnst be protected by a moaopoly ; 
or,, in plain English, we mnst svoscbibk, in onler 
to enable him to continue working his estate 1^ 
such expensive machines as slaves. It is plain, 
then, that slavery introduces into the system of 
labour an additional charge ; and, witLsutpro* 
tecting-duties, that is, a direct tax or sum of 
money, levied on the people of the parent state for 
this service^ every slave-colony must, sooner or 
later, sink into the abyss of bankruptcy and pan* 
perism. This may be proved, first, as-a matter of 
theory ; and then, as a matter of experience, from 
historical evidence. 

Let us suppose the case, that a certain colony 
possesses 40,000 slave labourers ; the first cost of 
which is £1,600,000, naming, as the average 
price of slaves, £40 a head. This laboar is pot 
in motion, and sustained, at an annual expence of 
£20 a piece, or £800,000 as the total. (Some 
planters will tell us, that the average expence of 
slaves is even £24 or £26 per annum, but I have 
taken a low estimate.) This sum of £20 a piece is 
supposed to include only food, clothing, lodging, 
superintendence, medical advice, and the suste- 
nance of the youDg, infirm, {aged, and females, 
when, through pregnancy, they are unfit for la- 
bour, for the race of slaves must be kept up. But, 
to these natural wa^a of labour, we nave to add 
the annual interest on the first cost of the la^ 
bourers, namely at six per cent, the rate of colo- 
nial interest, £96,000. To this we must add in- 
surance on the capital vested in this perishable 
commodity ; say at the low rate of three per cent. 
This gives an additional expenditure of £48,000. 
Further, it is well known that slave labour is 
much inferior in productiveness to free labour, by 
at least five per cent This deduction from the 
master's profits is the same as outlay. We have 
here, therefore, another expence equal to £80,000 
I>er annum. Further, all the incidental disabili- 
ties peculiar to slave labour, such as sulks, 
running away, imprisonment for slave offences, 
inability to work after being flogged, &c., &c. : 
all these are equal to one per cent, or £16,000 
more. Adding all these expences together, we 
find that they amount to £1,040,000 per annum. 
Now, suppose a colony stocked with 40,000 free 
labourers. The whole expense of their support, 
and for the perpetuation of the race of labourers, is 
about £20 a piece, or £800,000 per annum. 
To this sum the masters of free labourers have no- 
thing to add. The Ubourer takes care of himself 
and his family, and, under all circumstances of 
sickness, or other adversity, pays his own way. 
We may perceive, therefore, tliat the masters m 
the slave colony pay for their labour £240,000 
more than the masters in the free colony. Hence, 
it follows, that the whole capital invested in 
agricultural slaves is lost, or consumed every 
SEVEN years. This is the price of slavery. This 
is nature's revenge for the violation of natural 
rights. I have supposed this colony to contain 
40,000 slaves. All our slave colonies put to- 
gether contain, at least, 400,000 full-grown work- 
ing slaves. Hence it follows, that the sum paid 
for their labour, over and above the cost of free 
labour, is not less tiian £2,400,000 per annum. 
Pretty expensive work this ! But some persons 
will say, all this is only theory ; and your cal- 
culationa may be quite wrong. Let us come, 
then, to history, facts, and documents ; and, as a 
specimen of slave colonies, we will take Jamaica ; 
an island fertile, abounding in valuable pro- 
ductions, well situated for commerce and highly 
favoured by England. 

The. sugar of the West India planter is pro- 
tected in the British market by a diflerence of 
£10 per ton, levied on the sugar of the East. 
His omee by a difbience of £ZS *, bis mm by 
lis. 6d. per gallon, and Ifae like with other 
articles* He and the West India merchant 
have, ttt effect, a monopoly of the trade and of the 
market. Surely, this island should abound in 



WBALTB. What MORE COUXD VATORE OR LEOrs- 

latton do for XT t Let us leok at the picture ef 
their condition dsawn by able ebservers, and by 
the inbabitanti themselves. Mark this aetail of 
forty years 1 

In 1798, says Biyan Edwards, "the ^^nsA 
maas of the planters are men of oppressed for« 
tunes, ooosigned by debt to unremitting dradgerir 
in the colonies, with a hope, which efeemally 
mocks their grasps of happier days, and a releaae 
from their embarrassments." 

In the same year a Committee of the assembly 
appointed to exanine into- the stale of the sugar 
trade, report tbat->-<'In the course of twenty 
years, 177 estates in Jamaica have been sold for 
the paymont of debts; 55 estates have been 
thrown up ; and d2 are still in the hands of 
creditors: — total 324 ! And, it appears, from a 
return made by the provost marshi^ that 80,12f 
executions, amoanting to £22,568,786 have been 
lodged in his office, in the course of twenty 
years !" 

In 1804, a Report of the Assembly in Ja- 
maica, printed by order of the House of Com- 
mons, states that-^'* Every British merchant hold- 
ing securities on real estates, is filing bills in 
Chancery to foreclose, although, when he has ob- 
tained his decree, he hesitates to enforce it, be- 
cause he must become the proprietor of the plan- 
tation, of which, from fatal experience, he knows 
the consequence. No one will advance money 
to relieve those whose debts approach half the 
value of their property, nor even lend a moderato 
sum without a judgment in ejectment, and release 
of errors, that, at a moment's notice, he may take 
out a writ of possession, and entor on the planta- 
tion of his unfortunate debtor. SherifTs officers, 
and collectors of taxes, are every where ofieriog 
for sale the property of individuals who have seen 
bettor days, and now must view their effects pur- 
chased for half their real value, and at less than 
half their original cost. Far from having the 
reversion expected, the creditor is not often satis- 
fied. All kind of credit is at an end. A faithful 
detail would have the appearance of a frightful 
caricature." 

In 1807, the Assembly reports that — "within 
the last five or six years, G5 estates have been 
abandoned ; 32 sold under decrees of chancery ; 
and 115 depending in chancery. In five years, 
total 212 ! The sugar estates lately brought to 
sale, and now in the Court of Chancery, m this 
island and in England, amount to about one fourth 
of the whole number in the colony! " In fine, they 
observe — " Under a continuance of the present 
circumstances, your committee anticipate, very 
shortly, the bankruptcy of a much larger part o£ 
the community, and, in the course of a few years, 
of the whole class of sugar planters, excepting, 
perhaps, a very few in peculiar circumstances." 

In 1812, the Assembly addressed themselves 
to the king, and represented their ruin as complete. 
" The crop of coffee is gathering in," they say, 
" but its exuberance excites no sensation of 
pleasure. If the slaves of the coffee plantations 
are offered for sale, who can buy themt The 
proprietors of the old sugar estates are themselves 
sinking under accumulated bunlens. If ever 
thfere was a case demanding the active and imme- 
diate interference of a paternal government, to re* 
lieve the burdens, and alleviate the calamities of 
a most valuable and useful class of subjects, it is 
that of the coffee-planters in Jamaica." 

In 1813, Mr. Marrjatt stated in the House of 
Commons that — "There were, comparatively, 
few estates in the West Indies that had not, 
during the last twenty years, been sold or given 
up to creditors." 

In 1830, in an address to parliament, they pray 
that-:-" in consequence of the alanning and un* 
ppecedented state of distress in which the whol* 
British West India interest is involved, parliament 
would adopt prompt and effectoal measures of 
relief, in order to preserve them from inevitable 
ruin!" The only way to avert it is to free their 
slaves. To crown the whole, they have been 
obliged to borrow from Parliament, this vaar 

YEAa, near £1,000,000. 



120 

Such is the history of slavery ii^ Jamaict, in 
spile of all its aatural and acquiied adraDtaees ; 
and such has been, and will be, the melancholy 
fate of eveiy colony cultivated by slaves. It does 
not depend upon accidents. It is the natuial and 
inevitable resolt of a false system of labour. 

An able writer at the Cape says, " In this 
colony we enjoy a most favourable climate and 
utuation, much good land, and many valuable 
productions. We are not burdened with a na- 
tional debt, the support of fleete or armies, nor 
any of the artificial evils of old states. Yet 
poverty is the general rule, and the most moderate 
independence the rare exception. There are many 
causes for this, but we can now point to one 
which would alone account fully for our depres- 
sion, in the absence of all the rest. 

" We possess about 35,000 slaves. The first 
cost, at £40 a piece, is £1 ,400,000. The natural 
wages of labour is just the sustenance of the la- 
bourer; but this tfa« slaves get, and orer and above 
we lose annually, 

1. The interest of the first cost . £84,000 

2. Insurance 42,000 

3. Inferiorityofslavelaboor(5p. c.) 70,000 

4. Accidentspeculiar to slave laDour 14,000 
M^iog a dinerence against us in 

favour of countries that employ 

freelbaourof £220,000 

per annum. 
Total loss in every seven years . £1,540,000 
Nor is this all. A large portion of the active 
capital of the colony is thus locked up, and taken 
from its natural use^viz., promoting improve- 
ments, and extending cultivation and trade. And 
many of our farmers, particularly in the wine dis- 
tricts, commenced their business on borrowed 
money, on. which they paid six per cent If, as 
it is now* manifest, the capital sunk in the first 
cost of slaves peri^es every seven years, or, to 
meet all objections respecting numbers, say, every 
ten years, the fate of such farmers could have been 
easily foreseen. It was impossible, not from the 
local or accidental circumstances, but from the 
immutable order of things, that they could com- 
pete, in the same markets, with the wine growers 
of Europe, who have the whole of this money 
capital always at command to meet the various 
demands of their manufacture and trade. No one 
need be surprised that, in consequence of this 
enormous waste, we find ourselves so often on the 
brink of ruin, and now and then at the very bot- 
tom of it.' Such is the cost of slavery to the 
planter. 

How many more years shall this wretched 
system continue, and be actually svppojited by 
us? 

I remain, Sir, 

Your obedient servant, 

G. W. CRAUFt RD. 

King's College, Oct. 3, 1832. 



THE T0UE18T. 
APHORISMS. 



ANCIENT ELECTIONEERING. 

A MEMORABLE instance of old English spirit 
and integrity is recorded of Lady Ann Clifford, 
Countess of Dorset, Pembroke, and Montgo- 
mery, who, by failure of the male line, pos- 
sessed the great hereditary estates of the Clifford 
Cumberland family, and the consequent /mi- 
trcnage of the borough of Appleby. Sir Joseph 
'Williamson, the profligate minister and secre- 
tary of Charles the Second, wrote to her lady- 
ship, suggesting a candidate for the borough. 
She returned the following laconic and patri- 
otic answer, worthy a better subject than this 
bartering of the subject's rights : — ^ 

"I have been btillied by an usurper, I have 

heen neglected by a court ; but I wiU not be 

dictated to by a subject Your man sha'nt 

stand. 

*' Anne Dorset, Pembroke, and Montgomei)'." 



Who knoweth not that time is truly compared 
to a stream that carrieth down fresh and pure wa- 
ters unto that salt sea of corruption which envi- 
roneth all human actions ? Ana therefore if man 
shall not, by his industry, virtue, and policy, as it 
were with the oar, row against the stream and in- 
clination of time, all institutions and ordinances, 
be they never so pure, will corrupt and degenerate. 
—Lord Bacon. 

Riches are the baggage of virtue ; they cannot 
be spared nor left behind, but they hinder the 
march. — ^Ib. 

Those who study particular sciences, and neg- 
lect philosophy, are like Penelopfe's suitors, that 
made love to the waiting- woman. — Aristippvs. 

As that which rises from the bottom of a still is 
but a vapour, and becomes not a drop till it settles 
upon the upper part of it ; so that which comes 
from the body is out a base disturbance, and comes 
not to the proper form and nature of a sin till con- 
sented to and owned by the soul. — Dr. South. 

It is the chief concern of wise men to retrench 
the evils of life by the reasonings of philosophy ; 
it is the employment of fools to multiply them by 
the sentiments of superstition. — Addison. 

It cannot escape observation, that when men 
are too much confined to professional and faculty 
habits, and, as it were, inveterate in the recurrent 
employment of that narrow circle, they are rather 
disabled than qualified for whatever depends on 
the knowledge of mankind, on experience in mixed 
afifairs, on a comprehensive and connected view of 
the various, complicated, external, and internal 
interests which go to the formation of that multi- 
farious thing called a *' state." — Burke. 



ANECDOTE OF MILTON. 

James the Second, when Duke of York, ex- 
pressed one day a ffreat desire to see old Mil- 
ton, of whom he had heard so much. The 
king replied, that he felt no objection to the 
duke^s satisfying his curiosity; and, accord- 
ingly, soon afterwards James went privately to 
Milton^s house, where, after an intix^duction 
which explained to the old republican the rank 
of bis guest, a free conversation ensued be- 
tween these very dissimilar and discordant 
characters. In the course, however, of the con- 
versation, the duke asked Milton whether he did 
not regard the loss of his eye-sight as a judg- 
ment inflicted on him for what he had written 
against the lute king. Milton's reply was to 
this effect: '' If your Highness thinks that the 
calamities whicli befal us here are indications 
of the wrath of Heaven, in what manner 
are we to account for the fate of the king, 
your father? The displeasure of Heaven must, 
upon this supposition, have been much greater 
against him tnan against me ; for I have lost 
only my eyes, but he lost his head." 



Bnt the houfs speed on, and Tune, as he flie9. 
Over the valleys breathes witheringly ; 

And the fairest cbaplet of summer dies. 
And blossomless now is the wild-briar tree. 

The strone have bowed down^ the beauteous arr 
ofead; 

The blast through the forest sighs mournfully. 
And bared is full many a lofty bead. 

But there's fruit on the lowly wild-briar tree. 

It has cheered yon bird, that, with gentle swells 
Sings, " What are the gaudy flowers to me 1 

For here will I build my nest, and dwell 
By the simple, faithful, wild-briar tree.** 

Wild Garlands 



THE WILD BRIAR. 

The woods are stripped by the wintry winds. 
And faded the flowers that bloomed on the lea ; 

But one lingering ^m the wanderer finds — 
Tis the ruby nuit of the wild-briar tree. 

When the spring came forth in her May-day mood, 
Methought 'twas a beautiful sight to see, 

'Mid the ImrstiBff bads, by the zephyr wooed. 
The green leafy sprays of the wild-briar tree. 

When the sunbeams shone with a vrarmer glow, 
And the honied bells vrere sipped by the bee. 

Could the woodlands a lovelier garland show. 
Than the wreath that hung on ue wild-briar tree? 



VERSES TO A BATH STOVE. 

BY Da. MASON GOOD, 

On leaving it behind in a haute from vihich he removed., 

Hebe rest, O stove ! the fondest friends must part^ 

Whatever the sorrow that subdues the hearty 

Here rest, a monument to all behind, 

Of the chief virtues t£at enrich the mind. 

For thrice three years I've known thee, and have 

found 
Thy service clean, thy constitution sound ; 
Amidst a world of changes thou hast stood 
Fix'd to thy post, illustnously good ; 
Unwarp'd, inflexible, and true, whatever 
Thy fiery toils, — and thou hast had thy share ; 
For never Stoic of the porch has felt 
A frame more firm, or less disposed to melt ; 
And sooner than o'er thine, mankind might seek 
For iron tears o'er Fluto*s marble cheek. 
Yet hast thou shown, in fulness and in v^nt. 
Virtues that ne'er in rugged bosoms haunt ; 
Grate-full when loaded, and when empty seeik 
With a still fairer and more beauteous mien ; 
For polished is thy idake, and form'd t' impart 
Light to the mind, and solace to the heart. 
When numb'd by vapours, or a frowning sk}'. 
When deadly gloom has weigh 'd down every eye^ 
When dark my views, or doubtful my career, 
I've sought thy radiaoce, all has soon been clear -y 
Nature her face has hasten'd to resume. 
Each doubt decarap'd, and glee succeeded gloom. 



FOR the CURE of COUGHS, COLDS, 
ASTHMAS, SHORTNESS of BREATH, &c. Ac— 
WALTER'S ANISEED PILLS.— The nnmeroas md 
respectable TesiimoDiaU dail^r received of the extraonU- 
nary clficacy of the nbovc Pills, in curing the most dis- 
tressing and long-established diseases of thepnlnionary and 
respiratory organ*, induce the Proprietor to recoinmeiuf 
them to the notice of those afflicted with the above com- 
plaints, conceiving that a Medicine which has now stood 
the test of experience for several years cannot be too gene- 
rally .known. They are composed entirely of balsamic 
and v^table Ingredients, and are so speedy in their bene-^ 
ficial effects, that in ordinary cases a few doses have been 
foond snfBcient ; and, unlike most Cough Medicines, they 
neither affect the head, confine the bowels, nor produce 
any of the anpleaiant sensations so freqaently coroplaiaed 
of. Tlie following cases are submitted to the Public frans 
many In the Proprietor's possession :-»K. Soke, of Giob«' 
lane. Mile-end, was perfectly cured of a violent cough, 
attended with hoarseness, which rendered his speech inau- 
dible, by taking three or four doaes. E. Booley, of Qacci' 
street, Spltalfields, after talcing a few doses, was entirely 
cured of a moat inveterate cough, which be had had for 
many months, and tried almost every thing without suc- 
cess. Prepared by W. Walter, and sohl by I. A. Sliar- 
wood. No. M, Bishopsgate Without, in boxes, at Is. I^d* 
and three in one for Ss. Od. ; and by appoindnent, by Han- 
nay and Co., No. 03, Oxford-street ; Green, No. 4S, While- 
chapel-road; Proat, No. tS6, Strand; Sharp, Crot»«treer, 
Islington; Pink, No. 09, High-street, BorooKh ; AUisoa, 
No. 130, Brick -lane, Betlinal-grcen ; Farrar, Upton-placer 
Commercial-road ; Hendebourck, 8S0, Holboru ; and by 
all the wholesale and retail Medicine Verniers in the United 
Kingdom.— N.B* In oonseqaencc of the increased demand- 
for this excellent Medicine, the Public are cantimicA 
against Connterfelta— none can be genuine unless slnaed by 
I« A. Sharwood on theGo^-emment Stamp, and W. Walter 
on the ontsMe wrapper.— Be sure to ask for ** Walter's 
Aniseed Pills." 



Printed by J. Haddok and Co. : and Published' 
by J. Cbisp, at No. 27, Ivy Lane, Paternoster 
Row, where all Advertisements and Commnni'^ 
cations for the Editor are to be addressed. 



THE TOURIST; 

OR, 



" Utile dulci." — Borttce. 



Vol. I.— No. Is. MONDAY, DECEMBER 17, 18M. Pkice 0«1! Pii»»t. 



SALE OF SL.WES AT THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. 



122 



THE TOURIST. 



In abridging tUfe MMvtri^ description 
of a slave-salc^fr6m «n a\>b ^fikle lately 
written on thif yubject by % cordial Wend 
to our cause, it is necessary* to explain 
that the person here designated by the 
name of Humanitas is a gentleman of 
high benevolent character and literary 
celebrity, who, on leaving Cape Towu to 
visit a friend in the interior, consented to 
become the bearer of three thousand rix- 
dollars to a clergyman resident at a town 
through which he was obliged to pass. It 
was in the course of this journey that he 
witnessed the scene which is described in 
the following narrative : — 
*"^**--A e ongidcra Me number of persons 
had already assembled, and not a few of 
those whose countenances would have 
led the powerfully descriptive Shakspeare 
to have denounced them * villains^ ' 
They were those whose . whole contour 
seemed an index to their hearts, hard- 
formed, ill-favoured, and tanned to serai- 
blackness. The outragers of the laws of 
nature — the bold defiers of God ! bearing 
human forms, but in whose breasts flowed 
not a drop of human kindness — whose 
names and deeds will live in endless exe- 
cration — whose calling all good men 
abhor, and which, by God's providence, 
will, ere long, be blotted from our world 
as one of the foulest stains which mars 
the beauty of the Almighty's moral and 
intellectual kingdom — they were slave 

DEALERS ! 

*' A variety of articles were exposed 
for sale, over which Humanitas cast a 
careless eye ; for, as they were composed 
chiefly of household requisites and imple- 
ments of husbandry, there was not any 
thing in them calculated to engage his 
attention. Scarcely, however, hau he 
finished his vacant survey of the above 
varieties, before his eye was arrested by 
another portion of property, ranged in a 
line with the homed cattle which flanked 
the enclosure, the whole of which was to 
be disposed of by the fall of the hammer. 
This was a group of unfortunate beings 
whose forefathers had been stolen from 
the land of their birth, and these their 
hapless progeny were, therefore, adjudged 
worthy to be branded by the opprobrious 
name, and treated with the barbarity, of 
slaves and beasts of burden. 

*^ The spirit of Humanitas groaned 
within him, and his. whole soul rose in 
indignation at the cruelty of his fellows, 
as he surveyed the sable group ; for once 
he blushed to think he was a man, or 
that, as being such, he was classed with 
the unlawful retainers of his fellow-men 
in bondage. He viewed, through the 
medium of his own feelings, the unjust 
and inhuman system, a brief exhibition 
of which he now surveyed ; and, while 
contemplating in his mind the fearful 
result which will, in all probability, at 
some future day, proceed from the explo- 
sion of so nefarious a system^ he mentally 



de|iored the present degraded ttate of 
society which such a scene but too pow- 
erfully witnessed. 

"The deep feeling of his mind had 
thrown him into a state of absence so 
perfect as to have rendered him altoge- 
ther indifferent to the things and persons 
bj whom he was surrounded. From this 
abstraction he was roused by the plaintive 
and heart-rending moans of a female ; he 
turned, almost mechanically, and beheld 
an interesting young woman of colour, 
standing apart from her companions in 
captivity, the intensity of whose grief 
might be better conceived of by the 
agony which shook her frame, than ex- 
pressed by the cold language of narra- 
tion. Close. by her side stood another 
female, whose dress bespoke her of re- 
spectable connexions, but her counte- 
nance wore not the reprobatory hue (as 
some men seem to think a tawny skin is) 
possessed by the others, and yet her sor- 
row was not less intense than her's whose 
complexion had made her a slave. In 
her arms she held a sweet infant, which 
at intervals she pressed to her bosom in 
cotivulsive agony, as she gazed with 
phrenzied emotion on the black for whom 
her tears flowed so profusely. The scene 
was, in all its parts, a painfully interest- 
ing and novel one. Himianitas felt it 
so ; and, prompted by a strong desire to 
ascertain, if possible, the cause of so pow- 
erful a sympathy on the part of a white 
person, so unusual, even in the female 
breast, in the brutalizing regions of slave- 
ry, towards a slave, he enquired of some 
who were connected with the sale for a 
solution of the mystery. 

** A few words informed the inquirer 
that the white person was the daughter 
of the late farmer, whose efiects were 
now to be disposed of, and that the slave 
over whom she so affectionately wept was 
her foster-sister. From infancy they had 
been associates — ^in childhood they were 
undivided. The distinction which colour 
mcade in the eyes of some, to them was 
not known. The marriage of the farmer's 
daughter was the first cause of separation 
they had ever known, and even then a 
pain such as sisters only feel at parting 
was felt by each of them as they said—* 
Farewell ! She had retired with her hus- 
band to a distant part of the colony, and 
there received the mournful intelligence 
of her father's death, and the account of 
the public sale of his.(»operty ; included 
in this, she was certain, womd be found 
the slave in question : her father's insol- 
vent circumstances rendered this una- 
voidable. With an affection which dis- 
tance, fatigue, and danger could not 
affect, she had travelled four hundred 
miles, cheered by the hope of being able 
to purchase her freedom. 

" The pleasing delusion which strength- 
ened and encouraged her, during the 
fatigue of her toilsome journey, fled as 



slie' reiched the «pot 'whevf already her 
beloved foster-siiler stdod ^exposed for 
s^e. Here she receiv^l the afflictive 
information that several regular traffickers 
in human beings were present, who were 
able and disposed to purchase her at a 
price much above what she was able to 
raise. Among this number was one from 
an adjaeent town, who was fully ac- 
quainted with her worth, and who had 
declared his intention to possess her, al- 
though a sum should be set upon her 
head doubling the usual price of an ordi- 
nary slave. 

" The voice of female sorrow is power- 
fully eloquent, and i§. ever sufficient to^ 
move the heart with pity and commisera- 
tion, excepting the hearts of villains and 
cowards. Humanitas felt it deeply now*;' 
but the unfeeling bands by whom he was 
surrounded experienced it not; no muscle 
of the^hard evil-faced slave-dealers was 
moved ; innumerable scenes of a similar 
description had calcined every vestige of 
humanity, and left nothing in their sordid 
breasts but the brutal or satanic avarice 
which their trade had begotten. 

^' While Humanitas was making his in- 
quiries, receiving an answer, and com- 
menting on the distressing circumstances, 
the sale was going on ; a number of arti- 
cles had been disposed of, and then a 
slave was brought forward. The rapacious 
individuals before referred to pressed 
round her, and, with a degree of cruelty 
and indelicacy which could only be dis- 
played by such besotted and beastly- 
minded creatures, commenced their ex- 
amination of her person, treating every 
bone and muscle, of a being which bore 
the image of the great Creator, as if a 
beast of burden had stood before them : 
she was soon disposed of; and then the 
slave to whom reference has been made 
already was brought out, and, after un- 
dergoing the same mode of scrutiny, was 
put up for sale. 

*' I will not attempt a description of 
the maiden glow of shame and modest 
indignation which passed over her fine 
open countenance^ and lit up her large 
keen eye, as the treatment of the merci- 
less dealers was forced upon her, nor 
the crushing agony which evidently 
wrung her soul, as she gazed, half- 
franticly, on her foster-sister, while the 
cruel jest and litUe-minded laugh curled 
the lips of those by whom she was sur- 
rounded. Oh! no, no! — attempt here 
would indeed be idleness, if not pro- 
fanity ; the feeling heart can better con- 
ceive of it than the most eloquent and 
ready pen can find language to describe 
it. 

"The sale proceeded with unusual spi- 
rit until it had retu^hed the sum of two 
thousand rix dollars. There was evi- 
dently a strong feeling of rivalry among 
the dealers concerning the slave for which 
they were bidding. Having, however. 



THE TOURIST. 



123 



feacfaed the mm stated, they flagged gra- 
dually, the contest evidently sabsiding; 
one after another ceased to bid, and, at 
length, two only maintained the strife. 
One was the agent of a clergyman's 
lady, who, it was known^ would treat her 
well ; the other, the dealer, who had fully 
made up his mind to possess her for the 
purpose of letting her out as an animal 
of labour. Two thousand five hundred 
dollars was the last bid, and a pause en- 
sued ; the, dealer was now the highest 
bidder ; expectation wais on the tip-toe ; 
all eyes were turned towarda the auc- 
tioneer, and *' any advance V was asked 
in an andibk voice. Silence conti- 
nued, and the question was repeated — 
when the attention of the company was 
directed from the auction by the appear- 
ance of three figures who were seen de- 
scending the side of a mountain in the 
distance. It appeared as if they were 
hastening to the sale, and, the lot which 
was now up being an important one, the 
seller felt something like obligation to 
suspend the fall of the hammer until they 
reached the spot. The persons were soon 
discovered to be a gentleman on horse- 
back, accompanied by two Hottentot 
servants on foot. 

'^ A few minutes only elapsed, during 
which the auctioneer sipped some lemon- 
ade, to assist him the better to support his 
future garrulity, when the stranger rode 
up. A large military cloak enveloped his 
whole person, so as entirely to cut off all 
possibuity of ascertaining who he might 
be. He almost immediately dismounted, 
and, giving his horse to one of his ser- 
vants, surveyed the things around him 
with p^ect indifierence. The sale went 
on — another bidding was made by the 
agent — the dealer lUlowed — the agent 
bid again, whe&» as if at cmce to cloee 
the protracted a&ir,. the dealer shouted, 
* Three thousand rix dollars.' This 
ended the struggle — ^the agent retired. 
'Once, twice,' responded he who held 
the hammer — * is there no advance V He 
cast his eyes round the assembly with the 
inquisitiveness of his calling — neither 
wink, nod, or voice, gave answer to his 
question. A dead pause ensued — it was 
fearful, but short. The hand of the auc- 
tioneer was again raised — ^when the poor 
slave, in a tone of sublimated agony, 
shrieked out, * Jesus, help me V and, 
clasoing her hands wildly, fell senseless 
on me ground. 

The shriek of the unfortunate thrilled 
through the ear of the stranger, and en- 
tered bis soul; and, while some simple 
m^ure was employed to restore her to 
animation, he looked round, as if seeking 
information concerning what he had heard 
and saw. His gaze caught the eye of 
Humanitas, who instantly recognised in 
him an old fiaend. A bnef but graphic 
explanation was immediately famished; 
and^ as the slave again r^umed to con- 



sciousness, the voice of the sisranger was 
heard — ^< Three thousand one hundred 
dollars.' * One hundred more,' shouted 
the dealer. ' Another hundred,' said the 
stranger. A look which would, had it 
been possible, have annihilated his per- 
son, was given by the dealer, as he voci- 
ferated, * Fifty more.' ' Another fifty,' 
continued the stranger. * Fifty more,' 
shouted the dealer. * One hundred more,' 
echoed the stranger ; * she is mine,' he 
added, with spirited firmness, ' at any 
price.' The pulse of the mortified and 
enraged trafficker in human beings might 
have almost been heard as the unwelcome 
sounds saluted him. He had, however, 
proceeded as far as he dared, and there- 
fore answered not the repeated call of the 
auction man. * One, two, three,* at 
proper intervals, was repeated ; and, at 
length, the hammer fell, the stranger be- 
ing the purchaser at the sum of Three 
thousand four hundred and Jifty rix dol- 
lars. The business, although nearly ter- 
minated, was not yet closed. Payment 
was to be made, and immediate payment 
was demanded. The gentleman offered 
his checque on the bank at Cape Town ; 
but the auctioneer, who experienced a 
degree of vexation at the disappointment 
which his friend (the dealer) had met 
with, determined to throw every possible 
obatacle in the vraty to prevent the bar- 
gain, and therefore refused the checque. 
The stranger looked perplexed, and ar- 
gued the validity of the payment; but 
the hammer-man was inexorable. 

** Humanitas marked the conduct of the 
man carefully, and, as he did so, he felt 
those pleasing emotions (for the exist- 
ence of them he could not account), 
which the purchase of the slave by his 
friend had created,, suddenly sabsiding. 
At this Bftoment, \aa thoughts rested on 
the smn of which he was the bearer to the 
clergyman, and, aware it could be re- 
placed in a day or two, he presented the 
gentleman with it. Three thousand he 
produced from his pocket, and, in silver, 
they made up to the amount of fifty more 
between them; — still the sum was not 
complete, and this modem Shyiock de- 
manded the whole, or its equivalent. The 
stranger hesitated a moment, and then 
drew forth a handsome gold watch and 
appendages, and, throwing the whole on 
the table, concluded the purchase. 

" Still ignorant of her future Cette, but 
as if happy to have escaped from the 
power of the slave^ealer, the weeping, 
trembling creature rushed forward, and 
fell at the feet of her purchaser. A scene 
followed which baffles all description :~ 
angels, in their messages of mercy to the 
sons of men, might have been ^rested in 
their flight, to notice and applaud it ; but 
the act received the approving smile of 
Him who is the God of angels. The 
stranger bended over the prostrate female, 
and» having raised her from the eatth. 



took her hand and led her ^ ker fester- 
sister, whose agony was stUI intense, to 
whom he pr es e nt e d her, saying, ' Rec a roe 
your friend, no longer as a slave, but as 
your companion ; and, in your daily sup- 
plications at the throne of grace, forget 
not to implore a blessing on the head of 
Major M .' "* 

* The stranger was an officer in ihe £ast India 
Company's serrice. He had come to the Cape €v 
his health ; sad, while ahoodnf on the mpnntaini, 
was attracled by the crowd in the vaUey, and pr». 
videntiaUjp anived in time, to perform the noble ac- 
tion, than which none is more imposing in. the 
compass of history. 



THE CATARACT AND THE STREAMLET. 

BT SSnVARD BARTON. 

Noble tiie mountain»stream. 
Bursting in grandeur from its Tantage-gronnd ; 

Glory is in its gleam 
Of brightness ;— thun£r in its deafening soimd ! 

Mark, how its foamy spray. 
Tinged by the sun-beams with reflected dyes, 

Mimics the bow of day 
Arching in majesty the vaulted skies ; — 

Thence, in a snmmer-ehower, 
Steeping the rocks aiound : — O ! tell me wheie 

Could majesty and power 
Be cloth'd in forms more beautifuUj fair ? 

Yet lovelier, in my view. 
The streamlet, flowing silently serene ; 

Traced by the brighter hue, 
And livelier growth it gives ; — itself unseen I 

It flows through flowery meads, ^ 
Gladdening the herds which on its maigin browse ; 

Its quiet beauty feeds 
The alders that o'ershade it with their boughs. 

Gently it murmurs by 
The village church-yard : — its low, pladntive tone 

A dirge-like melody 
For worth and beauty mo&st as its own. 

More gaily now it sweeps 
By the school- house, ia the suushine bright ; 

And o*er the pebbles leaps, 
Like happy hearts by holiday msde light. 

May not its course express. 
In characters which they who run may read. 

The charms of gentleness, ••wi 

Were but its still small voice allow'd to plead t 

What are the trophies gain'd 
By power alone, with all its noise and^striiis. 

To that meek wreath, unatain'd. 
Won by the charities that gladden life t 

Niagasa'a streama might fhil. 
And human happiness be uMstoxb'd ; 

Bat Egypt would tarn pale. 
Were her still Nile's o'erflowing bounty ciirb'd L 



LINES 



Sent to a Lady by lAe Riyht H&n. 



staying laU at k$r Home ike Night bofete* 

Too late I staid — ^forgive the crime ^ 

Unheeded flew the hours : 
How noiseless falls the foot of time. 

That enly treads on flowera! 



What eye with eltar aceeant 

The ebbing of the glass. 
When all its sanda are diamond ipaxfca^ 

Which dazzle as they passT 



Oh ! who to sober 

Time's happy wmA ^_, 

When bMa «f PanuttM hava ImI 

Their phMBife to hit- wfaga 1 



THE TOURIST. 



XONDAY, DECEUBEB 17, 1833. 

THE SAFETY OF IMMEDIATE EMAN- 
CIPATION. 

The present position of the anti-aUvery 
«mtue mnit be liigiilT gratifying to ereir friend 
«f tnnnani^ uid religion. CoiwdenJble pro- 
gKES lias been nwde during the last twelve 
months in awakening public attention to the 
eoonnities of OUT slare system, and in inducing 
a general demand for its immediate and enttie 
abolition. The people of this country hare at 
length ascertained the true nature of colonial 
■la'very. Their honeet judgments were for a 
lon^ time deluded by colonial inisrepresenta- 
tions ; and the friends of the negro had, in con- 
Be<]uence, to deplore their supineness and in- 
actirity. But the information which has lately 
been supplied to the public has eSectoally^ re- 
moved tius delusion, and united all religious 
and honest men in a deep and unmitigated 
abhorrence of the slave system. 

The progress of our cuuse is strikingly 
erinced m tne altered lan^age of our oppo- 
nents. Instead of maintsjuing with a fearless 
front, as they were accnstoinea to do, the rec. 
titude of this system, and the madness of at- 
tempting its overthrow or mitigation, they pro- 
fess to regret its existence, and to he prepared 
for the adoption of measures which may ulli 
mately secure its extinction. We must b< 
excused if we say we do not rely on the honesty 
of such statements. Had we nev 
the records of culonial duplicit 
aon — had we never tracked the ( 
men in otlier stages of the con 
we never been copnizant of the 
'' ani&ce by which they have often attempted to 
evade the demands of justice — we might rely 
on their good faith. But we know too much 
of their past history to be thus deluded any 
loncer. Aftertlieexperience which we have had 
of their tactics, we should be the veriest fools 
in creation if we suffered ^urselves tii be de- 

What we demand is the immediate abolition 
of that system which makes man the property 
of his feilow-man. This request is perfectly 
compatible with the adoption of auy regula- 
tions which Parliament may deem necessary 
securing the good order and tranquillity of 



:r looked into 
roveisy — had 



then 



e of society. It c 



posed that the slave population of our colonies 
&re competent to the dischaige of all those 
4tuties which devolve on the inhaUtants of our 
highly civilized land. No such thougiit has 
entered the minds of aboliliomBtE, however it 
may have answered the purpose of their oppo- 
nents to attribute it to them. It is admitted 
that regulations may be expedient in the colo- 
nies which would not be tolerated here. But, 
in pcdect consistency with an approval of such 
measures, we claim for the negro race — that 
they be no longer the goods or chattels of ano- 
ther, nor be subjected to the arbitrary will of 
ttcapriciotis, sordid, or cruel master. Let them 
have the proiectioD, as well as the restraints, 
of law. Let them share in the blessings of 
(hat freedom which has long been naturuized 

The enemies of emancipation are at present 
•ndearonring to arm, in their defence, the 
fears of the public mind. After telling us, for 
years, of the measures which have been adopt- 
ed for the impiDTMMnt of their slaves — of tne 
provision whfiA has beeu made for their reli- 



THE TOUEIST. 

gions insbuotion, and of the h^tpy eflects 
which have resulted from those enactmeuts, 
they now turn round and falsify their own 
nments, by representing the negro race as 
.. debased in intellect and morau as to be 
^squalilied for discharging the simplest duties 
of life unless coerced by the driver's whip. 
They cannot expect a serious reply to such 
contradictions. Let them reconcile their pre- 
sent statements with their former declarations, 
before they venture to look honest men in the 

It is arousing to observe how they pervert 
otu langu^e. Such conduct betrays thdr 
weakness, and thus strengthens our confidence 
of eariy victory. An honourable opponent 
would not descend to the employment of such 
means ; but it is not to be expected that the 
advocates of oppreiision and cruelty should be 
very scrupulous about the methods they adopt 
TTie phrase, immediate emancipation, has beeu 
interpreted to mean any thing rather than that 
whicn it has been employed by abolitianists to 
express. We have, therefore, thought it ad- 
visable to offer these explanatory remarks, as 
an introduction to a series of papera on this 



sn^tject which we propose inserting in our co- 
lumns Our readers will bear them in mind 
in the perusal of what may follow. We sluJl 
close this paper by a quotation from a letter 
bearing date De(«mber 5, 1833, signed by 
Thomas Pringle, Secretary to the AnIi-SlaTetT 
Society, and John Crisp, Sec., from which it 
mav be seen we have not written witiiont 

" An explanation of the meaning of the 
words 'immediate emancipation' having, in 
some instances, been requested by the friends 
of the abolition of slavery, both the Anti-Sla- 
very and Agency Societies hare consdered 
that the following mode of putting the ques- 
tion may obviate the difficultf which some 
candidates, who are really favourable to am 
cause, have hitherto felt in giving an explicit 
answer in the affirmative. 

" ' In the event of your becoming a member 
of the next Parliament, will you vote for, and 
strenuously support, the immediate abolition 
of colonial slavery, subject to such provisions 
as Parliament may deem necessary in order to 
secure the industrious habits and orderiy caa- 
(luct of the negroes ? ' " 



POPE'S VILLA AT TWICKENHAM. 



We extract the following short account 
of the residence of Pope, represented in 
the above engraving, from bis life by Dr. 
Johnson. 

"This year (1715) being, by the sub- 
scription, enabled to live more by choice, 
having persuaded his father to sell thetr 
•state at Benfield, he purchased, I think 
only for his life, that house at Twicken- 
ham, to which his residence afterwards 
procured so much celebration, and re- 
moved thither with his father and mother. 

" Here he planted thevinesandthequin- 
cunx which his verses mention ; and, be- 
ing under the necessity of making a sub- 
terraneous passage to a garden on the 
other side of the road, he adorned it with 
fossile bodies, and dignified it with the 
title of a grotto, a place of silence and re- 
treat, from which he endeavoured to per- 
suade his friends and himself that cares 
and passions could be excluded. 

" A grotto is not often the wi^ or plea- 



sure of an Englishman, who has more fre- 
quent need (o solicit than exclude the 
sun ; but Pope's excavation was requisite 
as an entrance to bis garden ; and, as some 
men try to be proud of their defects, he 
extracted an ornament from an inconve- 
nience, and vanity produced a grotto 
where necessity enforced a passage. It 
may frequently be retnarked, of the stu- 
dious and speculative, that they are proud 
of trifles, and that their amusements seem 
frivolous and childish : whether it be that 
men, conscious of great reputation, think 
themselves above the reach of censure, 
and safe in the admission of negligent in- 
dulgences, or that mankind expect from 
elevated genius an utiifonnity of great- 
ness, and watch its degradation with ma- 
licious wonder; like him who, having fol- 
lowed with bis eye an eagle into the clouds, 
should lament that she ever descended to 
a perch." 
The grotto alladed to by bis biographer 



liM been inunortaliied by Pope in the 
foiiowing line» :^ 

TO MY GROTTO AT TWICKENHAM, 
Gimpemi <i MmAia, Span, 0««, Oft,, and 

Mimtnlt. 
Thon who »h»lt stop wheie Th«me«' tmuIuecDt 

SfaiDM abiMd DuTTor threugfi the (btdowT etve ; 
When Kng^Dg drop* from mio'ml rooh diati], 
And Boioted cryittl* break the ipufcliag liU, 
IToMiluh'ii gemi no ny od pride bMtow, 
Am Uteat melali iaooeautlj gloir ; 
ApMMb i Gisat Natara sta<Uouil; baliold ! 
And «jc the inia* without ■ wish for gold. 



Araroa 
mien 



THE TOURIST. 



iToacb ; but awral ! lo ! ih' £geran sro^ 
nob!* paiulve St. John nl and ihoughl ; 



lU 



ANECDOTE. 

Mr. Wbslk» relates the followiDg ciicum- 
staitce ID one of tun jouraak: — 

" 1 rode over to a neighbouring lonn, to 
wait on a Justice of Peace, before wtumi, I waa 
infonned, their angry neighbours bad earned 



le waggoii4oad otibeK H^ heietice (the 
idisti); but, when he aiked *hat they 



Methodist , , , 

hod done, there wu a deep silence, for that 
was a point their conductore had forgot ! At 
length one aud, '\Vhj, they pretend to be 
better than their neighbours ; and, besides, thc^ 
pray &om morning to night.' The magiState 
asked, 'But, hare thev done nothing bnadesT 
* Yes, sir,' said an old man, 'an'l please youf 
Wor«hip, they h^re ronvarttd my wife, TiH 
she went among them, she had such a tongne; 
but now she is as quiet at a lamb.' * Cany 
them back, carrv them back,' replied die Ju*- 
tice, * and let tnem conreK all the scolds in 
the town.' " 



THE COrrAGE. 

" With dazzling biiUia'ice w'lile the sun-beamg dance 

Ud the chiisle bosom of you bright expanse. 

From the too powerful glare aud scorehing heat 

Yon rural Cottage yields a. cool retreat: 

What though it want the spaciouK marble base, 

What though its roof no gilded trophies grace. 

On lasting oak its inodeel bunt it learB, 

And neat in rustic elegance appears, 

While, thick around with mantling foliage twin'd, 

It bids defiance to the sun and wind." 



AUBRICAN aUAKEBS., 

In 1790, the American Quakers presented 
the following Address lo General Washington, 
then Preadent of the United Slates:— 

** We would ndlher trespass on thy lime 
B0( on thy patience— to flatter were utterly in- 
consistent with our general beharionr; but, as 
OUT principles and conduct hare been subject 
to misrepreaentation, it is incumbent upon us, 
Ity the strongest assnranoes, to testify our sin- 
cere and loyal attachment to thee, and all those 
set in antnority over us. Our most fervent 
pnt^en to Hearen an, that thy pretddentship 
m».f proTe no lest a blening to thyself than 



To this address General Washington re> 
turned the following answer : — 

"Liberty of worshipping the Deity accortUng 
to the diclHles of our conscience is not solely 
an indulgence of ciril goremment, but the 
unalienable right of men, as long as they per- 
form their civil obligations. Societjr can have 
no Airther demands. Men are only answerable 
lo Heaven fur their religious opinione. With 
your principles aud conduct I am not unac- 
quainted ; and I do the Quakers but common 
justice when 1 say that, except in the instance 
of their refusal to support the common cause 
of their fellow-cidxcus during the near, no sect 
can boast of a greater number of neefbl and 
esempluy citizens." 



ANNIBAL CARACCI. 
It is said of this ereat painter that, when 
the conversation io which be was engaged re- 
ferred lo any thine that conM be made an ob- 
ject of the pencil, he used to lake onl his pencil 



raw It ; giving as a reason, that, as poets 
paint by wtnds, so painten should tgtak iif 



their pencili 



The gallery of the Famese palace at Kome 
a standing monumeut of liis attention in his 



standing m 

an. It took him up eight years to finish, and 
he v/tti paid only five hundred sold crowns lot 
iu He died of ii broken heart, w coDse^^uenoe 
of it, at the age of for^-nine ; inumMalhanjr no 
less the detestable avarice of bis employer, Cat- 
dinalFaiiie8e,thauhisowntninscendentgeniliB. 



Itt 



THE TOUmST. 



REVIEW OF LITERATURE. 



Thje Book of Jasrsr : with Testimonies and 
Notes, Critica] and Histoncal, Explanatory 
of the Text Translated into Eng^sh from 
the Hebrew by Flacccs Albinos, of Britain, 
Abbot of Canterbury. 4to. 

We have the pleasure of introducing to our 
readers, in this yolume, a worlc of no small in- 
terest, whether its pretensions to antiquity be 
genuine or spurious. It purports to be the 
Book of Jasher, mxoted in the Old Testament, 
in the boolcs of Jc^ua and Samuel Every 
document which refers to so early and obscure 
a period of the world's history, and which re- 
CQrds events previously known to us only on 
the testimony of divine revelation, must be an 
object of much curiosity ; and this we will 
endeavour, in the present instance, to gratify, 
by bringing before our readers the evidences 
which attest its authenticity, and some account 
of the subjects on which it trea^. 

The Editor, to whom we owe tiie publica- 
tion of the volume before us, stated in the out- 
set that he is unable to assert any thing re- 
specting it, of his own knowledge, further than 
the account given by Alcuin,* the discoverer 
and translator of it; which, he says, carries 
with it such an air of probability and truth, 
that he does not doubt of its authenticity. 
This account we have condensed into the foi- 
lowing narrative : — 

I, Alcuin, was desiroas of travelliog into the 
Holy Land and into Penia, in search of holy 
things, and to see the wanders of the Kast. I 
took with me two companions, Thomas of Malmes- 
bury, and John of Huntingdon, who learned with 
me the languages neeassary to be known, nnder 
able teachers : and, though we went as pilgrims. 
Yet we took with ua eonsiderable riches. We em- 
barked at Bristol, and went first to B;ome ; wllere 
the Pope blessed va, and eneanraged ns in our 
undertaking. From Rome w« went to Grsaee, 
and thence to the Holy Land. After having vi* 
sited every part of the Holy Land, parttcalarly 
Bethlehem, Hebron, Monat Sinai, and the like, 
we crossed an aim of the Persian Gulf at Bassora, 
and went in a boat to Bagdad, and thence by land 
to Ardevil, and so to Casbin. Here we learned, 
from an ascetic, that in the furthermost part of 
Persia, in the city of Gazna, was a manuscript in 
Hebrew of the Book of Jasher, which he reminded 
them was twice mentioned in the Bible, and ap- 
pealed to as a book of testimony. We immedi- 
ately^ undertook the journey to Gazna, and, on 
arri?ine there, we laid aside the pilgrim's dress; 
and I hired a house, where we dwelt during our 
stay in the city — a period of three years. 

I soon became acquainted with the keeper of 
the library, which belongs to the community of 
this city, and inauired of him conceiniog the 
Book of Ja$her, ot which the recluse at Casbin 
had told us. He said, he had read of such a 
ipanuscript in the cataloeue of the library, but had 
never seen it, though he bad been custos for forty- 
five years ; that it was locked up in a chest and 
kept among the antiquities in a separate part of 
iha Hbiaiy. I made him a piiBsent of a wedge of 
fold, in valne fifty pounds, and bemd him to 
alh>w me to see the volume. He conducted me to 
a room where was the chest in which it was con- 
laiaed, but iafoimed me that the key was in the 
kands of the city<treaBQrer. To the latter, how- 
ever, he introduced me, and told him the aub- 
stanoe of my request The treasurer smiled, and 
said Jbie was not then at leisure, but would consider of 
it. The next morning I sent John of Hundngdon 
to Mm with a wedge of gold, of the value of one 
hundred pounds, by way of a present ; and he 



• AkttlB eft tt i la htd In i!ie eighth ceotnry. He Wrt on* 
"-"^ -KMS 4litiafeUMd oMaiMnii of lb* court of Ohar^ 
:, and Coandcd the Uaiver^ty of Paris tn Mieyear 






sent word back that be would meet me in the 
library at the ninth hour. The time being come, 
the treasurer, the custoe, and I, met at the library, 
where the treasurer; having unlocked the chest, 
gave me the book ; then locked the chest and gave 
the key to the custos, saying, that I was at li^rty 
to read the volume as often as I would, in the 
presence of the custos and in the library. After 
this, 1 had free access to the Book of Jather, It is 
a large scroll, in width two feet three inches, and 
in length nine feet. It is written in large cha- 
racters, and exceeding beautiful. The paper on 
which it is written is, ror thickness, the eighth of 
an inch. To the touch it seemed as soft as velvet, 
and to the eye as white as snow. 

The first tiiinff that commanded my attention 
was a little scroll, entitled, the Story of the Volume 
of Jaiher, This informed me that Jasoer waa bom 
in Goshen, in the land of Egypt, that he was the 
son of the mighty Caleb, who was general of the 
Hebrews, while Moses was with Jeshro, in Midian ; 
that, on the embassy to Pharaoh, Jasher was ap- 
pointed verger to Moses and A.aron, to bear tne 
rod before them ; that, as he always accompanied 
Moses, Jasher must have had the areatest oppor- 
tnnitiea of knowing the facts he hath recorded ; 
that, from his great at^hment to truth and up- 
rightness, he early received his name ; that Jasher 
wrote the volume which bears his name ; that the 
ark in which it was contained was made in his life- 
time ', that he put the volume therein with his 
own hand ; that Jazer, the eldest son of Jasher, 
kept it during his life ;. that the princes of Judah 
were successively the keepers of it ; that the ark 
and book, in the last Babylonish captivity, was 
taken from the Jews, and so fell into the hands of 
the Persian monarcl» ; and that the city of Gazna 
had been the place of its leaidance for seme hun- 
dreds of years. 

After reading the volume through, I oonoeived 
a great desire of returning to England with a 
transcript of it and the notes. In this wish we 
met witn the strong opposition of the treasurer ; 
with whom, and with the recorder of the city, we 
eventually succeeded by presents of gold, and so 
obtained peraiission to make a translation in the 
library aiM in the preeeace of the custaa. Tlas 
we cottdncted in the following mauBer:— tiie 
manuscript was laid on the table, round which tiw 
custos and we sat. The custos opened the volume, 
and we read the first chapter, which we were per^ 
roitted to set down in the original, from whence we 
made each a translation, and then the custos burnt 
the part we had transcribed. In this way w« 
proceeded to the end of the volume, and, after 
much difficulty, obtained leave to depart with it 
for England, after a solemn promise not to let any 
person take a copy of it in any place we passed 
through on our return. 

« 

Such is Alciun's account of the Tolome be> 
fore us, and it embodies all the external evi- 
dence respecting it which we are able to 
furnish. Its subsequent history is moie ob- 
scojely stated by the Editor. **The following 
translation," he says in his adveitiseiiient, 
" was discovered by a gentleman in a journey 
through the North of £ngland, in 1721. it 
lay by him for several years, until, in 1760, 
there was a ramoiu of a new tzanshition of 
the Bible, when he laid it before a noble earl. 
Since 1751, the manuscript has been nreserved 
with great care by a gentleman who Hved to a 
very advanced age, and died some time since. 
On the event of his death, a friend, to whom 
he had presented it, gave it to the present 
Editor," kc. 

Now, what can be the Editor's motive for 
withholding the names of the parties alluded 
to above, and so breaking the continuity of a 
simple and satisfactory account, we cannot 
divine. Whatever it be, we esteem the omis- 
sion as more strongly invalidating the au&en- 
ticity of the document than any other lact it 
presents. But it is time to bring our xeadecs 
acquainted with the subject-matter of this^ 



rdlume, and the evideneee as to its geauine^ 
ness suggested by its contents. And the ficst 
circtunstance to be noticed is, that it makes 
no pretensions to inspiration, but most mo- 
desUy puiports to be a mere chnmide of tradi* 
tions. In the last verse of his fourth chapter, 
Jasher informs us, that he received all the in- 
formation he communicates from his grand- 
father Hezjon, his £ather Caleb, and his mother 
Azuba. In the almost total ahsenoe, however; 
of other books, it appeals to have been well 
known and credited among the Jews, firam the 
kind of reference made to it in the sacred 
writings : *' Behold, it is written in the Book of 
Jasher," 2 Sam. i. 18 ; and more especially in 
Joshua X. 13, '* Is not this written in the Book 
of Jasher ?" Here the sentence being framed 
as an appeal, clearly indicates the notoriety 
and credence generally attaching to the volume. 
The neater part of it is a histoiy of the events 
recoided in the Pentateuch, with some inac- 
curacies, and some remarkable omissions. 
Among the first may be mentioned the ac- 
count of the birth and preservation of Moses. 
On this point Jasher appears to have been 
misinformed; as he says nothing of his con- 
cealment by his parents ; but simply states, 
that, on the issuing of Pharaoh's barbarous 
edi<^ he was taken by his mother to the prin- 
cess, who oompassionated and adopted him. 
** And Pharaoh's daughter said, Give unto me 
the child. And they did so. And she said. 
This AmU be my son. And it came to pass 
thai the wralh of Pharaoh was turned away 
from slaving the males of the Hebrews. Ana 
the child Moees grew and increased in stature, 
and was learned in all the magic of the 
Egvptiaus.''--<Chap. v. ver. 12^14.) 

Of the omissions of Jasher, the most sin- 
ffiikr are Uie murder of Abel, and the Deluge. 
It seeitts tapofisible to suppose that these 
events should not have been known to him ; 
eepecMklly as (he eleiy of them may be recog- 
niaed fmme ev leas fimtastically clothed) in 
some of dMee f^flMas of pagan mythology, 
whM^ woe eomtracted in a darkness that 
scarcely received a single rav from the distant 
light of revelation. It is also highly impro- 
bable that these omissions should have been 
accidental ; though, from what motives in the 
mind of the writer they arose, it is perhaps 
difficult to conjecture. 

With respect to the internal evidences to 
the antiquity and genuineness of this book, 
we think that nothing can be inferred from 
the similarity of its style to that of Moses. 
Men are such imitative animals, and have 
practised such successful frauds by means of 
this faculty, that we confess we assign no 
limits to the exercise of it, and consequently 
have but littie faith in the species of evidence 
alluded to. We believe that the author of the 
^ Rejected Addresses" could have produced an 
imitation of the stvle of the Pentateuch as 
close as any in the Book of Jasher. 

The most satisfactory evidence of an inter- 
nal kind, which has oeen suggested to our 
mind by the perusal of this work, arises out of 
the many inaocnracies and omissioBs — some 
of which we have been specifyii^f — in con- 
nexion with the geaend congioity & the nar- 
cative with the inspiised hmka. For, if this 
docoment be not what it purpofts to be, the 
only admifidUe alternative is, that it was 
written at a snbeequeot period, probably long 
after the date, it profieesas to bcac Upon th» 
sttppwitioa the diief aim d the water would 
obvieoaly have been to adhere as doeely as 
poesible to the Moaaie racord, in order to seouie 
any degree of attentloa tens the eaJj elaea nf 
persons who would be at all interested in bis 



statement; namelj, iboBe who receire the 
Holy Scriptares as the Word of God : for the 
idea that «ie Book of Jasher was designed^ 
its author to supersede or invalidate the testi- 
mbny of the Bible is contradicted alilce by the 
modesty of its pretensions (another evidence 
in favour of its authenticity), and by the uni- 
form tenor of its contents. 

Such are the principal arguments that occur 
to us for the genuineness of this^ intcrestmg 
volume, and we leave the question of their 
sufficiency to the decision of our readers. 
Although this article ha6 already extended to 
a much greater length than we had antici- 
pated, yet we cannot persuade ourselves to 
close it without quoting from it the singular 
description of the Creation, with which it com- 
mences, and which cannot fail to be read with 
mucli interest. 

" Whilst it was tlie beginning, darkness over- 
spread tlie face of nature ; and the ether moved 
upon the surface ef thechaiis. And it came to pass, 
that a great light shone forth from the firmament, 
and enlightened the abyss. And the abyss fled 
l^efore the fmx of the light, and divided between 
the light and the darimest ; so that the Cace of 
nature was formed a second time. And, behold, 
there appeared in the firmament two great lights : 
the one to rale the light, and the other to rule the 
darkness. And the ground brought forth grass ; 
the herb yielding^ see^ and the fruit-tree after its 
kind. And every beast after its kind, and every 
thing that creepeth after their kind. And the 
water brought forth the moving creatures after their 
kind. And the ether brought forth every winged 
fowl after its kind. And when all these things 
were finished, behold, Jehovah appeared in Eden, 
and created man, and made him to be an image of 
his own eternity. And to him was given power 
and lordship over all living creatures, and over 
every herb, and over every tree of the field." 



SLAVERY. 



We copy the following affecting confession, 
made by the individual on his death-bed, and 
strikingly illustrative of the indirect effects of 
the system of tSlavery, from ** The Welshman," 
a publication which deserves much respect lor 
i)8 cordial opposition to that frightful tniffic. 

'* Among other transactions of that period 
was the apprehension of a man called James, 
the recollection of which torments me inex- 
pressibly. He^ had belonged to the estate of 
Mr. R., of Albemarle county. At the death of 
Mr. R., James passed into the hands of those 
who tieated him veiy ill, and he ran away. 
When I first fell in with him, he lived on a 
small lot in New^Jersey, with his wife, a free 
woman, whom he had married in Virginia, and 
contrived to bring with him, and three children. 
Alter loaiag niy way, and travelling some 
hours on foot, i came to his little habitation, 
late at night. He treated me very Idndly, gave 
me food, and his own bed, while himself and 
his wife occupied chairs by the fire ; and in the 
morning he walked with me several miles, to 
put me in the right way. It was in vain that 
i offered him a small reward— he would not take 
it Months had passed away, when, by chance, I 
saw an old advertisement, offering a large re- 
ward for his apprehension. I knew at once it 
was James, for I had obscr\'ed a remarkable 
scar on his chin, which was mentioned in the 
description of him. Hard as my heart then 
was, and callous to every feeling of humanity, 
I oonld not help shuddering at the thought of 
betiayiBg my kmd friend ; but the prospect of 
gain soon nuuie my decision. I wrote to his 
master, and received his answer. All things 



THE TOURIST. 

wew Mpaivdf and I was to have fifihr deUan 
mine nan the sum mentioiiad in the advertise- 
Btent i went alone again to his quiet retreat; 
it was in vrinter, the imther had been pieroing 
cold, and the river Delaware was closed. I 
arrived at early twilight How bitter have my 
thoughts been since, when I have recollected 
the hoKest satislaction that g^amed in his 
sable oountenance when I approached! During 
the evening I proposed to him a removal into 
Pennsylvania; 1 told him I had afiewacres of 
land, suitable for a garden, and a comfortable 
dweUiag-house, in the neighbourhood of the 
city ; and that» recollecting his former kindness 
to me, I had oome to persuade him to occupy 
the one and improve the others for which 1 
oould afford to give him high wages^ The 
poor man agreed to accompes^ me the next 
day to look at the premiaesy and, if they pleased 
him, to take possession of them on the first of 
April. Early in the minming I was awaked by 

{^reparations for breakfast ; and they were de- 
ighted with my taking 6o much notice of them 
as I didy and ^ith my gratitude for the ser- 
vices they had rendered me. The wh(^ family 
were cheerfuL We parted with light hearts; 
James and I reached the river in due time, 
and entered on the ice. Hitherto we had 
walked side by side, but now he fell a little 
behind me ; and we had proceeded but a little 
way, when 1 perceived the ice to give way, and 
1 immediately went down as far as my arms, 
which I stietohed out, and so supported myself 
for some minutes, until James uirew me the 
end of his great coat, to which I held, and he 
j^led me out, and, taking me on his shoulder, 
carried me, very much exhausted, to the 
shore." 

Here the sick man closed his eyes, and lay 
for a short time ; when, reviving, he resumed 
the affecting nairative :— ** On my coming to 
myself again, I found what my intended in- 
nocent victim had been prompted to do by feel- 
ings of humanity and gratitude, and that he 
had rescued me firom inevitable destruction. 
Shall I tell you what followed ?"— ^* O my hus- 
band !" exclaimed the dying man's wife, '* you 
could not have persevered in your wicked pur- 
pose-— you never could have sent the man into 
slavery who had preserved your life?" — " Yes, I 
could--! did !" replied Uie husband, ** cold- 
blooded villain that I was! llie very day 
which witnessed my danger and my deliveiy 
saw me assist in binding, chaining nand and 
foot, him to whom I was indebted for my 
worthless life ! Separated from his wife and 
children, aiui freedom, he departed without 
uttering a single word. Once, and once only, 
he suffered his eves to dwell for an instant on 
mine, which sunx before their glare. Never 
can I forget that agonizing and despairing 
glance— it haunts me in broad daylight — ^it is 
with me in the deepest shades of night" 

Here the black servant of the person to 
whom this account was given had risen up and 
stood behind his master, bis eyes glistening 
with tears, that trickled down his ebon cheeks. 
When the sick man's eyes lighted upon the 
negro, he exclaimed, in the extremity of an- 
j^ish, " James is there— behind you, sir ; he 
IS come to torment me already! Take him 
away— take him away!" he repeated slowly, 
and sunk into a slumber, from which he never 
awoke. — Motfs Anecdotes ofPerwntof Colour. 



EPIGRAM. 

Tits French have taste in all they do, 

While wa are left withoat; 
Since Nature, which has given thtm Gout, 

Has only given at GouU 



ANTiaUITIES IN THE KINGDOM OF 

NAPLES. 

SiNcs the commencement of the year 1838^ 
the Neapolitan government has been makiuig 
researches amoogst the ruins of Herculaneum. 

The first object discovered was the largest 
private house nitherto known as belonging to 
die ancients. It contains a suite of chMnbers, 
with a eoujt in the middle ; likewise a divisioa 
for females, a garden surrounded with arcade 
and piUais, and large saloons, which probabfy 
were ai^iopriated to family meetings. Ano- 
ther house which has been disoovmd is la- 
markable for the provisions found therein, none 
of which have disappeared during eighteen 
agesy for the doors were still dosed as they had 
been at the moment oi the catastrophe whi(^ 
swallowed upHerculaneum. The family whidi 
occupied this house was mobahly, when the 
disaster oconrred, ocoupied in laying up provi* 
sions for the winter. The provisiotts which were 
found shut up in the stores consisted of dates, 
chesnuts, laige nuts, dry figs, almonds, prunes, 
grain, garlic, peas, lentils, and small beans;; 
pastry, o9, and hams. The arrangement of 
the house, the manner in which it is omsr 
mented, — every thing denotes that it belonged 
to a rich fiinuly, and one that was fond of the 
arts, for there are several pictures representing 
Polyphemus, Galatea, Hercules, and the three 
Hesperides, Love and a Bacchante, Mercury 
and lo, and Perseus slaying Medusa. In the 
same house were disoovered vases and other 
articles, formed of glass, of bionse, and baked 
earth ; likewise some silver medallions, repre- 
senting Apollo and IHana in relief After 
having examined this house, the individuals 
who du-ected the perquisitions continued them 
throughout the whole street An attempt will 
next be made to penetrate into the shops and 
houses on each side. At Pestum also some 
discoveries have recently been made. In open- 
ing a new passage through this first oolony of 
the Sybarites, &ere were found, opposite a 
great temple, the remains of a long colonnade, 
forming a portico, and outside the gates of the 
town some Oreek and Roman tombs were dis- 
covered. Amoncst the medals found are a 
great number of Possidonia, one of Sybaris, 
which is rare, and many of Turium. At Pon^- 
peii, where the excavations are far advanced, 
an ancient house has this year been disoovered 
near that of Castor and Pollux. In this house, 
which consists of a court surrounded with 
chambers, fourteen large and small sUver 
spoons were found, together with some small 
bronze busts, vases of various forms, a beauti- 
ful tripod, a balance, with a weight bearing the 
form of Mercury, some elegant candelabra 
boxes, containing pills and chemical and phar- 
maceutic preparations, and a ring having the 
inscription ave. One of the rooms contains a 
very singular marble statue. The figure ap- 
pears to be that of Hercules, with a dog re- 
posing in his arms. The gynecia, or females' 
apartment, situated in the most remote part of 
the building, is surrounded vrith a peristyle. 
Opposite the entrance to the house is the hall 
of assembly. It has two niches, in which pro- 
bably busts were placed. On the walls are 
Bacchaniid dances exquisitely painted. The 
hall of assembly ooens into a small garden, in 
the midst of whicn are a marble table and a 
statue of Apollo, from the plectrum of which 
issues a fountain. Beyond this garden is a 
large saloon, fitted for banquets or dances^ Its 
Mosaic pavement presents pictures similar to 
those already at I\)mpeii— <3umds holding a 
lien enchained with garlands of flowers in the 
midst of Bachantes. 



128 



THE TOURIST. 



TO THE EDITOR OP THE TOURIST. 

Apprehending ^The Tourist" to be a 
journal conducted on Christian principles, I 
vas rather surprised at the introduction, in 
No. 9, of the anecdote respecting Caiew, an 
Iridi officer, without any remark expresave of 
disapprobation. For my pert, I cannot see 
but that, as long as we sanction war, we must 
aUow slavery not to be inconsistent with the 
religion we profess. I could write much on 
the unchristian principles which appear to me 
to be elicited in the conduct of Carew ; and I 
could adduce many instances of far greater 
courage and nobleness of mind, exhibited in 
support of the peaceable principles of the goe- 
pel. I shall, however, at present, only request 
the insertion of the following extract from 
Drmond's ** Inquiry into the Accordancy of 
War with Christianity," a work which con- 
tains some of the clearest anpiments that J 
ever read on any subject, and which, for the 
purpose of promoting the gospel of peace, and 
the nappiness of his fellow-creatures, I wish 
every professing Christian to read. 

1 am, respectfully, 

" In an inquinr whether Christianity allows of 
war, there is a sabject that always appears to me 
to be of peculiar importance— the prophecies of 
the Old Testament respecting the amval of a 
period of nniversal peace. The belief is, perhaps, 
general amongst Christians, that a time will come 
when vice shall be eradicated from the world, 
when the violent passions of mankind shall be 
repressed, and when the .pure benigniW of Chris- 
tianitv shall be universally diffused. That such a 
period will come, we, indeed, know assuredly, for 
God has promised it. Of the many prophecies of 
the Old Testament respectine it, I will refer only 
to a few from the writings of Isaiah. In his pre- 
dictions respecting the ' last times,* by which it is 
not disputea that he referred to the prevalence of 
the Christian religion, the prophet says, 'They 
shall beat their swords into ploughshares, and 
their spears into pruning hooks ; nation shall not 
lift the sword against nation, neither stiall they 
learn war any more.' Again, referring to the same 
period, he says, ' They shall not hurt, nor destroy 
m all my holy mountain, for the knowledge of the 
Lord shall cover the earth as the waters cover the 
sea.' And again, respecting the same era, ' Vio- 
lence shall be no more heard in thy land, wasting 
nor destruction within thy borders.' Two things 
are to be observed in relation to these prophecies : 
first, that it is the will of God that war should 
eventually be abolished This consideration is of 
inaportance ; for, if war be not accordant with Hb 
will, war cannot be accordant with Christianity, 
which is the revelation of His will. My business, 
however, is principally with the second considers^ 
tion — that Christianity will be the means of intro* 
dtieing this period of peace. From those who say 
that our religion sanctions war, an answer must be 
expected to questions such as these : — By what 
instrumentality, snd by the diffusion of what prin- 
ciples, will the prophecies of Isaiah be fulfilled? 
Are we to expect some new system of religion, by 
which the imperfections of Christianity shall be 
removed, and iu deficiencies supplied 7 Are we 
to believe that God sent his only Son into the 
world to institute a religion such as this — ^a reli« 
gion that, in a few centuries, would require to be 
altered and amended ? If Christianity allows of 
war, they must tell us what it is that is to extir- 
pate war. If she allows ' violeoce, and wasting, 
and destruction,' they must tell us what are the 
principles that are to produce gentleness, and be- 
nevolence, and forbearance. 1 know not what 
answer such inquiries will receive from the advo- 
cate of war, but I know that Isaiah says the 
change will be effected by Christianity. And if 
any one still chooses to expect another and a 
purer system, an apostle may, perhaps, repiess 
ais hopes. ' If we, or an, angel from heaven,' says 



Paul, 'preach any other gospel than that which 
tee have preached unto you, let him be acenraed.' 
'* Whatever the principles of Christianity will 
raquiie hereafter, they require now* Christianity, 
vfith 4U pretnU jrrimeipUt and ebligdtians, is to pro- 
dace universal peace." 

In reply to the above communication, we 
beg the candid attention of our respected cor- 
respondent and readeis to the following sug- 
geraons: — 

We gladly concur with the writer in his 
belief, that a time is approaching; when the 
crimes and miseries of warfare will cease for 
ever; and we are fully convinced that no 
agency but that to which he attributes this 
happy effect can ever accomplish it But we 
also entertain an opinion, involved in his own 
language, that this consummation can never 
be effected until **vice shall be eradicated 
from the world, the passions of man shall be 
repressed, and the pure benignity of Chris- 
tianity shall be universally diffused.'' 

Two things, says Mr. Dymond, are to be 
observed in relation to those passages of Scrip- 
ture which prophesy universal peace. The 
first is, that it is the will of God that war 
should eventually be abolished; the second, 
that Christianity will be the means of effecting 
this result We assent to both these positions; 
but we would humbly suggest that they do 
not, in the slightest degree, affect the matter 
at issue. The question is not. What are the 
ultimate designs of the Divine Being, nor 
what would r^ult from the universal exten- 
sion of Christian principles ; it is simply whe- 
ther such as profess those principles are bound 
by them passively to submit to the rapacity 
and tyranny of those who reject them ; and, if 
they are, we conceive that nothing but such a 
direct internosition from the Almighty, as they 
have no right to expect, could save tfiem from 
total extermination. Upon this point the ar- 
guments cited from Mr. Dymond have not Uie 
remotest bearing; and we, therefore, regard 
the appeals with which they dose as utterly 
pointless and irrelevant to the subject In a 
word, we consider all aggressive war as opposed 
to the spirit of Christianity ; but we humbly 
apprehend that one undertaken purely in self- 
defence would be as accordant with the Divine 
will as it manifestly is with the primary in- 
stincts of human nature. Nor do we know of 
a single passage in the word of God which 
enjoins on his servants (in their oo/t^ca/ ca- 
pacity) an opposite course of conduct, though 
we know of many which record the divine as- 
sistance granted to the best of men in wars of 
this description. 

TO BLOSSOMS. 

Fair pledges of a fruitful tree, 

Why do ye fall so fast ? 

Your date is not so past. 
But you may stay yet here awhile. 

To blush, and gently smile, 
And go at last. 

What ! were ye born to be 

An hour or half's delight. 

And so to bid good niffht? 
Twas pity Nature brought ye forth. 

Merely te show your worthy 
And lose you quite. 

But you are lor ely leaves, where we 
May read how some things have 
Their end, though ne'er so braviB ; 
And, after they have shown their pride. 
Like yon, awhile, they slide 
Into the grave. 

Bob. Herrics. 



A CONTRAST. 

'' We arrived at Burdur. We met with » 
TuriL here, who is employed in one of the most 
melancholy senioes wnich can degrade human 
nature. He is a slave -dealer, and has just ar- 
rived wiih twelve negroes, whom he is conduct- 
inff from Egypt jto Constantinople. Mr. AruO' 
deU would nave been glad to purchase a boyv 
for the most benevolent purposes; but the 
owner declined, on the groundTthat the kw of 
Turkey fori>ade the sale of slaves to Franka. ft 
is a reflection disgraceful to our country, that 
the slave of a Turk may be accounted more 
happy than the dave of an Englishman. At 
the end of seven jears it is usuad for-the Turk 
to emancipate his slave, at least if he be a 
Mahometan ; nor are slave-drivers, armed with 
whips, ever heard of in the ooimtry of Mussul- 
mans !" — Hartleys Retearchet in Greece, 



AGENCY ANTI-SLAVERY SOCIETY.— 
Siaca ihe Uut Report leat to the Blecuir's Gaide^of 
the List of Gandkhtet for the ensuing ParUament, amount' 
lag in narober to 918, the Igency Anti-SlaTcry Society fcts 
been enabled to add the Mlowtng Oentlenwn to Sckcdnle 
C, as decided fHends to Immediate Baancipation, ant||c«t 
to sncti provisions as Pariiameut may deem necessary, in 
order to secure llie indnstrions liabits and orderly condnct 
of the Negroes. 

The names of Candidates for Ireland and Scotland, fa- 
Tourable to the canse of Immediate Al»olitlon, have not yet 
been printed ; bat the Agency Society liave reason to bf 
licve that a large proportion are decidedly with them. 



Bandon Bridge, J. Briggs 
Bangor, Sir C. Paget 
Barnstaple. J. C. Chichester 
Ditto, T. Northmon 
Ditto, Major St. J. Fanconrt 
Dtlto, Loi-d G. Hervcy 
Belfast, W. S. CrawftMtl 
Ditto, Robert Tennent 
Cambridgeshire, Mr. Town- 
ley 
Carlow. Walter Blakeney 
Haverfordwest, Sir R. B. P. 

PhiUips 
Liverpool, Mr. Thomley 
Ditto, Mr. Bwart 



maa 



London (CIt v), R.Waith 
Monmonthshlre, W. A. ^ 

liams 
Norfolk (West Divisioa), 

Sir WllUam Foolkes 
Ditto, ditto, Sir I. Asttey 
Oldbam, William Col^bcit 
Pembrokeshire, Sir Joka 

Owen, Bart. 
Pembroke, Ccdonel Owco 
Snffolk (West Division}, 

Charles Tyrrell 
Waltlngford. C. Eyslois 
Walsall, C. I. Forster 
Wexford, H. Lambert. 



As Members of the Government mav think themselves 
rcfttniined, iu conseqaence of their ofllcfal sitnationv, trvm 
Kiving definite assurances in regard to their votes on pab> 
lie measures that may come I>efore Parliament, the names 
of sach Candidates arc altogether omitted from the fort' 
going Schednles. 



FOR the CURE of COUGHS, COLDS, 
ASTHMAS, SHORTNESS of BREATH, &c. &c.— 
WALTER'S ANISEED PILLS.-The nnmerons and 
respect;! ble Testimonials dailv received of the cxtraofdl' 
nary efficacy of the above PiUs, in caring the most dis* 
tressing and iung-estabiished diseases of the pulmonary and 
respiratoiy org«ui», induce the Proprietor to recommend 
them to the notice of tlio^o afflicted with the above com- 
plaints, conceiving that a Medicine which has now stood 
the test of experience for several years cannot lie too gene- 
rally known. Thev are composed entirely of balsamic 
and vegetable ingredients, and are so speedy in thehr lienc- 
ficial eft'ecis, that in ordinary cases a fbw dooes have been 
found sufUcient ; and, nnUkc most Cough Medicines, the) 
neither Mtl'cct the head, confine the bowels, nor produce 
any of the unpleasant sensations so fi-eqaently compfaJaed 
of. The follow! Dg cases are submitted to the Public from 
many in the Proprietor's possession : — K. Boke, of Globe- 
lane, Mile-end, was perfectly care«l of a violent congb, 
attended with hoarseness, which rendered his speech iaaa- 
diblc, by taking three or four doses. E. Booley, of Queea- 
street, Spitalficlds, after taking a few doses, wa? entirely 
cored of a most inveterate cough, which he had had for 
many months, and tried almost every thing without sac- 
cess. Prepared by W. Walter, and sold by I. A. Shar- 
woofi, No. ff5, Bisliopsgate Witliont, in boxes, at Is. I|d, 
and three iu one for 2s. 9d. ; and by appointment, by HaB« 
nay and Co., No. 03, Oxford-street; Green, No. 42, White- 
chnpel-ruad; Prout, No. 220, Strand; Sharp, Cross-street^ 
Islington; Pink, No. 05, High-street, Borooeb ; Allison. 
No. 130, Krick-hine, Bethnai-grecn ; Farrar, Uplon-place, 
Conimcrci»l-road ; Hendebouick, 320, Holbom; and liy 
all the wholesale and retail Medicine Venders In thel'uited 
Kingdom.— N.B. In consequence of the InerauMl deuuiasl 
for this excellent Medicine, the Public arc cantioacd 
against Couutcrfeits — none can be genuine unless signed by 
I. A. Sharwood on the Government Stamp, and W. Walter 
on the OQtskle wrapper.—Ba sure to ask for " Wahcr'a 
Aniseed Pills.'* 



Printed by J. H addon aod Co. ; and PobKshed 
by J. Crisp, at No. 27, Ivy Lane» Paternoiter 
Row, where all Advertisements and Comnnni- 
cations for the Editor are to be addressed. 



THE TOURIST; 

OR, 

Sttetdi m^is/k of tilt Zimt»* 



' UritB DULCI." — Baruce. 



MONDAY. DECEMBER 24. 1632. 



Fbice Onk Penny. 



THE BEAVER. 



These is no animal, in the extensive 
and important order of the Glires of the 
Linntean system, which possesses so 
manv claims upon the general reader as 
the Beaver. Naturalists have long coin- 
cided In this point ; and the history and 
economy of the animal have therefore 
been amply illustrated, while the easy ob- 
servance of its habits has proved an ex- 
banstless source of interest to all ages of 
inankiud. Cuvier observes that no ani- 
mal in the whole order displays, within 



several degrees, an equal portion of intel- 
ligence. Bufibn had previously remarked 
that " the Beaver seems to be now the 
only remaining monument of that kind of 
intelligence in brutes which, though infi- 
nitely inferior as to its principle to that 
of man, supposes, however, certain com- 
mon projects, which, having for their basis 
society, in like manner suppose some par- 
ticular method of understtmding one an- 
other, and of acting in concert." Hence 
an assemblage of beavers is called a co- 



lony — a term applied to man himself in 
his earliest settlements. Biumenbach ob- 
serves, " allowing that there is much ex- 
aggeration in the accounts which many 
travellers have given of the Beaver, yet 
the coincident testimony of the most un- 
prejudiced observers, from various parts 
of the world, proves that these anmnala 
are capable of directing their operations, 
according to circumstEuices, in a manner 
far supenor to the unvarying mechaoical 
instinct of other creatures." 



130 

Beavers are reasonably supposed to 
have been onc« uM;)it9i>to of . Great 
Britain. About a yite io tbl n#th of 
Worcester a little bcibk epjpftrs the $Bvern^ < 
called Barbomnef'or Beawrbounie, to 
the present day, from the Beavers that 
formerly inhabited the brook. A little 
island in the Severn, near th^ W^: ^^ 
still known as the Beaver kland*; .«nd, 
higher up the stream of the Severn, 
is a flat green island, called Bevereye, 
which also gives name to an adjoining 
hamlet. How late the Beaver remained 
her^ is unknown ; but the Severn was not 
navigable near Worcester in early times, 
from the weirds and rapids that obstructed 
its course. Gimldus Cambrensis says 
that Beavers frequented the river Tievi, in 
Cardiganshire, and that they had, from 
Uie Welsh, a name signifying " the 
broad-tailed animals." Their skins were 
valued by the Welsh laws, in the tenth 
century, at the great sum of one hundred 
and twenty pence each ; and they seem 
to have been luxuriant clothing in those 
days. Beavers are now principally found 
in the colder parts of North America, and 
in various parts of Europe and the north 
of Asia. They burrow along the Rhone, 
the Danube, and the Weser, in Germany; 
and formerly in some of the Wermeland 
streams. In the neighbouring province of 
Dalecarlia, a hunter pointed out to a re- 
cent tourist the remains of an old beaver 
dam, where, some years previously, he 
had destroyed one or more Beavers ; and 
in his time, he said, he had killed eleven 
of them. Whether the last mentioned 
are a different species from the Beavers 
of North America has not yet been ascer- 
tained. 

Of the very few quadrupeds which 
choose for themselves matenals, convey 
them from place to place, and then use 
them in the construction of habita- 
tions, uniform in substance and form, 
the Beaver is the most remarkable. His 
architectural instinct has, however, been 
greatly exaggerated, so much so as to 
place him next to man in the scale of in- 
tellect ; yet it is in this particular oi^ly 
that the Beaver discovers intelligence 
equal to that of the higher quadrupeds. 

Connected with the constructive la- 
bour sof Beavers, may first be noticed the 
peculiarities of the incisor teeth, vdiich 
especially contribute to supply them both 
with food and shelter, by enabling 
them to peel the bark from the trees, 
and also to gnaw through the very 
thickest trunks which they may require 
for building materials. The number of 
these teeth in each jaw is two, which are 
placed opposite to each other. These are 
reproduced as fast as they are worn down, 
and, when one of them has been destroyed, 
that immediately opposite grows forward, 
80 as, when the jaws are closed, to occupy 
the vacancy. The tail is unlike that of 
all other quadrupeds. It Is little less than 



THE TOURIST. 

half the length of the animal, broad, oval, 
«ad flatten^. It is covered, except at 
the base, which i» clothed wUi hair such 
as that on .the body, with a homy skin, 
fliarked i»t© divisions ^hicb resemble the 
scales of fishes. There are five toes on 
each foot; those in front are separate, 
yatd provided with thick ^nd strong naik, 
admirably calculated for digging ; while 
the hinder toes are united along the whole 
length by a strong skin, which allows 
them to expand in the same manner as 
the feet of waterfowl. 

The Beaver walks awkwardly, applying 
the toes only of the fore feet, and the 
entire sole of the hinder, to the ground. 
In walking, the tail is usually dragged 
along, but occasionally somewhat raised, 
and moved from side to side. In swim- 
ming, this singular organ is used both to 
accelerate and direct the animal's pro- 
gress ; but the statement that the Beaver 
uses it as a conveyance for his building 
materials, and as a trowel, is too extra- 
vagant longer to obtain belief. The tail 
is not only ill calculated for these pur- 
poses, but it has been proved by observa- 
tion not to be thus employed. — Papular 
Zoology, 

to the editor of the tourist. 
Respected Friend, 

In No. 12 of " The Tourist," an extract 
from a dispatch of Lord Goderieh to the Oo- 
vemor of Sierra Leone was introduced in a 
letter from R. S. I cannot but suspect this 
writer to be no enemy of the slave-trade and 
siavery. Upon no other ground, but such a 
soppontion, can I imagine how any one con- 
cerned for the honour of religion or humanity 
could pass over all the appalHng statements 
contained in the pariiamentary papers alluded 
to, without any notice, and fix his attention 
only on one short passage at the end. The 
title of these papers is, '' Slave Trade— Siena 
Leone. Ordered by the House of Commons 
to be printed, 6 April, 1832. No. 364." They 
contain the clearest evidence of the slave-trade 
having been carried on at Siena Leone to a 
fiightM extent — that many British lubjects 
are indirectly, if not directly, concerned in 
promoting tfaiat wicked and inhuman traffic — 
and that the chief part of the trade of the 
colony ministers to its support. It appears 
that Lieutenant Governor Findlay has very 
laudably taken much pains to investigate this 
subject, and to bring it under the notice of 
goremment Now, I think it is very unfair 
of R. S., without giving the Governor the cre- 
dit due for his lal^urs in this cause of huma- 
nity, to introduce a passage from Lord Gode- 
rich's dl£^tch, whicq certainlv implies blame 
on the Governor for his interference with, or, 
at least, suspicions of the missionaries. It is 
far from my intention to throw any obstacle in 
the way of the missionaries doing their duty, 
though I cannot but think that, if they have 
known of the prevalence of the slave-trade in 
the colony, without labouring for its suppres- 
sion, that they are not clear of blood. 

It is much to be lamented that this out- 
rageous violation, or, at least, evasion, of the 
law which makes it felony to be engaged in 
the slave-trade, should have claimed so little 
attention from the Government or people of 



England. It is possible that many persons are 
not aware that tha^abowiii^hii traffic still ex- 
ists ift its greatest ext^t, and in all its hoN 
rott, and that ttanv Bifish subjects, and 
much Briti^ cafstal, aia engaged in sup- 
porting it 

An African Prince, named Ayua, whose 
father is a considerable slave-dealer in the 
ri?er Cainidoon, was lately taken in a Spanish 
slave-ship^ and eventually brought to dus 
country. He was a heamen, but appeared 
fully sensible of our superiority in arts, and 
manners, and religion, as professed in this 
country ; but, when remonstrated with on the 
inhumanity of the slave-trade, he said that if 
the Europeans would abandon it, and pur- 
chase of them cotton, sugar-cane, ivory, oil, 
and the other productions of Africa, instead, 
they would gladly give up selling men. He 
stated that tdthough the slave-trade was car- 
ried on by Spanish, Portuguese, French, and 
Brazilian ships, yet the goods employed in the 
trade, and the responsible agents in it, were 
English. 

I should be sorrv for any obstacle to be 

S laced in the way of the excellent and pious 
esire of Lord Goderieh, for the diffusion of 
Christian knowledge in Africa ; yet I cannot 
but consider that the most effectufd step which 
our Government can take, towards the accom- 
plishment of this great object, is the most 
vigorous measures for preventing its own sub- 
jests from being connected with ** men>stealers 
and murderers." I earnestly desire the pro- 
mulgation of the gospel of peace, and that the 
professors of the Christian name may labour 
to promote the good of injured Africa in every 
way. To show that all I have advanced I 
have good authority to prove, I shall subscribe 
my real name. 

William Naish. 
12^ Month, 6thy 1832. 



CURIOUS CALCULATION. 

When the earth is compared to an ant-hill, 
the comparison is very inexact, as far so re^ 
spects the proportional bulk of the animals 
and their hanitation. If we suppose that there 
are at present 600 millions of human beings on 
the globe, and that ten persons — ^men, women, 
and children — on an average are equal in bulk 
to a cubic vaid, then the whole existing race 
of mankina, if closely packed together, would 
form a mass eaual to a pvramidical mountain 
1000 yards each way at the base, and 60 yards 
high---that is, a mountain ratiier less than 
Amur's Seat Farther, if we suppose 150 
generations from the flood to the present time, 
ind estimate each veneration at 300 millions, 
the whole, if breu^t into a mass, would not 
equal in bulk Benlaweis, in Perthshire, assum- 
ing that mountain to be a cone of 15,000 feet 
diameter at the base, and 3,700 feet in height 
Yet Mount Etna is thirty times the size of 
Benlawers — Chimborazzo is ten times the size 
of Etna — and it would require ten thousand 
millions of mountaiiis like Chimborazzo to 
make a mass equal to the globe. 



AN ADMONITION. 

A Persian, humble servant of the Son, 
Who, though devout, yet bigotry had none, 
Hearing a lawyer, grave in his addreM, 
With adjurations every word impress. 
Supposed the man a Bishop, or at least— 
G(k1*s name so much upon ti is lips — a Priest, 
Bow'd at ^e close witn all his graceful airs. 
And begg'd aa interest ia his frequent prayers ! 

Cow PER* 



DECLARATION OP THE ATTORNEy. 
GENERAL OF JAMAICA ON THE 
CONDITION OF THE SLAVES. 

A PARAOBAPH has been recently most 
indiustrioasly inserted, by the West Indian 
party, in many of the prb\in€ial papers 
of Great Britain and Ireland, purporting 
to be the report of a speech delivered "o» a 
jnthlic occasion" by Mr. O'Reilly, the newly 
appointed Attorney-General of Jamaica. We 
extract the following copy of it from the De- 
rfeet and Wiltshire Gazette of November 16th, 
1»32:— 

<" Mr. O'lUilly said be had arrived in this island 
an utter stranger to its inhabitants, its institutions, 
and the manners of the country. His instructions, 
when be left England, were to ascertain the condi- 
tion of the negro, to report it faithfully, and to be 
the friend and protector of the slave. Faithfully 
had tikMe instructions been obeyed ; and he could, 
from ocular demonstration, state, and the fact was 
undeniable, that slavery existed but in same. The 
ne^oes were a well-fed, happy people : their con- 
dition, in every respect, superior to that of the 
majority of the peasantry ol England. In fiwt, 
they enjoyed luxuries which he never coidd have 
imagined. The protection of an Atteraey-General 
was not requiied by the slaves ; for their kindest 
friend and pretMSior was their hnnane and g enero m 
owner. These were bis sentiments. AUhoagh 
but a short time in the cekmy, he had witnessed 
enough to caavince him that the character of the 
planter was sfauidefed, and the condition of the 
slave misrepresented, in Europe." 

Such is the advertisement of the West In- 
dian party. The aiiival, however, of the 
Jamaica papers has now put us ia poswnicm 
of the atcual &ct8, and we lequest tJbe reader 
to mark them weU. 

It appears Mr. O^ReiDy (ao IririmuD, as his 
name indicales) had attended a nuKtuy haU 
and supper at St Thomas in tibe Vale ; aaid, 
after partakisf freely c€ West ladian Iio^ 
tality, had, on his health being drunk, repaid 
his hosts with a sp e e ch^ emaehtng, ae might be 
expected, of Irish eloquence and sangaree. 
The colonial Unionists gave what was termed 
a report of this speech in the Jamaica Courant 
and Kingston VkronicUj ingeniously adapted 
to serve their own purposes ; and the editor of 
the latter paper stated that lie considered 
"this vohmtary eonfesnon on the part of the 
Attorney-General of such importance to the 
colony, that it was his intention to forward 
numerous eofies of his paper, which contained 
it, to the various editors of London papers^ with 
whom he is in the habit of corresponding^ for 
the purpose of securing its circulation at honied 
Thus the pretended speech arrived in England, 
and here it imderwent another little tampering 
process. A sentence or two at ^e commence- 
ment, which». even in the Couramt and Cftrons- 
cys version, evinced that it was delivered at a 
convivial jfort^j were onutted, and it was an- 
nounced as hikving been delivered ^ on <s pub- 
lie oecmsimy n»t lokf Jtnee." 

Bujt with the last pachet from Jamaica comes 
another disdoBiue. The speech, as given by 
the Jamaica papers, it seems, was never uttered 
at all / At least, so says Mr. O'Reilly, who has 
caused it to be publicly denied in the Jamaica 
Boyal Gazette, and has, moreover, published 
the speech which he professes to have really 
delivered <*bn the public oceasion." It is as 
follows ;— 

" la the perhaps tumultuous expression just 
now exhibited, he recognized something to him 
ia^niteiy -yteasingrit was warmth of ft^lrt, sin- 
cerity of feelifig. For the kindiets fimn which 
WIS arose, he was deenly grateful. True, he was 
a stranger amongst tnem — yet, ail imperfectly • 



TfiE tOURIST. 

acquainted as he was with their island, in it he 
had ample opportunity to recognize that beautiful 
Jamaica so etten described to him in England. 
The people, too, seemed so happy-— A^immM almost 
say, ths viry slaves appeared to enjoy themselves wiere 
than many. pear in the heme coimiMics. As for the 
geatlemeo, he had found them fall of kind and 
honourable sentiinents ; in them, since his arrival, 
be had frequently experienced intelUffent and 
energetic assistants in tie protection of slaves. To 
this countiy he had come thus instructed, ' well 
in his memory, to hold that Jamaica was an island 
of the first consequence in the West Indies, and 
carefully to remember that, in it, every one of his 
Acuities must be devoted to the strictest and most 
impartial discharge of his duty.* Firm was his de- 
termination faithfully to act on this ; and if to him. 
then, was attached the name of honest, be would 
have succeeded in the highest ambition ; but, at the 
same time, if such a line of conduct deserved their 
approbation, their applause was principally due to 
those who directed hun.'' — Jamaica Re^t Gatette 
for Sept. 15, 1832. 

UiKm this affidr the following appropriate 
and just remarks are made by the editor of 
the Jamaica Watchman : — 

" We are quite amused at tbe greedy manner 
in which certain expiessions, said to have been 
used by Mr. O'Beillv, were grasped at, as afford- 
iug the best possible evidence of the unmixed 
bliss which the slaves in name enjoy in this their 
Elysiuai. The plan resorted to on this occasion, 
of putting words into a gentleman's mouth which 
he never uttered, is by no means a new one. In 
this instance, however, it failed-^ntirely failed ; 
and the chop-fallen dmronf has been reduced to 
the painful necessity of inserting the true and real 
speceh ; and that, too, without being able to add 
one nngle remark by way of note or comment, or 
in ex]^aation of the obvious contradiction which 

it gives to the ether." « What struck us at 

the time, and we sboakl have supposed would 
have stmck every ana wbe possesna one grain of 
common sense, was this simple fact — that the 
Attemeff'Gtnend, net having smt any thing of 
daverjf, save in this ami S^anUh-Touu, was perfectly 
tHsempetent to fern a/a^jndgmemt en it ; and, there - 
fose, his loadneiiy, alhmtng that he did use the 
expressions attributed to him in the first speech as 
reported, was perfecly valueless. Had he said 
what the Courmnt made him say, he would have 
laid himself open to the same castigation which 
was inflicted on the bishop, who, listening to and 
believing the statemenu of those who purposely 
surrounded him on his arrival, reported on the 
condition of the slaves, in the same aaaaner as the 
Attorney-General has been made to do, before he 
had an opportunity of knowing any thing about 
them, save from the representations of others. 
Nor can the condition of the slaves in the towns 
be urged in justification of such or similar remarks 
to those alluded to, inasmuch as they afibrd ao 
criterion whatever by which to judge of the coadi* 
tion of those on estates or in the country." 



SIR WALTER RALEIGH, 

Sir Walter Raleigh to Prince Henry ^ Son of 
James the First. 

May it please Yottr Highness. 

The following lines are addressed to your 
Hifhness from a man who values his liberty, 
ana a very small fortune, in a remote pait i£ 
this island, under the present fionstitutioii, 
above all the riches and honours that he ooold 
anywhere enjoy under any other establish- 
ment 

You see, Sir, the doctrines tliat are lately 
come into the worid, and how far the phrase 
has obtained ground, of calling your royal fa- 
thter God's Vicegerent; which ill men have 
turned both to the dishonour of God and the 
impeachment of His Majesty's goodness. They 



131 

I adjoin vicegerency to the idea of being all- 
powerful, and not to thst of being all-good« 
His Majes^'s wisdom, it is to be hoped, will 
save him nom the snare that may he under 
sToss aduktioa ; .bntyour yo«tii, and fSie thust 
for praise which I have obaeired in you, may 
possibly mialead ycm to hearken to time 
charmers, who would conduct your toMt na^ 
tuie into tyranny. Be eaiefal, O my prinee! 
hear them not; iy fiom their deceite. Yo« 
are in the sueoesdon to a throne^ from whtace 
no .evil can be imputed to jyou ; but all good 
must be conveyea £rom you. Your £atherit 
called the vicegerent of Heaven. While he it 
good he is the vicegerent of Heaven. Shall 
man have authority fcom the fountain of oood 
to do evil ? No^ my prince ; let mean and de- 
generate spirits, which want benevdence, sop* 
pose your ^wer impaired by a dtsabilstr of 
doing injunes : if want of power to do ill be 
an incapacity in a prince, (with reverence be it 
spc^en) it is an incapacity he has in conMoon 
with the Deity. 

Let me not doubt but all pleas, which do 
not cany in them the mutual happiness o£ 
prince and pe<mle, will appeav as absurd to 
your great understanding as disagreeable to 
your noble nature. Exert younelf, O geserone 
prince! against such sycophants, in the glo- 
rious cause of liberty, and assume such an 
ambition worthy of you, to secure yom- fellow- 
creatures from slavery — ^firom a condition m 
much below that of brutea, as to^ act witboaf 
reason ia less miseiable than to act against it 
Preserve to your future snlgects the divine 
right of being free agents, and to your owit 
royal house the divine right of being their be» 
nefactora. Believe roe, my prince, there is no 
other right can flow from God. 

While your Highness is forming yourself 
for a throne, consider the laws as so many 
comjooa-plaoes in your study of the science of 
government When you mean nothing but 
justice, they are an ease and help to you. Thia 
way of thinking is what gave men Uie gloriooa 
appellations of deliverers and fathers of thesr 
country ; — this made the sight of them rouse 
their behoMers into acclamations, and maidsind 
incapable of bearing its very appearance^ 
withouil appdauding it as a benefit Consider 
the InexpressiMe advantages which will ever 
attend your Highness, when you make the 
power of rendeiisff men happy the measure of 
vour actions. While this is your impulse, 
how easily will that power be extended. The 
glance of yonr eye will give gladness, and yoar 
every sentence will have a force of bounty. 
Whatoversome men would insinuate, yon have 
lost your subjects when you have lost their in- 
clinations. You are to preside over the minds^ 
not the bodies of men. The soul is die essence 
of the mauy and you cannot have the true man 
without his inclinations. < Choose, therefore, to 
be the king or the conqueror of yonr peopie^^-^ 
ft may be submission, but it cannot be obe« 
difinecy that is pasdve. 

I am, Sir, 
Your Highness's most faithful servant, 

_ , WaLTfitt Baleigst. 

London^ AuffuH 12, 1611. 

Cayley's Life of Sir Walter Raleigh. 

THE CONCLUDING SENtENCE OP 
B£(BK£L£Y;d SIRIS IMITATED. 

BY 'Sin WITXIAU JONES. 

BsFoaE thy mystic altar, heav'nly Truth, 
I kneel io manhood, as I knelt in youth ; 
Thus let me kneel, fill this dull form decay. 
And life's laet shade be brighten'd by thy ray : 
Then sbaii- my totti, now lost in clouds below; 
Soar without bound, without consuming glow. 



JAMAICA PLANTERS 

nuus 
CHRISHANITY. 

In vhxA degree it is allowable, and in wh&t 
degree It is criminal, to instmct die Jatnwca 
tMrndsmen, ma; be leamt froin tlie following 
commanicatioii to the Editor of the Ckrutian 
Steord, a moiitlil; publication iuued in Kings- 
ton, Jamaica, undei the superintendance of 
HembeiE of the Church of England. 

" I happened to be present, the other day, 
at a conversation which took place at the bouse 
o{ an attomej in toj neighbourhood, 
quation whether or not a cleigjinan, who had 
been lately appointed to a district of the paiiBh, 
should be penniUed to instruct the slaves 
the estates in that district' It whs the u:. 
nimDUB opiniOQ of the planters present that 
the said clergvmaii ought not, on any account, 
to be admitted on the estates. Wh; ? ' Be- 

CAVKE UE WAE A MeHBBR OF THE ChURCH 

MissiONARV SociETvl' ' TAert wat notkiiu 
agaimt the indmdtud kimttlf.' This was oA- 
mitted in so many words ; out his connexion 
with that Society was deemed a sufficient 
reason for depriving the slaves of the means 
of instruction which he was appointed to aiTord 
them, and for keeping them bound down in 
the chains of spintnaJ darkness! What an 
awAd responsibility lies on the souls of pto- 
prietors who thus deliver up the spiritual wel- 
tare of their slaves to the dictation of abandoned 
men! In this manner, and for these causes 
the slaves are deprived of the instruction and 
consolations of the ministers of the established 
church. From the inadequate size of the cha- 
pels, and from the want of time allowed them, 
thev can scarcely attend the public ministry ; 
and they have been threatened by proprietors, 
attorneys, and overseers — aye, by maaittraui 1 
— with die utmost severity of punishment, if 
Ihey shall be detected in attendance at a ' Sec- 
tarian' place of worship. How, then, are the 
unfortunate creatures to obtain spiritual nou- 
rishment for their famishing souls? Whom 
Kill theseplanleis permit to give them instnic- 
iion? ' lite BUIiop't Caieehut.' He, and he 
alone, is to be admitted ; and the cause of bis 
admission, and the value of his instructions, 
may be gathered from the convenatioD which 
jiswed upon this occasion : — 

"An overseer who was present, addreadng 
the attorney of the estate which he managed, 
aaid, 'He (the clergyman) asked me to aflow 
Jam to catechise the slaves on the estate. Sir ; 
but r referred him to you. Has he ^wken to 
you, Sir?' ' You did perfectly right He has 
not spoken to me yet* ' Then he U not to 
attend, Sir?' ' Certainly not He has con- 
nected himself with the Chgrch Missionary 
Society, and it is high lime to put down &na- 
ticism in the country.' < But the catechist is 
■till attending. Sir. Is he to go onf' 'Oh, 
the Bishop's catechisL What does he teach ? 
Does he teach reading?' 'No, Sir; he teaches 
ihem to repeat the Church Caiecbism.' ' No- 
thing more?' 'No, Sir." 'Then he maybe 
allowed to continue. Thai am do m harm ; 
IT WILL DO NO GOOD } but U em do tio kantt. 
He may go on!' 

" ' When," asks the writer, ' will the Bishop's 
eyes be open to his situation ? The lunentable 
iact is, that he is now merely an instrument 



the hands of the planters, by whiidi they are 

endMvouring to put a stop to the progress of 

religion in the island ! It is enough to malte 

one s heart sick ; but it is too true that every 

zealous clerayman who is anxious to diachaive m; i 

m datyyfni kiiiuel/ chKktd at every fouU £y I He Wis, and dying lies, the|fell hjiena's prey. 



THE TOURIST. 

a Infve between tubUteratu pUttier* and fnit- 
porinny ekvrchmeii; the fbnner consistently 

opposing the truth, the latter seeking ease, 
and ' friendship of the world.' When will his 
lordship shake off the tiammels of woridly 
policy, and stand forth in the name and in 
the itrength of his Master? ifu voice raised 
against the proprietors' criminal neglect of 
their slaves womd be heard and listened to, 
and some hope might then be entertained of 
rescuing the soul of the slave from spiritual 
thraldom; but, if his loidship thus continue 
silent, how great is his responsibility ! ' 

" The fallowiag instances will show that 
even individuals of great respectability iu the 
community have not escaped the malice of 
persecutora, when they have tentured to inte 
fere in the behalf of the missionaries. M 
Roby, Collector of his Majesty's Customs i 
Mont^o iJ^, was repeatedly subjected i 
gross insult *0n one occasion he was bun 
in effig}'' On the formation of a conservatii 
corps for the defence of the town, several ii 



dividuals refused to serveTirith him, &c. &e. 
The following is die reason assigned by the 
CoTTooaU ChnmieU of Febnurr 18 :— ' We 
understand that bis (Hr. Robr's) manifestiiw 
so decided a regard for the Bwtists, in be- 
coming their secnri^, and in intermeddling 
with the affair of the meeting-house (i. e, 
lodging iuformatioD concerning the destruc- 
tion of the chapel), has rendered HOa gentle- 
man BO obnoxious to the public' 

" Mr. J. L. Lewin, oi Monlego Bay, from 
his aclJvi^ in behalf of the missionaries, baa 
been subjected to the bitterest malice of their, 
and now his own, enemies. They have inter- 
fered between him and his co-partner in busi- 
ness, Mr. Heran, and have even succeeded in 
compassing a dissolution of the connexion. 

"Mr. LawTence Hill, of Monlego Bay, has 
been dismissed from his employment for advo- 
cating the cause of the missionaries j and me- 
dical men have actually refused to attend his 
family in sickness J" 



NORTH GATE, YARMOUTH. 



THE DROMEDARY DRIVER, 
la vast and txtundless lolitude he standi — 
And iDund, and round, heaven and the desert 

It Ii B naked nnivene of sand 

That atnitchei loaad, and bnms beoealh the feel : 

Stillneis, dread ttillneiii, teiriu .' and he, alane, 

Staodi where dre»r solitude hai reared bis throne. 

Look on the ^ound : behold the moiitless bed. 

Where lie* hia faithful dromedary, dead ! 

Mark his despairing look, a* hia wild eye 

Stratchei ii> achine itrht, as if to try 

To juerct iMTODd the deaert and the sky ! 

Quick thoughts— remembtancei — hopea, deep and 

The Arab raaid, that wept a fond adieu, 
And wished and prayed he might not larry long; 
And said ihe loved him, and she would be true ; 
And home, and all the scenes of early diya. 
Come, with B rushing aickneii. o'er Ilia loul ; 
For he sees life fast Seeling to ita goal ; 
He casta around a lait despairing gaie 
O'er the wide universe of burning sand, 
And slrikei hit forehead with Lii rteachcd hand- 
now he hurries on with rapid stride. 
As if (vainhape!) to past Ihe boundless saadi. 
And reach some clime whaia gentle waters glide 
Through smiling valleys, and green shady lands ; 
But atill ihe deiert risea on bt* view, 
And itiU the deep sand sinks beneath hii tread ; 
Funlins, he >lo|w eibansled — bat anew 
Onward in phienzy riuii — hiadiuy head 
Turaa round — oh, God f his uttering knees give 



ABB0T8FORD. 

Dav apringa Erom diatant oeean ; calm and biighl 

Winds, like ■ glittering snake, the lovely Tweed : 

Rocki — dewy forests catch the rosy light. 

The early bee ii humming o'or Ihe mead ; 

O'er iviinl cols ihe smoke is trailing fail, 

And the bird sings, and flow'rs icent all the air. 

The shejiherd resting on his crook, the line 
Of Cheviot mountains distant, dim, and blue ; 
The wa,ters murmnring a, tbey flow and shine; 
Talt spires Ihe lummer foliage glancing throogh, 
Enchaal ihe gaier, till he dreims he be 
In Tempe's vale, or Pan's own Aready. 

And here stands Abbotafard— romantic dome I 
Attiactiag aioiE than alt this lovely scene; 
For glorious geaius here halh made a horae — 
lu turreU whitening o'er tba woods of gieen, 
alopes, larches, to the small forget- me-aot, 
A raajjic breathe, and tell of fame and Scett. 

Peace, AbboUford, to thee ! and him wham fame 
Hath haloed thee with ioiereat ne'er to die; 
Linked with his immorlality, thy name 
With Petrarch's venerated pile shall vie." 
Pilgrims from loalhem land, and o'er the sea. 
When we are dost, shall fondly bow to thee. 



• n< *Ula of Pctmnh Kill 



I of Pctmnh Kill iluila it Aiqnlo, and, 
>, rccdvci divlngj iIh >air tfai IiDn>|> «r 



THE TOURIST, 



A LANDSCAPE. 



THE_MARKET AT TRIESTE. 

The following skelcU of Uie Market at Trieste 
i«extracl«dfTom" Tht Pedestrian," hy Chaties 
Joseph Latiobe. 1833. 

" t consider mjeelf fortunate that I landed 
in Trieste, at all times a busy bustling city, on 
a market-day, when it orcsented itself in its 
most liveW state. Tbe nret thing that Eituck 
ine was tne great variety of nations and cus- 
lomers that filled the market-place and port, 
compiisinc Greeks, Turks, Amteuians, SclaTo- 
nians, ana others of their class, and groups of 
peasantry from the neighbouring mouutains of 
DEJmatia, Corinthia, and IJljna, each in a 
dress more or less peculiar. Then the contents 
of the market appeared but half European. 
There veie parrots and pauoquets to be sold, 
cliatterinK amons the canaries and other fo- 
leign-looking birds, that did not seem intended 
for the table. Above oU, I was startled by a 
row of baskets full of yeUow-legeed tortoises, 
Etruegling in durance vile, and selling for 
wholesome food like the rest. They came from 
,|he woods of Turkey, and are eaten for good 
^and pleasant food on last-days. Then, as is 
my custom, I took a turn in the fish-market ; 
for I love to see the odd things that men fish 
out of the sreat waters — those with prickles 
and those with scales, with heads and without 
them, with ten eyes, andonlvone great human- 
looking eve in the middle ol the stomach, with 
shape and form but without any definite use ; — 
all nave a charm for me, and incite me to muse 
upon the infinite strength of that wisdom that 
lias prescribed a sphere of action and of duty 
for each, far beyond oui comprehension.'* 

Of the peasantry of Camiul, a few miles to 
die east of Trieste, he says, "The male cos- 
tume is chiefly slritung for the enormous broad- 
brimmed dark hat and open-kneed breeches; 
and the women's, for the white shawl, which 
lerreB at once for head-dress, veil, and sto- 



macher. A triangular slip of the face is alone 
visible, the forelieod being covered, and the chin 
left bare. Hundreds of these white-headed 
people are seen entering the city early in the 
morning with bread for city consumption, that 
being mode chiefly at tlie forms. Theyjiave 
a very singularly shaped head and a peculiar 
— ' of countenance, and are evidently a dis- 
t race from the inhabitants of the opposite 
shores. The ^pulation of the inland parts of 
Camolia, Istno, and Dalmatia, is still in a 
half-savage state. There i.^ moreover, a most 
singular race inhabiting the mountainous dis- 
trict between Trieste and Firumo, that supplies 
the city with charcoal. Their appearance is 
more like that of the Bedouin of the desert 
than the civilized European. They wear rude 
sbamy clothing, and saudals of wood attached 
to the feet by thon)<s; and their demeanour 
comports well with ibe ideas conveyed by their 
outward guise." 

From the pier he saw the phenomenon thus 
described : " I there saw, for the first time, that 
wonderful inhabitant of these seas, vulgarly 
called the Baccia marina, or marine pot. 1 
had beard much concerning it, for it happened 
that a few weeks previous to my visit, to the 
amazement of the whole city, the entire sea ap- 
peared one morning covered with them — thou- 
sands upon thousands crowding in towards the 
coast ; whence coning and whiUier going no one 
knows hut that God who created and presenes 
them. I had, however, but little idea of their 
form and appearance ; for, though I had 
the remiuns of hundreds upon the beach, where 
they had been throwu by tlie surge, the colour- 
less, shapeless mass of jelly conveyed no idea 
of beauty to the mind; and, when 1 saw some- 
thing moving towards the shore with the gentle 
tide, having every appearancce of being a most 
beautiful mushroom about fifteen inches in 
diameter, and a stalk of perliaps two feet long, 
apparently torn up by the roots, 1 was tempted 
to descend and wait its arrival : but when, on a 



sr approach, I discoveredamorementwhiclt 

could not be otherwise thou spontanooua, I 
could not belplaughingatmy own aslonishmenU 
In describinc- it, I cannot do better than main- 
tain the similitude already used — that of a gi- 
gantic mushroom torn up by the roots. But 
what a beautiful mushroom! The general 
colour of the substance composing it is a didi- 
cate transparent white, through which a star, 
composed of four rays, may be seen in the 
heaa. The gills of the some, which form a 
fine film, appeared crimped in the most ^^tQui- 
site manner, and tinged with purple. The 
stalk is white, and the seeming roots, forming 
a bunch of eight lobes, are uu^y purple also. 
The motion by which it travels is to be per- 
ceived in the edge of the film sorroaoaing 
the head, and it seems to have perfect com- 
mand of its movements. When it is titmed 
from you, so as to allow yon to peep under the 
film, you sec a beautiful flower^looking sub- 
stance, forming the body. As soon as my 
wonder and oumiratioa would allow me to 
turn my eyes aside and look around, I found 
that there were many within sight, moving 
about among the shipping." 



MASSACRE OF ST. BARTHOLOMEW. 

The Massacre of SL Bartholomew was not 
confimed to the capital of France. Vicomta 
d'Otte, Ooveaior of Bayonne, in the reign of 
Charles the Ninth, received the infiunous or- 
der to exterminate all the Protestants within 
his jurisdiction; and returned the following 
noble and geiterous answer : — 

"Sire, — I have communicated your M^eaty's 
letter to the garrison and to the inhabitants 
of (his city. I have been able to find among 
them only brave soldiers and good citizens; 
but not a single r ' " 



J34 



THE TOUBiST. 



CURIOUS MANUSCRIPT OF M. DE LA 

HARPE. 

The following manuscript has recently 
been handed to us, and is of so iateii^t- 
ing a character that we cannot widifaold 
it from our readers. It purporjts to have 
been written by the celebrated M. De la 
Harpe, and is accompanied by a 8tate> 
ment that it was found among hts pos- 
thumous papers. We have endeavoured 
in vain to obtain any evideiice with reapect 
to its authenticity, and will thereiore 
leave that question to the conjecture of 
our readers. 

It appears to me as if it wese bnt yesterday : 
and it was nevertheless in iJie beginning of 
the year 1788; we were at die table of a 
brother academician, who was of the highest 
rank, and a man of talenti. The company 
was numerous, and of aD lands; courtieis, 
advocates, literary men, academicians, &c. 
We had been, as usual, luxuriantly enter- 
tained ; and, at the dessezt, the wines of Mai- 
voine and the Cape added to the natural 
gaiety of good company that kind of sodal 
needom, which sometimes stretches beyood 
the rigid decorum of it. In short, we were in 
a state to allow of anything that would pro- 
duce mirth. Chamfort had been reading 
some of his impious and libertine tales, and 
the fine ladies had heard them without once 
making use of their fans. A del age of plea- 
santries on religion then succeeded ; one gave 
a quotation from the Pucelle D 'Orleans ; ano- 
thor reoolleeled and ap^aoded the philosophi- 
cal distiteh of Dideiot-*- 

"£t deB Boyeaux du dernier Pretre, 
Serrez le cou da deroier Roi." 

And of the last priest's entrails form the string 
around the neck of the last king. 

A third rises, and, with a bumper in his hand, 
" Yes, gentlemen," he exclaims, " I am as 
sore Aat there is no God as I am certain that 
Homer was a fool." 

TTse conveisation fifterwards took a more 
serious turn, and the most ardent admiration 
was expressed' of the revolution which Voltaire 
had pn)diiced, and they all agreed that it 
ibnned the brightest day of his glory. ** He 
has given 'the ton tp his age, and has contrived 
to be read in the chamber as well as in the 
drawing-room." One of the company men- 
tioned, and almost bujfst with laughter at tfie 
circumstance, that his hair-dresser had add, 
while he was powderiuff him, " Look yon, Sir: 
though I am nothing but a poor journeyman 
barber, I have no more rehpion than another 
man.* It was concluded that the revolution 
would soon be consnmmated, and that it was 
absolutely necessary for superstition and fana- 
ticism to give place to philosophy. The pro- 
bability of this epoch was then cadculated, and 
which of the fompaoy pfesent would lire to 
see the reign of reason. The elder part of 
Ihrnn lamented ibat they could not flatter 
Ibemselnres wilh.ihe hope of emjoying 8«eh a 
plemure ; whHe the younger pant lejoiced ia 
uie expectadoB timt they should witness it 
Tke academy was felicitated for having pre^ 
pared the grand woik, and being at the same 
time the strong hold, the oentre, and the 
moving principle, of freedom of thought. 

There was only one of the guests who had 
not shared in the delights of this conversation ; 
he had not even ventured, in a auiet way, to 
start a few pleasantries on our noole enthusi- 



asm. It was Gazette, an amiable man, of an 
original turn of mind, but imfortunately inlar 
tucited with the reveries of the illuminati. He 
renewed the conversation in a very serious tone, 
and in the ffdlowing raaaner: — ^ Gentlemen," 
aaid he, ''be satisfied you will all see this 
giMid aJMl sd>lime revolution. You know tbat 
I am something ai a prophet, and I reseat' 
iSiat yon will all see it" He wps aaswevea by' 
the common eiqpresBion, ^ It is mot necessaiy 
to be a great conjurer to Ibretel liuEt" 
'^ Agreed: but it may perhaps be neoeasaxj 
to be something more respecting what I am 
now going to tell you. Have you any idea 
what will result horn this levalution ? What 
wiH happen to yoniaelves, to every cam now 
present ; what wiU be the inmiediate progress 
of it, with its certain effects and conse- 
quences f" ** Oh" aaid Condoroet, with his 
silly and saturnine laugh, 'Met us know aU 
about it ; a philosopher can have no objection 
to meet a prophet" ''You, M. Condoroet, 
wiH expire on the pavement of a dungeon; 
you wiU die of ihe poison you will have taJben 
to escape from the hands of the executioner — 
of poison which the hap;^ state of that period 
wiH render it absolutely necessary that yim 
should carry about you " At first, there ap- 
peared a considerable degree of astonishment ; 
but it was soon recollect^ that Cazotte was in 
the habit of dreaming when he was awake, 
and llie laugh was as loud as ever. '* M. Ca- 
zotte, the tale which you have just told us is 
not so pleasant as yoar Diable Amoreux. But 
what devil has put this dungeon, this poison, 
and these hangmen in your head ? What can 
these things have in common with philosophy 
and the reign of reason ?'* " That is precisely 
what f am telling you. It will be in the name 
of philosophy, of humanity, and of liberty — it 
will be under the reign of reason, that what I 
hare foretold will happen to you. It will then 
indeed be the reign of reason, for she will 
have temples erected to her honour. Nay, 
throughout F^nce there will be no other 
places of public worship than the temples of 
reason.*' " In faith," said Chamfort, with one 
of his sarcastic smiles, "you will not be an 
officiating priest in any of these temples." 
" I hope not ; but you, M. Chamfort, you will 
be well worthy oi that distinction; for you 
will cut yourself across the throat with twenty- 
two strokes of the razor, and will nevertheless 
survive the attempt for some months." They 
all looked at him, and continued to laugh. 
" You (Monsieur Dazyr), you will not open 
your veins yourself, but you will order them 
to be opened six times in one day, during a 
paroxysm of the gout, in order that you may 
not fail in your purpose, and you will die 
during the night As for you, M. de Nicolai, 
you will die on the scafibld; and so, M. Bailly, 
win you ; and so will you, M. Malesherbes." 
" Oh, heavens !" said Jloucher, " it appears 
that his vengeance is levelled solely against the 
academy: he has just made most horrible 
execution of the whole of it: now tell me my 
fate, in the name of mercy.* ,'" You will die 
also upon the scaffold." " Oni" it was uni- 
versally exclaimed, " he was sworn to exter- 
minate Us all." " No, it is not I who have 
sworn ixy " Are we then to be subjugted by 
Turks and Tartars T** " By no means ; I have 
already told you you will then be governed by 
reason and philosophy alone. Those who will 
treat you as I have described will all of them 
be philosophers, will be continually utteting 
the same pnrases as you have been repeating 
for the last hour, will deliver all your maxims, 
and win quote, as you have done, Diderot anil 



Pucelle." " Oh," it was whispered, " the man 
is out of his senses !" for, during the whole of 
his conversation, his countenance never under- 
went the least change. " Oh, no !" said ano- 
ther, " you must perceive he is laughing at us, 
for he always blends the marvellous with his 
pleasantries." " Yes," replied Chamfort, " the 
Biarv^ous with him is never enlivened with 
gaiety. He always looks as if he were going 
to be hanged. But when will all this hap- 
pen 7" ^' 8ix years will not have passed away 
before all which I have told you will be ac- 
eomplidifid.*' "Here, indeed, is plenty of 
minudes," (It was myself, says M . De la Harpe, 
who now spoke,) ** and you set me down for 
nsdung.'' ^ You will yourself be a miracle as 
extcaoraiDaiy as any which I have told ; you 
will he a Christaaii." Loud exclamations im- 
mediately followed. ^' Ah !" replied Cham- 
iaAy " ail my fern aie removed ; for, if we are 
not doomed to perish till La Harpe becomes a 
Christian, we Mall be immortal.' 

" As fior us wamm," said the Duchess of 
Grarnmont, ^itis veiy fortunate that we are 
considered as nothing in these revolutions; 
not that we are lotidly discharged from all 
concern in (hen, Imt it is understood that in 
SBch cases we are to be left to ourselves. Our 
" Yomr sex, ladies, will be 



19 



no 



gnarantee to you in these times ; it will make 
no difiSsrence whatever, whether you interfere 
or not. You will be treated precisely as the 
men ; no distinction will be made between 
you." " But what does all this mean, M. 
Cazotte ? You are merely preaching to us 
about the end of the world." " I £iow no 
more of that, my lady duchess, than yourself; 
but this I Inrow, that you will be conducted to 
the scaffold, with seveial other ladies along 
with you, in the cart of the executioner, and 
with your hands tied behind you." ** I hope. 
Sir, in such a case, I shall be allowed at least 
a coach hung with black." " No, madam, 
you will not have that indulgence. Ladies of 
higher rank than you will be dmwn in a cart 
as you will be, and to the same fate as that to 
which you are destined." •* Ladies of higher 
rank than myself? What ! princesses of tlie 
blood .P" *' Greater still." Here there was a 
ver)' sensible emotion throughout the com- 
pany, and the countenance of the maitre of 
the mansion now wore a very grave and 
solemn aspect; it was indeed very generally 
observed that this pleasantry was carried rather 
too far. Madam de Grammont, in order to 
disperse the cloud that seemed to be approach- 
ing, made no reply to his last answer, but 
contented herself with saying, with an air of 
gaiety, " You see he will not even leave me a 
confessor.'* •* No, madam, that consolation 
will be denied to all of you. The last peiBon 
led to the scaffold, who will be allowed a con* 

fessor, as the greatest of favours, will be " 

Here he paused for a moment. *'And who 
then is the happy mortal who will be allowed 
to enjoy this prerogative?" " It is the only 
one which will be left him; it will be the 
King of France." 

Ine master of the house now arose in haste, 
and his company were all actuated by the 
same impulse. He tlien advanced towards M. 
Cazotte. ** We have had enough of these me- 
lancholy conceits. You carry it too far, even 
to the ^compromising the company with whom 
you are, and yourself along with them." Ca- 
zotte made no answer, and was preparing to 
retire ; when Madam de 'Grammont, who 
wislied if possible to do do away all serious 
. impressions, and restore sonie kind of gaiety 
[among them, advanced towards him, and 



THE TOVAIM^, 



1 / • 

1% 



said, "My g90«l .{vqflieti f^n hare been so 
kind as to tell us all our fortunes, but you 
have not mentioned acny thing respectinfi^ your 
own." After a few momenis siknoe, with, his 
eyes fixed on the ground, " Madam," he m- 
plied, " hflxe,¥OH vead Ihe si^ga «f Jerusalem, 
as reUtsd by jWfjkHis ?'' ^ To be-«ne I ham, 
and wke W aoiP Bvl: yau wuty ivppose, if 
you please, that I know nothing about it" 
^* Thitts you m«st knovr, madam, ^lat chiring 
the nage of Jerasalen, a Bran, for seren succes- 
sive days, went round the ramparts of that 
elty,in uke sigfet of the besiegers and besieged, 
crying incessantfy, in a loud attd inauspicious 
voice, ' Woe to Jerusalem !^ And on the sevenlh 
d&y he cried, ' Woe to Jerusalem aad to my- 
sdlf!' At that rery moment an e»ormoB£ 
stone thrown by the machines of the eDeoiy 
clashed him in pieces." M. Casottelhen made 
bow and fifldied. 



Thus far M. de la Harpe. Those who 
recollect the melancholy exit of all the 
characters above mentioned, during the 
reign of terror in France, must be asto- 
nished at the exact fiilfllinent of this 
remarkable prediction, so unlikely to be 
accomplished at the time it was uttered. 



EX.KIN6S AT THE CARNIVAL OF 

VENICE. 

A ChapUT translated frmn '< Candide.'* 

This is a tale of former times, not inappli- 
cable to the pieseni: '^ One night Candide, at- 
tended by Martin, was just going to sit down 
at the supper-taUe with six strangers who were 
lodging at the same hotel, and had come to 
pass the Caxniyal at Venice, when a person of 
reiy sooty complexion accosted him from be- 
hind, and, taking hold of his arm, said, ^ Oet 
ready to depart with us, do not fail.' He 
turned roimd, and saw it was Cacambo. Ca- 
<»Lmbo, who served as cup-bearer to one of the 
strangers, addressed his master, as soon as 
supper was over, " Sire, your Migesty may de- 
part whenever you think proper — ^the vessel is 
ready.' Hearing these words, the astonished 
guests looked at one another without speaking 
a single word ; when another servant came and 
addressed his master: ' Sire, your Majesty's 
coach is at Padua, and the vessel is ready.' 
The master made a sign, and the servant went 
away. The guests looked at each other again, 
and their mutual surprise was redoubled. A 
third valet, approaching a third stranger, said 
to him, ' Sire, take my advice ; your Majesty 
had better not remain here any longer; I will 
get every thing ready for your departure :' and 
immediately he disappeared. 

^ Candide and Martin had no doubt that all 
this was a Carnival masquerade. A fourth 
servant came up to a fourth master, * Every 
thing is in readmess for your Majesty's depar- 
ture ;" and, like the others, he also went away. 
The fifth valet made a similar address to the 
fifth stranger ; but the sixth spoke in a difierent 
manner to his master, who happened to be sit- 
ting next Candide: ^Indeed, Sire, they will 
not give any more credit, either to your Mar 
jesty or to me ; and we stand a chance of being 
both locked up in jail this very night. I must 
take care of myself — adieu.' 

•*A11 the servantshaving left the room, the six 
strangers, as well as Candide and Martin, pre- 
served a profound silence. At last, Candide 
thus intennpted it : ^ Gentlemen, this is a sin- 



-^idaisMitof jest: iKrvreemes itHMit ymt'are 
ail hiagfi ? 1 oonfefls thsEt neither Martih nor 
vqrsdkf ha«e the honour to be se.' Gacambo's 
mastragmvely rspKed, speaking Italiftn, * I ns- 
soie. yaa, I am by oo means in jest, i abi 
Achmet the Third. I was grand Sultan fqr 
many yean; I dethBoned my lifrother, and my 
nephew has dethroned me. M^ Visfiers have 
had their heada cut ofi^ anil die remnant of 
my life ia to be passed in the okt Serasiio. My 
sq^w, ^ grand Sultan Mahmoud, allows 
me to tmvel sometimes Ibr my health,, aa^ I 
am come to pass the Carnival at Vesica' 
" A yo[ung man. who was next to.Achaet then 
spoke :* ' My name is Ivan ; I was. Emptor of 
all the Hussias, but was dethroned in my cBa> 
die. My father and mother weie impnaoBed; 
and in prison they brou|^ht'meup. I have 
permission to travel occasionally, attended hj 
those who have. the oestody of me; sjid I idso 
am come to pass the Canuval at Venice.' 

" The third said, * I am Charles-Edward, 
King of England. My father eonfccred on me 
the rights of royal^ ; I ibnght to maiataln 
them ; eight hundred of my partisans were put 
to fli^t— slaughtered-^^dieemboweled. I was 
arrested at PSins, taken prisoner to Vinoenaes, 
and am now going to Rome to pay a visit to 
the king, my father, who was also dethroned, 
like myself aad my grand&ther; and I am 
come to pass the Carnival at Venice.' 

'* The fourth spoke in these words : ' 1 am 
King of the Poles. The chances of war de- 
prived me of my hereditary dominions; my 
father experienced the same reverses of fortune. 
I resign mvself to Providence, like the Sultan 
Achmet, the Emperor Ivan, and the King 
Charles-Edward, to whom may God grant long 
life ! I am cmne to pass the Carnival at Ve- 
nice.' 

*' The filth said, 'I am also King of the 
Poles. I lost my kingdom twice ; but Provi- 
dence has given me another state, in which I 
have done more good than all the kings of the 
Sarmatians together have ever done on the 
banks of the Vistula. I likewise resign* my- 
self to Providence ; and am come to pass the 
Carnival at Venice.* 

** The sixth monardi now alone remained to 
speak: * Gentlemen,' said he, *I am not so 
great a sovereign as you ; but, nevertheless, I 
have been a king like yourselves. My name is 
Theodore : I was elected King of Corsica, and 
they called me Your Majesty^ while at present 
they scarcely deign to call me Montieur. 1 
have coined money, and now I have not a far- 
thing belonging to me. I have had two Secre- 
taries of State, and now I have hardlv a valet. 
I have been seated on a throne, and for a long 
time I was doomed to sleep on stmw within 
the walls of a prison at London. To say the 
truth, I have reason to fear I shall be in the 
same situation here, though I am come, like 
your M%jesties — ^to pass ihe Carnival at Ve- 
nice.' 

*' The five kings listened to this discourse 
with a most royal compassion: each gave 
twenty sequins to King Theodore, to enable 
him to buy a few shirts and some clothes. 
Candide presented him with a diamond worth 
two thousand sequins. ' How is this,' ex- 
claimed the five monarchs, in astonishment, 
Uhat a private individual should be in a situa- 
tion to give a hundred times as much as each 
of us ; and what is more, that he should give 
it too?' Just as they were rising from table, 
four other * Most Serene Highnesses,' who had 
been driven firom their States by the fortune of 
war, entered the Hotel, with an intention^-^to 
the Camival at Venice." 



EDITH. ' 

■ * 

Weep not, weep not, that ia the spring 

We have to make * |«ve ; 
Til» flowers will gMMr, Uie biids will siiig> 

The eari^ raaee wave. 
And make the aod we're ifpnacUng Mr ' 

For her wh^ sleeps below ; 
We mi^ht not bear t» laji bar thene 

In wwter frost and anow* , 

We never hoped to keep, her Ybn^ : 

When bnt a fairy chUd, 
With dancing step and bifd-fike son|^» 

And Mes tbat^nly smiled^ ' 
A oMMlhing ahadawy and frail 

Was even in her mirth ; 
She looked a flower thai one megh gale • 

Would bear awsjf from ^iwf^ 

There was too clear and blue a light 

Within her radiant eyes : 
They were too beantifiil, too bright, 

Toe like their native skies ; 
Too changeable the rote wbieh shed 

Its colour on her face. 
Now burning with a passionate red. 

Now with just one faint trace* 

She was too thoughtful for her years, 

Its shell the spirit wore; 
And when she smiled away our feais» 
^We only feared the more. 
The crimson deepened on her cheek, 

Her blue eyes shone more clear. 
And eveiy day she grew mors weak, 

And every hour mace dear. 

Her childhood was a happy time. 

The loving and belovea ; 
Yon aky, which was her native clime, 

Hath but its own removed. 
This earth was not for one to whom 

Nothing of earth was given; 
'Twas but a resting place — ^her tomb-* 

Between the world and heaven. 



THE CLYDE AND TWEED. 

BY JOHN MACKAY WIL80K. 

Nursed on a rocky mountain's breast, 
Two twin-bom rivers played ; 

And parting — one rushea fleetly west. 
The other eastward sUayed. 

The Clyde rolled on— a warrior's song 
Of triumph ; while the Tweed 

With stilly murmur swept along, 
-Its voice the shepherd a reed. 

A bridegroom, leaping light with joy, 
On, onward bounded Clyde ; 

The Tweed, a maiden, timid, coy, 
Moved like a blushing bride. 

The Clyde rushed forth in ^lory, where 
The sunbeams revelled wild : 

The Tweed, in beauty softly fair, 
Was kissed by moonlight mild. 

The Clyde, a bright and dark-^yed maid» 

Commanding met the view ; 
The Tweed, in modest grace arrayed^ 

Would fondly, gently woo* 

Sublimity and beauty's tread 
Impressed their favoored Clyde, 

While loveliness hung o'er her Tweed« 
And slumbered on its side. 

The Clyde embmced a golden Firth, 
Where lake and mountain shone» 

And fairy islands left the earth 
To deck her marriage throne* 

The Tweed her deckings cast aside. 
Plain was ber bridalbed,— 

Fair Tweed, an unadorned bride, 
The hoaiy ocean wed f 



1*6 



THE TOURIST. 



^ 



THE CALENDAR OF THE FRENCH 
REVOLUTION. 

On the 6th October, 1793, during the awful 
leign of RoBESPiERRB, when the Frencli rnlen 
employed themselves alteaately in deeds of 
death and minute attention to trifles, a new 
calendar, framed by Fabre D'Eglantine, 
was presented to the convention, at that time 
rulea de^tically by Robespierre, formed 
upon so republican a model as effectually to 
destroy every allusion either to things before 
held sacred as relating to the Deity, or re- 
spectable, as complimentaiy to human virtue 
in past ages. As all important facts connected 
wim the history of France during the short 
period o£ thia calendar's existence were re« 
corded according to this new nomenclature, 
intended to designate the actual passing sear 
sons, it may be interesting to show, by the 
following table, in what manner the f^ch 
months agreed with those of other nations, and 
to whicli even France itself found it absolutely 
necessary to revert 

FKBch Months. Sig;niflcatioD. £agU«h MonUit. 

, C 1. Vendemaire... ..Vintage Sept 22 

2 2. Brumaixe*. Foggy Oct 22 

13. Frimaire.'. Frosty Nov. 21 

4. Nivose Snowy Dec. 21 

6. Pluviose ..Rainy Jan* 20 

6. Ventose Windy Feb. 19 

7. Germinal Budding March 21 

8. Floreal Flowery April 20 

9. Prairial Hay Harvest .May 20 

10. Alessdor Com Harvest June 19 

11. Theimidor ....Hot July 19 

12. Fructidor ......Fruit Aug. 18 

By the preceding table it will be seen, that 
the French year commenced on the 22nd of 
September, or on the autumnal equinox, a 
period universally acnowledged to be incon- 
sistent with reason and the long recorded phe- 
nomena of nature, the sun being then retro- 
grade, and its annual course drawing towards 
a termination; but the revolutionary and 
impious mania for obliterating all allusions to 
the Deity, by those who taught that "death 
was only an eternal sleep^^ rendered that de- 
luded and versatile people regardless of estab- 
lished customs and opinions, however sanctioned 
by the experience and authority of ages, pro- 
vided that, by the introduction of a novel 
system, the great object of the revolutionists 
might be promoted by the innovation ; and 
yet the people of France, and even the con- 
vention, were themselves conscious of the* 
gross absurdity of this vainly denominated 
*' Calendar of RetuoUy^ and attempted to ex- 
plain their selection of the 22nd of September 
as having originated in a principle of policy^ 
it being impossible to establish it on that of 
the cowrse of nature. On the 21st of Septem- 
ber, 1792, the representatives of the nation 
bad pronounced uie abolition of royalty; on 
the 22nd, it was formally proclaimed, and 
that day decreed to be tiienceforth deemed the 
FIRST of the Republic; and it was solely to 
accord with such new era that religion and 
philosophy were sacrificed on the altar of in- 
novation. 

The division of the year into months of 30 
days each, and of those months into Decades, 
produced no improvement on the ancient 
system ; for as, by that regulation, only 360 
days were comprehended in the 12 months, 
ther were compelled to add &9e others to 
make out the number of the ordinary year, 
and six to every fourth or bissextile year, 
thereby rendering their calendar inaccurate. 



lliese supplemeatary days were tetmed oom- 
plementaiy, as filling or completing the year ; 
were also vulgarly called sans cuioUidiU^ out 
of an alleged respect to the revolutionary mob, 
the SepUmhrizers. They were holids^s^ and 
called — 
The fir8t....i'r»mt<;{i.Dedicated to virtue. 

The second.Z>tio<2« •• genius. 

The third... 7V«it. labour. 

The fourth.. QuoHuff •• opinion. 

The &£ih,,.»Quintidi «....... recompenoe. 

Answering to the 17th, 18th, 19t]i, 20th, and 
21st of September; and, in leap-vear, the ad- 
ditional or sixth da^ was called Sexiidi. 

Besides these holidays, they had also i>n;adef 
substituted for Sundays, days of course no 
longer held sacred by a nation that had em- 
braced atheism by the public sanction of the 
new government 

Among other puerilities and absurdities of 
the French calenaar, may also be included the 
borrowed ap^cation of the Htles of the 
months, intended as they were to be expressive 
of the various seasons of production, matu- 
rity, decay, and torpidity of tiie vegetable 
world. In a territory comprehending dimates 
so diversified as that of France, the variations 
of the seasons must necessarily defy any de- 
scription that can be universally appropriate; 
and an English wit, disgusted vrith tne *' nam- 
by-pamby'' style of the French calendar, ridi- 
culed this new method of registering time in 
the following ludicrous translation of their 
months, as divided by them into seasons, con- 
sidering it a critique more suitable to the in- 
significance of the subject, than argument or 
grave discussion. 

Autumn — wheezy, sneezy, freezy. 

Winter — slippy, drippy, nippy. 

Spring — showery, flowery, bowery. 

Summer — ^hoppy, croppy, poppy. 

This system, which originated in crime, folly, 
and ignorance, was abandoned in the year 
1805, by a senatus-consulte of the 9th of Sep- 
tember. T. 



APHORISMS. 



Parties are founded on prineipU — &ctiotts o 
mm.— RoBBRT Hall. 

The best govemments are always subject to be 
like the faimt ciystals, wherein every icicle or sprain 
is seen, wbieh ia a fouler stone is never pereeived* 
— Ib. 

The rin of blood it a destroying, wasting, miir« 
dering sin ; marderinff others besides these wlism 
it kills : it breaks the back of govemments, sinks 
families, destroys for the future, reaches into tmc- 
cessions, and cuts off posterities.— Da. Souxn. 

It seems that enemies have been always found 
the most faithful monitors } for adversity has ever 
been considered as the state in whieh a man most 
easily becomes acquaintsd wiih himself. — ^Da. 

JOBNSON. 

Death falls heavily upon him who is too much 
known to others, and too lit^ to himself. — Si- 

NBCA. 



THE DIAL OF FLOWERS. 

BY MBS. BEMAN8. 

'Twas a lovely thought to mark the hours. 

As they floated in light away, 
By the opening and the folding flowers 

That laugh to the summer's day. 

Thus had each moment its own rich hue. 

And its graceful cop or bell. 
In whose coloured vase might sleep the dew, 

like a pearl in an ocean-shell.* 

To such sweet signs might the time have flowed 

In a golden current on, 
Ere from the garden, man's first abode. 

The glorious guests were gone. 

So might the days have been brightly told — 
Those days of son? and dreams — 

When shepherds gather'd their flocks of old. 
By the blue Arcadian streams. 

So in those isles of delight that rest 

Far off in a breezeless main, 
Which many a bark, with a weary quest. 

Hath sought, but still in vain. 

Yet is not life, in its real flight, 
Mark'd thus — even thus— on earth. 

By the closing of one hope's delight. 
And another's gentle birth ? 

Oh ! let us live, so that flower by flower. 

Shutting in turn, may leave 
A lingerer still for the sunset hour, 

A charm for the shaded eve. 

• This dial was, 1 beUevc, tormei by Linimvf , and 
marked the hoars by the openiiDg and dosiag, at te\ 
iotcrvali, of the flowers arranged Ui it. 



REMARKABLE ESCAPE. 

A Hottentot, peroeiving that he was fol- 
lowed by a lion, and concludiitf that the ani* 
nial only waited the approach ofnight to make 
him his prey, began to consider of the best 
method of providing for his safety ; which he at 
length effected in the following singular man- 
ner :-— Observing a piece of broken ground, with a 
precipitate descent on one side, he sat down by 
the edge of it, and found, to his great joj, that 
the lion also made a halt, and kept at the same 
distance as before. As soon as it sprew dark, 
the Hottentot, sliding gently forward, let him- 
self down a little below the edge of the hOl, 
and held up his doak and hat upon a stick, 
making at the same time a gentle motion with 
it; the lion, in the meanwhile, came creeping 
softly towards him, like a cat, and, mistaking 
the skin cloak for the man himself, made a 
spring, and fell headlong down the precipice. 
— Wood^s Animals. 



FOR the CURE of COUGHS, COLDS, 
ASTHMAS, SHORTNESS of BREATH, &c. AC- 
WALTER'S ANISEED FILLS.-The nnmerous and 
respectable Testimonials daii^ received of the extraordi' 
nai7 efficacy of the above PilU, in caring the most du- 
tressing and luDg-establisbcd diseases of the pttlmonary and 
respiratory organs, indace the Proprietor to recommend 
them to the notice of those afflicted with the above com- 
plaints, conceiving that a Medicine which has now stood 
the test of experience for several years cannot be too gene- 
rally known. Th^ are composed entirely of babumie 
and vegetable ingreaients, and arc so »peedy in thetr bene- 
ficial effects, that in ordinary cases a few doses have beea 
foond sofficient ; and, nnlike most Cough Medicines, they 
neither affect the head, confine the boweU, nor prodoce 
any of the unpleasant sensations so frequently complaioed 
of. The following cases are sabmitted to the Public from 
many in the Proprietor's possession :—>K. B<Ae, of Globe- 
lane, Mile-end, was perfectly cured of a violent coagh, 
attended with hoarseness, which rendered his speech ioaa- 
dible, by taking three or four doses. E. Booley, of Qnera- 
street, Spitalfields, after taking a flew doees, was entirely 
cured of a most inveterate cough, which he had had for 
many months, and tried almost every tiling without sac- 
cess. Prepared by W. Walter, and sold »y I. A. Shar- 
wood. No. 55, Bishopsgate Without, in boxes, at Is. l^- 
and three In one for 2s. 9d. ; and by appointment, by Han- 
nay and Co., No. 03, Oxford-street ; Green, No. 4S, White- 
chapel-road; Pront, No. SM, Strand; Sharp, Cross-street, 
Islington; Pink, No. OS, High-street, Boroueh; AlUaoa, 
No. IM, Brick-lane, Bethnal-grecn ; Farrar, Upton-place, 
Commerdal-road; Hendebonrck, 396, Holboni; and by 
all the wholesale and retail Medlcbie Venders in the United 
Kingdom. — ^N.B. In consequence of the increased deuaod 
for this excellent Medicine, the Public arc cautioned 
against Counlerfeita—aone can be genuine nnless signed by 
I. A. Sharwood on the Government Stamp, and W, Walter 
on the ontside wrapper. — Be sure to ask for " Walter's 
Aniseed PUIs." 



Printed by J. Haddon and Co. ; and Published 
by J. Caisp, at No. 27, Ivy Lane, Paternoster 
Kow, where all Advertisements and Conmaiii- 
cations for the Editor are to be addressed. 



THE TOURIST; 

OB, 
Vol. I.— No. 17. MONDAY, DECEMBER 31, 1892. Price One Pbnnt. 

T. CLARKSON, ESQ. 



Thowas Clakkson, Esq., was bom i be regretted, aa the materials which relate t Our object, in fumishiDg a brief aketck 
in 1761, and was educated at St. John's to a subsequent and more interesting pe- of the life of this estimable mm, is to 
Odlege, Cambridge. We know nothing liod of his life are more numerous than I acquaint our readers with the extent of 
of his early history — a matter the less to I our space will allow ns to insert. 1 his labours in the Abolitioa contiofenr. 



188 



THE TOUM*r. 



and to familiaMe thflm with some of the 
details of the controversy itself. Mr. 
Clarkson's attention was first drawn to the 
African Slave Trade in 1785. Dr. Peck- 
hard, the Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge, 
proposed, in that year, to the senior 
Paieheluia of Arts, the fbllowiiig subject 
for a Latin diasertaticm : — " Is it right to 
make slaves of others against their will ?" 
Mr. Clarkson having, the previous year, 
obtained a prize for the best Latin disser- 
tation, felt he should sink in the estima- 
tion of his college, if he did not succeed 
this year also. 

Under the influence oi this literary 
ambition, he commenced his inquiries. 
He soon found himnelf at a loss for ma- 
terials on which to form an enlightened 
judgment respecting the African trade, 
and repaired to London to obtain them. 
Having procured the information which 
he needed, he b^an his work; but 
he had not proceeded far before his 
mind underwent a thorough revolu- 
tion. It would be injustice to the 
subject to substitute any phraseology in 
the place of his own unaffected and 
touching narrative : — " But no person 
can tell the severe trial which the writing 
of it proved to me. I had expected 
pleasure from the invention of the argu- 
ments, from the arrangement of them, 
from the putting of them together, and 
from the thought, in the interim, that I 
was engaged in an innocent contest for 
literary honour. But all my pleasure was 
damped by the facts which were now 
continually before me. It was but one 
gloomy subject from morning to night. 
In the day-time I was uneasy — in the 
night I had little rest. I sometiines never 
closed ray eyelids for grief. It became 
now, not so much a trial for academical 
reputation as for the production of a work 
which might be useiul to injured Africa. 
And, keeping this idea in my mind ever 
after the perusal of Benezet, I always 
slept with a candle in my room, that I 
might rise out of bed and put down such 
thoughts as might occur to me in the 
night, if I judged them valuable, con- 
ceiving that no argument should be lost 
in so great a cause. Having, at length, 
finished this painful task, I sent my £^ay 
to the Vice-Chancellor, and soon after- 
wards found myself honoured, as before, 
with the first prize. 

^' As it is usual to read these essays pub- 
licly in 'the senate-house soon after the 
prize is adjudged, I was called to Cam- 
bridge for this purpose. I went and per- 
formed my office. On returning, how- 
ever, to London, the subject of it almost 
wholly engrossed my thoughts. I became, 
at times, very seriously affected while upon 
the road. I stopped my horse occasion- 
ally,, and di«nounted and walked. I fre- 
quently tEied to perBoade myaelf, in these 
interraLi, that the contents of my Essay 
conld nfit be true. The mon, however^ 



I reflected, upon themj or rather upon the 
authorities on which they were founded, 
the more I gave them credit. Coming in 
sight of Wade's Mill, in Hertfordshire, I 
sat down disconsolate on the turf, by the 
road-side, and held my horse. Here a 
thought came into my mind, that, if the 
contents of the Essay were true^ it was 
time some person should see these cala- 
mities to dieir end. Agitated in this 
manner, I reached home. This was in 
the summer of 1785."* 

After this, Mr. Clarkson translated and 
published his Dissertation, and, at length, 
determined on sacrificing the fair prospect 
of preferment in the church which he 
had, in order to devote himself entirely 
to this work of mercy. In 1787 a com- 
mittee was formed m London, for the 
purpose of procuring and putting into 
circulation authentic information respect- 
ing the Slave Trade. Mr. C. was the 
most active member of this body. He 
called on the leading members of the two 
Houses of Parliament, soliciting their at- 
tention to the subject, and furnishing 
them with whatever information he had 
procured. Amongst other persons he 
called on Mr. Wilberforce ; and it is in- 
teresting to know the reception which 
was given to this subject by that distin- 
guished and philanthropic statesman, 
when it was first proposed to him. ** On 
my first interview with him, he stated 
frankly, that the subject had often em- 
ployed his thoughts, and that it was near 
his heart. He seemed earnest about it, 
and also very desirous of taking the trou- 
ble of inquiring further into it. Having 
read my book, which I had delivered to 
him in person, he sent for me. He ex- 
pressed a wish that I would make him 
acquainted with some of my authorities 
for the assertions in it, which I did after- 
wards to his satisfaction. He asked me 
if I could support it by any other evi- 
dence. I told nim I could. I mentioned 
Mr. Newton, Mr. Nisbett, and several 
others to him. He took the trouUe of 
sending for all these. He made memo- 
randums of their conversation, and, send- 
ing for me afterwards, showed, them to 
me. On learning my intention to devote 
myself to the cause, he paid me many 
handsome compliments. He then desired 
me to call upon him often, and to ac- 
quaint him with my progress from time to 
time. He expressed also his willingness 
to afford me any assistance in his power 
in the prosecution of ray pursuits. "f 

From this period Mr. C. was employed 
in visiting the different sea^ports of the 
kingdom^ in order to obtain, from persons 
engaged in the Slave Trade, aocdienlic 
information of the manner in which it 
was conducted. The facts elicited, in the 
course of his inquiries, were of the most 
revolting and atrocious character, and 

* History of the Abolition* vol. i. p. 208. 
t History pf the Abolition, vol. L p. 241. 



< 

coBfiideiably aided the pttliamentary ef- 
forts of Mr. Wilberforce. He did not 
pursue this course without much opposi- 
tion. The same parties who now oppose 
the abolition of Slavery were then equally 
strenuous in their opposition to the aboU- 
tion of the Slave Trade. The most vio- 
lent and infamous means were employed 
to counteract the labours and to blast the 
character of Mr. C. Even his life was 
sometimes threatened. This was particu- 
larly the case at Liverpool. " The tem- 
per of many of the interested people of 
Liverpool had now become still more irri- 
table, and their hostility more apparent, 
than before. 1 received anonymous let- 
ters, entreating me to leave it, or I should 
otherwise never leave it alive. The only 
effect which this advice had upon me was 
to make me more vigilant when I went 
out at night. I never stirred out at this 
time without Mr. Falconbridge ; and he 
never accompanied me without being well 
armed. Of this, however, I knew no- 
thing until we had left the place. There 
was certainly a time when I had reason 
to believe that I had a narrow escape. I 
was one day on the pier-head, with many 
others, looking at some little boats below 
at the time of a heavy gale. Several 
persons, probably out !of curiosity, were 
hastening thither. I had seen all I in- 
tended to see, and was departing, when I 
noticed eight or nine persons making to- 
wards me. I was then only about eight 
or nine yards from the precipice of the 
pier, but going from it. I expected that 
they would have divided to let me through 
them ; instead of which they closed upon 
me and bore me back. I was borne 
within a yard of the precipice, when I 
discovered my danger ; and, perceiving 
among them the murderer of Peter Green, 
and two others who had insulted me at 
the King's Arms, it instantly struck me 
that they had a design to throw me over 
the pier-head; which they might have 
done at this time, and yet have pleaded 
tiiat I had been killed by accident. There 
was not a moment to lose. Vigorous on 
account of the danger, I darted forward. 
One of them, against whom I pushed 
myself, fell down. Their ranks were 
broken, and I escaped, not without blows, 
amidst their imprecations and abuse."* 

We should be glad to pursue our nar- 
rative of Mr. Clarkson's labours, but 
our limits forbid. Such of our readers 
as wish to know more of the details of 
the Abolition controversy, we refer to 
his History, from which we have quoted. 
This work, though little read at the pre- 
sent day, is one of the most deeply in- 
teresting publications which our language 
sni^ies. It is written with all the sim- 
plicity of truth, and will serve to dis- 
close the £alsehood and hypociisy of 
many statements which the coiooists now 

* History of the Abolition, yoI. L p. 409. 



THE TOURIST. 



139 



put forth. We need not attempt a 
formal delineation of Mr. C.'s charac- 
ter. His moral worth was seen in the 
uMVWiried and disinterested labours which 
he prosecuted for upwards of twenty 
years. Enlightened posterity will enrol 
his name amongst the benefactors of his 
species ; while the consciouflness of hav- 
ing aided the triumph of humanity must 
console and gladden his own spirit in this 
latest stage of hb earthly pilgrimage. 
May he and his distinguished coadjutor, 
Mr. Wilberforce, yet survive to witness 
the entire abolition of Colonial Slavery ! 
Mr. Clarkscm was the author of the 
following works : — ** Essay on the Slavery 
and Commerce of the Human Species, 
particularly the African. 8vo. 1786." — 
" The Impolicy of the African Slave 
Trade. Svo. 1788."— " The Comparative 
Efficiency of the Regulation and Aboli- 
tion of the Slave Trade. Svo. 1789."— 
** Letters on the Slave Trade, &c. 4to. 
1791/' — « Three Letters to the Planting 
and Slave Merchants. 8vo. 1807."— 
" The Portraiture of Quakerism. 3 vols. 
Svo. 1807." — *« History of the Abolition, 
&c. 2 vols. Svo. 1808."—" Memoirs of 
William Penn. 2 vols. Svo. 1813."— 
*' Thoughts on the Necessity of Improv- 
ing the Condition of Slaves, ice. Svo. 
1823." 



ANCIENT ASTRONOMERS. 

NO. I. 
COMtUUCUS. 

In the centwy wktcii pieoeded the ha&k of 
Newton, the soienoe of MHOBeny advaaoed 
with the most noid li^W* KmwKiwg iroa 
the darkness of tne mioole ages, £e human 
mind seemed to rejfuce in its new-ham 
strength, and to apply itself with elastic vigour 
to unfold the mecnanism of the heavens. The 
labours of Hipparchus and Ptolemy had m- 
deed fatnidied many impottant e]>ocl» aad^ap- 
jl^titd many valaahJe data; bat the cumhnms 
■spoMkases of cydes and epm^ks with wfaich 
Aey exmaiiied tbe Nation ana lotrogimdatioiis 
of the planets, and the vulgar prejudices whieh 
a false interpretation of Scripture had excited 
against a belief in tlic motion of the earth, 
rendered it difficult even for great mhids to 
csea|>e from tlie trmimnels of mashofily, and 
appeal to the siraplicity of natme. 

Xtie sovereiga of Castile, tiie geaerous and 
Boble-ndiMled Alphoaso, had lour hefere po- 
aoribed the rude expedients of his predeces- 
aofs ; and when he declared that, if the heavens 
were thus constituted, he could have given the 
Deity gtiod advice, he must not only nave felt 
ihe absurdity of the prevailing mteifi, hat 
viQSthave obtained aome Ibmstglit of a mate siaa- 
fkt armngeneat. But aeitber he aor the as- 
UaaoDiers whom he so liberally protected ■earn 
to hare establislied a better s)'stem, and it was 
left to Copernicus to enjoy the dignity of bemg 
the restorer of astronomy. 

Tins great man, a native of Thorn, In Pms- 
na, following his fathei^s pioieasloa, began his 
«aieer as a doctor of aietuoiae ; bait an aooi- 
deatal atteadaace on tjikt math^naatioa] lec- 
tures of Brudzevius excited a love for astro- 



namj, which became the leading passion of 
his life. Unitting a prafession uncongenial to 
such pursuits, he went to Bologna to study astro- 
nomy under Dominic Maria; and, after having 
enjoyed the friendship and instruction of that 
able philosopher, he establiriied himself at 
Rome in the humble situation of a teacher of 
mathematics. Here he made numerous as- 
tronomical observations which served him as 
the basis of future researches ; but an event 
soon occurred which, though it interrupted for 
a while his important studies, placed hun in a 
situation for pursuing them with new zeal. 
The death of one of the canons enabled his 
uncle, who was Bishop of Ermeland, to ap- 
point him to a canonry in the chapter of Frau- 
enberg, where, in a house situated on tbe brow 
of a mountain, he continued, in peaceful seclu- 
sion, to carry on his astronomical observations. 
During his residence at Rome his talents had 
been so well appreciated that the Bishop of 
Fossombrona, who presided over the council 
for reforming the Calendar, solicited the aid 
of Copernicus in this desirable uudeitalLiug. 
Atiirsthe entered wannly into the views of 
the council, and chaxged hinaself with the 
determination of die length of the year and of 
the month, and of the other motions of the 
sun and moon that seemed to be required ; but 
he found the task too irksome, and pmbably 
felt that it would interfere wfth those inter- 
esting discoveries which had already began to 
dawn upon his mind. 

Copernicus is said to have commenced his 
ia^ttiries by a historical examination of the 
opmimis of ancient authors on the system of 
file universe; but it is more likely that he 
sought for the authority of their great names 
to oounteaanoe his peculiar views, and that he 
was mofe desifloiis to present his own theory as 
one that he had received, rather than as' 
one which he had invealed. His mind had 
been kmg inibtted wi& Am idea, that sim- 
pliefty ami harmflny ahoold ciharacterize the 
anaa^aaieat of die nlaaetary system; and, in 
die eoiaplioatioa and dtsocder which reigned 
m llie hyi^othens of PloleBy, hfe saw insuper- 
able dbjeclions to Its being regarde<l as a re- 
pvesentatiott of nature. In the opinions of the 
£g}'ptian sages, in those of Pythagoras, Philo- 
laus, Aristarchus, and Nicetas, he recognized 
his own earliest com'iction that the eartn was 
not tbe centre ef the miiverse ; bitt he aj^tetfs 
10 hare considered it as still possible thai oar 
globe wigfat fwfenn some fuaettoa in 4ke 
system uione important than that of the other 
planets; aad his attention was much occupied 
with tlie sj)eculation of Martianus Capella, 
who placed the sun between Mars and the 
moon, and made Mercury and Venus revolve 
roand him as a eeatre ; aad wkh the system of 
Apollonias Peigcas, a^ made all the planets 
revolve rouaid the sun, while the san and taoou 
were carried vound the earth in the centre of 
the univene. l*he examination, however, of 
these hypotheses gradually dispelled the diffi- 
culties with which the suoject was beset, and, 
after the labours of more titan thirty years, he 
was permitted to see the true system of die 
heaveaa. Tlie sna he ooasidered as immovable 
iu the OMitre of the system, while the earth 
Kvolved betweea the orbits of Venus uid 
Mars, aad produced by its rotation about its 
axis all the diurnal phenomena of tbe celestial 
sphere. The -precession of the equinoxes was 
thus relerzed to a slight motion of the earth's 
axis, and dM stations and retiognulatioiis of 
(he phmets ware the aecesmry consequence of 
their own raotioas combined with that of the 
earth about the sun. These remarkable views 



were supported by numerous astronomical ob- 
servations: and, in 15dO, Copernicus brought 
to a close his immortal work on the Revolu- 
tions of the Heavenly Bodies. 

But, while we admire the genius winch tri- 
umphed over so many difficulties, we cannot 
fail to commend the extraordinary pnidenee 
with which he ushered his new system into 
the world. Aware of the prejudices, and even 
of the hostility, with which such a system 
would be received, he resolved neither to 
startle the one nor provoke the other. He 
allowed Iris opinions to circulate in the slow 
current of personal communication. The 
points of opposition which they presented to 
established doctrines were gmnuallT worn 
down, and they insinuated themselves into re- 
ception among the ecclesiastical circles by the 
very reluctance of their author to bring them 
into notice. In the year 1534, Cardinal 
Schonbcrg, Bishop of Capua, and Gyse, 
Bishop or Culm, exerted all their influence 
to induce Copernicus to lay his system before 
the world ; but he resisted their solicitations ; 
and it was not till 1639 that an accidental cir- 
cumstance contributed to alter bis resolution. 
George Rheticus, Professor of Mathematics at 
Wirtemberg, having heard of the labours of 
Copernicus, resigned his chair, and repaired 
to Fmuenberg to make himself master of his 
discoveries. This zealous disciple prevailed 
upon his master to permit the publication of 
his s}*steih ; and they seem to have arranged a 
plan for gi>'ing it to the worid without alarm- 
ing the vigilance of the church, or startiing 
the prejudices of indinduals. Under the dis- 
guise of a student of mathematics, Bheticus 
published, in 1 540, an account of the manuscript 
volume of Copehiicus. This pamphlet was 
received without any disapprobation, and its 
author was encouraged to reprint it at Basle, 
in 1541, with his own name. The success of 
these publications, and the flattering manner 
in which tlie new astronomy was received by 
several able writere, induced Copernicus ta 
place his MSS. in the hands of Rheticus. It 
was .accordingly printed at the expence of 
Cardinal Schenberg, and appeared at Nurem- 
berg in 1543. Its illustrious author, however, 
did not lire to peruse it. A complete copy 
was handed to him in his last moments, and 
he saw and touched it a few hours before his. 
death. This' great work was dedicated to the 
Holy Pontiff, hi order, as Copernicus himself 
says, that tbe anthority of the head of the 
chtnnch might silence the calmnnies of indivi- 
duals who had attacked his vict^-s by argu- 
ments dmwn fVom religion. Hins introduced, 
the Copemican system met witii no ecdenas- 
tical opposition, and gradually made its way 
in spite of the ignorance and prejudices of the 
age. — Breirster's Life of Sir Isaac AV«^(?n, 



LIFE. 

Swift down the pathway of decliDinff yeaVs, 
As on we joarney through thb vxle ol tears ; 
Youth wastes away, and withers !l*e a flo^-er. 
The lovely phantoms of a fleeting hour. 
'Mid the light sallies of the mabtfini; aoal* 
1'he tmiles of beaaty aad tho social bowl, 
InatidtUs the foot of chilly age 
Steals on our joys, and drives as from Uie stage. 



SELF-LOVE. 

AIbn owo each Uctle fault and falling, 
But of their heavier tins--not nm $ 

A thousand *gaioac thtir memoriao railing, 
But 'gaiMt their anderstandiog^-^oae ! 

Lkanosrb 



e in the p»ge 

1 for BUOtheT, 

a retard the liour 



THE ORIGIN OF THE BUILDING OF 
ST. PETER'S, ROME. 

Tte riem of Julius I T. were M <lutinguij]ied 
lot the eiioouragp~iieiit of ulents aa his ambi- 
tion waa impeluous and unbounded in tlie 
4Kerciae of sovereign power. It vas a favouTiU 
dbsenalion of his, that learnino elevated the 
lowest orders of eocietj — stamped the highest 
ralufl on nobilitj — and, to princes, waa the 
moat splendid gem in the diadem of sore- 
leigntf. He was no aoonei seated oa the 
thnme, than surrounded by men of genius. 
Michael Angelo wns among the fint invited to 
hit court, and be accompanied his inritation 
with an order for a hundred ducats to paj 
Lis expences to Rome. Afler his arriral some 
time elapEed before any subject could he de- 
termined upon for the exercise of his abilities; 
at length the Pope gave him an unlimited 
commissioB to make a mausoleum, in which 
their mutual interest should be combiued ; but 
Ihe Eculptor mi^ be said to male the monu- 
ment for bimself, when it only serves to record 
an iUustrious name that will i 
of history : be alone males 
where a tablet is necessary 
of oblivion. 

Harii^ received full powers, Michael An- 
gelo commenced a design wordiy of bimself 
And his patron. The plan wtu a parallelognm, 
and the supersimcture was to connst of forty 
statues, many of which to be colossal, and in- 
terspersed with ornamental figures and bronze 
baEBo-relievos, besides the necessaiy architec- 
ture, with appropriate decorations, to unite the 
compo^tion into one stupendous whole. 

When this magnificent design was com- 
jpleted, it met with tbe Pope's entire approba- 
tion, and Michael Angelo was desired to go 
into St Peler*s to see nheic it could he con- 
veniently placed. At tlie west end of the 
chordi, Nicholas V., half a century before, 
hi!gux to erect a neiv tribune, bnt the plan had 
not been continued by his successors : 
tion Michael Angelo thought the ui 
priate, and levouimended it to the 
tion of bis Holiness. He inquired what 
jespence would be necessary to complete it ; to 
which Michael Angelo answered, " a hundred 
Ibousand crowns.'' " It may be 
sum," replied the Pope ; and immediately 
gave orders to Giuliano da Saogatio to co 
sider of the best meoni to execute the work. 

Sangallo, impressed with the importance 
And grandeur of Michael Angelo's design, 
suggoted to the Pope that such a monnmenl 
Du^l to have a chapel built on purpose for it, 
where local circumstances might be so at- 
tended to as to dif^lay CTcry part of it to ad- 
vantage; at the same time remarking, that 
St Inter's was au old church, not at all 
adapted for so superb a mausoleum, and any 
Altention would only serve to destroy the cha- 
racter of the building. The Pope lisiened to 
these observalions, and, to arau himself of 
^leu to their fullest extent, ordered several 
architects to make drawings ; hut in consider- 
ing and reconsidering the subject, he passed 
frmn oneimprovenieiit to another, till at length 
he determiued to ralmild St Peter's itself; 
«ad this is the origin of that edifice which 
loci a hnadred and fifty years to complete, 
and is now tlie grandest diqilay of architec- 
tural splendour mat onioments the Christian 
worid. 

- Hy those who are curious in tndng the 
mote causes of great events, Michael .\ngelo, 
petfaapa, may be found, though unexpectedly, 
thus to have laid the first stone of the Rc- 
formatioD. His mouunient demanded a build- 



THE TOURIST. 

ing nf eoire^onding magnificence ; to piOM- 
cute the nndertalong money was wanted, 
and mdulgencieE wet« sold to supply the de- 
icy ofthe treasury ; and a monk of Saxony 

Sipoeing the authori^ of the church pro- 
iiced thb dngular event, that whilst the most 
iplendid edifice whicli the world has ever seen 
was building for the Catholic faith, the reli- 
gion to which it was consecr»led was shaken 
to its foundation. — Duppt'i Life of Jlithad 

MORNING. 

Awieb'. awake! the fiowen aaibld. 

And tremble linght in the ma, 
And tbe nver shines ft \At of gold,— 

For the young day bai begun. 
The ail ii blithe, and the >ky is bine. 

And Ihe luk. on lightume winp. 
From buihea ihu spiikle rich with dew, 

To heaven her matin lingt. 
Then awake, awake, while mniic'i note 

Now bids thee sleep to shun ; 
Light lephyrs of rngrance round ihee Boat, — 

For the young day hu begun. 



Flew imind on elfin wing : 
And I've witched Ihe ludten darting bau* 

Hake gold tbe Geld of grain. 
Until cloud* oUcund (he passing gleaa^ 

And all frowned dark again. 
Then awake, awake \ — each warbling bin! 

N«w htila (he dawning saa ; 
Labont'a enlinning tong ii heard, — 

For the yoBUg day hti begun. 

Ii tiicre to Contemplatioo given 

An hoar like this iweet one, 
When twilight's starless mantle'^ riven 

By the uprising lun ! 
^Vben featheied waiblen fleet awake. 

Hit bietking beuni to see. 
And hill and grove, and bush and brake. 

Are filled with melody t 
Then awake, awake \ — all seen to chide 

Thy ileep, aa round they run ; 
The glories of heaven lie far and wide,— 

For the young day has begua, 

Tom; T^mtpt. 



CHICHESTER CROSS, SUSSEX. 



The crosses, of which the above is a 
specimen, were erected by our forefathers 
in many nncieut cities and towns, as mo- 
numents of Christianity ; and, in the 
^nuine spirit of popery, they constructed 
many of them with much care, and ex- 
pended considerable sums in their embel- 
lishments. Their situations and specific 
objects were various : frequently at the 
entrance of churches, to impress a feeling 
of devotional reverence for the edifice, 
a«d its sacred uses : frequently, on high 
roads, as at present in many countries of 
Europe, to remind the traveller of the 
respect due to religion. They are also 
found in Market-places, where they were 
designed, by the associations connected 
with them, to enforce integrity and fair 
dealing; sometimes, on the site of bat- 
tles, to commemorate victory or peace, 
and sometimes they were erected to mark 
civil or ecclesiastical boundaries. 

The Cross at Chichester was designed 



we have alluded, and of which one was 
formerly to be found in almost every 
town which had a religious foundation. 
To this use it was applied until, within 



these few years, the population of the 
city having greatly increased, a more 
convenient Market-place was required, 
and, in supplying this want, it was pro- 
posed to demolish the cross. From this 
fate, however, it was saved, by the inter- 
vention of certaia members of the corpo- 
ration, to whom the antiquary owes a 
considerable debt of gratitude. 

From some deeds still extant, it appears 
that this cross was completed about the 
year 1500; butthenameof the architect, 
^nd the total expence at which it was 
built, are unknown. It is considered one 
of the finest structures in the florid Gothic 
style which England contains, its form 
is octangular, with [uer buttresses at each 
angle, surmounted with pinnacles: on 
the summit are vanes, bearing the arms 
ofthe see. In each of its eight sides (s 
an entrance under an arch ; on four of 
these sides are niches, formerly occupied 
by figures, and, on the other four, are 



as one of the Market Crosses, to which dials, facing the principal streets. It is 



also ornamented with a bust of Charles 
the Second, in whose reign it was first 
repaired. 



THE TOURIST, 



We owe this stately building to the 
ambition and luxury of Cardinal Wolsey. 
He became the lessee of the manor of 
Hampton in the eaily part of the reign of 
Henry VIII., and expended large sums 
of money in converting the manor-house 
into a palace, so gorgeous that, to avoid 
the envy it occasioned, he gave it to the 
king in 1526. After this time, however, 
he occasionally inhabited it (probably as 
keeper), and made it the scene of bound- 
less magnificence and pomp, more espe- 
cially when, as the king's representative, 
he entertained the French ambassadors 
there in 1527. Subsequently to this, 
Henry added considerably to the extent 
of the palace, and, in the latter part of 



HAMPTON COURT PALACE. 

his reign, it became one of his principal 
residences. Queen Elizabeth also fre- 
quently resided here. 

In January, 1604, Hampton Court 
palace was the scene of the celebrated 
conference on the subject of conformity, 
held before King James, as moderator, 
between the Presbyter ia.ns and the mem- 
bers of the established Church; the most 
important result of which was the order 
of the new translation of the Bible, 
which is now generally received. 

In 1625, Charles I. retired to this pa- 
lace, to avoid the ravages of the plague ; 
and in August, 1647, he was brought 
hither as a captive, and remained in a 
state of splendid imprisonment until he 



made his escape on the llth of Novem- 
ber of that year. 

King William III. was particularly 
partial to this residence, and employed 
the skill and taste of Sir Christo^heT 
Wren in effecting considerable alterations 
in it. In its present state it consists of 
three principal quadrangles, the eastern, 
middle, and western ; of which the first 
contains the state apartments, which are 
exceedingly superb, and decorated with 
some valuable pictures by the old mas- 
ters. Among the works of art which 
embellish this palace the Cartocms of Ra- 
phael hold by far the most distinguished 
place. 



THE CAPTIVE OF CAMALU. 

CiMAUi — giMn Cunaln \ 

Twu lh«R I fed mj fuher'i fiock, 
Bttide Ibe oMiiiDt when cmUts tbraw, 

Al dawn, their ihsdowi from th« rock ; 
Then tended I my fitbei'i Bock 

Along tlie [Ttny ronrnned rilli. 
Or chased the boaodiog boaltbok,* 

'VVith hound and ipear, among the hillt. 

Green Cuulul methinki I view 
The liliet in Ihj meidowt nowiog ; 

1 aee thy wattn brigbt and bine 
Beneath the paie-leiTed willowi flowing ; 

1 heat, akng thy valley* lowing. 
The heirer* wending to tbe fold, 

And jocond herd-boyi loudly blowing 
The hom— to inimic hunter* bold. 



The evening imoke curh loiringly 
Above that aim and pleaiaal ipou 

I lee my lire — I bad forgot — 

The old man nnti in ilnmber deep. 

My mother dear!— tbe antwen not— 
Her heut ii huibed in dreamleu ileep. 



iliiok, AnUkpc Scrlpia. 
yrilow-wood ir«, pc^Kt 
! rtwsUJDE IJi* ctdir. 



(uotpi . 

Tliey fired the bnti above the dying I — 
White bonet beitnw that vallev wid^ 

1 wish that mine were with them lying ! 
I envy joa, by Camdu, 

Y« wild harli on the woody hilU ; 
ThonEb ticcn there their piey pariuE, 

AndTolCureiilakein blood Iheir billi :— 
The heart may itiive with nature'* illi, 

To Nature'* common doom resigned; 
Death only once the body kill* — 

But thraldom bnitifies the mind. 
Ob, wretched Tate '. — beart-deiolile, 

A captive in the ipcnlei'i band, 
To lerre tbe tyrant whom 1 hkte — 

To crouch beneath hi* prond pnmnnnil 
Upon m* &«ib to bear hii brand — 

Hi* blow*, hii bitter team to bid* !— 
Would God, I in my native land 

Hid with my alanghtered kinsmen died '. 
Ve mountaini blue of Camaln, 

When once 1 fed mj falhei'i flock. 
Though desolaiioo dwell* with jou. 

And Amakot*'* bcait is broke,— 
Yet, spile of chains these limbs that mock, 

My homeless liearl to yoa doth Sy, 



lerock 






Vet, ere my apiiit wings its Bight 

L'Dto death a silent ihadowy dime, 
Utika I* I.ord of life and light, 

Who, high above tbe clouda of Time, 
Calm sittest where yoa hoiti aiiblime 

Of sura wheel round thy bright abode,— 
Oh, let my cry unto Thee climb, 

Of every race the Father-God I 

I aik not judgments from thy hand — 

Destroying hail, nor parcbing drought. 
Nor locust swinns to wute tbe land, 

Nor pestilence by famine brougbl: 
I say the prayer Jankaanal taught. 

Who wept for Anakosa's wreng* — 
•■ Thy Kingdom come— thy Will be wrought— 

For unto Thee all povrer belongi."t 

Thy kingdom come '■ Let li^hl and grace 

i'hronghout all land* in tnnmph go ; 
Till pride and strife to love give place. 

And blood and tears shall cease to flow ;— 
Till Europe mourn for Afric's woe, 

And o'er the deep her arms extend 
To lift her where she lieth low. 

And prove indeed her Cbiiistiaii FRiixof 



U2 



THE TOURIST. 



A FEW DISJOINTED. FACTS 



CONK£CT£D WITH 



SLAVERY IN JAMAICA, 

BY CHARLES JOHNSTON, 

Late Book-keeper, lAandoviry Estate, St, Ann\ 

Jamaiciu 

The writer of the following: paper, 
though not a full year in Jamaica, had 
ample opportunities, from the situation 
which he occupied, of observkig the 
every-day details of slavery. He has 
returned to this country with a deep 
ahhorrence of the system, and is pre- 
pared to depose on oath to the truth of 
the following statements, and to many 
other facts of a similar ciiaracler, which 
have come under his own observation. 

We hear a great deiil stated in this country 
ahout the comforts enjoyed by the slave pecu- 
lation in the colonies — comforts which are 
roundly asserted by some far to surpass tliose 
of our labouriug population. I deny, without 
any hesitation, this libel upon truth. Are the 
peasantry of our beloved coo&tiy driven to the 
held as so niauy cattle, and treated as such P 
Are their dearest ties and sympathies torn 
asunder and broken ? Are their sportive chil- 
dren struclt and flogged, in presence of their 
pafents^ with impunity ? Are their wives and 
Jdadred sold to diffeient individualsy and se- 
pamted by hundreds of miles? Are their 
daughters forced to yield to the base devices of 
depraved men ? Do their fathers encourage it 
lor gain ? Do they toil night and day, and yet 
xest not? Bat I shall not stretch the glaring 
dissimilitude of their condition further. They 
are not so comfortably »tuated as our labour- 
ers, and never can he 9o as long eu they continne 
Mtttvn, And 1 trust that the details I now 
f loceed to enter upon may go far to prove the 
trutli of this proposition. I must be generally 
understood as speaking of what came under 
my own immediate notice : where this is not 
the case, I have uniformly said so. Tlie estate 
on which I was placed was possessed of nearly 
four hundred slaves and three hundred work- 
ing cattle, and made, yearly, live hundred 
hogsheads of sugar, au<l fifty puncheon£ of 
rum. iSo now for facts. 

The watchmen's huts !u:e in general misera- 
ble abodes oH wretcbecb^eK^* lliey are built 
of bamboos, and thatohed with the bninciies of 
the cocoa-nut and uadtr-woed. Witlnn is ge*- 
nerally a l)ench of boards, covered with mat- 
ting, where reposes the aged African, to jwiek, 
in slumber, some alleviation of his woes. Tliere 
is no chhimcy \^llalevcr in the hut; a fire of 
burning embers is collected on the floor, aimmd 
which may be seen lying his terrier dogs, his 
amstaute in destroying tiie rats which infest 
the caue-pieees ; suspended from the roof, or 
aiTanged on the shelf of his humble aboile, are 
tlie cfflehiMltes, wftich serve hrm for culinary 
utensils; u piece of a hema^,far (f»ne in decay ^ 
in one comer; a little sugar, or decayed^ mayoiy 
rtce, in another. Happy, indeed ! Can hap- 
iiinoss be connected with such assured wretch* 
ehusj? ^01 llieirfood is utterly insuifi- 
cient to support their tsU-vom ija]nie& The 
herrings they receive are actiuilly putrified, of 
the consUttence of soap, and these, along with 
cocoes, a very indigestible esculent root — ^these 
are tlieR rivhest ihic — so xich, that a toMwr in 
nVriyrAmtl wotfld consider hhnself insiutcd by 
the ticoficr of them. They vai^* this .sort of 
laaaj^ oc ^aaio iMi H y» by the dainty monel of a 



w 



grilled rat ; nay, even cats are by them es- 
teemed deficacies. I can't ^ak as to emts; 
but many a time and oft, while ** grieving"* 
(Scottice) the gang, during ojperations in the 
moimtains^ have I seen a spitful of rats roast- 
ing OB the same fire that my own dinner was 
cooking upon. J recollect one of tliese poor 
creatures (who, were he to appear before a 
British public with the detail of his woes, 
would strike oonpassioa into all hearts, saving 
that of a slave-lioldcTX conii^ to me one day, 
with a very pHeous expressioB of couatenance: 
— ^"Ah, massa!" says he, "me caug^ tree 
rats, aiid cat uyam (eat) all but one head.^ 
Thus, tids poor fellow nu^^t perhaps be starv- 
ing for days to come after tlds incideat ; per- 
haps had been so days previous. The hoaa of 
a rat is bat a peer meutkiU, 1 should dunk, 
to a hnngry man. They never taste batches^ 
meat, unless in cxrcumBtaiices soeh as I now 
proceed to narrate. 1 having had the super- 
intendence of some hundred cattle, one of 
them, hj accident, had its leg bcoke, s^, ^poB 
informing the overseer, I was descred t» see it 
killed, but to take care that no negro should 
have a single morsel of its flesh. Such were 
my orders, and of course I was (^liged to act 
up to the letter, or turn " walking- buckra,*' 
whidi would have broken my heart, I dare 
say, and been productive of no good to the 
slaves. Well ; the animal w as skinned sad cut 
in quarters, aad buried three or lour feet deep 
in a dunghill. Tlxe overseer and book-keeper 
never dreamt of its being disturbed. Judge 
what must have been the surprise of the for- 
mer, when, the next morning, as he w as taldng 
his ride, on passing a watchman's hut, he oh- 
served a large piece of the animal hung upas 
a prize — a great prize — ^by its occupant. The 
poor fellow was, of course, severely flogged, 
and tlie piece again buried!, he being left to 
the solitary ^^enjoyjnent" of his woes. 

Situation of the ayed St<»ifes. 

The grass-cutters are a set of miserable old 
women, with a male driver at their head, who 
are engaged in cutting' glass with a reaping- 
hook, to serve as fodder for the cattle and 
horses. Numbers of them are quite bent 
down with age and infinnities, and their feet 
are frequently swelled to an enormous size, by 
the effects of some disease. Nevertheless, 
they are flogged as often as the ethers : and 
here it may be as weH staled that, ftoin the 
child of five yeaxs of age to the old man or 
woman of seventy, there is no (fistination — the 
whip keeps them all in tfrnrrnit^ and its effects 
descend with the crippled and broken-hearted 
negro to the only plaice where has sorrows are 
at an end— to "the grave. Yes; to a feeling 
heart a negro's foiiera) caWn to mind all that 
he has snflered on this earth, where he has 
been degmded in the scale of existence, and 
i*anked w ith the bnites that perisli. But, as- 
suredly as there is a God in heaven, these 
wrongs shall be avenged ! 

Puiiishmemts, 

1 shall begin with the children, whe cmisti- 
tute tlw fine step of the ladder of West India 
slaver}'. 

The childrett are made to work at the early 
age of five years; tltey are cither sent to ga- 
ther sour ORinges Ibr the hogs, or hoes are put 
into their hands^ and they aflist in dearing 
and weednig the eanea, or in puftii^ the over- 
seer's garim in order. An old daine, armed 

* The oflice of an overseer during harv^t in 
Scotland, singularly expressive as a|»plied to Ja- 
maica. 



with a whip and switches of bamboo, is their 
stem coniaetreas. 

FrequenUy have I pitied the poor things, to 
see their HtUe bodies in one universal tremor 
of fear, casting their glances askance to assure 
themselves that tibe <' schoolmistress" was at a 
re^)ect&il diatanoe. The happy hours of child- 
hoed IB free countries, alas ! are never enjoyed 
by then. Their little hearts are saddened and 
nieved: night mi^ bring temporary relief, but 
uey ase awakened in the morning, by the 
thandenng of the driver's whip, to the 'stem 
realities of t^ir Utter lot. In tears and dis- 
tveas they leswae ilieir labours. Some, not so 
fbrtaaale as Aeir fellows, may have indulged 
in aloBgersiccp; but woe to them wben they 
anive at the aeene of opemtions !— their ti-eat- 
meni is emei. The old dame beMns the drama 
by abttRBg Aes soundly with her screeching 
tongue, wt, aksB^f as tlie peticock's, forebodes 
die stofik S^ oners the trembling little cul- 
prit to he seised by its companions, and in- 
atamdy Maho«B it with blows till its flesh 
quiitiJ vritfr pahr. ' No wonder, tlien, that the 
negroes should sometimes be cruel (although 
this is very rare), when their best feelings are 
seared from their infancy ; and, tlierefore, what 
goodness of heart and feeling they do possess, 
m spite of obstacles, they have not to thank 
their task-masters for it. But it is well known 
that it is the interest of the whites thus to de- 
grade their minds. Let hui ike sekoohuumf he 
mhread in Jafnaiea, and sluatery U ne nrn f e m 
tkiny of ot/ier days. Bat I have not deoa with 
punishments. One little girl there was on 
our estate who was flogged and abused in a 
cruel manner, almost daily. Her H^ was, in- 
deed, a routine of wretchedness and misery. 
She was actually qmte Imme from the effecU of 
the lashy and frequently have i seen herMlkBg 
on the road, feigmny sickneae^ to escape the 
daily punishment in store foe her, well kiiowiag 
that r would pass that way.. But wbat could I 
do ? Little, indeed ; however willing and le- 
nient I endeavoured at all times to be. Those 
who know any thin^ of the life of a book- 
keeper know full wdl that he must obey, or 
decamp from the estate. 

TYte skives are given to understand that they 
may have redress from the attorney, at his pe- 
riodical visits to the estate, proetded (hey can 
prove tliey have been ill-used. But how is the 
boon (if such it may be caUetU rendered nuga- 
toiy! A tnulatto slave, who "hxA received 
some unkind treatment from the e>verseer, on 
threatening to compfain to the attorney, was 
laid down by that *' diynitenry,^ with her face 
to the cnrtb, and received the usual panacea 
of thirty-nine stripes. Here is one instaace of 
the many abuses of tJjc system — a system 
which, from beginning to end, is one lie ! 

I have seen Uie old nwn of seventy flogged,, 
the infant of live years flagged, the slender 
youth, and be in pride of manhood, the young 
woman, jnst baddiag into life, aa«l she who 
had reared a lan^e ftinfihr — nay, t Imve seen 
her who wras with child flogged, croeklv 
flofrged, because the overseer, ibrsooth, drd not 
heliere that she was in that state, whicli, of all 
others, demands Ae kiadest treatment lo^ 
short, ^ theie is nothing uuder heaven to be 
compared to the foul deeds daOy witnessed in 
the islands of the west'' — 



(( 



Tbose islaaik f.fir. 



That lie like jsweli on the ladiaa doep^" 

Surely snch a fair portion of this lower world 
W€u and is destined to be the theatre of higher' 
deeds than those of the paltry and cowardly 
tyranny of white oppressors, and persecuteil 
black slaves. Yes, the flag: of lihesly wiH jFet 



THE TOURIST. 



148 



wsve over that lorvely covntKy, «id the flound 
<^ the jahilee raoisic shall be aiisweted in a 
voice ef tiiuBckr from the canaon, whieh wUl, 
doubtless, re-echo the joyM aews threttghoat 
every raMcy and lavinc — Ofeiicem diem t 

Bat I must still stand by facts. I hare seen 
the overseer, during the infliction of punishr 
noient, at the steps of his house, coolly leadinc 
an island newspaper, while his victim would 
be all the time wathiag ia agony shocking to 
behold, imploring him to be merciful, but ia 
vain; the only answer would be a volley of 
oaths, and reiterated threats to the driver, that 
he would have him in his eye if he did not use 
his whip better. On some estates it is quite 
common to flog the hot-house negroes because 
they are sick ; such is fact. It is nonsense to 
talk of redress to the slave as long as the ma- 
chinery o£ slavery is held together. The over- 
seer and book-keeper may flog, and etrike, and 
kick, with impunity; the slave must submit 
in sullen sOence. It is almost a pity, one 
would say, that he did so. 

The flogging and striking is not always con- 
fined to iheJUshy parts of the back, although 
that is generally tne part ; and, indeed, is so 
always when ihefnll q%Mntum of punishment 
isjgiven. I have seen the drivers striking with 
bamboos on the nose and neck, or even on the 
breasts of female slaves. I should not have 
dwelt on this last, but I have occasionally seen 
i^rls so used. The fleshy parts of the back are 
genemlly quite ploughed in fhrrows by the 
whip ; it produces almost the same efiect as if 
one was to take a knife and cut the part in 
scores — so well is the whip used. It is a tre- 
mendous length, and the driver makes it ring 
round his head ; every crack went like steel to 
my heart I was actually astonished and 
alarmed when I first saw its infliction, how a 
single white could actually use such power in 
the teeth of hundreds of slaves. After the 
flesh is so cut and torn, rum and salt pickle 
are rubbed upon the wounds ; and then what 
pain does he sufier ! Some may not believe 
this ; I am ready to swear to the truth of it in 
the face of any assemblage in the country. I 
once heard a " learned disquisition " amongst 
the book-keepers, whether rum or salt pickle 
was the best adapted to agonize the slave, 
and^ I think, they came to a conclusion that 
hoik might be test I may add, that these 
severe and unremitted pumshments are fre- 
quently inflicted, and that for what any rea- 
sonable, humane person would deem very 
trifling faults — ^for being behind the rest of 
the gang a few minutes— for having allowed 
any of the cattle to escape into the biuh, which 
in many parts of the thickly-wooded country 
cannot possibly be avoided — for returning 
words to the drivep'-^nd, in short, for many 
offences far more trivial. Not unfrequently 
the white despot may have been crossed in his 
amours, and his black rival undergoes the 
punishment which ought to have been inflict- 
ed on Ittioself. Slavery demoralizes and blunts 
the feelings of all who come in contact with 
it, or are actually participators of its illegal 
gains. On my arrival in the island J lodged 
in the house of a free black woman, in Fal- 
mouth, who actually had her own brother and 
two sisters for slaves. She frequently applied 
the bamboos heiMlf, or else superintended the 
operation. I have heard her say, " Now, mind 
what you be about ; you will catch something 
you don't like, else." And this lady seemed 
to "diffik that there tias sotfanig wrong in the 
matter. She undoubtedly was of opinion that 
the system ** worked welW^ 

fio be CentmnedtJ 



THE CONVERSION OF MCWSIEUR DE 
LA HARPE, A FRENCH INFIDEL 
PHILOSOPHER. 

SoMB of our readers m&y recollect, in 
our last number, a curious manuscript, 
fbund among the posthumotis papers of 
De la Harpe, containing, among other 
things^ a prophecy respecting the future 
histoiy of the philosopher. Some anxiety 
may be felt to know how the prediction 
of his conversion to Christianity, at that 
time so improbable, received its fuliU- 
meot, and that information is supplied in 
the following narrative : — 

Every person who has paid the least atten- 
tion to French literature, knows that there was 
a society of men of letters, who held regular 
meetings, in order to canvass the best mode of 
directing their attacks against Christianity. 
Diderot was the patron of these atheists; 
D'Alembert, Conaorcet, and many others, 
were members of this society. But none was 
more conspicuous Uian M. De la Harpe. He 
was the favourite of Voltaire, repeatedly visited 
him, and resided with him at Vemey ; acted 
on his theatre ; dedicated his first play to him ; 
and, in return, Voltaire revised his produc* 
tions, recommended him to official patronage, 
secured a party to his favour, and in short ex- 
erted all his interest to render him popular. 

De la Harpe, treading in the footsteps of 
his master, promoted the French revolution to 
his utmost The ever-shifting government of 
France, during many a turbulent scene, was 
sometimes fiiendly, sometimes inimical, to 
literature and literati. By one of these tem- 
porary presidencies M. De la Harpe was ar- 
rested, and shut up in the Luxemburg. The 
greater number of those with whom he had 
been particularly connected had already suf- 
fered on the scafibld, and the same fate ap- 
peared to be reserved for him. At the mo- 
ment when he was consigned to a prison, the 
opinions of those modem philosophers with 
whom he had associated were not effaced from 
his mind ; and, although he abominated their 
effects, the principles themselves had not alto- 
gether lost their influence. 

In this comfortless situation, M. De la 
Harpe had the happiness to find a fellow-pri- 
soner whose piety afforded him the means of 
consolation, and by whom it was recommended 
to employ himself in studying the Psalms of 
David, which M. De la Harpe had never 
looked into but as containing some poetical 
beauties, and e^'cn of these he did not retain 
the least remembrance. His new friend, how- 
ever, fearinff lest he might alarm the philoso- 
pher by sucn a proposition, urged this employ- 
ment rather as a means of amusing his anxious 
mind, and therefore requested him to write a 
mere literary commentarj' on these sublime 
productions. 

M. De la Harpe, charmed with an occupa- 
tion whieh was so congenial to his taste and 
inclination, entered at once upon this work. At 
the very commencement he was connnced that 
the Psalms contained poetical beauties of a very 
superior character ; and, as he proceeded, this 
•pinion was proportionally heightened. Tlie 
perusal of other pious works strengthened the 
growing inclination, and he at length disco- 
vered the real source of this consolation, and 
that help to which the wretohed never apply 
in vain. This* commentary, which was at nrst 
undertaken with the warmth of gratitude, and 
continued with the zeal of pieQr» became the 



preliminary discourse of a traiMlatioft of tfa» 
Psalter, the first work in which the author aiK 
nonnced his conversion. 

This conversion was attended by til the 
marks of a sincere conviction. The maom*- 
script notes of M. De la Harpe afforded an 
additional proof of it *' I was in prison," 
says he, " and all alone, in a state of prDfoMiil 
sorrow ; but many days did not pass before I 
found that the study of the Psalms and die 
gospels had produced a strong though gradual 
effect upon my mind. I was already nuii^ 
bered among tlie faithful. I beheld a new 
light; but it alarmed and terrified me^ by dis> 
covering the abyss, mi abyss of forty years 
of error. I beheld the evil, but could not dis- 
cern the remedy. There was no one to afford 
me aid. On one hand, my life appeared be- 
fore me, represented to me by the light whieh 
beamed from the torch of celestial truUi. On 
the other, I looked on death, that death which 
I daily expected, and as it was then inflicted. 
The priest no longer appeared on the sdiiffold 
to console the dying victim: he ascended it 
ratlier to die himself there. Oppressed by 
those desolating ideas, my heart sunk within 
me ; and, addressing myself with a smothered 
voice to the God whom I had scarcely known, 

* What ought I to do ? and I, what will be my 
lot?' Upon the table lay Thomas ^'Kempis. 
I had already been assured of the excellence 
of his work, of the comfort I should derive 
from it, and of the power it possessed to soothe 
my desponding thoughts. I, therefore, opened 
the book as accident directed, and my eyes 
fell upon these words : — ^ Behold, I am here, 
my son ; I come to you because you have 
called me.' I read no more; the instanta- 
neous effect which I experienced is beyond 
all expression, and I am as unable to describe 
as to forget it I fell with my face on the 
earth, and bathed in tears, while my words 
and cries were half uttered, from the violence 
of my sobbings. At the same time, I found 
my heart expanding and relieved ; but, at the 
very same moment, as if it were ready to sylit 
Indeed, I remember very little of this situation, 
but that I wept long; and, beyond all com- 
parison, my heart never experienced such vio- 
lent and delicious emotions, and these words, 

* Behold, I am here, my son !' did not cease 
to resound, as it were, through my soul, and 
to arouse all the faculties of it*' 

M. De la Harpe considered it as a duty to 
proclaim in public those truths which he had 
formerly been so unfortunate as to oppose, and 
it was with this view that he resumed the chair 
of the Lyceum. The effect produced by him 
at the first sittfaig will never be forgotten. The 
orator, in a speech full of energy and pathos, 
gave a picture of the national mamEiers, pointed 
out their causes, and inspired the crowded 
audience with those sentiments of indignation 
which he himself felt The noble and pathe- 
tic delivery of M. De la Harpe gave great 
weight to the principles he maintained ; and 
it was remarked, with truth, that his eloquence 
became more perfect when it was altogether 
consecrated to the support of such a cause. 
It was to be expected that his zeal would 
attract, as it afterwards did, the spirit of pei^ 
secution, and he was twice proscribed. An 
order was issued to get possession of him, 
alive or dead ; but he continued to pursue his 
labours with an undisturbed tranquillity. Hi* 
defence of rcKgion then occapied his nrind. 
Without oonsulthig the authors who had writj 
ten on tie same subject, he confined hiinoeli 
lo the meditaden of the sacred writings, and 
drew firom that only source the argnitaeiil* ■ 



144 



THE TOURIST. 



which he opposed to the philosophers. He 
possessed au advantage usknown to his prede^ 
cessors. Connected as he had long been with 
the Infidel writers, he was well acquainted 
with the strong and the weak parts of their 
doctrines, and, to use his own words, he had 
passed almost the whole of his life in the 
eoemys camp. 

All the acttYity of his mind was exerted in 
the sacred cause to which he had devoted 
khnself ; nor did the continual danger to which 
he was exposed interrupt the tranauiUity of 
his mind. He has often said that this period 
of persecution was the happiest of his life. 
His intimate friends had freauently seen him, 
when he thought himself unobserved by them, 
prostrate on the earth, as it were, before God, 
and displaying a sense of the most lively and 
sincere repentance. His health was, however, 
materially affected by his confinement; and, 
after his return to public notice, he gradually 
sunk under a complication of disorders. He 
preserved his presence of mind to the last ; and, 
when his enfeebled eyes could not bear the 
light from amidst the curtains which were 
drawn around him, from the gloom of this 
anticipated tomb he continued to converse 
with nis friends on the comforts he experi- 
enced fi'om religion, on the errors of his life, 
and on the mercy of his God. He died Febru- 
ary 11th, 1803, aged 64. 

GILMITUDE IN A SLAVE. 

A LADY residing at the Mauritius, many 
years ago, emancipated a slave, whose good 
conduct and fidelity she wished to reward: 
being in affluent circumstances, she gave him, 
with his freedom, a sum of money which en- 
abled him to establish himself in business ; 
and, being veir industrious and thrifty, he 
soon became rich enough to purchase a small 
estate in the country, whither he retired with 
his family. Years* passed away, and, whilst 
he was rapidly accumulating money, his for- 
mer mistress "was sinking into poverty : mis- 
fortune had overtaken her, and sne found her- 
self, in old age, poor, solitar)% neglected, and 
in want of the common necessaries of life. 
This man heard of her imhappy condition, 
and immediately came to the town and sought 
her out in her himible abode. With the ut^ 
most respect he expressed his concern at find- 
ing his nonoured lady in so reduced a state, 
and implored her to come to his estate, and 
allow him the gratification of providing for her 
future comforts. 

The lady was much affected at the feeling 
evinced by her old servant, but declined his 
offer. He could not, however, be prevailed on 
to relinquish his design : ^ My good mistress," 
said he, " oblige me by accepting my services; 
when you were rich you were kind to me ; you 
gave me freedom and money, with which, 
ttirough God's blessing, I have been enabled 
to maJce myself comfortable in life ; and now 
I only do my duty in asking you to share my 
prosperity when you are in need." His ursent 
entreaties at length prevailed, and the lady 
was conveyed, in his palanquin, to the conr- 
fortable and well-fumisned apartments assign- 
ed to her by his grateful care. His wife and 
daughters received her with the utmost respect, 
and always showed, by their conduct, that they 
considered themselves her servants. Deserted 
by those who had been her equals in station, 
and who had professed themselves her friends 
whilst she was in affluence, this ^d lady 
passed the remainder of her days m comfort 
and ease, amid those who had once been her 
dependants.— *jReco/^tt<m# of the 3iauritiw, 
InfaLady, \ 



APHORISMS. 



If a tyrant Is brought to this pass, as to feel the 
reBection of his tyranny over others, in that which 
his own iealonsy exercises upon himself; and if 
his own thoQffhts plot and conspire against him ; 
his very diadem is but a splendid mockery, his 
throne a rack, and all his royalty nothing else but 
a great and magnificent misery^ — Dn. South. 

Tub best part of beauty is that which a |Meture 
cannot express. — Lobd Bacok* 

The ganands gained by the heroes of literature 
must be |;athered from summits equally difficult to 
climb with those that bear the civic or triumphal 
wreaths ; they must be worn with eoual envy, and 
guarded with equal care from those hands that are 
always employed in efforts to tear Uiem away : the 
onI;f remaining hope is, that their verdure is more 
lasting, and that they are less likely to fade by 
time, or less obnoxious to the blasts of accident.— 
Dr. Johnsok. 

That which is not for the interest of the whole 
hive, cannot be so for any single bee.— Marcus 

AURSLIUS. 

Children lament their parents, sincerely indeed, 
but with that moderate and tranquil sorrow which 
it is natural for those to feel who are conscious of 
retaining many tender ties, many animatin|[ pros- 
pects. Parents mourn for their children with the 
biltemess of despair : the aeed parent, the widowed 
mother, loses, when she is (Kpnved of her children, 
every thing but the capacity of suffering; her 
heart, withered and desolate, admits no other ob- 
ject, cherishes no other hope.— -Robert Hall. 



NOTHING MADE IN VAIN. 

The Creator has made nothing that is nn- 
useful — nothing so insulated as to have no 
relations with any thing else — nothing whidi 
is not serviceable or instrumental to other pur- 
poses besides its own existence — nothing that 
is not to be applicable or convertible to the 
benefit of His sentient creatures, in some 
respect or other. The mineral has a connexion 
of this sort with both the vegetable and ani- 
mal kingdoms, and these with each other. The 
same principle had been pursued throughout 
the anunated classes of nature. No one species 
of living being has been formed only for itself, 
or can subsist in absolute uselessness to others. 
This is one grand purpose for cauang so many 
races of animal beings to subsist on each 
other. By this system, each enjoys the gift of 
life, and each is made to contribute, by the 
termination of that gift, to the well-being of 
others. Fishes are £us useful to each other, 
to many birds, to some animals, and to man. 
Birds have their period of happiness for them- 
selves, and are serviceable to others of their 
kind, and to man, and to some quadrupeds, 
in their mode of death, instead of mouldering 
through corruption into their material dissolu- 
tion, duadrupeds have the same double use 
in their existence : their ov^n enioyment, and 
the benefit, at their death, to those of their 
own order, and to the birds and reptiles, 
worms and insects, that have been appointed 
to derive nutrition from their substance. All 
the kingdoms of nature have been likewise so 
coastructed as to be beneficial to the human 
race, not as nutriment only, but in the thou- 
sand conveniences to which they are converti- 
ble. The amphibious order of nature is no 
exception to these general results. Its various 
genera contribute their proportion to the com- 
mon stock of mutual umities. They have 
their own gratification from Uieir personal ex- 
istence ; they contribute by their substance to 
the maintenance of others of their fellow-crea- 
tures ; and some of their genera serve to mul- 
tiply the conveniences and pleasures of man. i 
He derives advantages from all that exists^ ' 



in as much larger a degree to any other ani- 
mal, as he is superior to any in his intellectual 
exertions and universal capaoitr. — Sharon 
Tumer^s Sacred History of the World- 

NOTICES TO CORRESPONDENTS. 

Communications have been received from T, P. R,, 
T, if. N., J, F. G., and Anonymous* 

Our thanks are due to our** Constantly-entertaimd 
Reader* 

We are sorry ve eannoi insert the " Fragment * 
of W.R. 



Ke«r a clear stream, that flow'd within a wood. 
With \ry deck'd, an ample cottage stood. 
From storm* |xotected by the dustering treea. 
That with their leafy shelter check'd the breeze 
And fann*d the curline smoke : here was a spot, 
Where nature's bonntles had adom'd the cot. 
Yirtoe estranged from grief and strife 
The happier shares of the sweets of Ufe ! 
The trae-going clock had chimed the hour of ten 
On Christmas eve ; EUen rose then, 
To welcome home the friends she lov'd most dear^ 
Brothers and sisters, who always prov'd sincere ; 
Rcturn'd from school, they all embraced each other. 
Affection's clasp held sister, father, mother; 
Who, for this happiness qaite elate, 
Bless'd the Great Being— God of state ! 
Each their little gift prepared, to prove 
Who most descrv'd an elder sister's love. 
Fair EQensmil'd; she view'd the little store, 
Whose greatest treasore ytanr-Bowiandrs Kal$dor ! 
Which, to preserve the skin from harm, 
In England Is the only balm. 
One trial g^ven— ^Beanty shall socceed. 
And Rowland prove himself a friend in seed I 
_ M. Bif. 

PATENT BRAND Y DeclaraUon,— I, 
HENRY BRETT, of ISO, Dmry Lane, Wine and 
Spirit Merchant, do solemnly affirm and declare, that I do 
not, and wUI not, in anv case, practise deleterioos ad alte- 
ration; that I invariably vend the genuine PATENT 
FRENCH DISTILLED BRANDY, so highlv recom- 
mended by the faculty, and pronounced the ** only known 
Sore spirit in the worid," precisely as I receive it ftwn tlie 
istillery ; that my consumption of that article, in the or- 
dinary course of trade, dnrmg the last four montiu, consi- 
derably exceeded 3,000 gallons ; that counterfeits abound in 
every direction ; bat that in fkct no other esUbiishment in 
Dnir^4ane has ever been supplied by the patentee. 

Price, as at the distillery, 18s. per imperial gallon, re- 
tailed at Ss. 3d. per pint, and in sealed bottles, 88.ed. eacb. 
Sample ham|>ers of half a dozen of wine, I7s. ; of half a 
dozen of spirit.*, 17s. 0<i., package included. Conditiooi: 
Cash on delivery of goods in London or the suburbs. Er 
changed if disapproved of ; forfeited if inferior to sample. 
Country postage payable by purchasers. 

HENRY BRETT, 109, Drur}-lane. N.B. 109. 
Nov. 30, 183i. 



FOR the CURE of COUGHS, COLDS, 
ASTHMAS, SHORTNESS of BREATH.&c. &c.- 
WALTER'S ANISEED PILLS.—The numerous and 
respectable Testimonials dallv received of the extraoidi« 
nary efficacy of the above PiUs, in coring the most di*. 
tressing and long-established diseases of the pulmonary and 
respiratory organs, induce the Proprietor to recommend 
them to the notice of those afflicted with the above com- 
plaints, conceiving that a Medicine which has now stood 
the test of experience for several years cannot be too gene- 
rally known. Thev are composed entirely of balsamic 
and vegetable ingredients, and are so speedy in their bene- 
ficial effects, that in ordinary cases a few doses have been 
found sufHcient ; and, unlike most Cough Medicines, they 
neither affect the head, confine the bowels, nor produce 
any of the unpleasant sensations so frequently oomplained 
of. The foIlo^Aing cases are submitted to the Public from 
many in the Proprietor's possession :^K. Boke, of Globe- 
lane, Mile-end, was perfectly cured of a violent coogli, 
attended with hoarseness, which rendered his speech inau- 
dible, by taking three or four doses. E. Booley, of Queen- 
street, Spitalfields, after taking a few doses, was entirely 
cored of a most inveterate cough, which he had had for 
many months, and tried almost every thing without suc- 
cess. Prepared by W. Walter, and sold by I. A. Shar- 
wood, No. 55, Bishopsgate Without, in boxes, at Is. l|d. 
and three in one for 2s. Od. ; and by appointment, bv Han- 
nay and Co., No. 63, Oxford-street; Green, No. «l, Whlte- 
chapei-road: Prout, No. 296, Strand; Sharp, Cross-street, 
Islington: Pink, No. 65, High-street, Boroufh; Allison, 
No. 130, Brick -lane, Bethnal-green ; Farrar, Upton-place, 
Commercial-road ; Hendebonrck, 326, Holbom ; and by 
all the wholesale and retail Medicine Venders in the United 
Kingdom. — ^N.B. In consequence of the Increased demand 
for this excellent Medicine, the Public are cantloned 
against Counterfeits— none can be genuine unless slned by 
I. A. Sharwood on the Government Stamp, and W. waiter 
on the outside wrapper.—* Be sure to ask for " Walter's 
Aniseed PUls." 



Printed hy J. Haddon and Co. ; and Published 
hy J. Crisp, at No. 27, Ivy Lane, Paternoster 
Kow, where all Advertisements and Commnni* 
cations for the Editor are to be addressed. 



THE TOURIST; 

OK, 

^Itetcfi iSooft of tht ^imtfi. 



' Utile Dou:i." — Horace, 



\oh. I.— No. 18.— Supplement. MONDAY. DECEMBER 31, 1832' 



Price One Pemnt. 



THE CHTJRCU OF ST. STJLPICE, PARIS. 



It has beeu observed of uur architec- 
ture, that " we were admirable Goths, 
and we have nerer become good Gre- 
ciaos." This remark U especially correct 
if we apply it to the greater number of 
our modem churches, in the buildiug of 
which a pedantic imitation of the t«iiplea 
of Greece and Rome has been attempted, 
withont much regard to situation or pro- 
priety, heathen symbols adorning Chris- 
tian temples, with towers and spires 
sitting astride upon Grecian pediments, 
or rising from a root which appears 
acareely able to bear the superincumbent 
weight. Our immortal Sir Christopher 



Wren carried modem ecclesiastical archi- 
tecture to its very highest perfection in 
this country ; and since his time, with but 
few exceptioas, it has been gradually de- 
clining, as too many of the incongruous 
superstructures of the present day will 
testify. Since custom requires the ap- 
pendage of a steeple to all parish churches, 
our architecture should be accommodated 
to our wants. A spire being of Gothic 
origin, it requires much talent to make it 
harmonize with a Greek portico; it is, 
perhaps, therefore, the most difficult thing 
to design in modem architecture; ^et 
that it cau be made a beautiful addition 



to a church, we see in the m!ig;nificen* 
steeples of St. Bride's and Bow, but they , 
are not fixed in the roof, but rise in au 
their majesty from a. sufficient tower and 
base from the ground. One of the lai^est 
and most expensive of the new churches 
is that of St. Pancras, built at the cost 
of seventy thousand pounds ; yet, al- 
though it is imitated from some of the 
purest remains of Athenian architecture, 
from want of orieinality of design, it 
must be considerea as a splendid failure. 
It is imitated from the temple of Erec- 
theuB,irom the Pandrosium, and from the 
Tanple of the Winds, 



146 



THE TOURIST. 



Perhaps the finest specimen of the 
adaptation of Grecian architecture to a 
modem church is that of St. Sulpioe, at 
Paris^ which has been erected at various 
times and by various hands. It was com- 
menced, in 1646, from the designs of 
Louis Levau, Anne of Austria, regent of 
the kingdom, laying the first stone on the 
20th of February; in 1678 the erection 
was suspended, for want of money, until 
1718, when it was continued under the 
direction of Gille Marie Oppenord, an 
architect who had obtained gpreat reputa- 
tion, although little deserving of it, his 
designs being in the worst style of the 
time of Louis XV. It was reserved for 
the Chevalier Servandorie to raise the 
majestic facade, of which a representation 
is given above. It is at once airy and 
grand, consisting of two tiers of columns : 
the lower of the Doric order, which are 
forty-three feet high, and five feet and a 
half in diameter ; the upper of the Ionic 
order, with two lofty towers, rising from 
each end to the height of 222 feet from 
the basement. The whole length of this 
splendid front is about 416 feet, in one 
unbroken line, strongly exhibiting the 
bold conception of the architect, it being 
then regarded as the height of talent to 
overload with ornament, and fritter away 
the simplicity of horizontal lines by all 
kinds of unmeaning and fanciful projec- 
tions. 

The towers are the united productions 
of Maclaurin and Chalgrin, who deviated 
from the original design of Servandorie, 
which, it appears, had but little to com- 
mend it. The south tower still remains 
in an unaccountably and disgracefully 
unfinished state. The interior of this 
church is scarcely less imposing than its 
exterior. It was complet^ in 1745, and 
was then dedicated. It is the largest 
parish church in Paris, its length being 
about 360 feet, and its height 107 feet. 
The high altar is extremely beautiful. 
It is situated between the nave and the 
choir, is finely ornamented, and has much 
grandeur of effect. Behind the choir, in 
which are some good pictures by Vanloo, 
is the Chapel of the Virgin, profusely 
decorated with gilding and painting. U 
is illuminated by a concealed window, 
producing a most pleasing effect. In a 
xecess above the altar is a fine piece of 
sculpture of the Virgin and infant Christ 
in white marble; they are represented 
with a large globe at their feet, upon 
which lies, slightly coiled, the "bruised" 
or dead serpent. In the transepts is 
traced a meridian, at the extremity of 
which is an astronomical pillar. The 
two fonts within the entrance of the 
church are rather curious, being formed 
of the shells of one of the largest Tri- 
dachna gigas (giant ckama) known. It 
was presented by the Venetian republic 
to Francis h 

T* 



A FEW DISJOINTED FACTS 
eoNNsoni> WITS 

SLAVERY IN JAMAICA, 

BY CHARLES JOHNSTON, 

Late Book-]<eeperf Uandoitery Ettate, St, Ann*t, 

Jamaica* 
(Continned from page 143.) 

Often have I, on returning from the field in 
the evening, the most enchanting sceneiy 
opening on all sides to my view, and the 
horizon bespangled with all die goigeous dis- 
play of a Jam Jca sun-set, when my wayward 
musings, nerhaps of the happy home 1 had 
left, would be interrupted by the heart-rend- 
ing screams of agony from a distant estate 
bcvne on the breeze. Oh ! would any feeling 
person live in such a country, where, instead 
of the faithful barking of the watch-dog, their 
ears are shocked by the cries of the oppressed, 
the deeply-injured slave ! 

Hours of Labour (crop time). 

From June to August I conceive the general 
labouring hours* to be from five in the morn- 
ing till sunset, with only half an hour to break- 
fast, and an hour to dinner, with no other rest 
whatever during the day. They are goaded 
on by the sovereign remedy — ^the universal 
specific — the whip. They are only allowed 
water during work ; or, if digging cane-holes 
(out of crop), suear and water is allowed, but 
no rum, or any ming else whatever. During 
crop-time, the negroes have to take their turn 
in the boiling-house every other night, with 
perhaps a few days' delapr at a time. Tlius a 
slave IS engaged all day in cutting canes, and 
has then, at sunset, to trudge away to the 
boiling-house, and stand behind the coppers 
all the weaiy night Another part of the gang 
keep up the fires without; otners, again, are 
carrying canes to the null; and tihe women 
are either doing this last work, or carrying 
away the tiash (bruised canes) to the yiud, 
where they are spread out and dried in the sun. 
They are allowed no rum to support them 
while standing at the coppers. Those in the 
boiling-house mar* indeed, sip a little of the 
liquid sugar witti impunity; but even this 
shabby pittanoe is refused to those engaged in 
the yard — they are not allowed a pan-mil in 
the morning when they leave off woA, Those 
who have^never kept a '* night-speil,'* as it is 
termed, can have but a &int idea of the real 
slavery of those negroes employed at (he cop- 
pers, compelled to stand at tneir post, exposed 
to the volumes of suffocating vapours continu- 
ally ascending, and which completely enve- 
lope their sable bodies^ struggling to oj^se 
the inroads of somuolencv which continually 
threaten them — so much, that I have fiequently 
seen them tumble over with the ladle in their 
hand. In the midst of all their hardships, 
and this is a glaring one, these poor creatures 
yet find time for a harmless joke — the real 
goodness of their nature shining forth in the 
midst of every misery. 

Labour in the Field, 

On arriving at the field in the morning, the 
list of the gang is called bv the book-keeper, 
or rather read in hearing of the black -driver. 
As each name is read, it is loudly oalled by 
the driver; aad^ if no answer, he| is setdown 
as absent, and may be punished by the driver, 
when he does arrive, on the spot, or by order 
of the overseer when he comes to the field. I 



* This can be well ascertained by sun-rise and 
■n-iet a this period of the jMft 



have frequently seen some of the negroes an- 
sfper tar peihsm a friend or brother, that he 
might be saved fnm punishment This is 
son^etimes done effectually, without detection, 
when the gang is engaged trashing a large 
cane piece, so that the absentee may arrive 
just in time, before he is actually missed. 

In trashing a cane piece — that is, stripping 
off tlie withered leaves of the cane, prior to its 
being cut down for the mill — the gang are 
kept at their work by the book-keeper and 
dnvers continually moving along tne line. 
This labour might appear, at first sight, or to 
a casual observer, as very light, and easilj 
gone through ; but such is not at all the case. 
Through a large cane-piece the cooling breeze 
cannot penetrate, from the impervious nature 
of the canes themselves, inclining in all direc- 
tions, covered with leaves; ana this, along 
with the continued stooping of the body re- 
quired in the operation, is very galling, and 
generally sickemng to both blacks and whites. 

In digging cane-holes, the labour is imcum* 
monly severe, and, as must always happen, the 
stronger negroes soon outstrip their weaker 
fellows, who are lashed on against the strength 
of their bodies. In all opemtions connected 
with the agriculture of- Jamaica, wretched as 
to detail it is, the whole management is the 
same. The drivers fiog, and swear, and 
threaten ; and the book-keeper performs rigid- 
ly his part of the drama, whicn is that of a 
spv on the drivers and slaves. Having my- 
self had the misfortune to fill such a situation, 
I can compare it to nothing else. The driver 
has all immediate power in the field ; the 
book-keeper has none. This of course is worse 
for the slaves; for the driver, well knowing 
what awaits his remissness, flogs in great 
style, shouting as he proceeds, " Buckra work 
-— buckra work !" which has a wonderful effect 
in stimulating the muscles of the slaves. 

Slaves engaged within doors. 

On the estate where I was placed, and, 
indeed, I believe on all sugar estates, besides 
the field negroes, there was a gang of carpen- 
ters, of coopers, and of masons, witili two 
blacksmiths. The caipenters were no mean 
workmen, and some or their light fkacy arti- 
cles would do no discredit to a cabinet-maker 
in this country. It was astonishing to witness 
their skill in die mechanism of their different 
operations, and their exceeding neatness of 
handicraft Both carpenters and ooopea^ and 
of course the smith also, worked under shade ; 
and, even in this respect, they were greatly 
better off than their less fortunate fellows, who 
had to toil beneath a burning sun; and be- 
sides, they had no whip suspended over their 
heads (although liable to its infliction as weU 
as oChcfs), but merely a head man to direct 
their operations. They seemed to consider 
themselves as superior to the other slaves; 
and, when dieir workshops ^ere closed after 
crop-time, they shouldered their hoes with the 
greatest reluctance as they hied away to the 

Tlie masons were chiefly employed in keep- 
ing the fences in repair, or in building what 
in Scotland would be termed *' dry-stane 
dykes." When superintended by a white 
perMO, they build very substantial hwoses, as 
the different pablic and private e r ee ti o i i a 
througkottt the oolony (built of course by varif 
ous gangs) sufficiently testify. The court* 
houses at Falmouth and Puerto Maria would 
stand comparison with many in Scotland: 
and die ^ great houses'* of the proprietors and 
attorneys are no less disdngnished for tlie 
beauty and elegasce of their straetuie. Now 



THE Tomiifirp: 



nfr 



of tlMM mtthnaim Mceire pftj; they are 
■leiely given eonethiiig addmoDal orer the 
iield negro's allowaaee, but on most estates 
there ie, I beliere, no distinction whaterer. 

Sahhath Work. 

The negroes aw uniibraily engaged in the 
Ibienoon of Sunday potting 8ogar--I nerer 
aaw any exoeptioft--dQring crop, wiueh is the 
only time tber are so employed. The mOI, 
too, is reneialiy pat about at sun-set on the 
Igjabbath— for the slare it is no holiday. I 
hare heard the oreiseer say, with an oath, that 
be did not see Trhy the hook-keepers should 
crudge being in the boiling-house m the Sab- 
bath forenoons, when they were paid (or it 

CMnnff mlUnoed hy the Prefrietor. 
They are allowed ten yards or Osnabur^, 
seven yards of camblet cloth, a hat, a knife, 
and some needles and thread : this is a man's 
allowance ; the females have in addition five 
yards of striped stuff, I think, which consti- 
tutes their whole allowance for the year ; this, 
with seven herrings weekly, salt fish, rice, and 
Some other trifles, along with the provision- 
ground allowed them« ia all they have for theb 
year's toi} — an everlasting disgxace to slaTe- 
dealeis. 

Are tk€ SUvet happy P 

I should be considered a madman were I to 
pronounce the slaves happy, after having en- 
tered thus far into the details of their condi- 
tion. They are not happy — generally and 
specifically, T say they are not. it would be 
an easy matter to prove the assertion, were 1 
enabled to do so at this time. They say them- 
sekes they are not happy, and one would think 
that they should be best qualified to judge on 
that point ** Better me dead !" is a common 
«xelamation of theirs. ^' White man no work," 
say ther, ** but poor niger work ;" and " white 
man sell poor niger." I laugh at the idea of 
happiness being consistent with slavery^ the 
One word stands in direct opposition to the 
other. It is contrary to the humaA heart to 
suppose tliat a slave, especially a West Indian 
onC) should be happy. 

Frequently has it occurred to me, when 
being an unwilling witness of their punish- 
ments, that the poor creatures, placed, as they 
are, in a state of abject despradation, looked on 
their oppresmrs with a smile of ineffable con- 
tempt, as much as to say, " God help you : if 
We were inclined, we could soon sacrihce vou 
to our just resentment ; but, only as we feai 
tinning much more than you do, we will leave 
you alone at present— there is a good time 
coming." it is my own fixed ojanion, founded 
on same experience, that the planters, and 
other whites in Jamaica, owe their safety solely 
to the efforts of philanthropic individuals in 
this countnr in tneir cause. These efforts, 
being well known to the slaves, stay iheit up- 
Hllea atm and retard the day of vengeance. 

Would they work far waye$ ? 

I oerlainly think they woukL They seem 
raiy fond of eoUeeting a little mtmey ; and. 
In my opinion, the negroes wimld give a better 
account of their labours by the substituting of 
vewards instead of punishments. It would be 
an easy matter to enlarge on the subject, but 
time presses. 

It would be a strange inconsistency were the 
planters to prefer their present unsettled and 
continually excited life, exfo$ed on all hands 
to assassination and txeacnery, to one that 
diould bring oompaiative havpiness, I have 
little doubt, in ilB train, were tney to sabstitute 
free for forced labour, Uie $choohuuter in lieu 
of the driver — that shrery-made fiend * 



I have Htde fean that the slaves would be 
guilty of any great excesses, were they to be 
instantly liberated; but, firmly am I of ojpi- 
nii>tt> that as soon as their first ebullitions of joy 
and gladness were over, that they would com- 
mence a new era in Uieir existence — that of 
witiiHo free labourers. 

What leasoo has any one to suppose other- 
wise P They have more reason to commit ex- 
cesses now than they will have then. It would 
be an essy matter, nothing could be easier, to 
murder the whites in bed, were they so in- 
dmed. But do they do so? The free blacks 
and browns are peaceable, because they are 
free ; and no one has any cause for supposing 
that the present slaves would not be equally 
peaceable and industrious, were they permitted 
to e^ioy equality of privileges, and to act their 
part in the great family of man. 

Those who are interested in the upholding 
of the disgraceful system, rail at the idea of 
knowledge being extended to the slaves ; 
alleging that they were quite incapable of 
being instructed. Such, however, happens not 
to be the case. No candid person who has 
had any opportunity of studying the subject 
would say so. If free blacks and browns not 
only have the capacity to acquire knowledge, 
but are known to do so with an avidity truly 
'laudable, I cannot see why enslaved blacks 
should not do so with equal enthusiasm, and 
that witb infinitdy more advantage and lasting 
benefit to themselves, than eagerly imitating 
the worst vices of the whites. They sue, in 
fact, most anxious to be instructed — they fre- 
quently express that wish. 

I must now conclude, trusting that the 
British nation may, at length, and at no distant 
period, redress the wrongs of injured Africa. 
I subscribe myself, 

Charles Johnston, 
Ijit€ Book'heeper, St. Ann*tf Jamaica, 

13, RankeiUer Street, Edinhwrgli^ 
December 4, 1832. 



Although not a fall year in Jamaica, I 
yet had ample opportunities of observing the 
every day details of slavery; and, happy 
should I oe, should my humble, but sincere, 
efforts in the cause of negro liberty, break but 
one link of the negro's chain. They may rely 
on ray voice beins; ever raised in their defence, 
and no less my humble, but willing, pen, in 
spite of obloquy and scorn-— so help me, God ! 

Chaules Johnston. 

The whole of the above facts were wrote in 
great haste, Mr. Knibb having been suddenly 
called to London, but they can, at any time, 
be extended and more particularly entered 
Upon. C. J. 

POPE JULIUS 11. AND MICHAEL 
ANGELO. 

During this Pone^s visit to Bologna, Mi- 
chael Angelo modelled a statue of him. The 
air and attitude of the statue is said to have 
been grand, austere, and majestic ; in one of 
the vi^ts he received from ms Holiness* the 
Pope, making his observaUons and temaiks 
with bis accustomed familiarity, asked if the 
extended right arm was bestowmg a blessing 
or a curse on the P^opi^ ? ** Xa benedizione 
o la maledizioneK To which Michael Angelo 
replied, the action is only meant to be hostile 
to disobedience; and then asked his Holiness, 
whether he would not have a book put into 
the other band? To which the Pone face- 
tiously replied, *' No, a sword would be more 
adapted to my character; I am no book*man." 
•^Duppa^s Life of Michael Angela, 



^ BiHD:Mim>. : - 

To delineate the instincts, the feeUn^^ _ 
habits of the feathered kingdom, is no part of 
my present intention. There is as much of 
what resembles intellectual sensibilities and 
reasoning, will and judgment, in them, as in 
any genus of fiish or quadrupeds. This ana- 
logy may be even extended to ourselves; at 
least, I cannot but admit the application of it 
to such qualities in myself. I have frequently 
surveyed the various poultiy and the birds that 
frequent the f^Ids and gardens around me, 
wiUi these considerations. If I could transfer 
my own mind, divested of all the human 
knowledge it has acauijred, but with its natural 
faculties unimpairea, into the body of any 
fowl about, and give to it the ideas and me- 
mory which their organs and habits have ac- 
quired, should I, in the exercise of mv judg- 
ment on such sensations as theirs, act otn^wise 
than as they do under the circumstances in 
which they are placed and live? When I 
have put the question to myself, I have not 
been able to discern that I should, in theis 
bodies and condition, conduct myself very dif- 
ferently from them. They seem to do all the 
things they ought ; and to act with what may ha 
called a steady common sense iu their respec- 
tive situations. I have never seen a bird do a 
foolish thing for a creature of their powers^ 
frame, and organs, and in their state. Each 
acts with a unifonu propriety ; nothing fan- 
tastic, absurd, inconsistent, maniacal, or ooi^ 
tradictory^ appears in their simple habits oc 
daily conduct They seem to have mental 
faculties and feelings like mine, up to a cer- 
tain extent; but to that they are limited. 
They have not the universality — the diversi- 
fying capacity— nor the improvability of tha 
human intellect The bird-mind is the same 
bird-mind from generation to generation. 
The nightingale is now what the nightiiu^e 
was four and six thousand years agoy>nothing 
less— nothing more. The eagle is as incapable 
of advancement as the sparrow. The common 
fowl, which is found in all regions and cli- 
mates of the globe, is in each one exactly 
alike in its functions, faculties, and habits. 
The song-birds warble now just as they have 
done ever since human history has noticed 
them. It is this confiniflg identity which 
separates birds and all animals so widely from 
man. They never improve ; while his capa- 
bility of progression is as yet illimitable, and 
may perhaps ever be so. — Sharon Twmer^$ 
Sacred History of the World. 



VERSES BY KING HENRY VI. 

ProbMy vfriUtn about forty iftors before Ckaueor, 
between ike years 1432 and 1440. 

Kingdoms are but cares ; 

State is devoid of stay ; 
Riches are ready snares. 

And hasten to decay. 

Flearara ia a privy gamSf 
Whitfh vice does still aroveke; 

Pomp» unprompt ; and tame, a flaaie ; 
Power a mouldering amoks. 

Who meaneth to retnova the roche 

Out of hit aUmry mad ; 
Shall mire himself, and hardly 'scape 

The sw^Dg of the flood. 



GERMAN EPIGRAM. 

Weloovb to memory— and forcctfalaeas ; 
The «M far joy, the other iiar smett. 

Goffs* 



140 



THE TOVKIST. 



THE TOUBI8T. 

MONDAY, DECEMBER 31, 1833. 

THE SAFETY Of IMMEDIATE EMAN- 
CIPATION. 

No. 11. 



THE FREE COLOURED AND BLACK 
POPULATION, 



It is not sufficiently known to the British 

{ablk tliat a nmueious dass of coloured and 
lack firee persons exists throughout our slave 
colonies. The enemies of negro emancipation 
cautiously aydd attending to this fact; and 
the finenos of humanity have failed to ^mpjpy 
xt|aB effectively as they might have done. The 
troth of the matter is, it fioes &r to determine 
tiie eiqpNediencjy, in a political and social point 
of view, of tne measure which we advocate ; 
and, if attentively considered in aU its bear- 
ings, will be found to establish the unsound- 
ness of the fears which are expressed re^^ting 
the consequences of immediate emancipation. 
Our opponents affirm, that two evils are likely 
to result from tiie abolition of slavery; first, 
civil insubordination, or tumult ; and, second- 
ly, a deterioration of the negro's condition. 
The correctness of this theory may be deter- 
mined by reference to the past history and 
present circumstances of the nee coloured and 
olack population of our slave colonies. Their 
number is about one hundred and fifty thou- 
sand, exceeding, by a third, the white popula- 
tion. They consist either of numumitted 
slaves, or of the descendants of such ; and have 
come into the possession of liberty through a 
variety of circumstances, some of which have 
be«n fieur firom indicating a superiority of moral 

Cciple. What then, it is natural to ask, 
been their history since their emancipa- 
tion? Have they lost the slight portion of 
civilization which they previously possessed ? 
Have they sunk back into bari)arism, extin- 
guishing tne light of knowledge, and finding 
pleasure only in ^e animal gratifications of 
the savage ? Or hare they injured the pro- 
perty and threatened the Hves of the wnite 
colonists ? Have they become tumultuous and 
insurrectionary, refusing obedience to the laws, 
and claiming the plantations of their former 
masters ? Such are the evils with which the 
abolition of slavery is represented by the 
planters as firaught ; and, strange to say, they 
have long succeeded in imposing on a credu- 
lous and ignorant public. But when we ask 
for proof— when we require facts rather than 
cminions-^when we demand from them the spe- 
cification of persons, place, and time, they are 
ainable to meet our cUum, or to satisfy the natu- 
ral inquiries of an honest mind. If the negro 
be so improvident and idiotic as the white co- 
lonists have affirmed, then it is natural to sup- 
pose that the free black population would be 
marked by indolence, poverty, and wietched- 
fiess; that their tendency, firom the day of 
their manumission, would be from better to 
worse, until their condition exhibited the per- 
fection of human misery. 

But their present state is the very reverse of 
this. They have been rapidly increasing in 
wealth and influence, and have been ad- 
mitted, in some of the islands, to share in all 
the poUtical privileges of the white inhabitants. 
Instead of oisturbmg the public tranquillity, 
Ihey have been the foremost to protect it in 



all thnes of danger, and have reoeiyed, on dif- 
ferent occasionB, tbe thanks of colonial assem- 
blies for their conduct As they constitute the 
main strength of the militia, the interests of the 
colonies may be said to be in their keeping ; 
and they have hitherto dischaxffed their duty 
with singular fidelity. During tiie year 1824, 
the community of Jamaica was alanned by 
unfounded reports of a servile insurrection. A 
Committee of the House of Assembly drew up 
a report of the internal state of tne islano, 
whidi concludes with the following memorable 
testimony to die good conduct of the free black 
and coloured people : ** Their conduct evinced 
not only zeal and alacrity, but a warm interest 
in the welfare of the colony, and every way 
identified them with those who are the most 
zealous promoters of ilB internal security." 
And this was in an island where the wmte 
population was not half as numerous as the 
free coloured people. 

The parliamentary paper ordered to be 
printed on the 9th of May, 1826, and mim- 
oered 353, contains returns from fourteen 
slave colonies. These returns embrace a period 
of five years, from the Ist of Januanr, 1821, to 
the 31st of December, 1826; an^ amon|(st 
other particulars, they furnish important m- 
formation on the subject of pauperism. We 
can merely give a few specimens, and state 
the general result; from which our readers 
cannot fiul to perceive the prosperous condition 
of the fjpee coloured and black community. 

" Barbadoes. — The average annual namber of 
penoni supported in the nine parishes from which 
returns have been sent is 998, all of whom, with 
a single exception, are white. The probable 
amount of white persons ia the island is 14,500 ; 
of free black and coloufed persons 4500. 

** Berbice. — The white population appears to 
amount to about 600, and free black and coloured 
to 900. In 1822, it appears that there were 17 
white and 2 coloured paupers. 

« Dominica. — ^The white population is esti- 
mated at about 900 ; the free black and coloured 
population was ascertained, iu 1825, to amount 
to about 3122. During the five years ending in 
November 1825, thirty of the former class had 
received relief from the poor fund, and only ten of 
the latter ; making the proportion of more than 
nine white paupers to one coloured one in the 
same number of persons. 

" Jamaica is supposed to contain 20,000 whites, 
and double that number of free black and coloured 
persons. The return of paupers from the parishes 
which have sent returns, exhibits the average num- 
ber of white paupers to be 295, of black and co- 
loured paupers 148 : the proportion of white pau- 
pers to those of the other class, according to the 
whole population, being as 4 to 1. 

The result of all the returns may be thus 
stated. The proportbn of enfranchised persons 
receiving aia as paupers is about 1 in 370, 
while the proportion among the whites is about 
lin40. 

Here then is a species of proo^ most direct 
and conclusive ; it has the advantage of being 
furnished, not by anti-slavery writers, but by 
the colonists themselves, and most triumphandy 
disproves the probability of injury to the slaves 
firom their immediate emancipation. Every 
imprejudiced person must perceive that it con* 
stitutes a strong presumption, to say the least, 
of &e ability and disposition of the African 
to provide for himself and his children. And 
yet we are told, with a hardihood which 
IS without a parallel, that the slaves will sink 
down into poverty and wretchedness, if left to 
provide for themselves. 

Mr. Jeremie, in his late pamphlet on colo- 
nial slavery, afifords sdll later iuformatiou on 
this point. 



" Im the cowae 9t the dieenasMBS wlueh took 
place in St. Laeia, aad wUeh led to pabUc i 
quiry ^directed by govemaeat), the giarinr 
tradictiona in the ttafments made by myidi, 
pared with those of others in public anthority, 
reference to the respeetabilitjr of the free (OMmmim, 
and their general habits, vanaered it neceaaaiy to 
investigate the point fnlly. On that eecaaion wero 
examined, on oath, the leading merchants in thn 
country ; an officer in Hia Mi^eaty's aerrioe, of 
many years' standing, who, in his capacitr ofdiill- 
major of militia, had had to discipline afl the au* 
litia corps; and a medical gentleman of soae 
thirty years' colomal experience ; — an d I furtiMr 
collected all the information from the d i ft ten t 
officea whieh could bear on the subject The re* 
suit appears in the following abstract of the testi* 
mony, teatimony which those against whom I had 
brought charges did not attempt to controvert.-^ 
They, the free coloured and free black classp are 
proved to be about live thousand in nnB^Mr^ of 
whom one eighth, or somewhat more, may be ma* 
numitted slaves^ and there are eighty discharged 
negro soldiers. Among the manumitted alavee 
there are many who possess landed property and 
slaves. Taken generally, they are certified by 
theac gentlemen to be tranquil, humble, and most 
unassuming ; and their eonduct, sinee all distinc* 
tions were removed, aa truly astanishiDg. They 
enjoy the esteem and consideration of the while 
claaa, nor was any dbturbance ever known among 
them. There ia not, aa unanimously sworn to, a 
more^ respectable set of persons, taking their atiu 
tion in life, in His Majesty's dominions. As mi- 
litia-men (and they form the bulk of Uie militia), 
they are deficient neither in intelligence nor seal, 
whether as coq^Mued with whites of the same 
corps, or with persons of their station elsewhere. 
So much is it otherwise, that there is a company, 
formed exclusively of them, for the nnilection of 
property in town, in case of fire, ana such other 
contingencies. As to property, there are two or 
three sugar-planters, and a large number of cofibe^ 
cocoa, and provision planters, possessing each from 
ten to forty slaves. There are two first-rate mer* 
chants, and a larse number of second*rate mer* 
chants, and retail dealers, among them ; and many 
of the latter purchase from jC2,000 to jC3,000 cur. 
rency, or about j£ 1,000 sterling, of goods, in the 
course of the year. One third of the trade of the 
colony is in their hands. The dry-good trade they 
possess almost exclusively ; and they are remark- 
able for probity in their dealings, and for punc- 
tuality in their payments. The generality are 
retail merchants and small proprietora, nor are 
they, by any means, so embarrassed as the whitaa.** 

" To proceed," says the same writer, " to a 
still more striking instance of the capacity of the 
negro ; — It happened that several slaves took re- 
fuge from Martinique, where the slave-trade is 
avowedly carried on, to St. Lucia, in 1829. This 
caused a discussion, the effect of which was to make 
it generally known, that on a foreign slave's reach* 
ing a Brituh colony, he, by Dr. Lushington's bill, 
beoomea free ; and, in consequence of this discus- 
sion, several, exoeeiding 100 in number, came ever 
in the year 1830. 

" Here were persons leaving a conntry of nn* 
mitigated slavery ; persons precisely in the con- 
dition in which our whole slave population may 
be supposed to have been some thirty years ago» 
\n those who maintain that the condition of the 
suve haa improved ;— here were persons described 
by their government as incendiaries, idlers, and 
poisoners. 

" When I left the colony, in April last, soese 
were employed for wages in the business they were 
best acquainted with ; some as masons, and car- 
penters; some as domestics; others in clearing 
land, or as labourers on estates; whilst about 
twenty-six had clubbed together, and placed them- 
selves under the direction of a free coloured man, 
an African— one of the persons deported from 
Martinique, in 1824. These last had erected a 
polteiy at a short distance from Castries : they 
took a piece of land, three or four cleared it, others 
fished up coral and burnt lime ; five or six quar- 
ried and got the stones, and performed the mason- 



Mik, iteNMiMwIdlad tbatintMrMd woik^ 
kin; ud tbs Uttk noM<r di>t wu raqaidte wu 
mf^M, is ■d**Dca, br tiw cootnctat br At 
dMrcb, on the UIm ta b* foriubad for tba MbU 
a^. This potlBi7 wu comnleMd, ■ plain •ti<M> 
twe, batof nwtwlidttj.aad larpruuM MUotw. 
Thai h^ they actually iDtndBMd » 
ftetura i>to dw ooBBliy, for <rbkh i 



tbVwialrm : (hay were mniUred oi 

.. . A fall liberty. One maa onlj wa* sick 

in the hospital, and b« m* mpportad by the eon- 

The i«pott of th« Committee of tiie Hoow 
irfCommoDs, oi<l*nd lo Im pn)>te<l Aagiut 11, 
1832, Aimishes abundant endence of ihesune 
Act We i^iet om inability to quote Uigely 
ftom this innlaable dociuneat One or two 
teatiiDoniM we must 'be pemiitted to adduce. 
J. B. Wildnuuii Esq., proprietor, of Jamaica, 
wasa&ked — 

6191. Aie joa acquainted Willi theoondition 
«f die free blaob at all F— Yee. 

8133. Are tbej inenasing in wenltb and 
ftoaperi^ ? — Yes, I think they are. 

8133. Through the medium of their own 
induBti7 ? — Yes. 

6134. Are you acquunted with the people 
«f colour at aU ? — Yes. 



THE TOUMST. 

813a. AietheyangmentiDgftdTwealAf'— 
I think they ue. ~ 

8 1 36. To a connderable extent F— To k COD- 
siderable extent 

Vice -Admiral the Houoniable Chailet 
Fleming mve the following testimony : — 

3838. Had you any opportunity of obserring 
the manners and habits of those liberated Afri- 
cans in the Baluunas T — Yes. 

3829. Is marriage prevalent among them? — 
Tley are all married. 

3832. Ate they induatrions f — Yes, they are 
very much so. 

36S3. Do they work for waves ?— They cul- 
tivate their own ground, and they work for 
wages there. 

:^9. Had jou any opportuni^ of obserring 
the sort of comfort which the free Africans,ana 
free blacks, at the Bahamas, obtained by tb^ 
industry ? — Yes, frequently ; I lived on shore 
frequently at the Bahamas. 

3648. Have they obtained a coniideTable 
advance in civilizatioi), and in the wants of 
civilized life? — Yes; they all had beds in 
every one of their cottages tbat I was in ; they 
bad cooking utensils of all kinds ; and the huts 
were done up, for the climate, very well in- 
deed, better than in any other of the islands ; 
perhaps, though, that may be from its being 
more exposed to hurricanes. 

2847. Have yon any doubt that this libe- 
rated African pt^ulalicrn, by woA, do obtain 
tlie means of purchasing comforts beyond the 



of liftiP No doubt tt 
it 

2846. Wa* there any diipadtioa eriDoed W 
them to i«tum to the habiti of tavage life P— I 
never observed the slightest. 

2849. Have you ever inqni/ed into that 
point? — Very frequently; I mMea tourthnmgli 
the island, with the Governor, for the express 
purpose of inauiring into it, and the resalt was, 
that we founa they bad no inclination what 
ever to return (o a savage life ; on the cauttaiy, 
that they wished to acquire property ; many of 
tbem had acquired property ; ijieir ^Qtuoi 
were all well taken care of"^; they were dad, 
and many of the women were dressed oat in 
unnecessary Bneiy. 

Here we must reluctantly stop. Enough 
has been advanced, we hope, to satisfy onr 
readers of the safety of the measure which we 
advocate. Our only difficulty has been that 
of selecting from the ample materials before 
us. Let our opponents diq>rove our ftU, be- 
fore they pronounce our coDclusian unsonnd; 
but, if thev cannot do this, let them at leaM 
have the lionenty to avow the fvinc^le <nt 
which their oppodiion to the abobtion of sla- 
very proceeds, that the British public, perceiv- 
ing the cuomiity, may pronounce its deep and 
lasting execration. Injustice is now defending 
itself through the medium of hypocrisv, bat 
tbe attempt is hopeless, for the lignt of Know- 
ledge has rerealM even the aeciets of colonial 
policy. T. 



EDIXBURGH. 



Edixi ! Scotia't darling ant, 

AH hail thy palaces and tow'rs! 
Where once beneath a monareh'a feet. 

Sat legislaUon's sovMgn powen. 
From marking wildly-scatter'd Oow'rs, 

As on the banks of Ayr 1 stray'd. 
And singing, lone, the ling'ring hotin, 

I shelter in thy honour'd shade. 



Here wealth still smllsihe golden tide. 

As busy trade his labour plies : 
There architecture's noble pride, 

Bida elegance and splendour rise ; 
Here justice, from her native skies. 

High wields her balance and her rod ; 
There learning, with hi? eagle eves, 

i^eeks science iu her cov aliodc. 



Thy sons, Rdina ! social, kind. 

With open anus the stranger hail : 
Their views cnlarg'd, their lib'ral mind, 

Above the uamiw, rural vale ; 
Attentive still to sorrow's wail. 

Or modest merit's ^leni claim ; 
And never may their sources fhil ! 

And nctcr eo^y bidi ilieir name!— Bui 



liO. 



THE TQVRIBT/ 



TO TH0MA6 FOWELL BUXTON, £b«. 

Sib — ^In calling upon the British public to le^ 
iMWiM tlM «se 01 ilave-grown articles, I iM^ be 
thought to leqnire a sacrifice too great to be ex* 
tensiyely made. Among them must be enumerated 
spirits, treacle, spices, coffee, and, ^*bov« all, 
snMir ; and, it may be asked, with a simplicity at 
which the West Indians may smile with compla- 
cA&cy, if not with triumph, " How cati txuh ar- 
ticin ai thett be dispensed withV* Now I will 
nol dt pnMteBt say (what, however, is capable of 
abottdaiit pvMt)t that the total dksuse of these ar- 
tides ia not n ec eosa ry, b«t I will take up the 
opposite supfposition, naaeiy, that it is neeetsary ; 
and then I My that, great es the saciifice may be, 
no humane person ought lo heaitaie at it for a mo- 
ment. They are none of them n§ea$ariet of life ; 
they are all of them hixuriet. The people of £og. 
lanid lived for many a^res without tasting one of 
them, and would continue to live if they were 
erety one of them to perish. What then are tliese 
mere luxuries of lil^, that we should suffer them 
to ttand against the attainment of so incalculable 
a blessiog for inankiBd, as the abolition of slat ery ? 
It ia a timfit to the world which every considerate 
and benevolent person dMiuld be willing to pur- 
chase, even at a mueh higher price, if it were 
repaired. To conquer their liberties, the North 
American colonies (now the United States) re- 
nounced everv article as soon as the English Par- 
liament taxed it ; and if we hesitate to vanquish 
slavery in a similar method, it will obviously be 
because tre care less about it. 

Bat, on th« precedine supposition, the sacrifice 
is immensely overratM. Our abstinence could 
not, in any case, extend beyond a few months, 
inasmuch as the object of it would speedily be 
gained. Neither is it probable that it would be 
necessary for one month, since a conviction, on 
the part of the planters, that it was generally re- 
solved on, would, with equal certainty, answer 
the purpose. But, besides this, the veiy same 
articles, I believe all of them, may be obtained 
from other parts of the WtoM, as the produce of 
free labour. In most iastaiioes Uiey are quite as 
good, and in all they aro nearly so ; ana if not 

3uite as cheap, they are also nearly as cheap, 
he only question, therefore, is this:—** Will I, 
for the sake of overthrowing slavery, be contentt 
for a short time, to use coffse, su^, and spices, 
almost as cheap, and probably quite as good, as 
the West Indian V* How long can any benevolent 
person hesitate in answcrieg this question ? Or 
to what a just and indignant reproof would any 
person expose himself, v^ should say, '* I will 
neither take a few peace autre out of my purse, 
nor control the luxarioasnets of my palate, 
though, by doing so, t oaald leacne a million of 
my fellow-creatures from a honible and muiderous 
bondage V* 

Every body knows that there are JSaet ladies 
as well as Wett, and that they are extremely simi- 
lar in climate, soil, and prodactioas. With the 
exception of the island of Manritias (tiie veiy 
name of which ought to wrovoke, in the bieast of 
every ICnglishroan, more ladigaatioo thaa I will 
here venture to express), the agricaltural pepala* 
tion sre not slaves. The cotfee,- sugar, and 
soices, of the East ladies, then, are raised by 
the labour of freemen, and they afford us the op- 
portunity of renouncing slave produce, at almost 
no sacrifice at all. 

As sugar is the principal article in which our 
eastern possessions come into competition with 
the West Indian growth, the utmost pains has 
been taken to keep Bengal sugar out of the £ng* 
lish market, both by laying on it a duty of about 
7s. per cwt., or three ferthings a pound, more 
than oa its blood-stained rival, ana by dissemi- 
nating a violent but unfounded prejudice against 
the article itself. That this pr^udice is unfounded 
I can assert, both from my owa experience, and 
from the testimony of others, having used Bengal 
sugar in my own family for all purposes, and 
with entire satisfactioa, for about nine years, and 
having received decisive testimonies of its ade- 
quacy and value from pastrycooks and others, 



who, on ny rSesnuneadalisa, have employed it. 

There is, indeed, a delicacy in its flavour adapted 
to engage for it a decided preference* I am 
happy, also, to know that, instead of being quoted 
at aine-pence, or eight-pence halfpenny a- pound, 
a very good Bengal sugar is on sale, at a profit, at 
seven^penee, and that this article is fit to bear 
comparison with any West India sugar at the 
same price, and quite adapted to be brtnight into 
competition with what is geaemlly soM at sit'> 
peacew Now ask this question i-^WiU the people 
of England perpetuate slavery fwr ike soAs of a 
penny n-pmsnd in the price ef thnr suffmrt 1 hope 
every reader of this letter will answer-^No* 

One of the principal obstructions to the general 
use of Bengal suear, consists in the difficulty 
which private families often find in procuring it. 
In many towns it has not been kept, evenoy a 
single grocer, or by only one ; and there is, pro- 
bably, not yet a town in the kingdom where it is 
kept by the grocers universal Ijr, as a regular ar- 
ticle of trade* People who wish for it, Uierefore, 
do not know where to get it ; and so little do the 
shopkeepers, in msny cases, care aboat really 
obiigiag their customers, that the Mauritius and 
finer West Indian sugars have been imposed oa 
the unsuspecting confidence of the purcoaser, a 
habit of deception which some persons have 
thought it would be hard to guard against. If it 
were necessaiy to use such a tone« the retailers of 
sugar might be warned, that, although much de- 
pends on them, every thing does not. Bengal 
sugar can be brought into general use, even if 
Some of them should set themselves against it, 
since there are, in all places, benevtolent and con- 
scientious men who will aid the design. But I 
would much rather hope and believe that the 
grocers, as a body, will co>operate in the good 
work, which cannot put them to much even of 
temporary inconvenience, and can do them no 
ultimate injury. Of what consequence can it be 
to them, whether they sell East India sugar or 
Westl I might almost say, of what consequence 
to them is tli^r sugar trade at all, since it is be- 
come customarv to do it at little or no profit, and 
so metim es at a loss, for the sale of other articles 1 

If the grocers, then, are willing to promote the 
sale of free-kboar sagar, it may be noped that 
they will keep it as a regular article of trade, and 
pat it forward ; not merely of the finest qualities, 
iNit of the kind which, by its price, may be fitted 
to come into general ase. It would be a noble 
thiaff, if, in order to favour its iotrodactioa, tiiey 
ahouM be disposed to sdl it without profit, sad to 
pat, by uaiversal agreement, a somewhat higher 
profit (say a halfpenny a- pound) on the dieap 
West Indis sugar, upon which, it is well knotro, 
their profit is at present unreasonably low. But, 
at all events, it may be expected that tiiey wilt 
maiataia uneerity aiid trnth^ aad will keep at the 
atatost distance from taking advaatage of the 
practical tgnoiaaoe of Uieir customers, and from 
oelUog as free-laboar sugar what really is not so. 

I am quite aware, however, that, if the ase of 
East India sugar is much extended, its price may 
rise, and, indeed, that its fstMm/ ase would 
speedily exhaust the stock in the country, i^le 
soBie iBoaths must elapse before the supply could 
be proportioned to the demand. I shouhi hope, 
however, that before this case would arise ihe 
West Indians would give way, and that these 
gentlemen, who are by no means wanting in some 
sorts of prudenee, seeing the reaolotion of the 
country, would not push matters to such an ex- 
tremity. If otherwise, our remedy would be to 
discountenance the use of sugar itself, abandon- 
ing it wherever practicable (as in sweetmeats, and 
in our tea and coffee), and diminishing it in every 
respect. In this way the desired effect might be 
produced in the colonial market, and upon tlie 
condition of the slave. And a resort to this mea- 
sure may be the more necessary, because the in- 
crease of population in this country is constantly 
fenerating an increase in the demand for West 
ndian produce, in common with all other kinds, 
and thus incessantly augmenting the pressure on 
the slave population. 



^ thashaiiiiaknirtfl<al»s». 
prodaoe Is the pablio at lai^, I am vary kkppf 
in being aUe to say that, in oobm nfaoes ^Urf 
Randing may be eaameratsd amang tnem), it ia 
already adopted, and ia couias of aio^aaa, wiik 
a jast and spreading anthaaiMB. It ia evidoat 
too, from oommercial lettoia, that the asinnial 
aiaiket already feels Uk eieet of it, siaee it ia 
staiad that (be Bengal sagaes ase mare (freqaeiitly 
inquired for. I hope that they will be inq aii ad 
for more and sson freqaeatly avery week, aad 
that the West India pm^elsrs will nsl deceise 
themselves niolke reaaen of it. It is not, thOT 
may be assured, (ok ooffee«sugars, aft 6M. or 9dL 
per poand ; it is not lor fine qaalities, by annng. 
to impsove the colour of mvscosades ; < it is ns 
cheap serviceable sugar lo mpomfls tkdr own, ha» 
cause the people are indignant at the long mata«> 
tf nance or slavery, and detsraiiaed oa its over- 
throw. Look to yoanelves, ih ei efui a, ^¥c«t ladia 
gentlemen, and see what is be fa w you. You an 
pooraow; but depeadapon it yoa will soon ba 
much poorer, unteu pou set free the stegrees* And 
in a perfect spirit of kindness I ask you, Hnd ffeu 
not better do it at once t 

In conclusion. Sir, I only say, that I address 
this appeal to the public through you, because 
yoa sre now the mast prominent adyocsfte of the 
abolition of slavery, and in the hope of obtaiaiaff 
the attention of persons mach more iafluantiu 
than. Sir, 

Your humble but sincere co-operatar, 

J. H. HXKTOM. 

Reading, Dee. 8, 1832. 



ANCIENT ASTRONOMERS. 

NO. II. 
TTCHO BRAHE, 

Among the astronomers who provided the 
materials of the Newtonian philosophy, the 
BftBia of Tyoho Biiahe B»erits a conspicuous 
place. Descended iiom aa ancient Swedish 
lamily, He was bom at Knndstorp, in Norway, 
in 1546, three years after the deatii of Coper- 
nicos. The great edipee of the sun, which 
happened on Uie 26th of August 1660, wliile 
he was at the University of Copenhagen, at- 
tracted lixs notice ; and xvben he found that 
all its phenomena had heen accurately pre- 
dicted, Be was seised with like most irresistible 
passion to ac<|aire the knoiKedge of a science 
so tnfaJlible m its results. Destined for the 
piofessiou of the law, his friends discouraged 
the puisnil which now enrtossed his thoughts ; 
and such were the tepioaCTes, and even perse- 
cutions, to which he was exposed, that he 
<]^tted his oeaiUxy with the design of travel- 
ling through Germany. At the very com- 
mencement of faisjouniey, however, an event 
occurred in which tiie impetuosity of his 
temper had nearly co«t him his life. At a 
weckling^feast in Rostock, a ^questionable point 
in geonetry involved him ia a dispute with a 
Danish nobleman of the same temperament 
witii himself; and the two mathematicians 
resolved to settle the difierence by the sword. 
Tycho, however, seems to have been second in 
the conflict, for he lost the greater part of his 
nose, and he was obliged to supply its place 
by a substitute of gold and silver, which a 
cement of glue attached ta his face. During 
his stay at Aa^burg he inspired the bai|ge- 
master of the city, Peter Hainzell, with a love 
of astronomy. This public^spirited citizen 
erected an exoallant ohservatoiy at his own 
expence, and here Tycho began that distin- 
guished career which has placed him in the 
first rank of practica] astronomefB. 

Upon his return to Cc^penhagen in 1670, he 
aas received with every mark of req)ect 
The king invited him to court, and persons of 



THE TOURIST. 



161 



■n CBnks Ktntsed him with their attentions. 
At HerritzTold, near his native place, the 
house of his maternal uncle aiForaed him a 
retreat from the gaieties of the capital, and he 
was there offered every accommocfation for the 
posecation of his astionomioal studies. Here, 
however, the passion of lore and the pursuits 
of alchemy distracted his thoughts ; but though 
the peasant girl of whom he was enamoured 
was of easier attainment than the philosopher's 
stone, the marriage nroduced an open quarrel 
with his relations, which it required the inter- 
ference of the kinff to allay. In the tran- 
quillity of domestic liappiness, Tycho resnmed 
his study of the heavens, and, in 1572, he en- 
joyed the singular good fortune of observing, 
through all its variations, the new star in Cas- 
siopeia, which appeared with such extjraordi* 
nsLiy splendour as to be visible in the day time, 
and which gradually disappeared in the fol- 
lowing year. 

Dinatisfied with his residence in Denmaric, 
Tycho resolved to settle in some distant 
country, and, having gone as fiu as Venice in 
search of a suitable residence, he at last fixed 
upon Basle, in Switzerland. The King of 
iKenmark, however, had learned his intention 
irom the Prince of Hesse, and when Tycho 
returned to Copenhagen to remove his fiunily 
and his instruments, his sovereign announced 
to him his resolution to detain him in his 
kingdom. He presented him with the canonry 
of Koschild, with an income of 2000 crowns 
per annum. To this he added a pension of 
1000 crowns; and he promised to give him 
the Island of Huen, with a complete observar 
tory erected under his own eye. This generous 
offer was instantly accepted. The celebrated 
observatory of IJianibuig was established at 
the expence of about £20/)00 ; and in this 
magnificent retreat Tycho continued for twenty- 
one years to enrich astronomy with the most 
valuable observations. Admiring disciples 
crowded to this sanctuary of the sciences to 
aoquixe the knowledge of the heavens ; and 
kings* and princes Mi themselves honoured 
by becoming the guests of the great astronomer 
of the age. 

One of the principal discoveries of Tycho 
was that of the inequality of the moon's mo- 
tioiiy called the Variation* He detected also 
the annual equation which affects the place of 
ber a^pogee and nodes, and he determined the 
greatest and the least i&dination of the limar 
orbit His observations on the planets were 
numerous and precise, and have formed the 
data of the present generalizations in astro- 
nomy. Though thus skilful in the observation 
of {Mienomena, his mind was but little suited 
to investigate their cause, and it was probably 
owing to this defect that he rejected the sys- 



* When James I. went to Copenhasen in 16M), 
to conclude his marriage with toe Pnooess Anne 
of Deomark, he speat eight davt under the roof of 
Tycho at Uranibnrr. As a token of gratitude, he 
composed a set of Latin verses in honour of tbe 
astronomer, and left him a maffuificeat pveacnt at 
his departuie. He nive Um also his royal Hcenie . 
for the publication of his works in England, and 
accompanied it with the following compUmentaxy 



" Nor am I acquainted with these things on the 
velation of others, or from a mere pemaal of your 
works, but I have leen thsm with ny own eyes, 
aiad heard them with my own ears, in your re- 
sidence at Uranibuig, during the various learned 
>and agreeable conversations which I there held 
-srilla you, which even now aAMt my mind to eueh 
a degvee, tbiit it is diffieuhlo decide whether I le- 
eoHeet them with gieater pleasure or adaiimien." 



i> 



tem of Copernicus. The vanity of givine his 
own name to another system was not Hkeiy to 
actuate a mind such as his, and it is more pro- 
bable that he was led to adopt the immobility 
of the earth, and to make the sun, with all his 
attendant planets, circulate round it, from the 
great difficulty which still presented itself by 
comparing the apparent diameter of the stars 
with the annual parallax of the earth's ori>iL 

The d^ath of Frederick, in 1588, proved a 
severe calamity to Tycho, and to the science 
which he cultivated. During the first years 
of the minority of Christian IV., the regency 
continued the royal patronage to the observa- 
tory of Uranibur^ ; and, in 1592, the young 
king paid a visit of some days to t vcho, 
and left him a gold chain in token of his 
favour. The astronomer, however, had made 
himself enemies at court, and the envy of his 
high reputation had probably added fresh ma- 
lignity to the irritation of personal feelings. 
Under the ministry of Walcheadorf, a name 
for ever odious to science, Tycho's pension was 
stopped — ^he was, in 1597, deprived of the 
canonrv of Roschild, and was thus forced, with 
his wire and children, to seek an asylum in a 
foveign land. His friend, Henry Rantnu of 
Wansbeck, under whose loof he found a hos- 
pitable shelter, was fortunately acquainted 
with the emperor Rodolph II., who, to his love 
of science, added a passion for alchemy and 
astrology. The reputation of Tycho having 
already reached the imperial ear, the recom- 
mendation of Rantzau was scarcelv necessary 
to insure him his warmest friendship. In- 
vited by the emperor, he r^aiivd, in 1599, to 
Prague, where he met with the kindest recep- 
tion. A pension of three thousand crowns 
was immeoiately settled upon him, and a coddh 
modious observatory erected for his use in the 
vidnity of that city. Here the exiled astro- 
nomer renewed vrith delight his interrupted 
labours, and the gratitude which he cherished 
for the royal favour increased the satisfaction 
which he felt in having so unexpectedly found 
a resting-place for a^roachina; age. These 
prospects of better days were enhanced by the 
goon fortune of receiving two such men as 
Kepler and Longomontanus for his pupils; 
hut the fallacy of human anticipation was 
here, as in so many other cases, stiudn^y dis- 
placed. Tycho was not aware of the inroads 
which both his labours and his disappoint- 
ments had made upon his constitution. 
Though snnrounded with affectionate friends 
and admiring disomies, he was still an exile 
in a foreign land, though his country had 
been base in its ingratitude, it was yet the 
land which he loved — the scene of his earliest 
affections — the theatre of his scientbfic gloiy. 
These feelings continually preyed upon his 
mind, and his unsettled spirit was ever hover- 
ing amonff his native mountains. In this 
condition he was attacked with a disease of 
the most painfrd kind, and though the par- 
roxysms of its agonies had lengthened inter- 
missions, yet he saw that death was approaohr 
ifig. He implored his pupils to persevere in 
their scientific labours. He conversed with 
Kepler on some of the profoundest points of 
astronomv, and with tiiese secular occupations 
he mingled freouent acts of piety ana devo- 
tion. In this nappy condition he expired 
vidthout pain at the age of fifty-five, the un- 
questionable victim of die councils of Chris- 
tian IV. 

Notwithstanding the accessions which as- 
taonomy had received from the laboms of Co- 
pernicus and Tycho, ^et no progress was jet 
made in developing the genenJ laws of (he 



system, and scarcely an idea had been formed 
of the power by which the nlanets were re- 
tained in thmr oriiits. The labours of assidu- 
ous observers had supplied the materials for 
this purpose, and Kepler aroae to lay the 
foun<LELtionsof physical astronomy. — Bretoster^* 
Life of Sir Isaac Newton, 



APHORISMS. 

Any engagement which \m innocent it better 
than none : as the writing of a book, the building 
of a house, the laying out of a garden, the digging 
of a fish-pond — even the raising of a cucumber or 
a tulip. — Pal£y. 

Though it cannot be denied that, by diffusing a 
wanner colouring over the visions of faocy, sen- 
sibility is often a source of ezqnisite pleasure to 
others, if not to the possessor, yet it should never 
be confounded with benevolence ; since it consti- 
tutes, at best, rather the ornament of a fine, than 
the virtue of a good, mind.— Robert Hall. 

There is not, perhaps, in all the stores of ideal 
anguish, a thougnt more painful than the thou|^ht 
of having propagated corruption by vitiating pnn- 
ciplea— -of having not only drawn others from the 
pahs of virtue, but blocked up the way by which 
they should return — of having blinded them to 
every beauty but the paint of pleasure, and deaf- 
ened them to every call but the alluring voice of 
the syrens of destruction.-< — Dr. JonNsoN. 

The pleasure of a well-disposed mind moves 
gently, and therefore constantly. It does not 
afiect by rapture and ecstMsy, bat is like the 
pl«aures of health, which is still and sober, yet 
greater and stronger than those that call up the 
senses with grosser and m<Me affiBCtive impfss- 
sions«— Da. South. 



RHYMES FOR YOUTHFUL READERS, 

on 
COLONIAL SLAVERY. 

We are all of us stained by this national erime» 
(Tis a serious thios^* though I tell it in rhyme !) 
For the Stealers ana Holders and Drivers of Slaves 
Soon would cease from their deeds o*er the Western 

waves^ 
If good people at home, when they sweeten their 

food, 
Would abstain from the caae-juice that's water'd 

with blood. 
Tis not quite enough to look sotry and sigh* 
While the ColonisU flog, and the Negroes die ; 
Or to calculate, hesitate, prate, and pause. 
And higgle about the Why and Because, 
While the innocent blood, that cries to Heaiiw, 
Flows on, unstaunched and unforgiven. 
A gulf of terror, deep and broad, 
Twtzt England and an angry God ! 
Till the arm of Vengeance awake in its strengdi« 
To strike off the Bondman's fetters at length-^ 
To dash the Oppressor down to the dust. 
And bid proud Man Co his Brother be just I 
Such judgments may be looked for ere long. 
Unless we redress the African's wrong. 

" But what can we do V say my Readers dear : 
Let us try to keep each his conscience clear. 
As £ar as we may, of dhis fearful crime. 
By doing our dMy while yet there's time. 
The youngest and poorest may give their uitB» 
To rouse up oar Matioa to act aright. 
And to act with speed— eie matters are worse— 
To wash their hands from this heavy curse.— 
And I think I see them arising now. 
Like their British sires^ with resolute brow. 
By the mountain stem and surf-beat strand. 
From the foige, the loom, and the farrow'd land. 
From the lofty hall and the lowly ^arth,<— 
To launch their united mavi»j^e fiirth, 
Bf decree of our King and ParUamenl, 
To the earth's resaolest legions sent ; 
While natiens,. shouting frsni shore to ahem» 
Sing ** J^BUUf^ ! Sukvaair is iro siaaa !" _ 



THE T01TRI8T. 



MITFORD CASTLE, NORTHUMBERLAND. 



1 MONT BLA^'C. 

AaaiviiiG nenrthe liaEe of those rocks called 
the " GniiidG Mulets," we found that a chttsm 
of eighty feet in width separated them from 
us. We proceeded up an acclirity foTming s 
barroK neck of ice, but at its tenuLtiiUion a 
wall opposed us ; on either hand janned a 
wide aad deep crevice, and it appeared thai 
there was no advancing without cVmtbing this 
perpendicular mass of twenty feet in height. 
The neck we Here standing upon orerhung a 
gulf formed by the chasm and crerice*, the 
very siB^ht of which was appalling. The waU 
met ihia neok with an angle formed by these 
two crerices, which continued on each ^de of 
it, the angle coming to a most acute and deli- 
cate poinL No time was to be lost ; ue were 
■tsii£ng in a veiy perilous rituation, and 
Conlet commenced cutting steps on the angle 
with his hatchet ; and, after great labour, and 
considerable danger, in the execution of his 

Siurpose, got to the lop, and «aa immediately 
allowed bv another guide. The knapsack.! 
~~e then arawn up, and the rest of the parly 



after them. In ascending this wall, beins 
■' ■ drawn up, partly cUmbering, I stopped 

1 instant, and looked down into the abyss 



tt 



beneath me : the blood curdled in mj 
for neyer did 1 behold any thing so terrific. 
The great beauty of the immense crerices 
anmnd us — so deep, so bright, that the ima- 
gination could hardly measure them — excited 
not only my admiration, but ereu that of the 
guides, accustomed as they were to such ecenes. 
Safely on the top, on looking aroUnd, we 
dtRCOvered that these large crevices extended 
on each side to a very great distance, the 
plane of the wall doping from the upper to 
the lower crevioe with an inclination which 
rendered walking on it rery perilous. Some 
proposed to return to the commencement of 
the neck of ice which we had passed, and, 
maUng a weuit from it, to get to the iMse of 
the " Grands Hulet^" on the other side of the 
great crerice, and climb np the rock ; others 
were for prm^eding, and their advice was fol- 
lowed. Walking with the greatest caution, 
in steps cut with the hatchet, »e moved on 
Tery slowly ; the ice was slippery, and a false 
■tep might have endangered the life at mote 
dtu one indinduaJ. The wall nOw widened, 
bnt (be slope b«eame more inclined. Taking 
my steps with the gieUMt cue, I could not 
pment toyutit from dipfring; as the space 
became wider, I became less cautions, and, 
wUle looking or«c Ae edge into the nppet 



. . ce, my feet slid from under me ; I came 
down on my face, and glided rapidly towards 
the lower one; I cried out, but the guides who 
held the rope attached to me did liot stop me, 
though they stood Gitn. 1 had got to the ex- 
tent of the rope, my feet hanging over the 
lower crevice, one hand grasping firmly the 
pole, and the other my bat. The guides called 
to me to be cool, and not aftaid ; — a pret^ 
time to be cool, hanging over an abyss, and in 
momentary expectation of falling into it! 
They made no attempt to pull me up for some 
moments; but then, deairmg me to raise my- 
self, they dren in the rope until I was close to 
them, and in safety. 

The reason for this proceeding is obvious. 
Had they attempted, on the baa and uncer- 
tain footing in which they stood, to check me 
at the first gliding, they might have lost their 
own balance, and our destruction wonld have 
followed ; but, by fixing themselves firmly i 
the cut step, and securing themselves wii 
their batons, they were enabled to support me 
with certainty when the rope had gone '' 
length. This also gave me time to recover, 
that I might assist tbem in placing myself out 
of danger ; for it is not to be supposed that, in 
such a situation, I did not lose, m a great de- 
gree, my presence of mind. These were good 
reasons, no doubt ; but, placed as 1 was in 
such imminent peri], I eould not have allowed 
them to be so.-— ^7bAn Aidijift Ateent to the 
Summit of Mtmt Blanc in 1837. 



BRITISH COLLEGE OF HEALTH, KINO'S 

CROSS. NEW ROAD, LONDON. 

MORISON'S UNIVERSAL VEGETABLE 

MEDICINE. 

Curt of n BiJi<mi and Listr Comfleinl, Iff. 

Slr^HiTlDf b«ii ftH- unH van p»( nBUcMd via ■ 

riUoH tad lint eomplalnl, ilUsikd vilfa iHcli aitak sey 

debUlly, vhlck CDmplMcl; btUta Iht tlofis or 




<l Djr ippitllE iDd dicialloii an rv 
lis of eiedlucc, tmi tea *hkc~ ' 

uanthi tln« 1 am ipplM' lo Hci JaMfh WtM),~~Fw 
IMC. Yorli. fm Ok mntklK, isd wlw »■ ramtk ttr ik* 
truth flf my dvcUrMloD, ukd to ihe rotomlos of af holdft 
ftt (he pmeBl iIdm. 

I HID, ilr, ymt ohUitd and ptItM wmat, 
Diiyiiili, York, H*r S. ISM. L. H, 

CuTi of Auhmt, la. 

To Mr. Mej«r, 

ciil«i~I n»iT<d'lMt NoTtmlwr, 1 wu «uck^*«llfe 
■Mhma, ihoitima or l»«ib, uid ainlllai of the hsdv a^ 
ttp, (or sbict I «nU obula bu link rtHeTuiU t£( kr- 
[iBBlnr ar tut Hurb, wbcB, hivlai * upptr of iha 
'' VtMblc UDlTcrul HadklH," naoBwM by ;«■ 
In F^airy, 1 InpwdUtelT nnrltd to Ihn, u4 ■■ 
luppy to InrDrm )oa ihit, mtur uklat ■ ICw doaai, apta- 
(M> la Iht dlrtciioDi triTCD In neb ma, iD tlw cobi. 

Ecalih, and Iutc bad as ntnni a( lli« aftxmld ittacb. 
lo God, and UiaubrnlatHlayo 



M«d. I 
r, ran Id. 



I, St. Rouao'i, Utolto 

Tba "VtfetaWeUa 

tbi CaUctt, New RMd, Klnft Ci 






IS babul at 
I, Klnc-tCnw, Londoai at Ih* 

Bamy4tnM;Ilr.FkU-i,U,Ak- 

MTttl, Quadnnl i Mr. CbaptKlli, Bonl Eicbawc-, Mr. 

Walbti-., Liinb'«opdalI«a«n. HwMI "- 

' ' "•, Mi]c.«Hl.rciad_^ far. BaoHtt'i, 



market; Hi 






^NoOc ^ 



'or FENDERS, FIRE-IHONS, KNIVES,&c. 

FAMILIES FURNISHING naj eHect an 
ImmcoM SAVINS, by mak)D( tbtir parthiiei, fDr 

11p'pos"e?^' OU) ESTABLIBHBD CHEAP PUH- 

NISUING IRONMONCBRY WARBHOITSB, 

t3, Caaile ilrcn But, Oattird Mukft, 



Tea Frn, Mt. ; Plated CaBdlcillcki. with Bf 



Pi,. Fan. 



-Tka, S>. sd. ; Copper Wi 



Blockmn DLib Cu« 



Iran Caadlsilclu, li. 4<1. p« nUri Brllanala-uetal Toa 
.■M9, 1). U. etch: JapaanMl Tea Tnyi. la.; Walteri, 
li., Birad Traya, Id, ! Japaniwd Chamber Caadloilcka, 
with Saafftn and EnlBniibcr, Sd.; Enafcra ladTray, 
Sd. 1 8biek.hu>dled SictlT'abIc Kalm aod Poriu, la. M. 

Tented Cunili for cooklni PutalM, aape(«ir tn Iboa* 
balM,at«ii>rd,orioaM(d, priea <*.,«., and Ta.! Copper 
Ii«, asd TIb SaBcepasa aad Sigwpaoa, tB(*lbn with 
every anlrle In the abtiTe Una, cbaapir ttno uy otbar 
Hoiaa ia LoBdaa. 

Fcr B4Qdv lt«»»t <"■'¥■ 



Htilei'i, 14T, Ratcime-hisbway 1 ll^awi. Nortat^i, 

■"--'- "- "-^pp^nE,Cla™^nae^-■- "-' 

ilia Yin\;, M, I 
■■ - SleaacH 

PaU-DBiki . 

ii.nDvcplan,GleFken'WfU; UkaiC.A , 

TriaiQ'-innBili, DepUord ; Mr. Taytor, HanweH; 1 
KinUm, 4, BoUnfbroke-nw, Walworth ; f- " 



I>e«n>i^;Ur. CoweU, n.Terrau, Pimlia; Mr. Parttl, 
W, Edcware.ioad | Mi. Hart, PartiDituitb-plut, Keiul»- 
tOQ.lanF; Ui. CbarlHworlh, inxrcr, IM, Sboredltcbi Hr. 
R. O. Bower, cnxet. M, Brlrk-lant. St. Lake'i ; Mr. S. 
J.ATlla,pawBbnikcr,i>ppsaUellucbarEfa,H*Ekaej! Hr. 
). 8. Br1»i, I, Braniwick-nlace, Slcke NewlBElou; Mr. 
T. Oirdnrr, H, Wb«l->ireel, ChcapiidF, aod «, Norlon- 
ralgaie ; Mr. J. WUiianiMn, IS, SeabrMt-pm. Haehan- 
road; Mr. J. Oibotn, Welli^mel, KacliDey road, bmI 
HomenoD ; Mr. H. Cdi, iracer, IS, I'aton^imt, BLahap*. 
Mr. T. Walter. cbee*rni«igcr, e>, Hoitiw (M 
tB every priDdpal towB Id Cfivt 
icruey and Hajlai and Ibn^' 



KrSi.'fi 






i-r.'ji! 



vlhea 



CAUTION TO THE PUCLIC. 

M ORISON'S UNIVERSAL MEDICINES 
having npciaeded ibc ute of almnil ail the Patent 
Medidnei, wfaicL the wholeiale vendera have Ibiited apoa 
Ihe credaUiy of lite leBRhen afler health, (W aa nuy 
yean, the tawa ilmBbii ami iJumliU, not able lo c atahllih 
a Mr Iintt m thelaventlHi of any plaBitUe meau of 

eompetlllon, haveploBgolliilDibr "--■ — — " 

lag ap. "Dr. Ifwri-j.- (,.h« 

doable r), a belat who aenr i 

"Vegetable UnlnraalPOl, No. _ . 

inrpotF (by mcabl of thU fr.iw.1 Imposition npoB Ihe p»b- 

fie). or rielerlDiitliic Ihe eitlinatlna of the "UNIVERSAL 

MEDICINES" Df the " BRITISH COU.IK)E OF 

HBALTH." 



iobterft(e of Ihe 




Printed by J. Hiddon and Co. t and PabliW^d 
b« J, CBiir, U No. 37, Ivy Lane, PatemoMar 
How, wbcre >U Adveitiwiiienti and ComnanU 
catioB* for the Edilar an to be ai" 



THE TOURIST; 

OR, 

Ibfttttfi iSoitiit of tht ^ivntn* 



' Utile dulci." — Horace. 



Vol. I.— No. iw. 



MONDAY, JANUARY 7, 1832. 



Price One Penny. 



THE BRIDGE OF SIGHS. 



A ibouiknd jMn Aeu clvudy triogi eipand 

Around me, aitd i dfing glory smile* 
O'er iho far times wh»D muis a lutHCCt luid 
Looked lo (La winged lion ■ mtrblo pilot, 
Wlicce \~eaicc ut ia iiate, thioaed oa b«r hno- 
dred iile*. 

B^lON. 

TircHE are few places which stand 



connected with a train of more interest- 
ing associations tlian Venice, Its former 
opulence and power, the eventful charaC' 
ter of its history, its present degradation, 
the classic recollectioos attached to it by 
those poets who have either celebrated its 
former greatness, or mourned its present 
conditioD— Shakspeare, Tasso, Milton, 
Byron-.-all these things are calculated to 
invite inquiry, and inspire a melancholy 



intercst. Anil perhaps tliere arc fbv/ spots 
in Venice more adapted to produce tlu> 
effect than that which forms the subject 
of the above engraving — the Ponte dei 
Sospiri, or Bridge of Sighs, connecting 
the Ducal Palace with a state prison*^ 
The former was an erection of the ninth 
century, and is built in a style of ratlier 
Saracenic thnn Gothic, like most of the 
other buildings of Venice, The latter 



154 



THE TOURIST, 



was built at a subMqiMat Uihb, in cause- 
quence of a circnmitanee'wbidi is thus 
stated by Coryate, in his " Crudities," — . 
** Before this prison was built> which was 
not (as I heard in Venice) above ten 
years since, the towne prison was under 
the duke's palace, where it was thought 
certain prisoners, being largely hired oy 
the King of Spaine, conspired together to 
blow up the palace with gunpowder, as 
the papists would have done the Parlia- 
ment House in England ; whereupon the 
sanate t ho ught good, having executed 
those prisoners that were conspirators in 
that bloody design, to remove the rest to 
another place, and to build a prison 
where this now standeth." The history 
of this latter edifice offers nothing to no- 
tice but what is of a painful and revolting 
character. It is, in fact, one of those 
scenes of torture, murder, and arbitrary 
and inhuman confinement, which are 
commonly to be found in countries which, 
like Italy, have suffered under the rule 
of superstition and tyranny. It is thus 
described by Mr. Hollier in his Journal* 
of a Tour through this and other coun- 
tries, a work which strtMigly exhibits the 
most desirable qualifications of a traveller 
-—acute, persevering, and impartial ob- 
servation. '^ Our next walk was to the 
Bridge of Sighs, and then down to view 
the dungeons. The Bridge of Sighs was, 
without question, a very correct appella^ 
lion for that miserable path, which led 
the poor unfortunate objects of tyrannical 
hatred or superstition to such a Tartarus 
of woe as is tliere witnessed. Descend- 
ing by a steep and narrow stone stair- 
case, just wide enough to admit one 
person at a time to walk, we arrived, 
after traversing a passage of the same 
dimensions, at some holes, ranged in 
rows along this horribly confined place, 
and withal so low as obUffed us to stoop 
our chins nearly to oar knees to enter 
them, and, when in, we found it impos* 
sible to stand upright; some of uiem 
were all but dark, the greater number of 
them completely so* And below these 
another range, inferior in every sense, 
more close, more loathsome, and into 
which neither the lig^t nor breath of 
heaven could possibly enter, as they are 
situated below the level of the canals. 
Surely the poor creatures destined to be 
inmates of these abodes of wretehedness 
must, on entering them, have bid a final 
adieu to hope in this world.*' 

The Ponte dei Sospiri is, as has been 
said, the avenue from this prison to the 
palace. It is a covered bridge or gallery, 
oonsiderably elevated above the water, 
and divided, by a stone wall, into a pas- 
sage and a cell; it was into the latter 
liM, prisoners were taken, and there 
stMHB^ed. 



* This elesaat work wis printed lolely for pri< 
ratis dislrikKittOB aaoiig tfas uthor's friends. 



The most interesting of these buildings, 
the Ducal Palace, remans to be noticed. 
This magnificent structure was for ages 
the seat of one of ^ most powerful and 
terrible governments of Europe. " It is 
built," says Mr. Forsyth, " in a style 
iririch you may call Arabesque, if you 
will, but it reverses the principles of aU 
other architecture ; for here the solid rests 
upon the open, a wall of enormous mass 
rests upon a slender fret-work of shafts, 
arches, and intersected circles." Near 
the principal entrance is a statue of the 
Doge Foscaro in white marble ; and op- 
posits to the entrance are the magnificent 
steps called " The Giant's Staircase," 
from the colossal statues of Mars and 
Neptune, by which they are commanded. 
Here the Doges of Venice received the 
symbols of sovereignty; and upon the 
landing-place of these stairs the Doge 
Marino Faliero was beheaded. " Here,*' 
says Mr. Roscoe, " the senate, which re- 
sembled a congress of kings rather than 
an assemblage of free merchants, the 
various councils of stete, and the still 
more terrible inquisitors of state, the 
dreaded * ten,' held their sittings. The 
splendid chambers in which the magnifi- 
cent citizens were accustomed to meet, 
where their deliberations inspired Christ- 
endom with hope, and struck dismay into 
the souls of the Ottomans, are still uiown 
to the stranger; but the courage, the 
constancy, and the wisdom which then 
filled them are fied." 

The council of ten above alluded to were 
a Criminal Court, instituted in 1325, and 
invested with full inquisitorial authority. 
Their official duration was at first limited 
to ten days, then, after several interme- 
diate changes, it was extended to a year, 
then to five years, and at length they be- 
came a permanent body. The primary 
object of their constitution was to extin- 
guish the remains of a conspracy against 
the state; but in their subsequent his- 
tory they tau^t a lesson frequently reite- 
rated since — ^namely, the madness of con- 
fiding unlimited power to irresponsible 
hands. The hall of the Council is still 
visited by strainers as an object of much 
interest. It is ornamented with some splen- 
did productions of Paul Veronese, and 
others. The frieze in this room is divided 
into compartments, each containing the 
portraits of two of the Dc^es. One of these 
tacitly, but very impressively, tells of the 
tragicsd end of the original, containing, 
instead of a portrait, a black curtain, 
pamted in the frame, with the name of 
the noble delinquent inscribed at the foot 
of it. 

There is, perhaps, nothing more re- 
mariLable in the internal history of Ve- 
nice than the secresy and dispatch wHh 
which the police departmemt was con- 
ducted, owing chiefly to the inquisitorial 
power possessed by their magistrates. An 
mitance of this is related by Mr, Roscoe, 



in his elegant annual Sot l^Sp, with which 
^^ win close this sketch, 

** A Frenchnobleman, travelling through 
Venice, and being robbed there of a con- 
siderable sum of money, imprudently in- 
dulged in some reflections on the Vene- 
tians, observing, that a government which 
was so careful in watching the proceedings 
of strangers might bestow a little more at- 
tention on the state of their own police. 
A few days afterwards he left Venice, but 
he had only proceeded a very short dis- 
tance when his gondola stopped. On. 
demanding the reason of the delay, his 
gondoliers replied that a boat was making 
s^als to them. The Frenchman, dis- 
turbed at this incident, was meditating on 
the imprudence of which he had been 
guilty, when the boat which had been 
following his gondola came up, and the 
person in it requested him to go on board. 
He obeyed. * Are you not the Prince 
de Craon V said the stranger. ' I am.* 
*Were you not robbed last Thursday?' 
^ I was.* * Of what sum V * Five hun- 
dred ducats.' * Where were they V * In 
a green purse.' *Do you suspect any 
one?' 'My valet de place.' 'Should 
you know him again V * Certainly.' The 
stranger then ptdled aside a mantle, be- 
neath which lay a dead man, holding in 
his hand a green purse. ' Justice has 
been done,' said the stranger ; ' take your 
money ; but beware how you return to a 
country, the government of which you 
have despised.' " 



EXTRAORDINARY HISTORY OF 
MR. THOMAS JENKINS. 

[The foUowiog most interesting statement 
has already been published in the excellent 
cdumnBof Chamben' Edinburgh Journal. Itis, 
however, bo suited to one of the principal objects 
of our pttblicadim, as affording a remtation of 
a prevslmt notiim of the intellectual inferiority 
of the Afincan race, that we do not hesitate to 
present it to our readeas.] 

The foots we are about to relate respecting 
this person are of so extraordinaiv a nature, 
that, if they had hamiened at a pkce distant 
£n>m Ota scene of puUication, or at a time re- 
mote fiom the present, we would have despaired 
of procnxiag credence for them, and, perhi4^ 
on that account, abandimed the idea of giving 
them pubUcit|r. It luuipens, however, that, horn 
in respect of time and place, they are so readily 
liable to be denied, if found inoonect, that we 
can bring them forward with the greatest con> 
fldsDce. 

Mr. Thomas Jenkins was the son of an Afri- 
can lung, and bore, externally, all the usual 
features of the negro. His father reigned over 
a considerable tract of coimtry to the east oi, 
and, we believe, including, titUs Cape MoutU^ 
a part of the wide cAst of Guinea, which used 
to be much resorted to bv British veaielfl foe 
the purchase of slaves. Ilie negia-soveieign, 
whom the British sailorB knew by the name o£ 
King CodJHsye^ fimn a personal peooliarity, 
having observed what a snperiority oinlisation 
aDdleaminf^gavetotheEuropeansovertheAfiti- 
cans in their traffic, resolved to send his eldest 
son to Britain, in order that he might acquire 



THE TOURIST. 



155 



all the admntaMT of lmowlc di gfl . He, aooevi- 
ingly) bargaiiiM wiCh a Oaptatn Swanstcme, a 
native of Hawid^ in Seodasd, wko traded to 
the coast for iiFoiy, gold dost, dec, that the 
child should be taken by him to his own ooiui- 
tiy , and returned, in a few yeazs, luBj ednoated, 
for which he was to receive a ceftain consider- 
ation in the piodactions of Afiica. The lad 
xecollected a little of the scene which took 
place on his bein^ handed over to Swanstone. 
His father, an ola man, came wi&n Ins mother, 
ivho was much jonnger, and a number of sable 
courtiers, to a place on the side of a gieen 
eminence near tue coast, and there, amidst the 
tears of the latter parent, he was formally cen- 
fiigned to the care of the Britiak trader, who 
pledged himself to return his tender chasge, 
some years afterwards, endowed with as much 
learnings as he might be found capable of re- 
ceiving. The lad was, accovdingly, conveyed 
on ship-board, where the fancy of the master 
conferred upon him the name of Thomas Jen- 
kins. 

Swanstone brought his protege to Hawick, 
and was about to take the proper means for 
fulfilling his bai^in, when, unfortunately, he 
vas cut off horn this life. No provision having 
been made for such a contingency, Tom was 
thrown upon the wide world, not onfy without 
the means of obtaining a Christian education, 
but destitute of «very Uiing that was necessaiy 
to supply still more pressing wants. Mr. Swan- 
stone died in a room in the Tower Inn, at 
Hawick, where Tom very faiOifully attended 
him, though almost sterved by the cold of a 
Scottish winter. After his guardian had ex- 
pired, he was in a state of the sreatest distress 
from cold, till the worthy landlady, Mrs. 
Brown, brought him down to her huffe kitchen 
£re, where, alone, of all parts of me house, 
could he find a climate agreeable to his nerves. 
Tom was ever after very grateful to Bfis. Brown 
for her kindness. After he had remained for 
some time at the inn, a fiirmer in Teviot-head, 
ivho was the nearest surviving relation of his 
guardian, agreed to take charge of him, and, 
accordingly, he was removed to the house of 
that individual, where he soon made himself 
useful in rocking the cradle, looking after the 
pigs atnd poultry, and other such humble duties. 
^Vhffli he left tne inn, he understood hardly a 
iv4»d of English; but here he speedily acquired 
the common dialect of the district, with all its 

Seculiarities of accent and intonation. He 
ved in Mr. L 's family for several years, 

in the course of which he was successively ad- 
vanced to the offices of cowherd and driver of 
peattB to Hawick for sale on his master^s ac- 
count, which latter duty he discharged very 
satisfttctorily. After he had beoome a stout 
boy, Mr. Laidlaw, of Falnash, a gentleman of 
great respectability and intelligence, took a 
Sincy for nim, and readily prevailed upon his 
•former protector to yield him into his charge. 
** Black Tom," as he was called, became, at 
Falnash, a sort of Jack-of-all-trades. He acted 
as cowherd at one time, and stable-boy at 
another ; in short, he could tum his hand to 
any sort of job. It was his especial duty to 
go upon all errands to Hawick, for which a re- 
tentive memory well qualified him. He after- 
wards became a regular farm-servant to Mr. 
Laidlaw, and it was while acting in this dapa- 
eitgr that he first discovered a taste for learning. 
How Tom aoqnsed his fintiastmotioos is not 
kuovni. The boy, probably, cherished a notion 
of duty upon this subject, and was anxious to 
fulfil, as far as his unfoitunate circumstances 
would permit, the designs of his parent. He 
probaWy picked up a few crumbs of element- 



ary fitesature at tiie taUe ef Mr. Laidlaw's 
ch3dren, or intecesled tbe senfunt lasses to give 
him what knowledfle they eoold. In the course 
of a brief spftoe, Mrs. Laidlaw was surprised to 
find that Tom began to have a strange appe- 
tency far candle-ends. Not a doup about the 
farm-house could eseu^e him. Every scrap of 
wick and tallow that be fell in with was se- 
creted and taken t^war to his loft above the 
stable, and very dismal suqiidons began to be 
enteortained reepecting the use he put them to. 
Curiosity soon iaeited the people about the 
farm to watoh his proceedings auer he had re- 
tired to his den; and it was then discovered, 
to the astonishment of aH, that the poor lad 
wasensa^d, with a book and a slate, in draw- 
ing nide imitations of the letters of the alpha- 
bet. It was foond that he also kept an old 
fiddle beside him, which cost the poor horses 
below many a sleepless night. On the dis- 
covery of his literary taste, Mr. Laidlaw put 
him to an eveningsohool, kept by a neighbour- 
ing rustic, at which he made rapid progress — 
such, indeed, as to excite astonishment all over 
the country ; for no one had ever dreamt that 
there was so much as a possibility of his be- 
coming a scholar. By and by, though daily 
oocupied with his drudgery as a farm-servant, 
he began to vuiruct himsdf in Latin and 
Greek, A bov friend who, m advanced life, 
communicated to us most of the facts we are 
narrating, lent him several books necessary in 
these studies ; and Mr. and Mrs. Laidlaw did 
all in their power to favour his wishes, though 
the distance of a clasncal academy was a suffi- 
cient bar, if there had been no sther, to pre- 
vent their giving him the means or opportunity 
of regular instruction . Hi speaking of the kind 
treatment which he had received from these 
worthy individuals, his heart has often been 
observed to swell, and the tear to start into his 
honest dark eye. Besides acquainting himself 
tolerably well with Latin and Greek, he initi- 
ated himself in the study of mathematics. 

A great era in Tom's life was his possessing 
himself of a Greek dictionary. Having learnt 
that there was to be a sale of books at Hawick, 
he proceeded thither, in company with our in- 
formant. Tom possessed twelve shillings, 
saved out of his wages, and his companion 
vowed that, if move should be required for the 
purchase of any particular book, he should not 
fail to back him in the competition— so far as 
eighteen-psnce would warrant, that being the 
amount of his own little stock. Tom at once 
pitched upon the lexicon as the grand necessary 
of his education, and accordingly he liegan to 
bid for it. All present stared with wonder 
when they saw a negro, clad in the grey cast- 
off surtout of a private soldier, and the number 
XCVI. still glaring in white oil-paint on his 
back, competing for a book which could only 
be useful to a student at a considerably ad- 
vanced stage. A gentleman of the name of 
Moncrieff, who knew Tom*s companion, beck- 
oned him forward, and inquired, ^ith eager 
curiosity, into the seeming mystery. When it 
was explained, and Mr. Moncrieff learned that 
thirteen and sixpence was the utmost extent of 
their joint stocks, he told his voung friend to 
bid as far beyond that sum as he chose, and he 
would be answerable for the deficiency. Tom 
had now bidden as far as he could go, and he 
was tiuning away in despair, when his young 
firiend, in the very nick of time, threw himself 
into the competition. ^What, what do you 
mean ?" said the poor negro, in great agita- 
tion ; '' you know we cannot pay both that and 
the duty." His friend, however, did not re- 
gard his remonstrances^ and, immediately, he 



had the satisfaction of placing the precious 
volume in the hands which were so eager to 
possess it— only a shilling or so beinr required 
from Mr. Moncrieff. Tom carried on his prize 
in triumph, and, it is needless to say, made the 
best use of it. 

It may now be asked. What was the personal 
character of this extraordinary speamen of 
African intellect? We answer, at once, Hie 
best possible. Tom was a mild, unassuming 
creature, free from every kind of vice, ana 

Cessing a kindliness or manner which made 
the ravourite of all who knew him. In 
fact, he was one of the most popular characters 
in the whole district of Upper Teviotdale. His 
emnloyers respected him for the faithful and 
zealous manner in which he discharged his 
humble duties, and every body was interested 
in his singular efforts to obtain knowledge. 
Having retained no trace of his native lan- 
guage, he resembled, in every respect except 
his skin, an ordinary peasant of uie south of 
Scotland: only he was much more learned 
than the most of them, and spent his time 
somewhat more abstractedly. His mind was 
deeply impressed with the truths of the Chris- 
tian mith, and he was a regular attender upon 
every kind of religious ordinances. Altogether, 
Tom was a person of the most worthy and re- 
spectable properties, and, even without oonsi- 
oerin^ his meritorious struggles for knowledge, 
would have been beloved and esteemed where- 
ever he was known. 

When Tom was about twenty years of age, 
a vacancy occurred in the school at Teviot-head, 
which was an appendage to the parish school, 
for the use of tne scattered inhabitants of a 
very wild pastoral territory. A committee of 
the presbytery of Jedburgh was appointed to 
sit on a particular day at Hawick, in order to 
examine the candidates for this humble charge, 
and report the result to their constituents. 
Among three or four competitors appeared the 
black farm-sen'ant of Falnash, with a heap of 
books under his arm, and Hie everlasting sol- 
dier's greatcoat with the staring "XCVI.'* 
upon his back. The committee was surprised ; 
but they could not refuse to read his testimo- 
nials of character, and put him through the 
usUal forms of examination. More than this: 
his exhibition was so decidedly superior to the 
rest, that they could not avoid reporting him 
as the best fitted for the situation. Tom re- 
tired triumphant from ttie field, enjoying the 
delightful reflection that now he would be 
placed in a situation much more agreeable to 
nim than any other he had ever laiovm, and 
where he would enjoy infinitely better oppor- 
tunities of acquiring mstruction. 

For a time this prospect was dashed. On 
the report coming before the presbytery, a ma- 
jority of the members were alarmea at the 
strange idea of placing a negro and bom pagan 
in such a situation, and poor Tom was ac- 
cordingly voted out of all the benefits* of the 
competition. The poor fellow appeared to 
suffer dreadfully from this sentence, which 
made him feel keenly the misfortune of his 
skin, and the awkwardness of his situation 
in the world. But, fortimately, the people 
most interested in the matter felt as indignant 
at the treatment which he had received, as he 
could possibly feel depressed. The heritors, 
among whom the late Duke of Buccleugh was 
chief, took up the case so warmly that it was 
immediately resolved to set up Tom in opposi- 
tion to the teacher appointed by the presbytery, 
and to give him an exact duplicate of Ae 
salary which they already paid to that person. 
An old srrAddy [blacksmith's shop] was nastily 



fitted up for hii recepdon, uicl Tom was im- 
medi&teh installed in office, with tlie lutiTenal 
apptobawm of both parents and childTen. It 
followed, as a matter of course, that the other 
■chool was completely deuited, and Tom, who 
hftd come to this country to learn, soon found 
birovelf full; engaged in teachina;, and in the 
leceipt of an income more than adequate to bis 
nants. To the giadlication of all his friends, 
and some little confusion of face to the pres- 
bytery, he tamed out an excellent teacher. 
He had a. way of communicating knowledge 
that proved in the higliest degree successful; 
and, as he contiired to carry on the usual ex- 
erdses vtilhout tlie use of any severities, he 
nas as much beloved by his pupils ax he was 
respected by those wlio employed liim. Five 
days every neek he spent in the school. On 
the Saturdays he was accustomed to walk to 
Hawick (eight miles going and as much re- 
tumiag), in order to make an exliibilion of 
nhat ne bod himself acijuired during the 
week, to the master of tlie academy there 
thus keeping up, it will be obsen'ed, his owi 
gradual advance in knowledge. It further 
shows bis untiling zeal, that he always returned 
to Hawick neitt day— of course, an equal e: 
tent of travel— in order to attend the churcit 
After he had conducted the school ibr one 
two years, finding himself in possession of 
about twenty pounds, he bethought liiro of 
spending a winter at college. The esteem in 
which lie was held rendered it an easy matter 
to demit his duties to an assistant for the win- 
ter; and, this matter beiDE settled, he waited 
upon his good friend, Mr. Moncrieff (the geu- 
denum who had enabled him to get the lexicon, 
and had unce done him many other good 
offices), in order to consult about'^other matten 
«onceining the step he was about io take. Mr. 
Moncrieff, though aceustoraed to regard Tom 
•s a wonder, was, nevertheless, truly surprised 
at this new projecL He adied, above all 
things, the amount of his stock of cash. On 
being told that twenty pounds was all, and, 
ftiTlhermore, that Tom contemplated attending 
the LaUn, Greek, and mathematical classes, 
he infoimcd him that this would never do — the 
money would hardly pay his fees. Tom 
much disconcerted at this ; but his generous 
fiiend soon relieved him, by placing in his 
hands a carte blmu/it order upon a merchant 
in Edinburgh, for whatever might be further 
rcooiied to support him for a winter at collie. 
Tom now pursued his way to Edinburgh 
-with bis twenty pounds. On wnlyiug to the 
Professor of Humanity [Latin] ibr a ticket t" 
his class, that gentleman looked at him for 
moment in nlent wonder, and asked if he had 
acquired any rudimental knowledge of 
language, ftfr. Jenkins (as he ought no 
be called) said, modestly, that he had studied 
latin for a considerable time, and was anxious 
U complete his acquaintance wilhit Hr. P — , 
finding that be only ipoke the truth, presented 
t^ ^iplicant with a ticket, for which ne gene- 
lously refused to take the usual fee. Of the 
other two Professors to whom he applied, both 
■taxed as much as the former, and only one 
took the fee. He was thus enabled to spend 
the winter in a most valuable course of in- 
struction, without requiring to trench much 
upon Hr. Hmcrieff's Kcnerous order ; and next 
spring be letwned to Teviot-bead, and resumed 
bis piofesdimal duties. 

A MOTHER'S LOVE. 
Ens yet kar child has drawn its earliest breath, 

A nwtber'i love begins ; it glows till death. 
Lives Won life, with deitb not diss, hut isems 

The very ssbitince of immortil drtsim. 



THE TOURIST. 



LINCOLN CATHEDRAL. 



IpTiiE ecclesiastical architecture of Liu- 
colushire has long been justly celebrated 
for its magnificence; ana, perhaps, none 
of its suji^rb remains are more deserving 
of admiration than that which forms the 
subject of the above elegant engraving. 

The cathedral of Lincoln is scarcely 
secondary in extent and magniGceiice to 
any English edifice of a eirailar appropria- 
tion. It was commenced in 1086, by the 
Anglo-Norman bishop Remigius ; but the 
structure raised by him and his immediate 
successor was destroyed byfire early in the 
L2th century. The whole was, however, 
speedily rebuilt, but was much enlarged 
and improved in subsequent ages, the part 
last erected being finished about 13S0. 

Tliis noble cathedral is situated on a 
lofty eminence, and constitutes a fine ob- 
ject throughout a long extent of the sur- 
rounding level country. Each division of 
the exterior is distinguished by great sub- 
limity of character; but the grand western 
front is of superior attraction. This superb 
ia^ade consists of a central elevation, 
comprising three doors of entrance and 
two lateral parts, Windows, arcades, 
niches, and numerous pieces of curious 
sculpture, form its principal embellish- 
ments ; and above the whole riae two lofty 
towers. The mBgni6cence of the church, 
on a general view, ii considerably aug- 
ment^ by an august tower which pro- 
ceeds from the centre, and rises, in its 
loftieat part, to the height of 300 feet. 



The ground plan difiers little from that 
of other cathedral churches. Branching 
from the northern side are cloisters, which 
communicate, as at Canterbury, with the 
chapter-house. The interior is rather ad- 
mirable for magnitude of proportions, and 
commanding grandeur in general effect, 
than for symmetry or delicacy of compo- 
nent parts. The nave is in the architectural 
style of the 1 3th century, and was proba- 
bly, with the central tower, erected in the 
reign of John, or of his son and successorr 
Henry II L 

The upper transept and the choir are in 
the sbarf^pomted or earliest Enj^ish st^e, 
and have conKquently a great irregularity 
of character. The pillars have detached 
shafts of Purbeck marble, different in 
form, but invariably light and slender. 
Some of the arches are high and pointed, 
wliilst mau^ are of the trefoil shape, and 
others semicircidar. These confused in- 
dications of an infant style in architecture 
scarcely offend the eye, from want of sym- 
metry, when the general display is found 
to have an influence over the feelings at 
once grateful and impressive. 

Such are the prevailing cliaracleristics 
of the structure. Several chapeb have 
been added, at different times, to the ori- 
ginal plan, and numerous funeral monu- 
ments were erected, in remote ages, Io 
persona of distinguished rank and worth ; 
but we regret to say that few of the mo- 
numents are now remaining. 



THE TOURIST. • 



A SKETCH OF THE RISE OF MUSEUMS. 



The term iiiiiseuiu i^ derived from the 
Greek name of the Muses, one of whose 
attributes was to preside over the polite 
and useful arts ; it signifies, in the pre- 
Kent day, a building in which arc depo- 
sited specimens of every object, natural 
or artificial, that is in any degree curious, 
or which can tend to illustrate physical 
licieBce, and to improTe art A complete 
museum should be an epitome of nature ; 
k should contain collections of preserved 
bessts, birds, fishes, reptiles, and in fact 
a specimen of every creature that moves 
on our globe; herbanums containing dried 
fipecimens of the vegetable kingdom, as 
also specimens of minerals ; it should be 
*' a representative assembly of all the 
classes and families of the world ; it 
should also contain collections- of ancient 
records, medals, and coins, which attest 
and explain laws and customs ; also 
paintings and statues, that, by imitating 
nature, seem to extend the limits of cre- 
ation;" as also every thing that can ex- 
hibit the manners and customs of men in 
distant ages and nations. In ancient 
times, the word museum had no such ex- 
tended si^ification ; it simply implied 
building m which scientific men assen 
hied to discuss matters of science ar 
literature. Such appears to have been 
the museum of Alexandria, a splendid 
building, ornamented with porticos, gal- 
leries, and large and spacious apart 
luents ; but it does not appear to haye 
contained any thing like the collections 
of our museums. It is rather to the tem- 
ples of the ancients that we must look as 
the first repositories of rare and curious 
things, as any rare production, or natural 
object extraordinary for size or beauty, 
was consecrated to the gods. When 
Hanno returned from his distant voyages, 
he brought with him to Carthage two 



skius of the hairy women whom he found 
on the Gorgades Islands, and deposited 
them, as a memorial, in the temple of 
Juno, where they continued till the de- 
struction of the city. The monstrous 
horns of the wild bulls, which had occa- 
sioned so much devastation in Mace- 
a, were, by order of King Philip, 
hung up in the temple of Hercules. Tlie 
rocodite, found in attempting to discover 
he sources of the Nile, was preserved in 
the temple of Isis, at CEesarea. A large 
piece of the root of tlie cinnamon-tree 
was kept in a golden vessel in one of the 
temples at Rome, where it was examined 
by Pliny. The skin of that monster which 
the Roman army attacked and destroyed, 
and which probably was a crocodile, was 
by Regulus sent to Rome, and hung up 
in one of the temples, where it remained 
till the time of tlie Numantine war. In 
the temple of Juno, in the island of 
Melita, there were a pair of elephant's 
teeth of extraordinary size. The head of 
the basilisk was exhibited in one of the 
temples of Diana ; and the bones of that 
sea-monster, probably a whale, to which 
Andromeda was exposed, were preserved 
at Joppa, and afterwards brought lo 
Rome. Many other instances of this 
custom are given by Qeokmann, from 
whom we have gathered the foregoing, 
and many of the following, particulars. 
In the course of time these natural curi- 
osities became so numerous as to form 
large collections ; and though it is certain 
that all these articles were not properly 
kept there for the purpose to which our 
collections of natural history were applied, 
yet at the same time it must be alio\ 
that they might be of important use 
naturalists. 

The ancients appear to have had no 
private collections, though perhaps 



must except that formed by Aristotle, at 
the command of Alexander ; as also a 
collection of natural curiosities formed by 
the Emperor Augustus. The principal 
cause of their being unable to form col- 
lections, must have arisen partly from 
their ignorance of the proper means of 
preserving such bodies as soon spoil or 
corrupt. They employed for that pur- 
pose either salt, wax, or honey. 

There is no account of any collections 
during the middle t^es, except in the 
treasuries of princes, where, besides arti- 
cles of great value, curiosities of art, an- 
tiquities, and relics, there were occasion- 
ally found scarce and singular foreign 
animals, which were dried and preserved. 
Such objects were to be seen in the old 
treasury at Vienna ; and in that of St. 
Denis were exhibited the claw of a 
grillin, sent by the King of Persia to 
Charlemagne, the teeth of the hippopo- 
tamus, and other things of the like kind. 
In later times, we find menageries were 
established to add to the magnificence of 
courts, and stuSed skins of rare animals 
were hung up as memorials of their having 
existed. Public libraries also were mad!e 
receptacles for such natural curiosities as 
were from time to time presented to them. 
At a later period, collections of this kind 
began to be formed by private persons. 
The object of them was rather to gratify 
the sight than to improve the understand- 
ing ; and they contained more rarities of 
art, valuable pieces of workmanship, and 
antiquities, than productions of nature. 
Private collections, however, appear for 
the first time in the sixteenth century; 
and there is no doubt that they were 
formed by every learned man who at that 
period applied to the study of tiatural 
history. About the same period, collec- 
tions began to be formed in England ; 



158 



THE TOURIST. 



but not till the seventeenth century did 
the public derive any benefit from them, 
when Elias Ashmole leA; his valuable col- 
lection of rarities, which he had in part 
inherited from the Tradescants, to the 
University of Oxford, upon the condition 
that they erected a building to receive it, 
which they consented to, and commenced 
it in the year 1679, and it was completed 
in 1683. It is known as the Ashmolean 
Museum. From that time to the present 
it has been continually receiving addi- 
tions. The collection of Martin Lister 
was added to it, as also the man«»cripts 
of Aubrey, Dugdale, and Wood, the col- 
lections of natural history of Dr. Plott, 
Edward Lloyd, and Borlafe, the historian 
of Cromwell. From a list of the cutiosi- 
ties contained in this museum We select 
the following : — 

The skull of Oliver Cromwell, or a 
fragment of mortality supposed to be 
such ; a jewel of gold, once belonging to 
King Alfred, found in 1639 in Newtpn 
Park, a short distance northward of the 
Isle of Athelney, in Somersetshire, where 
King Alfred found shelter when the Danes 
had overrun the country. The jewel is 
enamelled like an amulet, and in Saxon 
characters is circumscribed, " Alfred or- 
dered me to be made." A figure sitting, 
crowned, appears on one side, probably 
Alfred himself, holding two lilies ; on the 
other is a rudely-engraved flower. This 
relic was given to the University by Tho- 
mas Palmer, Esq., of Fairfield, Somerset- 
shire, in 1718. A head of the bird 
called a Dodo, the species of which is ex- 
tinct. Dr. Shaw, the celebrated natural- 
ist, discovered it in the museum, before 
which he considered the accounts of this 
extraordinary bird to be fabulous. Be- 
sides a good collection of objects of na- 
tural history, there are also many Egyp- 
tian antiquities and a few good pictures. 
This is perhaps the earliest museum 
formed in England, and probably coeval 
with most of those on the continent ; but 
they have lefl us far behind in the esta- 
blishment of institutions for the advance- 
ment and fostering of the arts and 
sciences. Private individuals have gene- 
rally undertaken what could, perhaps, be 
only fuUv accomplished by the state. Our 
principal collections of natural history 
have been ohiefly formed by the exertions 
and at the expense of private individuals ; 
and, until within a very short period, our 
national collection was little better than a 
•national disgrace. No country in the 
world has such opportunities of rendering 
her collections in natural history the most 
.perfect of any. The power of England 
extends to the two hemispheres ; her colo- 
nies are to be found in every part of the 
habitable globe; yet, with the greatest 
means, her museums are found to be the 
most defective, to snoh a degree that our 
writers on natural history are necessitated 
to go to Paris for that information which 



they ought to be enabled to find at 
home. 

A taste for natural history has become 
more prevalent among all classes of soci- 
ety, as may be collected from the support 
given to the Zoological Society and other 
institutions of a similar nature. Our 
national museum has already felt the im- 
pulse given by the advancing knowledge 
of the people. Let us hope that, in a few 
years, it may rival those of the continent ; 
and then we shall doubtless adorn our 
scientific annals with names as great as 
Buffon, Daubeiiton, Cuvier, and La- 
marck. 

The British Museum, which will soon 
be one of the most splendid institutions of 
our metropolis, contains under its roof 
our national library, which is peculiarly 
rich in MSS. ; a collection of Greek and 
Roman sculptures; Egyptian antiquities 
and sculptures ; Terra Cottas and Roman 
antiquities ; a splendid collection of coins 
and medals; a very fine collection of 
prints and drawings ; as also the collec- 
tions of natural history, which are at pre- 
sent very incomplete. This museum has 
now for a long time been accessible to the 
public on three days of every week ; and 
we are much gratified to learn that great 
numbers have of late availed themselves 
of this privilege. 



ANCIENT AOTRONOMERS. 



NO. III. 



JOHN KEFLBR. 



John Kepler was bom at Wiel, in Wirtem- 
berg, in 167 J. He was educated for the 
church, and discharged even some of the 
clerical functions ; but his devotion to science 
withdrew him from l&e study of theology. 
Having received mathematical instnicticm firom 
the celebrated Maestliuus, he had made such 
progress in the science that he was invited, in 
1594, to fill the mathematical chair of Gratz, 
in St}*Tia. Endowed with a fertile imagination, 
his mind was ever intent upon subtle and in- 
genious speculations. In the year 1596, he 
published his pecnliar views in a work on the 
Harmonies ana Analogies of Nature. In this 
singular production, he attempts to solve what 
he calls tlie great cosmograpaical mystery of 
the admirable proportion of the planetary 
oibits ; and, by means of the six regular geo- 
metrical solid^,^ he endeavours to assign a 
reason why there are six planets, and why the 
dimensions of their oibits, and the time of 
their periodical revolutions, were such as Co- 
pernicus had found them. If a cube, for ex- 
ample, were inserted in a sphere, of which 
Saturn's orbit was one of the great circles, it 
would, he supposed, touch by its six planes the 
lesser sphere of Jnpiter^ and, in like manner, 
he proposes to detertninc, by the aid of the 
oUier geometrical solids, the magnitude of the 
spheres of the other planets. A copy of this 
work was presented by its author to Tycho 
Brahe, who had been too long versed in tho 



* The cube, the sphere, the telrahedron, the 
octofaedroD, the dodecahedron, and the icosa- 
hedroD, 



severe realities of observation to attach anj 
value to such wild theories. He advised his 
youne friend, " first to lay a solid foundation 
for his views by actual observation, and then» 
by ascending from these, to strive to reach the 
causes of things ;" and there is reason to think 
that, by the aid of the whole Baconian nhilo- 
aophy, thus compressed bv anticipation mto a 
siiigle sentence, ne abandoned for a while his 
visumary inquiries. 

In the year 1598^ Kepler suffered peraecu- 
tion for his religions principles, and was com- 
pelled to quit Gratz; but, though he was 
recalled by the States of Styria, he felt his 
sitnation insecure, and accepted of a pressing 
invitation finom Tycho to settle at Prague, and 
aisbt him in his calculations. Having arrived 
in Bohemia in 1600, he was introduced by his 
friends to the Emperor Rodolph, from whom 
he ever afterwards roceived the kindest atten- 
tion. On the death of Tycho in 1601, he was 
appointed mathematician to the emperor, a 
situation in which he was continued during 
die suooessive reigns of Matthias and Ferdi- 
nand ; but, what was of more importance to 
science, he was put in possession of the valua- 
ble collection oi Tycho's observations. These 
observations were remarkably numerous ; and, 
as the orbit of Mars was more oval than that 
of any of the other planets, tliey were peculiarly 
suitable for determining its real form. The 
notions of harmony and symmetry in the con- 
struction of the solar system, which had ^}ed 
the mind of Kepler, necessarily led him to be- 
lieve that the planets revolved with a uuifixnn 
motion in circular orbits. So firm, indeed, 
was this conviction, that he made numerous at- 
tempts to represent the observations of Tycho 
by this hypothesis. The deviations were too 
great to be ascribed to errors of observation ; 
and, in trying various otlier cur\'es, he was led 
to ihe discoveiy, that Mais revolved round the 
sun in an elliptical orbit, in one of the loci of 
which the sun itself was ]>laced. The same 
observations enabled him to determine the 
dimensions of the planet's orbit ; and, by com- 
paring together the times in which Mars ipsased 
over different portions of its orbit, he found 
that they yrere to one another as the areas de- 
scribed by tlie lines drawn from the centre of 
the planet to the centre of the sua, or, in mate 
technical terms, that the radius vector describes 
equal areas in equal times. These two remark- 
able discoveries, the first that were ever made 
in physical astronomy, were extended to all 
the other planets of Che system, and were com- 
municated to the world in 1609, in his ^Com- 
mentaries on the Motions of the Planet Mars, 
as deduced £rom the ObaervatiMis of Tycho 
Brahe." 

Although our author was conducted to tl&ese 
great laws by the patient examination of well- 
established facts, his imagination was ever 
hurrying him among the wilds of conjecture. 
Conviaced that the mean distances of the 
planets from the san boro to <me another some 
mysterious relatiim, he not only compared 
them with the regular geometrical solids, bat 
also with tlie intervals of musical tones : an 
idea which the ancient Pythagoreans had sug- 
gested, and which had been adopted by Archi- 
medes himself. All these comparisons were 
fruitless; and Kepler was about to abandon 
an enquiry of about seventecK years' dnistioii, 
when, on the 8th March, 161^, he conceived 
the idea of comparing the powers of the dif- 
ferent members which express tlie planetary 
distances, in place of the nuinbei-s themselves. 
He compared the squares and the cubes of the 
distances with the same powers of the periodic 
times ; nay, he tried even the squares of the 



THja TovRiaT. 



HP 



times with the cubes of the djatences ; but 
huny and ImpatieBce led hiai kito an error of 
calcmation, and he rejected this law as having 
no existence in nature! On the 15th May, 
his mind again rcFerted to the same notion, 
aadf i^on maVing the calculations anew, and 
firee fram error, he discovered the great law, 
that the squares of the periodic times of any 
two pknetB are to one another as the cubes of 
tileir diflCances 6om the sun. Enchanted with 
this unexpeded result^ he could scarcely trust 
hcis cahmlatioBs ; and, to use his own language, 
he at first believed that he was dreaming, and 
had taken for granted the very truth of which 
he was in searoh. This brilfiant discoveiy was 
nublxdied in 1619, in his " Harmony of the 
World," a work dedicated to James VI. of 
Scotland. Tbvs wem miMtabed' what have 
been called the three laws of Kepler<— tihie mo- 
tion of the planets in elliptical orbits — the pro- 
portionality between the areas described and 
their times of description — and the relations 
between the squares of die periodic times and 
the cubes of the distanees. 

The relation of the movements of the pla- 
nets to the SUB, as the general centre of all 
their orbits, could not iiiil to suggest to K«pler 
that some power readed in that lunkinary by 
which these various motions were produced ; 
and he went so far as to conjecture, that this 
power diminishes as the square of the distance 
of the body on which it was exerted ; but he im- 
mediately rejects this law, and prefers that of 
the siinple distances. In his work on Mars, 
he speaks of gmvity as a mutual and corporeal 
affection between similar bodies. He main- 
tained that the tides were occasioned by the 
moon's attraction, and that the irregularities of 
the lunar motions, as detected by xycho, were 
owing to the joint actions of the sun and the 
eartii; but the relation between gmvity, as 
exhibited on the earth's service, and as con- 
ducting the phnets in their oriiits, muired 
BKMe patience of thought than he could com- 
mand, and was according^ left for the exer- 
cise of higher powers. 

The misery in which Kepler lived Imis a 
painful contrast with the services which he 
Mffiomed to science. The pension on which 
fte subsisted was always in arrears; and, 
thaugh the three empenws, whose reigns he 
adorned, directed theur ministers to be more 
punctual in its payment, the disobedience of 
their commands was a source of continued 
vexation to Kepler. When he retired to Sagan, 
in Silesia, to mend in retiiementthe remainder 
«f hoB days, his pecuniary difficulties became 
atiai more harassuig. Necessity at last com- 
pelled him to apply personally tot the arrears 
which were due ; ana he accordingly set ou t, 
in 1630, for Ratisbon ; bot^ in consequence of 
the great &tigue which so long a journey on 
kooebaek produced, he was seised with a 
fiev«r, which carried him off on the 30th No- 
vember, 1630, in the fifty-ninth year of his 
agn^.ffmwfer'f Life of Sir Iumc NewUm. 



MELANCHOLY. 

<70 — ^you may call it madness, folly ; 

Yo« shall M« chase my gloom away. 
There's soch a charm in melancholy, 

I would not, if I could be gay. 

Oh f if yoQ knew Ae pensive pleasure 
That fiH. my hoMB ii4Mi iVi^, 

You wsuld net rob me ef a tieasuie 
Monarehs are too poor to buy i 



to th£ sdxtor of the toubist. 

Dear Sir, 

You will oblige myself, and a numerous 
etrde of friends, as well as promote one prin- 
eipel object of your publication, by inserting 
the following account of the trial of James 
Gilchrist, £s(^^ for refusing to furnish the 
slaves under his chare;e with the legal allow- 
ance of food and clotning. The record of this 
trial is instructive. It diiisdoses a fact which 
colonial writers boldly deny, and proves the 
utter h<^)ele68Bess of efieotual protection to the 
slaves liEQm the island authorities. T%e aooount 
b extracted from The AnHgva Weekly Baaitter 
of Geteber 9, 1832. 

Yours truly, 

December 28, 1832. Thomas Price. 

" James Gilchrist, Esq. was indicted, for refu- 
sing and neglecting to supply the slaves of Rich- 
mond Estate* beloBgiiig to Will. Maxwell, Esq., 
of which he is Attorney, with a suffieient'oaaDtity 
of clothing and animal food, {taU fiA, ofc), as 
provided iy the 1st and 7th clanaes of the Melio- 
ration Act. 

" Besides, Mr. Scotland, the Magistrate, to 
whom the complaint of the slaves of Ridimond 
was referred^ the Goveruir, and whose testimony 
was very- short, and merely introductoiy* the only 
evidence, bearing upon tlie merits of the case was 

g'ven by Mr. C. Sutherland, manager of the estate 
r four years up to the 14th of last May, and Mr. 
W. £. Ledeatt, who saceeeded him on the 22nd of 
the same month. 

" The testimonies of these gentlemen, supported 
by the plantation journals, furnished proofe, which 
conld not be refuted or resisted, that toe complaints 
of the slaves were too well founded. Indeed, Mr. 
Gilchrist's counsel very prooerly admitted the de- 
ficieaey of provisions ana clothing to the full ex* 
tentchargeo. 

«* It appeared that from the 29th of April, 1831, 
when the defendant succeeded to the Acting At- 
torneyship, on the deeease of hie elder brother, 
Mr. William Gilchrist, no clothing of any kind 
had been distributed to the negroes, up to the 
middle of last month, September. — Mr. Sutherland 
said, that about three weeks previous to the death 
of the above genUeman, osoaburgs were given out 
to tiie people, in the proportion cl six yards to the 
great gang, and five to the weeding gang: but 
that was the ariear, due en the preceding Christ- 
mas. 

'• With respect to salt provisions, they had been 
withheld for forty weeks, out of seventy-three, that 
is, in the period between the 29th of April 1831, 
and the middle of September last. The admitted 
number of negroes is 310i. 

" The defence resorted to by the Hon. Solicitor 
General, was, in the first plaee, to deny Mr. James 
Gildirist's directorship of the property. That, how- 
ever, was completriy establisbed. He &en pleaded 
thft inpossibUity of nrocttrini the necessary arti- 
cles, sometimes by a milure or diem in the market. 
It was proved, however, that when they could be 
purchased, no former deficiencies, or arrears, were 
ever paid up. But he relied principally upon the 
want of means, and bad credit of the property, 
which rendered it absolutely impossible for Ins 
client to obtain the supplies required by the Act. 
In proof of Mr. Gilchnst's disposition to provide 
deouag, he was about to read a letter from that 
gentleman to another in England concerned in the 
estate, when the Hon. Attorney General rose and 
ebjectsdft until he should be explicitly informed 
whether any jNnoduce had been shipped, instead of 
being appropriated to the support and supplies of 
the negroes! Thb intemgatioa created some 
eenfiMion and heritation ; but at fast it was replied, 
that the sugar had been applied to the payment of 
incumbrances. 

'^Aeenveisation of seme length Uien took place, 
in wMch several of the court engaged, particularly 
Messrs, lOtto Baijer, and Ledoatt, at the dose of 
which, the latter gentleman was un d e i i le o d to ex* 



press some disapprobation of the Attomey Gene* 
ral's mode of pmoeediag. 

<' * Sir,' replied Mr. Lee, ' I am His Majestj^s 
Attorney General, and will conduct the cause io 
such manner as pleases myself. I will luier no 
n«tt to infterfem ui my duties, and beg I may not 
be interrupted.' 

'' The Hen. President afterwards, reforring to 
the ipiestien whieh had been put by the Attemey 
General, ashed, whether them was. any ptoef that 
the cBops had been appropriated to Che payment of 
provisions previously bought* and to* the purchase 
of further supplies as they were wanted. Answerf 
The? have OMn used for ^e purposes of oarrying 
on the estate. 

" The Hon. President then expressed hi& sw- 
prise, that the Town Agent had not been brought 
forward to prove the applicatien of the produce. 

*' The Jury retired aoout 5 o'clock in theeiren- 
iag, and on the re-asaemUiag of the Court at 12 
o'clock to-day (Thursday), returned Aeir verdict. 
Guilty, 

" Upon the verdict bemg mad by the Clerk of 
the Crown,— 

' ' The Solicitor Genend moved an asrest of j udg* 
ment. He went over the same ground which he 
had previously traversed before the Jury, namely 
the impe«sibility of Mr. Gilchrist's comptTing with 
the requisitions of the law, from the miallneas ef 
the crops, and the heavy ineumbranees, with which 
the estate was burdened ; and repeated all his 
former arguments. 

*'The Atteraey General protested against the 
motion, and infermed the Court, that Judgment 
could only be arrested for error apparent on the 
face of the indictment ; and the J«y having pie- 
nouaced a verdict of OuiUy, the Court fand no 
discretion, but must pamjudgmentm 

" Mr. Otto Bauer, and others remarked, that 
as there was no legal ^ntlesaan on the bench, and 
the Attorney and Solicitor General were nppeioif 
to each otlier, the Court was involved in great 
difficulty. 

" Mr. Scotland, the only professional gentlemaii 
present, besides His BSajesty'a Officials, rose, and 
offered to submit his opinion to the Court, if it met 
with their approbathm. None of the Justiees, 
however, expressed any wish to that eifoct 

" The opinions of the Members wen then taken 

• • • 



For the motion of the Solicitor General, 
Hon. S. O. Bauxu, Hon. T. F. Nxbds, 

J. Black, Esq. — — B. £• jAUva. 
Against the motion, 
Hon. R. W. Nantok, 

M. H* Damibll, IVeitdsnt." 

" This oxtiaordiBsry Judgment of the Court, 
nullifying the solemn verdict of a Jury, has excited 
very general astonishment, and no small forment 
among the inhabitants." 

The xemarim oi tiie Editor on this extraoff- 
dinary proceeding aie entitled to gmve con* 
stdeniStton. We shall extrnct a portion of 
theno. 

" The case of the Kino v. Jaues GiuaniST, 
which will be found in our first page, is undoubt- 
edly one of the most extraordinary nets of mal- 
treaUnent of Slaves— of deliberate infraction e£ 
the law — and of fool-hmdy perseverance in wrong 
deing that has ever occurred within oar reeolieetiom 
ia this island. Here is a ease, then, which nnst 
bring the judicial authorities, and of course the 
Plattbers, (both good and bad, for unfortunately 
they cannot be separated,) before the tribunal ii 
public opinion in England ; and it would be diffi* 
cult to guess where the subject will ead, or to 
what extont the cause of easancipatien will be 
promoted by a question which carries its owB 
proofs upon the very face of it* 

" The defendant in this case is an elderly gen- 
tleman of the old school of eolonlal policy, and it 
is perhaps less fortunate for the luputadon of tha 
colony than firom any ether esnsideration, that ho 
has been always movu^in the highest eteeles, dMt 
he is a Magistrate, and what is more, that he hat, 
for many years, been one of our Grand Juioni« 



t«D 



^THE TOURIST. 



" Of tiie Judges i»ho aoquilted the defendant 
three weie planters, his acqoaintance, end inte- 
rested in rescuing him ; and the fourth was their 
eiony. On the motion being made for an anest of 
judgment, it was emphatically demanded of the 
Attorney General by the Honourable Samuel 
Otto Baijer, whether the law gave the Court the 
power to entertain the motion 1 The answer was, 
" No;" and the learned gentlemen then added, 
that the only alternative lor the defendant to adopt 
would be, after the pronouncing of judgment, to 
appeal to the seat of mercy for a remission of the 
penalty. 

*' Of the Petit Jaiors, who tried the case, ele- 
ven were while persons, and some of them planters, 
who might be supposed to have an exti a feeling 
for the defendant, and yet they convicted him 
after a patient and mature consideration of the 
feets ana the law. 

" Here is a capital handle for Mr. Buxton and 
the abolitionists. What stronger proofs do they 
require for urging the extinction of slavery than 
the facts now produced, — namely, a planter omit- 
ting, for a considerable time, to give his slaves 
the allowance prescribed by the local laws, and the 
very> expounders of those laws — the Judges of the 
Courts in the colony — agreeing to divest the slaves 
of their just rights, by setting aside the verdict of 
a Jury, nnllimng a statute law, for the protection 
of the rights of those slavesy and suffering a public 
delinquent to escape with impunity. Will it now 
be contended that the slaves ought not to have a 
protector employed by his Majesty's Government, 
and uninfluenced by colonial prejudice 1 or will it 
be said that the appointment of English Judges is 
not vitally necessary to protect the strong against 
the weak, and to mete out a fair measure of jus- 
tice to every man 1 And while we are upon the 
subject of the administration of justice, let us look 
back to the case of John Grant, the Attorney and 
Manager of RusseH's estate. On the 14ih of 
March last, that gentleman appeared before Jus- 
tices Black, Barnard, and Briggs, upon a charge 
of depriving the slaves of Uieir allowance ' for 
ON£ week, and the complaint being fully proved, 
he was compelled to pay the peDalty of 10s. per 
head for every omission, amounting to £77 10s. 
aereeably to the very act under which Mr. Gil- 
christ was tried and convicted. In the recent trial 
the charge was also fully proved, and the defend- 
ant sinuM not for one week, but for many months, 
and yet he escaped. It will be observed that 
Justice Black, who convicted John Grant, is the 
same Justice Black, who released James Gil- 
christ. Is it not then a scandal upon the country 
that justice should be administered in such a 
manner ? And who, after this, may not stint their 
slaves of their allowance with impunity ? Is the 
precedent not established by judees of the land, 
that they shall go freel Truly, wis is an alarm- 
ing state of things, and the sooner we have the 
alteration in our judicial system the better, for 
many very weighty reasons. 

" Much has been said and written about the 
' sleek, fat, well-fed slaves' of these colonies, as a 
set-off to what has been freqj^uently reported to the 

contrary on the opposite side of the question 

But what will Master M'Queen and his tribe say 
to this case? Will he carry it to England, and 
lay it before the Committee of the House of Com- 
mons, in his examination as the Delegate of the 
Island of St Kitt's?— 4in appointment recently 
agitated in their House of Assembly. Or win he 
make it the subject of an epistle to his dear friend 
the Duke of Wellington ? Ah, Jamie, Jamie ! 
the Anti-Colonists have caught you for once, at 
least, without your breeches, and though you run 
no risk of a castigation such as Mannix gave to 
Charles, y^et ^^ may expect an unmerciuil and 
deserved birchm^ from the Aldermanbury folks. 

" One thing has been voluntarily admitted by 
the Counsel for the defendant, which is, that the 
plantation of Mr. Maxwell is without credit, and 
has not the ability to maintain its population. 
This being the case, it will afford another admir- 
able handu to the Ajiti->Slavery party to posh the 
subject of emancipation, on the ground that, where 



an owner cannot feed the slave neither ought he to 
demand his services. 

" We must do the Attorney General the justice to 
say, that he used the best exertions in support of 
the prosecution, notwithstanding his being an old 
acquaintance of the defendant ; and when, after 
the motion for the arrest of judgment was granted, 
the learned gentleman took up his hat, and was 
retiring with evident dissatisfaction, he was stop- 
ped by the court to know whether they should 
discharge the prisoner, he replied hastily that they 
had already pronounced an acquittal, and that he 
(the learned gentleman) had nothing more to do 
with the matter. The whole concern ended in a 
mockery of the King*s justice and authority, and 
it would have been quite as well if the piece had 
been acted in our theatre, by Mr. Southwell's ex- 
cellent company of performers." 



APHORISMS. 

God never wrought miracles to convince athe* 
ism, because his ordinary works convince it.— 
Lord Bacon. 

The misfortunes which arise from the concur- 
rence of unhappy incidents should never be suf- 
fered to disturl) us before they happen ; because, 
if the breast be once laid open to the dread of the 
mere possibilities of misery, life must be given a 
prey to dismal solicitude, and quiet must be lost 
for ever. — ^Dii. Johnson. 

If the existence of war always implies injustice, 
in one at lea^t of the parties concerned, it is also 
the fruitful parent of crimes. It reverses, with 
respect to iU objects, all the rules of morality. It 
is nothing less than a temporary repeal of the 
principles of virtue. It is a system out of which 
almost all the virtues are excluded, and in which 
nearly all the vices are incorporated. — Robert 
Hall. 

Happiness and comfort stream immediately 
from God himself, as light issues from the sun, 
and sometimes looks and darts itself into the 
meanest corners, while it forbears to visit tiie 
largest and the noblest rooms. — Dr. South. 



NOTICES TO CORRESPONDENTS. 

Commtmication* have been received from Mr. 
Philippsy A Subscriber, and R. S. 

We give James Rea muck credit for hit verses, 
but we think them hardly suited to our publication » 

On what authority does the anecdote of our <' Con-' 
stant Reader" rest ? 

In ansioer to the communication tf £. the Editor 
begs to say, that though he felt it due to N. to insert 
his animadversiony and to himself to offer a few rC' 
marks in reply to it ; yet being resolved, as far as 
possible, to close the columns rf the Tourist against 
such controversy, he confined himself strictly to the 
remarks of his Correspondent, without entering upon 
the general question* He hopes this will be deemed 
sufficient to justify him in declining to insert E,*s 
letter, which is quite of a general character, and 
would necessarily elicit another reply. 

We received the verses cdkided toby J,S, B,, but 
we thitUt they are not quite suited to the Towrist, 



PATENT BRANDY Declaration.-*!. 
- . . WENRY BRETT, of 100, Drory Lane, Wiae and 
Spirit Merchant, do solemnly affirm and declare, that I do 
not, and will not, in auv case, practise deleterioas adulte- 
ration; that I invariably vend the senuine PATENT 
FRENCH DISTILLED^ BIUNDY,*so highly 4^. 
mended by the facnlty, and pronounced the " only known 

S lire spirit in tiic world," precisely as I receive it from the 
istiUery ; that my consmnption of that article, in the or- 
dinary coarse of trade, durmg the last fo«r montha, consi- 
derably exceeded 8,000 gallons ; that coanterfcits abound in 
•very direction ; bot that in fact no other establishment in 
Dnirv-lauc has ever been anppliod by the patentee. 

Price, as at the distillery, 18a. per imperial gallon, re- 
tailed at «s. 3d. per pint, and In scaled bottles, 3s. ad. each. 
Sample hampers of half a docen of wine, 17*. ; of half a 
dozen of spirits, ITs. ed., package iuclnded. Conditions: 
Gash on delivery of goods la London or the aobnrbs. E\ 
changed if didapprovcd of ; forfeite<l if iufertor to sample. 
Coantnr postage pay able by purchasers. 

HENRY BRETT, 109, Drnrylane. N.B. 109. 
Nov. 30»183t« 



Pnblbhed at the Office of the Tourist, V, f vy-lane. Pater 
nosier Bow ; seM alio bjr 8herw«od» Gilbert, a wj[ PipCTi. 
and all other BoOkaenert. *^^ 

SLAVERY. 

la a few days will be pnbilsfaed, in one Bvo. volnsr, 
closely pHnted, price 8a., The Report fron the Select C<» 
mittee of the Honae of Commons, on the EztiBctioA mi 
Slavery thronghont the British 1>ominlona: with aCoolow 
Index. Witnesses examined : W.Taylor, fesi., ReOok» 

tJ^An^^' J^^J?Vi^*^' ^^' lliomM IJooper, Itrr. 
John Thorp, Rev. W. Knibb, Hon. O. FlemiBK. CaDt^ 
C. H. Wnliams, W. Alers Hikey, BJi.™.T^. ogST 



Rev. J. Shipman, I^v. R^Ymmg, Rev. J. T. Bwntt^Z 
Burge, Esq., H.P., J. B. WiUman, Esq., and others. 
Also, Poll Report of the Dlacnssioo in the Assemble 

Rev. W. Knibb, and Mr. Borthwlck, in wUch the accs> 
sations of the letter gentleman against the BapCbt Miwioa* 
aries in Jamaica are fulfy refuted. Price «d. 



Near a clear stieain, that tlow'd within a wood. 
With ivy deck'd, an ample oottage stood. 
From storms protected by the clustering trees. 
That with their leafy shciler check'd the brew 
And fann'd the cnrUnc smoke: here was a spot. 
Where nature's bonntTea had adorn'd the cou 
virttte cxtranaed firom grief and strife 
The happier shares of Uie sweeU of Ufef 
The tme-going clock bad diimed the hoar of ten 
On Christmas txe; Ellen rose then. 

To wekome home the friends she lovM most dear 

Brothers and sisters, who always prov'd aiaceie : 

B^urn d from school, they all embrac'd each otb«r» 

Affection's cUsp held sister, father, mother; 

Who, for Ibis happinesa quite elate, 

Bless'd the Great Being— -God of sUte ! 

Rich their little gift prepared, to prove 

Who moat deserv'd an eUer sister's love. 

Fair EUen smil'd; she viewed the Uttle store, 

M hose greatest treasure wta^Rowiand's Kalador f 

Which, to preserve the skin from harm. 

In England is the only balm. 

One trial given— Beauty shaU succeed. 

And Rowland prove himself a friend in need ' 

M. ST. 



For FENDERS, FIRE-IRONS, KNIVES,&c. 
P'AMILIES FURNISHING may efi«ct att 
X immense SAVING, by making their purcliaws, IU 
ready money, at ■ i *» 

"^?r^?£^;^n^fi^^^^I^*'^SHED CHEAP FtTR. 

NISHING IRONMONGERY WAREHOtSE, 

63, Castle street East, Oxfoni Market, 

(At the corner of Caatle-atreet and Wells-street,) 

where every article sold is warranted good, and excbaoectf 

if not approved of. ^ 

Tea tm, 30s.; Plated Candlesticks, with Silver ^fooni- 
ings, JSs. per pair; Ivory-handled oval-rimmed TmhUr 
Knives and Forks, 40». the set of 50 pieces ; Fashlmablfr 
Iron Fenders—Black, Ws. Bronzed, ils. ; Brass Feuden. 
10s. ; Green Fenders, with brass tops, 3s. ; Fire Irons, tr 
per set; Polished Steel Fire Irons, 4s. 6d. per set; Bsaa^ 
Fire Furniture, 5s. dd. per set; Block-tin Dish Cover* 
8s. Od. per set; Copper Tea Kettles, to hold one gallouT 
7s.; Bottle Jacks, 8s. Od. ; Copper Wanning Pans. 6^ - 
Brass Candlesticks, la. 4d. per pair; BriUnnia-metAl te^ 
Pots, Is. 4<1. each; Japiinned Tea Trays, Is.; Walters 

. I ?"**** Tmys, 8d. ; Japanned Chamber Cindlcffick*! 
with Snuffers and Extinguisher, 6d.; SnuJiers and Tnre 
ed. ; Blnck-bandled Steel Table Knives and Fui ks, Sa. Od 
the half-dozen; Copper Coal-ecoops, 10s.; a newly iul 
vented Utensil for cooking Potatoes, superior to tboac- 
boiled, steamed, or roasted, price 5s., 0»., and7».; Goppe* 
Iron, and Tin Saucepans and Stewpans, together wkJi 
every article in the above Une, cheaper than anv othea- 
Houso in London. 

For Ready Money only. 



CAUTION TO THE PUCLIC. 

MOBiSON'S UNIVERSAL MEDICINES 
w J. •»«ving snpcr8ede<l the use of almost all the Patent 
Medicines, which the wholesale venders have folated maom 
the credulity- of the searchers after iiealth, for so nunj 
years, the town dmggists and ciiemists, not able to estabfisL 
a niir fame on the invention of any pbinaible meena off 
competition, luve plunged into the mean expedient of puff- 
ing up a " Dr. Morrison" (observe the subterfuge of the 
« v**l!.*2/ ».*»?*nK who never existed, as prescribing a 
"Vegetable tniversal Pill, No. 1 and »," for the expm» 
purpose (by means of this forged imposition upon the ptib- 
lie), of deteriorating the estimation of the " UNI VBR&AL 
MEDICINES" of tlie " BRITISH COLLEGE OF 
H B ALTii . " 

Know ALL MsM, then, that this attempted delusion 
must fall under the fact, that (however specious the pre- 
tence), none can be heM genuine bv the College but Iheae 
which have '* Morison's rniversar Medicines^ impresaed 
upon the Government Stamp attached to each box aatf 

{>acket, to counterfeit which is fdony by the laws of the 
and. 



Printed by J, Haddon and Co. ; and Pabfisbed 
by J. Crisp, at No. 27, Ivy Laae, Paternoster 
Row, where all Advertttements and Commuiii- 
cations for the Editor are to be addreaoed. 



THE TOURIST; 

OB, 



' Utile dulci." — Horace. 



Vol. I.— No. 20. 



MONDAY. JANUARY 14, 1833. 



Price Ohr Pbmmt. 



THE HONEY-BIRD AND THE WOODPECKER. 



Br Tuou» Fbim 



1 bird 



'bird, or bee.cack(Hi (Cucutii$ Indi- 
lomciiliat \acger Ihm the common 
ipsrrow, is we!! known in Africa for its eitraor- 
diDuy fKuIty of discoTeriog the faivei or neils of 
the wild b«ei, which in tint co«ntry are conitnicled 
eillier in hollow Ireei, in creyices of tha rocli, or 
in holes in the ground. This bird is eitivmelj 
food oF honey, and of the beo's eggs, ot Istvk ; 
btit M il cuinot, without isiislance, oblun aecesi 
t» the be«-liiTes, nalura has supplied it with the 
uDgBlar isstinci of calling to its aid ceilaiu other 



•nimals, tod especial); mui himself, lo enable 
il to attain in object. Thii is a fact long ago 
eslabliihed on the auUioiilv of Spatrman, VailUnt, 
and other icientiBc Iravellers in Soutliern Africa ; 
and, in Father Lobo'i Travels in Abyiiinia, a 
similar accauQt ii given of llie Morac, ■ bird fouad 
in that country, of precise!; the same habili, and 
apparently of the asm* family with the ChcuIvi 
Iiulicolorol the Cape of Good Hope. 

With the habits of this curioas biid I wa> 
mjself scqcainled during my lesklence in the 
interior of the Cape uolooj, and have oftCD pai- 
takta of wild honej procured by its aid. It 
usnally siu on • tree by the way &ide, and, when 



any pasienger approaches, greets him with il* 
peculiarcryof CA*rT-a-cft<n-.' cAflT-a-cAnT/ Ifba 
shows any diipoulien la attend to its call, it flies 
on before him, in short flighti. from tree to tree, 
till it leads him to the spot where it knows « bee- 
hive to be concealed. Il iheo aits still and silent 
tilt he hai eitracttd the honeycomb, of which il 
expects a portion as its share of the spoil; and thii 
share the natives who profit by lis giiidlnc« 
never fail to leave iL 

Sparnnan states that the ralel, or honey-badger 
fguh wtllkorui), avails itself of the help of this 
bird lo discover ijie retreat of those bees that build 
their Dcsts ia the ground, and shares with il I'-re 



162 

plunder of them, tfce Botienirts aasert^ also, I 
that to obtftin acolN to tbt hites » Mlowlrees, 
the honeybiid often calls H ita uA tiie woodpecker 
..a bird which fit^s in the krvs, or yeong l>ees, 
a treat as endcin; to Its taste as the honey is to 
that of its ingenious associate. Though I cannot 
vouch, on my own knowledge, for the truth of the 
latter statement, it yet seems c^uite in eMfenuU 
with the general habits of this singular tird, 4«^ 
at all events, may be admitted as sufficient poetical 
authority for a foundation to the following little 
fable ^T. P.] 

The Honey-bird sat on the yellow -wood tree, 
And aye he was singing — " Cherr-cherr-a, cti- 
* eoo4a /" 

A-watebiAg d^e hive of the bHthe Honey-bee— 
" CAerr-tt-cA«T, cA«T-a-cfc«rr, cherr-a cu-eoo- 
lar 



THE TOURIST. 

• TluMoraL *" ' , 

Kow think; little dear^^ as yo« tit at jmir ttoa, 

" Sugav'^ ti0M^a-/i^/ iugmF^-hoolm V* 
If ihou art a Honey-bird, who is the Bee ? — 
Alas ! the poor Negro— who suffers for thee 
In the slave-cultured Islandi far over the sea^ 
Crying, " Charaib uloolulal Afrie vloola/** 



The bee-hive was built in the hollow-tree bole, 
" ChtrT-a-cherr, eherr-a-cherr, eherr-a eu-eoo- 

Without any entrance Iwt ona little bole, 

Cherr-a-ckerr, diftrr-^i-^mr, chgnM» eu^eoO' 
lar 



<< 



The Bees they flew in, and the Bees they flew out, 
" Bown^-boOtfiom-u-hoo, boom-a-kuzz-toola /*' 

And they seemea to bnzi round with a jeer and a 
flout— 
" Boom^'b0Oyfoom'a'-ho0, frotfrn-iMi-a-Aoo-ia /*' 

But the Hone}f-bird swoie by the AasvogeVs* bill, 
** Ch4rr-a-€herr, J«sv«gc/, yofrfr-a-^ofr^-ta/** 

Of thetr honey-comb he would soon gobble his 
fill, 
*• Ckerr'U-cherrfdiMrr^-eherrtgobhU-a^ooUr' 

So he flew to the Woodpecker—'* Cousin," quoth 

he, 
" Oierr'O^ckerrf chMrr-a'^htrr, eA«rr-a c«t-C(»- 

ia! 
Come, help me to harry the sly Honey-bee, 

CkBir^'cktrr, Wood-peeh-tr, ehen^-a chop- 

hooUr 



it 



Says the Woodpecker, gravely, " To rob is a crime, 

jftc-A-lM, tic-o-tee, cA«p-al-a-Aoola — 
Besides, I hate honey, and cannot spare time, 

Quodi the Honey-bird, '< Cousin, reflect, if you 
pleaM^ 

Cmctimi-cAmt, dttrr-tt'eherr^ eherr^a eu-coo'ta ! 
The honey-comb's half-full of juicy yovng bees, 

Ok#rr-«*db«yr, cft«n^«-eAerr,^«66lg-a-|^Miar* 

« Ha! ha!" cries the Woodpecker, '< that's a strong 
plea, 

I now see the justice of robbing the Bee — 
Tie-a^tae, tic-a-tac^ ntap^t'O'tnoola ! 

'* They're a pdypode rac^ and have poisonous 
stings — 

Tic-a-tae, tu>a''tac, ^p-at-a-heotai 
And then they're but inuctt, and insects are thingt — 

2*ic-a-tee, tie-a-^ac, map-at-a-snoola f" 

So the bee-hive was harried ; and, after their toil, 
" Cherr'a'cherr,** ** tie-a-^ac,'* '^ cltap-at-a-hoo' 

tar* 

The jolly birds jeered, while parting the spoil — 
" Chtrr-a^herr," " tie-a-Utc,** ** gobMe-a- 
goolaf" 



*' Poor Pieeons may prate about Natural RighU," 
Quoth the Honey-bird — *' Coorr'W-moo, coorr'a- 
mur''ro(h-ra !** 

" But the merry Owl mocks such Poetical Flights," 
Quoth the Woodpecker — ** Hu^hwhoo! tu-whit ! 



* Aas9^ 

terus, tlM 



M»/» the Sooth AMcMu nunc of the Ptrcnop- 
t sacred Talmre of tbt Ssyptlani. 



THE WRONGS OF AMAKOSA. 



BY THOMAS PRINGLE, ESQ. 



IJtIn gnba inkala liambeta tio«, 
UlwkiU bom' uadali peeala, 
Umdahi wadala Male heal*, 
Yebiniuk inqainqoia sixellela : 
UHLANGA umkuTa goxizollna, 
Yebittza inqninquis noeiUmeia. 

Poem by SieanM, a C^tr CkUf, 



In the wars between the European colonists 
and the native tribes of South Africa, many 
mutual injuries^ as in most similar caies, haye 
been inflicted ; but, if tlie bafamce weie fairly 
adjusted, an enormous preponderance of wnmg 
must, I fear, be placed to the account <^ the 
less excusable party — the enlightened and the 
powerful. In support of this opinion, I shall 
state a few facts from the recent hisUny of the 
Gaffer frontier, whkh I had opportunities of 
investigating upon the spot, during a residence 
of several years in the colony, and which, 
though not altogether novel, are not, perhaps, 
80 well known as they ought to ^. 

In the year 1818 an internal war broke out 
among the Gaffer or Amakosa tribes, who in- 
habit the beautiful countrv on the eastern 
frontier of the Cape colony; and, one of the 
parties being worsted, their chief, Gaika, ap- 

Elied to the colonial authorities for aid against 
is opponents. The Cape government of the 
day thought fit to interfere, and immediatdv 
became the principal in a quarrel with which 
it had properly no concern. A strong military 
force was sent over the Great Fish Biver (then 
the colonial boundary), which ravaged the ter- 
ritories of the confederate chiefs opposed to 
Gaika, Llhambi, Jaluhsa, Habanna, Co^, 
Enno, and tbexr followers, and carried off into 
the colony twenty-three thousand head of cat- 
tle, comprising nearly half the live stock of 
the dans attacked, and their chief means of 
sttbdsteoee ; their gardens and fields of millet 
being also, to a great extent, destroyed in the 
expedition. The exasperated tribes^ incited at 
once by fondne and revenge, and encouraged 
by the favoniable predictions of their prophet- 
coonsdlor, Makanna, turned their whoe force 
against the colony ; and, afler cuttiag off se- 
veral inferior posts^ attadoed the Britu^ head- 
qoarteD at Graham's Town, with an army of 
neariy ten thousand men. A very intelKgeot 
officer, the late Captain Harding^ who was 
present, assured me that the Gaffers would in- 
fallibly have succeeded in capturing the place, 
and Colonel Willshire, the commandant, with 
it, had they not, according to their chivalrous 
custom, sent notice before day-break that they 
were coming '* to breakfast with the British 
chiefs" Thus prepared, the colonial troops, 
after a brief but perilous conflict, repulsed tne 
Gaffer army with great slaughter ; the latter 
being armed only with their national weapon, 
the oMagaiy or African javelin. A second, and 
still more destructive inva»on by the British 
troops succeeded. The kraals or villages of 
the confederate clans were burnt; their prin^ 
cipal chiefs were declared outlawtj and high 
rewards offered for their apprehension, dead or 
alive ; their cultured plots of maise and millet 



wive T«i^^4r eoMDi'fr'te %age ; and the 
wietiBhai ana famiiied inShabilants were, in 
many ftistanOM, niorcilessly destroyed, heinc^ 
beMavded in-l^ llwckets la which they had 
fled with grape-shot and Gongreve rockets. 

An officer (Captain Stockenstrom), who had 
the unh^ppiness to be employed by the Gape 
gevetmneat in this deplorable warfare, fur- 
nished' me with some notes which he had pre- 
served of a speech, delivered in his presence to 
the British conmiandant, in a noble and manly 
strain of eloquence, by a Gaffer envoy— one of 
the followers of the dnief Makanna, who had, 
in the extremity of his country's distress, volun- 
tarily surrendered himself as a hostage. The 
following is a brief specimen : — 

" This war, British Chiefs, is an unjust war; 
for you are striving to extirpate a people whom 
you forced to take up arms. When our fathers 
and the white men first met in the Zuurveld 
(Albany), they dwelt together in peace. Their 
flocks grazed on the same lull ; their husband- 
men smoked together out of the same pipes ; 
they were as brethren ; until the colonists (the 
Dutch Boors) became too ooretous, and, when . 
thev could not obtain all our cattle for beads 
and old buttons, began to take them by force. 
Our fathers were men: they loved their cattle; 
their wives and childfen lived upon milk. 
They fought for their pn^^ty ; then there was 
war. Our fitthers drove the Boors out of the 
Zuurveld, and dwelt there, for they had justly 
conquered it There we w^ere circumcised; 
there we married wives ; and there our chil- 
dren were bom. The Boons hated us, but 
could not drive us away. But you (the British) 
came into the land ; and you took into your 
friendship our enemies. You called the trea- 
cherous Gaika your brother ; and you wished 
to poflsess the Zuurveld. You came at last 
like locusts. We stood : we could do no more. 
Yon said to us, * Go over the Fish -River; that 
is all we want' We yielded, and came hither 
to the land of ourfiithers. 

** We lived in peace with you. Some bad 
people stole, perhaps; but the nation was quiet. 
Gaiaa, your friend, stole — ^his chiefs stole — ^his 
peopk stole. You sent him copper; you sent 
nim beads ; you sent him hors^— on which he 
rode to steal more. To tu you sent only com- 
mandoes (plundering expeditions). 

** We quarrelled with Gaika about grass — 
no business of yours. You sent a commando ; 
you took our last cow ; you only left a few 
calves — which died for want, along with our 
chUdren. You gave half the spoil to Gaika ; 
half you kept yourselves. Without milk, — 
our com destroyed, — we saw our wives and 
childien perish — we saw that we must our- 
selves pensh ; we followed, theiefwe, on the 
track of our catlle into the colony. We plun- 
dered^ and we fought for bur lives. We found 
you weak; we destroyed your soldiers. We 
saw that we were strong; we attacked your 
head-quarters : and, if we had succeeded, our 
right was good, for you began the war. We 
failed, and vou are here. 

" We wish for peace ; we wish to rest in our 
huts ; we wish to get milk for our children ; 
we wish to hunt for game, and to let our wives 
till the land. But your troops cover the plains, 
and swarm in the thickets, where they cannot 
distinguish the man from the woman, and 
shoot all. 

t* *' You order us to submit to Gaika. That 
man's face is fair to you, but lus heart ia Mack. 
Leave him to haniself. MaJte peace widi us. 
Let him fight for himaelf^^^and we diaU not 
call on you for help. Set Makanna at liberty; 
and Llhambi, Congo, and the rest will come 
to make peace with you, and keep it fiudi- 



THE TOURIST, 



163 



XuUy« But, if you will still have war, you 

may indeed kill the last man of us but 

6i^:a shall never rule over the followers of 
those who diink him a woman." 

This manly appeal was in vain. The expe- 
dition continued to ravage the conntiy ; untU, 
having unayailingiy employed eveiy stratagem 
to get possession of the otWr chiefs whom the 
Cape Gazette had proclaimed ^* outlaws,*' the 
British commander at length retired into the 
colony, with an additional spoil of twenty or 
thirty thousand cattle, — which were partly 
iliriaed among the colonists who had sufferecl 
in the war, Mid partly sold, and the proceeds 
aiy ro wi a ted to tlie erection of a Christian 
church at Uitenhage ! 

Meanwhile, wliat became of Makanna? — 
Makanna, of all the Amakosa chiefs the most 
obnoxious to the colonial authorities, and who, 
with a heroic self-devotion, had surrendered 
himself as a hostage, in the hope, as he avowed 
to Captain Stockeastarom, in whose hands he 
lubd placed himself, of thmhy obtaining peace 
and mercy for his country. His fate was 
briefly as follows :-^By (Krder of the Colonial 
Government, he was forwarded by sea from 
Algoa Bay to Cape Town ; there confined as a 
prisoner in the common jail ; and finally, with 
cithers of his countrymen, guilty of no other 
4iffBBce than fighting for their native land 
•gainst its Ckmtiim and cmlized invadcis, he 
was condemned to be iinprismied for life on 
Kobbeu Island — the Botany Bay of the Cape — 
a spot appropriated for the custody of convicted 
felons, rebellious slaves, and other malefactors, 
doomed to work in irons in the slate quarries. 
After remaining about a year in this wretched 
place, Makanna, with a few followers, Caffers 
aad slaves, whom he had attached to himself 
from among the inmates of that house of bon- 
dage, rose upon the guard, overpowered and 
disarmed them ; then, seizing a boat, embarked 
his adherents in it ; and would, in all proba- 
bSity, have effected his escape with them, but, 
as he leapt on board — ^the last man ^m the 
«hore—^e overloaded pinnace was accidentally 
upset, and the unfortunate African Chief was 
engulohed by the raging surf and drowned. 

Makanna, though tlie most eminent, was by 
no means die only individual of his nation 
who was subjected to this dispjaceful and ini- 
quitous treatment. Many other cases became 
loBown to me during my residence in Sou^ 
Africa, and not a few fell under my personal 
observation, eoually or even more discraditable 
to the colonial authorities and to the British 
name. Hostages and prisoners of war were 
treated as common felons ; women and chil- 
dren, innocent of offence, were separated fVom 
Ikusbttnds and fhthers, and consigned to bitter 
and degrading servitude. So late as 1827, 
Maigor-General Bouike, into whose huhunie 
and enlightened charge the administatioii of 
the Cape Colony had devolved, found several 
of these unhappy exiles, Caffers and Ghonaquas, 
still prisoners in Robben Tsland, and benevo- 
lently released and sent them back to their own 
country. 

Not the least lemaikable (and I may add 
Jiot the least iniquiums) oresult of the Caier 
war of 1819-20, was the annexation to the 
Colony of a large track of the Amakosa coun- 
try, extending to about two millions of acres. 
This was effected bv a compiflsory convention 
with'Ae sa#veohi0is (our«% daica inokided), 
svAoy with dielr followers, were then disledged 
4aid expelled beyond tlie Keisi and Cfamiii 
j^0hk The whole of the evacoted terriloiy, 
luiAet Ae i^penatkm of -llie Neutral OieuM, 
NNiiMuMd moecopied fyt soreial years, nrila 



koge pofftiaii lemains so still. I made an ex* 
cojcskm through part of it, fhirn the Winter- 
beig mountain down the river Koonap, in 
1 8:^, in company with Captain (now Colonel) 
C. R. Fox, and some other officers ; and again, 
in 1836, in another direction, llie aspect of 
the country, though wild, was beautiful and 
impressive : it was finely diversified with lofty 
mountains and winding glens, with picturesque 
rocks and forests, open upland pastures, and 
level savannas alone; the rivers, ^rinkled with 
mimosa trees; and herds of wild animals, 
quaggas, elands, haitebeests, gnoos, koodoos, 
with many varieties of the smaller antelopes, 
were scattered ever the verdant pastures, while 
troops of elej^utnts were browdng undisturbed 
among the wooded Uo<^s and jungles of ever- 
greeas. But the remains of Caffer hamlets, 
scattered through everv grassv nook and dell, 
and now long deserted and ust crumbling to 
decay, excited reflections of no gratifying cha- 
racter, and occaskmallv increased, even to a 
painful degree, liie feehng of melancholy lone- 
s(rmmm$ whidi a conntiy void of human in- 
habitants never fails to in^re. 

Before the Caffers were expeUed £rom this 
territory, a few of them had acquired some 
knowledge of Christianity, from the instruc- 
tions of Dr. Tanderkemp, and subseqiwntly 
from the missionary Williams, who resided 
about two years among them previous to his 
death in 1818 ; after which period, Christian 
missionaries were for some years prolifbited by 
the Colonial Government from entering Cafier- 
land. After the decease of Mr. Williams, one 
of his converts, Sicana, the captain of a kraal 
or village on the Kat river, continued to assem- 
ble every Sabbath his heathen followers to 
worship God, and composed for their use, in 
his native dialect, the poem or hymn of which 
a few lines are prefixed to this paper, and 
which I have frequently heard chanted by 
the Amakosa Caffers, to a low jMntive native 
air. The following prose vernon «iU serve, 
better perhaps than one in verse, to convey to 
the reader some idea of its imagery and tone 
of sentiment: — 

^ He who is our mantle in the storm, the 
Giver of Life, ancient, on high, is the Creator 
of the heavens and tlie evei^butniog stars; 
even Uhlanga (the Supbeme), high in hea- 
ven, almighty, who v^irls the stMrs arousad the 
sky. We call on him in his dwelling-place to 
be our chieftain-guide ; for he maketh the 
blind to see. We adore him as the only Good, 
the only rock of defence, the only trusty shield, 
the only bush of refuge. We adore Utika (the 
Beaitttful), the Holy Lamb, whose blood for 
man was shed^ whose feet and hands woe 
pittcoed; for He, even He, is the Giver of 
Life, on high, the Creator of the heavens." 

Since the time of Sicana (who died in 181d), 
Christian missions have made most gratifying 
progress among the Caffer tribes. More than 
one chief of influence have recently embraced 
the religion of the gospel ; and the prospect of 
tUs miM-tempeied, hi;g^-^irited, «Bd most 
interesting pecmle, being, at no remote period, 
brought entirely within the pale of the Chris- 
tian church, is uighly encouraging; although, 
at the same time, . it must be confessed, that 
the colonial policy in regard to the native 
tribes, though improved since 1819, is stffl, in 
seveial respects, extremely objecdonsdile, and 
calculated rather to letard duin pnmwte thnr 
progress in civilazalion, or to inoreaBe their 
lespeot for the justice and morality of ChziB- 
tian nations. 

The latest intelfigence, however, from the 
Caffer ftontier is irell cdculated to cheer the 



hearts of the friends of Africa. We learn 
from the " South African Advertiser " (a jour- 
nal distinguished for eminent ability and steady 
devotion to the cause of Christian hnmanc^jf, 
that on the 2l6t of Maxch, 1889, a puUic 
meeting of a most inteiesting character was 
held in the country of the Amakosa Caffecs, at 
the missionary station called Wedeyville. The 
chiefs residing in that quarter assembled with 
their followers to meet by ^^intnent tSk^ 
commandant of the frontier, who was attended 
by a number of officers and many of the most 
respectable colonists of the district of Albany. 
The principal object was to afford the natives 
an opportunity of expressing their opinions 
respecting the advantages of Christian mis- 
sions, which, during the last ten years, have 
progressively extended tkemselvep throughout 
the whole of Cafieriand. The prooeedings 
commenced by singing a hymn aad offisriag 
up prayer in the Amakosa iansfuage ; a&er 
which me natives were addressea by the oom- 
mandant and by other English gentlemen. 

Addresses were then sucoessmly ddiveied 
by the principal chiefs present, viz. by Kai the 
son of Llhambi, Funais the sen of Dusani, 
Piato, Enno, Congo^ Kami, Numpethia, and 
Habanna. Several of the q^eakexs di^layed 
consideiable powers of eloquence ; and all 
spoke with feeKng and effect in favour <^ the 
Christian religion, and expressed tiieir full 
conviction that the labours of the missionaries 
tended greatly to the improvement and tran- 
quillity of their countr}'. Two or three of the 
chiefs made some striking remarks on the sin- 
gular circumstances under whidi th^ were 
now met : — ^that it was not, as in fomer times, 
to consult about a warlike expedition against 
the colony, or to encounter the calamities of a 
threatened invasion ; but that they were now 
assembled with the Christians in brodwrly 
confidence— that the commandant, whose hos- 
tile attach had often occasioned such alarm 
and distress throughout their country, had 
oome with the English ehiefe of Albany, un- 
armed and without soldiers, into the midst of 
them ; and that they themselves had ventuied 
to meet them without a singie assagai in their 
hands. This pleasing state of affairs they 
ascribed chiefly to the influence of the gosp^, 
which had truly turned their speais into 
proning hooks; for, at the moment they were 
sp«iking, the women and ohfldien were busy 
in their ^elds over the face of the land, reaping 
the harvest with the assagai and balde-axe. 

Hie chief Kama, amongst many other ob- 
servations, remarked that he rejoiced in the 
opportunity this meeting affisided of testifying, 
in the presence of so large an assembly of hts 
oountTTmen, that he had embraced the Gospel ; 
tiiat he was baptized, and was resolved to lire 
and die a Christian ; and he co^ured those 
who heard him, of whatever race or colour 
they might be, who might be di^^osed to think 
or talk lightly of such nnrtters, to reflect Aat 
they were beings formed for immortality, and 
to prepare diemselves to meet their Maker and 
th^ Judge. 

Hie as^BiMy was also addressed in appro- 
priate speeches by Ihe Chaplain of Graham's 
Town and by four Wesleyan missionaries pre- 
sent ; and tlie interest of me meeting was fulfy 
sustomed to -the end, notwidistanding the in- 
convenienoe of using inlefprelerB. llie whole 
was closed by an impressive prater, offered up 
in tibe bes«tiitil and lowing hmtksm. latl- 
gnage, by the Chief Kama. 



TO THE EDIIOK OV THE lOL 

SiB, — AlloiT me to solidt joax 
the following case of barbariCj' to a slare, 
-ubich U lBl:eii fnnn The Jamaica Watchinan 
of S^t 6, 1832. Let the colonists disprove 
*uch eaces before thej renture to tell as of 
ihe happiness of the negro, and of the prompt 
icdresi which it aRbrdel them when injured. 
Were the records of the InquisitioD compared 
nith those of the colonies, I verily believe the 
latter vould be foand most dark luid levoltin^. 
^•urely the law-officers of Jamaica will not fail 
to institute an iDi^uir]' into tliis case. 

Yours, 



"To THE Editor Of the Watchman, — 
Sir, — Seeing;, in youi paper of the lllh insl., 
aletter.agned 'U. IN A (.OHNER,' relating some 
particulars of the death of a slave, na.iued 
Alexander Kelly, at Wej-hill, in St Mary's, 
aft«T a flogging, 1 beg to furnish you with a 
full statement of that affair. 

" Alexander Kelly, the slave of a poor blind 
man of colour, in St. Thomas's in iLe Vale, 
bad, with Ihe permiasion of Mr. Alexander 
(lilzean, his manager, and also attorney for 
Wey-hill, married a woman of the last men- 
tioned place, named Elizabeth. iHtizabeth 
poKessea a Iwise, which waa kept on the pro- 
jHNty with the allomey's pemiiEsion. On a 
Friday afternoon, about a month ago, Alexan- 
der Kelly rode the horse from Higbgate, where 
he was employed, to Wey-hill. An application 
tvas immediately made to him for the norse by 
the muleman, under the overseer's order, to 
cuiy coffee down to Kingston. He declined 
ffiving it, but led it np to the overseer, Mr. 
John WMt, and showed the sore back of ibe 
jiiimal as ibg reagon for his refusal. The over- 
seer, however, tried to force the rope out of bis 
hand,andinsi8ted on hiaeiying up the animal. 
Alexander still refudng, the oveneei called for 
some persons to put him into the stocks, al 
liaine time striking him. On the peisuasit 
one of the slaves (William King), be ' 
-quietly to the stocks, into which t«th his feet 
were put. I'be next night bis hands were tied, 
and on Sunday nigbt handcu& were put on. 
At twelve o'clock on Monday be was laid down 
on ikt bmriieue, in a matting ran, the handcuffs 
bdng still on. He was Bogged loiih the driver'i 
long tekip, and then a hmdU ofguava twUckei 
nai fogged out, by one or two at a time, 
on ine same pUce! On the flogging being 
discontinued, Alexander cried out for i '~ 
to be thrown over his bead ; Ac eouid not 
ftud the driver and another were obliged t 
him and support him back again to the stocks, 
into which tie was again put, with tlie hand- 
«ufls still on ! The ovetwer superintended the 
whole. ] n a short time— about half an hoar — 
the man died in the stocks, in handcuK ! 
inquest was held on the Tuesday afternoon, 
Mr. John Blake acting as coroner, and several 
overseers and book'-keepen in the neigbbour- 
bood, the friends and associates of Mr. West, 
componngthejn^. A Doctor C'toberts)qiened 
the bead and body, and declared there was no 
violence nor disease. Whether the verdict 
as staled by ' Q. in a Comer,' I know not ; but, 
if A flogging under ■ Immimg nm, and amfine- 
menl in itockt and kmidettffi, be ' the visitation 
of Ood,' then all will concnr in the verdict; 
bnt, if these things cannot come (wward under 
that expression, tAe Attomeif-Gnter^l ought to 
inquire into the malter. I have only to add 
that, if there be need, I can furnish the names 
of aU the witnessn to dicwhole a^r, and Ihe 
namet of tbe jury. It is Mid that Mr. West 



THE TOURIST. 

bad the permission of Mr. Qilzean for flogging 
tbe man, butthelatter had not seen Alexander, 
been at Wey-bill during the period in 
question. 

" I am. Sir, your obedient servant, 

" Philanthrofosl" 



THE BIGNONIA EQUINOXIAUS. 

dtdixauia, anciosfeumia : link£us. 

There is not, perhaps, in all tropical 
vegetation, a plant which combines the 
two-fold incidents of commonnesa and 
utility so much as this species of the big- 
nonia. In those countries where slavery 
prevails, the small pittance of time which 
the avarice of the master spares for the 
domestic necessities ofhis bondman, would 
scarcely suffice to supply the things indis- 
pensably necessary in home economy, 
which human ingenuity fabricates in other 
countries, had not nature bestowed them 
every where at hand. She gives the cala- 
bash, in lieu of the beechen bowl, which 
requires the art of the turner in Europe ; 
the Bamboo, sawed in two between joint 
and joint, is a bucket tighter, neater, and 
more compact, than any which the coop- 
er makes; the close-woven integument, 
forming the footstalk of a magnificent 
and gigantic species of the areca palm, 
supplies all the purposes of that matting 
aord thick pasteboard which patient tail 
prepares elsewhere; while the spatha that 
envelopes the ear of the maize com in the 
same countries !s little .less useful than 

[laper or cloth to the house wife ; and the 
lane or withe of the bignonla, quite as 
efficient as twisted cord for the woodman's 
bundle, the marketer's pack, and the 
gardener's trellis work. 

It is not unusual in our West India 
colonies, at those hours assigned to the 
. negro for rest or for food, to see him, 
with his children, seated at bis " door 
mouth," a phrase with him equiralent to 



the family hearth of European homes, 
engaged twisting the supple cordage of 
the bignonia into close-woven baskets, 
1th which he carries the fruits of his 
garden to market, or into open ones, in 
which he conveys his poultry thither, la 
the construction of his cottage it is of 
indispensable utility^ He laces with it 
the rafters of bis roof, and supplies, by 
this means, the lateral rests for his thatcb, 
or he ties with it the leaves of the fan- 
palm to the lathing of the reed-cane, and 
thus covers in his hut. He weaves with 
it, too, the temporary sacking on which 
he sometimes stretches his bed-mats. As 
of very considerable length, its pliant 
cordage being frequently found twined 
into the middlemost branches of the fo- 
rest-tree, it is used, on occasions, as 
the most continuous and efiectual plait 
for weirs, constructed across mountain 
streams, and for pots for taking fish. In 
fact, there is scarcely a purpose to which 
the rope or twine of hemp may be applied 
for which this is not just as conveniently 
useful; and, pressed for almost every mo- 
ment of his time, from sim-rise to siui- 
set, and through half the night during 
six months in the year, for his master's 
service, the house of the negro would 
be a costly work upon his hands, his gar* 
den an expensive enclosure, and his every- 
day duties in tbe forest, the field, or the 
market, affairs of much time and labour, 
if the prodigality of nature did not bestow 
on him, in every hedge and thicket, this 
handy cordage of the liana. 

The blossom is very bright ; it is rose- 
coloured, and is about three times that of 
the engraving. There are varieties that 
are white and yellow also. It is seen 
generally garlanding its twin flowers and 
twin leaves in festoons. This twin state 
of the leaves and flowers is a peculiarity 
of alt the binding bignonias, but not of 
the kerbaceoiu or the arboreicent kind. 
Its eSect, when in blossom, is always 
beautifiil,butmoreparticulaHyBowhen it 
is interlaced with some pendant branched 
tree, that delights in the freshness of 
streams and waterfalls. The bark yields 
a red, and the young pods a yellow, 
tincture. An infusion of the flowers is 
frequently used remedially in Haiti, in 
affections of the liver ana spleen ; it is 
bitter, detersive, and slightly astringent. 
The negroes of the English islands call 
it the wiby and the titye ; and those of the 
French colonies, the liane k corde, the 
liane k panier, and tiie liane nubi ; tbe 
Spaniards give it the name of la liana 

ANIMAL LIFE. 
Tux following is tbe scale of animal lift 
from the most cdebrated writers on natoml 
history . — A hare will live 10 yean, a cat 10, a 
goat 8, aa asi 30, a sheep 10, a ram li, a dog 
U lo 30, a bull Ifi, an ox 30, a swine 36, a 
pigeon 8, a turtledove 25, a partridge 30, a 



THE TOURIST. 



" But let m; dne feet never fail 
To wilk the itudioui cloisten pale, 
Aod love the higb, einboived roof, 
With aatlqne pilliri. ma&sy pioof ; 
And ilorira windowi ijchly dight, 
Caitine a dim, religious light : 
Then Tel the pealing-orsin blow 
To the full -voiced cboir below. 
In KTvicB high, lad aothenii clear, 
Aima; with iwMUieu through mjaar 
Diiiolve me into ecsiaitai, 
And teiDg all heavan belbre mj em-" 

Cakterbdrt was very early the seat 
of Christianity, and to that circumstance, 
together with the gross superstition and 
ignorance which, in the early history of 
this country, clouded the popular reli- 
gious notions, we owe the venerable edi- 
fice represented above. It would be 
difficult to relate witii precision the ear- 
liest history of this establishment, and 
periiaps we shall go as far back as is 
necessary, in stating that, after having 
been several times destroyed by fire, and 
rebuilt with great splendour, as ne have 
reason to believe, the present building 
was commenced about the year 1174, 
and augmented and embellished by suc- 
cessive archbishops, till it was completed 
in the reign of Henry V. It is a mag- 
nificent Gothic pile, and, before the Re- 
formation, contained thirty-seven altars. 
Many Lings, princes, cardinals, and arch- 
bisliops, lie buried in it, and contribute 
to the interest of the place a host of 
legends and historical recollections. It 
simered in common with many other 
ecclesiastical edifices during the civil 
wars, having been, on one occasion, made 
a stable by Cromwell for his dragoons ; 
it was, however, repaired at the Restora- 
tion. 

The cathedral is usually entered throuji-h 
the south porch, which is a spacious fabnc, 
embattled and richly adorned. On a 
tirst view of the interior, the simple beauty 
of the nave, and the ele^nce of itk 
vaulted roof, excite emotions of reverence 



CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 

and admiration. The whole perspective 
from the west end is, indeed, cKtreniely 
fine. The nave is separated from its 
aisles by eight distinct columns on each 
side, and the windows are large and ele- 
gant. The great west window is filled 
with painted glass, representing saints, 
apostles, kings, and otlier distinguished 
personages, together with armorial bear- 
ings of benefactors. The great tower 
rests on four immense columns ; and its 
interior, which is open to a considerable 
height, is finely ornamented. The north- 
em division of the transept, or aisle, 
which proceeds across the church in tht 
vicinity of the tower, is termed the mar- 
tgrdont, from having l>een the scene of 
Archbishop Becket's assassination. The 
great windows of this cross aisle are filled 
with curiously-painted glass. 

Between the nave and the choir is a 
beautiful stone screen, finely sculptured, 
and in excellent preservation. The .choir 
displays the English style of architecture 
in Its earliest stage, and nearly before it 
was methodized into a consistent order. 
The arches are pointed, but irregular and 
graceless. This part of the ehurch is 
fitted up with much grandeur, but with 
little attention to the ancient style that 
prevails in the stone-work ; as an mstance 
of which it may be observed, that the 
stalls appropriated to the deans and pre- 
bendaries are divided into compartments 
by pilasters of the Corinthian order. The 
aisles of the choir, together with parts of 
the eastern transept, display vestiges of 
the building raised in the Norman style 
of architecture, by Archbishop Lanfranc. 

To the east of the choir is the chapel 
of the Holy Trinity; in the midst of 
which formerly stood the sumptuous 
shrine of Becket. The pavement round 
the spot on which the relics were placed 
is worn into hollows on every side, by the 
knees of the numerous devotees who re- 
sorted thither in pilgrimage ! Still fur- 



ther towards the east, and forming the 
termination of the whole edifice, is a 
circular building called Becket's crown ; 
which, together with the chapel above 
mentioned, was erected with the ofTerings 
made to the shritie of St, Thomas. 

Tlie sepulchral monuments in this su- 
perb cathedral are equally numerous and 
mteresting. Those erected to the memory 
of various archbishops are magnificent 
architectural objects, and are also in- 
structive specimens of the fashions which 
prevailed in the ages of their construction. 
Two monuments to royal persona^ de- 
mand the attentive notice of the mvesU- 
gator. These are situated beneath the 
arches which surround the chapel of the 
Holy Trinity, and contain the ashes of 
Henry the Fourth, his queen, Joan of 
Navarre, and Edward, usually styled the 
Black Prince. The effigies of Henry and 
his consort, habited in robes of royalty, 
are placed on a large tomb enriched wiUi 
towered niches, pinnacled buttresses, and 
other ornaments. Beneath the opposite 
arcK is the tomb of the renowed Black 
Prince. On this monument lies a whole 
length figure of Prince Edward, in ar- 
mour. The hands are raised in the atti- 
tude of prayer, the head is supported by 
a helmet, and the feet rest on a lion. The 
statue, which is of brass, and very finely 
worked, represents a handsome but not 
an athletic man . Above the tomb is an 
embattled canopy, and over it hangs the 
prince's Ubard (or coat) of arms, bis 
gauntlet, and some other relics. 



WONDERS OF NATURE. 

TusBE is a very curious plant, termed dU- 
nca nuucipmlu, or fly-tnp, that secietw a 
sneetish fiuid in its leaves, not unlike lumey, 
by «hich flies ue attracted ; immediately on 
being touched, tho leaf oontiacts, and being of 
n ibonij, pricktv natnie, the animal is cnishsd 
to death, as if for its (emerit)'. 



166 



THE TOURIST. 



ANCIENT ASTRONOMERS. 

NO. IV. 
GALILEO. 



This distinguished philosopher was born at 
Pisa in 1564. He was the son oT a Florentine 
nobleman, and was educated for the medical 
profession; but a passion for geometry took 
possession of his mind, and called forth all his 

Sowers. Without the aid of a master he stu- 
ied the writings of Euclid and of Archimedes, 
and such were his acqiurements that he was 
appointed by the Grand Duke of Tuscany to 
the mathematical chair of IHsa, in the twenty- 
fifth year of his age. His opposition to the 
Aristotelian philosophy gained him many ene- 
mies, and at the end of (htte years he quitted 
Pisa, and accepted of an invitation to the pi'o- 
fessorship of mathematics at Fadua. Here he 
continued for eighteen years, adorning the um*- 
versity by his nam^, and diffusing aiotmd him 
a taste for the physical sciences. "With the 
exception of some contrivances of inferior im- 
portance, Galileo had distinguished himself by 
no discovery till he had reached the forty-fifth 
year of his age. In tlie year 1609, the same 
year in which Kepler published his celebrated 
commentary on Mars, Galileo paid a visit to 
Venice, where he heard, in the course of con- 
versation, that a Dutchman of the name of 
Jansens had constructed, and presented to 
Prince Maurice, an instrument through which 
he saw distant objects magnified and rendered 
more distinct, as if they had been brought 
nearer to the observer. This report was cre- 
dited by some and disbelieved by others ; but, 
in the course of a few days, Galileo received a 
letter from James Badovere, at Paris, which 
placed beyond a doubt the existence o( such 
an instrument. The idea instantly filled his 
mind as one of the utmost importance to sci- 
ence ; and so thoroughly was he acquainted 
with the properties of lenses, that he not only 
discovered the principle of its construction, 
but was able to complete a telescope for his 
own use. Into one end of a leaden tube he 
fitted a spectacle-glass, plane on one side and 
convex on the other, and in the other end he 
placed another spectacle-glass concave on one 
side and plane on the other. He then applied 
his eye to the concave glass, and saw ol^ects 
"pretty laige and pretty near him,*' They 
appeared three times nearer, and nine times 
larger in surface, than to the naked eye. He 
soon after made another, which represented 
objects above sixty times larger ; and, sparing 
neither labour or expense, he finally construct- 
ed an instrument so excellent as '<to show 
things almost a thousand times larger, and 
above thirty times nearer to the naked eye.'' 

There is, perhaps, no invention that science 
has presented to man so extraordinary in its 
nature, and so boundless in its influence, as 
that of the telescope. To the uninstrocted 
mind, the power of seeing an object a thou- 
sand miles distant, as large, and nearly as dis- 
tinot, as if it were bronght within a mile of the 
observer, most seem almost miraculous; and 
to the philosopher, even, who thoroughly com- 
prehends the principles upon which it acts, it 
must ever appeiir one of the most elegant ap- 
plications oi soience. To hate been the first 
astic lumer in whose hands such a gift was 
placed, was a preference to which Galileo 
owed much of his fntore reputation. 

No sooner had be completed his teleseope 
than he applied it to the heavens, and on tne 
7th of January, 1918, the first di^ of its use, 
lie saw round Jupiter Hiive bright little stars 
lying in a line parallel to the ecliptio, two to 



Begardisg them as ortBnaiy stars, he never 
thought of estimating th^r distances. On the 
following day, when he accidentally directed 
his telescope to Jupiter, he was surprised to 
see &e three stars to the west of the planet. 
To produee this effect it was reouisite tliat the 
motion of Jupiter should be aireot, though, 
according to calculation, it was actual^' re- 
trograde. In this dilemma he waited xiith 
impatience for the evening of the 9ih, but, 
unfortunately, the sky was covered -with clouds. 
On the 10th he saw only two ^tars to the east, 
a circumstance which he was no longer able 
to explain by the motion of Jupiter. He was, 
fterefore, compelled to ascribe the change to 
the stars themselves ; and, upon repeating his 
observations on the i )t]i,he no longer doubted 
that he had discovered three planets revolving 
round Jupiter. On the I3th of January he, 
for the first time,^aw the fourth satellite. 

This discovery, though of the utmost im>- 
portanee in itself, derived an additional value 
iVom the light which it threw on the true -sys- 
tem of the universe. Wlifle the earth was the 
only planet enlightened by a moon, it might 
naturally be supposed that it alone was habit- 
able, and was, therefore, entitled to the pre- 
eminence of occupying the centre of the sys- 
tem ; but the discoveiy of four mopns round a 
much larger planet deprived this argument of 
its force, and created a new analogy between 
the earth and the other planets. When Kepler 
received the ^ Sidereal Messenger," the work 
in which Galileo announced his discover}' in 
1610, he perused it with the deepest interest; 
and wliile it confirmed and extended his sub- 
stantial discoveries, it dispelled, at the same 
time, some of those harmonic dreams which 
still hovered among his thoughts. In the 
*' Dissertation '' which he published on the 
discovery of Galileo, he expresses his hope 
that satellites will be discovered round Saturn 
and Mars; he conjectures that Jupiter has a 
motion of h)tation about his axis, and states 
his surprise that, after what had been written 
on the subject of telescopes by Baptista Porta, 
they had not been earlier introduced into ob^ 
servatories. 

In continuing his obsen'ations, Galileo ap- 
plied his telescope to Venus, and in 1610 he 
discovered the phases of that planet, which 
exhibited to him the various forms Qf the 
' waxing and the waning moon. This foot es- 
tablished beyond a doubt that the ^Qet re- 
volved round the ean, and thus gave an addi- 
tional blow to the Ptolemaic system. In his 
observations on the sun, Galileo discovered his 
spots, and deduced from them the rotation of 
the central luminary. He observed that the 
body of Saturn had handles attached to it ; 
but he was unable to detect the form of its 
ring, or render visible its minnite satellites. On 
the surface of the moon be disoovered her 
mountains and valleys, and determined the 
curious fact of her libration, in virtue of which 
parts of the margin of her disk occasionally 
appear and disappear. In the Milky Way he 
descried numerous mmute stai-s whidi the rm- 
a&isted eye was unable to perceive ; and as 
the largest fixed stars, in place of being mag- 
nified by the teleseope, became actually my- 
nute brilliant points, he inferred their immense 
distance as rendered necessary by the Coper- 
nican hypothesis. All his discoveries, indeed, 
furnished fr^sli arguments in favour of the 
new system ; and the order of the planets, and 
their relation to a central sun, may now be 
conndered as established by iaeontrevertible 
evidence. 
While Galileo was occupied with these noble 



the east, and one to the west of the planet, pursuits at Pisa, to which he had been recalled 



in 161 1, his genetouB patron, Cosmo II., Grand 
Duke of Tuscany, invited him to Florence, that 
he might pursue, with uninterrupted leisure, 
his astronomical observations, and carry on his 
correspondence with the German astronomers. 
His fame had now resounded through all fin- 
rope ; the strongholds of prejudice and igno- 
rance were unbarred, and the most obstinate 
adherents of ancient systems acknowledged 
the meridian power of the day star of science, 
dallleo was ambitious of propagating the great 
truths which he contributed so powerfully to 
establish. He never doubted that they would 
be received with gratitude by all — by the phi- 
lo6q)her as the consummation of the greatest 
efforts of human genius— and by the Christian 
as the most transcendent dispkys of Almighty 
power. But he had mistaken the disroosition 
Of his species, ^and the character of the age. 
'niat same system of the heavens which had 
been diaoDYerod by the humble ecclesiastic of 
Prauenbeig, which had been patronised by the 
kindness of a Bidiop, and published at the 
expense of a Cardinal, and which the Pope 
himself had sanctioned by the warmest recep- 
tion, was, after the lapse of a hundred years, 
doomed to the most violent opposition, as sub- 
versive of the doctrines of the Christian faith. 
On no former occasion had the human mind 
exhibited such a fatal relapse into intolerance. 
The age itself hwl improved in liberality ; the 
persecuted doctrines themselves had l)ecome 
more deserving of reception ; the light of the 
reformed faith had driven the Catholics from 
some of their most obnoxious positions; and 
yet,ainder all these circumstanoes, tlie Church 
of Rome unfurled her banner of persecution 
against the pride of Italy, against the orna- 
ment of his species, and against truths im- 
mutable and eternal. 

In consequence of complaints laid before 
the Holy Inquisition, Galileo was summoned 
to appear at Rome in 1615, to answer for the 
heretical opinions which he jiad promolgatBd. 
He was oharged with " BMdntaining as true 
the false doctrine held by many, that the sun 
was immoveable in the centre of the world, 
and that the earth revolved with a diurnal 
motion — with having certain disciples to whom 
he taught the same doctrine — with keeping up 
a correspondence on the subject with sevenu 
German mathematicians^-with having pub- 
lidied letters on the eolar epoli, in which he 
explained the same doctrine as true — end with 
having glossed over, with a false interpreta- 
tion, the passages of Scripture which were 
urged against it." Tlie consideration of these 
charges came before a meeting of the Inqui- 
sition, which assembled on the 26th of Fe- 
bruary, 1616, and tlie court, declaring thdr 
disposition to deal gently with the prisoner, 
proaouneed the following decree : — '* That 
Cardinal Bellanqine sJiould enjoin Galileo to 
renounce entirely the above-recited false opi- 
nions ; that, on his refusal to do so, he should 
be commanded by the commissary of the In- 
quisition to abandon the said doctrine, and to 
*cease to teach and deftodit; and that, if he 
did not obey Ibis oemmand, he should be 
thrown into prison." On the 26th of February 
Galileo appeared before Cardinal Bellarmine, 
and, after receiving from him a gentle admo- 
nition, he was commanded 'by the commissary, 
in the presence of a notary and witnesses, to 
desist altogether fnmt his entmeeus opinions ; 
and it was dedared 1o be nidav^l for him in 
future to taaeh tbem 'in any w^y whatever, 
either ora% or in his writings. To these com- 
mands GalUeo promised obedience, and was 
dismissed from tbe Inquisition. 
The mildness of this sentence^was, no donbt. 



THOSt TOIIiUST. 



I9tt 



partly owing; to the inflaeace of the Gnnd 
Vuke of Tuscany, and other persons of rank 
and influexjuce at the Pajgal Courts who took a 
deep interest ia the issue of the trial Dread- 
ing, howevexi that so slight a punishment 
might not hare the e£fect of putting down the 
obnoidous doctrines, the Inquisition issued a 
decree denouncing; the new opinions as false, 
and contrary to the sacred writings, and pro- 
hibiting the sale of every book in which tney 
should be maintained. 

Thus liberated from his pezsecntars, Galileo 
returned to Florence, where he pursued his 
studies with his wonted diligence and ardour. 
The recantation of his astronomiaal opinions 
was so formal and unreserved, that ordinary 
prudence, if not a sense of personal honour, 
should have restrained him from unnecessarily 
bringing them before the world. No anathema 
was pronounced against his scientific discove- 
ries ; no interdict was laid u}H)u the free exer- 
cise of his genius. He was prohibited merely 
from teaching a doctrine which the Church of 
Rome considered to be injurious to its faith. 
We might have expected, therefore, that a 
philosopher so conspicuous in the eyes of the 
world would have respected the prejudices, 
however base, of an institution whose decrees 
formed part of the law of the land, and which 
possc^d the power of life and death within 
the limits of Us jurisdiction. Galileo, however, 
thought otherwise. A sense of degradation 
seems to have urged him to retaliate, and be- 
fore six years had elapsed he bep^an to com- 
pose his '' Cosmical System, or Dialogues on. 
the two greatest Systems of the Worid, the 
Ptolemeau and the Copemican," the concealed 
object of which is t^ establish the opinions 
which he had promised to abandon, in this 
work the subject is discussed by three speak- 
ers, Sagredo, 8al\iatus, and Simplicius, a peri- 
patetic philosopher, who defends the system of 
rtolemy, with much skill, against the over- 
whelming arguments of the rival disputants. 
Galileo hoped to escape notice by this mdirect 
mode of propagating the new system, and he 
obtained permission to publish his work, which 
appeared at Florence in 1632. 

The Inquisition did not, as might have been 
expected, immediately summon Galileo to their 
presence. Nearly a year elapsed before they 
gave any indication of their aesign ; and, ac- 
cording to their own statement, they did not 
even take the subject under consideration till 
they saw that the obnoxious tenets were every 
day gaining ground in consequence of the 
publication of the Dialogues. They then sub- 
mitted the work to a careful examination, and, 
having found it to be a direct violation of the 
injunction which had been formerly intimated 
to its author, they again cited him before their 
tribunal in 1633. The venerable sage, now in 
his seventieth year, was thus compeued to re- 
pair to Borne, and when he amved he wa^ 
committed to the apartments of the Fiscal of 
the Inquisition. The unchangeable fxiend^ip, 
hewever, of the Gnmd Dake of Tuscany, ob- 
tained a remission of this severity, and Galileo 
was allowed to reside at the house of the Tus- 
can Ambassador during the two months which 
the trial occi^ied. When brought before the 
Inquisition, and exraiined upon oath, he ao* 
knowledged that the Dialogues ^ere written 
by himself, and that he obtained permisdon to 
publish them without notifying to the person 
wlio gave it that he had been prohibited from 
holding, defending, or teaching the heretical 
opinions. He confessed, also, that the Dia- 
logues were composed in such a mamier that 
the arguments in favour of the Copemican 
system, though given as partly false, were yet 



managed in such a manner that, thej were 
more likely to confirm than overturn its doc- 
trines, but that this error, which was not in- 
tentional, arose from the natural desire of 
making an ingenious defence of false propo- 
qirions, and of opinions that had the semblance 
of probability. 

After receiving these confessions and ex- 
cuses, the Inquisition allowed Galileo a proper 
lime for giving in his defence ; but this seems 
to have consisted solely in bringing forward 
t^e certificate of Cardinal Bellarmine, already 
mentioned, which made no allusion to the 
promise under which Galileo had come never 
to defend, nor teach in any way whatever, the 
Copemican doctrines, llie court held this 
defence to be an aggravation of the crime 
rather than an excuse for it, and proceeded to 
pronounce a sentence which will be ever- me- 
morable in the history of the human mind. 

Invoking the name of our Saviour, they de- 
clare that Galileo had made himself liable to 
the suspicion of heresy, by believing the doc- 
trine, contrary to Scripture, that the sun was 
the centre of the earth's orbit, and did not 
move from east to west ; and by defending, as 
probable, the opinion fhat the earth moved, 
and was not the centre of the world ; and that 
he had thus incurred all the censures and pe- 
nalties which were enacted by the church 
against such offences ; but that he should be 
absolved from these penalties, provided he sin- 
cerely abjured and cursed all the errors and 
heresies contained in the formula of the 
church, which should be submitted to him. 
That so grave and pernicious a crime should 
not pass altogether unpunished — ^tliathe might 
become mure cautious in future, and might be 
an example to others to abstain from such of- 
fences, they decreed that his Dialogues should 
be prohibited by a formal edict — that he shoiUd 
be condemned to the prison of the Inquisition 
during pleasure— and that, during the three 
following years, he should recite, once a-week, 
the seven penitentiary psalms. 

This sentence was subscribed by seven Car- 
dinals; and on the 22nd of June, 1633, Galileo 
signed an abjuration humiliating to himself, 
and degrading to philosophy. At the age of 
seventy, on his bended knees, and with his 
right nand resting on the Holy Evangelists, 
did this patriarch of science avow his present 
and his past belief in all tlie dogmas of the 
Romish church — abandon, as false and here- 
tical, the doctrine of the earth*s motion, and 
of the sun's immobility, and pledge himself to 
denounce to the Tnquisition any other person 
who was even suspected of heresy. He ab- 
jured, cursed, and aetested, those eternal and 
immutable truths which the Almighty had 
permitted him to be the first to establish, 
what a mortifying picture of moral depravity 
and intellectual weakness ! If the unhmy zeal 
of the assembly of Cardinals has been branded 
with infamy, what must we think of the vene- 
rable sage whose grey hairs were entwined 
with the chapletof immortality, quailing under 
the fear of man, and sacrificing the convictions 
of his conscience, and the deductions of his 
reason, at the altar of . a base superstition ? 
Had Galileo but added the courage of the 
martyr to the wisdom of the sage — ^had he 
carried the glance of his indignant eye round 
the circle of his judges — had he lifted his 
hands to heaven, and called the living God to 
witness the truth and immutabilify of his opi- 
nions — the bigotry of his enemies would have 
been disarmed, and science would have en- 
joyed a memorable triumph. 

Though Galileo was now, to a certain de- 
gree, lil^rated from the power of man, yet tiie 



afflicting dispensations.of ProTidence began to 
ildl thickly around him. No sooner had he 
returned to Arcetri than his favourite daughter, 
Mttria, waa seiaed with a daogexoM iOnesa, 
whieh soontenninated in her deaths He waa* 
himself attacked with hernia, palpiiatioB of 
t^e heart, loss of appetite, and the most q»« 
pressive melancholy ; and thongh he eolioited- 
permission to repair to Florence for medical 
assistance, yet this deed of mercy was denie<| 
him. . In 1^38, however, the Pope permitted 
him. to pay a visit to Florence,. and his friend* 
Faj^r CastelU, was allowed to visit him in. 
tlie eompaAy of an officer of the Inquisition. 
But this indulgence was soon withdrawn, and. 
at tlie end. of a i^w months he waa remanded 
to Aroetri. The sight of hia right eye had 
begun to fiiil in 1636, from an opacity of the 
cornea. In 1637 his left eye was attacked 
with the same complaint, so that in a few 
months he was affected with total and incura- 
ble blindness. Before this calamity had su- 
pervened, he had noticed the curious pheno- 
menon of the moon's libration, in consequence 
of which parts of her visible disk that axe ex- 
posed to view at one time are withdrawn at 
another. He succeeded in explaining two of 
the causes of this curious phenomenon — viz.^ 
the different distances of the observe from the 
line joining the centre of the earth and the 
moon, which produces the diurnal libration, 
and the unequal motion of the moon in her 
orbit, which produces the libration in longi- 
tude. It was left, however, to Hevelius to 
discover the libration in latitude, which arises 
from the inclination of her axis being a little 
less than a right angle to the ecliptic ; and to 
Lagrange to discover the spheroidal libration, 
or that which arises from the action of the 
earth upon the lunar spheroid. 

The sorrows with which Galileo was now 
beset seem to have disarmed the severity of 
the Inquisition. He was fireely permittea to 
enjoy tne society of his friends, who now 
thronged around him to express their respect 
and Uieir sympathy, llie Grand Duke of 
Tuscany was his frequent visitor, and Gaa- 
sendi, Deodati, and our countryman, Milton, 
went to Italy for the purpose of visiting him. 
He entertained his firienas with the warmest 
hospitality ; and though simple and abstemi- 
ous in his diet, yet he was fond of good wine» 
and seems even in hifi last days to have paid 
particular attention to the exoellenee of his 
cellar. 

Although Galileo had nearly lost his hear- 
ing as weU as his sight, yet his intellectual 
faculties were unimpaired; and while his 
mind was occupied in cooatdering the force 
of percussion, he was seized with fever and 
palpitation of the heart, which, after two 
mouths' illness, terminated his life on the 8th 
of January, 1642. — Brewster's Life of Sir Isaac 
Newton. 



WAYCHTS, OR WAITS. 

This noun formerly signified '* hautboys,'' 
and, what is remarkable, has no singular num- 
ber. From the instruments, its signification 
was, for a time, transferred to the pefformera 
themselves ; who, being in the habit of pa- 
rading the streets by night with their music, 
occasioned the name to be appKed genendlj 
to all musicians who followea a similar prac- 
tice; hence those persons who ammally, a;t 
the approach of Chrietmas, salute urn with tMr 
nocturnal concerts, weie, and are to this day, 
called wayghtes. — SM6y'« JMctumtuy oj 
Music, 



168 



THE TOURIST. 



APHORISMS. 

I HAvi known tome men potseued of goodqaa- 
lities which were very . aerviceable to others, but 
nseleM to themselves : like a snn-dial on the front 
of a house, to inibnn the neighbours and passen- 
gers, bnt not the owner within. — Swift. 

Distinguished merit will ever riite superior to 
oppression, and will draw lustre from reproach. 
The vapours which |[ather round the rising sun, 
and follow him in his course, seldom fail, at the 
close of it, to form a maenificent theatre for his 
reception, and to invest with variegated tinU, and 
with a softened effulgence, the luminary which 
th^ cannot hide. — Robert Hall. 

£nvy, if surrounded on all sides by the bright- 
noM of another's prosperity, like the scorpion con- 
fined within a circle of fire, will sting itself to 
death. — Coltok. 

Love is the great instrument and engine of na- 
ture, the bond and cement of society, the spring 
and spirit of the universe. — Dk. South. 

The final view of all rational politics is to pro- 
duce the greatest quantity of happiness in a given 
tract of country. The riches, strength, and glory 
of nations, the topics which history celebrates, 
and which alone must engage the praises and 
possess the admiration of mankind, have no far- 
ther value Utan as they contribute to this end. 
lYhen they interfere with it, ihey are evils, and 
«ot the less real for the splendour that surrounds 
them. — ^Palby. 

The crude admiration which can make no dis- 
tinctions, never renders justice to what is really 
great. — Foster. 



A. BRIDAL SERENADE. 

BY A WBL8B HARPER. 

Wilt thou not waken, bride of May, 

While the flowers are fresh, and tne sweet bells 

chime 1 
Listen and learn, from my roundelay, 
How all Life's pilot-boats sailed one day 

, A match with Time. 

J^ve sat on a lotos leaf afloat. 
And saw old Time in his loaded boat. 
Slowly he crossed Life's narrow tide, 
While Love sat clapping his win?s and cried — 

«* Who will pass Timer* 

Patience came first, but soon was gone, 
With helm and sail, to help Time on ; 
Care and Grief could not lend an oar ; 
And Prudence said (while he stay'd on shore), 

«' I wait for Time." 

Hope filled with flowers her cork-tree bark. 
And lighted its helm with a glow-worm's spark ; 
Then Love, when he saw her bark fly fast. 
Said, *' Lingering Time will soon be passed : 

" Hope ontsfM^ds Time." 

Wit went nearest old Time to pass. 
With his diamond oar, and boat of glass ; 
A feathery dart from his store he drew. 
And should,' while far and swift it flew, 

"Oh, mirth kills Time!" 

But Time sent the feathery arrow back ; 
Hope's boat of amaranth lost its track ; 
Then Love bade his butterfly pilots move. 
And laughing said, "They shall see how Love 

*• Can conquer Time." 

His ffossamer sails he spread with, speed, 
But itiR« has wings when Time has need ; 
Swiftly he crossed Life's sparkling tide. 
And only Memory stay'd to chide 

Unpitying Time. 

Wake and listen, then, bride of May, 
Listen and heed thy minstrel's rhyme : 
StUl for thee some bright hours stay, 
Jor it was a hand like thine, they say. 

Gave wings to Time* 



f> 



TO THE EDITOR OF THE TOURIST. 

Sir, — Not beiii^ in the slighest degree con- 
scious of any sinister motive in sending you 
the extzact from a despatch addressed by Lord 
Goderich to the Governor of Sierra Leone, 
which you were so good as to insert, on my 
suggestion, in No. XII. of The Touriitj I was 
not a little surprised at finding, in a subse- 
quent number (XVI.), a letter from a gentle- 
man who signs himself William Naish (who, 
judging from his phraseology, I presume to 
be a Quaker), written, apparently, m very bad 
temper, accusing me of being " no enemy to 
the slave-tiade and slavery/' and insinuating 
that I have '* no concern for the honour of 
religion or humanity ;" — suspicions founded, 
it must be allowed, on grounds somewhat 
slight, viz. the defect of his o%vn imagination 
(to be judged so severely for want of imagina- 
tion in a Quaker is rather hard usage) ; he 
says that he " catiJiot imagiiie how any one 
concerned for the honour of religion or hu- 
manity could pass over all the appalling state- 
ments in the parliamentary paper alluded to 
without notice, and fix his attention only on 
one short statement at the end/' I might, 
with equal justice, suspect William Naish of 
being an enemy to the gospel of Christ and of 
the missionary cause, and say, "how other- 
wise can it hie, that he could read my Lord 
Goderich's despatch, and pass over unheeded 
the great benefits likely to result to the cause 
of religion and humanity, from the tone of 
feeling with regard to hotb, which is evidently 
shown, by this despatch, to exist in his Majes- 
ty's councils ? How otherwise was it possible 
for him to suppress some expression of joy at 
the support thus openly and eflicien(ly given 
by government to tnose missionaries on whose 
success so much depends ?" But whatever my 
private opinions may be on this head, I scorn 
to raise suspicions which may possibly be false, 
because it may be that Mr. Naish is not an 
enemy to the conversion of tlie heathen ; the 
fact may be simply this: Mr. Naish's zeal for 
the abolition of slavery may not only eat him 
up, but also every feeling of humanity or reli- 
gion which does not appear to have emancipa- 
tion as its immediate end ; and perhaps tiiis 
display of zeal may arise from nis being {i 
member of the Quaker body, who, as a body, 
have had the good fortune to take a conspicu- 
ous station as champions of the enslaved Afri- 
can (and much of the ci'edit they, the Quakers, 
enjoy, have they eained from this circum- 
stance), whilst, if they have not opposed, as 
a body, they have never supported the mis- 
sionary cause; and thus there is a sort of 
esprit du corps shown by Mr. Naish on this 
subject, for which I am far from blaming him, 
if he could, whilst indulging himself in it, 
refrain from groundless attacks on others. 

But to return from this digression to the 
more immediate cause of my present address 
to you. To Mr. Naish, after tlie iniurious sus- 
picions in which he has indulged himself, I 
think no explanation is due from me *, but I 
think it due to you. Sir, as Editor, and to the 
readers of " The Tourist," to rescue the cha- 
racter of your correspondent from the insinu- 
ations cast upon it oy Mr. Naish. On this 
ground alone I will state shortly how it was 
that I confined my letter, and the extract I 
made from tlie parliamentary papers, to tliat 
part of the subject which related to the mis- 
sionaries. The fact stands thus: The papers 
in question (which, as well as I can recollect, 
contain more than one hundred folio pages, a 
large portion of them printed in a small type, 
containing correspondence between public 



fdnctionaries and private indinduals, both at 
home and abroad, examinations, and affida- 
vits, couched in all the technicalities pertaining 
to legal documents, &c.) were not in my han£ 
for a longer period than half an hour at the 
utmost — ^probably not quite so Ion? ; in hastily 
turning over the leaves, my attention was per- 
ticularly arrested by Lord Goderich's despatch, 
and which, so far as I could form a judgment 
in the short time I hare named, seemed to 
take a fair review of the whole subject, and to 
embody the substance of the preceding docu- 
ments; and, being particularly delighted bv 
the sentiments expressed in the pangrapk 
alluded to, I hastily extracted it, and sent it 
to you for the purpose I then mentioned, 
thinking that, in giving a wider circulation to 
such sentiments as his Lordship therein ex- 
pressed, I was doing something rather in 
^^ honour of religion and humanitr," than 
proving myself to be ** no enemy to Ae slave- 
trade and slavery :" crimes which I hold to l>e 
of the deepest dye, commencing in Africa, as 
they do, in fraud, conflagration, robber}-, 
battle, and murder — followed on the voyage 
by plague, pestilence, and famine — and con- 
summated, in the West Indies, in stripes, and 
groans, and blood, and death ; and to crimes 
so heinous and deadly us these does William 
Naish so charitably assert his suspicion that I 
" can be no enemy," with nothing better to 
found his insinuations upon than the barren- 
ness of his own imagination. I sorely fear his 
charity is of a very different character to that 
charity described by St. PslvlI in his Epistle to 
the Corinthians, where he says, " Charity suf- 
fereth lan^, and is kind, envieth not, vaunteth 
not itself, is not puffed up, doth not behave 
itself unseemly, seeketh not her own, is net 
easily provoked, tkinketh no eviV* . 

I beg the insertion of this letter in " Tlie 
Tourist," as a favour ; I think I might take 
higher ground, and request it as a right from 
you as an impartial Editor. 

I am. Sir, 
Your ven- obedient Servant, 

R.S. 

» 

P.S. I will enter into no (Jiscussiou with Mr. 
Naish as to his opinion that vigorous measures 
(by which I suppose he means severe laws 
carried into strict execution) pursued by go- 
vernment would do more for the prevention of 
crime, than the gcneml diffusion of Christian 
knowledge and Christian principles; I only 
flatter myself that the great majority of ^my 
fellow Christians are of a different opinion. 

* 1 Corinthians, xiii. 

CAUTION TO THE PUBLIC. 

M ORISON'S UNIVERSAL MEDICINES 
having snperseded Ihe use of alroo»t all the Pateat 
Medicine* \\liirh Uic wholesale venders have fobteU itputi 
the credulity of the searchers aAcr health, Tor so many 
years, the town dniggirts and chcmisis, notable to establisii 
a fkir fame on the invention of any plaasible means of 
competition, have planned into the mean expedient of pnff' 
ing np a " Dr. Mon-lM>n" (observe the sobterfnge of the 
double r), a being who never existed, as prescribing a 
" Vegetable Universal Pill, No. 1 and 2," for the express 

{mrposc (by means of this forged imposition upon the finb- 
ic), of deteriorating the estimatiou of the ** I'NIVEK.SAL 
MEDICINKS" of the "BRITISH COLLEGE OP 
HEALTH." 

Knuw all Men, then, that this attempted delasion 
roust fall under the fact, that (however specions the pre- 
tence), ntflie can be held genolne by the College but those 
which have " Morison's C'niversal Medicines*' Impressed 
upon the Government Stamp attached to each box and 
packet, to counterfeit which is felony by the laws of the 
Uod. 

Printed hy J. Haodon and Co. \ and Published 
by J. Crisp, at No. 27, Ivy Lane, Paternoster 
Kow, where all Advertist^mt^nts and Communi- 
cations for the Editor are to be addressed. 



THE TOURIST; 

OR, 



'■' Utile dulci." — Hor 



Vol. I.— Xo. 21. 



MONDAY, JANUARY 21, 1833. 



PiiicB One Pesn 



THE TOWER OF LONDON. 



Perhaps there is no single spot in 
Europe, or in the world, so calculated to 
awaken impressive and profitable recol- 
lections, and so pregnant with Interest to 
Englishmen, as the scene represented 
above. Within these venerable walls — 
the precincts of a palace, a fortress, a 
DTtson — human nature has been exhi- 
bited in all its extremes; the pomp of 
royalty, the wretchedness of solitude, the 
horrors of murder and martyrdom — all 



stand associated with the eventful history 
of this building. On the other hand, it 
is enriched and hallowed by the recol- 
lections of More, Russell, Lady Jane 
Grey — names which, as they stand on 
the page of history, seem to mark the 
boundaries of human excellence. 

The history of the Tower is too inti- 
mately connected with English history in 
general to allow of our giving any sepa- 
rate or concise account of it. We will. 



therefore, only attempt a very general 
notice of it, and offer some anecdotes, to 
be found in its annal^, which may not be 
unacceptable to our readers. 

It seems probable, from its situation, 
that it was originally designed rather to 
defend the maritime approach to the ca- 

fital than for the purposes to which it 
as been appropriat4:d in after ages. The 
precise date of its foundation is a point 
which the silence of authentic history 



f 



170 

leaves to the conjectttres of the auti- 
quary. Dr. Stukefy, in his account of 
Stonehenge, tells us that •* the Tower of 
London was erected about the time of 
Constantine the Great." However this 
be, it seems to have always been a pre- 
valent opinion that it owed its foundation 
to the Romans ; and there seems, at all 
events, ground to believe that its site was 
once occupied by a Roman fortification. 
Indeed, Dr. Milles, Dean of Exeter, and 
President of the Society of Antiquaries 
in 1778, in describing to that body some 
antiquities which had been found within 
the walls of the Tower, stated that " the 
Tower of London was undoubtedly the 
capital fortress of the Romans; it was 
their treasury, as well as their mint ; in 
that place, therefore, was deposited what- 
ever was necessary for the support of their 
establishment, and the payment of their 
troops !'* 

Without laying claim to the degree o{ 
faith which the worthy president exhibits, 
we may state, on historical evidence, that 
the principal structure, now called the 
White Tower, was built at the command 
of King William the First, under the 
superintendence of that celebrated archi- 
tect, Gundulph, Bishop of Rochester. 
Whether any other buUdings than the 
great Tower were erected in the time of 
the Conqueror we are not informed. It 
eeems probable that it would not 
have been left in a state so • exposed 
and unprotected, but that other fortifica- 
tions were also raised. We are informed, 
however, that the building was much in- 
creased by William Rufus, and also by 
most of his immediate successors. 

King Stephen was the first of our 
monarchs, as far as we know, who made 
this place a royal residence. From his 
time it was frequently sqppropriated to 
this use, until a comparatively recent pe- 
riod of our history. *' In the year 1239," 
fiays Bayley, the historian of the Tower, 
*^ Henry IIL secretly laid up a great mass 
of treasure in the Tower, and began to 
give a more formidable character to that 
fertress, by surrounding it with an addi- 
tional line of fortifications, measures which 
were probablv suggested by that spirit of 
tnrbiuence vmich had begun to manifest 
itself among the barons. His design, 
however, was frustrated for a time by a 
series of extraordinary disasters which 
attended the undertaking; the woAs 
were scarcely completed when, on the 
oight of St. George's in the following 
year, the foundations gave way, and the 
noble portal, with the walls and bulwarks, 
on which so much pains and expence 
had been bestowed, all fell down, as if 
by the effect of an earthquake ; and, 
strange to relate, no sooner were these 
works restored than, in 1241, the whole 
again fell down on the same night ; aud, 
as we are told, at the self-same hour that 
it proved destruction to them in the year 



THE TOURIST. 

preceding ; this extraordinary circum- 
stance, embellished with much of the su- 
perstition of the times, is related by an 
otherwise faithful historian, who- informs 
us, that its disastrous fate proved a source 
of great joy to the Londoners, who would 
fain have had it believed that their great 
guardian saint, Thomas k Becket, in the 
plenitude of his zeal for their preservation 
and interest, had taken a nocturnal trip 
from his tomb at Canterbury, and, by the 
mag^c of his archiepiscopal staff, had 
effected all this mischief." 

It continued to be the occasional resi- 
dence of our kings, until the accession of 
James 11., when the usual ceremony of 
the monarch's keeping his court there, 
and proceeding thence through the city 
to Westminster preparatory to his corona- 
tion, was not observed, nor has it since 
been revived, inconsequence of the enor- 
mous expence which it always occasioned 
the city, as well as the government ; since 
that time it has been chiefly used as a 
state prison, and to contain some of bur 
national curiosities, armoury, and insignia. 
It will, doubtless, be interesting to the 
reader to peruse some of the memorials 
left by the unfortunate persons confined 
in the Tower, on the walls of their prison. 
Two of these memorials have been left 
by one who signs himself Arthur Poole, 
in an apartment of the Beauchamp Tower. 
They are interesting, as evincing, in an 
extraordinary manner, the patience and 
resignation with which he submitted to 
his melancholy fate. The first of these 
is in the following words, '^ Deo servire, 
penitentiam inire, fato obedire, regnare 
est, A. Poole, 1564. J. H. S." To serve 
God, to experience repentance, to sulnnit 
to destiny — this is to reign. The other 
appears to have been written four years 
after; the words are: "J. H. S. A 
passage perillus makethe a port pleasant. 
Anno 1668, Arthur Poole, ^t. sue, 37. 
A. P." There are also two interesting 
inscriptions left upon the fire-place of his 
apartment, by the unfortunate Philip How- 
ard, Earl of Arundel, who was beheaded, 
in 1572, for aspiring to the hand of 
Mary, Queen of Scots. The first is as 
follows : '* Quant o plus afiictioms pro 
Chris to in hoc sceculo, tanto plus gleruB 
cum Christo infuturo, Arundell, June 
22, 1587.*' " The greater our affliction for 
Christ in this world, the more our glory 
with him in the next.** T^e other auto- 
graph is to this effect, " Secut peccati causa 
vinciri opprobrium est, ita e contra, pro 
Christo custoduBvincula sustinere, max^ 
ima gloria est. Arundell, May 28, 1587." 
'' As it is a disgrace to be in bonds for our 
sins, so to suffer imprisonment for Christ's 
sake is our highest glory.*' The last in- 
scription we shall quote from these walls 
is a memorial of that scaroely instable 
model of female loveliness and innocence, 
tike Lady Jane Grey. It is said to have 
been scratched by her upon the wall of 



her s^artmeut with a pin, and is as 
follows : — 

« Non aliena pates homiDi qwB obtingere pouunt 
Son hodieroa mibi, eras erit ilia tibi. 

Jane Dndley.*' 

Which has been thus translated ; — 

" To mortals' common fate thy mind resign^ 
My lot to-day — to-morrow may be thine." 

JAMES II. AND JUDGE JEFFREYS. 

The following interesting anecdote is 
related by Dr. Calamy, in his history of 
his own life and times. 

Spending a Lord's-day at Highgate (I think 
it was while Mr. Rathband was the minister 
there, though I have no conjecture in what 
year), in the evening I fell into the company 
of Mr. Story, of whom I had l>efore no know- 
ledge, who generally bore the character of an 
honest man. His mmily was then at High- 
gate, and he with them, when business would 
allow it But his usual residence was in the 
city, at the African house, where he was house- 
keeper. 

The company, when he came in, were fami- 
liarly discoursing upon the providence of God, 
and the remarkableness of many steps of it 
towards particular persons and families, that 
well deserved to be regarded and recorded ; 
and some instances were given by several nre- 
sent At length Mr. Story told us, if we had 
the patience to give him the hearing, he would 
acquaint us with some as remarkable passages 
relating to himself as we should ordinarily hear 
of, the impressions whereof he hoped would not 
wear out to his dying day. 

We all listened with attention, and he, ap< 
Dealing considezably affected, gave us to un* 
derstand that, in 1($85, he was with Monmouth 
in the wdst, and pretty aetire in that company, 
and was afterwards snut up in a close ^nson, 
none having liberty to come to him, to ad- 
minister any refireshment His thoughts wei9 
in the meantime busily employed in oon^ 
triring sieans to compass a deliverance. Among 
others whom he thought capable of doing hiai 
service, he pitched upon Mr. Robert Brough, a 
Unen^draper, well biown in Cheapside, who 
had often dzank a cheerinl glass vrith Jefieys« 
when he was Common Sergeant and Reeoider, 
Mr. Story himself being sometimes in their 
oemany. 

He wrote letter upon letter to him, pressing 
him, with the most moving arguments he oonra 
think of, to pity his great distress, and to mako 
use of his interest in Jeffreys (who, it was ge< 
nerally said, was to go the western Circuit aa 
Lord Chief Justice), for his relief^ if it conld 
be obtained. Among other things he told hiin, 
that if this were done he should be able and 
ready to pay him a considerable debt, of whieh 
he ooald otherwise have no hopes, by reason 
that what he had would be liable to be seised. 

Mr. Brough, to help him in his trouble, 
waited on the Lord Chief Justice one morning 
at his levee, and stood in the hall among a 
good number of waiters, who were attending 
mere upon different accounts. At length a 
pair of folding doors flew open, and my Lord 
appeared, and took a general viaw of the wait- 
ing crowd, and soon spied Mr. Brough, who 
was taller than any near him, and was, by the 
rest of the company, thought a much happier 
man than they, in that, Uiough he was at a 
considerable distance, he was yet singled out 
from among them, particularly called to, salu- 
ted with great familiarity, ana taken into the 
diawing-room, upon which the folding-doors 
were again fost uosed. 



THE TOURIST. 



171 



They were no sooner alone than my Lord fell 
to questioning Mr. Broagh, saying, **I prithee, 
Robin, to what is it that I must ascribe this 
morning's visit?" Mr. Brough made answer 
that he had business that \\ay, and was willing 
to take the opportunity of inquiring after his 
lordship's welfare. ** Wo, no, Robin,** said my 
Lord, '^ 1 am not to be put off with such flams 
as that. Ill venture an even wager thy busi- 
ness is with me, and thou art come to solicit 
on behalf of some snivelling Whig or fanatic 
that is got into Lob's pound yonder in the 
west. But I can tell tliee beforehand, for thy 
comfort, as I have done several others, that it 
vrill be to no purpose, and, therefore, thou 
mightest as well hare spared thy labour.'' 

"But pray, why so, my Lord.^"' said Mr» 
Brough. " Supposing that should be the case, 
I hope, as they have not been all alike guilty, 
and some may have been drawn in by others, 
it is not designed that all shall fare alike." 

" Yes, yes, Robin," says my Lord, ** they 
are all villains and rebels alike, all unfit for 
mercy, and they mast be alike hanged up, that 
the nation may be clear of such vermin ; or 
else," said he, " we should find now they are 
worsted and clapped up, that they were all 
drawn in, and we shall have none to make 
examples of justice to the terrifying of others. 
But, I prithee, Robin," said my Lord, '* who 
art thou come to solicit for ? Let me know in 
a word." 

Says he, " My Lord, it is an honest fellow, 
with whom I have been a considerable dealer ; 
one with whom your Lordship and I have 
taken many a bottle when time was ; and one 
that, besides, is so much in my debt, that if he 
is not somehow or other brought off, I am like 
to be several huniUcd pounds the worse. It is 
Stor}", my Lord, wh<Mn your Lordship cannot 
but remember." 

" Ah, poor Story !" said my Lord, " he is 
caught in the field, and put in the pound. 
Right enough sened: he should have kept 
farther off ; and you should have taken care 
not to have dealt with such wretches. But he 
must have his due among the rest," said my 
Lord ; '* and you must thank yourself for the 
loss yon sustain." 

"Well, but I hope your Lordship," said 
Mr. Brough, '^will find some way to bring 
him off, and help him to a share in the royal 
cl^nency, for ^iraich there will doubtless be 
some scope, that so I mayn't suffer for his 
fault. I intend, my Lord," said he, "to go 
the circuit with you, and we'll drink a hotUe 
and be merry together every night, if you'll be 
so good as to give me a little encouragement.*' 
" Nay, now, friend Robin^" said my Lord, 
" I am sure thou art most woefully out in thy 
scheme, for tbat would spoil all. Shouldst 
thou take that method, thou shouldst certainly 
see thy friend Story hung upon a gibbet some 
feet higher than his neighbours, and there 
cotiM 1^ no room for showing mercy. But 
take my advice for once, and go thy ways 
home, and take not the least notice to any one 
of what has passed. Particularly take care to 
give no hint to Story himself, or to any one 
capable of conveying it to him, that there has 
been any application to me concerning him ; 
and, though he should write never so often, 
g^ve him no answer, either directly or indi- 
rectly. If any notice was given him, I should 
certainly find it out| and be forced to resent 
it; and the conseqfuence would be, that I 
should be under a necessity of using him with 
more severity than I mignt of myself be in- 
clined to. But keep counsel, say nothing to 
any one, and leave me to take my own way, 
and I'll see what can be done." 



Mr. Brough fioflowed orders, kept all that 
had passed entirely to himself, and never made 
Mr. Story any reply. He concluded either 
that his letters miscarried, and never came to 
hand, or that no mercy could be had, and, 
therefore, lived in expectation of the utmost 
severity. He dreaded the coming of the Lord 
Chief Justice, and ihe sight of nim when he 
was come ; and, when he appeared before 
him, he was treated with that peculiar roughs 
ness, that he was rather more dispirited than 
before. 

When Jeffreys cast his eyes npon him from 
the bench, he knew him well enough ; and he 
(poor wretch) stood bowing and erinffing before 
him in so suppliant a manner as that he Uionght 
it might have moved any ihing but a stone, and 
looked at him with a piercing earnestness, to 
try if he could meet with any thing that had 
the least appearance of remaining compassion; 
he was, as it were, thunderstruck to hear hun, 
upon pointing to him, cry out in the sternest 
manner that could be conceived,^ ** What for- 
lorn creature is that tbat stands there ? It is 
certainly the ugliest creature my eyes e>'er 
beheld! What for a monster art &ou?" Poor 
Story, continuing his bows and cringes, cried 
out, ^' Forlorn enough, my Lord, I am very 
sensible. But my name is Story, and I thought 
your Lordship had not been wholly ignorani 
of me." " Ay, Story," said my Lord ; ** I con- 
fess I have heaid enough of thee.' Thou ait 
a sanctified rogue ! a double-dyed villain ! 
Thou wert a Commissary, and 'must make 
speeches, forsooth ; and now, who so humUe 
and mortified as poor Story! The c o mrnon 
punishment is not bad enough for thee! But 
a double and treble vengeance awaits tfeee ! 
I'll give thee thy desert, I'll warrant thee ; 
and thou shalt have thy bellyful of treason 
and rebellion before I have done with thee." 

The poor man eoncluded the very worst 
against himself that could be, and became 
inconsolable. My Lord's carriage was much 
of the same kind upon his trial afterwards. 
He railed at him until he foamed at the 
mouth, and gave him the foulest language, 
called the haxdest names, and used the most 
cutting reproaches that were observed in the 
case of any one that came before him in that 
place. Yet, when others were executed, he 
was respited, being, as was said, reserved for 
some severer vengeance. When ray Lord left 
town, his chains were doubled and trebled by 
order, but his life was left him as a prey ; ana 
80 great was the misery he endured that he 
could hardly think of any thing worse, or ima- 
gine what that was which was said to be re- 
served for him. 

When he had continued thus for a great 
while, at length there came orders for the 
transferring him, with a good guard attending 
him, to another prison that was somewhat 
nearer London; and from thence he, after 
some time, was with great care transferred to 
another, and so to another, still all the while 
laden with irons, until at length he was 
brought up to, and lodged safe in, Newgate, 
where he continued for a great while, confined 
to a miserable dark hole, not being able to 
distinguish well between night and day, ex- 
cept towards noon, when, by a little crevice of 
li|^t as he stood on a chest, with his hands 
extended to the utmost length that his eyes 
could reach to, he made a shift to read a few 
verses in an old Bible he had in his pocket, 
which was his greatest remaining comfort. 

In this miserable plight his keeper came 
ranniag to him one day, with abundance of 
e^;^iie8B,aaying, ** Mr. Stoiy, I have just now 
gotten orders to bring you up immediately 



before the King and Council." Mr. Story, 
being greatly surprised, begged with the ut- 
most earnestness, that he would so far befriend 
him as to let him send to his relations for some 
suitable apparel, and have a barber to trim • 
him, that he might not appear in such a pre- 
sence in so miserable a pl^ht The keeper 
declared that his orders were positive to bring 
him in all respects as he was, without any 
alteration, and that he durst not presume to 
disohey diem. Wherefore he clapped him 
into a coadi as he was, and drove to White- 
hall. 

As they were drivimr thither, and talking 
shout the particulars at has case, the keeper 
told him he had only one hint to give him, 
which was this, that it he saw the King at the 
head of the table in Council, and he should 
think fit to put any questions to him, which it 
was not improbable might foe his case, it would 
be his best and wisest way to return a plain 
and direct answer, without attempting to hide, 
conceal, or lessen any thing. He thanked him 
for the advice given, and promised to follow 
it. 

When he was brought into the Council 
Chamber, he made so sad and sorrowful a 
figure, that all present were surprised and 
firightened ; and he had so strong a smell, by 
being so long confined, that it was very offen- 
sive. When the King first cast his eyes upon 
him, he cried out, "Is that a man ? or what 
else is it ?" Chaacellor Jeffreys told his Ma- 
jesty that tha;t was Stoiy^ of whom he had 
given his Majesty so distinct an accoimt 
" Oh ! Story," says the King ; " I remember 
Idm. That IB a rare £^bw, indeed !" Then 
turning towards him, he talked to him very 
freely and familiarly. 

" Pray, Mr. Story," says he, " you were in 
Monmouth's army in the west, were you not?" 
He, according to the advice given him, made 
answer presently, *' Yes, an^ please your Ma* 
jesty." " And you," said he, " were a com- 
missary there, were you not ?" And he again 
replied, "Yes, an't please your Mayesty." 
" And you," said he, •* made a speech before 
great crowds of people, did you not?" He 
again very readily answered, "Yes, an't please 
your Majesty." "Pray," says the King to 
him, " if you haven't forgot what you said, 
let us have some taste of your fine iorid 
speech. Let us have a specimen of some of 
the flowers of your rhetoric, and a few of the 
main things on which you insisted." 

WTiereupon Mr. Stoiy told us that he readily 
made answer, " I told them, and it please your 
Majesty, that it was you that fired the City of 
London." " A rare rogue, upon my word !*' 
said the King. " And pray wnat else did you 
tell them ?" " I told them," said he, " and it 
please your Majesty, that you poisoned your 
orother." " Impudence in the utmost height 
of it!" said the King. "Pray let us have 
something farther, if your memory serves you." 
" I farther told them," said Mr. Story, « that 
your Mi^esty appeared to be fully determined 
to make the nation both Papists and slav<es." 

By this time the King seemed to have heard 
enough of the prisoner's speech ; and, there- 
fore, crying out, " A rogue with a witness !" 
and, cutting off short, he said, "To all this I 
doubt not but a thousand odier villainous 
things were added ; but what would you say. 
Story, if, after all this, I should grant you 
your life ?" To which he, without any demur, 
made answer, that he should pray faeaxtily for 
his Majesty as long as he lived. " Whj, then,'* 
says the King, " I freely pardon all that is 
past, and hope you will not, for the future^ 
represent your King as inezDrahle." 



THE TOURIST. 



VOEK CATHEDRAL. 



The first notices of the history of this 
edifice, tliougt referring to such remote 
times as the early part of the seventh 
century, are unusually distinct. It ap- 
pears that Edwin, King of Northumbria, 
to whom is due the honour of Christiani- 
zing the North of England, commenced 
his career by himself submitting; to the 
ordinance of baptism. This was per- 
formed by PaiiiinuB. April 12th, 627; in 
a small wooden chapel, which had been 
hastily constructetf for the purpose. 
When, however, this event began, from 
its consequence, to be looked back upon 
as important, Paulinus suggested that an 
appropriate church of stone should be 
-erectM on the spot, at once to comme- 
morate the event, and to enclose the edi- 
fice in which il occurred. This was ac- 
cordingly done ; but it does not appear 
to have been a very permanent monu- 
ment ; for, in 720, Eddius writes a mi- 
imte deacriptioD of it, stating that it was 
then in ruins, and inhabited by birds. 
Wilfrid, however, reneivcd it, with con- 
«iderable additions, and shortly after- 
wards it was still further enriched by 
the presentation of Archbishop Egbert's 
library. This prelate had appointed the 
• elebrated Alcuin, afterwards Abbot of 
Canterbury, to be his librarian — a man 
highly distinguished by his literary at- 
tainments, and whom we have before had 
occftsioQ to bring before the notice of our 



readers, as the finder and translator of 
the Book of Jasher. Indeed, every thing 
connected with Alcuin tends to inspire 
an interest in his character and literary 
history, nnd especially in the library, 
which, at this early period, grew up un- 
der his hands ; and we cannot, therefore, 
but deplore that, owing to the accident 
about to be mentioned, we are shut out 
from all information on the subject. 

But it was not in literary research 
alone that .llcuia gained his renown. 
We owe to him the rebuilding of this 
Cathedral, in the most magnificent Saxon 
style, after a fire, by which it suffered 
much injury, in 741. Nor need it be 
regarded as very remarkable, that the 
clergy should in this age have excelled 
in an art so foreign from their profession 
as that of architecture, when it is recol- 
lected that in these ages of darkness they 
were the almost exclusive depositories of 
education, and, consequently, of every 
branch of useful knowledge; and that 
most of their abbeys and cathedials were 
built by themselves. 

Little is known of the history of this 
edifice from the time of Alcuin to tlie 
time of the Norman conquest. In 1069 
the Northumbrians attempted, with the 
assistance of the Danes, to overthrow the 
usurped dominion of the Nonnan con- 
queror, besieged and fired York, and 
burnt lo the ground the Cathedral, to- 



gether with the interesting collection of 
manuscripts to which we have alluded. 

By the exertions, however, of Thomas 
Df Bayeux, the Cathedral rose again with 
increased extent and elegance. But a 
species of fatality seemed to be directed 
against the designs of these reverend in- 
dividuals, for in 1137 it was again de- 
itroyed by an accidental fire. This event 
leems to have repressed their pious ar- 
dour for a time, as we find that it lay in 
I until the year 1171, when Arch- 
bishop Roger began to rebuild the chcnr. 
In 1260 John de Romayn erected the 

irth part of the transept, and raised a 
tower in the place which the great lan- 
tern afterwards occupied. His son laid 
the foundation of the nave in 1291, and 

1330 we find the west end completed. 

During the civil wars it suffered, in 
common with most other buildings of its 
class, from the barbarous zeoi of the po- 
pular party, but was repaired by a sub- 
scription of the nobility and gentry of 
the county ; and from that time until 
February, 1829, it experienced none of 
those vicissitudes which marked its ear- 
history. The event, which occurred 
at the period to which we refer (we mean 
the conflagration by which it was so ma- 
terially injured), is too well known, and 
loo deeply deplored by all lovers of anti- 
quity and of art, to render it necessary 
for us to dwell upon it ; we hope, how- 
ever, that the munificence and the skill 
which have been exerted will not fail to 
restore it to its former magnificence. 



0.\ THE DEATH OF A YOUTH. 

Vfa hid bopes it wai pleuura to nauiisb, 
(Then hoir iball Dur lotroiv be mute !) 

That those bright budi of geniui would Qouiish, 
Aod bunt into bloaiom aitd fiuit. 

Bui our hopes a,Dd ouc prospects are ihided ; 

For the plant whicb inspired them bai shed 
lis foliage, all green and ualblded, 

Ere the beauty of ipriDg-time u fled. 

Like foim on the crett at the billow, 

Which sparkles and linki from the sight ; 

Like leaf or the wind shaken willow. 
Though tiausienily, beauteously brigbi ; 

Like dev-dropa eihaled as Ihey glisten ; 

Like perfume which dies soon as ibed ; 
Like melodj hashed when we lislen, 

Is memory's dream o[ the dead. 

Berhakd Babtom. 



IMITATION FROM THE PERSIAN. 



Lout) ! who art merciful » well as Jist, 
Incline thine ear 1o me, ■ child of dust ! 
Not what I woaU, O Lord, I offer thee, 

Alas, but whst I can '. 
Father Almighlj, who hast made me nun. 
And bade me look to Heuen, Ibrlhouartth 
Accept my sacrifice, and humble pnjer. 
Four things which are not in lh]> treuiuj 
I lay before thee. Lord, with this petition :- 
My nothingneu, my wints, 
Uy sins, and my contrition ! 



THE TOUEIST. 



17S 



NOTICES TO CORRESPONDENTS. 

We have rweived the eeniribution of A Gmsttmt 
lUader. 

We thank H. H./or hie advice. 

The Editor feeU that some apology te due to the 
Society of Friende in general, for the aeeidenlal ad- 
mission ofiome pauages, in a letter from R, &, in 
No. 20 of TJie Tourist, involving some reflections 
upon them as a body, which, with all respect to R. S., 
he considers as uncalled far and unjust. He is ex- 
ceedingly sorry that his unwillingness to limit too nar- 
routy the expressions of a correspondent voho v:as wriU 
ing in self-defence should have led him to overlook 
the objectionable tendency of some passages contained 
in the Utter. The Tourist is surely the last publica- 
tion which sliould contain any reflections upon a body 
of Christians, to whose benevolent efforts the cause of 
the enslaved African has been, for upwards of a cen- 
tury, so deeply indebted. 
^sssssssssBSssBsss^BBssssssassssgBSBsmasssssssssmt 

THE TOURIST. 



MONDAY, JANUARY 21, 1833. 

FALLACY OF GRADUAL EMAN- 
CIPATION. 

We beg to call the attention of our 
readers to the following very able and 
valuable article, which we copy from the 
Christian Advocate. 

Many plans have been from time to time 
suggested, aud, under the speciotft name of 
** Gradual Abolition," have been thoughtlessly 
supported by those who affect an anxiety for 
the slave, while they will not give themselves 
the trouble to read that t£ey may think, or to 
think on the little which they have read. There 
is something sweetly soothing about this term 
** Gradual ;" it is quite comfortable to the in- 
dolent philanthropist He seats himself in 
quiet by his firesiae, indulging in all the lux- 
ury of a cheerful blaze and an easy chair, and 
consoling himself with the amplitude of time 
which his principle of benevolence will require 
for its full development ! " Don't be impa- 
tient, my good friend — all great bodies must 
be moved with caution ; sudden changes are 
attended with danger — ^take your time about 
it — the more haste the worse speed;" and 
thus, with a hundred old saws, all to the same 
effect, he lulls body and conscience together 
into a convenient slumber, and satisfies nine- 
teen out of twenty, as well of his wisdom as 
of his philanthropy ! This is pure babbling, 
and as mischievous as it is puerile. Let us 
examine some of these plans of " Gradual- 
ism," and see to what they amount 

One of the most approved of them is to 
emancipate a g^ven number of slaves annually. 
With whom will you begin ? If you select the 
children or the aged, wmit can be the result, 
but to throw on the colony a number of pau- 
pers, incapable of providing for themselves, 
and where no poor-laws are in force to ensure a 
bare subsistence ? The children are at present 
supported by their parents, by the provisions 
raised in their extra hours ; and, wretched as 
this support must be, it is at least enough to keep 
body and soul togedier. That very intelligent 
witness, Mr. Barry, at page 435 of the Lords* 
Evidence, is asked the question, " Do the pa- 
rents support them now ?** and distinctly re- 
plies in the affirmative, "They do;" and 
again, at page 439, he repeats that " the pro- 
visions for Uiem are raised by the labour of 
their parents." 

Should the selection, then, be made of the 
adults ? How, again, is tlie choice to be de- 
termined ? If the best chazactexs are removed, 



the influence of example is gone; and the idle 
and vicious, being alone left to perfonn the 
labours of Uie estate, are stimulated to insub- 
ordination by jealousy of the good fortune of 
their emancipated brethren ; if, on the other 
hand, the idle and turbulent are selected, a 
premium is given for bad behaviour, and sla- 
very becomes the reward of merit 

Suppose another principle is adopted — ^the 
emancipation, by lot, of a given number an- 
nually, witliout reference to character. Not 
only would the same jealousy be provoked, 
but, inasmuch as this reduction of the effec- 
tive power of the gang would throw additional 
duty on the remainder, that jealousy would be 
justified by severer usage (if tliat, indeed, is 
possible) ; and sullen discontent, wc all know, 
does not require the apology of being well 
foundedf to lead to revolt We say nothing 
of the hardship on the planter, of thus incapa-' 
citating him from ciuiying on the works of the 
plantation ; for, in honest truth, we think that 
his interest is only entitled to secondary con- 
sideration ; yet even he might complain with 
reason, that, when freemen will not submit to 
the degradation of working with slaves {vide 
the evidence passim), he is thus deprived of 
the opportunity of replacing his emancipated 
hands by the aid of free labour. What other 

{>lan of selection can be suggested ? We be- 
ieve that we have exhausted them all. 

Then comes the scheme of compulsory ma- 
numission; or, to speak more intelligibly to 
those who are not familiar with the phraseo- 
logy of the question, compelling the owner to 
manumit any slave who can buy his own free- 
dom; and here, we must premise, a great 
error generally obtains. IVfany of the wit- 
nesses speak of " slaves " possessing property. 
There are many classes of slaves. Some are 
employed as mechanics ; others as head nien, 
to superintend various departments of labour ; 
and many more as domestics. Of these classes, 
no doubt, several possess property to an amount 
that might enable them to buy their freedom, 
on the compulsory principle ; but their propor- 
tion is scarcely as one to a hundred of the 
slave population. They are not only excep- 
tions, but rare exceptions, to the general rule ; 
and, when our readers hear the property of 
slaves discussed, we entreat them to bear in 
mind this distinction — ^the field slaves, taken 
collectively, possess no property; yet they form, 
at least, 300,000 of the slaves in Jamaica! 

The Consolidated Slave Act proves, more- 
over, that the slave cannot, by law, possess^ 
distinctly from his owner, more than iC25 cur- 
rency. 

But, to return from this digression, does not 
this system of compulsory manumission obvi- 
ously work the same injustice that we have 
before described ? In proportion as a slave is 
ingenious, orderly, and industrious, he en- 
hances his value, and Urns his good behaviour 
raises the price which he must pay for his 
freedom. In like manner, too, it ensures the 
release, in the first instance, of the well-con- 
ducted part of the gang ; and thus, again, the 
danger is incurrea that attends every other 

Slan of selection. It is also attended by ano- 
iier evil of no common magnitude: it has a 
direct tendency to break through all the social 
ties, and to sever those domestic relations 
which policy, as well as religion, would en- 
courage. Half a life of extra labour might, 
possibly, enable a man to buy himself; but 
now is he, tlien, to accomplish the freedom of 
his wife and children ? It is admitted by Mr. 
Shand, a colonial witness, that one day's la- 
bour will produce proviidons sufficient for a 
slave's maintenance throughout the year (ri<fe 



pages 206 and 207 of the Lords' Evidence) ; 
and, also by him, and all the witnesses, that 
the only source of a slave's property is the sale 
of extra provisions, which, in such a fertile 
country, can scarcely be very valuable. Yet 
the average price of an adult-slave is, at least, 
£80. Are we, then, unreasonable in assuming 
that life is too short, even for the most indus- 
trious negro, to effect more than liis own pur- 
chase, under the most favourable circum- 
stances ? — and thus he must, under a system of 
compulsory manumission, abandon those who 
are dearest to him, to hopeless misery imder 
their owner's lash ! 

It is unnecessary to advert particularly to 
the proposition of declaring the children free- 
bom, lliis plan has been long exploded. Not 
only is it open to many of the objections we 
have stated, but all are at length agreed that 
the freedom of adults is, at least, of equal im- 
portance to that of their offspring. Indeed, 
none but those who absurdly despaired of ever 
obtaining more would have dreamt of leaving 
helpless infants to the tender mercies of slave- 
owning barbarians. Oh! how liberal would 
have been tlieir maintenance! How gentle 
their nurture ! How pure, how Christian, their 
education ! 

What, then, is to be done? Again and 
again have we answered that question : long 
before this evidence ever saw the light, or had 
even been given. Emancipate them all — at 
once — iviihout delay — every man, woman^ and 
child, that breathes in bondage. Away with 
all your cowardly saeacity! your timorous 
prudence ! your slothful, sluggish, slumbering, 

Srocrastinating humanity! it is in this the 
anger lies : every veteran knows that safety 
is found in courage, not in fear ; every school- 
boy will tell you that he who shrinks from the 
leap will fall into the ditch. We are mistaken 
if we do not make this apparent, even to the 
most hare-hearted gradualist of them all. Ja- 
maica is even now on the brink of danger ; if 
the next packet brings us tidings of a san- 
guinary and decisive revolt we shall not be 
surprised ; and, thank God, we shall not have 
ourselves to blame ; but we will plainly tell 
our cautiotts abolitionists that the burthen on 
their consciences will be only inferior to that 
of the white self-deluded wretches, who will 
fall the first victims to the vengeance of the 
oppressed ! We might multiply quotations to 
tpe same effect ; perhaps, hereafter, we shall 
do so ; but, for the present, we content our- 
selves with entreating patient and fixed atten- 
tion to the following extract from Mr. Barry's 
evidence, which we select because it is through- 
out distinguished by a calm intelligence that 
entitles it to more than ordinary weight That 
its effect was astounding to the noble exam- 
iners is very apparent, from the eager anxiety 
of the cross-examination, and the disposition 
exhibited, in the subsequent examination of 
Admiral Fleming, to convict him of inaccu- 
racy ; Mr. Barry stood the test of both ordeals, 
and his testimony is corroborated by all who 
followed hiin. 

Upon the whole, what do you consider the situ- 
ation of the field slave, as to his physical condition, 
in respect of food and clothing, and hii general 
treatment 1 

I believe tliat the physical condition of the 
slave is such as to render it impossible that he can 
ever be satisfied with such a state, I have already 
described Uie moral and religious state of destitu- 
tion in which he is placed. 

Do you consider that emancipaton would in 
any respect be more dangerous than abolition 
might be, postponed to a distant or uncertain 
datel 



174 



THE TOURIST. 



J c«riatft/v do not. I believe that immediate 
abolition will even be productive of less danger 
Uian a grsdual abolition ; because, allowing, for 
instance, that the children of the negroes were to 
be freed after a certain period, I feel convinced 
the present race of oegroes will never be satisfied 
to remaiQ in a state of servitude ; and my impres- 
sion has long been that any attempt to continue the 
system of slavery will be aecempanied with greater 
elsmger then emancipation, 

\ou mean emancipation under certain lestric- 
tions? 

Yes, those I have referred to. 

Suppose any system of jpartial abolition were 
adopted, whether it proceeded on the principle of 
emancipating a certain portion annually, or of 
emancipatiog the more orderly, industrious cha- 
racters first, would it not be injurious to the 
planters in two ways — ^by diminishing the suffi- 
ciency of his slaves for the ordinary duties of his 
plantations, and by withdrawing the industrious 
characters in the gane? 

I certainly am of that opinion : it must neces- 
sarily follow, that where freedom should be given 
only to the best conducted, the worst conducted 
must remain, and the physical and numerical 
strength of the gang must be diminished by such 
gradual abolition. 

Would not such a plan of emancipation be 
doubly injurious to those who remained, from the 
strong temptation held out to the planter to make 
his remaining slaves do double work, to produce 
the same quantity^ of sugar as was producea before 
the gang was diminished ? 

I think, under the existing state of things, that 
is highly probable, if not certain; and, besides 
that consiaeration, there is another danger, which 
I think would necessarily attach to such a measure, 
which would be, increasing the Jealousy and ducon- 
tented feeling of the slaves who remained. 

Do ^ou conceive it would be possible, by any 
arrangement, to avoid those dangers, or the still 
greater risk of 'Stimulating those who remained in 
slavery to emancipate themselves by violence t 

£ do not think it possible that any such arrange- 
ment c(niid Be made* 

Are not the slayes able to obtain regular inform- 
ation, through the newspapers, of all that passes in 
this country 1 and state the channel through^which 
they obtain such information. 

I was aware of that fact before I left Jamaica ; 
one of the most intelligent men in the country told 
Hke so : but, since my arrival in London, I have 
received a letter from one of our missionaries, who, 
in conjunction with others, was requested by, I 
thiuk, the custos, Mr. Bairett, to examine some 
negroes, under sentence of death in Montego Bay 
gaol, on the cause of the late insurrection, and 
one of the principal persons informed the mission- 
aries, who were tlien inquiring into the circum- 
stances, that they received their intelligence 
through the medium of the English papers, one of 
which he produced in confirmation of the fact. There 
is another medium through which communications 
of that kind are made to the negroes. We 
have in Jamaica what are called walking buckras 
—white men, who have eitlier served on board 
merchant vessels, or had formerly served as over- 
seers and book- keepers ; in either case they are 
now out of employment They are a public 
nuisance in the country, and by their conduct 
produce a great deal of mischief ; they go to the 
negro houses, for the purpose of procuring a night*s 
lodging or rum ; and I am informed that they take 
ttte island papers, and read them to the negroes, which 
is a very dangerous but common mode of commu- 
nicating intelligence. But there is another source 
of i f >rmation which ought not to be lost siglit of, 
whicii is, the incautious manner in which the gen- 
tlemen of Jamaica talk before their own servants. 
Domestic servants are, in general, very numerous 
in the houses of the planters ; and, either before 
their own famtlics or friends, tliey talk as openly 
and freely as if the negroes did not understand what 
they were saying. It appears from the letters I 
haye received, and the testimony of those men 
under sentence of death, that such was the fact on 



the north side ; axkd one instmoe was given, ia 
which such conversation had actnaDy taken place ; 
so that tl if impostibU, vrith such sources of know- 
ledge (of a dangerous character, to far as thg 
negro is concerned), that th^y should wmatn ignorant 
of those transactions which are tahing place ; and 
they are as perfectly aware, cemparatixei^ speukiny, 
rfwhat is doing in the mother country as your Lord' 
ships. 

Is not their desire for freedom, in consequence 
of this general information, in advance of their 
moral and relifi^ious improvement 1 

It is : and I believe no degree of mmal and reli- 
gious improvement unll ever make the #lav«t tatisjied 
with their present condition. 

Are you in any degree acquainted with the 
causes of the late insurrection in J amalca 1 If you 
are, please to state them. 

The fact which I have now stated I conceive to 
form the groundwork — a strong desire in the slaves 
to obtain their freedom ; and I refer to their general 
information on the subject of the measures likely 
to be adopted at home for their final emancipation. 
They have long entertained the opinion, to use 
their own language, that the kmg has made them 
free, but that their masters have withheld that 
freedom from them ; and I cannot avoid mention- 
ing, in immediate connection with that impression, 
the injudicious measures adopted by the parochial 
meetings in Jamaica, just before I last went to 
that island. Meetings were called in the respec- 
tive parishes for the purpose of adopting resolu- 
tions, and appointing delegates to England, in 
order to lay their causes of complaint before his 
majesty's government. It was then, I believe, 
stated, and it is the general impression in Jamaica at 
this moment, that, in the event of the non-interferenee 
of Government, they were to request to be freed f rem 
their aUeyianee to the Britieh Crown. This was no 
secret; the negroes V3ere perf^lly aware of it, and 
they considered that this was Cutting effectually the 
door against their hopes of freedom ; and, connected 
with this measure, I can never avoid considering 
the rejection, for so I must call it, of Mr. Beau- 
mont's compulsory Manumission Bill, as exerting 
a very powerful ^ influence upon the negroes in 
respect to that insurrection. 1 have stated that 
his popularity rose to an immense height, on 
account of his haying brought forward that mea- 
sure ; the negroes were highly excited in conse- 
quence, and their hopes vrere completely disap- 
pointed by the rejection of that measuro by the 
Le^slative Assembly. Here is another cause 
which, combined with the two fonner, I do think 
was a proximate cause of the rebellion, at least 
partially. In consequence of some distarbanoes 
which had taken place in the Windward Islands, 
his majesty felt nimself called upon to issue a 
proclamation, which was also sent to Jamaica ; 
out, in consequence of the state of quiet prevailing 
in that colony, the proclamation had not been 
made public, but unfortunately (for I do consider 
it as unfortunate), a few days before Christmas 
this proclamation was promulgated. I was stand- 
ing at our Chapel door, on the Parade, at Kings- 
ton, talking with another missionary; I saw a 
man in the act of posting one on the gate ; I went 
out and read it, and, as soon as I had deae so, I 
observed, " I shall feel vety much mistaken if we 
do not have some disturbance this Christmas." 
He said, "Why?" I said, "From the effect 
which the wording of this proclamation will pro- 
duce upon the minds of the slaves." It was 
calculated to make an impression (remembering 
that they had long imagined the king had made 
them free) that his majesty was about to withdraw 
his interference on their behalf, and I did conceive 
that they would consider that as abutting the last 
door against their hopes. — Vide pp. 637, S9&, 
540. 

How pregnant with instruction is every syl- 
lable of this extract ! Treason, on the one 
hand, ruthlessly working its own punishment 
— sedition opening for its authors a gulf of 
destruction — while, on the other, neither mo- 
rality nor religion can ayail to repress that 



thirst for liberty whkii God has imDlaiiied in 
eyery breast \ We z^oice to see the legitimate 
operation of the British press in thus aidia^g 
the miserable in their desperate conflict. Let 
us not be misunderstood. We are no advo- 
cates for violence or insurrection, whatever be 
the provocation. We would not desecrate that 
sacred weapon, the liberty of the press, by ex- 
erting it in a sanguinary reyolt ; but we rejoioCy 
wc exult iu seeing it thus expel the sepulchnil 
darkness with which oppression has laboured 
too successfully to envelop the huts of slayery* 
The press of England cannot be silenced ; its 
voice has been heard across the Atlantic. Ere 
another year has elapsed, we trust it will com- 
pel a hearing for the slave, even within the 
walls of a British Parliament ! 

The length to which we haye extended these 
remarks oblip^es us to postpone, to ano&er day, 
some further observations, which will show the 
compaiati ve facility of now intiodudng a ligw- 
ous systeni of police in lieu of the existing dis- 
cipliue of the owner, a very important consi- 
deration in any scheme of abolition that may 
be contemplated. 



REVIEW. 



The Mosaical and Mineral Geologies 
Illustrated and Compared. By W. M- 
HiGGiNSy F.O.S., &c. Scoblc, Chancery 
Lane. • 

VoLNET stood upon the Ruins of Empires. 
The geologist stands upon the ruins of the 
world. Volney enjoyed, mid the desolation 
around him, many a landscape, many a fairy 
scene. The geologist, too, beholds many of 
his ruins covered with yerdure, and others as- 
suming proportions at once beautiful and sub- 
lime, and surveying them acknowledges that, 
whether chance or God were the creator, the 
wreck of matter transcends in excellence the 
loftiest imaginings of human wit. Volney, 
from his abstractions, arose to contemn re- 
vealed truth, and many a geologist has de- 
scended from ennobling contemplations to 
prove that his discoveries are at variance with 
the written word. But the wicked are srnred 
in their own net. Volney's Ruins have failed 
in their banefhl intent, while his travels afford 
a strikiuff evidence of the fulfilment of pro- 
phecy : tne geologist's researches have fiuvilly 
teiirled to illustrate the Scripture cosmogony, 
and to confirm the Mosaic account llie 
streams of science have always some golden 
sands, and when time has allowed them to 
subside, and permitted their separation, they 
may be molten, struck with the impress of 
truf'i, and cast into the treasury of the Lord. 

Geology has subsisted long enough to un- 
dergo this refining: process : ner first rise was 
like that of the mountain torrent, overwhelm- 
ing, desolating; but since she has spread 
abroad upon the surface of science, her waters 
have lost their turbulence and tuibid hue ; be- 
calmed, they reflect the light of heaven, and 
from her depths religion gathers an enriching 
store. The work before us is from the pen of 
a Christian geologist. The execution is satis- 
factory; displaying more of the philosopher 
than the man of letters, yet not destitute of 
vic^orous and beautiful passages. The plan of 
this treatise, for it does not assume the portli- 
ness of a volume, is, by introductory remarks, 
to justify the institution of the comparison be- 
tween the Mosaical and Mineral Geologies — 
next, to give an Outline of Practical Geology, 
in which the author adopts the classification of 



THE TOURIST. 



175 



De la Beche — tbeOf to esbibit a view of The-^ 
oKtic Geology-— and, finallj, to show that tbe 
Moi>iUC aceount perfectly taJHes with modem 
discoveries, and uie more sober theories which 
have been founded upon them. Except the 
detail of the second part, the subject cannot 
fail to be interesting: even in that there are 
one or two statements calculated to draw forth 
much wonder and admiration. 

If geology had done nothing more than 
given us an enlarged view of the wo!ndec-woric>- 
ing power of the Great Supreme, it would have 
acomplifihed something ; butit also unfolds re- 
condite instances of his wisdom. Thus we find 
that while the rugged outline of the Alp, or 
the broken crag of the Derbyshire landscape, 
administers to our pleasure, tne ragged strata 
lay bare veins of metal, or invite the miner to 
run an adit for coal. Lest untutored man 
should remain incurious of the riches of the 
earth, her varied stores were broken open and 
exi osed to view. 

ibe comparison, the part more strictly 
adi pted to the religious public, is well sus- 
tained ; and we shall endeavour, in as succinct 
a i 'Hn as possible, to give the scope of the ar- 
-guiiient We are unacquainted with the in- 
most material of the earth ; though, by hyper- 
bolo, we talk of diving iato its bowels, we 
haiLly puncture the skin: we only guess at 
its more solid formation from occasional pro- 
trusion of the lower rocks. The skin, or crust, 
of this orb becomes the sole matter of investi- 



philasophT must be wrong. In fine, however, 
it seems iitaX the Bible and philosophy ^stand 
together, and the only wrong parties were the 
dogmatists on either side. The peculiarity of 
the present book consists in this, that the au- 
thor adopts the notions of noodem geologists 
as to the earth's age to the fullest extent, and 
in so doing finds his faith in the Mosaic his- 
tory confirmed : in fact, as the title intimates, 
the Mosaic and Mineial Geologies, when com- 
pared, illustrate one another. We first notice 
a short reference to the Deluge, which is sub- 
stantiated by a new and more approved evi- 
dence than that of which we were bereft. The 
Deluge was universal ; and, wherever we take 
off t^ superficial or alluvial deposit, we find 
the diluvial deposit, consisting of gravel, ecratic 
blocks, and many fossil bones of the mam- 
malia. The stones, having been rolled into 
the state of pebbles, evince the action of agi- 
tated waters. These, being universally and 
superficially strewn over the other beds, show 
their subsequent deposition: thus we prove 
they were left by the last dUuvian catastrophe, 
and as we read of none later than the time of 
Noah, these remains yield undubitable evi- 
dence ci Noah's flood. But the serious point 
is, whether the othej and lower deposits were 
formed at the same time, and, if they were 
not, whether Moses's date of the creation be 
correct. We have already given a reason for 
concluding that part of tne lower deposits 
were formed long before the era of the Deluge, 



gation ; diversified by the probability that the and part before the date of time ; that is, be- 



primitive rocks constitute the earth's founda- 
tions. This crust is formed of layers or strata, 
not regular, as the coats of an onion, but 
broken, upheaved, depressed, scattered on every 
hand ; and most, if not all, the beds above the 
primitive rocks are the work of time and cir- 
cumstance, and are, therefore, well termed 
mechanical rocks, llie one are the inunediate 
result of the almighty power, the other of 
secondary and progressive agency, and from 
their appearance receive the well-distinguished 
names of stmtified and unstratified rocks: 
the latter formed by direct or chemical agency, 
the former by causes supposed to be the same 
or analogous to those now in operation. Stra- 
tified rocks are again divided into fossiliferous 
and noa-fosfiilifernnsi and eaoh of these has 
several subdivistions. This general classifica- 
tion seems quite natural, and is suffident lor 
our purpose. The fiossUiferous rocks, as their 
name imports, contain the remains of animal, 
vegetable, and marine preductions, and for 
many years were esteemed as irrefragable 
prooJs of the devastating influence of «an uni- 
vMsal flood. But, in process of time, some 
most confounding facts appeared, which sug- 
gested the probability, not of one, but of many 
wide catastrophes, and that ere the one de- 
stmctioH came, this earth had been affected 
by minor and partial convulsions. For some- 
times after a bed of marine deposit there 
chances another of animal, and then a bed of 
marine again. It is very evident that the 
specific gravity of materials could not account 
for this, neither would the situation permit the 
insinuation of a stratum ; all these deposits 
must have followed one after another, and in 
regular succession. Finally, they were found 
to be of a depth and extent inconsistent with 
the age of the world between the Mosaic date of 
the Creation and the Deluge. Here, said the 
Deist, nature has ^iven us a new date for the 
birth of the irortd; philosophy must be right 
and the Bible wrong. -The Christian replied : 
the inspu'ation of the Scriptures is demonstra- 
ble from moral evidence ; tne Bible is right and 



A Letier from Legion to His Grace the 
Duke of Ricuau>n]>, Chairman of the Sla- 
very Committee of the House of Lords. 
Containing an Exposun of the Character of 
the Evidence of» the CoUmal Side. London* 
Bagstei. pp. 196. 8vo. 

We etjua do little more, in our present num- 
ber, l^aa anaoance the publication of this 
Samphkt, and strongly recommend its iiiune- 
iate and attentive perusal to our readera It 
will go far to exhibit, in its true character of 
ignorance, misrepresentation, and inconsist- 
ency, the colonial evidence which has been 
adduced before the Lords' Committee, and 
should be extensively circulated by every ene- 
my of o]^res6ion and cruelty. We purpose 
extracting from it somewhat largely in our 
next number. 



fore the era of man's existence on the earth. 
Strata requiring successive changes, could not 
be formed by one change. Strata requiring 
the mechanical action of many centuries, could 
not have been formed in the 3000 years which, 
at the highest computation, existed between 
the creation and the flood. What was the 
former condition of the globe is not for us to 
know, no antediluvian man has been found 
fossilized; and should some other lords of the 
creation, prior to our epoch, have ruled over 
the animals of mighty dimension, and have 
been shaded by the herbage of gigantic pro- 
portion which have been found in a fossil 
state, the fact of not discovering such former 
lords would not prove they never had an ex- 
istence. This circumstance would be far from 
raising a presumption that the world in which 
the megalosaurus and the arboraceous ferns 
flourished, had no intelligent tenant or ad- 
mirer. Scripture allows full room for sup- 
posing a long intermediate period between the 
first creation and the first note of time. Yea, 
seeing there isto be anew heaven and a new earth, 
wherein dwelleth righteousness, we might be 
strengthened in the opinion that he who hath 
given distinct and increasingly luminous dis- 
pensations to man, has in like manner given 
eras of varied chaiacter to the globe. 

In order to show the coincidence of the 
sacred record with th^e suggestions, our au- 
thor first lays the ba^Ss of his argument on 
the fint nineteen verses of the first chapter of 
Genesis, in the critical remarks of Rosen- 
muUer, and the comment of Josephus and the 
Rabbins ; having also, in the first verses, the 
concurrence of W, Penn. 

Our limits will not allow of our giving any 
account of that interpretation by which he 
supports his Uieory. We can only say that it 
is nighly satisfactory to us, and conclude by 
recommending this treatise to all who widk for 
sound views upon a subject which has been 
much embanassed by the sophisms and tricks 
of infidelity. 



We extract the following letter from the 
Times of Wednesday, January 9th. Although 
it may be necessary, in order fully to under- 
stand the writer, to refer to some former cor- 
respondence, yet enough of his scope and de- 
sign may be learned from this letter to aflbrd 
much pleasure to such as are interested in the 
great question of emancipation. 

TO THE editor OF THE TliMES. 

Sir,— I have just read ia your paper of this 
morning a letter signed " B.," on the subject of 
the conduct of the Jamaica Assembly towards 
Lord Mulgrave, together with yoar judicious re- 
marks thereon. I am not going to take up your 
space and your readers' time by a long tirade 
against slavery ; I merely wish to correct a gross 
misrepresentation — a slander against 1,900,000 
people — on the part of " B./' when speaking of 
the feelings of the British North American colonists. 
The British North American colonies have, it 
may be admitted, certain grievances which occa- 
sionally generate loud outbreakings of complaint ; 
but **D.** must not think that beeauie they com* 
plain, they are, therefore, likely to " unite in the 
broad and intelligible principle of resistance,'* 
when the matter to be resisted is the interference 
OB whidi B. enlarges. I should much like to hear 
the evidence which has satisfied " B.*s" mind on 
the point; but unless that evidence (if any) be 
sufficient to convince all calm and reasoning vatn, 
I must beg him to withdraw the slander alluded 
to, and cease to include the British North Ame- 
rican colonies in his threats— impotent, I should 
call them — of rebellion. 

It may be, that public opinion has a teadencv 
towards the independence of the British North 
American colonies ; but there is certainly no rea- 
son to believe that the separation will be other 
than amicable ; at all events, he must be ignorant 
indeed of the state of the colonies in question, to 
suppose they are so fond of resistance as to take 
up the cudgels for the slave-holders of Jamaica. 
Upper Canada, in fact, famishes an argument 
which " B." little dreams of against the reiterated 
assertions of slave-holders, *' that the negro will 
not work for hire unless compelled ; and that, if 
emancipated, he would work only just so much as 
would produce, sufficient for his daily wants." .At 
and about the southern extremity of Upper Canada, 
tobacco is cultivated by runaway slaves from the 
United States, who work for hire — save money — 
take land, and show themselves capable of being 
operated upon by all the motives which influence 
the conduct of free men of fairer skin when placed 
in the same position. I need not tell " B. ' ' that run- 
away slaves are those who are least likely to work ; 
most likely to make evidence for the slave-holder's 
position. 

To conclude : If ** B." and the slave-hokiert 
of Jamaica will take the advice of one who knows 
the Canadas well, they will cease to count u^n 
the alliance of those colonies in any act of resist- 
ance they may contemplate. 

I am. Sir, your obedient Seivaat, 

Jan, 5. Ak Axolo*Caka]>iax. 



THE HIBISCUS TILIACEU^. 

HOyADELPHlA POLYASDRIA : LINNH'S. 

The hibiscus tiliaceus, or the maho, or 
mahagua, as it is called in the West 
India islands, is another cordage plant of 
great ntjlity. The bark, a strong, fibrous 
envelope, is twisted into the ropes and 
halters ordinarily used in the economy of 
a sugar estate, and, when wound into fine 
twine, is the material with which the 
negro constructs his hammock, orswinging 
couch. On account of its easy pliancy, 
and its disposition never to acquire stiff- 
ness, like the leather thong when old, or 
the hempen rope when new, it is adopt- 
ed, in preference to all other materials, 
in the construction of the cattle-whip, or, 
as it is generally called in England, the 
cart-whip — that terrific instrument with 
which the slaves are punisheil. This whip 
is a thong about eiglit or ten feet long, 
plaited to somewhat more than the bulk 
of a postillion's. It is fixed to a handle of 
about three feet in length, and terminates 
in a lash of about eighteen inches, com- 
posed of fibres of a species of bromelia, 
a plant of the class of pine-apples, 
called penguiu. The long, fine, silky 
thread of this plant is more capable 
than any other of being twisted into 
an extremely close cord, and, though 
quite supple, is as compact as wire ; it 
is, therefore, better adapted to inflict 
pain, by lacerating the flesh in deep but 
narrow lines. When used, the whip thus 
formed is swung round and round the 
head for one or two succession of times, 
so as to be trailed out to its full length 
between each stroke, and is then applied 
with considerable report and great preci- 
sion to the sufferer, male or female, old 
or young, stretched naked on the earth. 

This tree dclighte in the borders of 
morassea, as well as the banks of rivers 



THE TOURIST. 

and for this reason Sloane, the naturalist, 
in his History of Jamaica, has designated 
it "tnalva arborefi maritima," and has 
summed up its characteristics with great 
conciseness in these words ; — " Folio 
sabrotundo, minore accuminato, subtus 
Candida, cortice in funes ductile." " A 
rounded leaf, having the lesser end 
pointed, while on the under side, with a 
bark capable of being twisted into twine." 
It is of greater expansion than height, a 
character very common with the tree 
mallows. Its flowers are large, and very 
showy ; but what is particularly striking 
is its threefold change, from yeliow to 
orange, and then to deep red, on the 
three days that it is an expanded blossom. 
When blended with the large blue, white, 
and pink convolvulus of the tropics, flow- 
ers that prevail equally in moist situations 
with the maho, and combined with plumy 
tufts of bamboo and palmites, I know no 
combination finer in the foreground of an 
Indian river scene. The crabs devour 
the fallen petals with great avidity ; the 
root is used as an aperient and hepatic 
infusion ; and the negroes, when they 
have macerated a quantity of the flowers 
in oil, ascribe great efficacy to them as a 
vulnerary medicament. — Notes of a Tra- 

TO THE EDITOR OF THE TOUKIST. 

Sir, — I beg to submit to you the fol- 
lowing order, which has been sent out 
from the Colonial Office to the Governor 
of the Bahamas, and will, doubtless, be 
read with pleasure, as indicating the feel- 
ings of his Majesty's Ministers with re- 
gard to that great subject whicli occupies 
so much of your attention. 

1 am, Sir, yours, &c., 
C. R. E. 

Sir, — I am desired to signify to you 
the King's commands, that in any future 
grants of lands made by tlie Crown, a 
condition be inserted for the forfeiture of 
the grant, on proof of the land having 
been, at any time subsequent to the date 
of the grant, cultivated by the labour of 
slaves. 

GODERlCil. 

To Governor Sir J. C. Smith, Bahamas. 

DECLAllATIOX OF TilE INDEPENDENT, 
BAPTIST, AND METHODIST MINIS- 
TERS IN THE COUNTY OF DORSET, 
ON THE SUBJECT - OF COLONIAL 
SLAVERY. 

We, the unileraigned Chriidsn Miniitera i 
the county of Dorut, think ourselvea called o 
I; preieat circutastaaces to la; berore ihe publi 



r de[ib< 



» °?'°' 



subjecli — namely, the evil of Brilijh Colonial 
Slavery, sad the perseculion of miuiaoarieB. thei 
eongregatioaa, and adherents, in Jamaica. >■ oiigi 
piling IB that lyitem. 

We are firmly convinced that the lyaten of 
Qolottial Slaveiy it easentially linfal, becauie at 
variaoce with the great piidciplea and spirit of 



Christianity ; that it ia incapable of any such iiR- 
provement as would justify iti continuance ; and 

Iheicfote, that it DDght to be aboliijied by 1^1 
meana with the least passible delay. 

The persecutions in Jamaica, which are as in- 
concistent with the Goipel of Chiisc as they aie 
apposed to the ipirit of the Briliih cODStitutian, 
to the design of the Toleration AcU, end to the 
essential rights of aur fellow-subjects in the West 
Indies, we regard as a decisive pioof of llie incor- 
rigible nature of the system of Colonial Slavery, 
and as an additional reason for leeking its utter 
ei termination. 

We, ihecerore, eaineitly entreat Ihe friends of 
Chrialiauiljf, liberty, and peace, to employ their 
iailuence, in every consliluiional way, to oblsin 
the speedy removal of Ibis sinful and iujnrious 
lyitem, and to insist on th« prompt adoption of 
- ' shall effectually aecure the full 






I Btown, Wirchim 

et^nrgin.'p^* 

Cturici Cwnoii, ForUand 
I Cilli, SLunnlHiry 



r the 



G. HnbbanI, Corfe C»il.. 
B. Jcaatt, Cl»niiaatb 
R. EcyoM, Blindriml 
J. H. Mackrprie, Po<-\- 
W. HsDftvd, Burton, Biad- 



Jotan Pryor. BrMpon 



E. Smith, iynic RrAt 
Predcrlc SmlUi. Btlilpnrl 
Siinncl Sc^Dk, WbnlwrnE^ 
Hinry Slrond, Bire Rctii 
Janu TrawbiMn, Ccme 
J. H. Walker. PkiIc 
tuna Wnilbriilgt, l#lc<> 



A 



aU-BlaTary KMtlii« at Bxator Hall. 

GF,\ERAL MEETING of Ihe ANTI-SLA- 

V ERY SOCIETY, Kod at Ihe Pricndi if Ihil C^hk. 

M hcM It EXBTKR HAI.L. »Irand, on THURS- 

, lilt THIRTY-PIKST of JANUABIT, ISSI, wilb > 

illon or Slavery Ihroo^onl the Briiiih Dooiinloni. 
F Doori wlU be opened at Ten o'clock, and the Chdii 
I at Eleven preclicljr, bf tin Rlgbt UoDiHirabh; l.uaT> 
■" PainoLB, Eecnitar). 



pr Adml 



Hatthanl, ISt, PIcrartilly; Ur»r>. 
ihUI; Hr.Snhy, Fleet Slreel: Mr.Niibel. 

:: «t. Bac-Uvr. Pxlemiuter Bon; BMt 11 



SLAVERV. 

closely printed, price S>.,The Report rtotn the Select Co»- 
rnlllec at the Hnn>c at Commo^ on the Exiinctlon .f 
Slavery llinnigliDiil llie Brtltih DddiIbIihii ; wllb aCopioot 
Indsic. WIIuciKB ciaminid : W. Taylor, En., Rev.lohii 
Barry. Rev. Peter Dnncan. Rev. nani» Cooper, Rev. 
loll- Thorp. Rev. W. Knibb, Hon. C. Pleiiiioe, Capliln 
C. K. Wniiami.W. AlcriHiukcy. Eiq.,J. D.l*. Oidfi, 
Etq., R. Scoll, Eta., ]. SiiDpHW, Esq., W. Shand, En., 
Rev. J. Shlp'n'll, Rev. R. Y«nBg, Rev. J. T. Biriell, W- 
Biirre, Eu., H.P., J. B. Wildman. Eih],. anrl ollirri. 
Abn, Fall Report of the DlKonlvn in (lie Ancnbl/ 

Riiom.. ml Rilh. nn Ibe I3lb Of D<™>.li" li.l«~ii tk* 

id Mr. BoHhnii 



Jb>i Pablishnl, pric 

A LETTER TO HIS 
OP RICHMOND, *c. Sc. it., Cluilt 



LETTER TO HIS GRACE THE DUKE 



The public ire cimeiily requoted id impeiHl their Jud(- 
tnFBl apon any pirliai exlncri whJeb mjiy apprar ia Ike 
daily papcrt, udiII ihcy have an opportanitt or Mi4y citl- 
niatliii Ihe oh.ile body or lUe CdIhiIiI Evidence vblch 
Ihii. rtmphtct will iirord Ihem. 



Printed by J. HionoH and Co. ; and Published 
br J. Caiir, at No. 27, Ivy Lane, Paternoster 
Bow, where all Advertisements and Communi- 
cationt for the Editor are to be addressed. 



THE TOURIST; 



Sftttcti fSoott of tHe Wiint»* 



" Utile dulci." — , 



IWITH A SUPPLEHEKT. 



Vol. I.— No. n. 



MONDAY, JANUARY '28, 1833. 



Price One Pknwt. 



MICROSCOPIC VIEW OF A DROP OF WATER. 



It IE not certainly knoifn when or by 
wbom the microscope was invented. On 
the one ham), we are told that one Dre* 
betl, a Dntchman, had the first micro- 
scope in the year 1621, and that he was 
reported to have been the inventor of the 
iDstruracnt. On the other hand, the in- 
vention is claimed by Francis Fontana, ■ 
NeapoliUn, in 1646, who dates it from 
the year 1613. Thus far, howerer, ap- 



pears to have been disUnctly ascertained, 
that they were first used in Germany 
about the year 1621. The telescope is 
generally believed to have been invented 
in the year 1590 ; and, as a microscope 
is only a telescope inverted, the inven- 
tion of the one may be readily believed 
to have originated in the use of the other. 
It may, perhaps, be matter of doubt 
which of these instrunients has introduced 



the most wonderful facts to our notice. 
If the telescope has brought us acquaint- 
ed with vast bodies which we had not pre- 
viously conceived to exist, and thus un- 
measurably extended our conceptions of 
the vastness of the universe, and the 
power of its Creator, it is no less true 
that the microscope, though perhaps with 
less imposing pretensions, has laid open 
to «s most unexpected revelations of the 



178 



THE TOURIST. 



wifldom, the powtr» and the pco vi J OT ce 
of the Almighte, by discovering to m in- 
numerable orders of livinf beings, en- 
dowed with mimennn capacities, and 
provided with ample means of enjoy- 
ment. 

An example which partially ittustNites 
this last remark is supplied in the engra- 
ving prefixed to this article, which repre- 
sents a single drop of water as it appears 
lltfough a microscope,* peopled with va- 
rious species of minute animals called 
mmmakuUsj of the habit» of some of 
which we propose to give a brief account. 

It may be observed in general of the 
microscopic orders of animals, that the 
smallest which have ever come under no- 
tice have been discovered in waten Not 
that we may infer from this that there 
are not creatures of .ecyially diminutive 
size inhabiting the air, or crce|«ig opon 
the earth ; the reason m HBpl j that, ffon 
the transparency of water, and from iU 
eonfining the creatures in k, we ewt more 
easily bring the assisCuce of the mieip^ 
scope to bear on the exaoHMlioii of Uvem. 
Of these, indeed of all amoMited beings, 
the nionas is the most siEBple. The termo 
is the most minute creataie of this genus, 
being so extremely delkate and transpa- 
rent as often to elude the highest magni- 
fying powers, and seeaue^ to blend with 
the water in which it srans. Another 
and very minute class of animalcules is 
that which has been tdfracd by Mr. Baker 
the hair-like insect, em account of its 
ahape, being extremely slender, and fre- 
quently an hundred and fifty times as 
long as it is broad. These creatures are 
so small that millions of millions of them 
might be contained m. fte space of a 
square inch. Yet \(SW 
being as they may 
owing both to their 
and the simplicity of 
even these, in commom 
of inferior animals 
more ordinarily conve 
cations of sagacity, aai ef 1^ 
of habits. They seene, iv 
be fond of society ; for, 
some time a quantity ef 
at random, the obseiVer wift 
disposing themselves iie sr label ef fefiAir 
order. If a multitudir 4f Ik&m eve fm 
into a jar of water, tlMTlrift Ime ^em- 
selves into a regular' Wtif^ mi ascend 
slowly to the top. AMJen ifey are weary 
of this situation they fdHTT (fiemselves into 
a kind of rope, which slowly descends as 
low as they intend ; but, if they happen 
to be near the side of the jar, they will 
desciend up6n it. In one experiment, a 
sinall quantity 6f rftatter, containing these 



the scale of 

to stand, 

linuteness 

fCraeture^ yet 

ordeiB 

are 

es&Aifc mdi- 



to 



whiis the etksv eontiaeed floatieg- at the 
top. Whtn thiags kad remained fof some 
tune in this condition , each of these 
swarms of enimalcuies began to grow 
weary of its situation, and appeared dis- 
posed to change it. Both armies, there- 
ftne, set eiii at the saaie time, the one 
pfOceedin^ apwards, and the other domi- 
wards, so that after some hours' journey 
they met in the middle. A desire of 
knowing how they would behave on this 
occasion engaged the observer to watch 
them carefully^ aad, to bis surprise, he 
saw the army that was marching upwards 
open to the right and left to make room 
for those that were descending. TIius, 
without confusion or intermixture, each 
held on rts way; the army that was going 
up marching in two columns to the top, 
and the other descending in one column 
to liie botten, as if eadi had besA vttdcr 
tiie diractfon of intettigent leaders^ 

ikiother very singalar animal, whose 
existence and habits have b^en discovered 
by the microscope^ has been divided with 
the name of the Protem$y Jrom its as- 
suming so great a variety of id^pe^ as 
scarcely to be recognized as the §ame 
animal in its difereiit transfoi-mations. 
Its general shape bears a considerable 
resemblance to that of the swan, and its 
changes are chiefly effected by its neck, 
which it sometimes extends to a consi- 
derable length, and sometimes dispos«» 
of it altogether. It also ajppears to have 
the power of increasing' its transparency 
or opaqueness at will. Thane are no eyes, 
nor any opening in the head like a meoth, 
to be discerned ; but its actions dearly 
prove that it possesses the faeahy of vision ; 
for though muhitndes of other aiiimalculea 
swhn about with it hi the same water; aad 
its own pregresaive motion ia very swift, 
yet it never strikes against any or them, 
but directs iu coarse between thMtt. with 
astonishing dexterity. 

Another and a very perfect aainml is 
discovered by the mic]K>scope in rain wa- 
ter, which has stood for some days in 
leaden gatters, or hollows on the tops ef 
This is called the voiticelmy sv 
itamoslk 



itrname, and which, from siff Ap^ 
scriptions, would appear strongly to re- 
semble the paddles of a steam-boat. They 
change their shape coti'srderably in dif- 
ferent views, but it seems pretty evident 
that they are circular wheels, which per- 
form entire revolutions, and are provided 
with cogs similar to those on the balance- 
wheel of a watch.- AQ the actions of this 
creature, says an observer, indicate saga- 
city and quickness of sensation. At the 
tiimalcule^, having been put into a jar I least touch or motion in the water they 
of water, it so happened that one part instantly draw in their wheels ; aud it is 



tW lilKels ture [wuliaikd, they are per- 
formed with great regularity, swiftness, 
and steadiness. It is by diese rotatory or- 
gans, abo^ that they are supposed to 
breathe. 

Some very important discoveries have 
lately been made by Ehrenberg in his 
observations on these singular beings. 
By feeding infusoria with very pure co- 
loured substances, as indigo and car- 
mine, he has ascertained the existence of 
mouths, stomachs, and intestines, and 
many interesting partiealars le lating tr 
their structure and functioaf . But, ptf- 
haps, the most astonishing view of these 
animals, and of the wonders of the mi- 
croscopic world in general^ is presented 
by a recent improvement in the solar 
microscope — ^we refer to Mr. Gould's in- 
strument, c onst rac ted under the direction 
of Iff* Copper, and Mr. Gary, the opti- 
etaa, asd the sictraordinary effect of 
winek n daily eahibited at No. 287, 
Straod* It aets oa the general principle 
of tike iolar nviciescope, but b supplied 
with an ar ti i gift l Md most brilliant light, 
produced by the mixture of hydrogen 
and oxygen g a ses on lime. The writer 
had recently an Ofi|ortunity of witnessing 
the effect of itm extraordinary instru- 
ment, and, wi t boat describing in detail 
the beauties or Ihe horrors which it 
brought to light fft>m the invisible world 
(in doing whicft he would be obliged to 
draw very largely en the faith of his rea- 
ders), he may give some general idea of 
die spectacle li^ flitting that the instru- 
ment magnifiee ikriee hundred thousand 
times, so that a dfOp of water appears to 
oever a. surface ef # hundred square feet! 

We cannot hit tftiticipate sotne import- 
ant accessione to |»hysical science from 
this eatraoidiaarf instrument, and we 
confidently seemaAend it to the notice 
of our saaiopa ae a source of much in- 
structiem md amesement. 



Off MMI Jam BAD HUMOUR. 



v^nt down itnttiediately to the bottom, 

n.- ^ ■— — ^— ^— — — .^^^.^^ ■ — ■ — ■ . 

* G. Gould's improved pocket compoiwd mi- 
of oscope^ which magnifies ^'. (k)0' limes. 



conjectured that the eyes of this creature 
are placed somewhere about this appara- 
tus, as while in the m^afifgot stale its mo- 
\icni ^te slovT and brundering, but, after 



h no (filipssitioa more comfortable 
Mauslf, or more agreeable to 
, ftas pnd henour. It is to the mind 
0Bwl meMt ia to the body, putting a 
aawi in Urt ilwas M y of enjoying every thing 
that iB t i n^mh im life, and of using every 
faculty wi iwaf ^fgr or impediment. It dis- 
poses to coflfMMMitwith our lot, to benevo- 
lence to ail msa, ts< sympathy with the dis- 
tressed. It preseutar every object in the most 
favourable light, and dispeses us to avoid 
giving Of taking offence, 'iliere is a disposi- 
tion oppOMte to good huaKMur, w^ch we call 
bad humour, of which the tendency is diieotif 
contrary, suid therefore its influence is as rm^ 
lignant as that of the ether is salutary. 

Bad humour alone is sufficient to make a 
man unhappy ; it tinges every o^eci with ks 
pwn dismal eolonr; and, liie a part that is 
flaUsd^is bdrt by every diing'ilwttouiiMfritL 
it takeas oAaoe where dsae was nieBnt,.aa# 
disposes to dassDnteot, jealousy,' cm^, and, im 
general, to malevolence.— icei'd on the Mind. 



THE TOURIST. 



vw 



THE ORLEANS GALLERY OF 
PiCrURBS. 

Tbb late Mr. Pkeadent West used to re- 
BMzk, tkat next to the ment of having painted 
A jrictare which should do honour to the art, 
•nd become an oroament to the state wherein 
it was prodjooed, was the credit of having 
Inooghi finm foreign countries works of the 
great masters. The importation of such works 
lends to enrich the nation which receiyes 
them ; it holds out a bright example for imi- 
tation, and rouses and calls into action the 
jMUive talents of those who feel the sacred 
iame of emulation. 

The irreparable loss which this country sos- 
mined in the dispersion of the magnmoent 
eoUection which had belonged to King Charles 
ike First, a collection founded upon the sound- 
ast principles of good judgment, aided by the 
elegant and refined taste of the monarch him- 
aeli-— the subsequent diminution of its riches 
in the transfer of the Houghton collection to a 
jwrthem Potentate — the meagre state of the 
collections which remained to us, in works of 
Ihe Italian school, made us strongly feel, in 
mxr own case, the truth of the worthy presi- 
dent's remark, and the public was nrepared to 
«vail itself of the iirst opportuni^ which should 
occur, to remedy, in part, these heavy losses. 

The period was not far distant which of- 
fered such an occasion. The public mind of 
Trance had for a long time been in a state of 
mat agitation ; those best acquainted with it 
aresaw a storm approaching, and many, among 
•thers Monsieur de Calonne, who had been re- 
eently Minister of Finance, took an oarly op- 
portunity of disposing of their valuable effects, 
or of transporting them into foreign states. 

Others, again, from motives of a different 
description, also disposed of their moveable 
property for the express purpose of providing 
means for corrupting and inflaming the na- 
tional spirit of the French people. Among those 
was the Duke of Orleans, generally known by 
the name of Philip Egalit^, whose life after- 
wards paid the forfeit of his ambition. 

Louis XIV. ceded the Palais Royal to Philip, 
his only brother, afterwards Regent of France, 
and by him this collection was rendered the 
finest and the most important private collec- 
tion at that time existing in Europe. He 
ttnnloyed some of the most celebrated artists 
of tne day to select for him, by purchase, the 
finest works of the gieat masters which could 
he procnred in the various countries of Europe, 
while many of the minor states, desiring to 
My their court to him, made presents to the 
It^Bt of such works as were likely to yield 
him SGOisfaction, or to secure his favour and 
protection. Philip employed twenty yean of 
Ida life in forming this magnificent gaJlery. 

Among the different pictures which were 
povohased for the Regent, the prices which he 

fiid for some of these have come down to us. 
or the celebrated picture of the raising of 
Lasams, now in the National CoUectaon, he 
paid to the chapter of monks at Narbonne the 
•am of 2M,000 mncs (£970), a sum certainly 
mnoh under its value even in those days, when 
it is considered that for the Seven Sacraments 
of Poussin, now in the Stofford Gallery, he 
f«id 120,000 fmnca (about £6000) ; and it 
was well known that;»fMip never was the bar 
•o the aoquisition of whatever waa tmly ex- 
oellent ; the good lathers, no doabt^ had their 
aeasons for cedi«g this celebrated pieture for 
.flo flnall a sum. 

For the Saint Roch and Anool, by A. 
Caracci. which wai lomcrly in Ik Church 
it St Eustache at Paria,hepaid 20,000 franco 



(£&00)i and for the Saint John ia the Detert, 
by Jfamhael, he paid likewise 20,000 fiaacs ; 
but it nas been asserted that, had this last pic- 
tune been indubitable, it must even at tiiat 
period have cost four times that sum, as the 
v/oAb of Ck>rremo, which cannot be plaoed 
above those of ^phael, were paid for in that 
]Mroportion. 

By the means of these various acquisitions, 
the gallery of the Duke Regent contained, 
during his lifetime, 480 pictures of the best 
ohoioe, and in the finest state of pre8erv»ti<Ni. 

In 1792 the then Duke of Orleans, for the 
purpose of procuring money to- agitate the 
national ^irit, of which he always hoped ulr 
timately to profit, sold all the pictures of the 
Palais Koyal. A banker of Brussels, named 
Walkuen, bought those of the Italian and 
French schools at the price of 760,000 livres 
(£31,000), who again sold them to Monneur 
Laborde de Mereville, a gentleman of fortnne, 
lor 000,000 livres (£37fi00). 'ibis gentleman, 
either as an amateur, or guided by feelings o( 
national pride and philanthropy, made this 
purchase with the sole view of preserving the 
collection for France. For this purpose he 
gave ordeis to build a superb gallery, con- 
nected with his own mansion, in the Rue 
d'Artois. The works were already far ad- 
vanced, when the storm of the revolution 
burst out in all its force, and obliged Monsieur 
Laborde, with thousands of other refugees, to 
seek safety in England, whither he had the 
good fortune to transport his collection, which 
proved to him a resource during this period of 
his misfortunes. They did not, however, stop 
here ; for, anxious to revisit his native country, 
for motives at present unknown, he was re- 
cognised by the reigning faction of the day, 
and fell a sacrifice to the revolutionary cause. 

The pictures of the Flemish, Dutch, and 
German schools were likewise sold in 1702 by 
the Duke of Orleans, to Thomas Moore Slade, 
Esq., who paid for them 350,000 fmncs 
(£14,500), and who, by great management, 
succeeded in having them sent to this country 
at the moment that matters begun in France 
to wear the ntost serious aspect This pur^ 
chase was made lor the late Lord Kinnaird, 
Mr. Moriand, and Mr. HammcMley, in eon- 
junction with Mr Slade. 

The principal part of this mi^ifieeDt col- 
lection, consisting of the Italian schools, was 
consigned, on the part of Monsieur Laborde 
de A&reviUe, to a house of eminence in the 
city of London ; and it is believed that they 
were in the hands of that house when a treaty 
was entered into by the late Mr. Bryan, as 
authorised by, and on the part of, the late 
Duke of Bridgewater, the present Eari of Car- 
lisle, and the Eari Gower, now Marquis of 
Stafford, for the pumhase of that part of the 
cullection, including also the French school, 
which was agreed on at the nrice of £43,000. 

When this important purcnase was conclu- 
ded, which secured for England one of the 
richest coUections, and, at the same time, one 
of the most valuable acquisitions which had 
presented itself in modern times, it was de- 
termined on by these three noblemen to seleet 
a certain proportion of the pictures for their 
own private collections, and to allow the re- 
mainaer to be sold by private contmct, under 
an exhibition to be made of the entile .col- 
lection. 

This ezhibttion oonimeaoed on 6ie 26th of 
Deoember, 1798, in the rooms belonging to 
Mr. Bryan, in FaXk Midl^ and at the Lyceum, 
in the Sirand, nailer of these plaoes beings 
indtvidoally, anAoicBtly estentiye to contain 
the collection. It oontinued for six months, 



at tiw cad of wMi^ thno idi pli/tuioi suld 
delivered to the purchasen. 

The picUuBs reservod to the original _ 
chasers, at their estimated valuation^ amounted 
to 39,000 guineas, lliose sold during the salo 
by private contract amounted to 31,000 gui- 
neas, while the residue sold afterwards by Bf r« 
Coxe, joined to the receipts of exhibition, 
which were considerable, amounted to about 
£10,000 more, thus leaving a valuable coUec- 
tictn of pictures to the purchasers, as a bonus 
and just reward, for securing for Uiis countir 
so splendid a collection, and enriching it with 
works of the first class. 

On Che first morning of opening finr tho pri- 
vate view to the principal amateai% the urta 
Mr. Angerstein became a purchaser of sobm 
of the most important pictures in the ootteo* 
tion, in particular of the Resurrection of La^ 
zarus, by Sebastian del Pionbo, which ho 
immediately, and without hesitation, secured 
at the price demanded, of 8600 guineas. The 
late Sir Francis Baring was likewise an eaiiy 
visitor, and named a certain number of those 
pictures which were marked for sale, as ob- 
jects which would suit his taste. The priee 
demanded was 10,000 guineas ; the offer made 
was £10,000. Mr. Bryan had no power to 
diminish. The worthy Baronet would not ad- 
vance, and the treaty was not concluded. This 
anecdote, which the author of these sketdies 
had from Mr. Bryan himself, noi only proves 
the off-handed decision and libemlity whiok 
always mark the character of a British mer- 
chant, but the intrinsic value which was a^ 
tached to the collection itself, the proprietoim 
not admitting of the principle of naming a 
price greater than would actually he takea.— 
W, Bwchamaf^M Memtrirt of Pumtinf. 



THE COVENANTERS. 

Far inland, where the moantaia crsst 
O'erlooks ths waters of the west, 
Ad(I, 'mid the mooriand wilderness. 
Dark most-cleughs focm a drear recess* 
Curtained with ceaseless mists, which feed 
The sources of the Clyde and Tweed — 
There, injured Scotland's patriot band 
For faith and freedom made their stand , 
When traitor kings, who basely sold 
Their country's fame for Gallic gold« 
Too abject o er the free to reign — 
Warned by a father's fate in vain. 
In bigot fory trampled down 
The race to whom they owed their cvawa. 
There, worthy of his masters, came 
The despots' champion. Bloody Grahtm,* 
To stain for aye a warrior's sword. 
And lead a tierce, though fawning hoidic 
The human bloodboun<& of (he earth* 
To hunt the peasant from his hearth ! 
Tyrants ! could not misfortune teach 
That man had rights beyond your reach t 
Thought ye the torture and the stake 
Could that intrepid spirit break, 
Which even in woman's breast withstood 
The terrors of the fire and flood? 
Yes — though the sceptic's tongue deride 
Those martyrs who for conscience died ; 
Though modish history blight their fame. 
And sneering courtiera hoot tho name 
Of men who dared alone be free 
Amidst a nation's slavery j 
Yet long for them the poet's lyre 
Shall breathe its notes of heavenly 6re; 
Their names shall nerve the patriot's hand 
Upreared to save a sinking land ; 
And piety shall learn to burn 
With holier transport o'er their utn I 

PrivgU't B^cmtfMw. 



* The popular appt-IlalloB of the celebrated Onham af 
Clavcrhenie, altcrwerde VieeaaaC DMuJec: 



18# 



THE TOURIST, 



THE TOURIST, 

^lONDAY, JANUARY 28, 1883. 



THE SAFETY OF IMMEDIATE EMAN- 
CIPATION. 

No. III. 
ST. DOMINGO. 



The ^t history and present condition of 
St. Domingo (now termed Hayti) lutve been 
misrepresented to an almost unprecedented 
extent jby the opponents of negro emancipa- 
tion, llie concIusiTeness of the evidence 
which it supplies in proof of the safety and 
expediency of immediate abolition has secured 
it no inconsiderable portion of colonial notice, 
and has led to the propagation of reports as 
(Opposite to truth as light is to darkness. The 
aaTocates of slaveiy are fully aware that, if 
the fiicts of this case are once fullv appre- 
hended by the British public, they will go far 
to remove those fears with which some con- 
template the immediate destruction of colonial 
bondage. 

Hence the diligent employment of a per- 
verted ingenuitv, and a wide circulation otthe 
basest falsehoods. The public judgment has 
been thus misled, and the apprehensions of 
the misinformed and timid nave been awa- 
kened. Were we to admit the correctness of 
our opponents' representation, we should be far 
from acquiescing in the soundness of their 
conclusion. The question which we have to 
determine is not whether a slave population 
can, with advantage to themselves, break away 
from their bondage by means of a protracted 
and sanguinary war, but whether a country, 
enlightened like our own, cannot, with safety 
to the slave, abolish the degrading and cruel 
system under which he suffers, lliough a 
slave population may be incompetent to legis- 
late wisely for themselves, it does not follow 
that the British nation may not institute such 
enactments as may render their translation 
from servitude to freedom not only innocuous 
but beneficiaL But we are by no means dis- 
posed to shrink from an examination of the 
facts of this case. Though not necessary for 
our argument, we are fu&y prepared to show 
that the abolition of slavery in Hayti, notwith- 
standing the unfavourable circumstances under 
which it took place, has been productive of 
incalculable good to the whole negro popula- 
tion — ^that, so far from their condition having 
deteriorated, it has undergone an almost un- 
precedented improvement In the present 
naper we purpose giving a brief sketeh of the 
history of the abolition of slavery in Domingo 
— the effects which followed, and the present 
condition of the community. Mr. Clarkson 
has anticipated us in his admirable pamphlet 
on The itecetsity of hnpnmng the Condition 
of the Slaves, 4*^*9 so that we have little more 
to do^ in the early part of tliis paper, than to 
abridge his account This has been done al- 
ready in No. 70 of the Anti-Slavery Reporter, 
the writer of which remarks, '* We could not 
do justice to our cause more effectually than 
t>y abstracting a ffreat part of his (Mr. Clark- 
son's) statement, having first taken the pains to 
verify it by a reference to the authentic docu- 
ments from which he has drawn his materials." 
It would be but an affectation of originality 
were we to go over the ground which haa been 



occupied so ably by those writers. We shall, 
therefore, quote the abstract of the Reporter so 
&i as answers our purpose. 

** When the French Revolution took place, 
the free people of colour of St Domingo, 
many of whom were persons of properly and 
education, petitioned the National Assembly 
that they might enjoy the same political pri- 
vileges as the whites. In March, 1790, the 
Assembly adopted a decree on the subject, 
but worded so ambiguously that, in St Do- 
mingo, the whites and the people of colour 
interpreted it each in dieir own favour. This 
gave rise to animosities between them ; dis- 
turbances ensued, and blood was shed. 

^ On the ] 6th of May, 1791 , auother decree, 
in more explicit terms, declared that the peo- 
ple of colour in all the French islands were 
entitled to all the rights of citizenship. This 
decree, on arriving at the Cape, produced an 
indignation almost amounting to frenzy among 
the whites. The two parties armed against 
each other, and camps began to be formed, 
and massacres and conflagrations followed. 
The report of these occurrences led the As- 
sembly to rescind the decree they had passed 
in favour of the free people of colour. 

^ The news of this repeal enraged the peo- 

Ele of- colour as much as the former decree 
ad done the whites, and hostilities were re- 
newed. On this, the National Convention 
resolved to readopt their former decree of 
May, 1791 ; and they appointed Santhonax, 
Polverel, and another, to repair as commis^ 
sioners to St Domingo, with a large body of 
troops, in order to enforce the decree and to 
keep the peace. 

*^ During the interval which had elapsed 
from 1790 to the time of their arrival in 1793, 
the island had presented a dreadful scene of 
carnage, caused by a civil war, not only be- 
tween the whites and the people of colour, 
but between the different parties of whites. 
And it was at this time, namely, in 1791 and 
1792, before the emancipation of the slaves 
had been contemplated, that the great mas- 
sacres and conflagrations, which make so 
frightful a picture in the history of this island, 
occurred ; and all of which were caused, not 
by giving liberty to the slaves, but by quarrels 
between the white and coloured planters, and 
between the royalists and revolutionists, who, 
to wreak their vengeance on each other, called 
in, indeed, the aid of their sUves. And even 
as to the bodies of armed negroes who then 
filled the north, in particular, with terror and 
dismay, Maleniant aJffirms tliat they were an- 
ginally put in motion by the royalists, in order 
to put down the revolutionists ; and that even 
when Jean Francois and Biaasou commenced 
their insurrection there were many white roy- 
alists with diem, and the negroes wore the 
white cockade. 

^ In the year 1798 the same divisions and 
conflicts continued, notwithstanding the arri- 
val of the commissioners ; and, on uie 20th of 
June, a dreadful commotion took place at 
Cape Francois, the seamen and the white in- 
habitants being ranged against the people of 
colour, who were afterwards joined by the in- 
surgent blacks. The battle lasted two days; 
the arsenal was taken and plundered ( some 
thousands were killed in the streets, and more 
than half the town was burnt The commis- 
sioners, who were spectators of this horrible 
scene, and who had tried in vain to prevent iU 
escaped unhurt, but were left upon a heap of 
ruins, with little more power than their com- 
mission gave Uiem, having only about a thou- 
sand troops at their command. They deter- 



mined, therefore, as the only way to restore 
order, and to maintain their own authority, to 
call the slaves in the neighbourhood to their 
aid, promising to give freedom to all who should 
range themselves under the banners of the Re- 
public This was the first proclamation by any 
public authority for emancipating any part of 
the slaves in hi. Domingo. The resuU of it 
was, that in the north a veiy considerable 
number of them joined the Republican cause 
and became free. 

" Soon after this transaction, Polverel, leav- 
ing Santhonax at the Cape, went in his capa- 
city of commissioner to Port au Prince, in the 
west Here he found tilings quiet, and culti- 
vation flourishing. He also visited the south. 
He had not, however, been long there before 
the slaves, having become acquainted with 
what had taken place in the north, were so 
excited that he was convinced their emanci- 
pation could not be prevented, nor even long 
retarded; and that it was neoessarv for the 
safety of the planters, as well as for the public 
peace, that it should be extended to the whole 
of the slaves in the island. Accordingly, in 
September, 1793, he issued a proclamation to 
that effect, dated from Les Cayes« He exhorted 
the planters, if they wished to avoid the most 
serious calamities, to concur in the measure. 
He caused a registry to be opened to receive 
the signatures of those who should approve of 
it ; and it is remarkable that all the proprie- 
tors in the south inscribed their names. He 
then caused a bimilar registry to be opened at 
Port au Prince for the west, and there the 
same disposition was found to prevdl. AH 
the planters, except one, gave in their signa- 
tures. While these measures were in pro- 
gress, in the month of February, 1794, tht 
French Convention passed a decree abolishing 
slavery throughout the whole of the French 
colonies. Thus the Government of the mother- 
country confirmed the freedom bestowed by 
the commissioners, removing all doubts of its 
validity, and completing and consolidating the 
emancipation of the whole slave population of 
St Domingo." 

Here it becomes us to pause, and to enonire 
with all seriousness and impartiality : What 
were the consequences of this measure f What 
were the effects of this sudden and entire 
Emancipation of about 500,000 slaves, lliese 
slaves it must be remembeied were not spread 
over twenty colonies, but were located in one. 
They had not been subjected to any prepara- 
tory process, but were at once set loose from 
the absolute authority of their masters, amidst 
all the violence and barbarity of a civil war. 
In such circumstances we should not have 
been surprised, if much temporaiy evil both 
to the master and the slave had resulted. But 
we have unsuspected testimony to the con- 
trary. Colonel Jif alenfant, who resided in the 
island at the time, gives us the following account 
of the conduct of the negroes.* *^ After tibis 
public act of emancipation," says he, (by Pol- 
verel,) "the Negroes remained auiet both in 
the South and in the Weet, and tney contmuad 
to work upon all the plantations. There were 
estates, indeed, which had neither owners nor 
managers resident upon them, for some of 
these nad been put into prison by Mon&run ; 
and others, fearing the same fate, had fled to 
the quarter which had just been given up to 
the English. Yet upon these estates, thougii 
abandoned, the negroes continMod their laboun, 
where there were any, even inferior, affents to 
guide them ; and, on diose estates where no 

• M^moiie Historiqae, &Cf p« 68* 



«U(e men «ck left to direct ibeta, tliey be- 
took themwlres to the pl&nting of provisions ; 
lot upon ah tie plaatationt Hliere the whiles 
•etwled, the blacu tOHtiuued to labour at quiet- 
fy at befoTt." And again,* "If," says he, 
*<yon will take care not lo speak to them of 
AeirntuTn to slavery, but talk to them about 
tbett lUmty, you may «nth this latter word 
duon them down to theii labour. How did 
TmuMiot aucOMd F How did I ancceed aUo 
before hit time in the plain uf the Cu) de Sac, 
Mid on the plantation Goimud, more than 
(d^t months after liberty had been granted 
(by Poherel) to the slaves? Let those who 
knew me at ,that time, and even the blacks 
themselTes, be (asked. They will all r^ly, 
-that »ol ItiftrngU ntyro upon that plantation, 



• P. l-U, 3 p. 78, 4 p. 311. 



THE TOURIST. 



lore than four hundred and fifiy 
labourer!, Tooted to Kvrk ; and yet this pUiil- 
ation was thought to be under the worst dit- 
cipline, and the skvea the most idle, of any in 
the plain. I, uiysvlf, inspired the sanie ac- 
tivity into three other plantations, of which I 
had the manngeinent." 

Such was the conduct of ihv negroes duriug 
the £rat nine months of their hberation, or up 
to the middle of 1791. The same author in- 
forms us, " the colony was flourishing under 
TouisaiuL The whites lived happily and ia 
peace on their plantations, and the negroes ' 
worked for them." Now Toussajnt ytaa ge- 
neral in chief of the armies of St. Domingo 
from the end of (7!(e till 1802. Malenfant 
thererore means tliat thniughout this period 
the planters kept possession of iLeii estatei, , 



that they lived on tliem peaceably, and that 
the negroes worked for them. 

General Lacrorx, also, who published hu 



returned to the colony in IT96, "be was aa- 
tonished at tlie state in which he found it" 
"This," he says, " was owing lu Toussiunt, who, 
while he had succeeded in establishing perfect 
Older and discipline nmong the bla^ troop*, 
had succeeded also in making the black 
labourers return to their plantations, there to 
resume cultivation." The same writer tells 
that wonderful pn^[iess in agriculture was 
made in 1 797. " The colony," he says, "march- 
ed, as by enchantment, towards its aacwDt 
splendour; rultivation prospered; every day 
produced perceptible proofs of Its progress." 

/Tote Cmitinutd.J 



The Cathedral Church, dedicated to 
St. Andrew, is a magnificent cruciform 
atnicture, principally in the early style of 
Kn^iah architecture, with partial inaer- 
tions of the decorated and later styles. 
The foundation was laid by WifTeline, 
second bishop of the diocese ; and the 
edifice was completed and improved by 
Bishop Joscelyne, in 1239. The west 
front IB a striking and superb combina- 
tion of stately grandeur and splendid 
embellishment; the whole of it, together 
■with the buttresses, by which it is divided 
into compartments, is replete with elabo- 
rate sculpture, from the base to the sum- 
mit, iu successive tiers of richly canopied 
shrines, containing the statues of kings, 
popes, bishops, cardinals, and abbots; 
the mullions of the west window, and 
the lower stages of the western towers, 
are similarly enriched ; the canopies of 
the niches, in which these figures are en- 
shrined, are supported by slender-shafted 
pilbin of polished marble, and the inter- 
mediate spaces between the several series 
are filled with architectural ornaments of 
elegant design and appropriate character. 



WELLS CATIIEDllAL. 

In the upper ranges of the central com- 
partment are the statues of the twelve 
apostles, in a series of lofty niches sepa- 
rated by slender shafts ; and iu the range 
immediately beneath them are figures of 
the hierarchs, below which is a sculp- 
tured representation of the resurrection, 
in alto-relievo. The entrance, which is 
through a deeply -recessed arch, is flanked 
by the western towers, of which the lower 
stages are comprised in the general de- 
sign of the front, and the upper, which 
are wreathed with pierced parapets, arc 
relieved by fine windows, and with lofty 
canopies rising from the buttresses. The 
central tower, which is one hundred and 
sixty feet from the base, is crowned with 
a pierced parapet of elegant design, and 
decorated with lofty angular pinnacles 
surmounted with vanes, and with smaller 

fiinnacles in the intervals ; though of 
arge dimensions, it has an airy appear- 
ance, from the proportionate size and 
elegance of the windows. The interior 
displays some specimens of the early 
English style, which arc of unfrequent 
occurrence, and equally remarkable for 



simplicity and elegance. Of this cha- 
racter are the nave and transepts ; the 
former, one hundred and ninety feet in 
length, is separated from the aisles by a 
beautiful range of clustered columns luid 
finely-pointed arches, above which are a 
triforiuni of lancet-shaped arches, and a 
fine range of clerestory windows, in which 
elegant tracery, in the later English style, 
has been inserted; the roof ia finely 
groined, and the great west window is 
embellished with ancient stained g^ass of 
great brilliancy. The choir, which is in 
the decorated style, and of very elegant 
character, is one hundred and eight feet 
long from the oi^n-screen to the altar, 
beyond which is the Lady Chapel, fifty- 
five feet in length, both formmg parts 
of one general arrangement, which, ftir 
beauty of design, and richness of archi- 
tectural embellishment, is, perhaps, un- 
equalled ; the piers and arches ars of 
graceful proportion ; the roof is elabo- 
rately gromed, and the windows are of 
beautimi symmetry, and enriched with 
tracery of peculiar delicacy. There are 
numerous chapels m various parts of the 



183 



THE TOURIST. 



cathedral, some of which are eiaclosed 
with screens of beautiful design ; and in 
one m an ancient clock, remoTcd from 
GlasUMibttry, with an astronomical dial, 
aad a train of figupes of knights in ar- 
«iour, which, by the machinery, are moved 
around in circular procession ; in the south 
transept is an ancient font of the same 
date as that part of the building. Many 
of the details of this splendid struoture 
are of aingular character, and of exqui- 
ake beanty; and, whether taken as a 
wiiole, <n examined in its several parts, 
it ranks Ugh among the ecclesiastical 
edifices of the kingdom. There are many 
iaterestiag and ancient monuments of the 
bishops wno were interred within its walls, 
among which are the tomb of Bishop 
Beckingtou, in a chapel in the presby- 
tery, with his effigy in alabaster ; the 
grave-stone of Bishop Joscelyue, in the 
middle of the choir, marking the spot 
where an elegant marble monument, 
bearing his effigy in brass, formerly 
flteod; that of King loa, who was in- 
terred in the centre <^ the nave, and 
many others. 



DEATH'S CBAPLE SOVO. 

Bt Christian Lavuhw f xfosMe'ftMrMUi. 

(Frwm Spteimeni of A$ G»mtm Ljfrk P^ftt,) 

How BDug ii my pillow^ mj htA^ng hom wann f 
To tlumber how temfiifl^, ^mt likctler'd from 

harm ! 
See Spring, happy st9S9m*90mgmmA tb» %mmk. 
And strew o'er my cmA h^ fkU Mb mkA its 

flowers ! 
The DightiDgale, iW),\mmAhm AiM 

thy ' ' ' 



How snug is my p'tllov^ m{ 
How safe lies the sleeper fiom care and alarm ! 
When winter, in storms and in darkness array *d, 
Ify couch with a carpet of snow shall o'erspread, 
8U11 tkou shalt behold the rude tempest increase. 

Yet si amber in peace ! 

Om eaith is fair Virtue unsought and unknown, 
And heart'felt Knjoyment from mortals is flown. 
There Hope will deceive thee, and I^ove will 

Wtray, 
Aad torture thy bosom by night and by day : 
Whiia here smiles an angel ; — kind Death is his 

aame. 

And brightens thy dream ! 

Cmu, then, weary pilgrim, nor startle with dread ; 
Uy pillow is downy, and warm is my bed : 
I'll bear thy hard burden, thy griefs will I share, 
And lull thee to slumber, and still thy despair. 
Ah, come I and while Death thus invites to repose, 

Forget all thy woes ! 



SAGACITY OF DOGS IN MADAGASCAR. 

Tbb dojM aie said to be fo sagacioue, that 
w^en one has occasion to cross a river be will 
fllnid I'arking on the bank considerably lower 
down than the point where he means to at- 
tempt his passage. When the alligators have 
been attracted to the former spot, away he 
mns full speed, plunges into the stream, at a 
Mfe distance, and swimn over before the enemy 
flftn sail back agaiMi the ownent to interrupt 



AN IBHSH f LOOD. 

In 1822, when the western part of Ireland 
was aflnfcted with grievous famine, and when 
England stepped nobly forward and poured 
forth her thousands, to save those who were 
perishing for want, a depdt of provisions was 
established on the sea-coast, for the relief of 
the suffering inhabitants of this remote dis- 
trict. 

A solitary family, who had been driven from 
their lowland home, by the severity of a re- 
lentless middle-man, had settled themselves in 
this wild valley, and erected the cLay walls of 
that ruined hut before you. The man was 
shepherd to a farmer who kept cattle on those 
mountains. Here, in this savage retreat, he 
lived removed from the world, for the nearest 
cabin to this spot is more than four miles dis- 
tant- 
It may be supposed that the greatest dis- 
tress af3icted this isolated family; the wel- 
come news of the arrival of succours at Bal- 
lycrag at length feached them, and €ie liexds- 
man set out to procure sonle of the committee^ 
meal to retieve tbe hunger of his half-4tarved 
family. 

On Jtrnvii^^ At itihe 4ef>&t, tike «tock of meal 
was aeariy «Kpe»A0i; he«evei, he obtadned a 
lenapoiary supfly^ aind was oowfoiiBd vAth i^ 
aMttnttoet^haiAlas;gfei^UMi^y ^pviwliotttly ex- 



A b m i— s le ^^"nf 1k$t «ea«s of oHteBaace 
la Itia fnigwing Utfle mws, <be faandaaMin 
eKMsed ibe HwitatKifw mUk Us juaeaaHs hor- 
toi, and gnaclied that hMMk ^AJ a o Jh^ atM i cii 
me looseigr p3et. 

Bnt^mrneyis al»BeneeatBall]^eni^,llheia]n 
had £ate fceisily in the iiiSs; Ike nwv wms 
9o loA^er <(ic4ai)to~^ funoiis tozseBt of Ats- 
««leittved inter tvibed f two te ha^iMs^ joni 
GhaiRed up (!he aaaaow iThannrf. T^lm ate«d 
the wnfMkokt^ fnunwt, -miAm tfieafty paces ^f 
lui •wn wrelched bat ^eaafy-lomf ImnvI. 
T^ eba4m with a eij cf ^ctigkft 
htm the hmL to <fce opponSik htmk $0 
yn ; ta, kxriied 17 tfie fearful 
of the flood, his wife entreated him not to at- 
tempt its passage for the present. 

But would he, a powerful and experienced 
swimmer, be deterred ? The eager and hungry 
looks of his expecting family, maddeucd the 
unhappy father. He threw aside his clothes 
and bound them with the meal upon his back, 
crossed himself devoutly, and, ** in the name of 
God,'* committed hitaself to the swollen lirer. 
For a moment he breasted the torrent gallant- 
ly, two strokes more would bring him to the 
bank, when the treacherous k>ad turned, 
caught him round the neck, swept him down 
the stream, sank and drowned him. He strug- 
gled hard for life. His wife and children fol- 
lowed the unhappy man as he was borne away, 
and their agonizing shrieks told him — poor 
wretch ! — that assistance ftom them was hope- 
less. At last the body disappeared, and was 
taken up the following morning four miles 
from this fatal place. One circumstance at- 
tended this calamity ; to philosopbers I leave 
its elucidation, while I pledge myself for its 
acouracT in point of fact. A herd of cattle 
galloped madly down the river-side at the time 
their unfortunate keeper was perishing — ^their 
bellowings were heard for miles, and they 
were discovered next morning, grouped around 
the body of the dead shepherd, iu the comer 
of a sandy cove where tne abated flood had 
left ii.-^£xtrac(ed from " Wild Sports of the 
Wetty By <A# Auikor tf '* Siarirn of Water^ 



ATTACHMENT BVlNCfiP B¥ IBB 
BEAVEB. 

Hearne gives ihe following «cco«ni ^ 
some tame beavers that bdonged to him >*- 
'* In cold weather they were kapt in my owm 
sitting-room, where tiiey were the eonatant 
companions of the Indian ivomen and <ddl- 
dren, and were so fond of their eomfmnj thntt 
when the Indians were abaent for any cm- 
siderable time, the beavers dM C O ve— d >g»Bat 
signs of uneasiness, and on their ralaro ^omtd, 
equal marks of pleasuie, by foDdHar on then, 
ODcawling into their laps, lying on their backs,, 
sitting erect like a squindl, ud hehming lile 
children who see their pasents hat aeldan. ia 
genera], 4uring the winter, they lived, en the 
same food as the women did, and wwm «e- 
markably fond of rice and plmn-pudding ; 
they would eat partridges and fresh venison 
very freely ; but I never tried tliem with fish, 
though I have heard they will at all times 
prey on them. Iu fact, there are few gra- 
miniverons animals that may not be brought 
to be camiveious.'' According to Kalm, Major 
Botalert, of New Yerk, had a tame beaver 
above half a year in his house, where it went 
about quite loose 13te a dog. llie M^or gave 
him hxaad, and sometimes fish, of which he is 
saiA to have been greedy. He got as much 
water ia a bowl as 1^ wanted, and all the raga 
aaad eelt things he could meet with he dragged 
into a comer where he was accustom^ to 
deep, and made a bed of them. The house 
eat, on one occasion, happening to produce 
kitteas, toelt jpoesession of the beaver's bed 
vjfhoui Ins ofieting her any opposition. When 
dbe eat aient out the beaver often took a kitten 
hetweea kds paws, nni held it to his breast, as 
If fer the i—p ea e «f keeping it warm ; but as 
flMB as lAie pvaper fjMnt returned he delivered 
9fiktiiti^fBa^<r'-JUmburgh Cabinet Library. 



or THE EARL OF 
STRAFFORD. 

Wentworth's intellect was capacious. Hia 
early professions were on the side of popular 
rights. He knew the whole value and beau^ 
of the system which he attempted to tiefaee. 
He was die §rst of the Rats— the fint of thoK 
statesmen whose patriotism had been only <ke 
coquetrv of political prostitution ; ^fliose p»- 
fligacy had taught Govemmeni to adopt the 
old maxim of the slave-market, that it ia 
cheaper to buy than to breed, to import de- 
fenders from an opposition, than to rear thena 
in a ministry. Ho was the flmt RngliahiaaB 
to whom a peerage was not an adaitian of 
honour, but a sacrament of infamy — abMH 
tism into the communion of oorruptien. As 
he was the earliest of the hateful list, so waa 
he also by far the greatest — eloquent, sagar 
clous, adventurous, intrepid, ready of inven- 
tion, immutable of purpose, in every taleat 
which exalts or destn^ys nations e w - em i a caty 
the lost arohangel, the Satan of the ap uitaaf. 
The title for which, at the time of his dds w 
tion, he exchanged a name honomably dia- 
tinguished in the cause of the people, reminds 
us of the appellation which, from the moment 
of the first treason, fixed itself on the iaOtn 
son of the morning. 



« 



— 80 caH him aow. 
Is heard no meia ia beasao*" 



fannar 



JS^^^^^PwPw^r W ' J^^v^^^N^v 



THE TOURIOT. 



18» 



for rtnr ^mrtnt or mm Toowwr:^ 

flktt^r-Raving' no idea who tbe writer of the 
letter ngamL *" B. &" ia No. 20 of The Tourist 
iflj r catmot Ytvfe anVBersotial feeling of iH- 
nill towards liim. The common pro-slavery 
pkiwe, '^ oant aad lnypoorisy," made me ef in 
bis fint letter, lielped to excite mj suspicion of 
has being ** no enemy to the slave-trade and 
slavery." Certainly, to excite sympathy to- 
waids &e injured Africans, by promulgating 
the tnUh^ was the grand object 1 had in view. 
11^ hewever^ I have committed a breach of 
efaarity,. Ir an soxry for it, nor do 1 wish to jus- 
tify such an oflfeuce. And, if mv zeal in the 
CMise ef upwards of 100,000 of my fellow- 
ereatures, annually stolen ftom Africa, to 
supply the places of those who have been 
sacrificed to Mammon on the other side of the 
Atlton^c, by nominal Christians, and the know- 
ledge that British merchants are contributing 
te snpfKnt this iniquity, have carried me too 
for in my suspicions, 1 hope that '^ R. S." will 
fergWe me. Having expressed his warm in- 
dS g ttstiou flgainst these crimes, let ns now 
labour harmoniously together in this cause. 
Had ''R. B" been able to read through tlie 
whole of the parliamentary documents alluded 
te, instead of their being *^ in his hands not 
more than half an hour," he might, possibly, 
not only have readily excused my ^^ display of 
seal," but also have been c^ my opinion, that 
much praise is due to Governor Findlay, for 
his exertions in bringing the wieked piactices 
of the slave-dealeis at Sierra Leone before the 
notice of our Government. 1 have these papers 
now before me, and will fiimish ** R. S." and 
Ao pttbliG with a very small portion of the 
i wportaatand appalling information theycon- 

They consist^ principally, of a charge deli- 
tvrad 1^ the Chief Justice of Sierra Leone to 
the Grand Jury — the report of a commission 
a f poin ted to inonire into the tmth of his state- 
ments—the evidence produced before this com- 
tnission — and the correspondence of the Secre- 
taiy of State thereon. 

The Chief Justice had stilted that within 
llle Itfst ten years upwards of 32,000 Africans^ 
whe kad been liberated from slave-sUpe, had 
keen located in the colony; and that the pre- 
eeat population did not exceed 17,000 or 
19^000. He eoiu^ded fVom this fact that 
itit dave-tiade had been extensively carried 
OAlkeie. Thirty-two witnesses, amoBBBt whom 
fvefe the Governor, and principal cml officers 
ef dbe colony, were examined in support of 
thii statement. In their report, the Commis- 
lioatn say that ** the nefarious system of kid- 
mapping has piwailed in 4hie colony to a much 
greater extent than was even alluded to in the 
charge of the Chief Justice" — "that great far 
elli^ has been afforded to the increase of the 
rfave-tmde by the British merchants of the 
eetony, who hai^ purchased vessels condemned 
ill the Mixed Commission Court, as agents for 
foieigneiSt which vesseb have afterwards been 
iMSfUgl^t into tbe colony, and again eoudsmned 
iat a repeated infraction of the Slave-trade 
Abolition Aet" ^ Some very leeent instances 
liave occtirr&d in which persons at apparent 
xsmctabilit^ have been cWged with aiding 
and abetting llie slave-trade," ^c. &c. 

The affecting details in the evidence cannot 
Ae ittad by any hnmane or serious pe/son with- 
out deep sorrow for the guilt of our country- 
men, and tbe suffering's of the Africans. 

Pet^ps •• R. S." will allow me to cortect a 
iiilftti&e he is tinder, in supposing that the 
QtmKem *^have never supported the missionary 
eause.'* lliey certainly omer from other Chris- 



tian societies in. their opinion respecting the 
manner of sending out missieoaries ; yet Geoige 
Fox, the first person who was called a duaker, 
visited the continent of Europe, America, and 
the West Indies, besides almost every put of 
Great Britain, repeatedly, as a Christian mis- 
sionary. Many of his fellow-labourers ia the 
gospel were engaged in the same way ; and, 
for their labours in this cause, suffered long 
imprisonments, and other grievous persecu- 
tions, some of them even unto death. From 
that time np to the present, the historv of the 
society of which I am a member affords ample 
proof of the zealous gospel labours of numer- 
oue Q,uaker missionaries. Many of this society 
are now thus engaged in varieue parts of the 
world. The name of Hannah Kilham, who 
went several times on a mission to Sierra 
l^eone, is well known to the Christian and 
philanthropic public. 

My object is *' to provoke unto love and 
good works ;" I will, therefore, pass over se- 
veral passages of ** K. S.'s" letter on which I 
might otherwise comment, and only notice one 
more mistake in it, which, probably, my man- 
ner of expression may have occasioned. I am 
no advoeate for severe laws, but think that 
much less sanguinary laws than many of those 
in existence would more effectually accom- 
plish the suppression of crime, and the refor- 
mation of the criminal. Severe laws already 
exist against the slave-trade, but they are very 
inoperative. At the same time, I feel no doubt 
that such measures might be taken as would 
prevent British subjects from supporting the 
slave-trade in our own colonies ; and that this 
is the^Tvl necessary step to the spreading of 
Christian truth in Africa. 

I do believe, most thoroughly, that fiothin^ 
will effectually extinguish crime, and promote 
the good of nmnkind universally^ hut Chris- 
Hanity, But we must first " cease to do evil,'* 
then "learn to do welL" If, while we are 
diffusing Christian knowledge and Christian 
principles, we are really doing the works of 
Satan, our labours will not promote the gospel. 
It is a truth too well kuovm to every one ac- 
quainted with the history of European colo- 
nies, that almost without exception these colo- 
nies have been established in rapine and mur- 
der, and have been conducted so as to increase- 
immorality amongst the native inhabitants, and 
to occasion " the name of God to be blasphemed 
among the Gentiles." 

If f have new made a sufficient atonement 
to ii^ured charity, shown myself friendlr to 
the spread of the gospel, and reconciled an 
offended brother, it wUl give me much satis- 
faction. 

I am respectfully, 

W. Naish. 



I'O THB BniTOR OV THB TOVRIST. 

SiB/-*OBe or two instances of such cdn« 
scientions and uncompromising conduct dur- 
ing the late elections have come to my know- 
ledge, that i cannot forbear making them 
known through the medium of your excellent 
journal, not chmbting that there are innumera- 
ble similar instances which others may be 
excited in like manner to publidi for the ex- 
amjple of electors in geneml. 

Ihe cases which have happened to eome 
witiiin my knowledge have taken place in a 
limited circle, in the middle or lower ranks of 
life, and with a reforence principally to the 
antbekreiy cause. The one was tbe case of U 
Dissenting Minister, in very narrow oiiifum- 
staHces indeed, who kept himself entirely alnsf 
from politics, but was so deeply impressed with 



Ihe ntttienal tin of West hKlih Slavery dla^ 
ene of the candidates for tbs borough where 
he lived being a ^ntlemaa of the mest deeid#d 
anti-slavery principles, he sent word t^his ooi»* 
mittee that, after deep eonsideiatimi^ be haA 
eome to the resolutioB of giving, up tdl hifr 
littie property to promote the retora of thb 
genUeman: this being the only channel thsoiigk 
which he could contribute to the emmeipMtioB 
of the slaves. 

The next instance was that of four men^he 
the lower ranks of life, and Bisaentets, wb 
had unfortonately given some sort of pledge «• 
a friend to vote for certain candidale& Hanr^ 
ing, however, discovered that these eandidnte^ 
were against the immediate abolitkm of slaveij^ 
and were for the cousideraliDn of " vesledl 
rights,'' {vested rights in the limba of our foU 
low man!) they becune ext«miely unha|M^ 
and went in a body to their friend to say tfiaft. 
they had but newly understood the piinoiplaar 
of the candidates in this tegj^edy and iimt^ 
come what might, they could not and wonU 
not dare to bear any pwtion of the txemendett» 
national sin of slavefy. Aooordinglr, through 
considerable difficulties, they actually adheied 
to their principles, as^ voted for the aiili* 
slavery candidates. 

The third instauoe is one of a aaore eautaeh 
plaiy chaiacter than can eaaly be estimated 
by those who do not know the ecouliar civcua^ 
stances of the case. It is tnat of a small 
geneial shop-keeper, in a village in the coim- 
try, where the fomily residing at the hall, and 
possessing the land, were pc^iticidly connected 
with the slavery candidates for the oounty, 
and ardentiy desirous of their success. Tm 
members of this family eagerly and confidentiy 
canvassed this man, whose business was great- 
ly, if not almost entirely, dependent on their 
custom and influence. He told them that he 
could not vote against his principles, which 
agreed with those of the opposing candidatea; 
and, especially, that on the subject of slavery* 
no argument or interest could make him up- 
hold it even by a single vote. Being, howevei^ 
extremely and repeatedly urged, he proposed 
to remain passive, which was unwillingly oe»> 
sented te by the fiunily in question. On- the 
second day, however, of the election, every vela 
becoming of urgent importance^ he was settt 
for to the hall, and every argument and per- 
suasion used to induce him to vote aoeoriMBg 
to the politics of the family. Conscienoe^ 
however, sustained him. He refused the offer 
of being sent in their carriage to the place of 
voting, and remained steady to his duty. May 
he, and all who have acted in like manner, 
not lose their reward ! 

I am, Sir, Yours, dco. 

a c* 



LAVATER. 



A TRAVELLER showcd LavRtcr two portraits: 
the one a highwayman, who had been broken 
upon the wheel ; the otiier was a portrait of 
Kant, tbe philosopher : he was desired to dis- 
tinguish between them. Lavater took up the 
portrait ot the hightcaymwij and, after atten* 
tively considering it for some time, *' Here,'* 
said he, ^* we have the true plrilosopher; here 
is penetration in the eye, and rejection in the 
forehead; here is cause, and there is efifeot; 
here is combination, there is distinction ; syn- 
thetic lips! and auaU'tic nose!*' Then, turn- 
ing to the portrait of the philosopher, he ex- 
jclaims, **The calm, thinking villain is so well 
expressed, and so strongly marked^ in thii 
countenance, that it needs no eomment" This 
anecdote Kant used to tell with great glee. 



184 



THE TOURIST. 



EARLY TALENT OF MICHAEL 
ANGELO. 

At the aee of fourteen Michael' Anselo was 
placed with GhirlaDdaio, who had the cha^ 
meter of having enry in his disposition, which 
felt no pleasure in the most distant prospect of 
a rival ; and from this circumstance Conclivi 
has asserted, that he reaped no benefit from 
his instructor. 

Whatever were the sources of his improve- 
ment, he rapidly surpassed his contemporary 
students, and adoptea a style of drawing and 
design more bold and daring than Ghirlandaio 
had been accustomed to see practised in his 
school ; and, from an anecdote in Vasari, it 
would seem Michael Angelo soon felt himself 
even superior to his master. One of the pupils 
oopying a female portrait from a drawing by 
Ghirlandaio, he took a pen and made a strong 
outline round it on the same paper, to show 
him its defects ; and the superior style of tlie 
•entour was as much admired as the act was 
eonsidered confident and presumptuous. His 
great facility in copying with accuracy what- 
ever objects were before him, was exemplified 
in an instance that forced a compliment even 
from Ghirlandaio himself. His master being 
employed in S. Maria Novella, in Florence, 
Michael Angelo took advantage of his absence, 
and drew the scaffolding, the desks, the paint- 
ing utensils and apparatus, and some of the 
young men who were at work, with so much 
correctness and ability, that Ghirlandaio, when 
he returned, was quite astonished, and said, 
it was rather the performance of an experienced 
axtist, than of a scholar. — DuppaU Life of 
Michael Angelo. 

INSTINCT OF LIONS. 

The author of the " CEconomy of Nature," 
gives a wonderful proof of the instinct of lions. 
In those arid tracts, where rivers and fountains 
are denied, the lion lives in a perpetual fever. 
There the pelican makes her nest; and, in 
order to cool her young ones, and accustom 
them to an element they are afterwards to be 
•onversant in, brings from afar, in her great 

Slar pouch, sufficient water to fill the nest 
e lion, and other wild beasts, approach and 
<raench their thirst ; yet never injure the un- 
fledged birds, as if conscious that their de- 
struction would immediately put an end to 
tiiose grateful supplies. 



For fenders, FIRE-IRONS, KNIVES, &c. 

FAMILIES FURNISHING may effect an 
immonac SAVING, by makiog their purcliuca, for 
ready money,' at 

RIPPON'S OLD ESTABLISHED CHEAP FUR- 

IflSHING IRONMONGERY WAREHOISE, 

63, Castle street East, Oxfoitl Market, . 

(At the corner of Castle-strcct and Wells-street,) 

where every article sold Is \rarrantcd good, and exchanged 
if Bot approved of. 

Tea trn, 30s.; Plate<l Candlesticks, with Silver Moant- 
isgs, ISs. per pair; Ivory-handled oval-rlramcd Table 
Knives and Forks, 40». the set of 50 pieces ; Fashiooable 
Iron Fcoder»— Black, 18s. Bronted, tis. ; Brasa Fenders, 
10s. ; Green Fcmlers, ^ ith brass tups, 3s. ; Fire Irons, Sa. 

Kr set ; Polished Steil Fire Irons, 4s. Od. per set ; Bran 
re Familnrc, 5s. Od. per set ; Block-tin Dish Covers* 
8p. Od. per set ; Copper Tea KctUcs, to hold one gallon, 
7s. ; Bottle Jacks, Ss. Od. ; Copper Warming Pans, Os. ; 
Braes Candlesticks, Is. 4d. per pair; Britannla-meul Tea 
Pots, la. 4d. each; Japanned Tea Trays, Is.; Waiters, 
Sk.i Bread Trays, 3d. ; Japanned Chamber Candlesticks^ 
with Snutt'ers and Extlngttisber, 6d.; SnnlTers and Tray, 
Od.; Black -bandied Steel TaUc Knives and Forks, Is. M. 
the half-dnxen; Copper Coal-scoops, 10s.; a newly in* 
vented L'tvnsil for cooking Potatoes, snpcrior to those 
botkd, strained, or roasted, price Ss., (b., and 7s. ; Copper, 
Iron, and Tin Saucepans and Stewpans, together with 
every article In the above line, cheaper than any •tlicr 
llooae in London, 

For Umdy Mowef only. 



SLAVERY. 

Jait poblishetl. in one Ovo. volwna, closely printed, price 8s., 

THE REPORT FROM THE SELECT COM- 
MITTEE OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS, ON 
THE EXTINCTION OP SLAVERY THROUGHOUT 
THE BRITISH DOMINIONS; with a Copioni Indrx. 
Witnesses examined :— W. Taylor, Esq., Rev. John 
Barry, Rev. Peter Duncan, Rev. Thomas Cooper, Rev. 
John Tliorn, Rev. W. Knibb, Hon. (T. Fleming, CapUin 
C. H. WiUiaras, W. Alcrs Hankcy, Esq., J. D. P. Ogden, 
Esq., R. Scott, Eso., J. Simpson, Esq., W^ Shand, Esq., 
Rev. J. Shipiiian, Rev. R. Yi>nng, Rev. J. T- Barrett, W, 
Barge, Esq., M.P., J. B. WIMman, Esq., and others. 

Also, Full Report of the Discussion in the Assembly 
Rooms, at Bath, on the I5tk of December, between the 
Rev. W. Knibb, and Mr. Borthwirk, in which the acco- 
sations of the latter gentleman asainst the Baptist Mission- 
aries in Jamaica are tatty iCcfiited. Price 8<l. 

Pnblished at the Office of the Touri&t, 27, Ivy-lane, 
Paternoster Row; sold also by Sherwood, Gilbert, and 
Piper, and all other Booksellei-s. 



THE UrrER EXTINCTION OF SLA- 
VERY AN OBJECT OF SCRIPTURE PRO- 
PHECY. A Lecture ; the snbnlancc of which was delivered 
at Chelmsford, on April 17th, 1833, by Joseph Ivimky. 
S, Bagster, Paternoster Row. Is. 



4t 



It is a powerfnl and sciipdiral appeal, containing nn- 
merotis important facts, and deserves extensive ciicula- 
tion/'-'Christlan Observer^ December, 1832. 



A VOLUME OF MISCELLANEOUS SER- 
MONS, recently delivered by the Rev. N. Arm- 
strong and the Rev. E. Irving, with a fine Portrait of Mr. 
Irving, 8s. canvas. 

Any number of the New Entertaining Press may now 
be had. Subscribers are requested to complete their sets 
immediately. 

Stenography.— Young Persons instructed In Short Hand 
by W. Harding, 3, Paternoster Row. Terms— thr«e lea> 
sous, one guinea. 

Harding's Stenography, 13th edition, 3s. stiff* cover?; 
3s. Od. neatly bound and lettered. 

Vol. XX. of Tlie Pulpit, illustrated with Portraits of 
Distinguished Divines —No. 522 contains a Farewell 8er« 
mon by Rev. Gerard Noel, also a splendid Sermon by 
Rev. T. Dale. ^ 

The Pulpit, Nos. 520, 530, and 531, contain Sermons by 
the Rev. T. Woodrolfe, W. Howels, E. Irving, the Hon. 
and Rev. B. Noel, Rev. J. Pratt, J. Hamblcton, and J. 
Fletcher.— Ne. 532 contains a Sermon by the Rev. T. 
Dale, pre.iched at Camden Chapel, Camberwcll ; the Ser- 
vices at the Funeral of Rev. R. Watson, w^h a Memoir. 

The Funeral Sermon, on the Death of the Rev. Richard 
Watson, by Rev. J. Banting, with seme interesting Bio- 
graphical Notices. Sermons by Rev. R. Watson will be 
found in the Pulpit, Nos. SO, 171, 10.5,270, 284, 3(J8, 407. 
410, 415, 411, 485, 430, 453, 455, 4d8. 

Report of two Funeral Sermons tor the late Rer. Wil- 
liam Howels, A; M., by the Rev. Heniy Mdvill, A. M., 
and the Hon. and Rev. Baptist Noel, A.M., preached at 
Long Acre Episcopal Ghap.el, on Sunday, Nov. 25, 1832. 
To which is added. Substance of a Sermon by the late 
Rev. William Bowels. 

Now ready. The Witness, Nos. 1 to 25, neatly stitched 
up in Quarterly Parts. 

Part of Vol. II. of the New Entertaining Press, now 
ready, price 4d. 

W. Harding, 3, Paternoster Row. 



This day ispublislied, price Is. 3d., 

THE ANTI-SLAVERY REPORTER, No. 
in4, containine :— The Analysis of the Rcpott of a 
Committee of the House of Commons on the Extinction of 
Slavery, with Notes by the Editor. 

To be had of Messrs. Hatchard. 187, Piccadilly ; Messrs. 
Arch, 61, Cornhill; and at the Office of the Anti-Slavery 
Society, No. IS, Aldermanbury. 

PATENT BRAND Y Declaration I, 
HENRY BRETT, of 100, Dmry Lane, Wine and 
Spirit Merchant, do solemnly affirm and declare, that 1 do 
not, and will not, in anv case, practise deleterions adulte- 
ration; that 1 invariably vend the genuine PATENT 
FRENCH DISTILLED BRANDY, so highly recom- 
mended by the ficulty, and pronounced the ** only known 
Sure spirit in the world," precisely as I receive it ttom the 
istiilery; that my consumption of that article, in the or- 
dinary course of trade, during tlie last four months, consi- 
derably exceeded 3,000 gallons ; tliat coonterfelts abound in 
every direction; but that iii fact no other estaMisbment in 
Dmrv-lane has ever been supplied by the patentee. 

Price, as at the distillery, 18a. per imperial gallon, re- 
tailed at Ss« 8d. per pint, and in sealed bottles, 3s. Od. each. 
Sample hampers of half a doxcn of wine, 17s. ; of half a 
dosen of spirits, 17s. 6d., package Included. Conditions : 
Cash on delivery of goods in London or the saburibe. Ex- 
changed if disapproved of ; forfeited if inferior to aaaipie. 
Country postage payable by purchasers. 

HENRY BRETT, 100, Drnrylane. N.B. 109. 

Nov. 30, 183t« 



Anti-Ua'«r«nr aVMtlas at WMmtmt 

A GENERAL MEETINGof the ANTI-SLA* 
VERY SOCIETY, and of the Frlendaof that Cnwe, 
will be held at EXETER HALL. Strand, on THURS- 
DAY, the THIRTY-FIRST of JANUARY, 188S, whh « 
view to petition Parliament for the Immediate and Entire 
Abolition of Slavery tliroughont the British DominioBi^ 

The Doors will be opened at Ten o'Glock, and the Cteir 
taken at Eleven precisely, by the Right HoooiiraUe LoB» 
StiFFiBLD. Thovas PaiKOLB, Secvelarv. 

*•* Tickets of Admission may be had after the 20th of 
January, of Messrs. Hatchard, 187, Piccadilly; Meesn. 
Arch, 6l,Conihlll; Mr. Seeley, Fleet Street; Mr.Nisbet, 
Berncrs Street; Mr. Bagster, Paternoster Row; and at 
the Office of the ^Vnti-Slavery Society, 18, Aldermaiibwy. 

BRITISH COLLEGE OF HEALTH, KINCR 
CROSS, NEW ROAD, LONDON* 

MORISON'S UNIVERSAL VEGETABLR 

MEDICINE. 

PAIN AT TUK CHEST TWO TKAKS. 

Mr. Hall, Sonthsea, 
Sir,— If you think that my case will afford additkuui 
testimony to tlie importance of Morison's Medicines, and 
at the same time be considered as a grateful acknowledg- 
ment, on my part, for so much benefit received, I aost 
cheerfully offer it to you, to add to the numerous case* ef- 
fected by them In this neighbourhood. You already know 
that, for two years previous to my application to yon, I 
was a severe sufferer from a pain at the chest, whjcb, at 
times, was of so violent a nature that, in the hopes of 
getting ease, I wan frequently compelloj to lie down on 
the floor; these attarks were succMded by sickness, awl^ 
after taking half a glass of some spirit, I obtained tempo- 
rary relief. From the recommennation of one friend antl 
another, 1 was induced to try many things, but to no good 
effect. My breath at times was so greatly affected that I 
could scarcely move or walk. A medical gentleman (uld 
me that he could do no more for me than he had done;^ 
therefore the sincerity of my acknowledgment cannot be 
questioned. Your's very gratefully, 

Martha Murhw 
No. 23, New Town, Landport, July S. 

CURS OF ASTHMA. 

Mr. Morbon, 
Sir,— I feel it incumbent ou me to let my fellow-crea 
turcs know the great benefit I have received from taking 
the Universal Medicines, t have been afflicted for ten 
years with an astlmia,- and strong biUious affection, olfrr* 
attended with j^reat vomitings of blood, scarcely an appc 
tite, and reduced to the lowest ebb of existence. Havug 
liad all the best advlee, with no beneficial effect, 1 at 
length fell within the channel of yonr fkme, and nrocnreA 
a snpplv of the " Universals '* of yonr agent, Mr. Pearson, 
at Hanfey, whidi completely cured me, by taking eight l» 
twelve pills a dav, the extent of which was performed im- 
less than ten shillings. For the good of mankind you are 
at liberty to give this what publicity you please, and am, 
moat grateflilTy, dear Sir, yours, &c., 

Thomai Tati^b. 
Hanley, Staffordsliire, 16th Jnly, 1833. 

The '* VcgcUblc Universal Medicines" are to be bad »f 
the College, New Road, King's Cross. London; at the 
Surrey Branch^M, Great Sorrey-street ; Mr. Fiekl's,M, Air* 
street. Quadrant; Mr. Chappell's, Royal Exchange; Mr, 
Walker's, Lamb's-cendnit-passage, Red-lion -square ; Mr. 
J. Loft's, Mile-end-road : Mr. Bennett's, «Coveat-gudeB- 
market; Mr. Haydou's, rlenr-de-lis-coort, Norton-AiIg»te; 
Mr. Haslet's, Ur, Ratclitfc-highway ; Messrs. Norbnry'a, 
Brentford ; Mrs. Stepping, Clare-market ; Messrs. Salmon, 
Little ReU-aUey ; Miss Varai's, 94, Lucas-street, Coaamer- 
clal-road; Mrs. Beech '9, 7, Sloane-sauare, Chelsea; Mra, 
Chapplc'.H, Royal Library, Pall-inall; Mrs. PIppen'a, 18, 
Wingrovc'place, Clerkenwell ; Miss C. Atkinson, 19, New 
TrinUy-grouudS) Deptford ; Mr. Taylor, HanwcU; Mr. 
Kirtlam, 4, Bolingbroke-row, Walworth ; Mr. Payne, <M, 
Jermyn-street ; Mr. Howard, at Mr. Wood's, hair-dresser, 
Richmond; Mr. Meyar, 3, May's-bniMings, Blackheatk; 
Mr. Griflitiui, Wood-wharf, Greenwich ; Mr. Pitt, I,Com- 
wall-rond, Lambeth; Mr. J. Dobson, 35, Craven-street, 
Strand; Mr. Oliver, Bridge-street, Vanxhall ; Mr. J. 
Monck, Bexley Heath ; Mr. T. Stokes, IS, St. Roan's, 
Deptford; Mr. Cowell, 22, Terrace, Plmlico; Mr. Par«tl. 
96, £dgwarc-road ; Mr. Hart, Portsmouth-place, Kenniag- 
ton-lane; Mr. Charlesworth, grocer, 194, Shorcdttch; Mr. 
R. G. Bower, grocer, 22, Brick-lane, St. Luke's ; Mr. S.. 
S. Avila, pawnbroker, opposite the church. Hackney ; Mr. 
J. S. Briggs, I, Branswick-|4ace, Stoke Newingtoa; Mr. 
T. Gardner, 85, Wood-street, Cheapside, and 9, KonoKf 
falgate : Mr. J. Williamson, 15, Seabricht-pLice, Hackney- 
road ; Mr. J. Osborn, Wells-street, Haexney road, aad 
Homerton ; Mr. H. Cox, grocer, 16, Union««trceC, Bfthopa- 

fate-strect ; Mr. T. Walter, cheesemonger, 67, HoxtouOU' 
'own ; and at one agent's in every prinripal town in Great 
Britain, the Ishinds of Oncmsey and Malta; and tkraagb^ 
out the whole of the United Sutea of America. 
N. B. The College will not be answerable for the 



sequences of any medicines sold bv any cbymist or draegin, 
as none snch are allowed to seU the '* Unh'ersal mM^ 

cines." 



Printed by J. Haubon and Co. ; and Pnbiiifaed 
by J. Crisp, at No. 27, ivy Lane, Patenioetieff 
How, where all Advertiiements and Comin«iit» 
cations for the Editor are to be addiesa^d* 



THE TOURIST; 

OB, 



' Utile Dulci." 



Vol. I.— No. 23.— Supplement. MONDAY, JANUARY 28, 1833. Pbice One Penny. 



THE CHAMBER OF DEPUTIES, PARIS. 



The aboTe wood-cut represents the 
facade, towards the river, of the building 
in which assemble the members of the 
French Legislature ; it differs not more 
from the modest simplicity of the English 
House of Commons, than do the charac- 
ters and habits of the two nations; 
for^hilst (he one is small, and without 
any external or internal display of archi- 
tectural iKauty, the other is ornamented 
to profusion, botli exteriorly and in its 
interior, with every embellishment that 
the arts of the sculptor, Mintcr, and de- 
corator, can produce. The appearance, 
also, of the two n^semblies is not more 
dissimilar tlian are the buildings. An 
intelligent foreigner has thus expressed 
binueff on the unostentatious appearance 



of the British Parliament : — " Few things 
have surprised me more than the appear- 
ance of the assembled House of Com- 
mons ; nothing answers less to all historic 
reminisccDces, to all the ideas at gran- 
deur and majesty with which the mind is 
filled on en term g an assembly whose 
power and influence are felt in every 
quarter of the globe. To the right and 
left of the speaker the members are seen 
negligently lolling on the seats, in con- 
versation with those around them, or per- 
haps reading a newspaper; some even 
doling whilst waiting a debate in which 
they may be personally interested, or 
from which they merely expect to derive 
amusement. There is nothing either to 
denote the tenator in their dress; it is 



uot unusual 10 sec them booted and 
spurred, and many retaining their hats." 
In France the costume of the deputies is 
in accordance with the national taste for 
splendour and outward show ; it is a blue 
coat, embroidered with gold, the minis- 
ters and other public officers of the Go- 
vernment havinf a distinct uniform, more 
costly and richly embroidered; and, in 
addition, they are usually decorated with 
stars, ribbons, and crosses. 

The French deputies do not speak from 
their places, but from a tribune or eleva- 
ted pulpit, from which alone they are 
allowed to address the assembly ; upon 
any measure being submitted to the 
Chamber which is likely to give rise to a 
debate, each member who intends taking 



186 

part in the discussion inscribes his name 
in a bookybr, againgi, or upon the pro* 
posed measure; and then only, when his 
name is called by the President, can he 
address the House ; this system, in ad- 
dition to the custom of allowing the 
speeches to be read from written papers, 
renders the debates generally extremely 
dull and tiresome. 'Diere are, however, 
a few extempore speakers, and among 
them men of much talent; the late 
Prime Minister of France was one of the 
most eloquent. It will be perceired from 
the above little sketch that the customs 
of the representative assemblies of Eng- 
land and France are extremely dissimilar, 
but not unsuited to their different cha- 
racters. 

The palace in which the Chamber of 
Deputies now holds its sittings was for- 
merly the residence of the Princes of the 
House of Cond6, who had adorned its 
elegant pavilions, its spacious galleries, 
its gardens, and its theatre, with every 
splendour that luxury could devise, or 
wealth command. It consequently early 
fell a prey to the devastating fury of the 
revolutionists ; it was then plundered of 
all its costly furniture, and remained un- 
occupied till 1798, when the Council of 
Five Hundred took possession of it, and 
held within its princely walls their rude 
republican assemblies. It had been 
adapted to many purposes previous to 
its present destination. The building 
was originally commenced in 1722^ by 
Louise Francoise, Duchess Dowager of 
Bourbon, and received various additions 
till its completion in its present fonn, in 
1807, when the splendid Osecian peri- 
style was erected, from the designs <» an 
architect of the name of Poyet. 

It is nearly one hundred feet in breadth, 
composed of twelve CorintkisA columns 
of elegant Drqportions, surmounted by a 
pediment, tne tympanum of which is or- 
namented with statues. The entrance is 
by twentv-ntne steps, at the foot of which, 
upon pedestals eignteen feet high, are co- 
lossal statues of Justice and Prudence ; 
there are also, in front of the building, sit- 
ting figures of Sully, UHopital, D'Agues- 
seau, and Colbert. This facade cost 
1 ,759,000 irancs (£70,000). The inte- 
rior of the Hall of Assembly is semicir- 
cular, the chair of the president, and the 
desks of the secretaries, occupying the 
base of the semicircle. In front of the 
desk of the president is the tribune, or- 
namented witn a basso relievo, represent- 
ing History and Fame. By this arrange- 
ment the orator necessarily turns his buiJi 
upon the president. There are, also, some 
good statues, among others those of 
I^cui^us, Solon, Demosthenes, Brutus, 
Qtto, and Cicero. Different galleries 
are set upart for the accommodation of the 
public, the foreign ambassadors, and the 
seers, and a separate space is reserved 
tor the convenience of those connected 



THE TOURIST. 

with the public press. The numerous i 
apartments and galleries of this veiv mag- 
mficent palaoa are all fitted up with great 
splendour, and commodiously arranged. 

T. 

ON THE COLOUR OF THE SEA. 

Those who have been accustomed to a life 
confined in the interior of countries, where 
only rivulets and shallow rivers flow, where 
clear fountains rise, or muddy cuirentB roll 
along, view with admiration the first appear- 
ance of the sea, as from the shore they regard 
the pure and sparkling green complexion of 
its waters, a colour whicn, indeed, seems pe- 
culiar to itself. The wonder is increiised when 
a portion of its water, passed into a vessel, is 
ol»erved to retain no tmce of that veiy pecu- 
liar colour, and to be perfectly clear. Its 
transparency is such, that, in places undefiled 
by filth or lurt, the sand may be distinguished 
at the bottom of its bed at a oonsiderable 
depth, and stones and diells of the smallest 
size, which lie there, appear then bright and 
resplendent Marine j^iants, e^peeiidly the 
corallines, beam in it with the matsst splen- 
dour ; and an produetbns of tms natnae are 
el^paoitly shaded whilst thev are suidE benealh 
the smttce of the water ; but as sson as they 
axe taken out. this beau^ vanishes. Certain 
esfitoceitOj called by us indea, as well as many 
aleyamoy which in this fostering element shine 
in the colouis of the rainbow, or in the finest 
tints of purple and orange, seem theie tinged 
with buck, yellow, or simply of a brown or 
dark violet hue, when cast upon the bank of 
the shore, lose their attractions by e^posnis to 
atmospheric air. As the light peaetzales the 
abyss of waters, and during a doudless day, 
as we enjoy an ezcuision on its snrfiwe, the 
waves appear coloured in such a manner 
around us, that we are sometimes inclined to 
believe^ as we admire the deejmessof its green, 
that we axe upon a liquid meadow, or upon a 
bilUard-table carpet, which could be transln- 
oent. In proportion as the vessel becomes dis- 
tant fiora the shore, and we reach the hig^ 
latitudes, where the depth increases mom and 
moie, the green tint changes into a bine tint, 
sad in the open sea the water becomes, at fifty 
or sixty fisthcnns, of the finest azure colour. 
The green shade generally announces danger, 
or an approach to low coasts ;^for along those 
which axe intersected with peaks or moun- 
tains, and near which the sound descends to a 
great extent, the blue azure is observed to ap- 
pear, and to become much more liyely as me 
depth becomes more considerable. But this 
blue, which is ordinarily regarded as one of 
the characteristics of the ocean, and which is 
commonly attributed to the manner in which 
the rays of the sun became decomposed, as 
they penetrate into the waters, is not, however, 
exclusively peculiar to it ; every larse and 
deep bed of water has a cast of a similar na- 
ture. Deep lakes, which are not salt, espe- 
cially those among high mountains, are eouiuly 
affected by the blue azure tint; and this beau- 
tiful shade is observed even in the bed of tor- 
rents, at the bottom of which, if the water fills 
a cavity in a rock, the serenity of the heavens 
produces, in a small degree, the most brilliant 
effect of colonralionw — Drwulaiiom from Bovy 
dt Sl VincetUy % Profemr Renme. FieU 
NaturalUW Magazine. 



COMBAT OF THE COA. 

The following account is extracted from 
Napier*6 History of the Peninsular War. 
Tlie attention of the reader is only di- 
rected to it as a remarkably happy mor- 
ceau of military description. 

CsAWVonn's whole force under arms oon- 
asted of fimr thousand infantry, eleven hun- 
dred cavalry, and six guns ; and his position, 
one mile and a half in length, extended in an 
oblique line towards the Coa. The cavalry 
piquets were upon the plain in Ids front, lus 
rignt on some broken nound, and his left, 
resting on an unfinished tower eight hundred 
yards from Almeida, was defended by the 
guns of that fortress ; but his back was on the 
edge of the mvine forming the ehaanel of the 
Coa, and the bridge was more than a mile 
distant, in the bottom of the chasm. A stormy 
night ushered in the 24th of July ; the troops 
drenched with rain were under arms before 
day-light expecting to retire, when a few pis- 
tol-shots in front, followed by an order for the 
cavalry reserves and the guns to advance, gave 
notice of the enemy's approach ; and, as the 
morning cleared, twentv-four thousand French 
in&ntry, five thousana cavalry, and thirty 
pieces of artillery, were discovered marching 
beyond the Turvnes. The British line was im- 
mediatel V contracted, and broiu|^t under the 
edce of me mvine ; but, meanwhile, Ney, who 
had observed Crawford's false disposition, 
came down with the stoop of an eafle. Four 
thousand horsemen, and a powerfvd artillery, 
swept the plain ; the allied cavalry gave back ; 
and Ixnson's division, coming up at a chamng 
pace, made towards die centxe and left of the 
poeitiott. 

WhOe the French were thus pouring on- 
ward, several Uljudged chaiges were made 
on the English side. Part of tiie troops 
were advanced, others drawn back, and the 
4dxd most unaceountaMy j^aoed wi^in an 
enclosiue of 'solid masonry, at least ten feet 
high, situaled on the left of the road, with but 
one nairow outlet aboirt half a musket-shot 
down the revine. While thns imprisoned, the 
firing in front redoubled; the cavalr}*, the 
artifleiy, and the cagadoies sacoessively passed 
by in retreat, and the sharp clang of the 
06th rifie was heard aUmg the e^ of the 
plain above; A few moments uter and 
the 43rd would have been surrounded; but 
that here, as in every other part of the field, 
the quickness and knowledge of the battalion 
ofi&cefs remedied the faults of the geneml. 
One minute sufficed to loosen some large 
stones, a powerful effort burst the enclosure, 
and the regiment, re-formed in columns of 
companies, was the next instant up with the 
riflemen. There was no room to array the 
line — ^no time for any thing but battle ; every . 
eaptain carried off" his company as an inde- 
pendent body ; and, joining as he could with 
the 96th or 52nd, the whole presented a mass 
of skirmisheoB, acting in small parties, and 
under no regular command ; yet eskch confident 
in the courage and discipline of those on his 
right and left ; and all regulating their move- 
ments by a common dismtion, and keeping 
together with sorprising rigour. 

It is nnneoessaiy to describe the first burst 
of French soldiers. It is weU known with 
what gallantrv the officers lead, with what 
vehemence the soldiers follow, and with 
what a storm of fire they lay waste a field of 
battle. At this moment, with the advantage 
of ground and numbers, they were breaking 
over the edge of the ravine ; dieh' guns, ranged 



THE TOURIST. 



ten 



along tlie raminit* {ilayed faoUy with grape; 
and tbek ttgofta, galloping over the glacis of 
Almeida, poufed down the road, sabring eveiy 
thing in theix waj. Nej, desizons that Mont- 
brun dimild follow this movement with the 
whole of die I^nch eavaliy, and so cut off the 
troops ficom the bridge, sent five oBtcers in sac- 
oessMm to lUge him on ; and so mixed were 
fiiendB and enemies at this moment, that only 
a few guns of the fbrtsess duist open, and no 
eoQ9ge eovld hare availed against such owex- 
whelming manben. But Montbiun enjoyed 
an indepindent command ; and, as the attack 
was made without Massena's knowledge, he 
would not stir. Then the British regiments, 
with singular iatellinnce and discipline, ex- 
tricated themselTes nom their perilous situa- 
tion ; for, iaUias; back slowly, and yet stomnff 
and fighting wEeierer an raportunity offered, 
they made their way through a rugged coun- 
try, entangled with vineyuds, in despite of 
their enemies, who were so fierce and eager 
that even the horsemen rode in amongst me 
enclosures, striking the soldiers as they mount- 
ed the walls or scrambled over die rocks. 

As the retreating troops approached the 
river, they came upon a more open space; but 
the left wiug being harder presMd, and having 
the shortest distance, airived while the bridge 
was still crowded, and some of the right wing 
distant. Maior M'Leod, of the 43rd, seeing 
this, rallied four companies on a hiU just in 
front of the passage, and was immediately 
joined by a party of the 95th ; and at the same 
time two other companies were posted, by 
brigade Major Rowan, on another hul flanking 
the road; these posts were thus maintained 
until the enemv, gathering in great numbers, 
made a second burst, when the companies fell 
back. At this moment the right wing of the 
63nd was seen marching towards the bridge, 
which was still crowded with the passine 
troops. M'Leod, a very young man, but with 
a natural genius for war, immediately turned 
his horse round, called to the troops to follow, 
and, taking off his cap, rode with a shout 
towards the enemy. The suddenness of the 
thing, and the distinguished action of the man, 
pioduced the effect he desired; a mob of 
soldiers rushed after him, cheering and charg- 
ing as if a whole army had been at thehr 
backs ; and the enemy's skirmishers, astonished 
at this unexpected movement, stopped short ; 
before they could recover from their surprise 
the 62nd cmesed the river, and M'Leod, follow- 
ing at full speed, gained the other side also 
without a disaster. 

As the regiments passed die bridge, they 
planted themselves in loose order on the side of 
the mountain. The artillery drew up on the 
summit ; and the cavalry were disposed in par- 
ties on the road to the rieht, because two miles 
higher up the stream there were fords, and, 
beyond them, the bridge of Castello Bom; and 
it was to be apprehended that, while the 6th 
corps was in front, the reserves and a division 
of the 8th corps, then on the Agueda, misht 
pass at those places, and get between the divi- 
sion and the Celerico ; the river, was, however, 
rising fast from the rains, and it was impossi- 
ble to retreat farther. 

The French skirmishers, swarmin? on the 
right bank, opened a biting fire, which was 
returned as bitteriv. The artillery on both 
sides played across tne ravine : the sounds were 
repeated by numberiess echoes ; and the smoke, 
rising slowly, resolved itself into an immense 
arch, spamung the whole chasm, and spajrikling 
wUh tne whirling fUzes of the flying shells. 
The enemy gathered fast and thickly; his 
columns were discovered forming behind the 



high foeks, and a dragoon was seen to try the 
d^th of the stream a^ve, but two shots horn 
the $dnd killed horse and man, and (he car- 
oanes floatiiiff between the hostile bands 
showed diat uie river was impassable. The 
monotonous tones of a French ^m were &en 
heard, and in another instant the head of a 
noble column was at the long narrow bridge. 
A drummer and an officer in rolendid uniform 
leaped forward together, and ue whole rushed 
(m with loud cries : the depth of the ravine at 
first deceived the soldiers' aim, and two-thirds 
of the passage were won ere an English diot 
had brouffht down an enemy; yet a few paces 
onward tne line of death was traced, ana die 
whole of the French leading section fell as one 
man. Still the gallant column pressed for- 
ward ; but no foot could pass the terrible line : 
the killed and wounded rolled together, until 
the heap rose nearly equal with the parapet, 
and the living mass behind melted rather l£an 
gave back. 

The shouts of the British now rose loudly, 
but they were as confidentiy answered ; and in 
half an hour another column, more numerous 
than the first, again crowded the bridge. This 
time, however, the range was better judged, 
and, ere half the distance was won, the multi- 
tude was again torn, shattered, dispersed, and 
slain. Ten or twelve men only succeeded in 
crossing, and took shelter under the rocks at 
the brink at the river. The skirmishing was 
renewed ; and a French surgeon coming down 
to the very foot of the bridge, waved his hand- 
kerchief, and commenced dressing the wounded 
under the hottest fire ; nor was his appeal un- 
heeded: every musket was turned from him, 
although his undaunted countrymen were pre- 
paring for a third attempt. The impossibuity 
of forcing the passage was, however, become 
too apparent, and this last effort, made with 
fewer numbers ancf less energy, failed almost 
as soon as it commenced. 



EVENING. 



It was an eve of Autumn's holiest mood ; 
The corn-fields, bathed in Cynthia's silver light. 
Stood ready for the reaper's gathering hand. 
And all the winds slept soundly. Nature seemed. 
In silent contemplation, to adore 
Its Maker. Now and then the aged leaf 
Fell from its fellows, rustling to me ^^nrand; 
And» as it fell, bade man think on his end. 
On vale and lake, on wood and mountain high. 
With pensive wing outspread, sat heavenly 

Thought 
Conversing with itself. Vesper looked forth 
From out ner western hermitage, and smiled ; 
And up the east, unclouded, rode the moon. 
With all her stars, gazing on earth intense. 
At if she saw some wonder walking there. 

POLLOK. 



POETS. 



Poets are Nature's priests ; their hallowed eyes 
Behold her mercy-seat within the veil ; 
From their melocUous lips the nations hail 
Her oracles, and learn her mysteries. 
With pure and pious hearts, then, let them prize 
Their coniecraUon : shall they hold for sale 
The sift of heaven t and tempt mankind to raU 
At guniovs powers-— profaned for lusts or ties ! 
Thus Phineas and Hopbni damd profane 
God's altar — ^till their father's hoase was curs'd» 
And they destroy'd ; and even the ark was ta'en 
From the lewd nation that such vileness nurs'd. 
Men highly pri?ileged are prone to ill : 
Yet Israel then had Samuel — we have Words- 
WORTH still. 

T. P. 



OF THE MKNTAL PRINCIPLE IN 

FISHES. 

Such was the Mx ereation'^-a xa«a of he- 
ings, hoth feeling and thinking, in that par- 
ticular stractnre of body and residentiary ele- 
ment to which they were assigned. Like ^e 
vegetable tribes, tnejr have l^n made to be 
usefol to man, both in contributing to his 
sustenance and in supplying him with many 
important conveniences. But, independently 
of the human race, they have been created to 
be happy beings in themselves. From their 
vast numbers and v^eties, and the compara- 
tively small knowledge which man has of 
them, and tlie few out of their numerous spe- 
cies which have been converted to his use, we 
may assume that they were made principally 
on their own account, and for the display to nus 
of our Creator's mind, power, thoughts, inven- 
tions, and imagination. They eidarge our 
knowledge of his omnipotence, and give us 
ocular sensations of its multi&rious poteur 
tiality. 

Fish seem to be more exclusively confined 
to themselves than any other classes of animal 
life. For, excepting the few species of birds 
and amphibious quadrupeds which seek them 
as food, no animal but man knows or notices 
them. They live in an element which is mor- 
tal to all but themselves ; and no other crea- 
ture, nor even man, can molest them, but as 
they choose to float near the surface of their 
waves, or to be tempted by the baited hook 
that descends deeper. But they are equally 
unfitted and unable to have any concernment 
with other beings. They die in no lonff time 
if removed from their habitual fluid; and thus 
thev are entirely beings of the world of waters, 
and have no functions or faculties for anv 
other region or mode of existence. In general^ 
they are made to be helpless to all assieulants. 
Anmials have teeth ana claws, or horns, and 
other weapons for fight or escape, but few fish 
have such endangering instruments. They are 
an instance that an innumerable class of ani- 
mated beings may exist in great comfort and 
activity, whose prevailing character is that of 
iuofiensive and unresisting helplessness. Thev 
are subjected to death, and several of thefr 
species receive the termination of their being, 
at times, by serving as the food to others; but 
most of those whose life is not thus intercepted 
exyoy it for a duration which few other ani- 
mals experience. 

But tney are principally interesting to the 
contemplative student for the curious modifi- 
cation which they exhibit of the principles of 
life and of mind. They show the phenomena 
of these as they occur in the finny rorms, func- 
tions, and element. We see, m them, fish 
mind and fish feelings, and find similarities 
between these knd the faculties of the higher 
orders of animals, and of ourselves, which de- 
serve all the attention they may excite, and 
enlarge our conception of the nature of the 
intellectual qualities. Th^ contribute to 
prove, tiiat lue and mind do not arise from 
form, nor depend upon it; for thev exhibit 
these as equally existmg in every configuration, 
and in despite of diversity. No changes of 
figure prevent or suppress uiem ; nor does the 
matter of the bodily substance united with 
them either cause or destroy them. Life and 
mind are, therefore, independent of all mate- 
rial structure, and are some ffreat principles 
added to it and co-existing within iU'^Sharon 
Tumei^s Sacred History of the World. 



lat 



THE TOURIST. 



■B 



THE TOUBIST, 

MONDAY, JANUARY 28, 1833. 



PROPRIETARY RIGHTS EXAMINED. 

As the advocates of Ne»ro slavery in Eng- 
Jland lay much stress upon uxejiraprietaryrighu 
of the West Indian body, digiiif>ing them with 
the title of vested interests^ it may assist the 
leaders of The Touristy in forming a conect 
judgment on this subject, if they have brought 
before them a true account of the origin of 
these vested interests^ as given by the naval 
historian Lbdiard, in his history, published in 
Iwo volumes, folio, in 1735. 

The first English slave-factor anpears to 
have been Captain, afterwards Sir John, Haw- 
Idns ; the accounts of whose three first enter- 
prises in this way are as follows : — 

This John Hawkins was the son of Mr. 
William Hawkins of Plymouth, who was in 
great esteem with King Henry VIII., as a prin- 
cipal sea-commander, and of whose Voyages I 
have already g^iven an account in that king's 
reign. He had made several voyages to the 
Canary Islands, where he got all the intelli- 

Sencehe was able to procure of the state of 
le West Indies, of which he had before re- 
ceived some knowledge from the instructions 
given him by his father. Among other things, 
he was assured that negroes were a very good 
commodity in Hispauiola, and that they were 
easily to be had in great numbers on the coast 
of Guinea. Haviug opened his mind to his 
friends, he soon found adventurers for this 
undertaking, among whom were Sir Lionel 
Ducket, Sir Thomas Lodge, Mr. Gunson, his 
father-in-law, Sir William Winter, Mr. Brom- 
field, and others. Three ships were provided 
for this enterprise : the Solomon, of one hun- 
dred and twenty tons, commanded by Mr. 
Hawkins himself as general ; the Swallow, of 
one hundred tons, lliomas Hampton, cap- 
tain ; and tlie Jonas, a bark of forty tons. Jn 
this small fleet Mr. Hawkins took only a hun- 
dred men. 

First Vo^^e,f-^He departed from the coast 
of England In the month of October, 15<$2, 
and sailed first to Tenerifie, where he took in 
several refreshments. From there he went to 
Sierra Leone, by the natives called Tegarin, on 
the coast of Guinea, where he made some stay, 
and durinff that time got into his possession^ 
partly by Ute swordf and partly by other means, 
upwards of three hundrea negroes, beade seve- 
ral commodities which that country afibrds. 

With this booty he set sail for Port Isabella, 
tn the island of Hi^aniola, in the West In- 
dies; where he found a good rent for his 
English commodities and some of his negroes ; 
but was obliged to be on his guard against the 
treachery of the Spaniards. 

From Port Isabella he went to Puerto de 
Plata, where he likewise trafficked, but still in 
danger. Thence he sailed to Monte Christ!, 
anoUier port on the north side of Hispaniola, 
where he was allowed to traffic peaceably, and 
sold the rest of his negroes. He made so good 
a return that he not only loaded his uiree 
ships with hides, ginger, sugar, and a good 
quantity of pearls, but he freighted two hulks 
with hides and other commodities, which he 
«ent to Spain. Having thus finished his com- 
merce, he went out by the islands of the 
Cavcos without entering farther into the Bay ; 
and so, returning with good success and great 
advantage to himself and his co-partnerSi ar- 
ilved in Englandf September, 1663. 



Second Voyaae, — In the year 1564, Mr. 
John Hawkins, having met with so good suc- 
cess in his first undertaking, resolved upon a 
second voyage, for the coast of Guinea, and 
from thence, with negroes, to the West Indies. 
For this voyage he had two ships and two 
barks: the Jescs, of Lubeek, of seven hundred 
tons ; the Solomon, of one hundred and forty 
tons ; the Tiger, of fiAy ; and the S;wallow, of 
thirty tons. With these he departed, on the 
1 8th of October, from Plymouth. The same 
day, they met, about ten leagues out at sea, 
the Minion, one of the queen's ships, com- 
manded by Captain David Carlot, and the 
John Baptist, oi London, who were likewise 
bound for Guinea; but the Minion, leaving the 
John Baptist in the company of Mr. Hawkins, 
went in search of the Merlin, of London, who 
had been separated from them. The 2l6t, 
they had a violent storm that continued for 
three and twenty hours, during which they 
lost the company of the John Baptist and the 
Swallow, and the other three ships received 
considerable damage, llie 23rd, they met 
with the Swallow again, ten leagues to the 
northward of Cape Finistenre. The wind con- 
tinuing contrary, on the 25th they put into 
Ferrol, in Galicia, where they stayed five days. 
The 26th, the Minion joined them there, hav- 
ing had the unhappiness to see the Merlin 
blow up, and her hulk sunk, all that were in 
her being drowned, excepting a very few whom 
they took up miserably burnt. 

The dOth they all set sail together; the 4th 
of November they had a sight of the island of 
Maderia ; and the 6th, of Tenerifie. There 
they stayed till the 20th; and, then departing, 
arrived on the 25th at Cape Blanc, on the 
coast of Africa. Here they took in several 
refreshments, particularly fish ; and, departing 
the 26th, came the 21)th to Cape Verd, in the 
latitude of fourteen degrees and a half. Here 
they proposed to have taken some negroes by 
force, but the Minion's crew betrayed their 
design, and prevented them. They, therefore, 
departed on the 7th of December, and came 
the next day to the island of Alcatrarga. Here 
the two ships rode at anchor, while the two 
barks went to the island of the Sapies, called 
La Formio, where they landed with eighfy 
men -in armour, thinking to take some negroes, 
but they were too nimble for them. 

The 14th, they came to the Island of Sam- 
bula, where they staid several days, and took 
every day some of the inhahiianUy burning and 
ravaging their toums. The 2l8t, having their 
negroes on board, and being furnished with 
what provisions they wanted, in great plenty, 
they set sail and arrived the next day at the River 
of Callowsa, at the mouth of which the two 
shins came to anchor, while the two barks, 
witn the John's pinnace, and the Solomon's 
boat, went up the river, and returned with two 
earavets loaded with negroes. 

The 27th, the Portuguese having informed 
them of a town of negroes, called Bymbo, where 
they said they would find a great quantity of 
gold if they would ha:sard t/ie attack, Haw- 
kins resolved to try his fortune: but by the 
carelessness and avarice of the men, who se- 
parated, every man his own way, in search of 
booty, they only brought off ten negroes, with 
the loss of seven of their best men (tunong whom 
was Mr. Field, the captain of the Solomon) 
and twenty*seven men wounded. The 28th they 
returned to their ships, where, in the mean 
time, four men had been killed, and one 
wounded, by sharks; and on the SOth they de- 
parted for Taggarrin. 

The first of January, 1565, the barks and 



boats went into a river called Cassenoes, and, 
having dispatched their business on the 6tk, 
returned to their ships, which were at anchor 
at Taggarrin. They continued on the coast 
till the 29th, and then, having completed their 
number of negroes, set sail for the West Indies, 
Being b^^med at^ea, for eighteen days, they 
did not arrive at the Island of DomiDioo till 
the 9th of March, when they were reduced to 
the very brink of despair for want of water; 
and then, with great danger of beiag cat off 
by the cannibals, only sot some rain-water, 
which drained from the hills and lay in pod- 
dies in the dales. 

They departed the 10th, the 16th had a 
sight of the Testigoes, and the 16th arrived at 
the Island of Margpuita, where they were 
kindly entertained by the Alcalde, who fur- 
nished them with bullocks and sheep. But 
the governor not only refused them tne liber- 
ty of trafficking there, and denied them a 
pilot whom they had actually faired, but 
sent a Caravela to inform the governor of St 
Domingo of their arrival, who thereupon sent 
a command to the Spaniards, aU ah>ng the 
coast, to have no dealings with the English. 

Hawkins, finding there would be no traffic 
for him here, departed on the 20th, and came 
on the 22nd to a place on the continent, called 
Santa Fe, where they found excellent water- 
ing, and some other refreshments. From 
hence they departed on the 2dth, and the next 
day passed between the continent and the 
I sland of Tortugas. They kept along the coast 
till on, the 3rd of April, they came to a town 
called Burboroata. 

Here Hawkins was obliaed to ride at anchor 
and solicit fourteen davs for liberty of traffic ; 
and when he at last obtained tliis freedom, it 
was closed with an article of such cxtrava^ 

§ant duty to the king of Spain as would more 
lan have eat up the profit; finding, therefore, 
that nothing was to be done by fair means, on 
the 16th, he landed a hundred men well 
armed, and marched directly up to the town. 
By this means he brought the Spaniards to 
reason, who afterwards sufiered him to traffic 
peaceably, and upon paying a moderate duty. 
Third Voyage. — ^The year 1567, Captain 
John Hawkins (or as Camden calls him Mr. 
John Hawkins, afterwards Sir John Hawkim^ 
a merchant) of whose two first voyages I 
have already given an account, undertook a 
third voyage to Guinea and the West Indies. 

He went himself as captainHreneral, in the 
ship Jesus, of Lubeck, one of the Queen's 
ships, of seven himdred tons, which had been 
his admiral-ship in the foregoing voyage. Be- 
sides this he had five other ^ps under his 
command ; the Minion, Captain John Hamp- 
ton, the William and John, Captain Thomas 
Bolton, the Judith, Captain FVancis Drake, 
together with the Angel, and the Swallow. He 
set sail the 2nd of October, irom Plymouth, 
and had tolerable weather for five days ; but, 
being then forty leagues north of Cape Finis- 
terre, they had so violent a storm, for four 
days, that the ships were separated, all their 
boats lost, and the Jesus almost disabled for 
the voyage. But, the storm ceasing on the 
11th, they pursued their course. 

On the coast of Guinea they took in, after 
great difficulties and the loss of many of their 
men, about 500 negro slaves, and sailed with 
them to the islands of the Spanish West Indies, 
departing horn Guinea the 3rd of February, 
1568, to sell them to the Spaniards, as he 
had a right to do, by virtue of a trea^, yet 
subsisting, between Chaiies Y. and Heniy 
VIIL ^ 



The 7th and 2(Hh of Mudi, they hail ngkt 
«f die Islanil of Dominica, in 14 degrees. 

Prom dience the; couted from pl>ce to 
place, as lo Muganta, Cuthageoo, Capo de 
la Vda, «nd others; where, with gome dilH' 
cul^, they earned oii a tolerahle good trade. 

At Bio de la Haeha all commerce with 
them was prohibited, till landing two hundred 
men tb^ tool the town by storm, nith the )om 
«f two men only, after which they were allow- 
ed lo cany on a private trade by night. — X*- 
diard'* Naval Hutory, rot. 1. 

Such was the commencemeut of the slsre- 
trade, which continued, with no material change 
in lis charactentic featuies, f<» mote than 
two centeries ; till its abolition by act of pu- 
Uament. Ita details will remain a blot upon 



THE TOURIST. 

the pages of Europeaa history till the end of 
time: but, so long as it continued, ships and 
men proceeded from the ports of Great Britain, 
to the peaceful shores of Africa, where, under 
the notion of a traffic or trade, they burned the 
habitations, desolated the country, and stole 
the inhabitants, to transport them against 
their will to a foreign shore, there to compel , 
them, hy means the most cruel and rerolt- 
iug, to submit to an ynremunerated toil. From 
such transactions as these do the Wrst Indian 
body derive the proprietary riyhti atut vested 
iiiteretU, of' which they talk so loiidk, and 
on which they rest claims so formidable in a 
pecuniary point of rien, and urge them so pei- 
tinacionsly. 



Thf.ke \& an unfailing and melancholy 
interest attaching to every thing which 
concerns this extraordinary man. The 
genuineness of his character, the benevo- 
lence of his heart, and the severe mental 
sufferings which imbittered his life, — all 
lay powerful claims lo our sympathy and 
regard. He was, indeed, a martyr to 
sensibility. All the resources of his ge- 
nius appear, by a strange fatality, to hare 
been directed against his happiness. Of 
him it may truly be said, as it was of one 
of his most illustrious contemporaries, that 
" bis imazioation was but too prolific — a 
world of Itself; in which he dwelt amidst 
chimerical alarms, and started tike Pros- 
pero at the spectres of his own creation." 

lite very narrow limits which we can 
allot to this article, will allow of our 
giring but a brief and naked detail of the 
main circumstances of his history. 

John Cowper, the father of the poet, 
was Rector of Berkhamstead, in Hertford- 
shire, where the latter was bonr, Nov. 26, 
1731. From his infancy he appears to 
have been of the most delicate constitu- 
tion, both of mind and body. In 1737 
he was sent to a school at Market- Street, 
in Hertfordshire, under ^e care of Dr. 
Pitman, but was removed from it on ac- 



COWPER'S RESIDENCE AT WESTON, BUCKS. 

" His viituci formed the magic of his song." — Cowrza'a Efit.iPii. 

count of ill healtli. At fomteen he was 
placed at Westminster School ; bu 
sensitive a nature as his was but ill Stted 
for the rude collisions which it necessarily 
encountered in this institution; and though 
he appears to have been by no means 
averse from, nor unskilful in, the youthful 
sports in which his companions engaged, 
yet the preponderance of uuhappiness 
from their conduct was such, that in his 
advanced years he always looked upon 
this period with the most painful recollec- 
tions. In 1749, he left Westminster, and 
was articled to an attorney for the space 
of three years, during which he appears to 
have enjoyed more of gaiety than at any 
period of his life in the company of his 
friend Thurlow (afterwards Lord Chan- 
cellor). At the expiration of the term of 
his articles he entered the Temple with a 
view to the further study of the taw. This 
occupation was manifestly but little suited 
to such a mental character as his, and his 
extreme diffidence appeared to cut him 
off from all hope of professional advance- 
ment. Through the interest, therefore, of 
his family, he was nominated to the office 
of reading clerk and clerk to the private 
committees of the House of Lords. But 
so utterly incapacitated was he, from that 



189 

morbid diffidence which possessed him, 
for any public employment, that he de- 
clined accepting the appointment ; and 
from the excitement of mind it had occa- 
sioned he soon after relapsed into the 
most unhappy state of mental aberration. 
Shortly after his recovery he retired, at 
the wish of his brother, into a state of 
complete retirement at Huntingdon, and 
here contracted an intimacy with the 
family of a Mr. Unwin, resident there, 
hich proved one of the chief solaces of 
his after life. After the death of Mr. 
Unwin, he removed with his widow and 
daughter to Olney, in 1 767, and employed 
himself chiefly in reading, and visiting 
and relieving the poor. His life was but 
little marked with important events until 
1773, when, in the language of one of 
his biographers, " he sunk into such se- 
vere paroxysms of religious despondency 
that tie required an attendant of the most 
gentle, vigilant, and inflexible spirit. 
Such an attendant he found in that faith- 
ful guardian (Mrs. Unwin), whom he pro- 
fessed to love as a mother, and who 
watched over him during this long fit of 
depressive malady, extended throu^ seve- 
ral years, with that perfect mixture of ten- 
derness and fortitude which constitutes 
the inestimable influence of maternal pro- 
tection." His recovery was slow ; and his 
state of mind, meanwhile, was such as 
necessarily precluded him from any vigor- 
ous 01 continued study. He continued, 
however, to amuse himself with reading 
such new books as bis friends procured 
for him, with writing short pieces of poe- 
try, tending some birds and hares which 
he had tamed, and drawing landscapes — 
an art which he began to practise late in 
life, but in which be nevertheless acquired 
considerable excellence. His state of 
id, at this time, may be best learned 
from a passage in one of his letters. " So 
long," says he, " as I am pleased with 
my employment, I am capable of unwea- 
ried application, because my feelings are 
all of the intense kind. I never received 
little pleasure from any thing in my life : 
I am delighted it is in the extreme, 
he unhappy consequence of this tem- 
perament IB, that my attachment to atiy 
occupation seldom outlives the novelty of 
it." 

At length he was persuaded, by the 
kind entreaties of his IHend and com- 
panion, Mrs. Unwin, to prepare a volume 
of poems for the press ; and, accordingly, 
in his fiftieth year, he presented his first 
work to the public, comprising the"Table- 
Talk," " Hope," the " Progress of Error," 
&c. ; and from that time continued to 
compose, chiefly at the suggestion of 
Lady Austen, a woman of great Uste and 
talent with whom he had the happiness to 
become intimately acquainted. To her 
suggestions we owe " the Task," which 
was published in 1784, "John Gilpin," 
and other minor poems. Inl765beputf 



Ibhed his '^ Tirocimum/' and his trans- 
iadon of Homer in 1790. From this 
lime the pensive tone of his feelings ap- 
peals gradually to have deepened; and 
the loss of Mrs. Unwb, by death, in 1795, 
seems to have sabdued for ever all the 
energies of his mind. After some further 
attempts to improve his Translation of 
Homer, and the composition of some 
minor poems, he sunk, m the year ] 800, 
under a malady originating rather in his 
morbid habits of mind than in physical 
decay. Of his published works it is hardly 
necessary to speak either in the way of 
criticism or of eulogium. Their merits 
are of a high and rare order ; and perhaps 
none in our literature have gained a more 
general or a more favourable reception 
among all classes of readers. Perhaps 
their unexceptionable moral tendency is 
at once their most obvious and their high- 
est distinction. Cowper is one of the few 
imaginative writers who might at the close 
of life take a scrutinizing review of their 
entire works, and not find a line which, 
in that hour of calm and enlightened 
iudgment, they could wish eraa^. If, 
liowever, there is one class of his writings 
to which entire justice has not been done, 
we should say it is his correspondence. 
We think his letters distinguished by 
every species of excellence of which that 
order of composition is susceptible ; and 
we cannot better describe or eulogize 
them than by adopting tiie words of one 
whose discernment and taste are equally 
demonstrated by his criticisms and his 
compositions : ** I have always considered 
the letters of Mr. Cowper as the finest 
specimen of the epistolary style in our 
laiM^age. To an air of inimitable ease 
and carelessness they unite a high degree 
of correctness, such as could result only 
firom the clearest intellect combined ¥dth 
the most finished taste/' 

It would be difficult to speak in too 
high terms of his moral and religious 
character. It was emineutiy distinguished 
by purity and devotion, while his singular 
gentleness and suavity of disposition, if it 
was inconsistent with the manUness and 
majesty which is frequently associated 
witii Budi distinguished talents, yet had 
the effect of irresistibly attracting to him 
the wannest and best affections of all. 
After saying thus much of Cowper, it 
may seem ahnost superfluous to add that 
he was the indignant and unsparing ene- 
my of colonial slavery. Perhaps there 
was no subject which elicited from him 
such powerful expressions of horror and 
disgust as the system referred to— a fact 
to \;^'hich his works every where offer 
abundant testimony. 

His remains were buried in St. Ed- 
mund's Chapel, in the diurch of East 
Dereham, Norfolk, and a monument was 
erected over his grave, on which was in- 
scribed the following epitaph, from the 
pen of his friend, Mr. Hayley : — 



THE TOITRIST. 

In MxMoar c& 

WILLIAM COWPER, ESQ., 

Born in HEaTPoansBiaE, 1731 ; 

Buried in this Church, 1800. 

Ye who with warmth the public triumph feel 
Of talents, dignified by saoied xeal, 
Here, to devotion's bard devoutly just. 
Pay your fond tribute dae to Cowpcr's dust! 
England, exulting in his spotless fame. 
Ranks with her dearest sons his favourite name. 
Sense, fancy, wit, suffice not all to raise 
So clear a title to affection's praise ; 
His highest honours to the heart belong ; 
His virtues fonned the magic of his song. 



BEETHOVEN. 

Beethoven is the most cdebrated of the 
living composeis at Vienna, and, in certain 
departments, the foreoiofit of his day. His 
powets of harmonv aie prodigious. Though 
not an old man« he is iiDst to society, on ac- 
count of his extieme dealheas, which has ren* 
dered him almost unsociaL The neglect of 
his person which he ezhibiti gives him a 
somewhat wild appeazanoe. His features are 
strong and pfomment; his eye is full of rude 
energy; his hair, which neither comb nor 
sclssois seem to have visited for jreaxs, over- 
shadows his broad brow in a quantity and con- 
fusion to which only the snales round a Gor- 
gon's head offer a Muallel. His general 
behanour does not ill accord with the unpro- 
mising exterior. Except when he is among 
his chosen friends, kindliness or affability are 
not his chaiaoteristiQs. The total loss of hear- 
ing has deprived him of all the pleasure which 
society can give, and perhaps soured his tem- 
per. He used to frequent a particular cellar, 
where he spent the evening in a comer, beyond 
the reach of all the chattering and disputation 
of a public room, drinking wine and beer, 
eating cheese and red herrings, and studying 
the newspapers. One evening a person took a 
seat near aim, whose countenance did not 
please him. He looked hard at the stranger, 
and spat on the floor, as if he had seen a toad ; 
then glanced at the newspaper, then again at 
the intruder, and spat again, his hair bristling 
gradually into more shaggy ferocity, till he 
closed the alternation of spitting and staring 
bv fairly exclaiming, "What a sooundrelly 
phiz !" and rushin|^ out of the room. Even 
among his oldest friends he must be humoured 
like a wayward child. He has always a small 
paper book with him, and what conversation 
takes place is carried on in writing. In this, 
too, although it is not lined, he instantly jots 
down any musical idea which strikes him. 
These notes would he utteriy unintelligible, 
even to another musician, for they have thus 
no comparative value; he alone has in his 
own mind the thread by which he brings out 
of this labyrinth of dots and circles the richest 
and most astounding harmonies. The moment 
he is seated at the piano, he is evidently un- 
conscious that there is any thing in existence 
but himself and his instrument ; and, consi- 
dering how very deaf he is, it seems impossible 
that he should hear all he plays. Accordingly, 
when placing very piano, he often does not 
bring out a single* note. He hears it himself 
in the ^ mind's ear." While his eye, and the 



almost imMCCsstiUe motion of his fingers,, 
show that he Is following out the stnun in hia 
moti ton/, through all its dying giadatioiis, the 
instznment is aobially as dnmb as the imisi- 
cian is deaf. I have heard him play ; but to 
bring him so fiur required some management, 
so gmt is his hooor of being any tiling like 
exhibited. Had he been plainly asked to do 
the company that favour, he would have flaUy 
refosed ; he had to be cheated into it Ereiy 
person left the soom eaeept Beethoven and the 
master of the house, one of his most intimate 
aoqnaintaaees. These two earned on a con- 
versation in the paser book about bank stocL 
The gentleman, as if by chaaoe, stnck the ke vs 
of the open piano, beade which diey were 
sitting, gradually began to ran over one of 
Beethoven's own compositions, made a thou- 
sand errors, and speedily blundered one pas- 
sage so thoroughly, that the composer conde- 
scended to stretch out his hand and put him 
right It was enott]^ ; iht hand was on the 
piano; his companion immediately left him 
on some pretext, and the rest of the company, 
who were in the next room, from which they 
could see and hear every thing, were patiently 
waiting the issue of this tiresome conjuration. 
Beethoven, left alone, seated himself at the 
piano. At first he only struck now and then a 
few hurried and interrupted notss, as if 
afmid of being detected in a crime; but gra- 
dually he forgot every thinf else, and ran on 
during half an hoar in a phantasv, in a style 
extremely varied, and marked, above all, by 
the most abrupt tiansition& The amateurs 
were enxaptnred; to the uninitiated it was 
more interesting to observe how ihe music of 
the man's soul passed over his countenance. 
He seems to fi&el the bold, the ooaomanding, 
and the impetuous, mote than what is soothing 
or gentle. The muscles of Ae face swell, and 
its veins start out ; the wild eye rolls doubly 
wild ; the mouth quivers, and Beethoven loolcs 
like a wizard overpowered by the demons 
whom he himself has called up. — Tour in 
Germany, 



RESPIRATION OF THE SPIDER. 

A sousa npider was placed by a gentleman 
on a small platform, in the middle of a glass 
full of water, the platform being about ha£r an 
inch above the surface. It presently made its 
escape, as might have been anticipated, by 
suffering a thread to be wafted to the edge of 
the glass. The oerson who witnessed this, 
suspecting it might have been assisted bv the 
water, being so nearly on the same level, 
poured some of the water away, and placed 
the ^ider as before. It descended by the sddc 
that supported the platform, till it reached 
the water, but, finding no way to escape, it 
returned to the platform, and, for some time, 
employed itselt in preparing a web, with 
whidi it loosely enveloped the abdomen bv 
means of the hinder legs. It now descended, 
without hesitation, to the bottom of the water, 
when the whole of the abdomen was covered 
with a web, containing a bubble of air, pro- 
bably intended for respiration, as it evidently 
included the spiracles. The spider, enveloped 
in this little diving-bell, endeavoured on every 
side to make its escape, but in vain, on ac- 
count of the slipperinesB of the g^ass; and, 
after remaining at the bottom for about thir- 
teen minutes, it returned, apparently muoh 
exhausted, as it coiled itself close under the 
little platform, and remained afterwards with- 
out motion. 



THE TOURIST. 



1»1 



WAGES OR THE WHIP. 

** Under the most mitigated system, slavery is still labour obtained by 
force ; and if by force, I uow not how you can stop short of that degree ef 
force which is necessary to ettract invotuntarv eaertion. A motive then 
must be ; and, ransack your invention es vou will, it comes at last to thl» ■ 
Inducement or Compulsion : Wages or the Whip." — Mr, Buxton*t Speedi in tht 
HouH of Commmt, May 34, 1832. 

Thb time is well niefa arrived wben the question must be 
promptly disposed of, wnetber the cultivators of the soil now in 
bondage in the colonies are to continue their labour from that 
universal stimulus, the desire of reward, or from that unnaturttl 
stimulus by which their labour has been so long unrighteously 
exacted, the lash. The present tract is undertaken in no acri- 
monious spirit towards those who are so unfortunate as to re- 
main still unconvinced that the higher motive of reward will 
yield as profitable a result as the debasing corporeal chastise- 
ment now exercised throughout the colonies. It may in some 
measure influence even the prejudiced colonist to place before 
hh view, in contra-position, such proofs as the history of negro 
labour affords of the different results from the two systems. In 
doing so, one or two instances will serve as well as more. I 
shall, therefore, give but two— one of foreign slaves, the other 
«f British slaves. 



WAOXf* 

" In four years and three months, 
under this change of management, 
there were fortf-fiur birdbB» and only 
ibrty-one deaths, giving an increase 
of three m the number of the gang." 
Thus, by humane treatment, and la- 
bour stimulated by reward, the gang 
of 288 beeanle 991, showing an in- 
enase of three ; and the planter's own 
benefit is thus stated by himself: — 
" The annual nett clearance of the 
estat e (which had previously been 
heavily encumbered) was above tiiree 
timet moie than it had been for ten 
years before.*** 



WAGSS* 



TBI WHIP. 



In Mexico, 150 Spanish free blacks. In Cuba, 150 Spanish black slaves 
Ivith occasional additions when the produce no more than 180 tons of 
season is late, or the work has been sagar, or 403,200 pounds weight,* 
leurded by accidental causes, pro- 
duce 450 tons of sugar, or 1,008,000 
pounds weight. 

Here we have palpable, commercial proof, in pounds avoir- 
dupois, of the balance in favour of free labour over slave 
labour. 

In the next instance, I shall not be able to bring out the 
deficit against slave labour so arithmetically palpable— ^at is, 
not in pounds avoirdupois— as in ^e foregomg ; but I shall 
place life agamst life, mstead of sugar against sugar, and that 
m one of our own colonies. 



WAGES. 

In Barbadoes.— I shall give the 
course of proceeding with a gane of 
288 negroes belonging to Mr. Josnua 
Steele. 

Mr. S. says — ** As a beginning of 
my general plan, I had, towards the 
end of the year 1783, taken the whips 
und all power of arbitrary punish* 
nents, from all the overseers and their 
white servants, which oeeaaioned my 
cJiief overseer to resign, and I soon 
dismissed all his deputies, who oould 
not bear the loss of their whips. 

" 1 resolved to make a further ex- 
periment, in erder to try whether I 
could not obtain the labour of my 
negroes by voluntary means instead 
of the old method, by violence ; when, 
for a small pecuniary reward over and 
above their usual allowances, the 
poorest, feeblest, and, b^r character, 
the most indolent nccproes in the whole 
gang, cheerfully performed the holiaff 
of my land for canes (generally said 
to be the most laborious work) for less 
than a fourth part of the stated price 
paid to the undertakers for holing* I 
lepeated the like experiment the fol- 
lowing year with equal success ; and, 
on the 1 8th of X9ovember, 1789, I 
gave all my slaves tenements of land, 
and pecuniary wages by the hour, the 
day, or the week, for their labour and 
•ervices." 



THS WHIP. 

In St. Christopher's.— I shall give 
the course of proceeding with a gang 
of 140 negroes belonging to Mr. 
Wells. 

By what one dare hardly to speak 
of as an accident, the Plantation 
Journal of the manager of the estate 
of Piereefield fell into the hands of 
the meat eminent of the negro's 
friends. I proceed to give extracts 
therefrom, and their dissonance with 
the course of proceeding in the Bar- 
badoes estate, on the outer side, will 

}»repare my readers for a material dif- 
erence of result. 

May 29.— " DickOrton complained 
that Mary Daniel had stolen two large 
bunehu of Brn'mamaM out of the Banana 
Walk. At two o'clock the gang was 
called over, and she was severely pu- 
nished. 

" Piiscilla was also punished for 
quittiag the watch, &c.* 

June 7.—" PrisciUa came in and 
received thirty-nine. She bxousht 
Betsy, who was also punished. Pup 
nished alao-«'Domingo, Lena, Betsy 
Peters, Joe and Mary Daniel, for 
missing grass last night. Santy 
brought home at noon by Seipio and 
Adams. Gave him, at two o^clock, 
thirty-nine, sbtsbblt, and tbut 
PicxLBD mil- 
June 8.—" This morning, Santa 



* See the Report of Mr. Ward, envoy to Mexico, made to the Right Hon. 
G. Camnng, March )8n, 18S^ 



TB£ WBIP. 

and PrisciUa sot thirty-nine each. 
Demingv and Lena got twelve each 
-—went to the sick-house under prb- 

TENCB OF BEING STIFF WITH THE 

LXCB8. It was no pretence with 
Saaty. I got some peppers out of 
the gulden, and stbbped thbm in 

HOT WATER, AND BATHED PrxsCILLA 
AND DOHINOO. 

July 14. — " Santy brought home 
el (bar o'clook. Gave him thirty- 
nine severely. 

July 31.— >" Had an iron collar 
put round Sana's neck, and gave 
him thirty-nine mr his last trip." 

ITie floggtni^ and pickling is thus 
carried onthroughout the year. 

Thus, in the course of seven years, 
from 1812 to 1819, by cruel treat- 
ment and coerced labour, the gang 
of 140 declined to 86, showing a de- 
crease of 54. This decrease of the 
material, by which the estate can be 
successfuUv worked, will show that 
a process »r other .than a clearance 
of the estate was rapidly going for^ 
waid.t 

It will perhaps be said that I have drawn from a source 
which should be considered as an exception to the general 
kindness of treatment on a West India estate ; but why should 
I think so ? It has occurred that the Piereefield manager's own 
account has been accidentally rerealed : ^diere the whole can- 
not be seen, we must iudge b^ ^^ part that can be seen. Could 
access be had to similar documents from other estates, I doubt 
not that the same course of flogging and pickling would be 
shown up. The extravagance to which the apologists of slavery 
resort in extenuation of the cruelties laid to their charge was 
exhibited by the city pro-slavery champion recently at an anti- 
slavery lecture, held at Bruntwick Chapel, Mile End. To 
avert the indignation raised by a recital of the Moss's cruelty 
in nibbing Cavenne pepper into the eyes of their victim, Mr. 
L— was hardy enough to express his entire belief that the 
girl nibbed the pepper into her own eyes.^ 

I have another proof in favour of the negro, which, were 
there no others on record, would fully satisfy me that the whip 
is a wanton and needless exercise of cruelty in order to stunu- 
late him to labour. 

In a conversation which I held, a few months ago, with a 
West India planter of twenty-seven years' standing, he re- 
lated the following anecdote :«— A cotton-field was in course of 
picking, when the evening of Saturdav drew nigh, and the 
overseer made an exclamation to this e£iect : '* Before Monday 
comes round, half the cotton remaining unpicked will be lost. 
On this, one of the gang advanced, saying, ^* Massa, suppose 
you pay-a-we, we pick him to-morrow, massa ;" to which all 
cheerfully consented. Here the ne|;roe8 were willing, after the 
full week's labour, to suirsnder thev day of rest, so far as it 
was a day of rest, and the benefit to arise from their maricet 
concerns, to attain an immediate and tangible benefit by their 
extra labour. With such evidence as this in proof of their wil- 
lingness to labour freely for an adequate remuneration, is not 
the outcry against emancipation mere drivelling ? N. P. 

* See Pr. Dickson's Mitigation of Slavery. 

t See Appendix to Mr. Stephen's Delineation of Slavery, 2nd volume. 

t So pre|M>sterous a supposition as this squares with nothing but what is 
juaA to have been the decision of a Dutch jury in a matter of some iKrraicACT 
for want of sathfactory evidence. In a squabble between two men, one sns* 
tnined the lose of his nese, said by him to have been bitten off by his anta* 
gonist. The party so charged declared his lunocence, and asserted that the 
suilerer was himself the perpetrator. On these conflicting assertions the iuiy 
consulted long^ and the case turning whoUv on general ckamcUTf in whica 
the party first charged had a preference, he was at length acquitted under 
the following verdict :— " That as nothing could, by man, be declared to be 
abutluMff impouibU, a man might bite his own nose off.*' The gentleman 
must unquestionably have formed one of this Dutch juiy. 



THE TOURIST, 



THE FLYING SQUIRREI,. 



This curious anim^ is one of eleveo 
■pecies of the squirrel, or sciunis ; so 
t^led from two Greek words, which sig- 
uify " tail " and " shade," and which de- 
signate the use of its tail as ft kind of 
umbrellit. It inhabits the birch-woods of 
Finland, Lapland, and other Aictic re- 
gions, and- is also found in Asia, in the 
woods of tlie Uralian Chain, and in vari- 
ous parts of North America. It lives 
principally on the shoots and buds of the 
birch and pine, generally in solitude, ex- 
cept at one period of the year, and builds 
its nest of tlia sol^t mosses, in the hol- 
lows of trees, at a considerable height 
from the ground. It is principally distin- 
guished from the better-knovrn species of 
squirrel by a lateral membrane extending 
from the fore to the hind legs, and which 
•0 far serves the purpose of a wing or sail 
as to have conferred the name of the 
flying squirrel. 

It is, however, to be observed, that this 
t«nn is improperly applied ; , foi' although 



this apparatus asttists tlem in leaping 
from bough to bough, which ihey fre- 
quently do at the distance of ten yards, 
yet the animal can scarcely be said to fly, 
as it can only move in one direction, and 
even then cannot keep an even line, but 
sinks considerably before it can reach the 
place it aims at. Sensible, however, of 
this incapacity, the squirrel, with an 
amazing degree of sagacity, mounts the 
higher on the tree from which it springs 
in proportion to the distance it wishes to 
reach, and thus seldom fails to accomplish 
its object. The various endowments of 
this animal enable it to live apparently in 
a state of security and happiness : the 
great rapidity of their movements defend- 
ing them from the attacks of less nimble 
animals, and the similarity of their colour 
to that of the trees on which they are 
found causing them to be discerned with 
great difficulty, and so preserving them 
from the attack of rapacious birds. 



THE POISONOUS PROPERTIES OF THE 
^SEEDS OF THE X-ADURNUM. 

It is geutrally believed tbat the seeds of 
the laburnum 'cytUm lahinmm) are veiy 

Kisonous, and, in consequence, children are 
iquently warned against eating them. Their 
poisonous qnalit; is also mentioned in some 
botanical works ; but, ss no notice is taken of 
tikis opinion in Dr. Christisun's Treatise on 
Pmaaiu, or in Dr. Beclc'i Medical Jiiri'pru' 
dener, it niav be of some importance to men- 
tion Um fulloning^ circumstance : — On Satur- 
day last (Septem))er IS, 1S32), I was called to 
see three children, of the ages two and a balf, 
ive, and about seren respective]}-, who, hsving 
been sent into the garden to amuse theuselTea, 
wen induced to eat a small quantil^ uf the 
Mcds of the lahomuni, which ttie)- mistook for 



repestedlr, tlie youngest and the oldert with 
less violence than the other. After vomiting, 
ther were soon relieved, and in the evening 
ban recovered their usual health and spirits. 
About thirteen years ago, T knew two young 



ladies at Camhridge, who were rendered iin- 
veW by stecpiDg- ibc seeds of laburnum in 
their months, to tlie end of passing a needle the 
more easily through them, in threading tbem 
into neclilaces. Ine ladies were in age about 
eighteen and twcnlj-tbree, and the symptoms 
of their illness were headache and slight 
vomitinjf ; oiler vomiting, tfaej soon recovered. 
The seeds of laburnum are kidn* ' ' 
dark bronn, have naturally a polishi 
and, when perfect!/ ripe and dry, are so hard 
(hat a needle is not easily forced through 
thciii ; on thiN last account it is that Ihey are 
occasionally soaked prcrioHsly to threading 
them, but, 'I beliere, not if the needle can be 
passed through them without it, as soaking is 
deemed to lessen, somenhat, the brightness of 
their nalnral polish. As, loo, the threading 
is frequently begun before the soaking is found 
lo be necessarr, the moistening them in the 
warm saliva is a very natural resource for pro- 
ducing the softening required at the instant. — 
Loiuimi't .Tfrjajine of NmtunU HUUmf. 
CommuiiicaHont from Dr. G. Jokntton *nd 
J.D. 



APHORISMS. 



We fill DDt fiom virtue, like Vulcan from baa* 
veD, in ft day. Bad di^potitioas requite some time 
10 Kroir iolo bod habits ; bad habiu must aader* 
mioe KDod, and oFleo-repeated acts mike as ha- 
bitually evil; 10 thai by gradual depraTaliooSi 
■ ad while we are but st>ggetingly evil, we are aot 
lefl wiihaul parentheses or^coDsidct^lioa, tboaibt- 
ful rebakes, and merciful inletventioiii, to recal at 
to ourselves Sir Tdohas Biioiv? 



An elevated gcaiai employed id little thing* as- 
peara like the aun ia Lis evening dechDition ; ha 
remits his jpleadonr, bLt retaina bis laagnitndc, 
■ad pleases more ihaugh he denies less.— L(l^ct- 



S« earing it p 

pepper-corn rent, ia acknowledgment of the devil's 

right of superiority Robert Ham,. 

Bonks ate oat absolutely dead things, bat do 



I that 



a potency of life lu them to be at active 



they do ptescrve, a 

and ettract'nn of that living inleltecl tbat bied 

tbeai. — MiLioK, 



-how w« ipill that teaaonvd life of ir . . ,._ 
served and stored up in books — sinru we see a 
kind of homicide may ba thus cainmiited, some* 
times a martyrdom, and. if it extend to the wbola 
impression, a kind of massacre, whereof ibc eiecn- 
tion enda not in the tUving an elemental life, bnl 
strikea at that elheieol and fifih etseoce, the 
breath of reason itsctf, and alayi an immorialiif 
rather than a life.— /ft. 



RIVER OF VfNEOAB. 

In South America, near Popayqn, is a rivet 

called, in the lanfpiage of the counti}-, Aia 

Vinegre. It talcs its source in n very elevated 

chain of mouoliiii)^ aud, after a subtermnean 

Erogrcss of many milc!;, it rc-appears, and 
irms a magnificent cascade upwards of 300 
feet in heignL When a person stands beneath 
this point be is spceilily driven a«ay by a very 
fine shower of acid water, nhich irritates the 
eyes. M. Bous=in/rall, wi.thiDg to ascertain 
the cause of this phenomenon, analysed the 
water of the riier, and found, among othei 
substances, sulphuric and hydrochloric acida. 
The fuUo«ing is the result of the analysis: — 
Sulphuric acid, 0,00110; hydrochloric acid, 
0,00091 ; alumue, 0,00040; chalk, 0,00013; 
soda, 0,00013 ; silex, 0/)0033 ; oiyde of iros 
and magnesia, traces. 



LoHMv :~Pnblished by J. Ciisp, at No. ST, 

Ivy Lane, Paieraotter Bow. 
nrhfr* all Connuniniliana Jet lit Eilitpr aretetr 
aJilretitil. 
Tttni Agtnli. 
B. Sitil. PalrriailcrrtK i V,. Cowfc, Strand 
W. SinB(F, ^iiiB I Hcxin, dUtf 

O.Btwjir./ltlttetll-tlTttt, Oknwmi, PuUtmem ilrttt 

Strand 1 Pirkw, l-iatHB->tlrtr* 

Kt-A, CtmMUl I LJujJ, liases rtarl 

Cauniry Agnll. 
armlHgkam, t. Dnke 
Bvlem, i. Nobte 
Briiltl, V/t-ilty >nd Ca 
CambrUif, Hn. SaBriltc 
l\,rU.lf.C. ] ..»™«n 
ChalHam, P. Vamitnna 
CktUtnham, 1. Ony 
Crrif, WllkiHi SIHlBaB 
KdinliirMli, 1. WantliK 
Falmratk, J. PbUp 
Glirtir, Q. Gallic 

out*. J, SMt 



nil., tf.'prek 
rrpcol, WillDcr 



Naltlnikam, 0. Wrtffac 



'.PrlnM Iv J. HaddoR u< Co., tr, Ivj Ua*. 



THE TOURIST; 

' OE, 

Sktttfk SSooft of tiie Vimtn* 



' Utile dulci." — Horace. 



Vol. I.— No. m. 



MONDAY, FEBRDABY 4, 1839. 



Pbick One Pennt. 



WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 



- And <ron thrice, where fame ia 



Hike* ihii K iicred part of Albioo'i 



'£'r 



Oun notices of this edifice, whether 
historical or descriptive, must of neceuity 
be exceedingly limited and defective. Its 
history, on the one hand, extends over so 
many centuries, and involves so many 
interesting events, as to render any thing 



like a re^lar detail inconsistent with the 
space which we can allot to the subject, 
On the other hand, the building, in its 
present state, is so replete with objects of 
engrossing interest, and so richly fur- 
nished with the most valuable coiitrihn- 
tions of art, as equally to forhid us to 
enter on a general detail, and to force us 
to a very scanty selection. In making 
this we shall freely avail ourselves of 
whatever sources of authentic informa- 



tion are within our reach, to which we 
need not refer the notice of our readers 

It has been said, that the building of* 
the Abbey Church of St. Peter, West- 
minster, is " involved in mists too dense 
fur the sun of antiquarian research to 
dissipate." It is perfectly true that its 
early history is sufhciently crowded with 
preposterous legends, fables, and dreams. 
But, in spite of all the trickery of its 
reverend possessors, it* chronology tuu 



IM 

been pretty accuwrtaly deUraiineck It 
was founded afcodt tfe year 604, by Se- 
bert, king of the Eart Sax^s. If, how- 
ever, we could rely on dreams, and par- 
ticularly on those of monks, we might 
quote the authority of Wulsinus, that the 
Apostle St. Peter himself had a ehapel or 
oratory on the site of the magnificent pile 
dedicated to him. The vision of Wul- 
sinus was turned to some advantage by 
the succeeding monks, who added a new 
legend of St. Peter's* crossing the water 
one stormy night to consecrate the church, 
and rewarding the fisherman who ferried 
him over Thomey (water which sur- 
rounded the church, the site of which 
was called Thorney Island), with a mira- 
culous draught of salmon, assuring him 
and his fellow-watermen that they should 
never want flsh, provided they would give 
one-tenth of what they caught to the 
newly-consecrated church. 1*0 those who 
consfder the infloence of the Catholic 
priesthood, it will not excite much sur- 
prise that the tale was believed, and that, 
tor several centuries, the monks of West- 
minster fed on the offerings of IheThames 
fishermen. What was at first solicited as 
a benevolence, in the course of time was 
claimed as a right, so that, in the year 
1231, th^ monks brought an action at 
law against the minister of Rotherithe, in 
which they compelled him to give up 
to them one-half of the tithe of all salmon 
caught in his parish. 

From the foundation ei the Abbey to 
the time of Edward the Confessor i^ his- 
tory is very obscnre ; but this ptons prince, 
in consequence of an inynnction from 
Leo IX., who had absolved him from a 
rash vow, appropriated one^tenth of his 
property, m *' gold, sdVa*, eactie,. and all 
other possessions/' to the reboildrng of 
the Aboey. It wa« commenced in 105(X, 
and finishei fifteen yesrs afterwards* 
Til is king endowed k T«ry libsraUy/ asnd 
enrkhei vt vritk {wka* at that time was 
highly aittrartive) ntnnerow relics, (he 
audkenticity of wliicb> m those days, it 
was not die eeeteai to dispute, tinugh 
some of them aire sefickntly startft^* 
Amonjf these relies., the monkish writers 
assitve ns, were part of die merger in 
which Christ was bom, the frankinoease 
ofihred te htm by the £astem Magi, a 
splinter of the table of our Lord, a crust 
of the bread that he blessed, and a slab 
of the wall of the prison in which he was 
confined. 

From the time of the Confessor to the 
reign of Henry III., little appears to have 
been done to the Abbey ; but, in the 
year 1220, the latter monarch laid the 
first stone of a new chapel, in honour of 
Ifce Virgin Mary, on the site now occu- 
pied by Henry the Seventh's chapel ; but 
mtle was done to the building until the 
year 1245, when it was more actively pro- 
secuted, and that with a prodigality of 
eicpense which at the period was unparal- 
leled. 



THE TOURIST. 

Whe» the dMipel had bee» eompleted, 
Hdnry III. resolved that the leraains of 
the Confessor should be lemoved into the 
new shrine fn the ebapel ; and, says 
Neale, in his excellent history of this 
Abbey, " in the sight of all the principal 
nobflity and gentry of the land, who were 
assembled here, he and his brother Richard 
carried the chest containing St. Edward's 
remains, upon their shoulders, to the new 
shrine, wherein it was deposited with vast 
ceremony and exultation. The princes, 
Edward and Edmund, together with the 
Earl of Warren, the Lord Philip Basset, 
and others of the nobility, assisted to 
support the chest ; and we are informed, 
by Matthew of Westminster, that, on 
seeing it exalted, the devils were instantly 
cast put of two possessed persons, who 
had come purposely (the one from Ire- 
larhd, the oAer from Winchester), to re- 
ceive benefit on the day of St. Edward's 
removal !" 

During the reign of Henry III. and 
Edward I., the eastern parts of the nave 
and the aisles were rebuilt, and finished 
in 1307. To Edward II., Edward III., 
and Richard II., we are indebted for the 
Great Cloisters, Abbot's House, and the 
principal monastic buildings. The western 
parts of the nave and aisles were rebuilt 
by successive monarchs, between the 
years 1340 and 1483. The west front 
and the great window were built by those 
rival princes, Richard III. and Henry 
VII. : and it was the latter mooareh who 
corameneed the magnificent chapel which 
bears his name, and which was finished 
by his son and snccessor* The first stone 
of thb chapel was laid on the 24th of 
Jannary, 1502-3, by the Abbot blip; 
and although the king did not live to see 
the work fini^ed, yet, after amply en^ 
dowing die Abbey, he gave Islip x5000 
towards completiiig it, onty a few dms 
before his decease. Althon^ Henry TliL 
finished the chapel, yet he did not apaiPe 
the Abbey fixnn the general dissoUition ef 
the monasteries, nor could an exisitenee 
of upwards of nine centnries soccessfislly 
I plead in its behalf. 

From the time of Fh^nry VIIL to the 
aceessioR of ^to House of Brunswick, 
little aspears to have been done to im- 
prove llie Abbey ; but, on the contrary. 
It suffered the profanation of the soldiery 
during the civil wars of Charles I., when 
Sir Robert Harlow, the bigot, who was 
employed to demolish tlie venerable Cross 
at Cheapside, broke into Henry the 
Seventh's Chapel, demolished the altar 
stone, and committed other outrages. 

During the reigns of George I. and 
George U. the great west window was 
rebuilt, and the western towers com- 
pleted ; but it is to their immediate suc- 
cessors that Westminster Abbey is most 
indebted, in. the restoration of the exte- 
rior of Henry the Seventh's Chapel to its 
origiDal beauty, after it had become so 



nuiek di lapida ted, Thie wnrk wad com- 
menced in Ifl09, nnder i^e -direction of 
Mr. James WyaCt, and has been com- 
pleted at an expense of about £42,000. 
The external appearance of the Abbey is 
not strictly uniform, but tlie appearance 
of the west front is extremely magnificent. 
The gate is wrought with much delicacy, 
and the light and elegant screen corres- 
ponds with the large window it supports* 
The chapel of Henry VII. is a magnifi- 
cent specimen of ecclesiastical architec- 
ture, which^ firom the beauty of the de- 
sign, and the rich and elaborate maooer 
in which it is executed, proves that it 
must have been the work of no ordinary 
artists and artificers. The chapel is 
nearly square ; the east end forming five 
sides of an octagon. When viewed ex- 
teriorly, it presents a light and airy struc- 
ture ; and the interior is of singular 
beauty and symmetry, though much disfi- 
gured by the stalls and flags of the 
Knights of the Bath, who are installed 
here. 

Edward the Confessor's Chapel, situ- 
ated at the east end of the choir, contains 
several royal tombs, as well as the cele- 
brated coronation chair, in which is the 
still more celebrated stone, related by 
monkish tradition to have been Jacob's 
pillow. This stone is placed within the 
frame- woric of the chair, and was brought 
from Scone, in Scotland, in 1267, by Ed- 
ward L It is a remarkable instance of 
the foree of superstition, that this stone 
has been Ae subject of an express article 
in a treaty of peace, as well as of a con- 
ference, between Edward IQ. snd David 
II., king of ScotlesML By the treaty, it 
was agreed to give the stone up to Scot- 
land, and in ^Aie eonfiuenoe it . was re- 
solved tfaaC the king, after being crowned 
in England, shoald lepair to Scotland, 
and be crowned king at Seone ; but nei- 
Aer ef these resohitbns wese earned into 



A prc^ltetic distich, said to fawve been 
c«t ea this stone, by King KenoeAy is 
no doubt die eause of the Scottish atterii- 
raeat to it; since, tranriated, it aaeajei^ 



ifl foimd, or Fflfte's 



» 



<* Wktra'or this 

vun^ 
The ScoU the sanie dull hold, and ten 

.reign." 

There are several other chapels in 
various parts of the building, all of which 
contain the tombs of some distinguished 
persons. The south transept, commonly 
known by the name of Poet's Corner^ is 
perhaps the most attractive spot, in this 
respect, which the Abbey contains. It 
would be impossible to describe all the 
monuments here which deserve notice, 
and even to enumerate their names would 
be but to furnish a long and uninteresting 
catalogue. Many of the inscriptions they 
bear are distinguished by a degree oif 
pathos, simplicity, and terseness, whrA 
constitutes tne pexfectioii of this speriei^ 



THE TOURIST. 



i»r eoroposition. The shoit q>ftap1i upon 
Oliver Goldsmith^ fr6iB the pea of Dr., 
JofaiiBOn, vill readily oceur to tbe minds 
"Of many as illustrating t^is last remark. 
Tew sentences^ perhaps, though dictated 
by the highest adaiiration and regard, 
cookl •enclose in so small aonnpaas such 
'* comprehensive eulogy as tfiat upon the 
literary character of f)r. Goldsmith : — \ 
** Nuilwm sfemu Uterwrum qu^ iw». teti- 
jgfiT; nuHwm ^eiiffii qnod nan omatni.*' 
** There was no order of literature which 
lie did not touch ; and none that he 
4i>iiohed which he did not adorn." 

Among the monuinents distingnidbed 
•for their beauty and interest may be men- 
tioned that to Lord Chatham, containing a 
jtatee of the great senator in an attitude of 
Mtmtft, and f arious embleBiaiical female 
'fibres. It was executed by Bacon, and 
the success of the artist has been justly 
«nd h^»pily expressed by Cowper : — 

• *' BftcoQ there 

OivifS more than female beauty to a stone. 
And Chatham's eloqnbnce to marble Kps." 

AMrt^her «ery striking monuxnent is that 
tB Fox, by Westmaeott. He is repre- 
sented as dying in the arms of his coun- 
try. His form and features are depicted 
MiA great fidelitf, and the expression of 
•olTertng in his ccNintenanoe can ncarcely 
lail to awaken a painful sympathy in the 
jnind of the spectator. Near him is seen 
A negio, whose anxious and grateful ex- 
'pression is intended to commemorate the 
political achievement which of itself would 
suffice to attach to him the lasting vene- 
yatioB of posterity : we mean the aboli- 
tkm of the slave-trade. Theve is one 
more monument which deserves some- 
Ihing more than a mere casual mention ; . 
idijs js ito the raenftory of Joseph Gas- 
oaigne Nightingale, Esq*, and the Lady 
IBIizabeth his wife, daughter of Washmg- 
ton. Earl Ferriers. The design of this 
masterpieee of art (the last ever ex^uted 
ihy Ronbiliac) is siDgutarly pathetic, k 
consists principally of three figures in sta- 
tuary mai'bley representing Ceidy Night- 
ingale and her husband, and the personi- 
fieakiQii of death. The latter is repveseated 
as a complete skeleton-, in shroud-^ike 
habiliments, raising his fatal dart to pierce 
fhe bosom of the lady, who appears sinking 
io the ^fww in the last stage of debility. 
Her husband is seen ruslnng forward, 
aaotending his right aoia to wurd off the 
attack of the menster, while with his left 
lie clas^ his dying wife to his breast, 
whose languid helplessnen beautifally 
etmtrasts with the energetic and muscular 
attitude of her husband. The figure of 
4eatb is distiaguiahed by wonderiai ana- 
toolical cofreotness, and is reprasented in 
an attitude of eagerness and resohition. 
** It is almost impossible," says a writer 
ia^^aenbkkg this nonumept, '^ to apeak 
ctf 'svch a masterly work wilhoajt a degree 
ef ndmimtion bordo f iag -a pon e nthu si asm ; 
yet even the langoag^of^enthusiasm itself 



would hardly be too strong to do justice 
to its merits. The genius that could con- 
ceive, and the talents that could execute, 
90 noble a monument of art, will for ever 
rank tbe name of Ronbiliac in the highest 
eiass of human intelligenoe." 

There are some singular contrasts pre- 
sented by the moni;mental inscriptions 
here, which naturally suggest how few 
words are sufficient to immortalize real 
merit, and how many are requisite to. set 
off* none. Drydea s monumeot^ for ex- 
ample, only bears the name, ^M. D&t- 
DftN," under his bust, with these few 
words in Latin: "Bom 1632, died May 
1, 1700;" and that to the memory of 
Sheridan raigl^ easily escape notice, the 
only memorial of -him being a black 
marble slab which covers his remains; 
while others, whose names are seen ai- 
moat for the €rst lime on their tonabstone, 
are itrtroduced to posterity with an epi- 
taph which might be mistaken for a 
history. . 

There is, nevertheless, an irresistible 
interest connected with this place. The 
spectator cannot but feel that he is 
walking among the monuments, and 
treading on the dust, of the greatest 
of his countrymen and of his species. By 
that curious anachronism peculiar to 
public cemeteries, his imagination is at 
onee brought into immediate contact with 
those men whose names have illustrated 
the pages of history at different and dis- 
tant periods, and a feeling is excited 
aeariy earresponding in character with 
that eagerness for posthumous celebrity 
which distinguished and actuated the 
" mighty dead *' around him — a de&ire 
factitiously to extend the limits of his 
existence by a temponury and imaginary 
intercourse with them. We cannot but 
admire th;it national taste and sentiment 
which has crowded this spot with ao many 
aAecting associations ; for though we can- 
not more powerfully realize the equal- 
izing power of death than by visiting the 
apot where the ill-fated Queen of Scots 
sleeps beside her vindictive and perse- 
cuting sister, where Pitt and Fox moulder 
within a few paces of one another, and 
the hitteieat enemies lie together, and 
** in their death aie not divided ;" yet 
here also we most fully appreciate that 
general tendency of the human mind to 
preserve intellectual greatness and moral 
worth in perpetual remembrance, and 
thus acquaint ourselves with some of the 
niiblest features ef oar nature^ while con- 
versing the most closely (with tlie monu- 
ments of its frailty. 



THE CEREMONY OF THE PAPAL 
jiEN£DlCTiaN. 

J[>a.rOf4iRaBe feoeived.^ e«rd.of invitalimi, 
fbun Uhe Jdaior JQUiono af hW Jf^piin^y Pur- 
porting that Us ■panaaaahi omw 4he Vatican 



would be open to re c e i T S fSajiyA aaA 
foreifi^ers of distinetion. 

Climbing, says be, one of these 
statues whidi oniameat the peristyle, I placed 
myself above it, like Anchises of old, upon the 
shoulders of £neas. 

It is impossible to describe the scene Whieh 
presented itself before me; and, were it other- 
wise, imagination is incapable of conceiving 
so sublime a spectacle. The inhabitants 
of the^ whole earth seemed assembled in one 
vast multitude; while the murmur of innu- 
merable tonffues, in different languages, as- 
cended like the roaring of an ocean. Confusion 
could scarcely be greater in the plains of 
Shinar, when the descendants of ^oah fled 
from the superstructure of their ignonuice and 
folly. As far as the eye could reac)^ the tops 
of all the houses in Rome were laden with 
spectators. A single square, in the spacious 
area below, was preserved free &om the multi- 
tude by the whole body of the pope's miUtaiv, 
who had formed themsdves into a quadrangle. 
Every other spot was occupied ; and so closely 
were the people united, that* their heads in 
motion resembled the waves of the sea. Ihe 
variety gf colours blended togethei;, and, glit- 
tering in tbe sun, produced an effect of eau^tl 
novelty and splendour. It surpassed all J nad 
ever seen or unagined ; nor do I believe ^any 
country upon the globe ever produced its 
parallel. 

While I was occupied in the contemplatian 
of this amazing spectacle, a loud flourish »f 
trumpets from two opposite sides of (be area 
announced the apiwoach of eavahy- Finpt 
entered the nobles, m habits of green and gold, 
mounted upon sumptuous chargers, who can^e 

Srancing into tlie centre of the military qua- 
rangle. Other troops followed » and Jha 
whole corps, saluting the balcony oyer the 
ffraad portals of St. Peter's, ii-om which his 
holiness was to appear, arranged themselves in 
order. 

At this instant a bell tolled ; and, through- 
out the whole of that vast multitude, sucha. 
silence prevailed as one would have thought 
it impossible to produce without a micacl^. 
Every tongue was still, and every eye directed 
towaid the balcony. Suddenly the majestic 
and veuemble flc:ure of the pope, standing erect 
upon a lofty and self-movipg throne, appeared 
through clouds of incense burning axouiyl 
him. As he advanced, his form became moie 
and more distinct.. All behind was darkness 
and mystery. Tlie most costly robes decorated 
his body; a gorgeous tiara glittemd on his 
brow ; while enoxmous plumes %yere «een 
waving on all sides of the throne. As he ap- 
proached the light, with elevated front and 
uplifted hands, he called aloud on the AJi- 
miffhty. Instantly the hare-headed multitude 
1^1 prostrate. Tliousands, and tens of thou- 
sands^ knelt before him. The military, with 
a crash, grounded their arms ; and .every sol- 
dier was seen with his &ce to the earth. A 
voice, which penetrated the remotest corner of 
the area, then pronounced the benedictioa. 
E^iLtending his arms, ajid waving them over 
the people, he implored a blessinff upon all 
the nations of the earth. Immeoiately the 
cannons roared, trunopets screamed, music 
played, all the bells in Borne sounded, the gvam 
from St Angelo poured forth their thunder: 
more distant artillery repeated the signal, aij 
the iotelligeuce became conveyed irpm fortresp 
to fortress throughout the remotest pioviaosg 
of the empire.— i^wtt QUer's IMt sf £. n, 
Clarkt, 



1i6 



THE TOURIST. 



THE TOUBIST. 



MONDAY, FEBRUARY 4, 1833. 

THE SAFETY OF IMMEDIATE EMAN- 
CIPATION. 

No. III. 



ST. DOMINGO. 



ConHnued from p, 181. 

This state of things conUnued till the peace 
4)f AmieDS in 1802, \vhen Buonaparte fitted 
xrat a powerful armament for the purpose of 
reducing the neffroes of St Domingo to their 
iormer state of uarery. We have seen, that 
up to this period no evil consequences had fol- 
lowed Emancipation. The negroes were 
peaceable and the colony was flourishing. It 
was yet subject to France, under whose autho- 
rity Toussaint held command. This state of 
things is a practical refutation of the state- 
ments of our opponents, respecting the ruinous 
effects which will be realized in our colonies 
if slavery be immediately abolished. It shows 
4hat the negro mind is competent to act with 
discretion, amid the new circumstances to 
which freedom would give rise, — that the or- 
dinary laws of human conduct are as applica- 
t>le to the African as to the inhabitants of 
Europe. If the immense population of St 
Domingo could pass, with safetv to themselves 
and to the white inhabitants, from slavery to 
freedom, without the slightest preparatory 
measures having been instituted, how pre- 
posterous are the fears which the colonists af- 
fect, of the consequences to themselves and 
the negroes, from the emancipation of the 
latter! If in the midst of a civil war, when 
they had been encouraged in pillage and mur- 
der by their masters, they could profit by the 
bestowment of freedom, with how much more 
certainty may we calculate on the happv ef- 
fects which would issue from a similar ooon 
in our comparatively thinlv populated islands! 
It is in vain to reason witti tiiose who refuse 
fo admit the soundness of such an inference. 

But to return to our narrative. General 
Vincent, a military officer and proprietor of St 
Domingo, arrived in France with a communi- 
cation irom Toussaint, just at the moment of 
the peace of Amiens. He instantiy repaired 
to Buonaparte, then first consul, and endear 
▼onred to dissuade him from the prosecution 
,of his design, assuring him that he could not 
succeed, and that the peaceable and prosper- 
ous state of the colony rendered it unneces- 
sary. But his efforts were ineffectuaJ, and 
banishment to the Isle of Elba rewarded his 
manly and faithful conduct The armament 
safled, and the happy and flourishing island 
became a scene of outrage, cruelty, and blood. 
The French army was commanded by Le 
Clerc, who, having perfidiously seized Touift- 
sant, was opposed by Dessalines, afterwards 
emperor of the island. The atrocities which 
were practised by the planters have never been 
exceeded amongst the most savage tribes. 
Having induced the French Consul to under- 
take the expedition, they endeavoured, by every 
means which craft and worse than Spanish 
orueItT could dictate, to insure its succesa 
But flil tiieir efforts failed. The proud mili- 
laiy of France won no honour on the plaias 
of Hayti, and the miserable remnant oi^ their 
force was ultimately compelled to retire in 



disgrace. Happilv for the interests of huma- 
nity, the formidable armament of France only 
served to proclaim to Europe, the estimation 
in which tne negro held his freedom, and die 
sagacity and courage with which he could de- 
fend it But the effects of tiiis struggle were 
long felt In the latter part of it, extermina- 
tion rather than conquest was the object of 
the French. Neither sex nor age was spared 
— cultivation was driven from ue plains, and 
every means employed to spread lamine and 
disease through the island. 

" It it to be wondered at, that, under these cir- 
cmnstancet, Hayti should have ceased to export 
tropical produce 1 And bow perfectly absurd, 
therefore, are all the reaioninp which by a com- 
pirison of exports from that island in 1789 with 
those of 1805, would endeavour to establish the 
inaptitude of a black population for productive in- 
dustry Y To secure the means of subsistence, in 
case of another invasion, and to defeat that inva- 
sion, if attempted, become now the grand objects 
of Haytian Folicitude. It was made a fundamen- 
tal law of the state, that the moment an eoemv 
should begin to debark on the shores of the island, 
that moment every town on the coast and every 
bttildiag on the plain should disappear, and the 
whole of the population betake themselves, the 
women to their momesf and the men to arms. 
And this state of uncertainty and peril, necessarily 
fatal to all schemes and eflt>rts of prospective in- 
dustry, contmued to operate, in a greater or less 
degree, until the year 1826, when France first re- 
nounced her right to attempt again the subjugation 
of her ancient colony. 

Now, in all this long interval, what induce- 
ment was there to expend capital in re-erecting 
sugar- works, and in renewit-^, on the plains of 
this island, those large agiicultural establi:ihments 
which had been so completely destroyed ? As for 
capital, indoKl, it had no existence. The very 
m^ans and instruments required for the culture, 
preparation, manufacture, and safe keeping of ex- 
portable produce were annihilated, and had now 
as it were to be recreated ; and was not this the 
very state of all others in which we might have 
expected to see realized those prophetic wailings 
of returning barbarism which we are told must in- 
fallibly accompany negro freedom ? But what is 
the historical fact! It is, that in spite of all the 
mia which had thus overspread the island ; in 
spite of the innumerable disconragemenu which 
combined to obstruct industrious effort, and the 
employment of capital in prospective plans of agri- 
culrural improvement; in spite of all the disor- 
gani«ing ana demoralising circumstances in which 
the people of Hayti have since been placed ; they 
have coniinued to struggle with their difficulties, 
and have risen superior to them ; they huve con- 
tinued to improve their social and civil condition, 
and, instead of declining in civilization, as we 
were assured would infallibly be the case, they 
have betfU progressively advancing in it, not only 
since 1826, when thtir independence was declared, 
but previously to that period; and a decisive 
proof of such advance is to be found in the single 
fact, that, in the interval between 1804 and 1824, 
Hayti more than doubled its population.*'* 

It is probably known to most of our readers 
that the West India party have represented 
agricultural labour in Hayti to be as coercive 
as in OUT slare islands, and the condition of 
the labourer to be worse than that of the 
slave. Let such statements be leoonciled 
with the following facts before they are again 
proposed for otur belief:^ 

«The Haytian laws have utterly abolished 
slavery. They proscribe and wholly abolish the 
use of the whip, both as a stimulus to labour and 
as an instrument of punishment. They give to 
the whole body of the people the same equal 
nffhis. Every man is admissible to all offices, 
whatever be his colour. The law is the same for 

• Beportortlwlioi^p.8ii. 



all, whether it punish or protect. The rights of 
property are inviolable, and every individual haa 
the free and uncontrolled power of dispoaiag aa 
he pleases of whatever belongs to him. The sys- 
tem is becoming general of dividing the land into 
small allotments, where the Haytian fanners cul- 
tivate provisions and other articles, and rear.cattle, 
pigs, poultry, &c., for their own use, or for sale. 
Labourers are hired by the day or week, weekly 
labourers being paid on Saturday. On large 
estates contiacts are entered into between tha 
proprietors and labourers, for a certain term, of 
one, three, or five years, renewable with mutual 
consent ; one fourth, and latterly, as will be seen 
hereafter, one half of the produce being secured 
to the labourers, who are also fed from the estate, 
and who have Saturday and Sunday entirely to 
themselves, with garden grounds to cnltivale on 
those days if they think proper; while the pro- 
prietor or renter pays all outgoings except labonr, 
and provides fur medical attendance and medicines, 
and for the care of children. The legal punish- 
ments for ofieoders are fine and imprisonment* 
Corporal punishments are by law Wholly abolished. 
Men and women labour together without distioc- 
tion ; but the men in larger proportion than the 
women, who are generally charged with the duties 
of the kitchen. The labourers are punishable, by 
fine and imprisonment, for not fulfilling their con- 
tracts ; or ror absenting themselves without leave^ 
except on Saturdays and Sundays, from the 
estate on which they have contracted to labour ; 
or for chanaing their place of abode without a 
passport; and they are prohibited from keeping 
shops or exercising trades without a licence, as, 
indeed, all persons are, such licences being, ia 
Hayti, one main source of revenue. 

" Such is the general coiidition of the agricnU 
tural labourers of Hayti in point of law, even 
according to the evidence to be found in the 
official report of Mr. Mackenxie. He nowhere 
vemures to tell us that they are over-worked or 
under-fed. Indeed, the very contrary may be 
inferred from the whole of his writings. We hear 
not one syllable from him of their want or dis- 
tress, or of the severity of exaction or the cniel^ 
of treatment to which they are subject. But if, 
turning our eyes from the agricultural class, we 
take a view of the general state of society in this 
community of emancipated slaves, we shall find 
that they have made such advances in the im- 
provement of their social and political institodooa 
ais infallibly indicate great progress in the arts of 
civilised life. The (uicnments produced by Mr. 
Mackenzie prove that Hayti possesses a regular 
constitution of government ; a code of laws evi- 
dently founded on good sense and justice; an 
adequate administrauve system of junspntdence ; 
a fiscal establishment which appears to be well 
regulated and effective ; a well-disciplined militaiy 
foroe ; and a pulice which seems to give security 
to person and property. The whole of iu laws^ 
too. are clearly and intelligibly expressed, so as 
to be level to the capacity of the most ignorant, 
and, hving primed and universally circulated, are 
accessible to all ; so that every Haytian may 
eaijly make himself acquainted with all his social, 
civil, and political rights, relations, and duties, 
while every thing connected with ihem is open also 
to ibe examinauon and criticism of strangers."* 

Mr. Buxton, in his examination before the 
Lorda' Gommittee, was asked, 

" Have you made inquiries into the moral con- 
dition of the inhabitants of Hayti, or the free 
people of colour in our own colonies ; and what is 
the result of those inquirieit, if you have made 
them ? — 1 have made inquiries as to Hayti, and 
the result of those inquiries is, that the people are 
in a very prosperous state indeed, and that Uiera 
is by DO means any great proportion of crimes 
amangst them ; that is the result of the inquiiiea 
I have been able to make. 

'* Does that prosperity consist of the mere eoo^ 
foils of their o«b, or are they exporting ?•— I ba- 

• ikM. p. tax. 



liM« it i* coafiocd v«; mach to thtir «ffo 
fetts, Md 1 ihould DM h&va doubled it tt «11 if 1 

kid Dot met iy tccidisat tritb ■ parii 
Amertuu paper, not very long i^, in wLich the 
Americana iiy, that ' the export trade to Hayli, 
indDmenic products, unouDted to 1,361^10 dol- 
Im, equal to the whole of our eiporl* lo Ruhii, 
Fniuie, Sweden ead Xoriray, DeoBiuk, Spaia, 
•ml PortDgi.1.'" 

Adminl Fleming was eiamined befoie the 
Commoiu' Cammittee on the same points: — 

" Cu ^Du five the commiltee auy inroroialion 
w to the indiiitry of the iuhibilaoti of Hayti ! — 
Daring ibe year 1827 I uadenlood there wu coa- 
' adeiable difficolty in getting labouren, but aflcr- 
vatdi I heard of none ; bolb white md black 
paople iMured me, that there wu no difficulty io 
getlio^ people to labour, and tbey appealed u me 

" Did they work for wageal — Yei, 

"Did tbey work by compuluoa? — No, I never 
uw any people woikiag by compulilon ; I have 
been told that deserted »rdien, and people who 
were vagabond*, worked by eonpuliion ; people 
who were about the cODOtiy, without aoy filed 
retidence, or any find employnieal ; what would 
be called vagsbouds or vagiaoti in this country. 

"Were they kept to work under the Itih? — 
No, I never h«ird ufthat. 

" Are you swire that there it a prohibition 
Uiintl all corponl puaithment in thai country? 
—Yes, I know there ii. 

" Did Ihey appear lo yoo lo he living comfort- 
ably 1 — Yes; the moil hippy, therichesl, the best 
fed, and the most comrortable negroes that 1 saw 
in the Wesl Indies were inMayti, even belter Uilm 
in lh« Cirraccas. 

" Were they decidedly better than the slaves in 
Jamaica T — No comparison. 

" What were their victuals, compared with die 
food of the slaves in Jamaica ; were ihey lupeiior 
or macb the same 7 — Thry were fed on meat prin- 
cipally ; cattle is veiv cheap ia Hayli- 

"Is meal much cheaper in Hijiti than in Ja- 
maica 1 — Yes; much cheapen It it !<< a poond. 
whilst the contract price in Jamaica ii I2if. ; in 
liolh places these are the highest prices. 
I " Were you able to perceive any difference at 
the Cape in the litter period of m29, compared 
with the former period of 1B28 ; had any pn^reii 
been made in the interval 1 —Yes; the couDtiy 
had been tranquil at that lime, and it appeared to 
me that there was more trade the last time than at 
tlie former, and Uiere were several more schools 
cslabliihed. 

" On ihs whole, would you say that civiliiatian 
was progressing ? — Yes, certainty, rajudly. " 

The same witness fully accounts for the 
Haytians not exporting sugar ; of which fact 
the pro-slavery writers oie acciutomed to make 
so disingeDuous a use; — 

" Do they import any sugar in Hsyti 1 — Not 
thai I know of ; l believe they may impart The 
cnliivstioD of csnas ii not eoconraged in Hayti ; 
tbey bad ao means of making it into sugar, nor 
any capita to set up works. 

•' Wiat were the caste* ttated to you T— The 
deitiuctioD of (he works, and (he want of capital 
to establish them again ; and the neceasiiy of st- 
other more ui^at concerns, feeding 
s aod making clothes : besides, (he go- 
vemmeni do na( encourage making lugar, (o avoid 
giving offence to the sugar caloaiei. 

" Did you never bear the uowilliagaessof the free 
black population to work it the cultivadoo of sugar 
•saigiied ii a reason 1 — Never ; on the conlrary. 1 
vat told that they were very rrady (o work if they 

I* Did you ever hear the neceswiy rate of wages 
■of free labour, a* compaiea) with the lower cost of 
jiroduCliOD in the mainteDance of slaves, asiigued 
aa a reasoQ why sugar could not be prafilabty cul- 
tivated io Hiyti T— Never -, on the contrary, many 
Enropeini settled inSU Domingo have (aid me that 
Ibty tbonght they could make *agar cheaper 
Hayti witE ft«« Ubonr — '-^ -' — '-"^ - 



leDdinr t 
tbemselve 



in with Save labour i: 



THE TOURIST. 

oar colenies, but the government do not 

" If the inveitmMt of casitil in the cultivation 
of sugar by free labour in Hsyli would be proGta' 
ble to individuals, and is it would ilno be profita- 
ble 10 the itite that capital should ' 






you 
vested!— The in 
have been hardly 
it wis during the period I visited St. Domingo the 
lait time that the Spaniards made a claim upon 
(hem for (ha Spanish half of the island, and they 
were obliged to raise a large army to defend the 
coaotiy, which prevented Iheir attending to colti- 



progress and present 
population of Hayti assure us of the safety 
with which slavery might be abolished through- 
out oiu colonies, ana will leave na without 
excuse if we defer this work of righteousness 



i«7 

through any apprehension of etil. Facts 
establish the principles of the abolitionisla. 
The proTidence of God unites with the dictates 
of hta holy word; and woe will be unto thoie 
who, at such a time and in such cironm- 
stiiices, refuse to exert tbemselres on behalf 
of the oppressed ! T. 

A COMMON CHARACTER. 
Not altogether wicked, but so nei^. 
That greater villain* made of him their tool ; 
Not void of talent, yet ao much a fool 
At hODOuT by dishonest means lo leek ; 
Proud to the humble, to (he haughty meek ; 
In fialtery servile, insoleni in rule; 
Keen for hit own, for others' inlerest cool ; 

in his heart, and imiles upon hit cheigk : — ' 
man, with abject meanneis joia'd to pride. 

Set a pleasant fellow in his day ; 
unseemly traits he well could hide, 
Whene'er he mingled with the great and gay ; 
But he is buried now — and. when be died, 
ne teem'd sony thai he was away ! 



EDINBURGH CASTLE. 



The castle of Edinburgh stands on a 
hi^h rock, accessible only on the east 
side. On all others it is very steep, and 
in some places perpendicular. It is about 
300 feet high from iu base, and 383 
above the level of the sea. The entrance 
to this fortress is defended by an outer 
barrier of palisadoes ; within this is a dry 
ditch, draw-bridge, and gate, defended 
by two batteries which flank it ; and the 
whole is commanded by a half-moon 
mounted with cannon. Beyond these 
are two gate-ways, the first of wliich is 
very strong, and has two portcullises. 
Immediately beyond the second ^te- 
way, on the right hand, is a battery 
mounted with caonon, carrying balls of 
12 and 18 lbs. weight. On the north 
side are a mortar and some gun batte- 
ries. The upper part of the castle con- 
tains a half-moon battery, a chapel, a 
parade for exercise, and a number of 
houses in the form of a square, which are 
laid out in barracks for the officers. There 
also other barracks sufficient to con- 
1200 men ; a powder magazine, 
bomb-proof; a grand arsenal, capable 
of containing 8000 stand of arms ; and 
other apartments which can contain full 
22.000 more. On the east side of the 
square were formerly royal apartments, 
in one of which King James VI. was 
bom, la this quarter, immediately under 



the square tower, is the apartment called 
the crown rtwm, wherein are deposited 
the Scottish regalia, consisting of the 
crown, sceptre, and sword of state, which 
were placed here on the 26th of March, 
1707. It was long doubted whether these 
ensigns of royalty had not been removed ; 
but, in 1818, when commissioners were 
appointed by liis late Majesty, then Prince 
Regent, to search for them, a large oaken 
chest in the crown room was forced open, 
and the relics of the Scottish monarchy 
were discovered. They were found in a 
state of the most perfect preservation, 
and have since been open to the inspec- 
tion of the public. The crown room was 
Jieatly fitted up for the exhibition of 
them : and two persons, in the dress of 
the wardens of the tower, attended to 
show them to visitors. The governor of 
the castle is generally a Scottish noble- 
man ; and there is a deputy governor, 
who resides in the garrison ; also a fort- 
major, a store-keeper, master gunner, and 
chaplain. In its present improved state 
this castle can accommodate 2000 men ; 
but its natural strength of situation was 
trot sufficient to render it impregnable, 
even before ' the invention of artillery, 
much less would it be capable of Mcuriog 
it against the attacks of a mtKlem nmy 
provided with cannon. ^ 



«M 



REVIEW. 



k Letter prom Legion to the Dbke of 
Richmond, Cbainnan of the Slavery Com- 
mittee of the House of Lords : containing 
An Exposure of the Character of the Evi- 
dence on the Colonial Side, produced before 
the CammiUee. London, S. Bagster. 8vo. 
pp. 196. 

The appointment in 1832 of a Pariiamen- 
taiy Committee to ini^tiire into die State of the 
Slave Population, surprised and diisappointed 
the country. Th6 friends of humanity had 
supposed Uiat the design of such a proposition 
firom the Colonial partv was too well under- 
stood in thfe present day to allow of its suc- 
cess ; and in tnis opinion they were confirmed 
by fhe dispatch of Viscount Goderich, of No- 
vember 6, 1831. It has been an old mancDUvie 
of die party, and ought to be scouted by every 
honest man. It is m vain to tell the British 
public they have not sufficient knowledge on 
which to act They know to the contrary, and 
will not be deluded by any Colonial artifice. — 
Our opponents, like the magicians and astro- 
logers of Babvlon, want to gafn time. In their 
desperation, they madly hope that some enam- 
leuces may befal the nation, whidi nball liveit 
its attention from the degmflsftioii vnA mniMy 
of the slave. They dreiul the etnfUlk^^m of 
their bondsmen — and, while liopdiess •c^ *irfti- 
mate success, are yet <t#t^nnineA to pro^wcit 
the struggle to the loteitt^pAMilftetiHrtnei^ 

If, howev0r, it was detewnitted \fy PveAik- 
ment again 4o Inisthtile In^Nrlry, *6i^ ooUutry 
had a right fot!)epect that *^^;nntpo9M«te <^ 
the committsfe ^oidft itnre ^ea ««iefa ^e Af- 
forded a pledgeiefr fbe tiMieit imd *hf4ttiM«ll 
discharge of its duties. "Ko sTave-liol^iflg peer 
should have been permitted to rank amongst 
its members. Such a pecuniary interest in the 
existing state of things should have been 
deemed a total disqualification for such a 
post 

« It will DOt be disputed* (say« Legion) that 
the members of the tribunal by which such a ques- 
tion was to be decided should be men of intelli- 
gence ; of information ; patient, indefatigable, 
and, above all, disinterested and impartial y or, if 
a bias were permissible, that bias, according to the 
spirit of British law, should have been in favour of 
the weaker party. 

" I appeal «not to the party feelings of your 
Giaee— not to the personal attachments of your 
Grace— not to the prepossessions of your Grace — 
but to that high sense of knightly honour by 
which you seek to be distinguished, whether such 
was the composition of the Lords* Slavery Com- 
iBittee. I too declare myself a party man, not in 
a political tense, but in reference to this ques- 
tion. I am an anti-slavery roan to the back- 
bone. But, even in an analysis of a nti- slavery 
and pro-slavery evidence, party- feeling shall not 

Svern me ; 'and, with a consciousnOM of this, I 
(I mytelf entitled to ask your Grace whether in 
the nomination of the Peers* Committee party 
feeling or party interests were forgotten ? 

" Look at the members of this Committee ; 
ilylfOrd Seaford. my Lord Harewood, Lord SHgo. 
Lord Holland . Lord Combermere, and several 
others. Were not many of them personally and 
deeply interested in the result 1 Was it not in 
fhct a question, whether tliese men were or were 
not the unbonscious murderers Of their fellow- 
cieatures t Were they not called upon to decide 
whether they had, by their agents and repre- 
aeotatives, sanctioned, for their own interests, a 
system of oppression and death? And, ac6ord- 
ugto all the principles of equity and common 
lease, were the»e the men to give a verdict upon 
this solemn issue? Let your Grace's roiliia^y 
honour answer that qnesiion to your conscience. 
Why, before the Committee haid half done its 



THE TOITRIBT. 

wMk, Lord Seaford was, in vulgar phnm, gM 
t/p, and compelled to fly to Jamaica, to look after 
the wreck of that property which the whole oues- 
tion involved. Was such a man, with feelings 
rankling under a sense of recent injury, a It 
judge to be named upon this Committee? 

'* fiut S|>iritual Peers wete added* to aive to 
it weight with the public; and was your Grace, 
or your Grace's coadjutors, so uninfbymed upon 
the Colonial question, as not to know that the 
conduct of all the Spiritual Peers, on this delt- 
oaU subject, has been such as to lower them in 
public estimation? It is known by all who have 
taken any part in the controversy that the Bish^ 
are, ex officio, slave proprietors ; and their man- 
agement of the Codtington estates has sufficiently 
{>roved, how readily they chime in with Colonial 
eelings, and how promptly they echo the Colo- 
nial cuckoo-note of amelioration, as a substitute 
for freedom! These holy men have an account 
to reckon with their God upon this topic ; and 
to that awful reckoning I leave them, feut there 
is a vast body of the public who feel with my- 
self that the Spiritual Peers, dreading as they 
do, and as a large majority of them have ac- 
knowledged in reference to this very question that 
they dO| that all reform trenches upon invasion 
of ecclesiastical property, were the least unob- 
jectiomMe <ff %¥! judges upon the Colonial con- 
troversy. Veft, Sir, 1 cm a churchman ; I have 
b^^ mtrctttefi th a ^(^rchman, in common with 
«Ti my relatives ; «i>A I )oVe and respect the 
chttrdh in witidh 1 Meag, but not its slave- 
ftossesslnf •fti^kHMT' 

»e d^Jedt off fjoak IMikor ft: ^ show, from 
sn /exaimffiiittkNi «if ^se "OAomsH evidence, the 
ndPMtfl^ieilt, Hft <ibe ^MplM >or confessed ig- 
nontoce, "Jr ^le 'luouifuiuiuiKjy, of every witr 
iie^^ ^ttra, in ^fiMUte ^hsMooea, we have no 
besltati^ 'In MSSMfi^ 4ie >has proved them 
Wilty *0n irtioli -cotntt We regret that our 
4imitB vill -not permit us to extract largely 
from this paniphlet ; but we hope our readers 
will examine it carefully for themselves. 

The following quotation from the exami- 
nation of the Duke of Manchester, an Ex- 
Governor of Jamaica, displays an ignorance 
at once astounding and disgraceful. Mere 
forgetfulness can scarcely be supposed to ac- 
count for his replies. 

** Will your Grace have the goodness to ex- 
plain to the Committee how the law upon that 
subject stood prior to that Act?" 

" I am not certain whether there was any law 
regarding the separation of families before that." 

*' Does your Grace know whether, in pi^ctice, 
care was taken not to separate families in sales ?'.* 

" 1 do not know that there was.'' 

" Your Grace has had two clanses submltled to 
your consideration ; do you consider those clauses 
tending to improve the condition of the slaves ?" 

" 1 do eonsider so certainly, so far as they 
look to marriage, which, perhaps, they may think 
more of now than they did formerly ; but 'when I 
first knew the island they thought nothing rf it 7* 

** In the latter part of the fifth clause it pro- 
hibits the separation of families by sale, only when 
levied together; is there or was there stoy and what 
law, to prevent their separation by separate levies 
or by voluntary sales V* 

*' 1 do not recollect ; what there may be now I 
can say nothing at all ahont.** 

•' Was there at that time ?" 

" I dq^ut reeolUet. The slave law is auffioient 
to answer that question. The slave laws of the 
day are all in print, and will state that." 

*' Does your Grace 'recollect whether any other 
day was given to the slaves, on the prohibitton of 
Sunday markets after -eleven o'cloek ? ' 

" No, I do not recoUeet any other day beiig 
given, while I was there, than the Saturday and 
Sunday ; the markeu were prohibited only after a 
certain hour io (he day." 

*' The Saturday wis given while |tour (Grace 
was there, as well as tlie Sunday ?" 

" Yes." 



** W«8*that given in censeqnmce of tha 
hibition of tht Sunday BMiket after alavwi 
o'clock ?" 

" I do not exnetiy reeoUeiet wheUier it was aft 
the time." 

** Can your Onee, by reforenee to the Ac^ 
state bow the law stood upon that point pievioariy 
to this passingt" 

" I cannot, unless I had the Ncfgro code of that 
day to refer to. I have had neihiog to do widi 
these thines for so long, and never expecting la 
have any thiug more to say upon the subject, / do 
not hear these things in mind,** — ('Vide p. 383.) 

" Is your Grace aware what is the penalty for 
exceeding a legal punishment ?" 

** I do not recoUect what it is. There is one> I 
know." 

'< 'Has your Grace efer heard an instance of 
such a penalty being enforced?'* 

<* 1 do not recollect.' I have heard instances of 
cruelty to Negroes, and punishment for it ; what 
it amounted Vuldonot reeoileet,'* — (Vide p. 389.) 

Mr. BaUlie, a twenty-seven-year lesident m 
Jamaica, eeems delermiaed tkroo^hout hm 
evidence to do good aervioe to bis fiienda, antft 
yet, poor nan, there is scaroely one of all the 
witnesBes examined, wbo has rendered mokn 
important aid to tbe Abolitionists. His ad-? 
missions, it is true, were undesigned ; bnt they 
are not less valuable on this account Let the 
following be taken as a sample. 

" Does .not msoh licentious interceutse taha 
place between tbe white classes and the slave p^ 
pulation, whether black or coloured ?'* 

" I do not consider that thore is any Ueeniiou$ 
connection between ihem, if 1 may be permitted ia 
put this construction upon it ; whits ptopU are in 
the habit of having a womem living tdth tkemp 
and I believe in most instanoss in the same way 
as man and toife do in this eouHtry,'-4tept mis* 
tresses as th^ are culled ; but as t« any tiaiatism 
of decency I have not seen it." 

" Does that take place to a groa U r axtoni than 
in this country!** 

** Not half so much." 

"In point of fact, do yon not knvw'that al* 
most eveiy overseerf book-keeper, and pemoa in 
authority, keeps a coloured mistress V* * 

*' Not altogether coloured mistresses ; waam 
keep blacks; and X believe the brown popoiar 
tion have originated entirely from that eonnextoB* 
An overseer, cacpeolef, mason, or other wlwit 
people of that -dascriptioB, when they get cliil* 
dren, have been the means of having them eaia»* 
cipated. Such constitute tbe balk of our brown 
population.'* 

" Can you mention the names of any asaone 
your own acquaintance who do not keep a coloured 
mistress, or who, if they do, practise such secresy 
that it is wholly unknown to you ?'* 

*' I should consider myself a Tory mean cha- 
racter if I was to iBvestigate the conduct of any 
of my aoquaiaftanoe, eiuier Jiere or afanMd* aa 
to their connexieaM with womeik." 

<* So lar ftnm meaniag to aok yen to crmn^ 
nate any friend, you ane asked ta> abeolve aaf 
Mend from sach-nrimaBaitty, by giving the name 
of any one w1m> dees not ?'* 

" I do notnayaelf.'' 

*rb« anffiMf is directed to withdraw. 
'fhe ^trtess is again calhd in. 

^' Can you name any overseer, driver, or othg^ 
person in authority, who dors not keep a mistress f* 
•• I CANNOt."~-( Vide p. 109.) 

The following quotation iiom the eiiaBik» 
nation of Admiral 8ir L. W. Hokted, nuay he 
left to speak for itself. We shall meioly ad» 
duee another extract, in mder to show the op- 
portunities for obaerrvBtion, which the -gnllaift 
Admiral hod enjoyed. It -is thus that many 
bfficem of the army and nsvy nnintenlionallj 
midead the public. 

" On the last oooasion. you irarr mniilwi fotir 
years in Jamaica!" 

" Three years and four months I was there V* 



'* At that time ycm «dDSi4bi«<l the slaves happy 
and' contented, not waMmg* for any thioff. aor 
Wer^worked, cad upoa- the whole so wdl ofT, 
Ihat yoa thought they i*^ better off than the 
(easaotry of Eoglaod t**, 
' **. Conpleltly so." 

^ Would yea think it advanteftone to this 
6raiU]y to extend the ^stem yov saw to the 
jhores of 6 reet Britain 1** 

*.' Iq the first place tbe^ mint have a diflfor- 
outsort of ctothrin{r ^ttm ; tney eae go half-naked $ 
Imt the same system wonld not do here." 

" Except in point of clothing, you would think 
it advanfageoni to the peasantry ben to be placed 
VK the same cinconutances?" 

" Their (bod is di&rent; but with respect to 
other circumstances, they would benefit** 

** It would be an ineonvenienfie to them, to 
be clothed as the peasantry oC this country are, 
would it not?" 

" Certainly." 

" The question does not suppose they are to 
fie clothed in the same way or receiving the same 
kind of food ; but supposing the English pea- 
lantry had the same degree of comfort, and the 
same degree of food in point of quantity, you 
.would think it advantageous that EngUshmen 
should be placed upon the same system?'* 

** I belieM rAers an numy Engluhwten who 
wmtd be exrudingly happy io be put into the 
sUuatiom of the negroes in the West Lidies.** 

*• To become slaves 1** 

** No^ not to become ilave$»" 

'* Will you stale the reasons you have for think- 
ing it would not be desirable to have the system 
of slavery prevailing in the West Indies intsoduced 

h»er 

*' I have never thought the system of slavery 
vnmld be a good thing fi*r Old England,** 

" You think that the slaves are better off than 
IIm people of this country t" 

" I beViene they are better off in many inttances ; 
■that there is a greater attention paid to their wants" 

** As you must have a lender regard for the 
countiy of which you are a native, how happens it 
that you do not desire to see the population of 
£ng]aud in as happy a condition as the slaves in 
Ae West Indies r 

" I should like to see the labouring population 
of this country in the same state of comfort ; I 
apeak from what I have heard of the state of the 
labourer here, whose pecuniary wages are ex- 
tremelr low, and which can hardly afford them 
ttiy thing to eat, or drink, or to clothe themselves." 
The witaese is directed to withdraw. 
The witness is again culled in. 

" Would you obiect to the introduction of the 
•ystem before alluded to, including slavery aa a 
part of that system ?" 

" Of course, as an Englishman, / comietpoisiMy 
mdvoeaie any thing like slavery in England ; but 
what I mean to say is this, thai there are, I under- 
aland many people in England whose wages are so 
exceedingly low that they are not so well off, or 
no comfortable, aa the negroes I have seen in the 
Weat Indiea." 

Objecting to slavery, as you would naturally do, 
what IS there that you know, or have observed of 
atavery ia the West ladies, to create io great an 
abhorrence of it V* 

" With respect to the placing the people of this 
country in the same situation, there must.be a dif- 
fereaoe as to clothing, and that sort of thing ; a 
man who is happy and comfortable in that coun- 
tiy, according to the climate and provisions, is a 
great deal belter off than be would be in this 
aountry." 

" You consider slavery to be an evil V* 

" There is no doubt about that.'* 
'" What have you observed of this system of 
Ayery in the West Indies that creates in your 
mind so great an abhorrence of it 1** 

'fl caa only say that my feelings against 
slavery are, that no man as an Eoglishtnan can ad- 
vocate any thing like slavery ; but with respect to 
their com forts, they appeared to me ss happy and 
comfortable as any people could possibly be, | 
doing away, of course, with the slavery ; I cannot 



Tfl£ TOURIST. 

tambtam that that can add happiness toaay people 
in the world ; but I speak of their coadiuon as 
they appeared to me ; they appesred to me in the 
lower class of society as happy and comfortable as 
any persons I have seen in that line of life, not 
excepting the people of this country." 

And now for the maaiu he had enjoyed of 
MeertaiDing tikis very comfortable condition of 
the slaves. 

" You think that the slaves, so far as your ob- 
servation has extended, had no reasonable ground 
of complaint 1" 

'* As to the treatment I had no opportunity of 

seeing." (!!!) 

*' Did you reside for any length of time upon 
any sugar plantation V* 

" No. 



tatio 



** Ha<«a you ever resided at all on a sugar plan- 
ion V* 



f< 



I have been on a visit for two or three or four 
days. T was over on the north side in St. Ann*s. 
I think I slept three or four nights at a Mr. 
Parke's. I never saw him before or afterwards." 

" Does the general opinion you have delivered 
of the condition of the slave population relale to 
the common field negroes, or to th other class 
mentioned V* 

" To all those that I have had an opportuaty 
of observing.'* 

" Including the common field negroes ?" 

" Yes; I never was in the Jield when they were 
at work, 1 have seen them go in gangs, but I was 
neoer in the Jield attending thenu** 

" You have never seen the gangs at work for 
any length of time V* 

** I do not remember that I ever did;^ but I 
have seen the gangs going to their work and re- 
turning from it." 

" Did it ever happen to you to be sufficiently 
early to see the negroes go to their work in tho 
morning l" 

** Yes ; I have seen them pass by ; I have not 
been in the Jield ; but I have seen the gangs 
going to work, and I have seen them returning.* 

" Are you aware that they are allowed a cer- 
tain time for their dinner t*' 
I always utidersiood so.** 
Did you ever see them at dinner?" 
No; I do not recoUeet that I haves" 

** Do you know what means they have of cook- 
ing their food ?" 



f« 



«« 



i( 



ft 



** No; I cannot ipeaA to thai: 

** Do you know whether they are ever employed 
in grass-picking or throwing, as it is callod r* 

** Grass-mowing they are employed in." 

" Are they employed in that daring the dinner 
hour?** 

'< Not that I recollect ; I always undersloofl 
that they had regular times for theu: meals, like 
other labourers." 

" At night when they leave work, do you know 
whether they do or not mow grass, or collect fod- 
der for cattle V* 

** I cannot speak te ihat^ not having been pre- 
sent when they were cutting grass." 

*' Do you happen to know how the fodder for 
the cattle is collected in Jamaica?*' 

** No, not particularly. I have seen it on don- 
keys* backs, and brought in carts ; but I da not 
know particularly hoic it is collected." 

** It must have been previously collected by 
manual labour V 

'* Yes ', but I do not knew att what time ; they 
eut grass with their reap hooks, I believe, sis 
we de our wheat and barley. They are em- 
ployed occasionally in picking grass." 

On the time of labour he is equally unin- 
formed, as the follouing eztiaet will show. 

" Do you not think that the care of the slaves 
and their families before and after the work, as 
well as during the period of their serviiude, My 
compensate for the work they do for their ewnerst" 

*' I am net sufficiently a Jud^e of the work they 
do to answer that question saiiafactorily.*' 

*' Do you know how many hours the slave is 
compelled to labour in crop time and out of crop 
timer* 



«• No, I do not." 

" Or the difference of tha 'number of hours in 
and out of crop Y* 

** No; there is a difference, I knew, io crop 
time ; it is much about t|ie sae^e in that eountrV 
ss it is in this during harvest time ; th^ work 
sooner and later, but I do fiot know what the diC* 
ference is.** 

" Do you know whether there is |4iy nig^l^ 
work required of the slave 1" 

"In crop time there must be nightpWOrk,-<-te 
attend the borers, and those things, I should lup* 
pose,** 

*' Yon do net knew the amount of that work:!" 

*< No, but I know they do work at nisht— that 
they relieve each other in gangs V but I believe it 
is absolutely necessary that they should work at 
night in boilmg the sugar." 

*' Is it within your knowledge that a certain 
time *of respite from labour is allowed hy law in 
Jamaica'!'* 

** I do not know exactly how that is, but they 
are allowed a oertain proportion of time for their 
Bseals ; / do not keaw what the provision of law if, 
but I speak to the fsQ^ that they are allowed tim^ 
for their meals." 

** In crop time as well as other times t" 

" 1 believe so, for the people must have time to 
eat, or they would not do much good foe their 
masters." 

** You stated that you had seen gangs g^ out 
to work ; at what time in the morning have you 
seen theml" 

** Perhaps at six or seven o*eleck. J esimet 
recollect exactly*" 

" Was it alter your gun-fire l" 

" Yes ; certainly after that.*' 

" Do you recollect the hour at whieh yon enr 
them returning from work 1" 

" / should suppose about six o'clock in the 
afternoon, as nearly as I can recollect. Unless I 
saw any thing very particular to notice, it did not 
make an impressiitn on my mind; but I used to 
see them returning after we had got up from din- 
ner, and walked round about the groundl^-eix 
o'clock perA^pi.*' 

INTRODUCTION OF GARDENING. 

A KNowixooE of gajdeuing was fiist intro- 
duced into EngUnd from the Netherhtnds, 
and, until 1509, our vegetables were imported 
from thence. Currants (or Corinthian gnpes) 
were brought from the Isle of Zante, then he- 
longing to Venice, and planted in England in 
1535 ; about thirty years aft4wwaxds the Ile- 
mings planted a number of flowers, unkyoioi 
in England, at Norwich and its vicinity, uEi- 
oludii]^ gillyflowers, carnations, the Provence 
rose, &c. In 1552, grapes were brought to 
England, and planted in Bloxhall, in SaflbMc ; 
and in 1597, tttlip>ioots were brought fiom 
Vienna. Hops were sent over from Aiteii in 
1720, but five yeats elapeed before they weie 
in geneiial use for malt liquors. 



WOMAN. 



GoNB from her cheek is the summer bloom. 
And her Up has lost all its faint perfume ; 
And the gloss has dropped from her golden hair. 
And her cheek is pale, but no longer fair. 

And the spirit that sate on her soft blue eye 
Is struck with cold mortality ; 
And the smile that played round her lip has lle^ 
And every charm has now left the deaa. 

Like slaves they obeyed her in height of power. 
But left her all io her wintry hour ; 
And the crowds that swore for her love to die. 
Shrunk from the tone of her last faint sigh, 
— And thie is man's fidelity ! 

"Tie woman alone, with a purer heart. 
Can see all these idols of love depart. 
And love the more, and smile and bless 
Man ia his uttennost wretchedness. 

BAuaT CoawwAxa.. 



A LAPLAND JOUBSEV. 

The above engraving represents a Lap- 
lander tra»elliiig in his sledge, drawn by 
s rein-deer. Of the habits, &c., of this 
useful animal, and of the contrivance by 
which his services are rendered so avail- 
aUe, we present our readers with a short 
account, principdiy supplied by _ Dr. 
Thomson, in his "Travels in Sweden. 

TTie riches of the Laplanders consist in 
th«r rein-deer, and in the extent of ground 
on which they feed. The poorer people 
have from fifty to two hundred of these 
animals, the middle class from three hun- 
dred to seven hundred, arid the rich pos- 
sess a thousand or more. The lands are 
from three to five Swedish miles in ex- 
tent. It very often happens that those 
whose herds are large lose some of their 
rein-deer, which they generally find again 
in the ensuing season, and they then 
drive them back to their old companions. 
This animal feeds almost entirely on the 
rein-deer moss, which grows in prodigious 
quantities in Lapland, whitening whole 
districts of great extent; sometimes m 
, autumn, when there is no snriw lying, a 
■udden frost freezes up this plant. When 
■ this fails, the animal has no resource, for 
he will not eat hay. His keepers fell the 
trees in order to supply him with the 
filamentous lichens which clothe their 
branches ; but this kind of food but ill 
supplies the plate of what is natural to 
bim. It is astonishing with what readi- 
ness he gets at his proper food, through 
the deep snow that covers it, and by 
which it is protected from the severe 
frosts. 

The rein-deer feeds also on frogs, 
snakes, and even on the mountain rat, 
often pursuing the latter to so great a 
disUnce as not to find its way back 
again. The herds are driven home, night 
and morning, to be milked. A maid- 
servant and a dog are sufficient to drive 
a whole herd. If the rein-deer prove 
refractory, the dog easily makes them 
obey the word of command, especially 
when seconded by the hissing of the wo- 
man, at which they are extremely terri- 
fied. In general, however, they are ex- 
ceedingly tractable, and are so essential 
to the Laplanders as, in fact, to consti- 
tute their only resource, being considered 



THE TOURIST. 

as at once the substitote fi>r the cow, the 
horse, the sheep, and the goat; mdeed, 
without them the country would be umn- 
habiuble. , , 

the Laplanders yoke these 
creatures to sledges, in which they travel 
with fwodigious velocity. Their sledges 
are made of birch-wood, and are drawn 
along the ground. The back part is up- 
right, or nearly so, the lower part only 
fceing sloped a little inwards. The body 
of the machine is like the hulk of a boat 
with a blunt keel, and consists of five 
longitudinal boards, lying one over ^e 
edge of another, that which forms the 
keel being about an inch thick. The 
whole carriage is sis feet in length; and, 
from the back part to within two feet of 
the front, its breadth is every where about 
four feet. 

To this carriage they usually harness 
two rein-deer, driving them by cords 
fastened to their horns ; and it is said 
they will tread 150 versts in one day, a 
distance equal to 112 English miles. 

APHORISMS. 

is an evident and leniirkKble fict th>t there 

certain itfne of correipondence to relipon 

Ihroughoul the economy of ihe world. Thingi 

bearing an apparenl analogj to il« truths lome- 

-imineatly, sometimes more abEtruse- 

.11 .:i__ .- . thDUghtfBl 



SLAV Bay. 

JaUMU>A*«,lDaDC Big. vDlt-Be,el<>Hly printed, priMSh, 

THE REPORT TROMTHE SELECT COM- 
IIITTEE OF THE BOUSR OF COIIIiONS, OK 
THB EXTINCTION OF SLIVERY THROrCHOl* 




Slr,-I( VIM Udidi Uitt n;cw wfll lasRl addUliiHl 
IMlnoiv 1» ■!« imprntwa o( llort™-. Mi^Idb. w* 
■I the Hioe tinw bt coniUcred *> ■ (nuAl iKliiHml(d|- 
nenl, on n^ pin. (Dr » morh keneSI iHtlicd, I aHM 
ebeeif^y oser 11 to j«, u> •*) B. tW nrntiy om ef- 
rcclcd by iben In thit iwliUwethood, To« ikeiiily kMv 
thM, tirt-wo jrein pnsrio.. 10 my -^l^" \f^' ' 






tiKK itucki were nenaded ky •UkHH, ud, 
» kair > tlui or lomt irtrtl, I obulanl Irmpo- 
r. From the reconio»»Amiioii of ok Mewl Md 

wlmihtt (1mti^>>u*Kgreiil>aa«Ud Ikit I 
■Uly matt or Willi. A mcdlul (Hiliaiu UU 



No. M, New Town, Lindport, Joly t. 



. „ , 1 10 an infiaitj 

tlieir tesiimony and homage, 
voice which is echoed by ihe 



bich eqo 



to hive willed that there should be a great sys 
of emblemi. reflecting or shadowing that Bjster 
principles in which we are to sppreheod him, 
nur relation and ohiigai"" "■ '■■" «" ">■' ' 
fion, standing up in gr, 
of things, receive "■ ■ 
and speaks nith i 
creation. — Fostii 

It is in the relaiation of 
eipaauon of piosperity. it is i 
taiion of the heart, and of its 
vily and uiirlh, thai the ical i 
discerned. — buniE. 

The study of divinity is, ii 
we are to labour hard anil d 
then we dig in a golden min 
fiiei and rewards our labour.- _ 

There ire momenli of despondency when Shak- 
ipeare thought himielf no poet.Rapliael no painter 
— when the greatest wits have doubted the excel* 
lence of their happiest efforts, — Colton. 

Hypocrisy is part of the homage which vice pays 



CHANGE IN THE VALUE OF MONEY. 
The following scale of prices for scatsat 
coronations isamusing, as showing the relative 
value of money, if not of public curiosity and 
love of exhibition :— Edward Ist, half a far- 
thing; Edward 2nd, a fartiing; Edward 3d, 
halfpenny ; Richard and, a penny ; Henry 4ih, 
ditto; Henry 5th, twopence; Henry Bli), ditto; 
Edward 4th, ditto; Richard 3d, ditto ; Henry 
7th,dittoi Henry Stb.fourpence; Edward tith, 
ditto; Mary, ditto; Eliwibetli,6ixpence; James 
1st, one shilling; Charles Ist, ditto; Charles 
2nd, lialf-a-CTown j James 2nd, ditto ; William 
ud Anne, ditto; Geo^e ls^ five shillings; 
Goorge 2nd, half-srgtunea ; Geoi^ 3rd, in 
abbey, ten guineas— in street, from one to ten 
guineas ; George 4th, in street, from one to 
twenty gnineas. 



i^'unlyerul'l^lda 



Hinlej, StaronUlR, IMk 
h< " Vcicuble Univciu 
Cullcze, N'w B'«>, K 
rtv Branch. M.GrcalSai 
Q«dr 



W.lk'.r't, Laml>'>.«iHlBil-»iH|e, B«l-li«n*nnni; Mr. 
J. Loni, MUetad-nwl : Mt. IkniuH'., Cov«il«irdeB. 

nuirV.'i; Mi.llHyilDiiXFIeur-do-Ili-toiin, Norton-f«l6»le; 



Mr. HiiletV, W, 

Brtniftiri; Hn.Slepplna, ».»."."■" 
LliUe KcU-illey ; lllu Varal't, H, Lsi 
cidl-road; Mn. Beech'h T, Sloan-ua 
Chipple'i. Royal Library. Fall-niall; 
Winirove-ptece.ClcrtHDwell; MlnC. 
, Deplfonl " ~ 



}, Choiaea; Mn. 



Kinlai 
JcnayL . 
Rldimond: 



; Mr. Hon 



-, _.- T.>lor, 1 
■rai>,Wi1*onb; I 



I ».y^i. 



MrT'oriiirihi, Woud'ibirfrGrwnwicii ; Mr. Pilt, l.Com- 
watl^THd, Lamlwlb; Ui-. J. Dobion, a>. Cni.ta4(i«(, 
Sliaudi Mr. Ollvei, Biidff-nrfci, Vinihalli Mr. J. 
Monck, BmIw Heath-, Mr. T. Slokn, II, Si. Roaut, 
UiptfDvdiH[.Cv*aU,St.T<inu, PinUco; Hr.l>>i«M, 
W, Wmare-iiwd ; Mr. Hart, PoftHi«iuh-i|lace, Keanlnt. 
loalaac ; Mr. ChnkawDith, aroccr, 114, ShwcOllch; Mr. 
R. G. Biwer. er.«r, n. Bri!k-li«. St I-hrt ; Mr. S. 
J,A»i!«.p«wnbroli«,i)ppo«lIeth«tharch,Hitlin*y; Mr, 
J. S. Biiat, 1. Bra-iwidi.plaea, S«*i! NewtnM; Mr. 
T. Gamner, M, Wood-Brell, Chnpilde, and ^ MotM^ 
filgatc; llr.J.Willl«ii™>n.lft.8tabhi3ii-nl<c«,Hwki.^ 
road; Mr.i.Oibora, WeUmreet, HaiVi«y mad, aW 
Hoinenoa ; Mr. H. Coa, groe«, ia,tiBigiMirtel, Bbhm- 
EUe-ilnm Mr.T.Walur,clKewi»«B|»r,«r,Haxli»01d 
Tuwn- avl a1 one ■«DI'i Id every principal low n In Great 
Brlulo, Ihe Idiwli of GocriiKyind Nilui and Unwih. 

"n. B. Tb* CoUtn wUl no< be amonabh' lor the «■• 
tcaniDcn or aoy mcdidiKi wld by any chjnlit or drattlM. 
u none <ni;;h in Mlowcd lo kD iIk "llolvenal Bedl- 



Printed by J. Hadbon and Co. ; and PablulMd 
by J. Crisp, at No. 27, Ivy Lane, Patemwlei 
Row, where all Advertiaemeuts and Commiuii- 
catioDs for the Editor iie to be addnssed. 



THE TOURIST; 

on, 

SItttcil ISoolt of tfce Simes* 



■ IJTILB DuLCl,"— flbnue. 



YoL. I,— No. «. 



MONDAY, FEBKUAKY II, 1833. 



Price Onb Penny. 



MONUMENT TO FOX IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 



" Ir naichkM UlenU, boandleti imtrh of 

It Scienca at the MCfed bantiiD Mugtit ; 
A spirit UixUii^ with thtt fenid glow 
WhcDce odI; great end ilericig ectiooi flow ; 
ir rrieDdihip, udent, iprinring Irom tbe nnl. 
That ne'er knew gaile, nor inleml'a baie control : 
Fhilaothropj that bnin'd low'rdi all mankiod, 
Bj wide-iurtad mu or coatioenta diijoined, 
lVli«rgver Phcebas' glowing iile rotli, 
Flameiatlhe lim, or glimmen at the pole* ; 
Bnt chief an fire, beTOod tfa' Ailinlic wave 
To rend the fetten of the groaning >1aie ; 
If A m if heaTcn-bom geniui giie the elaiu 



or bluing orbi onr erorelling n 



. . . _ .._.... thy praiie, 
Nat that ihy genini poorcd tha Ilvio^ laj* : 
But that with fenid and electric atram, 



I And gave doe hononra to the mighty dead. 
No mote year thuoders itriko Ih idrairiDg ear. 
But elofe by kii ia lud thy lanretl'd bier ; 
Eitiimuafa'a high ambitioD'i ^oriooi thini, 
Together miagled yonr diitinguiahed dnst 
In peace repoaa, where yon imperial dorae 
O'er ■faroodsd grandeur throwa ila awfel eloom — 
Where kingi aad hen>ea atrew the hallow d floor, 
' And Yoifc wmI LtBcailer ai« hea no more !' " 

Thb above eng^ring represents the 
monument to Fox, to which reference 
was made in the notice of Westminster 
Abbe; conUined in our tut. It was exe- 



902 



ion, 
thifl 



cuted by Westmacott, and was not erected 
until a consideralfc ■■ 
It is not our istentiaa, en sMb oc«i 
to present ourjreadaB witir a life if 
distinguished tnan ; it has dreader "been 
executed by many hands, and is too 
closely interwoven with the political his- 
tory of the times in which he lived t* 
admit of our comprehending, «ifi]ai«Bch 
limits as ours, anything but a meagre and 
uninteresting detail. We have, therefore, 
thought it better to record one or two 
anecdotes and general notices of his cha- 
racter. 

The distinguishing feature of Mr. Fox's 
inteltectnai character appears to us to 
liave been imagination and sensibility. 
These were the traits which showed 
themselves most promineKt%iMlh in .kis 
public and private life. In the former, 
their predominance, and the defects with 
which it is almost necessarily associa- 
ted, may account for the compara- 
tively awkward and uninteresting man- 
ner in which he commenced the most 
brilliant efforts of his oratory. While 
getting over preliminary details, and 
clearing the way to the great principles to 
which, on every question, he naturally 
tended, and the development of which 
called forth all his powers of fascination 
and conviction, he was generally slow, 
constrained, and infelicitous. He inva- 
riably kindled with his subject, and only 
exhibited that animation for -wliidi he 
was so remarkable iwder Ae inflaence 
of the great moral princ^ilef on which 
his subject turned. The necessary con- 
sequence of this habit <of thinking and 
speaking was, that his auditory sympa- 
thized with him, were carried passirely 
along under the same impressions, and 
kept at a temperature corresponding with 
his own. 

In private life, the effect of these cha- 
racteristics was equally evident. No Hum 
was more alive to the beauties of aatuial 
scenery, and the rdish ior them lasted in 
undiminished intensity to the day of his 
death. In perfect accordance with this 
unsophisticated taste was his delight in 
poetry, to which his peitiaiity amounted 
to enthusiasm, and which perpetually 
afforded him a relaxation from his politi- 
cal cares and fatigues. His taste in this, 
as in all other respects, was remarkably 
pure, and his memory so exceedingly re- 
tentive and ready that he had the finest 
Essages of all the best poets in several 
iieuages entirely at his command* 

But it was in has social character that 
these distincftienB were most oonspicaoos. 
To them were prmcipally owinr the charm 
of his society, which those who were pri* 
vileged with his ijnendship Tepceseat as 
irresistiUy fasoiaatiof . The wit, the ele- 
gance, the spontaaaidy, and copiousness 
which distinguished his oonversation may 
all be lecoguized as the dqpendeii^gvacas 
of his Ausqr-- all bstakan a gauiality and 



THE TOURIST. 

neglected affluence in his mental tena- 

irfter his dsath. jtpenmeiC tha very ^oppasita it ffe rigid 

coarectness of Ihis |^eat sival. 

It is much to beiamanted flnt we are 
so scantily furnished either with descrip- 
tions or specimens of the conversational 
talents of Mr. Fox. Tttie following, how- 
^smi , will be rea/d with interest, himt the 
of a^ecant lastariaa afhis 



His animation was unequal, and there were 
periods when a stranger might have pro- 
nounced him even taciturn. But those times 
were g iw a% brief ; a sodden ialiis of ideas 
would seem to fertilize his mind, and he tiien 
overbore evevy thing with the richness and 
asdety of Us csacssficns. 

Gibbon, one of toe most fastidious of men, 
and disposer! by neither party nor personal re- 
collections to be enampured of Fox, describes 
ias oraraenation -as a.daBRrsble. Ihey mat at 
Lausanne, spent a day without otiier company, 
<^and talked the whole day;" the test was suf- 
ficiently long under any circumstances, but 
Gibbon declares that Fox never flagged; his 
animation and variety of topic were inex- 
haustible. 

One evening, at Devonshire House, some 
remark happening to be made on the ddll 
of the French in emblems, the Duchess play- 
fully said that it would be impossthle to 
find an emblem for her. Several atten^ 
were made, widi various succeis. The DncheaB 
still declared herself dissatisfied. At lengfli 
Fox took up a bunch of grapes, and presented 
it Is her, with the motts, ** Je fiUu jmqu^ d 
r iwtsae.^* His superisrity was ac^owled|;ed 
by aadsnatloD. 

On aao&er oocasiaa, Batke was contending, 
in his asual enthnaisifir maaner, for ihe possi- 
bility of nosing Italy to her former nude, and 
instanced that several nations which had soak 
under the sword had risen again. Fox argned 
that her rain was irretrievable, and that the 
very tardhwws and tnaquillity of her decay 
made isstosatiop hopeless. *' The man," said he, 
** ndio Imeaks his bones by falling from a pre- 
cipioe, may have them mended bv his sorgeon. 
But what hope is there when uiey have dis- 
solvsd away in the grave ?" 

A high ofiicial penonage, since dead, nota- 
lieas for his parsimony, and peculiarly for his 
lelactance to contribute to dbaritable iastita- 
tkms, was seen at a sermon for a charity, in 
which Sheridan and Fox happeaed to be in- 
terested. How far the sermon aclad on this 
noble MSam's Iibemlity becaatea question over 
the lanle. *' I thiak he gave his pouad," said 
Sheadaa. "< Impossible!" said Fox; '<the 
ladc oouM not have forced such a sum from 
him, or he must think that he is going to die." 
*'Pohr' said Sheridan; '* the bum is not 
much; even Judas threw away twioe the 



strikingly indicative of his high regard 
for IMc* Foi^«n<i at 4ha 'sane time ex- 
ceedmiPy charaeiRristic. It was related 
by onesof hii pu|9s in tha New Monthly 
Magazine. 

^ He occasionally sent me," said the pupils 
^ to Grove Park, on an embassy to obtain me 
X^aanec aesmaper ; and, upon my retnm, 
aiada -mt jsacl to him the parliamentary de- 
bates, which were at that time full of interest. 
In the delivery of Mr. Pitt's speeches, I some- 
times took a malicious pleasure in giving the 
utmost possible effect to the brilliant paanures; 
upon which the doctor would exdaim, ' ^^y, 

ay/>ia finnni^ A£k jum .ahiaII janftla ^MaJa ^Ma^^^^m 

upon Pitt's empty dpolamntiea ? Don't -900 
see it is all sophistry ?* At other moments he 
fvuiiiu 'osy, imR ib |iuwciiiu j uui f ixa wui 
answer it!' When I pronounced the words^ 
' Mr. Fox rose,' Pacr would roar out, * Stop ! ' 
and ater shahiag the ashes out of his pipe 
and filling it afresh, he would add, ' Now, 
you dog, do your best ! ' In the course of the 
■lyecch he would often interrunt me, in a tone 
of trinnphant exultation, with exclamatiotts 
such as the following : — ^ Capital ! — answer 
that if you can. Master Pitt ! ' and, at the con- 
clusioa, ^ That is the speech of the orator and 



money 



Yes," returned Fox, '^but how 



long was it before he was hanged P^' 

when at Paris, Fox was one day dining 
with Napoleon, then Fixst Consul of France, 
and the conversation turned upon Jhe trial by 
jury, of which Buonaparte, as might he ex- 
pected, ea^ressed his disi^mbatioa. '* It 
was," he said, ''so Gothic, so ^ouaubseas, and 
might be so invmumiimt to a, gorenuaeBt';" 
upon whioh Fea, with ehamteleristie ftankaess, 
replied that ^ Ihe iacoinvineBce was the very 
thing for wfakh he liked it** 

We cannot here refrain from siitBO- 
ducing an anecdote of Dr. Parr, which is 



the fltatesBian; Pitt is a mere rhetorician*' 
adding, after a pause, 'a very able one, I 
admit'" 

We will now proceed to notice some- 
what more generally the character of Mr. 
Fox, and we cannot better do this than 
by making a selection from the numerous 
delineations of it by the hands of his most 
intanate aad most distinguished friends, 
wlttch appeared after hu death. The 
fiiat we shall give was contained in the 
characters of Foa by Dr. Parr, under the 
name of Philopatiis Varvicensis, and is 
confidently attributed by him to his il- 
lustrious friend, €sr James Mackintosh. 
It first appesBred in a Bombay newspaper, 
during Sir Jasses's Yecordership there. 

Hi. Fok united, in a most remarkable da- 
grae, the seemingly .repugnant characters of 
me mildest of men, and the most vehement of 
oratoiB. In private hfe he was gentle, modest, 
plaoshle, kind, of simnle manners, and so 
averse from parade aaa dogmatism as to be 
Hot only imosteotstieus, bat even somewhat 
inactive in oonvenwtioa. His simcriority was 
never felt but in the insfemctien which he im- 
parted, or in the attention whioh his generous 
preference usually directed to the more obscure 
members of the ccnnpaay. The simpUcity of 
his manners was far from exdading that per* 
feet urbani^ and amenity which flowed still 
more from the mildnesB of his nature than 
from familiar intercourse with the most polished 
society of Furope. His conversation, when it 
was not repressed by modesty or indolence, was 
deli^tful. The nleasantry perfasfs af aa man 
of wit had so unlaboured an appeaasMa It 
seemed rather (0 esoaae :f sam his auad Ihaata 
be produced by it fle had lived aa the BMMt 
intimate terns with all his eoDtempeiaries 



^ I pleaae to hrtDucation. 



>i 



distingmshsd by wk, pedheness, or nhnosopl^ 
or leaniing, or the taleatB of aubhc life, fii 
the eonrse of Airty years, ne had known 
almost e ve r y man in Europe whose iatercouisa 
could strengtiien, or enri<^, or polish the miad* 
His own IHemtuK was varioas and slfipiat 
In classical erudition, whiol^ .h^ Ae cinlssi 
of Eaglandy is more jpeoaliarly aidlad Jeaii^g^ 
he was inferior to few professed scholais. like 



THB VOFItlgT. 



m foofeif fimm the vidgviCy ani lm<aiiBn of 
His awn voesw wbeb eaqr ami 
;, jttdf mic^ httPft alaHud* ao Ifm plioe 
tkow wbkh th» FsMich call mw db 
IShe poslical «liamciw o£ kis nnod 

AMpkfpia d ift liis- CKtendiiuff^ paitiafil^ 

£w tfea p«eti]f« 41^ tikft two hmbI paetMua nations 
— ci^.al k«m 1 nimiMfin rf lim t mt^ tew cf 
Iha Qaeeiv and of l£» JftiKa— Ha dalilwd 
flitiral concwiaiian, and-.nevwr willmg^-tiMft 
MFpaitiniL 

%o apenl: of bini juaUnr as an coratHrwaiild 
laijwiw a lo«|^ eataj. avrnj^ wfaaie mrtisal^ 
he carried into public wwmthmg aj Ibataiaqple 
$md noffi i g i ^nt jatUnm wUah bdangadlo him 
m fwaatr. Whea he bi||[an to apeak, a 
common observer might have tfaoof^t him 
aaikpiaad; and^am a mnm n i laati jadge oould 
t^ haya baen otmok with the exquisite just- 
MSS'Of M» ideas and the tvaaspaient siasfd ieitf 
•f hismaaasBk fiatjkaaooiier hadheapaken 
iv senna tine than he was ohanoed into aao- 
tber hsing* He £h^ himself and every tfaang 
afanndhtm. Jiethon|^tOBljGf hiasabjeot His 
MMus wamad aad-kiadled as he went en> He 
ifaitad lare iatohia audience. TonaBtsofim- 
loliiaaa awL imnistihle efe^aence swept akmg- 
thaii ^idlnga and cemrictioBk He oerteudif 
H a w n ated ^ akove all modems, thai wnui of 
masan, aimpUett^F;^ and vchemenea, wkieh 
jfinmfMl the prince ef orators. He was the 
«oat PenuMihanean s^teaker since Demean 
t h a a ao ^ ^ I knew himt'' sa^rs Mr. Buikev in a 
pamphlet written after their onhappy dil^ 
lerence, ** when he was nineteen; since which 
time he has risen, by slow degrees, to be the 
SHW(b bnUianl and aeoomplished debater the 
world ever saw." The ouiet dignity of a mind 
loused onfy by great objects, the absence of 
paft^ biuCie, the eentempt of 8k>w, tke abhor- 
asBse of intri^un, thn pkiiniiew, and- dowa- 
Sijllft taasS) and the tkojmi^ ^oed natuss which 
dig rtn g u ish ed Mr. jRox, seem to render him no 
WHty w^ xeptesflnteltite of that old English 
natiMua eknowlei^ whsch, if it eaer changed, 
-waehottld hasacigMiBa indeed te^espaci to see 
snaspsdafl by a^hnttor* 

The simpMcityof his cfaaanefter inspired 
fidanec^ IImb aidanr oi Ins efequence 
mthnsissw, and ths gpnflensss of hie 
inaitad f^■■■Mi^ '< 1 adnsiiad;' sayj 
** Iha- pawaai «f a aupericr nun- as they 
blanilBd»ki. hw attactire chaneter, with idl 
tha softness and. SHnplioily of a chiU ; b» 
hnnan heinc wan eFCc mote fsee ftam any- 
taant ef asfiyn^ ^Mityr and fa^clMmU^' 
fiDBm dttsa qiiaMtsB^oi his. puhUa smdjptMrala 
ckniaatas; it pwbably aiassv Ihat no English 
nt s ir nnn n ever pisaarfad* dnriqg sn long a 
pawsd of ad«esBeibttuna8,aamaayafibalMiMila 
niflids and sa 



The Mlowifkg very rivid delmeation of 
his powers as an orator is from the pen of 
his iiriand Lord Erskine : — 

This ecHlraardinaiy parson, ganenUy, in 
rising to speak» hadteridentiyno moie.niem»- 
dilated the paBtionkif language he shoud em»> 
fkfuh noB, iMMMndT^ tha Sl ualr a tinan and 
images by which he^^onld disonss and enfesae 
hii.sataflfl<>tkaa he had oa ntewmdn Hid thohanr 
ha 'Was to die. And hie emllad nMBftw a 
debater in parlinmenl did BOt» dunefor^ eaa^ 
8i8tintha.leng1b« waety» er jonndnesa of his 
paBad% but in the traih nad vi^gar af his 
con^fftinna; in the deptlv.aad eatani of laa< 
infmnnUant; in tha- artentiK pnwav af hai 
maaiftiff, wkiah eoaklad hhn toJiHp tn^aon* 
Btnnlfffinw, netanly^all thi^ ^ hnl dfihrMrift 
read and reflected on, but every thing said •»: 



tha VQHiant, and sa>en at ether tnneis by the 
various persons whose arguments he was to 
answer; in die fiumlly of spreading out his 
matter so eleaily to the grasp of bis own mind, 
as Id lender it impossible he (dwuld ever fail 
in the utmost clearness and distinctness to 
otets ; in die exuberant fertility of his ima^ 
ginadon, which spontaneouriy brought forth 
hie ideas at the moment, in every possible 
shape in whiefa die nndetstanding might sit in 
jndgmant on them ; whilst, instrad of seeing 
afterwards to enlbvse them by coM jwemedi^ 
tnlsd iilustMtioas or by episodes, ^ieh, how- 
ever beautiful, only d&tmet attention, be was 
aecustomed to repass his* subject, not meihodv- 
emlly, but in the most unforeseen and fasci- 
nating review, enlightening every part of it ; 
and Mnding'even ms adversaries in a kind of 
flpeU of inwuntary assent for die time. 

* * * * m 

This wall be found mors pwrtiouiarly to 
apply to his speeches upon sudden and unfore- 
seen OQcasienSy when ceslainly nothing could 
be more interesting and extraordinary than to 
witness, as I have often done, the mighty and 
unprepared efforts of his mind, when he had 
to encounter the aiguments oi some profound 
reaaonejCy who had deeply ooosideisd his sab- 
jeot» and arranged it with all possible art, ta 
preserve its parts unbcoken. To hear him 
been, on such occasion% without method, 
widiout any kind of axerticgai, wtthout the 
smallest impulse from the desire of disdnetion 
or triumph, and animated only by the honest 
sense of duty, an audience who loiew him net 
would hftve expected little sucoeas fiom tiie 
conflict — as little as a traveller in the east; 
whilst trembling at« bu£blo in the wild vvgour 
of its well-protected strength, would hajre 
looked to its immediate destination, when he 
saw the boa moving slowiy and. inertly tewaads 
him in the grass. BiU Fox, unlike the serpent 
in every thing buthis stcen^gth, always taking 
bis station in some fixed, invulnerable princi- 
ples, soon surrounded and eataaglad his adver- 
sary, di4einting every meHiberx>f his diseoune, 
ana stnngling him in the irrenstihle folds of 
truth. 

^ This intelleetual su§eiiority, by whieh my 
illustrioQs friend was so eminiody distin- 
pushed, might nevertheless have existed in all 
ltsstzen2d^wit]u>atI&isinghim to the exalted 
stadon he held as a pablio spsakea. The 
powers of the understauding ass not of then»» 
selres sufficient for this high paq[ieasb Intelr 
lect alone, however exalted, wUhent sliwnf 
fefdma$^ without even irritable seMtbUity, 
would be enbr like an immanse magnaine of 
gun^wder, i£ thara were no such doaent as 
nre m Ihe nsytocsl worhL It mthe kMtrt which 
is the apring and fountain of elo^enae. A 
coldrblooded, learned man, mighty for any 
tlung I knotw^^coB^Mse in his.rlnser an ekK)uent 
book; but in public disoonne^ arising out .of 
sudden nenssiore^ he covid, by n» possibiU^^ 
be doq^uent. 



It has been said, that he was fVeqnendy 
of thalanguage in vAioh he expressed 
hifmsalff; bntT<can neraber agree to the justice, 
nor even ea mp iaha n d ^e meaning, of diat 
ciitkusui. He coold not be tmBorrect fiom 
cawlemnaaa; bacanse, hnvnig lii^ from his 
yonib inf the gnat world, and having been 
familiarly conversant with the oiassies of all 
nadona^ Ida most ni^iepared speakin^i^ (or, if 
critioa-wiB'hswa it so, his most negliren^ must 
haw haau' ar least ^ waiwi ia <l«rf, imidi it net- 
an^'vniftnnaf wnsy bntt d i s dn an ished by its* 
t£st95 "Oiixtt than that could not hare belonged 



to it, without the very care which his habits 
•and his talents equally^ rejected. 

Re undoubtedly attached as Ifdte to tho 
musical intonation of his speeches aar to the 
language in which they were expressed. His 
emphases were the unstudied enusions of na- 
tura— the vents of a mind binning intensely 
with the generous flame of public spirit and 
benevolence, beyond all conttol ee manage- 
ment when impassioned, and above the niieB 
to which inferior dungs ace nmperly subjected:; 
his sentences often rapidly succeeded, and 
almost mixed themselves with one another — as 
the lava rises in bursts from the moudi of a 
volcano, when the resisdess energies of the 
subtemnean worid are at dicur height 

We can only cursorily allude, in 
closing, to the last and gxeatnat noliticai 
achievement of Mr. Fox, to which an 
alluston is contained in the monument 
represented at the commencement of this 
article. It is commemorated in the fol- 
lowing spirited passage from the pen of 
the Rev. G. Croly : — 

Fox.'s politics may now he obsolete; haa-paa» 
liamentary tdua^ha may be air; hi» dho- 
^uenoe may be rivalled, ar shorn af ite beaasa 
by time ; but one soniee of glory cannot ha 
extinguished— 4he abohtionof the slave^tnute. 
This viototy ao man oan take front* Udb. 
Whatever vaiiety of opinion mi^ hafonnnd en 
his puhho prinoiito, whatever eandemnatioB 
may be found for bis pemmal eaaser, wha^ 
ever doid)tB c^* his gseat fiumlttesc en dns one 
sttl»ect all voieea mil- be raised in hia hnnoui; 
and the hand of every man of finghsh fee&ig 
will add a stone to the monnnient that perpe- 
tuates his name. On the Htth of June, 1809» 
Fox bioni^ forward his motien, in a speech 
brief bnt decided. <' So fMyi' said he, <« oaa 
/ impremtdwUk the vmi imaoritmm and nesss^ 
dijf €f 9i%mmmg wkmt mU tf€ abe o6^ of my 
motiotk ie m i^ tt, that ify during the fortjf yearm 
tbml I have hmd the himmr ef a teat in partial 
menty I shetdd haao been ea fartuntUa ae to oe- 
comfUsh thmty and that omlut I ahmdd think 
I haddomeenomj^yand should reiira from jmbUc 
life with comfort J and the eoneeieme aaiiefactiom 
tiat I had done my drntuJ* 

His speech cendndad widi the imnnntal fa- 
solution: — ^''Tbat this Hoosb, comcbivino 
TUB Ajna^AV SuAV»*TnADn to be eoMTnAnT' 

TO THB FBlMCinLES OF JUSTICE, HOHANITT, 

Ann sou NO poucy, will, wrs all pbacti- 

CAilLn BXtfBMTION, MtOCBBD TO TSSB SMBC- 
T4IAL MBjMOnnS FOB AnOUaUIIO TJin S&AW^ 
TaAXKB, IN SUCH MANNER JMt^ ASSaCS BBBIOV 
AS MAY BE nSEMEU AnUSAttLB." 

On the division, one hundsad and fourteen 
.voted for the measm^, agninsi it only fifteen t 
This was the last effint made by Fox. la a 
few days after, he was tahen iH of ho mortal 
disease. No osatar, no pUkMher, no pntiiot, 
could base wished for a nobler olase to hia* 
labours. ' ■ 

SLAVERY* 

Oh, Slavbby ! " dioo sit S: bitter diauaht !" 
Aud twice accarsed is ihy poisQn*d bowl. 
Which taints with Icpresy the white man^s soul. 
Not less than his l^ whom its dregs are quaflfd : 
The Slave sinks dswn, o*ercoxne by cruel craft> 
Like beast of burden on the earth to roll ^ 
Tha Master, though in lezery's lap be loH, 
Feels^tbe foul veneiii, like a ranking shafts 
Stribs tfacough his leios. As if a demon laagbM, 
He» laeghiag* treads hia vietiai in tiie dait — 
The victisa A bis amrioe, rags, at lost: 
But the {fpor piisaaer'a saesn the whitlwindi waft 
To Heaven — not unavenged : the oppressor quakes 
With secret dread, and snares the hell he makes ! 

T. P, 



^aM 



THE TOURIST. 



THE TOURIST. 



MONDAY, FEBRUARY U, 1833. 



IMMEDIATE EMANCIPATION. 

We copy the following very able article 
from a recent nmnber of " The Patriot/* 
It contains some of the most original and 
forcible arguments which we hare seen 
advanced on this subject. The book 
which it so strongly commends to notice 
is the Anti-Slavery Reporter, No. 104. 

If we have ady readers in whose mind there 
lurks the shadow of a doubt as to the safetv, 
the expediency, or the duty of immediately 
nbollslung the condidon of slaverr, they owe 
it to themselves, and to the cause of humanity, 
to procure and make themselves thoroughly 
acquainted with this important document 

The main parts of the inquiry referred to 
the committee embraced the following two 
propositions: I. That the slaves, if emanci- 
pated, will adequately maintain themselves by 
their own labour ; and, 2. That the danger of 
withholding fireedom from the slaves is mater 
than that of granting it The ** fiiir and equi- 
table oonsaderation of the interests of private 
property, as conneoted with emancipation,'' 
was not investigated by the Committee. In 
&ct, this consideration ought not to be allowed 
for one moment to embarrass the settlement 
of the question, for three obvious reasons: 
first, the negro, at least, as Mr. Alers Hankey 
v^ery properly observed, owes nothing to the 
pianieTy and the ricdms of our national guilt 
ought not to continue to suffer " while we are 
haggling about the pounds, shillings, and 
pence." Secondly, when it is finally deter- 
mined that slavery shall cease, it will be quite 
time enough to go into the consideration of 
those special cases of hardship which may pos- 
nbly require an equitable remedy. The claim 
to compensation is at present urged only as an 
argument ad terroremy as it was during the 
agitation of the slave-trade question ; the jus- 
tice and the impracticability of compensation 
being insisted upon in the same breath. But 
for what is the slave-holder to be compensated ? 
For the loss of his power over the person of the 
negro? or for the loss of his comntand over 
the labour of the negro ? If for the former, 
he may just as reasonably claim compensation 
for every abridgment of his arbitrary power 
l^ humane enactments. If for the latter, he 
has to prove that his command over that la- 
bour will be taken away, or even diminished, 
by the abolition of slavery. Thirdly, let it be 
bi^ admitted, what the eridence condensed in 
this pamphlet triumphantly establishes, that 
the Slaves wiU, if emancipated, maintain them- 
selves by their labour, and that no danger 
would result from granting them freedom ; it 
follows that the abolition of slavery woiUd be 
in two respects a boon to the planter: first, by 
eheapening labour (free labour being always 
cheapest); and, secondly, by extinguishing 
the element of danger which is always gene- 
rated by slavery, and with it, both the con- 
scions feeling of insecurity and the oost of 
protection. Should it appear that the inter- 
ests of private proper^, ihe value of all legiti- 
mate property, are enhanced by the change in 
the condition of the dave (which it is our firm 
belief that, ultimately at least, thc^ would be), 
the olaim for eqnitaUe and reaaonable com- 



pensation would be brought within very nar- 
row limits. 

West Indians, and many persons who are 
less excusable for the prejudice, have so long 
been in the habit of considering the negroes 
as so much stocky that they consider the pro- 
posal to raise them to the social level of men, 
as tantamount to robbing them t>f so many 
head of cattle. They forget this trifling differ- 
ence between the human herd employed upon 
their plantations, and the live-stocx of a farm ; 
the negro is of no use except for hie labour. 
He cannot now, in the Britisn islands at least, 
be bred for a foreign market He yields 
neither milk, flesh, wool, horn, nor hides. An 
old negro is a burden to the proprietor. A 
dead negro is worth something less than no- 
thing. His muscles and sinew^ alone are 
valuable, when set to work by the cart-whip 
and other apparatus. Now, as the property in 
the person of the negro is valuable, simply as 
giving a command over his physical labour, if 
that command can be secured without the 
proprietorship, which is in itself a burden, 
what does me slave-holder lose by giving up 
his whole stock? What more than a gentle- 
man who should give up his carriage-horses, 
on- condition of being furnished with the use 
of horses by the iobber, on cheaper terms than 
he could maintain his own in the livery-stable, 
taldng into account the chances of loss by 
death, the veterinary surgeon's and farrier's 
bills, and the other attendant expenses? 

Or, let us suppose that the gentleman's 
horses had died, or that they were found to be 
stolen property, to which he could not make a 
valid or legitimate claim ; — ^he loses, it is true, 
the market price of the horse, but he saves the 
amount, perhaps, in the first or second year of 
his adopting the cheaper, though less dignified, 
method of hiring. Is he greatly to be pitied? 

But if to hold men in slavery be a crime, — 
call it a national crime or an individual 
crime, — ^the only preliminary question ought 
to be, Can it be abolished witnout injury to 
the great sufferers by that crime, or without a 
disproportionate punishment falling upon the 
guilty principals in that crime? Admitting 
that the whole nation participates in the guilt, 
as originally an accessary ; Uiat it has, in for- 
mer times, sanctioned and encouraged slavery, 
and the slave-trade too; that the feeling of its 
moral turpitude is a feeling of modem growth ; 
for this its sin, greatly a sm of ignorance, this 
nation has been punished in various ways, — 
has been mulcted, and taxed, and injured in 
its best interests; has been deprived of its 
American colonies, which, in retaining that 
fatal legacy of slavery, have clung to a curse 
that is now beginning to work upon the vitals 
of the States. But what punishment is not 
due from God and man to those guiltier prin- 
cipals in the crime, who— when a whole nation 
has at length waked to repentance, deaf to all 
remonstrance, a£ter| forty years' warning — per- 
sist in heaping fresh wrongs and injuries upon 
the victims of their oppression, stigmatizing 
the sentiments of common humanity as cant 
and hypocrisy, persecuting the ministers of 
religion, and defying the very government that 

Protects them in their crimes ? We inv<Ae no 
uman vengeance upon Jamaica, but we know 
WHO has said, " I will repay." Our anxiety 
is, that England should not continne to be 
involved in the guilt of tblezating the con- 
tinuance of the wrong. 

The time is oome for the settlement of the 
question. If slavery is not now abolished, it 
will be the fault of Christians in tiiis oovntiy. 
Notiuog can mnoh Iobck dday the fV^^^^ni . 



but the supineness or mistakes of the friends to 
emancipation. We entreat our readers to be 
on their guard against delusions. The IbUow- 
ing has been announced, among ^* the politioal 
principles of the Conservatives," as the specifie 



pretext upon which the abolition of slavery ia 
now to be reristed by the pro-slavery parly :— 

** To promote, after a just and full compen- 
sation shall have been secured to tiie proprie- 
tor of each shive, the abdition of abEvaiy 
throughout the British dominions, at sucn 
time, in each colony, as it can be effected witk 
advantage to the slaves, safe^ to the oolomei^ 
and security to the shipping and commercial 
interests of the empire ! " 

That is, delay, upon a double pretext, md 
infinitttm. We say, Now. Our opponenH 
mean. Never. 

Again, we say, let every friend to the caoie 
be on his guard ; and, in order to this, let Mat 
arm himself at all points against ddusion, by 
distinct, clear, thorough information. It ia 
placed within his reach at so smaH a coat of 
money or labour, that he will be inexcusable 
if he neglect to furnish himself with it. Thia 
single number of the Reporter will supply him 
with a mass of evidence, which will probablj 
satisfy him as to the expediency as wdl as the 
justice of an early, not to say immediale, 
emancipation. If not, let him not rest till he 
has obtained complete satisfiiustion ; and tiien, 
let him not rest till he has followed out his 
convictions by every constitutional means of 
giving effect to the decisions of his conscienoe 
and the feelings of his heart 



SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF JOSEPHUS. 

THE JEWISH HISTORIAN. 

JosEPHUs, whose *' History pf the Wars of the 
Jews " is too well known to need any descrip- 
tion, was, by his father, of the race of the 
priests, and of the first of the twenty-four 
courses ; and by his mother he was descended 
from the AsmoniBan family, in which the royal 

Eower was united with that of the high-priest- 
ood. He was bom at Jerusalem, in the first 
year of Cains Cali^a. At sixteen years, he 
b^ran to inquire mto the sentiments of the 
different sects among the Jews, — the Pharisees^ 
Sadducees, and Essenes. At twenty-six he 
went to Rome, to petition the emperor Nero in 
behalf of several priests of his acouaintanoe, 
whom Felix had sent bound to Home. At 
Puteoli he became acquainted with Alitarus^ 
a Jewish comedian, who had ingratiated him- 
self with Nero. Through this man he was 
introduced to Poppiea, the wife of Nero, by 
whose interest he succeeded in obtaining hr 
berty for his friends, and from whom he also 
obtained many considerable presents. . The 
following year he returned into Judea, when 
he saw every thing tending to a revolt imder 
Gessius Florus. In the beginning of the 
Jewish war, he commanded in Galilee. When 
Vespasian, who was a general of the Roman 
army under the reiffu of Nero, had conquered 
that coimtry, Jose^us was taken at Jotapata. 
He and forty more Jews had concealed them- 
selves in a subterraneous cavern, where they 
formed the desperate resolution of kUfing each 
other rather than surrender themselves to the 
Romans. Josephus, having been governor of 
the place, and therafore entitled to priority in 
point of rank, it was at fint proposed by tiie 
rest to yield it to him as an honour, to become 
the first victim. He, however, contrived to dl- 
veittiieir minds fimn this, by pro pos i ng toeaet 
lotslinrtiie pieeedeacy; ana alter tfauty^niM 



had baUotted aad killed one another, he, and 
Oa other vho suiriTed, agreed not Is laj vio- 
Int Jiands upon themselres, nor to imbnie 
Arir hands in one another's blood, but delirer 
lltimirlii I up to the Romans. Upon this, 
JoMphos surrendered himself up to Nicauor, 
who conduuted him to Ve«pa«ian. When 
Inmigiit into the presence of the latter, Joae- 
fbm told him that he bad mmething to com- 
MBBicate to him nhich would probobtj strilce 
luK with much rorpriae, and perhapi not ob- 
tain his immediate credit — it was that he, 
TespaidaD, ahonld become Emperor of Rome, 
in Ksa than three yeais. Aware that the 
ftaenl might diink this was meielj a stiata- 
rem on the part of Jowphns to save his life, 
ue latter told him that he did not ask for his 
Ubertj, — he was content to be kept as a, close 
priaoner during the interval; and that, should 
Ua prediction not be realised, he was conIei>t 
to be then pnt to death. Vespasian yielded ti 
hfa request, although he, at StO, plai^ no cie- 
Ht in what Joeephus had said. He, however, 
1;^ the latter with him, as a prisoner, while 
he himself contiooed in these ports ; but when 
Im beard that he had been elected Emperor at 
Bone, he gave him his liberty, and raised him 
to Us confidents and favour. Josephns con- 



THE TOURIST. 

tinned with his son Titus, who took the com- 
mand of the arm; after his father, Vespauan, 
was gone to Rome. He was present at the 
siege of Jerusalem, and was a spectator of the 
awfiil desolations of the dtj, temple, and 
conati7 ; and soon after wrote his Histor; af 
the Jewish Wars, and Jewish Antiquities. 
The whole were finished in the 50tb jear of 
his age, in the ISth of Domitian, and Anno 
Cbristi, 93. 

CURIOUS FACr. 
It is a fkct not much known, that the eel, 
though it liret in an element that seems to 
place it bejond the reach of atmospheric 
changes, is ;et siugularlj- affected by high 
winds. This is well known to the inhabitants 
of Linlithgow, who have an excellent oppor- 
tunity of observing the habits of that animal 
in the loch adjoining the town. The stream 
which flows out of the loch at the west end, 
passes throngb a sluice, and falls into an arti- 
ficial stone reservoir, from which it escape* by 
a number of holes at the sides and tiottom. 
These boles are too smalt to let eels of a com- 
mon size pass, and hence this reservoir an- 
swers the purpose of an eel trap or cruive. 



aw 

The fiih, however, arc rarely found in it is 
calm weather; but when strong winds Wow, 
e^ecially from the west, these tenants of the 
vraters seem to be seized with a general panics 
and hurry from their lodgings like rats from 
a. conflagratioD. At these times they rush 
through the outlet in crowds, and fail peU^ 
mell into the reservoir, from which they an 
speedily transferred to the frying-pans of tha 
b uqiesses. — Seotmiau. 



SONNET TO AFFLICTION. 

O THOv ! with wahaning stap and withering eye. 
And chalice diagg'd with wormwood la the brim. 
Wba com'il to prove the nerve and rack the limb. 
And wring fram bruised hearts the banting ugh— 
From lh«e in vain affrighted morUlt fly ! 
Thou breath'it upoo them, and their Mniei iwim 
Id giddy horror — while thy comrades grim, 
ADgaiih and dread, their snaky icouTge* ply, 
ABfictioD ! though I fear and bate thy baud. 
And fain would sbun the bitter cup thou beu'st, 
Physician harsh 1 ihy meriti, too, I own ; 
For thou ditpell'st illuiioBi that withstand 
Milder coercion — and the roots nptear'st 



Is that bave the heart o'ergrowa. 



WoBURN Abbbt, the principal seat of 
the Duke of Bedford, is a spacious and 
svperb pile of building, erected on the 
Mte of a relKtous house, founded in the 
year 1145, for monks of the Cisterciaa 
order. In the reign of Edward the Sixth 
tlte property of Wobum, together with 
many other eccleaiaatical estates, was 
panted to the Russel family ; and the 
preaent mansion was constructed on the 
ootDain thus easily acquired, by John, 
the fourth Duke of Bedford. The ground- 
plan of the building forms a square of 
more than two hundred feet, having a 
qnadrangular court in the centre. Many 
kqxDTCnwnts have been effected at di^ 
fereat timet, puticnlariy voder the direc- 
tim «f the late Doke. Hie weat front i» 



WOBURN ABBEY. 

of the Ionic order, and the |;etieTal cha- 
racter of the edifice conTcys ideas of soli- 
dity and dignity. The fine arts have li- 
berally contributed to the embellishment 
of the interior. Nearly the whole of the 
principal apartments are adorned with 
paintings, uniformly interesting, and, in 
many instances, affording select speci- 
mens of the most distinguished masters. 

This noble mansion is situated in the 
midst of an extensive park, finely unequal 
in surface, and richly clothed with wood. 
But the chief object of attraction in the 
attached grounds is of a more homely de- 
scription, and consists in those experi- 
mental farms which were instituted by 
the late Duke, with an admirable zeal and 
patriotic spirit. It haa been conectly 



observed "that what is generally done 
by a united society, was here effected by 
an individual ; his grace rewarded inven- 
tion, fostered ingenuity, and gave a fair 
practical trial to every new theory in the 
invaluable science of agriculture." The 
example of this patriotic nobleman has 
operated beneficially on the country at 
large ; and has, in no instance, met with 
more judicious imitation than in the per- 
son of his successor. 

Qneen Elizabeth made a journey to 
Wobum in 1572; and when Charles I. 
visited Wobum, in 1645, notwithstanding 
the Earl of Bedford was then in the ser- 
vice of the pailiameat, the monarch slept 
at the Abbey. 






THB TOUWST. 



OBSERVATIONS ON MAGNETISM. 

Wr OJU THUUH&OHy OF. BATH. 

Op the four aoCive agenls in Nature, viz, 
ligbt) Eleotridt^F, Gftloric, and Magnetism, tire 
sdeiMe of the last has nMde the least progress. 
TIha principle of magnetism, as to its inflnence 
cnimu^ was known m&ay centuries anterior to 
the Christian SDra; and, being supposed hj 
llMle» a» resemblifig vitaHty, it appears that 
Plato, Aristotle, and Pliny, who mentioned it, 
were satisfied with this supposition. 

Its polarity was not discovered till the twelfth 
century: butwho applied it to the great pur- 
pose of navigation is not known ; it is a point 
co olo i tod by. the Italians, the^Prem^^ and the 
ys as ri n n ai The fin^iish lay no claim to the 
invenlioo of the compass : they have the honour 
ofvUspending the box which &olds the needle. 

Mr. Norman in 1676 first remarked that the 
nortn end of a needle, when magnetised, has 
a tendency to incline so as to form an angle 
below the horizon, called the dipping oFSe 
needle; which varies in difierent places, and 
in the same place at different times. T^ia, at 
London m 1676| the angla of inolinatton with 
respect to the hArizon< was 71<^ (MT; in 1718, 
betwBMt 74e and' 76^* The more important dis- 
covec^ was made by Sebastian Cabot, in 1600 ; 
viz. the variation of the needle ; the great va- 
lue of which may be properly appreciated, by 
particularising its incalculable advantage in 
navigation. ITie coum of a ship on the sur- 
face of our globe is a snat circle ; and the 
course steered is, that she makes the same 
angle with the meridians over which she 
passes : if a vessel sails due north or south, 
she evidently describes a great circle of the 
sphere or part of such a circle ; or if dneeast 
or west, she 'cuts all the rnnridigMw at. right 
angles : in almost evei^ iastaBee^ hat couiee 
IS oblique to these primnfial poinlB^ and under 
such circumsUmces, by raoKfisof tbeoonpaw^ 
she can make the sama an^e with the meri- 
dians over which she passes, and the lifte i^ 
scribed is that curve kaewtt to matbezaaticians 
by the name of theaHwUMi sfmlixibB^b 
line. 

Till within these few yet/a^ BHnel 
supposed to be a prindfia o e M fia e A to 
nous bodies. The late 1MHa»4 
netic experimentB hurt dCimctinliiiKliiid ibB 
▼ersalily of this prittst^la, easoe^ itt iien» 
which alone constitutea an iasfmfeet cob** 
ductor of this surprisis^g ag^aat 9um ^ke 
agency of galvanism 6m. ocfifier; wiics, weave 
induced to suppose tint nM^pgetisK is mum 
superficially distributed than electricity; yet 
we are not justified by experiments in stating, 
that its power is regiilated by the extent of 
n^etaUic surface. It is the most delicate test 
of galvanism we possess : and, by late experi- 
n^Jtt, its reaction on electricity has elicited a 
g^ftaie spSB^. Perhaps the most astoni^ing 
«mHiient ii ikm lately mde by Professor 
Sdinai^ oCiAancriea* Mtauj hundred yards of 
Mwriated ooMiepwiia (viz. covorad wiflisilk^, 
waiipedj:ow]d.aJaj[gahQBa&hoer n»gnat» and 
flie two ends of the wire so arranged as to 
form the circuit in a galvanic batteiy, the dis- 
turbed magnetism, in its tmnsit to its state of 
wpialization, s^npported near a ton weight— 
Here we observe an agent, whose weight is 
m^pfeeiablei; whese matenal lasistuice is 
never ei^perienaedi; yet, under certain condi* 
ttuns^, capable of Gounteaotiag smh eatensiva 
force of gravitation. 

Had it not been fdjfr iron beinc an imperfect 
condttctor, we should Ibr ever have remained 
Ignorant of the existence of such a principle 
as magnetism; and in the same state we 



should have been as to electricity, had eveiy 
material substance equal conduoting powei8» 
The same reasoning applies, to caloric. Al* 
though, from the observations ; of Dduoeha, 
Berard, Dulong, and Petit, we may. consider, 
that the atoms of all the simple chemical el»< 
meats have equal capacities for calorie, y«t, in 
their infinite variety of combinations^ no two 
arrangements exactly accord. Also with, rci- 
spect to light, the undulatory system, which is 
more generally received, leads to the suppo- 
sition that the ethereal luminous matter is so 
diffused, as not only to occupy the intervals 
between the. partiolesof all mateaal bodies, 
but also the substance itself; to allow of its 
impulses, each particle must b» ift juxtapoai«* 
tien : if, with Dr. Hersdiellt we suppo8» that 
optical phenomena lead to the oaloulatictt of 
theie being 37,640 undulatioDs in one inoh of 
red light, the number of undulations in one 
second of time will amount to 468- billions* 
From the experiments of Savart it appears that 
the ear can distinguiah 24,000 vibrations in 
one second: and contemplating^ sounds aa 
vibrations similar to p^idulous bodies, it i» 
easy to calculate that the number of vibrations 
in uie wing of a gnat to produce its particular 
buzzing note will at least be 6,000 in one se- 
cond. How many particles of hydrogen may 
be placed in the length of one inch! yet sound 
is transmitted 3,000 feet in one second through 
this gas; and to produce this sound, and to 
continue the commumoatton, eaish distittot 
particle must have an osdUatoiy moliim, with 
no other change of place than is reqniate fyg 
the transmission of its acquired iaipuWta thn 
contiguous particle. 

^ Whetlier the principle of uaivanal gravH»' 
tion, or the perturbatione of the elliptic motions 
of the planets, are refeinible to any ^alft ri al 
agenti or to motion ahme, wo«ild conaCitate a 
siSgeet of interesting inqwiry. D», HalleyV 
theory of magnetic variatioB appeals to ad- 
mit of an eaqilanation opasi w» iafmuma 
Oeologioal System of Wordier. 

It is with siacffiie p lo a omp - that I etenra 
annouaead a S«ims> of IjecHwcBc on Gleflt8»» 
MagBetisBi, by Sir, Addama. Bar iiiiiipimiiij 
in ^iqp l a w a rtwn and deoiCefitsr m nutfapidntian, 
M^. Addama is nat eBoeOed bj^ awlMaMfr 
To hiaa-^nieiy.psnegain tfaia mtgFiBMLcf scioi- 
^ refliveh^ aof^ to feel gMt.«kii8»iniia, 
foEr impfvcing; and ooneaifeMfeaif the ditoo 

ittBa&Mfitt^;-tbeB».by 



Bidiesy he took lefuga at Oaaxdftn^ and, eatering; 
the ppudour where Mrs* Cogpan wva aitttnir 
alone, threw himself upon her jyyteetton. Id 
was then the &shion, as it waalong afUrwaid% 
for ladiea to wear laise hoops ; and aano tinat 
waa to be lost, the sddiers being at his haekj 
she hastily, oonoealed him under thia capackwA 
article of her dress. Mis. Cogan was in hm 
afibctioas a n^alist, but her hnaband balonyA 
to the o^Kwite party, and waa then, out upoii, 
his estate Observing, the ayproach of the si^ 
idlers, he made towaraahis houfla, andeoterinic 
•with, tham, they all wsalJoed into tha^ toon 
jwhere the lady was sitting. AAectiog surprisaB 
at the intnifiioa, the men immedialely ai^ 
nonnced their business^ stating that f^iaoO' 
Charles had been traced vervineanto tiwiJumMi 
and as ha most be ceneeMed- u^ou. the mo^ 
mises, ther wiexe authoriaed to jmk»: a «t»i^ 
seaxch for him. Atseoling widi appamnl xcftr. 
diness to their object, Jhfaa.. Gogan hefi, her 
seat, whilst her hnd>and4aoeompMued the*si«ttt 
into every room; aad^ hamoff aaaichad. tho- 
premises in vain» they toe^ their dipMtQi«,M^ 
Cogan going out with them^ Being new r^.. 
leased from their singnlac. and paBlauaaiinnr. 
ticffi, the lady provid^ £nr thn* saourity of tlMi 
fugitive, untU it was pnid«a/ap Imn to depMt^; 
and having furnished him wiUi provisions and 
a change of apparel, he proceeded on his jour- 
ney to Trent, and from thence to Brighthelm* 
stone,, than a. peer- fiahingk town, from whence 
ho embarked for Aanan; Clarendon, who has 
f^vmtr an ifrtanetiaMBiiidive of his peregrinar- 
tiiuifi» has omitted urn aiMuve adventure, but it 
is well authantmHied. Mtei he had reached 
the ooBtineBt, Chndna. rewarded the lady'a 
fidelity by siodiav ^xw » handsome gold chain 
and locket^ having- hia> ams on the reveise. 
This ivlflo mm- kmg ptaserved in the family, 
u»til the kst|)08sesB8r onftrtunately exchang- 
ed it aamy.iar ^«in wi& a Jew at Bxeter. 
Be|)enlingofthis-stap, aat attempt was made 
a few days a ft e rwaada tD/wcover it back again 
but it waa then too late^ ike purchaser having 
fc-j -J.--J .i_i_ ^ otnerwise, that he 



had m t MU - it ♦dnw^ iut Hit gold. The chain 
WB«: loM and nutanRyaaadiis within the xeool- 
laeliBn (^ same of ilia Anuly.— FTOwi** life 



REMARKABLE ESCAPE OF CHARLES 
THE SECOND. 

Of the parents of Richard Coga% an anec- 
dote still more remarkable is handed down by 
the family. They were originally from Ire- 
land, where they possessea good property, 
which was much injured in the wars orCharies 
I. Upon the Irish massacve^ fliey took mfoge 
in. England, and with the wwok of then: for- 
tune purchased Coaxden and Lodge, \vf6 ear 
tates situated between Chard and Axminsttt, 
the former of which is still possessed by on^ of 
their descendants. Here they were seated at 
the time of the battle of Worcester, when, flie 
royalists being entirely def^ted,Prinee Charles, 
afteewaids King Charles IL, esoapad in dia- 
guise, and for sone.weeks-eladed his pnisnam^ 
until he foimd means. to di^rt the eonntiy. 
Having grpne to Lyme for that purpose, the 
people, who were mostly disaffected to him, 
soon got scent of it, which obliged him to 
mdeea hasty letreat Closely pursued on all^ 



THIEF, 
the urckuk waU could go, 
She atoia tte whitsaana^of ihe sqow ; 
4n d mi aa a »that iih i tiimMi ii to adorn, 
aftnatoifc.tfaa»»lil— hwa -ofahe moni_ 
Stole alfthe sweets that ether sheds 
Oq primrose buds and violet beds. 
Still to reveal her artful wiles. 
She stole the Graces' silken smiles ; 
She stole Auroca's balmy bieath. 
And pilfered orieot pearis'fortwth. 
The cherry, dipt in morning, dew. 
Gave BMisture to her fips and hue* 
Tfaasa ware her xaitmk apoila, a.alore 
To. which in tinie she added nara. 
At twelve she stole from Cypi«&!8 ^eea. 
Her air, and love-in^tiring mien— . 
Stole Jaae's dignity, and stole 
From Pallas sense to char» the seal. 
Apollo's wH waa neat her prey ; 
The next the beam that lights the day ^ 
She sung— amazed the Syrens heard* 
And to assert their claims appeared— 
She played— the mwea from the hill 
Wondeied who thaa had stela •tlmr.'sKUi. 
Great Jove aupreved her chama aad>«t^. 
And t'other aay she stole my heart. 
If, lovers, Cupid, are thy care, 
Exest t(^ inAaeneaoa tfae^iftif^; 
To trial. brins-hiAfatolaa otama^ 
AndJether ppaen bajayjvnuk 

t^rl rfEgremant to hit Wife* 



THE TOURIST. 



Ml 



TO TBS -mrr^ft of thb tourist. 

AssFEOTBD Beibn IS — EncloMd k the copy 
4K a letter f sent into the north, in reply to a 
iriend who tequested my sentiinents on the 
anbieet of tke Colonization Society. 

2s the dTOulation of The Ttmmt has mvoh 
increaied mmee the puhlication of the valuable 
article in No. IX., perhaps it might aid the 
omise to in8ert'thifi.4etter, 

I remain, rery respectfully, 

J. L/. 

Zend0th First Month, ^nd, 1833. 

My Dear Friend, — ^I received thy lund 
note, in whiofa thou aakest what we thinic of 
Elliott GreaBon's scheme. In reply, we have 
good authority for doabting the glowing ac- 
oooBts of the comfort of the colony of Liberia ; 
and it a]^peaT8 in some instances to be as fotal 
lo the American erionred oonstitation as Sienpa 
licmie is to the European. Looldng at the 
plan in all its bearings we think James ^Crop- 
por does it kistioe when he termsit a diabolical 
Bcheme. xh«;y set out with what we thiidc an 
anti-Chrifllian principle, — the white and co- 
kfiured nevei* can amalgamate, therefore they 
amflt be tna^rted. How long will it take 
lihem to aooompKsh this work P The Society 
has existed now about fifteen years, during 
which time they have sent out an average of 
about two hundred per annum ; but the num- 
ber of those they propose to expatriate is eon- 
siderably above two millions, and their natural 
incftase about fifty-six thousand onnnaUv. 
Ukas aheordity, as a plan of abolittoii, needs 
ine comment — ^it speaks for itself. Would 
Elliott Crenon have met with any counte- 
nanoe in Ais country, if the Society had not 
becai represented as one the object of which 
was nltimate entire abolition P But the So- 
ciety, which is ^partly composed of slave-own- 
eis, held very different language in America. 
Instead of proposing aboUtion, they tell the 
slave-owner that he has no occasion to eom- 
plain of them, because the tendency of their 
measures will be to secure his poesessien of 
Ihe slave. Thus, in their Fourteenth Renort, 
iMige 12, '' And the slave-holder, so far nom 
saving just cause to complain of the Coloniza- 
tion S^iety, has reason to congratulate him- 
neif that in this inttitatiou a chumel is opened 
up, in whidi the public feeling and public 
notion can fiow on without doing vioknoe to 
his rights." And again, Fifteenth Eeport, 
page 96, they say, "If none were drained 
away, slaves became inevitably and speedily 
lednndant, &c, 4cc.; when tiiis slage had 
been leached, what conrse or remedy re- 
nwined P Was open butchery to be resorted 
to, as among the Spaitans with the HeiolB ; or' 
Mneral emancipntton and incoqK)iation, as in 
South America ; or abandonment of the eeHn- 
tiy by the masters? Tkne was but one way; 
and it was to provide and keep open a drain 
lor the excess of iaenase beyond Uke occasion 
of -profitable eraploymenf 

The American and British slave-tades wete 
both abolished twenty years ago ; during which 
time their dave population has about dou- 
bled, and ours has awfully decrsased. This is 
nn established fact, which brings against our 
|3anters the fearful charge of blood ; of which 
-we ounelyes shall not be clear if we cease 
faithfully to plead the cause of the oppieased. 
If alayeiy ever be piofltiUe it mast be in a 
alato in which labour is scarce in proportion 
to the demand ; but the innraaae of the Amer- 
ican slaves is producing such a lednndanoe of 
labour, as must, n& a comnMRial pomtof view, 
ahosily compel IkmaoL to gmaat ei— neipation, 



unless the Colonization Society should, as they 
term it, afford a " drain for the overplus." In 
some parts they have been breeding them for 
the purpose of carrying on an intmal slave- 
trade between the states ; and now a pratpeet 
of retributive justice begins to open before 
their eyes ; the American phmterB tremble in 
their beds ; and many senrible people appre- 
hend the approach of that awfiil soonrge, a 
servile war. 

The free people of colour, who ue com- 
puted at considerably above three hundred 
thousand, have met at Baltimore, Philadelphia, 
New Bedford, New York, and many other 
places, and passed resolutions to the effect, 
that the Colonization Society have, by widen- 
ing the breach between them and the whites, 
"given to prejudice a ten-fold vigour,'* in- 
creased persecution, and cruelly added to their 
sufferings. In the New York address they 
say, ^ The Friends have been the last to aid 
the system pursued by the Society's advocates. 
And we say, for we feel it, timt m proportion 
as they become colonizationists, they become 
less active and less friendly to our welfare as 
citizens of the United States.** After stating 
that they will not go unless the Colonization 
Society should compel them, by making them 
miserable, they say, " We are content to abide 
where we are. We do not believe things will 
ialways remain the same. The time must 
icome when the rights of all will be appreciated 
and acknowledge. God hasten tnat time! 
This is our home, and this our country ; be- 
neath its sod lie the bones of our fathers; for 
lit some of them fought, bled, and died. Here 
we were bom, and here we will die." 

The supporters of the Society say, it checks 
the slave-trade; bat oast experience sorrow- 
fully proves, that colonies on the coast of 
Africa, from the facility they afford for the 
pnrohase of goods which are exchanged for 
•slaves, materially aid this infernal traffic. For 
jproof of this, botL as regards Sierra Leone and 
Liberia, read the iq>pal]ing dlsclosuiee con- 
itained in parliamentary papers. No. 864, 
Slave-Trade, Sienra Lemie, &c., printed by 
House of Commons, April 6th, 1832, paee 11. 
No ; the dave-tntde will never be aboli^ed 
while slareiy remains. Judging of the future 
"by the past, the effeets of die colony will be to 
promote the alaye-trade. The Society has 
already increased the sufferings and embittered 
the liyes of thcfree coloured people ; and in 
proportion to the extent of its operations it 
must rivet th e chain upon the poor defenceless 
•lave. 

I am, Yoora, fee, 

J.C. 



TO TBS EDtron OF TBS TOURIST. 

Mr. Editor, — I hope you will excuse this 
freedom from one of my sex, but The Tour- 
ist has been a source of so much pleasure to 
3ne, ever since it first came out, that I feel 
sometiiiiq^yery like old acquaintance with you. 
I am a lone old woman, confined much to the 
fhottse, by bodily infirmitjr. You are, I expect, 
hard upon rixty, as well as myself^ and can, 
therefore, feel for one who depends upon an 
eai^ chair and a newspaper for much of her 
dafly comfort The Tauriit is a paper ex- 
actly to my mind^t ti^es in so many sub- 
jecta; and then it so warmly takes the part of 
those poor creatnies abroad, who are driven to 
work like horses, and are bou^ and sold like 
so many sheep or oxen, that I do not know 
lany one that I hsveyet seen, flutt I like half 
tso weD. Before you came out, Mr. fidilor, I 
I nued to read the Pennj, hnt I have quite done 



with that now. But I am letting my tongue 
ran too fiut What I meant to write to you 
about is, this unfortunate drop of water that 
appeared in the iront of your paper yesterday. 
Do, I beg ef TOUf-ilenr Mr. Editor, let me have 
a line or two "from Tourself, if nobody else 
flfaouid be d i sp ose d to attend to my request, in 
your next pepn, earing whether or no you 
nave eeen this 'veiy aop<^of water with your 
own eyes; for, if yen rea% assure me, that all 
the water I use Is fan m such creatures, I 
rnnet go bank to -m M way. You must know, 
Mr. Editor, that, ror some little time past, I 
have been a member of the Temperance So- 
ciety; I always put a leetle Gnpints into my 
tumbler, just enough to take off the rawness 
of the water; but since I signed the book I 
have left it off entirely. But, if all the water 
I use contains such a quantity of living crea- 
tures as your drof^ I must take my name off 
the book at once, and do as I did before, mix 
just a thimbleful of spirits in my tumbler of 
water. I cannot go on swallowing such a 
quantity of living creatures — eels, caterpillars, 
and all sorts of reptiles; but worse than all, 
near the bottom, on the left hand, are what ap- 
pears to me to be the very Siamese Twins that 
were miide a show of some time ago. Why, 
really, Mr. Editor, if this is water, one is 
swallowing a whole family of living children 
in every tumbler^full. Do pray relieve my 
mind on this subject If you have any fiEtuft 
to find with my spelling, be kind enough to 
correct it I shall subscribe myself according 
to the way in whioh I am called among my 
acquaintance, and remain, your friend and 
constant reader, 
Jion. 39, 1888. Old Margery. 

We really are at a loss for words in which 
to express our concern at the interruption we 
have unintentionaUy occasioned, iu toe equa- 
nimity of our venerable correspondent We 
hasten, however, to set her fears at rest, \a 
assuring her that the various classes of animaJJi 
which we represented, and which she has so 
graphically described, are found in water 
taken from stagnant ponds, and also in 
spring water into which vegetable matter has 
been introduced and suffered to decompose.— 
Wecau coufldeutly assure her, that m pure 
spring water no such creatures are found to ex- 
ist—except, perhaps, when its **ratc«eM" is 
qualified in the way in which she mentions. 
In this latter case, we cannot tell her what 
murders, revolutions, 'and bereavements she 
naay have been the means of effecting. 

We cannot conclude without thanking her 
for the very complimentary allusions she has 
made to our Magazine, and expressing one 
good wish in return ; viz. that in the interval 
of hesitation and alarm which has occurred 
between her letter and our reply, she has given 
the Temperance Society Xm benefit of her . 
doubt. 



COLONIAL EXILE. 
Mr coantiy ! when I think of all I*ve lost. 
In leaving thee to seek a foteign home, 
I find more cauae, the fitrtber that I roam. 
To mottTD the hour I left thy iavonr'd coast : 
For each high privilege, which is the boast 
And birth-nght of thy sons, by patricls gain'd, 
Dishonour'd dies, where right and truth are chaia'd, 
And caitiffs rule, by sordid lusU engross'd. 
I may, perhaps (each generous purpose crots'd). 
Forget the higher aims for which I've straia'dt 
Calmly resign the hopes I priz'd the most, 
And learn cold cautions I nave long dixdaifi'd : 
Bat my heart must be calmer, colder yet. 
Ere England and iSur lieedom I Caigat I 

PnngU*t Ephemeridee* 



THE TOURIST. 



THE SETTER DOG. 

Wben Autmnii smiles all be&uteoni in decaj, 
And pMDls eacb chequered grove with nuioiu hues, 
H; Ktler nngec in the now-shoro fields. 
His nose in air eiect ; boat ridge to ridge 
l^Ung he bounds, his qnuiered ground divides 
In equal interrals, nor carelne lesTes 
One inch untried. At length the tainted g»les 
His nostrils wide inhale ; quick joy eUtes 
Hb beating heart, which, awed by dismpline 
Sevete, he dares not own ; but cautions cieepe. 
Low-cowering, step bj step ; at last attains 
His proper distance ; there he stoops at once. 
And points with his instrHCtire nose upon 
The trembling pwj. On wings of wind upborne 
The floating net unfolded flies ; then drops, 
And the poor fluttering captiTcs rise in rain. 

From SomtrmlWi FUld Sfortt. 



CONTRACTION BY COLD. 
Uiefiti and tTtgeniaui appUcatitm of the prm- 
fipla. — Some years ago it was observed at the 
tionserratoire des Arts el Metiers, at Paris, 
that the two dde-walls of a gallery were re- 
ceding from each other, being pressed out- 
wards by the weight of the roof and floors ; 
■ereral holes were made in each wall, opposite 
lo one another, and at eijDBl distances, through 
which strone iron bars were introduced, so as 
to traverse the chamber. Their ends outside 
of the wall were furnished with thick iron 
discs, fiimlr screwed on. These were sufficient 
to retun the walls in their actual position ; 
but to bring them nearer together would have 
sorpassed every eflbrt of human strength. All 
the alternate bare of the series were ni 
heated at once by lamps, in consequence 
which they were elongated. The exterior 
disc being thus freed from the contact of the 
walls, they could be advanced further on the 
screwed ends of the bars. On the bars pro- 
jecting on the outside of the walls from the 
eloD^tioD, the discs were screwed up ; on re- 
monng the lamps, the bars cooled, contracted, 
and drew in the walls. The other bars became, 
in consequence, loose, and were then also 
screwed up. The flret series of bars being 
again heated, the process was repeated ; and 
by several repetitions, the walls were re«tot«d 
to their former position. The gallery still 
exists with its bars, to attest the ingenuity of 
its preserver, M. Malaxd. 



HOLIDAY PRESENT. 



THE YOUTH'S NEW LONDON SELF- 
INSTRUCTING DRAWINGBOOK: caDUluIni 

Pkliniqne Archluctan, HuIdi 



Irxi, Elm. _- 



Imtt PahHiked, prtet «d., 

ALETTEE 10 THOMAS CLARKSON.W 
JAMBS CBOPPBH. And PREIUDICB TUKH- 
BliB ; or, the PndJcutUUy of Cooqurlii Pnjudla br 
bciur mniu ttun by Slim; iiHl Bill* ; Id reUUiiB M 
-'-- AoKriuB ColDniulloii 6o<1M]f. B; C. 8TUABT. 
LlTfrpool : Bstrun, Smllh, and Co., Lord SnM. 




"jysiisriiffi 


•Ss: 




























r •p«dy rttoierr, wbleli tar h»b, W 










«^K,.), ODI dap.lr. 


ib*tt> 



inlbo 

ukital 
Id am. S... 

vciTiiMi(edbuibl(K 

Honfscd. Srptmberard, ISH. 

CAUTION TO THE PUBLIC. 
MORISON-S UNIVERSAL MEDICINES 
ming lapcrKdtd Uie UK D( ilnHMl tit the Pulemt lit- 

he cmJoUiy or the Ktrchcrt Jin«r bfjtLlh, fvr to inan 
'can, Ibc lowDdrDgriali and rbomliu, not ahh lo «(abfi^ 
. Mr luai on thitiiftBlloii M aagi plaaiiMt meiai at 
ompellllon, havt plangrd bito Ihi: inran eipcdlrat of pa*- 



VigtlaWt tinlvcnil Pill, No. I and _, , 

parpotr (by lueflDi of (hU fonrvil ImpOfl&tion tipoo Uk pnV- 
Tc), of dtlcriontlnr ttaa »1ini>t)aii of ibe " UNIVERSAL 



U^DICINES" 
HEALTH." 
Knuw iLt. Kin, Ibtn, 



ilRmSU COLLXGK < 



mevor apacioiui iho pre^ 
bj tha CoUeic bal Ibaie 

.1 HwlL.i.kH'' ImnrHuJ 



id Gmhlc ArchlWclar' 



London : PablUhed t>; O. V 



'■ Gitdc," •• 1 
vy Lane, P*K 



ANALYSIsTf (hi 'iSEPORT'of h COM- 
MITTBE or Ike HOUSB of COMMONfl on ,\,i 
EXTINCTION of SLAVERY.wlib Nolei by (he Editor. 
Sold b; J. Halcbaid and Son, Piccadilly ; by J. and A. 



Foa FENDERS, FIRE-IRONS, KNIVES, &c. 

FAMILIES FURNISHING may effect an 
inunenia SAVINQ, by DHkinE their (wrIibki, for 

RIPPON'B OLD ESTABLISHED CHEAP FUR- 
NISHING IRONMONGERY WABEHOl'SE, 
•3, CaMIc DrRl Bail, QatOid Market, 

wbare *v«7 article uiid i» warranled good, and eiehanEcd 

"a'f^SDi.; Plated CiDdleatieki, with BUver Mo«dI 
ibE>, 1^ pei pair; I Tory -handled OTal-rimmed Tatda 
KniYFi and Fo[i>, Ml. Ihe art ofSSMecet; Puhkoable 
Iron FindcK— Black, ISi. BroDied, l\t. ; 8ra» Pendtn, 
lOa. : Green Fcndcn. i>hh bnu (op>, it. ; Rn Irona, la. 
jtritl; PoUihed Steel Fire Irons, 4(. Bd. perieti Bcua 
Pin Paniiture. S>. Sd. perieti Block-tin Dlah Conn, 
Si. Sd. per tet; Copper Tea KFllleij__lo boU 



;Co[ 



■I VarmlDf PlBJ 



„ Japanned Tea Traya, l>.; Waileri, 

Sa., BrTadTrayi,3d. 1 Japanned Chamber Caodleiticki, 
vrlib SnnlTen and Balli»nliher, M.; Snnffen and Tray, 
Bd. ; BUck-handled SleelTaUe KbItci and Porki, la. Pd. 
the half-doun; Copper Coal-Koopi, 1D>.; a newly In. 

Imn, and Tin 'saoeepani' and SteVpii'Di, tofaiber wlih 



Fcr tUaiy Mtniy mJy, ami tu abatewitnl maib. 



:t), none tan he held icnuin. 

chhave-Moriaon-a Cloivcr. .. , 

n Ibe OoTeiDnKnt Sump attached to each boa awl 

lie " Veietable Vnlienal Medldnei" arc to be bad at 

CoHege, New Road, Kina't Cnai, Loudon: at the 

reyBraiich,<Mt,Gi*alSarrey-URet; Mr.Fldd't.la.Ab^ 

et. Quadrant! Mr. Chappell't, Boyal Eichantc; Hr. 

..jlker'i, Lamb-KODdolt-paaMEC, Red-tion-Klnare ; Kr. 

1. Lon'i, Ulle.end-road 1 Mr. Bennett'a, CoTent-prdea- 

laackcl; HT.Haydan'i,Fleur.de-lla«»it, Nottoo-Ialcale i 

Mr. Hailit'i, I4r, HateliSe-hiihway ; Heasn. Niwbniy-i, 

Bnntfonli Hn. Slepplna, Clate-markel i Me»n. iblincia. 

Little ReU-aUcy ; UIh Vinri, M, Lacai-Mnet, ComiHr- 

cial-roadi Mn. Bceeli'g, 7,8I«ne-HBaiv, Chclicii Mm. 

Chappli'i. Royal Library. pall-niBlli Mrt. Plpprn'f, IS. 

Winanve-pLace, ClerkenwcU: MiuC. Aiklnaon, IS. New 

Trinrty-iroiiiida, DipuVml ; Mr. Tarlor, Hanwell) Hi. 

"■'—-», d.Bollnrfn-Dke-row, Walworth -.Mr. Payne, S*, 

■n-«r«et; Mr- HowanI, at Mr. Woodi, ' -■- -■ 

londi IJr. Uevar, i, Hay'i-l>iUdinE>, 

r1tl(lhi>,Waad<rharf,0reniwicli; Hr. Pill, I 
waUwad, Lamhetii! Mr. J. Dofaen, " " 



Mom 



Mr. 



: Mr. J. 



■ ; Mr- Pail 



;""k: 



.ley Hcaih; Mr. T. Blokt 
eptford I Mr. CowrU, Ti, Terrace, Pi 
I, Edfware-road ; Mr. Hart, PdRMK _ . , . . . . 
n4tnc 1 Mr. Cbailcaworth, srucer, IH, Shored 
. G. Bower, erocer, SI, Biick-lane, St. Lake'' 
Attia,pnwnDroker,oppoeile the clinrrh. RarlL 
° Briifi, t, Bioniwiik-plaee, Stoke Nealn) 



road; hr.J.'Oibon, Wella^el, I . . 

; Mr- B.Coi, (tocer, IS, ITnhiHlrcel. Bbbsa*. 



', Mr. T. Walter, cheeH'nic 



le of the Vnlled Si 



i^li^ Mallll; andlhi 



'JrsSS: 



Pnnted by J. HaoBON and Co.; aod Publiib«l 
by J. CniBP, at No. 37, Ivj Laos, Patemoslcc 
Row, where all AdTeitisements atid Commnni* 
catioDi for tbe Editor are to be addteised. 



THE TOURIST; 

OS. 

Jbitetcii SSooK of tht Zimts* 



" Utile Dulci." — Sarace, 



Vol. I.— No. m. 



MONDAY, FEBBtTARY IS, 1833. 



Price One Penmt. 



PONTEFRACT, YORKSHIRE. 



This place, vhich appears to have 
risen from the ruins of the aucieat Legeo- 
lium, a Roman station in the vicinity, 
nov Gastlefbrd, was by the Saxons called 
Kirby, and after the conquest obtained 
the name of Pontfract, from the breaking 
of a bridge over the River Aire, while 
William, Arphbishop of York, and son of 
the Bister of King Stephen, was passing 
over it, attended by an immense crowd, 
who escorted him on his return from 
Rome. Though not itself a Roman sta- 
tion, it was probably a place of inferior 
importance connected with Legeolium, as 
the Watling-street passed throu^ the 
park, near the town, and vestiges of a 
BtnnaD camp were distinctly traceable 
previously to the recent enclosure of 
waste lands. During the time of the 
Suons, to whom some historians attribute 



the building of the town, Alric, a Saxon 
chief, erected a castle here, which having 
been demolished, or suffered to fall into 
decay, was repaired, or more probably 
rebuilt, by Hildebert de Lacy, to whom, 
at the time of the conquest, William 
granted the honour and manor of Ponte- 
fract. In the reign of Edward II., the 
castle being thm in the possession of 
Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, who had re- 
volted i^ainat (he king, on account of 
his partiality to Pier* Gaveston, was be- 
sieged and taken ; and the earl being 
soon afler made prisoner, by Andrew de , 
Hercla, at Boroughbridge, was brought 
to Pontefract, where, being condemned 
by the king, he was beheadra, and several 
of tiie bannis who had joined his par^ 
were hanged. Having been canonized, 
a chapel was erected on the spot of bis 



decapitation, and, in honour of his me- 
mory, dedicated to St. Thomas. His 
descendant, the renowned John of Gaunt, 
retired to this castle in the reign of 
Ricbard IT., and fortified it against the 
king: hut a reconcOiation taking place 
through the medium of Joan, the king's 
mother, no further hostilities ensued. 
Henry de BoUngbroke, Duke of Here- 
ford, then an exik in France, exasperated 
by the king's attempt to deprive him of 
the duchy of Lancaster and honour of 
Pontefract, to which he had succeeded by 
the death of his father, and havii^ re- 
ceived an invitation from some of the 
principal nobility, landed at Raven^rar 
m this county, and being joined hj the 
Lords Willourfiby, Rosa, D'^Arcy, Beau- 
mont, and other persons of distinctioD, 
with an anny tA sixty thouMnd men, a 



no 



THE TOURIST. 



battle ensued y wUeb ^rminated ui the 
deposition and impaioiiinent of the^^ing,- 
and the exahation of the duke to the» 
throne, by thertitle-ef41enry LV. RMkard, 
after his deposition, was for some time 
confined in this castle, where he was in- 
humanly put to death. Henry frequently 
resided in it, where he held a porUaaievt, 
irfter the battle of Shrewsbury; and, in 
1404, signed the truce between England 
and Scotland. Scroop, Archbishop of 
York, having raised an insurrection, in 
which he was joined by the Earl of Nor- 
U i uii]bedaud ,ibrtfa^ ti ethrouem ent Tjf ^e 
king) nmlM- b^ tteadwy made prisoner, 
and being Hmnght hjther, where Henry 
at that time resided, was sentenced to 
death and executed. Queen Margaret, 
during the absence of the king in Scot* 
land, resided in this castle, and was deli- 
vered of her fifth son at Brotherton, In 
the immediate Ticinity, having been taken 
ill while on a {hunting excismon. After 
the battle of Agincourt, in the reign of 
Henry V., the Duke of Orleans and 
several French nobleoifti of the highest 
rank, whom Uttit monarch had taken pri- 
soners, were cK^nfined in ^ castle ; and, 
in the year following, the young King 
of Scotland, ^o had b^en taken prisoner 
on his voyage to France, was confined 
here till the commencement of the fol- 
lowing reign. 

During the war between the bonses of 
York and Lancaster, this castle was the 
prison of nrnnerous noblemen, of whom 
several were pat to death witiiin its walls. 
Earl Rivers, ^o haod been kept a pri- 
soner here by the Duke of Gloucester, 
whose designs he had inefTectaally at- 
tempted to oppose, wmi pnt to death in 
the castle, togntiier^nth Sir Richard Grey 
and Sir Thomas Vangfaan. In 1461, 
Edward IV., widi an amgr of forty thou- 
sand men, fixed Jms head quarters here, 
whence he marriiad against &e Lancaa- 
terians ; the two ^OHues met at Towton, 
where the battle took jikce, and nearly 
thirty-seven thousamd -men -were left dead 
on the field. After the union of the 
•bouses of York and Lancaster, in the 
person of Henry VII., that monarch 
♦visited the castle in the second year of 
his rergn : it was honoured also by a 
visit from Henry VIII. , in 1540; from 
James I., m 1603 and 1617, on his pro- 
gress to Scotland ; and from Charles I. 
m 1625. 

Of this castle, so memorable for its 
connexion widi the most interesting pe- 
riods of English history, and which con- 
sisted of numerous massive towers, con- 
nected hj waHs of prodigious strength, 
and fortified by its situation on the summit 
of an isolated rock, only a small cfa-cuhir 
tower- remains. 

The environs of this place are exceed- 
ingly beautiful, -and adorned with several 
noblemen's seats.' The gardens and nur- 
eeries here are famous K)r the excellence 



of the.liquorice they.produce* This arti- 
cle is extensively eultiWted hsre,>and the 
manufacture of it into cakes,. commonly 
kaown by the nameuyf Pomlitt cakes, is 
carried on to a considerable extent. . 



TBMRERANOE &3QfErTES. 

Extract of the Mimttes of the Committee of the 
Britiih and Foreign Temperance "Sodety^ 
held at Exeter Hall, 1st January ^ 1833. 



Mr. J. T. Marshall, from the State of New 
York, attended this^Gominittoe, and ptodno ed 
the followmg veiytBCoumging and inteiest- 
ing letter from the Hon. Reuben H. Walworth, 
Chancellor of. the State of New York, and 
President of the New York State Temperance 
Society: — 

Albany, State of New Tork^ 
Nov, I2thy 1832. 

Gentlemen, — ^The British and Foreign' 
Tempemnce Society having associated my 
name with those of its honorary members, I 
have taken the liberty to introduce to your 
naintance Mr. J. T. Marshall, a distin- 
ed friend of temperance, ham this state. 
If. visite fingland'^partly on private busi- 
ness, but morepaiticularly to aid the operations 
of the Ameridin Temperance Sod^, and the 
executive committee of the New York State 
Tempennee Society, in the gcast woik of 
benevolsnoe in whioh they are engaged. He 
takes ont with him, and will foiuan to yoor. 
Society, a anmber of recent and intensting 
pubhealions and documents on the sal^ect of 
temperance, from which yoa wHl be able to 
ascertain iise progress and praseBt slate of 
this great moral reformation on this ode of 
the Atlantic Yon will eee, by the etnolaj 
of the AraciioBn Ten^enmee Umaety of the 
21st of September last, that it is piopessd to; 
have simultaneous meetiiiss of all the iimds^ 
of tempemaoe in every vilkgie, tofwn, city, and 
hamlet m tbeUnkediSlBtes on the famCTaesdaQr 
of Fefaroary next; and it would ke lughly 
gtatif^g^ to the ftiends df ti ■ip wiaiiu i in 
Amenca if simflar meetaigs of ttie finands of! 
tempoBBace in Bn^kaid, Seottaad, and lm~^ 
land, cottki'be hdd on the sane day. 'NotiiiBg{| tlVT 
ooaldbetaoTeenooHngingtodieheaTtof tiie 
pUkatfasspistyWiiaeenga^ in thebenevolent' 
wqA «ff nseidag his fellow men from the de- 
grading vice of intemperance, Trom temporal 
and eternal ruin, than the reflection that a 
million of hearts, both in Europe and Ame- 
rica, were at the same moment animated br 
the same spirit, and beating in unison witn 
his own. 

State Temperance Societies have already 
been oiganizea in twenty-one of the United' 
States of America, and in connexion with the ' 
American Temperance Society as a general 
head ; and in the state of 'New York alone, where 
the State Socie^ was organized but a Htde 
more than three yean since, we have already 
more than 1100 auxiliaiy societies in the 
several counties, cities, tonus, villages, and 
common school districts, containing more than 
160,000 members pledged to the principle of 
total abstinence from tl^ use of ardent spirits. 
Among this niunber will be found the greatest 
part of our most le^pectaUe and in£iential 
oitisens, judges, legidatois, and wagislwtis ; 
and, what is still more gratifying, in refenenoe 
to the future, nearly all of our respeotabk 
oung men, whose habits were not previously 
ad in this respect, have^ totally aoandoned 



the., use of ^Irits, and have become memben 
of some of iiiese societies. Already do we 
begjhi to fed the beneficial effects of this 
tteat eembinationeif moral force, in the mani* 
Ksi diminution ofnauperism and crime, in 
the improvement of the condition of the Isr 
beuring classes of the commuai^, and in 
the extension of the boundaries ojf the kinff- 
d^ of the ever-blessed Redeemer ; andwhue 
tKe HaBolflCllig pestilence, which has recentiy 
visited this city and many other parts of the 
state, has swept off its hundreds and its thou- 
sands of those who were in the habitual use of 
ardent spirits, the members of our Temperance 
Societies have almost uniformly escaped. 

Tvim the expression of a weU^Mmaecl nop e 
that the blessings of temperaoce may continue 
to spread through every land, until the demon 
of intemperance shall be banished firora the 
world, 1 nave the honour to be, gentiemen. 

Yours, with respect, 
(Signed) R. H. Walworth, 
President of the New York 
Tempesance Society. 

To Messrs. J. Capper, J. H.jRamsbotham, T. 
Hartiey, and N. £. fflopir, Secretaries of 
the British and Foreign OTemperance So- 
ciety. 



I 



Resolved, — ^That this Committee expresses 
its acknowledgments to the American Tem* 
perance Society for the gratOfjing manner in 
which the eommunication has been conveyed 5 
and, cordialty entering into the plan whichi 
has been suggested, reconanends effectual 
means to he used for holding meetings on the 
26th of February MKt,inaIl.places tluoughout 
^Sngkmd where Auxiliaiy Societies have been 
formed, or in whidi mi^ be-lbund a few bene- 
volent iadividwds sofltoiently informed on this 
subject to feel the immtanee of taking earl|' 
measures to qpnad mt pnaciples of Tempe- 
rance "fioeieties. 

Rasolved,-*-Tliat tiie fiecietaries take early 
niiasiifrr to fianish a oopy ef Chancellor WaJf- 
wettfa's letter, and die mnrale of this Commit- 
tee thaieon, to &e - Bce s atail es of the Temr 
Mmee fiooieties in Glasgow, Edinburgh, 
l>uU]a,csdBeltet,4aiid on the continent of 
Suxope. 

[fiABIKG A hASUK, SINGING IN 
LONDON. 

Sweet bird ! it well may Souch the heart 

Thylively aeag to Iwar, 
Since thou and freedom dear must put 

To please a listless ear. 



A withered tnrf, a water-glaas, 

A cage, bit ill sup^v 
The teeming field, the oewy 

The temple of the sky. 

Thoagb blithe and caieleBs seem tfc^ notes, 

For one thos held in thrall. 
To Fancy's ear the]^ speak of thoughts 

Of sadness in their mil ! 

No mora thou wing'at thy ivarbUitf way 
(From mate andnestbngs torn). 

To pour, at eve, thy vesper lay. 
Or matin hymn, at morn ! 

No more thou build'st thy littie bower» 

As wont in days ^one by, 
When Sprinff unveils the virgin flower. 

To wake the aephyr'a sigh ! 

A captive 'midst the dall turmoil, 

Or crowds to lucre givei}. 
No move though cheer the peasam^ toil. 
And lead bis thoughtp to heaven ! 
Aberdeen. R»»»*t. 



THE TOUEIST* 



LOHD CRAWFORD AND LINDSAY'S 

SLAVES. 

It is pi<et(y goiNmUy kaoDm that a case oi 
much appfnrent difficulty, and of much intezest 
«> the mends of emandpatioD, has latelj 
aiiseii ia tbe Couit of Cluuieeij^ in cmmex- 
km yniStk the TviU of tbe late Lofd Cxawfiiid 
nssA IJadMppi We think the pnblie notioes of 
fStuB aflliir indioKta^aiid axe likely to piofagatov 
ttw^^aspptehnaiiimofiiM^K^', and we there- 
fire pvoposeite slate the case, aocoiding to in* 
fovraation we hate leoeLTcd from a gMtleanan 
who has resided for twent^^-elght. years in tiie 
iriand of Antigua, and is intimatUT acquaint 
ed^with the history of this estate duing that 
peivML It wQl create some suprise to staler 
disflt Lord Crswftud and Lindsay nerer poa-> 
sessed any liuid in tiie island, Imt that he 
leased a p]antati«n fltom Clement Tudwayv 
Esq., and puichased slaves to cttltivate it— 
Tlie diroosition of this piopevty, contemplated 
hy his Lovdship, may be learned from the fol- 
lowing extracts from his will, which hare been 
]ml* into our-hands. It bears date 3l6t Jnlyv 
1616. 

^ Whereas I took a certain part or parcel of 
land in the island of Antifua, upon lease, 
£rom Clement Tudway, Esq. M. P., at the an- 
nual rem of £600 sterlings which leasa ia to 
expize in the year ISld^ I direct my eoceon- 
tors to take another lease of the same land, of 
ttisbeir, fbafonrteeB years; unsn theeaEpim- 
tieii of'Uia new leasa mnn the heir o£ tfa» late 
CaemnJUTodway) in the yearlsaS) to lihssate 
aD my negro daves^ after ther have been pro* 
{Mrlymsttucted in vanoos trades, to mahaajust 
uie of their freedom, and after they hofeibeen 
tteated with all the humanity thatreason and 
justice wiirallow. If the land* can neither be 
rented or purchased, but at' a most extrava- 
gant price, I mean that my nesroes should 
be kept at what is called task wonc, until the 
year 1833. All the rest and residue of my 
property whatsoever and wheresoever, I give 
one-halt for the dispersion of the Bible through 
the world, in various languages, with the in- 
fltitution and support of nee schools and bene- 
volent sodetiei^ and one-half to my poor nc- 
Moes, to be divided among them, male and 
feauile, share and share alike, in tbe year 
1838." 

At his Lordship's death, in 1826,. the estate 
reverted to the proprietor, and the slaves^ in 
number 144, were let on a lease^ which was 
to expire in 1833, by Mr. John Farr, agent to 
the executoiB of Lord Crawfurd, to Mr.William 
BumthiHm, proprietor of a plantation called' 
HeihextSL 'ftiaanangemeiit now appeared lo 
be laaoDtably iU*judged on tha part of die 
testator: Bumtham leased some waste laiid8> 
in the vicinitv of his own estate, for the pur- 
pose of employing the slaves. Being a task 
gang, as it is called, their own condition was 
worse than that of any other slaves in the 
ii^d, having no home, and beinff merely 
pSDvi^ with temponiy huts, erected by their 
tads-master. In addition to this, the latter, 
having no nermanent proprietorship in them, 
of course found it his interest to extort as 
much labour from them as possible, during the 
term of his contract. The resultis sufficiently 
apparent in a decrease of dietr numbers, at 
ihe' mte of 1^ per cent, (though the circum«> 
emna of eigfatsan inftAts hcnig indnded in 
their present number proves their tendenoy 
to increase,) and in the fiut, that of the »• 
mainder, twelve are duaihhd — a number needy 
double the general average of the island ! 

After this statement, let us hear what 9ir 



; 



Bdvaid angdenhasto say: '^Enom tha do* 
p se ciathm of West India inpepeity, imd other 
MHNSff, the whole snm apptioahle to this pur* 
pose (the benefit of the slares), at the present 
nMnnent, was £750, and the trustees wei» 
attxkms to know what course they were to 
porsne !" We could confidently have swom 
to ^ns, as the gemmie prodvetion of Sir £d« 
ward Sogden; so redoknt is it of the leaowd 

r demands ohaactec Let ua now turn to 
eekrireieeemmt oostained in theLord Chan'* 
oeUor^ judgment; it is stated as follows, by 
the Months HercM .— 

'< In the very outset of tihe observatienB 
which prefaced his decision, Lord Btongham 
very clearly showed, that the inetnteted state- 
ment of €i>unsel had not revealed the whole 
truth ; ibr, although the fall in West India 
property ndght have had some effect in kee^ 
mg down tli^ amount of the aceonralated fVmd, 
wmch was to be divided among the* negroes 
on their manumission, yet that' was not the 
principal cause. What was the principal cause 
of the present smallness of the fund will be 
best explained by the fbllowing words of his 
Lord^ip, who said he ' could not avoid ex* 
pressing his renet that the conduct of the 
person who had the management of the slaves 
of Lord Crawfhrd had not been more carefully 
attended to. It appeared that this person had 
let out the labours of the slaves for a long pe^ 
riod^of time, and -jet neglected adtegether to oh- 
Udn the mice of their htre. It was, indeed, to 
be deeply regretted, that this person had not 
been called to account, or that the executors of 
die win had not striven to obtain justice asainst 
him for the benefit of the p ro ue rt j f . iTad the 
labour been fEurly acoounted for, and die pro- 
. ceeds recovered, according to the benevolent 
; intentions of the testator, Sie Court would not 
now have been called on to interfere, as there 
would not have been a quetlion to distntte^ — 
Thus the main difficulty in the case, which the 
learned Counsel had' dwelt on so much, arose 
not fVom the fall in West India produce, or 
the perverseness of the slaves; bat from the 
misconduct of the perron under whose men* 
agement those poor creatures had' been placed. 
It appears that, owing to such n^beonduct, m^ 
less than d62,00O was lost to the fund intended 
for the fhturemaintenaneeof the negroes when 
manumitted ; and, be it observed, that this 
'£2,500 was part of the hard earnings of the' 
'nenoes themselves."' 

'. TfaiSj however, the learned Counsel ^ had 
iitetained i^um stating, because it' was almost 
{Unnecessary, and would not assist Yds Lord* 
duo's decision.'' 

Otir readers will be suffidentiy prepared by 
this specimen of Sir Edward's ingenuity, for 
the fellowing passage in his address :«* 

** All the flattering prospects respecting the 
maaumissian of these slaves were utterly hope- 
less. Nothing could prevent these slaves from 
'claiming their fineedom, and they knew it It 
had been proposed to lay out the fimd to 
which, they were entitied fbr their general 
I benefit, by erecting huts fbr them, and appor- 
>tionin|^ to each small plots of land, if^they 
would consent to remain together, and worx 
on the estate ; but thev had all declared they 
meant to av»il themselves of their liberty, to 
separate, and to remain no longer on the es- 
tate where they had heretofore been located. 
A letter ttcm a req>ectahle person on the 
island, well acquainted with tine dispositions 
of the slaves, stated that it was quite unrea- 
sonable to suppose that any thing could induce 
the slaves on this estate to continue to work on 
it after next ffionth--diey would be sure to 



tafce tnUuufBf fi9^ tffftr IT \ 

should f^litneeessarjr to letutaagMt to the 



Let our readers only recollect^ iflLOOonexion 

with these remarks, that there was no estate 
to which they had been attached^ otherwise, 
than casually, as a task-gang; and let thent 
further imagine- the peweiml inducements 
which these poor creatures had to work for a 
man who was now withholdiog from them 
£2,500, earned by the sweat of their brow, or, 
rather, by their blood; and they will be in no 
danger of being misled^ by these or any other 
statements from the same quarter. ** Every 
prooosition," says he, "has heen made that 
cowd be thought oftotiw slaves in this case; 
but the idea of liberty eo inlaadcated then, 
that they^ would listen to no tsmawhateveri" 
(We leave Sir Edward Sugrieaaiid SirBetheU 
Codrin^ton to compare notes as to the indifiep* 
ence of the slaves to liberty.^ TVum^ p. 08*) 
" A melancholy proof how often it was, that tha 
best and kindest intentions of individuals were 
lost on the subjects- of titen.*^ We cannot 
imagine any thing more disgusting than thin 
crocodile sensibility: thi^niaA's ^ tender me»» 
cies are cruel." Surely, if tbs Lord ChaaceUcn^ 
to whom this language waraddzessed, could re^ 
frain from manifesting his indignation, ha 
must have as entire a command of his o^^n 
feelings as he hasof those of otheis^ 

We will dose tfai&article with some lomaAs^ 
which. fell from his Lordship, in giving judg- 
ment. As to the capacity of the negro for the 
safe and rational enjenjrmeDt of freedom, his 
Lordship set that question at rest, by a refer- 
ence to the history of Antigua itself. 

^ He said, he ' had at tiiat moment lying 
before him copies of two despatches transmit- 
ted by the Governor of Antigua to the Secre- 
tary of State for tiie colonies. In one of them 
it was stated that 200 negroes had been libe- 
mted in the year 1829. None of those slarea 
were natives of the idknd: and yet nothing 
could he more satUfttcteru. than the accounts of 
their conduct since they had heen set free. The 
Governor observed, in his despatch, that they 
employed themselves with the VMSt exemplary 
indits&y in providing for their livelihood. The 
other despatch was not less satiafactory.'" 

THE DYING IMPRGVISATORE. 

Never, oh ! never more. 
On thy Home's purple heaven my eye tball dwell. 
Or watch the bright wavesmeltaleng thy shote^-* 

My Italy, fsiewell ! 

Alas ! thy hills among. 
Had I but* left a memory of my name. 
Of love and grief one deep, true, fbvent song. 

Unto immortal nme ! 

But like a lute's brief tone. 
Like a roseH)dour on the breezes cast. 
Like a swift flush of day-spring, seen and gone. 

So hath my sptrit passed. 

Yet, yet remember me, 
Friends, that upon its murmurs oft have hung. 
When from my bosom, joyously and free, 

The fiery mountain sprang. 

Under the dark rich blue 
Of midnight heavens, and on the star-lit sea. 
And when woods kindle into spring's first hue. 

Street friendS> remember me ! 

And in the marble haQs, 
Where life's full glow the dreams of beauty weuv 
And peet-thon^ts embodied light the walls. 

Let me be vrith yoa mare. 

^ain would X bind with you 
M^ memory with all glorious things to dwell ^ 
Fain bid all lovely sounds my name renew — 

Sweet friends, brigntiaad, Ikrewell f 

Mas. HsKAVs* 



THE TOURIST. 



iiOSDAY, FEBRUARY 18, 1833. 

THE SAFETY OF IMMEDIATE EHAN- 

CIPATION. 

Ko. IV. 



GUADALOUPE. 

In prosecution of the design of our 
fonner articles under tltis head, we ex- 
tract the following account of the Island 
of Guadalonpe, from the Report of 
the late Committee of the House ot 
Lords. It is supplied by T. F. Buxton, 
Esq., and stands supported hj an ample 
body of documentary evidence, which our 
limits will not allow us to insert. It may 
be found by referring to the Report, from 
p. 924. We esteem the following state- 
nent more conclusive to our point than 
any thing we could offer, and shall, there- 
fore, insert it without note or comment. 

Guadalonpe, in common with all the colo- 
nial po nwsin ong of France, partook of the con- 
Tulsions with which the revolution of 179-2 so 
violentlv agitated the mother country ; and in 
that colon; the contests of the partisans of 
lOTalism and democracy, and those of the 
white and colonied colonists, were eauied on 
with a fury which could not fail to excite the 
staves, who from time to time were called in 
t« aid the conteuding parties. No insurrec- 
tion, however, properly servile, followed ; and 
the ilaves viho were not converted into com- 
batants continued their usual hibours. In 
February, 1794, the French Convention passed 
a decree giving libertyto the slaves in all the 
colonies of Fiance. This decree was canied 
into effect in Guadaloupe, under certain local 
reguladons called La Police Rurale, which 
was administered, in the different districts of 
the island, by commisdonerB appointed by the 
government. Bv these regidaUons the labour- 
ers were entided to a foi:^ part of the pro- 
duce of the estate which ihey were employed 
in cnltivatiiig, independently of didr food, 
^hich WHE wholly furnished from the estate. 
The only deductions to nhich this fourth part 
was liable, before it was divided in fised pro- 
portions among the labourers, were the ex- 
pcnces of a medical attendant and medicines, 
and of pacliages for their own share of the 
produce. All other expences of every kind, 
including taxes, were to be delrayed from the 
other three -fourths. The shares of laboureis 
absenting themselves from labour were to be 
leduced in proportion to the length of their 
absence, and the sums thus deducted were to 
be added to the shares of those who bad la- 
boured regularly. Under these regulations, 
agricultore appears to have flouiisheo, after a 
vigorous government had repressed the furious 
intestine commotions amone the difiercnt poli- 
tical parties of whites, andhetween the wttites 
and uie free people of colour ; and in April, 
IBOI, we have an enomerarion of the planta' 
tions then under cultivation, amounting to 390 
of sugar, 1,3SS cf coffee, and 326 of cottos, 
beddes twenty-five pasture oi grass farms. In 
tbe succeeding year, on the peace of Amiens, 
a powerful French force was sent to talie pos- 
•esiion of Guadaloupe, and to reduce the 



THE TOURIST. 

n^roet to their former state of sUveiy. Thii 
attempt was resisted on the part of the negroes, 
- ' -■- —■■ not till after a severe struggle, and 



dreadfiil shmghter, that diey were again 
brought under the power of the cart-whip. 
The accounts from the Island immediately 



neceding this event were most satiahctcny. 
The reports of the commissioners of different 
cantms to the local government speak of the 
tranquillity which reigned in the agricultural 
distnct*, and on the plantations ; and the go- 
vernment, on the other hand, in its ' 
addresses to the commissioners, dwell 
meet anxiously and sedulously, as an i 
part of their duties, that, while they enforce 
Older and regularity among the labouring 
classes, they ^uld maintain their just ' ' ' 
and secure to them the full measure 
remuneiation to which they were endded for 
their labours, punishing, wiUi exemplary seve- 
rity, proprietois who sbould be gudty of any 
faUure in this respect, or of anv other conduct 
towards the labourers which should be incun- 
sislent with the claims of humanity and jus- 
tice. Ihe reguladons by which Uie rights 
and phvileges of the labourers were guarded 
were ordered, by the law, to be translated ' 
the Creole dialect, to be posted up in cot _ 
cuous places, and to i>e read and csploined 
once a mouth on every estate. We have be- 
fore us a letter addressed by the Supreme 
Council of the colony, in Februaiy, 1603, to 
die Commissaiy Valluet of the Canton de 
Deshayes, to this effect : — " We have received, 
Citizen Comnussary, your letter of the 6lh in- 
stant, with the different returns reladng to the 
payment of their fourth to the cultivators. We 
perceive, with pleasure, that you have devoted 
your attention to this most essential branch of 
your administration. It is in exercising this 
justice towards the men whose sweat is the 
source both of our private and public wealth 
that you can alone acquire a right to exert 
your authority to enforce upon them the due 
perfonnauce of their duties. Continue, Citizen 
Commissary, to maintain that order in your 
canton which now reigns universally through- 
out the colony. We shall have the saiis&C' 
tion of having given an example which will 
prove that all classes of people may live in 
perfect harmony with each other imdei an 
administration which secures justice to all 

In the Moniteur of 19 Germinal, an 10, 
(April, 1803), there is inserted a communica- 
tioB £rom Guadaloupe, dated in the preceding 
February, slating that ** all was perfectiy tran- 
quil in that colony, and that, although there 
existed some anxieties (anxieties which appear 
to have been caused solely by the apprehen- 
sions excited amon^ the negroes by tne news 
of the peace of Amiens, lest France should at- 



lishmeut of lawful authori^" (meaning, doubt- 
les, the restoration of slavciy and uie cart- 
whip). " Cultivation," the writer adds, " has 
never been discontinued ; and although the 
last sugST'Crop happened to be not very pi 
ductive, yet there is now considerable pr~ 
in hand, and the next sugar-crop is Ul 
be large." 

In about two months from the date of this 



Lsiderable produce 
likely to 



. by the indiseriminale 
of all who opposed his purpose, he reduced the 
whole body of the surviving negroes, whom 
the law of 1794 had emancipated, and wlo, 
during the intermediate eight years, had been 



in the legal possessbm of thdr persondlAcMf, 
to their former bondage, an object th« attain- 
ment of which is said to have reqiured dw 
sacrifice of nearly 20fi00 negro Uvea. - 

The result, ntuortanate as it was, does not 
prove the nnfitnessof the slaves of Guadalonps 
for the liberty thai had been granted to than; 
and which, as we have seen, was granted undat 
cironmstanocs of public distmbanee paitiM- 
lariy un&Tontable to (heir quiet a^ojiuui «f 
its blessinfjis. When all those fuvaustanoM 
are taken into the view of enwncipalian, it is 
impossible not to fed that the cm* of Ona^ 
loupe is so &t firom juHifying the anlidp*- 
tions of theii opponsnts, Oiat it Amiehea an 
nndetuoble connnnatimi «f the gonand aro- 
pontioa maintmned by the aboUttonists, Uutt 
an act of emandpadou by the snpreme go- 
vernment in quiet and peaceAil tinies, Bcconw- 
panied by sudt pncautionaiy meai 
would be obviously expedient, and 
sisted, but acquiesced in, by the i . . ._, 
might be caniM into complete effect without 
the sli^test danger to the public tranqnilli^, 
and with the most unquestionable advantage 
to the slaves themselves. 



THE JAGUAR. 

This is an American species of the 
genus felis. It grows to the size of the 
wolf, or rather larger, and inhabits the 
hotter parts of South America. Its dis- 
position and habits seem to have beea 
somewhat misrepFeseuted by some emi- 
nent naturalists, especially by Bufibo, 
who, it appears probable, confounded it 
with the ocelot, a much smaller and less 
formidable animal. He describes it as 
destructive to other quadrupeds, but as 
cowardly and flying at the approach of 
man. This, however, is only true of such 
as have been obeeived near European 
colonies, where their natural ferocity has 
been somewhat modified. Humboldt 
mentions many instances of the ferocious 
courage of the jaguar; amongst others 
the following: — An animal of this species 
had seized a horse belonging to a farm in 
the province of Cumana, and dragged it 
a considerable distance. " The groani 
of the dying horse," says Humboldt, 
" awoke the ^aves of the fann, who went 
out armed with lances and cutlasses. The 
animal continued on its prey, awaited 
their approach with &rmness, and fell 
only after a long and obstiiiate resist- 
ance. This fact, 4nd a great many 
others, verified on the spot, prove that 
the great jaguar of Terra Firma, like the 
jaguaret of Paraguay, and the real tiger 



of A«a, doe* not flee from man -when he 
is dued to close combat, and wben be is 
not alanned bj tbe great nomber of bis as- 
uilants. Naturalists are now agreed that 
BaSoa was entirely mistaken with respect 
to the lai^est of the feline genus in Ame- 
rica. What that celebrated writer says 
of the cowardly tigers of the New Conti- 
nent relates to the small oceloU ; and we 
shall shortly see that, on the Oronoko, 
die real jaguar of South America some- 
times leaps into the water to attack the 
Indians in their canoes." 

This animal, like the tiger, of which it 
bean^the most distinguishing features. 



THE TOTTRier. 

plunges its head into the body of its 
victim, and sucks out the blood before it 
devours it. It generally lies in ambush 
near the side of rivers, and there is some- 
times seen a singular combat between it 
and the crocodJe. When the jaguar 
comes to drink, the crocodile, ready to 
seize any animal that approadies, raises 
its head out of the water, upon which the 
jaguar darts his talons into the eyes (the 
only vulnerable part) of the reptile. The 
latter instantly dives to the bottom, drag- 
ging his enemy with him, where both 
generally perish together. 



THE JEWEL APARTMENT, TOWER OP LONDON. 



The above represents the Tower in 
irhich have long been deposited the in- 
Ugnia of England. One of the most re- 
markable occurrences connected with 
this place is the attempt to steal the 
crown in the reign of Charles !I. The 
following notices of that event are taken 
from Britton and Brayley's History of the 
Tower :— 

During the interregnum, the emolumenlB 
attached to the keeping of the regalia weie 
enjoyed iy Sir Henry Mildmay; but on 
Ids attainder, soon after the Tcstoraiion of 



Lord Chancellor Hyde, many of the perqu: 
were either abolished, or came into ouer hands. 
Notwithstanding those deduclions, the pecu- 
niaiT adTanttgeSjin the same reign, araouuted 
to £1300 annuBlly. Since that period, all the 
duties and perquirites attached to the custody 
of the regalia bave been either aholidied, or 
have merged into the office of the Lord Cham- 

Shortly after the appoinboent of Sir Gilbert 
Talbot, and in conaequance of Uie above-men- 
tioned reduction in ue official perquisites, tbe 
regalia in the Tower was first allowed to be 



inspected by the public generallv. The daring 
attempt made by Blood to steal the crown is 
one of the most extraordinary incidents that 
ever hawened within these walls: and, al- 
though the ciicumstances connected with this 
desperate attempt have been tiequently de- 
tailed, no account of the Toner can be deemed 
complete without again briefly reciting them. 

Alter Sir G. Tubot had been appointed 
master of the jewel-house, he assigned the 
pTo6ts which arose from exbibitinK the legalia 
to an old confidential servant of bis father, 
named Talbot Edwards, who was still keeper 
at the time of the concerted robhery. 

About three weeks prior to his attempt. 
Blood, a disbanded officer of the Protectorate, 
went to the Tower in tbe habit of a parson, 
" with a long cloak, cassock, and canonical 
girdle," accompanied by a woman whom he 
called his wife; his real wife being then in 
Lancashire. Tbe lady requested to see the 
crown, and hei wish havinv been gratified, she 
feigued " a qualm upon her stomach," and 
Mrs. Edwards, after giving her some spirits at 
her husband's request, courteously innted her 
to repose herself upon a bed. bbe soon re- 
covered ; and, at their departure, they seemed 
very thankful for this civility. 

After an interval of a few days, Blood re- 
turned, and gave Mis. Edwards four pair of 



white gloves, at a present firam his pretended 
wife. At a snhseqiient viHt he told her that 
his wifb could discourse of nothing but the 
kindness of those good people of the Tower ; 
and that she had long studied, and at last b»- 
tboueht her, of a handsome way of requital. 

" You have," quoth he, " a nretty gentlr 
woman to yomr duighter, and I hai 
nephew, who ha 



duighter, and I have a yonng 
ith two or three hundred a year 
knd, and is at my disposal. If your 
daughter be free, and you improve it, I will 
bring him here to see her, and we will endea- 
vo>r to make it a match." This was readily 
assented to by old Mr, Edwards, who invlt«d 
the disguised ruffian to dine with bim on that 
day; die invitation was willingly accepted, 
and Blood, taking upon him to say grace, pe^ 
formed it with great seeming devotion, con- 
dudiug his long-winded oratioD with a pnyei 
for the king, queen, and royal family. 

After dinner, he went up to see the rooms, 
and seeing a handsome case of pistols hang 
there, expressed a great desire to Sny them to 

Csent to a yoni^ lord who was his neigh- 
ir J but this was merely a pretence, by 
which he thought to disarm the house, and 
thus execute his design with less danger. At 
his departure, which was with a canonical 
benediction of the good company, he appointed 
a day and hour tor introaucmg his young 
nephew to his future bride ; and as he wished, 
he said, to bring two friends with him, to see 
the reg^ia, who were to leave town earlv on 
that moniue, the hour was fixed at about 
seven o'cloct 

On the appointed morning (viz. May 9th, 
1671), tbe old man had got up ready to re- 
ceive bis guest, and the daughter had put her- 
self into her best dress to entertain her gallant, 
when, behold, parson Blood, with three more, 
came to the jewel-house, all armed with rapier 
blades in their canes, and every one a dagger, 
and a pair of pocket pislola Two of his com- 
panions entei«d in with him, and a third 
stayed at the door, it seems, for a watch. 

Blood told Hr. Edwards that they would 
not go np st^ia until his wife came, and de- 
sired him to show his friends the crown to pass 
the Ume till then. Tbis was complied with ; 
but no sooner had they entered (he room where 
the crown was kept, and the door, as usual, 
been shut, than they threw a cloiJi over the 
old man's head, ana clapped a gag into his 
mouth, which was a great plug of wood, with 
a small hole in the middle to lake breath at ; 
this was tied with a waxed leather, which went 
round his neck. At the same time they fast- 
ened an iron hook to his nose, that no sound 
mu^t pass from him that way either. 

Thus secured, they mid him that their reso- 
lution was to hare the crown, globe, and scep- 
tre ; and, if he would quietly submit to it, they 
would spare his life, otherwise be was to ex- 
pect no mercy. Notwithstanding this threat, 
ne forced himself to make all the noise that 
possibly he could, to be heard above; they 
then knocked him down with a wooden mallet, 
and mid him, that if yet he would lie quiet, 
they would spare bis iiie, but if not, upon bis 
next attempt to discover them, they would kill 
him, and pointed three daggers at his breast. 
Mr. Edwarfs, however, by his own account, 
was not yet intimidated, but strained himseV to 
make the greater noise. In consequence, they 
gave him nine or ten strokes more upon the 
head with the mt^et (for so many bruises 
were found upon the skull), and stabbed him 
into the beUy. This ferocious Vestment occa- 
soned the old man, now almost eighty years of 
age, to swoon ; and he lay some time in so 
'- - condition, that one of tbe mis- 



tl4 



THE TOBTRIST. 



eieattts sAid, ^Ke is d^ad, 111 wammt faioi." 
EdMrafds, who bad oome a little to liiinself, 
beard his woids, and, conceiving it beet to be 
likmght so, lay quietajr. 

The rieh prize was now witbin the villains' 
grasp, and one of them, named Panot, put the 
orb into lus breeches ; Blood h^ the crown 
asder his cloak ; and the tfaiid wasprooeeding 
to file the sceptre in two, in order tiiat it ndght 
be put into a bag, beeanse tod 1<mi^ to carry, 
when their proceedings were intemipted by 
tiie unexpected arrival of a son of Sft. Sd» 
wards, fiom Flanders, who, having ftnt spokes 
to the person who stood on the watch at tile 
door, went up stairs to salute his rdations. 
SeiziAg the opportunity, the ruffians instantly 
basted away with llie cvown and oib, leaving 
the soeptre unfiled. 

The old keeper now raised himself, and, 
freeing his mouth from the gag, cried, ** Trea- 
son! — murder!" which being heard by his 
daughter, she rushed out of doors and reite- 
rated the cry, with the addition, ^ Hie crown 
is stolen!" The alarm being thus given, 
young Edwards and Captain Beckman, his 
brother-in-law, pursued the robbers, who were 
advanced beyond the main guard [at the 
White lV)wer], and were hastening towards 
Ae draw-bridge. Here the Warder put him- 
self in posture to stop them ; but, on Blood 
firing a pistol at him, he fell, although unhurt, 
and the thieves got safe to the little Ward- 
house Gate, where one Sill, who had been a 
soldier under Cromwell, stood sentinel; but 
be offering no opposition, they passed over the 
draw-bridge, and through the outward gate 
upon the wharf. Horses were stationed for 
them at St Katharine's Gate, called the Iron 
Gate, and, as they ran that way, they raised 
the cry of " Stop die rogues !'* by which device 
they proceeded, unopposed, until overtaken by 
Captain Beckman, at whose head Blood dis- 
charged his second pistol; but the captain 
avoided the shot by stooping down, and im-* 
mediately seized the ruffian. The crown was 
still beneath his cloak ; and, although every 
chance of escape was now over, he straggled 
vigorously to retain his prey; and, when it 
was wrested from him, said, "• It was a gallant 
attempt, howsoever unsuccessful ; for it was for 

a crown !" 

In this "robustious struggle" a large pearl, a 
&ir diamond, and. a number of smaller stones, 
were bulged from the crown; but both the 
former, and several of the latter, were subse- 
quently picked up and restored; the ballas 
ruby, which had been broken off the sceptre, 
was found in Parrot's pocket, so that notning 
of considerable value was eventualK lost 
Parrot (who had been a silk-dyer in "niames 
Street, and afterwards a lieutenant in the par- 
liament's service) was stopped by a servant; 
and Hunt, Blood's son-iurlaw, who had been 
waiting with the horses, was soon afterwards 
seized, together with two others of the party. 

The attempted robbery was imrnediately 
made known to the king, who commanded 
that the two persons first seized, and who had 
been lodged in the White Tower, should be 
examined in his own presence at Wbitehal]^ 
This circumstance is supposed to have saved 
them from the gallows. 

During his examination, Blood behaved 
with the most unblushing effirontery. He not 
only acknowledged having been the leader in 
an atrocious attempt upon the life of the Duke 
of Ormond (whom he had intended to hang 
at Tyburn), but also avowed that he had been 
engaged to kill his majesty himself, wil3i a 
carbine, from among the reeos, by the Thames' 
tide, above Battersea, where he often went to 



swim; thait the caun of ihia resolution, in 
hims^ and. c^hers^ vwas, his m^esty'a severity 
over tha conscieuceaof the ^odly, in suppress- 
ing the £reedom of their religious assemblies ; 
but that, when he had taken his stand among 
the reeds fbr that purpose, his heart was 
checked by an awe of mB^estj ; which made 
him not only to^xelant himself but likewise to 
divert his aasocifites from their design^ 

Wh^ further questioned, as to those asso- 
ciates, he replied, that he would never betray 
a friend's life, nor ever deny a guilt in defence 
of his own. At the same time he told the 
king, that he knew diese confessions had laid 
him open to the utmost rigour of the law ; 
but that there were hundreds of his friends, 
yet undiscovered, who were all bound, by the 
indispensable oaths of conspirators, to revenue 
each other's death upon those who should 
bring them to justice; which would expose 
his miyesty, and idl his ministers, to the daOy 
fear and expectation of a massacre. But, on 
the other side, if his majesty would spare the 
lives of a few, he might oblige the hearts of 
many ; who, as they had been seoi to do 
daring mischief, would be as bold, if reoBived 
into pardon and favour, to perfann eminent 
services for the crown. 

After this examination. Blood and his aa» 
complices were remanded to the Tower, there 
to be kept as close prisoners ; but, to the sojw 
prise of the nation, tbey were -all sidneeiiMitlx 
pardoned and released. BSood himself haa 
landed property granted to Imn, in. lineiaiid, to 
the amount of ^500 per aanmtt ; ani was 
likewise admitted into ul tliet^wTOoraiiddnkiU 
macy of the court, in whkk oe iaanstrioasly 
employed his influence, and bscaana a« naesi 
successful solicitor in others!! baliidf ; brtmawy 
gentlemen courted his aoraaaatev^as the 
Indians pray to the deviii^ tiint'tha^,nM9^iiit 
hurt them. 



•^W«»-k 



CHAMOIS HUNTING, 

Chamois are very fearfuV, oertaioly nat 
without sufficient cause; and their sense^-off 
smell and sight being most acute, it is ex- 
tremely difficmt to approach them within the 
range of a shot- Tbey are sometimes hunted 
with dogs, but oftener without, as dogs drive 
them away to places where it is difficult to 
follow them, when a dog is used, he is to be 
led silentiy to the track, which he will never 
afterwards lose, the scent being very strong. 
The himter, in the meantime, chooses a proper 
station to lay in wait for the game — some 
narrow pass through which its flight will most 
likely be directed. 

More frequently the himter fdUows his dog, 
with which he easily keeps pace by taking a 
straighter direction, but calls him back in 
about an hour, when he judges the chamois to 
be a good de^ exhausted, and inclined to lie 
down to rest ; it is then approached with less 
difficulty. An old male wUl flrequently tura 
against the dog whim pursued, and, while 
keeping him at bay, allows the hunter to ap- 
proach very near. 

Hunters, two or three in company, generally 
proceed without dCgs. They carry & sharp 
noe to cut steps in the ice, each lus rifle, hooks 
to be. fastened to his shoes, a mountaJji*stick 
with a piece of iron, and in his pouch a short 
Gpy-glass, bkudey cakes, cheese, and brandy 
made of gentian or cherries. Sleeping the 
first night at some of those upper chalets 
which are left open at all times, and always 
provided with a little dry wood for a fire, they 
reach theic hunting-grounds at day-liflrht 
There, on some commanding situation, they 



genefally find a Imji (at it is oatM) readr 
pseptfed^— twa atonea ttendiitg up on emC 
with saffidsiit space betvpieen them to see 
through without being seen ; there one of the 
hunters creeps, unperceived, without his gun,, 
and, caref\i1iy observing every way with his 
spy-glass, cBrects his companions by signs. 

The utmost circumspection and patience are 
requisite on the part of tbe hontor when ap- 
ywBMag his game ; a. windwaid sitoatioB 
would ialUlibly betray him hf the* seent ; he 
creeps on from one hiding rock to another, 
witJb his shirt over his dothes, and lies motion- 
less in the snow, often for half an hour toge- 
ther, when the herd appears alarmed' and near 
taking flight Whenever he is near enough 
to disthigttish the bendmjf of iht honu, that is, 
about the distance of 200 or 250 steps, he ts^es 
aim ; but. if^ at the moment of raising his 
piece, the chamois should look towards him, he 
must remain perfectly still : the least morion 
would put them to flight before he could fire, 
and he is too far to risk a shot otherwise than 
at rest Id taking aim, he endeavours to pidc 
out the darkest coat, which is always the fiittest 
.amraai';. this darkness is bnly comparative, foe 
the colour of tiie animal varies continually, 
'batweea Qghtbay in summer, and dark bro^iii, 
or evea^btack, in winter. Accustomed as the 
ofaaxaoia. are to frequent and loud detonations 
aaeaig the ^Utoieis, they do not mind &e 
regnt of the arma so much as the smell o£ 
'gnng^wd^ ortbe sight of a man; there are 
insteneas o£ the hunter having time to load 
'apds, audi fire a- second time, after missings 
the fiirst) if net seen. No one but a sportsmaxx 
can understasid' the jpy of him who, afler so 
luMMb teil^ sees his p|iey fall ; with shouts of 
•savaas tihnaph he springs to seize it, up to 
his m o e ei u/sapw^' di^atches the victim if he' 
finab^riaeLoiot-qiiitadead, and often swallows a 
diau^xtiof wans blood, deemed a specific 
apiinst'gMldkiess. He then guts the beast 
^to lessen Its miijliti ti«athe feet together, and 
'then ppee oc ds down the mountain, much 
i^Hfir. har ttie additional load he carries. 
'mym 1^ dSiy is not too far spent, the himt- 
ers, hiding carefully their game, continue the 
chase. At home, the . chamois is cut up, and 
the pieces salted or smoked ; the skin is sold to 
make gloves or leathern breeches; and the 
horns are hung up as a trophy in die fiEimily. 
Amiddle^ized chamois w^ghis from fifty- to 
seventy povndsyandy when iargood ease^ ym4m 
as much as saven pounda^of mt . Net uafie** 
quenUy the best mairksman is selectadto lie in: 
wait for the game, while his associates, leaving 
their rifles l(^ed by him, and acting the part 
of hounds, drive it towards the spot. Some- 
times, when the passage is too narrow, a 
chamois, reduced to the last extremit}', wiS 
rush headlong on the foe, whose only resousoe, 
to avoid the encounter, which, on the brink o£ 

Srecipices, miist be fatal, is to lie down inune- 
iateiy, and let the frightened animal pass 
over mm. There was once an instance of a 
herd of fourteen chamois which, being hard 

Sressed, rushed down a precimce to certain - 
eath rather than be taken. It is wonderful 
to see them climb abrupt and naked rocks, 
and leap^from one narrow clifi'to another, iha 
smallest projection serving them for a point of 
rest, upon which they ali^t, but only just t». 
take another spring. Their agilDty made people. 
believe formerly that they could support them-*- 
selves by means of their hooked horns. Iliey 
have been known to take leaps of twenty'-fire 
feet down hill, over fields of snow. 
I The leader of the herd is always an old 
'female, never a male. She stands watching, 
when tiia others lie down, and rests when xhej 



THB VOmiST. 



215 



are up at feed ; listeniir^ to ^cry 8(yand, and 
anxiously hMng afovnd. She often ascends 
a firagment of rock, or. heap of drifted snow, 
for a wide field of ob66ivatk>n, maJung a^rt 
of gende hissing noise when she suspects any 
danger ; but when the sound rises to a sharper 
note, the Tshole tioop flies at once, like the 
wind, to some more remote and higheor part of 
4he iQOuntaui. The death of this old leader 
is genemllv fatal to the beid. Their fondness 
for salt makes them frequent salt springs and 
aalt marshee, wheie hiyttev lie in wait for 
them. The latter oracttse also a rery odd 
Ttue de guerre. Having observed the chamois 
are apt to approach oatde on the pastures, taad 
graze near them, a hunter will crawl on all 
fours towards cattle, with salt spread on his 
hade, to attract the cattle, and is immediately 
fluaounded and hid by them so completely, 
that he finds no difficulty iii advancing very 
near the chamois, and talong a sure aim. At 
other times a hunter, when discovered, will 
drive his stick into ^e snow, and place his 
hat on the top of it; then, creeping away, go 
immd anoAer way, while tiie same remains 
intent on the same object, which it still sees 
in the same place. — From SimontPs Switzer- 
land* 



REVIEW. 

Report fbom the Select Committee of 
THE House of Commons on the Extinc- 
tion OF ^LAVBRY. Loudou: Shcrwood, 
Gilbert, and Piper. 1833. 

Evert aholitionist in the kingdom should 
immediately obtain this volume. The multi- 
farious and important information which it 
supplies establishes the general correctness of 
tiie view which anti-slavery vmters have been 
accustomed to ^ve of the immorality of the 
white, and the wietchedness of the black 
population of the West Indies. The safety of 
immediate emancipation, nay, more than diis, 
the fearful convulsions whicn are hazarded by 
its delay, is also distinctly affirmed by nume- 
rous, intelligent, and dtantereeted observeis. 
Accustomed as we have been to the examina* 
tion of documents bearing on this question, 
we have neyer met with one which supplies so 
complete a vindication of our cause, or enables 
us so triumphantly to refute the unbhidiing 
£ilsehoods m our opfwuents. Let any person 
be thoroughly acquainted with this volume, 
and he need not fear the most subtle, talented, 
and unflinching of the colonial advocates. 

The West Indians must bitterly repent their 
having so clamorously demanded the appoint- 
ment of this Committee. They meant it for 
evil, but Ood has overruled it for good. Thus 
it frequently happens that &e veiy means 
which vice employs for the aooorapliemBent of 
its designs are rendered subservient to the in- 
terests of virtue. The reprint before us is pub- 
lish^^ at a very cheap rate, and shoidd be 
extensively and rapidly circulated. Hie evi- 
dence of Messrs. Taylor, Wildman, and Aus- 
tin, in conjunction with diat of the mission- 
aries, Barry, Boacan, asd Knibb, and of 
Admiral Fleming, wfll be found to snpplv a 
comprehensive, accumte. and heart-reniung 
view of the stale of the uave population. To 
this portion of the volume we would espedally 
dupact attantio&B'thoiUEh'tha oolttual vBtussses 
will be found, on a careful examination, to 
luMFO materially sdr^ed our oaase. 

We purpose extractiBf^ from the Report in 
successive numbers of oui^ work ; and, at pre- 



sent, confine oundTtsto the evidence of Mr. 
Wildman, the proprietor of three estates, and 
of 640 slaves, respecting the extent and nature 
of the punisbinents indieted in Jamaica. The 
Ivw refenred to in his rqilies is still in force. 
The clause respecting punishment was incioded 
in the Act of 1831. 

"What do yon conceive was the limitation of 
year power in Jamaica at the lime, as to puniah- 
BMut of the slaves f-^If I had stock te the law, 
which is net asaalH the case, either one side or 
the other, I might Imve given them tiiirty-nine 
lashes with the whip ; I punished him with a small 
cat made of string with six tails to it. 

" As yon were permitted with respeet to law, 
mieht you have given to the extent or thirty-nine 
lasnes altogether if any thing displeased yon, or 
must it have been for some legal offence ? — ^Just as 
1 liked, for looking at me. 

" That yon understood to be the law at that time 1 
— Decidedly 3 I was the sole judge when a man 
should be punished, and to what extent, provided 
it was not beyond tbat; that was the nominal 
punishment I was restricted to by law ; but per- 
sons do go far beyond the law constantly. 

" Yoar undsntandiag, and from your coavena- 
tion with other gentlemen, yen believe their under- 
standing of the ttate otf the law to be that, for 
looking at you, a man might be punished with 
thirty-nine lashes? — ^That I put as an extreme 
case ; it was perfectly arbitraiy ; and, if a slave 
did any thing to q^lend his overseer or owner, he 
might do that. 

** Ton understood that a man was not liable to 
be Questioned for the exercise of punishment with- 
in those limits ? — Certainly ; he was answerable 
to no one." 

Here is a commentary on the law of Jamai- 
ca, which, if read by the .people of England, 
will harrow up their soul, and sting them, by 
the thought of the negro's wrong, to e£fect his 
speedy redemptioQ. 

One extract more, and we have done for the 
present. The following is fxoim Mr. Wildman's 
evidence, and may serve to show us what the 
kindness is which the negroes are reported by 
ihe colonists to receive firom their masters. 

" What are the pmuahments in use in the island 
of Jamaica now 1— They are very cruel ones. 

*' Will you state what they are ? — ^The general 
system of floffgine is to give tliem a certain number 
of stripes wim a long i^ip, which inflict a dread- 
ful laceration or a madful contusion ; and then 



tnmely filthy, that was at ffalfc^^ Tree, «esr my 
own house; I had occasion to commit a negro 
there, and she was reported to me to be in soliad 
a state, I made a point of inspecting the gaol in 
consequenoe, and found it in a most filthy stale, 
and the punishaients were very little short of the 
inquisition ; the^ were actually tortured t^ere ; 
the mode ^ fioggmg was to pot a rope round each 
wrist, and a rope round each ancle, -and then they 
were what the sailors call bowsed out with a tacUe 
and puUies. 

" Did yon make any oomplaint of this state of 
the workhouse in St Ann's 1—1 did to the custos 
and to the pariah generally. 

•* What was the result of that complaint ^^TIle 
result was, that the system of the block and tackle 
was defended as being a humane practice, that it 
prevented their turning ; bat, when I went to eaamiae 
the gaol, a negro was called to come and lie down* 
that I might see how it was done ; a skin was pat 
down on the gravel, he was laid upon the skin, and 
Chen this tackle vras applied to him ; and, though I 
was looking on, and several others at the time, a 
negro took hold of the rope to draw it up, the man 
gave a yell that quite made me start. 

** Was that from apprehension I—From the ac- 
tual pain." 



APHORISMS. 



As the rose-tree is composed of the sweetsst 
flowers, and the sharpest thorns ; as the heavens 
are sometimes fiedr and sometimes overcast, alter- 
nately tempestuous and serene : so is the life of 
man intermiagled with hopes and fears, with joys 
and senows, vrith pleMuree and with pains.-^ 
Burton. 

Friendship consists properly in mutual offices, 
and a geaereus strife in alternate acts of kindness i 
but he who does a kindoess to an ungrateful per- 
son, sets hb seal to a flint, and sows his seed 
upon tiie sand .- upon the former he makes no im- 
I>reB8ion, and from the latter he finds no produc- 
tion. — Dr. Sovth. 

Advice, like snow, the softer it falls, the looger 
it dwells upon, and the deeper it sinks into the 
hearL — CoLERinoE. 

The ideas as well as children of our youth 
oflben die before us ; and our minds represent to 
us those tombs to which we are approaching, 
where, thouffh the brass and marble remain, yet 
the inscripuons are efiaced by time, and the 
imagery moulders away. The pictures drawn in 
our minds are laid on in feuiing colours, and, if 



they follow up that by a vot severe flogging with not sometimes refieshed, vanish and disappear., 
ebony switches, the ebony being a very strong wiry I Locke. 



|rfaat, vrith small leaves like a myrtle-leaF, and 
under every leaf a very sharp tough thorn, and 
then, after that, they xno Ihem with brine. 

" la vrhat put Imve you known that practised 1 
-'I can speak of it as having been practised in 
every part of the island. 

"To your own knowledge W*I never saw it 
done ; I could not have bone it ; but I have seen 
the slaves who have complained of its having been 
done, and shown me their persons ; and my own 
people have complained most woeAklly of it ,- they 
strike them a aumber-of times with oae, aad then 
throw that away and take another ; also they pinish 
them in the bilboes in the most unmerciful man- 
ner. 

" That IS a species of stocks 1— Yes ; there is an 
iron clamp goes round the foot, and it is put into 
a bar, so that they may have ten or a dozen on the 
saaie bar ; they let them out for their woik, and 
put them in again when that is over, and keep 
them for three weeks together. 

"Can they recline at night? — Yes, they do 
recline ; the henoh is an iadiaed plaae, and the 
iron bar is along the bottom of it, when the foot is 
clamped on upon the iron bar, and the negro lies 
back: the punishments in' the workhouse also are 
dreaafui. 

" Is the stats of the gaols good in teneral 1— *I 
have never been in any hat one^ aad mat was ex* 



Dreams may be said to be the relaxation and 
amusement of the soul when she is disencumbered 
of her machine ; her sports and recreations when 
she has laid her charge asleep. — Addison. 

The shortest way to be rich is not by enlarging 
our estate, but by contracting our desires. . 



TO THE POET CAMPBELL. 

Camfbsll ! I much have lov'd thy classic strain. 
Fraught with high thought, and fervid fieeUng 
• pure; 

Rousing young hearts to dare, and to endorej 
All things for truth and freedom ; to disdain 
Ambition's vulgar trophies-^the vile train 
Of sordid baits, that servile souls allure i 
latent a nobler gueiden to secure, 
And live like those who have not lived in vain. 
Ah ! wherefore silent that inspiring shell. 
Round which our hearts with young entianoement 

hUBffI 

The thrilling chords thy touch can wake so well 
To patriot strains — why slumber they unstrune % 
What, though thou hast achieved a deathless 

name, 
God and mankind have yet a holier claim ! 

T.P. 



IHHEDIATE ABOLITION OF SLAVERY. 




tdbrlka' 
MfcWib 



THB TOURIST. 
SLAVERY. 

Jut Ptfillilwd, ia Oh Vttamt •«., pp. W, cIwdT 
prialwl, fric* Ik^ 

PHE BEPORTINPCLL FROM THE aE. 



P«|i« 

ifloi tki tntaB IMlr u u iBOEdliu unniniikii. 

Tbilt wUbt m daplon Oil tMiUoh of tba iptrlt iDd 
kUcT orovOoDiUlalloii.ortk* Uw of aattoDi. lad lb* ■■« 
•r Ood, br wUck uulr WMM tf Iha liaraan (unUy.ud 
•f owfclloir--"— ^ — .. .1. .— .- 

Ik UinldDBI. UM UMlpWUitH iqiwiu wivj 

Orewi, isd fMUnd by Ow proleeli™ 

M»pk Jcilnu mill beullnf it thtli (rccdon, we tb.t 

• ' "ilnsi M longer; Ihml we ddMiM 

.,„, „ iiTQf IbeBritlihiMptrt.iiHt Ihi 

•nnlilil of >be Briltoh FuUmcnl.wba b dm dbqaaliSnl 
by utui crinwi itilaM tb* weU-bdiw of lockii, Ui 
iDiUnl vmucLpAtLoD-^trDtcMlDf, MM m do, tliBt the llbetly 
otOte nblKi U unriitbtKHily loTided k la<i|u<tseiliTe 

E LeiiilMiin of OBI 



iUYouf, 
B.WkU- 



ibutlre ud ImB 



BBIrj to UkB lUt lobjeci 



wilTb^ ■! 



vkilOBB nqnlAltt 

dlly Mjiplitd by IhV i"ltJoDi"rf F«iisi 



itlnnuee of Sliien' ; (bit Ibe pni- 
K euibllihmeiil of Ihe ma(liirriai 



MoTcdby ^e Bev.Tuo 



lb* tUnld or Ibi 
nudedby Hr.T 



M^Mty. by ind MilL Ibr iililcE of hli Privy Crnii 
tbe (lerelM of bis royil pierojjilivp ww«di ihe 
Colonlel Ind by bi> Royal S(D«lnD to incb 1 Bill j 
be puKd by the two Hobki of ParlliDieut fW Ibe 
dluli EmiDdpilinii of the Slave FopnliUoD Id tbi 



4 b, Mr. 



mu, bq., Ud eu™. 

AlB, StcoDd Edition, price «d., 
A PULL asPORT Of tbe DISGUBStOM li 
SBMBLT-BOOHS, BATH, i- "- ■"" ' " 



M tbe 9*1. W. KFIBB nod II 



™SS',Oiib^.^ 



lr,~-HnlB| bem «>r lb 



laembCT to hive eVloycd enriou to ■ dreadfal ittKit 
wbltb I eipeiieiKtd lul Norunber, of low iwtnB Omr, 
I feri II my boaadcm ditj, ■tier nrtualac Ikulu I* Al- 
mEfbly Goii for my b^tw wtoamy. In pvHtsde fbr year 
kind iiteniloa, to miki Ibk vkuitMi^cBi of ths mr 
wnu brpctl I TCHlnd (ran tho bh of Mr. MiHimV 
SJoBbl Tiieuble DdIwhI HnUdM. HTtUlTlelbiK 
I look tbe^nkl, bclBK k ID ud wink ■! Ike tls* ebo 
Hnt (Ac yoB » to be BDaHt to Uk* ths pOk nd yoa 
were «( for. !■ eoB*B<|«» of tbs mtil& 1 had pre- 
TloBily taken *M ^TiB| aa a>} tMbI; ladccd,! wu m 
III tb>t I doD't recollecl ubil paned ; bat m.j tiMa ten* 
me that 1 had Haily kM bt hariBf, and sDlld ody 
■■ peal dlMcdly, and thai, by 7oaradTka,tka 
^_._, 1 to Bit la «rj nroaj doatB ; 



Editorial dcpartmeiil 

Bodety. The opiy bo 

■lie, in Urte type, tb. 

SoUby SamnelBai 



of Ibe BriUA and Torrlin Bible 
k Id Ibe EnfUdi liBtnaie of III 
: Bontaina a book of Ibe Bible. 
iUt, FaterBoMerBow ; Anb,Coia. 



BHdidHtwi 
the tkt of Horii 



d DranliC, «lat 
BH to £»ag per i 

r, poet paid) 10 



For fenders, nRE-IR0N3, KNIVES.&c. 



by the Bet. 
It three Renin' 



Boroogl,, Ihcy bs forv..,d«l for prrKu 
poMHileaflprllieopeninj^rf^PatUiineDt. 

Moved by Ur. Wh. Wl'iT ; nctonA 

"iv". That the Addirii to the KlDg be ligned by i 
CbllTDIan. on btbaU of Ibe Ueeliog, and lilDilullted 
the Righl Hon. the LonI Hlib GIHDeellor, nltb a rcqo 
thai be will lay ihe Addmi before bli Hajniy. 
Moved by ibe Bev. K. W. Bahiltok! Keonded bj 

T. B, CHiatuwoaTH. 
V. That Ihe Petillooi ll? placed hr llualnre la go 

5bB^ the BlKht Hod. El """^ " '"'^ " ' 



Ifaealej 



PellliDD 



, by Si. Bdw. Bitau, Jon. ; 
Bev. F. A, Wnrt. 
Vt. That the foUonlni GentlemeD-be a Gomialtln 
HBDactmeDI:- 

Mr. Boberi Joirllt, I Hr. G. K.HInl, 

Hr. Kewnian Caah, Bcv. Thoniai Scatn, 

Hr. WllUaiu Wallet, Rer. Jsnei At*onh, 

Hr.JoliDF. Claphun, kr. Wllllain Wett. 

Kr.Anibon,TiiW. 1 
lined by Mr. Johh J. Kitihi ; KCOBded by Hi 

TIL Tbil Ibe Petition be placed for SlfDalnre at uch 
Plictso theComiDlltecmay apnolDI; and that the Reu- 
latknu, Ae. be prinled BDder their dlnxlloD. 

Haved by the Btv. Johk Audirkh ; Mconded by Hi 

J.P. CUPHtK. 

GEORGE WAILES, Cbainntn. 

Ibe Ttiy «; ■ " 

le Waiis, : 

"SeMd'bf'Ht. »' T. Bi. 



londsd by tbs 



if not appiove 
Tea Crn, u 



per pair: Ivory-btnc 
, Forjt, 4M. Ibe lel 



; Bloek-iln Dlih Coven 



■.; Bottle Jack), St. Od.; Copper Wi 

Irata Candietiichi, la. 4d. per nir; Bciiuiuu.uicui j 

■"•S lt.4d. eachi lapaanoit Tea Trayi, U.; Walli 

Biaad Trayi, M. : lapaDaed Chamber Cuidlntic 

" - rr .. _ _ ,j„ 



liai^hec, Sd.i Si 
eelTaUe KBitce a 



tD; Copper Coa]4coopa, 1 



<bebatf.di. --„- r- - * 

venied llleDiU for oddUde PoUloei, iniierior to th(. 
boiled, iteaued, ortaaa1ad,pri«dk, da.,BDdTa.; Copper 



Far Stady Monty only, ami no tbatnunt atditc. 






nr, wUeb tot iwia, bj 
, iat aeeampHAed. It li. 
increiore, my wiH inai uiu auy be Bads |nHle, ftat Ae 
inleted. Id the wanla(nasi.iaay Doldeipalr. Ibcflo 
iSer my beat Ibaaki lo Hr. Horiswi for the UvcndoD of 
Ibe Hedldue, aod am, Sir, 

Tonr very obUitd haBbll Hrvaiil, 

Hett<«d, Seplnnber Ud, lin. 

CAUTION TO THE PUBUC. 
MORISON-S UNIVERSAL MEDICINE3 
baling laperseded the nae of almost aU tbe Patent Ha- 
dlclaet vThkb tbe wholesale Tendcn have fOlMcd apon 

yVM^nb^'lZr^dmgjM and rhcmbla, DM luTto^fri^wlII 
a fair (une on ike lovenlkia of aoy pkaitUe Beaas of 
eonpetitlw, have plmiged iolo the taeaa cipedknt of pnC- 
ing np a " Di. Hoct^aoa" (obMm the tibtcifnge of tb* 
double r), a being vrbo ncrer ealitad, as prescriU^ a 
" Vegelable TInlveruI PIU, Mo. 1 and t," for tbe cipma 

EBipDK rby meaDt of tbli forced ImvoattlDB gpoa lb* pab- 
cl^detEiiorillng Ihe ettin^Mon vrtbe "UKIVEBSAI. 
HEDICINES" of lbs " BHITISH COLLEGE OF 
HEALTH." 
Kxuir illMem, Iben, that thli attempted detadou 



5*'°"""' 



.1 (howe 



'I ^l^en 



I, Kiag't Croi 



iCbUege bi 

tkinei'' Im 



i....,.,».iu,.==,»..,».™-.."i— jel-.ilr.Piebl'^M.Air- 
itnei, Quadrant i Hr. Cbappeil't, Royal Euhange: Mr. 
Walker'i, Lamb'a-coDdBlt-ptmie, Bed-lloo*lnare ; Hr. 
J. Loft'i, HUe.eBd.raadi Hr. Bennetft, Coteot^rdem- 
maiket; Mr. Haydoh't, FleBr.de-U>-uiirt, Nonoo.Ailgats ; 
Mr. Bailel't, IV, Ratdllft-h^wiy i Mean. Nmbnryi, 
Brenlford i Mrs. Steppln*, Clare-maAet ; Meon. 8almoa, 
Utile BeU-alley ; Hfcs Vaiai'i, M, tacaaalreet. Oommt- 
eiil-roul; Hn. Beech's, T, 8biaiK.sqBaTe, Chelsea; Hn. 
Chspnle'i, Boyal Library, PsD-malt-, Hn. Flppcn-t, IB, 
WinVroieplace, Cterkemren I Hiu C. Atkiuoa, 1», Haw 
Tr1nlly.fniBDdt, Dtptford; Hi. Taylor, Haaw^j Mr. 
KlitluD, 4, BoUngbroka-raw, Walworth i Hr. Payne. M, 



I, ^ay-i-bnlUlngi,' Blaebbeait 



Wood's, 

piiT, rrcori 

luhalli 



COUGHS of the moit obadniie kind, wbetlier 
IcUna fRHB Cold,AjIhna,or CoBatllntioaal Diseaie, 
are erectoally cared by TOZIER-B EXPECTORANT 
COUOH POXa. TheiePllIa wUl be 
and pernuocnt relief, by aUaylag t. 
Uuoal ; and, by promolliit ewy eaiHCti 
acenmnlated phlegm, v^eeilnf, sad 

Eat ranlnd of tbe bcnedt der' — ' '"■ "■-' -' — '- 

irtt olicred thcm_to Ihe notice 




SrafilHila the 



Rlchmoml ; Hr. Ueyar, I. 

Hr. Oriffiibt, Wood.wbaif, Grei 

wan-toad, Lambeth; Hr. ]. T 

Stnnd; Mr. Oliver, Brldge^lrecl, Vaul 

Hoaek, Bailey Heath ; Hi. T. Stokei, 11, 

Depi(aTd;Hr. CoweU, M, Terrace, Flmlko, ,.^. ..--.., 

»0,TMBware.nia<t; Hr. Han, PortmioBlh-i*a«, KeBalni- 

isn-lanc; Mr. CbarleswoHh, grocer, IM, SbotediKh: Mr. 

B. G. Bower, grocer. M, Briek-bse, St. laka'i ! Hi. 8. 

J. ATUa,pawBb^er,opposlIe tbechiirch,HackBty) f- 

J. 8. Briggi, " ~ - - . - - 



T. Osidue 



, M, Woodta 



lake Newiutoa : Mr. 

...,.....,,», . *•*»*. BKlf.Nortoo- 

fklnle ; Hr. J. WlUlaBiOa, It, aeabrl5)it.Dlace, Haekney- 
nad; Hr.I.Osbon, WeBntrset. HacVmyiowt, a«l 
Homeitwi; Mr. H.Ooii, rociW,li,OBloii.«eaJ,Blth«is. 

C.|tnct: Mr. T. Waller, Aaa*eB>aatai,ar,BaxtoBOM 
D : and at ODa agent's b every prtKlpal town in fireat 
BriialB, tbe Islaads of eaemsey and Maluj and thronth- 
OBt the wbol* of tbe United States of A B t t if a. 

N. B. The tMbige win DM be anmviiable flir the e«»- 
seoBSBUs at any medlclBM ssW by any chymlst or dranW, 
as DOH each an allowed to sell Ihe " Alnlrenal Hedl- 



Friat«d btr J. Hadboh ind Co. ; 
bj J. C«n», bt Mo. 37, Iry Jam, Piie™o««er 
Row, whera aU AdvtttuemBDU and Commoa;* 
cttiou for thi Editor vt to bt addrMMd. 



THE TOURIST; 

OK, 

^iutcli modH of tht €imt». 



" Utilb dulci."— ^raee. 



[WITH A SUPPLEMENT, 



ToL. I.— No. 27. 



MONDAY, FEBRUARY 26, 18»3. 



Pbicb One Penmt. 



LLAMAS DESCENDING THE ANDES. 



The Llama, as well as the camel, ia 
distiiwnished from all other ruromant 
tmimais by the absence of horns, by the 

atnicture of their feet, and by the two 
incisive teeth in the upper jaw. In all 
these respects these two closely- allied 
^upB very nearly correspond. The pro- 
portions of the form, however, are lig4it«r, 



and the motions more spirited and lively, 
in the Llama than the camel. They ex- 
hibit no protuberances like the camel's, 
or the dromedEiry's hump, though they 
have traces of an excess of nutritive mat- 
ter under the skin, which, on occasions, 
is absorbed as a compensation for want 
of food. Their stomachs are, in some 



degree, similariy constructed ; a part m 
the liama reaemblea the reserYOirs for 
water in the camel, but tbey have no mu»- 
cular apparatus to close tbeir mouths, and 
allow the solid fiwd to pass into the di- 
gesting stomach without g<Mi^ into the 
cells. 
These similarities warrant natur*Usta 



ai8 



THE TOURIST. 



m 



in classing the camel and the Llama in 
the same genus, though they differ ii 
size and form. PPh^f #e twth fitted b 
nature for thil^nduomce ol Aetiguey bard 
ships, and prij^^tionfph— thetne,sinidsan\ 
deserts, und« a Tiuming s^n, and the 
other on the wastes of lofty mountains, 
with a region of perpetual snow above 
them. There are vanations iii tlie fool^, 
but these are modifications of nature, 
which fit them for their respective locali- 
ties. Both are without any real hoof; 
but the shorty thkk, ftnd croolced toes of 
the Llama, without the horny process 
whidi unites them in thB camel, woutd 
not suit them' far 1lie burning plains ; 
and, a habitation amid the rocks would, 
be unfitted for the feet of the camel. Yet 
each is adapted to exist in a very arid 
and sterile region. 

There is but little doubt that the do- 
mestication of the Llama has produced 
all the differences of colour and form for 
which the species are remarkable, and 
that the varieties known under the names 
of pacos, vicunnas, and guanacos, consti- 
tute butone original class. Captain George 
Sheloocke, an Engfishman, who sailed 
round the world in 1719-^22, thus de- 
scribes the Llamas, ^c, which he saw at 
Arica in Pctti : — 

'' At Arica they generally use that sort 
of little camels which the Indians of Peru 
call Llama$; the ChileBe, chilmeque ; 
and the Spaniards, cameras de la tierru, 
or native sheep. The heads of tiiese ani- 
mals are small m piropoction to tlieir b^ 
dies, and are sonewiiait in siiape between 
the head of a horse and that of a sheep, 
the upper lip being cleft, like that of a 
hare, txirongh which they can vpk to the 
distance of tan paces, against any one 
who offeads them* Their n^cks are long, 
and concavely bent downwards, like that 
of a camel. Their ordinary height is from 
four feet to four and a half, and their or- 
dinary burden does not exceed an hun- 
dfed-weight. They walk, holding up their 
heads, with wondeifiil gravity, so&d at so 
regular a pace that no beating can quicken 
it. At night it it impossible to make them 
move with th^r loads, for they lie down 
till these are taken off, and then go to 
graze. Hieir ordiaary food is a sort of 
grass, called yehoj somewhat like a small 
rush, but. finer, and has a sharp point, 
with which all the mountains are covered 
exclusively. They eat little, and never 
drink, so that they are easily maintained. 
They are used at the mines to carry ore 
to the mills ; and, so soon as loaded, they 
set off without any guide to the place 
where they ate usiually unloaded. 

** Their hair, or wool rather, is lon^, 
wfiite, grey, and numet, in ^>ots, and 
fine, but nMic^ inferior to that cf the 
Ticunna (vigonia), aivd has a strong and 
disagreeaMe scent. 

: '' The vicunna is shaped much like the 
Uama, hut nmch aniaUer and lighter, 



their wool being extraordinarily fine, and 
much valued. These animals are often 

iited** after the fcTlWin^ maimer : — 

iny Itidiaoa gather taf ethec^ and drive 
than into some na!Browf)ass, across which 
they have previously extended cords about 
four feet from the ground, having bits of 
wool or cloth hanging to them at smalls 
distances. This so frightens them Ihat 
they dare not pass, and they gather toge- 
ther in a string,, when the Indians kill 
them with stones tied to the ends of lea- 
ther thoags. Should any guanacos hap- 
pen to be among the flock, these leap 
over the cords, and are followed by all 
the vicunnas. These guanacos are larger 
and more corpulent^ and are also called 
viscaches. 

" There is yet another animal of this 
kind called alpagnes (alpacas), having 
wool of extraordinary fineness ; but their 
legs are shorter, and their snouts con- 
tracted in such a manner as to give them 
some resemblance to the human counte- 
nance. 

" The Indians make several uses of 
these creatures^ some of which carry bur- 
dens of about an hundred-wei^t. Their 
wool serves to make stuffs, covds, and 
sacks ; their bones are used for the con- 
struction of weaver's utensils ; and their 
dung is employed as fuel iot dressing 
meat a&d warming their huts/' 

The Llamas congregate together in 
considerable herds, on the side of the 
Andes, and generally in the colder and 
more ^vated regions. When the Spa- 
niards first arrived in Pern, they were 
the only beasts of burden employed by 
the natives ; and even at the present dav, 
when horses have become so excesswe^ 
conmon, they are usually preferred fori 
pas^ig the momtains, on which their 
sureaess of foet, exceeding that of the 
mule, gives Aem a manifest siai^ority. 
Ge&erdSy speaking they are quiet, docib, 
and tinud ; but they occasionally exhibit 
mnch Sfiitefulness, especially when teased 
or ill treated. Their mode of •evizicing 
this has been already maationed, as con- 
sisting in squirting their saliva through 
their deft lip with considerable force. 
Uke all the other ruminants, they sub- 
sist entirely on vegetables. In ..the me- 
nageries they have a particular f(»nibie«ft 
for carrots ; and if one of these is ai^ 
stracted while U)ey are eating, their anger 
is immediately roused, and they spit with 
the greatest vehemence, covering with 
their saliva a surface of three or four 
yards in extent. 

Humboldt, beautifully describing the 
primitive rudeness in which BBM»st of the 
tribes of South America remain, partly 
from geographical position, and partly 
from the spontaneous bounty of their cli- 
mate, notices, in his description, the 
eff&ct produced by the existence of the 
Llama and guanaco flocks. 

^^When we attentively eKambe this 



wild part of America, we appear to' be 
carried back to the .first, giges, when the 
earth was peopled step fcy *ep — ^we ^eem 
to ftsmt at tire birth of human societies. 
In the old vorld^ we hskJd the pastoral 
life prepare a people of huntsmen for the 
agricultural life. In the new world, we 
look in vain for these progressive deve- 
lopmtsivts .of civilization, these moments 
of repose, these resting-places in the life 
of a people. The luxury of vegetation 
embarrasses the Indian in the chase. As 
the rivers are like arms of the sea, the 
depth of the water for many months pre- 
vents their fishing. Those species 6rru- 
minating animals which conslittite the 
riches of the people of the oldworkt- 



wanting in the new. The bison, and the 
musk-ox, have not yet been reduced to 
tfee domestic state; the enormous mul- 
tiplication of the Llama and the guanaco 
have not produced in the natives the 
habits of the pastoral life." 



ANECDOTE OF WYCLIFFE. 

At one period of his Hfe, Wyclift's health 
was considerably impaired by the labour of 
producing hb numerous compositions, and the 
excitements inseparable firom the restless hos- 
tOities of his enemies. Beine stmosed to be 
in dangerous circumstances, liis old antago- 
nists, the mendicants, conceived it next to im- 
possible that so notorious an heresiazch should 
find himself near a futore world without the 
most serious apprehensions of approaching 
vengeance. But while thus conscious of their 
own rectitude, and certain that the dogmas of 
the refonn^ had arisen from the suggestions 
of the great enemy, some advantages to their 
cause were anticipated could the dying cul- 
prit be induced to make any iecantatio& of his 
palUifi^ied opinions. WycUffie was in Oxford 
when Hhis nidniesB airested Ins acti?i^, and 
coQ&aed him to Idfi dhaanher. From tlue four 
uiderB of frian, four dsotoosB, who wew also 
eaBed vsgeote, were gravely dmded to wait 
ott liMor csjkmf eaenay ; ana to these' the 
sane suaKher of eivil officers, called senators 
€i "^e caU, and aldermen sif te wuds, Were 
added. When ISms embassy eateied tiw apart- 
ment of the Rector of Lotterwcsllh, lie was 
seen stiesched on his bed. Seone load withes 
were first expressed as to las fe«tter healdi, and 
the Uesabig of a Woi» leoeveiy. ft was pre- 
9BB&!f Bug^Bsted, ^at Jie must beaamie ofthe 
many wrangi ^kii 4^ whaile mendicant 
biodierhood bad asstaaaad from Ms attacks, 
especiall^r » hs sennMS, aad in eeitidn of his 
«BMB|f8'; aad, as daa^ was now agMamtly 
aboirt 10 zmBim^ Mm, It was muimStf hoped 
Ihat^ wvnld vet •ocmoaal has oenitence, but 
distmedy lerdke wbatever lie nad preferred 
against tiiom to 'diebr ix^viy* The sick man 
Temained.si)eBt sod motionless tmtil this ad- 
dress was conehided. He then beckoned his 
servants to raise him in his bed ; and, fixing 
his eyes on the persons assembled, summoned 
all ms remaining strength, as he exclaimed 
aloud, "I shall not die hut live, and shaU 
again declare the evil deeds of the fiiare." The 
doctors and their attendants now hurried from 
his presence, and they lived to feel the truth of 
his nrediction ; nor will it be easy to imagine 
another scene more characteristic of the parses 
composing it, or of the times with which ills 



TOB TOrtFJMffT. 



9ld 



ASHAB£rHUNT. 

Ths. lanaiian,. busy taking <iiBtai>oflfi> otaim . 
lus aextaut hastily into the ease; its computer, 
nrQ{kin|;out his longitude) (heves his hpoks on 
4X00 side ; the marine Okfficei ahandcMiB Ju» ex- ' 
ten]kal.flute ; the doctor sUits frtnii his nui^; the 
j^ttjses josiffBs the oomjdete book ; aoid ereiy 
man aod boy^ horweycr euAged^ soshea on 
dack to see the vilia^.die. Even the nMHakegp, 
if there be one on boards tak^s a vehcmewt ii^ 
tesestin the \%'hole prvgresaofithia wihi scene. 
X Temfimbec once observing Jacko running' 
:ba«kivaids and fdrwacds alang the.afteihpafiof 
the Boop haouno^-^Mttiag, gpinaiogr ecBeavah 
jU^,aQa chatteriiig at. such a late, that^asit 
9aa neiMcI^= oalm^ he .was. beard aU oYor the 
deidss*. " What's ihe matter with yon» Maater . 
Mona?'' aaid thequarterTOiaster) lov the ani- 
be^rL came fkaoK Teneriffe* and* ppeserved his 
Spanish cognomco. Jacko soplied not^ b||t 
j&arely «tretcbing his head omer the ndling, 
stared with hisses, almost bunting ftcpalus 
jMad, and,. by the intensity of hia.giany. based 
his teeth and gums nearly from ear to eaf . 
'' Jilea^nger! run to the cook for a> pieoe of 
.^rk," cxiesthe captain, taking oonunan4 "with 
aa muich glee as if it had been an enemy's 
cruiser he was about to engage* '^Where's 
Your hook, quarter^master?'' ''Here, Sir, 
Acsre !'' cxies the fellow, feeling the poin^ and 
declaring it as sharp as any lady's needle, and 
iu the next instant piercing with it a huge 
junk of rusty pork, weighing four or jQve 
pounds ; for nothing^ scarcely, is too large or 
too high in ilawur lor the stomach of a shark. 
The hook, which is as thick as one's litde 
£ngerj has a curvature about as large as that 
of a man's hand when half closed, and is from 
six to eight inches in length, with a formidable 
barb. This fierce-looking grappling iron is fur- 
lujshed with three or four feet of chain, a pre- 
caution which is absolutely necessary ; ibr a 
'v^diaeious shark will sometimes gobble the bait 
so deep into his stomach that, but for the 
^kah^ ne would snap through the rope by 
-wiuch the hook is held as easily as if he were 
nipping the head off an asparagus. 

A shark, like a midshipman, is genecally 
-fnery hungry ; but in the rare oases, when he 
iaoiot in good appetite, he sails slowly up to 
the bait, smells it, and gives it a poke with his 
nhoyelrnose, turning it over and over. He 
then e^^pes ofi* to the right or left, as if he.s|»- 
pzehended. mischief, but soon returns again, t» 
&^oj the delicious haut goUt^ as the ssiloirs 
teim th^ flavour of the damaged pock, of 
-wiiich a pieoe is always selectied^ if it can be 
found. While this coquetry, or shynesG^.is 
cachibited by John Sharks the whole afteiyart 
of the ship is ao dnsteied with heads that Jiet 
«& inch of spare room is to be had fo love or 
i9onay. The ri£^ng,>l^ mizen:-tepi and even 
thkA guS, out to the very peak — the hammoek- 
nettings and the quarters, almoat down to ti>e 
ooiuatflr, aw stuck over with hreathleas spec- 
tators) speaking in whispers, if they ventuie to 
speak at att, or -can find Ledsare foe any* thing 
Ibut fimng their gaee on the monster, who as 
yet is ixee to roam- the ooean, but who, they 
trust, will soon be in their power. I have seen 
ibis go on an hou i togc t hei ; after which the 
shark has made up. his mind to have nothing 
to ^say^ to us>«and aithar swen>ed away to wind- 
-wmtAi if tk«M be any bxeeee at. aU^wardlraA 
aa4e«»th«tkiirpkiee eouhl be detaotedoiify 
tym mint loaoh- or flash- of 'whitff mtm fir 
flMms dvwBi The less of a S s j aniA galieeB, 
In-^hase, J am perstiaded, oonld liard^ cause 
mofe bitter regret, or call forth more intempe- 



Jinte.asq^nBBsionsofiLngeYandiaipatieBoe. On 
the other hand, I suppose: the first qrnq^m of 
m enemy's, flag ooming dowi^ in the fight ma 
never hailed wiih greatw joy than is: felt by a 
ship^» CKW on the sha^ turning round- to 
sei^e the bait. A gseedy whisper of dfltight 
passes from month, to mouth ; erery eye is 
lighted UD, and, such as have not bmnaed 
their cheejES by top long exposuse to sun and 
wind, may be seen td alter their h«e fiiom , 
pale to red, aad baok to p«ie agat% like the 
tints of .the dying dolphin. , 

When a bait i» towed aatem of a diip that 
has aay moticm thnough the water at all, it is 
neofsarily brought, to the 8uc£itfe, or nearly 
so. • This,, of course, obliges the shati; to btte 
at it Ir^m below ; and as.his mouth is ^oed 
undej; hi».<;hiay not over it, like tiiat of -a 
Christian, he must turn aeady on his baok 
be£oce he can seiee the floating pieoe of .meat 
in wlich the heeh is concealed^ Even if he 
doe? not turn oomplately; Bound^ he is forced 
to slue himself as it is called, so £v aa to 
show some portion of his whilie beliy^ The 
instant, d^ white 4u» lladies on the sight ^ 
the. expectant, ereyt^ a sodden cry or murmur 
of satisfaction, is heard amongst the oro«d ; 
but no one speaks,, for fear of alaouiiig the 
shark. 

Sometimes, at the very instant ik^ bait is 
cast over the stem, the shark flies at, at wkh 
such eagerness that he actually springs pajD- 
tially out of the water. This, however, is rare. 
On these occasions he gorges the bait, the 
hook, and a foot or two of the chain, without 
any mastication or delay, and darts off wi^ 
his treacherous prize with such prodigious Te- 
locity and force that it makes the rope crack 
again as soon as the whole coil is drawn out 
In general, however, he goes more leisurely to 
wort, and seems rather to suck in the bait 
than to bite at it Much dexterity is required 
in tbe hand which holds the line at this nio- 
ment, for a bungler is apt to be too precipi- 
tate, and to jerk away the hook before it has 
got far enoush down the shark's maw. Our 
greedy Iriend, indeed, is never disposed to re- 
linquish what may once have passed his for- 
midable batteries of teeth ; but the hook, by a 
premature tug of the line, may Ax itself in a 
part of the jaw so weak that it gives way in 
the violent struggle whioh always foUowa. 
The secret of the sport is to let the voracious 
monster gulp down the huge mass of poik^ 
and then to give the rope a violent puU, by 
which the barbed point, quitting the edge of 
the bait, buries itself in the coats of the vio- 
tim's throat or stomach. As Otko shark is not a 
personage to submit patiently to such tzeat- 
ment, it will not be well for amy one wihose 
foot haj^ns to b& aoosdentally on the coil of 
the rope, for, wheu/ the hook is first fixed, it 
spins ; out like the log line of a. ship going 
twelve knots. 

The suddenness of. the jerk with which the 
poor wretoh is bvov^tsp^ when he has reached 
the lei^gthof his tether, o£tea tuatis him/ quite 
over on the surface of ^e water. Then co»- 
meace the loud oheeia, taunts, aJid other 
sounds, of rager and triumph, so long sup- 
pressed. A steady pall is iasufiicieDft'to cany 
away the lane, but it sometimes hafipens that 
the violent struggle of the shack, when too 
speedily drawn up, saii|V3 eithec tho rope or 
the hook, and so ha gets oS, to digest tbo 
remainder as he best can. It.isyAccofdingly, 
held, the best practice to plur hima tittle, with 
his mouth at the surfM^e^ till ha becoaies some- 
what exhausted. During this opetatioB mm 
oofild aimost &nojr tbe encaged aniiQal i» ce»* 



seaousoftfaeahiiie'wiiioh is flaag down upoit 
him; for,' as hcf tonis, and twifita, aoMiflfaigK 
himself about, hie eye glares mwaids with s 
ferocity of purpose which makes the blood 
tingie in a swimmev's reins, aa he thinks ol 
the hoar when it may^he his tmn to writhe 
aader ihe tender meMses of his tvmm Jbe! 
No ittilfir, theMftre, ought tfver to think of 
faanling a shark on bsaid ueoriyby die rope 
imtemed to the -haoik^ Ibr, however impotent 
his «tnjg|^ea may fenendty be in the wateii, 
they are mdly unattended with risk when the 
ipgne is dmwn half way uov To present the 
line breaking, or the hook snapping, or tho 
jaw being tomasvay; the defiee df a rcnming 
bow-line Ihiot is always adopted. This noose, 
being slipped down, the rope, and pssed over 
the. monster's liead^ is niade to jam at the 
point of junction of the tail with the body. 
When this is once- fixed, the first act of the 
piece is held to be complete, and the van- 
q^hed enfim)f1s :afterwards easSir dratm over 
the taffrail aad flung on the deck, to the un- 
speakable delight of all hands. 6ut although 
the shark is out of his element, he has by no 
means lost his po^'er of ddng mischief; and 
I would advise no one to come within range 
of his tail, or trust his too«r too near the ani- 
mal's mouth. TJbe blow of a tol8Bd)ly lazge- 
sized sliark's tail might break a man's leg ; 
and i have seen a three inch hide tUler-ropa 
bitten more than half through, full ten mi« 
nutes after the wretch had been dragged about 
the quarter-deck, and had' made all his victors 
keep at the most respected distance. I re- 
member hearing the late Dr. Wollaston, with 
his wonted ingenuity, suggest a method for 
measuring the strength of a shark's bite. If 
a smooth plate of letul, he thought, were thrust 
into the fish's mouth, the depth which his 
teeth should pieree the lead would furnish a 
sort of scale of the force exerted. 

I need scarcely mention, that when a shark 
is floundering about, the quarter-deck becomes 
a sc«ne of pretty considemble confusion ; aad 
if there be blood on the occasion, as there 
generally is, ^m all this rough usage, the 
stains are not to be got rid of without a week's 
scrubbing, and many a gmwl from the captain 
of the afterguard* ibr the time, however, all 
such considerations ans superseded-^that is to 
say, if the oommaader himself takes an inter- 
est in the i^rt, and he must be rather a 
spoony cddppcff that doe« not. If he be indif- 
ferentabout the fateof tbe sbaiik, itisispeedily 
dragged forward to the foreoastle, amidst the 
kicks, thumps, and ^xeorations of the ceo* 
quesors, who very seen terminate hia misniable 
career, by stabbing him with their kaive% 
besffdinff-pikes, and tomahawks, Jike so many 
wild Indiaos. 

The first operation is always to deprive him 
of his tail, ^Mch is seldwn aa easy matter, it 
not being at all safe to come too near ; but 
some dextisiDus hand, fanuHar wiih the use of 
the broad, aixe, wwidieB for a quiet moment 
aild at a single Ueir seven it front the body. 
He is then eloeed witirby another, vidto leaps 
acoBose the prestrato flie, aad yMi an adrmt 
cut rins him open firont'snout to tail^ and tiia 
trMply is over, so &r'as the. stru^les and 
sunenii^srof the pxincipal actor axe coBoemed. 
There Mways fidWs, however, the most lively 
onrioeity< in hia inside ; but they are often dia- 
appointed, for the stomach is generally empty. 
I xemember ofto fiMaons exception, indeed, 
whfin a very l$tge lettew waecswgbtoB 1x»id 
the Akesle, m Aajeer fioatds at Java, when, 
we wero nrasavding to Ghia» with the em- 
, bassy unaer Lord Amhenst A amnhef a£ 



THE TOURIST. 



Clicks tnd hens* which had died in Ae mj^ 
wfextf 9B 118IM1I9 tiuown oFCKfooud in the mon- 
Ing, besides seveial baskets, and many other 
minor things, such as bundles of shaTings and 
hits of coordage, all which things were found 
in this huge sea-monster's inside. But what 
excited most surprise and admiration was the 
hide of a bufiinlo, hilled on board that day for 
the ship's company's dinner. The old sulor 
vrho haa cut open the shark stood with a foot { 
on each side, and drew out the articles one by 
one fiom the huge cavern into which they had 
been indiscriminately drawn. When the ope- 
rator came at last to the buffalo's sldn, he held 
it up before him Ifte a curtain, and exclaimed, 
"There, my lads; d'ye see that! He has 
swallowed a bufialo, but he could not digest 
Ihe hide!"— Coptetfi HaWi Aulobwgraphy. 



SOME REFLECTIONS ON THE SUB- 
JECT OF SLAVERY, 

Respectfully submitted on hehalf of the religi- 
out Society of Friemdsy to the Christian pub- 
lic in the British dominions. 

Thb Society of Friends, harinff long believed 
it to be their duty to advocate the inalienable 
right of the injured sons of Africa and their 
descendants to ibe enjoyment of civil and reli- 
sious liberty, feel themselves constrained, in 
Christian love, at this important period, not 
only to maintain the cause of the oppressed, 
but to plead with those who are upholaing the 
system of British colonial slavery. 

One quarter of a century has now elapsed 
fiince the British government abolished the 
slave-trade on the coast of Africa ; but to this 
very hour, within our colonial territories, the 
subjects of this empire are legally sanctioned 
in buying and selling their fellow-men as the 
beasts that perish. Year after year lias ^ssed 
on ; the cry of justice and mercy has been 
raised ; the cause of these oppressed and de- 
graded children of our Heavenlv Father has 
been advocated; the practice of slaverv has 
been clearly proved to be utterly unchristian, 
so that thougn sophistry has been employed in 
attempts at refutation, it has been employed 
in vain ; and reason and religion have gained 
greater triumphs by the contest : it neverthe> 
less is still suffered to diqriace our country. 

The character of shivery has been faithfully 
depicted within the last ten years, by means of 
officiaJ documents laid before parliament, as 
well as by the testimony of men of unques- 
tioned veracity, eye-witnesses of the enormities 
o£ the sysleni. ft has been proved to be the 
invariable tendency of this condition of society 
to weaken moral principle, and to benumb and 
destroy the best sympathies of the human 
heart. Its atrocities and its horrors, as now 
exposed to public view, are not beheld as its 
occasional fruits, but as its natural and uni- 
form results. What, indeed, but the unre- 
strained and licentious indulgence of the 
basest passions can be Expected firom the pre- 
valence of the most abject servility on the 
part of one portion of the human family, and 
nncontroUea power on the part of another? 
Whoever aUows himself to examine mme in 
detail the baxbarity often exercised upon the 
victims of slaveiy, and the degradation into 
which they are phmged — a degradation 
marked bv the prostration of every feeUng 
that ennoblai man — must regard, as truly 
awful, the sitnation of thoae who, from mis- 
taken policy, are concerned in diieotly uphold- 
iag thii ayatem. 



It requires but a very slight acquaintance 
with the laws of Christ to convince us that 
nothing; is more repugnant than daveiy to 
the spirit and preoepts of his holv religion: 
^ All things wiiatsoever ye woidd that men 
should do to you, do ye even so to them," was 
the command of our blessed Saviour; and 
again, ''Thou shalt love thy neighbour as 
thysdf," under which term, we believe, are 
comprdiended our fellow-creatures of every 
nation, tongue, and colour. These divine laws 
are of perpetual obligation. Our Lord further 
declares: ''If thou wilt enter into life, keep 
the commandments ;'' " If ye love me, keep 
my commandments." I^ wen, we wilfully 
violate his commandments, aie we not in dan* 
ger of losing an inheritance in eternal life ? — 
are we not giving practical proof that we do 
not love Jesus Christ.^— can there be a greater 
violation of his righteous law than to buv and 
sell our foUow-men ? — ^to claim a right of pro- 
perty in them and their oflfspring P — ^to hold in 
perpetual bonda^ those for whom, as well as 
for us, Christ died P Is not tiiis practically 
denying the Lord who bought us ? — and ought 
not these considerations to bring with them 
solemn reflections on looking forward to that 
day when we must all appear before the judg- 
ment seat of Christ P 

We earnestly beseech our fellow-country- 
men, our Christian brethren of every denomi- 
nation, to lay these things to heart As sub- 
jects of the same government, as fellow-be- 
lievers in the truths of the pure and holy reli- 
gion of our blessed Redeemer, we are called 
upon to cherish feelings of kindness and love 
one towards another. We, therefore, affec- 
tionately desire that we may all be wholly 
clear of any longer supportinsf this unrighte- 
ous system, and contributing to frustrate the 
gracious and beneficent designs of our Al- 
mighty Parent respecting his rational creation. 
We believe that amongst the proprietors of 
slaves there are those who ai'e amiable in the 
various relations of private life, and who are 
seeking to live as becometh the gospel. To 
these we would especially appeal. Permit us, 
in sincere good will, to ask you — Can you, as 
believers in Christ, and desirous to be num- 
bered with bis disciples both here and here- 
after, continue to be connected with a system 
so entirely opposed as slavery is to the scope 
and design of his gospel ? When you con- 
template the moral state of the countnes where 
it prevails, when you consider their blighted 
prospects, notwithstanding all the unhallowed 
gains which it has yielded, can you doubt but 
that this system is signally marked by the 
righteous displeasure of the Supreme Governor 
of the world P 

The present circumstances of the slaves and 
of the free people of colour in the British co- 
lonies, the troubles in the Mauritius, the in- 
surrections in Jamaica, and the rdigious per- 
secutions which have fidlowed, are momentous 
signs of the times as regards the continuance 
of slavery. Contemplating these events, and 
the increased interest for Uie oppressed, which 
so manifestly pervades every class of society 
in this land, me time is surely arrived when 
all should co-opemte in Christian endeavours 
wholly and speedily to remove this national 
sin. When a people have become enlightened 
on the enormity of a crime, the guilt of con- 
tinuing that cnme is aggravated. Ignorance 
of the real diameter and tendency of davery 
can no longer be pleaded. Warning has, of 
later times, succeeded warning wim porten- 
tous mpidity. Divine revelation teaches us, 
and the history of suuddnd exemplSfies the 



truth, that the retributive justios of the Most 
High does &11 on individualB and on mtiimn 
when they wilfuUy continue in their guilt, and 
take not heed to the solemn earnings conveyed 
in the exercise of his overruling providence. 

Now is our time; motxaction aoeumuUKles 
the guilt It is fearful to look at Uie pieseht 
state of society in the colonies ; it is sou more 
fearful to look forward. As we believe that 
the continuance of slavery is an offence in the 
sight of God, so we also believe, that, if tKoa, 
a conviction of its sinfulness, in renentanoe 
towards Gk>d, we put away this evil nom b^ 
fore him, he will graciously turn unto us and 
bless us — ^that if laws for its immediate and 
entire extinction, accompanied by judiokmi 
and equitable provisions, are forthwith made^ 
our Heavenly father will prosper this woik cf 
mercy. And we further belie\'e that, by ihe 
substitution of the paternal care of the govern- 
ment, in the ulace of the arbitrary power and 
authority of tne master, the peace of aocietj 
vrill be secured, and the comfort, tilie happi- 
nesB, and the prosperity of all, be gready pro- 
moted. 

We offer these reflections with no feelings 
of hostility to any class; we sincerely jpity 
those who are involved in a system ucm 
which the conduct of our predecessors in re- 
ligious profession has warned and guarded m. 
We cannot doubt but that many of the colo- 
nial proprietors would gladly disencumber 
themselves from the burthen of any longer 
upholding slavery, and that tbey would uiSte 
in such measures for its abolition as they 
might deem safe and equitable. We feel for 
them as possessors of estates which may have 
descended to them by inheritance, with the 
clog of slavery attached to them. At the same 
time, being fully persuaded * that men are 
most likely to prosper in the world, when, in 
the conducting of tneir temporal affairs, they 
act according to the eternal principles of jus- 
tice, we are strongly impressed with the belief 
that the immediate provision for the termina- 
tion of slavery at the earliest possible period, 
will, in this respect, greatly benefit the colo- 
nial proprietor. 

May our legidators, and all in authority 
both at home and abroad — may every one in 
his individual allotment, who can sympathize 
with the sufferingai of the oppressed, and to 
whom it is given to feel for the present and 
future well-being of his fellow-men — be so in- 
fluenced by the power of Christian love and 
of Christian truth as that we may all cordiaBj 
co-operate in endeavouring to effect thisri^te- 
ous object, and not relax m our efforts until its 
final accomplishment! 

In conclusion, it is our earnest prayer that 
it may please Almighty God to continue to 
regaid this kingdom for good, and to direct its 
councils in this, and other acts of justice and 
mercy, so as to promote his glory in the hup- 
mony of his rational creation. 

Sgned, in and on behalf of a meeting re- 
presenring the religious Society of Aiends in 
the interrals of its yearly meeting, by 

Geouob Stacey, Ckrk. 

London, the Ath of the 1st Months 1833. 



CovFosvRB IN Dbath. — Wheu Sir Humphrey 
Gilbert, who, in the raiga of Q«eea Elizabeth, 
took possession of Newfoundland ia her Majesty's 
name, and who was finally drowned, was odos 
overtaken with a Morm at sea, be was observad 
sittisig unmoved with a B&le ia his haiid« and 
was observed to say, " Courage, my lads I we are 
as near heaven at sea as at land.'' — UmtimU 
America. 



APPEAL TO THOSE PERSONS, PRO- 
FESSORS OF RELIGION, WHO YET 

HAVE PROPERTY IP* THEIR PEL- 
LOW -CRE ATURES. 
CHBimtK Brethbxmv— Y«i m almoBt 
Ike «b1t daw of panms in the action, knows 
to )« ^ hoMen of your felkiv>-nnii in orcel 
hniiiigt in oar coionies, wbo haTe not been 
BobliiJr irrpnttiiiiilH with on the palpable in- 

I—^aZ,^ ..^ «.»^.*1lAlAfl {nnnnciatanH of TOUT 



At members of the Anti-Slsreiy Society, we 
have repemtedlf, in oui official paUieadons, 
avowed it as ow delibenie omnion, that " dsr 
very i« incompatible with Chrinuoiitf" — in 



Need we lennnd joa that our Uinae J 
baa emoiiied, " WMUotttr jw uxmld tiat 
(AokU ia MNio jwti, do ya aiw «m1b (Aok/"'* 
It wonld be iwiqiliiw yoB to nqtpaw that you 
aie willing to receive web treatment Aom 
your daTcs «s yon an Inflicting npon them. 

An qwalle, too, ennmeialing the mowt 'flagi- 
lioiuchancten, whoae condoct nas condemned 
by lite mumJ doeirmc of the K«epel, has placed 
UMD the lulB " Bw»-it(afcr>"t— that is, ihoee 
wiui had vioUted the law of Moses on tbat 
«nl!Ject: "He that tU«ieth a man, or if he be 
fetaid in hit hand, ht thaU lurely be put la 
Jeath."X Admitting that youf holding "men" 
in tMrndage as your praperty is of eqnal toot- 
mitj wiu actually stealing them, lo that, 
Aoti^ you have not " stolen" them, thej are 
yet found in jout hauil, it follows that yonr 
conduct i> condemned, as being totally in- 
ODosistentvrithyouT professed chaiaclers, both 
by the law of Moses and the gospel of Christ 
It is a most affecting and deeply hnmiliB' 
ting fact, that every .denomination of Chris- 
tians among ua (excepting only the "I 
are more or less implicated in this 
thiRg; some by being actual propiietois of 
daves, as the bench of bishops, in r^ard to 
the Codrington estates in Barbadoes ; and the 
Monvian Misuonary Society. 
lingnisbed members of that body, wbo have 
dtttCT dares or slate^eslates in the English, 
Dutch, and Danidi West India colonies: as, 
also, some individuals belonging to the Inde- 
pendMils. Not can we acquit the Wesleyan, 
Uie Chutch, and the Baptist Societies, of 
tacitfy sanctioning and encouiaging the prac- 
tice of slavery, i^ having admitted, as mem- 
bers of iheiT choicfaes, slave-holdnE, who, as 
we have shown, are, in the charaoter of Chri£- 
lians, proscribed by the spirit and letter of the 
goepel of Christ 

One object in addressing yon is beautae we 
would discha^e a solemn duty. An apoetle 
has said, " If a brother be overtaken with a 
&ult, ye who are spiritual restore such a one 
in the spirit of meeknea.''^ From our prin- 
ciplea in resjiecl to the incongruity of slavery 
to Chiistiamty, we certainly oonnder yon as 
having, by vour conduct, encoun^nng and 
abetting the horrible practice of holding pro- 
perty in your fellow-men, been "overtaken" 
with a moat gruvoos " fault"— a &ult no ar- 
gnmenta can iustily, and wluch no circum- 
stanccs can palliate. 

Another reason we have is — to acquaint you 
with the sonduct of our brethren, the Friends, 
in legaid to giving op die pracCioe of holding 
slaves in 1766, and thus having "cleared 
themselves" from any participation in the 
etils of colonial slavery since that period- We 
reqKctfully urge it upon your attention, whe- 



THE TOrBIST. 

ther yoH ought not, at profetted diieipUi of 
Ckrul, imnteduUeli/ to imitate thU praitewor- 
thy example, and inttaitlly to set your tlavtt at 
liberty. SuJely you will not attempt to recon- 
cile yonr conduct, in regard to hanng property 
in your fellow-men, with your allegiance to 
Christ, who has enjoined it upon all his di». 
dples, "Thou shalt love thy neighbour as 
thyself-" You must be aware that a great 
CTttis, in regard lo our S00,000 fellow-aubjects 
who are held in bondage in out colonies, h 
fast approaching. There are many reasons 
for concluding their liberation cannot be long 
d^erred ; we hope this will be effected by the 
British legislature, and not by their own 
is; at any rate, we wish you to "come 
__. from among the slave-holders before the 
just indignation of heaven avenge the wrongs 
of these, our oppressed and insulted fellow- 
subjects, many tnousands of whom are also 
our fellow Christians. Why should ymi lin^ 



when it ts evident the dty vdll be desboyedf 
Ought you not be examples of doing iastioe, 
ano loving merey, and walking humbly wift ' 
God, and thus to adorn the doctrine of God 
our Saviour ? Ought you not to hate the gar- 
ment spotted by the flesh ? Ought you not ta 
abstain from even the appeaiauce of evil P But 
does your holding men lu cruel bondage com- 
port with either justice or mercy f Does this 
S notice adorn die religion you profess f — ot 
oes it not rather give the enemy reason to 
blaspheme ? Can any blot be more foul upas 

Jour Christian character ? Is it not rather in* 
ulging real evil, and encouragins it, than ab- 
staining from its appearanceF la it poaeibla 
yon can enjoy a conscience void of offence^ 
either towards God or towards men, while yoB 
hold such prohibited property f We seek your 
couAStency, your honour, your happiness' wfaeB 
we urge it upon von, " Ut the oppraied go free, 
and thai ye break every yoke" 



CHURCH OF ST. JO 

Both historical documents and the in- 
teresting remains of antiquity to be found 
in and near Lewes, prove it to be one of 
the most ancient of our towns. To some 
of these remains, however, antiquaries 
seem somewhat at a loss to a£Gx a precise 
date, and this applies to the church repre- 
sented above. It is situated in the parish 
of Southover, which may be considered as 
forming a part of the town of Lewes. 

We are totally ignorant, says one of 
its histQiians, of the time when the church 
of St. John the Baptist, in Southover, 
was reared. A wilt, which bears date 
1512, menLLoned it as existing at that 
time ; and, from the terms in which it is 
referred to, we may conclude that it was 
not b^ any means new at that time. The 
huildmg was not lai^, but sufficiently 
capacious to accommodate the parishion- 
ers, whilat the gates of St. Pancras 
church (attached to an ancient monastic 
institution there) were thrown open to 
those who pref<^red to worship with the 
prior. But after Henry's reforming zeal 
had levelled the proud stmcture, and the 
parishioners again flocked to the church of 



HN, SOUTHOVER. 

Southover, the building was found too 
small to contain the increased congrega- 
tion, and an enlargement became necessary. 
The whole of the present south side of 
the church is built of alternate squares 
of flint and stone, and corresponds with 
the style of building at the close of the 
sixteenth or the beginniug of the following 
century, at which time it is most pro- 
bable that the alteration took place. The 
stone window- frames, which were intro- 
duced at the time of this repair, are Go- 
thic, and were probably taken from die 
ruins of the dissolved priorj-. That they 
were not originally formed for the situa- 
tion they now occupy is evident, from 
many parts of them being composed of 
different materials from the rest, owing, 
probably, to some of the stones being 
broken or lost in taking them from the 
walls in which they were originally fixed. 
This church has recendy undergone con- 
siderable alterations. It consists of a 
nave and two aisles. A painting of John 
baptizing our Lord fronts the west The 
altar-piece represents the last supper, and 
possesses considerable merit. 



ANECDOTE OF DK. WAI4KFB. 

The following anecdote of the late Dr. 
Walker, well known as the Dli^ctot of the Lon- 
don Jennerian and Yaccine Institutions, is ex- 
tracted from the rery interesting memoir of 
1dm, published for the benefit of his family, 
by his friend and successor, Dr. lii^ps. 

^' While our troops were using tbe waapoBi 
eCdestniction, Dr. Walker waa-busil^ emplo^d 
in savifig lifa« His work of Yaodnalion bcSuoff 
^mpleted, he attended the sick of Ihe BntiflS 
Davy and of the Turkish amy. The sense 
of *' weaijsiess,' while engaged in tbea» wozks 
of maicy, he seeftoB ha^y to have known; 
being asaistad by his exceUent friend. Gene- 
iial Sir John Doyle, in piosecutiBg tbeae la? 
^urs of goodnesB. The followinff extxad of 
« letter from that worthy ofieer speuESToli[mie& 
'The General can never forget the impression 
made upon him by the extraordinary situation 
ill which he first made an acquaintance with 
that amiable and benevolent indiTidual (Dr. 
Walker). The day afler the action near Alex- 
andria, where the brave Abercrombie fell, the 
General was riding over ^the field of battle, at- 
tended by two orderly dragoons, to see if there 
were any wounded, French or English, who 
had escaped notice the eyening before, when, 
on turning round a wall noaf Sie aea-side, he 
was struck with an appaHing ai^t of more 
than a hundred French soldiers, with their offi- 
cer^ l^uddi^ tQ^.ther, despenitoly woimded 
^f'S^^^^ ^^ cannon f^urtiV^i an ttgljiih 
b9|r of iw«r. FhnsL being QoUeoted in tlie Wh 
cos of the- wall they had escaijed notice on 
the previous day of seaieh, and wake exposed 
to the night air, and vuiii tuMbressed wounds. 
Here tiie General sow a man, evidently £n- 
gliah, in the garb of a QMaker, actively em« 
ployed in the heaienly task of giving his ^- 
mane assistance to those poor brave sufferen — 
giidng water to some, dressing &e wounds of 
others,, and affording consolation to alL Upon 
inqnity, he found the benevolent individual to 
be Dr. John Walker, who was himself almost 
exhausted, having; been thus no>bly employed 
from day-bzeak without any assistance.'^ 

After reading this aocount, wo are quite 
prepared for the following statements of Dr« 
Walker's Tiews req^ting colonial slareiy : — 

** When in Ireland he wrote the following 
spirited address : * Irishmen ! vour legislation 
is yet imstained with the blood of the helpless 
and oppressed Africans. Will ye listen to*^ 
will ye approve of — will ye join with— will ye 
support, declarations subversive of every prin- 
ciple of justice and humanity? It was in the 
latter part of the present century that ye as- 
serted your own rights, and declared to the 
world that ye were free. Be consistent with 
youiselves, and maintain the di^nitu of mtm. 
But I hear a cheering voioe : though &int it 
is expressive, and its sound extends far; it 
utters the melodious and pious language of 
humanity — sweet and harmonious as tnc music 
of the spheres. It is the expressive voice of 
CONDUCT, which speaks louaer than words, 
and which is happily heard among thousands 
. df the people, both in this and the sister king- 
dom. When both the aged and the young, 
the delicate and the robust, the rich and the 
poor, when thousands of almost eveiy profes- 
sion, and of every rank, deny themselves the 
delicious gratifications of the western hemis- 
phere, rather than indulge themselves at the 
expense of humanity, we must please ouTselves 
with the h<^ of an approaehiog mfjpnn- 
ation.' 



'' In-connosion with his aUemote in behalf o£ 
the abolition of slavcucy, it is n^bt to hear wit- 
ness to the iactv that Dr. Walker was one of 
the first who exposed the fallacies of tho^e who 
ad;^ocated that slaves are well treated and 
happy, in the following queries, which he sent 
to a jplibHc newspaper- Some cosresp<mdient 
h^d asserted that no one oould inflict, without 
the permission of a magistrate, moro than 
thirty^nine lashes at one time. Dr. Walker 
saw through^ this deceptive statement^ and 
asks — ' How often could these be applied di^ 
ring one day ?' It was stated, also, ibat the 
negroes are well provided for in every thing, 
and had, besides, the produce of their gardens, 
which they sold. Dr. Walker asks--^^ The ne- 
groes having every thing provided^ what do 
Uiej do with their money f ' And, in oenelu- 
sion» puts this unanswerable (|uestion*— ' If 
negroes are well used, why are sudi laige im- 
portations necessary ?' 

" He further notices the fact, showing the 
injurious influence of the slave system, as well 
upon the masters as upon the slaves. ' There 
is no influence more powerful in the education 
of human beings Uian the force of example. 
We are naturally imitative. This disposition 
in our nature is aotive in early youth, and only * 
leaves us in. our deadu fiQ»w laoQentably true , 
this appeam^in what is observable in the con- 
duct of the 'Creoles, and. those who hare spent 
much of th«r tune in tlie West Indies or other 
parts, whew the^hvre seen men degraded even 
below the rank of beasts! It has been re- 
'mtAtHi^^^im^ qatheiff avivalin Burope, where 
adegnis of equality pBe^lMananirthe difier- 
ent 'rndsB of mo^ they have & catain air of 
insoknoe abont iImi which sofliciait% marks 
the liabits ef tyrani^ th^ have acoustomed 
themselves to on ^e other flide of ^ At- 
lanlio.'*' 



EPITASS^ON SIR WILLIAM JONBS. 

Th£ fellowing epiti^h, endently intended 
for himself, wae written by Sir WilHaasi Jones 
a short time only before his demise. It dis- 
plays some striking features of his character, 
lesigiiation to the will of his Creator, love and 
good-wiU to mankind, and is modestly silent 
upon his own inteUectual attainments.. 

AV EPITAPH. 

Here was deposited 

the mortal part of a man, 

who feared God, but not death, 

and maintaiaed ind^odeace, 

bwt sought not nches 9 

who thougbt 

none below him, but the base and unjust — 

none above him, but the wise and vuluous -, 

who loved 

his paieats, kindred, friends, country, 

wi& an ardour 

which was the chief source of 

all his pleasures and all his pains ; 

and who, hawing devoted 

his life to jtheir senrioe, 

and to 
the improvement of his mind, 

resigned it calmly, 

giving glory to his Creator, 

wiftbiug peace on earth, 

and with 

good- will to all creatures, 

on the (twenty'wevmth) day of (April), 

in the year of ear blessed RedeeiBer, 

One ThoiMind 3«ven Handled (and Nmmty^fmn). 

(Fr^m Lord TngnmouthU Mimoirt of the Life 
end. Writiaege if Bit WUliem Joneu) 



aOMER AND MILTON. 

PERHMft fewanthcKshBTe been distisgnigh- 
ed by more similar feaiuxes of charaeter than 
Homer and MUton. That vastness of Uiought 
which fills the imagination, and tliat sei^i- 
Uty of spiiii which reBBdeit every eiiemBtanoe 
inteiesting, aselfceqaaliliaBof hoA^: but Mil- 
ton is diemoBt aobftme, and Hamest tbe iMMt 
metttTBaiiue. Homer liroA in. an ea% mb, 
before kaewMge was nnnk adbrasRed.; lia 
would* denv» iittia fiom torn aoqinred abiUlin^ 
and therefore may be styled the poet of naliii«r 
To tiue.eowoe, ptiAiqis, we may tranetiie nin- 
omal jdifinenoe betwixt £Eemer and Miltea. 
The Oaaeiaii poet wn left to the miaremtrntm 
of his o«tt mind, and to the £iU inftiaBee of 
tkstTaeiety of paosions wUcb aie eoMmoD to 
aMi his co&cepkionB are A ero ieaedtetingoiBfaBd 
by their simplieity and A»oa iupMilton, wiha 
was akilfeed in almost evety defiactinent of m* 
enee,leBmiikg asev somolinea to have shaided 
the : spleBudmir of genius; 

No epic poet excites emotions to fernd ae 
fiomer, or poawsses eo muidi fine; b«t in 
point of subiimibf he eamiat be eompaied to 
Milton. I mllMr thiidc ike ^Gieek poet has 
been thDQgfat4o excel in Ihia-qnalit^mofe-tlMai 
he really &e§y fee want of a pmarconeeptioft 
of its e£EBcte. Wbentfaeperasal of an author 
raises us above eux uual tone of mind, we im- 
mediatelT aeonbe thoae eeiwaiiana to the tab* 
lime, unuout c<msidflnng whether diey HsM 
on. the imagimrtion or the ftelmgs ; whelMr 
ihey eleYate the fanoy, or aoij five the pas- 
sions. 

The sublime. has for iis object the imagina^ 
lam only, aad.its inflnenee is not so mweh te 
oooaaion any fervomr of fedingv aft theeitenMB 
of fised astomshmeni. If we consider the 
sublime as thus distisgui^ed from &mf odier 
quality, Milloa will tmesx to posoeas it in «a 
unnnuled degree ; and here, ittdeed, lies IIm 
secret of his power: The pemsal of Homer 
inspires ns wim an ardent eensthlh'ty ; Miitan 
wjUi the stillness of surpiae. Xhe omo fib 
and dtfiighte the mind wdh. the oonfluMwe of 
▼anbue.emmlifliB; the other amaaee with, the 
VMtness of hisideaa The movemeoto a£ Mii- 
ton'ft mind are steady and pwgioi niiiii; heoa»- 
afiethe&aeydmmgh saaeesme stages of ele- 
DatioB, and gmdnaUy. inuiwi.sw» the heail hf 
adding iuA to the fiie. 

The fligkto of Homer aie-mem sodden and 
tmnffitniy Mitton, whose nnnd weas enlig^bu^ 
ened by. eaienoe, eppeaia the naost oonpne- 
hensive ; he shows mom aontflnsas in has ie- 
fleotiMm% and mom suUimitor of tlMu^^ht^— 
Homer, who lived more winimen, and had 
perhaps a. deeper tineture of tbe hnman pafr- 
Jioiis, is by Jwrthe mostvohemevl and pioMi- 
.xeaoue. To.dbe view* of Milton, the wide aoeaes 
ef.Ute untyeme aaem to h»e haenihnmn epea, 
.^hioh.he'mgards with a oool and eompieMi- 
«TA siuvSEy^ tittle agitated, and snpefiai to 
these emelkms which mSeott inlefior mortals. 
Homeri .wfaen^he xiasethe highest, goes Jiet be- 
gwnd tbe bomida of human nature; he still 
oonneeto his dflsntiptiaiie withliuman pasiiow ; 
and, theugJiJiisideaBldLM leoiAiUimityyihey 
haFemom fite^ fhea^^to for giwtiimf 
that appetite which always gpnaps almore thmi 
•it eaa oentain, is never so fully situied as in 
. the peruaal of Pamdise Lost* In ioliowiBg 
Milton, we^grew femiliar with new weiida, we 
txftveiBe the immeonties of fljiaoe, wandering 
in amasement, and finding nobounds. Hemer 
oonfioee the mind to a nantmer onde, but I3mt 
dide he brings nearer to the eye; he iUle it 
with anqoickersaobesHon of objeeta, andrndces. 
it the eoene of more interesting action. 



TH» TOtTRIST. 



RBPORT OF THE COMliON» 
OOWMITTEE. 

EVIDENCE OF J. a WZLDKAN» fiSa, 



THE PROPRIETOB OF 



ESTATES, AND 



OF 640 SLAVES, IN JAMAICA. 

''Has tbere been marked Ibcbmso of 
exertion in any quarter f — Yes; the duuch 
Missiosafly Society fa»re been esceedkigly ao* 
tirt since tbact time. 

« Wliea jou sajr ^ Cbaroh. Miasionarf So>> 
oet^s da yon conmie k to tlittt body f — Ob, no ! 

'*To wbom do you extend it?— I duwldex- 
tend it afao to the Sectarians. 

•* Great exertmns bave been made by Sec- 
taarians to instruct tbe people ?-— Cestain^^. 

«" On ^e part of tite EstabHdited <lrarob 
has tbere been any gteat increase of ^tertioD 
IB tbe IskuDd of Janaica f — If I -were to give 
a candid opinion, I tbink tbe appointment of 
tbe bisbop bas very materially impeded the 
prognsfl of iMlnctioB in Jamaica. 

^ Are yon a Dissenter or a member of tbe 
Establisked Chiiieh ? — A very zealous mem- 
ber of tbe SstabMi^ed Cburcb, and yery much 
opposed, in some respects, to the Dissenters. 

" Yet, beinff yourself a zealous member of 
the Establisbed Cbmch, baring knowledge of 
the Island of Jamaica since the passing of 
those resolutions, and since tbe appointment 
of tbe biriiop, is the conclusion at which you 
arrive, that religious instruction on the part of 
the CHiuich of England has advanced or re- 
trogreded in the Island of Jamaica ? — It bas 
not advanced in any degree at all adeqoate to 
the expone of the new establisbment. 

''You state that the appomtment of the 
tadbof has, upon tbe wh(^ formed an impe- 
diment,, will you assign your reasons? — ^The 
Inshop has thought it dajigerous to interfiere 
frith the vices of tbe people; be bas not pro- 
ceeded at once to endeavour to do away with 
the giess immoralitiea be witnessed, but be 
lias rather thought it necessary to temporize, 
and to leave them in theur present state. 

" When you say he bas Uiougbt it necessary 
to temporize with the rices of the people, do 
vou mean of the whole population, white and 
black, or with any distinction of colour? — ^The 
whole population, white and black ; when he 
has known insitances of gross immorality, he 
lias not set bis fiice against them in the way I 
ooBsider a Christian bishop ought to bave 
done* 

^ Not adverting to particular instances, hot 
sneaking generally ot the life and conduct of 
the miuisters oi the estabBsbment, and the 
Seetarian teachers in Jamaica, during your 
-fltoiy, consistently with your own knowledge, 
jou being a member of the establishment, 
with all your prejufices in favoiff of the Es- 
tablished Church, which ^ould you say were 
the meat efficient teachers of the black popu- 
lation, tbe ministers of the Establishment or 
tbe Sectarians? — ^The Sectarians, decidefly; 
they give themselves up very devotedly to me 
'wvof^ and in many instances have been emi- 
nently suocessful. 

** Advortfaig to the lives and conduct of the 
clergy and the Sectarian ministen, wUch were 
tbe most pure ? — I do not know of any case of 
xmmoraBty among tike Sectarians. 

•*Do you Yaof&fw any among l3ie ministen 
of the Established Church, not mentioning 



" Do you speak fipom your own knowledge? 
— -I speak iVom what I bave beard ; there is 
BO doubt of tbe fact. 

^ Is Mr. Trew now fix St 'Thomas-ia-the 



East? — No, he is not; Mr. Ti«w drew more 
malice and envy upon him than any person in 
the island. 

" Was the malice and ill-will which be drew 
upon himself general ? — ^Very general. 

"This gentleman^s exertions ia spreading 
religious lustructiou amoug die slaves were 
disapproved of by white persons geneialW ? — I 
think that that has been greater, since me bi- 
shop in going sound usm constantly to hold 
up St. Tnonuis-in-the^£ast as an example to 
aU his clergy ; he did that to an extent which 
raised a great deal of ill-will against Mr. 
Trew, at die same time that be opposed Mr. 
TVew himself in a very extraordinarv manner. 

"How did his support of Mr. Trew, and 
holding him up as an example, consist with 
his teuworizing with the vices of the popula- 
tion ? — ^He did not support Mr. Trew; but in 
going round be soeke of Sk Thom8»*itt-ihe- 
East in a very lauoatoiy way, and wi^ed that 
the other parishes were like it; but, at tbe 
same time, he very maiteriaUy opposed Mr. 
Trew. 

" How v*ras tbe malice and ill-wiU evinced 
towards Mr. Trew generally ? — ^By scandalous 
reports, and in various ways. 

'' Do you mean to say that he encountered 
any opposition on estates where he was desi- 
rous of giving instruction ? — Yes ; I mean to 
state, positively, that on estates on which be 
had authority to go, and where the attorney 

Eromised to support him, he was opposed and 
indered most effectually. 

" Is it necessary for an incumbent of the 
Church of England to have permission to go 
upon an estate within his own cure f — Deci- 
dedly ; he cannot set bis foot upon it without 
permission ; be cannot go and instruct the ne- 
groes without the people of the estate permit- 
ting it, and even the bishop himself has re- 
stricted the clergy going upon those estates. I 
do not allude to Mr. Trew in my last observa- 
tion. 

^ Supposing Mr. Tiew, in tbe discharge of 
his duty, had thought it indispensably neces- 
sary to instruct the slaves in his own parish, 
the slaves being willing, during shell-blow, to 
receive his instruction during that vacant space 
of time, was it impossible for him to discharge 
that duty ? — Quite impossible. 

"What created that impossibility? — ^The 
will of the individuals. 

" Were you to be understood that the bishop 
himself had restricted clergymen of the Church 
of England going on estates where the negroes 
were anxious to be instructed? — Yes; and 
that in one instance, to my knowledge, a threat 
was made to remove the curate to a distant 
part of the island if he continued his exertions. 

'' Do you think the cleigy in geneial could 
oontinue the exerrions Mr. l^c^iv- made without 
injury to their health ?— I see no reason on 
eaxth why they should not. 

" Do Uie Sectarians go to the same extent 
of bodily exertion ? — ^A great deal more. 

"Upon the whole, with reference to tbe 
Sectarian teachers in the West Indies, when 
you consider the lives led by them under your 
own knowledge, their manners, the adaption 
of their langna|[e to the understanding of the 
negroes, and their mode of instruction, such 
as you have seen it practised, do you think 
tbem, upon the whole, well suited to the reU- 

S'ous iastmction of that population ? — I think 
ey are, but not without some reservation. 
** Rrst, in re^;ard to the morality of their 
lives* do you bekeve their lives to be moral ?-^ 
I beKeve it to be uexceptionable, from what 
I bave observed. 



" With respect to their doctrines, have they 
been injuriously addressed to the passions of 
Ab negroes.' — I do not believe they have at 
any time ; I have heard their doctrines soma 
three or four times, but not more, for I did not 
choose to mix myself up with them ; their in* 
struction was as souna and as good as any 
man could deliver. 

" You give this opiuion, conceiving it just, 
whereas you woula prefer clergymen of the 
establishment, brought u^ at St Bee's, and so 
on? — I would decidedly prefer pious olergy*- 
mon of the Church of England. 

" Notwithstanding that, you bear this testis 
mony in favour of Sie liveB and the doctrines 
of the Sectarians ? — I do. 

"Why do you prefer the clergy of the 
Church of England, in spite of those circum- 
stances ? — Because I have a great objection to 
tbe want of discipline among the Sectarians ; 
persons are admitted who ought not to be en^r 
trusted with the doctrines of Christianity, in 
my opinion. 

*" Have you seen inconvenience ariring prac- 
tioaliy from that? — ^I cannot say that. 1 liave 
seen any positive iaconvenieoce. arising from 
il, but I know of penwns being adniitted whom 
I conrider very improper persons to be ad» 
mitted ; but their conduct has been very ex- 
emplary since. 

''Do you believe that one inconvenienoe 
arising from it is a want of security being 
given for such persons as to their discretiaQ ? 
— ^Yes, deeidediy; I consider that very ob- 
jeofe>nable, their want of nsponsibiUty to soim 
higher power. 

" Do you think that feeling is very general, 
even among planters who are di^xMod to give 
religious instruction to their negroes I* — I do 
not find that it is. 

" They do not object to the Sectarians for 
that reason ? — No. 

" You do not think that feeling nrizes up 
with their oljeotions ? — No." 



ANECDOTE OF ANDREW MARVELL. 

The borough of Hull, in the reign of Charies 
II., chose Andrew Marvell, a young gentleman 
of little or no fortune, and maintained him in 
London for the service of tbe public. His un- 
derstanding, integrity, and spirit, were dread- 
ful to tbe tiiien infamous administration. Pep- 
juaded that he would be their's for properly 
asking, they sent his old school-fellow, the 
Lord Treasurer Danby, to renew acquaintance 
with him in his garret. At parting, the Lord 
Treasurer, out of pure affection^ slipped into 
his hand an order upon tbe treasury for JCIOOO, 
and then went to his chariot Marvell looking 
at the paper, calls after the Treasurer, '* My 
Lord, I request another moment." Tliey went 
up again to the garret, and Jack, the servant 
boy, was called. "Jack, child, what had I 
for dinner yesterday ?" " Don't you remem* 
ber. Sir ? — you had the litUe shoiUder of mnt- 
ton that you ordered me to bring from a 
woman in the market" "Very right, child. 
What have I for dhmer to-di^ ?" '* Don't 
you know. Sir, that you bid me lay by the 
blade-bone k> broil ?" " 'lis so ; very right, 
child ; go away." " My Lord, do you near 
that? Andxew Marvell's dinner is provided ; 
there's your piece of paper. I want it not. I 
knew ttie sort of kindness yon intended. I 
live here to serve my constituents ; the minis- 
try may seek men for their purpose ; lam not 
one.^^-^Dov^s Life cf Andrew marvelL 



024 



APHORISMS. 



Every man hath a kingdom within himself. 
KeasoD, as the princess, dwells in the bichett and 
inwardest room ; the senses are the guaid and at- 
tendanU of the court, without whose aid nothing 
18 admitted into the presence ; the supreme facul- 
ties (as will, memory, &c.) are the peers ; the 
outward parts and inward afiections are the com- 
mons ; vmlent passions are rebels to disturb the 
common peace.— Bishop Hall. 

Reason is the test of ridicule — ^not ridicule the 
test of truth. — Wabburton. 

A man wi& great talents, but void of discre- 
tion, is like Polyphemus in the fiable : strong and 
blind, endowed with irresistible force, which, for 
want of sight, is of no use to him. — ^Aj>di80n. 

A human soul without education is like marble 
in a quarry, which shows nothios of its inherent 
beauties until the skill of the polisher fetches out 
the colours, makes the surface shine, |ind dis- 
covers every ornamental cloud, spot, and vein, 
that runs through the body of it. — Addison. 



TO THE RHINE. 

Translated from the Dutch Poet, Borger. 

In the Borean region stormy 

There's silence ;' batUing hail and rain 
Are hush'd. The calm Rhine rolls before me, ' 

Unfettered from its winter chain 
Its streams their ancient channels water. 
And thousand Joyous peasants bring 
The fioweiy ofrennes of the Spring, 
To thee, Mount Gothard's princely daughter ! 
Monarch of streams from Alpine brow, ' 
Who, rushing, whelm'st in inundations. 
Or, sovereign-like, divid'st the nations^ 
Lawgiver all-imperial thou ! 

1 have had days like thine unclouded ; 

Pays passed upon thy pleasant shore ; 
My heart sprung up in joy, unshrouded ; 

Alas ! it springs to joy no more. 
My fields of green, my humble dwelling. 
Which love made beautiful and bnght. 
To me, to her, my sours delight, 
Seem'd monarch's palacca eiceUuig» 



THE TOURIST. 

When in our little happy bower. 
Or 'neath the starry vault at even. 
We walked in love and talked of Heaven, 

And pour'd forth pradses for our dower. 

But now, I could my hairs well number. 
But not the tears my eyes which wet ; 
The Rhine will to their cradle-slumber. 

Roll back its waves ere I forget — 
Forget the blow that twice hath, riven 
The crown of glory from my head. 
God ! I have trusted, duty- led, 
'Gainst all rebellious thoughts have striven. 
And strive, and call thee Father still. 
Say all thy will is wisest, kindest. 
Yet — twice — ^the burden that thou bindest 
Is heavy— 1 obey thy will. 



ON PHIDE. 

Whobvbr has paid attention to the manners 
of the day, must nave peiceived a temarlcable 
innoTatiou in the use of moral terms, in which 
vre have receded more and more from the 
spirit of Christianity. Of this the term to de- 
note a lofty sentiment of personal superiority 
supplies an obvious instance. In the current 
language of the times, ffriiie is scarcely ever 
used but in a favourable sense. It will, per- 
haps, be thought the mere change of a term is 
of Utile consequence ; but be it remembered, 
that any remarkable innovation in the use of 
moral terms betrays a proportionable change 
in the ideas and feelings they are intended to 
denote. As pride has been transferred from 
the list of vices to that of virUies, so humility, 
as a natural consequence, has been excluded, 
and is rarely suffered to enter into the praise 
of a character we wish to commend, although 
it was the leading feature in that of the Sa- 
viour of the world, and is still the leading 
characteristic of his religion ; while there is no 
vice, on the contrary, against which the de- 
nunciations are so frequent as pride. Our 
conduct in this instance is certainly rather ex- 
traordinary, both in what we have embraced 
and in what we have rejected; and it will 
surely be confessed we are somewhat unfortu- 
nate in having selected that one as the parti- I 
cular object of approbation which God had I 
already selected as the especial marie at which 
he aims the thunderbolts of his vengeance. — 
Robert Hall. 



At Katwyk, where the silenced billow. 

Thee welcomes, Rhine, to her own breast ; 
There, with the damp sand for her pillow, 

I laid my treasure in its rest. 
My tears shall with thy waters blend them ; 
Receive those briny tears for me, 
And, when exhaled from the vast aea. 
To her own grave in dew-drops send them, 
A heavenly fall of love for tier ! 

Old Rhine ! thy waves 'gainst sorrow steel 

them ; 
Oh, no ! man's miseries, thou canst feel 
them ; 
Then be my griefs interpreter ! 

And greet the babe which earth's green bosom 

Had but received, when she who bore 
That lovely undeveloped blossom 

Was struck by death — the bud, the flower. 
I forced my daughter's tomb, the mother 
Bade me, and laid the slumbering child 
Upon that bosom undefiled. 
Where, where could I have found another 
So dear, so pure! 'Twas wrong to mourn 
When those so loving slept delighted; 
Should I divide what God united! 
I laid them in a common urn. 

There are who call this earth a palace 

Of Eden — who on roses go. 
I would not drink again life's chalice. 

Nor tread again its paths of woe. 
I joy at day's decline, the morrow 

Is welcome. In its fearful flight, 

I count, and count with calm delight. 
My fivfe and thirty years of sorrow 

Accomplished. Like the river, years 

Roll. Press, ye tombstones, my departed 
Lightly, and o'er the broken-hearted 

Fling your cold shield, and veil his tears ! 



BRITISH COLLEGE OF HEALTH, KING'S 
CROSS, NEW ROAD, LONDON. 



MORIdON'9 UNI\^ERSAL VEGETABLE 

MEDICINE. 

ceai OF KBsvocs vivin« 
To Mr. Edwards, 

Sifi— Having been for the U$t six monthi In poaitfsrioa 
of good health, and. Indeed, better health than ever I re. 
raemlwr to have enjoyed previow to a drea4tal attack 
which I experienced last November, of low nervoaa ftver, 
I feel it my bonnden doty, after retamlng thanks to Al- 
mighty God for my happy rcoevery. In gntitnde for yoor 
kind attention, to make this acknowledgment of the very 

E-eat benefit I received finom the use of Mr. Morison^» 
iqaid TegeUble Universal Medicinew My sister tells me 
I took the Uqoid, being so ill and weak at the time she 
sent for yon as to be nnable to take the pflls, and yon 
were sent for, hi conseqncn^ of the medicine 1 had pre- 
vioosly taken not giving me any relief. Indeed, I was so- 
ill that I don't recollect what passed : bnt ray sister teUa 
me that I had neariy lost my hearing, and conid oo|y 
speak with great diiDenlty, ana that, by your advice, the 
medicines were administered to me in very stnmg doses; 
and, in foar days, sach was the effect the medicine had on 
me, that my siMer, and every one that saw roe, became 
convinced of my speedy recoveiy, which very aooa. 1^ 
the aid of Morison's Medicines, was accomplished. It is, 
therefbre, my wish that this may be made public, that the 
afflicted, in the worst of cases, may not despair. I bi^ to 
offer my best thanks to Mr. Morison for. the invention ef 
the Medicine, and am. Sir, 

Yonr very obliged humble servant, 

Akh Clabks. 
KtrltoH, September 9rd, IMS. 

CAUTION TO THE PUBLIC. 

MORISON'S UNIVERSAL MEDICINES 
having saperseded tlic use of almost all the Patent Me> 
dlclnes which the wholesale venders have foUtcd apon 
the crednUty of the searchers after health, for so raany 
years, the town dmgziftts and rbcmists, not able to estaUisn 
a ftiir fame on thelnventioa of any plansible means of 
oompetitlon, have plunged into the mean expedient of pair- 
ing up a " Dr. Monrison" (observe the simterftige of the 
double r), a being who never existed, as prescribing a 
« Vegetable Universal PfU, No. 1 nnd 3," for the express 

Krpose (by means of this forged imposition npon the pnb- 
), of deteriorating the estimaUon of the *' UNIVERSAL 
MEDICmSS" of the ''BRITISH COLLEGE OP 
HEALTH." 

Know all Min, then, that this attempted detaatai 
must foil under the fact, that (however specious the pr«- 
tence), none can be held eennine by the College bnt those 
which have " Morison's Universal Medicines^ impresssd 
upon the Government Stamp attached to each boK and 

fiacket, to counterfeit which is felony by the laws of the 
and. 



rr^HE PSALMS, Metrically and Historically 
X Arranged. Stereotype Edition, 4j>. Od. Edited by 
the laic William Grebnpibld, Superintendant of the 
£<lltoria1 department of the British and Foreign Bible 
Society. The only book in tlie English langua^^e of its 
size, in large type, that contains a IkwIc of the Bible. 

Sold by Samnel Bagster, Paternoster Row ; Arch, Corn- 
hill ; Darton and Co., Gracechnrch Street; Darton, 56, 
Holborn ; and Edmund Fry, Houndsdilch. 



COUGHS of the most obstinate kind, whether 
arising fVom Cold, Asthma, or Constitutional Disease, 
are effectaaUy <iured by TOZER'S EXFECTOBANl' 
COUGH PILLS. ThesePins wiU be found to give speedy 
and permanent relief, by allaying the irritation of the 
throat ; and, by promoting easy expectoration, will remove 
accumulated phlegm, wheezing, and obstruction of the 
glands. The numerous testimonials which the proprietor 
has received of the benefit derived by their ns^ since he 
first ofiered them to the notice of the public,^ are sufficient 
proofs of their efficacy. 

One large box always palliates and generally removes 
the most obstinate coogh. Without containing a particle 
of opium, they possem sedative propeitles, which wUl 
ensure rest to the patient, however prevumsly disturbed. 

Prepared and sold by W. Tozer, Chemist and Draggist, 
Greenwich. Sold retail by Edwards, St. Pant's Church- 
Yard ; Barclavs, Farringdon-ltrcet ; Grounds, IWead- 
needle-spreet ; oaneer, Oxford-street ; and all Chemists and 
Druggists In the United Kingdom ; in boxes, at 1«. l^. 
and %f . 9d, each. 



The " Vegetable Universal Medicines" arc to be had at 
the College, New Road, King's Cross, London; at the 
Surrey Branoh,00, Great Surrey-street ; Mr. Field's, l<t. Air- 
street, Quadrant; Mr. Chappell's, Royal Exchange; Mr. 
Walker's, Lamb's-condnlt-passagc, Red-Iion-sqoare ; Mr. 
J. Loft's, Mile-end-road ; Mr. Bennett's, Covent-garden- 
market; Mr. Haydon's, Fleur-de-lis-court. KorKm-fklgste ; 
Mr. Haslet's, 14r. Ratclifle-highway ; Messrs. Norbnry's, 
Brentford; Mrs. Stepping, Clare-market ; Messri!. Salmon, 
Little Bell-alley : Miss Varai's, S4, Lucas«strect, Commer- 
cial-road ; Mrs. Beech's, 7, Sloane-saaarc, Chelsea ; Mrs. 
Chappie's, Royal Library, Pall-mall; Mrs. Plppen's, 18, 
Wingrove*phice, Glerkenwell : MImC. Atkinson, 19, New 
Trinity-grounds, Deptfosd; Mr. Taylor, Hanwcll; Mr. 
Kirtlam, 4, Bolingbroke-row, Walworth ; Mr. Payne, 64, 
Jermyn-street ; Mr. Howard, at Mr. Wood's, hairdresser, 
Richmond ; Mr. Meyar, 8, May's-buiUings, Blackheath ; 
Mr. Griffiths, Wood-wharf, Greenwich ; Mr. Pitt, l,Gom- 
wall-road, lAmbeth; Mr. J. Dobson, 35, Cravcn-strcet» 
Strand; Mr. Oliver, Bridge-street, Vanxhall; Mr. J. 
Monck, Bexley Heath ; Mr. T. Stokes, 1% St. Aonan'a, 
Deptford; Mr. Cowell, 22, Terrace, Pimlico; Mr. Paifitt, 
90, jSldgware-roa'd ; Mr. Hart, Portsmouth-place, Kenning- 
ton-lane ; Mr. Charicsworth, grocer, 124, Shoreditch; Mr. 
R. G. Bower, grocer, 22, Brick-lane, Sl Luke's ; Mr. 8. 
I. Avila, pawnbroker, opposite the church, Hackney; Mr 
J. S. Briggs, 1, Bmnswlck-place, Stoke Newington; Mr. 
T. Gardner, 95, Wood-stroei, Cbeapside, and 9, Nortoi^ 
falgate : Mr. J. Williamson, Ift, Seabricht-place, Hacknejr- 
road; Mr. J. Osborn, Wells-street, Hackney road, and 



Homerton ; Mr. H. Cox, grocer, 16, Union-street, BishoM> 

fate-street ; Mr. T. Walter, cheesemonger, 67, HoxlonOld 
'own ; and at one agent's in every principal town in Graat 



Britain, the Islands of Guernsey and Malta; and throag|h- 
out the whole of the United States of Amerka. 

N. B. TThe College will not be answerable fmr the coni> 
sequences of any medicines sold by any chymist or drunist, 
as none sndi are allowed to seU the ** Universal Micdi- 



anes. 



»9 



Prioted by J. Hadboiy and Co. ; and 
by J. Crup, at No. 27, Ivy Lane, Pater&Mtef 
Ilow, where all AdvvtUeaeats and Commvni* 
cations for the Editor are to be addresied. 



THE TOURIST; 



^ftetcli ^ciolt Of tUt Sitnrs» 



" Utile Dolci."— fli>r««. 



Vol. I^No. S8.— Sdpplembnt. MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 1833. 



Price Ohb Pbkny. 



THE PORTE ST. DENIS, PARIS. 



Thb Porte St. DeniB ia a triumphal 
arch nised by the City of Paris, in com- 
memoration of the two months' campaign 
of Louis the Fourteenth, in 1672, in 
which short period he eiTected the pas- 
s^e of the Rhine (12 June), conquered 
from the Dutch the three provinces of 
Utiedit, Overyssel, and Guilders, t<^- 
ther with nbove forty cities and towns, 
laying Holland pioatrate and helpless at 
his feet. 

This war, as brilliant as it was unjust, 
and frnitlets in its results, was carried on 
in conjunction with our profligate and 
thoughtless King Charles, who joined in 
it for no better reason than that by so 
doing he might continue his shameless 



and disgraceful career of vice, having 
entered into a secret treaty, by which he 
was to receive from the French King the 
sum of two hundred thousand pounds per 
annum for his co-operation. There were 
but few, also, of his profligate courtiers 
who had not been contaminated by French 
gold, Louis had previously assured him- 
self of the neutrality or assistance of all 
the neighbouring powers. In this flagrant 
violation of justice, indeed, so false and 
frivolous were the reasons employed to 
justify his attack upon Holland, tliat one 
of the chief pretexts for it was the legend 
upon a meaal , in which she boasted of 
having " Assertis legibus, emendatis sa- 
cris, adjutis, defensis, conciliatis re^bus 



vindicata marium libertate, pace cgregia 
virtute armorum parta, stabilita orbisi 
Europsei quiete." " Secured the bacir 
•purified religion, succoured, defendedr 
and reconciled the monarcks, asserted 
the freedom of the seas, by the strengl/t 
of her arms made a glorious peace, and- 
established the tranquillity of Europe." 
^Vhich was, perhans, not boasting of 
much more than sne really had done ; 
yet, upon the complaint of Louis, and to 
appease his pride, the die was broken ; 
but his thirst for revenge and conquest 
was not so easily remov^. Voltaire ob- 
serves " that it IS singular, and worthy of 
remark, that not one of the enemies who 
were ready to overwhelm this little state 



226 



THE TOURIST. 



had any reasonable cause or pretext, for 
their aggression/* and oomparat it to the 
iniquitous triple alliance, known M the 
League of Canibray, against the lihertiei 
and existence of the Republic of Venice. 

Upon Louis crossing the Rhine, a panic 
appears to have seized upon the whole 
population; city after city surrendered 
to his arms without striking a Mow ; and 
Amsterdam would have fallen into his 
power had not the sluices been broken, 
and, by letting in the waters, overflowed 
the surrounding country, which became 
the means of saving the city, and even- 
tually the naiiaa. Had the capital been 
taken the Republic would have perished, 
and perhaps even the whole country would 
have disappeared in this emergency. We 
quote from Voltaire : " The richest fami* 
lies, and those which were most zealous 
for liberty, prepared to flee into the far- 
thest part of the world, and embark for 
Batavia. They took a list of all the ves- 
sels capable of making the voyage, and 
made a calculation of the numbers they 
could embarki It was found that fifty 
thousand families could take refuge in 
their new country. Holland would no 
more have existed, but at the extremity 
of the East Indies. Its provinces in 
Europe, which purchase their com only 
with the riches of Asia, which subsist 
only by their commerce, and, if the ex- 
pression may be ased, by dieilr liberty, 
would have been almost ruined and de- 
populated. Amsterdam, the mart and 
magazine of Europe, where commerce 
and the arts are cultivated by two hun- 
dred thousand men, would soon have be- 
come a vast morass. All the neighbour- 
ing lands require immense expenses, and 
thousands of hands, to keep up their 
dykes. In all probability their mhabit- 
ants would have left tMrn, with their 
riches, and they would have been at last 
sunk under water, leaving to Louis XIV. 
only the miserable glory of having de- 
stroyed the 6nest and most extraordinary 
monument ever erected by human in- 
dustry. Yet this is what poets, orators, 
and, perhaps, historians, woiiM Lave 
adorned with all the flowers of the most 
eloquent flattery." 

It was in thi& fearful situation that the 
Dutch sued for peace, and implored the 
clemency of the victor ; but they were re- 
ceived with insulting haughtiness, and 
intolerable conditions prescribed. The 
terror of the people was changed into 
despair, and despair revived th«r droop- 
ing courage ; but, in the first transports 
of their fiiry, the populace, forgetting the 
eminent services of the patriots, John 
and Cornelius De Witt, and charging 
them as being the authors of the present 
calamities, with savage brutality mur- 
dered and tore them in pieces. This 
occurred on the 20th of August. 

The young Prince of Orange was then 
created Stadtholder, and became the prin- 



cipal support of the state. . '^ I have a\ 
sure method^* said he, *' to f^event my 
ever being a witness t^ the finn of my 
camitry ; ./ will c^ iry the last intrench- 
mentJ* The King, finding a spirit of 
resistance arising, dif&culties increasing, 
and that he could do nothing more in a 
country alioost submerged, the dykes 
having" been broken, lefk his army, and 
returned to Paris to enjoy the flatteries 
and adulation of his Court, and of the 
people of his capital, who erected the 
vain trophy of the Porte St. Denis, to 
eternalize conquests which were aban* 
doned before the proud moQumemt was 
finished. It stands upon the site of the 
ancient Porte St. Denis, built under 
Charles IX., and was designed by Blon- 
del. Its beauty of proportion and exe- 
cution renders it one of the prominent 
ornaments of the French capital. It 
rises from a base of seventy-two feet to a 
height of seventy- three feet; the prin- 
cipal arch being twenty-five feet wide, 
and forty-three feet hi^. Two smaller 
openings on each side, five ^t in width 
by ten feet in height, are rath^ del^^ 
in the structtire, not originally intended 
by the architect. Over these entrances 
are pyramids in baa relief, which rise to 
the height of the entablature, and are 
ornamented with mQitary trophies^ at the 
base of which, on the one side, aie figures 
allegorical of Holland and the Rhine; 
on the other side two crouching lions 
The has reliefs over the arch lepresent, 
the one, the passage of the Rhine at 77b#- 
luys, and the other, the taking of Maes- 
tricht. In the spandrels of the acck are 
figures of Faroe and Victory, and on the 
frieze, in bronze letters^ is the inscription, 

LUDOVICO Maoko* 

The sculptures are, ia general, weH 
executed by Geradere, an aitist of some 
celebrity in his time. In oonmaa with 
most of the public buildings of France, 
this arch had been much degraded du- 
ring the fever of the Revolution. Its in- 
scriptions and has reliefs had been entirely 
defaced, but the whdie was r epai red, with 
much judgment, by Celierier, in 1807, 
and iAnt ^arieas inscriptions restored. 

T. 



INGENIOUS DEFENCE. 

Some yoang gendemen of Lincoln's Inn, 
heated by dieir cups, having drank confdnon 
to the Archbishop Laud), were, at his instiga- 
tion, cited before the star-chamber. They ap- 
plied to the Earl of Dorset for protection. 
"Who bears witness against you?" said 
Dorset. " One of the drawers," swd they. 
"Where did he stand when you were supposed 
to drink this health >** subjoined the earl. " He 
was at the door," they replied, " going out of 
the room." " Tush !" he cried, "the dmwer 
was xnistaken; yon drank coniusion to the 
Archbishop of Canterbury's enemies, and the 
fellow was gone before you prouounoed the 
last word."--£rt«me'* History of England. 



THE POISONED VALLEY OF JAVA. 

It ifl known by the name of Guevo Upas, or 
poisfned Valley; and, following a path which 
had been made lor the parpose, the partr 
shortly reached it with a couple of dogs and 
some fowls, for the purpose of making experi- 
ments. On arriving at the mountain, the 
party dismounted, and scrambled up the ade 
of the hBl, a distance of a quarter of a mile, 
with the assistance of the branches of trees 
and projecting roots. 

When a few yards from the valley, a strong, 
nauseous, and suffocating smell was ezpen- 
enced ; but, on approaching the margin, this 
inconvenience was no longer found. The 
valley is about half a mile in circumference, 
of an oval shape, and aboot thkty £eet in 
depth. The bottom of it appeared to be flat, 
without any vegetation, and a few large stones 
scattered here and there. Skeletons of human 
beings, tigers, bears, deer, and all sorts of birds 
and wild animals, lay about in profusion. The 
ground on which they lay at the bottom of the 
valley appeared to be a hard sandy substance, 
and no vapour was perceived. The sides 
were covered with vegetation. It was now 
proposed to enter it; and each of the party, 
naving lit a cigsf, managed to get within 
twenty feet of the bottom, where a sickening, 
nattseeus SBkell was experienced, without any 
difficulty of breatliing. A dog was now fast* 
ened at the end of a bamboo, and thrust to 
the boOMd of the valley, while some of the 
paity, with ^eir watches in their hands, ob- 
served the effisets. At the expiration of four- 
teen seconds die dog fdl off nis legs, without 
movini; or looking round, and eontittued alive 
only eighteen minutes. The odwr dog now 
left die party, and went to his cenqpaniou ; on 
reacfaiag him he vras observed In stand quite 
raotsoolesB, and at the end of ten seeonds fell 
down; ke never moved Ids limhs adfter, and 
Hved only seven mtnatesL A Ibwl was now 
thnrwa ia, x^uch died in a miHiite and a half, 
and aBotfaer, which was thiown ia aAer, died 
in tite apace eCannnateaaidahidl A heavy 
shower feU dnni^ &e tiaM liuit tlane expexi- 
Bwatt were going fbrwacd, which, from the 
JMlgwtiiag natare of die exfcriaients, was 
4faile disr^iuded. On the oppo«ee aide of the 
vaDey te &A which was via«ed lay a human 
sWeton, the head lesCing on the right arm. 
The oiiBet of the weath^ had Meached the 
bones as vrinte as ivoiy. This mm probably 
the leaaias of smae wietdMd i^tel, hunted 
towa f ds the vaHey, and talutt shelter there 
of ilicha«cttc.«-/«imaica Watch" 




ON A ROSE. 

Ob ! dioa dull flower, here silently dyiag : 
And wilt thou n«v«r, theny-^never ranune 
Th V colour or perfume ? 

Alas ! and bat last night I saw thee lying 

Upon the whitest bosom in the world, 

And now thy crimson leaves are parched and 
cnried. 

Is it that Love hath, with his fieiy breath, 
Blown on thee, until thoa wast fain to pamh» 

(Love, who so strives to cherish)! 
And is the bond so slight 'tween life and death — 
A step bmt fh>m the temple to the tomb ? 
Oh ! where hath fled thy beauty — wheve- Ihy 
bloom? 

For ne, last night I envied thee thy plaoe* 
So near a heart which I may never gaiflf 
And now, perhaps in pain, 

Thott'rt losing all thy fragrance, all thy gnoe. 

•^Aad yet it was enough for thee to fie 

On bar breast, for a nMNnent, and thea-«4ie« 

Barry Cornwall* 



THE TOURIST. 



COBRESPOND£NCE BETWEEN SIR 
CARMICHAEL SMYTH, GOVERNOR 
OF THE BAHAMAS, AND IXMID 
GODERICH, ON THE SUBJECT OF 
FEMALE FLOGGING. 

In Hie patliamentaiy papers of Angnst 8, 
l€82,irambeied 753, there are several commii- 
nications from the Goremor of the Bahainas 
to Tisconnt Goderich, \rhich throw much light 
on the present character of colonial slaveiy. 
We lie«r, hi this oomitry, of its mitigation, and 
we assured of the willingness of the planters 
to piroride for the protection, comfort, and 
moral instruction of their slaves ; but, when- 
ever an opportunity is afforded us of looking 
into the system itself, its dark and revolting 
features are distinctly traced. It is, to use the 
^words of Sir J. C. Smyth, ** an Augean stable, 
which may he cleansed, hut only hy unceasijig 
efforts, seconded hy your Lordship^s (Goderich) 
e&rdial smmort, and the weight of your autho- 
rityJ* Wnen was stronger language used by 
ay abolitionist ? 

It must be borne in mind, that slavery ex- 
ists in a much milder form in the Bahamas 
than in any other of our slave colonies. No 
jnigars are exported thence, and the nem 
population is increasing. If, then, in such a 
colony, atrocities like those mentioned by the 
governor can be practised with impunity, what 
TBKf we not suspect of other slave commu- 
nitiesf 

By a despatch, bearing date 6th of April, 
16SI1, the Governor informs the Colonial Se- 
cretary, of the rejection, by the Assembly, of 
a very moderate bill on the floggmg of females. 
Tlie following is an extract : — 

My Lord, — ^In the conclading paragraph of 
the despatch of the 31st of January, 1831* which 
I had the honour of addreBsing to your Lordship, 
I ventured to express my hopes that such regula- 
■tiona and xestrictions respecting the hogging of 
fiemale slaves would be adopted by the House of 
A awb ly, in consequeBce of their diseussion on 
the ssbJBCt, as woura materially lessen the enls 
of this Bost dbgnsting aystem. The HouaBt I am 
sorry to have to report, have disappointed ne, and 
have not only replied to my answer to their ad- 
dress in very general and evasive terms, but, by 
rejecting without a division, after its first reading 
only, a veiy moderate bill upon the subject which 
had passed the council, have convinced me, that 
although there are fortunately a few gentlemen of 
a proper and manly feeling, yet that the great 
majority oC tha Assembly are too mejudiced and 
too narrow-minded to conceive the existence of 
any ether order of tilings than that which they 
have been aneustomed to witnesa. In my speech 
at the close of the session, I thought it my duty to 
point out how much they had diaiippointed me, 
and how much they must sink it the esteem of 
their fellow-subjects of the zast of the empire. I 
am afraid that 1 shall not be able to do much im- 
mediate good y but I shall conceive it nevertheless 
my duty to take every opportunity, both publicly 
and pnvately, of exerting wbalevei influence 1 
may possess m bringing the inhabitants, if possi- 
ble, to a better feeling. 

Agwn, in a despalch of the Sid of May, 
1831, he reoim to the subject, and speoifles 
yarions cases of female flogging which had 
recently occurred. 

I shall not fail to avail myself of the op- 
portunity of the House being assembled to en- 
deavour to procure some amendment of the 
law by which the power of inflicting arbitrarv 
severe corporeal punishment oa slaves of both 
sexes is vested in the owner. Your X^erdship's 
commands upon that head will be by me moat 
cheerfully and readily obeyed. My first and great 
olyect is to do away with the flogging of female 



slaves ait«^;Bth6r. Most siaoeiely do I iasMBt 
that those magistrates whom I semoved for order- 
ing two women with Infants at the breast, and 
one other with child, to be flogged, were restored* 
to the bench. It not only weakened my authority 
and influence, but, by encouraging an idea that 
British government was cool and indiflerent upon 
the subject, very much paralyzed all my eflbrts. A 
fesiale slave, of only fourteen years of age, was 
pvaiahed last week in the vMMtkbouse with thirty- 
June Isahes by order of her inhaouui mistress, a 
kept waaan> after having been two months in 
pnson, and for some most trifUag ofiisnea* A 
middle-aged female slave received, about ten days 
ago, thirty-nine lashes, by order of a white girl 
of seventeen years of age, who, in the absence of 
her father, had charge of his house. A female 
slave at Exuma was so severely flogged that a 
justice of the peace (a planter on the island) 
wrote to me, and made an aflidavit, that he could 
not tell what number of lashes she had received, 
but that he had never seen so cruel -a punishment. 
Oa returning hosoe, she was flogged for having 
been to eossplaia. I caused the owner ia this 
last case to be prosecated by the crown lawyer j 
but as the ptoof of the second flogging rested 
solely upon slave evidence and of one free coloured 
man, the grand jury ignored the bill. In the two 
other cases I have mentioned I could not legally 
interfere. The Attorney-General, to whom 1 
referred the particulars of the case of a minor of 
seventeen years of age having ordered such a 
cruel punishment, informed me that she bad a 
right so to do. In the case of the young girl of 
fourteen years of age punished by order of the 
kept woman to whom she belongs, I caused a 
letter to be written to the Spanish merchant with 
whom she lives, expressive of my sentiments of 
regret and astonishment that he should permit 
such proceedings in his house, and the more so, as 
this IB the second female slave flogged by the 
gaoler from this house within a monU). Subse- 
quently to my letter to the Spanish merchant, a man 
who keeps a retail spirit shop, and who is most 
unfortunately a Member of the Assembly, has 
caused his female slave to receive thirty-nine 
lashes, after having struck and otherwise ill-treated 
her. It has been repeated to me, that this unlbr- 
tuaato woman was at the time very unwell, and 
that there were some particttlarlv indelteate cir- 
cumstances in this case. Of the laitor part of the 
story, of the ill-health of the woman, and of her 
being previously struck, there is only slave eri- 
deuce, or I would endeavour to bring this man to 

Sunishment. I have entered into the foregoing 
etails to show your Lordship, that, from an As- 
sembly selected fhim a society where such horrors 
as I have deecribed are allowed to take place with- 
oat any animadversioD, a change of the law, and 
velaataiy surrender of the power of inflicting 
punishment, is not to be looked for in a hurry. 
Theie are, however, unquestionably some very 
good and very well-meaning men, and I am un- 
willing to give up the hope of ultimate success. 
It is an Augean stable, which may be cleansed, 
but only by unceasing efforts, seconded by your 
Lordship's cordial support, and the weight of your 
authority. 

The following lep ly of the Colonial Seore- 
taiy will be read witn jpleasure. It oontains 
the geim and pionise of those measures which 
the Administration are about, we hope, to 
bitog forwanU 

I have itoeived your despatoh dated the 3rd of 
Mavlast. 

The shaaieAil and degrading cmelties pn tc iise d 
upoa female slaves, which it Ms been your painful 
duty to lecapitolato, have excited in my mind the 
same feelings which they have produced in your 
own. It is especially distressing to learn, that, 
from the state of the law respecting the evidence 
of slaves, such crimes can be perpetrated with 
impunity. Your remark, that " From an Assem- 
bly selected from a society where such horrors are 
allowed to take place without any animadversion, 
a change ia the tew, aad a voluntary eamadef of 



the power of iMe6ng poriishaient, is not to be 
looked for in a hurry," is but too well founded. It 
is fit, however, that it should be distinctly under- 
stood that the gewnment and peo^ of Gieat 
Britain wil) not patieatly acquiesce la the conti- 
nuance of such a system in any part of his Majes- 
ty's dominions. It is not to be expected that a 
contnmaeioas refusal to rescue these unfortunate 
females fipom each barbarous and disgusting 
punishments should be much longer tolerated ; 
and you will have the goodness to impress, in the 
strongest terms, on the Council and Assembly, the 
fixed determination of the Minivters of the Crown 
to omit no methods sanctioned by law and justice 
to anest the psogie ia of sudi cnielties. Nothing 
can be mere unfaanded than the opinion whiok 
you state le have prevailed, that the British Go- 
vernment was copl and indifferent upon the sub- 
ject. I hear, with much concern, that your efforts 
have been paralyzed by the prevalence of such a 
notion ^ yet I cannot regret that those efforts were 
nhxde. However irksome the necessary interference 
on such occasions must have been to your feel- 
ings, it is highly satisfactory to learn that you 
have exerted yourself with so much energy, though 
unhappily with so little effect, to bring the o£fend- 
ers to justice. 

Here we must close for the present, but 
shall recur to this correspondence again ere 
long. In the meantime, we strongly recom- 
mend the whole to the attentive examination 
of our friends. 



ALCHYMY. 

Henry VI. was so reduced by his extrava- 
gances, that, as Mr. Evelyn observes in his 
Numismata, he endeavoured to recruit his 
empty cofiers by Alchymy. The record of 
this singular proposition contains "the most 
solemn and serious account of the feasibility 
and nrtues of the philosopher's stone, encou- 
raging the search after it, and dispensing with 
all statutes and prohibitions.'' This record 
was, very probably, communicated (says an 
ingenious antiquary) by Mr. Selden to his be- 
loved friend, Ben Jonson, when he was wri- 
tiufi^ his comedy of the Alchymist. 

After ibis patent was published, many pro- 
mised to answer the King's expectations, so 
effectually (the same writer adds) that the 
next year he published anot/^er vatent, wherein 
he tells his subjecte that tlie nappy hour was 
drawing nigh, and by means of^ the stone. 
which he should soon be master of, he would 
pay all the debts of the nation, in real gold and 
silver. The persons picked out for tnis new 
operation were as follow : — 

Thomas Hervey, an Austin friar; Kobert 
Glaselay, a preaching friar; William A tdytte^ 
the queen's physician; Henry Sharp, master 
of St. Lawrence, Pontigny College, in London ; 
Thomas Cook, Alderman of London; John 
Fyld, fishmonger; John Yonghe, grocer ; Ko- 
bert Gayten, grocer ; John Sturgeon, and John 
Lambert, mercers, of London. 

This patent wajs likewise granted authori- 
tate paniasnenti. Piynne, who has given this 
patent in his Awrum Keyinoy p. 135, concludes 
with this sarcastic observation, '^ A project 
never so seasonable and necessary as now." 

The following statute, lepeatea in the pre- 
ceding record, proves that *' multiplication of 
gold ' was the tenn applied to one branch of 
alchymy. 

** None from henceforth shall use to multi- 
ply gold or silver, or use the craft of multipli- 
cation ; and if any the same shall do, he shall 
incur the pain of felony." — /• S, Andrewis 
History of Great Britain, 



wm^m 



THE TOURIST. 



DUNCAN FOBBBB. 



" Thee, FoiiBU» too, whom ertty worth atteadi, 
As tnth sincere, at weeping Mcndship kind; 
Thee, truly generons, and in science great. 
Thy country feds throogh her reYivine arts. 
Planned by thy wisdom, by thy soal fitfomed : 
And seldom has the known a IHend like thee.'* 

Thomson's Airromf. 



The subject of this biographical sketch was 
ibom at Calloden House, County of Inremess, 
4n the year 1 686, and is well entitled to be ranked 
among the most distinguished characteis which 
^Scotland has product. Viewed as a lawyer, 
a legislator, a judre, a patriot, a Chrisdan, and 
a man, few individuals hare appealed possess- 
ing such a combination of splendid talents and 
jrenuine worth. The family from whom he 
was descended are mentioned in the earliest 
records of the country as one of considerable 
importance. Alexander de Forbes, a man of 
gteai magnanimity and courage, was GoFemor 
jof the Castle of Urauhart, which he gallantly 
defended against Edward I. of England, to 
ihe ?ery last extremity; after a lengthened 
resistance the fortress was taken by storm, and 
the whole garrison, including Forbes, and all 
Ids sons, were put to the sword. His lady 
was soon afterwards delivered of a son, 
named Alexander, who, while a youth, per- 
formed many heroic deeds under Robert 
Bruce. In the time of Cromwell, one of 
his descendants was a merchant in Inver- 
ness, who, by his enterprising and industrious 
conduct, acquired sufficient means to purchase 
.the estate of Culloden. His grandson consi- 
derably enlarged the proper^; he had two 
sons %\ho were educated at Kin^s College, 
Old Aberdeen, where they distinguished them- 
selves as dili&;ent students and excellent scho- 
lars, although participating in all the excesses 
of youth ; certainly not much to their credit, 
fK)th had the reputation of being the two 
greatest topers in the north. Duncan, the 
second son, had a wish to join the army, but 
was persuaded by his friends to enter into 
'business. From losses at sea, and a want of 
discrimination in giving credit, his patrimony 
(10,000 marks, Scotch*) was soon exhausted, 
when he relinquished commercial avocations, 
and betook himself to the study of the civil 
and municipal law of Scotland. When twenty- 
three years old he was admitted a member of 
the Scotch bar. Stimulated with an ardent 
desire to excel, he soon attracted considerable 
notice as an advocate. His manly eloquence 
was never prostituted to promote a bad cause, 
and his weu-l3iown integrity of conduct gave 
immense weight to his ^eeches, both vrith the 
judges and the juries. 

During the rebellion, V716, he joined his 
elder brother, with some other Highland fa- 
milies who espoused the cause of the House of 
Hanover, ana was very instrumental in per- 
suading many from joining the Stuart party. 
John, Duke of Argyle and Greenwich, wno at 
that time commanded the King's troops in 
t^otland, was so convinced of the honesty of 
his zeal and great usefulness, that he bestowed 
on him many tokens of affection and esteem, 
and afterwards proffered him the management 
of his extensive estates, with a handsome sa- 
liiry. Forbes declined accepting of the latter, 
'but undertook the task of conaucting his af- 
fairs on the iole consideration that his Grace 
'would treat him as a friend. In 1722, Mr. 
V't»ri)es stood a contest to represent a northern 



■■» 



• About £560.| 



comity in P^uliament His opponent, strongly 
supported by the Court, and possessing great fa- 
mily interest, was returned ; but on a petition 
being presented to the House of Commons, 
the return was set aside, and Mr. Forbes de- 
clared duly elected. Here his high character 
for integrity, with his dignified and energetic 
oratory, soon gained him many friends and 
admirers. His friendship was eagerly courted 
by men of the highest rank, who had any pre- 
tensions to taste and genius. In 1725 he was 
appointed Lord Advocate ; in this high office 
he acted with fidelity to the government, and 
with mildness and compassion to the people. 
His elder brother dying in 1735, he succeeded 
to the estates of Cullc^en, &c., and two years 
afterwards was promoted to the highest le^ 
situation in Scotland — Lord President of me 
Court of Sesaon. On his appointment as 
Lord President he introduced into the Court 
many regulations highly beneficial to the 
suitors, and also preserved the greatest de^ 
corum on the bench; no judge ever made 
greater allowance for human frailties; but 
with him villainy met with no quarter. His 
friends he loved, but never was known to give 
them appointments they were not well qualified 
to fill. During his first year on the bench he 
decided a number of cases that had been de- 
pending from twelve to thirty years, and his 
decisions to the present time are appealed to 
as the highest authorities. At the bar he was 
looked up to as a father, his conduct was so 
courteous ; at the same time, he never allowed 
those improner liberties which counsel are too 
ready to inaulge. He was active in promo- 
ting trade and manufactures, agriculture and 
the fisheries; in short, he was unwearied in 
his exertions in every possible way to promote 
the real interest and good of his country. 

When the standard of rebellion was again 
unfurled in 1745, he was zealously engaged 
in preventing the Highland chiefs, with their 
tails (followers), from joining in the mad at- 
tempt of ihe Chevalier to regain the throne of 
his fathers. Through his exertions in asasting 
the government to suppress the rebellion, he 
impaired and almost ruined his private for- 
tune; but renown was his only reward — no 
blushing honours were pressed upon him. Soon 
afrer the victory, or rather butchery, of the bat- 
tle of CuUoden, the Lord President came to 
London. Great as his exertions were in sup- 
porting the fiunily on the throne, and ardent 
as his zeal was in its cause, his magnanimoos 
mind revolted at, and led him to protest 
against, the sanguinary conduct of the Duke 
of Cumberland, and the uncalled for severity 
exercised by government upon the deluded 
victims of the infatuated Stuarts ; and on his 
appearance at Court George II. received him 
with marked indifference. The King put the 
following question to him : — *^ Is it true, my 
Lord President, that a party of the Duke's 
army (after the battle was over) killed certain 
supposed rebels who had fled for safety into 
the Court of Culloden House?" The reply 
was, •' Your Majesty, I wish 1 eould say No." 
Here ended his favour at Court ; and on the 
12th of the following December his Lordship 
died, in the 00th year of his age, leaving his 
family in very embarrassed circumstances, 
solely from the large pecuniair advances he 
had made in suppressing the rebellion. A few 
years after his death his son obtained from 
government, as a compensation for his father's 
exertions, liberty on his lands to distill spirits 
free of duty, and without being under the 
surveillance of the excise. Hence originated 
the iar-famed ^'Ferintoah whiskey." This 



grant was afterwards pnrchased by govern- 
ment from his gnmoson, Duncan George 
Forbes, who, I beueve, is Uie present proprie- 
tor of Culloden. 

The Lord President Forbes was one of those 
illustrious le^ characters who have rendered 
eminent service to the cause of rdision. Like 
Loixl Chief Justice Hale, of England, and Lord 
Hailes, of Scotland, he unfolded the saond 
truths of revelation with that profound know- 
ledge which his education and habits enabled 
him to do ; and as he could not be suspected 
of interested motives (a charge too oftoi un^ 
justly made against zealous clergymen), his 
arguments came with irresistible force. ^Diere 
is some reason to conclude that, in earlv life^ 
Forbes was sceptically inclined, from a belief 
that there were majiy conttadictions to be 
found in the sacred volume. But beinff ear- 
nestly desirous to be satisfied of its truUi, he 
studied the Scriptures in their original lanr 
guages. Having become master of the Hebrew 
tongue, he, during the vacations of the Court 
of Session, retired to his house at Culloden, 
and read his Hebrew Bible no less than eight 
times over. He became a champion in the 
cause of Christianity, and wrote in its defence 
against TindaL He tried the Scriptures by a 
strict examination, by a cool and impartial in- 
quiry, and fully reconciled them to his reason, 
as the words of life eternal. In this rational 
mode of investigation, it has been said, that 
the late excellent Sir William Jones adopted 
Forbes as his model. What Forbes has wntten 
discovers genuine erudition, and great judg- 
ment on the subjects of natural and revealed 
religion — on sofne important discoveries in phi^ 
losopky and theoloayy and concerning the sources 
of incredulity ; the latter is addressed to a 
bishop. What he published to the worid he 
exemplified in his own life, not teaching only, 
but also practising religion. After his lajnentMl 
deatb the faculty of advocates at the Scotck 
bar paid a hiffh compliment to his memory, by 
erecting an aamirable statue, by Roubiliaic, in 
the Court where he had presid^ (formerly the 
Parliament House). Under the stataeisthe 
following inscription : — 

DuNCANO Forbes de Culloden, 

SuPBEMiE IN CiVILIBUS CURIA PrASIDI ; 

JuDici Integerriho; 

Civi Optimo; 

Prison Virtutis Viro; 

Facdltas Juridica Libeks Posoit. 

Anno Post Obitum Quinto. 

C. N.— MDCCLL 

R. 



TO OPPRESSION. 

Oppression ! I have seen thee/ face to face. 

And met thy cruel eye and cloudy brow ; 

But thy soul-withenng glance I fear not now. 

For dread to prouder fedingi doth give place 

Of deep abhorrence ! Scorning the disgnce 

Of slavish knees, that near thy footstool bow, 

I alio kneel— but with far other vow 

Do hail thee and thy herd of hirelings base. 

I swear, while life-blood warms my throbbing 

veins. 
Still to oppose and thwart, with heart and hand. 
Thy bnitalizing swav, till Afnc*s chains 
Are burst, and freeaom rules the rescu^ land. 
Trampling oppression and his iron rod : 
Such IS the vow I take— So help me God I 

Pringl^s Epheme 'ider^ 



THE CHAMELEON. 
Numerous taXn bave been told of the 
«1ianeleon; tome too improbable to be be- 
Cered, &nd othen too mconnBlent to be recon- 
ciled with each other, or with tmth. Amidst 
this direiaitj of statement, rer; little appears 
to ha*e been known, with certain^, respecting 
the character and habits of thin singular crea- 
ture. Every opportunity, therefore, which pre- 
sents itself of increasing our scanty knowledge 
on these points, or of correcling the ideas we 
msT foimerly hare entertained, deserves to be 
liigfaly ralued. It is on these accounts that 
■ve bare pemsed with veij great interest, a 

Kper by Mr. J. Couch, F.L.S., inserted in the 
iperi^ Magazine, which contsins a register 
of observations made by him on a chameleon 
which lived in his possession four months, a 
lonj^er period than any one was ever known to 
Uve in England before. 

This aoinal measured ten inches in length, 
of wliich the tail was four inches and a half. 
It was embarked on board a ship at Cadii, 
with several others, the greater part of which 
died during the voyare; and came into the 
possession of Mr. Couch about the end of July, 
in Derfect health. He obserres that the cha- 
meleon moves rather slowly, especialt; on the 
gwund. It! most favourite place of resort is 
)i bush, or branched stick, along which it ad- 
vances with great circumspection — never losins 
its bold with one hand (as its singularly formed 
feet may well be termed), until it has secured 
a certain grasp with the others. The tail, in 
the mean while, is employed in holding fast, 
bv twisting round the nranch on which it is 
aavancing. The prehensile taU is particularly 
useful in preserving the body erect ; for which 
purpose, when on a slender t»ig, the feet 
alone are not always sufficient. But it is the 
colour of this animal, as our readers well know, 
which has long been r^arded as the most 
interesting part of its historj-, and concerning 
which the most wonderful stories have been 
narmled, most of them, however, resolving 
diemselves into this, that upon whatever sub- 
alaace the chameleon was placed, it never 
Mled to assume, in a short time, the colour of 
diat substance. This notion, the observations 
of Mr. Couch completely disprove, although 
they coD6rm the fact that the colour of £e 
animal is really " subject to never-cen^g 
rariations," and that these changes are notice- 
able in the minute tubercles with which the 
body is covered, and not in the interstices. 
Its most common colour, when enjoying itself 
in its favourite occupation of ba^ng in the 
enn, is (hat of a dinf^ black, nearly approach- 
ing to the colour of soot ; and a light or whitish 
]f>eliow is that which it assumes while asleep ; 
yet it is remarkable that it rarely retains the 
same hue for ten minutes together, and the 
changes it unde^oes are perfectly astonishing, 
and appear to be altogether iraaccountable. 
These changes, it would seem, are often inde- 
pendent of the volition of tlic animal; for they 
occurred during its sleep as fully and as de- 
cidedly a£ when it was awake. Sometimes 
di^ were produced by the approach of a 
lighted candle ; sometimes by the presence or 
absence of tiie solar rays; sometimes by con- 
tact with another substance, as the touch of 
■the thermometer, when it was desired to as- 
certain its temperature : in all these cases the 
colours were varioiu, and the changes more or 
.less partial. The populiy opinion of its at- 
suDiiug the colourof the substance on which it 
rests, is here shown to be false. " It has passed 
flier and rested," observes Mr. Couch, "on 
Mirpets variegated with different colours ■> 



THE TOURIST, 

Urge green cloth, a Urge myrtle, and other 
coloured substances, but I could never find 
that there was ever any connexion between the 
colour assumed by the creature and that of the 
substance. Once, indeed, there was the sem- 
blance of this ; for having made its escape to 
the outside of the window, it became so much 
like the stones (black and white) as to escape 
observation for a considerable time ; bnt I have 
known it to assume exacfly the same colours 
when under very different circumstances and 
sarroimded by substances of a different colour. 
It was kept under no more restraint than the 
limits of a lai^ room afforded, but after con- 
tinning for hours on a green or scarlet cloth, 
or on green vegetables, I never saw it assume 
those colours ^en so situated ; nor, indeed, 
did I ever see it assume tbe scariet at all." 

Another error which these observations have 
collected, is, that the chameleon does not 
drink. This had been affirmed by Mi. Jack- 
son, who attended to the habits of this crea- 
ture in its native country: but Mr. Couch has 
seen it drink several times while in bis pos- 
session, and describes its action as that of lap- 
ping, lining up the head, and swallowing by 
repeated efforts. 

" Ft was a fortnight in my possesion," he 
remarks, "before I saw it take a fly ; but 
afterwards it not only took all (hat came in its 
way, but would seize them as fast as the chil- 
dren could take and bring them ; it even be- 
came so tame as to take them repeatedly out 
of my band. I was thus enabled to measure 
the distance to which it could dart its touKue 
for the purpose of taking il-s prey, which I 
ascertained to be six inches, rather more than 
the length of its body, although the more usual 
distance ts about three inches. It is very rare 



indeed for it to miss. Its ^)proach to the By 
is at Grit slow and circnmqiect; when within 
a proper distance, the month is opened, and 
the tongue protruded slowlv for about an inch ; 
beyond this it is darted wiUi great celerity, al- 
though not so swifUy as has been represented 
by some, who have said it is more rapid than 
could be followed by the eye. 

" Tbe extremity of the tongue is flat and 
painted; but when it is darted forward after 
the fly, the extremi^ is formed into the shape 
of a targe pea, the middle being the most pro- 
jecting part To this the fly adheres by the 
tenacity of the mucus with which it is con- 
veyed, and is instantly withdrawn into the 
moudi. The fly must be always on some fixed 
object, and nearly, if not quite, at rest, before 
the chameleon wdl attempt to take it; and I 
have seen it repeatedly protrude and retract 
its tongne as the fly has been in motion, until, 
at last, it has either seized it, or given up the 
attempt altogether." 

In moistweather, it became sluggish, sleep- 
ing nearly all the day, and scatcely moving 
when awake. It:: gnat delight was in bii'ht 
sunshine ; but the light and heat of a fire did 
not seem acceptable to it As the weather 
became colder, it increased in torpidity ; and 
the heat of the fire appeared to have no influ- 
"-"" "-.cept in causing it to become a little 
It the part presented to the heat On 



IS found dead, and 



the fith of Deceml>er i 
of a dark colour. 

The public are much indebted to Mr. Couch 
for his care in making and registering his ob- 
servntiens, and for the facts which be bos 
commuiiicaied to il!usti9,te the character and 
habits of (his singular animal. 



HADLEIGH CASTLE, ESSEX. 



TiiEsn are the ruins of a once cele- 
brated and strongly fortified cutle, die 
remains of which, though very scanty, 
attest its former magnificence. The name 
Hadleigh is said to be of Saxon deriva- 
tion, and to signify " high pasture ;" and 
this interpretation certainty agrees very 
ejtactly with the situation of the place. 
The castle, of which one venerable round 
tower is the chief remains, is situated on 
the brow of a steep eminence, from 
whence it commands a delightful pros- 



pect across the Thames into Kent. It is 
builtof stone, and almost of an oval form. 
Some idea may be formed of its strength 
from the fact, that the walls in the lower 
parts of the tower are nine feet thick; 
the cement or mortar by which they are 
bound together being as hard as the 
stones themselves, and composed of a 
mixture of shells of sea-fish and other en- 
during materials. It was built bv Hubert 
de Burgh, Earl of Kent, ia the"reign of 
Henry the Third, and by his permission. 



It lasted, however, but a aliort itme in l^e 
ponesaioQ of ks founder ; for, on his 
Josmg the favour of his mrereign, the 
tMtle was confiscated, and ever af&r held 
by the crown until Henry the Eighth, who 
granted it, with the possessions connected 
with it, to Anne of Cleves, his forsaken 
queeii^ for hier maintenance* 



MERITS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



— _«— •' MortalU caacte peribiHit 
Nedam •ermODiim ftet hoaiw, ct gratia vivaz." 

Nor, Ars. Poet. 



The rage for novelty which has distin- 
guished this nation of late years has, perhaos, 
no where shown itself more unequivocally 
than in the changes which have taken place 
in ov language. The simple beauties which 
were the pride of its youth seem now to he 
totally despised, and si^kerseded hy a host of 
new-ningled refinements from continental 
neighbours, insomuch that if some of our old 
jorefathers could come from their graves, and 
open the publications which generally lie on the 
taUes of our reading-rooms, they would be 
some Ume in determining in what language 
they were written. Nor is this habit of bor- 
rowing terms confined to ourselves: some- 
times, on the other hand, we lend some of our 
own to enrich the vocabulary of our neigh- 
bours. We understand, for example, that the 
¥^ench have of late adopted our word comfort^ 
which (for obvious reasons) had no place in their 
nomenclature. On hearing of this fact, we were 
naturally led to ask ourselves what we had re- 
ceived in return ; and the first words which oc- 
curred to us were, etiquette and ennui! If 
this instance may be considered as indicating 
the ordinary par of exchange between us, we 
fear we are not Ukely to gain much by our 
bargains. 

It is the object of this article to show that 
no necessity exists in our language for any 
such interpolations as we have alluded to, 
and we accordingly subjoin some instances 
furnished by Turner, in his History of the 
Anglo-Saxons, tending to show the strength 
and copiousness of the original English lan- 
guage, and the degree of its prevalence in dif- 
ferent eras of our literature. 

The great proof of the copiousness and 
power of the Anglo-Saxon language may be 
nad from considering our own English, which 
is principally Saxon. It may be interesting 
to show this by taking some lines of our prin- 
cipal authors,' and marking in Itaiia the 
Saxon words they contain. 

Sbakspbabx. 

To bt at net to he, that t* the que st ion ; 
Whether *tis nobler in the mind to suffer 
The stings and arroKs of outrageous fortune. 
Or to take arms against a tea of troubles. 
And Utf opponng end them ? To die, to sleep ; 
No more ! end hy a sleep to say toe end 
The heart'oeh, emd the thousand natural shocks 
Thofiesh is heir to I *twers a consummation 
Devoutly to be voish*d. To die ; to sleep ; 
To ileep ? perchance to dream ! 

MlLTOH. 

With thee conversing I forget all time. 
All seasons, and their change ; all please alihe, 
Sueet is the breath «f mom, her rising tweet. 
With charm rf earliest birds ; pleasant the msn 
When first en this deligbtfol land he spreads 
His orient btams en herb» tree, fruit, and flower^ 



THE TOURIST. 

Glistening with dew ; fragiant the fertile earth 
After soft showers ; and sweet the coming on 
Of grateful evening mild ; then silent night 
With this her solemn bird, and this fair moon. 
And these the gems of heaven, her starry train. 

COWUKY. 

Mmk tihit swifi arrow I hew it cuts the ^ \ 

How it euinuis the fallowing eye / 

Use all persuasions new wed try 
If thou eanst call it b^k, or stay it tA«v. 

That way it %oent ; btU thou shaltfind 

No track it Uft behind* 
Fool ! 'tis thy life, and the fond archer thou* 

Cf all the time thou*st shot away 

I II bid thee fetch but yesterday. 
And it shall be too hard a task to do. 

Translators of the Bulk. 

And they made ready the present against Joseph 
came at noon : for they heard that they shnuld eat 
bread there. And when Joseph came home they 
brought him the present whiehv>as in their hand into 
the house, and bowed themselves to him to the earHu 
And he asked them of their welfare, and said. Is 
your father well, the old man of whom ye spake 1 Is 
he yet alive ? And they answered. Thy servant our 
father is in good health, he is yet alive. And they 
bowed down their heads, and made obeisance. And 
lie lift up his eyes, and saw his brother Benjamin, his 
mother's son, and said. Is this your younger brother, 
of whom ye S})ake unto me ? And he said, God be 
gracious unto thee, my son. Gen. zliii. 25 — ^29. 

Then when Mary was come where Jesus was, and 
saw him, she fell down at his feet, saying unto him. 
Lord, if thou hadst been here, my brother had not 
died. When Jesus therefore saw her weeping, and 
the Jews also weeping which came with her, he 
groaned in the spirit, and was troubled. And said. 
Where have ye laid him 7 They said unto him. 
Lord, come and see. Jesus wept. Then said the 
Jews, Behold how he loved him ! John xi. 32 — 36. 

Thomson. 

These as they change. Almighty Father ! these 
Are but the vsuried God. The rolling year 
Jsfull of thee. Forth in the pleving spring 
Tny beauty walks, thy tenderness and hve. 
Wide flush the fields ; the soft*^ing tur is balm. 
Echo the mountains round ; the forest smiles : 
And every sense and every heart is joy. 
Then eemes thy glory in the sutnmer months. 
With li^ht and heat refulgent. Then thy sun 
Shooujull perfection through tft« swMing year. 

Addisow. 

J was yesterday, about 9un'set, walking in the 
open fields, tiU the night insensibly fell upon me. 
fat first amused myself with all the richness and 
variety of coloors whieh appeared m the western 
parts of hesteen. /» proportien as they faded away 
and went out, several stars mnd planets appeared, 
one after another, tUl the whole firmament was in a 
glow. The blueness of the »ther tpes exceedingly 
heightened end eniieened by the seaaoa of the year. 

Spbnobk. 

Hard is tJbs doubt, and difficult to deem, 
When all Iftrss hinds of love toge^ter meet. 
And do dispart the heart with power extreme. 
Whether shall weigh the balance down ; to weet 
The dear afiection unto kindred sweet. 
Or raging^rs of love to woman kind. 
Or zeal of friends, combined with virtues meet : 
Bui of them aU the band rf virtuous mind 
Me seems the gentle hettrt should most assured bind. 

Book iv., €. 9. 

Locks. 

Every nuin, being conscious to himself, that he 
thinks, and that, whidi his mind is applied <idMmt 
whilst thinking, being the ideas that are there; it is 
past doubt, that men have in their minds several 
ideas. Such as are those expressed by the words, 
whitenessy hardness, sweetness, thinking, motion, 
man, elephant, army» drunkenness, and others. It 
is in the first place, then, to be iaqniied. How he 



comes bgthem^ I htew it is a leofllved doctrine- 
that men have native ideas, and original characters- 
stamped iipsn their minds in their very first being. 

li.odie's Essay, Beok »., e. 1. 

Pope. 

Horn happy u the Mamslesa vestal's lot/ 
The world forgetting, by the world forgot ; 
Eternal sunslSne rf the spetlws VMuiJ 
Each pray'r accepted, aiid each wish resign'd ; 
Labour and rest that equal periods keep ; 
Obedient shunbers that can wake and we^ ; 
Desires composed, afiSections ever efe'n ; 
Tears ^at del%ht, and sighs that wrft to heav'nm 
Orace shines around her with serenest beams. 
And whiepering angek pronpt her golden dreams. 
For Imr th' unCsding ross rf Eden blooms, 
And wings rf seraphs shed divine peilBffles. 

YOUNO. 

Let Indians, and the gay, like Indians, /Md 
Of feather' d fopperies, the sum adore ; 
uarkneu has more divinity ybr me ; 
It strikes thought inward ; it drives back the soul 
To settle on herself, our point supreme. } 

There lies our theatre : there sits our judge. 
Darkness the curtain drops o'er life's dull scene; 
'Tie the kind hand rf Providence streteh'd out 
'Twixt mass and vaatly ; 'tis reason's reign, 
And virtue's too ; tkne tatelary s h a des 
Are man's wsyhsmfrem the tainted ikreng. 
Night is the good man's friend, aesd guardian too. 
It no less rescues virtue^ than intpiies. 

Swift. 

Wisdom is a fox, who, after long hunting, wiU at 
last cost you the pains to dig out. *Tis a dssese, 
whieh by bow much the richer has the thicker, tka 
homelier, and the coaner coat ; and whererf, to m 
judicious palate, the maggots are the best. *Tis a 
sack posset, wherein the deeper you go you will 
find it the sweeter. But thin, lastly, 'tis a nut, 
which, unless you t^oose with judgment, may cost 
you a tooth, and pay you with nothing but a worau 

ROBKRTSOK. 

This great emperor, in the plenitude rf his power, 
and in possession rf all the boners which eon 
flatter the heart rf man, took the extnordinanry Fe- 
solution to resign his kingdom; astd to wi thdr me 
entirely /rom any conoem in busnMss or Me nffsiia 
of this world, in order that he might spend the ve* 
mainder rf his days in retirement and -solitudet-** 
Bioclesian is, perhaps, the only prince, oapable rf 
holding the reins rf government, who ever resigned 
them from deliberate choice, and who continued 
during many years to enjoy the tran^aillity rf re* 
tirement, without fetching one penitent sigh, or 
casting hack one lode rf desire towards tfts power or 
dignity wMc^ he had abandoned. 

Charles V. 

Hums. 

The beauties rf her penon, and gia a c s rf her 
air, combined to make her the most amiable «f 
loomon ; and the ohaime rf her addieas asul con- 
versation aided the impwision uJueh her loody 
figure made on the heart rf all beholders. Amb^ 
tious and active in her temper, vet inclined to 
cheerfulness and society ; rf a lofty spirit, co^ 
stent and even vehement tn her purpose, vet politic, 
gentle, and aflmble, in her demeanor, she seemed 
to partolis only » much of the male virtues as to 
render her estimable, without velinquiahing those 
srft greets «UoJk esmpose the praper omameat rf 
her an. 

Gibbon. 

Jn the second century of the Christian sen, the 
empire rf Rome comprehended the fairest part rf 
the earth, and the most civilized portion rf man' 
kind. The frontiers rf that extensive moparchy 
were guarded by ancient renovm and disciplined 
valoor. The gentle but powerful influence rflaws 
and manners ^djrraduafiy cemented ths union rf 
tAo provinces. Aoir peaerful inhabitants enjoyed 
and abaaed the advnntagei rf weaisk and \mMj. 



THE TOITRIST. 



m 



'9%$ uMge rf a firm craidtitioA «imm pMfl«rr«d 

fottA deoefti nvowBce. 

JOBMflfOK. 

Of genittsi ilrat power which oomtitutes a poet ; 
Aat c|ttftlifcf , witft«&t wMefc jndgniMit is toU tmd 
humedge i$ inert ; that e&efigy wMcA ooUeots, 
combinoft, amplifies, and animates ; tkg suoeriority 
must, toith some hesitation* be allowed to Dryden. 
it is not to he inferred that of this poetical vigour 
Pope had only a littU, bmause Di^den had mtre ; 
fer svery other ioriter since MiltMi must give place 
to Pope ; and even of Dryden it must be said, that 
if he has brighter paragraphs, he has not better 
poems* 

From the preceding instances we may form 
an idea of tne power of Ae Saxon language ; 
bat by no mefos a just idea ; for \re rausft not 
ooBclude tbat tke words wbieh are not Saxon 
could net be supplied by Saxon words. On 
the contrary, Saxon terms roigbt be subst^- 
tnted for almost all the words not marked as 
Saxon. 



TO THE EDITOR OF THE TOURIST. 

DearSir, — The comparative silence of 
his Majesty's Government upon tfie great 
question of the Abolition of Slavery has 
evidently induced a deep solicitude on 
the part of many to know more of the 
present condition of the cause. To meet 
this wish, I have deemed it expedient to 
g^ve a more extended publicity to an 
article which has already appeared in 
liie Christian Advocate. Will you allow 
me to transfer to your columns such 
extracts from it as are most adapted 
to my purpose ? 

I am yours faithfully, 

£.. R. C« 

An anxiety exists on the subject of emanci- 
pation which has never been equalled on any 
other subject of foreign policy. We wish that 
we could satisfy that anxiety. It is our duty 
to state all that we can, with propriety, pub* 
lish ; and, in saying this, we do not wisn to 
affect a knowledge which we do not possess. 
We know much, confidentially, of the expect- 
ations of those who are officially informed ; 
but we frankly avow that we are not of that 
number; nor are there, as we believe, more 
tiuai three, or at the most six individuals, out 
of the Cabinet, who have been entmsted with 
the secret 

It is well known that it was intended to 
hold a public meeting of the Anti-Slavery So- 
ciety, at Exeter Hall, on the 31st ultimo, and 
that this meeting was postponed, sine die. The 
object of the meeting was never very clearly 
defined : die obfeetion to it was obvious. If 
joinitters intend to propose ** immediate eman- 
cipation,'' it was unnecessary : if ihey have 
no such intention, the public expression of the 
opinion of the Anti-Slavery body must, and 
will, be one of such unqualified reprobation, as 
oould not be justified upon mere rumour of 
disappointment. It wad also feK tftat (he duty 
of "O'Connellizing" was over: an Anti-Slarery 
House has been returned by this means, and 
we must wait with patience to see its conduct 
before we condemn. Upon these, and similar 
grounds, the meeting was deferred. It was 
also understood to be the desire of government 
that no unnecessary display should be niade 
of the Anti-Slavexy streag^. We fully acqui- 



esce in the policy of this forbearance ; and not 
the less so, because we well know how irresisti- 
ble that strength will prove itself when once 
exerted. Vi^ance, unceasing vigilance (and 
there are those who have the eyes of Aryus on 
this occasionjy is our duty. "Acxe must be no 
slumbering — ^no sloth. Let every sentinel be 
at his post— erery soldier under arms—but not 
a step in advance. Misasters are pledged to 
give batde to the euemy-*-tbey are pledged to 
lead the conflict — all they a^ is to arrange the 
forces — ^to select their ground ; and« on these 
terms, they have made our cause their own. 
Such toe understand to be the present state of 
the question : upon this understanding we, and 
those who act with us, have consented to re- 
main for a time inactive. We have already 
said, that we speak not from official authority ; 
we may, therefore, be deceived ; but, if we 
are, we err in common with those who are re- 
garded as leaders in the cause; and, with 

them, WE SHALL XieoW FULL W£LL HOW TO 
aSPROBATE BAD FAITH. 

'' But, after all, what is intended ?" We 
ha?e alfeady said, we do not know. The West 
Indians have applied to the Premier, and, in 
vulgar phrase, have been sent back as wise as 
they came. The members for Sheffield, it ap- 
pears, made a similar application, and fared 
no better. They^ however, were entitled to in- 
formation, and did their duty. They acted 
in obedience to the wishes of their constituents, 
expressed conformably to the circular of the 
Agency Committee ; and, in this case, their 
manly conduct will, we trust, be remembered 
hereafter; and not less so, we respectfully 
hint to Earl Grey, that their constitutional in- 
quiry of him was fruitless ! 

Though we cannot even guess what wUl be 
done, we can state what are the expectations 
which we have formed, and upon which we 
are willing, for a time, for a short time only^ 
to suspena our judgment. We expect, then, 
that emancipation, unqualified by any simul- 
taneous, much less antecedent, plan of com- 
pensation, wiU be granted, to take place at the 
expimtion of two, or, at the most, three years ; 
that, in the interim, such a change will be 
effected in the colonial magistracy as will 
ensure the protection of the slaves from op- 
pressive labour, or firom removal from the 
estates on which they are at present domiciled; 
that the whip, or any coercive discipline, by 
private authority, will be forthwith abolished ; 
that, during two days in every week, the slaves 
will be entitled to wages for their labour ; that 
all separation of families by sale will be abo* 
lished; that free access to their habitations 
will be given, not only to protectors, but to all 
parties whatever, encaged on any reasonable 
errand ; and, lastly, mat full and firee oppor- 
tunity will be allowed for moral and religious 
instruction, without reference to sect or creed. 
This is not all we wish — ^far from it; but it is 
all that we expect ; and in this expectation we 
are quiet. But we reserve our chum for all. 
Our just demand is. Immediate, entire eman- 
cipation. 

We will not condemn beforehand ; we have 
agreed to wait, and we will wait ; but, once 
again, we declare (and we are speakaig in the 
name of the religious community), that, if 
disappointment now ensues. Earl Qiey will 
hear, not the sweet tongues of ornate orators, 
addressed to silks and satins at Exeter Hall, 
but the voice of all England, demanding, in 

A T<yNB THAT WILL ENFORCE THE REQUEST, 

^* Immediate Emancipation.*' 



TO THE EDITOR OF THE TOURIST. 

Jusx a few words only, dear Mr. Editor, to 
thank you for the comfort you have afforded 
me abou.t this drpp of water. To find that 
yours Is pond water is really quite a relief. 
It would have gone much against me to 
have taken my nmne off the book. Besides 
the evil of such an instance of backsliding, I 
cottless to you, I shoald have felt much un- 
easiness at returning to the use of spirits, on 
account of the pain it would give to the Friend 
who induced me to become a member of the 
Temperance Society— to say nothing of the 
strength of the acquired taste, which is such 
that I really never even look at a fine sheet of 
water (like that in St John's Street Road, 
called the New River Head) without a sense 
of satisiaotion and delight A friend of mine 
has just come down to Woodford, Mr. Editor, 
who has read to me a paper, of which I con* 
trived to take a copy, and which \ now send 
to you, in the hope that you will put it in 
The JWmf, so tliat thousands may see it 

" Good English Gin ! ! ! 
Old Jamaica Rum ! \ ! 
Real Cognac Bmndy ! I ! 
produce on many persons, in their ccmdttct^ 
foUy, rioting^ evil company, midnight reve- 
ling, extravagance, inattention to business^ 
dishonest practices, slovenliness in person, 
&e. &c. he. ; in their circumstances^ loss of 
credit, loss of friends, loss of business, loss of 
employment, loss of character. These are only 
a small part of the ill effects resulting from 
the use of 

Good English Gin ! ! \ 
Old Jamaica Rum ! ! ! 
Real Cognac Brandy ! ! ! 
Besides this, they deprive a man of his health, 
his peace of mind, his domestic comfort, his 
mon^, his flimiture, his bedding, his clothing. 
^ There is nothing under the sun that can be 
named which has produced so much evil and 
misery, both for time and eternity, as 
Good English Gin ! ! ! 
Old Jamaica Rum ! ! ! 
Real Cognac Brandy ! ! !" 
I have spun out my letter, Mr. Editor, much 
beyond what I intended, but I do think that 
some good would be done by putting this in 
The T&wrist. There are a great many people, 
I don't doubt, that read The Towrist and 
drink spirits too, and if they could be made to 
see clearly what harm they are doing by the 
practice of drinking spirits at all, whether 
with water or without, 1 think they might, as 
in my case, be induced to abandon it. 
Woodford^ Yours, 

Feb, 2, 1883. Old Mabgsrt. 

TRANSLATION FROM LUCRETIUS. 

By Dr, Mason Good, 

'< How tweet to stand, when tempesls tear the Bonia, 
On the firm cliff, and mark the seaman's toil I 
Not that another's danger soothes the soul, 
But from such toil how sweet to feel secure ! 
How sweet, at distance from the strife, to view 
Contending hosts, and hear the chish of war ! 
But sweeter far on Wisdom's height serene. 
Upheld hy Truth, to fix our firm abode ; 
To watch the giddy crowd that, deep below. 
For ever wander in pureuit of bliss ; 
To mark the strife for hoaous and renown, 
For wit and wealth, insatiate, ceaseless iiig*d. 
Day after day, with labour uniestraiu'd. 

O wretched mortals ! race perverse aod blind ! 
Throngh what dread dark, what perilous pursuits. 
Pass ye this round of being ! know ye not 
Of all ye toil for, nature nothing asks 
But for the body freedom from disease. 
And sweet unanxious quiet for the mind." 



THE TOURIST. 



THE INDIAN BOA. 



Tub above cut, representing one or 
tbeae serpents hatchbg her eggt, has 
reference to a particular instance which 
occurred in England, and not to the 
gieneral habits of the species, ob will ap- 

Ear from the following account. It is, 
wever, curiously illustrative of that 
profound sagacity which never escapes 
the notice of the observant naturalist, by 
the operation of which inferior animals 
adapt their conduct to the altered circum- 
stances in which they may be placed. It 
appears that two of these serpents were 
some years ago brought to England ; and, 
after a residence of several years, the 
female produced fourteen or fifteen eggs. 
These were, for a considerable time, die 
objects of the most evident solicitude to 
the animal, under the influence of which 
she bad recourse to an ingenious method of 
compensating for the want of that degree 
of warmth in tbe atmosphere which is found 
sufficient to hatch them in her native 
regions. To remedy the defect, she be- 
thought herself of animal heat, and, coil- 
ing herself round them in a spiral, she 
placed her head at the top of it like 
a lid, rarely raising it, and indicating tlie 
utmost interest in the success of her at- 
tempt. It must be matter of some regret 
to EttI who are interested in the intellec- 
tual operations of animals (for they surely 
deserve this character) that so much in- 
genuity and perseverance were exercised 
in vain. The eggs, however, were never 
hatched. 

This d^ree of sagacity, unless we are 
mistaken, is but rarely exhibited by this 
class of animals: they are less remark- 
able than some other tribes for that near 
approach to reason of which this is an 
instance ; and this defect* is one among 
other bets which gives plausibility to the 
notion entertained by a late commentator 
on the Scriptures, who refers to another 
animal, the monkey, the expressions of 
Moses with respect to the temptation of 
our first parents. It may be proper to 
state that, in this interpretation, Dr. 
Clarke does not maintain his views by the 
rejection of any passages as spurious, but 
differs with other commentators in his 
translation of the word which is generally 
supposed to denote the serpent. 



* Ctucni iii. 1, 



Much interesting information has been 
recently given by contemporary periodi- 
cals on the natural history of p^cular 
species of serpents. We will, therefore, 
offer some general notices of this reptile, 
gathered from Turner's Sacred History of 
the World, and from the eloquent writ- 
ings of the French naturalist, M. La 

Though this class of animals appears, 
at first sight, to be less amply provided 
than some others with the means of 
offence and defence, yet so adapted is 
their structure to their habits and circum- 
stances, and so curiously are they com- 
pensated for their defects by peculiar 
advantages, tliat few of the inferior tribes 
are at once so secure and so formidable. 
Though confined to the ground, and con- 
sequently more liable to accident, they 
are in a great measure defended from it 
by the hardness and lubricity of their 
scales. Though destitute of feet and 
wings, few animals are so nimble as ser- 
pents, or can transport themselves from 
place to place with equal agility. Whe- 
ther to seize its prey or to escape from 
danger, the serpent moves with tbe ra- 
pidity of an arrow, and emulates and 
even surpasses several species of birds in 
the ease and rapidity with which it gains 
the summits of the highest trees, twisting 
and untwisting its flexible body around 
their trunks and branches with such cele- 
rity that the sharpest eye scarcely follows 
them. Their sense of hearing is dull, but 
their vision acute. Their eyes, for the 
most part, are excessively brilliant and 
animated, extremely moveable, consider- 
ably prominent, and advantageously 
placed for receiving the images of objects 
from an extended field. They have a 
membrana nictitans to draw over their 
sight when the sun's rays are too power- 
ful, or any injury approaches. They give 
many indications that their instincts and 
sensations have a superiority over those 
of all other animals, except birds and 
viviparous quadrupeds. They have leas 
blood than quadrupeds, a lower animal 
heat, and less interior activity of system ; 
and, in these respects, they come nearer 
to die formation of insects and worms. 
It is obsened, that they are most ani- 
mated in times of tempest and hurricane, 
when tiie electricity of the atmosphere i« 



in the greatest perturbation. Hence tbe 
native Mexicans, whose religious adora- 
tion of it leads them to iiay much atten- 
tion to its habits, consider its increased 
hissings to presage storms and pestilential 
diseases, and their superstitious feais 
augur from the same phenomenon the ap- 
proach of wars and other public cala- 
mities. It is worthy of remark, that 
wherever the serpent has been found 
among pagan nations, it has almost inva- 
riably been made tlie object of religioua 



Among the various species of aerpetits,. 
the boa doubtless holds the first rank. 
Nature, says La Cepede, seems to have 
made it king by the superiority of the en- 
dowments she has bestowed on it — beauty, 
magnitude, agility, strength, and indus- 
try. The boa is among serpents what the 
elephant or the lion is among quadra- 
peds; it surpasses the creatures of its 
order in size like the former, in strength 
like tbe latter. It commonly attains to 
the length of more than twenty feet, ami 
in some instances it has been found of 
still more frightful dimensions. It waft 
doubtless a serpent of this kind of which 
Pliny makes mention, as having arrested 
the march of the Roman army in the 
north of Africa ; and, although we can- 
not believe that its dimensions were so 
enormous as he represents, yet it appears 
to have been so formidable as to oblige 
them to employ against it those military 
engines which they were accustomed to 
use in sieges. Indeed it is in the biirnmg 
deserts of Africa that this creature enjoys 
a less interrupted reign, and arrives at its 
perfection. It is terrific to read the nar- 
ratives of such travellers as have ];>cDe- 
trated into the interior of this part of tlie 
world, of the manner in which this enor- 
mous reptile moves along through the 
midst of tail herbs and bushes. It is 
perceived at a distance bv tbe motion of 
the plants which bend under its progress, 
and the kind of furrow left by the undu- 
lation of its body. It is in vain to resist 
it by weapons when arrived at its full 
size, and especially when irritated by 
hunger. The only security is found in set- 
ting fire to the already scorched vegetation . 
among which it dwells. The rivers or 
arms of the sea offer no barriers to its 
progress, as it swims with the utmost 
facility even in tbe most stormy waves i- 
nor is any security obtained by climbing 
trees, as it rolls itself with the greatest 
rapidity to tiieir tops. Indeed, its most 
common residence is on the trunkii or 
branches of trees, round which It coils, 
and waits in abuscade for the approach of. 
its prey. 

^To bi CfntiuMtl.; 



Printed by J. UjtDooN and Co. j ud Fablubed- 
by J. Csup, tt No. 27, Iv; Lue. PueniiMttr 
How, where til AdvertuemcDti and ComraBM- 
ntiMi bi (b« Editor are to be uUnned. 



THE TOURIST; 

OH, 

SItetrii iSoolt of tilt €imt»* 



" Utile oulci." — Horace. 



Vol. I.— No. 29. 



MONDAY, MARCH 4. 1833. 



PRICB OmB PbNWT. 



EXECUTION OF LADY JANE GREY. 



■■ Otaliw «t pnlcbra vcaieni in corpoR virtni.'' 
*■ And bmnif'i luiire adds to lictnc'i charms." 

TuzKB are some kinds of study in the 
punuuice of which, contrary to the g;e- 
Deral economy of life, we g;ain consider- 
able adrantage, at no expence of research 
or preparatory Utmur. Of this class ii 
Mt^raphy. Involving little that is recon- 
dite and difficult, addressing itself to the 
inaa^ation bjr its narrative form, and to 
Ae social feelings by its development of 
^Mncter, it takea poasession of some of 



the most important avenues through 
which the minds of men are ordinarily 
influenced, and at the same time acts 
upon a much larger class than is acces- 
sible to other kinds of literature. These 
considerations reflect upon biography 
much importance, and, if we may say 
so, much re$pontibilily. It contains the 
most abundant sources of good, and, at 
the same time, the most fearful facilities 
for mischief. On the one hand, the his- 
tory of a virtuous life is a sermon ad- 
dressed to OVT sympathies; and, if the 



ordinary estimate of the comparative 
value of example and precept be correct, 
it is calculated to be far more effective 
than any that can appeal to the under- 
standing. On the other hand, it is quite 
possible (as has been too frequently 
proved) so to delineate the history of « 
vicious and unprincipled man, as to blunt 
the moral sensibilities of readers, either 
by investing vice with a false splendour, 
or by such an undisguised exhibition off 
it as shall familiarize their percqHions 
with its deformity. We are disposed to 



334 



THE TOURIST. 



conclude, from the prevailing tone of 
biographical literature, that there is much 
insensibility exialif^ mth respect to the 
mischievous tendekicy of the lastrmen* 
tioned class of iivorks, and much mis* 
apprehension as to liie doty of the bio- 
gprapher in these cases. If he must needs 
affect the impartial accuracy of the his- 
torian, he should recollect that there is 
no such necessity for his laboan as for 
those of the latter, and that they may be 
safely dispensed with, when their results 
would be detrunental to the morals of 
society. 

As we are accustomed to tremble 
at the association of selfishness and 
misanthropy with the power to injure, 
conferred by rank, talents, and political 
authority, so we may doubtless regard 
that part of the economy of Providence 
as most benevolent and conservative, by 
which the pernicious tendencies of the 
vicious are commonly obstructed and 
confined by the narrow limits of indi- 
vidual influence ; their resources of mis- 
chief being thus straitened, and, in some 
instances, restricted to the power of in- 
juring themselves. The shortness of life, 
too, is, as respects them, another miti- 
gating circumstance of a similar kind. 
Now, the effect of that class of biogra- 
phy, to which allusion has been made, is 
no less than to frustrate the benevolent 
intention of these arrangements. It aims 
to extend and perpetuate the influence 
of a corrupt life, to enable a man to live 
his vices and crimes over and over again 
through successive editions ; it keeps 
above ground, and with all its disease, 
the corpse which ought to be '' buried 
out of our sight," in order to extend in- 
fection and to multiply mortality. 

On the other hand, it cannot but be 
matter of regret that the narration of vir- 
tuous lives, and the delineation of vir* 
tuous characters, has not been more 
philosophically undertaken by those who 
are enabled, by their knowledge of the 
human mind, and their sympathy with 
moral excellence, to trace the process by 
which the great and good have attained 
their pre-eminence. What an inestimable 
treasure should we possess in a work 
which should exhibit the entire formatieci 
of a character distinguished by guilts 
and virtue ! — ^which should minutely spe- 
cify (if it is not too improbable a suppo- 
Mtion) and represent, in their exact 
proportion, the influences exerted upon 
It through a life, by events, companion- 
ships, and studies. Such a disclosure, 
however, is hardly to be hoped for. 
Owing to the almost universal neglect of 
•elf-observation, and the consequent de- 
lect of self-knowledge, it is scarcely to 
be expected from the individual himself; 
and to hope for it from a friend, however 
■itimate aoid observant, would be far more 
ohimerical. Por the deputmeoat of the 
■hid, which for this .p«q>oae n)iist be 



subjected to the rigorous scrutiny of ano- 
ther, is just that which every man is in- 
stinctively disposed to eoBC cal ■■ t o which 
his consciousness of depravity compels 
him to forbid access. Hence it has been 
said, with equal sublimity and truth, 
by a writer whom we consider as by far 
the greatest moralist of modem times,* 
^'Each mind has an interior apartment 
of its own, into which none but itself and 
the Divinity can enter. In tliis secluded 
place, the passions mingle and fluctuate 
in unknown agitations. Here all the fan- 
tastic and all the tragic shapes of imagina- 
tion have a haunt, where they can neither 
be invaded nor descried. Here the sur- 
rounding human beings, while quite in- 
sensible of it, are made the subjects of 
deliberate thought, and many of the de- 
signs respecting them revolved in silence. 
Here projects, convictions, vows, are con- 
fusedly scattered, and the records of past 
life are laid. Here, in solitary state, sits 
Conscience, surrounded by her own thun- 
ders, which sometimes sleep, and some- 
times roar, while the world does not 
know. The secrets of this apartment, 
could they have been even but very par- 
tially brought forth, might have been 
fatal to that eulogy and splendour with 
which many a piece of biography has 
been exhibited by a partial and ignorant 
friend. " 

Such difficulties as these which we 
have noticed leave us, it must be con- 
fessed, but little hope of witnessing the 
attainment of this high degree of excel- 
lence in biographical literature. But 
still it can scarcely be considered as idle 
to lay down the ideal standard of its 
perfection, since it obviously furnishes 
(if our view be correct) the test by which 
to estimate inferior degrees of merit. That 
biography, then, in short, we conceive to 
be the best which most closely traces the 
formation of the character from the erents 
of the life. 

These remarks, whidi have extended 
far beyond our intention, have been na- 
turally suggested by the contemplation 
of the life and character of Lady Jane 
Grey. We could not help induigiKg Ihe 
vain wish thtft it were possible to describe, 
for die admiFBStiofi of one 9ex and the 
imitation of the . other, the process by 
which that resplendent character was 
formed and matured. The possibility, 
however, of fulfillii>g this wish in any 
degree is precluded by the very scanty 
notices which are left us of her private 
history. Few events of her life have 
been recorded, except those in which a 
nation was interested, and which, con- 
sequently, came within the province of 
the political annalist. We will not once 
more recur to those few and notorious 
facts, but will rather offer to our readers 
what will interest them far more — ^vii., 

* Fast«r*» IStfttys, page 80. 



the account of her tragical end, from the 
eloquent pen of the late Sir James Mack- 
iatoals. 

On the 3rd of Novemta*, 1553, Lady Jan« 
Grey and Lord Ouilford Dudley were con- 
victed 0f high treason. But no time was fixed 
for the execution, and their treatment indica- 
ted some compassion for involuntary usurpen 
of seventeen years of age. The ingratitude of 
Su^Bc proved an incentive sufficient to pre- 
vail over the slender pity of bigots and politi- 
cians. On the 8th of Februaiy Mary signed 
a warrant for the execution of ^ Guilford 
Dudley and his wife," for such was the de- 
scription by which they were distinguished at 
a moment when discourte^ wears its ugliest 
aspect. On the morning ofthe 12th he was 
led to execution on Tower hill. Lord Guil- 
ford Dudlev had requested an inlmrview with 
his beloved. Jane. She, from a fear that it 
might unfit both fur the scene through which 
they were to pass, declined it She saw him 
go through the gate of the Tower towards the 
scafibld ; and, soon afterwards, she chanced 
to look from the same window at his bleeding 
carcass, imperfectly covered, in the cart which 
bore it back. Feckenham, Abbot of Wesl^ 
minster, had endea^ured to convert her to 
the Catholic faith. He was acute, eloquent, 
and of a tender nature ; but he made no im- 
pression on her considerate and steady belief. 
She behaved to him with such calmness and 
sweetness that he had obtained for her a day's 
respite. So much meekness has seldom been 
so pure from lukewannness^ She wmte a letr 
ter to Harding on his apostacy, couched in 
ardent and even vehement language, partly 
becanse she doubted his sincerity. Never did 
afiection breathe itself in language more beau- 
tiful than in her dying letter to her father, in 
which she says, " My guiltless blood may or 
before the Lord, Mercy to the innoi^nt !"* A 
Greek letter to her sister, Lady Catherine, 
written on a blank leaf of a Greek Testament, 
is needless as another proof of those accom- 
plishments which astoni^ed the learned of 
li)uTope,t bat admsimUe as a token that nei- 
ther grief nor damar eonld raffle her thoughts, 
nor lower the snmnity of her hfghest senti- 
ments. In Ihe CMDse of that m9ming she 
wrote in her B«te-%ook three setftences, in 
Qrctk, LatiD, and fo^k, of whkh the last 
is as ibllewB :— ** If my fauH deserved punish- 
ment, my voadi, at least, ami my impmdence, 
were wortsy of excuse. Oed «nd posterity 
will show wke fivrour." 

She was eiBeaited watSon the Tower, either 
to wilhdimw her from Kbe pltfi^g eye of the 
yeopile, w as a priviteee ^A«e as t^e descendant 
ef iieaiy VII. At tetoed'on the scaffold 
thm *^wx «R«r WW |M pxre from trenpass 
against Queen Mary as innocence was from 
injustice : I only consented to the thing I was 
forced into." 

In substance the last allegatioa was tmm 
The history of tyranny affords no example of 
a female of seventeen, by the command of « 
female, and a relation, put to death for ac- 
quiescence in the injunction of a father, sanc- 
tioned by the conciurrence of all that "die kin^ 
dom conld boast of what ^as ilhistiioas a 
nobility, or grave in law, or veneraUe in uA* 
gion. The example is the more afieoling, as 
it is that of a person who exhibited a nu^cby 
less union of youth and beauty with genin% 
with learning, with virtue, with piety ; whose 

• Stowe. Biograph. Britan. iv. 24200. 1 £3.1757. 
t Heylhi* Biegraph. Britaa. 



mB TOURIST. 



r M perfeethf miMued. It was a death 
■ttffieient to honour and dishonour an age. 



THE INDIAN BOA. 

(C(Mcludidfr<nupag9 232.) 

When the yictim of this ^gantic reptile has 
oome sufficiently near for his attack, he darts 
upon it with the rapidity of an arrow, enve- 
lopes it in the huge and muscular folds of his 
hody, and presses it with such force as to break 
an Its bonesy and suffocate it in his dreadful 
«Bibnio«. It is iiNun this latter bahit that it 
has received the Latin surname of emutrictor. 
If the bulk of the dead aaimal is too neat for 
the boa to swallow it, notwithstanding die 
kurge size and elasticity of its throat, he con- 
tinues to press it until he has broken and soft- 
ened an the more rigid parts ; and, if this 
process is too difficult for his unassisted 
strength, he will drag it to the nearest tree^ 
and, placing it between the trunk and his 
own body, redoubles the pressure until he 
has reduced it to a shapeless and flexible 
maM^ He then elongates it as much as pos- 
sible by simyar pressuie, pours upon it an 
abn&dant secretMm resembling saliva, and, re- 
ceiving the head into his jaws, he draws it 
down Ms thioat by frequent and violent in- 
spirations. Sometimes, after all these efforts, 
lus prey is too large to be entirely swallowed, 
and m such cases he has been found stretched 
on the ground, with his jaws frightfully ex- 
tended by the undevoured part of the animal, 
and in a state of profound lethargy, which 
VBoally accompanies no digestion. 

When its appetite has been completely sa* 
tbfied, it will sometimes lie for five or six days 
^ite motionless and insensible. Indeed, some 
travellers near the isthmus of Panama have 
declared that they have sat down upon it, 
mistaking its body, as it lies covered with 
leaves, for the trunk of a tree. So great is its 
toffpor, if we ma^ believe their narration, that 
Aey have even lighted a fire close to it before 
it has moved, and discovered to them the 
p^rilousness of their situation. The natives 
of those regions which it infest generally seise 
thase opportunities of destroying the monster, 
aad sometimes hasten them, by placing the 
eaicase of some animal, slaughtered for the 
purpose, before the mouth of its den. The 
Doa never fails to devour it, and then falls 
into the lethargy, in which he is easily de- 
stroyed. 

A curious account of the capture of one of 
these creatures in Egypt is given bv Diodoms 
Sioulus, with which we will dose this artide. 
*' A nwiid>er of hunters," says he," '* enoon- 
nged by the munificent offers of Ptolemy, 
sesolved to bring him one of the largest of 
liiese serpents to Alexandria. This enormous 
reptile, thirty euhits long, lived on the banks 
of the rivers ; diere he dwelt, reclined upon 
tlie ground, and his body coiled in a cirue ; 
but when he saw any animal approach the 
bank where he resided, he darted upon it with 
Impetuosity, seized it in his jaws, or strangled 
it in the folds of his tail. The hunters, de- 
acrying him from a distance, eonoeived .that 
dwT ttottld earily sucoeed in taking him in 
tfieir nets, and loading him with chains, lliey 
•dvaneed with resolutfon ; but when they were 
^within a short distance of the huge animal, 
the ferocious glare of his eyes, his rough and 
•ealy hide, the noise which he made in rousing 
bimself, and his open mouth, armed with long 
and curved teeth, inspired ^em witih alarm. 
They ventured, however, to approach, step by 



step, and throw some heavy chains on him ; 
but scarcely had these touched the monster 
than he turned furiously round, seized the 
nearest hunter in his mouth, and killed ano- 
ther with the stroke of his tail. The rest fled 
in terror; but, being unwilling to forego the 
rewards of the King> they invented another 
method of accomnlishittg their purpose. They 
made a net of Uiiok cords, proportioning ks 
sixe to that of the serpent, and placed it near 
the mouth of his den ; then, havinff observed 
the times of his eg^ress and return, they seized 
an opportunity, when he had gone out in 
search of prey, to block up the entrance of the 
cave with large stones. When the serpent 
returned he found his abode beset witn a 
number of armed men, horses, and dogs. At 
first he erected his head, and uttered inghtful 
hissings; but being fiiffhtened at the number 
of his fi>ea, and at the darts and arrows whidi 
assailed him from all quarters, he rushed to 
the entrance of his eave. Finding this blocked 
up, and at a loss how to escape from the at^ 
tacks of the hunters, and noise of their trum- 
pets and dogs, he threw himself into the net, 
where, having wearied himself with the most 
tremendous efforts to escape, and subdued by 
the blows of his assailants, he suffered himself 
to be conveyed without resistance to Alex- 
andria." 



ROME AND ENGLAND. 

From a Speech delivered by Daniel Webster, 
at Plifmouthy America^ in commemoration of 
the first settlement in New England, 

It was not given to Rome to see, either at 
her zenith or at her decline, a child of her 
own, distant indeed, and independent of her 
control, yet speakiuff her own language, and 
inheriting her blood, springing forward to a 
competition with her own power, and a com- 
parison with her own great renown. She saw 
not a vast region of the earth, peopled from 
her stock, full of states and political commu- 
nities, improving upon the models of her insti- 
tutions, and broathing in fuller measuro the 
spirit which she had breathed in the best 
periods of her existence ; enjoying and ex- 
tending her arts and her literature; rising 
rapidly from polirical childhood to manly 
strength and independence ; her offspring, yet 
now her equal ; unconnected with the causes 
which might affect the duration of her own 
power and greatness ; of common origin, but 
not linked to a common fate; giving ample 
pledge that her name shall not be forgotten, 
that her language shall not cease to exist 
among men ; that whatsoever she had done 
for human knowledge and human hanpiness 
should be treasured up and preserved ; that the 
records of her existence and achievements 
should not be obscured, although, in the in- 
scrutable purposes of providence, it might be 
her destiny to fall from opulence and splen- 
dour; idthough the time might come when 
darkness should settle on her hills; when 
foreign or domestic violence should overturn 
h«r altars and her temples ; when ignorance 
and despotism should fill the place whero arts, 
and laws, and liberties had flourished; when 
the feet of barbarism should trample on the 
tombs of her consuls, and the walls of her 
senate-house and forum echo only to the voice 
of savage triumph. She saw not this glorious 
vision, to fortify and inspire her against the 
possible decay and downfall of her power. 
Happy an thej who, in our day, may behold 
it, U they shall oontemplate it with the senti- 
ments which it ought to inspire ! 



TACITUS. 

Im thft deliaflaliaD. of chaaatftSL Tairitiin is 
unrivalled among historians, and has veiy few 
superiors among dramatists and novelists. By 
the delineation of character we do not mean 
the practice of drawing up epigrammatic cata- 
logues of good and bad qualities, and append- 
ing them to the names of eminent men. No 
writer, indeed, has done this moro skilfully 
than Tacitus ; but tikis is not his peculiar 
glory. All the persons who occupy a large 
space in his works have an individuality of 
cfaasaotery which seems to petvade all taeir 
wank and actions. We know them, as if wa 
had UV)ed with them. Claudius, Nero, Otho^ 
both the Agramnaa, are mastei^pieoes. Bat 
Tiberius is a stul highei misaole of art The 
historian undertook to make ua intimatdj 
acquainted with a man singularly dark and 
insenttaUe — ^wiii a man whose real dic^osi- 
tion long remained swathed up in intnoate 
folds of factitious virtues; and over whose 
actions the hypocrisy of his youth, and the 
seclusion of his old age, tlurew a singidar 
mystery. He was to exhibit the specious 
qualities of the tymnt in a light which might 
render them transparont, and enable us at once 
to perceive the covering and the vices which 
it concealed. He was to trace the gmdatiens 
by which the first magistrate of the r^ublio, 
a senator mingling freely in debate, a noble 
associating with his brother nobles, was traiia> 
formed into an Asiatic Sultan ; he was to ex- 
hibit a character distinguished by courage, 
self-command, and profound polioy, yet defiled 
by all 

" The eztravagrancy 
And crazy ribaldry of faocy." 

He was to mark the gradual effect of advancing 
age and approaching death on this strange 
compound of strengui and weakness ; to eit- 
hibit the old sovereign of the werid sinking 
into a dotage which, though it rendered his 
appetites eccentric, and his temper savage, 
never impaired the powers of his stem toid 
penetmtingmind*—oonseiousof failing strength, 
raging with oapiieious sensoaKty, yet to the 
last the keenest of observers, the most artful of 
dissemblers, and the most terrible of masters. 
Tlie task was one of extreme difficulty; the 
execution is almost perfect — Edimbwfgk Me- 
tasKT. 



THE SIGH. 

,Wbsn childhood'i grief our bosom throes^ 
Ere yet the tongue can lisp our woes, 
What can our infant pain disclose t — 

A sigh ! 

When time matares the mad-cap boy. 
And all aeems bliss without alloy. 
What marks the marring of oor joy 1 — 

A sigh I 

When youth assnmea the would-be man, 
Forecastiag life's prscarious ipan. 
What forms the moral of our plan 1 

A sigh ! 

When manhood comes, alas ! too soon ! 
With hap as changeful as the moon, 
What notes the moment of our noon 1 — 

A sigh ! 

When fades tiie flickering flame of age, 
And fats commands us off the stage, 
What stamps the class of life's sad page?— 

Asighl 

Aberdeen. R»***f. 



THB TOURIST. 



THE TOURIST. 



MONDAY. FEBRUARY 19, 1833. 

THE 8AF£TY OF IMMEDIATE EMAN- 
CIPATION. 

No.V. 
SIERRA LEONE. 

The pio-slaTery writers are peipetually as- 
fluring U8 that the African lace are natorally 
indolent and dispoBed to barbarism. The ab- 
anrd theory of Major Moody is propounded in 
ft thoQsand fiurms, each of which is alike dis- 
creditable to the heart and head of its pro- 
pounder. The colonists ha?e so industriously 
eirculated this charge of indolence and barba- 
rism that many well-meaning persons have 
been dduded bv it Fears are, consequently, 
entertained of the effects of immediate aboli- 
tion, and the cause of humanity is thereby 
weakened. We hare already seen, in the case 
of the free coloured and black population of 
our colonies, as also in those of Hayti and 
Ouadaloupe, bow triumphantly the African 
race are vindicated from the charges which 
have been preferred agaiust them ! This vin- 
dication will be rendered still more complete 
by a consideration of the facts which will be 
elicited in the present paper. 

Many large bodies of manumitted Africans 
have been located within the last fifty years 
at Sierra Leone. It is well known that about 
2000 negroes joined the British army during 
the first American war. These were settled 
in Nova Scotia ; but the climate proving too 
cold, and the land too poor for them, between 
13 and 1400 volunteered, a few years after 
the termination of the war, to form the colony 
which was then projected at Sierra Leone. 
Several hundred negroes who had belonged to 
ihd 2nd and 4th West India regiments, and 
Royal African corps, were also landed at this 
colony, and manumitted in 1819. A large 
body of Maroons was also conveyed thither 
from Jamaica in 1801, and in 1810 the p<mu- 
lation was increased by a body of revolted 
slaves banished from Earbadoes. About 30,000 
Africans have also been landed in Sierra Leone 
within the last twenty years. These have been 
taken from the holds of slave -ships, and with- 
out a moment's preparation have been put in 
possession of their liberty. The condition in 
which they are landed is frequently pitiable in 
the extreme — sorrow, confinement, and cruel 
usage, having reduced them to die last stage 
of wMikness and disease. The men are al- 
lowed twopence per day for six months, and 
the women for three months. Through the 
increased vigilance of our cruisers the number 
landed has of late been very -considerable. In 
1824 it was 1630; in 1826, 2337; in 1826, 
2727 ; and m 1827, 2867. 

Here, then, we are furnished with an oppor- 
tunity of submitting the conflicting theories of 
the abolitionists, and of their opponents, to the 
vnerrinff test of facts. What has been die his- 
tory of 3iis colony ? What is the report which 
its present and past condition furnishes in il- 
lustration of the African character? Our reply 
to these questions shall be drawn from official 
documents. In 1826 commissioners were ap- 
pointed to inquire into the state of the colony, 
and their report was ordered by the House of 
Omimons to be printed, May 7, 1827, The 
eommisBioners say : — 



The Mneiil 



of the Neva 



'* ine {MMimi appearance oi tne Movascotia 
settlers diners but liuie from that of the free people 
of colour in the West Indies. On Sunday* 
their dress is neat and clean, and their general de- 
portment very respectable. This Temark is equsUy 
applicable to all tne other coloured classes which 
compose the resident popalation of Freetown, 
where great external respect is paid to the sab- 
bath.' Of the maroons they say, ' They happened 
to arrive at a time when their services were much 
wanted to repel a hostile attack, on which occasion 
th^ appear to have conducted themselves well ; 
and they have since maintained pretty generally 
the gooa opinion then formed of them. SeveraJ 
of ikem have been successful in trade, by which 
they have acquired a comfortable livelihood : and 
a few of them who are most extensively engaged 
in mercantile transactions are supposed to have at- 
tained to considerable affluence, at the same time 
that they have maintained a character of great re- 
spectability. The dress and general appearance 
of the Maroons is very rMpectable, particularly 
on Sundays, when a peculiar neatness is observ- 
able, and their deportment not only in chapel, but 
as far as opportunities have offered of observing 
it elsewhere during that day, is very creditable.' — 
The slaves banished from Barbadoeswere employ- 
ed in public works for two or three years. ' At 
the expiration of this time,' say the uomraission- 
ers, ' they were permitted to employ themselves 
for their own benefit, and they have in general 
shown themselves to be industnous and useful.' — 
Of the black soldiers of the African corps settled 
in the colony, they say, * Many of them appear 
industrious. They have generally maintained a 
respectable character, and have by their own ex- 
ertions (aided by some liberal residents), and un- 
der the zealous superintendence of the Rev. Mr. 
Raban, erected a chapel in the distant part of the 
town (Freetown) where they reside. Toat gentle- 
man officiates there two days in a week to a con- 
gregatiou averaging perhaps one hundred persons, 
whose appearance and deportment are very credit- 
able.' Speaking of the inhabitants generally, the 
Commissioners observe, ' The coloured men ^un- 
der this term they include the blacks who form 
the great bulk of the population, and who in fact 
are the persous who sit on juries,) whom we have 
had opportunities of observing on Juries, appeared 
attentive and anxious to ascertain the merits of 
the case ; and as far as we could judge from their 
verdict, seemed to be possessed of sufficient intel- 
licence to insure the ends of justice. They are 
selected principally from the older settlers ( fiova 
Scotians and Maroons) and in some few instances 
from the liberated Africans. The indiridual at 
present holding the office of Coroner at Freetown, 
IS a Maroon. The present Mayor is one of the 
early Nova Scotia settlers ; the senior Alderman 
one of the early Maroon settlers.' " 

This testimony is the more valuable as 
comiDg from persons who were evidently 
somewhat infected with colonial prejudices. 

The parliamentary paper of the 17th of 
February, 1S30, furnishes still' later and more 
important information. Lieutenant-Colonel 
Denham, in an official report, bearing date 
May 21, 1827, says:— 

" What this colony, or rather the liberated Afri- 
cans, have felt the most want of, is instruction, 
capital, and example. With th4 very little they 
have had of eithm- conveyed in a manner likely to 
benefit them generally f it is to me daily jik in- 
CRXASIKO suajBCT ov ASTONisuMBKT thot the libe- 
rated Afrieane teitled here^ have done to much for 
themtelcet as they have. 

*' The prflpensUiet of the people located in the dif- 
ferent tetilemeati are very generally in favour of 
agriculture. 

** I have not observed any dinnclination for vo- 
luntary labour ; it appears to be a system perfectly 
understood and practised by the liberated Africans 
hete, and strengthen* with their strength, as they 
become mere setisibU of the sveeU of labour, by 0n- 
J^it»g ihe profits of it, and the eostforts tho^e profits 



enable tkem te purdbaM. Indeed, to the HMny hm*- 
dreds of liberated Africans that have been enplo|«d 
as labourers on the diffNrent govenuneat woiks,aa 
well as on the buildings erected by jnrivate indivi- 
duals daring the last few years, may in sone men- 
sure be attributed the comparatively snail aaoibar 
of agricultuial labourers in the villa^ Labour- 
ers' wages have varied from one shillinff to sizpenee 
per day, yet has there never been a deficiency ef 
liberated Africans who were willing to labour for 
hire. On the naval stores now erecting by oon* 
tract on Kine Tom's Point, are nearly two ban* 
dred liberated African labourers, who woA well 
and steadily at twenty shillings per month, one 
half paid in money, and the remainder In goods^ 
taken from the stores of the merehants who hav* 
the contract. 

"An anxious desire to obtain and enjoy the 
luauries of life is apparent in eveir village, frois 
the oldest settler to the liberated Afriean of yes* 
terday. European articles of dress are the first 
objects of their desire, and for the means of ac- 
quiring these both seies will cheerfully labour; 
and a gradual improvement has taken place in 
their dwellings, as they became possessed of the 
necessary means for that purpose. 

" Of the practicability of introducing free Ia» 
hour amount the libereted Africans setUed here I 
have not the slightest doubt ; nor do I believe 
they would work half as well in any other way» 
unleu the greatest cruelty should be exercised So* 
wards thenu* 

Again, under date of the 15th of Norembe^ 
1827, Colonel Denham writes : 

" I know nothing of what may be the capabili- 
ties of the neero vassal, but I am sure the free 
negro, eitiier in his own country, or in any other 
where bondage has never existed, is as sensible of 
rights and privileges, and as ready to defend 
them, as any white man in existence ; and I defy 
any man to show any instance among negroes ia 
this state of that natural dislike to whites, which 
has been reported and acknowledged as a fact by 
theorists and West Indians ; on the contrary, tha 
white man is always looked up to as their superior^ 
their protector, and their friend, whenever he will 
allow himself to be so considered." 

Miyor Ricketts, a successor of Colonel Den* 
bam, reports to the same effect. In a letter 
dated Marcb 27, 1829, he writes : 

" The liberated Africans appear happy; at 
Wellington they are building by sabscriptioii 
among the inhabitants a good-sixed chureh and 
market-house of store ; and a number of private 
store buildings are springing up. The manager 
at Hastings is endeavouring to erect new bridges 
with the workmen and others of the village, wno 
give labour and furnish materials gratis. Several 
of the liberated Africans who have obtained lota 
of land in Freetown, have built good bouses. — 
Many of them and of the disbanded soldiers em- 
ploy themselves in the buminf^ of lime, sawing of 
boards, cutting shingles and clap-hoards; all of 
which are carried for miles from the spot where 
they are prepared to their villages, and from thence 
either brought to Freetown by land, or by waAer 
in canoes, which are kept and hired out for that 
purpose by the liberatea Africans, residing in viU 
lages situated on the banks of the river or on the 
sea- coast. In return for these articles they gene- 
rally receive cash, which is not kept dormant, for 
with that they purchase cattle from the natives 
trading to the colony ; and taking them to the 
country villages they are fattened and afterwards 
sent to the maiiet, and a profit of nearly one 
hundred per cent is realized by this species of 
industry. Pigs and poultry are raised in the vil- 
lages, and the market of Freetown receives fion 
them an ample supply daily of this kind of slock» 
as well as of eggs and vegetables. Some of the 
persons supplying the market are known to travel 
from Waterloo and Hastings, the former being 
twenty-two and the latter sixteen miles from 
Freetown, carrying their j>roduce in baskets on 
their heads ; this hand of industry clearly maai* 



IhU tka dailta Iba libentad Aiticuii h&vt to 1i- 
lM«r vrinntaiilj to eoabla Ihem bf hoDtit m— b» 
to b«M*ia |>oM«nod of thoM luiuriw wkick tlMj 
*M tboir ooia wMltli; hreiiiiMi eiua;iat- '!''<« 
poliM af the villasn it «diiiiDutBre(l by tb« lib<- 
nUd Attima ; tMj hava gi*on «*ideai pMof or 
Jlwir tfiMtioa for tbo Itwi M they tnadmiDutv- 
ed, bj lh« Lntereit thoj ibow io implicitlj obej- 



ing tMm i iixl wbcn it bu boM fesad reqaiiilc 
to adopt local rcniationa particaluly ■Sacling: 
tbcn, tlMy ban cOMrfall; conbriMd lo them.— 



« the libintMl Africuu found I 



THB TOURIST. 

food and clothing. The •chNl* for the admiuion 
of childnnborn in ibe colsay, u« ilill progrw- 
tiyely improTiDg, and the pirenti arince an aox- 
looi duire to avail ihamaelvei of the oppoitaoky 
afforded ibem of obtaining aiefal initmctioD he 
their chiidreo." 

lliUB we ate, notwitluUndiiiK every dind- 
vaitta^ under which thU colony nu Ubouied, 
that Its peace has been undirturbed, its ini- 
DroTement uniformly progT(>isire, and the ha^ 
lits of its Afiican population iuduKrions and 



fcaca the Btatement of Sir N«l Campbell, ia a 



letteroftltedaleofOctobei 1,1896. "Cotv- 
cion," he aajs, "htu nrMr iefm emphftd la 
tA» cofon^." What, Iben, will an eiiliMtetwd 
public IfaiDh of the ngades of Hmot noodj, 
with wluvh for a time we were innuled, iiiidcf 
the somewhat impoong title ot tlitokdotofiiy 
of U^touf ? HumaD nature is much the nunc 
in erery quarter of the globe. TaJn away th* 
iDoeutiTes to indostiy, and the European will 
be as indolent as the African. Supply them, 
and the Utter «iU be ioduMrioiu like tba 



LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 

Tbb garden, at first intended merely for 
vodncing eaculent Tegetables, frails, and 
nowen, began to assnme another character, as 
Mon as the increase of cirilizBition tempted the 
feudal baron to step a little way out of the 1i- 
mit< of his fortifications, and permitted his hiRh 
dame to come down from her seat upon tlie 
CBSlle walls, ta regularly assigned her by wi' 
cieni Hinslrele, and treed the neighbouring 
precincts which ait had garnished lor her re- 
ception. These gardens were defended with 
-walla, as well for safety as for shelter; they 
were often tarrounded with fones, bad the 
oommand of water, and gave the dispcier of 
the gronnd an opportunity to display his lasle, 
1>y iutodueing canaU, basins, and fountains, 
the margine of which admitted of the highest 
vchilectnral ornament As art enlarged its 
rajige, and the nobles were eatisGed with a 
display of magnificence, to atone for lie 
abridgment of iheir power, new ornaments 
were successively introduced ; banqueting 
bouses were built; terraces were extended 
and connected by staircasei and balustrades, 
of the richest forms. The result was, indeed, 
in the highest degree, artificial; but it was a 
eight beautihil in itself— a triumph of human 
art over the elements; and, counected as these 
ornamental gardens were with splendid man- 
nons of the same character, there was a sym- 



metry and harmony between the baronial pa- 
lace itself and these its natural appendages, 
which recommended them to the judgment as 
well as the eye. The shrubs thems^ves were 
artificial, inasmuch as they were either exotic, 
or, if indigenous, were treated in a manner and 

S resented on appearance which was altogether 
le work of cultivation. The examination of 
such objects furnished amusement lo the mere- 
ly curious, information to the scienliUc, and 
pleasore at least to those who only looked at 
them, and passed on. Where there was little 
extent of ground, especially, what could be fit- 
ter for the amusement of "learned leisure, 
than those trim gardens," which Hilton has 
Npiesented as the chosen scene of the easy 
and unoccupied man of letteiK He hod there 
around him the most delightful subjects of con- 
templation, in the fruits and flowers, the 
shrubs and trees, many of th 
from their novelty and peculi 
and habits, inviting him to such studies as 
lead from created things np to the Almiglity 
Creator. This sublime author, indeed, has been 



" FloweisworthyofPiradite; which not Die* 
In beds and cnriani koois, but Nature boon 
Ponivd outproFiue on hill and dale and plain, 
Both where the ffletniog sun Gut wanaly souu 



The open field, and where ihe nnplerced shade 
Embrowned the noon- tide bowen. Then was this 

A happy rnral seal of varioos view." 

This passage expresses ezquintely what 
pail scenery ought to be, and what it has in 
some cases actually become; but we think the 
quutatioD has been used to authorise oonclu- 
sions which the author never intended. Eden 
was created by the almighty fiat, which called 
heaven and earth into existence ; and poets of 
genius much inferior, and falling far short of 
Hiltou in the power of expressing their mean- 
ing, would hare avoided the solecism of repre- 
senting Paradise as decorated with beds and 
curious knots of fiowets, with which the idea of 
human labour and humau care is inevitably 
connected — an impropriety, indeed, which can 
only be equalled by tnalof the French painter, 
who gave the skin dress of our first father the 
cut of a court suit Milton nobly conceived 
that Eden, emanating directly from the Ciea- 
tor, must possess that majestic freedom which 
characterizes even the less perfect works of nft- 
tare; and, in doing so, he nas anticipated the 
schemes of later improvers. But, we think it 
extremelv dubious, that he either meant to re- 
Eommena landscape gardening on an exten- 
sile scale, or to censure those " trim gardens," 
which he has dsewhere mentioned H *fliw> 
tioiMlely. — QuarteWy Rtwiaw. 



THE TOURIST. 



TBE AMBRICAN COLONIZATION 
SOCIETY. 

This is at once the most impudent and the 
iBOSt successful hoax we ever neard of. The 
dec^ion which has been practised upon the 
Tomia of the benevolent in this country, by 
the advocates of this society, has lasted so long, 
that it is now high time to inouire the causes 
oi iht fact, and to remove tiiem without de- 
lay. We cannot help attributing; it in part to 
tke remissness of the leading advocates of the 
abolition of slavery, in not taking more effec- 
tual means to circulate correct information re- 
specting the real character of the Colonization 
Society — to show the sinister motives by which 
its members are actuated, the infamous object 
which they contemplate, and the consummate 
hypocrisy with which dieir designs are con- 
cealed in this country, though no secret is (or 
need be) made of them in America. 

We are much gratified, however, to perceive 
that strenuous efforts are at length making, to 
disabuse the minds of our countrymen, on these 
points. A very able and convincing article has 
appeared in the Eclectic Revieiv, for February, 
which will, we doubt not, materially change 
the estimation in which American benevolence 
and religion are held in this part of the world; 
and we pledge ourselves to omit no opportunity 
of giving publicity to facts and opinions of the 
like chajnacter. 

The motives by which the Colonization So- 
ciety are evidently actuated are,ySrtl, the most 
rooted aversion to the coloured population of 
the states; and, secondly, a oonsctousness of 
their sympathy with the sufferings of the slaves, 
and concern for their emaadpatioD ; and, 
hence, they are naturally anxious for their re- 
moval, in order that their victims may be left 
to their tender mercies, uaproteotod and un- 
aided. 

In confirmation of the above remarks, we 
will direct the notice of our readers to various 
parts of documents publish«d by this Society in 
America ; to some facts furnished in a recent 
work, from the pen of Mr. Garrison, which 
forms the subject of the review to which we 
have alluded, and to some brief extracts from 
the review itself. 

With respect to the first motive which we 
have attributed to this society, we have one 
rather curious Uci to offer, supplied from the 
above sources. Will our readers believe that 
the Americans in the nineteenth oentury are 
at onoe so besotted, and so paltry, as to attempt 
to get rid of the fact, that they and their colour- 
ed brethren belong to the same country ? Let 
us listen for a moment to the Eclectic Review. 



« 



Strange to say, every black man bom in 
America, u called an African. Although our 
American brethren have so long ceased to regard 
England as their mother couDtry, notwithstanding 
that they are, in Uogaage, in Teli(|[ioD, and in 
many essential characterittics, Eoghshmen, yet, 
they persist in calling Africa the native eounirjf of 
a race born on their own soil, of parents born in 
America for many generations upward ; and 
in representing these coloured freemen, their 
own countrymen, every inch Americans, as ' poor 
nafortnnate exiles from their much loved Guinea 
or Congo I' Our readers will reouire proof of this 
most palpable ab6uidity» The followiog are given 
by My. Uarrison as illustrative specimens :— • 

' At no very distant period, we should see all 
the free coloured people in our land, transferred 
to tkfir own counirjf. ••••♦• Let us send 
them back to their naliv§ land. •••♦•• By 
returninfi; them to their own anciont land of Africa, 
improved in knowledge and in civilization, we re- 
pay the debt which has so long been due to them.' 



* We have a numerous people who, though they 
are among us. are not of «<•' — Soeond An. Report 
of N. York CoL 8oe, 

* Among us is a growing population of ttrangeru 
• « • • • II ^{\i furnish the means of granting 
to every Afriean eiiU among us, a happy home in 
the land of his fathers/ — Km. Baxter bickinton*t 
Sermon. 

* Africa is indeed inviting her long exiled 
children to return to her bosom.* — Circular of Rev. 
Mr. Gurley.*' 

We shall present from the same source 
some more general evidence of the same in- 
famous and unchristian spirit. 

" In employing the terms, white blood and 
black blood, we are reminded of the emphatic 
contradiction which the word of God supplies to 
the notion, that there is any essential difference 
between them. The Creator of all has ' made of 
one blood all nations of men to dwell on all the 
face of the earth / and he who practically denies 
this, ' maketh God a liar.' How admirably does 
the proud spirit which leads the white American 
to revolt at worshipping his Maker in the same 
church with his sable fellow-christian, harmonize 
with the apostolic exhortation, ' Let the same 
mind be in you that was in Christ Jesus,' who ' is 
not ashamed to call us' — men of every hue, par- 
takers of the same flesh and blood — 'his breth- 
ren !' Had our Lord himself appeared to the 
American nation * in the form of a servant,* with 
a skin of darker hue than their own, tbe3r would 
have exclaimed with one voice, ' Crucify him.' 

" No one who is aware of the intense, the 
almost savaee antipathy which inspires an Ame- 
rican towards the coloured races, will accuse us 
of exaggeration. In this respect, our own West 
Indians, with all their faults, discover a less un- 
conquerable prejudice. It seems inherited less, 
indeed, from the European, than from the abori- 
ginal Indian, between whom and the negro there 
exists a peculiar mutual repugnance, as there is 
also the most extreme physical contrariety. The 
very sight of a gentleman of colour, whatever his 
wealth and intelligence, at the same dinner-table, 
in the same box of a theatre, still more at the 
same altar, would, even in this country, throw an 
American into the agitation of suppressed rage. 
The well-authenticated anecdotes we have heard, 
illustrative of this fact, would be simply amusing, 
were it not for the serious consequences of this ab- 
surd prejudice. When we find such a spirit as this 
in Christians, we may well cease to wonder at the 
haughty prejudice of the ancient Jews towards 
the Gentiles, which led them to resent our Savi- 
our's eating with * publicans and sinners,' and to 
exclaim, respecting the apostle of the Gentiles, 
'Away with this fellow: he is not fit to live.' 
The conduct of the Brahmins towards the inferior 
castes finds its counterpart, in the nineteenth cen- 
tury, among the philosophic republicans of Ame- 
rica. In proof of this, we shall transcribe a 
few sentences from the publications of the advo- 
cates of Colonisation. 

' Among the twelve millions who make op our 
census, two millions are Africans—separated from 
the possessors of the soil by birth, by the brand of 
indelible iffiotiuny, by prejudices, mutual, deep, 
ineurable, by an irreconcileahle diverfity of interetts. 
They are aliem and outcasts ; — th'ey are, as a body, 
degraded beneath the influence of nearly all the 
motives which prompt other men to enterprise, 
and almost below the sphere of virtuous affections. 
Whatever may ba attempted for the general im- 
provement of society, their wants aie aatooched. 
Whatever may be efibcted for elevating the mass 
of the nation in the scale of happiness, or of in- 
tellectual and moral character, toeir degradation 
is the same,— ^ark, and deep, and hopelett. Be- 
nevolence seems to overlook tnem, or struggles for 
their benefit in vain. Patriotism forgets them, or 
remembers them only with shame for what has 
been, and with dire forebodings far what is yet to 
come. , . . In every part of the United States, 
there is a broad and impassable line of demarca- 
tion between every man who has one drop rf Afri' 



eon Usod m Us vftiw, and every other class in the 
commnnttT. The habiu, the feeKogs, all the pre* 
judioes er society— prgndioes which neither re* 
finement, nor argument, nor edoeation, nor reH» 
gion itself can subdue— 4Mirk the people of oolour, 
tohether bond or free, ss the subjects of a degrada« 
tion inevitable and incurable. The African km 
this country belongs by biith to the very lowest 
station in society; and from that station he cmm 
never rite, be his foimts, hie etUerpriee, his ofrtiMo 
what they may, . . . They constitnte a elaas by 
themselves— a class out of which no indwiduat 
can be elevated, amd behw vihieh nmte eon be de» 
pressed.* ^^ Afriean Repoeitory, Vol. IV., pp. 
117—119. 

' Here, invincible prejudices exclude them from 
the enjoyment of the society of the whites, and 
deny them all the advantages of free men. The 
bar, the pulpit, and our legislative halls are shut 
to them oy the irresistible force of public senti- 
ment. No talents, however great ; no piety, how- 
ever pure and devoted; no patriotism, however 
ardent, can secure their admission. They con- 
stantly hear the accents and behold the triumph 
of a liberty which here they can never enjoy.'— 
lb.. Vol. VL, p. 17. 

' Is it not wise, then, for the free people of 
colour and their friends to admit, what cannot 
reasonably he doubted, that the people of colour 
must, in this country, remain for ages, probably 
for ever, a separate and inferior caste, weighed 
down by causes powerful, universal, inevitable, 
' whieh neither legielmtion nor Christianity can re- 
move7* Let the free black in this country toil 
from youth to age in the honourable pursuit of 
wisdom — let him store his mind with the most 
valuable researches of science and literature — and 
let him add to a highly gifted and cultivated in- 
tellect, a piety pure, undefiled, and "unspotted 
from the world" — it is all nothing : he would not 
be received into the very lowest walks of society. 
If we were constrained to admire so uncommon a 
being, our admiration would mingle with disgust ; 
because, in the physical organization of his frame, 
we meet an insurmonntable barrier even to an ap- 
proach to social intercourse ; and tu the Egyptian 
colour which natnre has stamped upon his fea- 
tures, a principle of repulsion so strong as to for- 
bid the idea oi a communion, either of interest or 
of feeling, as utterly abhorrent. Whether these 
feelings ate founded in reason or not, toe will not 
now inquire — perhaps, they are not. But educa- 
tion, and habit, and prejudice have so firmly 
riveted them npoa us, that they have become as 
strong as nature itself. And to expect tlieir re> 
moval, or even their slighutt mo difleetiM , would 
be as idle and preposterous as to expect thu we 
coeld reaeh forth our hands, and remove th» 
monntains from their foundations into the valleys 
which are beneath them.'— ii.. Vol. VIL, pp. 
196, 23L 

' Tfte Soodra is not further separated from the 
Brahmin, in regard to all his privileges, civil, in. 
tellectual, and moral, than the negro is from the 
white man, by the prejudices which result from 
the difierence made between them by the God of 
nature.' — Seventh Annual Report rf CoL 8oe. 

* Christianity eannot do for them here, what it 
Will do lor them in Africa* This is nee tkefemii 
of the eohwnd man, nor of the white mam, nor ef 
Chrisiiaaity ; hot an ordination of Pfevidenee» 
and no more to be changed than a law of ttsftara.** 
— Fifteenth An, Rep. 

* The coloured reople are subject to legal dis« 
abilities, more or less galling and severe, in almost 
every State of the Union. Who has not deeply 
regretted their late harsh expulsion from the Sute 
of Ohio, and their bein^ forced to abandon the 
country of their birth, which had profited by dieir 
labours, and to take refuge in a foreign landt 
Severe regulations have been recently passed in 
Louisiana, to prevent the introduction of free 
people of colour into the State. Wherever they 
appear, they are to be banished in eO daiya. Thm 
strong opposition to a negro colleffoin New Haven^ 
speaks, in a language not to bs mistaken, th* 
jealousy with which they are regarded. AnA- 
.there is no reason to expect that the lapse of cen* 



THE TOURIST; 



Il8 



win B»he wKf diaiige in tbk TWpeeC — 
Matthew Cany'i Befl§ctwn$. 

' With us, colour is the bar. Ntture has raised 
tip iMiriert between the races, tohieh no man, with 
a pri^ptr ierue of the digniiy rf his tpedn, d$art$ to 
ue iurmountedJ — Spotehu mt tJU fanmtim of a 
CoL Soe. in New York, pp. 135>~140. 

*< And this ia Americal These are the fruits 
«f leaiOB «Dd philosophy, in a republic fsonded 
on the ' righu of man,^ and glorring in the poli- 
tical equality of iU cituens, while every sixth in- 
dividual is n socdra, the victim of a prejudice as 
aenseless, of injustice as enormous, as ever dis- 
graced a heathen nation. Talk of freedom, of 
tolerafion, of justice, in a country where a free 
citizen may be expelled from his native soil, be- 
cause of his complexion ! Why Russia and its 
autocrat appear to advantage in comparison with 
this ruthtesa, irresponsible despotism. And, then, 
^ink of tlw blaspheny of making the Deity an 
accomplice in this cruelty and iBJustice» by re- 
lesolving it Into * an ordination of Providence,* u 
'law <»f the God of natmey' which defies the 
utmost power of Christianity, which religion can- 
not, that is, shall not subdue ! How must this 
language of obstinate delermination and defiance 
sound m the ears of heaven ! How righteously 
^11 the refusal to inquire whether these feelings 
be founded in reason or not, whether they be con- 
nonant with justice and religion or not, be visited 
with a rebuke of fearful indignation! When we 
Tead such expressions, we are forcibly reminded of 
the emphatic words of Piesident Jefierson in re- 
ference to slaveiy :— -' J trembie for my country, 
when I reflect that God it juU, and that hi$ Justice 
cannot sleep for ever.*** 

After these disclofiuies, we think oof readets 
^vill agree with us, that a lower tone of pro- 
fession (if not the silence of shame^ becomes 
our American brethren. In spite ot the num- 
her of Christian ministers and professors con- 
nected with die Colonization Society, we are 
iuiwi]lin|r to believe that it is by any means 
unireisauy advocated or approved. Until, 
however, it is abandoned and repented of in 
dust and ashes, we trust, we shcdl hear less of 
their religious prosperity, and no more of their 
'^libevty and equality !" 



DAVIB^S LOVE FOR SAUL*S DAUGHTER. 

AwAxx, awake, my lyre ! 
And tell thy master's humble tale. 
In sounds that may prevail : 
Sounds that gentle thoughts inspire ; 
Though 60 exalted she. 
And I so lowly be, 
Tell her snch dtfierent notes make all thy harmony. 

Hark how the strings awake ! 
And tho' the moving hand approach not near. 
Themselves with awful fear 
A kind of numerous trembling make ; 
Mow all thy forces try. 
Now all thy charms apply : 
lievenge upon her ear the conquests of her ^e ! 

Weak lyre ! thy virtue sure 
Is useless here, since thou art only found 
To cure, and not to wound : 
And she to wound, but not to cure. 
Too weak, too, wilt thou prove 
My passion to remove — 
Physic to other ills, thou'rt nourishment to lore ! 

Sleep, sleep again, ray lyre, 
. For thou can'st never tell my humble tale 
In sounds that will prevail. 
Nor gentle thoughts in her aspire ; 
All thy vain miith ley by, 
Bid thy strings silent lie : 
Sleep» sleep again, my iyn, and let thy maslwdie ! 

COVPUT. 



A SEAMAN'S FONfiRAL. 

VEay shortly after poor Jack dies, he is 
prepared for his deep-sea grave by his mess- 
mates, who, with the assistance of the sail- 
maker, and in the presence of the master-at- 
arms, sew him up in his hammock, and, hav- 
ing placed a couple of cannon shot at his 
feet, they rest the body, (which now not a little 
resembles an Egyptian mummy,) on a spare 
grating. Some portion of the bedding and 
clothes are always made up in the package, 
apparently to prevent the form being too much 
seen. It is then carried off, and, being placed 
across the after-hatchway, the union jack is 
thrown over all. Sometimes it is nlaced be- 
tween two of the guns, under the naif-deck ; 
hut generally, I tmnk, he is laid where I have 
mentioned, just abaft the mainmast I should 
have mentioned before, that as soon as the 
surgeon's inefiectual professional offices are at 
an end, he walks to the quarter-deck, and re- 
ports to the officer on the watch that oue of his 
patients has just expired. At whatever hour 
of the day or ni^ht tnis occurs, the captain is 
immediately made acquainted with the circum- 
stance. 

Next day, generally about eleven o'clock, 
the bell on which the half hours are struck is 
tolled for the funeral ; and all who choose to 
he present assemble on the gangways, booms, 
and round the mainmast, while the forepart 
of the quarter-deck is occupied by the officers. 
In some ships — and, perhaps, it ought to he so 
in all — it is made imperative on the officers 
and crew to attend the ceremony. If such 
attendance be a proper mark of respect to a 

Professional brother, as it surely is, it ought to 
e enforced, and not left to caprice. There 
may be, indeed, times of great fatigose, when 
it would harass men and officers needlessly, 
to oblige them to come on deck, for every fune- 
ral ; and, upon such occasions, the watch on 
deck may be sufficient — ^Or. when some dire 
disease gets into the ship, and is cutting down 
her crew by some daily and nightly, or, it 
may be hourly ravages, and when, two or three 
times on watch, the ceremony must be repeat- 
ed, those only, whose turn it is to be on deck, 
need be assembled. In such fearful times, 
the funeral is generally made to follow close 
upon the death. 

While the people are repairing to the quar- 
ter-deck, in obedience to the summons of the 
bell, the gmting on which the body is placed, 
being Hf^d from the main-deck by the mess- 
mates of the man who has died, is made to 
rest across the lee-gangway. The stanchions 
for the maa-iopes of ue side are unshipped, 
and an opening made at the after-end of the 
hammock- netting, sufficiently large to allow a 
free passage. The body is still covered by 
the flag already mentioned, with the feet pro- 
jecting a little over the gnnwale, while the 
messmates of the deceased range themselves 
on each side. A rope, which is kept out of 
sighUn these arrangements, is then made fast 
to the grating, for a purpose which will be 
seen presently. When all is ready, the chap- 
lain, if there be one on board, or, if not, the 
captain, or any of the officers he may direct to 
officiate, appears on the quarter-deck, and 
commences the beautiful service, which, though 
hut too familiar to most ears, I have observed, 
never fails to rivet the attention even of the 
rudest, and least reflecting. Of courM, the 
bell has ceased to toll, and every one stands in 
silence and uncovered as the prayeis are read. 
Sailors, with all their looseness of habits, are 
well disposed to be sinoeiely religious; and 
when they have fiiir play given them, they will 



always, I believe, be found to stand '<Dn as good 
vantage ground, in this resoect, ae their fel- 
low-countrymen on shore. Be this as it mav, 
there can be no more attentive, or appatentlT 
reverent auditory, than assembles on tke deec 
of a ship of war, on the occasion of a sh^t- 
mate's burial. 

The land service for the burial of the d««d, 
contains the following words : — ^* Fonuanuch 
as it has pleased Almighty God, of his great 
mercv, to take unto himself the soul of our 
dear brother here departed, we therefore com- 
mit his body to the ground; earth to earth, 
ashes to ashes, dust to dust ; in sure and eer- 
tain hope,'' &c. Every one, I am sure, who 
has attended the funeral of a friend — and whom 
will not this include? — must recoUeet the so- 
lemnity of that stage of the ceremony, whens, 
as the above words are {Nronouneed, theie aiB 
oa.st into the grave three successive portions «f 
earth, which, falling on the coffin, send up a 
hollow, mournful sounds resembling no otaer 
that I know. In the burial service at sea, the 
part quoted above is varied in the following 
very striking and impressive manner:— >' For- 
asmuch," &c.— '* we therefore oonraiit his body 
to the deep, to be turned into coiruption, 
looking for the resurrection of the body, when 
the sea shall give up her dead, and the life of 
the world to come," &c. At the commence- 
ment of tliis part of the service, one of the 
seamen stoops down, and disengages the flag 
from the remains of his late shipmate, while 
the others, at the words, '^ we commit his body 
to the deep," project the gmting right into the 
sea. The bocfy being lotted with shot at one 
end, glances off the gmting, plunges at onee 
into £e o<rean, and — 

" In a moment, like a drop of rain. 

He sinks into its depths with bnbUiag mem. 
Without a ^rave, unknelled, nncoffiMO, and 
unknown." 

This part of the ceremony is rather less so- 
lemn tnan the correspondent part on land ; 
but still there is something impressive, as well 
as startling, in tlie sudden splash, followed by 
the sound of the grating, as it is towed along 
under the main-chains.--C«p<atn BatU Haive 
Sketches. 



TO TEA-DRIliKERS. 

Vessels intended to contain a liquid at a 
higher temperature than the surrounding me- 
dium, and to keep that liquid as long as pos- 
sible at the higher temperature, should be 
constructed of materials which are the worst 
radiators of heat Thus tea-urns, and tea-pots, 
are best adapted for their purpose, when con- 
structed of polished metal, and wdrst when 
constructed of black porcelain. A black por- 
celain tea-pot is the worst conceivable material 
for that vessel, fur both its material and colour 
are good radiators of heat, and the liquid cour 
tained iu it cools with the greatest possible 
rapidity. On the other hand, a bright metal 
tea-pot is best adapted for the purpose, because 
it is the worst radiator of heat, and, therefore, 
cools as slowly as possible. A polished silver 
or brass tea-urn is better adapted to retain the 
heat of the water than pne of a dull brown 
colour, such a£ is most commonly used. 

A tin kettle retains the heat of water boiled 
in it, more effectually if it he kept clean and 
polished, than if it be allowed to collect the 
smoke and soot, to which it is exposed from 
the action of the Are. When coated with this, 
its surface becomes rough and black, and is • 
powerful radiator of heat-*/)r.Zar<^iii€r'« TVmi* 
tise on Heat. 



940 



MEDICINE OF NATUBE. 



It becomes as, before we decree tbe bonours 
of a care to a faYourite medicine, carefully and 
candidly to ascertain the exact circamstances 
under wbich it is exhibited, or we shall rapidlv 
aocumulate examples of the fallacies to which 
our art is exposed. What has been more 
common than to attribute to the efficacy of a 
mineral water those fortunate changes of con- 
sdtution that have entirely, or in great mea- 
sure, arisen firom salubrity of situation, hilarity 
of mind, exercise of body, and regularity of 
habits, which have incidentally accompanied 
its potation. Thus tbe celebrated John Wesley, 
while he commemoiates the triumph of " sul- 
phur and supplication" over his bodily in- 
nimity, forgets to appreciate the resuscitating 
influence of four months' repose from his 
apostolic labours ; and such is the disposition 
of the human mind to place confidence in the 
operation of mysterious agents, that we find 
him more disposed to attribute his cure to a 
brown paper plaister of egg and brimstone, 
than to i>r. Fothergill's salutary prescription of 
country air, rest, asses' milk, and horse-exer- 
dse. The ancient physicians duly appreciated 
the influence of such agents; uieir temples, 
Hke our watering-places, were the resort of 
those whom medicme could not cure, and we 
are expressly told by Plutarch that these tem- 
ples, especially that of Esculapius, were erected 
on elevated spots, with the most congenial 
aspects; a circumstance which, when aided 
by the invigorating effects of hope, by the 
diversions which the patient experienced in his 
journey, and perhaps by the exercise to which 
he had been unaccustomed, certainly performed 
many cures. It follows, then, that m the re- 
commendation of a watering-place, something 
more than the composition of a mineral spring 
is to direct our choice. The chemist wilt tell 
us, that the springs of Hampstead and Islington 
rival those of Tunbridge and Malvern; that 
the waters of Bagnigge Wells, as a chalybeate 
purgative, might supersede those of Cnclteu- 
nam and Scarborough; and that an invalid 
would frequent the spring in the vicinity of 
the Dog and Duck, in St George^s Fields, with 
as much advantage as the celebrated Spa at 
Leamington ; but the physician is well aware 
that, by the adoption of such advice, he would 
deprive his patient of tliose most powerful 
auxiliaries to which I have alluded, and, above 
all, lose the advantage of the medicina mentis. 
On the other hand, the recommendation of 
change of air and habits will rarely inspire 
confidence, unless it be associated witli some 
medicinal treatment — a truth which it is more 
easy and satisfactoiy to elucidate and enforce 
' by exan^ples than by precept. Let the follow- 
ing story by Voltaire serve as an illustration. 
^ Ogul, a voluptuary, who could be managed 
but with difficulty by his physician, on finding 
himself extremely ill from indolence and in- 
temperance, requested advice. ' Eat a Basilisk, 
stewed in rose-water,' replied the physician. 
In vain did the slaves search for a Basilisk^ 
until they met with Zadig, who, approaching 
Ogul, exclaimed, ' Behold that Avhich thou 
dedrest But, my lord,' continued he, ' it is 
not to be eaten; all its virtues must enter 
through thy pores ; I have, therefore, enclosed 
it in a little ball, blown up, and covered with 
a fine skin : thou must strixe this ball with all 
thy might, and I must strike it back again, 
for a considerable time, and by observing this 
legimen, and taking no other drink than rose- 
water for a few days, thou wilt see and ac- 
knowledge the eficct of my art' The first 
day Ogiu was out of breath, and thought he 



THE TOURIST. 

should have died ftcm fatigue ; the second he 
was less fatigued, and slept better: in eight 
days he recovered all his strength. Zadig then 
said to him, ' There is no such thing in nature 
as a Basilisk ! but thou hast taken exercise and 
been temperate, and hast therefore recovered thy 
health .'' " But the medical practitioner may 
perhaps receive more satisfaction from a 
modem illustration ; if so, the following anec- 
dote, related by Sydenham, may not be un- 
acceptable. This great physician having long 
attended a gentienuin of fortune with litUe 
or no advantage, franUy avowed his inability 
to render him any fuither service, adding, at 
the same time, that there was a physician of 
the 'name of Robinson, at Inverness, who had 
distinguished himself by the performance of 
many remarkable cures of the same complaint 
as that under which his patient laboured, and 
expressing a conviction that, if he applied to 
him, he would come back cured. This was too 
encouraging a proposal to be rejected; the 
gendeman received from Sydenham a state- 
ment of his case, with the necessa^ letter of 
introduction, and proceeded without delay to 
the place in question. On arriving at Inver- 
ness, and anxiously enquiring for the residence 
of Dr. Robinson, he found, to his utter dismay 
and disappointment, that there was no phy- 
sician of that name, nor ever had been in 
the memory of any person there. The gen- 
tieman returned, vowing eternal hostility to 
the peace of Sydenham ; and, on his arrival at 
home, instantly expressed his indignation at 
having been sent on a journey of so many hun- 
dred miles for no purpose. "Well," replies 
Sydenham, "are you better in health?" — 
" Yes, I am now quite well ; but no thanks to 
you." — " No," says Sydenham, " but you may 
thank Dr. Robinson for curing you. I wished 
to send you a journey with some object of in- 
terest in view : I knew it would be of service 
to you. In going, you had Dr. Robinson and 
his wonderful cures in contemplation ; and, 
in returning, you were equally engaged in 
thinking of scolding me." — Paris* s Pharmacol 
logia. 



APHORISMS. 



Such princes as tyrannize over the consciences 
of men attack the throne of the Supreme Being* 
and frec^uently lose the earth by interfering too 
much with heaven. — Maximilian II. 

The senses, like the sun, open the rarface of 
the terrestrial globe, but close and seal up that of 
the celestial. — Lord Bacon. 

The great chain of causes which link one to 
another lo the throne of God himself can never be 
unravelled by any industry of ours. When we eo 
but one step beyond the immediate sensible quali- 
ties of things, we go out of our depth ; all we do 
after is but a faint struggle, that shows us we are 
in an element which does not belong to us. — 

BURKK. 

lie who diffuses the most happiness, and miti- 
gates the most distress, within his own circle, is 
undoubtedly the best friend to his country and the 
world, since nothing more is necessary than for 
all men to imitate his conduct, to make the great- 
est part of the misery of the world cease in a mo- 
meat.— Robert Hall. 

Kings rule by their laws as God does by the 
laws of nature, and ought as rarely to put in use 
their supreme prerogative as God dotii his power 
of working miracles. — James I. 



Bdlted bv the late William Orbbwisld, Baperiatcai- 

ant of the Editorial department of the BricUh and Fof«l|ii 
Bible Society. ^ 

THE PSALMS, Metrically and Historically 
Arranged. Stereotype Edition, 4a. 4d. 
The only iK>ok in tike EngliBli lanjniage of its tixe, in larfe 
type, tbat eontains a book of the Bible. 

Sold by 8. Bagster, Paternoster Row; Dartoa, Hoi- 
bom; ''Fry, Honndaditcli ; Arch, Comhin; Darton and 
Co., GFacecborch Street ; and all otbcr Booksellcra l» 
town and country. 

BRITISH COLLEGE OF HEALTH, KING'S 
CROSS, NEW ROAD, LONDON. 

MORISON'S UNIVERSAL VEGETABLE 

MEDICINE. 

CUES OF CHOLXEA. 

To Mr. Mason, Agent for Staffordalilre. 
SiR,~Fer the benefit of myfellow«nirereri I lay before 
yon, and for tbe acceptance of Mr.Moriaon andtlM Britiah 
Cidlege of Health, a statement of my case and core, freoi 
tbe use of the Universal Medicines only. About the 1st of 
Aneost I was taken suddenly ill, with alarming synpCoou 
of the disease called cholera. I lay in bed Ato days, in ex- 
treme tortnre, from constant retdiings and crampi, from 
which I had no hope of alleviation, so many were carried 
off by the complaint all around me. Finding no relief 
Arom any otlier quarter, I was Induced (by your agent, 
Mr. Round, of Tipton,) to try Morison's Pilb, which, by 
the blessing of Ood, and the use of strong doses, cairied 
off the acrtmonions hamoan, which I have now every 
reason to believe is all that is required, and re st oied me 
to health in eight days. Strooji^y reoommcnding the gene- 
ral adoption of thb sure remedy, 

I am, Sir, most respectAilly yoora, 

SiHSON OVION9. 

Canal Side, Tipton Green, Sept. It, 180. 

CAUTION TO THE PUBLIC. 

MORISON'S UNIVERSAL MEDICINES 
having superseded the use of almost all tbe Patent Me- 
dicines which the wholesale venders have fobted upon 
the credulity of the searchers after health, for so many 
years, the town druggists and chemists, notable to ettablisk 
a fsir fame on the invention of any plausible means of 
competition, have plunged into the mean expedient of puff- 
ing up a " Dr. Morrison" (observe the snbterftige of the 
double r), a being who never existed, as preserlUng a 
" Vegetable Univeiml Pill, No. 1 and t,*' for the express 

J>ttrpose (by means of this forged imposidon upon the pub- 
ic), of deteriorating the estimation of the *' UNIVERSAL 
MEDICINES" of the "BRITISH COLLEGE OF 
HEALTH." 

Knuw all Mbn, then, that this attempted delnaloB 
mast fall under the fbict, that (however specions the pre- 
tence), none can be held genuine by the College bnt those 
which have ** Morison*s Universal Medicines" impressed 
upon the Government Stamp attached to each box and 

rMcket, to counterfeit which is felony by the laws of the 
and. 

The " Vegetable Universal Medicines" are to be had at 
the College, New Road, King's Cross, London; at the 
Surrey Branch, 00,Great Surrey-street; Mr. Field's, 10, Air- 
street, Quadrant ; Mr. Cbappell's, Royal Exchange ; Mr. 
Walker'ff, Lamb's-condnit-passage, Red-lion-square; Mr. 
J. Loft's, Milc-end-road : Mr. Bennett's, Covent-garden- 
market ; Mr. Haydon's, F1enr«de-lis-court, Norton-fhlgate : 
Mr. Haslet's, 147. RatcUlte-highway ; Messrs. Not^nry's, 
Brentford; Mrs. SteppinK, Clare-market ; Messrs. Salmon, 
Little Rell-a1)ey ; Miss Varai's, ^4, Lucas-street, Comroer- 
cial-road ; Mrs. Beech's, 7, Sloane-sqnare, Chelsea ; Mrs. 
Chappie's, Royal Library, Pall-mall; Mrs. Pippen's, IS, 
Wingrove-place, Clerkenwell ; Miss C. Atkinson, 10, New 
Trinity-grounds, DeptfoMl ; Ikfr. Ta>lor, HanweU; Mr. 
Kirtlam, 4, Bolingbroke-row, Walworth ; Mr. Payne, 04, 
Jermyn-street ; Mr. Howard, at Mr. Wood's, halr^lreascr. 
Richmond ; Mr. Meyar, 3, May's-bnildings, Blackbeath ; 
Mr. Griffithn, Wood-wharf, Greenwich ; Mr. Pitt, 1, Corn- 
wall-road, Lambeth; Mr. J. Dobson, 35, Craven-street, 
Strand; Mr. Oliver, Bridge-street, Vanxhall; Mr. J. 
Moock, Bexlev Heath ; Mr. T. Stokes, 11, St. Aonan's. 
Deptford; Mr. Cowell, it. Terrace, Plratico; Mr. Parfitt, 
00, Edgware-road ; Mr. Hart, Portsmonthj^ace, Kennlng- 
ten-lane ; Mr. Cbarlesworth, grocer, It4, Shoreditch ; Mr. 
R. G. Bower, grocer, 3S, Brick-lane, St. Luke's ; Mr. S. 
J. Avila, pawnbroker, opposite the church. Hackney; Mr 
J. S. Briggs, 1, Brunswick-place, Stoke Newinglon; Mr. 
T. Gardner, 05, Wood-street, Cheapside, and 0, Nocton- 
falgate ; Mr. J. WiUiamson, 16, Seabriiht>piMe, Hactoer- 
road ; Mr. J. Osborn, Wells-street, Hackney rond, and 
Horoerton ; Mr. H. Cox, grocer, 10, Union-street, Biabooa- 

fite-street ; Mr. T. Walter, cheesemonger, OT, HoxtonOld 
own ; and at one agenfs in every principal town in Great 
Britain, the Islands of Guernsey and Malta; and tWong^ 
out the whole of the United States of America. 

N. B. The College will not be answersble for the coat- 
sequences of any medicines sold by any chymiat or drnegM* 
aa none such are allowed to seU tbe '* Universal Medi- 
cines." 



Printed by J. Hadbon tod Co. ; and Pabliahed 
bY J. Crisp, at No. 27, Ivy LtDo, Patomoslcr 
Row, wbera all AdvertaienMBts and Coaimai^i^ 
I eatkmo for the Editor are to bo addmood. 



THE TOURIST; 

OR, 

^'kttth MotM of tfie €imts* 



* Utile dulci." — Horace. 



Vol. I.— No. 30. 



MONDAY, MARCH 11, 183S. 



Price One Pbnht. 



PETRARCH'S TOMB. 



*' Tkere ii ■ tomb in Aiqua ; — reued ia air, 
ritUr'd in thair iticonhagui, r«poie 
Tlie bonci of LAura'l lover : here repair 
Manj familiar wiih hit well-sung woes. 
The pilgrimi ofhii ginin*. He roie 
To rtiie a language, and hli land icclaim 
From the dull jroke of her barbaric Ton : 
Wateting tha tree which bean hii lady'i ntme 
With hii m«1odioBi leart, b* gave biouelt to 



" Tbaj keep his dpd in Arqna, where he died : 
11ie nOuDUin-Tillage wheie fail latter dij» 
Went down the *ile of jearij and 'lii thcii 

An hanetl pMe — and let il be their praiia. 
To ofler' to Ihe pauing ilraageT'l gate 
Hit maniion aiul fail aepulcbre ; both plain 
And venerablj timple, inch ai laiie 
A feeling mora accordant with hii strain 
Tkan if a pjnnid form'd hi* monamcntal fuie. 



" And ihe solt quiet btmlet where he dwili. 
It one of thai complaiion, which imdis nade 

for thoie who their rnonality have felt, 
, And sougfal a reruge fcom their hopa decaj'd 
la the deep nmbrage of t green hiU'i shide. 
Which ihowi a diiunt pmpMt far away. 
Of busy eiliea, now in »ain dispUT'd, 
For the; can lure no fuilher ; and (he ny 
Of a bright sun can make sufficient boUdar." 



THE TOURIST. 



It is too generaHv true tkat those who ment than that of tibis beautiful spot. It 



enlarge the ttfritones of their country, 
irho adorn it v(ith public works, an(i add 
to its physical resources, are held in per- 
petual remembrance, while those who en- 
lich its language, and adorn its literature, 
are comparatively neglected and forgot- 
ten. This, however, can scarcely be al- 
leged of Petrarch and his countrymen. 
All their nationality seems to be enlisted 
in favour of his fame, and every thing 
and every place which can be brought 
into even a conjectural connexion with 
the poet, derive their chief interest from 
liiat circumstance. 

Petrarch was born at Arezzo, in Tus- 
eany, of a respectable Florentine family ; 
and his father being banished during the 
infancy of his son, the latter was taken 
to Ancise, in the valley of Amo, fourteen 
miles from Florence. Here he was brought 
up by his mother till he was seven years 
old. After this period the father, losing 
all hope of settling himself again in Flo- 
rence, from which the violence of a poli- 
tical faction had removed him, departed 
with his family to Avignon, whither the 
holy see had been transferred from Rome. 
Here young Petrarch first commented his 
friendship for Gui Settimo, the son of a 
Genoese, with whom his father was ac- 
quainted, and a youth of about his own 
age. From Avignon, however, both fa- 
milies shortly removed to Carpentras, a 
pleasant town a few miles distant ; and 
here Petrarch was placed under the care 
of Gonvenole, a Tuscan school-master, of 
whom Petrarch said, many years after, 
that he resembled the whetstone which 
sharpened knives, but remained dull it- 
self. Under him, however, and by the 
aid of the elementary instruction which 
he had received from him, Petrarch soon 
left his companions behind him in his 
scholastic studies, and particularly in his 
proficiency in the Latin language; and 
from the age of ten to fifteen he learned 
as much of grammar, rhetoiic, and logic, 
as could be acquired in the schools of 
tlml day. At about this age he appears 
eiUier to have first received the germ of 
po^a) genins, or, at least, to have ex- 
perienced that which chiefly ejected its 
development, from a visit to the cele- 
brated fountain and valley of Vaucluse. 
He i^ipears to have been iuspired with 
all the enthusiasm which beauty of na- 
tural scenery can infuse into a young and 
ardent mind ; and in nmny of his poems, 
in after life, he kindles, at the recollec- 
tion of the sweets of that sequestered 
spot, into a strain of poetry by which 
they and he are alike immortalized. Nor 
need we wonder at this efifect. The power 
•f sympathizing with nature may be con- 
sidered as one of the most distinctive 
features of the poetic character; and, 
supposing this to have existed, perhaps 
there was no natural scenery which was 
more cfdculated to promote its develop- 



:may not be uninteresting to the reader to 
meet with a somewhat minute description 
of the place to which Petrarch has, by this 
and many other events of his life, at- 
tached so much interest. The following 
is from the pen of Ugo f oscolo :•— 

The valley of Vauduse is one of those works 
of nature which five centuries have been im- 
able to disturb. On leaving Avignon the eye 
of the traveller reposes on an expanse of beau- 
tiful meadow till be arrives on a plain varied 
by numerous vineyards. At a short distance 
the hills begin to ascend, covered with trees, 
which are reflected on the Sorga, the waters 
of which are so limpid, their course so rapid, 
and their sounds so soft, that the poet describes 
them truly when he says '^ that they are liquid 
crystal, th^ murmurs of which mingle with the 
songs of birds to fill the air with harmony." 
Its banks are covered with aquatic plants, and 
in those places where the fall^ or toe rapiditv 
of the current prevent their being distinguished, 
it seems to roll over a bed of green marble. 
Nearer the source, the soil is sterile ; and, as 
the channel grows narrow, the waves break 
against the rocks, and roU in a torrent of foam 
and spray, glittering with the reflection of the 
prismatic coloms. On advancing still farther 
tip the river, the traveller finds himself in- 
closed in a semicircular recess, formed by rocks 
inaccessible on the right, and abrupt and pre- 
cipitaus on the left, rising into obelisks, pyra- 
mids, and every fantastic shape, and from the 
midst of them a thousand rivulets descend. 
The vaHey is terminated by a mountain, per- 
pendicularly scarped from the top t» the ix>t- 
tom, and through a natural porch of concen- 
tric arches he enters a vast cavern, the silence 
and darkness of which are interrupted only by 
the murmuring and the sparkling of the waters 
in a basin, which forms the principal source 
of the Sorga. This basin, the depth of which 
has never yet been fathomed, overflows in the 
spring, and it then sends forth its waters with 
such an impetuosity as to force them through 
a fissure in the top of the cavern, at an eleva- 
tion of nearly a hundred feet on the mountain, 
whence they gradually precipitate themselves 
from height to height in cascades, sometimes 
showing, and sometimes concealing, in their 
foam uk^ huge masses of rock which they 
hurry along. The roar of the torrents never 
ceases during the long rains, while it seems as 
if the rocks themselves wero dissolved away, 
and the thunder re-echoed from cavem to cap 
vem. The awful solemnity of this spectacle 
is varied by the rays of the sun, which, towards 
evening particularly, refracts and roflects its 
various tints on die cascades. After the dog- 
days the rociks beoome arid and black, thr 
basin resumes its level, and the valley retoms 
to a profound stillness. 

In this beautiful solitude did the sus- 
ceptible mind of Petrarch become in- 
spired with that fancy and sensibility 
which constituted through life the source 
of all his pleasures and all his sufierings. 
The time, however, shortly arrived when 
his father thought it necessary to seek an 
establishment for his son. Science and 
letters were held in contempt even at 
Avignon, though the residence of the 
most polite and witty court in Europe. 
Law was the only study which led to 
fortune, and Petrarco, observing the ta- 
lenta of Us 10% hQ|>ed he would make a 



figure in this prefessfeD, and sent him, 
not yet fourteen years of age, to study at 
Montpelier, a town finely situated for 
health and pleasure, with a university 
famous for the skill of its professors, 
both in physic and law. The Roman 
law had been taught there from the 
twelfth century. Petrarch studied here 
four years ; but it was so much lost time, 
for he could not be brought to fix his 
attention on 'such dry subjects ; I could 
not, says he, deprave my mind by such a 
system of chicanery as the present forms 
of law exhibit. 

Petrarco, perceiving his slow progress, 
sent him to Bologna, a place of still 
higher renown fur persons of this profes- 
sion ; but he succeeded no better there 
than at Montpelier; What a g^ief to 
Petrarco, to find that, instead of applying 
to the law, his son passed whole days in 
reading ancient authors, and, above all, 
the poets, with whom he was infatuated ! 
He took a journey to Bologna, to re- 
medy, if possible, this evil, which he ap- 
prehended would be so fatal to his son. 
Petrarch, who did not expect his father, 
ran to hide the manuscripts of Cicero, 
Virgil, and some other poets, of whose 
works he had formed a little library, de- 
priving himself of every other enjoyment 
to become master of these treasures. 
Petrarco having discovered the place in 
which they were concealed, toolc them 
out before his face, and cast them all 
into the fire. Petrarch, in an agony of 
despair, cried out, as if he himself had 
been precipitated into the flames, which 
he saw devouring what was most dear to 
his imagination. 

Our poet, however, yielded to the dic- 
tates of filial duty, and, in the teeth of 
all his predispositions and tastes, pressed 
forward in the study to which his father 
had app(^nted him. But nature was al- 
ways stronger than his efiPorts, though 
prompted by so powerful a motive. At 
this time he became acquainted with two 
of the best poets of that day, among the 
professors at the University of Bologna, 
Cino de Pestoye, and Cecco de Asoli. It 
was rather singular that Cino had diree 
pupils who have done him, and then 
country, and themselves, the highest he- 
nour — viz., Petrarch, Boccace, and Bar- 
tholi. 

The professoTB soon discovered the ta- 
lents and Uie poetical genius of Petsarcb, 
and directed their endeavours to the cul- 
tivation of the latter. But while he was 
thus vacillating between his inclinations 
and his duty, he received intelligence of 
his mother's death, and his father, unable 
to support his loss, survived her but a few 
monUis. Petrarch, therefore, and hia 
brother, being suddenly left in this «n- 
protected state, put their afiairs in order, 
and entered together on the profession of 
divinity, as the most promising path to 
that eminence which they alike thicrted for. 

(To be CtmitMied.) 



THE TOUKIST. 






WONDERFUL INSTINCTS IN INSECTS. 

A SPECIES of spider (Mygtde cementaria), in- 
jiabitiiig the soutli of Europe, constracts a cy- 
lindiiGU cavity more than two feet long, in 
flome sloping bank, calculated to let the water 
ran off; the inside is lined with a web of fine 
silk. But, in addition to the sagacity of choos- 
ing a steep bank and the luxury of furnishing 
its retreat with silk, this spider has the power 
of constnicting a regular door : for this pur- 
pose it joins and cements layers of clay or 
chalk with its glutinous secretions, and thus 
contrires to make a door exactly circular, and 
80 nicely fitting into the aperture of the eel], 
as to prevent its being distinguished by the ca- 
sual observer from the surrounding earth. But 
the most marvellous circumstance yet remains 
to be told — ^the sagacious creature positively 
&bricate8 a hinge of silk, which it invariably 
fixes to the highest side of the aperture, so 
that it can very easily be pudied open from 
within by the insect, and shuts by its own 
weight Thus barri(»doed, the gallery fur- 
Bishes a secure habitation for the male and fe- 
male, with twenty or thirty of their young. 
No noise, however loud, no thumping, how- 
ever violent, will bring the cunning inhabit- 
ant out of its ceil ; but if the least attempt be 
made to force the trap-door, a curious scene 
takes place — the spider immediately runs to 
it, and fixing some of its legs to the silk which 
lines the door, and the rest to the walls of the 
|;allery, it pulls with all its might against the 
jntruder. Observers have convinced them- 
selves of the fact by lifting up the door vnth 
a pin, when they have felt the counter tugs of 
the spider endeavouring to shut it. As soon 
as the creature is convinced that further efforts 
are useless, it relinquishes the contest, and 
retires to the bottom of the gallery. All at- 
tempts to observe the manners of tliis creature 
in captivity have proved fruitless, as it soon 
perished. These spiders prowl about at night, 
and, having secured their prey, drag it wimin 
their den, and consume it at tneir leisure. 

The water-spider (Aranea aquatica) is an« 
other which spins no web to catch its prey ; 
but, nevertheless, offers one of the most singu- 
lar objects of contemplation. If we possessed 
no omev evidence chat the world had been 
planned and created by an Intelligent Being, 
the habits, proceedings, and instincts of this 
little creature would be alone sufficient to 
proTC the fact As soon as it has caught its 
prey on the shore it dives to the bottom of the 
waters, and there devours its booty. It is, 
therefore, an amphibious animal; although 
it appears more fitted to live in contact with 
the atmosphere than with the water, llie 
diving-beU is a modem invention; and few 
facts excite our wonder more than the possibi- 
lity of a man's being enabled to live and move 
at the bottom of the ocean. This triumph of 
reason over the unfriendly element, however, 
was anticipated by an insect, — ^the spider in 
qutiotion. 

This creature spins some loose threads, which 
it attaches to the leaves of aquatic plants; it 
then varnishes them with a glutinous secretion, 
which resembles liquid glasis, and is so elastic 
as to admit of considerable distension and con- 
traction; it next lays a coating of this same 
substance over its own body, and undenieath 
this coating iatioduces a bubble of air. Na- 
turalists conjecture that it has the power of 
drawing this air in at the anus, from the at- 
mosphere at the surface of the pool; but the 
precise mode in which it is separated from the 
body of the atmosphere, and introduced under 
the pellicle corering the insect's body, has not 



been clearly ascertained. Thus clothed, and 
shining like a ball of quicksilver, it' darts 
through the waters, to the spot in which it had 
fixed its habitation, and disengaging the bub- 
ble from under the pellicle, it dexterously in- 
troduces it into a web formed at the bottom. 
After repeatedly moving from the top to the 
bottom of the water, and at each journey fill- 
ing its habitation with a fresh bubble of air, 
at length the lighter completely expels the 
heavier fluid, and the insect takes possession of 
an aerial habitation, commodious and dry, 
finished in the very midst of the waters. It is 
about the size and shape of half a pigeon's 
egg. From this curious chamber the spider 
hunts, searching sometimes the waters, and 
sometimes the land for its prey, which, when 
obtained, is transported to this sub-aquatic 
mansion, and devoured at leisure. The male 
as well as the female exhibit the same in- 
stincts. Early in the spring, the former seeks 
the mansion of the latter, and having enlarged 
it by the introduction of a little more air, 
takes up its abode with its mate. About the 
middle of April, the eg^ axe laid, and, packed 
up in a silken cocoon in a comer of their 
house, are watched with incessant care by the 
female. 

In modem times, much interest has been 
excited by the elevation of bodies in the air 
by means of a balloon. The discovery consist- 
ed in finding out a manageable substance 
which waSy bulk for bulk, lighter than air ; 
and the application of the discovery was to 
make a body composed of this substance bear 
up, along with its own weight, some heavier 
body which was attached to it. This expedi- 
ent, so new to us, proves to be no other than 
what the Author of Nature has employed in 
the gassamer spider. We frequently see this 
spider's thread floating in the air, and extended 
from hedge to hedge across a road or brook of 
four or five yards' width. The animal which 
forms the thread has no wings wherewith to 
fly from one extremity to the other of this line, 
nor muscles to enable it to spring or dart to so 
great a distance ; yet its Creator hath laid for 
it a path in the atmo^here; and after this 
manner, though the insilect itself be heavier 
than air, the thread which it spins from its 
bowels is specifically lighter. Tnis is its bal- 
loon. The spider, left to itself, would drop to 
the ground ; but, being tied to its thread, bodi 
are supported. By this contrivance, the crea- 
tures mount into the air, to such immense 
heights, that when Dr. Martin Lister ascended 
York Minster, he still saw these insects much 
above him. In the Bne summer days, the air 
may be seen filled, and the earth covered with 
fihny webs: — 

The fine nets which dft we woven see, of 
scorched dew. Spemssb. 

Most nations have associated something po- 
etical with their presence. The Germans, from 
constantly observing them in the beginning of 
the autumn, have s^led the phenomenon ** the 
flitting summer.*^ Hie French, unable to ac- 
count for the existrace of such pure films, in 
the open and beautiful autumnal skies, called 
them the threads of the *' Virgin." And we 
the gossamer — 

Lovers who may bestride the gossamer 
That idles in the wtnton air. 

Mr. White gives a curious account of a shower 
of these gossamers. In September 1741, being 
intent on field sports, he found the whole face 
of the country covered with a coat of web 
drenched in dew, as thick as if two or three 
setting nets had been drawn one over the 



othac His dogs waie joi hUBdad-bir thmi,4V 
to be obliged to lie* down and socape them- 
selves. About 9 A. M. these films, some an 
inch broad and six long, fell from a height, 
and continued to do so the whole day, with a 
velocity which proved their weight. When 
the most elevaled parte of the oountiy weiv 
ascended, the gossamers were seen to fall 
from higher regions ; and, twinkling and glit- 
tering in the sun, they i^eared like a stany 
shower, fixing the attention even of the moat 
incurious. 

These are now known to be the work of a 
spider, for they have been either caught in 
their balloons, or been seen to take flight To 
produce such effects, their numbers of ooufse 
must be prodigious. Dr. Strach says, " that 
twenty or thirty often are found on a angle 
stubble ;" and adds, " that he collected two 
thousand in half an hour, an^ could easily 
have got twice as many had he wished it." — 
The Family Library. 



MY GRAVE. 

Far from the city's ceaseless hum. 
Hither let my relics come ! 
IjOwIv and lonely be my grave. 
Fast by this streamlet's ooziDg wave. 
Still to the gentle angler dear. 
And heaven's fair face reflecting clear. 
No rank luxuriance from the dead 
Dnw the green turf above my head ; 
But cowslips here and there be found. 
Sweet natives of the hallowed ground, 
Diffttsing Nature's incense round ; 
Kindly sloping to the sun. 
When his course is nearly run. 
Let it catch his farewell beams. 
Brief and pale, as best beseems ; 
But, let the melancholy yew 
(Still to the cemetery true) 
Defend it from his noon-day ray. 
Debarring visitant so gay ; 
And, when the robin's boding song 
Is hushed, the darkling boughs among, 
There may the spirit of the wind 
A heaven-reared tabernacle And, 
To warble wild a vesper hymn. 
To soothe my shade at twilight dim ! 
Seldom let feet of man be there, 
Save bending towards the house of prayer ; 
Few human sounds disturb the calm. 
Save words of grace, or solemn psalm ! 
Yet, would I not my humble tomb 
Should wear an uninviting gloom, 
As if there seemed to hover near. 
In fancj^ ken, a thing of fear ; 
And, viewed with superstitious awe, 
Be duly shunned, and scarcely draw 
The sidelong glance of passer by. 
As haunt of sprite with blasting eye ! 
Or noted be by some sad token,. 
Bearing a name in whispers spoken : 
No ! — let some thoughtful schoolboy stray 
Far from his giddy mates at play. 
My secret place of rest explore. 
There pore on page of classic lore ; 
Thither let hoary men of age 
Perform a pensive pilgrimage. 
And think, as o'er my turf they bend. 
It woos them to their welcome end ; 
And let the woe-worn wandering one* 
Blind to tiie rays of reason's aun, 
Thither his weary way incline, 
There catch a gleam of light divine ; 
But, chiefly let the friend sincere 
There drop a tributary tear — 
There pause in musing mood, and aH. 
Our bv-gone hours ofbliss recall — 
Delientfiil hours ! too fleetly flown ! 
By the heart's pulses only known ! 
Aberdeen* H****r. 



244 



THE TOURIST. 



THE TOURIST. 



210NDAY, MARCH 11, 1833. . 

SIR J. C. SMYTH AND THE ASSEMBLY 
OF THE BAHAMAS. 

Those of our readers 'who perused the Ex- 
tracts which we gave in No. 28 from the Cor- 
respondence of the GoTemor of the Bahama^ 
witn the Colonial Secretary, will not be sur- 
prised to learn that strenuous efforts have 
been made by the Colonists to obtain his re- 
moval. Indisposed to refonnation themselves, 
they cannot endure the presence of a public 
officer who is honestly disposed to correct 
whatever is vicious in their system. Their 
praise and censure have usually been g'iveu in 
an inverse proportion to tlie merit and demerit 
of tliose on whom tliey have been conferred. Such 
as have been w illing to connive at injustice have 
been i^presented as equitable and enlightened 
rulers; while oUiere who have brought out the 
latent evil to public view, and have sought its 
correction, have been described as prejudiced, 
visionary, and despotic. Such is the enviable 
position in which Sir J. Carmichael Smyth is 
now placed. In a despatch to Viscount G ode- 
rich, June 23, 1831, he says : — 

" In the despatch which I had the honour to 
address to you od the dd May last, I recapitulated, 
as proofs of the necessity of takia^ away the power' 
of .flogging female slaves, a vanety of instances 
of severe and improper punishments which had 
been inflicted. Amongst others, I mentioned the 
case of a person who keeps a retail spirit shop, and 
who is unfortunately a member of the Assembly, 
having caused thirty- nine lashes to be given to a 
female attendant, in the eaol of the town. The 
man, whose name is Wildgoose, since the dale of 
my despatch, caused a female slave belonging to 
his mother to be similarly treated ; and, having 
personally eone to the prison, he, after some al- 
tercation with the first unfortunate victim of his 
violence, in which she was induced to say she did 
not deserve such treatment, ordered her another 
punishment of thirty-nine additional lashes, which 
were inflicted accordingly ; this poor girl, who is 
of a very delicate and slender figure and make, 
thus receiving seventy-eight lashes with a cat-o'- 
nine-tails, by order of tnis ruffian, a trealmcnt 
from which it is impossible bat that her health 
and constitution must very seriously suffer, inde- 
pendent of the cruelty, injustice, and indecency of 
the proceeding. As soon as I was acquainted 
with the particulars of this case, I sent for the 
Attorney-General, and directed him to take with- 
out delay any legal means to brin^ Mr. Wild- 
goose to trial. As the unfortunate girl, when the 
second flogging was inflicted, was still in prison, 
and was consequently under the charge and au- 
thority of those magistrates who have charge of 
the place where she was confined, I am in hopes 
that Mr. Wildgoose will be found to have been 
guilty of a misdemeanour, in punishing her for 
any imputed ofience stated to have been commit- 
ted whilst in confinement Such is the violence 
and prejudice, however, tliat pievails, and the an- 
ger which is excited at any attempt to curb the 
authority of the owcer over tlie slave, that, ex- 
«:epting Mr. Wildgocse has a proportion of co- 
loured people upou his jury, he will in all proba- 
bility escape."* 



* In this apprehension the Governor was jus- 
tified by subsequent events. In his despatch of 
March 6th, 1832, be says,—" Your Lordship will 
obeerve with great regret, that the bills which the 
Attorney- General prepared and preferred i^ainst 
Mr. John Wildgoose, were ignored by the Grand 
Jury." 



Having notified to the Assembly the facts 
of this case, the Governor received a very dis- 
respectful communication in reply. A Com- 
mittee was appointed to inquire into his mal- 
administration, certain resolutions were adopted 
by thirteen members, they constituting a 
minority of the House; and a petition was 
drai^n up, and agreed to, requesting his ma- 
jesty to remove Sir J. C. Smyth from the gov- 
ernment of the islands. The reasons of this 
violent procedure will be apparent to our 
readers if we make another extract from the 
despatch of June 23, 1831. 

" As I have not seen the documents or evidence 
upon which the committee founded their report, I 
am not aware if there are any particular instances 
of misconduct imputed to me. To the general 
charge of superintending the proceedings of the 
Slave Court with more vigilance and attention, 
and of interfering in the treatment of slaves, by 
li&tening to their complaints, and seeing that the 
proper authorities investigate the same with more 
attention than is agreeable to the majority of the 
assembly, I plead guilty. I had occasion to as- 
certain, shortly after my arrival in this colony, 
that the proceedings of the Slave Court were car- 
ried on in the most slovenly and disgraceful man- 
ner. When the transactions relative to Lord 
Hollers slaves took place, and five men, eight 
women, and one boy were so severely flogged for 
endeavouring to avoid the illegal and cruel re- 
moval to which they were about to be subjected, 
I sent for the records of their trial, in order that 
I might see, not only what was the nature of the 
misconduct of which they were convicted, but also 
become acquainted with what tliey had said in 
their defence. There was no record or any minute 
of the tiial or conviction of these poor people, be- 
yond the warrant to the executioner to inflict the 
punishment. From that day, however, the pro^ 
oeedings of the Slave Court had assumed a differ- 
ent appearance ; the minutes of each trial are laid 
before me by the police magistrate, and no sen- 
tence is carried into execution until forty. eight 
hours after it has been passed, and the report for- 
warded to me, in order that I may have time to 
read the evidence, to make such inquiries as I 
may think proper, and extend bis Majesty's par- 
don, should any favourable circumstances re- 
specting the prisoner appear to me to call for mer- 
cy. This power is not, as the assembly assert, 
an illegal and unconstitutional exertion of autho- 
rity, but it is vested iu the Governor, as the 
King*s representative, by the laws and by the 
constitution. I beg very respectfully to refer your 
Lordship to my speech to the assembly of the 21st 
instant, in which I have explained to them, 
not only that the power of extending mercy in all 
his Courts is inherent in the Sovereign, but have 
stated to them the fact that it has been occasion- 
ally exercised by my predecessors. It is very 
true, that the pardons which have been granted 
by my predecessors, at least all those I have seen, 
have been in cases of transportation, in which 
cases the small sum allowed by law to the master 
for the loss of his slave is stated not to be an 
equivalent, and pardon granted to the slave was 
very agreeable to, and was often solicited by, the 
master, as giving back bis slave. No cry was 
raised by the assembly as to an ille^l stretch of 
the royal prerogative, when the exercise of it suited 
their own views. In the present case, I have par- 
doned three slaves, who were sentenced by the 
Slave Court to be severely flogged. My letter to 
the police magistrate, forwaraing his Ms^esty's 
pardon, a copy of which I beg to enclose, will 
explaid the views and motives by which I was ac- 
tuated, and which I make very little doubt will be 
approved of by your Lordship." 

In opposition to the petition of the Assem- 
bly, two others were presented to his nu^ty, 
one from the most respectable and wealthy 
proprietors of the colony, and another from the 
people of colour. It is idmost unnecessary to 



say that the King has continued this faithfiir 
and diligent public officer in his servioei It 
would have been disgraceful in the last degiee 
if his virtue had been rewarded with dismiflsion* 
Such might have been the case in fonner 
days ; but the times are now changed, and both 
the government and people of this coimtry 
have gained a clearer insight into the value of 
colonial testimony. There is a disgusting uni- 
formity in the slave system of our coloniesu 
Its accidents may vary, but it is essentially the 
same in every island. It degrades the slavey 
and brutalizes his lord. It is alike inconsistent 
with the principles of religion and the charities 
of the human heart Though administered bjr 
an angel it could not fiiil to entail degmdadon 
and suffering: what, then, must be its effecta 
in the liands ofnnen whom despotic power has 
hardened and depraved ? From the past, it m 
some consolation to turn to the future. The 
signs of the times are indicative of good ; the 
national conscience is aroused ; the virtuous of 
every party are combining against this mon- 
strous evil; and his Majesty's government^ 
there is good reason to believe, are about to 
eflfect what justice and policy alike enjoin. 
Let not the friends of humanity, however, re- 
mit their exertions. Things may yet take an 
unexpected turn. There is no meamiess to 
which our enemies will not submit, — ^there is 
no deficiency of principle which they are not 
capable of evincing. They may yet protract 
the stniggle, though they cannot hope tilti- 
mately to triumph. We must, dierefore, be 
prepared for strenuous and perseveriujK effbrtR. 
Every abolitionist should gird himself for bat- 
tle ; and be ready, whenever their leaders shall 
require, to render the most prompt and effective 
service. 



COURTSHIP. 

From Friendthtp's Offering, 

*' O Laura ! will nothing I brinff thee 

E'er soften those looks of disdain 1 
Are the songs of afiection I sin? thee 

All doomed to be sung thee in vain ? 
I offer thee, fairest and dearest, 

A treasure the richest I'm worth ; 
I offer thee lave — the sincerest, 

The warmest e*er glowed upon earth I*' 
But the maiden, a haughty look flinging. 

Said, " Cease my compassion to move. 
For I'm not veiy partial to singing, 

And they're poor whose sole treasure is love* 

" My name will be sounded in story — 

I offer, thee, dearest, my name ; 
I have fought in the proud field of glory — 

Oh, Laura! come share in my fame. 
I bring thee a soul that adores thee,. 

And loves thee wherever thou art. 
Which thrills as its tribute it povra thee. 

Of tenderness fresh from the heart." 
But the maiden said, ** Cease to importone^ 

Give Cupid the use of his wings ; 
Ah, fame's but a pitiful fortune. 

And hearti are such valueless things 1" 

" Oh, Laura! forgive if I*ve spoken 
Too boldly ! — nay, turn not away. 

For my heart with affliction is broken*- 
My uncle died only to-day ! 

My uncle the nabob— who tended 
My youth with affectionate care. 

My manhood who kindly befriended. 
Has died, and — ^has — left — me — his — heir.'* 

And the maiden said, *' Weep not, sincerest. 
My heart has been yours all along ; 

Oh ! hearts are of treasures the dearest- 
Do, Edward, go on with your song !'* 



THE TOURIST. 



ON THE PICTURESQUE. 
The arts are no less unfortunate than 
the sciences in beiog retarded by the 
▼a^encsa and laxity of their technical 
tenns. In various branches of philosophy, 
a single word has imposed on the notions 
of an age, or constituted the distinctive 
badee of a school. It has paralyzed in- 
vestigtition, and held the minds of men 
ai in ft spell ; and, even in more mcdern 
and in the present times, an observer 
fiequently be struck with the extended 
and unhappy influence of some convcn- 
tional words and phrases, to which the 
example of an individual or long habitua- 
tjgn has attached a factitious importance. 
Nor, aa we have said, are the arts ex- 
'«mpted from a like disadvantage. Dif- 
ferent meanings are sometimes attached 
to the same terras ; and, where this is not 
the case, there is an iudeterminateness 
their application which is at once the 
■ource of much confusion and much con- 
tioversy. Of this class may be specified 
flsch words as sublime, beautiful, pic- 
turesque, &c., the precise meaning of 
which, it would seem, can only be fixed 
by a reference to some acknowledged 
standard, of which we seem to be in want. 
Some authors, however, have laid down, 
both by definition and illustration, their 
views of the just application of these 
terms, and we propose to lay them before 
our readers in a selection from their 
writings. The distinction between sublime 
and beautiful objects is thus generally 
stated in Mr. Burke's treatise on that 
subject : — 

Sablime objects (eajs lie) are rast in their 
4iuien^0DS ; beautiful ones coin pars tivrly 
SDi^l: beauty should be nnooth and polished; 
the great, mrged and negligent : beautr should 
Ana the right line, yet deviate from it iosen- 
mUj ; the'greSt, in roan^ cases, loves the right 
"ttne ; and when it deviates, it often nafces a 



strong deiialion; beauty should not be ob. 
the great ought to be darli and gloomy 



, indeed, ideas of a very differeut nature, 
one being founded on pain, the other on plea- 
sure ; and however tliev may vary afterivards 
from (he dircut nature of their causes, yet these 
causes keep nn an elemal distiitctioD, nev 
be forsotten by any whose business it 
affect the passions. 

The distinction between tlie picturesque 
and the beautiful is stated in the sami 
general manner, though with much in 
teresting illustration, by Mr. Uredali 
Price, in hia Essay on the Picturesque. 

A temple or palace of Grecian architecture, 
in its perCect and entire state, and its surface 
aud colour smooth and even, either in painting 
or reality, is beautiful; iu luin, it is pie- 
turesque. Observe the process by which time 
(the great anthor of such changes) converts a 
beautiful object into a picturesque one. First, 
by means of weather-stains, partial incrusta- 
tions, mosses, 3cc. ; it at the same lime takes 
off from the uniformity of its surface and ita 
colour; that is, gives it a degree of roughness 
and variety of tinL Next, the various accidents 
of nenther loosen the stones themselves ; they 
tumble in intigular masses upon what was 
perhaps smooth turf or pavement, or nicely- 
Irimmed walks aud shrubberies, now mixed 
and overgrown with wild plants and creepers, 
that craul over and slioot among the fallen 
ruins. Sedums, wall-ftowers, and other vege- 
tables that bear drought, find nourishment in 
the decayed cemeot, fmm which the stones 
have l)een detached ; birds convey their food 
into the chinks ; and vew, elder, and other 
berried plants, project from the sides ; while 
the ivy mantles over other parts, and crowns 
the lop. The even, regular lines of the dooia 
and nindows ate broken, and through their 
ivy-fringed openings is displayed the mined 
interior of the edifice. 

In Gothic buildings, the outline oFthc sum- 
mit presents such a variety of forms of turreta 
and pinnacles, some q>en, some fretted and 
variously enriched, that, even where there is 
" exact correspondence of parts, it is often 



di^uised by an appearance of splendid con- 
fusion and irregularity. In the doors and 
windows of Gothio churehea, the pointed amh 
has OS much variety as any regular figure can 
well have: the eye is not too strongly con- 
ducted from the top of the one to that of the 
other, as by the parallel lines of the Grecian ; 
and every person must be struck witli the ex- 
trome richness nnd intricacy of some of the 
principal windows of onr cathedrals and niiued 
abbeys. In these last is displayed the triumph 
of the picturesque ; and its charms to a paint- 
er's eye ore often so great aa to rival those of 
beauty itself So in mills, such is the extreme 
intricacy of the wheels and the wood-work; 
such is the singular variety of forms, and of 
lights and shadows, of mosses and weather- 
stains from the constant moisture — of plants 
springing from tiie rough joiats of the stones; 
such the assemblage of every thing which 
most conduces to piciuresqueness, that, eien 
without the addidon of water, an old mill has 
the greatest charm far a painter. 

It is owing to the same causes that a build- 
ing with scaffolding has often a more pic- 
tureaque appearance than the building itself 
when the scaffolding is taken away — that old, 
mossy, rough-hewn park pales of uuequal 
hcis;hts are an ornament to landscape, espe- 
cially uhen they are partially concealed oy 
thickets ; while a neat post and rail, regularly 
continued round a field, and seen without any 
interruption, is one of the most uupicturcsque, 
as being one of the most uniibrm, of all 
iKtundarics. 

Among trees, it is not the smoolb, young 
beech, or the fresh and lender ash, but the 
ed old oak, or knotty wych elm, that are 
picmresque ; nor Is it necessa^ that they 
should be of great bulk; it .is sufficient if they 
are rough, mos^, with a character of age, and 
with sudden variations in their forms. The 
limbs of huge trees, shattered by lightning or 
tempestuous winds, are in the highest degree 

Sicturesque; but whatever is caused by those 
leaded powers of destructioo must always 
have a tincture of the sublime. 



Has scathed the foreit oaki or monataia nnei ; 
W itb singed (op their stately nowtb, tboMMus, 
Standi oa the'bUaicd heath. '^ 



U6 



THE TOURIST. 



If we next take a view of those animals 
that are called picturesque, the same qualities 
are found to prevail. The ass is eminently so, 
much more than the horse ; and, among horses, 
it is the wild forester, with his rough coat, his 
jQtiane and tail ragged and uneven, or the 
worn-out cart-horse with his Staring hones. 
Among savage animals, the ^ lion with his 
shaggy mane is much more picturesque than 
the lioness, though she is equally an object of 
terror. 

The effects of roughness and smoothness in 
producing the beautmil or the picturesque is 
again clearly exemplified in the plumage of 
birds. NoUiing more beautiful than feathers 
in their smooth state, ^hen the hand or eye 
glides over them without interruption ; nothing 
more picturesque, ai detached ornaments, or 
when ruffled by any accidental circumstance, 
by any sudden pasaioa in the animal, or when 
they appear so from their natural arrangement 
As all the effects of passion and of strong emo- 
tion on the human fignie and oountenanee aie 
picturesque, such likewise are tlieir effects on 
the plumage of birds.; when inflamed with 
anger, the first symptoms appear in their raffled 
nlumage. The game-cock, when he attacks 
nis rival, raises the feathers of the neck, and 
the purple pheasant his crest Birds of prey 
have generally more of the picturesque, from 
the angular form of their beaks, the rough 
feathers on their legs, their crooked talons: all 
this connterbalances the general smoothness of 
tlie plumage on their backs and wings, which 
they have in common with the rest of the fea- 
thered creation. Lastly, among our own 
species, beggars, gypsies, and all such rough 
tattered figures as are merely picturesque, 
bear a close analogy, in all the qualities that 
make them so, to old hovels and mills, to the 
wild forest horse, and other objects of the 
same kind. More dignified characters, such 
as a Belisarius, or a Marins in age and exile, 
have the same mixture of picturesqueness and 
decayed grandeur as the venerable remains of 
past ages. 

If we ascend to the highest order of created 
beings, as painted by the grandest of our poets, 
they, in tiieir state of ^ory and happiness, 
raise chiefly ideas of beauty and sublimity; 
Uke earthly objects, they become picturesque 
when ruined — when shadows have ebscured 
their original brightness, and that uniform 
though angelic expression of pure love and joy 
has been destroyed by a variety of warring 
passions : 

" Darkened so, yet shone 
Above them all the archangel ; but his face 
Deep scars of thunder had intrenched, and care 
Sat on big faded cheek ; but under brows 
Of dauntless courage and considerate pride 
Waiting revenge } cruel his eye, but cast 
Signs 01 remorse and passion." 



A DIFFICULT TASK. 

Whenever I have met with any of those 
bright spirits who would be smart en sacied 
subjects, 1 have ever cut short their discourse 
by asking them if they had any lights and 
revelations by which they would propose new 
anicles of faith ? Nobody can deny but reli- 

S 'on is a comfort to the distressed, a cordial to 
le sick, and sometimes a restraint on the 
wicked; therefore, whoever would argue or 
lau^h it out of the world, without givins^ some 
equivalent for it, ought to be treated as a 
common enemy. -^Lady M. W, MimkLgue. 



SCENERY IN ABYSSINIA, &c. 

Whilst public curiosity has been directed 
to the less civilized portions of central Africa, 
we seem to have overlooked those parts in 
which a more humanized spirit has long pre- 
vailed, — ^not at one time exhibiting brilliancy, 
at another darkness, as in Egypt and Numidiii, 
— ^but shining out meekly and steadily, and 
preserving the light of Christianity (dimly and 
darkly, if you please, but still preserving it) 
when almost all the other parts of the worid 
had either quenched it for ever, or blended its 

?uie radiance with the obscurity of heathenism. 
n Mr. Salt's Travels in Abyssinia — the most 
authentic information we have respecting that 
country and its inhabitants — are some traits of 
the primitive Chrisdanity of Africa, so simple 
and characteristic that we shall detail them, 
with descriptions of the soeneiy, that we may 
brii^ together, in a brief article, as many cir- 
cumstances of that little-exploied country as 
can render a short narrative interesting :— ^ 

" On March 3, 1810, at ten minutes befbre 
six in the morning," says our traTeller, ** we 
oommenoed our journey up tl^e mountain of 
Taranta. Our attendants, v!\m were habituated 
from their youth to such expeditions, passed 
merrily on witli their burdens, and some of the 
more light-hearted among them amused them- 
selves and companions by singing extempore 
verses, in a manner somewhat similar to that 
which I have been informed German soldiers 
frequently practise on a march. The person 
who composed each distich first sang it alone, 
when it was immediately taken up and re- 
peated in chorus by the rest of the company. 
One of the songs, composed on the present 
occasion, was translated literally to me, as we 
proceeded, by Mr. Pearce, which I shall here 
insert as a cnaracteristic specimen of the very 
rude poetry in which the Abyssinians delight *: 

Our fathers are soldiers of the Badins&h, 
Each of them has kiHed his foe. 

We are young, and carry his hardens, 

But shall in time fight as well as our fathers. 

We now are journeying in a desert conntry. 
Surrounded by wild beasts and savages ; 

But it is in the service of the Badins6h, 
And who would not die for him ? 

"The sharp air of the morning, and the 
wild landscape through which we were pass- 
^g* together with the shrill cries of partridges 
and guinea-fowl that rose up, at every instant, 
startled by our approach, greatly contributed 
to enhance the effect of this novel and inter- 
esting scene. 

^ Shortly after, we reached a point where a 
road branches off on the left, leading to Halai. 
A little beyond, stands a high rock, or over- 
hanging pinnacle, called Gor6zo, respecting 
which the Abyssinians entertain the tradition 
of a young msdden having leapt from it to 
avoid a marriage into which her father threat- 
ened to force her. Tlie abyss below the rock 
is frightful to behold. Above this part of the 
mountain the vegetation begins to change its 
character ; and, instead of kolqualls and kan- 
tuffa, clumps of trees are found called w^ra, 
of a moderate height, bearing leaves resem- 
bling those of a willow, the branches of which 
were profusely covered with lichens. Further 
on, for a short distance, the road appeared to 
have been cut through a bed of chalkstone, 
and, wherever this prevailed, an extensive 
grove of a hardy kind of cedar, called tud, 
nourished in abundance. Ailer having passed 
over another moderate ascent, we arrived at a 
lofty height called Sarar. On looking back 



from this spot, the view over the country we 
had passed became exceedingly grand ; ranges 
of mountains, one below the other, the tops of 
which seemed to rise from what might be 
termed a sea of clouds, extending far into the 
horizon, where we fancied we could discerx 
the line of the ocean boimding the distant 
prospect. 

"From this point we had a considerable 
descent to make before we again moimted; 
when, in about half an hour, we reached one 
of the summits of the mountain, near a station 
bordering on a small pOol of water, called 
Turabo. By this time no idore than two hours 
and a half had been occupied in the ascent 
since we left our station, in die morning, at 
Tak'kmnta. To refresh ourselves after Uiis 
exertion we encamped in the plain, enjoying 
one of the finest mornings that can be imagined, 
the thermometer standing at Ql\ 

" The view that bunts upon the traveller as 
he b^ns to decend the southern side of Ta- 
ranta, is one of the most magnificent that 
human imagination ean conceive, — extending 
ov«r the abrupt monntains of Tigri to Uie pin- 
nacled and distant heights of Adowa, which, 
though singularly diversified with patches of 
vegetation, extensive forests of kolquall, and 
numberless intersecting valleys, — were so har- 
moniously blended together by a luminous at- 
mosphere, as to form one vast and unbroken 
expanse. On my former journey we descended 
this mountain in the midst of a heavy and 
incessant storm: we were then entering upon 
an unknown country, with dubious steps, and 
no very certain assurance of the reception that 
wc were likely to encounter ; the recollection 
of our feelings on that occasion formed a pleas- 
ing contrast to our present sensations; — for 
now every thing promised success, the sun 
shone bright on the landscape before us, and 
we were surrounded vrith tried and faithful 
followers. 

*' As the steqpness of the path "we had. to 
descend rendered riding unsare, we dismount- 
ed from our mules, threw the reins over their 
necks, and left them to make the best of their 
way down the mountain, as is customary with 
travellers in Abyssinia : an hour's walk carried 
us down the worst port of the road, and we then 
remounted, and proceeded forward through 
a wild and rocky district, along a winding 
pathway towards Dixan. The change of cli- 
mate here began to be very apparent : the heat 
of the sun became intense and scorehing, com- 
pared with what we had experienced on the 
other side of the Taranta ; the vegetation looked 
parched, the brooks were dry, and the daCde 
had all been driven across the mountain in 
search of pasture. This remarkable and sud- 
den change of the seasons is noticed in one of 
the earliest accounts respecting Abyssinia ; for 
Nonnosus, an ambassaaor from the emperor 
Justinian to the ruling sovereign of the Axo- 
mites, remarks that from Ave to the court he 
experienced summer and harvestrtime, while 
the winter prevailed from Ave to Axum, and 
viei versiL 

" At one o'clo<^ we arrived near Dixan, and 
rode up immediately to my former habitation^ 
situate at the bottom of the hill on which the 
town is buOt Here Bahamegash Yasow 
came out to receive us, and greeted ns witii 
the hearty welcome of an old aoquaintttnce. 
The venerable aspect of this respectable chie( 
his mild and agreeable mannere, and the re- 
membrance of uie services he had rendered ma 
on a former occasion, added a peculiar gratifi- 
cation to our meeting ; and the plentiful slotA: 
of maize, and other good oheei hospitably pro- 



THE TOURIST.^ 



MV 



iided for our entertainment^ after the hard 
ikre we bad been obliged to rest satisfied with 
on our journey, raised the whole party before 
evening into very exhilarating spirits. 
1 'f Murch 4.— At break of day the well-known 
found of the Bahamegasb's voice calling bis 
fiunily to prayers, excited my attention, when 
J immediately arose and joined his party. At 
ibis moment, the interval of four years, which 
had elapsed since my former visit, appeared 
like a mere dream. The prayers which be 
recited consisted of the same words, were pro- 
nonnced in the same tone, and were offered 
up with the same fervour of devotion which I 
had before so often listened to with delight ; 
and, when the ceremony was concluded, tbe 
ffood old man delivered out his orders for the 
day wilh a patriarchal simplicity and dignity 
of manner that was really affecting to contem- 
plate. With this impression still warm on my 
mind, we ascended one of the hills in the 
neigUbourhood, and, from tbe top of it, beheld 
a scene that, as one of my companions remarked, 
was alone a sufficient recompence for the trou- 
ble of possins; Taranta. A thousand differ- 
ently shaped hills were presented to (he view, 
which bore the appearance of having been 
dropped on an irregular plain ; and the differ- 
ent shades and depths wliich the varied aspect 
of these hills presented, as the sun emerged 
£rom the horizon, rendered the scene truly 
magnificent. * * * 

'^ The country about Dixan, at this season of 
the year, wore a scorched and desolate aspect 
The only cattle left for tbe supply of the inha- 
bitants were milch-goats and kids ; large herds 
of which were brought in by tbe shepherds 
every evening, and f6lded near the skirts of the 
town, to protect them from the hysnas and 
other wild beasts which prowl about the neigh- 
bourhood. * * * 

^^ March 5. — Having parted from our Hazorta 
friends, we left Dixan at six o'clock in the 
morning, attended by the Bahamegash, and 
proceeded with recruited spirits on our journey. 
Our course lay westwara ; and in ai)out an 
hour we reached tbe lofty bill on which stands 
the village of Hadebadid, where the women, 
as we passed, greeted us with the usual accla^ 
mation, heli, /», /t, li. It, /t, It, li, which resem- 
bles the ziroleet of the Syrians. We journeyed 
hence, nearly due south, across tbe plain of 
Zarai, which at this time looked very bare of 
Terdure, the jstream passing through it being 
completely dried up. The whole country, in- 
deed, had the appearance of being scorched ; 
and we did not meet with water until we had 
passed the high rock of Addicota. * * 

''March 8. — At five in the mormng we de- 
scended from Legote, and soon aUerwards 
crossed an extensive and weU-cultivated plain, 
to the left of which, as we proceeded south- 
ward, lay the mountain of Devre Damo, one 
of those distinguished fastnesses which, in the 
earliest periods of the Abyssinian history, 
served as a place of confinement for the 
younger branches of the family of the reigning 
sovereign. The reader will easily conceive 
ihat my thoughts immediately recurred to the 
beautiful and instructive romance, founded on 
this custom, by Dr. Johnson. I feel I shall 
stand excused for observing, that the refleetions 
which his interesting tale (Raaselas) gave rise 
to on this, as well as on many other occasions, 
added greatly, from a natural asseeiation of 
ideas, to the pleasne whkh I cspcamsieed in 
tMveaiBg the wild regions of Ethiq^ 

''The mountain of Devie Damo Appears to 
he eompletely scalped on every side, aad is 
very diffienlt of aoee8B> httring oialjr oae paeth 



leading up to it, resembling, in this respect, 
nuny of the bill forts of India, as well as in its 
genml character. About a mile farther on, 
we came to a beautiful fflen, where a large daio 
tree stood by the side of a winding stream, the 
banks of which were richly covered with ver- 
dure; and here we stopped to refresh ourselves 
during the heat of the oay. 

"At three o'clock we again started; and, 
after a considerable descent, came to the river 
Angueah, which runs through a bed of granite, 
and shapes its course in a north-west direction 
till it joins the Meleg. Beyond this we bad 
several steep and rugged precipices to mount, 
when we arrived at the house of Avto Nobilis, 
a young chief on whom the Ras ha/l lately con- 
ferred uiis district as a reward for military ser- 
vice: here we passed a pleasant day in the 
enjoyment of the unrestrained freedom atten- 
dant on Abyssinian hospitality." 

Here we conclude for the present, and shall 
resume our extracts with the description of an 
Abyssinian baptism, and tbe Shangalla slaves 
— a race of negroes of the Tacass4. 



AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 

In our last, we went at some length into 
the measures of this Society. It now remains 
for us to give a statement of the sentiments 
and conduct of the coloured population against 
whom these measures are directed. If any 
thing were wanting to complete the disgrace 
of the former body, the contrast between the 
spirit they manifest, and that of the injured 
race in question, would be more than sufficient 
for that purpose. In this, as in our former ar- 
ticle, we shall free ourselves from all suspicion 
of giving an unfair colour to our statements, 
by adopting tbe published language of the 
parties. The following resolutions, then, have 
been adopted at various public meetings, held 
by the people of colour, in consequence of the 
steps of tbe Colonization Society. 

" Philadelphia, Jan. 1817. At a numerous 
meeting of the people of colour convened at Bethel 
Church, to take into consideration the propriety of 
remonstrating against the contemplated measure 
that is to exile us from the land of our nati- 
vity, &c. 

* Whereas our ancestors (not of choice) were 
the first successful cultivators of tbe wilds of Ame* 
rica, we their descendants feel ourselves entitled 
to participate in the blessings of her luxuriant soil, 
which their blood and sweat manured ; and that 
any measure or system of measures, having a ten- 
dency to banish us from her bosom, would not 
only be cruel, but in direct violation of those prin- 
ciples which have been the boast of this re- 
public. 

' Resolved, That we view with deep abhorrence 
the uimierited stigma attempted to be cast upon 
the reputation of the free people of colour, by the 
promoters of this measure ; ** that ihey are a dan- 
gerous and useless part of the community ;" when, 
in the state of disfranchisement in which they 
live, in the hour of danger they ceased to remem- 
ber their wrongs, and rallied round the standard of 
their country. 

' Resolved, That we never will separate our- 
selves, volitntarily, from the slave population in 
this counlry ; they are our brethren by tbe ties of 
consanguinity, of sufiering, and of wrong ; and 
we feel that there is more virtue in suffering pri- 
vations with them, than fancied advantages for a 
season. 

' Resolved, That without arts, without science, 
without a proper knowledge of government, to cast 
into the savage wilds of Africa, the free people of 
colour aeeofts to us, the circuitous route by which 
they must letam to perpetual bondage* 



' Resolved, That having the strongest confidence 
in the justice of God and the ]^hilanthropy of the 
free States, we cheerfully submit our destinies te 
the guidance of Him, who suffers not a sparrow 
to fail without his special providence." ' 

" Nbwhaven, Aug. 8, 1831. At ameedngof 
the Peace and Benevolent Society of Afric-Ame^ 
ricans, &c. 

' Resolved, That we consider those Christians 
and philanthropists who are boasting of their li- 
berty and equality, saying that- all men are bom 
free and equal, and yet are endeavouring to 
remove us from our native land, to be inhuman in 
their proceedings, defective in their principle, 
and unworthy of our confidence. 

' Resolved, That we consider those colonita- 
tionists and ministers of the gospel who are advo- . 
eating our transportation to an unknown climCf 
because our skin is a little darker than theirs, 
(notwithstanding God has made of one blood all 
nations of men, and has no respect of persons,) as 
violaters of the commandments of God, and the 
laws of the Bible, and as trying to blind our eyes 
by their blind movements — tl^ir mouths being 
smooth as oil, and their words sharper than any 
two-edged sword. 

' Resolved, That while we have no doubt of 
the sinister motives of the ereat body of colonixa- 
tionists, we believe some of them are our friends 
and well-wishers, who have not looked deeply intp 
the subject; but when they make a careful exa- 
mination, we think they will find themselves in 
error. 

' Resolved, That it is our earnest desire that 
Africa may speedily become civilised, and receive 
religious instruction ; hut not by the absurd and 
invidious plan of the Colonization Society — name- 
ly, to send a nation of ignorant men to teach a na- 
tion of ignorant men. We think it most wise for 
them to send missionaries. 

' Resolved, That we will resist all attempts 
made for our removal to the torrid shores of 
Africa, and will sooner suffer every drop of blood 
to be taken from our veins, than submit to such 
unrighteous treatment. 

< Resolved, That we know of no other place 
that we can call our true and appropriate home, 
excepting these United States, into which our fa- 
thers were brought, who enriched the country by 
their toils, and fought, bled, and died in its de- 
fence, and left us in its possession — and here we 
will live and die.'" 

" Pittsburgh, Sept. 1831. At a large and 
respectable meeting of the coloured citizens of 
Pittsburgh, convened at the African-Methodist 
Episcopal Church. 

' Resolved, That we hold these truths to be 
self-evident; that all men are created equal, and 
endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable 
rights; that amon|^ these are life, liberty, awl 
the pursuit of happiness. — Liberty and Equality 
now. Liberty and £(|uality for ever. / 

* Resolved, That li is the decided opinion of 
this meeting, that African colonisation is a scheme 
to drain the better-informed part of the coloured 
people out of these United States, so that the chain 
of slavery may be riveted more tightly ; but we 
are determined not to be cheated out of our rights 
by the colonization men, or any other set of in- 
triguers. We believe there is no philanthropy in 
the colonization plan towards the people of colour; 
but that it is got up to delude us away from onr 
country and home* to the burning shores of 
Africa. 

' Resolved, That we, the coloured people lof 
Pittsburgh, and citizens of these United Stales, 
view the country in which we live, as our only 
true and proper home. We are just ^ much na- 
tives here, as the members of the Colonisation So- 
ciety. Here wo were bom — here bred— here are 
oar earliest aad moat pleosant associa»ia »! h e ie is 
all that binds man to earth, and makes life valtt- 
ahle. And wo do consider every coloured man, 
who allows himself to be colonised in Africa^ or 
eUewhere, a traitor to our cause* 

' Resolved, That we aie freemen, that we are 
beeifaBMi, that we aie eenntiynMn and fisUeiir-citi- 






THE TOURIST. 



< > 

sens, and as fuller entitled to ibe free exereise of 
the elective francuse as any men who breathe ; 
and that we demand an equal share of protection 
from our federal government with any class of ci- 
tizens in the community. We now intorm the Co- 
lonization Society, that should our reason forsake 
us, then we may desire to remove. We will ap* 
prise them of this change in due season. 

* Resolved, that vire, as the citizens of these 
United Sutes, and for the support of these reso- 
lutions, with a firm reliance on the protection of 
Divine Providence, do mutually pledge to each 
other, our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred ho« 
BOUT, not to support a colony in Africa, nor in 
ITpper Canada, nor yet emigrate to Ilavti. Here 
we were bom— here will we live by the nelp of the 
Almighty— and here we will die, and jet our bones 
lie wiUi our fathers.' " 

Fh)m an address to the coloured citizens of 
BiooklTn, New York, issued in pursuance of a 
meetinff of the coloured inhabitants of that 
township, June 3, 1831, v^e extract the follow- 
ing forcible and pathetic remonstrance : — 

" Brethren, it is time for us to awake to our in* 
terests ; for the Colonization Society is straining 
every nerve for the accomplishment of its objects. 
By their last publications we see that they have io- 
Toked all Christian assemblies and churches 
throughout the Union, to exert their influence, by 
raising subscriptions, to send us (the strangers 
within their gates, as they call us) to the coast of 
Africa. They have got the consent of eleven 
States, who have instructed their senators to do 
something in the next Congress for our removal. 
Maryland calls imperatively on the general go- 
Temment to send us away, or else they will colo- 
nize their own free blacks. They have, by their 
influence, stopped the emancipation of slaves in a 
measure, except for colonization purposes. 

'* We owe a tribute of respect to the State of 
New York, for her not having entered into the con- 
federacy. Though she is the last in proclaiming 
general emancipation to the slave, yet we find her 
slow in adopting any such unchristian measures. 
AVe may well say, she is deliberate in her councils, 
and determinate in her resolutions. 

'* Finally, Brethren, we are not strangers ; nei- 
ther do we come under the alien law. • Our con- 
stitution does not call upon us to become natural- 
ized ; we are already American citizens ; our 
fathers were among the first that peopled this 
country ; their sweat and their tears have been the 
means, in a measure, of raising oar country to its 
present standing. Many of them fought, and bled, 
and died for the gaining of her liberties ; and shall 
we forsake their tombs, and flee to an unknown 
land? No! let us remain over them and weep, 
until the day arrives when Ethiopia shall stretch 
forth her hands to God. We were bom and nur- 
tured in this Christian land ; and are surrounded 
by Christians, whose sacred creed is, to do unto all 
men as ye would they should do unto you — to 
love our neighbours as ourselves ; and which ex- 
pressly declares, if we have respect to persons^ 
we commit sin. Let us, Brethren, invoke the 
Christian's God in our behalf, to do away the 
prejudices of our brethren, that they may adopt 
the solemn truths of the gospel, and acknowledge 
that God is no respecter of persons— that he has 
made of one blood all the nations that dwell on 
the face of the earth — ^that they may no longer 
bring their reasonings in conUet with the omnis- 
cience of Deity ; and insinuate to the public, 
that our intellect and faculties are measuraoly in- 
ferior to those of our fairer brethren. Because 
adversity has thrown a veil over us, and we, whom 
God has created to worship, admire, and adore his 
divine attributes, shall we be held in a state of 
wretchedness and degradation, with monkeys, ba- 
boons, slavesy and cattle, beeause vre possess a 
darker huet 

** We feel it our duty ever to remain true to the 
conttitutioa of our country, and to protect it, as 
we have always done, from foreign aggressions^— 
Although more than three bundreil tmivsand of us 
are virtnally deprifod of the righu and imaMmities I 



of citizens, and more than two millions held in 
abject slavery, yet we know that God is just and 
ever true to bis puTpose. Before him the whole 
world stands in awe, and at his command nations 
must obey. He who has lately pleaded the In- 
dian's eanse in our land, and who has brought 
about many signal events, to the astonishment of 
onr generation, we believe is in the whirlwind, 
and will soon brin^ about' the time when the 
sable sons of America will join with their fairer 
brethren, and re-echo liberty and equal rights in all 
parts of Columbia's soil. 

*' We prav the Lord to hasten the day, when 
prejudice, inferiority, degradation, and oppression 
shall he done away, and the kingdoms of this 
world become the kingdoms of our God and his 
Christ." 

That such a state of things should have 
arisen in the reputed land of freedom may 
well grieve the oenevolent and pious. We 
regret it for the sake of America herself, but 
much more on account of the interests of hu- 
manity, which are so deeply involved. Surely, 
the philanthropists and Christians of the United 
States will soon rouse themselves from their 
lethargy, and redeem their country from such 
deep disgrace. At any rate, the inhabitants 
of Britain should be protected from the impo- 
sition. We speak deliberately, when we say 
that every farthing obtained from Britain 
by the agents of this Society, is procured under 
false pretences, and ought, therefore, in com- 
mon honesty, to be returned. Ilie Anti- 
Slavery public has been grossly hoaxed. The 
real character of this institution has been con- 
cealed from tiieir view ; but, now that they 
are informed of its nature, they know no terms 
too strong to express their detestation of it 



GRATITUDE IN A SLAVE- 

A LADY residing at the Mauritius, many 
years ago, emancipated a slave, whose good 
conduct and fidelity she wished to reward ; 
being in affluent circumstances, she gave him, 
with his freedom, a sum of money which 
enabled him to establish himself in business ; 
and, being very industrious and thrifty, he 
soon became rich enough to purchase a small 
estate in the country, whither he retired with 
his family. Years passed away; and, whilst 
he was rapidly accumulating money, his for- 
mer mistress was sinking into poverty ; mis- 
fortune had overtaken 'her, and sue found her- 
self, in old age, poor, solitary, neglected, and 
in want of the common necessaries of life. 
This man heard of her unhappy condition, 
and immediately came to the town and sought 
her out in her humble abode ; with the utmost 
respect he expressed his concern at finding his 
honoured lady in so reduced a state, and im- 
plored her to come to his estate, and allow 
him the gratification of providing for her fu- 
ture comforts. 

The lady was much afiected at the feeUng 
evinced by her old sen'ant, but declined his 
offer ; he could not, however, be prevailed on 
to relinquish his design* ** My good mistress," 
said he, " oblige me by accepting my services; 
when you were rich yon were land to me; 
you gaye me freedom and money, with whidi, 
through God's blessing, I have been enabled 
to make myself comfortable in life, and now I 
only do my duty in asking yon to share my 
prosperity when yon are in need.'* His urgent 
entreaties at lengtii prevailed, and the lady 
was conyeyed, in his palanaoin, to the com- 
fortable and well-fomishea apartments as- 
signed to her by his grateful caw ; his wife 
and danght«i8 yeceireia her with the utmost 



respect, and always showed, by their iMmduel; 
that they considered themselves her senmrtt. 
Deserted by those who had been her eooab fat 
station, ana who had professed dkemieives Inr 
friends whilst she was in affluence, this gnodl 
lady passed the remainder of her days in cam* 
fort and ease, amid thoee who bad oBeel«eft 
her dependents. — RecoUecHans^of the Mtmn^ 
titUy by a Lady, 

THE EVENING CLOUD. 

A CLouo lay cradled near the setting suii» 

A gleam of crimson tiuffed its braided saoir ^ 
IrOUff had I watched the gloiy moving on 

O er the so(^ radiance of the lake below. 
Tranquil its spirit seemed, and floated slow : 

E'eii in its very motion there was rest ; 
While every breath of eve that chanced to blewr 

Wafted the traveller to the beauteous west. 
Emblem, methoaght, of the departed soul. 

To whose white robe the gleam of bliss is gives ^ 
And, by the breaih of mercy, made lo roll 

Right onward to the golden gates of h« 
Where to the eye of faith it peaceful liea» 

And tells to man his glorious destinies. 

WiLSOir. 



». 



TO THE READERS OF " THE TOURIST. 

A MOST USEFUL INVENTION.— HAW- 
KINS'S PATENT PAMPHLBT and LBTTBK 
PRESERyER, for the reception, uitl initantly bindtee 
in rcctiUr scrlea, "The TouriM,** "The Penny ,*• ana 
other MRKKcincs, NciVRpspcni, Mniilc,Counling^|kanfe "O^ 
cnnients, Prlntt , and all the dieap Periodicab, ranpUciv 
Letters, &c. Thia invention is tlic cheapest, and the OBfj 
one tliat constantly preserres the appearance of a book» 
and may t>e bad In every style of binding, ttom la. §A, te 
" The Mirror " size, as. tkl. " Penny Magaxlne " size* aa* 
npwards— " The Tourist," 8s. Sold Wliolesale and ReCafl 
by J. DvBcoinbe, 10, little Queen-street, Ilolb«ni» s«l» 
Manufacturer, by appointment, and by ail BookaelkiK 

For OonTOlsion Fits^ Spileptio nts» 

DR. HADLEY'S POWDERS, a safe and 
certain Cnrc for Inward Weakness, Convalslov Fits* 
Epileptic Fits, Hysterics, and Nervous Complaints. 

Tlicse Powders possess extraordinary propertiesi, and, by 
due perseverance in their application, effect a safe and 
certain cure in all cases or Relaxation, Debility, and 
Weakness In Children and Adults ; give immediate rriicf 
to the suffering Infant, or Grown Persons alHicted wHh 
Coil vnlf ion Fits; also in cases of Epilepsy, or Falling Rta. 
In Lassitude and Nervous Debility, Hysterics, and Spw> 
modic Complaints, these Powders present a grand lesco- 
rative ; also extirpate Fits which Females are sabicd I* 
during Pregnancy. Thry strengthen the stomach, increase 
the appetite, promote dige»tion, and, finally, invigoraffe tbe 
whole frame, without confinement, change of dielj ec 
hindrance of business. 

Ftwn Lord VUcount Amitnt* 

To Mr. Rowland. 

Sir,— I feel I should be doin^; you the greatest injiutiir, 
and aJso to the public generally, were I to withhold frt^ns 
you my testbuony in fkvonr of your inestimaMe mcdariar* 
Dr. Hadley's Powders, which, under Providence* ban 
been the means of restoring my infant child under cir- 
cnmstances tlie most unparalleled, having the fir»t medsraff 
advice, and no more effect than momentary relicC The 
iufknt daily declining, insomuch that the bones were aearly 
tlmMigh the skin, in this wretched situation I admlnbtriYd 
daily your powders, and no oilier medicine ; and, t* tb« 
astonishment even of my medical friends, it had the baf- 
pIcAt result In restoring my infant to perfect healtk. I 
shall be most happy to satisfy any respNCctable inqufarer (1^ 
previous appoinnnent) in person. 

I am. Sir, 
Your much obliged and most obedient wtrnM, 

AxasKs. 

Temple House, Jannary 7, 18S4. 

These Powders are f^tthfoUy prepared aad sold bj tfcr 
sole Proprieton, A. ROWLAND and SON, 80, HaUoa 
Garden. Packages at Ss. Od. and 4s. dd. per packet, or im 
bottles coBUinIng three 4«. 6d. at lis. each, and !■ l aafc i a 
bottles iSs. each, duty indnded. 

Sold, by appointment, by Mr. Sanger, Medicine Ware- 
house, ISO, Oxford'Strcet : Messrs. Barclay and Sena, M^ 
Fleet Market ; £d%nirds, M, St. Paul's Church-yatd; C^ 
Butler, 4, Cheapside ; W. Sutton and Co^, Bow Cknrckr 
yard ; Prout, 9)0, Strand ; Johnston, Comhm, and Greek- 
street, Sobo; J. and 0. Evans, Loog-lane, SahMtaWs 
•ad Bolloo and Tutt, Royal Exchange. 



Printed by J. HAnnON and Co. ; and 
bjr J. Cnisp» at No. 37, Ivy Lane, PatttnuMler 
Bow, when all AdvertisenienU and Conmxm^ 
cations for the Editor are to be addressed* 



THE TOURIST; 

OR, 

^HetcH ISniOlt of the Stmes. 



" Utile dclci." — Moraee. 



Vol. I.— No. 31. 



MONDAY, MARCH 18, 1833. 



Price One Pbnity. 



CAERNARVON CASTLE. 



This ancient edtflce was erected by 
Edward the First, about tlie year 1283, 
tc^ther with several others, Uie design 
of which was to secure the recent con- 
quests of the King in this country. The 
town of Caernarvon, to which this castle 
ires a kind of citadel, was built at the 
same time, and the expeaces were said to 
liave been defrayed by the appropriation 
of the revenues of the archbishopric of 
Yorit, which was then vacant. The town 



was gurrouoded with walls, and fortified 
by towers, from which circumstance it is 
said to hiivc taVen its name, being de- 
rived from words wliicli, in the ancient 
British hmguage, signify a walled town. 
It is considered to occupy the site of a 
still more ancient town, called Segon- 
tium, where some ancient historians af- 
firm tliat Constantiiis, the father of Con- 
stantine the Great, lay buried. 
The castle is said to have beeo built 



within the space of one year by the la- 
bour of the peasants. The external state 
of the walls is at present exacUy as at 
the time of the founder. They are de- 
fended by a number of circular towere, 
and have two principal gates, the east 
looking toward the rooimtaius, aud the 
west towards the sea. From whaterer 
aspect it is viewed, it has a striking and 
venerable appearance. The entnnce into 
the castle is very august ; beneath a large 



S50 



THE TOURIST. 



tower, on the froi^t oi which appq^is a L maaship^ ai« TisibW dem ipfl^t ions of 
statue of the founden uitll a 4agger inJthe^ smsdl fMp^greik thil |fcile|an<iy had 
his hand, as if to indicat^the chaij^cter. tnade io our- orniimenlal dei^rations." 
of his policy ivwawl^ his newlyvae^iredift ^'0»the top^efthe uprights are two doves ; 
subjects. The walls of this fortress are the cradle itself is pendent on two staples, 
about seven feet nine inches in thickness, driven into the uprights, linked by two 
and have within them a narrow gallery^^ ifHigs Ceistened to the ccadley and by tbeva 
with narrow slips for the cbti:harpre of > it^swiiigs. The sides aad ends' df the era-. 



^ 



arrows. The walls of the Eagle Tower 
are nearly two feet thicker. It is at once 
the most splendid and the most eventful 
part of the building, and derives its name 
fiom the figure of an eagle,, which sur- 
nounts it. It is remarkable as having 
beeti the place where Eleanor, the Queen 
of Edwaiti the First, gave birth to the 
unfortunate Edward the Second, who 
was first styled Prince of Wales. The 
reason which induced the royal founder 
to arrange that this event should take 
place in Caernarvon Castle are thus sta- 
ted by ancient historians : — Edward, per- 
ceiving the inflexible resolution of the 
Welsh, and that they were obstinately de- 
termined to obey none but a prince of 
their own country, contrived this as an 
expedient to satisfy them. His Queen 
was shortly expecting* her confinement, 
and, notwithstanding the severity Qf the 
season (it being now the depth of winter), 
he removed her to Caenuurvon Castle. 
When the time for the expected event 
was arrived, he called together all the 
barons and nobles of Wales, to meet htm 
at Ruthlan, to consult on the general 
interests of their country ; and, being in- 
formed that his Queen was delivered of 
a 80tt> he told the Welsh nobility that, 
^* wiiereas they had oftentimes entreated 
hiat to appoint them a prince, he, having 
at this oceanon to depart <»it of their 
couatrj, wonld comply with their request, 
on condition that oiej wonid allow of, 
and obey, him whom he should name. 
The Welsh readity agreed to the propo^ 
sal, (miy with liie nme reserve, that he 
shoald appoint diem a prince of their 
owft natum. The King assured them 
that he would name such a one as was 
bofB in Wales, could speak no English, 
and whose life and ecmvecaation nobody 
could stain ; whom tfaa Welsh agreemg 
to ohey» he named his own son Edward, 
but little before bom at Caertiarvon Cas- 
tle.'* . The l»ri&ol this prince took place 
in a room isi tKs tower, not twelve feet 
long nor eight in: bfcaidth, so little did % 
royal consort, in those days, consult either 
pomp or convenience. 

The cradle of the unhappy prince is 
still preserved, and is now in the posses- 
sion of a gentleman, to whom it descend- 
ed fromone of his ancestors, who attended 
the child in his infancy, and to whom it 
became an honorary perquisite. A draw- 
ing of it is published in the London Ma- 
gaxine for 1774, .together with, the fol- 
lowing description :^*'' This singular piece 
iamade of heart of oak, whose simplicity 
of. construction, and rudeness of work- 



die are ornamented with a great variety 
of mouldings, whose junctions at the cor- 
ner are not united, but cut off square 
without any degree of neatness, and the 
sides and ends fastened together with 
rough nails. 

CROCODFLES OF THE ORINOCO. 

Angostura, so named from its being placed 
on a Qanow part of the aver Orinooo, aanBg 
the period that Spain held these possessions as 
colonies, was the capital of Spanish Guiana. 
It now forms part of the new independent State 
of Ecuador. It stajnds at the- foot of a hill of 
horneblend slate, destitute of vegetation. The 
streets are rwihir, and genenlly parallel to 
the course of the stream. The hottscs ^re 
high, and built of stone; although the town 
is not exempt from earthquakes. At the 
period of Uumboldt^s visit, die population was 
only 0000; There is little vanetv in the sur- 
rounding seenery ; bat the view of the river is 
siiigularr^ majestic. When the waters ue 
hi^, tfiey inundate the qaays, and it some- 
times happens tbal^ even in the stieets, imam- 
dent persons fiUl a prey to the cnioocKIe% wmch 
arR very numeraus. 

Humboldt relates that; at the time of his 
stay at Ansostam, an Indian fixmi the idaad 
of Marguenta, having gone to aiiGhor his 
canoe in acove where there was not three fbet of 
water, a very fieroe ctoeodile that frequented the 
spot seised him by the leg, and carried him 
off. With astonishing courage he searched 
for a knife in his po^et, but not findingic, 
thrasi his fingem into the animal's eyes. The 
menster) however, did not let go his bold, but 
plunged to the bottom of the river, and^ after 
drowniog his victim, came to the surfiuMS, and 
dragged his body to an island. 

The number of individuals «^ peri^ a»- 
nmdly in this manner is very gnat; tgf^malhf 
in villages where the nei^bmiing gwands 
afe inandated. The aame crocedUes remain 
long in die same places, and beecmie more 
daring from year to year, e^ecially, as the In^ 
dians assert, if they have once tasted huaum 
flesh. They are not easil)^ killed, as their skin 
is impenetntble, — the throat and the space be- 
tween the shoulders be-ing the only parts 
where a ball or spear can enter. The natives 
catch them with large iron hooks baited with 
meat, and attached to a chain fastened to a 
tvee. After the animal has struggled fbr a 
considenible tune, they attack it wtth laacea 

Affecting examples are related of the intre- 
pidity of African slaves in attempting to rescue 
their masters from the jaws of taese voracious 
reptiles. Not many years ago, in the Llanos 
of Calabogo, a negro, attracted by the cries of 
his owner, armed himself with a long knife, 
and, plunging into the river, forced the animal, 
by scooping out its eyes, to leave its prey, and 
take to flight The natives, being, daily exr 
posed to similar dangers, think little of thein. 
lliey observe the manners of tlie crocodile, as 
the Torero studies those of the bull; and 
quietly calculate the motions of the enemy, 
its means of attack, and the degree of its au- 
dacity. — Cahinet lAbrmyy Hwnbold^g TrateU. 



In ibe gilMi 4^ c6ac||s of former times 
flioe were t^o aHiols, or.- seats, opposite die 
ooors, on which persons sat back to iMu^k, look- 
ing out at the side windows, as we sdll see the 
Chaplain and the Speaker of the House of 
Commons when he uses his state-coach. Mr. 
Speaks's coach, however, cumbrous as it is^ 
gives an inadequate idea of the vast machines 
of former days, which were rather closets <m 
wheels than what we would call coaches. 

When Henry IV. was stabbed, there were 
seven persons in the coach with him, and yet 
nobody saw the blow ; and the murderer might, 
if he pleased, have escaped. And when Louis 
XIV. declared his granmon Sing of 2^a{n, he 
took him the fijxt stage in his own coach, 
which held with great convenience the whole 
royal family. " Ihe two kings," says St ' 
Simon, " and the Duchess of Burgundy, sat 
on one side ; the Dauphin and the Dukes of 
Burgundy and Berry opposite ; and the Duke 
and Duchess of Orleans at the two doors." 
A most illustrious coachful ! 

Even down to our own time the King of 
France maintained this cumbrous parade. On 
the horrible 6th of October, 1789, when the 
populace dragged their humiliated king to 
Paris from Versailles, there were in his ma- 
jesty's coach the King, the dueen, the Dau- 
phin, the Duchess of Angouleme, the present 
King (then Monsieur), his wife, Madame Eliz- 
abeth, and Madame de Tourzel. There was 
one circumstance in diis procession which dis- 
tinguished it from, I brieve, imy other which 
ever existed. It was preceded by two men, 
bearing on pikes the heads of two ii the king*s 
body-guards, diat verv morning murdered in 
his palace ; and, vrith a refinement of san- 
guinary levi^, the procession was stopped 
while a hatr-d iisea er emrhd mtd pawdeted the 
hair of the ghastly heada 

When aneea Elisabedi went to Si PauVs 
to return thanks lor the d^eat of the Armada, 
^ she did come in a chariot- throne, viith four 
ptllaiB behind to bear a canofie, on. the top 
whereof was a erown imperial, and two lower 
pillais befiNie, whereon stood a Eon and a 
dragon, si^iporters of the aims of fiagland, 
drawn by two white horses.'' 

Coaehes woe introduced into Saf^and in 
the latter end of the ijueen's reign, and she 
in her old age used, zduetanlly, saoh an 
efllMninate conveyance. Ths| wtia i* first 
dmwu only by two horses; '^t,"' sife Urban, 
**- the oest crept in by degrees, as mam el first 
venture to sea.*^ . 

The Duke of Buckingham was An ftmt who 
ventKued on sia horses, whioh creaUd a(t the 
time great scandal, and was located upoiv as a 
mark of the ^ mastering ^rit^ of the favour- 
ite. *' The stoat old earl of Northnmberland," 
who had been ia the Tower eveeswce the gun- 
pewder^plol, ** v^ien he got hiose, thought, if 
Bttolnagham had six, he might have eight in 
his coach, with which he rode through the 
city of London, to the vulgar talk and admi- 
ration.** 

Buckingham also seems to have been ene ef 
the first iu^rters of chairs, oalled sedan-chain, 
and his being carried on men's shoulders gave 
rise to gre<it clamour aud loathing againvt 
him, as having reduced men to the condition 
of beasts. In a few years afterwards they 
came into general use, like hackney-coaches. 
— Nnte in. Marshal de JBassempierr^s SmSmuf 
to the ComH of England. 



THE TOURIST 



V 






TO THE £J>lXOS OF TIE TSMtlSX. 

Sir, — Having resided in Jamaica during f!he 
mn 1B18 and 1819, 1 beg to offer the follow- 
mg remarks by way of postscript to Mr. C. 
Johnston's *' Disjoined Facts," relative to tbat 
islaiid, in your fourth moijtbiy number. There 
ire two classes of slaves in Jamaica — one he- 
longing to the proprietors of plantations, and 
fhe other belonging to whites and free people 
of colour residing in the towns. Tlie planta- 
1h>n slaves receive about seven salt herrings 
weeUjr from their masteis. The grounds al- 
Imtled them for the cultivation ot vegetables 
only supply a variety of indigestible roots, and 
the plantain fruit, which is usually roasted in 
ID unripe state, not beinff a fit article of diet 
when at maturity. Umess in croo season, 
Aat is, during the manufacture of the sugar, 
when the slaves have au opportunity of pro- 
curing syrup from the boiling-house, they are 
¥ery generally afflicted with a cachexy, re- 
mlting from a want of sufficient nourishment, 
orer exertion, oppressive treatment, and other 
debilitating causes. The juices of the stomach 
hecome vitiated, its functions impaired, and a 
mortud aeidity is generated, which induces the 
▼ictim of this malady to eat chalk, earth, or 
any absorbent substance, which nature may 
anggest as a remedy for his sufferings. The 
disease, in the common language of the colony, 
is called ** dirtreating." Each plantation has 
its hospital or hot-house, and against the wall 
of one of the apartments is erected a bench, at 
en elevation of three or four feet from the cold 
clay floor; and projecting, perhaps, about six 
ieet along the outer edge of this bench, is 
fixed an iron bar, to which the poor cachectics 
are secured by iron anklets, their bloated bo- 
dies reclining on the bare boards. This the 
planter pretends is done with the humane in- 
tention of preventing them from gratifying their 
cravings. Many slaves die annually from this 
disease, and many become vicdms of despond- 
ency while under its influence, and put a 
fieriod to their miseries bv suicide. 

Tlie master's power of inflicting nunish- 
nent on the slave is now limited, by law, to 
thirty-nine stripes ; but there is no proteedon 
against an inconsiderate repetition of the pu- 
nishment either bv him or his tyrannical sub- 
ordinates. The slave who dares to complain 
to the attorney, on facts, of the cruelty of the 
lyrexseer or manager of the estate, does it at 
the risk of an additional flogging ; and how 
can the complaint reach the ear of an impar- 
tial ma^^strate through this channel, as they 
are all interested in supporting the diaboli- 
taSL system of oppression ? The slave has never 
been acknowledged as a party in any civil suit 
or prosectttioB. It is only by indiotment on 
the part of the orown that he is relievMi from 
his civil incapacities. I never knew of redress 
for crudtf to a slave, unless in one instance, 
which ooonned in Jannary, 1818. Joseph 
Boyden was tried under the slave act for cru- 
elly, maliciously, and wantonly maltreating, 
by flogging and marhing in different parts of 
the body, a Sambo slave, named Amey, his 

5roperty, jointly with others. The Jamaica 
^oyal Gazette stated that Amey had com- 
mitted some tran^ffressiODi, which induced her 
to apply to a neighbour to inleroede with her 
master for forgiveness, which he agieed to 
grant, but she was afterwards fimrked in five 
places with the initials d his name, and that 
of 4lie pnpeity he owned. In oonsequence of 
conduct 80 contrary to every princxnle of hu- 
jQoani^, Ae left her home, &c. The jurv, after 
due deliberation, letumed a vodict of jguilty 



against the prisoner, and the chief justice sen- 
tenced him to six months* imprisonment, with- 
out bail or mainprise, and toe slave was de- 
clared " free, and discharged from aH manner 
of servitude.** By this mode of stating the 
oase to the public, it would ajmear that mark- 
ing the initials of the names of the owner and 
eflCate on the skin of the negro was the more 
flagiant portion of the charge against the pri- 
soner. But let me inform them that mJorking, 
or, to speak more literally, branding the bodies 
of the poor negroes, was an universal practice 
when I was in Jamaica. I now hold in my 
hand the supplement to the Cornwall Gazette 
of Jamaica for October 14th, of the year in 
whkh the above trial occurred. In this sup- 
plement one hundred and fifty-four runaway 
slaves are advertised as prisoners in various 
workhouses, and almost every one of tiiem has 
been branded or burned with a hot metal 
stamp on varions parts of their bodies, &c. 
Ihe first individual on the list is described as 
PranceSi a Creole (i. e., colonial hom^ female, 
who has been branded on both shoulders and 
both breasts. These prisoners, who have all 
fled from their tyrannical task-masters, if not 
claimed within a certain period, are sold to 
defiay expenses ; and upwards of twenty are 
advertised accordingly in the above mentioned 
Kst, one of which number declares that a white 
man has deprived her of her ticket of freedom. 
The femainmg column of the supplement is 
occupied witii a list of strayed norses and 
catde, also branded in like manner. In tiiis 
respect, then, the temporal position of the 
slave is nothing better than that of the beasts 
that perish. Nay, it is even worse ; a mule 
or horse is not killed for kicking his master ; 
but if a slave raise his hand against any white 
man his punishment by law is death. I have 
already stated that floggings are limited to 
thirty^ine stripes, hut there is no security 
agaio^ the too frequent repetition of the chas- 
tisement. The opinion of the medical attend- 
ant of the estate is never consulted on the 
subject, nor is any competent judge required 
to attend the infiiction of punishment. We 
are told by the planters that the use of chains 
has been abolished throughout the colonies; 
but have they not substituted the stocks F — 
and would not the punishment be less severe 
if the prisoner conld move about to the extent 
of a -tmain, than when his legs are secured to 
an immoveable bar of iron, or beam of timber, 
denominated the stocks? They also tell us 
that the negro is by law allowed twenty-six 
days of the year to cultivate his provision 
grounds, exclusive of the Sabbath. 1 have 
already noticed that the negro depends on the 
supplies of his master, as well as his own ex- 
ertion, for his sustenance. If the proprietor is 
too avaricious to be willing, or too poor to be 
able, to import a sufficient supply of sidt her- 
rings to eke ottt the scanty produce of the 
slave-garden, what must be rae shuation (^ 
the Irerd-working negro, more especially if 
sickness has disabled him from cultivating his 
ground? Are the slaves educated, or provided 
with the means of attending to reli^ous du- 
ties P A plantation slave neither receives school 
learning nor religbus instruction; he is not 
taught a sense of good and evil, the necessity 
of obedience and gratitude to God, or the hope 
of eternal life. Some schools have been estab- 
lished by subscription for the education of free 
people of colour, but tiie slave is wilfully kept 
in astate of total iffnorance. The planters are 
aware that knowledge woidd lead him to ap- 
preciate liberty, to a due sense of his abject 
and dehaKd Matc^ and a desire 



his condition by aiseiting his xight to enftuM' 
chisement. 

The parishes of Jamaica are equal in extent 
to the average size of the Scotch counties. 
Almost the whole of the churches are placed 
on the coast, and consequentiy the greater 
number of the plantations are at too great ^ 
distance to admit of attendance at chureh, even 
if the overseers encouraged an observance of 
the Sabbatli ; and how [could one or two 
churches accommodate from 16,009 to 20,000 
people^, the average population of each parish ?^ 
so that the Christian orcUnances are altogether 
unknown to the plantation slave. The plantexji 
make a great noise about tiie money which 
may be nmde by the negro by attending maxke^ 
on Sundays ; but in crop-season he is not un? 
frequentiy employed in the boUing-house on 
the Sabbath, and, firom what I have said, it is 
evident the market towns are at too great a 
distance for the majority of them to attend fiar 
any purpose, either spiritual or temporal. Nor 
is the slave recognized by law as the possessor 
of any property, nor has he any protection 
against the rapacity of his master. 

Negroes which belong to whites and peode 
of colour residing in ue towns, are usuabj 
hired out in gangs to work on the plantation^ 
for wap;es. Their owners only allow them a 
trifle from these wages for their support, and 
retain the remainder for their own use. Manj 
of these slaves are instructed in the mechanical 
arts, that their wages may produce a greater 
surplus, to which, bylaw, the master is entitied. 
People who thus hire out their negroes ase 
denominated jobbers ; they are generany 
tradesmen, who, having acquired money suffi- 
cient to purchase a few slaves, retire frma 
business, and live on the hard-earned savings 
of these poor creatures. 

The overseers are a class of men drawn frmn 
tiie lower and uneducated orders of their 
native country, llieir society cannot afford 
pleasure or comfort to individuals of a higher 
grade ; they are too prone to cultivate dopraved 
and convivial association for the gratification 
of tiieir intemperate habits. These inebriates 
indulge in bacchanal potations of the coarsest 
description — equal parts of lime juice and 
rum, &c. Sec. — and one and all of them ke^ 
a number of their female slaves about thenr 
houses in a state of concubinage. Men accusr 
tomed to encourage this corruption of their 
natures cannot be expected to cultivate hu- 
mane feeliujp towards their unfortunate bond- 
servants, l^ey are dead to idl sense of virtue 
and, *' under Uie dominion of Satan and thttr 
lusts," running riot in fh^ pride, pr^udice^ 
and passions. A few exceptions nmy certunl^ 
be made ; but through the whole of them there 
is a great family likeneas. 

'" Facies am omnibus una 

Nee diversa taiaen." 

P. flOLLAnV. 



NECESSITY AND INVENTION. 

A CURIOUS catalsgae mig^t he made of the 
shifU to which ingenioaB students in dilferenC 
departments of art have reaorted, when, like 
Davy, they have wanted the proper instro- 
ments for carrying on their inquiries or eime- 
riments. His is not the first case in whidk 
the stores of an apothecary's shop are recorded 
to have fed die enthusiasm, and material^ 
assisted the labours, of the young cultivator in 
natural science. The Oerman chemist, Schede, 
who has just been SMBtiMied, and whose name 



9M 



THE TOURIST, 



rnnks in bis own department with the greatest 
of his time, was, as well as Davy, appfenticed 
in early Hfe to an apothecarv. Wnue Hying 
in his master's house he used secretly to pro- 
secute the study of his iaTOurite science by 
employing often half the night in reading the 
works that treated of it, or making experi- 
ments with instruments fabricated, as Davy's 
were, by himself, and out of equally simple 
materials. Like the young British philosopher, 
too, Scheele is recorded to have sometimes 
alarmed the whole household by his detona- 
tions — an incident which always brought down 
npon him the severe anger of his master, and 
heavy menaces, intended to deter him from 
ever again applying himself to such dangerous 
studies, which, however, he did not long re- 
gard. It was at an apothecary's house, as has 
been noticed in a former page, that Boyle and 
his Oxford friends first held their scientific 
meetings, induced, as we are expressly told, 
by the opportunity they would thus have of 
obtaining drugs wherewith to make their ex- 
periments. Newton lodged with an apothe- 
cary, while at school, in the town of Grant- 
ham ; and as, even at that early age, he is 
kno^n to have been ardently devoted to sci- 
entific contrivances and experiments, and to 
have been in the habit of converting all sorts 
of articles into auxiliaries in his favourite pur- 
suits, it is not probable that the various strange 
preparations wnich filled the shelves and boxes 
of his landlord's shop would escape his curious 
examination. Although Newton's glory chiefly 
depends upon his discoveries in abstract and 
mechanical science, some of his speculations, 
and especially some of his wriUngs on the 
subjects of light and colour, show that the 
internal constitution of matter, and its che- 
mical properties, had also much occupied his 
thoughts. Thus, too, in other departments, 
genius has found its sufficient materials and 
instruments in the humblest and most common 
articles, and the simplest contrivances. Fer- 
gusson observed the places of the stars by 
means of a thread with a few beads strung on 
It, and Tjrcho Brabe did the same thing with 
a pair of compasses. The self-taught American 
philosopher, Rittenhouse, being, when a young 
man, employed as an agricultural labourer, 
used to draw geometrical diagrams on his 
plough, and study them as he turned up the 
lurrow. Pascal, when a mere boy, made him- 
self master of many of the elementary proposi- 
tions of geometry, without the assistance of 
any master, by tracing the figures on the floor 
of his room with a bit of coal. This, or a 
stick burned at the end, has often been the 
joung painter's first pencil, while the smoothest 
and whitest wall he could find supplied the 
place of a canvas. Such, for example, were 
the commencing essays of the early Tuscan 
artist, Andrea del Castagno, who employed 
his leisure in this manner when he was a little 
boy tending cattle, till his performances at last 
attracted the notice of one of the Medici fa- 
mily, who placed him under a proper master. 
The famous ^alvator Rosa first displayed his 

Smu8 for design in the same manner. To 
ese instances may be added that of ^e late 
English musical composer, Mr. John Davy, 
who is said, when only six years old, to have 
begun the study and practice of his art by 
imitating the chimes of a neighbouring churcn 
with eight horse-shoes, which he suspended by 
strings from the ceiling of a room in such a 
manner as to form an octave. — The Pursuit of 
Kniouiedge. 



MARSHAL BASSOMPIERRE AND 
KING CHARLES I. 

SuNOAY, the nth of October, 1626.— The 
Earl of Carlisle came with the King's coaches 
to fetch me to Hampton Court, into a room 
where there was a handsome collation. The 
Duke of Buckingham came to introduce me to 
the audience, and told me that the King de- 
sired to know befo/ehand what I purposed 
saying to him, and that he (the King) would 
not have me speak to him about any business ; 
that otherwise he would not give me audience. 
I said to him that the King diould know what 
I had to say to him from my own mouth, and 
that it was not the custom to limit an Ambas- 
sador in what he had to represent to the So- 
vereign to whom he was sent, and that if he 
did not wish to see me I was ready to go back 
again. He swore to me that the only reason 
which obliged him (the King) to this, and 
which made him insist upon it, was, that he 
could not help putting himself into a passion 
in treating the matters about which I nad to 
speak to him, which would not be decent in 
the chair of state, in sight of the chief per- 
sons of the kingdom, both men and women — 
that the Queen, his wife, was close to him, 
who, incensed at the dismissal of her servants, 
might commit some extravagance, and cry in 
sight of every body. In short, that he would 
not commit himself in public, and that he was 
sooner resolved to break up this audience, and 
grant me one in private, than to treat with me 
concerning any business before every body. 
He (the Duke) swore vehemently to me that 
he told me the truth, and that he had not 
been enabled to induce the King to see me 
otherwise, begging of me even to suggest some 
expedient, and that 1 would oblige him. I 
(who saw that I was ffoing to receive this 
aflfront, and that he asled me to assbt him 
with my advice, and to avoid the one, and to 
insinuate myself more and more into his good 
graces by the other) told him that I could not, 
in any manner whatsoever, do any thing but 
what was pi escribed to me by my master ; but 
that, since, as my friend, he asked my advice 
as to some expedient, I told him that it de- 
pended upon the King to give or to take away, 
to shorten or to lengmen the audience in what 
manner he would, and that he might (after 
having allowed me to make him my bow, and 
received, with the King's letters, my first com- 
pliments, when I should come to open to him 
the occasion of my coming) interrupt me, and 
say, "Sir, you are come from London, and 
you have to return thither; it is late; this 
matter requires a longer time than I could 
now giye you. I shall send for you one of 
these days at an earlier hour, and we will 
confer about it at our leisure in a private au- 
dience, in the meanwhile, 1 shall satisfy 
myself with having seen you, and heard of 
the King, my brother-in-law, and the Queen, 
my motner-in-law ; and I will not delay the 
impatience which the Queen, my wife, has to 
hear of them also from you." Upon which I 
shall take my leave of him, to go make my 
bow to the Queen. 

After I had told him this the Duke em- 
braced me, and said, " You know more of 
these things than we ; I have ofiered you my 
assistance in the afiair you are come to nego- 
tiate, but now I recall the promise I gave you, 
for you can do vexy well without me," and so 
left me, laughing, to go and tell the King tliis 
expedient, who accepted it, and punctually 
oMervedit 

The Duke returned to introduce me to the 
audience, and the Earl of Carlisle walked be* 



hind him. I found the King on a stage raised 
two steps, the Queen and he in two chaira^ 
who rose at the first bow I made them on 
coming in. The company was magnificent 
and the order exquisite. 

♦ * • ♦ * 

Thursday, the 15th, on which the ^arl of 
Bridgewater came with the King's coaches t» 
fetch me to Hampton Court ; Sien the Duke 
showed me into a gallery, where the King was 
waiting for me, who gave me a long au<uence^ 
and well disputed. He put himself into a 
great passion, and I, without losing my le* 
spect to him, replied to him in such wise that 
at last, yielding him something, he conceded 
a great deal to me. I witnessed there an in- 
stance of great boldness, not to say impu- 
dence, of Uie Duke of Buckingham, which 
was, that when he saw us the most warmed 
he ran up suddenly and threw himself between 
the King and me,' saying, ^ I am come to keep 
the peace between you two." Upon which I 
took ofS my hat, and as long as he stood with 
us I would not put it on again, notwithstand- 
ing all the entreaties of the King and of him- 
self to do so ; but when he went I put it on 
without the King's desiring me. When I had 
done, and that the Duke could speak to me, 
he asked me why I would not nut on my hat 
while he was by, and that I did so, so freely, 
when he was gone. I answered that I had 
done it to do him honour, because he was not 
covered, and that I should have beeu, which 
I could not suffer, for which he was much 
pleased with me, and often mentioned it in 
my praise. But I had also another reason for 
doing so, which was, that it was no longer an 
audience, but a private conversation, since he 
had interrupted us, by coming in, as a third, 
upon US. After my last audience was oyer, 
the King brought me through several ffalleriea 
to the Queen's apartments, where he \e^ me, 
and I her, after a long conversation; and I 
was brought back to London by the same Earl 
of Bridgewater. 

In the Ambauadei we find some details of 
this stormy interview. *' I was treated," says 
Bassompierre, " with great rudeness, and found 
in the lUng yery little desire to oblige my 
master." 

The King got at last so warm as to exclaim 
to the Amba»ador, " Why do vou not execute 
your commission at once, and declare war?" 
Bassompierre's answer was firm and dignified: 
'* I am not a herald to declare war, but a mar- 
shall of France, to make it when declared." — 
ManhaJU Bassompierr^s Embassy to the Court 
of England in 1626. Translated hy J, Croker^ 

EARLY REMINISCENCES. 
Let fond remembrazice oft restore 
Each loog-lost friend endear'd of yore. 
And picture o*er the scenes where fiist 
My life and loveliest hopes were nors'd ; 
The heaths which once my fathers trod. 
Amidst the wild to worship God ; 
The tales which fired my boyish eye 
With patriot feelings, proud and high ; 
The sacred Sabbath's mild repose ; 
The social evening's saintly close. 
When ancient Zion*s solemn song 
Arose the lonely banks among ; 
The music of the mountain rills. 
The moonlight sleeping on the hills. 
The Stabby Scbiptubes of the sky. 
By God's own finger graved on high 
On Heaven's expanded scroll — whote speech 

To ever^ tribe doth knowledge teach 

When silent night unlocks the seals. 
And to forgetful man reveals 
The wonders of eternal miaht 
In living lines of glorious licht! 

PringU^9 Eplumerideu 



THE TOURIST. 



INDIAN MODE Or TRAVELLING. 



The palaDkeen is the general mode of 
conveyance Ja India; but few English 
readers have a very clear idea of its form, 
or of the manner in which it is used. We, 
therefore, give a representation of one of 
these vehiclet, and a lively description of 
pttlankeen travelling, from the pen of Mr. 
Woodward, an American Missionary re- 
siding in Ceylon, who lately visited the 
peninsula. 

A palankeen is quite unlike an; thing which 
I ever s«w in America. The top or body of a 
small neat stag;e coach is, perhaps, the nearest 
in tesemhlance. Instend of the oTal form, it 
is a nuallelogram, six feet long, and two and 
« half (tide, with the top a little nused in the 
eenbre, 90 as to shed the rain. Instead of the 
EwingiDK doors of the coach, there ate, on 
ather siae, two small sliding doors. Like the 
voacb, it has either Venetians or two small 
windows in each end. From the centre of 
each end of the palankeen mn out poles three- 
and-a-half feet long, which are supported b; 
iron rods from each comer, meeting on the 
pole,9ixoreightinches from the body. Though 
a. palankeen be thus large, it is generally made 
of light materials, so that, when empty, it may 
«asilj he raised by four men to the shoutders. 

Early after noon, on tbe day appointed for 
cammeDcing the Journey, half a dozen or more 
«oaliea (baggage-hearers) call for their burdens. 
Each man bos a cloth, answering for a pack, 
swinging over his shoulders, in which are his 
luncheon, knife, tobacco, ^c. On his head is 
M, small parcel of straw, in a circular form, 
adapted m his head, on which he carries his 
load. Each man, also, has a staff, for his 
support in ragged paths, or when fording ri- 
vers i to the head of this staff are attached a 
numher of flat pieces of steel, which, by their 
jingling, frighten away serpents, and even 
wild beasts, at night The burden for one 
coaly is geneTBllj> about sixty pounds, and 
this he carries thirty miles a day. Being ac- 



customed to the busiueES, they tiatel many 
miles without stopping, and wiUiunt even sn^ 
porting the burden with the hand; and their 
duly wages are about 40 cents.* 

A few hours after [he baggage leaves, ano- 
ther set of men, thirteen iu number, present 
themselves before the door; these are the 
palankeen and terch-bearers. Hieir dress cou- 
nts of a large white cloth bound round the 
head for a turban ; and instead of the single 
cloth mund their waists, as is common to all 
low castes, they wear a long white frock, so 
that their bodies are completely covered. This 
dress gives them a much better appeamnce 
than many of the higher caste ; and was pro- 
bably adapted that their personal appearance 
might be more acceptable to English gentle- 
men and ladies. The torch-bearer has a bng 
roll of old cloths, closely bound together in a 
cylindrical form, four feet long, and four or 
five iuches iu diameter : this is a lamp, in 
his other hand is a leather or brass vessel, con- 
taining two quarts of oil (see Matt. xxv. 4). 
Having girded up their loins, they place the 
palankeen before the door. When the traveller 
is seated, the three men at each pole raise their 
clasped hands to their faces, in the altitude of 
prayer; and then, bowing a little with their 
faces towards the palankeen, they invoke the 
protection and blessing of their gods. How 
much instruction and reproof from the example 
of the heathen '. 

While moving ou at a slow gait, the first 
few minutes are occupied in " getting the 
step," by which they move ou with more ease 
to ihemselves and the person whom tbey 'carry; 
commencing, at the same time, their song, 
" Ha Hum, Ha Hum," by which the step is 
regulated. The monotony of this song is some- 
times broken by some one more merry than 
the rest ; who, with the apparent design of 
driving away melancholy or of pleasing their 
employer, raises his voice and sings, " Good 



gentleman good pay will g 



When tired 



' In Gnglisti maoey, odi shiltipg and nine peace. 



of this, some stiti more animadng thought is 
thrown out, such as, " We'll take our pay, go 
home, and buy a Gne cloth." Thus they rnn 
on, MX only bearing the palankeen at a time. 
At a rignal given uom some one whose shoul- 
der is weary of its bnrden, they stop, and in a 
moment pass the pole to the other shoulder. 
When one set becomes weary, the^ are relieved 
by the other, who ran by theh side. Having 
run one and a half or two hours, they rest a 
few moments, and spend this time in adjust- 
ing their clodies, girding up their loins, eating 



the palankeen, and, when his torch becomes 
dim, he pours in oil from the vessel which he 
carries in the other hand. On arriving at the 
bnugalow or rest house, perhaps fifteen miles 
from the place of setting out, the bearen lie 
down and sleep till they are roused st three or 
four in the morning ; at seven or e^ht they 
arrive at the second bungalow. The rest- 
houses on the road which I travelled, are very 
neat and commodious stone buildings, erected 
hy government fur the accomniodation of tm- 



MORAL -\ND RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE 

OF THE CLASSICS. 

No. I. 

[In an ige iu which ths higher branchei of lite- 
ratara ire made tbe inbject of popalu study, and 
in whicb they lisvs, conicqaenlly. much incresied 
the ipbere of their iafluence, we think it advisabla 
to bnog before general notice u 



ject from the pen of John Foiter.] 
MYTHOLOGY. 

I VBiK it is incontrovertible, that what 'is 
denominated polite literature, the grand school 
in which taste acquires its laws and refined 
perceptions, and in which ere formed, much 
more than under any higher austerer discip- 
lme,the moral sentiments, is, far the far greater 
part, hostile to the religion of Christ ; partly, 
by introducing insensibly a ceilaiu order of 
opinions unconsonant, or at least not identi- 
cal, with the principles of that religion ; and 
still more, by training the feelings to a habit 
alien from its spirit. And in this assertion I 
da not refer to writers palpably irreligious, 
who have laboured and intended to seduce 
the passions into vice, or the judgment into 
the rejection of tUvine truth ; but to the gene- 
ral community of those elegant and ingenious 
authors who are read and admired by the 
(Christian world, held essential to a liberal 
education, and to the progressive accomplish- 
ment of tbe mind in subsequent life, and stu- 
died often without an apprehension, or even a 
thought, of their injuriog the views and tem- 
per of spirits advancing, with tbe New Testa- 
ment for their chief insljuctor and guide, into 
another world. 

It ia modem literature that I have more par- 
ticularly in view; at the same time, it is ob- 
vious that the writings of heathen antiquity 
have continued to operate till now, in the veij 
presence and dght of Christianity, with their 
proper influence, a correctij heathenish 
ice, on tlie minds of many who have 
thought of denying or doubting the 
truth of that religion. This is just as if an 
eloquent pagan priest had been allowed con- 
stantly m accompany our Lord in. his ministry, 
and had divided wiUi him the attention and 



2H 



THE TOUKIST. 



iQleraBt of his disciples, coHOteiacting, of 
G^WM, as fiur as his «fibrto were successful, 
the docliine and spirit of the Teacher from 
heav«D. 

.it is, however, no part of my ohject to le- 
niaik on the influence, in modern times, of 
the fahulous religion that infested the ancient 
wipcks of genius. That influence is, at the 
pneent time, I should think, extremely small, 
£n>m the fables being so stale ; all readers are 
sufficiently tired of Jupiter, Apollo, Minerva, 
and ^e rest As long, however, as they could 
be of the smallest service, they were piously 
retained by the Christian poets of this and 
other ooontries, who are now under the neces- 
si^ of seeking out for some other mythology, 
the northern or the eastern, to support the 
laaguishiog spirit of poetrv. Even the ugly 
pieces of wood, worshippea in the Sou& Sea 
I^ftads, wOl probably at last receive names 
that may mofe cemmodiously hitch into verse, 
and be invoked to adorn and sanctify the 
bellee lettres of the next century. The Mexi- 
can ahominatioDS and infemalities have al- 
ready feceived from us their epic tribute. The 
poet has no reason to fear that the supply of 
gods mav fail ; it is at the same time a pity, 
one thinks, that a creature so immense should 
have been placed in a world so small as this, 
where all nature, all history, all morals, all 
true religion, and Che whole resources of in- 
nocent fiction, are too little to furnish mate- 
rials enough for the wants and labours of his 
genius. 

' The few oheervations which the subject wkv 
Jtqfane to be made on ancient lileiBture, will 
be idifected to the part of it most immediately 
dfiBoriptive of what may be called human rea- 
lity, representing character, sentiment, and 
adion. For it will be allowed (hat the purely 
speculative part of that literature has, In a 
great measure, ceased to interfere with the 
intellectual discipline of modem times. It 
obtains too little attention, and too little de- 
ference, to contribute materially to the forma- 
tion of the mental habits which are adverse 
to the Christian doctrines and spirit. Divers 
learned and fanatical devotees to antiquity 
and paganism have, indeed, made some eflbrt 
U> fecall the long departed veneration for the 
dreams and subtleties of ancient philosophy. 
But they might, with as good a proq)ect of 
sncceas, recommend the building of tem|>les 
or a pantheon, and the revival of the institu- 
tions of idolatrous worship. The greater num- 
ber of intelligent, and even learned men, would 
feel but little regret in consigning the largest 
nroportion of that philosophy to oblivion ; un- 
less they may be supposea to like it as hea- 
thenism more than they admire it as uisdom ; 
or unless their pride would wish to retain a 
reminiscence oi it for contrast to their own 
more mtional philosophizing. 

The ancient speculations of the religious 
order include, indeed, some splendid ideas re- 
lating to a Supreme Being ; but these ideas 
impart no attraction to that immensity of 
inane and fantastic follies, from the chaos of 
which they stand out, as of nobler essence and 
origin. For the most part, they probably were 
traditionary remains of divine communications 
to man in the earliest ages. A few of them 
were, ]K)8sibly, the utmost efforts of human 
intellect, at some happy moments excelling 
itself. Bot, in whatever proportions they be 
referred to the one origin or the other, they 
stand 80 distinguished from the accumulated 
multrTarious vanities of pagan speculation on 
the snlyect of Deity, that tiSey throw contempt 
aa those speculations. They thraw ooatftmpt 



pn the greatest part of the theological dogmas 
Und fancies of even the verv philaaopbers who 
^ould cite and applaud them. TneyTatber 
direct our contemplation and affection toward a 
religion divinely revealed, than obtain any de- 
gree of favour for those «otioil8«f iht Divinity 
which sprung and iadefisitely multiplied from 
a melancholy coBtbinatioa of ignorance and 
depraved imagination. As to the a|>parent 
analogy between certain particulais in the 
pagan religions, and some of the most specific 
articles of Christianity, those notions are pre- 
sented in such fantastic, and varying, and 
often monstrous, shapes, that they can he ef 
no prejudice to the Christian faith, either by 
pre-occupying in onr minds the place of the 
Christian doctrines, or by indisposing us to 
admit them, or by pefve i tiu g our conception 
of them. 

As to the ancient metaphysical speculation, 
whatever may be the tendency of metaphyrioal 
study in general, or of the particular systems 
of modem philosophers, as affecting the cor- 
dial and simple admission of Christian doc- 
trines, the ancient metaphysics may certainly 
be pronounced im^pesative and hanuess. 



TH£ raBGHO GIRL. 

Though my skin may be sable and coarse, and 
my hair 
Want the grace of those ringlets that wave on 
thy brow. 
Yet think not my Maaitan deems »e less fair, 
Or less lotely, bright maaden of Albion, than 
thoa. 

These eyes once were bright, tiwugh now faded 
, and dim 
is their lustre, and shone with a6Eectk>n as trae, 
When their dark*heaming glances were shed upon 
him. 
As e'er shone in those eyes, though so melting 
and blue. 

And though nnrtufed in bondage, 'to slavery boni, 
The bursts of affection will not be restrained : 

The hands and the feet may with fetters be worn, 
But the feelings of natarecan never be chained. 

In a glen of South Afric oar fathers were bom. 
Together they roamed over moanlains and 
plains ; 
The same fate pwtaed them, for one Fatal nom 
Saw them dragged to the slaVe«skip and loaded 
with chains ! 

The honors they witnessed, the safeings they 
bote. 
Would harrow the soul if the half weie bat 
told; — 
Let it pass!_they were borne to this pitiless 
shore. 
And, exposed to the mart, to one maatsr w%te 
sold. 

Their master was good ; and if slaves em ngoiee^ 
If kindness can teach them their woes to forget 

That eye, beaming pity, that kind genUe voice, 
Had dsAiiscd a bright glowwhere hope's last ray 
had set. 

It was be who first showed them religien, arrayed 
In the loveliest robes, in the nuldest of fonus ; 

To them bad tbe sign •f the cross been d^ayed 
As aahade Cram the hea, aahelterftomstonns. 

And love, which to life is the solace or baae. 
On Uieirs his soft ray meat hemgaly had shed ^ 

And each to the altar, an yen holy fttm, 
A biigbti^3f«d bat chaay maidsa hsdM, 



But still they were captives ; and when, intk 
delight. 
They weuld gaze on their babes with affection 
and aride. 
That thought would embitter, and wither, and 
blight 
Tfaoae pleaaaies to natoie and feeling allied. 

And thus when belbre them my M anitan played. 
And I joined in his gambols all thoughtlessly 

It clouded those moaoeals of pleasare, they sttd« 
To think that their children were captives as 
they. 



But for ae,afay and heedless of 

While with Maaitan bl ea ae d , scarce for 
I siglied ; 
Together we toiled, aad at evening would 
Through the glens and savann&s with 
-our guide. 



levefor 



Love lightened my task 'aealh this verlaeal 
Sbed a lustre on hous else joyloM and dim; 

And the juice of the guaaa, when labour was dene. 

Was more sweat to my taste whan psesentsd 

hy '* 



And our master leveied, whose delight and whose 
pride 
Was to see his slaves moral and happy, had said. 
That before the ■wes t uaui should be gathered, a 
bride 
To the altar by Manitan I should be led. 

But why on deliy^hts that are past should I dwdlt 
What a dtaJm reverw we wsro ^m^mi In 
pmve ! 

That master so kind, whom we loved but too wslL 
Was suddenly called to his Master abow. 

His son to his slaves and plantatrens wss'heir : 
Oh! had he his virtues inherited too. 

The choieeat of blessings had aow been inj ehswu 
Nor the tale of my.soirowabeen wepio'er k^jotu 

But selfish, and sordid, and cpiel, and proud. 
Devoid of all feeling of honour and truth. 

The negro, with age and infirmity hewed, 
Belentlcsa he thmstfrom the heme-of his ynrth ; 

And left him n^gleetedto pine and aedie 
Twas thus my dear passnts foam 
driven, 

Without one kind fnend save their Father em 
high. 
Or the hope of a home but in ^nder Inifht 
heaven. 

For me, I was sold, and n^ Manitan loo^ 
But not to OM master. To this distant isle 

I was banished, from patents and lover so tme, 
Ne*er te join in his tears, or be chsersd bj faia 
smile. 



Heie hopeless I teil'aeath a veitieal «aa, 
Aad the hoars, atasl are aow joyless 
dim, 
Aad ^ jniee of the goaaa, whea laheer 4i 
Hm lost aU ite a 
him« 



Bat weep not, dear lady! tinfe7etisibr«e 
A home in the land wh s ee the wesiy ehaU 
There my spirit, by Jesas ledesoMd, ahall 
free 

From all thraldom and pain, aad .et«aal% 
blessed. 

Bat plead for tiie captive— sweet lady, oh, pleadl 

When thy footsteps again shall press Bead's 

blest shore, 

TiAt the sieve fremeaptivhy seon aay^ IreiA 



'TBBf TOlTRfBT. 



'«» 



REVIEtF. 



M Itewtv Lettsr frov Lbqioit it^ tve 
Dtkb OP Ricbmohd;! fttttaimn^ <m Ana^ 
hii* of the Anti'Slavery Evidence froiuced 
tefetm the Cemmktee t^tke Meime ef Lords. 
LoDdoB. S. Bagstet. pji. 152. 

TsfL raadeis of Legion^s iormet Letter will 
le p u p i e d to fiod in die pnaent publicstian 
RHslnr of an acute and Tigovtras mind, together 
nitb audi babits of anaiysia and compariaoD 
aa materially promote the interests of tnidi. 
In this expectation they will not be disap- 
pointed. The fokimnoua and important e?i- 
danca- given by Tarioua anti-alairery witnesses 
has been arrayed by Legion with considerable 
skill and effect Ha haa thua suooessfully ex- 
Idbitad the nature and dumtion of riave-labonr, 
the coercion and discipline which are main- 
taioed, the demoralized state of colonial so- 
ciety,, the hostility to religion, the waste of 
knman life, and' numerous other kindred to- 
pics. We cannot speah too highly of the pub- 
iicatian, or recommend it too strongly to our 
ftiends. It is one of the most effective pub- 
lications which have been raised by the friends 
of emancipation, and cannot fail to make a 
deep impression. The following evidence, 
given by Afir. Tavlor, the manager of three 
plaDtations, is of so horrible a nature as to 
sake the blood run cold. Should any object 
to the quotation of suck passages, that it is 
aot eonsistent with delicacy, we take liberty 
to remark that that delicacy must be morbid 
Wihich would secure impunity to the perpetrar 
ton of such craehies. No, they must be known 
ID all their offensiveness, tiiat the deep repro- 
hntioB of the British pnMic should be promptly 



** Did you everknow an instance of a bole being 
dug to enable the driver to place a negro woman 
that WM pregnant in the hole to floe her 1 

"Yet ; 1 was told that by the head driver of 
Pkpine, a man that I have every reason to believe 
was respecuble, a man 1 had very Uttle to do with. 
I had been told those stories about flogging preg- 
nant women. My attention being cailed to the 
sabjeet, I was exceedingly anxious to arrive at tbe 
truth by asking other people, and I was determined 
to ask the negroes, and overseers, and book- 
keeper*. Among others, I asked this head driver 
of Papine, a decent man, as I thought him, and 
he told roe one instance in which he had himself 
infiictsd the punishment. The woman was preg> 
nant, and he told his story very clearly. This 
woman had been punished in that way. What 
made me believe it was, — this was a woman who 
had carried some complaint to Mr. Wildman ; she 
complained of her being punished and losing her 
children in the womb, and after that she brought 
fssth her children. His impression was, that the 
less of the foetus was id consequence of this. This 
driver told me there was an excavation made, and 
she was placed in it, and be flogged her with a 
whip, and afterwards, 1 think, with the ebony 
switch. After giving them the thirty-nine, they 
switch them. There was another respectable 
negro upon the estate whom I examined sepa- 
rately. He had not been present, but he said be 
believed ihe thing did happen, and that during his 
nsidence on the estate those things had often hap- 
pened ; thnt •pTtg;nttnt women were often Jiog^td, and 
he betfeveU titrtf woman upon the estate had been 
Jcgged over and oeee again. This was before Mr. 
Wildman weot out to Jamaica." 

< * Are femak slaves lwMe>ie-be flogged equally 
with the males ? 

" Certainly ; when I was in Jamaica that was 
tbe ease decidedly/ 

" Da they, in point of fact, receive flogging 1 



i«< 



«< 



They did censtaatfy, at Itest whanaverk was 

thanght neceasaiy. 

'« WiU 7»ii dsseriba the: mamiar in which each 
floggings wese inflictedl 

" On the estates under my cam I never allowed 
them to be flogged, so that I never saw one them, 
t never happened to be admitted to see it e& any 
one. I. have seen it in the St. Andrew's worlu 
house. I saw four or five women flogged ; they 
were of all ams ; one of sixteen, another of twen- 
ty-two, another of thirty-five, and an old woman 
of sixty, a ^y-headed woman ; that was the only 
female pvnishmeat I ever witnessed, and 1 never 
wiak ta witness it again. They were very dreedfol. 
They were made last by means' of a block and 
tackle they had in the workhouse, which net only 
confined them, but stietehed thenif—they were 
flogged with a cat-o*>mne-taila. 1. do not mean 
to say that the stretching was done to add to the 
torture, but it was unavoidable. I spoke to two 
nesroes who were punished in that workhouse, 
and they told me it was the severest part of the 
punishments ; their expression was, that they were 
stretched till their backs cracked. 

" Are children liable to be flogged ? 

"AH slaves are liable to be flogged — the law 
provides no limitation as to age or sex. 

" Have any other such instances come within 
your knowledge, and in which no redress has been 
attainable? 

" X have met with many instances of very cruel 
treatment, but on examining into them there was 
no law to meet them, and therefore it was impos- 
sible to do any thing. There was another case of 
a girl of nineteen ; the only redress her friends 
had was to get her manumitted ; an individual 
applied for her manumission ; her owner, a cruel 
woman, I suppose did not wish to get into alter- 
cation with this person, and she consented to sell 
her, and she is now free. She was severely flogged 
in the St. Andrew's wo^ouse, worked in the 
chain^ and flogged after. There was no redress 
for it ; I could only tell them that the mistress 
had a legal right to do so. 

" That number is suflkient to be very severe t 

" It is. I can only state, that I have known 
eighteen lashes cause a degree of suflering that 
was dreadful, and called for notice ; but the law 
having allowed thirty-nine lashes, the parties who 
sought redress were completely baflled. Tbe case 
was one of a young girl of eighteen who received 
eighteen lashes; it was one on which every man 
felt deeply, and the chief magistrate of the parish 
took it up very warmly, the official people of the 
parish took it up very warmly, but the overseer 
set them all at defiance by simply pointing to the 
statute. 

" Have any other instances come within your 
own knowledge of harsh treatment and cruelty 1 

" Yes ; if I referred to my notes, I conld speak 
to some. There was one came under my notice 
jnst when I was comine away, the very last that 
came within my own knowledge. I remember a 
poor creature came to me to complain, thinking I 
could do something for him. ile slated himself 
to have been most barbarously flogged ; and on 
his being stripped, which I caused him to be, his 
body did present a most dreadful aspect. He was 
suffering at the time from disease ; he was weak 
in body ; he was perfectly unfit to be punished, 
however flagitious bis conduct might have been. 
1 told him what the law was ; that he might go 
before the magistrate and exhibit his person, which 
of itself was abundant evidence, and call for a 
Council of Protection ; but the man said there was 
no use in doing that ; that it would end in his 
getting another lashing, and that he would rather 
let it pass unless I would go with him, which 1 
could not, for I was about to embark for England. 

** Have you any means of knowing whether this 
poor creature obtained rediess 1 

" I am sure he got none, for he determined to 
go home. I should doubt whether he was alive, 
for he seemed in bad health ; 1 think he roust 
have died some months alter.-.-(Vide pp. 570, 
&71.) 

<* Does- Dot it often happen that a female slave 



is flegges iv sn'eartjr stale ef preguaDcy, tlMt tn^ 
enmstanoe being possibly unknown either to* Isn^ 
self or the aHMiagerf 

** Yea, 1 beUeve that is the fact 

*' Does net thia. often, injare and deatrogr tin 
ftnftttsi 

" Yes» semetiaiee ^ I hajire known, imtanoas 
where it has not. 

" Have you not yours^f seen an instance of a 
severe flogging of two women by a driver, in which 
you were urged by a military friend, a stranger to 
the colony, to interfere 1 and if yon have, be so 
good as to state the circumstances. 

** I saw two women flogged : I wonM not caH 
it severe flogging, for it was nothing compared 4o 
the flogging i have described in the first part of 
my examination ; but riding in a remote part of 
the island, I came upon the spot, and saw the 
punishment. I did. interfere, but it was useless, 
for it was legal. Tbe individual who was employed 
in flogging told me, very firmly but very insyct- 
fully, that he could not help it — he was a- slave 
himself— he was obltgc|i to do it, and was aeting 
under his orders, and those orders were periectly 
legal. Z teas mytflf a magistrate nf the ner^jkfonrw 
ing dUtriet, hut I could not interfere* 

" If one had been bis mother, and the other his 
sister, he would have been equally obliged to flog; 
them? 

*' Yes ; the law makes no^ re8effvatlon«.-^yide' 
pp. 577, 578.) 

" Is it within your knowledge that slaves are 
deterred from marriage by tbe repugnance tbiBy 
feel to the indecent flogging of their wives and 
daughters, though they are comparatively indif- 
ferent about such treatment of their concubines ? 

*' I have heard slaves state that. 

'' Is it not the constant custom that the wives 
and daughters of the slaves afe thus flogged in the 
presence of their nearest relatives'! 

" Yes ; they are flogged in what is called in 
this country the fai m yard, at the entrance of the 
overseer's hou&e ; the punishments take place in 
the presence of a body of persons. 

'* Where their nearest relatives may be 1 

" Yes, or they take place in the field.. 

" Does it not at the same time happen that 
those relatives are employed to flog them t 

"It may happen ; but never having superin- 
tended those punishments myself, I cannot speak 
with confidence. A driver is compelled to flog any 
person he is directed to flog — he has no choice^ 
—(Vide p. 581.) 

GOD'S WORKS OUGHT TO BE IN- 

aUIRED INTO, AND THAT SUCH 

INaUIRlES ARE COMMENDABLE. 

Trb Creator donbtlesa did not bestow ao 
much curiosity and exquisite wcNrkmanship and 
skill iwon his creatures, to be looked upon with 
a careless, incurious eye, especially to have 
them slighted or contemned ; but to be admired 
by the rational part of the world, to magnify 
his own power, wisdom, and goodness, through- 
out all the world, and the ages thereof. And, 
therefore, we may look upon it as a great 
error, not to answer those ends of the infinite 
Creator, but rather to oppose and affront them. 
On the contrary, my text commends God'a 
works, not only for being ^at, but also ap- 
proves of those curious and ingenioiu inquirers 
that seek them out, or pry into them. And the 
more we pry into them, and discover of them, 
the greater and more glorious we find them to 
be, the more worthy of, and the more. expressly 
to proclaim, their great Creator. 

Commendable, then, are the researches 
which many amongst us have, of late yeaia, 
made into the works of nature, more than have 
. been done in some agea before. And, tbeie- 
fore, when we are asked Cus bono ?-^To what 
purpose such inquiries, suiih pains, such ek- 
pence? — the anawver is easy : it is to answer 



ike ends for wluch God bestowed so much ait, 
iiiid0n), and pow«i sbout them, as well as 
giren us teama lo view and surrey them ; as 
imdentaDdiDg and curiodtjr to search into 
them : it is lo follow and trace them when and 
whither he leads lu, that we may see and ad- 
jniie his hondy-wori ouTBelves, and set it forth 
tootlien, that they mar see, admire, and pnuse 
it also. I shall uereiore conclude this infeN 
ence with what Elifau recommends (Job ^cxxri. 
S4, 2fi) : " Remember that thou magnify his 
work, which men behold. Bvery man may 
aee it; men mt^ behold it a&r otT." — Drr- 
ktnt'i Phyiieo-Thflogg. 



THE TOURIST. 

DISTANCES OF THE PLANHT& " 
The meiltod of inresligation iised to deter- 
mine the distance of a planet, is the same as 
that applied to find out the distance of any 
ibject, within our view, upon the earth. Thus, 



a ship, coasting ahmg the shore, passes any 
ect, snch as a lightbonse, if the object lies 
ir her line, of conrse, she rely qaickly leares 



A UONESS'S CUBS NURSED BY A 
GOAT. 

General Watson, white out 
moraiog on horseback, with a double 
barreled rifle, was suddenly surprised by 
a large male Hon, which bounded out 
upon him from a thick jungle. He fired, 
and it fell dead almost close to his feet. 
A female then darted out upon him. He 
wounded her, and she fled into the thicket. 
Suspecting that her den wasclose at hand, 
be followed, soon tracked her to it, and 
completed her destruction. " In the den 
were Ibnnd a beautiful pair of cubs, male 
and female, supposed to be then noti 
than three days old. These the General 
brought away v'itb him, and succeeded, 
by the assistance of a goat, who was pre- 
vailed upon to act in the capacity of fos- 
ter-mpther to the royal jiair, in rearing 
them until they attained suflicient age 
and strength to enable them to bear the 
TOyage to England. On their arrival in 
this countrj-, in September, 1823, he pre- 
sented them to his Majesty, who com- 
manded them to be placed in the Tower 
of London." 



The heiv'ni looked ever oa thai hallowad m 
Tb>t, without aid of memary, sonielhiitg tlitre 
Hkd sorely told me of its giai return. 
How did HIT UiUc heart at evening burn, 
When, fondly aeated on my Falheri knee, 



laWnier feeling and eipanded ihoaght 
Yet, nml I enry «f«iy cl^d I see I 

PnorawoB Wiuox. 



it behind her; but, if the object be many miles 
trora her line, of course, sbe appears to be 
nearly abreast of it, perhaps, the whole of the 
day, although lailiag at a rapid rate. This 
would enable us to judge of the distant 
the diminution of the object, in point of 
did not also convince ns. Now, npon this very 



Kepler's, and olber information ^Iher 
observations taken during the transit of \ 
over the diec of the san in 1769 and 1781, do 
philosophers determine the distances and mea- 
sure the diameters of the planets. This dis- 
coverr of Kepler's w as, that the squares of the 
periodical times of the planets are as the cubes 
of their mean distances from the sun. That is 
to say, if you multiply the numbers expressing 
the times of going round, each by itself, the 
products will be to one another in tfae propor- 
tion uf the average distances multiplied each 
by itself, and that product again by the dis- 
tance. Thus, if one body takes two hours, and 
is five yards distant, tile other, being ten yards 
distant, will take something less than five 
hours [ind forty minutes. Knowing, therefore, 
the distance of one planci, it is easy to find 
out the distance of all the rest, because the 
squares of the periodica] times of the planets 
are as the cubes of their mean distances from 
the sua. — The Ckrittiati Philotopher. 



<r tir. Heyliii.JohiiCalvi 



nbriilced ftron Ibc wriliiitj or »r. Heylin, J 
AKtidcicon Pult;', Dr. Wlulely, UllLlipi 
mhcm. Prici^ U. id. 
U-aim: Whliukiriiul Co. Liverpool: T. liodpon. 



For Convnlalon Ftti, BpUaptle FSta. 

DR. HADLEVS POWDERS, a safo an< 
FrrliiM Cnrc for lumirl WMfcm;j,,Coi.vul,lon Fill 
EpMcpIlc Fill, Hjjieilcr 



ryprt>pFrtki,«nd,by 



H ll« 



*> «r Rei»v»tion, Dibillly, i 
iDd M»nt ; ilv( InncillMe n 



BRITISH COLLEGE OF HEALTH, KING'S 
CROSS, NEW ROAD, LONDON. 




,iKui .uu> tl,e ■ Unlvtmli.' In Jlroof dow, mid vnt wdl 

IaLc viy more, l^t inM have % mc^nl mtend^ : IW 
CDbKCtnclice «4i, ilw wu baft Air Uvre wnkf, tDd at iW 
prcKnl Ibue Is not tUe to willt ibont." 

It ii quilc unailiig ID hear, al tiK SlttwwB.t plana wbeie 



I aiHl do aU lE^ 
«ll[ Inn " Kori- 



CuDliridit, Oct. 4ili, isn. THoan Eiau 

CAUTION TO THE PUBLIC. 
MORISON'S UNIVERSAL MEDICINES 

»%-iDe w»rHd«l Uic UK d( >imaM nil Ihe Pileal Mc 
■Uty <^ IhT icarrhni afler bnllh, for n miny 



VD drufibu and rh 



FipedlEitDTpaB- 
H^erniRC of tk 



pnrpoM (by meani o 
HBDICINES" of 



Piir, No. 1 .ndV I ,- — 

ihli iOrBwi impoFltloii upon the Dab- 
be nlimallon of ibe ■■ L'N'IVBRIaL 

a* "BRITISH r— — 



e iDirerliii InraBI, or Grown PirioM ■minnl 

rici, ind L,_ 

-IHVIC ..•■■I.C, .■,.,■.'„. ^MUUHIUVB*, ^U-U&V Of dicl, OT 

Ftmt Lard I'twmiitt Amimt, 

To Mr. HonbiiKl. 

Sir,— 1 ml I ihould be dolnn yon Ibc ercalrni ii|lnili«, 

■Ed ■)» Id i1i> public gt^ucnlly, i>tn 1 lo nilbbdil Iron 

yna my leatlmoDV in Avoar of jonr inciliinablc medkinc, 

Dr. Hailky'i Povden, «kkh, nnder PtDvidiiin; In. 

ndviire, and no more vOiict llian' moneiitary rfllef. Tke 
inhnl rially decUiInc InioniBcli Ihit Ihc bmei were nearly 
tbmaili the akin, in Ibia wretdml litiuiIlBii I icInlBiiUred 



,.s';.;"i 



TfBpl' HUK, 

TbtK Powden 
Ab Proprleion, 



Bold, by apiMntnKal, by Mr. Saofcr, MtdkiH Wire- 
>unur, IM, Oxfonl.itrect : Mcun, Barclay and aona, H, 
Fleet Mtrkol; Ediraidij^ed, St. FHl'>_Ckanh-y>rd i C. 



ixfonl.ilrect : Mcun, Bi 

-* - % Bi. Fan , _ 

Halton and Co., B«r Chi 

cT'Et 



yard ; Ttoat, OS, Sinnd ; 

ud ifottvn ud Tin, RoyM Eiihufe. 



tenu), BOBc can be held nnnloe by the ^lleie b-nl vtowc 
irhlch have " HorlHHi't Cnlvenal Mediclnea'^ ImrrtiMri 

The "Tecetable Unhtnal MrdichKa" are lobe hid at 
Ihe Colleie, Kew Road, Kini-tCmi. L«h)i>bi at iw 
SurrcyBraBefa,M,6natiiarrey4Ueel:Mr.FkM'i,le,Alr' 
■trcel, Quadraul; Mr. Chippcll'i, Royal Bichaaae : Hi. 
Walker't, Lamb'(-caiHlal|.wHB». Red-llon^qnare : Mt. 
J. Lon-i, Hlle4Drt-nBd; Mr. ftrHKll'a, Cov^nl-^nleB- 
Durkel; Mr. Hayiloii'i, Flenr4le4i»4aiBt, NaftDn^akale: 
Mr. Haski'i, 14r, R»cil«<-hi|hKiy ; Me«n. Veitmij-; 
BrcMford; liIri.Slep^ne,C1aii!4>mrliel; UmThlJalfHB, 
UlUe KeU^lle}' : uIm Vanl>, M, laicsMreel, Oontner- 
(id^oad; iin. Bewh't, T, GlonHnoarr, Cheteen: Mn. 
Chapplc'a. Royal Ubnr?, PBU.uialI: Mra. flppcn'i, IS, 
Wipxrove.pluce, CleikekvcU : HI»C. Atkiniou, 10, New 
Ttinlly.tRniiidi, UepUord; Ur. Tailnr, Uuwell; Mr. 
■"-'— ■ BoUBgbmkB-nH.,Wal»oohi»lr. Paynr.e^ 

-. u. a . -. "- Wood-t,Jiilr-*»a>e., 

nlldinii, Bbckhejlb; 

ch; Mr.Plll.l.Com- 

lambrih; Mr. J. DnbMin, S5, Cnven-rtrect, 
r. Oliver, BrMEe^tnel, VuakaU; Mr. J. 
Jey Hialht Mr. T. Slokea, 11, Jit. RoBH'a, 
[r, CoRcn, n.Temee, Flnilien; Mr. PartD, 



, Portamaj^ipliice, Kennib^' 



R.<l.Binrcr,Brocer, tt,Briiik-i^,~SuI«lie't 

J. AvUi.pannbroker.oppodle therbur(li,IlackBFyi Hr 
J. K. Hriua. I, Broninickptere, gioke NoIbkioii: Ut. 
T. Gaidnrr, M, Wood^lreel. CbnaniMF, and », Monon- 
falialc ; Mr. I. WlUiamm, Is, Heabrlcbt-plMe. Haetney- 
mad; Mr. J. Oabon, Wella^alrM, Uafihiy nwd, ud 
Koncrtoni Mr. H.Coi, irocer, ia,I'nlaiMUTel, BiAwe- 

Kte-ilreel; Hi.T. Walter, eh«wm«iger,ll7,ltoiMwOH 
iwB : ud Bt OK iienl'f 1b every prlBdiM] town in Qreat 
Biiuia.lbe lalanda of OaemaeyaBd Malta; and tbraoeh. 
oat Ihc wliok of Ihc Uniied Statis of America. 

N. H. The CollcKe Hill not be aniiiiraMc lor Ihc am- 
■cqaeneea or any mrdiclBet iokl by any dl vnilat or drnniat, 
■• HOIK aaek are allinreil to icf) the " VnlTrnal K«- 



THE TOURIST. 



" tlTiLE DULCi." — R>raee. 



[WITH A SVPPLEMENT. 



Vol. I.— No.a-2. 



MONDAY. MARCH 2S, 1833. 



Prick Omb Pbnnt. 



VIRGIL'S TOMB. 



■ cLum which cumot be 



This is one of those antiquities about 
vhich •uf&cient is knowo, and probablir 



conJectuTed, to awaken tlie interestofthe 
antiquarian and the traveller, but respect- 
ing which BufBcicnt doubts have been, ne- 
vertheless, suggested, to temper and curb 
that enthusiasm nhich is the natural ele- 
ment of the former of the characters al- 



luded to. The probability, boirerer, of 
this structure being the sepulchre of 
the immortal poet has occasioned the 
visits of innumerable classical pilgiima, 
and made the disputed spot the tfaeiM of 
much poeljcal ardour. The principal 



858 



THE TOURIST. 



English travellers who have favoured us | With respect to two epigrams of a 
with their opinio«ft;^iir this-^int, -and .Roiwan yoet, adduced by ati anthor who 
with descriptions t>f tihe ptaca, arQ Ad-s mnotainB the sceptical apinicm, he says 



dison and Eustace; mnd 6etn ihek re- 
searches, and from themccounls of others, 
we will endeavour to collect such facts 
ais appear most interesting, both of a de- 
scriptive and historical kind. 

Addison, in the account which he gives 
of this place, ^expresses his scepticism as 
to the fact which gives to it all its in- 
terest. He says — ** At about eight miles 
from Naples lies a very noble scene of 
antiquities. What they call Virgil's tomb 
is the first that one meets with on the 
way thither. It is certain that the poet 
was buried in Naples ; but I think it al- 
most as certain that his tomb atood on 
the opposite side of the lows, which looks 
toward Vesuvio. By (be tomb is llie en- 
trance to the grotto of Posilippo. Ute 
common people believe it to have been 
wrought by magic, aad that Vir^ was 
the magician, who is iat freater repute 
among the Neapoiitans for having made 
the grotto than the JEaetd," 

In intimating his opiiiioa as to the 
place of Virgirs banal, Addiaon does not 
go into the argvmente which support it. 
They are drawn from tome verses of au 
ancient Roman poet, ifli which he de- 
scribes himself as having wrived at the 
tomb, <* secutus iiiimM/' (lh;erally, '' fol- 
lowing the beadk,'*} and that, therefore, 
it cannot be on the hilh; lAd in which 
he also describes it as situated ^ where 
Vesuvius vents his rage;** wheoee it is 
argued that it must be near the foot of 
that mountain. Against these conclu- 
sions, however, Mr. Eustace contends, 
we think with justice, that, iHdi respect 
to the first argument, the mode of inter- 
pretation adopted is barely admissible, 
even in logical or metaphyucal discus- 
sions ; that it is not conformable to the 
latitude allowed in ordinary description, 
whether in conversalicHi or writing, and 
still less to the boldness of poetical com- 
position. The expressions alluded to 
seem evidently to describe the general 
features of the country, and not the par- 
ticular spot where stood the tomb of 
Virgil. Besides, the word tUtus does 
not mean the beach only, but extends to 
the immediate neighbourhood of the sea. 
Now the road to Virgil's tomb runs ac- 
tually along the beach ; and though it 
turns from it in ascending the hills, yet 
it is always within sight of it, and, in 
fact, never deviates half a quarter of a 
mile from it, even when it terminates in 
the sepulchre itself. Surely, says Eus- 
tace, a sepulchre, standing upon an emi- 
nence a quarter of a mile from the sea, 
.and looking down upon it, may be said 
to be upon the coast. With respect to 
the second passage, the same author 
shows' that the word translated where 
dees not necessarily mark contiguity, but 
fheqaently only a general vicinity, as m 
the same country or district. 



they only seem to insinuate that Silius 
Itaficus was proprietor both of the tomb 
of Virgil and of Cicero's villa, a- circum- 
stance very immaterial to the present 
question, but rather favourable than 
otherwise to the common opinion ; for 
it is known that Cicero's villa lay on the 
same side of Naples as Posilippo, and, 
as Virgil's tomb belonged to the same 
master as the villa, it may be supposed 
that they were not far distant from each 
other. In fine, says he, in opposition to 
these arguments, or rather conjectures, 
founded upon the vague expressions of a 
single poet (a poet often censured for his 
obscurity), we have the eoastaint and «n- 
isterrapted traditbn of the comitry , sup- 
ported by the authority of a sumeroos 
host of learned and ingenious antiqua- 
ries; and upon such grounds we may 
still continue to cherish the conviction 
that we have visited the tomb of Viigil, 
and hailed his sacred shade at the spot 
where his ashes long reposed. 

But the arguments already stated are 
not the only ones which attest the inter- 
esting fact for which we are collecting 
evidence. There is an inscription which, 
though not genuine, is still very ancient, 
et^raven upon a marble slab opposite 
the ^itrance of the tomb, disUnctly 
ciatming for this ruined structure the 
honour of containing the remains of the 
poet. It was inscribed by order of the 
Duke of Pescolangiano, then proprietor 
of/ Ihe place. In addition to this, an 
Italian author, Pietro de Steffano, assures 
us that he himself had seen, about the 
year 1526, the ura supposed to contain 
the ashes of Virgil, standing in the mid- 
dle of the sepulchre, supported by nine 
litde marble pillars, with em inscription 
upon it, which is well known to have 
been intended by the poet for himself, 
and written some few moments before he 
expired. He adds that Robert of Aojou, 
apprehensive lest such a precious relic 
should be carried off or destioyed during 
the wars then raging in the kingdom, 
took the um and pillars from the tomb, 
and deposited them in the Oastel Nuovo. 
This extieme precaution had an efiect 
very different from diat intended, and 
occasioned the loss it was meant to pre- 
vent ; for, notwithstanding the most la- 
borious search, and frequent inquiries, 
made by the orders of Atphonso of 
Arragoa, they were never more disco* 
vered. 

It may, perhaps, excite a feeling of 
surprise that it should be necessary to 
adduce evidences so latent and far- 
fetched as these which we have men- 
tioned, with reference to a fact which 
ought to be so notorious. We need, 
however, the less to wonder, when we 
read, from the pen of the poet Martial, 
who was bom about forty-eight years 



after the death of Vi^l, that in his time, 
alliRragh hit "woiin hmA «itr since his 
death been the «dmirati»n of all the 
Romans, and even fonne4 a part of the 
rudiments of their early education, that 
his tomb was alreaidy neglected, and that 
Silius Italicus alone restored its honours. 
Nor is this neglect without its parallel in 
all ages, not even excepting our own. 
Sixty years after the 4eath of Bope, 
whose works might b^ ibund ia sdl 
hands, and almost in all languages^ his 
house was levelled with the ground, his 
grotto defaced, and the trees, planted by 
his own hand, rooted up. 

The edifice to which the above remarks 
refer is situated on the hill of Posilippo, 
whidi derives its name (and not inap- 
propriately, as appears from the descrip- 
tums famished by travellers) from two 
Greek wMds, which sonify to banish 
sorrow. It is a small and ruined square 
building, of reticulaled masonry, flat 
roofed, placed on a sort of platform on 
the brow of a precipce on one side, and 
on the other shelt^ned by a superincum- 
bent rock. An aged ilex, spreading from 
die sides of the rock, and bending over 
the edifice, covers the roof with its ever- 
verdant foliage. A number of shrubs 
spring around, and interwoven with ivy, 
clothe the walls, and hang over the pre- 
cipice. The laurel, however, which was 
onoe said to have sprung up at its base, 
and covered it with its luxuriant branches, 
now flourishes only in the descriptions of 
poets and ancient travellers. Close to the 
tomb, a little lower on the hill, is the 
entrance to the celebrated Grotto of Po- 
silippo. This is an excavation through 
the rock, neariy three quarters of a mile 
in leng^, and twenty-four feet in breadth, 
cosistituting the high road between Naples 
on the one side, and Poteoli, Baise, &c., 
on the other. " Its height,'* says Eus- 
tace, ** is unequal, as the entrance at 
each end is extremely lofty, to admit the 
light, while the vault lowers towards the 
Buddle, where it is about twenty-five feet 
from the ground. It is paved with large 
flags of lava, and in many places lined, 
and, I believe, vaulted widi stone-work. 
During the day two circular apertures, 
bored through the mountain, admit a dim 
glimmering of light from above ; and at 
night a lamp, burning before an image of 
the blessed Virgin, placed in a recess in 
the middle, casts a feeble gleam over the 
gloomiest part of the passage. Such, 
however, is the obscurity towards even- 
ing, that n<^>ody ventures to go through 
it without a torch; and even with a 
torch one feels a sort of joy on escaping 
from these subterraneous horrors. The 
grotto is, on the whole, a very singular 
and striking object ; and the approach to 
it on both sides, between two vast walls 
of solid rock, and its lofty entrances, like 
the gates into the regions of the dead, 
and the shrubs and tufts of wild flowers 
that wave in loose festoons from the top 



THB TOFRIST. 



489 



of tbe precipicCy as if to soften the terrors 
«f tlie cbsttn beneath, form altogether a 
ttost |iicturesq\ie and extraordmary com- 
oDiaxion. 



THE LIFE OF PETRARCH. 

(Conehtdtd from pagt 2420 



'.R tlie lieallk of hu parents^ Petrarch de- 
hinself more tbas ever to IiterKtare^ 
vndcT the auspices of John of Florence, an 
ddeffy eeclestastic with whom he became ac- 
cualnted ; and in such pursuits it b probable 
'Oat he woald have spent an vninttrmpted 
Sfe» Imt for the crrcnmstance which formed 
tile main era of his history, and determined the 
tsnor of hia character. l*his was his raeetingf 
^ A Lattfa, whose name has ever been insepa- 
lahly cpnnacted with his own, and whose 
charms he has immortalized in his verses. He 
f Tst saw her going to the church of St. Claire, 
)n Avignon, and immediately became pas- 
sionalc^ enamonred of her. She, however, 
was a married lady, and conseqnently treated 
Us advances with becoming disregard. His 
passion, however, lasted as long as her Kfe — 
nay, as long as his own, and, connected with 
tike cinnnnstances already mentioned, rave 
birth to an those tender effusions of feehng 
which have ever since been ranted among the 
ehief ornaments of Italian literature. About 
tiiis time he became acquainted wxdi and 
joined the household of the Cokmna famify, 
and shortly afterwards left Avignon to improve 
his knowledge and relieve his mind br tiuvel- 
foig. This expedient, however, proved utterly 
ineffectual to banish the recoHec^n of Laura. 
He returned, afresh devoted himself to study, 
le-opened his half-healed wounds by some 
casual encoanter with the object of his regard, 
composed myriads of sonnets to her, and at 
length fled precipitately from Avignon to the 
solitudes of Vaucluse, where he had at first 
ftdlen in h>ve with Nature, and was followed 
fkither by all the demons which his own 
morbid sensibility had conjured. 

Here he wrote much of his poetry, devoted 
himself as»iduciisly to study, and entered upon 
Ifaecompositioo of some historical wotis. Here, 
however, he was not forgotten by the world. 
In AttgTist, 1949, when he was in the thirty- 
aerenth year of his age, a letter came to Iius 
haads from the Roman senate, inviting hhn to 
fopair to Rome to receive Ae poet's crown of 
iMffel — a custom which had been obsolete at 
Home for more than a thousand yeaiSL By a 
most singular coincidence, another letter ar- 
. rived the same day from the Chancellor of the 
Umversity of Paris, offsring him the same ho- 
nonr, and urging their clahns against those of 
-Rome. 

Petrarch was long- in an enviabfe ditemma 
as to which offer he should taVe. On the one 
-hand vy poet had ever been crowned at Paris, 
and he coveted the proud cfistinctien of being 
Hhe first. On the other hand he thirsted for 
'fte hotranr of being ranked among the bards 
Ikrm whose works he had derived so much of 
his poetical genius and eminence, and whose 
names stand insenarably connected wilfa the 
Eternal City. At length he decided for Rome, 
trhither he repaired in the spring, and, after 
anbmitting himself to an examination from his 
Mrott, King Robert, of Naples, he arrived at 
Rome, and was formally crowned with laurel 
is Ae capttol. Shortly after this he was made 
Aiehdeacon of Parma, and, Bttbse^ttenn^, 
Otnoii af Padoa. Whflst he was living at 



Arqua, nine miles from Padua, the Florentines 
dispatched to him tiie celebrated Boccace, 
with letters requesting him to return thither, 
and restoring to him the property of his father, 
which had been confiioited. In the midst of 
these and simiJar marks of respect and admir- 
atiea, on the eve of the seventieth aaniver- 
my of his birth^ he was found dead in his 
Uhiaiy at Aiqua, with his head resting on a 
book. After his death a memorandum was 
fonnd in a favourite copy of Virgil, which be- 
longed to him, recording the death of Laum, 
of which event he elsewhere pretends to have 
received repeated intimations in visions.^- 
" Laum, illustrious by her own virtues, and 
long celebrated in my verses, appeared to my 
eyes for the fiist lime, the sixlh of April, at 
Avignon, in the churoh of St. Claim, at the 
first hoar of the day. I was then in mv youth, 
in the same city, on the same day, at the same 
hour, in die year 1M8, this luminary disap- 
peared from OUT worid. I was then at Verona, 
iffnorant of my wretched situation. l*hat 
chaste and beautiful body was buried the same 
day, after vespers, in the church of the Cor- 
deliers. Her soul returned to its native man- 
sion iii heaven. Ta retrace the melancboiy 
remembrance of this great loss, I have wriUsn 
it, with a pleasoK mixed with bittemea% in a 
hook I often raCrr ta The hiSB convinces me 
there is no longer any thing worth living for. 
Since the strongest cord of my life is broken, 
with the grace of God I shall easily renounce 
a world where my cares have been deceitful, 
and my hopes vain and perishing.'* 



PHILOSOPHY AND CONSISTENCY. 

Among all the eseellent things which Mrs. 
Barbanld has written, she never penned any 
thin? better dmn her essay on the mconsisten- 
cv of human expectations ;, it is full of sound 
philosophy. Every thing, says sKe« is marked 
at a settled price. Our time„ oar labour, our 
ingenuity, is sa much ready money, which we 
are to lay out to the beat advantage. Exanune, 
compare, chuoss^ reject; bnt stand to your 
owB judgment, and do net, lihechildrsnv when 
yeift have parchaasd one thing, repine that you 
do not pOBsesB another, which yon would not 
pvrehase. Weald yen be tfch ? Do you think 
A^ the single pomt worth sacrificmg every 
thing else to?" You may, then, be rich. 
Hiousands have become so from the lowest 
beginnings by toil,, and (ClUgence, and atten- 
tion to the minutest articles of expense aad 
profit Bat yott must give up the pleasares of 
leisure, aC aa luiembarmsBcd mmd, aad af a 
free ansuspieions tewpea Yeu musi leani to 
do hard if not unjust ihisngs; and aa for the 
emhaosassmont of a deKcate and iiMnnous 
spirit, it is neeessary for you to get rlduf it as 
fast as possible. You must not stop to enlarge 
your mind, polish your taste, or refine your 
sentiments ; but must keep on in one unbeaten 
track, without turning aside to the right or to 
the left ** But^'^ you say» '* I cannot submit 
to drudgery like this ; I foel a spirit above it" 
Tis well \ be aWve it» then ; only do net re- 
pine because you are not rich. 

Is knowledge (he pearl of price in your tsti*- 
matioB P That to» may be parehaaed by steady 
appUcalien, and long solitary hours of study 
and refiectien ** But,^ says the nuin of let- 
ters, " what a hanlshfp is it that many an 
illiterate fellow, who cannot construe the motto 
on his coach, shall raise a. fortune, and make 
a figure, while I possess not the common ne- 
cessaries of life !" Was it for fortune, then, 



that yon §raw pi^ oaet the midaigfat lamp, 
and gave die sprightly years to study and 
refiectionr You, then, &ave mistaken your 
path, and yi eMpV>yed your industry. "* What 
reward have I, then^ for all my labour?" 
What rewasdl a lasge compi^Miuuve soul, 
purged from vulgar fears aad prejudices, able 
to interpret the works of man and God — a per- 
petual spring of froBh ideas, and the conscious 
dignity of superior intelHgence. Good Hea- 
vens ! what other rewasd can you ask P *' But 
is it not a reproach upon the economy of pro- 
vidence that such a one, who is a mean, dirty 
feMow, ahottid have anoAssed weahh enough to 
buy half a natu>n V* Not the least He made 
himself a mean, dirty follow for that very end. 
He has paid his hMth, his conscience, and 
his liberty for it. Do you envy him his bar- 
gain ? Will yott hang your head in his pra- 
sence because he outshines yoa in eqnipage 
and show P Lift np your brow with a nubile 
confideace, and say to yourself, *' 1 have, net 
these thines^ it is true; but it is becsnse I ha?e 
not desired them nor sought them;, it is be- 
cause I pofisoBs Bomethiag better, i base 
chosen my lot ; I ass content and satisfied. ** 
The most chaxacteristic mark of a great mind 
is to choose some one object, which it considers 
important, and pussue that ob)ect thmogh Ufo. 
If we expect the purchase, we moat pay the 
price. 



HfiaonoTus remarks O^h. ii. p. 150), ** For 
my part, I believe the CoLcbi to be a colony of 
Egyptians, because^ like them, they have blaok 
skins and frisxled hair." Upon this passage 
Voluey, in his ^' Travels through Egypt and 
6yria,'' has the foUowinji: remark: — "inis his- 
torical fact affords to philosophy an interesting 
subject of refiection. How are we aatoniahad 
when we behold the present barbarism aad 
igniirance of the Cupts, descended from the 
profomid genias %i the Egyptians and the bril- 
liant imaghnttien of the Greeks; when we 
reflect that to a race of negroes, at present our 
slaves, and the okjects of our extreme con- 
tempt, we owe our arts and sciences^ and even 
the very use of speech ; aad when we recollect 
tliat, in the midsL ol' tliose nations who cM 
M«ii»<e^i»stha friendaaf Hher^ aad hamaaity, 
the must barbarous of slaveries is justified, and 
that it in erco a pfoblem w h ethe r the under- 
standingf ef negroes ho of the same species wish 
that ef wkiso OMnl'^-^KoAMyV 7>aM&, 9(fd 
Mii%y€itn ewMVsn^ o. TVi 



A LOVER'S efFT. 

(n the reign ef Kliaabeth, it was ** the cua- 
tome for maydes and gentel women to give 
theii foeonriloi^ aa tufcena of their Wve, little 
handbenhiafo of abont three se four inches 
sipmre, wionght lonnd about, and with a bn^ 
ton or a tassel at each comer, and a Kttle one 
In the middle mA silke and thread ; the best 
edged with a small gold hice, or twist, whicl^ 
beinff folded up in funre crosse foldcs, so as the 
raiddJe might be seene» gentlemen and others 
did usually wear them ia their hats, as Hivours 
of their laves and mistresses ; some cost six- 
pence a-piece, soma, twelvepence, and the 
richest, sixteaapenee." And at the geotlemaa't 
present, a lady in Cupid's i4evenge, of Beaar 
moni and Fto t Lh es, says :— 

" Given ear-riogs we will wear. 
Bracelets of our lovers* hair. 
Which they oa our ams shall twist. 
(With their' oames carved) oq our wristt^ 



tm 



THE TOURIST. 



jsam 



THE TOURIST. 



I 



MONDAY, MARCH 25, 1833. 

niE SAFETY OF IMRfEDIATE EMAN- 
CIPATION. 

No. VI. 



THE CARACCAS. 



Thb evidence given by Vice- Admiral Fle- 
ming before the Committee of the Honse of 
Commons is entitled to very serioos attention, 
and cannot fail to make an impression emi- 
nently favourable to our cause. Amongst other 
flmtteis, he was examined on the condition of 
^le free negroes in the Caraccas ; and the in- 
formation which he communicated is adapted 
Id dispel many of those delusions which colo- 
nial akifice has imposed on the British public. 
He not only bore testimony to the gooa order 
and prosperity of the emancipated negroes, but 
represented them as freely engaging in the 
enmvation of the sugar-cane, and that on terms 
more jnrofitable to t£eir employers than those 
on which slave-labour could be commanded. 

Admiral Fleming has thus supplied another 
practical refutation of colonial theory. The 
advocates of slavery boldly affirm that the free 
negro cannot be induced to engage in this 
onerous species of labour, and hence they assert 
the necessity of coercion. Were their premises 
correct, their inference would fail to command 
our assent; but facts prove their unsoundness, 
and justify the claims of humanity. It is 
deeply mortifying to our national priae to find 
the Spaniard an advocate of freedom, and the 
Englishman a defender of slavery. But we 
must allow the Admiral to speak for himself: — 

'* Have you visited the Caraccas? — I have. 

" Did yon find the black population free at that 
time ?— They were all free to a certain age ; but 
the old negioes were not free, they were continued 
as ilaves. When Bolivar first issued the order 
for emancipating the slaves, he confined it to those 
of a certain age, I think twelve the women, and 
fourteen the men, and he gave greater facilities to 
those who remained slaves for obtaining their 

iire e dom . 

" Was sugar cultivated in the Caraccas 1 — Yes, 
and exported to a considerable extent. In all 
parts of the Caraccas there is an immense quantity 
used, aiid a great deal exported, notwithstanding 
there is a heavy export duty. 

" Were free blacks so employed ? — ^Free blacks, 
«pon their own account. 

*' Are you able to state what the rate of wages 
is of the free blacks t — In the Caraccas it is lower 
than in Cuba ; they can get a black man to work 
for 9</. a day. 

" Have you ever heard the point discussed in 
ti» Caraccas as well as in Cuba, among planters, 
of the comparative cost of free labour and slave- 
Jabour 1 — No, 1 never heard itamoog the Spaniards ; 
I have beard some English planters and American 
planters that were there discuss it 

"What was the prevalent opinion among per- 
sons whose judgment you thougnt best entitled to 
consideration? — ^Theie was no difference of opi- 
nion ; the Spaniards and Columbians thought that 
fiee labour would do perfectly well -, the Americans 
and the English were for the establishment of 
■laverv, but the old Spaniards and Columbians 
w«re for freeing them. 

" Upon general principles, or upon the score of 

£s£t {—Upon the score of profit ; the Marquis 
I Toro, a cousin of Bolivar, who has immense 
estates there, and had a great number of slaves, 
srarked them all by free labour. 



'' From your rank in the Spanish navy, and 
from your long connexion with Spaniards, had you 
not facilities of intercourse on friendly terms with 
persons possessing large property and great influ- 
ence on plantations at the Caraccas ? — Ves, after 
I became acquainted with them, 1 was as much at 
home as I could have been in any country in the 
world. I knew every body of any condition ; I 
was four months here, and went 200, or 300, or 
400 miles in the interior ; I went to Valentia, and 
I went twice down from the Caraccas to Port 
Cavalio ; I was down at the lake of Valentia, and 
all through the Vallor de Vcragua, which is the 
finest country there. 

" Having travelled in the interior, with your 
attention particularly directed to the subject, and 
seeing the condition of those newly-emancipated 
ne^troes, will you state the result of your reflection 
and observation upon the subject ? — My opinion, 
from what I saw, is, that the black population in 
the Caraccas are making rapid progress towards 
civilization. There are many schools established, 
which the people are anxious to avail themselves 
of. Many of them are learning trades, and, gene- 
rally, the desire of knowledge was very great 
amongst them. They maintain themselves per- 
fectly «vell, without any assistance, either from 
their former masters, or from Government. 

** Was the manumission in the Caraccas sud- 
denly eflPected ? — Yes, it was done by an order of 
Bolivar, who had authority from the Congress for 
doing it in 1821. He had previously freed his 
own negroes. Many of the principal people had 
done the same. 

" Did you see any traces of cultivation receding, 
or was the agriculture and the cultivation of the 
country prosjessing ? — It was progressing very 
rapidly, but it had been the seat of war before, and 
consequently there had been ruin. The second 
time I went to the Caraccas there were large fields 
of wheat, which had never been sown before, and, 
since that time, I know that America cannot im- 
port wheat there. 

" Have you reason to know whether the culti- 
vation of sugar has increased or decreased through- 
out the Caraccas? — It has increased, I was told. 

** You visited the Caraccas at two periods, first 
in 1828, and again afterwards ; were you able 
yourself to form an estimate of the progress that 
had been made in the interval 1 — Yes, they were 
rapidly improving ; the second time I visited the 
Caraccas there had been a year and a half of 
peace, and the party-spirit had evaporated, and 
confidence in the Government had been estab- 
lished ; they were rapidly improving in every 
respect, in agriculture and m all the arts. 

** Were they driven to labour on sugar planta- 
tions as the sole means of obtaining a subsistence, 
or did they take it as labour which they had no 
strong objection to, as furnishing them good 
wages, and the means of livelihood to maintain 
themselves in comfort? — They took it as a means 
of maintaining themselves ; they were not driven 
to it by absolute necessity ; they might have got 
ether modes of living if they had chosen ; in the 
interior of the country they might have got lands 
very easily to cultivate. 

"And therefore they continue the labour on 
sugar plantations freely and voluntarily? — Yes, 
freely and voluntarily. 

" Was not one of the generals in the Caraccas a 
black man! — Yes, General Peyan^a was a per- 
fectly black man, a complete negro; he was a 
very well-informed man, a very well-educated per- 
son, and well read in Spanish literature ; he was 
a very extraordinary man. 

"Did you happen to know whether English 
officers served under him? — Many were serving 
under him ; I knew many other black oflicers, of 
very considerable acquirements, in the Caraccas 
ana in Cuba also. 1 have known a black priest, 
a perfect ne^, bora in the Cape de Verde Isiaads, 
a very well-informed person* 



THE GROWTH OF CORAL ISLANDS. 

Of all the genera of lithophyles, the madie- 
Dore is the most abuDdant It oocon most 
rrequently in tropical countries, and decreases 
in number and variety as we approach the 
poles. It encircles in prodigious rocks and 
vast reefs many of the basaltic and other rocky 
islands in the South Sea and Indian Ocean, 
andf by its daily growth, adds to their magni- 
tude. 

The coasts of the islands in the West In- 
dies, also those of the islands on the east 
coast of Africa, and the shores and shoals of 
the Red Sea, are encircled and incrusted with 
rocks of coral. Several different tribes of 
madrepore contribute to form these coral reeft ; 
but by far the most abundant are those of the 
genera caroph^lla, astrea, and meandrina. 
These lithopnvtic animals not only add to the 
magnitude of land already existing, but, ac- 
cording to some naturalists, they form whole 
islands. 

That excellent navigator, the late Captain 
Flinders, gives the following interesting account 
of coral islands, particularlv of Half-way 
Island, on the north coast of Terra Australis. 

** This little island, or rather the sunroondiog 
reef, which is three or four miles long, affords 
shelter from the south-east winds; and, being 
at a moderate dav's run from Murray's Isles, 
it forms a convenient anchorage for the night 
to a ship passing through Torres Strait: I 
named it Half-way Island. It is scarcely more 
than a mile in circumference, but appears to 
be increasing both in elevation and extent At 
, no very distant period of time, it was one of 
those banks produced by the washing up of 
sand and broken coral, of which most reels 
afford instances, and lliose of Torres Strait a 
great many. These banks are in different 
stages of progress : some, like this, are become 
islands, but not yet habitable ; some are above 
high- water mark, but destitute o[ vegetation ; 
whilst others are overflowed with every return- 
ing tide. 

It seems to me that, when the animalcules 
which form the corals at the bottom of the 
ocean cease to live, their structures adhere to 
each other, by virtue either of the glutinous 
remains within, or of some property in salt 
water; and the interstices being gradually 
filled up with sand and broken pieces of ooral 
washed by the sea, which also adhere, a mass 
of rock is at lengUi formed. Future races of 
these animalcules erect their habitations upon 
the rising bank, and die, in their turn, to in- 
crease, but principally to elevate, this monu- 
ment of their wonderful labours. The care 
taken to work perpendicularly in the early 
stages would mark a surprising instinct in 
these diminutive creatures. Tneir wall of 
coral, for the most part, in situations where 
ibe winds are constant, being arrived at the 
surface, affords a shelter, to leeward of which 
their infiint colonies may be safely sent forth ; 
and to this, their instinctive foresight, it seems 
to be owing, that the windward side of a reef^ 
exposed to the open sea, is generally, if not 
always, the highest part, and rises almost per- 
pendicular, sometimes from the depth of 200, 
and perhaps many more, fathoms. To be con- 
stantly covered with water seems necessary to 
the existence of the animalcules, for they da 
not wori[, except in holes upon the reef, beyond 
low-water mark; but the coral, sand, and 
other broken remnants thrown up by the sea, 
adhere to the rock, and form a solid mass widi 
it, as high as the common tides reach. That 
elevatioD surpassed, the future remnants, being 
rarely coyered, lose their adhesive pn^perty; 



and, remaining in a loose state, form what is 
BHun; called ». kqi, npou Che top of the reer 
The n«n bank ie not long in being visited b; 
aoa-birds; sail -plants take root upon it, and 
a bmI begins to be formed ; a cocoa-nut, or the 
diupe or a pandanns, is thrown on shore ; land 
biras (i<ii it, and deposit the seeds of shrubs 
and trees ; eveij high tide, and still more 
ever; gale, adds something to the bank; the 
form or an island is gradually assumed ; and, 
last of all, comes man to take possession. 

" HdJf-way Island is well advanced in the 
above progresaive state ; having been many 
years, probably some age.s above the reach of 
the highest spring tides, or the wash of the 
surf in the heaviest gales. I distinguished, 
Iwwcvcr, on the rock which forms its basis, the 



THE TOURIST. 

sand, coral, and shells formerly thrown up, 
a more or less perfect state of cohesion. Ismail 
pieces of wood, pnmice stone, and othe: 
traneouB bodies which chance had mixed with 
the calcareous substances when the cohesion 
began, were inclosed in the rock, and in some 
cases were still separable from it without much 
force. The upper part of the island is a mix- 
tare of the same subflancea in a loose state, 
with a little vegetable soil, and is covered with 
the caiuarina and a variety of other trees and 
shrubs, which give food to parroquels, pigeons, 
and some other birds ; to whose ancestors, it 
is probable, the island was originally indebted 
for this vegetation." — ProftaorJamaon'tlllia- 
fraltan to Cumrr'i Euay on the Theory of the 
Earlli, 



JOHN HAMPDEN. 



JoMH Havpden, of Hamden, in 
Bucks., was bora at London, in 1594, 
and was distantly related to Oliver Crom- 
well, tiis father having married the Pro- 
tector's aunt. In 1609 he was sent to 
Magdalen College, Oxford : whence, 
without taking any degree, he removed 
. to the Inns of Court, and made a consi- 
derable progress in the study of the law. 
In the second parliament of King Charles, 
which met at Westminster, in February, 
1625-6, he was elected a member of the 
House of Commons, and continued to sit 
through the two next parliamenta; but 
became moat notorious in 16U6, when he 
nobly resisted the unjust demand of ship- 
inoney. In consetjuence of this resist- 
ance the fury of the government was 
levelled against him, and he was accord- 
ingly brought to trial at the King's 
Bench ; and, though the decision of that 
court was against him, yet, atone of bis 



most jealous enemies, Lord Clarendon, 
declares, he carried himself through the 
whole suit with such singular temper and 
modesty that he obtained more credit 
and advantage by losing it than the 
kingdidservicebygainingit. Indeed, no- 
thingmore is necessary, inorder to convince 
posterity that Hampden was at once one 
of the most extraordinary and one of the 
best of men, than to notice the confes- 
sions and accidental implications of his 
opponents. 

From the time of this trial be became 
one of the most popular men in the na- 
tion, and a leading member in the Long 
Parliament. " The eyes of all men," 
says Clarendon, "were Kxed upon him 
as their pater patricr, and the pilot that 
must steer the vessel through the tem- 
pests and rocks which threatened it." 
Afler he had held the chief direction of 
his party in the House of Coiamou 



9SI 

against the king, he took up arms in the 
same cause, and was one of the first who 
opened the war, by an action at a place 
called Brill, about five miles from Oxford. 
He took the command of a regiment of 
foot, under the Earl of Essex, and dis- 
covered a degree of skill end conn^ 
worthy of his character and his cauw. 
But he was very early cut off by a wound 
which he received in a skirmish widi Ra- 



which, breaking the bone, entered his 
body, and his arm hung powerless and 
shattered by his side. He rode off the 
field alone, and, with great pain and dif- 
ficulty, reached Tbame, where he lingered 
six clays, and expired in the midst of 
earnest prayers for his country and him- 
self." 

" It was thus," says Lord Nugent, 
" that Hampden died, justifying, by the 
courage, patience, piety, and strong love 
of country, which marked the closing 
moments of his life, the reputatkm for 
all those qualities which had, even more 
than his great abilities, drawn to him the 
confidence and affections of his own par- 
ty, and the respect of all. Never, in the 
memory of those times, had there been so 
general a consternation and sorrow, at 
any one man's death, as that with which 
the tidings were received in Uindon, and 
by the friends of the Parliament all over 
the land. Well was it said in the Weekly 
Intelligencer of the next week, 'The loss 
of Colonel Hampden goeth near the heart 
of every one that loves the good of his 
king and country, and makes some con- 
ceive little content to be at the army now 
that he is gone. The memory of this de- 
ceased colonel is such that in no age to 
come but it will more and more be had 
in honour and esteem ; a man so reti- 
gioui, and of that prudence. Judgment, 
temper, valour, and integrity, that he 
hath left few his like behind him.' Of 
Hampden's character,'' continues the no- 
ble author, " it would be presumptuous to 
say more than what his acts tell. The 
words are good in which it is shortly com- 
prised in an inscription remembered by 
me, on many accounts, with many feelings 
of affection. ' Witli great courage and 
consummate abilities, be began a noble 
opposition to an arbitrary court in de- 
fence of theliberties of his country; sup- 
ported them in Parliament, and died for 
them in the field.' "• 

Hia body has been exhumated within 
these few years, and, notwithstanding the 
length of time during which it had been 
under ground, the face was quite perfect; 
and, what was still more reniarltable, it 
was stated, in the daily ]»-ints of the 
time, that living animals were found in 
the brain. 



iption over the bast of Hampden in the 
IlriUih wonbiM St Siowe. 



^ 



THE TOURIST. 



MOIAL AND RELIGIOUS IlfFLU£N€K 
OF THE CLASSICS. 

Na.IL 

UK POETS.— HOMSB. 

Ths part of ancient fiterature which has 
lad inoonpttfably the greatest influence ont 
lile ehander of cultivated' miwlfi, is that 
vMch has> tnniod^ if I maf se ea:pns» it, 
wunik sencintfnts inte real beings and interastr 
iBg compaaioiis, b]^ disphiying the lif« and 
aotions o£ eminent indivuluals. A few of the 
personages of fiction are also to be included. 
The captivating spirit of Greece and Rome 
^Iwells in the works of tiie biographers; in so 
■mob of the histoty as^ might propOTi"^ be ealltdi 
hiMiaphy^fBonb its isiag the whole attention 
ana taieresl. on a &w sieoal namea ; and ia 
the weeks of the pnnciparpoets. 

No one, I suppose, will deny, that both the 
characters and tne sentiments, which are the 
favourites of the poet and the historian, be- 
eeine the fitvonrites also of the admiring; 
Deader; for this would be a vivtual denial of 
lh» esRelknce of the performance, in: point of 
elDqjnemie or poetic spirit It is the high test 
axuL proof of genius tiiat a writer can sender 
his subject intexesting to his readers, not merely 
in a genera] way, but in the veri/ same manner 
in which it interests himself. If the great 
workfl of antiquity had not this power, they 
"vould; long since have ceased to charm. We 
aouJd not long tolemte what cansed a iwoiring 
•£ our moral feelings, while it was designed, to 
please them. But if their characters and sen- 
timents really do thus fascinate tbe heart, how 
far will this influence be coincident with the 
spirit and with the design of Christianity ? 

Among tbe poets, I shall notice only the 
tmo or three pr^-eminent ones of the epic class.. 
Homer, you Know, » the favourite of the whole 
.oivilized world; and it is many centuries since- 
there needed one additional word of homage 
to the prodigious genius displayed in the Ilia^. 
The object of inquiry is, what kind of predis- 
position wilt be fonned toward Christianity in 
a young and animated spirit, that learns to< 
«low with enlfausiasm at the scenes created hv 
m» poet, and toindnlge an ardent wish, wbicn 
that enthu»asm will pcobably awaken^ for the 
•possibility of enmlating some of the principal 
characters. Let Uiis susceptible youth, after 
having mingled and burned in imagination 
among heroes, whose valour and an^er flame 
like Vesuvius, who wade in blood, tmmple on 
dying foesy and hurl dnflanee against euith and 
hiiaven; lei ktfli be led inlo die company of 
Jesna Christ and his disciples^ as displayed by 
the evangelists, with whose narrative, I will 
savpose, he is but slightly acquainted before. 
What must he, what can he, do with his feel- 
fngB in this transition ? He will find himself 
'^ng as ftp as *' from the centre to the utmost 
pde;" and one of these t\iwi opposite eihi- 
bitions of character will inevitably egccife his 
avefsion. Which of them is that likely to be, 
if he is become thoroughly possessed with the 
•Bomeric passions? 

Or if, reversing the order, you will suppose 
a person to have fitst become profoundly inter- 
ested by the New Testament, and tO' have ao> 
quired the spirit of the Vavionr of the world, 
while studying the evangelical history ; with 
what sentiments will he come forth from con* 
versing with heavenly mildness, weeping be- 
a ev ol e nc e , sacred purity, and the eloquence 
of divine wisdom, to eater into a scene of such 
actions and chaiaeteiis» and to hear such vaa- 



ima of merit and gfory, as those of Homer? 
He would be still more confounded by the 
transition, had it been possible for him to' have 
entirely escaped that deep depravatfon of feel- 
ing which can think of crimes and miseries 
with Kttie emotton, and which we have all 
acquired' from viewing die prominent pertion 
of the woxM^ hhtory as composed of scarcely 
any thing- eise. Re would find the mightiest 
strain of poetry employed to represent ferocious 
courage as die greatest of virtues, and these 
who do not possess it, as worAy of their fttte,. 
to be trodden in the dust. l¥e will be taught, 
at least it will not be the fanh of the poet if he 
be not taught, to forgive a heroic spirit Ibr 
finding the sweetest Hixnry in insulting dying 
pangs, and imagining the tears and despair of 
distant relations. He will be incessantly called 
upon to worship revenue, the real divinity of 
the Iliad, in comparison of whidi the- Thun- 
derer of Olympus is but a subaltern pretender 
to power. He will be taught that the most 
glorious and enviable life is that, to which the 
greatest number of other lives are made a 
sacrifice ; and that it is noble in a hero to pre- 
fer even a short life attended by this felicity, 
to a long one which should permit a longer 
life also to others. Tbe terrible Achilles, a 
being whom, if he had really existed^ it had 
been wtirth a temporary league of the tribes 
then called nations to reduce to tbe quietness 
of a dungeon or a tomb, is rendered interesting, 
even amidst the honroxs of revenge and destruc- 
tion, by the intensity of his affection ibr bin 
friend, by the melancholy with which he ap- 
pears in the funeral scene of that friend, by 
one momentary instance of compassion, and by 
his solemn references to his own impending 
and iuevitable doom. A reader wbo^ has even 
passed beyond the juvenile ardour of life, feels 
himself interested,, in a manner that escites at 
intervals his own- surprise, in the fiite of this 
fell exterminator; and he wonders, and. he 
wishes to doubt, whether the moral that he is 
learning be, after all, exactly no other than 
that the grandest emoloyment of a gveat spirit 
is the destruction of nuinan creatures, so long 
as revenge, ambition^ or even caprice, may 
choose to regard them under an artificial dis- 
tinction, and call them enemifit. But this is 
the real and efleclive moral of the Iliad, after 
all that critics have so gravely written about 
lessons of union, or any other subordinate 
moral instructions, which they discover or 
imagine in the work. Who but critics ever 
thoiifrhi or cand about wk^ sneh dnwi^ les- 
sens f Whatevei is the chief and grand im- 
pression made by the whole werk oa the 
ardent minds which, axe most susceptible of 
the influence of poetry, that shows the real 
moral; and Alexander, and Cliarles Xfl. 
throttgh tiie med«um ef ** Ma€ed««ma's mad- 
man>*' cenectfy received die- gen u i a e inspira- 
tion. 

f f it be said, that snoh. worJ^ stand on the 
same ground, except as to the reality or accu- 
racy of the facts, with an eloquent history, 
which simply exhibits the actions and charac- 
ters, I deny the assertion. The actions and 
characters are presented in a mannier which 
prevents their just impreBsion^ and empowers 
them to make an ospposite miev. A transform- 
ing mag^ of genius displays a number of 
ahrecioua savage in a hideous slaughter-house 
of men, as derai-gods in a temple of fdory. 
No doubt an eloquent history ini|>ht be so 
written as to give nie same aspect to such men, 
and sueh epcratione; hut that hiMory would 
deserve to he eommiited te the flames. A 
hiitarir lh»t AmM pm a tdthful zepoBsenlA- 



tion ofniteeriee and sfanghter,. would set an 
one, who hidb nutatlained the IsBt dq^iavatum, 
on fife to imitate ihe princi^ai' actum. It woidd 
excite in a dlsgree the same emotion as the 
sight ef a MHit of dead and dring^ men after )i 
battle is over; a sight at which die soul wonM 
shudder and revolt, and. eame»dy wish diat 
i^h might he the last time the sun should 
behoK such a spectacle : hut the tendency of 
the Iforaeriii^ poetrv, an^ of a great part of 
epic poetry in general; is to inannate the gloiv 
of repeadli^ such a tragedy, f therefbre a% 
again, how ft would be possible for a man 
whose nrittd* wae first completely assimilated 
to the spirit of ^08 Christ, to read such a 
worit wfthout a most vivid antipa^ to what 
he perceived tt» he the moral sphit of the poet ? 
And if it were not too strange a supposition, 
that the most characteristic parts of the Iliad 
had been read in the presence and hearing of 
our Lord, and by a person animated by a 
fervid sympathy with the work— do you not 
instantly imagine Him expressing t&e most 
emphatical condemnation? Would not the 
reader have been made to know, that in the 
spirit of that book he could never become a 
disciple and a friend of the Messiah? But 
then, if he believed this declaration, and were 
serious enough to care about being the disciple 
and friend) of the Messiah, would he not have 
deemed himself extremely unfortunate to have 
been seduced, through the pleasures of taste 
and imaginaition, into habits of feeling which 
rendened it impossible, till dieir predominance 
should be destroyed, for him to receive the 
only true religion, and the only Redeemer of 
the world P To show how impossible it would 
be, I wish [ may be pardoned for making ano- 
ther stnnge, and, indeed, a most monstrous 
supposition, namely, that Achilles, Diomede, 
Ulysses, and* Ajax had been real persons, living 
iu the time of our Lord, and had become his 
disciples, and. yet (excepting the mere exchauge 
of the notions of mythology for Christian opi- 
nions), had retained entire the state of mind 
with which their poet has exhibited them. It 
is instantly perceived that Satan, Beelzebub, 
and IMolooh might as consistently h&vh been 
retained m heaven. But here the question 
comes te a poiiit: if these great examples of 
glorious character pretending to coalesce with 
the transcendent Sovereign of virtues would 
have been* ysobably the most enormous incon- 
gruity existing, or that ever had existed, in the 
creation, what harmony can there be between 
a matt whes has acquired a e ensid fe w U i l e- degree 
oi cengijBnialitj wiOi the spirit of these heioes, 
and that nejaaount Teacher and Pattern of 
exaellenceT And who will assure me that 
the enthusiast for heroic poetry does not ac- 
quire a degree of this congeniality? Bat 
unless I cau'heso assured, I necessatily po B Mat 
iifr asserting' the mxiousDesB oisimh pDeliy. 

Yet the work ei Homer is, BotsrilfaBtMiding, 
tbe hook whioh Christian poeta haare traae- 
lated, wliiah Christian divines have edited and 
commented on with pride, at which Christian 
ladies have been delighted to see their sons 
kindle intD rapture, and which forms an essen- 
tial- part of the conne of a Kheral eckioatioii, 
over alt thoeS' ooantriea on whinhi til« gospel 
shinea And who ean triL haw miMli that 
passion. fl>r was whioh, from/ the nniversality ef 
its prevalence, might seem inseparable from 
the nature of mau, may have been, in the 
civilized world, reinforced by the enthusiastic 
admiration with which young men have read 
Homer, and similar poets, whose genius ttema- 
foms* whaa i^ aad ongfal alwa^v to- afpeVy 
pttrdlj hcMfid^tarMi a^g•p%efy^il^■^l^ 



SLAVERY IX JUtSEICA. 

We have l&tely had occasion to Bdfice 
tke proceedings of that diagmcefol body 
of meo who are now infionsi^ >mi many 
ieaevokat peisons in this country; -we 
mean th« Anerican Colonization Society. 
We will now direct the notiiee >of owr 
readers to soma details 4ji the •chaiaoter 
of slavery in ihar coaatry. W^ know of 
no more imauiiaitng aapect imder windi 
human nature is eahibited than is o£Pered 
by this part of tfaek national condu(!t, as 
QBBtiwted with then: kmd pre feo aio us t>f 
liberty and e^oarUy ; wilass, fwrbap, wts 
raler to the lesolatiofn ofthe Colontzation 
Society, and coroparo tiiem with idie 'de- 
scription of an Amenoan jreviraL We 
gather die lollowing statements from a 
highly respectable wixrk lately published 
wider the title of ^ Three Years in North 
America,*' by Mr. Stuart, in spedking 
of tbe general merits of the work, the 
Ediwbu^k Review caHs it ^ a book 'Of 
travels, written by an honest, dispassion- 
sile, and competent observer ; but one 
who, though educated and accomplished, 
is not of the class or practised ia tbe 
artifices of travelling authors; one less 
aajuous to amuse or surprise, or to make 
Imnself talked of as clever, or deep, or 
patriotic, than to exhibit an nnvamislied 
view of facts as they arose, and to pour- 
tray, in plain and simple language, the 
results of an attentive and discriminating 
course of observation on men and things, 
— * nothing extenuating, nor aught set- 
ting down in malice.' '* And again, ** His 
object was to give a fair account of the 
country, without either exaggerating or 
ooncealing the good or bad qnalities of 
its inhabitaiits ; and we think he has been 
eminently successful." 

The accounts which Mr. Stuaft gives 
of the behaviour of the whites towards the 
blacks in the Caroiinas, Georgia, and 
other southern states, are alike disgraceful 
to ibe Americans, and affecting to hu- 
maBity. Every possible effort n made, 
not to instruct, but to exclude them from 
instmction. The blacks are prohibited 
from attending the schools kept by white 
persons; and, in 1823, the grand jury 
of Charleston proclaimed as a ** nuisance 
the aumbers of schools kept within their 
dty by persons of colour;** expressing 
their belief " that a city ordinance pro- 
hibiting, under severe penalties, such per- 
sons from bemg public instroctors, would 
meet with general approbation.'* Such 
an order was of course soon after issued ! 

In periect keeping with this unprinci- 
pled conduct is their general treatment of 
their slaves. His first statement has re- 
ference to Charleston. 

Sa far as mspects the slavev, ftey are even 
Mm M a wMw tttUMMQ ^ for, aMBj^^ thcir 
#vidBnoe is in no case admtanble Against the 
•whilct, the affirmation of (wte persMs of 4x>1our, 
«r l iwi i Isl l u w fli»WB, is leoeived agcmattliem. 



I was placed io a situatioB at Charleston, 
which gave me too fe^pient o^fiortuuities to 
' witness theefects^fsIaveiTin its most af[gmr 
'vated state. Mjs. Stmet (the mistress of the 
ihotel) treated all the servants ia tbe house in 
the mrjst haiibamas manner ; and this, although 
she knew that Stewart, the hotel-lceener here, 
had lately nearly lost his life by miutreattng 
a slave, fie beat his oook, who was a stout 
fellow, nnlil he could no longer SMpport it He 
irose upon his master^ and in his tarn ga%'e him 
«uch A lieating that it had aeaxly cost him his 
life ; the cook immediately left the house, ran 
>ol^ and was never afterwards heaid otj — it 
was suj^oaed that he had dmwued himself. 
Not a day, however, passed without my hearing 
of Mrs. Street whipping and ill using her un- 
fortunate slaves. On one occasion, When one 
of the female slaves had disobliged her» she 
beat her until her own strength was-eiihnusted, 
:and then insisted on the hai toqwi, Mr. i'^ 
guson (a Scotchman) proffgiiimgja iaMat tiie 
remainder of the punishaMMt M».>Smet, in 
the meantime, took her |daice ni^%af-]ioom. 
She insrructed him tolay^oatfae wh^ severely 
in an adjoining room. His nature wasmpi- 
nant to the execution of ^ "iiily wlndi was 
imposed on him. He gave a wialc to the giil, 
who understood it and browed his^y, while 
lie made the whip crack on the waRs 4if the, 
Toom. Mrs. Street expressed herself to he quite 
satisfied with the way in which Ferguson had 
executed her instructions; but, unlortunately 
for him, his lenity to the fnrl became known 
in the house, and the subject of merriment, 
and was one of the reasons for his dismissal 
before I left the house. But I did not know 
of the most atrocious of all the proceedifigs of 
this cruel woman until the veiy day that 1 
quitted the house. I had put my olothes in 
my portmanteau when I was about to set oat ; 
but, finding it was rather too fuh, I had diffi- 
culty in gretting it closed to allow me to lock 
it ; I therefore told one of the hoys to send me 
one of the stoutest of the men to assist me. A 
great robust fellow soon afterwards appeared, 
whom I found to he the cook, with team in his 
eyes ; — I asked him what was the amtter? He 
told me that, just at tbe time when the boy 
called for him, he had got so sharp a blow on 
the cheek-bone, fh>m this devil in petticoats, 
as had unmanned hhn for the moment Upon 
my expressing commiseration for him, he said 
he viewed this as notbinir, bat that he was 
leading: ^ life of terriMe soferiag ;— *1hat about 
two years had elapsed nnce be ud knn wife, 
with his two children, had been exposed in the 
public market at Charleston fbr ssSe, — thai he 
had been purcha-ned by Mr. Street, — that his 
wife and children hadbeen purchased by a dif- 
ferent person, and that, though he was living 
in the same town with them, he never was 
allowed to see them ; — he would be beaten 
within an aoe of his Hfe if he ventured to go 
to the oomer of the street 

Wherever the least symptom of rebellion or 
insubordination appears at Charleston on the 
part of a slave, the master sends the slave to 
the |?ao1, where he is whipped or beaten aJs the 
master desires. The Duke of Saxe Weimar, 
in his travels, mentions that he visited this 
gaol in December 1 83d ; that the '* bhick over- 
seers go about every where armed with cow- 
hides ; that in the basement story there is an 
appamtus upon which the negroes, by order of 
the police, or at the request ef the master?;, are 
flog^ged; thait tbe machine consists of a sort 
of crane, on which a cord with two nooses runs 
over pulleys ; tbe nooses are made fast to tbe 
hands of the slave and drawn up, while the 



£eet are bound tight tpa phmk ; that the body 
is stretched out as much as possible, and thus 
the miserable cmatitre receives the exact num* 
her ef lashes as counted olf.*^ llie public sale 
of slaves in the market-place at CharlesUm 
occuEs frequently. I was present at two sales 
where, especially at one of them, the miserable 
creatures were in tears on account of their 
beiug sqiarated from their relations anA 
friends. At one of them, a young woman df 
sixteen or seventeen was separated from her 
father and mother, and all her relations, anfl 
every one she had formerly known. 1 bis not 
UR frequently happens, although I was told and 
believe that there is a general wish to keep 
'relations together wbere it can be don& 

llie following extract of a letter from a gen- 
tleman at Charleston, to a friend of his at New 
York, published in the New York newspapers 
*while I was there, contains even a more shock- 
ing aocount ef tbe public sale of slaves here : 
— ^ Cariosi^ sometiaaes leads me to the 
auotioa antes ei^lSt^ 'aagvees. A few days since 
I acbended one which exhibited the beauties of 
slaveiy m all ^diehr sickening deformity. The 
bodies of tiksae wietched beings were placed 
upright on a table, — ^their physical proportions 
examined,— &eir deiscts and beauties noted. 

* A prime lot, hmn liiey go ! ' Tliere [ saw the 
lather looking with aallen contempt on the 
crowd, and expressing an indignation in his 
ooantenance that he dareiiot speak ; — and the 
mother, pressing her infants closer to her besom 
with an iavoluntry grasp, and exclaiming, in 
wild and simple earnestness, while the team 
chased down her cheeks in quick suocessiony 

* I can't leff my children 1 — I won't leff my 
children !' But on the hammer went, reoUesa 
alike whether it united or sundered for eveot. 
On another stand I saw a man apparently aa 
white as myself exposed for sale. I turned 
away firom Um humiliadng spectacle. 

'' At another time I saw the conducRng 
scene of this infernal drama. It was on the 
wharf. A slave-ship from New Orleans was 
lying in the stream, and the pom aegroe^ 
handcufied and pinioned, were hurried off ia 
boats, eight at a time. Here I witnessed the 
last farewell, — the heart-rending separation of 
every earthly tie. The mute and agonizing em- 
brace of the husband and wife, and the con- 
vulsive grasp of the mother and the child, wlm 
were alike torn asunder— for ever! It was a 
living death, — they never see er hear of eadi 
other move. Tears flawed last, and mine 
with the rest" 

Charleston has long been celebrated for the 
severity of its laws affainst the blades, and the 
mildness of its punishments towards the whiten 
for maltreating them. Unti] the late war, 
there were about seventy-one crimes for which 
slaves were capitally puni^ed, and for whieb 
dte highest punishment for whites was in^po- 
sonmeat in ttie penitentiary. 

A dreadful case of murder occurred at 
Charleston in 1800. A planter, called John 
Slater, made an unoffending, unresisting, slave, 
)>e hound hand and foot, and compelled his 
companion to chop i»ff his head with an aace, 
and to oast his body, convulsing with the ago- 
nies of death, into the water. Judge Wild, 
who tried him, on awarding a sentence of im-> 
prisonment apiinst this wretch, expressed his 
regret that the punishment provided for the 
offence was insufficient to make the law le- 
8pected,-^that the delinquent too well knew 
that the arm which he had streti'hed out for 
the<deBtrtt6laan of hisi4ave wasthsi to which 
l>e alone ijould look for proiectien, di8arDied40 
he was jof the right of ^self-defiNMc. 



984 

But the met', honible bntdmr of dares 
wbicli hss ever taken place id America, was 
the execuUrti of thirtf-Rre of ihcni on the 
lines near Cbuleston, in the mouth of July 
18Z?, on Kcconnt of an alleged contpiiacj 
afTUDst their ma«ten. Tbs whale proceeding:^ 
are raonBtrous. Sixty-eeren persona were con- 
Ticted befbie a court, consis^ng of a justice of 
lhcpeace,aQdfireeholders,witlioutajurf. The 
evidence of slaTcs not upon oath was admitted 
against thnn, and, after all, the proof was ex- 
tremely ecanty. Perrault, a slave, who had 
hinuelf been brought from Africa, was the 
chief witness. He had been torn from his 
ftther, who was very wealthy, and a condder- 
ahle trader in tobacco and silt on the coast of 



THE TOURIST, 

AAica- He was taken prisoner, and was sold, 
and his purchaser would not give him up, 
although three slaves were offered in his stead. 
The judge's address, <hi pronouncing sentence 
of death on this occasion, on penons sold to 
slavery and servitude, and who, if they were 
guilty, were only endeavouring to get rid of It 
in the only way in Iheir power, seems mon- 
strous. He told them that the servant who 
was false to his master would be false to his 
God, — that the precept of St. Paul was, "to 
□bey their masters in all ibiugs," and of St- 
Peter, " to be subject to ll eir masteis with all 
fear,"— and that, had th'j listened lo such 
doctrines, they would not hare been anested 
by an ignominious death. 



SINGULAR ENCOUNTER W^TH A LIONESS. 



This is a represet^tation of an occur- 
rence which took place in the Tower of 
LoodoD, and is strikingly illustrative, not 
only of the courage of the individual 
concerned, but also of the native supe- 
nority of the moral courage of man to 
the strength and ferocity of the inferior 
animals. The tale is well told in an ele- 
gant publication entitled "The Tower 
MenaKerie." 

" It cannot be doubted that the lighter 
uid slenderer shape of the lioness, and 
ber consequently greater activity, tend, in 
an especial manner, to the formation of 
that lively and aensitive character by 
which all her actions are bo strongly 
marked ; but there is another cause, no 
less powerful than these, which operates 
with peculiar force, in the vivid excitabi- 
lity of her maternal feelings, which she 
cherishes with an ardour almost unparal- 
leled in the history of any other animal. 
From the moment she becomes a mother, 
the native ferocity of her disposition is 
renovated, as it were, with tenfold vigour; 
she watches over her young with that un- 
defined dread of danger lo their weak and 
defenceless state, and that suspicious 
eagerness of alarm, whicli keeps her in a 
constant state of feverish excitation ; and 
woe be lo the wretched intruder, whether 
man or beast, who should unwarily, at 
such a time, approach the precincts of 
her sanctuary 1 Even in a state of cap- 
tivity, she may have been previously sub- 
jected to the control of her keeper; she 
now loses all respect for his commands, 
and abandons herself occasionally to the 
most violent paraiysms of rage. 

" Of this the individual lioness now in 
the Tower afibrds a striking example. 
We hare already obKrred, in oar account 



of the Hon, that, for a considerable time 
after her arrival in England, she was bo 
tame as to be allowed frequently to roam 
at large about the open yard ; and even 
long after it had been judged expedient 
that this degree of liberty should no 
longer be granted, her disposition was far 
from exciting any particular fear in the 
minds of her keepers. As an instance of 
this, we may mention that when on one 
occasion, about a year and a half ago, 
she had been suffered, through inadvert- 
ence, to leave her den, and when she was 
by no means in a good temper, George 
Willoughway, the under keeper, had the 
boldness, alone, and armed only with a 
stick, to venture upon the task of driving 
her back into her place of confinement ; 
which he finally accomplished, not, how- 
ever, without strong symptoms of resist- 
ance on her part, as she actually made 
three springs upon him, all of which he 
was fortunate enough to avoid. 



APHORISMS. 

Slkrp, the t;p« ofdetlh.iialso, like tint which 
it lypifiei. reiLrided to the el'th. Ii Bid from 
hell, aod it excluded frDin heaven. — Coltoh. 

To Imow & DiiD, observe how he wini hii ob- 
fecl, »ther ihaa liow he Inui it ; for. when we 
fell, ouf pride suppoiti ui ; when we succeed, it 
beiia;i ui III. 

Civil freedom ii not ■ thine thai 1i» hid in Ihe 
deplhi of ahjtruK teience. It ii i bleuing aad ■ 
benefit, not an sbilnet ipeculatian ; and iJI the 
juit reaioamg that can bear upon it ii of m coane 
a tenure ■* perlecilj lo luit the aidiDarj capaci- 
ties of ihoae who are to enjoy aod those who are 
iodefcBdit— Buaar. 

The (npice eieraiMd by Sataa over man i* to 
ha regarded, not a* iba power of a prioeo, but ai 
thalof BO tieculionri — CnaaHOca. 

Surety he ia not a foal that hath nnwiM 
^iboaghts, bat ha that alien Ihem.— Br. Hill. 



THE PSALMS, MelHcally i 
Amainl. SirTTi«ypr miiiaa, 4i 
Thl oily bMk IB Ae IbltfiA Itatmrngi 



Sm br S. Biplcr, PiIrnoMCT How ; Dartnii, aol- 
!._ D — j_.....^. 4,^_ Commn: Daniw and 



Co , Gn< 



BRITISH COLLEGE OF HEALTH, KING'S 

CROSS, N£W ROAD, LONIMN. 
MORISON'S UNIVEKSAL VEGETABLE 

MEDICINE. 

Ts Mr. A. Cbuhtwiri, Ocacnl Acaal ftir the lA tl 

IlDrlu'i Pllli. 

Bray— Gnlllade lo God. ■• fiotn whom ill Mnilan 

cart! Ob IWwlay, Ihe llih (^ or3e|HtnCr^ ww 
_..__. ._.... .._. -_..^... ai„,j„_ rji^ y^ CboJciB 

iBBtr: vkilfBl cnmp In u. 

pMly ippniuklat mj kodj, 

— . — -. r-,-. — .... Bl«, vlolenE puxkBf, A tab- 

V Uke Kr«cl vu ill Ihil cini? tftim me; 1 wii et- 
Hy tick; ny btmker Lhoofbt 1 nntt die aaleu I 



■.lDH<|(l.]ei.«reer,. 

rillidltwived, bulibe • 



xiid incnii 


o1.*l 


«l 1,). •«! p.t In 


o hnl bl.iik.lt: ikl 




rtbolU 


*>,.. .Bd 1 HHB rouod oerCeet «» ■ 1 


e..J«,ed . V 


,y ^.1 B^ihl't roi ; bDI 


h.. Bexl d.y I wu 


Klied »lth 




li[..(lheb.>tyi,»l 






'i'nV 


J_piu. «;« j^'; 


niej 111* dhort.; 


l>r«.<<.1 me 








0.1 ukiix 






»UhlbeUe.tla(o( 


GodanilK 






overed. 






1 ..B..IB, Sir. y 


SraATroiD.*' 


Norwid., 


OMC. 


■»4 nddla yViS 




Ocliiberliid 






T«Hr. 








Bi..-1 t. 




b^- .i«ct»ily tha 
oilioii-> VefHable 


kml (D (he Falker 


or Ht,t)». 


■nd M 


Htdkloe, .. Ike 










Cholera. 




l»b. of Z' IIU. o( 


'ftl^U'.'I'w 






■0 vluleMl), lb> 


1 na.lnd •efteal 




okl nie 


; I W.I alu «ry ri<*. abd m. bo«*b 


e.rtfUlnil) 


rel..ed: 1 b«l eltve- blU 


•«<No.adiuawd 


■ nd given mr, id. 




t Blahl 1 took eliht 








IMlB. Ico 




UklBK wnall iia» 


Kr ■ r><r d.yi. Md 


■IB iuppr 1 




.11 ,m BcmeoUrely reaurrd lo^aM. 








S<aaa Basaat^ 


Nor-lch. oppuiie 






81. P.0 


■,.Ot 






lu [fa. .l».e in. 


l.'li1llB'.'*'Mired'7ht 


rewDlLii|lo.Uli|y 
oiay pleue la ull 










•< liberty ID 




Kj.c oUier per* 
«Dpl.iB.. by k„ 


u lli^l have bee> 


cedof K, 


»nie 


™-. HHlicino. ii. 



The " Vei«.bl« Uolnrul H«ri)eiBn" art u be had .1 
IheOollece, New K.«l, KiBe't Cr«, LondoBt M lb. 
Smtey DriDCh, M.Cre.lSnrrey street: Mr. PieM'B, IS, Air- 
■imi, Qndr.Bli Mr. duppi'll'i. Boytt Eaeluaite; Hr. 
Wilker"., I^rab't-eoBdtil-piwne, ftiiUUiin-Hinre ; Mr. 
J. Lun'i, MUe^od-iaad: Mr. Bcnneirj, CoTeDi-nnte.- 
markei; Hr.H.ydDn't, Hear^le-liccoBn. NDncHi.AlgBU: 



Bremcoid; Mn.8l.p|iloi,CI><e-nHrkel; 
Lilllt KeU-alley-. mU V.ral<,M, L^u- 



yn-ureet^ Mr. Hoo 



1. Plppeu-i, IS, 

--•OB, le,^ew 

•BireU; Ur. 
r.Pa™,et, 



Mr. (itlftltbl, Waud.wh'rf.CreeDHlchi Mr. Pill, 1 
w.1l4»d, Lambeih; Hr. J. DobHB, », Cnveo^lml, 
StiiDdi Mr. OJiver, Bridte-iinet, Vinmball; Mi. 1. 
Mnnck. Bexlcy Heuk; Mr. T. Slokei, It, Hi. Boun'a. 
■fptnidi Mr. CaiieU.n,TarT>«. PlmllcDj Hr. Parfln, 
««, Edfnre-iMri; Mr.Hirti PiKWnaBlk-plMa.EeiwlBK- 
(sd-Uik: Mr. ChirleimHIli.fmer, IM.Bhondluh; Mr. 
R. C. Bowec, rcrac«.tt,Brfr'kl>Be, Si. Lake-i; Hr. S. 
J. Avili.uimbnikcr, oppotlle tkeekartb, HiekBR; Ht 
J. S. ttrint, I, BruBixtcli- place, Slokt NeuiBgioB; Ifr. 
T. Oirdoer, M, Wood-tlnxl, CheapiMe, ud 0, NDCtoa- 
Itinle 1 Mr. J. WlUliiDwa, 13. Beabri^i-p(..ee, Kmdkmti- 
ru^; hr.J. Otborn, Wdli-Hiw. H«W mri, lit 
Hom.rloai Mr. H.Coi, irucer, IS, linlaB^irM, BbbBOe- 
nre Blirel : Hr. T. W.Her, f h«»(.wi.fBt, «, Ho«r- -^^ 

BrIulD, ihe Iilindi of Cnertuey .ad mJu; mml thn^b- 
DDt Ihe wfaol.^ or ihi Ualicd Sutet of AmaKa. 
N. H. Tlie CoUejt lalll BOl b. uuwer.kle hK lb* caa- 

' -■■-' 'i by .By cfaynlA or dnfEkf. 

•efi Uk ■' Ualnnal 8idi- 



l.COTB- 



SE 



1 aUswed U 



eatioM for the Editor are lo ha 



THE TOURIST; 



Sftttdi Mmh Of ttie ^imt9» 



' Utilb Dulci." — Horace. 



Vol. I^— No. 33. Sdfplimbnt. MONDAY, MARCH 46, 1833. 



Pbicb Onb Fbnnt. 



HOTEL DE VILLE, PARIS. 



The establishment of Town-halls, or, 
MM thev are called in French, Hotels dc 
yille, Hotela dea ComiDUDea, or Maisons 
CoiDiniinales, in the towns and cities of 
the continent was, probably, siniultane- 
OVB with the granting of the charters 
which conferred upon the inhabitants 
fieedom and privileges, and may be 
dated from about the commencement of 
the twelfth century. At this period every 
town was subject to some lord, who, when 
hi* pecuniary exigencies necesailated it, 
pwited, for a stipulated price, a chaiter 
wbkb gave a code of fixed sanctioned 
vnttoms, and a set of privileges, always 
iacludiag municipal or elective gbvem- 



ment. The institution of these free cities 
and boroughs was one of the contributing 
causes of the decay of the feudal spirit, 
and the total abolition of vilienage. To 
Louis the Sixth has been commonly re- 
ferred the granting of some of the earliest 
charters of community ; one to the city 
of LaoD was granted in 1112, and to 
Amiens in 1114. The example was gra- 
dually followed, until the end of the 
thirteenth century, when the custom pre- 
vuled throughout France. 

The origin of the municipal rights of 
Paris, as Uiey existed before the first re- 
volution, is mvolved in much obscurity. 
Tlw Frencli historians claim for it a con- 



tinuance, from the time of the Romans, 
of a municipal magistracy, and the pri- 
vilege of internal regulation, of whick 
they assert the French and Gothic con- 
querors left it in possession, as also that 
it exercised its franchises during the ages 
of feudalism. That it possessed a muni- 
cipal government in the earliest period of , 
its history was established, by the dis- 
covery in 1711 of an inscription, showing 
that, in the reign ofTiberius, an associated , 
body, under the denomination of tfavtet, 
or NaviculainM, erected an alUr to Eaui« 
Jupiter, and Vulcan ; that they possessed 
the privilege of the trade by water, aail 
had the regulating of the navigatioa (M 



THE TOURIST. 



the river. In later times this.association 
is mentioned as the Mercatares aqua 
Parisiacij having the acUitiDnal privxege 
of laying an impost upon dl comsiodi- 
ties brought to the city by water. They 
-were governed by officers selected from 
their own body, which appears to have 
consisted of the principal inhabitants. 
Thus far, once established, the transitiou 
to the modem municipal constiMlio* vW 
be easy, with its mayor, provost, sheriffs, 
and other officers, who had the care of 
the internal police of the city, and of the 
river, but possessed no judicial authority. 
As at present constituted, the munici- 
pdity^ ef Paris consists of twelve mayors 
(one t0«acli of tkc twcbie divisions of the 
city)^ ftgaktpH by two deputy mayors, 
who, including the prefect of the depart- 
ment, form a municipal body of thirty- 
seven persons. They have various func- 
tions assigned to them : including the 
general police of the city, cleansing and 
fighting. They have to perform the cele- 
bration of marriage, it being, since the 
revolution, considered merely as a civil 
contract. They keep aho the registers 
of births and deaths, and many other 
duties, but have no judicial jumaictioii. 
The chief of the municipality being the 
prefect, the Hotel de ViUe ia asa^ed to 
him. The wood-cut at the head of our 
paper is a representation pflhia building: 
It was erected from the fknna of Dome* 
nique Boccadora^an Italian nom Cortona. 
The style of architecture is not ui!qpleasing« 
and the jprincipal facade k wA without 
merit. The foundatiOB was laid in July, 
1533, and terminated in 1606* Previous 
to the revolution there vaa over the en- 
trance an eqneaUian stnlne of Hewy IV., 
an alto-relievo in bronie npon Unck mar- 
ble. It was placed there bv the cele- 
brated and patriotic Fnmceia liiroa, JPre- 
yot des Marckanda^ to whom P^s is 
indebted for many of its ntefiti eslablieh- 
ments. It was destroyed duriof Ae re^ 
volution, and is now ce-emplaeed by a 
basso relievo in plaster* During the re* 
volution the interior waa despoiled of 
every ornament and every inscription 
that had any connexion with monarehical 
government. There remains litUa else 
worthy of attention, except it be a bronze 
pedestrian statue of Louis the Fourteenth^ 
by Coysevox, which is considered to be 
rather a fine production, notwithstand- 
ing that, being dressed a la Qrecque, the 
artist has given it a full court wig. Within 
its waifs many of the worst and darkest 
scenes of the revolution were acted. It 
was in one of its chambers that Robes- 
pierre, that disgrace to human nature, 
was seized ; he resisted, and his jaw was 
shattered by a pistol shot. He was then 
thrown on a table, where he lay for two 
hours weltering in his blood, a most hide- 
ous spectacle, subject to the execrations 
and bowlings of an mfunated populace. 
He was removed ft-om thence only to be 



tried and executed, along with three and 
twenty other monsters, who suffered at 
I the sametime^ A recapitulation of the 
Besses which have occnrred within this 
building woukt present many cwrious and 
tragic events in connexion with the vari- 
ous revolutions of the French capital, but 
our limits will not allow us. We will 
netely mention Ae last memombte oc- 
cunence within its walls, which is of 
recent date — no later than 1830 — when 
the present ruler of the French received 
the crown at the hands of a self-consti- 
tuted government, whose nominal chief 
was Lafayette ; when the so often named 
programme was submitted to him, by 
which France was hencefnmafd lo be 
governed by '' a monarchy aucroonded by 
republican institutions.*' 

The open space before the building is 
called the Place de Gr4ve. It ia here 
that all executions took place, and it was 
here that, during the revolution, the guil- 
lotine was almofit permanent ; its earth 
was moistened with the beat and most 
illustrious blood of Prance. We believe 
that executiona are now no longer tole- 
rated within the French capital ; a piece 
of ground without the walls has been 
allotted for this purpose. 

In Felibien*s History of Paris, there is 
a atiigular ceremony recorded as being 
obeerved in innner times on the Place di 
Gr$ve» and, a9 the work it no| oQaimon, 
it ma^ amuse our readers. We need not 
premise lhnt» since the revelulionA die 
custom hat ceased. 

** The magistrates of the eity having 
ordared a large heap of faggnU to be (Miled 
up in the centre of the Place« the kinf » 
attended by hia conrt» came in jprocea- 
sion, and set fire to it. The enrlieit no- 
tice we have of this ceremony is of the 
year 1471, when Louii XI. perfemMd it. 
probably m imftation of hia roYAl pred::* 
cessors. His example wee fbllowedi by 
nearly all his suceesaora. Henry IV. end 
Louis XIII. seldom ftuied to observe h. 
Louis XIV. perfomed it but onen, m 
1648. This ceremony, called the feu 
de la Saint Jean^ was celebmted with 
much pomp and expeaee* In 1A73, it 
was performed by Henry III. in the fol- 
lowing manner: — In the centre of the 
Place de Greve was erected a pole sixty 
feet high, having numerous cross pieces 
of wood, to which were attached five 
hundred bundles of brush- wood, two 
hundred faggots (cottereh)^ and at the 
bottom ten loads of timber, with much 
straw. There was also a barrel and a 
wheel, probably containing combustible 
matter. The sum of forty-four livres was 
expended for crowns and garlands of 
roses; a large quantity of fireworks of 
all kinds were discharged ; and, to keep 
the populace in order, there were present 
120 archers,, 100 arbaletriers, and 100 
arquebusiers. To the pole was fixed a 
basket, containing two dozen cats and a 



fox, which were destined to be burnt 
alive — pour fbxre plairir i sa MafesiL 
Tq the cries ef the cats van added the 
noise of varione iq^lnimeQlll. The magis- 
trates gf the city, beartai^ yellow wax 
tapers, advanced in procession towards 
the pile, and presented to the king a 
taper of white wax, ornamented with red 
velvety with which his majesty set it on 
fife. When the wood and the cats were 
consumed, the king entered the Hotel de 
Ville, where a collation, consisting of 
cakes, tarts, and sweetmeats, was pre- 
pared. The people carried off the ashes 
and burnt wood in the belief that they 
wottM bring ^ood heck. 

*^ tenia XIV. haiing appealed only 
Qnce^ the attendance of the king waa 
discontinued, and the ceremony in after 
times lost much of its splendour. Lat- 
terly, the prevot des ntarchands^ the 
sheriffs, and municipal body, came in 
procession, set fire to the pile, and then 
immediately retired." T. 



ADDRESS TO THE KING OF SPAIN, 
FROM THIS INHAfllTANTS OF CUBA, 
FOR 9UV£ AMEUOUATiON. 

Wncii U is rememhered that the Spanish 
QoUmil^ laws paHiouWly favour the acqutre- 
maal ef liher^ ; aad that, in Cuba, the uum- 
her ef IVse kbeufers are to the bondmen as at 
least three ta ftve» we shall appreciate this re- 
presaalalion by Ihe munk;i|uility, consuladoy 
and ye^ollo Soeiety of the Havanna, on the 
9lii ef July, 1^*11, for the amelioration of 
sUvmi with a viaw to its utter extinction in 
thai Ouleny, as one of the most valuable oon- 
nswinna ever made, on the part of practical 
aid enfMrknoed inea« to the cause of negro 
IVeedam, and as a (ult and satisfaelaiy answer 
le all the wisieprsieatittlon of onr oolonistsy 
rMMBtlaf Uie piaelieahililf, ev ad?nptages, 
ef ifie IfVMnr In our sugar eetonios. 

*^ In aU Am ivlalBe to changes te be intn>- 
dnsed into the ean4itien of the servile class 
enr fimia ase less eaidted as lo the diminution 
ef ngfkmlittral weaJtb, than for die safety of 
the whitos, so easily eempamised hy fanpru- 
deot measures. Tho^e whe rttoWbein accuse 
the muoiiipaU^aBdeun«vlbliie€^»n uhstinate 

r si i i tonw i feifel ftat, tnm the year 1799, 
(aeea same authoHtiee have in vam proposed 
thai the state of the hla«hs In the Island of 
Cuba should he taken inlo consideration. Still 
more, we are far from adopting maxims 
which the nations of Europe, tiiat pride Uiem- 
selves most iu their civilisation, have regarded 
as irrefragable; for instance, that npithoul 
staves there can be ns colonies. We declare, on 
the etmtrary, that withtmi sluvte, and even 
wiikoHi blaeks. eoitmus cin bxist; and that 
all the dkferoDce would be in the amonnt nf 
ftwt^ in ih* maw or Uas rt^ iaoreaye of 
produce. But* if such be our nrm persuasioii^ 
we ought also to remind Tour M^estv, that a 
social organization into which slavery has Iteen 
once intrudnced a* a constituent, cannot be 
changed with - immediate precipitation. We 
aoe far ftmn denymg ih&t it was an eeftl oon* 
trsr^ to auiral priueiples lo drag ahtves Ams 
one oi>otioeBt to another « tiuii i^ wns*#ni MV 
in pQiitics not to li^u jto the cgjn|>laints whi^ 
Ovanda, the Governor of Hisp^ola,^ medi 



THE TO0RIST. 



tt7 



0k)oiig««mBllii«nter«l' fiutium ; tatviiiee 
«iM ««ils Mi4 irbBse abuses «ire nlvNidy inPe- 
fmnmi me •ag^ to a^oid vcnderii^ oiirwStta- 
ilioiH «»l tbat of o«r 9)kws, woffle, %5 llie on- 
ftopietft of violmt WMsiues. 'DnA «lkiok we 
alb, (ttie, is cMfefauilble to the wMii«xpie8sed 
by 000 «f <feft most jurdeot fimeotNs t)f tlie 
TigbtAof humanity, by the most decided enemy 
of slavery ; we wish with him that civil laws 
shtmld dki^nr^ Mi imve from the AMses and 
DANGERS OF IT."— IftonftoW*, Statistic* of 
Oubm^ voL i.^p. 329>-331. 



«DiL\L AND RELIOrOUS INFLUENCE 
OF TH£ CLASSICS. 

No. III. 

WnC POETS. — ^HOMfiR AKD VlftGlL. 

tr, then, such works do really impart their 
•wti spirit to the mind of an admiring reader, 
and \f this spirit be totally hostile to that of 
'Christianity, and if Christianity ought really, 
and in food faith, to be the supreme r^eot of 
a31 moral feeling, tlien it is endent that the 
Iliad, and all books which combine the same 
Hendency with great poetical excellence, are 
•Among the most mischievous things on earth. 
There is but little satisfaction, certainly, in 
illustrating the operation of evils without pro- 
posing any adequate method of contending 
with them. But, in the present case, I really 
do not see wliat a serious observer Of the cha- 
MMsler of manknd can offer. To wiah Hiat the 
4M>rk8 of Homer, and some jother great audiors 
of aatiqui^, should cease to be t^, is jast as ' 
-vaia as to wish they had never boea -writiCeB. 
^ to the far greater nmnber df veaden, it 
•■pcpe equally in vain to wish that pure ChrvB- 
4Bam seatineBls might be mifficiaitly weol- 
looiedv «id loved, to aooompaa^ <lhe 'Stady, 
mod oonstantly firevcsit the asjunow impMa- 
ama, of the woiks of pagan cookis. The few 
awaims of OhriBtianity to which ihe student 
.aM^ have assented without thought, and for 
which he has but little veneiation, will bat 
-^Mbly oppoee the inHneace ; the spifit of Ho- 
mer «ill vanquish as irresistibly asliis Acliilles 
waaquished. It is also most .peifectly true, 
4hat as kmg as pride, ambition, and ^ndio^ 
4i v<Bc s s bold so mighty a pievi^nce in the 
«9hnKter and in the natuR of our species, 
^bay would «till 'amply display Aemselves, 
though the stinulas of heroic poetry %vere 
withdrawn, by 'the annifailation of an ^diooe 
works which have invested the worst passions, 
and the worst actions, with a glare of gran- 
deur. With or without the infections of heroic 
poetr3\raen and nations will continue to com- 
mit offences against one another, and to avenge 
tliem — to assume an arrogant precedence, and 
acconnt it, and laud it, as noble spirit — tu 
celebrate their deeds of destruction, and call 
tiiem glory — to idolize the men who possess, and 
can infuse, the greatest share of an infernal 
fire — to set at nought all principles of virtue 
ajid religion in favour of some tlioughtless, 
vicious mortal, who consigns himself in the 
aame achievement to fame and perdition — to 
iraunt in triumphal entries, or funeral pomps, 
or bombastic odes, or strings of scalps, how 
iar human skill and valour can surpass the 
powers of famine and pestilence; men and 
nations will continue thus to act, till a mightier 
intervention from heaven shall establish tlie 
dominion of Christianity. Jn thai better sea- 
aon, perhaj^lhe gnat works •ofaaeieat/genius 



wiR %eTCad in such a dhponiioa of mtnd as 
'Oaa receive the intellectual impnyvement de- 
rivable freiB them, and, at the same t!me, as 
little coincide, tir be infected with their moral 
spirit, as in the present age we venerate their 
mythological vanities. 

In the meantime, one cannot beHeve that 
■any man, who serioudy refiects how absolutely 
the religion of Christ claims a conformity of 
his whole nature, will, without regret, feel 
hhnself animated with a class of sentiments, 
of wbi<^ &e habitnal prevalence would be the 
total precluinon of Christianity. 

And it seems to diow how Httle this religion 
is really mfiderstood, or even considered, in any 
of the Mx w n tri es tlenominaled Christian, that 
so many who profess to adopt it never once 
thought e€ <guaTdiiig tbeir own minds, and 
those of then* children, again^ the eloquent 
seductions of so opposite a spirit Probably 
they would be more intelligent and vigilant if 
any other mterest than that of ^eir professed 
religion were endangered. But a thing which 
injures them only in that concern is sure to 
meet with all possible indulgence. 

With respect to reHgions parents and pre- 
ceptors, whose children and pupiVs are to 
receive that liberal education which must in- 
evitably include the study of these great works, 
it will be for them to accomp&.ny the youthful 
readers throughout, with an effort to show 
them, in the most pointed manner, the incon- 
sistency of many of the sentiments, both with 
moml rectitude in general, and with the spe- 
cial dictfetes of Christianity. And, in order to 
give the requisite force to these dictates, it will 
be an important duty to illustrate to them the 
amiable tendency, and to prove the awful 
authority, of this di<;pensation of religion. 
This carefbl eflbrt will often but partially, 
prevent the mischief; but it seems to be all 
that can be done. 

Virgir^ woi% is a kind of lunar reflection of 
the ardent effulgence of Homer, surrounded, 
if I may extend the figure, with a beautiful ' 
balo of elegance and tenderness. So much 
more refined an order of sentiment might have 
rendered the heroic character far more attrac- 
tive, to a mind that can soften as well as glow, 
if there had actually been a hero in the poem. 
But none of Ihe personages intended for heroes 
ttdbe hold enough of the reader's feelings to 
assimilate them in moral temper. No fiction, 
or history of humnn characters and actions, 
will ever powerfully transfuse its spirit, with- 
out some one, or some very few individuals of 
signal peculiarity or greatness, to concentrate 
and erobodr the whole energy of the work. 
There woulri be no danger, therefore, of any 
onr's becoming an idolater of the god of war 
through the inspiration of the iE^eid, even if 
a lar)»er proportion of it had resounded with 
martial enterprise. Perfiaps the chief coun- 
teraction to Christian sentiments which I 
should apprehend, to an opening susceptible 
mind, would be a depravation of its ideas con- 
cerning the other world, irom the picturesque 
scenery which Virgil has opened to his hero 
in the regions of the dead, and the imposing 
images with which he has shaded the avenue 
to them. Perhaps, also, the aRecting senti- 
ments which precede the death of Dido might 
tend to lessen, especially in a pensive mind, 
the horror of that impiety which would throw 
back with violence the possession of life, as if 
in reproach to its great Author, for having 
suffered that there should be unhappiness in a 
world where there is sin. 



ACaUIRED WSTINCTS 0F5«)ME ANI- 
MALS fifiCOMfi ll£R£l>ITi4/kY^ 

It is, andonbtedly, true that anany saw 
habits and qualities have not. ^n^y been ^ao- 

Suired in recent times by certain jracos «f 
ogs, but have been Iransmitted to their ^- 
sprii^:. But ia these cases it will be cbservad, 
that the new peculiarities have ab intimifte 
relation to the nabits of the animal in a wild 
state, and, therefore, do not attest any tendency 
to departure to an indefinite extent from Ibe 
original ^ne of the ^>ecies. A race of dofs, 
employed for hunting deer in the platform «f 
Santa 'E6, in Hexioo, affords a beauti&l ilke- 
tration uf a new bereditary instinct The mode 
of attack, -observes Mr. Koalin, whioh th#y 
employ, consists in seizing the animal by ike 
belly, and overtiuning it by a sadden «£»!, 
taking advMitage of the moment when the 
body of the deer rests only upon the foae kgs. 
llie weight of the animal thus thrown over is 
often six times that of its antagonist The 
dog of pure breed inherits a disposition to this 
kind of chase, and never attacks a deer from 
before while running. Even should the latter, 
not perceiving him, come directly upon him, 
the dog steps aside, and makes his assault on 
the flank, whereas other hunting-dogs, thougb 
of superior strength and general sagacity, 
which are brought from Europe, are des^titute 
of this instinct, l^or want of similar preoatt- 
tions, they are often killed by the deer on the 
spot, the ¥ertebK» of their neck being di^a- 
cated by the violence of the shook. 

A new instinct has also become 4iefeditaiy 
in a mongrel laee of dogs, employed, by dia 
inhabitants of the banks of the Abgdalooa, 
almost exclusively in hunting the white-Kppod 
pecari. The addiress -of these dogstionsTsts ia 
restraining their ardour, and attM^hing them- 
selves to no animal ia -particular, belt keepiag 
the whole herd in check. Now, aamag i!me 
dogs some are found which, the very fhst tim» 
they are taken to the woods, are acqaainlei 
with this mode .of aUadc ; whereas, a dog of 
another breed starts forward at oaoe, is soft- 
rounded by the pecan, and, whalevar may be 
his strength, is destroyed in a momeat. 

Some of oar ooimtrymen, engaged «f late 
in conducting the principal mining aesipeii^ 
tions in Mexico, carried out with them soma 
English giayboBads, of the best breed, to hunt 
the hares which abound in that coaatiy. Ite 
great platform, which is the scene of .iqion,1s 
at an elevation of about nine thousand &8t 
above the level of the sea, and the mereniy in 
the barometer stands habitually at the hevht 
oF about nineteen inches. It was iband mat 
the greyhounds could not support the fatigans 
of a long chase in this attenuated atmoiqihsre, 
and bemre they oould come txp with their 
prey they iay down gasping Ibr biaath; bat 
these same animals have produced wbeifft 
which have grown up, and are not in the lewt 
degree incomnMMled 1^ the want of den.«iity in 
the air, but run down the haves withte maeh 
ease as the fleetest of their race in this country. 

I'hc fixed and deliberate stand of the pointer 
has, with propriety, been regarded as a meia 
modification of a habit, which may have been 
useful to a wild race aecusUnned to wind 
game, and steal npon it by sarprise, fint 
pausing for an instant in order to spring with 
unerring aim. The faculty of the rattaivar, 
however, aiay justly be regarded as nsare in- 
explicable, and less easily referrihie to the in* 
stinctive passions of tlie species. M. Ma|endte^ 
says a French writer in a reeent&y fmbli^M 
memoir, having learnt that there was a race of 



^ogs in England which stopped and bzouffht 
l»ck game at their own acconi, procnred a 
pair, and, having obtained a whelp from them, 
£^t it constantly under his eyes, until he had 
an opportunity of assuring himself that, with- 
out naTing received any instruction, and on 
the very first day that it was carri^ to the 
^shase, it brought back game with as much 
steadiness as dogs which had been schooled 
Into the same manoeuvre by means of the whip 
and collar. 

Such attainments, as well as the habits and 
-dispositions which the shepherd's dog, and 
many others, inherit, seem to be of a nature 
and extent which we can hardly explain by 
supposing them to be modifications of mstincts 
necessary for the preservation of the species in 
a wild state. When such remarkable habits 
appear in races of this species, we may rea- 
sonably conjecture that they were given with 
no otlier view than for the use of man and the 
preservation of the dog, which thus obtains 
protection. — C. Lyell. Principles of Geology. 

PROSPECTS OF THE ABOLITION 

CAUSE, 

We are induced to insert the following 
article from the " Christian Advocate," 
kupwing as we do the quarter from which 
it came, and feeling perfect confidence in 
the general correctness of its statements. 
Our readers may rely on our assurance 
-that, before the Easter recess. Government 
will ^% a day for the introduction of their 
Colonial measures ; but it is not probable that 
the discussion itself will take place before 
Jfay. Mr. Buxton, it may be expected, will 
withdraw his notice of motion, which now 
iStands for the 19th inst ; but, of course, not 
without a distinct promise that the ministerial 
hill will be brought forward at some definite 
-period, and will be of such a satisfactory chai^ 
«eter as to ju.stify him in resigning the parlia^ 
mentaxj conduct of the cause into the hands 
ef Government The West India body have 
■not yet arrived at any decision as to the terms 
which are reported to have been proposed to 
them. The precise nature of these terms is 
unknown. It is not improbable that the^ have 
leference to some scheme of compensation by 
kaa, as a douceur for their acquiescence in 
Ihe ministerial plan. If such is the case, we 
can tell both parties to the negociation that 
^ey are *' reckoning without their host" Not 
Doe penny of compensation will the country 
give — ^no, not the tithe of a penny — till the 
injury sustained becomes matter of experience, 
not of speculation ; and, even in that case, we 
shrewdly suspect that Ministers must take 
Cobbett into pay to carry them through. Com- 
pensation indeed ! No, no. We will neither 
he mortgagees of cart-whips, nor buy the 
equity of redemption in thumb-screws and iron 
joollars. But it is needless to argue on specu- 
lative premises. We know not, and we care 
not, what may be the purport of the West In- 
dia negociation with Downing-street ; but this 
we do know, that, if it is desired to carry im- 
mediate abolition by a ooup-demain, Minis- 
ters cannot do better than tack to the measure 
a plan of compensation! llie anti-slavery 
strength in the lower house consists, as we be- 
lieve, of about two hundred members, who are 
pledged up to the hilts to immediate unquali- 
iied emancipation ; of one hundred and fifty 
more who have trimmed their pledges to suit 
]their avowed liaisons with the partv in power ; 
and to these may possibly be adaed another 



THE TOURIST. 

fifty, or even one hundred, who have ingeni- 
ously contrived to involve their purposes in 
that dexterous ambiguity of language which 
will leave them at libertv to vote with the 
weather-vane without brealing a word of pro- 
mise. In spite of all the energy of the Agency 
Committee, it has been found impossible to 
keep out all anti-slavery pretenders of this 
class. It follows from this that, even in the 
teeth of Ministers, Mr. Buxton would com- 
mand, if not a m^vjority, at least a minority so 
formidable as to shake them in their seats ; but, 
inasmuch as all the weather-cocks would infal- 
libly follow the impulse given by such an un- 
expected display of strength, we are inclined 
to think that, even against Government, Mr. 
Buxton would achieve a triumph, if the contest 
turned upon the question of compensation ; 
for, independently of anti-slavery principle, 
there is not a Kadical in the house, from 
Hume to Cobbett inclusive, who, in such a 
division, would not side with us. But, in fact, 
we anticipate no conflict of the kind. We 
only advert to its possibility, to found upon it 
a caution to his Majesty's Ministers. By en- 
tangling the simple proposition of *^ immediate 
abolition " with any qualifying or compensa- 
tory appendages, they may array against them- 
selves, not only the West India body (now, to 
be sure, of very little consequence in the house, 
or out of it), but all the pledged Abolitionists, 
and all the pledged or unpledged Radicals; 
but if, on the coutrar^, they boldly assert the 
principle, without incumbrance of any kind, 
we venture to predict that, on no question 
which can come before parliament, will they 
unite such a vast majoritv of every colour and 
shade of political principle ! 

It is with great satisfaction that we avow to 
our readers our own confident persuasion that 
Government will proceed in a way strictly con- 
formable to our wishes; that, let the West 
India body prove compliant or refractory, it 
will make no difference; immediaU abolition 
will he proposed and carried; in what form, or 
by what means, has not hitherto been dis- 
closed, either to the West Indians or to the 
Abolitionists ; but both are aware that this is 
the present determination of the Cabinet ; and, 
upon that understanding, we are very ready, 
for our part, to leave all plans and provisoes to 
their wisdom and responsibility. Such were 
the feelings with which the deputation that 
waited on Lord Althorp from Aldermanbury 
quitted Downing-street; and such will, we 
trust, be the general feeling of the country; 
but it must not in any degree tend to subdue 
the public anxiety into a self-complacent in- 
activity. The House of Commons is a second 
Laputa; gentiemen there stand in constant 
need of ear- flappers. Their constituents, then, 
must keep them awake by incessantly joming 
their memories about the promises of last 
autumn. It will be of infinite service to remind 
our representatives, by freauent letters^ signed 
by as many as possible oftkeir most influential 
supDorterSy that they are expected to be at 
their posts, and strenuously to advocate that 
measure, whatever it may be, which is most 
unequivocal and decided in favour of the slave. 
It would greatly promote the interests of the 
cause, if such electors as act upon this sugges- 
tion would also give themselves the additional 
trouble of informing the Anti-slavery Commit" 
tee that they have done so, ft should be recol- 
lected that) even if signed only by one or two 
individuals, such ear-flapping letters should 
still be sent, because a gfreat many electors, 
members of the same constituency, may hap- 
pen to write unknown to each other; and the 



efficacy of the stimuliis depends as mnoh iiMi 
its frequency as upon its specific fofoe« We 
all remember the ingenious cruelty which ter- 
minated its victim's life by the incessant fall 
of a ringle drop of water on the forehead. We 
have no n^ish to cut short their days; bat we 
have no objection thns to excite onr n| 
tatives to a littie Anti-slavefy madness. 



A BEAU OF THE FOURTEENTH 
CENTURY. 

He wore long pointed shoes, fastened to hif» 
knees by sold or silver chains; hose of one 
colour on Uie one leg, and of another colour on 
the other; short breeches which did not leaok 
to the middle of his thighs, and fitting so as 
to disclose the shape; a coat, the one half 
white, the other half black or blue ; a long 
beard ; a silk hood buttoned under his chin, 
embroidered with grotesque figures of animals, 
dancing men, &c., and sometimes ornamented 
with gold and precious stones! This dress 
was the top of the mode in the reign of Ed- 
ward III. We may in some measure guess at 
the expences which the dress of the times 
must occasion to a man of the world, by the 
account which Adam Merimult gives of Sir 
John Arundeirs wardrobe, when setting out, 
in 1380, on a warlike expedition against 
France. He had " two and fiftie new suits of 
apparell of cloth of gold or tissue." — Strut^e 
Customs^ 8rc, * 

THE SCOTTISH THISTLE. 

This ancient emblem of Scottish pugnacity, 
with its motto, Nemjo me impune lacessety is re- 
presented of various sqpecies in royal bearings^ 
coins, and coats of armour, so that there is 
some difficulty in saying which is the genuine 
oririnal thisde. The original of the national 
badge itself is thus handed down by tradi- 
tion : — When the Danes invaded Scotland, it 
was deemed unwariike to attack an enemy in 
the pitch darkness of night, instead of a pitched 
battle by day ; but, on one occasion, the inva- 
ders resolved to avail themselves of this strata- 
gem, and, in order to prevent their tramp from 
being heard, they marched barefooted. Th^ 
had thns neaied the Scottish force unobservec^ 
when a Dane unluckily stepped with his naked 
foot upon a superbly priciced thistie, and in- 
stinctively uttered a cry of pain, which disco- 
vered the assault to the Soots, who ran te 
their arms, and defeated the foe with terri- 
ble slaughter. The thistie was immediately 
adopted as the insignia of Scotland. 



BUONAPARTE'S LAST WISH. 

O ! bury me deep in the boundless sea. 

Let my heart nave a limitieu grave ; 
For my spirit in life was as fierce and free 

As the coune of the tempest's wave* 
And as far from the reach of mortal control 

Were the depths of my fathomless mind ^ 
And the ebbs and flows of my single soulj 

Were tides to the rest of mankind: 
Then my briny pall shall engirdle the world. 

As in life did the voice of my fame ; 
And each mnunous billow that skyward eurrd 

Shall to fancy re>echo my name. 

That name shall be storied in record sublime^ 
I n the uttermost comers of earth ; 

And renowned, till the wreck of expiring timer 
Be the glorified land of my birth ! 

1 bnry my heart in the bonndlest sea. 
It would burst from a narrower tomb. 

Should less than an ocean my sepalchre bcu 
Or if wrapt in less horrible gloom* 



THE TOURIST. 



TiiK above engraviag tepreaents the 
■very beautiful situation of Mon^hyr, a 
celebrated town and fortress of the pro- 
vince of Bahar, in Britisli India, about 
300 miles north-west of Calcutta. It is 
-situated on the south side of the river 
Gang;es, which is in this part very 
wide, and in the rainy season forms an 
immense expanse of fresh water. The 
town, as distinct from the fortress, con- 
sists of sixteen different bazaars or mar- 
ket'placea, scattered over a space of 
about a mile and a half lon^ and a mile 
wide, and contains a population estimated 
at about 30,000. This place was visited 
by the late Bishop Heber in an excursion 
"Up the Gang^es, from whose journal we 
extiact the following description ; — 

" Monghyr, as one approaches it, pre- 
sents an imposing; appearance, having 
one or two extremely good European 
houses, each perched on its own little 
eminence. The ghSt afforded a scene of 
bustle and activity which I by no means 
«xpected. As we approached the shore, 
we were beset by a crowd of be^ars and 
artisans, who brought for sale guns, 
knives, and other hardware, aa also many 
articles of upholstery and toys. They 
looked extremely neat, but, as I meant 
to buy none, I would not raise expecta- 
tion by examining them. There were 
also barbers in abundaiire, conspicuous 
by their red turbuns, one of whom was 
soon retained by sumc of my Uandees, 
who sat down one Hfier another on the 
gieen bank, to hu\e their hair clipped as 
close as possible, as became aquatic i 
mall. A juggler, too. made his appe 
ance, leading a call brown goat, almost 



MONGHYR, HINDOSTAN. 

s high as a Welsh ponej, with two little 
brown monkeys on its back. In short, 
it was the liveliest scene which I had en- 
countered during the voyage. 

"I arrived early, and was therefore for 
some time a prisoner in my boat, exposed 
to the teazing of various applicants for 
custom. As it grew cool, 1 walked into 
the fort, passing by a small but neat 
English burying-ground , fenced in with 
a wall, and crammed full of those obelisk 
tombs which seem almost distinctive of 
European India. The fort occupies a 
great deal of ground, but is now disman- 
tled. Its gates, battlements, &c., are 
all of Asiatic architecture, and precisely 
lar to those of Khitairgorod of Mos- 
Within is an ample plain of fine 
turf, dotted with a few trees, and two 
noble tanks of water, the largest covering 
a space of a couple of acres. Two high 
grassy knolls are enclosed within the 
rampart, occupying two opposite angles 
of the fort, which is an irregular square, 
with, I think, twelve semicircular bas- 
tions, and a very wide and deep wet moat, 
except on the west side, where it rises 
immediately from the rocky banks of the 
river. On one of the eminences of which 
1 speak is a collection of prison-like 
buildings ; on the other, a very lai^ and 
handsome house, built originally for the 
commander-in-chief of the district, at the 
time that Monghyr was an important 
station, and the Mahrattas were in the 
neighbourhood ; but it was sold some 
vears since by the government. The view 
from the rampart and the eminences is 
extremely fine. Monghyr stands on a 
rocky prooMititory, with the broad river on 



both sides, beyond one of which the 
Rajmah&t hills are visible, and the other 
is bounded by the nearer range of Cur- 
ruckpoor. The town is larger than I ex- 
pected, and in better condition than most 
native towns. Though all the houses ai« 
small, there are many of them with an 
upper story, and the roofs, instead of the 
flat terrace or thatch, which are the only 
alternations in Bengal, are generally slop- 
ing, with red tiles of the same shape and 
appearance as those which we see in 
Italian pictures. They have also little 
earthenware ornaments on their gablei^ 
such as I have not seen on the other side 
of Rajmahal, The shops are numerous, 
and 1 was surprised at die neatness of tlio 
kettles, tea-trays, guns, pistols, toasliog- 
forks, cutlery, and Other things of the 
sort which may be procured in this tiny 
Birmingham. I found afterwards that 



who had been solemnly worshipped, and 
was supposed to have had a workshop 
here. The only thing which appears to 
be wanting to make their steel excellent, 
is a better manner of smelting, and a 
more liberal use of charcoal and the 
hammer. As it is, their guns are very 
apt to burst, and their knives to break,^ 
precisely the faults which, for want of 
capital, beset the works of inferior artists 
in England. The extent, however, to 
which these people carry on their manu- 
factures, and the closeness with whictt 
they imitate English patterns, show 
plamly how popular those patterns are 
become amongst the natives. ' 



S70 



TBK TOtTRftT. 



MACHINERY. 

The chief distinction between Won te ii 
rade, and man in a civjlixed state of socltf^ h. 
that the one wastes his force, whether iiiitiiral 
or acquired, — the other economises, that If, 
saves it The imm in a rude isiMje has very 
rude instruments ; he therefbre wastes his 
force : the tinan in a etriliBed state hfts very 
perfect ones ; he therefore economises it 
Would yon not latt^ at the gardener who 
went to hoe his potatoes with a stick, having 
a short crook at the end ? It would be a too), 
you would say, ilt only for children to use. 
Vet such a tool wns deahtless employed by 
some veiy ancient nations ; for there is an oM 
medal of flyfVCMe which t^pr^seftts this very 
tool. The cxwnmow hue «f the fin^rli^ pLT- 
dener is f^ Ihraeh nMtfe }pfftf^0f!i Isiri, beeaui« it 
saves lahottt. Conid y(ML h$m ttur ii^iiht of 
the madness of the Mian wh« would ptrrpose 
that all iron htOes i^heuM be al>olished^ to 
furnish moM iBftlensive ettipley to labourers 
who shoakA fte pmVitAed only with a crooked 
stick cut t)«t «f a hedjref Tlie Cfuth is, if you, 
the workiilg^mett of EnglAmi, htiA no bener 
tools thail i!1^mI!^ sttd^ yt>n w^tild be m a 
state of aeUm) ^miUmt. t>«D of t)te tlifefs 
of the people df New %^kfii«l, m\m^ fhwn th^r 
intercourse with £fifi(1tslfMie«H had )«*mt the 
value of tools, told Mr. Khiraid^n, «. tftfe»ii(mar)> 
that his wooden spades were "All bti^tett, tatd he 
had not an axe to make any more ; his canoes 
were all broken, and he had not a nail or a 
gimlet to mend them with ; his potatoe grounds 
were linoultivated, and be bad not a hoe to 
break them up with ; and that, ft»r tponi of 
eultvwUitmy he and his people would have no- 
thing to eat. This shows you the state of a 
people without tools. 

But ymi would perhaps ma^e a distinction, 
^hich we have endeavoured to show you is a 
worthless one, between tools and machines. 
There are many who object to machinery, 
because, having grown op surrounded with the 
benefits it has conferred upon them, without 
understanding the source of these benefits, 
they arc something like the child who sees 
botbing but evil in a rainy day. We have 
ttientioned the people of New Zealand, wht) 
Uve exactly on the other side of the globe, and 
wkto, thei'efore, very rarely come to ns; but 
when they do coraei^ they are acute enough to 
perceive the advantages which machinery has 
conferred upon us, and the great distance in 
po^nt of comfort between their state and ours, 
prfncipally fbr the reason that tbev have no 
Hiachinei^', while we have a great deal. One 
Af iSiese poor men burst into tears when he 
bAw a rope- walk ; because he perceived the im- 
mense superiority which the process of spin- 
ning ropes gave us over his own countrymen. 
Another of these people, and he was a very 
shrewd and intelligent person, carried back to 
Iris comitrv a small hand-mill for grinding 
eoTB, which he prized as the greatest of all 
eintlily possessions. 

And well might lie prize it! He had no 
machine for converting corn into meal but two 
stones, such as were used in the remote parts 
of the highlands of Scotland, some yeare ago. 
And t : 'x'ut the grain into meal bythcse two 
8t6ues (a machine, remember, however imper- 
fect) wpnM occupy the labour of one-fourth 
ef his family, to procure subsistence for the 
other three fourths. The ancient Greeks* 
three thousand years ago, had improved upon 
Ihe machinery of the hand-stones for they 
had hand-intlls. But Homer, the old Oreek 
poet, deteribes the unhappy condition of the 



slave who was always employed in using this 
mill. The gTMiM of the slave were unheeded 
by dnwv wfi^ cefistitted the prodttee of his 
labour; iMfd INK^ WM the necessity for meal, 
thijkt the wonen were compelled to turn these 
mills when there were not slaves enough taken 
'n war to perform this irksome oiSce. There 
was plenty of labour then to be performed, 
even with the machinery of the hand-mill ; 
but the fllaves and the women did not consider 
that labour was a good in itself, and therefore 
they bitterly groaned under it. By and by, 
the understanding of men found out that water 
and wind would do the same work that the 
slaves and ^e women had done ; and that a 
lai^ge ^nanlily of labour w«t itt liberty to be 
emploj^ fer other pvMpeees. Yo«l perbtps 
thi A th«t Meittjr ^fi«s in * wone utatie ki con- 
se^neiiee^ We will tell ton exeetly in wliat 
reepeets WMSeOf 8»i»iv ftiid wli«l jnu mOa as 
l)*n ^^fso^m^^ fy the ftbofHfon or hatil-mil^ 
and the tm of wM-milU and waler4iillB ft^r 
griniling com. 

Labo«f is worth ftething without resnlte. 
rts i!«iae is only to be nieasmied by what it 
prodneee^ If hi a «9o«intt7 ^M^ete bsod^tnille 
could l$e had) the people were ft> go on beat- 
inj^ grain between two stones, ycm would 
pMMPOiMiee thcM fboht, beoiftiive they couM 
obHitii «« e^ftl i|nfintlty <»f meal with a nnie^ 
fess expMwAftnfe m labonr. Von have perhaps 
A g^'reral pnejwterc against that «ort of machi- 
nery which does its work with very little human 
assistance; it is not qnite so certain, therefore, 
tliat you would agree that a people would be 
equal fools to use the hand-mills when they 
could employ the wind-mill or the water-mill. 
But we believe you would think, that if flour 
could drop from heaven, or be had like water by 
whoever chose to seek it, it would be the height 
of folly to have stones, or hand-mills, or water- 
mills, or wind-mills, or any machine whatever 
for manufacturing flour. Do you ever think of 
tnanuftLctwrifn^ ^vater.^ The cost of water is 
only the cost of the labour which brings it to 
the place in which it is consumed. Yet this ad- 
mission overtiims all your objections against 
machinery. You admit that it is desirable to 
obtain a thing ^vith no labovr at all ; can you 
therefore doubt that it is desirable to obtain 
it with the feast possible labour P The only 
difference between no labour and a little 
labour, is the difi*erenoe of the cost of pro- 
duction. And the only difierenoe between 
little labour and much labour is precisely the 
same. In pi^ocuring any thing that adminis- 
tei*s to his necessities, man makes an exchange 
of his labour for the thing produced, and the 
less he gi^es of his labour, the better of course 
is his bargain. 

To rctnm to the band-mill and the water- 
mill. An ordinary water-mill for grindiiig 
com will grind about thirty-six sacks a day. 
To do the same work with a haud-mill would 
require 150 men. At two shillings a-day, the 
wages of these men would amount to £\5, 
which, reckoning six working days, is £90 a 
week, or £4680 a-year. The rent and taxes 
of a mill would be almut £160 a-year, or ten 
shillines a working day. The cost of machinery 
would be certainly more for the hand-mills tlwn 
the water-mili, therefore we will not take the 
cost of machinery into the calculation. To 
produce, therefore, thirty-six sacks of flour by 
hand we should payjCl5; bv the water-mill 
we shoidd pay ten shillings : that is, we should 
pay thirty times as mnch by the one fwocess ais 
by* the other. The atctual saving is MOtnethtfig 
about one-half of the price of the flour in the 
market ; that is, the'ooBsumer, if the corn were 



ground by hand, would pay double what he 
pays now that it is ground at a mill. He 
pa^s lOtf. for bis quartern loaf now ; he would 
pay QOd. then. 

But if the system of grinding com by hand 
were « vety reoent syitem in society, and the 
introduction of so great « benefit as the water- 
mill had all at once displaced the hand-grind^ 
ers, as the spinning machinery displaced the 
spinning-wheel, what most become, you say, of 
the one hundred and fifty men who earned the 
£15 a-day, of which sum the consumer has 
now got £\4 lOs, in his pocket ? They must 
go to other work. And what is to set them to 
that work. The same £14 10«. ; which, being 
saved in the price of flour, gives the poor man, 
tts well ie the fteh man^ more animal food and 
l^el:| lb gyettter quantity ef dothes, and of a 
beflferfMtojr^ ^«tier toirilMMi iUid more of 
ftt lii w il iii l tft tttelwrflti wnl Iw i h i. To produce 
tiMMtt thiMft ikmt WBOX te HOft labourers 
employed mm befl»ve. The i|witt% of labour 
is, raeieiWre, net diml»iahed« wMe its produc- 
tiveness is much increawd. It is as if every 
UMA aneilf ne had beeome euddenly much 
stnmlrer am more iiidu^Uptow&i The machines 
k^veitr fbr ii% and a» y«t eatisfied without 
either food or clothiag. Tht^y increase all our 
comfbft% aail they iMHiea»e none themselves. 
The kMrd^niills are not grinding, it is true; 
but the shifls ore sailing that bring us foreign 
prodnce ; toe looms are moving l£at give us 
more clothes ; the potter, and gl&ss-maker, 
and joiner, are each employed to add to our 
household goods ; we are each of us elevated 
in the scale of soevety ; and all these things 
happen because machmerv has dimiiiished ifie 
cost of ptodttcti<Mi.^^i2«iwte pf Mmkm m ^ * 



DESTRUCriON OF THE LIBRARY Gf 

BUDA. 

In 1526 Soliman II. invaded Hungary, and 
totally deibited the Christian army at Mohacz, 
led by Lewis II. He is smothered in a «Him^ 
as he flies. The Turks take Batka and i^^eet; 
and ravage all Hungary, carrying off ldO,<XA 
slaves. Fortunately for Ckristeiraom, a revolt 
in the Asiatic provinces, occasioned by a ru- 
mour of the sultan's death, calls the victor 
home, alftd prevents his completing the con- 
quest of Hnngary. 

Litemtttie sustained an iitepanuMe loss M 
Buda, by the dettntctbn of toe iihrny oel^ 
lected from the reliques of ConstanUnopiitan 
science, bv Matthias Corviaus, King of Hun- 
gary, and placed in a magnificent tower, 
wherein thirty secretaries were constantly em- 
ployed in transcribing and collating m ana- 
scripts. l*hese unhappy voleMies, doonaed to 
aeeeond bondage to Ottoman barharisiBy w<ei% 
now torn to pieces for their rick bimtiage aail 
weighty booes. Cardinal Boamaani in vaia 
tempted the captors to relinquish their prize, 
with the offer of 200,000 pieces of imperial 
coin. The learned Ob.sopaeus was more for- 
tunate ; he bought of a private soldier a tnana- 
teript, what proved to be *' The i&lhiepfes -of 
HeHodonis." FVwd ifais, in IdM, he fffintafl 
the first edition of that eurions woiek. 

Lambecius says that, bavaag been aent bf 
the Emperor Leopold, in 1H65, to examine 
what might remain of the library, he was not 
permitted to enter the room till after much 
delay and difficulty; that he found theft 
about four hundred printed books, of no va}a«» 
soattered over the floes^ and oo«end w4ck 
filth and ihist — Andnw's MiHcirjf.of 
BriUnn. 



THETOlTRIfflR 



EEYIBHr. 

Tmt SfUFULffus OF CoLONui. Slavkrv. By 
BoBBRT H ALLEY. Loodoo : Hawflton. 

Tfic wpM | ) i 'i» gKa 8 wbidi tbe nM^ftn 
ctnm Ims reeortlj made esnnot fUl to gntif^ 
mmy Iramaae anid Christiaa nhid. The reh- 
g ia m pait of Hhe eonraraiHty have beeii eflbc- 
tmJ&y aionaed br the penaeutkm of ^eir 
ivlanoiiariea; ana aa aetiTe, extensile, aud 
ly tai atfe ao-openUton baa thus been ob» 
tatead. Tbe pitvioua 8Uf>inene9B of religions 
am waa a matter of aeep regret to OMny 
fitiaada of ChrietiaBity. It gave some appeal^ 
9mm of eaaetieii to tbe impionn appeal which 
tba «lave»bo1der made to revelation, and greatiy 
-araahenod Ae bands of those pbilanthn>pi&ts 
ulia ware seeing to bnrst the bonds of colo- 
nial 0ecrtUido. 

ft baa afforded na plearare to see many of 
tbaniiDistem of reli^n, both in tbe Estabnsh- 
naiit and among Dissenters, exerting their 
iniuenoe for the promotion of ^is righteous 
oasae. No bibonr of love can be more appro- 
fmie to thetr office; no work of mercy and 
jaatiee can more cogentlr be enforced by the 
mild principles of their faith. They are thus 
MIowtng the example of their Master, in the 

S>motion of human happiness; and cannot 
1, by a patient continuance in such labours, 
ta seeure his approval. 

The publication before ns was delivered as 
a lecture at the Monthly Meeting of Congre- 
gational Ministers and Churches in London, 
OB the seventh of February last It displays 
an extensive ee(^uaintance with the subject — 
evposea the futility of tbe appeal which Colo- 
nial wiHers make to revelation in support of 
tbeir system— and exhibits, in a luminous and 
imprfaBive manner, tbe murderous character 
of Colonial Stavery. Mr. H alley has evidently 
acquainted himself with the details of the 
'oaestion which be undertakes to di^uss, and 
^ manner in which be has exhibited bis 
iaIbrmatioB ie alike creditable to bis bead and 
heart He haa committed a slight mi^Uike in 
his statement of the case of Haiti. The eman- 
eipatioB of the negroes is represented as having 
afaready taken place previously to tbe civil 
vfAr between the royalists and republicans. 
But t%e reverse of this was tlie case. The two 
parties took to arms in 1790 ; but tbe proclar 
matioB of Polverel, giving freedom to the 
slftvesv waa not issued till August, 1799; and 
tbe decree of the French Assembly, aboHshing 
aktvery throughout, waa passed in February, 
Vr^. This h/d strengthens our case, by 
sbuwing that slavery has been aboKsbed with 
safety, even amid the carnage and brulidity of 
a' civil war. Tbe following extract fhmishes a 
fur speeimen of the author*s style: — 

" I must ccDfioe myself to one most fearful 
charge^ but that demonstrably true* It b a vmcr- 
dtrous system. Its victims are nigh ualo death ; 
they are ready to l>e shiiD. 

" In ten years, the slave popnlation of our 
colonies Ims beea dimioished hy 50,000. What 
a.' tali ef iotMMe misery di>e9, that single Alct on- 
f(»ki.l Thai pepuhuion should' increase, i« oae of 
tb# ««U^ etNUtant Ivmt of natbn ; and when pro- 
decitial arraqgeneota do aot inpose a tNtraiot 
nppo early carriage, a eoosideniiioQ toiaUy bep^ 
pUcable to the state of tbe nagrqe^ IbaiDoreese 
proceeds with surprisiog tapidtty. But we have 
bere the veiy reverse of nature's laws. I,et us 



no more of comparison wfth thfr ^rqwing 
popahktion of Brttain. Even the starving panp«-r:i 
cf Irelwad^ rapidly multiply, and spread ov«r the 
world. W tbea the prolonged' labour of oar fae- 



terietb or Ae ecaety feed af tbe IriA peer, iaable 
to oAct BO leasible alteratiaa in Ibis arnat law of 
nature, what miut be tbe phyeicei mfl^rtog whieb 
every ten years is wording out a destruaiiaB of 
■even per cent ! 

"Thisdacreasewas.immediately 00 its discovery, 
ascribed to some ineouality in the texes. Returns 
were called for. and toat assertion wasiminediaiely 
rented.* The free negroes have rapidly increa.<ea. 
During; the last American war, 740'fn«itrve slaves, 
from the C«rolinas, were located in Trinidad, and 
w«M there arafenticed. Though doing the same 
work as the slaves, yet with limied teil, and sof- 
firaeot food, Ibey had ia seven years ioeftascd to 
above 1000, when the slavoHraegs amend them 
had uaifomly diminished. Can ibeta be. bra- 
thran, a more awfol condamnatioo of taa whole 
system 1 

" This diminution is taken upon tbe fP^u esti- 
mate of the registers. But, says Dr. Collins, in 
excuse of the system, domestic slaves, and work- 
men in towns, increase as rapidly as any other 
claas in the West Indies. There mnst be, there- 
fore, a proportionably greater decrease than 50,000 
upon toe smaller mmiber of plantation slaves 
alone. Upon the eaamioattoD or the reglsteia of 
several large sugar plantations, tbe decrease in 
the ten years was at much as from twelve to 
twenty per cent, aod even much more ia the 
Mauritius. Indeed, where complete accuracy 
was obtainedt in the neighbourhood of Port Louis, 
13,000 slaves had. in seven years, decreased to 
less than 7,000. But, it may be said, why cite 
the Mauritius, which bears no resemblance to the 
Wen Indies? No, I trust it is like no spot on 
God's earth. Its horrid tales are unparelleled, of 
teeth torn away — eyes struck out — arms, legs, 
breasts, cat off — and more horrid tortnres, proved 
bv indisputable evidence, judicial records, oaths 
of the military, and reports of Commissioners. 
I adduce it for the same reason as I refer to the 
Antilles ; because the British colours wave over 
them both, elsewher«t the favourite standard of 
liberty, but in the Indian Ocean and the Mexican 
Oulf, the emblem of bondage, oppression, and 
death. Let us tear down our flag ; or wash away 
its stain, whether it be the scarlet of Jamaica, or 
the deeper crimson of the Mauritius. 

'* Rut, toconfiie ourselves to the^West Indies, it 
has been shown in the Anti-Slavery Reporter, 
and never, as btf as I know, coatmdieted, that on 
tbe r.*dinary law of increase, compared with the 
actual decrease, there baa been, since the aboli- 
tion of the slave-trade, a waste of life to the 
amount of 740,000 hun^an beings. I have some- 
times endeavoured to obtain data from which to 
compute the number of Africans originally trans- 
ported to these Western Islands. It must have 
been much more than 7,000,000. I wish I could 
find reason to belteve that estimate approached 
near the truth. There are now some 700,000, 
the scanty aod miserable relics. Nether war 
when raging ia Europe — nor the plague in Con- 
stantinople — nor the mournful cholera in India, 
ita birth-place^nor any other crime of man, or 
curse of God, haa effected so general a d«stinction 
as British avarice has wrought in tbe West Indies. 
Are the charities of Englishmen frozen 1 Aie 
th«ir hearts, if ihcy have any, incased in steel and 
adamant 1 Delay a liitle longer — amuse your- 
selves with preparatory measures and gradual 
emanci patron, and a less tardy liberator will have 
laid their bodies in the Hst rest of the weary, and 
traasferred their souls to the avenging millions 
beneath the altar. 

'*The system iamardefewathMagb aa eahaaating 
and meicilesa exaction of kabonr. I need not go 
into detail; for Mr. Stephen haa proved that the 
average work of negroes, the women in the same 
gang as the men, is more than mtfon- boors a 
day ; and much of it, as cane-holing, peculiarly 
laborious. There is also the night- work of the 
crop season, on an average five, and, on some 
estates, six xQonths in the year. Then it is sugar 



afelRstfsl»fo4ifii» Mrinf 
on setae esl et e s tbe aegraes wei4 all tbe day aidb 
half the sight} oa others, sia daqps and tbme. 
nights ia the week; and, on naay, tbirty^aui 
faoura* continuous labour, and ten houra* rest. Wo 
have this last statement upon the evideace of Mr. 
Wildman, a humane and Christian proprietor^ 
who went out to examine the state of hu negroes* 
He saw immediatehr there was a gain of produce 
by a loss of life. He reduced the labour of crop 
to aixteen houra in the tweaty-foar, and for thit 
act was bttierly peraacuted by tbe aeigbboariiii^ 
planlsn. Bat observe the e eae e qwenee :~4e(bra 
tbe cbaage on that estate, tbe yearly birtba aaet ♦ 
aged thiee for 260 slaves; whea be left tbep 
aoMHioted to lea. There was tbe aaetber of three 
children, who, on bis arrtvali oomplaioiog of tbe 
excess of labour, said, * slave woman never boida 
child in her arras.' 

" Besides all this, the slave, not like an English- 
man who gains his livelihood by his toil, has lo get 
his livelihood when his master's work is done. 
When can he cultivate his own provision-ground t 
He is allowed for this purpose his Sabbath (no, 
poor man, aot his Sahhtth, bat bin 8un<lty> and 
part of Saturday. Tiie last Jamaica stave -code 
allows twoaty-six Saturdays in the vear, which I 
have seen disingenuously lepreseoied as so neay: 
holidays. Bui as tweoty-six days of labour, evea 
in that climate, are totally insufticient to maintain 
a family, he must be compelled to cultivate hia 
provision ground on the Sabbath. The Meihodist 
Missionaries state, they did not expect a planta- 
tion-slave, even thnugh religiously disposed, to 
attend worship, if his ground was at any distance* 
more than one Sabbath in three or four. Is not 
this the climax of cruelty? British Christians, 
the negro roust toil on that racred day, when you, 
relievi^ from tbe carea of life, enjoy the quietude 
of devotion, sing the sweet songs of Zion, and 
prepare for the everlasiing repose of heaven, la 
the Mauriiius, at least on some estates, the Sab- 
baih is the day of terror and dread : the Saiurd^y 
night is often spent in restlessness and anxiety : 
with the holy light that beams grateful on the 
Christian world, although there impiously dese« 
crated, the slaves are mustered, the weekly register 
of punishment is exhibited, and the culprits, 
stretched upon frames by ropes, are beaten with 
rattans, which tear tbe iesh from their bones." 



• The iMt. 
male, •Uves; 



aatf U tt -a give- 3g3 j se w ii u, amd 9 ^% B9mtt* 



SINGULAR PROVIDENTIAL ESCAPE. 

The joamal of Mr. Kay, one of tbe We** 
leyaD Mimonaries in South Africa, containa 
the following remarkable aoeoont of Uie d^ 
liremnoe of a poor sick Hottentot from tbe 
jaws of a lion. The aoooont bears date D^ 
cen»bef 2, l8Sa 

'* About three weeks or a month ago, be 
(the Hottentot in question) went otU on a 
bunting excuraion, accompanied by several, 
other natives. Arriving on an extensive plain, 
where there was abimdance of game, ther 
discovered a number of lions also, which 
appeared to be disturbed by their appruadu 
A prodigiously large male immediately 6ep»* 
rated himself from the troop, and began slowlj 
to advance towards the party, the majority of 
whom were young, and aliogellier unaceua- 
tomed to rencontres of so formidable a nature. 
When droves of timid antelopes, or spring* 
bockfi only, came in thehr way, they tnado' » 
great boust of their courage, bat the very a^ 
pearance of the forest's king made tbeiyi. 
tremble. While the animal was yet at a. 
distance, they all dismounted to prepare lor 
finng, and, according to the custom oa such. 
occasions )>egan tying their horses together* 
by means of the bridles, witli tlie view oJT 
keeping the latter between them and the lioo^. 
as an oluect to attciict his atieati^o, until tbej; 
^ere able to take deliberate aim. Uis move' 



9M 



THE TOURIST 



nentf, however, were at length too swift for 
ttem. Before ihe hones were properly fas- 
tened to each other, the monster made a tre- 
mendoas hound or two, and suddenly pounced 
upon the hind parts of one of them, which, 
in its fright, pinnged forward, and l[nocked 
down the poor man in question, who was 
holding the reins in his hand. His comrades 
instanuy took flight, and ran off with all speed ; 
and he, of oouxse, rose as quickly as possihle, 
in order to follow them. But, no sooner had 
he regained his feet, than the miuestic heast, 
with a seeming consciousness of his superior 
aught, stretched fordi his paw, and, striking 
him just hehind the neck, immediately brought 
him to the ground again. He then rolled on 
his hack, when the lion set his foot upon his 
hreast, and laid down upon him. Tne poor 
man now hecame almost breathless, partly 
£Dom fear, hut principally from the intolerable 
pressure of his terrific load. He endearoured 
to more a little to one side, in order to 
breathe ; but, feeling this, the creature sdzed 
his left arm, close to the elbow; and, after 
onoe laying hold with his teeth, he continued 
to amuse himself with the limb for some time, 
biting it in sundnr different places down to 
the hand, the thick part of which seemed to 
have been pierced entirely through. All this 
time the lion did not appear to be angry, but 
he merely caught at his prey, like a cat sport- 
ing with a mouse that is not quite dead ; so 
that there was not a single bone fractured, as 
would, in all probability, have been the case 
had the creature been hungry or irritated. 
Whilst writhing in agony, gasping for breath, 
and expecting every moment to be torn limb 
from limb, the sufferer cried to his companions 
for assistance, but cried in vain. On raising 
his head a little, the beast opened his dreadful 
jaws to receive it, but providentially the hat, 
which 1 saw in its rent state, slipped off, so 
that the points of the teeth only just grazed 
the surface of the skull. The lion now set his 
foot upon the arm from which the blood was 
freely flowing ; his fearful paw was soon cov- 
ered therewiui, and he again and again licked 
it clean ! The idea verily makes me shudder 
while I write. But this was not the worst; 
for the animal then steadily fixed his flaming 
eyes upon those of the man, smelt on one side, 
and then on the other of his face, and, having 
tasted the blood, he appeared half inclined to 
devour his helpless victim. ' At this critical 
moment,' said the poor man, * I recollected 
having heard that there is a God in the 
heavens, who is able to deliver at the very last 
extremity; and I began to pray that he would 
save me, and not allow the lion to eat my 
flesh, and drink my blood.' While thus en- 
saged in calling upon God, the beast turned 
himself complete] V round. On perceiving this, 
the Hottentot made an effort to get from under 
him ; but no sooner did the creature observe 
his movement, than he laid terrible hold of 
his right thigh. This wound was dreadfully 
deep, and evidently occasioned the sufferer 
most excruciating pain. He again sent up 
hie ci^ to God for help; nor were his prayers 
in ram. The huge animal soon afterwards 
quietly relinquishMl his prey, though he had 
not been in the least interrupted. Having 
deliberately risen from his seat, he walked 
autfestieally off, to the distance of thirty or 
fotjr pacas, and then laid down in the grass, 
aa if for the purpose of watching the man. 
The latter, being bappiW relieved of his load, 
fvntured to sit up, whicn circumstance imme- 
diately attracted the lion's attention ; never- 
ihdeis, it did not induce another attack, as 



the poor fellow naturally expected ; but, as if 
bereft of power, and unable to do any thine 
more, he again arose, took his departure, and 
was seen no more. The man, seeing this, took 
up his gun, and hasted away to his terrified 
companions, who had given mm up for dead. 
Being in a state of extreme exhaustion, from 
loss of blood, he was immediately set upon his 
horse, and brought, as soon as was practicable, 
to the place where I found him. Dr. Gaulter, 
who, on hearing of the case, hastened to his 
relief, and has very humanely rendered him 
all necessary attention ever since, infonns me 
that, on his arrival, the appearance of the 
wounds was truly alarming, and amputation 
of the arm seemed absolutely necessarv. To 
this, however, the patient was not willing to 
consent, having a number of young children 
whose subsistence depends upon his labour. 

* As the Almighty haa delivered me,' said he, 

* from that horrid death, I thought surely he 
is able to save my arm also.' And, astonish- 
ing to relate, 'several of his wounds are al- 
ready healed, and there is now hope of his 
complete recovery." 

CHARACTER OF SIR JAMES MACKIN- 
TOSH'S ELOaUENCE. 

Sir James Mackintosh never spoke on a 
subject without displaying, not only all that 
was peculiarlv necessary to that subject, but 
all that a fufl mind, long gathering and oon- 
gesting, has to pour forth upon any subject. 
The language, without being antithetic, was 
artificial and ornate. The action and voice 
were vehement, but not passionate; the tone 
and conception of the argument of too lofty 
and philosophic a strain for those to whom, ge- 
nerally speaking, it was directed. It wa<) im- 
possible not to feel that the person addressing 
YOU was a profound thinker, delivering a la- 
boured composition. Sir James Mackintosh's 
character .as a speaker, then, was of that sort 
acquired in a thin house, where those who 
have stayed from their dinner have stayed for 
the purpose of hearing what is said, and can, 
therefore, deliver up their attention undis- 
tractedly to any knowledge and abilitv, even if 
somewhat prolixly put forth, which elucidates 
the subject of discussion. We doubt if all 
great speeches of a legislative kind would not 
require such an audience, if they never tra- 
velled beyond the walls in which they were 
spoken. The passion, the action, the move- 
ment of oratory which animates and trans- 
ports a large assembly, can never lose their 
effect when passion, action, movement are in 
the orator's subject; when Philip is at the 
head of his Macedonians, or Catuine at the 

gates of Rome. The emotions of fear, revenge, 
error, are emotions that all classes and de- 
scriptions of men, however lofty or low their 
intellect, may feel : — here, then, is the orator's 
proper field. But again; there are subjects, 
sucn as many, if not most, of those discussed 
in our House of Commons, the higher bearings 
of which are intelligible only to a certain or- 
der of understandings. The reasoning proper 
for these is not understood, and cannot thero- 
fore be sympathised with, by the mass. In 
order not to oe insipid to the iew, it is almost 
necessary to be dull to the many, if our 
Houses of legislature sat with closed doors, 
they would be the most improper assemblies 
for the discussion of le^slative questions that 
we can possibly conceive. '1 hey would have 
completely the tone of their own clique. No 
one would dare or widi to soar above Uie com- 
mon-places which find a ready cdioing cheer : 



all would indulge in that vapid violence against 
persons, which the spirit of party is rarely want- 
ing to applaud. But as it is, the man of sape^ 
rior mino, standing upon his own strength, 
knows and feels that he is not speaking to the 
lolling, lounging, indolently listening indivi* 
duals stretched on the benches around lunl : 
he feels and knows that he is speaking to^ andr 
will obtain the sympathy of, all the great aad 
enlightened spints of Europe ; and this beais 
and buoys him up amidst any coldness, impa- 
tience, or indifference, in his immediate aa» 
dience. When we perused the magnificent 
orations of Mr. Burke, which transported as in 
our cabinet, and were told that his rising wa» 
the dinner bell in the House of ComoMNM ; 
when we heard that some of Mr. Brougliaa'a' 
almost gigantic discourses were delivered 
amidst coughs and impatience; and when, 
returning from our travels, where we had 
heard of nothing but the genius and eloquence 
of Sir James Mackintosh, we encountered him 
ourselves in the House of Commons;— on all^ 
these occasions we were sensible, not that Mr* 
Burke's, Mr. Brougham's, Sir James MadtiA* 
tosh's eloquence was less, but that it was 
addressed to another audience than that to 
which it was apparently delivered. Intended 
for the House of Commons only, the sMe 
would have been absurdly faulty: intended 
for the public, it was august and oorred. 
There are two different modes of obtaining a 
parliamentary reputation ; a man may rise in 
the country by what is said of him in the 
House of Commons, or he may rise in the 
House of Commons by what is thought and 
said of him in the country. Some dehatera 
have the faculty, by varying their style and 
their subjects of alternately addressing both 
those without and within their walls, with ef- 
fect and success. Mr. Fox, Mr. Pitt, Mr. She- 
ridan, Mr. Canning were, and Lord Brougham 
is, of this number. Mr. Burke and Sir ^mea 
Mackintosh spoke to the reason and the ioaa- 
gination, rather than to the passions ; and thia^ 
together with some fault*) of voice and manner, 
rendered these great orators (for great oratora 
they were) more powerful in the printed re- 
ports, than in the actual delivery of their 
speeches. We ourselves heard Sir James Mack* 
intosh's great, almost wonderful, speech upon 
Reform. We shall never forget the extensive 
range of ideas, the euergetic grasp of thought, 
the sublime aud soaring strain of legislative 
philosophy, with which be charmed and trana> 
ported us; but it was not so with the House 
in general. His Scotch accent, his unceasing^ 
and laboured vehemence of voice and geature, 
the refined and speculative elevation of liis 
views, and the vast neaps of hoarded knowledflpe 
he somewhat prolixly produced, displeased the 
taste and wearied the attention of men who 
were far more anxious to be amused and ex* 
cited, than to be instructed or convinced. We 
see him now ! his bald and singularly formed 
head w 'rking to and fro,Nas if to collect and 
then shake out his ideas; his arm violent! j 
vibrating, and his body thrown forward by 
sudden quirks and starts, which, ungraceful ae 
they were, seemed rather premeditated then 
inspired. This is not the picture which I>a* 
mosthencs would have drawn of a perfect em- 
tor ; and it contains some defects that we won* 
der more care had not been applied to remedy. 
— iVei0 Monthly Magazine. 

Priotad by J. Haodon aod Co. ; and Pablished 
by J. Chup, at No. 27, Ivy Lane, Patanmslsa 
Row, where all Advertiit-BMBts and Ccenai 
m^tt^mm tgum |k* gaiitof »|| ||> Ka addTOMad* 



THE TOURIST. 



" Utile dulci." — Borace. 



Vol. I.— No. 34. 



MONDAY, APRIL I, 1833. 



Price One Penny. 



KING'S COLLEGE AND CHAPEL, CAMBHIDGE. 



This imrivalled edifice was founded by 
He onr the Sixth, together with the princely 
estabfishm^nt to which it is attached. By 
referring to bis will we find that hia de- 
signs in these undertakings have not been 
accomplished by his successors, although, 
when we regard the magnificence of the 
whole mass of buildings, and the pre- 
eminence of the chapel over all other 
Gothic buildings, we can scarcely regret 
the deviation, AVith respect to the lat- 
ter, it is of the order oT architecture 
which has generally been termed florid 
Gctfaic ; but it is difficntt to say whether 



the irresistible interest which it inspires 
is to be traced to the richness of decora- 
tion for which this style is distinguished, 
" Let it be inquired," says an enthusias- 
tic writer, referringto this edifice, "where- 
in doth the charm consist that so com- 
pletely takes possession of our senses in 
gazing from west to east on the whole 
length of tlie interior? js it from its 
admirable state of repair, neatness of 
condition, regularity of decorations, jast- 
neaa of proportion, beauty of design, or 
from that indescribable something that 
reminds us of the humble abilities of 



present workmen in masonic power, tlieir 
utter inability to raise a mighty standard 
in. this way?" Whatever may be the 
cause, it is impossible for any one to 
approach it without a feeling of reve- 
rence. The architectural skill of the 
fifteenth and sixteenth centuries is here 
dbplayed in its utmost perfection. With- 
out, the prodigious stones of which it 
consists, the vast buttresses by which it 
is supported, the loftiness and extent of 
the building, the fine propor^ons of the 
towers and pinnacles; and, within, the 
. grand extended view, the admirable 



274 

arcbed roof, without the support of any 
pillars, displaying all the richness of its 
fine fan-work, aB* llie matchlaBS paint- 
ings on its windows, all oombine to im- 
press the bdiolder with emotions which 
can be better felt than described. The 
attention, moreover, is not withdrawn 
from these objects by any busts, statues, 
or inscriptions; but the whole furniture 
and decoration is highly calculated to 
perpetuate the effect of the first coup 

An exception to this statement is taken 
by the learned historian of Cambridge. 
** It must be confessed," says he, " that 
some littlenesses and human weakne$6es 
are too obvious — I mean those minute 
devices of the arms of York and Lancas- 
ter with roses, portcullises, fleurs de lis, 
and crowns. These litde patches on 
greatness, these heterogeneous intermix- 
tures, religiously considered, are quite 
out of place, and, architecturally, are 

Suite opposite to sublimity and gr£in- 
eur." 

The greatest curiosity connected with 
this edifice is the stone roof, a structure 
which some do not hesitate to say sur- 
pceses the ingenuity of modern architects 
to imitate. There is a tradition that Sir 
Christopher Wren went once a year to 
survey this roof, and said that if any man 
would show him where to place the first 
stone he would build such another. It 
was constructed in 1513, in consequence 
of a grant of £6000 to defray the ex- 
pences of carrying on the building. It 
IS in the form of a grand Gothic arch, 
without any pillar to uphold it (though ojf 
immense span), the buttresses and towers 
of the chapel being its only support. In 
the middle of this roof, and in tlie flattest 
part of it, are fixed per|)endicularly, at 
equal distance from one another, stones 
aoorned with roses and portcullises, every 
one of which is no less than a ton weight. 
Each of these is upwards of a yard in 
thickness, and projects beyond the other 
part of the carved work. There is a 
curious passage in its praise in Fuller's 
History of Cambridge, which, for its en- 
thusiasm, deserves ia be quoted. ''The 
chapel in this college/' says he, ** is one 
of the rarest fabrics in Christendom, 
wherein the stone-work, wood-work, aiid 
glass-work, contend which most deserve 
admiration. Yet the first generally car- 
rieth away the credit (as being a Stone - 
lienge, indeed), so geometrically contrived 
that voluminous stones mutually support 
each other in the arched roof, as if art 
liad made them to forget nature, and 
weaned them from their fondness to de- 
scend to their centre. And yet, though 
there be so much of Minerva, there is 
Nothing of Arachne in this building — I 
mean, not a spider appearing, or cob- 
web to be seen on the Irish wood or 
cedar beams thereof. No wonder, then, 
if this chapel y so rare a structure, was the 



THE TOURIST. 

work of three succeeding kings — Henry 
the Sixth, who founded it, the Seventh, 
who farthered, and the Eighth, who 
finished iL^' 



ALL FOOLS' DAY. 



FIRST OF APRIL. 



" Thb first of April, tome do i«y, 

Is set apart for All Fools* Day ; 

But why the peoole call it so, 

Nor I, nor they tnemselves do luow. 

But on this day are people sent 

On purpose — for pure merriment ; 

And though the day is known before. 

Yet frequently there is great store 

Of these forgetfiils to be found, 

Who're sent to dance Moll Dixon*i round ; 

And, having tried each shop and stall, 

And disappointed at them all, 

At last some tells them of the cheat. 

Then they return from the pursuit, 

And straightway home with shame they ran, 

And others laugh at what is done. 

But *tis a thing to be disputed, 

Which is the greatest /oa^ reputed. 

The man that innocently went 

Or he Aatliim designedly sent." 

Poor RobitCn AUnofutdky 1760. 

" Yet in the vulgar this weak humour's bred, 
They'll sooner be with idle customs led. 
Or fond opinions, such as they have store. 
Than learn of reason's or of virture's lore." 

Wiihen, 

** April the/rst stands marked by custom's rules, 
A day of being, and for making too a." 

A writer in the Gentleman^ Magazine, for 
July, 1783, says, " I have often wished to know 
the first foundation of several popular customs, 
appropriated to particular seasoiis, aad been 
ied to think, however widely they may have 
deviated from their original aesign and mean- 
ing, of which we have now wholly lost sight, 
they are derived from some religious tenets, 
obfiervances, or ceremonies; I am convinced 
that this is the case in Catholic countries, 
where such like popular usages, as well as reli- 
gious ceremonies, are more frequent than 
amongst us ; though there can he little doubt 
but ihsX the customs I refer to, and which we 
retain, took their rise whilst these kingdoms 
were wholly Catholic." That the angular cus- 
tom of fool-making had itB origin in some reli- 
S'ous observance is most probable, although 
e researches of our antiquarians have estab- 
lished little else than that the custom is very 
ancient and very general. Much has been 
written upon the subject^ a good deal of learn- 
ing and diligence has been displayed, many 
very recondite theories have been formed ; aU 
which, however, have not led to any very 
satisfactory or plausible conclusion. Having 
none better to offer of our own, we will give 
the various opinions of others, and leave our 
readers to choose the one which may appear to 
them the most reasonable. 

Mr. Brand "is inclined to think the word 
* all ' here is a corruption of our nordiem 
word, * auld,' for old ; because he finds, in an 
ancient Romish calendar, a * Feast of Old 
Fools:'" he adds, "It must be granted that 
this feast stands there on the first day of ano- 
ther month, November, but then it mentions, 
at the same time, that it is hy a removal — 
' The Feast of Old Fools is removed to this 
day ;' such Temovais, indeed, in the very crowded 
Romifth calendar, w«re ofteo^ohMged to be 
made." 

In a nnte» Mc Bi^uid suggeaU *' tibat the 



obsolete sports of the ancient Hoc-tide, an old 
Saxon word, sud to import 'the time of 
scanhug and triumphing,* which must have 
been observed about this time of the year, 
might have degenerated in to the April fooleries.'* 

Another author " thidu that he clearly de- 
monstrates its origin from the primitive Chris- 
tians, who, by way of conciliating the Pagans 
to a better worship, humoured their prejudices 
by yielding to a conformity of names, and even 
of customs, where they did not essentially in- 
terfere with the fundamentals of the gospel 
doctrine. Among these, in imitation of the 
Reman Saturnalia, was the Festum Fktuerum.'* 

A contributor to the Gentleman's Magazine 
conjectures that " the custom of imposing upon 
ancf ridiculing people on the first of Apnl may 
have an allusum to the mockery of the Saviour 
of d)e world hy the Jews. Something like 
this, which we call making April fools, is 

fractised also abroad, in Catholic countries, on 
nnocents' Day." 

Dr. Pegge thinks the custom arose horn the 
rejoicing at the commencement of the new 
year, " which formerly began, as to some pur- 
noses, and in some respects, on the 25ta of 
Mardi, whieh was supposed to be the incarna- 
tion of our Lord; and it is certain that the 
commencement of the new year, at whatever 
time that was supposed to be, was always 
esteemed an high festival, and that both among 
the ancient Romans and with us. Now, great 
festivals were usually attended with an octave, 
that is, they were wont to continue eieht 
days, whereof the first and last were Die 
principal ; and you irill find the first of April 
is the octave of the 25th of March, and the 
close, or ending, consequently, of tiiat feast, 
which was both the festival of the Annuncia- 
tion, and of the new year.'' 

Mr. Donee savs, '^The making of April 
fools, after aU uie conjectures touching its 
origin, is certainly borrowed by us from the 
French, and may, I think, be deduced from 
this simple analogy. The French call their 
April fish, (Poissons d' Avril) i. e. ^mpletons ; 
or, in other wcnrds, sHly maclnrel, who suffered 
themselves to be caught in this month. But, 
as with us April is not the season of that fish 
we liave veiy propeily suhstimted the word 
foola" 

A writer in 1706 derives the custom from 
the time of Romulus, when the Romans carried 
off tike Sabine women ! 

The Jews are said to attribute the origin 
from the mistake of Noah in sending the dove 
out of the ark befoie the waters had abated, on 
the first day of the month among the Hebrews 
which answers to our first of April. 

The Romans, on the first day of April, ab- 
stained from pleading causes; and the Roman 
ladies performed ahlutions under myrtle-trees, 
crowned themselves with leaves, and offered 
sacrifices to Venus. 

In the north of England, persons imposed 
upon are called April gowks. 

In Scotland, upon April Day, tbey have a 
custom oi '^hunting the gowk," as it is termed. 
This is done by sending silly people upon fools' 
errands, from place to place, by means of a 
letter in which is wri.tten : — 

'< On the first day of April 
Hunt the gowk another mile." 

It will be rem&rked, from the foregoing ex- 
tracts, that writers are littie agreed as to the 
prime origin of this almost universal custom,' 
which, from its universality, must have been 
of a \«ery general nature. The etndy of die 
cnstoms, sj^ortsy and pasttaetf ef the peopk is. 



THE TOURIST. 



SH 



hf ao neaof, eitto useles or nnproStable: 
SQiae useful knowledge of mankind will be 
acfuised, for wisdom may be extracted from 
die follies and superstitions of our forefathers. 
We have been ehiefly indebted to Brand's 
interesting woric on the antiquities, customs, 
habits, Sec, of the people of England, in two 
▼ols. 4 to. for the above remarks ; and we cannot 
avoid recommending the interesting works of 
Mr. Hone, The Table Book, and Every Day 
Book, in which much that is novel ana inte- 
raatiag will be found regaxduig our popular 
aati^uilies. T. 



SPELL'WORK. 

Many of our readerehave heard and read of 
the SPELL system on sugar plantations, yet few 
of them prcitably are aware of its fearfully op- 
pKSBive character. For the information of 
such we insert the following description of this 
murderous system, taken fVom No. 104 of the 
Anti'Slavery Reporter. We have lately had 
an. opportunity of obtaining the opinion of a 
gentleman thoroughly conversant with the 
economy of a sugar plantation, and he strongly 
oonlizms our previous conviction of its accu- 
racy. 

*^ An intelligent person, who kept spell as a 
book*keeper for four years in Jamaica, is ready to 
testify, if called upon, to the uniform practice, in 
his time, to divide into two spells that part of the 
first and second gangs not occupied as coopers, in 
making casks, oc as waggoners, or mule-drivers. 

'' The following is a sketch of the working of 
those two spells, which we will call A and B, a 
white book-keeper being allowed to each, who had 
the same lenetb of night -duty as the slaves : — 

" On Sunday, at 6, p.m., the spell A went to 
the works and put the mill about, remaining there 
till midnight, when it went to rest as soon as* re- 
lieved by spell B. At day-dawn, on Monday, 
spell A went to the field, and eontioued cutting 
canes there for the mill till noon. At noon it re- 
sumed its place at the works, and continued there 
till midnight on Monday, when it took rest till 
day-dawn on Tuesday, and was then again in the 
fleld cutting canes till noon; and thus it proceeded 
on each succeeding day of the week, except that 
on Saturday it did not always retire at midnight, 
but remained sometimes to two or three on Sunday 
iBoming. till alt the cane-jntce was boiled off. 
During the same week, the spell B came on duty 
at the works at midnight on Sunday night, and con- 
tinued there till noon on Monday, when it went 
bome ; but, at two, p.m., it was again in the field, 
cutting canes for the mill from that time until 
4hitk, when it went home to rest till called up 
again at midnight to relieve spell A. And so the 
work proceeded the whole week, only that at mid- 
night on Saturday there was no call of spell B, 
however late might be the boiling. 

''The succeeding week, the spells were changed, 
so that the spell B began work on the Sunday 
evening at 6 p.m., and so had the very same tale 
and hours of hbour, both at the works and in the 
field, which the spell A bad had the week before, 
and A the same as B had had. Thus each spell, 
-during every twenty-four hours, was twelve hours 
at the works, and six hours in the field, the whole 
of their sleep being taken from the six hours which 
then alone remained to them. And the same 
must of absolute necessity be the case still, if the 
manufiicture of sugar be continuously carried on, 
on estates not having more than from two hundred 
to two hundred and fifty negroes, embracing a 
large majority of sugar estates. Is not this toil 
dreadful, and most wearing and exhausting? And 
it'afiecls the wonjien still more than the men. Can 
women, by any possibility, breed under sack cxr- 
cvDStances T It is altogetfcier imponible." 



NOTES ON TEFE ISLAND OF CUBA. 

FROM THE UNPUBLISHED HEMORANDA OF A 

TRAVELLER. 

No. I. 

It was alvrays my wish, when I should re- 
visit Jamaica, to spend some portion of my 
earliest leisure in a voyage to the Island of 
Cuba. Having arranged my aflairs, that I 
might have to myself the undisturbed enjoy- 
ment of a few months, I engaged, on the 5th 
of January, 1821, a passage on board the brig 
Emerald^ then about to sail for a cai'go of 
timber. We set out from the harbour of 
51 * * * «^ ^ north-side port, at ten at 
night, the usual hour at which vessels quit 
tlmt part of the coast They so settle their 
departure as to wait till the laiul-breeze comes 
sweeping from the mountains strong and 
steady, in order that they may make a fair 
wind of it, and, having the advantage of run- 
ninff before the breeze imder the Tea of the 
land, slip from one shore, through waters 
whose undulations, beneath the lambent pu- 
rity and resplendent skies of a West Indian 
night, scarcely rise above the gentle ripples of 
a summer tide, and arrive at the other eoast 
just as the trade winds are freshening up wkh 
the increasing brilliancy of Tthe opening day. 
I loitered on deck till 1 saw the watch-fires on 
the Jamaica mountains grow dim and indis- 
tinct in the shadowy mistiness of the receding 
shores. When 1 looked out again at sun-rise, 
the bold and picturesque summit of the pico 
Torquino, one of the loftiest mountains of 
Cuba, was lifting iu head befoi^ me, with the 
vapours rolling in dense masses over the forest 
plains. By midday we were safely anchored 
within that range of sunken reefs that stretch 
out from Cape Cruz some miles towards the 
stmggHnff line of green islets, bounding the 
Bay of Bayamo. They are a part of that 
cluster of coral rocks and mangrove shoals to 
which, from their fresh beauty amid the bright 
and placid waters, Columbus, when he first 
saw them, gave the poetical appellation of 
*' the gardem of the king." On account of the 
multiplicity o^ these rocks and ree^ it is cns- 
tomaiy for Engli^ vessels, proceeding thither, 
to take with them a pilot from Jamaica. Ours 
was Ramon, a Spanish youth, of mixed Indian 
descent, a native of Maracaibo, a man of un- 
commonly mild, handsome features, but with 
a temper which blended the contradiction of 
cheerfulness, and a sullen habit of silence and 
resen'e, a jpeculiar trait in the Indian cha- 
racter. Under his guidance we were instructed 
to take advantage of the comparatively high 
and strong tides which prevail on the exten- 
sive bays of this island, to facilitate the navi- 
gation of its waters. We passed through the 
ship's channel, avoided the Canal de Bolandras, 
whose depth, as its name imports, only enables 
sloops to pass, and anchored for the night, just 
before sunset, in that wide sweeping curve of 
the coast called the Media Luna, with Mar- 
tillo before us. 

Being now at that part of the shore where 
the Torquino Mountains form the south- 
eastern background of the landscape, the beau- 
tiful peaJc^ as it rose majestioally over the con- 
tiguous hills, at the hour of sunset, became an 
objeot of peculiar grandeUr. The volume of 
fleecy clouds which all the afternoon had been 
gathering midway around its summit, illu- 
mined by the intense rays of the setting sun, 
shone like a mantle of burnished gold, lluouffh 
these arose, glowing in purple radiance, tne 
mountain it^^. looking out disliiioty but 



varied and shadowy, with all its inequalitieg 
contrasting their tints with the deep ceruleaa 
sky, which stretched now in serene and un- 
clouded beauty over the vride sea we had lately 
left; it presented a pieture more rich and mora 
diversified than what the most splendid imaF- 
gination could paint or describe. The middle 
ground of this scene, a wide extent of forest, 
over which the evening mists were gathering, 
showed, by occasional breaks, the spots where 
the- gentle* hiUs and vallevs mdulalod, or 
where luxuriant pastures and extensive savan- 
nas stretched a wide uudappled surface of 
grass. Nearer to the eye, the ocean lay, green 
and bright, flickering as it heaved with the 
red glare of the setting sun-beam, while the 
giant trees upon its boraers were seen growing 
within the very margin of the sea. There was 
neither sand nor ooze between the forest and 
the ocean. All was as silent as death. No- 
thing was heard but the occasional cry of the 
sea-gull, or the drowsy wing of the pelican as 
she lagged over the heaving waters, with her 
over-loaded gorge stored with provender for 
her clamorous and expectant young ones, in 
their home on the earthy sea-clifis. One cotr 
tage and a few canoes on the main-land, and 
a fisherman's hut and a pinnace among the 
keys, were all the evidence that man was an 
inhabitant of these regions. As I gazed upon 
the quiet yet luxuriant scene, I could not help 
recurring to the fate of the gentle race that 
once owned these shores. The boundless 
wastes before me, which formerly saw them 
wandering amid the fragrant and flowery 
shades as *' thick and numberless as the gay 
motes that people the sun-beam," scarce now 
retain a vestige that any but the present pos- 
sessors of the soil had awakened the echoes of 
the exhaustless forests. Friendly and gentle 
in their dispositions, rimple and artless in their 
manners, living in the luxury of indolence and 
ease, they seemed, in their innocence, amid 
the bountiful land they occupied, to realize 
the condition of our first parents and the early 
days of Paradise. They knew no wisdom like 
the knowledge of good and evil, and the curse 
of labour and its attendant misery. But ava- 
rice and ambition came among them ; and the 
luxurious repose, that hung like a spell over 
the thickly-peopled shores and blissful groves 
of tlie happy islandeis, was reversed, and the 
fragrant bowers, the home of '* the swarming 
myriads of idle and light-hearted creatures," 
became the silent woodland wastes that I then 
beheld them. 

With the first dawn of day-light wc weT» 
again under sail, and by sun-set had an- 
chored in Manaanilla Bay. The coast was 
extremely shoal, so that we landed with some 
difllcnlty at the Corbel-^ a temporary fort, 
the walls of which were constructed of the 
husky case which forms the footstalk of tlie 
■Palmetto (areca oteracea). The fort itself, 
elevated about eight feet from the water's 
edge, was composed of the logs of the cedar 
and hard wood of the countiy. It was mounted 
with ten or a dozen pieces of cannon, of a 
calibre sufiiciently heavy to carry shot with 
effect to a great distanoo^-a necessary provi- 
sion, in consequence of the shallow waters of 
the bay. This tempomry defence has been 
since removed, and a substantial fortress 
erected in its place ; but, firai! as it was at the 
period of my visit, it was not to be despised as 
a protection to the coast A few weeks pre- 
vious to my arrival, a Columbian brig of war 
the Libertador, in company with a felucca,' 
having run up the coast, landed a party of 
iumed seaoMn in the harbour, under cover of 



»6 

i^ thickets about the town, and attacked tlie 
batteries ; but, being biavely repulsed by the 
inhabitants with cou^derable loss, they were 
glad to drop down the keys, profiting by the 
experience that the courage of a brave people 
compensates the inadequate defence of nature 
iuid of art. 



THE TOURIST. 



MONDAY, APRIL 1, 1833. 

REPORT OF THE SI AVERY COMMIT- 
TEE OF THE HOUSE OF LORDS. 

WILLIAM TAYLOR, ESQ. 

The following evidence of Mr. Taylor, given 
^n oath before the Lords' Committee, will as- 
sist our readers in estimating the value of that 
testimony which is adduced by Colonial writers 
in proof of the happy condition of the Negro 
population. The internal economy of a slave 
plantation being little understood in this coun- 
try, it is naturally enouj;h supposed that the 
same facility of observation exists as amongst 
ourselves. Every person, therefore, who has 
paid a visit to the colonies, and more especially 
military and naval officers, attorney-generals, 
bishops, and governors, — are supposed to know 
every thing respecting slavery. How far this 
is from being Uie case Mr. Taylor's evidence 
«hill show. His long residence in the colony, 
'and his intimate acquaintance with the plan- 
tiition system, eminently qualified him to give 
an opinion on the subject. 

You have been some years resident in Ja- 
maica, have you not? — Nearly thirteen years. 

At what period did your residence commence, 
and at what period did It conclude ? — I went to 
Jamaica in 1816, and remained iliere till 1823 ; 
I returned in 1824, and remained till the end of 
1 825 ; left it in 1825, returned in 1826, and finally 
left it in 1831 ; making altogether, 1 think, nearly 
tliirteen years in the island. 

In what capacity or capacities did yoa officiate 
while resident in Jamaica?— The greater part of 
tlie time I was engaged in commercial pursuits ; 
more than two years I was actively occupied in 
tlic management of estates. 

Durine that time you had opportunities of ob- 
serving the stave population, and the management 
of several estates with which yoa were connected? 
— Yes. 

Do yon think it possible for any man to acquire 
an accurate knowledee of the system that prevails 
in the interior of a plantation, unless he has been 
some time domicilea on an estate? — I think it ne- 
cessary that he should not only be domiciled, but 
that he should be actively employed in some branch 
of the administration of the estate. 

You do not think it possible for any man to 
ac(;uire an accurate knowledee of the system that 
prc^vails in the interior of uie plantation unless 
he is so employed? — I should rot say it was 
utterly impossible ; for a man may be so consti- 
tuted that, though livioe upon an estate, and not 
ui-tively employed in the management of it, be 
liiay resolutely set himself to work to obtain that 
information ; but, looking at the aspect of society 
ia Jamaica, I do not think any man evei has 
acquired that knowledge ; such a man as Mungo 
Park might acquire it, but it is not at all probable 
thu any man would. 

You mean that it is highly improbable? — Yes. 

Will yon have the goodness to state the circum- 
aances which appear to you to make it improbable 
that persons should acquire that information? — I 
think it improbable, because when an individual 
goes upon an estate in Jamaica merely as a visitor 



THE TOURIST. 

unconnected with the estate, nnanthoriied to make | 
enquiries of the negroes, he has no opportunity of 
gaining that knowledge — for instance, punishments 
he is not a witness to. When a punishment is to 
take place, they do not lay down the man or woman 
under his window, but take him or her to a retired 
part of the estate ; and, as in the case of a lady 
in barracks, punishments may take place to a 
great extent without her knowing anything about 
them. An officer*s lady may have been in bar- 
racks for a considerable period, and yet know 
nothing about punishments, though they may have 
taken place every week. On the other hand, tiiere 
is no physical impossibility, for a man may run 
the risk of incurring ih« displeasurt of hit hott by 
speaking to the negrors privately, and probing them ; 
but I never, intimate as I was with many families 
in Jamaioa, took that liberty ; there is no physical 
impossibility in arriving at that knowledge ; but 
from the state of the country, and the state of 
manners in Jamaica, I do not think it at all pro- 
bable that an iodividualevcr acquired an accurate 
knowledge of the negro character, unless he was 
placed in a situation which brought him into con- 
stant communication with the negroes and the 
inspection of them. In my own case, I teas there 
several years, and knew little or nothing about them 
until I UHiS called upon to administer the system, 
though living in Uie heart of the country, and visit- 
ing in almost every parish in the island, and having 
journeyed thousands ofmdes in the island. 

Being, as you are to a certain degree) familiy 
with the details and daily labours of the field 
slaves, do you think any person competent, from 
his own knowledge, to give evidence upon oath on 
the subject, unless he had filled a situation simi- 
lar to your own, or unless his duties as a mission- 
ary had brought him into frequent and private 
communication with the slaves themselves t 

Speaking of the daily labours, I do not think 
that any person is qualified to give information 
upon that aubgect, unless he hiui been actively 
employed, and closely and daily employed, in the 
management of a plantation. I bslieve that a 
missionary has opportunities of acquiring a great 
deal of information from the slaves which no other 
class of persons can. I believe that a missionary 
actively employed near estates does acquire a 
great deal of very intimate ki^owledge of the ne^ro 
character, but of a diflferent nature. I do not 
think a missionary can speak as to the work of an 
estate : a missionary's knowledge of the negro is 
derived from his constant intercourse with him, 
and I believe the missionary will know much 
more of the private feelings of the negro slave 
than even a bamane manager will ; but at the 
same time I believe that the manager will know 
a great deal more about the labours of an estate. 
I think the information to be given by a manager 
and a missionary are of a di&ient character for 
the most part. 

From that it is collected that, to be intimately 
acquainted with the detail and daily labour of a 
slave, a person must be in a situation similar to 
that occupied by you-^practically concerned in 
the management of an estate 1 
Yes. 

Supposing evidence to be given upon the sub* 
ject by persons of another description* without 
attributing to them any intentional falsehood, 
would it not necessarily be of so vague and inde- 
finite a character that you would attach but little 
credit to it ? 

The witness is directed to withdraw. 

Hie witueu is again called in, and the question is 
proposed. 



The expression I observe is *' of another des* 
crintion." 

V ou say you think it necessary that a person 
should be practically concerned in the manage- 
ment of an estate, in order to enable him to form 
a correct iadgment in the point referred to as to 
the daily labour of the slave. You are then asked 
whether, in respect of persons of another charac- 
ter, not practically concerned in the management 
I of an estate, you would^ withotit attributing to 



them any ittteotional falsehood in the evidenoe 
they might give, think that it was likely to be 
of so vague and indefinite a character as to bo 
entitled to little credit 1 

1 think it would, as compared with evidenee 
given by one practically acquainted with the 
system. 

If a stranger were found in conversation with a 
gang of field sUves during their work, or entering 
their huts after the hours of labour, for the purpose 
of ascertaining from their own lips the particulars 
of their treatment, would he not expose himself 
almost to the certainty of personal insult and legal 
proceedings for a trespass by the attorney or over- 
seer? 

The prohability is that he would be insnlted, and, 
^ he persevered in' making such inquiries, that A# 
would be pntsecuted. 

And again, at page 684, the witness is asked : 

Do you think that military or naval men, en* 
gaged in tlieir professional duties on the station^ 
could have that acquaintance with the subject, ■» 
that their testimony tn respect to the slaves' treaU 
ment or character would be of any real value 1 

/ cannot eee hiw iiaoal men can know any thing 
about it, for theu are at sea ; whtu they are on Aoro. 
they generally dine tci:h the princi/Mt people in the 
neighbourhood : they are a very short time on shore* 
A military man, from being stationed in country- 
garrisons, necessarily knows more ; but at the 
garrisons in the neighbourhood of Kingston, where 
the chief body of troops is, they have very little 
intercourse with the interior, and they cannot see 
the internal working of the system ; they can see the 
surface ; nor can. any one know the internal work^ 
ing unless he is employed on the estate, and sees the 
whole machinery from morning to u/g^.— >And at 
paee 529 : — 

Do you not feel very strongly the difficulty of 
any stranger's access to the interior of a planti^ 
tion 1 

Yes ; I have stated that I think there is a gieat 
difficulty in arriving at the truth. 

Have you not on some occasions called a plan* 
tation a sealed book ? 

/ have ; not only a j^ntation, but I consider ttta 
country a sealed country, from the fact theU yoes. 
travel through the length and breadth of Englausd, 
and are continually in contact with the popula^a 
of the villages on the highways, and I oefy any 
man to keep me from a knowled^ of the pea- 
santry, for it is the right of a British citizen to 
enter in to ^ the house of another if he opens the 
door ; but you may traoel hundreds of miles in Ja» 
maiea, and never pass through villagee. The vil- 
lages are separated by the width of a field from 
the road, and you dare not trespass upon that field, 
any more than in any men*s houses. They are very 
accommodating in Jamuca in allowing a man to 

S» through the fields and make by-paths ; but, if 
at were done with the avowed ana open inten- 
tion of having that intercourse with the peasantry 
of Jamaica which any man has in this countiv, he 
would be necessarily unsuccessful, and would be 
prt-vented in some districts. We never pasa 
through a neffro village ; we see tliem at the dis- 
tance of a mile or a quarter of a mile ; but on the 
great roads of communication there is no popula- 
tion. / Uved in a parish st.me years, and was grossly 
ignorant of the condition of the negroes at m« oery 
door, beeausf I Bore not enter the village. 1 take 
the Duke of Buckingham's village, witnin a quar- 
ter of a mile of my own house ; I know nothing 
about them, though there was nothing but a high- 
way and a fence between them, and me. 

A person travelling through the country would 
have little opportunity of judging of the state and 
condition ol the slaves ? 

He would see them in the field woiking under 
the driver, and he might see them cross the fields 
or the road going to their negro villages, but he is 
never within the precincts ot a negro village. I 
have visited hundreds of families in the countty,. 
but 1 no mora thought of leaoihg mjr ^'^ and going 
into the negro village than I would in this country 
Irave my host and go into (he kUchen* 



THE TOURIST. 



WORSHIP OF THE BUDHISTS. 



If there is an interest tiniveraally felt 
and acknowledged in tracing the history, 
«nd investigating the customs, of large 
communities of men, the study of their 
religion or mythology — the most influen- 
tial of all the causes which determine 
their national character and condition — 
cannot be without its pleastires aud uses. 
To estimnte the minute proportions of 
trnth discoverable in the most erroneous 
and gross systems of religion, to trace 
them from the only source of trnth, and 
to account for the adulterating admixture 
of error which, in false systems, renders it 
imperceptible and useless, — these are em- 
ployments becoming a rational and en- 
lightened mind. Besides, as important 
trutlis may be conveyed in negatives, as 
we arrive at the science of life by the 
examination of the dead, and learn to 
preserve a* well as to appreciate health 
by investigating disease, so we shall at 
once fortify our religion, and strengthen 
our attachment to it, by observing the 
intellectual and moral degradation con- 
sequent upon its absence. 

One of the preposterous ceremonies of 
an absurd, bnt ancient and widely-spread, 
superstition, is depicted in the uncouth- 
iooking engraving at the head of this 
article. The religious system referred to is 
-denominated Budhism, aud the particular 
farm it here assumes is that under which 
it is found in Ceylon. It represents the 
king and his subjects listening with pro- 
found attention to the discourses of Sek- 
kraia and Matalee, two of their imagrnKry 
'Cities. 



This system appears to have originated 
in Tartary. From this country it passed 
into Hindostan, at a period anterior to all 
historical record, and flourished together 
with Brahminism, or rather originally 
formed a part of that singular system. 
This seems to be evident from the great 
similarity subsisting between their funda- 
mental doctrines. From many of the 
doctrines and customs of this sect we 
should infer that it preceded the institu- 
tion of those castes or orders into which 
the Hindoos are divided. Among the 
Budhists the priests lived a life of the 
sti'ict«st celibacy— a practice which could 
never have prevailed conjointly with the 
system of castes, as the sacred order 
would necessarily become extinct in one 
generation. 

Hindooism, like Judaism, admits of no 
proselytes, as the bare acknowledgment 
of certain opinions does not constitute a 
Jew or a Hindoo, genealogy being an 
equally important condition in both cases. 
Budhism, on the other hand, admits {iro- 
selytes, and refuses to recognise the sys- 
tem of castes. Hence the deadly hostility 
which prevailed among the Hindoos and 
Budhists, which ended in the total ex- 
pulsion of the latter from the continent of 
India. The persecuted Budhists took re- 
fuge in the Island of Ceylon about 260 
years before the Christian tcra, and erect- 
ed there the altars of their religion. On 
arriving there Budhism had to mix with 
the demon-worship practised by the abo- 
riginal inhabitants, from which it took a 
tincture which distinguishes it from the 



an 

Budhism of other eastern nations. It 
recognizes beings superior to man, to 
whom are ascribed aominion over the 
planets, the latter being considered to 
exercise an influence upon the destiniei 
of man. These beings were considered 
as causing all the diseases which afflict 
mankind, in the exercise of which power 
these poor wretches oppose them with 
charms, songs, and incantations. The 

g:evailing doctrines of the religion of 
udha are those of the metempsychous, 
and of a future state of rewards and pu- 
nishments, consisting in repeated transmi- 
grations of the soul from one body to ano- 
ther, until it be absorbed or annihilated. 
With the Budhists there is no supreme 
God, but ft heaven crowded with innu- 
merable divinities of various conditions 
and functions, which the imagination of 
the priesthood has depicted in the most 
gorgeous colours. They believe that the 
world had no beginning, and will have 
no end — that variety of worship is agree- 
able to superior beings, but that their 
own form is the best, and they are ready 
to admit all mankind to a participation 
of its advantages. The Bud hist na- 
tions, consequently, have never persecu- 
ted Christianity; but its morality is too 
severe for them, and they insist, accord- 
ing to a favourite expression of their 
own, that, although it be a road to hea- 
ven, it is one which is too diffieult for 
them to follow. 

With these general remarks on the 
character of the religion of Budha, it 
may not be uninteresting to extract, for 
the edification of the reader, some more 
particular statement of their mythologi- 
cal creed. We quote from Dr. Bucha- 
nan's selections, in the sixth volunfe of 
" The Asiatic Researches." 

The god Selkraia resides in the great city 
Blaha-Soudassana, which hfis a m^uarc form, its 
folded wftl], surrounding it, beini; s perfect 

Sjaie. The gates arc of g«ld and silver, 
unied with precious stones. Seren moats 
suiround the citj, and bcjond the last range 
a row of marble pillais studded with jewels ; 
beyond which are seven rows uf [lalm-trees, 
Wearing rubies, pearls, (fold, See, Intes, odori- 
ferous flowers, and fragrant trees. To the 
north-east of the city is a very loq^ hall, ex- 
tending every way 500 juzana, its circum- 
ference 000, and its beiebt 450 juzana. From 
its roof hang golden bells; and its walls, pll- 
kiB, and stairs, shine with gold and precious 
stones. The pavement is of crystal, and each 
raw of pillars contains a hundred columns. 
The road to this ball is tnenty juzana long 
and eigbteen broad, bordered with trees bear- 
ing fruit and flowers. Whenever Sebkiaia 
repairs to this hall, the wind shakes off all the 
flowers (fresh ones instantly blooming in their 
stead), Willi which the presiding god of the 
winds adorns the road in honour of his ap- 
proach; and the flowers are so abundant as 
lo reach nu to the knees. In the centre stands 
the great imperial throne, suimauuted by the 
white cliettra or umbrella ; it shines with 
gold, and pearls, and jewels. It Is surrounded 
by the thirty-two shrines of the counsellon, 
and behind these the other Nat (i. e. (A« cof- 



THE TOURIST. 



UeHve pofmhot of g^ds), eac^ in his proper 
plfltf^. llie four assistant gods also attend ; 
iwhile the inferior gods touch their musical 
instruments and sing melodiously. The four 



view than to evince their valour, or to riot in 
the vengeance of victory. Ambition, as ex- 
hibited in Pompey and Ciesar, seems almost 
to become a grand passion when compared to 



assistant deities then command their inferior the contracted and ferocious aim of Homer's 



gods to go through this southern island, or the 
world, and inqcure diligently into Uie actions 
of mankind, if they observe holy days and 
laws (the Budha's precepts), and exercise cha- 
rity. At this command, quicker than the 
winds, the messengers pass through this world ; 
and, having carefully noted in a golden book 
all the good and evil actions of men, they im- 
mediately return to the hall, and deliver the 
leoord to the four presiding gods, who pass it 
to the lesser deities, and they onward till it 
imohes Sekkraia. He, opening the book, reads 
aloud ; and, if his voice be raised, it sounds 
over the whole heayen. If the Nat hear that 
men practise good works, and obev the Bud- 
liist laws, they exclaim, " Oh, now the infernal 
legions will be empty, and our abode full of 
inhabitants!" If, on the contrary, there are 
few good men, " Oh, wretches !'* say they, 
smiling, " men and fools, who, Teasting for a 
short life, for a body four cubits in length, and 
a belly not larger than a span, have heapen on 
themselves sin which will make them miser- 
able in futurity !" Then the god Sekkraia, 
that he may induce men to live virtuously, 
ohaiitably, and justly, speaks thus: — '* Truly, 
if men fulfilled Uie law (the Budha's precepts), 
they would be such as I am.'* After this he 
will, with all his train, to the number of thirty- 
six millions of Nat, return to the city with 
music. 



MORAL AND RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE 
OF THE CLASSICS. 

No. IV. 

EPIC POBTS, — LUCAN. 



In naming Lucan, I am not junaware that 
an avowal of high admiration may hazard all 
credit for correct disc^nment. 1 must, how- 
ever, confess that, in spite of his rhetorical 
ostentation, and all the offences of a too in- 
flated style, he does, in my apprehension, 
foeady surpass all the other ancient poets in 
direct force of the ethical spirit ; and that he 
would have a stronger influence to seduce my 
feelings, in respect to moral greatness, into a 
discordance firom Christian principles. His 
leading characters are widely different from 
those of Homer, and of an eminently superior 
order. The mighty genius of Homer appeared 
and departed in a rude age of the human 
mind, a stranger to the intellectual enlarge- 
ment which would have enabled him to com- 
bine in his heroes the dignity of thought, in- 
stead of mere physical force, with the energy 
of passion. For want of this, they are great 
heroes wiUiout being great men. They anpear 
to you only as tremendous fighting ana de- 
stroying animals — a kind of human mam- 
moths. The prowess of personal confiict is all 
they can undei'stand and admire, and in their 
warfare their minds never reach to any of the 
sublimer views and results even of war ; their 
chief and final obiect seems to be the mere 
flBvage glory of fighting, and tlie aunihilation 
of their enemies. When the heroes of Lucan, 
both the depraved and the nobler class, are 
employed in war, it seems but a small part of 
what they can do, and what they intend; tliey 
have alwajs something, further and greater in 



chiefs ; while this passion, even thus elevated, 
series to exalt, by comparison, the far different 
and nobler sentiments and objects of Cato and 
Brutus. The contempt of death, which, in the 
heroes of the Iliad, often seems like an inca- 
pacity, or an oblivion of thought, is, in Lucan's 
favourite characters, the result, or, at least, tlie 
associate, of high philosophic spirit ; and this 
strongly contrasts their courage with that of 
Homer's warriors, which is (according, indeed, 
to his own frequent similes) the reckless daring 
of wild beasts. Lucan sublimates martial into 
moral grandeur. Even if you could deduct 
from his great men all that which forms the 
specific martial display of the hero, you would 
find their greatness little diminished; they 
would still retain their commanding and in- 
teresting aspect. The better class of them, 
amidst war itself, hate and deplore the spirit 
and destructive exploits of war. They are in- 
dignant at the vices of mankind for compel- 
ling their virtue into a career in which suoh 
sanguiuary glories can be acquired. And, 
while they deem it their duty to exert their 
courage in conflict for a just cause, they re- 
gard camps and battles as vulgar things, from 
which their thoughts often turn away into a 
train of solemn and presaging reflections, in 
which they approach sometimes the most ele- 
vated sublimity. You have a more absolute 
impres.sion of grandeur from a speeoli of Cato 
than from' all the mighty exploits that epic 
poetry ever blazoned. The eloquence of 
Lucan's moral heroes does not consist in 
images of triumphs and otrnquests, but in re- 
flections on virtue, sufferings, destiny, and 
death; and the sentiments expressed in his 
own name have often a melancholy tinge 
which renders them irresistibly interesting. 
He might seem to have felt a presage, while 
musing on the last of the Romans, Uiat their 
poet was soon to follow them. The reader 
becomes <levoted both to the poet and to these 
illustrious men; but, under the influence of 
this attachment, he adopts all their sentiu^ents, 
and exults in the sympathy, forgetting, or un- 
willing, to reflect whether this state of feeling 
be concordant with the religion of Christ, and 
with the .spirit of the apostles and martyrs. 
The most captivating of Lucan's sentiments, 
to a mind enamoured of pensive sublimity, are 
those obnceming death. I remember the very 
principle which I would wish to inculcate, 
that is, the necessity that a believer of the 
gospel should preserve the Christian tenour of 
feeling predominant in his mind, and clear of 
incongruous mixture, having struck me with 
great force amidst the enthusiasm with which 
1 read many times over the memorable aoeount 
of Yulteius, tlie speech by which he inspired 
his gallant band with a passion for death, and 
the reflections on death with which the poet 
closes the episode. I said to myself, at the 
suggestion of conscience, What are these sen- 
timents with which I am glowing ? Are these 
the just ideas of death ? Are they such as 
were taught by the Divine Author of our re- 
ligion ? Is this the spirit with which St Paul 
approached his last hour ? And I felt a uain- 
ful collision between this reflection ana the 
passion inspired by the poet. I perceived 
clearly that the kind of interest which I felt 
was no less than a real adoption, for the time, 
of the very same sentiments with whiota he 
was animated. 



ORIGIN OF NEWSPAPERS. 

The origin of periodical literature in this coun- 
try is to be traced to the reign of Q,ueen Eliza- 
beth. England being threatened with a formi- 
dable invasion from iSpaiu, the wise and prudent 
Burleigh projected " The English Mercuric,'* 
printed in the year 1588, with the design of 
conveying correct information to the people^ 
and to relieve them from the danger of false 
reports, during the continuance of the boasted 
Soanish Armada in the English Channel. 
Tncy were all extraordinary gazettes, published 
from time to time, as that profound statesman 
judged needful, and less frequently as the 
danger abated. The appetite for news, thus 
excited, was not suffered to rest long without a 
further supply. Nathaniel Butter established 
the first weekly paper in Atigust, 1^22, entitled, 
" The Certain Newes of this Present Week," 
and within a few years other journals were 
started; but they aid not become numerous 
until the time of the civil wars. During that 
season of contention, each party had its Diur- 
nals, its Mercuries, and its Intelligencers, 
which arose into being as fast as the events 
which occasioned them. The great news-writer 
of that period was Marchmont Needham, of 
whose history and writings a large account is 
given by Anmony Wood. At the Restoration, 
he was discharged by the council of state from 
his post of public news-writer, Giles Dury and 
Henry Muddiman being appointed in his room. 
They were authorised to publish their papers 
on Mondays and Thursdays, under the title of 
" The Parliamentary Intelligencer," and " Mer- 
curius Publicus.'* In August, 1663, the noted 
Roger L'Estrange obtain^ the appointment of 
sole patentee for the publication of intelligence^ 
under the designation of '* Surveyor of the 
Imprimery and Printing Presses ;'' and he was 
at the same time constituted one of the li- 
censers of the press. By virtue of his newly-^ 
created office, he published two papers, entitled- 
" The Intelligencer," and " The Newes," whieh« 
appeared Mondays and Thursdays, until the 
beginning of January, 1665-6, when they were 
superseded by " The London Gazette," which 
became the property of Thomas Newcomb. 

From this time to the Revolution, a variety 
of newspapers made their appearance, both for 
and against the court The most ingenious of^ 
its opponents was "The Weekly Packet of 
Advice from Rome ; or, the Popi^ Courant;" 
written bv Henry Care, and continued for four 
years and a half, from December, 1678, to tlie 
13th of July, 1683. A rival paper, written 
with much wit and humour, against Care, and- 
other Whig writers, was *' Heiaclitus Ridens ; 
or, a Discourse between Jest and Earnest; 
where many a true word is pleasantly spoken, 
in opposition to libellers against the govern- 
ment" The first number appeared, FebruarTy 
1681, and the last, August 22, 1682. Towards 
the end of Queen Anne's reign, when church* 
men were desirous of rendering the Dissenters- 
ridiculous, in order to crush them, this work 
was reprinted in two volumes^ with a preface 
full oi misrepresentation and slander. The 
work itself contains some humourous songs and 
poems adapted to the loyalty of the timea. 
Another contemporary paper, rendered uoto- 
nous by its subserviency to the court, and the 
scurrility of its pages, was *' The Observator in 
Dmlogue. By Roger L'Eataage, Esq." It 
commenced, April, 1 3, 1 68 1 , and was continued 
until the 9th of March, 1687. Proper titles,, 
prefaces, and indexes were then added to the 
work, which forms three volumes in folio. It 
is a curious record of the manners and illiberal 
', spirit of the times. 



THE TOURIST. 



Wd 



The events lihftt followed the Bevolntion gave 
« new stimulus to inquiry, and multiplied the 
productions of the press, which also increased 
in va^ne, and began to assume a more perma- 
nent form. Following ihe spirit of the age, 
Dunton prcgected **The Anthenian Gazette: 
or, Casuistical Mercuiy. Resolving all the 
most nice and curious Questions proposed by 
the Ingenious." The first number was pub- 
lished, March 17, 1691, and the last the mh of 
February, 1696, which closed the nineteenth 
▼olume. Before this time, the public journals 
were either restricted to temporary politics, or 
to the angry discussion of controverted subjects 
«f an ecclesiastical nature, and of little benefit 
to the reader. Dunton has the merit of first 
giving them a literarv turn ; but his paper ex- 
cluded politics, and the quaintness of the style 
rendered it uninviting to his readers. 

It was in the following reign that our peri- 
4o£cal literature first acquired that polished 
tstyle, and intellectual vi^ur, which had so 
decided an influence iu unproving the taste 
«nd manners of the age. Upon this account, 
the reign of Q,ueen Anne has been sometimes 
<alled the Augustan age; and it certainly 
abounded in men of genius and refined taste, 
in every department of learning. The writings 
•of Swifty Steele, and Addison, who adorned 
that period, were long considered as the stand- 
ards of good style; and, although not the 
inventors of essay- writing, contributed to throw 
a charm over it, such as it had never before 
attained. Amongst their precursors in this 
line, there can be no question that De Foe is 
entitled to the foremost rank ; and that in the 
graces of language he as far outstripped his 
contemporaries as he was himself excelled by 
his successors. 

Numerous as were the periodical writers in 
the early part of this reign, there are three only 
tiiat challenge particular distinction: ''The 
Observator,^' of which the first number was 
published April 1, 1702; "The Review," 
■which commenced February 19, 1704; and 
*' The Rehearsal," which appeared the 2nd of 
August in the same year. Ihe first and last of 
them were written by way of dialogue, and 
distinguished by their personalities. Tutchin, 
who wrote " ITie Observator," was the organ 
of the Whigs, as Leslie was of the high-flyers; 
and the writings of both are plentifully seasoned 
•with the hostile language of party. De Foe's 
politics were those of the old Whig school, but 
he never ran the full race of party writers. In 
the late reign, he was rather a Williamite than 
either Whig or Tory ; and, in the present, his 
political connections were chiefly amongst the 
new Whigs. Soon after he started the " Re- 
view," this party came into power, and received 
his zealous support so long as its leaders con- 
tinued true to the grand principles of civil and 
religious liberty ; but, when they sacrificed 
them to their ambition, he followed his own 
judgment in descanting upon aflairs. It was 
his opinion that government should be sup- 
ported so far as is consistent with reason and 
iBound policy, but no further ; and it was upon 
this principle that he conducted his "Review." 

This paper differed from its two rivals, in par- 
taking more of the nature of an essay, which was 
hetter adapted for discussion. That it did not 
outlive its day, may be ascribed to the great 
proportion of temporary matter with which it 
abounded. There are to be found in its pages, 
however, many instructive pieces of a moral 
and political nature, besides others devoted to 
amusement; and also some useful historical 
documents. A complete copy of the work ia 
Aot known to be in' existence. It deserves to 



be remarked, that De Foe. was the sole writer 
of the nine ouarto volumes that compose the 
work ; a prodigious undertaking for one man, 
especially when we consider his other nume- 
rous engagements of a litefary nature. 

A modem writer, speaking of this work, be- 
stows upon it the following eulogium: — "Con- 
temporary with Leslie's I&hearsals, came for- 
ward, under a periodical dress, and of a kind 
far superior to any &ing which had hitherto 
appeared, the Review of Daniel De Foe, a man 
of undoubted genius, and who, deviating from 
the accustomed route, had chalked out a new 
path for himself. The chief topics were, as 
usual, news, foreign and domestic, and poli- 
tics ; to these, however, were added the various 
concerns of trade ; and, to render the under- 
taking more palatable and popular, he wiih 
much jud^ent, instituted what he termed, 
perhaps with no great propriety, a * Scandal 
Club,' and whose amusement it was to agitate 
questions in divinity, morals, war, language, 
poetry, love, manriage, &o. The introduction 
of this club, and the subjects of its discusNon, 
it is obvious, approximated the Review much 
nearer than any preceding work to our first 
classical model." 



DESTITUTE WHITES IN JAMAICA. 

TO THE BDITOE OF THE TOOtllST. 

Ma. EniTOR,^ Permit me, through the 
medium of your philanthropic journal, to 
acquaint the British public with a feature of 
Jamaica slavery to which, in a general sense, 
they seem to be entire strangers; but one 
which ought, if well weighed and considered, 
to have a strong claim on their sympathizing 
hearts. 

I allude to the wretched and degraded con- 
dition of himdreds of white persons, wander- 
ing about as vagmnts, and uniformly treated 
as such, thxou^out the whole length and 
breadth of the island. These unfortunates are 
denounced, by the West India party, as un- 
principled villains, destitute of all character, 
and a disgrace and pest to society. But to 
what cause is their present unpitied condition 
to be attributed? Simply and undoubtedly 
to the continued abuse of lawless power, 
vested in the planters, over their white de- 
pendants, no less than their slaves ; for, allow- 
ing that numbers of these walking buckras, as 
they are styled, have had their own bad con- 
duct to blame for their present destitution (as 
may in many instances hold true), still it is a 
decided and undenis^le truth that the far 
greater number have lost respectable situa- 
tions, and consequently all farther chance of 
promotion^ through the mere caprice or malice 
of an attorn^ or overseer. In my opinion, 
their case is truly a bittecone, and second only 
to that of the slaves themselves. They are 
both the degraded victims of that horrid sys- 
tem that blasts their morals and sickens their 
hearts. 

Let those who have relatives in Jamaica of 
whom, for years together, no tidings have 
been heard, and who have, therefore, been 
numbered with the dead — let those startle 
when I tell them that such relatives may still 
be alive there; but only as wanderers and out- 
casts, without a friend to relieve or a home to 
shelter, misery and want staring them ever in 
the face, and their recollections embittered by 
the wocst of treatment and disappointed hopes. 



Unable or unwilling to bear up against unex- 
pected misfortunes, they throw up the reins to 
the grossest dissipation, as long as their means 
will allow ihem, until at lengUi they are com- 
pelled to solicit chari^ from those whites who 
once befriended them, or even from the de- 
spised negroes themselves, no parish relief 
being in store for them. They must, conse- 
quently, either resort to casual assistance, or 
die by the wayside, unknown and uncared for. 
Frequently have I seen such victims of 
slavery, bare-footed and in rags, soliciting 
charity at the door of the overseer's house — 
entreating, in the humblest manner, for a 
morsel to eat from the domestic slaves. It 
depended greatly on the humour the lord of 
the sugar-canes was in at the time whether the 
supplication of the walking buckra would be 
attended to or not. Sometimes he would be 
sent a few scmps of meat in a plate, to eat at 
the foot of the steps ; at other times he would 
be angrily ordered off from the estate, with a 
direat of the stocks, and something worse, if 
he ever presented himself there again ! It not 
unusually happened that the poor outcast thus 
maltreated was at once of better family in the 
mother country, and had received a better edu- 
cation, than the unfeeling overseer he was now 
forced to fly irom ; but, from having had 
h%her feelings, better morals, and a spirit ill 
brooking the despotism of a sugar-estate polity, 
he had drawn down upon his head the hatred of 
his overseer, been dismissed from the estate, had 
his golden hopes dashed to the ground, and 
himself, ashamed and disgraced, rendered a 
drunkard and a villain ! 

Many a yoirog man lands in Jamaica 
with the highest hopes of advancing him- 
self in a land he at fint sight considers 
overflowing with gold and silver, till, on some 
ill-omened morning, he arrives too late at 
the field, receives a scowling look from the 
overseer at tiie moment, and, on his return, 
finds a letter containing his discharge. Thus 
is he branded with disgrace and infamy 
tlnroughottt all his after life. Scouted and 
sliunned by those whom he once called coun- 
trymen, but who now own no such tie, he can 
never again hold up his head even in Jamaica 
society, but must be content to associate wqth, 
and be constrained to accept charity from, the 
negroes, who, in most instances, are readier <to 
extend to him a brother's hand than the whites 
themselves. 

Since such b the true state of matters^ it 
seems a dangerous sort of policy for tlie plant- 
ers ; as these ruined whites would not scruple, 
for a morsel of food, to give the negroes every 
information they possessed regarding the 
working of the means for their emancipation, 
and thus increase their desire for freedom, and 
dissati^action with their present undoubtedly 
wretched lot. 

In your next number I will be happy that 
you insert a paper from me, detailing '*the 
nature of a book-keeper's situation in Jamaica ;" 
trusting ^atit may be the means, in the hand 
of providence, of warning and preventing a 
fiurther emigration of my young countrymen to 
the blood-stained soil of the west, until sla- 
very, the many^headed monster, is utteriy de- 
stroyed. 

I am, Mr. Editor, 

YoftT fbllow-labourer iir the great cause, 

Charles Johnstome. 



THE TOURIST. 



'"""■■yrr 



THE SPOTTED HYiENA. 

TiiEKE are two species of this animal, | inyqDadraut,Drotberfitn)itnre,aiidhe: 



the striped and the spotted hynna, the 
fonner of which is found in Tarious paria 
of Asia and Africa, and the latter princi- 
paliy confined to Guinea, Ethiopia, and 
the wcinity of the Cape of Good Hope. 
Of these the latter has the advantage in 
size, but their habits are exceedingly si- 
milar. Hyeenas geaerally inhabit caverns 
and rocky places; they prowl ahont 
chiefly by night, and feed on the re- 
mains of dead animals, as well as on 
living prey. They are even said to de- 
vour the dead bodies which they find in 
cemeteries ; but Bruce, who had great 
opportunities of observing them, declares 
that he never had reason to believe this 
statement. They attack cattle, and fre- 
quently commit great devastation among 
the flocks. Though not gregarious from 
any social principle, they sometimes as- 
semble in troops, and follow, with dread- 
ful assiduity, the movements of an army, 
in the hope of feasting on the slaughtered 
bodies. The following are some of the 
notices of this animal, given ua by Bruce, 
as he obser\'ed it in Abyssinia : — 

I do not Uiink there is any one that hath 
written of this animal vrho has seen tlie 
thousandth part of them that J hute. They 
were a jila^e in Abyssiuia in everv situation, 
in the city and in the field, and, I think, sur- 
passed the sheep iu number. Ooudur nas fall 
of them from the time it turned dark till the 
dawn of day, seeking the different pieces of 
slaughtered caicas-'es which this cruel and 
unclean people exjiuse in the streets without 
burial, ntitny a time in the night, when the 
king had kept me lale in the palace, and it 
was iiol my duty to lie there, in going across 
the square from the king's house, not many 
hundred yards distant, I have been apprehen- 
HTB they would bile me in the leg. Thej 
grunted in great numbers about me, though I 
was sniTOunded with several armed men, who 
seldom passed a night without wounding 
slaughtering some of them. 

One night in Mailsha, being very intent 
observation, I heard something pa^s behind 
me towards the bed, but upon looking round 
could perceive nothing. ^Having finished what 
I was then about, 1 went out of my tent, re- 
solving directly to return, which I immediately 
did, wiien I perceived lonre blue eyes glaring 
on me in the dark. I called npoi my servant 
with a light, and there was (he hyana stand* 
ing near the head of my bed, with two or three 
Isige bunches of candles in his mouth. 
have fired at him I was in danger of biMiUng 



ull>fy liny r 



ll MtBlll. It kKl Ult b*r- 






TfcMe PowdiM in hUhrdlly on 
ule FropriilDn,A. ROWtANb 
■■nln. PickafH it Si. ed. and ' 



toid, 1^ appolntm 



BRITISH COLLEGE OF HEALTH, KING'S 

CROSS, NEW ROAD, LONDON. 
MORISON'S UNIVERSAL VEGETABLE 

MEDICINE. 



by keeping lie candles steadily in his month, 
to wish for no other prey at that time. As hie 
mouth was full, and he had no claws to tear 
with, I WHS not afraid of him, bnt with a pike 
struck him as near the heart as I could judge. 
It was not till then that he showed anv sign of 
fierceness ; but, on feeling his woimo, he let 
drop the candles, and endeavoured to run up 
the shaft of the spear to arrive at me, so that, 
in self-defence, I was obliged to draw ov 
pistol from my girdle and shoot him, i 
nearly at the same 'time my servant cleft 
skull with a battle-axe. In a word, the hysna 
was the plague of our lives, the terror of our 
night-walks, and the destruction of our mules 
and ssses, which, above all others, are his 
favourite food. There is another passion for 
which he is still more remarkable, which .is 
his liking for dogs' flesh, or, as it is commonly 
called, his aversion to dogs. No dog, however 
fierce, will touch him in the field. My grey- 
hounds, accustomed to fasten on the wild booi, 
would not venture (o engage witii him. On 
the contrary, there was not a juiune; I made 
that he did not kill sevaral of my greyhounds, 
and once or twice robbed me of my whole 
stock. This animosity between him and dogs, 
though it has escaped modern naturalists, ap- 
pears to have been known to the ancients m 
the east. In Ecclesiasticus (chapter xiii., veree 
19), it is said, " What agreement is there be- 
tween the hyxna and the dog?" a sufficient 
proof that the antipathy was so well known as 
to be proverbial. 



,— P*r IhE bMwSti>r 



CoUcE' '>f U«Itb, 1 
IhcnKorilitllBiv*! 

Aileu>tlw»l>k» 
onlfdlwuccincd 



ii'STn™ 



»HlSM(,Tlpt<> 


Otmo, 


Svpl. 


*. IBM. 


*• 






















































^?ar 




























•L-«ST,'.1S: 




idlnit 




ntn- 



ilncHllntryinhcmMpIlbnuoMSunKiiiyicnHX. I. 
IhercTore. appllHt la yna nirli>a laid, boxci on Ibi.- otk tf 

—0 l>rgc iHua, Khich I Site mkcn Kfcordlni to iniiiitC' 
tu Riven. I am liappy lo uy my npliire hH wH Inia- 

i reni.iln, nilli fiiiltiiite, your vtry oMIecl ImmUte ht- 
nl. C. Ut.». 

». S, Cbi iwl ami , B rwk 'i-plaer.Sl.Slcplicii't.KHViih. 

The " Ve^ublE Uolrfnal U«lldii»'- are lo be hid at 
• Cull*tt, N™ Road, Klng'iCrwB, Londoa; M lU 
itny Branch, tS, Omit Sarnf4itr«i; Mr. nchri,l«,Ak- 
rcM, QntdnBI ; Mr. Cliappi'U'i, Royal Eichann; ilt. 
'alkcr-i, ldDb'Kiuidnii-i»Hur;, itcd.]]oi,.H|iiai. ; Mr. 
Idn'i, Mllo-cnd-roid ; Mr. II«iinL«'i, Cman-tiiMta- 
arkd; Mc.HBydDn'>,Fkar.<l>" w— _ .,.. 



fia. Bvn«iii'"TH\i.T,r\ 
don; Itamllloii, Adimi, ai 



I (ki., PiwnMWr Bm 



rypiwrUr 



Por OsnTalalon Flta, Bpllaptle Flta. 

DR. HADLEY'S POWDEItS, a safe and 
certain Cnit for Inwaiit Wc^ikiHU, G< 
Epirndic Pllf, Himerlci, and >' 
YlMK PowdoFipoHtn enno 

WcakncM In Cblldi« and Adalta ; iln 

l.> ihc •alTtrtiK lafanl, or Growi P.rw. 

Coniulii™ PlIi; alio in cam of BpUcpj.or Fanin( Fltk 
Ib LaHllod* and N<na« DcMllty, HjUcrica, aad 8n>- 

nvdk Complalal*, Ikcw Pooden pmeu i ■ 

rallvt ; alaa mlrpits FH> wkkli Pnnaki ai 

Fmm Lord ViumiM Amitnt, 

To Mr. Roirland. 

Sir,— I Itri I aboald be dainf yoa Ibr fraat 

and alw in Ihc poblle [cBcrally, were 1 to * 

no Mf leallmonT In flTOn or yoar inntlnal 

Dr. Hadkji't Fowim, whkfa, iBder Pm 

oiniilaBC«ith''<rmHI upanlJiM' b»lBt tbt Bnt ntdicai 
adrtcc, asd no man Mhel lha> mDflHMiry relief. Hit 
laraBldally 4ecllBlBi, lMH»(k Ibtl tha boon wan Hart) 
IhRMik Ike akia, la Ihlawnwbed ■IihUob I BdnilBManl 
dally yoar ponderi, lad no Mfcer mtdlclH ) ud, la Iki 



Debnily. I 






a- NorbBry't. 



I; UrbBeetk' 



l*ppfBi,Chrv-narkel! . 
Ubi Vanlt, M, Lncai-i 
■■ - — -HDirt, ChelKi; 

ailj r- ' 



Pippcn-., H. 



inry, raii-maii: mn. riBncn i 

konmn! Mb>C. AlkiuoD, lt>. 

- ■ "r. Taylor, Hanwctii Mr. 
"-' '-■"r. Pijnc.w, 



Chapple'i, Royal Ubni 

WlnErOTa-plaM,Ctvrk.r..._._ 

Triiiriy.tr(iBBd«, DenaiDnl; _.. . 

KirUam, 4, BoflBibrnke-nw, Wall _ __ 

JvrT»yii.rtRel ; Mr. Hnirard, » Mr. Wood'a, liatrih'cai.., 

Rkbmonil; Mr. Mayar, S, May-i^oUdbiu. BiMkheatfc; 

Mr. GrllSIbi, Wood-nkai/, Orecmvleli I Mr.n»,l,OM^ 

arall-mad, Lanbuhi Mr. t. Bobnn, U, tJravar^lnci, 

SlruKt; Mr. Ollrer, BrM|!e.rtrRl, Vaaihin; Mr. 1. 

Honck, Bealcy Hwik ) Mr. T. Slake., It. St. ■««■'■, 

UeplftH4)Hr. «oiieU,tS,Tcmce. PlmlicDi Mi. Parfln, 

M, Ed(vrareroad : Mr. Han. P -■ — - — ■— 

iMr.Ckirienmth.i 



R.O. B 



L'ptace, Kennrac. 

i.InMer, IM, thnmrhdii Mr. 

lrCk-la», Sl.I.ake'11 Mr.*. 

., .-rr-dlelhcckBrdi.HaokBev; Mi 

/. S. Brim, 1. Bniniwkk-plaec, Rioke NnlaclnB; Mr.. 
T. OardBcr, M, Wnodoml, Ckeapride, Bsd », Hhio>- 
ralgal« : Mr. J. WnUanuoB, A, 3cabr{^l-^Ke, UadniM- 
roadi iir. J. Oiib«n, WeUailrcel, Hackuy nwt, »fr 
HoBwrloni Mr. H. Can, foar. m, UidoMtiMt. BIiTii-b 

Klt-atreeli Mr. T. Waller, cheaKmoBKar, OT, H«M.dH 
■wn i aiid al one ajent'i In every prlBclnl lown In GreM 
Brltaln.lbcIjIaBdanr OamtryMud Mala; iBdlkTank- 
onl Ike wbolt » Uk VnUtd SUlei sT Anerio. 

N. H. The CvUece vll' .. - - 

•eqanev* of any BHOklnci 






>aW by any ebymlat or drvcck*- 
lo .eli U« ■■ t;nlT.nO mth 



Printtd by J. Hidmh and Co. ; 
br J. Caur, at No. 37, Ivy Lib«, Pi 
now, wb«(« all AdvaitisenMBti and " 
eatioas bi the Editor are to ba ^tn 



THE TOURIST. 



' Utile dulci."— JToroce. 



Vol. I.— No. SJ. 



MONDAY, APRIL 8, 1883. 



Prick One Penny. 



THE GALLA OXEN. 



Tiiiiui: is in Abvssinia a curious spe- 
cies of oxen called the Oalla oxen, or 
Manga, celebrated for the remarkable size 
of its horns. They are brought by the 
('atilas from Antalo, being sent there as 
valuable preseuts from tlte chiefs of the 
Oalla tribes, a bordering people far to the 
southward. When Mr, Bnice first gavi; a 
descriptiou of this extraordinary animal, 
and the very incredible length asd esten- 
sion of its horns, popular scepticism placed 
ittolheaccoiintofthoEcmarvellousrecitnb 



of his which suggested the travels of Baron 
Munchausen, as a burlesque upuu hia 
narrative. It was at Gilba, a pretty 
secluded valley, rich in beautiful sce- 
nery, beyond the Giralta mountains, that 
Mr. Salt, who seems to have doubted 
Mr. Bruce's account, was first gratified 
with the sight of these very remarkable 
animals. Three of them were subse- 
quently made a present to him, but he 
found them so exceeding'ly wild that he 
was obliged to have them shot. The 



horns of one of them are now deposited 
in the Museum of the Sui^ons' College, 
and a pair of tbe very largest dimensions 
are in the collection of Lord Valeutia, at 
Arlcy Hall. 

It might have been expected that the 
animal, carryinf; horns of so extraordinarj- 
a magnitude as four feet, would have 
proved larger than others of the bovine 
genus ; but, in every instance which came 
under Mr. Salt's observation, it was 
.Otherwise. The ox is undersized, and 



282 



THE TOURIST. 



even diminutive. The accompanying 
engraving will gjfpe .« Ilettpr idea el the 
animal, and of the felative proportion of 
the horas and the body, than any de- 
scription. The colour is as varied as in 
the other species of this genus ; and the 
peculiarity in the size of the horns is not 
confined to the male, the female being 
very amply provided with this appendage 
to the forehead. 



NOTES ON THE ISLAND OF CUBA. 

FROM THE UNPUBUSHED MEMORANDA OF A 

TRAVELLER. 

No* II. 

ftoiTTiNo the sickly picture of society which 
Jamaica presents, nothing can be a more pleas- 
ing change than the humble and unsophisti- 
catsed scenes of Cuba. In the walks of nature, 
there is no less difference than in human life. 
In Jamaica, every thing exhibits strong oppo- 
sition of parts, grouped in distinct colouring, 
and massed in the excesses of light and shade ; 
but in Cuba all things imperceptibly assimilate 
— Nature has spread out her beauties with a 
gemle hand, and man has clothed himself in 
simplicity. 

1 entered the town of Manzanilla in the 
obscurity of night ; but I could perceive that it 
presented a picture far different from any I 
had witnessed in West Indian scenery, ITie 
houses had a sullen, unsocial secludedness, 
decidedly different from the smiling open air 
of those light Venetian dwellings, ornamented 
with piazzas and balconies, seen in our Eng- 
lish settlements. They were, indeed, for the 
most part, essentially cottages, with roofs 
thatched neatly with the leaves of the Areca 
palm ; but there was frequently interspersed a 
massy building of bricks and plaster, covered 
with a heavy sort of semicircular tiles, common 
in tl^e pictures of Spanish and Italian scenery, 
forming deep channels for the rain to run off, 
or rather gutters to eject the floods of water 
that pour fram the clouds with such prodigious 
impetuositv, at stated seasons, in these cli- 
mates. The horizontal curvature of the roof, 
with overhanging eaves, and massy cornices 
composed of a succession of mouldings, — the 
pilasters by the side of large pannelled door- 
ways, — and the immense barred windows, were 
so perfectlv Arabesque that a stranger could 
scarce fail immediatdy to recognize the 
Moorish history of the people. This character 
was still more decidedly impressed by a large, 
square, flat, terrace»roofed building, that now 
and then intermingled with the humbler and 
better sorts of edifices. There was no great 
diversity in the size of the houses, and I after- 
wards found no great variety in their internal 
convenience; but the humblest of them im- 
pressed tlie visitor with a sense of their roomy 
comfort and airy coolness. 

The town extended itself about a mile and 
a half upward from the shore, ami as much 
again along the sea. The houses, though 
built .without any respect to uniformity, had 
a pretty equal altitude, and great prevailing 
similanty. The streets, wide and unpaved, 
intersected each other at right angles. The 
shops, which were generally very large, were 
proiusely stored with articles of commerce in 
the best-amnged order. Their mas^ en- 
trances, like the gateways of capacious bams, 
and serving for windows as well as doois, 



when thrown open, presented, on one side, a 
rieli display of the se^es of Malaga, the silks 
of Valencia and Barcelona, the vuvete of Flo- 
rence, the light and showv shaiaris of Tours 
and Lyons, the cotton^ and mudins of Man- 
chester and Glasgow, together with a variety 
of Madras and Bandanna handkerchiefs and 
Canton crapes, the silk goods beinff about half 
the price of such articles in the iSiops of Ja- 
maica, and the cottons equally cheap with the 
same commodity in the English colonies. In 
another part was seen an assortment of cutlery, 
tin-ware, and groceries. In the upper shelves, 
and along every rafter of the roof, and every 
joist and beam, were the earthenwares of Staf- 
fordshire and the metal manufacture of Bir- 
mingham. All along the sea-beach was piled 
the native timber — cedar and mahoganv, 
hardwoods and dyewoods,the sole export trade 
of this district The commercial opulence of 
Manzanilla is not, however, so much to supply 
the wants of its immediate inhabitants, as to 
meet the demand of the larger population of 
St Salvador de Bayamo, an interior city, the 
seat of one of the aistrict governors, and dis- 
tant about seventy miles up the course of the 
Rio Couta, of which Manzanilla is the port. 
Tliere were some three or four excellent saw- 
mills in the town, set in motion by cattle, which 
turned to good account the labour bestowed in 
cutting into boards and scantling the indige- 
nous timber. 

The country immediately contiguous to the 
sea is a low level tract, from which no rocky 
craggs jut fbrth to interrupt the easy sloping of 
the shores. From the sea, the landscape swells 
upward into wavy lines of gentle rising and 
descent, almost imperceptibly forming hills 
and valleys, covered with measureless forests 
clothed in that majesty and splendour of foli- 
age peculiarly characterising the orchards of 
the sun. Beyond this district of forest the 
country opens to the view wide levels and ex- 
tensive savannas, over which nature has spread 
occasional pools of water and small detached 
groups of trees, blending with each other the 
mast dissimilar foliage, and sweetly varying 
the eternal verdure of the plains. The splen- 
dour, the variety, and luxuriance of vegetation, 
and the picturesque disposal of these clumps 
and thickets, are beautiful in the extreme. 
Trees, in which fruits and flowers are mingled, 
cluster around the wide-spreading ceiba and 
the mahogany; and these, in their turn, are 
opposed 'by the stately grandeur of the pal- 
metto, raising its perpendicular stem a hundred 
feet, then spreaaing its branches into a wide 
circle of shadowy plumes. After tmvelling 
through scenes where the view has no exten* 
sion beyond the precincts of a forest road, no- 
thing can surpass the pleasurable emotion 
experienced on opening upon these conlinued 
pastures, spread for many miles, and bounded 
only by the distant mountains, as they are 
seen, in these serene climates, distinct, and 
beautifully blending their meek blue colour 
with the bright azure of the horizon. Ani- 
mated nature is not wanting to complete the 
interest of the picture. Over these plains, or 
rather these embellished parks, wander a mul- 
titude of wild horses and caUle, that enjoy, 
not divide, tlie empire of these primeval fielos 
of nature. Amid the teeming harvests of 
the fields, one might run over the objects 
enumerated in Bowles's description of ISouth 
American Scenery, for there are ^ the panot 
flocks darkening the passing sunshine," and 
" the chrysomel and the purple butterfly, wan- 
dering amid the clear blue light," and '* the 
humming-bird, with twinkling wing, spinning 



among the flowers," and **the woodpecker, 
with his busy bill,'' and " the singing mock- 
bird," while the forests,. repfete with innume- 
rable other beautifal objects, are ranged by the 
wiid booj, and hauitted by the playfid agouti.* 
Throughout this district a diversity of rivers, 
navigable, and receiving the influence of the 
tides far up their courses, pour their streams. 
The softly gliding waters, while they refresh 
the landscape, supply delight by their contrast 
with the woods and pastures. Here the rose- 
coloured flamingo, swarming in the distance 
like soldiei's in batallion, and the egret (the 
garzota) delicately white, together with the 
purple gallinule, and a thousand other water- 
birds, inhabit the solitudes, or enjoy an undis- 
turbed possession of the swamps and rivers 
with the iguana and the alligator. 

lliiough the waste of forest, advantage has 
been taken of the streams to raft dovni the 
most valuable of the native timber. The 
woods form the chief sources of industry to 
the proprietors of land here. Mahogany, 
cedar, fustic, lignum vit«, and ebony, ara 
those which are most known in the European 
market ; but the tough and durable, as well 
as the ornamental, hardwoods — such as the bul- 
lytree-nesberry, the Santa Maria, and the red 
man^grove — are articles of valuable commerce 
with the neighbouring islands. A considerable 
|M)rtion of the woodlands in the vicinity of the 
rivers have been denuded of the exportable 
timber ; but so dense is the vegetation, in these 
genial climates, that the labours of industry 
to the eyes of the stranger are scarcely discern- 
ible any where. The greatest portion, and 
decidedly the most valuable, of the timber of 
commerce on this coast, is floated down the 
Rio Couta. After it is brought out of the 
forest, by the aid of cattle, to the banks of the 
river, the passage of a raft is a matter of little 
labour. During the months the rains prevail 
on the mountains, and the lowlands are ex- 
posed to the periodical floods, the logs are 
floated to the principal stream, after which the 
rafts are constructed, knd sent onward to the 
sea. The mahogany and cedar are of the best 

J[uality on the rocky verge of the mountains, 
irom whence they are brought to the ravines 
with great difficulty and labour ; and hence it 
is that the clouded, mottled, and variegated 
cabinet woods bear an increased price, not so 
much from the scarcity of these specimens of 
timber as from the additional value created by 
the additional' labour in bringing them down 
for a foreign market. On the richer loams and 
moister soils of the plains the timber is of more 
rapid growth, of a less opmpact texture, a less 
specific gravity, and of consequence of inferior 
quality. The vegetable physiology, however, 
as far as it has been subjected to observation, 
indicates the quality of the timber in the ap- 
pearance of the bark and of the foliage, as 
well as in the localities to which the varioos 
trees are assigned by nature. 



TO THE EUITOR OF THE TOURIST. 

STR,^lt has been said by a celebrated 
author, who at the same time was no inconsi- 
derable philosopher, that the proper study of 
mankind is man. This is, indeed, a maxim to 
which all either intuitively or by experience 



* Bees- wax is an article of extensive commerce* 
and honey, perhaps, one of the cheapest coaun^ 
dities, of Cuba. It it gathered from the coabs of 
the wild beea that hive in the hoUow trees o£ the 
forest* 



THE TOUKIST. 



must assent To detect the seeret workings of 
the buBuui heart ere yet they haye declared 
themselves in open action, and to infer, even 
with tolerable accuracy, the Xatnre conduct 
from that which has preceded, are advantages 
€0 eminently desirable, in the ordinary dealings 
and transactions of life, that no one can sup- 
pose the knovdedffe of mankind to be useless 
and insignificant, and, therefore, neither can 
the study of man be idle and unimportant 

As, then, there are few who have not suffered 
by forming a wrong estimate of their neigh- 
bours, so also there are few who do not eagerly 
seek for some iheary whereby to assist and 
jregulate their judgments and observations of 
•characters in general. Hence the origin of 
physiognomy, phrenology, noseology, and all 
other ologies and onomics that profess to deter- 
mine the talents and dispositions by certain 
actual and visible manifestations. Of these, 
phrenology and hand-writiug-oZo^ are t>.e 
most fashionable, because most recently intro- 
duced ; but. Sir, I, who am a Septuagenarian, 
protest against explosion of every thing that is 
old, for, if this practice obtain, I feel that I also 
must be blown up. 

But, to be serious, if you should wish to 
ascertain the character of any particular indi- 
vidual, the question is, how are yon to pro- 
ceed P Locke and Bacon would' say, Mark 
well the former conduct, of which make a 
patient and accurate analysis ; and, when you 
have thus amved at first principles, by succes- 
sive combinations of these elements, you will 
obtain a perfect solution to the problem. Ano- 
ther exclaims. Get a sheet of his hand- writing; 
if the tails of his Y's are thrown off in a free 
and sportive manner, be assured that the man is 
"bold and enterprising, of lofty notions, and ex- 
cursive imagination; but if they should be made 
short, squat, and turned up to the right, the 
writer must be mean, low-minded, cowardly, 
and matter of fact Again, Dr. Spurzheim 
cries. Feel his head ; while Lavatersays, Look 
in Lis face. Now, without presuming to decide 
on the merits of these various systems, it mast 
be evident that physiognomy is by far the most 
convenient, and may be employed when there 
is no opportunity for tlie exercise of any of the 
others. A strancfcr comes to me upon import- 
ant business, and I desire some insight into his 
character. I can draw no inference from his 

rst actions, for I know of none ; neither can 
ask him to sit down and write a copy : it 
^ould certainly be most grossly indecent, on a 
first acquaintance, to set to manipulating his 
skull ; but I may without any impropriety, in- 
deed courtesv demands that I should, look at 
his connteuaucc. For these reasons I have 
ever been a physiognomist, and I would particu- 
larly recommend every class of your numerous 
readers to adopt the same course without 
delay. I can now speak from the experience 
of nearly fifty years ; and, were I to live fifty 
years longer, I should doubtless double the 
number of facts I have already acquired. As 
an encouragement to those who may feel dis- 
posed to receive my advice, permit me to sub- 
join a few initiatory remarks. And first, of 
-noses; — have you, my friends, ever seriously 
thought of the great importance of noses? 
T^oscitur naso, says the Latin proverb ; and 
there is a depth of truth in the observation 
^hich we should do well to consider. There 
are, indeed, many secrets revealed by the nose 
which the lips would never aoiknowledge. 

Above all things avmd a flaUemed aquiline 
nam. A man of tins description <mce robbed 
nko of £SO0, The man was himself as good a 
man as ever breathed ; he had served me as 



clerk, for fifteen yeais, witli fidelity and affec- 
tion; his hand- writing wasbold, ingenuous, and 
straiffht'foniHird; his organ of conscientious- 
ness as large as a cocoa-nut; bnt his nose 
forged a bill for £500, and carried off the 
money to America. I respect, I entirely exo- 
nerate the individual ; any physiognomist in 
tiie world will tell you that it is impossible for 
a person to be honest who is the proprietor of 
such a sinister feature ; and, therefore, he 
might as reasonably have been persuaded to 
fight against his stars as to expect to make a 
successful opposition against his nose. Se- 
condly, a fiat, prominent nose is an unlncky 
feature, and is in general indicative of imbe- 
cility : the more hooked it is, however, the 
better ; but if you should encounter a speci- 
men that rises in a gradual straight line, and 
flattens towards the extremity, you may rest 
perfectly satisfied that tiiere are no brains in 
that nose. One of my boys was a victim to a 
proboscis of this nature. From his earliest 
infancy, from his very cradle, I watched the 
growing evil with all the solicitude ©f a fond 
and anxious parent; and sometimes — I own 
it with a blush — I was even guilty of com- 
pressing the disastrous feature with ray thumb 
and finger : but all in vain ; no effort could 
arrest the course of nature, and day by dajr I 
could perceive the hideous form becoming 
more and more developed. All that remained 
for me to do was to labour assiduously at the 
cultivation of his faculties, and witli this view 
I devoted more time to his education than I 
bestowed on that of all the other members of 
my family put together; but I could never 
inoculate the poor boy with a solitary idea, 
and, even when he was more than eight years 
old, his apprehensions were so dull that he 
would often make comparisons between things 
that had no analogy whatever. Thus he 
would say that he liked two slices of fat bacon 
better than fireworks, and that he loved his 
mother much more than fifty miles. Snub 
noses, or noses having a concavity in the bridge, 
aspiring towards the extremity so as to betray 
the nostrils, and altogether somewhat resem- 
bling a shoe-horn, are for the most part warm 
and vivacious. Damon and Pythias had both 
such noses ; so had also Tarquin and Appius 
Claudius ; those of Voltaire and La Sage 
touched a little on this genus : in short, it is a 
very desirable nose, although it has been assi- 
milated to a pump-handle. Nor is this the 
only stigma that has been unjustly fastened on 
snub noses. It has been said that they are 
conceited and overbearing, and that they are 
thus formed to render it inconvenient and dif- 
ficult to pull them. But this is a very mistaken 
notion, and a gross and unfeeling libel to boot; 
for it is one thing to be contemptuous and 
supercilious, and another thing to turn tip your 
nose. A Gi-ecian nose, produced towaras the 
extremity so as to overhang tiie upper lip, is a 
sure sign of sound intellect and an intensity 
of the reasoning powers. Such noses adorned 
the countenances of Euclid, Archimedes, So- 
crates, all the Grecian sages. Bacon, Shak- 
speare — cum multis aliis — all of whom, it will 
be admitted, were certainly no fools. 

But, Sir, I am trespassing on your valuable 
space without any consideration. I had better 
defer the rest of my observations till some 
future time. 

Your obedient Servant, 

Naso, Senior. 



MORAL AND REUGIOUS INFLUENCE 
OF THE CLASSICS. 

No.V. 

GREEK DJRAMA. 

The epic poetry has been selected for the 
more pointed application of my remarks, from 
the belief that it has had a much greater in- 
fluence on the moral sentiments of succeeding 
ages than all the other poetry of antiquity, by 
means of its impressive display of individual 
great characters. And it will be admitted that 
the moral spirit of the epic poets, taken too- 
ther, is as little in opposition to the Christian 
theory of moral sentiments as that of the col- 
lective poetry of other kinds. Some just and 
ioMb sentiments to be found in the Greek trage- 
dies are in the tone of the best of the pagan 
didactic moralists. And they infuse them- 
selves more intimately into our minds when 
thus coming warm in the course of passion 
and action, and speaking to us with the em- 
phasis imparted by affecting and dreadful 
events ; but still are of less vivid and pene- 
trating charm, than as emanating from the 
insulated magnificence of such striking and 
sublime individual characters as those of epic 
poetry. The mind of the reader does not, 
from those dramatic scenes, retain for months 
and years an animated recollection of some 
personage Avhose name constanUy recalls the 
sentiments which he uttered, or with which 
his conduct inspired us. The Greek drama is 
extremely deficient in both grand and inter- 
esting characters, in any sense of the epithets 
that should imply an imposing or a captiva- 
ting moral power. Much the greatest number 
of the persons and personages brought on the 
scene are such as we care nothing about, 
otherwise than mei-ely on account of the cir- 
cumstances in which we see them acting or 
suffering. With few exceptions they come 
on the stage, and go off, without possessing us 
with either admiration or affection. When, 
thei-efore, the maxims or reflections which we 
hear from them have an impressive effect, it is 
less from any commanding quality in the per- 
sons than from the striking, and sometimes 
portentous and fearful, situations, that the 
sentiments have their pathos. There are a few 
characters of greater power over our respect 
and our sympathies, wLo draw us, by virtue of 
personal qualities, into a willing communion 
with them, at times, in moral principles and 
emotions. We are relieved and gratified, after 
passing tiirough so much wickedness, misfor- 
time, and inane common-place moralizing, to 
be greeted with fine expressions of justice, ge- 
nerosity, and fidelity to a worthy purpose, by 
persons whom we can regard as living realiza- 
tions of such virtues. It is like finding among 
barbarous nations (as sometimes happens) 
some individual or two emiuentiy and unac- 
coimtably above the level of their tribe, whose 
intelligence and virtues have, by the contrast 
and tiie surprise, a stronger attraction than 
similar qualities meeting us in a cultivated 
community. But the delight, sometimes 
kindled by sentiments of magnanimous or 
gentle viilue, is exceedingly repressed, and 
often quenched, in the reader of the Greek 
drama, by the incessant intrusion of a hideous 
moral barbarism; especially by the implica- 
tion of the morality wdth an execrable mytho- 
logy. There is an odiotis interference of ^' the 
gocls," sometimes by their dissentions with one 
another, perplexing and confounding the rules 
of human obligation ; often contravening the 
best iutentions and efforts— depriving victne 



'SSi 



THE TOURIST. 



of all confidence and resouice— despising, 
frustrating, or ponisfaing it — turning its exer- 
tions and sacrifices to Tanitv or disaster ; and 
yet to be the objects of aevout homaffe, a 
homage paid with intermingled complaints 
and reproaches, extorted from defeated or suf- 
fering virtue, which is trying to be better than 
the gods. Nothing caii be more intensely 
dreary than the moral economy as representeci 
111 much of that drama. Let any one con- 
lemplate it as displayed, for example, in the 
Promedieus Chained, or the whole stories of 
Gildipus and Orestes. On the whole, I have 
Aionceded much in saying, that a small portion 
of the morality of that drama may have a 
place with that of tlie best of the didactic 
moralists. 



THE TOURIST. 



MONDAY, APRIL 8, 1833. 



SUPPRESSION OF THE COLONIAL 
CHURCH UNION. 

The intelligence received from Jamaica by 
the last packet is a fresh assurance of the de- 
termination of his Majesty's Government to 
protect the missionaries and their converts in 
the enjoyment of tlieir religious rights. The 
outrageous proceedings of the Colonial Union 
have been regarded with astonishment and 
detestation in this country, and many persons 
have been surprised that the royal authority 
lias not interposed earlier, llie infatuation 
of the colonists has been equalled only by their 
malignity. Had they possessed a particle of 
wisdom they must have seen the absurdity of 
their course, and have been induced gladly to 
retrace their steps. This was their only hope 
of escape; but they have madly persisted, till 
forbearance itself has become exhausted. The 
unconstitutional character of their proceedings 
was sutixciently ob>ious ; the displeasure of his 
Majesty's Government was well known ; the 
fdgns of the times warned them of tlieir folly; 
and every wise and virtuous man prayed them 
to desist. But, deaf to every entreaty, insen- 
idble alike to honour and religion, given over 
to a brutal and reprobate mind, they have 
udded insult to transgression, and open de- 
fiance to secret revolt It is, therefore, with 
pleasure we learn that the following proclama- 
tion has been issued ; and we trust the same 
jjpirit which dictated its publication will en- 
force its execution. 

- CIRCULAR. 

" Kiruf's'Hou$e, 25th Jan., 1833. 

*^SiR, — I am commanded by his Excellency 
the Governor to transmit to you, for promulga- 
tion within your parish, the enclosed proclama- 
tion of his Majesty in Council, against certain 
societies calling themselves Colonial Church 
Unions, and, at the same time, to recall to your 
Tccollection tibat one of his Excellency's first 
acts upon assuming the administration of the 
government w as to forward to you the Attor- 
ney-General's opinion on this subject, and im- 
press upon vou the propriety of cautioning all 
persons within your district against entering 
into any association founded on what was 
thus declared to be illegal. All the circum- 
tstanccs connected with the origin and objects 
of tliese societies have been since reported to 
the King. His Maiesty now, in this marked 
manner, expresses his displeasure on the sub- 
ject. His ExcellencVi therefore, trusts that 
-implicit obedience will be henceforward paid 



to the King's commands, and that no further 
attempts will .be made illegally to molest the 
ministers of religion, of any sect or persuasion, 
in that free and undisturbed exereise of their 
sacred oGdling which the constitution sanc- 
tions; but, sboidd any persons within your 
knowledge still persevere in acting in defiance 
of his Majesty's proclamation, you are ex- 
pected immediately to report the same to his 
Excellency, as he will feel it to be his duty, 
should they hold any appointments, civil or 
military, under the crown, forthwith to deprive 
them of the same, that all others concerned in 
tiie proceedings may perceive that neither ac- 
tual violence, nor a repetition of illegal threats, 
will be allowed to pass unpunished. 

" I have the honour to be. Sir, your most 
obedient humble Servant, 

(Signed) " C. Yorke, Secretary." 

" By the King. — A Proclamation. 

" William R. 

" Whereas, it hath been represented to us 
that divers of our subjects, resident in our 
Island of Jamaica, have associated themselves 
together into certain voluntary societies, under 
the name of Colonial Church Unions, or other 
similar designations, and that public meetings 
of such societies have been holdcn in different 
parts of our said island, on which occasions 
resolutions have been entered into for the for- 
cible removal from our said island of divers 
teachers and ministers of religion, dissenting 
from the doctrine or discipline of the Estab- 
lished Chureh of England and Ireland : And 
whereas it hath been further represented to us 
that the several resolutions aforesaid have been 
printed and dispersed throughout the said is- 
land, to the great disquiet and alann, not only 
of such religious teachers as aforesaid, and of 
their several congregations, but of all other 
peaceable and well-disposed inhabitants of our 
said island : And whereas such proceedings as 
aforesaid are conti'ary to law, and tend to the 
imminent danger of the public peace in our 
said island : Now, therefore, we do hereby de- 
clare and make known to all whom it may 
concern, that we are purposed and finnly re- 
solved, in tiie exercise of our lawful authority, 
to maintain within our said island the princi- 
ples of religious toleration, and to protect and 
defend all our subjects, and others resident 
there, in the public worship of Almighty God, 
according to their own consciences, altiiough 
such worship may not be conducted according 
to the doctrines or discipline of the Church of 
Eiifi^laud and Ireland aforesaid, so lone: as 
such persons shall conform and be obedient 
to the laws : And we do hereby admonish all 
persons resident within our said island, that if 
any attempts shall be made to carry into effect 
any such resolution as aforesaid, for the forci- 
ble removal from our said island of any such 
teachers and ministers as aforesaid ; or if any 
such society, or any other i)ersons within our 
said island, shall re-publisli any such illegal 
resolution as aforesaid, that then, and in every 
such case, we will enforce against all persons 
presuming so to ofiend, all such pains and pe- 
nalties as they may incur by such their of- 
fences : And we do hereby stricUy warn and 
admonish our subjects, and all others resident 
within the said island, that tiiey do abstain 
from associating themselves witn any society 
formed, or which may be fonned, for any siicli 
illegal purpose as aforesaid, as they will an- 
swer the contrary to us, at their peril: And 
we do especially and strictiy command all 
judges, custodes, justices of the peace, and all 
our officers, civil and military, in our said 



island, that they do not only abstain front 
associating themselves with any such society 
as aforesaid, bat that, according to their seve- 
ral charges and trusts, they do, to the utmost 
of tiieir respective abilities, and according to 
their several trusts, give full effect to the Jaw 
for the maintenance of toleration, in matteia 
of religion, and do co-operate in bringing to 
justice all persons who may offend in the pre* 
niises : And we do fiirther admonish all our 
faithful subjects in our said island, who may 
feel themselves aggrieved by any such ill^;;al 
proceedings as afoi^esaid, that they do abstain 
from the adoption of any violent or illegal 
measures for obtaining redress in the pre- 
mises, as they shall answer the same at tjaezr 
peril ; it being our firm purpose and resolution 
to use the power in us vested by th^ law, in 
such a manner as may secure effectual protec- 
tion to all our subjects, within our said island, 
in the peaceable and orderly discharge of their 
several lawful callings, and in the enjoyment 
of all the rights, privileges, and franchises to 
them, or any of them, belonging. 
*' Given at our Court, at St. James, this third 
day of December, One Thousand Eight 
Hundred and Thirty-two, and in the third 
Year of our Reign." 

"Gon SAVE THE King." 

By a private letter, accompanying the above 
communication, we learn something of the 
temper manifeste<l by the colonists at the ap- 
pearance of this proclamation. '^In various 
parts of die island tiie King's proclamation^ 
with the Governor's despatch, were torn down 
almost as soon as posted ; and placards such 
as these have been put up in several parishes : 
— Down with Mulgrave — No Sectarians 
^Inoependence of Jamaica — No Whigs — 
Success to the Colonial Unions — and this 
in tiie face of the King's proclamation ! The 
daily papers are full oi the abuse of the King 
and his representative. Our Governor is called 
the Baptist-loving Earl — ^the Heartless 
Whig — the Namby-Pamby Novel Writer, 
&c. &c. I assure you his Excellency is treated 
with as littie ceremony as the missionary, short 
of personal violence. Although the proclama- 
tion calls on the printers not to publish the 
resolutions of the Colonial Unions, immedi- 
ately the most abusive articles appeared in the 
papers, laughing at the King, the proclama- 
tion, and the Governor ; meetings or the Co- 
lonial Union were advertised, and the solemn 
declaration of July 38th, 1892, republished. 
This was only yesterday ; what the Governor 
will do in the business is vet uncertain." 

One of the newspaper had the audacity to 
reprint, in the same paper which contained 
the proclamation, the very resolutions wliich 
it interdicted, thus putting his Majesty's au- 
thority in direct and open defiance. 



The Swiss Horws. — It used to be the custom 
among the berdsmen of Switzerland to watch the 
setting of the sun. When he bad abeady left the 
valleys, and was only visible on the top of the 
snow-capt mountains, the inhabitant of the cot- 
tage seized his horn, and, using it like a speaking-' 
crumpet, he turned towards his next neirhboors, 
and called out, *' Vralte ye the Jjordr The 
neighbours imitated him in their turn, and this 
the words were repeated from Alp to Alp, and the 
name of the Lord was proclaimed and re-echoed 
for a whole quarter of an hour. A deep and solemn 
silence then ensued, until the last trace of the 
splendid luminary had entirely disappeared, when 
tfie first herdsman said again, '* Gaod nighi*' 
which was repeated, as before, from all the rocky 
walls of hill and dale, until every one had witlu- 
drawn to his resting-place. 



THE TOURIST. 



GRANVILLE SHARP. 



GttAWiLLE Sharp, tlic son of Dr. 
Thomas Sharp, and grandson of ^rch- 
biahop Sharp, was born in 1734. Of his 
«arly life but few memorials are preserved. 
He was educated for the bar, but did not 
practise ; which is the less to be regretted, 
as it afforded an opportunity for the deve- 
lopment of those qualitks which add so 
mild and honourable a lustre to his more 
advanced years. On abandoning the 
legal profession, he obtained a place in 
the ordnance -office, which, however, he 
resigned at the commencement of the 
American war. He then took chambers 
in the Teoiple, and devoted himself to a 
life of study, the happy fruits of which 
sue well known to the philanthropist and 
scholar. It was during this period of 
his life he met with the African slave 
Jonathan Strong, whose condition made 
a deep inipreasion on his benevolent mind, 
and awakened that virtuous determina- 
Cioa on which he continued to act to 
the hour of death. In the early part of 
the eighteenth century, the West India 
planters and merchants were accustomed 
to bring negroes to this country in the 
capacity of servants, and subsequently to 
re-ship tbeni to tlie colonies. A notion 
became prevalent among this degraded 
class that, by being baptized, they se- 
cured freedom, and strenuous efforls were 
in consequence made to obtain the ad- 
tniuistration of this Christian rite. When 
their masters attempted to send them 
bade to the lagd of bondage, the slaves 
were accustomed to Hy to their godfathers 
for protection. Much trouble and pcr- 
plenitywerethuBinduced. The meicliants 
and planters knew not what to do. They , 
were afraid of outraging public feeling 
by a seizure of their slaves ; and, on the 



other hand, were unwilling to surrender 
their right of pro|)erty. In this dilemma 
tliey laid their case before the Attorney 
ana Solicitor-General iu 1729, and ob- 
tained as favourable an opinion as they 
could have desired. The encouragement 
thus given by the law officers of the 
crowa emboldened the planters openly to 
seize the persons of the negi'oes, ana to 
convey them on board of their ships. A 
case of this kind called forth the talents 
and zeal of Mr. Granville Sharp, and 
thus became mainly instrumental in effect- 
ing the abolition of the slave-trade. In 
1765, Mr. David Lisle had brought over 
from Barbadoes .lonathan Strong as his 
servant; and, having used him in so baf- 
barous a manner as to have ["endercd htm 
utterly useless, he allowed him 
liberty to avoid the expense of hi 
tenance. The disabled African applied 
to a brother of Mr. Granville Sharp, soli- 
citing medical advice, and at length wa; 
cured. During this time Mr. Sharp sup- 
plied him with money, and on his recovery 
obtained hink a situation. 

Strong happened one day to meet his 
inhuman master, who, finding his health 
to be recovered, determined on repossess- 
ing him. He was accordingly seized by 
two officers, without any warrant, and 
was conneyed to the Poultry Compter, 
where he was sold by his master to .lohn 
Kerr, for thirty jHiunds. Mr. Sharp 
having been refused admission to him, 
wa'ted on the Lord Mayor, and entreated 
him to send for Strong, and to hear his 
case. A day was accoi^in^y appointed, 
when Mr. Sharp attended on behalf of 
the slave; and David Laird, captain of 
the vessel in which it was intended to 
scud out Strong, on behalf of Kerr, the | 



purchaser. The Lord Mayor at length 
discharged Strong, as he had been taken 
up without a warrant. Mr. Clarkson tells 
us, " As soon as this determination was 
made known, the parties began to move 
off. Captain Laird, however, who kept 
close to Strong, laid hold of him before 
he had quitted the room, and said aloud, 
' Then I now seize him as my slave.' 
Upon this, Mr. Sharp put his hand upon 
Laird's shoulder, and proasunced these 
words : — ' I charge you, in the name of 
the king, with an assault upon the person 
of Jonathan Strong, and all these are my 
witnesses.' Laird was greatly intimi- 
dated by this charge, made Iu the pre- 
sence of the Lord Mayor and others, and, 
fearing a prosecution, let bis prisoner go, 
leaving him to be conveyed away by Mr. 

Numerous other cases similar to this 
subsequently occurred, in all of whicii 
Mr. Sharp acted a distinguished part. 
He was known as the friend of the Afri- 
can, and the cry of the oppressed and 
lierishing frequently met his car. But 
though he had been instrumental in free- 
ing several poor Africans from the merci- 
less fangs of their oppressors, he was far 
from being satisfied. Each case had been 
determined by its own circumstances, and 
the decision was greatly dependent on 
the feelings and interests of the parties by 
whom it was pronounced. There was, 
therefore, no security to Africans ; no 
general principle had been assumed as 
applicable to all similar cases ; and Mr. 
Sharp was in consequence uneasy. Dis- 
satisfied with the legal opinion which had 
been given by the Attorney and Solicitor- 
general, he applied to Doctor, afterwards 
Judge, Blackstone, and to several other 
t lawyers ; but, obtaining no satis- 
faction, he nobly determined tn devote 
two or three years to the study of the 
legal part of the case. His studies vere 
prosecuted with success, and the triumph- 
ant result was given to the public in 
1769, in a work entitled, "A Representa- 
tion of Ike lujustice and Daitgerous 
Tendenaj of Tolerat'mij Slavery in Eng- 
land." Our limited space precludes cri- 
ticism, or it would be interesting to point 
out the benevolence and legal erudition 
which are combined in this publication. 

At length the effect of Mr. Sharp's 
labours began to be felt, and prepared 
the way for that decision whicii secured 
to outraged humanity protection on our 
soil- Txird Mansfield, tlicre was reason 
to believe, now began to waver ; and, 
seeing no end of the trials which this 
species of litigation would induce, was 
desirous, as was also Mr. Sharp, of trying 
the next case on some broad ground, 
which should he applicable to all subse- 
quent ones. When, tlierefore, the case 
if James Somerset occurred, iu 1769, it 
was agreed to proceed on the general 
principle, " Whether a slave, by coming 



•486 



THE TOUIUEST. 



into England, became free." The caa|e 
•was argued at three different sittings, in 
January, February, and May, 1772, and 
the opinion of the judges was subse- 
quently taken on the pleadmgs. The 
glorious result was, that as soon as ever 
any slave set his foot on English territory, 
he became free. 

From this period Mr. Sharp contem-* 
plated the abolition of the slave-trade. 
As he had delivered his country from the 
fearful peril of harbouring slavery within 
its coasts, so he was deeply solicitous to 
free it from the guilt of this most mon- 
strous traffic. He therefore cordially as- 
sociated himself with Mr. Clarkson and 
other enlightened philanthropists, and 
became Chairman of the Committee 
formed in 1787 for the Abolition of the 
Slave-trade. To the close of his life he 
remained the consistent advocate of the 
principles he had early avowed. His 
time, property, and personal labours were 
consecrated liberally to this noble object, 
and secured him the admiration of an ex- 
tensive circle; while his private virtues 
commanded the veneration and love of 
his more intimate friends. He died July 
6th, 1813, in the 79th year of his age. 
His library was very extensive, and he 
possessed a curious collection of Bibles, 
which he presented to the British and 
Foreign Bible Society. His principal 
works are, " Remarks on the Uses of the 
Definitive Article in the Greek Testa- 
ment," &c, ; " A Short Treatise on the 
English Tongue ; " " Remarks on the 
Prophecies ; *' " Treatise on the Slave- 
Trade ;'* " On Duelling ;" " On the Law 
of Nature and Principles of Action in 
Man ;" tracts on " The Hebrew Lan- 
guage ;" ** Illustrations of the Sixty- 
eighth Psalm." 



GRAPHIC ACCOUNT OF THE PLAGUE 
OF LONDON. 

At another time, the report of such a vic- 
tory {(Offer the Dutch fleet in 1066) would have 
been received with the most enthusiastic de- 
nosstrations of joy ; but it came at a time 
when the spirits of men were depressed by one 
of the most calamitous visitations ever expe- 
rienced by this or any other nation. In the 
depth of the last Tvinter, two or three isolated 
cases of plague had occurred in the oatskirts 
of the metropolis. The fact exctted alarm, 
and directed me attention of the public. to the 
weekly variations in tlie bills of mortality. On 
the one hand, the cool temperature of the air, 
and the frequent changes in the weather, were 
hailed as favourable circumstances ; on the 
other, it could not be concealed that the num- 
ber of deaths, from whatever cause it arose, was 
progressiFely on the advance. In this state of 
-ftunense, aiteniately agitated by their hopes 
and fears, m^n looked to the result with the 
most intense anxiety; and at length, about 
the end of May, under the influence of a 
varmer sun, and with the aid of a close and 
stagnant atmosphere, the evil burst forth in aU 
its terrDrs. From the centre of St Giles's, the 
inftetbn spead with nqpidily over the adjacent , 



parishes, threatened the court at Whitehall, 
and, in defiance of every precaution, stole its 
way into the city. A geneml panic ensued ; 
the nobility and gentry were the first to flee ; 
the royal family followed ; and then all, who 
valued their personal safety more than the 
considerations of home and interest, prepared 
to imitate the example. For some weeks the 
tide of emigration flowed from every outlet 
towards the country; it was checked at first 
by the refusal of the lord mayor to grant cer- 
tificates of health, and by the opposition of the 
neighbouring townships, which rose in their 
own defence, and formed a barrier round the 
devoted city. 

Tlie absence of the fugitives, and the conse- 
quent ce5«ation of trade and breaking up of 
establishments, served to aggravate the cala- 
mity. It was calculated that forty thousand 
ser\'ants had been left without a home, and the 
number of artisans and labourers thrown out of 
employment was still more considerable. It is 
true, that the charity of the opulent seemed to 
keep pace with the progress of distress. The 
king subscribed the weekly sum of XI 000; the 
city of jG(>00 ; the queen-dowager, the Arch- 
bishop of Canterbury, the Earl of Craven,. and 
the lord mayor, distinguished themselves by 
the amount of their benefactions; .and the 
magistrates were careful to ensure a constant 
supply of provisions in the market; yet the 
families that depended on casual relief for the 
means of subsistence were necessarily subjected 
to privations, which rendered them more liable 
to receive, and less able to subdue, the con- 
tagion. l*hc mortality was at first confined 
chiefly to the lower classes, carrying off, in a 
larger proportion, the children than the adults, 
the females than the men. But, by the end of' 
June, so rapid was the diffusion, so destructive 
were the ravages of the disease, that the civil 
authorities deemed it time to exercise the 
powers with which they bad been invested by 
an act of James f., "for the charitable relief 
and ordering of persons infected with the 
plague.*' 1. They divided the parishes into 
districts, and allotted to each disteict a compe- 
tent number of oflicers, under the denomination 
of examiners, searchers, 'nurses, and watch- 
men. 2. They ordered that the existence of 
the disease, wlierever it might penetrate, should 
be made known to the public by a red cross, 
one foot in length, painted on the door, with 
the words, " Lord, have merey on us !" placed 
above it. From that moment the house was 
closed ; all egKss for the space of one, month 
was inexorably refused ; and the wretched in- 
mates were doomed to remain under the same 
roof, communicating deatli one to another. Of 
these, many sunk under the horrors of their 
situation ; many were rendered desperate. They 
eluded the vigilance, or corrupted the fidelity, 
of the watchmen ; and by toeir escape, in- 
stead of avoiding, served (mly to disseminate 
the contagion. 3. Provision was also made for 
the speedy interment of the dead. In the day- 
time, officers were always on the watch to with- 
draw from public view the bodies of those who 
expired in the streets; during the night the 
tinkling of a bell, accompanied with the glare 
of links, announced the approach of the pest- 
cart, making its round to receive the victims 
of the last twenty-four hours. No coffins were 
prepared ; no funeral service was read ; no 
mourners were permitted to follow the remains 
of their relations or friends. The cart pro- 
ceeded to the nearest cemetery, and shot its 
burden into the common grave, a deep and 
spacious pit, ca|Mhle of holdinff some scores of 
bodies, and dug in the chttrchyaid, or, when | 



the churohyard was full, in the outskirts of the 
parish. Of the hardened and brutal conduct 
of the men to whom this duty was committed, 
men taken from the refuse or society, and lost 
to all sense of morality or decency,' instances 
were related, to which it would be diflicult 
to find a parallel in the annals of human de- 
pravity. 

The disease generally -manifested itself by 
the usual febrile symptomsof shivering, nausea, 
head-ache, and delirium. In some, tliese affec- 
tions were so mild, as to be mistaken for a slight 
and transient indisposition. The victim saw not, 
or would not see, the insidious approach of his 
foe ; he applied to his nsual avocations, till a 
sudden fjaintness came on, the macule, the 
fatal '^tokens" appeared on his breast, and 
within an hour life was extinct But, in most 
cases, the pain and delirium left no room for 
doubt On the third or fourth day, bul>oes or 
carbuncles arose ; if these could be made to 
•suppurate, recovery might be anticipated ; if 
they resisted the efforts of nature, ana the ^ill 
of the physician, death was inevitable. The 
sufferings of the patient often threw them into 
paroxysms of frenzy. They burst the bands by 
which they were confined to their beds ; they 
precipitated themselves from the windows; 
they ran naked into the streets, and plunged 
into the river. 

Men of the strongest minds were lostin amaze- 
ment, when they contemplated this scene of 
woe and desolation; the weak and the cre- 
dulous became the dupes of their own fears 
and imairinations. Tales the most improbable, 
and predictions the most terrific, were (nxun- 
lated ; numbers asMmhled at different ceme- 
teries to behold the ghosts of the dead walk 
round the pits in which their bodies had been 
deposited ; and crowds believed that they saw 
in the heavens a sword of flame, stretching 
from Westminster to the Tower. To add to 
their terrors came tiie fanatics, who felt them- 
selves inspired to act the part of prophets. One 
of these, in a state of nuditv, walked thrmigh 
the ohy, bearing on his head a pan of bumia? 
coals, and denouncing the judgments of God 
on its sinful inhabitants; another, assuming 
the character of Jonah, proclaimed aloud, as 
he passed, " Yet forty days, and London shaU 
be destroyed;'' and a third might be met, 
sometimes by day, sometimes by night, adnoR- 
ing with a muried step, and exclaiming, wiUi 
a de^ sepulchral voice, '*Oh, the great aad 
dreadful God !" 

During the months of July and August, the 
weather was sultry, the heat more and more 
oppressive. The eastern parishes, which at 
first had been spared, became the chief seat of 
pestilence, and the more substantial citizens, 
whom it had hitherto respected, suffered in 
common with their less opulent neighbonis. 
In many places, the regulations of the magis- 
trates could no longer be enforeed. The 
nights did not suffice for the burial of the 
dead, who were now borne in coffins to their 
graves at all hours of the day; and it was in- 
human to shut up the dwellings of theinfisGled 
poor,whosefamilicsmnsth«veperidiedldhunNigh 
want, had they not been permitted to go and 
seek relief. London presented a wide and 
heart-rending scene of misery and desolation. 
Rows of houses stood tenantJess, and open to 
the winds ; others, in almost equal numbers 
exhibited the red cross flaming on the deois. 
The chief thoronghfares, so latdy trodden hy 
the feet of tliousands, were oveigiown wim 
grass. The few individuals who ventured 
abioad walked in the middle ; and, when they 
met, declined on opposite sides, to avoid the 



•contact of each other. But, if the solitude and- 
stiliness of the streets impressed, die mind with 
4Kwe, there was something yet more appalling 
in the sounds which occasionally burst on the 
<esr; At one moment were heard the ravings 
of delirium, or the wail of woe, from the in- 
fected dwelling; at another, the merry song, 
or the loud and careless laugh, issuing from 
the wassailers at the tavern, or the inmates of 
the hiothel. Men became so familiarized with 
the form, that they steeled their feelings 
against the terrors, of death. They waited eadi 
for his turn with die resignation of the Chris- 
tian, or the indifference of the stoic. Some 
dmeted themselves to exercises of piety ; others 
sought reKef in the riot of dissipation, and the 
lecUessness of despair. 

September came; the heat of the atmo- 
sphere began to abate; but, contrary to ex- 
pectation, the mortality increased. Formerly, a 
nope of recoverj' might be indulged ; now, in- 
fbcuon was the certain harbinger of death, 
which followed, generally, in the course of 
diree days, often within tke space of twenty- 
four houi-s. I'he privy council ordered an 
esEperiment to be tried, which was grounded 
on the practice of former times. To dissipate 
the pestilential miasm, fires of sea-coal, in the 
proportion of one fire to every twelve houses, 
were kindled in every street, court, and alley of 
London and Westminster. They were kept 
burning three days and nights, and were at 
last extinguished by a heavy and continuous 
fall of rain. The next bill exhibited a consi- 
derable reduction in the amount of deaths; 
and the sur\'ivors congratulated each other on 
the cheering prospect. But the cup was soon 
dashed fVom Uieir lips ; and in the following 
week more than ten thousand victims, a num- 
ber hitherto unknown, sunk under the aug- 
mented violence of the disease. Yet even now, 
when hope had yielded to despair, their deli- 
y«ranoe was at hand. The high winds which 
usually accompany the autumnal equinox, 
cooled and piurified the air ; the fever, though 
equally contagious, assumed a less malignant 
form, and its ravages were necessarily more 
confined, from the diminution of thepopulation 
on which it had hitherto fed. The weekly 
burials successively decreased from thousandis 
to hundreds; and,*in tlie beginning of Decem- 
ber, seventy-three parishes were pronounced 
clear of the disease. The intelligence was 
hailed with joy by the emigrants, who returned 
in crowds to take possession of their homes, 
and resume their usual occupations : in Febni- 
aiy, the court was once more fixed at White- 
Imll, and the nobility and gentry followed the 
footsteps of the sovereign. Though more than 
one hundred thousand individuals are said to 
have perished, yet, in a short time, the chasm 
in the populatiion was no longer discernible. 
The plague continued indeed to linger in par- 
ticular spots, but its terrors were forgotten or 
despised; and the streets, so recently aban- 
doned by the inhabitants, were again thronged 
with multitudes in the eager pursuit of profit, 
or pleasure, or crime. — Lint^ard's History of 
England, 



THE IDOL. 

Whatever passes as a cloud between 
The mental eye of faith, and things unseen, 
Causing that brighter world to disappear. 
Or seem less lovely, and its hopes less dear. 
This is our world, our idol, though it bear 
Affection's impress, or devotion's air. 



THE TOURISir. 

SCENERY, &c., IN ABYSSINIA. 
No. II. 

In our former notice of Abyssinia we have 
given some rapid sketches of* the scenery^— 4ta 
mountains and plains, its riyers, its colfirated 
fields, its deserts and forests ; we propose now 
to present a few traits of its different inhabi- 
tants, and, in a succeeding numbei*, to detail 
some particulars of the Christianity of the 
country. 

It was not possible iu the distracted state of 
the empire, owing to the cinl dissensions which 
had reigned there for some years, for Mr. Salt 
to reach the city of Goudar; he contented 
himself, therefore, with depositing, into the 
hands of the Has Welled Selass^, Uic presents 
intended for the reigning sovereign, and, after 
reaching Autalo, to return again to the coast, 
with a view of departing from the country. 

Welled Selasse, who held the high posts of 
Has, and Betwudet of the empire— the last 
ofiice somewhat analogous to that which Pha- 
raoh conferred on Joseph, when he set him as 
" Lord over his house" — was a person of sin- 
gular enercy of character. In the time of 
Mr. Bruce (1770) he was a young man of some 
consequence about the court; but the situa- 
tion w^ich led to his greatness, as, virtually, 
the governing prince of Abysonia, was that of 
Balgudda, or protector of the salt caravans, 
which come up from the plains of Assa Durwa, 
— an ofiice conferring considerable consequence 
on the possessor, from the assessment of duties, 
and the power he possesses of withholding 
this article of consumption, as well as barter, 
from the interior provinces. After a series of 
vicissitudes, and a life of predatory warfare, 
in the fastnesses of those plains, maintained 
with Has Michael, ^^the old JJoti,^* as he 
was emphatically called in the country, 
he raised himself to the high situation of 
governor of all the provinces eastward of the 
Taeass^. Here he espoused the cause of 
Ayto Solomon, and of Tecla Georgis, his 
brother, who successively filled the throne of 
Gondar, by both which emperoi-s he was no- 
minated Has, and Betwudet of Abyssinia. 

Tlie duties of the Ras's situation, who may 
be regarded as an independent ruler, are ex- 
tremely arduous. Throughout the extensive 
district under ^' his personal jurisdiction," all 
crimes, differences, and disputes, of however 
important or trifling a nature, arc ultimately 
referred to his determination; all rights of 
iuheritagc are decided acconling to his will ; 
and most wars are carried on by himself in 
person. To rule a savage people, of so many 
different dispositions, manners, and usages, as 
the Abyssinians, requires a firmness of mind 
and a vigour of constitution rarely united in 
the same individual, at his advanced age ; 

J ret, " whenever," says Mr. Salt, " I have seen 
lim in the exercise of his power, he has shown 
a vivacity of expression, a quickness of com- 
prehension, and a sort of commanding energ}', 
that overawed all who approached him. 
During his continuance in power he lias made 
it his uniform practice to treat the difierent 
attempts at rebellion with perfect indifference, 
— after a second attempt against his life, by the 
same persons, he has been known to pardon, 
and even to permit the parties convicted to 
attend about his coturt, priding himself parti- 
cularly on having never been guilty of the 
cruelties of Ras Michael, — ^do provoeaiioa in- 
ducing him * to cutoff a limb, put out an eye,' 
or commit any other of the atrocious acts 
which staiiied the character of that extraor- 
dinary leader. 



28g^ 

I " During the three weeks we staid at Che- 
licut," Mr. Salt adds, " 1 spent a great part of 
each day with the Ras, being allowed free 
access to his presence, through a private door 
communicating between the gardens of our 
respective habitations^ on these occasions I 
generally fbuiid him engag^ in the adminis- 
ti-ation of justice, or iu receiving chieftains, 
and ladies of consequence, who came from 
distant parts of the country, to pay their duty ; 
and, when otherwise unemployed, invariably 
occupied in playing at chess, a game to which 
he appeared greatly devoted.** 

The Kas*s wife, Ozoro Mantwab, was sister 
of tlie emperor ; her person was what might 
iu any country have been esteemed handsome ; 
her form, though small, was very elegant ; her 
features were regular ; her teeth were fine ; 
and her hair was mven black. Such is a 
description of the highest personages of the 
court of Ethiopia. Such the last faint traoea 
of that celebrated queen, of Sheba who tra- 
velled to Jerusalem *' to prove Solomon with 
hard questions." Such the shadow of the 
mystenousPrester John, tlie monarch of all the 
wonderful tales of the middle age, and the 
object of doubt and curiosity to all its wonder- 
loving travellers. The Abyssinians, however, 
retain with much pride the traditions of their 
eariy relation with the *^ chosen city of God," 
its temple, and its adoration, — ^from the time 
of Solomon to the period of the ministry of 
the apostles, when the ^ Eunuch of great au- 
thority under Candace, queen of the Ethiopians, 
who had the charge of all her treasure, came 
to Jerusalem to worship." Though they call 
themselves Itiopiawan, and their country 
Itiopia, they prefer the names of Agazian for 
the people, and Agzi for the kingdom, from 
the term Axgagee, said by the early writers to 
signify ** the Lord of Riches." Even to the time 
of the Portuguese travellers the stories told by 
them of the immense wealth of the Abyssinian 
monarch's tributary kings far surpass belief. 
Down to a recent period, a body of Jews coUed 
Fala^jas (or the exiled), remained for ages in 
tlie province of Samee, supposed by some to 
have been a portion of the lost ten tribes of 
Israel. Their kings always bore the name of 
Gideon, and their queens that of Judith. Their 
dynasty becoming extinct, they are now sca^ 
tered through the Abyssinian dominions. They 
speak Hebrew, or, at the least, Gheez, a dialect 
of the Arabian language, and are the me- 
chanics of the towns. 

llie journey which we gave in a preceding 
niunber, related to Mr. Salt's progress through 
the interior, in the month of March. In the 
month of April he pursued his travels through 
the valo of Cheliout, traversingt at Call, an 
uncultivated country, abounding in wild ani- 
mals. The scenery was similar to that so 
frequently described about the Q^ of Good 
Hope, — Abroad expanses of brusliwood,- beyond 
which the tops of distant mountains rose, the 
space between tliem being like immeasuiable 
chasm& At Werketav^ he came among the 
Agows, one of the many subdivisions of peo- 
ple speaking a distinct language,, so peculiar 
to Ethiopia that from thence the A rubs were 
led to coll the country Abeshin, which signifies 
^' a mixed people," the source of the geogia- 
phioal term of Abyssinia, — a name not at aJl 
admitted by the natiyes. 

(Te U ConHtmed*) 



THE TOURIST. 



The geoet is one of the most beautiful 
animalB of the genus to which it belongs. 
It is about the size of a small cat, but is 
of a longer form, with short legs, a sharp- 
pointed snout, upright ears, slightly point- 
ed, and a very long tail. The colour of 
the genet is commonly a pale, reddish 
grey, with a black or dusky line running 
along the back, vhere the hair is rather 
longer than on the other parts, and forms 
the appearance of a very slight mane. 
Along the sides of the body run several 
TOirs of roundish black spots ; the cheeks, 



sides of tlie neck, and the limbs, are 
spotted in a proportionably smaller pat- 
tern than the body, and the tail is annn- 
lated with black. The genet is an animal 
of a mild disposition, and easily tamed. 
It is a native of the western parts of 
Asia, but is also said to be found in 
Spain. A warm climate, however, seems 
necessary to its health. In Constanti- 
nople these animals are domesticated 
like the cat, and are said to be more 
effectual in clearing houses of rats and 



lEiIbatthr mom, ■) well Hlhc bed.'lwek.iiiwndtd 
with vumhlni and DnTtlnt.. I !■*> bm ilii fUb, H*,*, 
ohkii lull nmt cfccl. Nenday yDD, wenky Sir, orttn* 
Wn, wlilch had iheir dnltnl effcrt, asil, by latint a ftw 
boxci h Krl^ily well ; w t aatribi is Uoriwa'i FMi h 
u Urtrnauit iBdn Ood tht neui of frtaf tbt lifc tf 



, BHkn-mkn. 



.\NECDOTE OF MERCIEB ST. LEGER. 

The Alib^ Mercier Si. Leger whs the head 
llbiurian and pieat living ornament of the 
Library of St. Genevieve, Paris, some fifty jeara 
ago; he was one of the most learned biblio- 
giapliers of France, and as meet and amiable 
as he iva£ learned. His heart was yet more 
admirable than his bead. 

But the Herniation was now fast approach- 
ing, and the meek qiirit of Mercier could ill 
sustain the shock of such a frightful calamity. 
Besides, he loved his country yet dearer than 
Ilia boots. His pnmerty l)ecame involved, his 
income regularly diminished, and even his 
privacy was invaded, in 1792, a decree passed 
the convention for issuing a commission for tlie 
examinntion of monuments. Mervier was ap- 
pointed one of the thirty-three members of 
which tlic commis^on was comjMsed, and the 
famons Bar^re was also of the number. Bar- 
rere, fertile in projects, however visionan' and 
desunctive, prop<^ed to Mercier, as a brighl 
Ikought, " to mate a short extract from every 
boot in the National library; to have these 
extracta superbly printed by IHdot ; and Xo 
bvmallthe books from whiek lliey were taken." 
It never occurred to this revolutionifdng idiot 
that there might be a tknuiand conies ef the 
Mnv iBork, and that some hundreds of these 
copies might be ovl of the national iibnii 
Of course Mercier laughed at the project, and 
made the projector ashamed of it. Robes- 
pieiTc, rather lieud than man, now ruled the 
destinies of France. On the 7th of July, I7M, 
Mercier happened to be passing along the 
streets, when he saw mxly-tfren hmnttn beingt 
about to unde^o the bntcherj- of the guillo- 
tine. Every avenue was crowded by specta- 
tors, who were hurrying towards the horrid 
spectacle. Merder was carried along by the 



old and intimate friend die ei-nbb£ Roger ii 



the number of detoted vletinu ! That sight 
cost him his life. A sudden horror, followed 
by alternate shiverings and flashings of heat, 
immediately seized him. A cold perspiration 
hung upon his brow. He was earned into the 
house of a siianger. His utterance became 
feeble and indistinct, and it seemed as if the 
hand of death were alreadr upon him. 

Yet he rallied awhile; his friends came to 
soothe him; hopes were entertained of a rapid 
and perfect recover}'. But his fine full flgure 
gradually shrunk ; the colour ss gradually de- 
serted his cheek ; and his eye sensibly lactcl 
that lustre which it used to shed upon all 
around. His limbs became feeble, and his 
was both iremnlons and slow. He lin- 
gered five yean, and died at ten at night on 
the 13tli of May, 17<K». What he left behind 
as annotations, both in separate papers and 
on the margins of boots, is prodigious. — Dr. 
Dibdia's Tour in France nnrf (■prmaiiy. 



MOBISOK'3 UNIVERSAL VEGETABLE 
MEDICINE. 

InviliTaU Conttlpation Uetreame. 
To Mr. Kari, 
Sir," Aboil( llH laller en<l oC Inly, or htclnslnE ol 

nry Ul. aiiil Iter I 



a*, 



iclllnli'l 



...ermtilklnedKv'haii^lH 
. KDOwine bjr «p«ttim the 



, .. HorliDii't pull, i pcniiadcrl bar 

'lllniE hn- ihe cflcd lliey had hail on her ^ 
. -_._... f\[^ ^ ... 



t.aad' 

■biteil. Mtxl morning ri» look In. anit Ihc; 
deabrd aflacl. bj Iboroiriily cleinilof; hvf, that 
lo tlHp for luac Una. Tba HlihbHn tni ha 

iDd ihe wu 
ha G«l! alK 



wu dflap:, for Ibrr bad klUtd hai: bal. Mt 
rblcb aba 



■itf had 
nvBI lo He broaen, whicu apa mtKi auu aj 
boici pt Ihc vtOf 11 ptrtFcllj wan, Vj Klft 



— ■ W.tLU- M.v. 

Eau Road, Canbrklir, Oct. 0. 1* 
r.S.— If itqacated, oath wUl be 1 



To Mr. Boriaaa, 
Sirr-Fur the artat i 
■r-McrlioB'iVaiven 
llwlc tu Tetarn aiy tbi 

'bfiea^npkf 

llDIIUcIl IB* 

Ibeeowd. 
.... oBihi— waa 

piwc of i;oud, bur, DB Ike COB 



No. 70, Norib Qnaen BtreH, Bellml. 

October «, ISM. 

CAUTION TO THE PUBLIC. 
MORISON'S UNIVERSAL MEDIC1KE9 
aviBK aapeneded Ihe lie of ilmou all Ibe Pauu Mr- 
laldca wlikh the wbolraate vaiHtcn ha\a foiated apob 
K cfTdaQiy of the aeirchcra after healUi, for » naw 
evt, the tairB drat^Mi aad •^nliu, not abtc to calMkb . 

ompelllinn, haveuliui|<faiuintbenicaDeip(<lleBt of pnr- 
11! ap ■ '• Dr. MorrtHia" (vbaene the anWnlkfe «( tbr 




;,;■ (Or ilie . 

'vuTvEtS/ii.- 

UftmSB COLLBtiE OF 



bekl srnaiBe hj' ifae CDlk|te bal lb 
'Dt Sfamp attichcd to eiitb bin i 



cr 



the Colleai:, Ne» Roul, Klniv Crou, LDHdnn: >i iV 
EarrerBranch.gG.GnaiSarrej-nrecliUr.Pielil-a.ie.Ak- 
aiTHi, QBarir.<nt; Mr. CliappiU'a. Rund KichasH; Ha. 
Wnlker'a, Idlnh't-cosdBll-paHue, fU'dJIon^iUR; Mr. 
J. tofl'j, MHt-eBilHmid; Mr. ArniKU'i, CoTnii.(anfrs- 
narfcec; Mr. Uaydoa'a . I1car.de.n>4aan. NonoB.blEan^ 
Mr. Hiatal, 117, ttalEllne-blthwar: Hcwi. Nettan-i, 
RrmttDnlj Mr>.!ilepulBE,Cliro-niarkcl; Meaira. Salnu, 
Unle ftell^ilky ; MK> ^anl-r, t4, Lflur-Mreel, Coniwa- 
eial-roBrti Mra. Becck'1, 1, 8lo*Be.»)Bai«. Cludita; Hn. 
Ckiippli,'-,, Rojal LlbraiT. l-aU->n>U: Hn. P' 



Mr. 



.---, ,-. ; Mi»C. Athimoa, W.fli 

Trlniljr-piiaKli, DepUbrd; Hr. Tulnr, Hiawe« ' 
KIrtbiin, 4.lt«lii>tb«>ka4(iv,n'BlwoF1li; Mr. Pni 
JeniijDnml! Ur. Hn»ant, « Mr. Wnod'a, balrdi 
HIchmr.lMl! Mr. McMIr, S, Uay'r-bnM 
Mr.tirilHtha, Woal-ubarf,ClreeIiwlchi Mr. mi, I, Voa*- 
Hall-iTiad, LauilMJij Mr. J. DobKU, IS, Craien-Mmi. 
Blriiiit; Mr. OUtcf, Bridcr-alrcct, \anihall: Mr. J. 
MturV, Bexley Heath; Mr. T. Slukea, 13. Si. ftonaB'a. 
UcpUOnliUr. Cowell, It.Tetraic, PiiHlicii; Mr. ParAU. 
M. Rilfivare-roail ; Ur. Hai), Pi>rtiuioiilh-p1acr, Krpvae- 
tonJanc : Mr. CharTraworth, norrr, 114, KtoradlMi; Mr. 
R. G. Bower, iiocer, M, Brich.|al», 8l. Iflkea ; Mr. S. 
pawabroker, oppoalle lberhaRh,ilarkBe}ri Mr 









T. Gardner, tt, Wood-Rmt, Cb'eapridr,' and e^ Msn^ 

" J.WlUiainMn,IS,Scibrighl-pJi«,HiK^Ba«- 

Weni-rtivcl. Hac^jr ™,rt, hJ 



M•^«(^ctt: Mr. T. Waller, irbec* 

Biilato, Ihe Iil>Brtr^"onrrnK^ 

K. H. The Collete *" 
leqaeneFB of any mrSic 



^'SC 



■rdklnn taM by ant ehymlit or ttnota. 
■lloKed 1. Hfl tbc ■• Uninr«l US- 



Prialed by J. Hacdon and Co. j and Pub&Iie^ 
by J. Caiir, a[ No. S7, Ivy Lane, PnienNola 
Raw, wbere all Aduettiwmeiili nnd Cmarnvm- 
catioDi for tlie Editor ate lo be addicutd. 



THE TOURIST. 



"Utilk DULCi." — Horace. 



Vol. I.— No. 38. 



MONDAY, APRIL 15, 1833. 



Price One Pbnmy. 



INTERIOR OF THE COLISEUM, ROME. 



a ii were thai Rome, 



CaWeetiag . _^ „, 

Would IjuUd up ill her IcLumphi ia one dome. 
Her Coliwnm lagdi ; the mooubsuni thing 
A> 'tviie iti natpi*l lorchei, far divine 
Should be the light which iticimi here, to 

Thii long explored but ilill eihnuilleu mioa 
Of canteraplBlion ) and ihe «urc gloom 
Of in Itiliin night, wheie the deep ikies u 



rioiU o'er ihii vut ind wondroui monument, 
And ihadowi forth iti glery. I'beie ii given 
Unto the thinp of e»r4, which lime hu beat, 
A ipint't reeling, ind where he bilh lent 
Hii hind, but tmke hii Kfthe, there ii ■ powei 
And migic in the ruined hutlonent, 
for which Ihe pilue of the piewnt hour 
Mutt jield in pomp, ind wait till ogw m ib 



Such is the last and noblest monument 
of Roman ^antleur and of Roman crime ; 
the scene of the greatest magnificence 
and of the greatest barbarity which the 
world erei witnessed ; the stupendous 

"Which on iti public ihowi unpeopled Itome, 

And held nncrowded niiioni in in womb ;" 

the rendezvous where eighty-seven thou- 
sand Romans met together to give the 
last touch of degradation to their national 
character, and replace their falling spirit 
with a brutal ferocity. It was an amphi- 
theatre erected by Titua and Vespasian, 
out of part only of the materials and on 
a portion of the site of Nero's golden 
house, which had been demolished by 
order of Vespasian, as too sumptuous 



even fur a Roman emperor. The Co- 
liseum, owing to the aolidity of its mate- 
rials, survived the era of barbarism, and 
was so perfect in the tJiirtcenth century 
that t^mes were exhibited in it, not for 
the amusement of the Romans only, but of 
all the nobility of Italy. The destruction 
of this wonderful edifice is to be ascribed 
to causes more active, in general, in the 
erection than in the demolition of magni< 
ficent buildmgs — to taste and vanity. 
When Rome began to revive, and archi- 
tecture arose from its ruins, every rich 
and powerful citiicn wished to have, not 
a commodious dwelling merely, but a 
palace. The Coliseum was an immense 
quarry at hand ; the common people 
stole, the grandees obtained pennission to 



290 



THE TOURIST. 



carry ofF, its m^i^hfc t|H tiie Inlerior 
was dismantled; and the #%teriot half 
stripped of itsornaioents. It js dtfiicult; 
to say when this system of depredation', 
so sacrilegious in the opinion of the an- 
tiquary, would have stopped, had not 
Benedict XIV., a pontiff of great judg- 
ment, erected a cross in the centre of the 
jacena (which will be seen in the engraving 
at the he^ of this article), and declared 
the place sacred out of respect to the 
blood of the many martyrs who were 
butchered there during the persecutions. 
This declaration, if issued two or three 
centuries earlier, would have presented 
the Coliseum aatise; it can now <m\y 
protect its remains and transmit them in 
their present state to posterity. 

" Never," says an eloquent observer, 
'' did human art present to the eye a 
fabric so well calculated, from its size 
and its form, to surprise and delight. 
I^t the spectator first place himself to 
the north, and contemplate that side 
which depredation, barbarism, and ages, 
have spared ; he .will behold with admi- 
ration its wonderful extent, well-propor- 
tioned stories^ and flying lines, that retire 
and vanish without break or interruption. 
Next, let him turn to the south, and 
examine those stupendous arches which, 
stripped as they are of their external de- 
corations, still astonish us by their solidity 
and duration. Then let him enter, range 
tlu-oagh the lofty arcades, and, ascending 
the vaulted seats, consider the vast mass 
of ruin that surrounds him'— insulated 
walU, immense stones suspended in the 
air, arches covered with weeda and shrubs, 
vault9 opening npon other ruins ; in short, 
abov^, below, and around, one vast col- 
lection of magnificence and devastation, 
of gr^deur and decay." 

After these n<>tice9 of the stateliness 
whioh still characterises these ruins, need 
we wonder at the dnperstitions enthusiasm 
apparent in the old Roman prophecy ? — 
'' Quamdiu stabit Colyseus, stabit ^t 
Roi^a: quando cadel Colyseus, cadet 
Roma; <iuando cadet Roma, cadet et 
mundus.*' 

" While stands. the Coliseum, Rome shall stand ; 
When falls the Coliseum, jftome shall fall ; 
And, when Romefiills, the world." 



The oitler and arrangement of the seats 
are still visible ; and nothing can be more 
admirably contrived than the vomitories 
for facilitating the ingress and egress of 
all classes to and from their respective 
seats without disorder or confusion. There 
was, it is thought, an uppcv gallery, for 
the multitude, of which^ there are now no 
remains. It must, indeed, when filled, 
have offered a most imposing spectacle. 
The very lowest computation ' allows that 
it ivould oonlain eighty thousand spec- 
tators. 

It is pretty well known that this vast 
amphi^ieatre was designed for the exhi- 



bition cif piiMic spectaclesi generttlly the 
i^atubatsi of |fladiators or of wild beasts, 
or of both. " The fiwt day's games," 
says the historian, ''given in this sump- 
tuous butchery, cost the nation eleven 
millions of gold. The blood of five thou- 
sand animals bathed its arena. Man and 
his natural enemy the beast of the desert, 
the conqueror and the conquered, writhed 
in agony together on its ensanguined 
floor, and eighty-seven thousand spec- 
tators raised their horrid plaudits." 

It was the contemplation of this spot, 
and the recollections of this kind with 
which it stands associated, that suggested 
to Lord Byron the very spirited sketch of 
the death of a gladiator which he intro- 
duces into his Childe Harold, and with 
which we will close this article. 

" I see before me the gladiator lie : 
He leans upon his hand — his manly brow 
Consents to death, bnt conquers agony. 
And his drooped head sinks gradually low — 
And through his side the last drops, ebbing slow 
From the red gash, fall heavy, one by one, 
Like the first of a thunder-shower ; and now 
The arena swims around him — he is gone. 
Ere ceased the inhuman shout which hailed the 
wretch who won. 

'' He heard it, but he heeded not — ^hiseyes 
Were with his heart, and that was far away ; 
He reck'd not of the life he lost nor prize, 
But where his rude hut by the Danube lay. 
There were his young Barbarians all at play, 
There was their Dacian mother — he, their sire. 
Butchered to make a Roman holiday-^ 
All this rushed with his bleod — Shall he expire 
And unavenged 1 — Arise, ye Goths, and glut your 
ire !" 



SCENERY, &c., IN ABYSSINIA. 

No. n. 

( Continutdfrom p9g^ 287. Ji 

*^TaSRK a]pf>ear&*' says Mr. &i)t, ^<to exist 
onK a slight diffeience between this peo{ile 
ana the Abyssinians^ exc^t that the Agows 
are, perhaps, $m the whole, a stouter laoe of 
men ; their language is^ nerertheless^ perfectly 
distinct. They are distinguished by the nanie 
of the Tcherta, or Tacaz^e Ag>ovKS, aiid the 
couBtiy they iahajbit ei^tends ftrom Lasta to 
Skir^. According to tradition, the Agows 
were oHee worshippers of the Nile ; but so late 
as the seventeentli century they were converted 
to the Christian religiun, and are now more 
particular in tbeir attention to its duties than 
most of the other natives of Abyssinia. Like 
the people of Dixan, they are very regular in 
their morning devotion; for which purpose 
the inhabitants of each village assemble before 
the door of their respective chiefs, at the 
earliest dawn, and recite their prayers in a 
kind of rude chorus together. A very high 
opinion is entertained by the Agows of their 
former consequence, and they declare that 
they w^re never conquered, except by the 
inhabitants of Tigr^. 

On the 20th of April notice was given of the 
near approach of a cafila, whioh had been £oar 
some (lays expected from die salt plain, and 
in the afternoon it arrived. As the naizative 
of this caiila serves to explain some of our 
previous details, relating to the rise of the Ras 
Welled Selasse, we extract it at length ; — ^it 
is a picture of life in Afiriea. 



^Tte caffiR coonstei «€ ^tveral hundred 
mules and aaes, with their loads, which had 
heen escorted frq© Assa^Durwa, by Ayto 
Haanes, a nephew of the Ras, who held at 
this time the important office of Balgudda, 
and had gone down for the purpose, with 
about 200 of his followers. As they descend- 
ed into the valley, the inhabitants of Chelicut 
went out to receive them, and greeted them 
with the same joyful acclamations with which 
they honour tneu: warriors when they return " 
from battle. The service of escorting these 
cafilas may be considered as extremely hazard- 
ous; the whole neighbourhood of the plain 
from which the salt is procured being infested 
by a cruel race of Galla, who make it a prac- 
tice to lie in wait for the individuals engaged 
in cutting it These poor fellows, who are 
generally of the lowest order of natives, are 
said, in the absence of the Balgudda and his 
parties, to be compelled to lie down flat on the 
surface, when working, that they may escape 
the observation of their barbarous enemies^ 
and, on the approach of a stranger, thcjr are 
described as running away, with great alarm, 
to the mountains. Even when the Balgudda 
and his soldiers are present, frequent skirmishes 
take place between them and the savage bor- 
derers, in which the Galla, however, are gene- 
rally the sufferers. On the present expeoition 
six only had been killed; and this nunnber 
was eoosideied as lutusuaUy small: the sol- 
dieia who had shown their prowess in these 
aetions wearing small pieces of red clotli on 
their spears, by way of an honourable badge 
I of distinction. Soon after their arrival the 
Has went 'lip into the balcony in front ef his 
house to receive thew, when they passed Wore 
him in review, dancing, shouting, and exulting, 
as is the piactioe at the MascaL^' 

The chief amusement of the lower o)piss of 
Antalo, dnring the seasons of festivity^ that 
succeed the severe fasts of an Abyssinian Lent, 
consist in playing at a game called ^ Kersa," 
which is precisely simUar to the coapraon 
En^ish game ol ** Bandy.** lAi^e parties 
meet for this puipose, the inhabitants of 
whole villages firequently chaB^ging each 
other to the contest \ oa these oocasiois, as 
might be expected, the game k violent^ dis- 
puted ; attd> when the combatants are pretty 
equally matched, it sometiines takes uf the 
greater pari oi" the day to decide. The lictors 
afterwards return shouting «sm1 daneiig to 
' their homes, amidst the loud acckmatiens of 
^ir female friends. 

It seems that, in Ahvssinia, a^pliealions are 
made at the gateway of the Ras lor justice- On 
one occasion, when Mr. Salt was taking a mid- 
night repast with him, certain complainants 
came crying " Abait, abait," master, master, — 
the mode in which suppliantsaddress their chiefs 
on these occasions. The Has, then, attended 
by some of his confidential people, and a few 
Shangalk slaves, admitted them, and, listening 
to th^ complaint, ordered a day to hear them 
in public. The Shangalla who are in attend- 
ance on the Ras are negroes j this term being 
the ffeueral appellation fot that race of the 
interior, as the wortls Taltal and Shiho are 
applied to the tribes of the coast The Shan- 
galla, however, are mostly captives taken in 
the lower neighbourhood of the Tacazze river, 
or in the wild forests northward of Abyssinia 5 
in some instances they are brought by traders 
£iom beyond the Nile, and even from so fai a 
distance as the Bahr el Abiad. From some of 
these latter Mr. Salt acquiied the Adlo^ing 
information respecting the countries^ from 
which slaves are procured. The tribe of 
which his informant was a member was called 



THE TOURIST. 



Ml 



Dizsela, inhabitmg a district named Dabanja, 
three day« jouniey beyond the Nile, in a coan- 
tiy bearinethe geneial appellation of Damit- 
chequa. They entertain a very imperfect 
notion of God, whom they call Mussaguzza. 
The only species of adoration they offer up to 
the Deity is during a great holiday, called 
Kemoos, when the whole people assemble to 
sacrifice a cow, which is not killed in the 
usual way, by having its throat cut, but by 
being stabbed in a thousand places. 

They have neither priests nor rulers, all men 
being looked upon as equals, though oonsider- 
able respect is shown to age; an old man 
being always allowed to drink first, and to 
have two wives, while the younger are restrict- 
ed to ou^. When a young man is desirous of 
marrying, it is customary for him to give his 
sister to him whose sister he takes ; or, if he 
have no sister, he will go to war for the pur- 
pose of taking a female prisoner, who is im- 
mediately adopted as his sister, and formally 
exchanged, no other dower on either side 
being required. They do not many as early 
as the Abyssinians, — but there is no frailty 
before marriage. Adultery is punished with 
death. The women, besides taking care of 
the house, assist the men in ploughing, and 
are entitled to an equal share in the produce 
of the land. When a child is bora, the father 
gives it a name, which is generally derived 
from some circumstance connected with its 
birth, or an a(;cidental mark on ite body. The 
name of Mr. Salt's informant was Omazena, 
on accouilt of his being born with a wart on 
his hand ; others are called " Immagokwa,'' 
bom in tlie night, — "Wokea," born while 
making booza, — '* Wnnnee,*' bom on the 
ground, 5cc. When a man dies, he is buried 
without ceremony, in his clothes, and the rela- 
tives kill, and feast on, the cattle he leaves 
behind him, the wife having, for her shai«, 
the household furniture,-— and the sons his 
arms, implements of agiiculture, and land. 
The favourite occupation of the men is hunt- 
ing ; and they indiscriminately eat the flesh o£ 
tlie elephant, the buffalo, deer, &c., or what- 
ever else they can procure. The Rhinoceros 
of this coontry has invariably two boras. 

The arms of these savages consist of speais, 
shields, bows and arrows; and the tribe is 
continually engaged in war with the people 
of Metikul and Banja, who frequently invade 
the country for the express purpose of pro- 
curing slaves. When the Dazzela take any 
prisoners, they tie their legs, and employ them 
either in making cloth or manufacturing iron ; 
atid, if incapable of work, they kill tliem. A 
strong people, called Dippura, reside in the 
interior of tlie Dabanja country. The Dug- 
gala were said to be on the opposite side from 
I)arfoor ; and Yiba Hossa was mentioned as a 
mountain to which the people retiretl when 
pressed by an ^nemy. Several rivers, called 
Q^ioquee, Pusa,Kuossa,and Popa, flow throngh 
these districts, which are all said to ran in the 
same direction as the Bahr el Abiad. Jtis ^ 
three days' journey from the last-mentioned 
river to the Kuossa, and one from the Kuossa 
to Pusa ; the 6ther lying still further in the i 
interior. 

The only musical instramcuts ia use among 
them are trumpets, made of the bora of the 
Agazen, pipes formed of bamboo, and a kind 
of lyre with ^ve strings, called "junqua," 
whose tones are described as harmonious. 

The tribe of the Shangalla, residing near 
the Tacazze, was noticed by Mr. Brace. It 
appears to be a perfectly diflforent petiple, in 
every respect but colour and form, from that of 



Dabanja : the langtiage of the two tribes being 
entirely distinct Two little boys belonging 
to the Tacazze Shangalla, who a short time 
before had been taken prisoners, much amused 
our traveller at Antalo with their playful 
antics,— dancing and singing in a manner 
peculiar to their nation. One of their songs 
had something extremely affecting in the tune 
as well as the words. The translation which 
was made of this chant may be versified as 
follows : — 

We are far away from our dear homes, 

And where our mothers be. 
Our homes beside the pleasant springs 

And streams of Tacazze. 
The armed men came ; our mothers fled 

To seek the mountain caves. 
And we, their childrep, left, were led 

To be Antalo*s slaves ; — 
Strangers in stranger land we roam. 
Far from our mothers and oar home. 

Generally speaking, however, tlic slaves in 
Abyssinia are very happy ; and several of tliose 
with whom Mr. Salt conversed, who had been 
captured at an advanced period of life, pre- 
feired their latter mode of living to that which 
they had led in their native wilds ; a circum- 
stance which, in a great measure, may be 
attributed to the docility of their character, 
which allows them soon to be natumlized 
among strangers. ^*The situation of slaves, 
indeed,'* he says farther, ** is rather honoumble 
than disgraceful, throughout the east; and 
the difference between their state and that of 
the western slaves is strikingly apparent Ihey 
have no long voyage to make ; no violent 
change of habits to undergo; no out-door 
labour to perform ; and no ' white man's scom' 
to endnre ; but, on the oontrarj*, are frequently 
adopted like children into the family, and, to 
make use of an easteni expression, ^ bask in 
the sunshine of their master*8 favour.'" 



IRELAND AND NEGRO SLAVERY. 

A CURIOUS contrast is presented between tlie 
ardour of the Ministry to resort to extreme 
measures in Ireland, and their placability 
where the Crown and people of Great Britain 
are really suffering wrong and insult A race 
of colonial bullies, whom nothing but the in- 
terference of the British administration pre- 
vents from being crushed like cock-roaches by 
their own negroes, may insult the head of the 
Goverament, and organise associations for il- 
legal violence upon their countrymen, and 
the ministers, as meek as mice, shall be ar- 
ranging, with the home branch of the cart- 
whip dynasty, the price at which they will 
consent to abate their nuisance. The whole 
horse has been paid for by the British public 
by a poll-tax ; and when the question is of 
substituting working in harness for drawing 
by the tail, the Ministry is in negotiation with 
the barbarian for paying him the price of the 
horse over again as the price of nis consent 
The slave-owner, whose slave, and all he has, 
has been bought for him once out of the 
pockets of the British public, is to be told he 
shall be paid the price over again, on condi- 
tion that he will consent to employ free labour, 
afterwards. Wl^ is not he zathet changed 
with the difference between the expense of 
slave-labour and of free ? — and why is not he 
asked to lay do^n the cost of protecting him 
ttom the just tetribotton which his own ob-' 
stioiicy has bfonght lalniost Hpon his heed ? 



9 < a * # • 

How much money has been paid ..by the 
British labourer and manufacturer to support 
slavery already ? Let us sec a' balance-snefet, 
in which this and the o^r items named shall 
be put down; and then show how much is 
owing to the men of the cow-skin. Will not 
tiie Irish members help us in tliis ? Cannot 
some confidence be put in them, that they 
will stand up in a mass in defence of the 
general empire upon this point, and trust to 
the gratitude of the whole community when 
the time shall come for showing it? Let them 
consider well how strouf^y tliis would tend to 
combine the general interest with theirs. Let 
them reflect in what numerous classes, hostile 
it may be to them hitherto on many points of 
belief or prejudice, this would quash the feel- 
ing of distrust, and substitute the confidence 
of fellow-labourers in one great cause. If the 
Irish members will come forward as one man, 
and stand in the gap between the English 
people and their enemies on the West India 
question, whatever may be the event, they will 
not fail in one point — the securing an adhe- 
sion to the cause of Ireland, which, first or 
last, will vastly overbaUmce the puny efforts 
of the cabinet to raise themselves in the eyes 
of their enemies by the depression of a gallant 
people. All good feelings will join and link 
themselves. The hearts of the legislature 
" thrill at Poland ;" but, considering " the 
condition of the countr>'," " the distress," &c., 
they cannot reconcile it to their consciences to 
grant any public money to assist the persecu- 
ted Poles. 7%^ will have no such sentpUs 
with retpect lo ike persecuting West Indians. 
At this moment, unless surmise is wrong, they 
are haggling with tliem, to know tlie lowest 
price ut which they will sell their nuisance. 
Could not something be done upon this jpoint 
which should carry the name of Irelana into 
the far-off divisions of the globe, and give her 
one more link with the every where rising 
cause of man and of humanity ? — Westmiwier 
Review for April ylS33. 



APHORISMS. 



Th£ pleasure of the relieioas mao is an easy 
and a portable pleasure, sack an one as he carries 
about in hit bosom, without alarming either the 
eye or the eavy of the world. — South. 

Speculative absurdities may endure for aces ; 
but errors immediatelv leading to the destruction 
of society are generally dissipated by an applica- 
tion of the test of experience. -^Mackintosh. 

The infirmities of hnman natup undermine the 
conspiracies of the wicked* perhaps even more 
than they loosen the union of the good. lb. 

Material resources never have supplied, nor 
ever can supply, the want of unity in design, and 
constancy in pursvit^ — fiuBca. 

The blood of man should never be shed but to 
redeem the blood of man. It is well shed for our 
family, for our firiends, for our God, for our coun- 
try, for OUT kind. The rest is vanity j the rest is 
crime..-~/6. 

As young men, when they knit and shape per- 
fectly, do seldom g^ow to a farther stature, so 
knowledge, while it is dispersed in aphorisms and 
observations, may grow and shoot up, yet, once 
iadosed and cemprehended ia methods, it may, 
perchance, be farther polished and iUastrttei' 
and accommodated to uae and practice, but in- 
creaseth no more in bulk and substance.— Bacon. 



THE TOURIST. 



MOKDAY, APRIL 15, 1833. 

EXTRACT FROM THE MINUTES OF 
THE COMMITTEE OF THE AGENCY 
ASTI-SLAVEHY SOCIETY, 
At a Muting htid on tlie 1*( of April, 1833. 

Resolved,— That immediate measures 
be taken to promote addreaaes to the 
several metropolitan members, to induce 
them to attend in their places on the 23d 
jnst., and support the measures of Go- 
vernment, should they go to the extent 
of entire abolition of Colonial Slavery ; 
or, should an unsatisfactory measure be 
proposed, then to support such sn amend- 
ment as may be deemed necessary by the 
anti-slavery party. 

REFORM IN THE FRENCH COLONIES. 
Whilst a Whig administration, aided 
by all the liberality of a reformed Par- 
liament, are see-sawing between the West 
Indians and the justice and humanity of 
the whole nation, the French Ministry are 
carrying their schemes of colonial re- 
formation with a lusty hand. The con- 
trast between the position of the two go- 
vernments at this particular juncture i) 
»ery striking, not merely in this, but ir 
other respects. The one carry, with s 
haste that exhibits wonderful confidence 
in their strength, the bill to establish 
military law in Ireland — the other sig- 
nally fail in their attempts to obtain the 
admission of such a state, as a state of 
siege in Prance in cases of revolutionary 
commotion ; tlie one declare their dispo- 
sition to place the emancipation of the 
■lave from bondage on measures which, 
when disclosed, shall prove safe and 
satisfactory, and yet fear to propose any 
scheme of emancipation whatever — tlie 
other make no pledges, no promises, no 
disclosures, neither fawn for favour nor 
deprecate opposition ; but, placing tlieir 
measures on the ground that the Govern- 
ment, reci^vEing the progress of civiliza- 
tion in the colonies, proceeds to discharge 
its public duty by bringing legislation to 
Its aid, submit boldly their propositions 
for the future government of those colo- 
nies, with a view to the extinction of 
slavery, and carry them by a majority of 
110 to 4 dissentient voices. The journals 
say that the whole colonial retinue was 
mustered among the auditory in this im- 
portant sitting of the 1st of March, but 
that the announcement of the state of the 
votes was received with high approbation 
both in and out of the Chamber of Peers. 
What a contrast is this with the paltering 
find dishonesty of our Ministers — to the 
promise to-day, and the hope deferred to- 
morrow — to the assertion of the past 



THE TOURIST. 

week, and the denial of the preseut one 
— to truth at one time, and mendacity 
another ! Truly the political coward, like 
the natural one, dies many deaths. The 
ministry, cajoled at home and bearded in 
the colonies, are certainly in a very fit | 



condition to deceive the outraged huma- 
nity and justice of the British public by 
sophisms on their pledge to propose mea- 
sures of emancipation which shall prove 
"safe akd SATisFAcrony!" 



THE CHAMOIS GOAT. 



This animal, though wild, is distin- 
guished by a degree of sagacity and cha- 
racter which make it both docile and in- 
teresting. It is found !a rocky and 
mountainous places, and is very common 
in Piedmont, Switzerland, and Germany. 
It is about the size of the domestic goat, 
varying in colour, according to the sea- 
son, from an ash colour to nearly black. 
This animal is greatly admired for the 
beauty of its eyes, which are round and 
sparkling, and strikingly indicative of the 
liveliness of its habits and temperament. 
Its head is furnished with two small 
horns, rising from the forehead almost 
between the eyes, of a beautiful black 
colour, and terminating in so sharp a 

Eiot Uiat the mountaineers have teen 
own to bleed cattle with them. 
These creatures live in flocks of from 
four to fourscore, which are, in a great 
measure, secured from danger by their 
extraordinary powers of perception and 
communication. Its vision is remarkably 
acute, and the scent so good that it can 
discover the approach of a man at the 
distance of a mile and a half. Upon 
the slightest danger being perceived by 
one of the flock, he alarms the rest by 
uttering a hissii^ noise, of tlie length of 
one respiration, which is produced by ex- 
pelling the air violently through the nose, 
and is heard at a great distance. After 
this alarm the animal again looks round, 
and, perceiving that his fears were not 
groundless, continues to hiss at intervals 
till he has spread the alarm to a great 



distance. During this time he seems in 
the most violent agitation, striking the 
ground violently with its fore-feet, and 
bounding from rock to rock. 

But the skill of this animal is shown 
most strikingly in its mode of descending 
precipices, and of leaping from one height 
to another, inaccessible to every living 
creature but itself. They always mount 
and descend in an oblique direction, and 
will often throw themselves down a de- 
scent of thirty feet, striking the rock 
three or four times with their hind feet to 
diminish their velocity, and will light 
with perfect security on some excrescence 
or fragment just large enough for their 
feet to rest upon. Their legs are formed 
by nature for this arduous travelling, the 
hind being rather longer than the fore legs, 
and bending in such a manner, when they 
light on them, as to break the force of 
their fall. 

The hunting of the chamois is very dif- 
ficult and dangerous. The most usual 
mode of killing them is by shooting them 
from behind projecting rocks. In chasing 
them, however, the huntsman exposes 
himself to greater peril ; for if the animal 
finds itself too closely pressed, he will 
sometimes turn upon the hunter, and, 
driving at him with his head, endeavour 
to throw him down the nearest precipice. 
In this case the hunters find it safest im- 
mediately to prostrate tliemselves, and 
allow the ^oat to pass over them and 
precipitate itself from the height. 



THE TOURIST. 



THE EARL OF CHATHAM. 



William Pitt, aftenvtuds Earl of 
ChMfaam, was born November 15, 1708, 
and educated at Eton, whence, in Ja- 
Buary, 1726, he went as a gentleman 
commoner to Trinity College, Oxford, 
When he quitted the university he served 
for a. time io the armv ; but hia talents 
leMling ttim more decisively to another 
^Id of action, he entered on a political 
life, as member of parliament for the 
IxiTough of Old Sarum, in February, 
1735. In this ^(ituation his abilities were 
soon distinguished. It was on the occa- 
sion of the bill for registering seamen in 
1740, which he opposed as arbitrary and 

a'ustifiablc, that he made his cefebra- 
reply to Mr. Horatio Walpole, who 
had attacked him on account of his 
>'outli. " I will not undertake," said 
Mr. Pitt, " to determine whether youth 
can be justly imputed to any man as a 
leproach; but I will afHrm that the 
wretch who, after having seen the con- 
-sequences of repeated errors, continues 
still to blunder, and whose age has only 
added obstinacy to stupidity, is surely 
(he object either of abhorrence or con- 
tempt, and deserves not that his ^y 
head should secure him from insults. 
Much more is he to be abhorred who, 
as he has advanced in age, has receded 
from virtue, and becomes more wicked 
with less temptation — who prostitutes 
himself for money which he cannot en- 
joy, and spends the remains of his life in 
the riiin of his country." 

It was soon thought important to ob- 
tain kis co-operation with government, 
and in 1746 be was made joint vice- 



treasurer of Ireland, and, the same year, 
treasurer, paymaster- general of the 
army, and a privy councillor. In 1755, 
thinking it necessary to make a strong 
opposition to the continental connexions 
then forming by the ministry, he re- 
signed bis place, and remained for some 
time out of office. In December, 1756, 
he was appointed secretary of state, from 
which the King removed him, but re- 
appointed him at the request of the na- 
tion, conveyed by addresses to the throne. 
Mr. Pitt was now considered as prime 
minister, and the efficiency of bis admi- 
nistration was soon proved by the bril- 
liant successes which marked the period 
of it in all parts of the world. On the 
accession of George the Third, however, 
being strongly opposed in his proposi- 
tion to declare war against Spain, he re- 
signed hie office, and was followed, into 
more private life, loaded with tributes of 
honour and respect. He did not enter, 
however, into the ranks of an undiscri- 
minating opposition, but only came for- 
ward against measures which demanded, 
from the consistency of his character, a 
decided resistance. One of these was 
the question of general warrantii, the il- 
legality of which he maintained with all 
the force of his genius and eloquence. A 
search or seizure of papers, without a 
speciBc charge alleged, would be, he 
contended, repugnant to every principle 
of liberty. The most innocent man could 
not be secure. " By the British consti- 
tution," he continued, " every man's 
house is his castle. Not that it is sur- 
rounded with walls and battlements. It 



may be a straw-built shed. Every wind 
of heaven may whistle round it. AH the 
elements of nature may enter it ; but the 
King cannot — the King dare not." 

Shortly after this period Sir William 
Pynsent, a man of considerable pro- 
perty, died, and, from his admiration of 
Mr. Pitt, disinherited his own relations, 
and made him heir to the bulk of his 
estate. It is a singular fact that a like 
circumstance had occurred to him in the 
earlier part of his life, the Dowager 
Duchess of Marlborough having be- 
queathed him £10,000 expressly for de- 
fending the laws of his country, and 
endeavouring to prevent its ruin. In 
1766, the Rockingham ministry proving 
unable to maintain its ground, a new 
ministry was formed, and Mr. Pitt was 
made Lord Privy Seal, At the same 
time he was created a peer, with the 
title of Earl of Chatham. He continued 
in office but a short time, resigning, for 
the last time, in 1768. He was at that 
time sixty years of age, and suffered 
dreadfully from gout, so as to be inca- 
pacitated for public business. He inter- 
fered, however, most strenuously against 
the measures pursued by ministers in the 
contest with America; and, after one of 
his greatest efforts in a speech on this 
subject, he sank into the arms of his 
friends around him, and, being conveyed 
home, survived but a few weeks. We 
cannot better close this sketch than with 
some passages illustrative of the Earl of 
Chatham's powers of oratory, which we 
shall extract from Butler's R«miniscences. 

" No person in hia external appear- 
ance was ever more bountifully gifted by 
nature for an orator. In his look and 
bis gesture, grace and dignity were com- 
bined, but dignity presided ; the ' terrors 
of his beak, the lightning of bis eye,' 
were insufferable. His voice was botli 
full and clear; his lowest whisper was 
distinctly heard; bis middle tones were 
sweet, rich, and beautifully varied ; when 
he elevated his voice to its highest {utch, 
the house was completely filled with the 
volume of the sound. The effect was 
awful, except when he wished to cheer 
or animate; he then had S|^rit-stirriug 
notes, which were perfecUy irTesistible. 
He frequently rose, on a sudden, from a 
very low to a very high key, but it seemed 
to be without effort. His diction was re- 
markably simple, but words were never 
chosen with greater care ; he mentioned 
to a friend of the Reminiscent, that be 
had read twice, from beginning to end, 
Bailey's Dictionary; and that he had 
perused some of Dr. Barrow's Sermons 
so often as to know them by heart 

" On one occasion, Mr, Moreton, the 
chief justice of Chester, a gentleman of 
some eminence at the bar, happened to 
say, ' King, lords, and commons, or,'— 
(directing his eye towards Lord Chatham), 
^' as that right bonoumble member would 



2M 



THE TOURIST. 



call them, commons, lords, and kin^.' 
The only fault of this sentence is its non- 
sense. Mr. Pitt arose, as he ever did, 
with great deliberation, and called to or- 
der : * I have,* he said, ' heard frequently 
in this house doctrines which have sur- 

Frised TOC ; but now my blood runs cold ! 
desire the words of the honourable 
member may be taken down.' The clerks 
of the house wrote the words. * Bring 
them to me,' said Mr. Pitt, in a voice of 
thunder. By this time Mr. Moreton was 
frightened out of his senses. * Sir,' he 
said, addressing himself to the Speaker, 
' I am sorry to have given any offence to 
the right honourable member, or to the 
house: I meant nothing. King, lords, 
and commons — lords, king, and com- 
mons — commons, lords, and king — tria 
jxincta in nno. I meant nothing ! In- 
deed I meant nothing.' * I don't wish 
to push the matter further;' said Lord 
Chatham, in a voice a little above a 
whisper; then, in a higher tone, * the 
moment a man acknowledges his eri-or, 
he ceases to be guilty. I have a great 
regard for the honourable member ; and, 
as an instance of that regard, I will give 
him this advice :' — a pause of some mo- 
ments ensued ; then, assuming a look of 
unspeakable derision, he said, in a kind 
of colloquial tone — * Whenever that mem- 
ber means nothing, I recommend him to 
scnf nothing.' 

'* But the most extraordinary instance 
of his command of the house is the man- 
ner in which he tixed indelibly on Mr. 
Grenville, the appellation oi* ' the Gentle 
Shepherd.' At this time, a song of Dr. 
Howard, which began with the words, 
* Gentle shepherd, tell me where,' — and 
in which each stanza ended Mrith that 
line, — was in every mouth. On some oc- 
casion, Mr. Grenville exclaimed, * Where 
IS our money? — ^where are our means? 
I say again, where are our means? — 
where is our money V He then sat down, 
and Lord Chatham paced slowly out of 
the house, humming the line, 'Gentle 
shepherd, tell me where !' The effect 
was irresistible, and settled for ever on 
Mr. Grenville the appellation of * the 
Gentle Shepherd.' " 



CRIMINAL LAW REFORM. 

It will be interesting to most of the readers 
of Tlie Tourht to learu that a bill is in pro- 
gress, to be brought forward in the House of 
Commons in the course of next month, for the 
abeKtion of the punishment of death for the 
onme of kouse-breaking. It may be well to 
explain, to such as may not be awate of the 
distinction, that this crime diffecs from bur- 
glar}'; it being necessary, to constitute bur- 
glary^ that the offence be committed by night. 
The measure will be introduced by Mr. Len- 
nard, member for Maiden, on Tuesdav, the 
latli of April. 

We sinceiely widi snccesa to this eulight- 
imisd and humaiie atteapt, aad we hope that 



it may mark the commencement of a series 
of steps which shall result in an entire reform 
of our criminal law. In this country, the 
minds of tlie benevolent have too long been 
interested in this great subject to but little 
practical purpose. We may, however, rejoice 
in and take encouragement from the achieve- 
ments of benevolence elsewhere. In America, 
capital punishment is in a great measure un- 
known; and as we think it highly desirable 
that our own countrymen should he convinced 
of its inexpediency, as well as iLs barbarity, we 
will extract from the writings of Mr. Clarkson 
an account of the penal regulations in the 
state of Pennsylvania, illustrating the working 
of an opposite system :— 

" As there is now but one capital offence in 
Pennsylvania, punishments for other offences 
are made up of fine, and imprisonment, and 
labour; ana these are awarded separately or 
conjointly, according to the magnitude of the 
crime. 

" When criminals have l>een convicted, and 
sent to the great gaol of Philadelphia to under- 
go their punishment, it is expected of them 
that tliey should maintain themselves out of 
their daily labour; that they should pay for 
their board and washing, and also for the use 
of their different implements of labour ; and 
tliat they should defray the expenses of their 
commitment, and of their prosecutions and 
their trials. An account, therefore, is regularly 
kept against ihem ; and if, at the expiration 
of the term of their imprisonment, there should 
be a sui'])lus of money in their favour, arising 
out of the produce of their work, it is given to 
them on their discluurge. 

'* An agreement is usually made about the 
price of prison-labour between the inspector of 
the gaol and the employers of the criminals. 

" As reformation is now the great object in 
PcnnsvU'ania, where offences have been com- 
mitted, it is of the first importance that the 
gaoler and the different inspectors should be 
persons of moiul character. Good example, 
religious advice, and humane treatment, on 
the part of these, will have a tendency to pro- 
duce attention, respect, and love, on the part 
of the prisoners, and to influence their moral 
eondmct. Hence it is a rule, never to be de- 
parted from, that none are to be chosen as 
successors to these diffeient officers hut sndi as 
sliall be found on inquiry to have been exem- 
plar)- in their lives. 

^ As reformation, again, is now the great ob- 
ject, no corporeal punishment is allowed in the 
prison, no keeper can strike a criminal, nor can 
any criminal be put into irons. All such pu- 
nishments are considered as doing harm. They 
tend to extirpate a sense of shame. They tencl 
to degrade a man, and to make him consider 
himself as degraded in his own eyes ; whereas 
it is the design of this change in the penal 
system that he should be constmtly looking 
up to the restoration of his dignity as a man, 
and to the recovery of his moral character. 

^* As reformation, again, is now the great 
object, the following system is adopted* :-^No 
intercourse is allowed between the males and 
the females, uor any between die imtried and 
the convicted prisoners. While they are en- 
gaged iu their labour, thev are allowed to 
talk only upon tlie subject which immediately 



* As cleanlioess is connected with health, and 
haaUh with morals, the prisoners are obliged to 
wash and clean themselves every mornio^ before 
their work ; and to bathe, in the saminer season, 
in a large reservoir of water, which is provided in 
the eoart-yard of the prison for this purpose. 



rebates to their work. All unnecessary con- 
versation is forbidden. Profane swearing is 
never overlooked. A strict watch is kept that 
no spirituous liquors may be introduced. Care 
is taJcen that all the prisoners have the benefit 
of religious instniction. The prison is accord- 
ingly open at stated times to the pastors of the 
different religious denominations of the place. 
And as the mind of man may be worked upou 
by rewards as well as by punishments, a hope 
is held out to the prisoners that the time of 
their confinem^t may be shortened by tlieir 
ffood behanour. For the inspectors, if they 
have reason to believe that a solid reformation 
has taken place in any individiml, have a 
power of interceding for his enlargement ; and 
the executive government of granting it if they 
think it proper. In cases where the prisoners 
are refractory, they are usnallv put into soli- 
tary confinement, and deprivea of the oppor- 
tunity of working. During this time the ex- 
penses of their board and washing are going 
on ; so that they are glad to get into employ- 
ment again, that they may liquidate the debt^ 
which, since the suspension of their labour, 
has been accruing to the gaol. 

•* In consequence of these regulations, they 
who visit the criminals in Philadelphia, in the 
hours of their labour, have more an idea of a 
large manufactory than of a prison, lliey see 
nail-makers, sawyers, carpenters, joiners, wea- 
vers, and others, all busily employed. They 
see regularity and order among these. And 
as no chains are to be seen in the prison, they 
seem to forget their situation as criminals, and 
to look upon them as the free and honest 
labourers of a community fcdlowing their re- 
spective trades. 

^' In consequence of these regulations, great 
advantages have arisen both to the crimmals 
and to the state. The state has experienced a 
diminution of crimes to the amount of one- 
half since the change of the penal svatem ; 
and the criminals have been restored, in a 
gi-eat proportion, from the gaol to the commu- 
nity, as reformed persons ; for few have heett 
known to stay the whole term of their con- 
finement. But no person could have had any 
of his time remittea him, except he had been 
considered, both by the inspectors and the 
executire government, as deserving it lli^ 
circumstance, of permission to leave the prison 
before the time expressed in the sentence, is of 
great importance to the prisoners ; for it ope- 
rates as a certificate for tliem of their amend- 
ment to the world at laige. Hence no stigma 
is attached to them for having been the inha- 
bitants of a prison. It may be observed, ahto, 
that some oi the most orderly and industrious, 
and such as have worked at the most profitable 
trades, have had sums ef money to take on 
their discharge, by which they have been able 
to maintain themselves honestly till they could 
get into employ. 

*^ Such was tlie state, and such the manner 
of execution, of the penal laws of Pennsyl- 
vania, as founded upon Quaker principles. Ho 
happy have the effects of this new system id- 
rcady been, that it is supposed it will be 
adopted bv the otlier American states. May 
the example be universally followed ! May it 
be universally received as a truth, that true 
policy is inseparable from >'irtue ; that, in pro- 
portion as principles become lovely on acoount 
of their morality, they will become beneficial 
when acted upon, both to individuals and to 
states; or that le^lators cannot laise a con- 
stitution upou so fair and firm a foundation as 
upon the gospel of Jesus Clirist!" 



THE TOURIST. 



295 



SIAVERY IN JAMAICA. 

BY AN EV£>W1TN£SS. 

We cannot more effectuaHv advance our 
object tlian by giving extensive cireuUttiou to 
a fsmaJA pamphlet which has lately appeared 
under the title of " Three Months in Jamaica 
in ISS% comprising a Jlesideuce of Seven Weeks 
<m a Suffor Plantation : by Henry Whitely. 
We know the author of this unassuming but 
most effeotive publication ; and can place the 
fullest reliance on his integrity. He is a man 
ol UBdmpeachable honesty, and of Christian 
principles. The situation which he held on 
New Ground estate, brought him into imme- 
^Kate contact with the system. He saw it in 
all the nakedness of its atrocity, and has thus 
lieea enabled to sketch it to the life. The veil 
which conceals its deformity from othei*s was 
withdrawn from before his eye, and he was 
permitted to penetrate its mysteries without 
suspicion or restraint The details with which 
he has supplied the public are adapted to 
inerease a thousand-fold our abhorrence of 
colonial slavery, and to confirm our previous pur- 
pose of efifecting its immediate abolition. The 
essentia) viciousness of the system is such as 
to preclude the possibility of improvement, and 
to determine us on rejecting every compromise 
which a temporizing policy may propose. We 
iire p;lad to find that Mr. Whitely 's pamphlet is 
pu])lished in a very cheap form, for gmtuitous 
clistribution, and would recommend its circula- 
liun to our friends. As its limits are very 
brief, we propose inserting the whole in two or 
three of our numbers. 

The reasons that have induced me, after mature 
reBectioD, to lay before the public the foUowiDg 
account of what I witnessed in Jamaica, during 
my late visit, are briefly the&e : — 

1st. 1 feel it due to my own character, unim- 
portant as is my station, in society, to detail, for 
the information of many friends who have kindly 
interested themselves in my welfare, the circum- 
stances that led to my return home so unexpectedly , 
and after so short a residence. 2ndly. I feel it 
<kie to my fellow-men — to my countiymen in 
>lngland, and to their fellow-subjects in Jamaica 
— to stale, without reserve and without exaggera- 
tion, the facts which there fell under my observa* 
rion. Lastly, I feel ic to be a religious duty — a 
duly to God as well as to man (since Providence, 
by means so unforeseen, and at so eventful a 
juncture, has placed me in circumstances that 
render my humble testimony of some immediate 
value), to give my plain and deliberate testimony 
respecting the character of the system wliich I 
found in operation in that colony. In performing 
this task, I am aware that I shall inevitably give 
some offence, and awaken some hostility ; but, 
constrained as X am by considerations which I 
DARK not disregard, and avoiding, as I shall care- 
fully do, ail disclosures but such as aie requisite 
to authenticate the facts and develop the system, 
T will not flinch from whatever responsibility the 
performance of my duty involves, however painful 
in some instances it may be to otheis as well as to 
myself. 

I arrived in Jamaica on the 3rd of September, 
1832. I was sent out by a respectable West 
India house in London, under the patronage of a 
relative of mine, who i;» a partner in that house ; 
being furnished with a recommendation to their 
acting attorney in the island, with a view to be 
«^ither employed in a store, or as a book*keeper 
upon a plantation^ 

Previously to my arrival in Jamaica, I hadnoclear 
conception of the nature of colonial slavery ; and my 
anticipations, in regard to the treatment and condi- 
tion of the slaves, were favourable rather than olher- 
-wtse. It so happened, that, excepting what I had 
sera in newspapers, I had never read a single 
publication agaiirtt colonial slavery, and had never 



either attended a public meeting, or heard a lecture 
delivered on the subject I was, in fact, one of 
those individuals who believe that there is more 
real slavery in England than in any of her colonies. 
Many a time I had blamed such gentlemen as 
Mr. Buxton, Dr. Lushington, and others, for mak- 
ing so much ado in Parliament about colonial 
slavery, and neglecting (as I conceived) the slavery 
of the poor factory children at home, with whose 
condition I was well acquainted, having been all 
my life resident in a manufacturing district,, and 
concerned, with some of my relatives, in the blan- 
ket business, at Heckmondwike, near Leeds. What 
tended to confirm me much in these views was the 
perusal of the last Order in Council for the Ame- 
lioration of Slavery, which I understood to have 
been sent out for adoption in all oor slave colonies. 
A copy of this document had been sent by a mem- 
ber of parliament to the Central Committee at 
Leeds on the Factory System, of which I vras a 
member, in order to enable us to judge whether 
the condition of the West India slaves or that of 
the factory children was preferable ; and the con- 
clusion which I came to upon its perusal, and 
under the persuasion that it had been generally 
adopted, was this — that, all things considered, the 
condition of the negro slave v^as much preferable 
to that of the factory child. And with these im- 
pressions I landed at St. Ann's Bay, in Jamaica. 

The day that I landed I was informed, by a 
clerk of the manager's, that a horse would be sent 
down from New Ground estate for xne next morn- 
ing ; and that I would have to remain on that 
estate till I heard from the manager, or attorney 
of the proprietors, who was then at his own pro- 
perty, about sixteen miles from the Bay. 

The same day, I dined at St. Ann's Bay, on 
board the vessel I arrived in, in company with 
several colonists, among whom was Mr. Hamilton 
Brown, representative for the parish of St. Ann, 
in the Colonial Assembly. Some reference having 
been made to the new Order in Council, I was 
rather startled to hear that gentleman swear by his 
Maker that that Order should never be adopted in 
Jamaica ; nor would the planters of Jamaica, he 
said, permit the interference of the f-iume Govern- 
ment with their slaves in any shape. A great 
deal was said by him and others present about the 
happiness and comfort enjoyed by the slaves, and 
of the many advantages possessed by tliem of 
which the poor in England were destitute. Among 
other circumstances mentioned in proof of this, 
Mr. Robinson, a wharfinger, stated that a slave in 
that town had sent out printed cards to invite a 
party of his negro acquaintance to a supper party. 
One of these cards was handed to Mr. Hamilton 
Brown, who said he would present it to the Go- 
vernor, as a proof of the comfortable condition of 
the slave population. This, and other circum- 
stances then mentioned, tended to confirm the 
notions I had brought from England respecting 
slavery in Jamaica ; and although I was somewhat 
shocked and staggered by seeing, the same day, 
the Methodist chapel at St. Ann's Bay lying in 
ruins, as it had been destroyed by the whites six 
months before, and by learning that the mission- 
aries were no longer permitted to preach in that 
parish, I nevertheless left the place next moining 
with my favourable impressions respecting the 
condition of the slaves not materially abated. 
These impressions, however, 1 was not permitted 
long to indulge. 

I proceeded on horseback to Xew Ground es- 
tate the next day. On my way thither, 1 saw 
much majestic and beautiful scenery, and enjoyed 
the prospect exceedingly, until I came in sight of 
a gang of negroes at work. Most of them were 
female&'; and they were superintended by a driver, 
with the cart-whip in his hand. Just as I rode 
past» tiio driver cracked his. whip, and cried out, 
*' Work ! vioik !" They were manuring the canes, 
and carrying the manure in baskets on tiieir heads. 
It appeared to roe disgustingly dirty work ; for the 
moisture from the manure was dripping through 
the baskets, and running down the bodies of the 
negroes. This sight anooyed me considerably, and 
raised some doubts as to the pi*eferable condition 



of West India slaves to factory children. The 
enchanting scenery, and beautiful humming-birds, 
no longer amused me ; and the thundering crack 
of the cart-whip, sounding in my ears as I rode 
aIon|, excited feelings of a very unpleasing des- 
cription. 

On reaching the estate, t was received in the 
most friendly manner by the overseer, and enter- 
tained with West Indian hospitality. This gen- 
tleman, after some inquiries as to the state of 
things in England, began to enlarge on the com- 
fortable condition of the slaves ; and, pointing to 
some negro coopers who were working in the yard, 
asked if I could perceive any difference between 
the condition of these slaves, and that of Engtish 
labourers. I owned I could not ; they seemed to 
work with great regularity, and apparent good 
humour. 

Immediately afterwards, the overseer called out, 
in a very authoritative tone, " Btow shell.^' A 
large conch shell was then blown by one of the 
domestic slaves, and in a few minutes four negro 
drivers made their appearance in front of the 
house, accompanied by six common negroes. The 
drivers had each a long staff in his hand, and a 
large cart-whip coiled round his shoulders. They 
appeared to be very stout athletic men. They 
stood before the hail-door, and tiie overseer put 
on his hat, and went out to them, while I sat at 
the open window and observed the scene which 
followed— having been informed that the other six 
negroes were to be punished. 

^Vhen the overseer went out, the four drivers 
gave him an account, on notched tallies, of *their 
half-day's work ; and received fresh orders. The 
overseer tlien asked a few questions of the drivers 
respecting the offences of the six slaves brought up 
for punishment. No question was asked of the 
culprits themselves, nor was any explanation 
waited for. Sentence was instantly pronounced, 
and instantly carried into execution. 

The first was a man of about thirty-five years of 
age. He was what is called a pen-keeper, or cat- 
tle-herd ; and his offence was having suffered a 
mule to go astray. At the command of the over- 
seer he proceeded to strip off part of his clothes, 
and laid himself flat on his belly, his back and 
buttocks being uncovered. One of the drivers 
then commenced flogging him with the cart-whip. 
This whip is about ten feet long, with a short 
stout handle, and is an instrument of terrible power. 
It is whirled by the operator round his head, and 
then brought down with a rapid motion of the arm 
upon the recumbent victim, causing the blood to 
spring at every stroke. When I saw this specta- 
cle, now for the first time exhibited before my 
eyes, with all its revolting accompaniments, and 
saw the degraded and mangled victim writhing 
and groaning under the infliction, I felt horror- 
struck ! I trembled, and turned sick ; but, being 
determined to see the whole to an end, I kept my 
station at the window. The sufferer, writhing like 
a wounded worm, every time the lash cut across 
his body, cried out, *' Lord 1 Lord I Lord !" When 
he bad received about twenty lashes, the driver 
stopped to pull up tlie poor man's shiit (or rather 
smock frock) which had worked down upon bis 
galled posteriors. The sufferer then cried, " Think 
me no man ? Think me no roan?'' By that ex- 
clamation I understood him to say, " Think you I 
have not the feelings of a man V' The flogging 
was instantly recommenced and continued ; the 
negro continuing to cry, '* Lord ! Lord ! Lord !" 
till thirty-nine lashes had been inflicted. When 
the man rose up from the ground, I perceived the 
blood oozing out from the lacerated and tumefied 
parts where he had been flogged ; and he appeared 
greatly exhausted. But he was instantly ordered 
off to his usual occupation. 

The next was a young man apparently about 

' eighteen or nineteen years of age. He w^as forced 

' to uncover himself and lie down in the same mode as 

[ the former, and was held down by the hands and 

feet by four slaves, one of whom was a young man 

who wes himself to be flogged next This latter 

was a mulatto — the offspring, as I understood, of 

some European formerly on the estate by a negro 



2M 



THE TOURIST. 



womaiii and conseqaently born to slavery- These 
two youths were flogged exactly in the mode al« 
ready described, and writhed and groaned under 
the lashi as if enduring great agony. The mulatto 
bled most, and appeared to suffer most acutely. 
They received each thirty-nine lashes. Their 
ofience was some de6ciency in the performance of 
the task |>re8cribed to them. They were both 
ordered to join their gang as usual in the afternoon 
mt cane-cutting* 

Two young women of about the same ase were, 
one after the other, then laid down and held by 
four men, their back parts most indecently unco- 
vered, and thirty-nine lashes of the blood-stained 
whip inflicted upon each poor creature's posteriors. 
Their exclamation likewise was, ** Lord ! Lord ! 
Lord !" They seemed also to suffer acutely, and 
were apparently a good deal lacerated. Another 
woman (the sixth offender) was also laid down 
and uncovered for the lash ; but, at the interces- 
sion of one of the drivers, she was reprieved. The 
offsnoe of these three women was similar to that 
of the two young men — some defalcation in the 
amount of labour. 

The overseer stood by and witnessed the whole 
of this cruel operation, with as much seeming in- 
difference as if he had been paying them their 
wages. I was meanwhile perfectly unmanned 
by mingled horror and pity. Yet I have no reason 
to believe that the natural feelings of this young 
man (whose age did not exceed twenty-four years; 
were less humane or sensitive than my own. But 
such is the callousness which constant familiarity 
with scenes of cruelty engenders. He had been 
a book-keeper, for four years previously, on ano- 
ther estate belonging to the same proprietors, and 
had been appointed overseer to this estate only a 
few months before. His reception of me when I 
arrived was so kind, frank, and cordial, that I 
could not have believed him, had I not seen it 
with my own eyes, to be capable of inflicting such 
cruelty on a fellow-creature. 

As soon as this scene was over, the overseer 
came into the hall, and asked me to drink some 
rum and water with him. I told him I was sick, 
and could taste nothing : that 1 was, in fact, over- 
whelmed with horror at the scene I had just wit- 
nessed. He said it was not a pleasant duty cer- 
tainly, but it was an indispensable one ; and that 
I would soon get used, as others did, to such 
spectacles. I asked if he found it necessary to 
inflict such punishments frequently. He replied 
it was uncertain : " I may not," he said, '* have 
to do it again this month, or I may have to do it 
again to-morrow." 

fTo be Continued.J 



LA BELLE DE NUIT. 

BV A WFST INDIAW. 

This poetical name is given, in the French 
West India islands, to the ** Marvel of Peru,** the 
mirabiliM jaUtpa of the botanists. In the English 
Caraibean Isles, it is known by the appellation of 
"the night primrose," and in Jamaica by that of 
" the four o'clock," from the hour at which it 
begins to expand its blossoms to the evening dews, 
or to close them to the morning sun-light. 

Oh ! faithful to the darkling hour 

When the last sunbeam's on the sea. 
And evening dews fall on the flower. 

And mountain winds breathe o*er the lea ; 
In that soft time — when whisper'd love 

Finds rapture in its favourite bower, — 
The pale blue star, that shines above 

So coldly from its western tower. 
Brings more of joy, lone flower, to thee. 

Adorer of the silent night. 
Than brighter skies to those that be 

Companions of the gairish light. 

Thine is the dewy drop that falls. 
Like Pity's tear for those that grieve,— 

The voice, when life with sorrow palls. 
That bids the heart rejoice and live ^ 

Thine is the silence, when the soul^ 
Communes in secret and alone. 



And, gazing on from pole to pole. 
Sees other worlds besides its own ; 

Thine is the soft, the placid hour, 
And hearts at rest shall linger still. 

To bless thy bloom, meek, modest flower. 
And bid thee bourgeon at thy will. 

What though the azure dove hath sung 

Its requiem to the setting sun. 
And clin and mountain ^len have rung 

With farewell songs, since day is done : 
What though the humming-bird hath left 

The closing flower of day, nor turns 
To cull one kiss from thee, bereft 

And darkly lone like one that mourns,— « 
Yet shall the mock-bird linger still 

Upon its old accuKom'd tree. 
And chaunt its sweetest, wildest trill. 

And latest song, lone flower, for thee. 

Pale blossom of the poet's star. 

Emblem of meekness and of tears. 
As o*er the tremulous waters far 

The crescent moon in light appears, 
I hail thee with a heart that feels 

A darkened fate allied to thine ; 
For the chill wind that o'er thee steals 

Is cold as friendship's hand to mine. 
The night hath shed its dews for thee. 

Thy flow'ret with its tears are wet, — 
And I, too, feel mine hours to be 

Like thine, the gloom when suns are set. 

ABOLITION OF SLAVERY. 

AT a very nameroas and important GENERAL 
MEETING of the ANTISL4VERY SOCIETY, 
RiKl of the friends of their cansc, held at Exeter Hall, on 
Taeaday, April Snd, 1833, the Right Hon. Lord Suppikld 
iu the chair, the folIowbiK Resolutions (the principles of 
which were earnestly supported by the gentlemen who 
moved and seconde<l them) were unaninionsly «doptc<l :— 
Moved by T. F. Buxton, M. P., and seconded by 
Joseph John Gomey, Esq., 
That this Meeting is deliberately and decidedly of opi- 
nion that the slaves of the British colonies have an nn- 
donbtcd and indefeasible right to their freedom, without 
delay and without condition. At the same time, tills meet- 
ing will cheerfully consent, when this debt of justice has 
been fully paid, to promote such fair measures of relief to 
the West Indian planters as may be deemed needful by 
Parliament. 

Moved by Earl Fitswilliam, and seconded by the Rev. 

J. W. Cunningham, 

That this Meeting, in common witii the puUie at large, 

looks forward with Intense anxiety, though with confident 

hope, to the development of the '** safe and satlsfdctory " 

5 Ian for the Abolition of Slavery, which his Majesty's 
linisters have declared their intention of disclosing to 
Parliament on the 33rd of April. 

Moved by Lord Morpeth, and seconded by George 
Strickland, Esq., M.P., 
Tliat being deliberately convinced that immediate and 
complete emancipation (as explained In a paper already 
issued by the Society) Is not only clearly demanded by the 
solemn obligations of i-elii^on and justice, but is also most 
consistent with sonnd policy, and will best promote the 
prosperity of the slave colonies and the safety of all parties, 
this Meeting strongly deprecates anv partial, or imperfect, 
or protracted plan, as likely to fail in its object, and to 
prove highly mischievous in its resnits. 

Moved by the Rev. John Burnet, seconded by Henry 
Pownall, Esq., and supported by G. Stephen, E^., 
That Petitions, founded on the foregoing resolutions, be 
presented to both Honses of Parliament. 

Moved by Lord Milton, secomied by William Smith, 
Esq., and supported by Dr. Lushington, M.P., 
That the cordial tlianks of this meeting be given to the 
Right Hon. Lord Snffield, for his conduct in the chair. 

Thomas Prinolx, Secretary. 

Just Published, in 8vo., price Is., 

OBSERVATIONS on IMPEDIMENTS of 
SPEECH ; with Remarks on their Treatment ; In a 
Letter addresse<l toT. J. Psttiorkw, Esq., F.R.S., &c. 
&c. By Richard CuLt« 

Renshaw and Rush, 850, Strand. 

■ II III • I II I . I . II I Mil I ■ 

BRITISH COLLEGE OF HEALTH, KING'S 
CROSS, NEW ROAD, LONDON. 

MORISON'S UNIVERSAL VEGETABLE 

MEDICINE. 

Mr. Earl, 
Sir,— My wife was suddenly lelxcd with cramps in the 
body, legs, and bands, and exhibited all the symptoma 
nanally attending what the doctors caO Cholera Morboi. 
Satislled that nneqnl vocal power and efficacy was to be 
fband only In the " Universal Medicines," I immediately 
bad reconrse to them ; gare her ten pQla of No. ft in two 
hours, ten more ; when powerftel eTacoatlont rednced the 



severity of the apaams and erampa,and a third doae of tlie 
same pills, next day, restored her to health. 

With graUtnde to Mr. Morison, and all of the Collcgf af 
Health, 

I remain, dear Sir, yours traly* 

John Balbt. 
Wliittlewa, Cambridgeshire, Oct. S, 18n. 

P.8.— Mr. Anthony, Agent at Wlabeach, InfomM me «r 
"two females that were attacked whh the cholera ; one oT 
them took the ' Unlversals,' in strong doses, and waa wdf 
after a few doses ; the other took five pills, and woiM net 
take any more, bnt wonid have a mealcal attendant : the 
consequence was, she was bad for three weeks, and at liie 
present time is not able to walk about." 

It is quite amusing to hear, at the dUTerent plaee» i 
I have been, how the doctors try to bias the public 
by the trumpery tales of *' polMm," " bread crumbs," 
of one thing, soma another, and some of all inaaaer •€ 
things I but the mystery is, they cannot say the right 
thing: or if they coald,ic would not pay them to act npoa 
It. Say, however, all they can. Invent and do alt tncr 
can, the workl Is awake, and the public wtt! hare *' Men- 
son's Pills." 

I am. Gentlemen, yours, dec 

Cambridge, Oct. 4th, 1S3S. Tuosias Earl. 

To Mr. Shcphanl, 
Sir,— With grateful feelings I aeknowled^ the cvrc 
wrought on me by your invaluable niedicmes in tJwt 
dreadful disease, the Cholera Morbus. I was seised with 
the cramp, had an excessive discharge flroin the bem^, 
violent retchings, agtmising pain, with a violent heavfaiK 
of the breast. The doctors declared that I should not lire 
five minutes, a mortification having taken place ; snd, kaA 
it not been for the prompt attendance of your woctbjr 
agent, Mr. Black, I could not possibly have survived. He 
immediately administered the medicine In powerfhl 



of nine pills, and by a quick operation of which the pal» 
and Kickness left. With tlianks to Almighty God, the dis- 
penser of every blessing, I acknowMge your invalmbie 
medicines had the desired effect. 

I am, yonrs respectfuDv, 

Maroarbt Davisw 
Chapel-street, Berwick, Oct. S, 1832. 

CAUTION TO THE PUBLIC. 

MORISON'S UNIVERSAL MEDICINES 
having superseded the use of almost all the Patent 
dicincs which the wholesale venders have foisted 
the credulity of the searchers after health, for ao many- 
years, the town druggists and chemists, not able to estabDiA 
a fair fame on the inventiou of any plausible mean* of 
competition, have plunged into the mean expedient of pnff- 
ing up a " Dr. Morrison" (observe the subterfuge of the 
donble r), a being who never existed, as prescribing n 
" Vegetable Universal PUl, No. 1 nod !t," for the exprcM 
purpose (by means of this forge<l imposition upon the pnb- 
lic), of deteriorating the estimation of the " UNIVERSAL 
MEDICINES*' of the "BRITISH COLLEGE OF 
HEALTH.*' 

Know all Mrn, then, that this attempted delnsion 
must fall under the fact, tliat (iiowcver specious the pre- 
tence), none can be held genuine by the Coilc(;e bnt those 
which have " Morison's Universal Medicines" impressed 
upon the Government Stamp attached to each box n«d 

f>acket, to counterfeit which is felony by the laws of the 
and. 

The " Vegetable Universal Medicines" are to be bad at 
the College, New Road, King's Gross, London; ni the 
Surrey Branch, 90, Great Surrey-street; Mr. Field's, 10, Air- 
street, Quadrant ; Mr. ChappcU's, Boyal Exchange ; Mr. 
Walker's, Lamb's-conduit-passaee, Red-lion-square; Mr. 
J. Loft's, Milc-cud-road ; Mr. Bennett's, Govent-giattc»' 
market; Mr. Hwydon's, l«'Ienr-<le-li8-court, Norton-falgale ; 
Mr. Haslet's, 147, Ratclilte-highway ; Messrs. Norbury's, 
Brentford; Mrs. Stepping, Clare-market; Messrs. Satnump 
Little Bell-alley ; Miss Varai's, M, Lucas-street, Commer- 
cial-road ; Mrs. Beech's, 7, Sloane-square, Chelsea ; Mnk 
Chappie's, Royal Library. Pall-mail; Mrs. Pippen's, 18^ 
Wingrove-place, Glerkcnwell: MissC. Atkinson, 19, New 
Trinity-grounds, Deptford ; Mr. Taylor, Han well; Mr. 
KIrtlam, 4, BoUngbroke-row, Walworth ; Mr. Payne, •% 
Jemiyn-street : Mr. Howard, at Mr. Wood's, halr-dresaevy 
Richmond; Mr. Mcyar, 3, May's-bnildings, Blacklieatli; 
Mr. Griffiths, Wood*wharf, Greenwich ; Mr. Pitt, l,Co«»- 
wall-road, Lambeth; Mr. J. Dobeon, 8S, Cravco-stvcetp 
Strand; Mr. Oliver, Bridge-street, Vanxhall; Mr. 1. 
Monck, Bexley Heath ; Mr. T. Stokes, U, St. Aenaa'a, 
Deptford; Mr. Cowell, SS, Terrace, Pimlico; Mr. Parfitt, 
96, Edgware-road ; Mr. Hart, Portmnovth-irface, Ke n nii g - 
ten-lane ; Mr. Chailesworth, grocer, 1S4, Shoredilcli ; Mr. 
R. G. Bower, grocer, St, Brick-lane, St. Lake's ; Mr. S» 
J. Avila, pawnbroker, opposite the church. Hackney; Mr 
J. S. Briggs, 1, Brunswick-place, Stoke Newingtun; Mr. 
T. Gardner, 05, Wood-street, Cheapaide, and 9, Noft— 
ftilgatc Uir. J. WlUhunsou, 13, Scabrtaht-place, Hackney- 
roiul ; Mr. J. Osbom, WcUs-fttreet, Hackney roed» ami' 
Homerton; Mr. H. Cox, grocer, 10, Union-street, Bfobooe- 

fite-atreet ; Mr. T. Walter, cheesemonger, 67, HoKtonOM 
own; and at one agent's in every principal town In Geeat 
Britain, the Islands of Guernsey and Malta; and 
out the whole of the United States of America. 

N. B. The College vrill not be answerable for the 
sequences of any mcdtdnes soM by any cfaymlat or < 
as none snch ara allowed to sell the ** UnWcnal 
dnes." 



Printed by J. Haddon and Co. ; and PabtiakeA 

Sr J. Crup, at No. 27, Ivy Lane, Pat 
ow, wh«i« all AdfertiaeroentB aitd 
cations for the Editor are to be addressed. 



i 



THE TOURIST. 



"Utile dulci." — Hvraet. 



[WITH A SUPPLEMENT. 



Vol. I.— No. 37. 



MONDAY, APRIL M, 1833. 



Price One Penny. 



DENBIGH CASTLE, WALES. 



TiixSB are the remains of an ancient 
fortress, which appears, from historicftl 
notices, to have t>een a Btrong liold of 
considerable masiiitude and importance. 
The name Denbigh otiginall^r signifies a 
littU hill, and designates the site of the 
town as compared with the neighbouring 
mountains. Tlie Castle crowns the sum- 
mit of this hill, one side of which is quite 
precipitous. The entrance to it is very 
magnificent, beneath a Gothic arch, over 
which is the statue of Henry de Lacy, 
Earl of Lincoln, who built it in the reign 
of Edward I., and who is represented as 
sitting in stately flowing robes. On each 
nde of the gateway stood a lai^e octa- 
gonal tower. The breaches of it are 



" vast and awful ;" they serve, however, 
to discover the ancient manner of build- 
ing. A double wall appears to have been 
built, with a considerable interval filled 
with all sorts of rubbish, stone, and hot 
mortar, which became consolidated by 
time into a stony hardness. This part of 
the building, we are told, was never com- 
pleted, the work having been relinquished 
oy the earl on the loss of his eldest sou, 
who was accidentally drowned in a well, 
the spring of which is still to be seen in 
the Castle-yard. TTie prospect through 
the broken arches is extensive and ex- 
tremely picturesque. 

But few events are recorded in the 
history of this place that are worthy of a 



particular mention. Charles \. Mient a 
uight here in Septemller 1645, after his 
retreat from Chester, in a tower which 
has ever since been called the king's 
tower. In 1646, the Castle was garrisoned 
by the royalists ; its governor was Colonel 
William Salisbury, commonly called blue- 
ttockinga. It was besieged by troops 
under the command of Major-general 
Mytton. This siege was commenced 
about the I6tb of July ; but so vigorous 
was tlie defence, that it was not surren- 
dered until the 3nl of November, and 
then on very honourable conditions. It 
is said to have been blown up a^er the 
restoration of Charles II. 



298 



THE TOURIST. 



NOTES ON THE ISLAND OF CUBA. 

FROM THE UNPI/BLUHED MBItOllANDA OP A 



J 



TRVTELLEO. 

• 

No. III. ■ 



It was on^ of the early remarks of Columbus 
that the climate of Cuba was more temperate 
than that of tlie other isLands. The nights, to 
him, were neither hot nor cold; and the lovely 
scenes among its grovBs, ox, along its flowery 
Fhorcs, had given it so much the character of 
beauty and salubrity that he bursts out, in 
one of his earliest letters, with the exclama- 
tion that " he could live there for ever." Tliis 
mild temperature excites the remark of all 
persons who visit it from the other colonies. 
To my sensation, the mornings and nights 
were excessively cold, as much so as those in 
the autumn of Europe ; and, notwithstanding 
that the low and flat nature of tlie coast gave 
the impression of a country unpropitions to 
the health of man, a short residence on . the 
shores of this district, badly as they were 
cleared, and partially as they were improved, 
both by drainage and cultivation, soon con- 
vinced me of its natural salubrity. Though 
all that met the view exhibited the fact that 
it was a country but just emerging from its 
orinnal rudeness into tillage, and the. fields 
had not been subjected to that degree of health- 
inspiring toil, in the all-providing care of na- 
ture, which renders labour necessar}' for the 
well-being of man, and the preservation of his 
health, yet I soan perceivea that there were 
certain natural characteristics in the unculti- 
vated country which gave it advantages that 
art alone is supposed to confer elsewhere. The 
immense open savannas, as varied and inter- 
esting in their features as spots on which the 
hand of industry had bestowed its diligent la- 
bour, break ix>ntinually the still shades of the 
heavy forest, and, giving it the advantage of a 
country more cleared and more generally cul- 
tivated, render at once its air salubrious, and 
its temperature agreeable. Daipp woods do 
not interrupt the free course of the diurnal 
and noctnmal winds; and the tide^r on the 
coast, incessantly drawing off the flooded wa- 
ters from ^e morasses, do not permit them to 
impoiscm the breeze with noxious vapours. 
All j>aTts being exposed to the influence of the 
prevailing winds, eoofaiess and salubrity is im- 
pressed every where. The mountains, which 
rise from out the far-spread plains, and stretch 
along the interior, are sufiiciently lofty to se- 
cure that streaming of condensed air which, 
from sunset to sunrise, pours from their sum- 
mits to the sea, and is known by the name of 
the land breeze; and being sufficiently dis- 
tant, also, not to reflect back the direct rays of 
the sun upon the coast, they do nut overheat 
the atmosphere by c|a}'. The soil of Cuba is 
generally moist, but not boggy. To a person 
at sea, after the sun has burst from the east, a 
great body of vapour is seen to accumulate 
orer the savannas and lowlands. The monn- 
tuns at this time are free frpm clouds ; but as 
the day advances these vapours coalesce as 
they ascend, and pour down from the high 
lands a continual supply of rivulets, or, by 
filling with moisture every fissure of the earth, 
render springs of fresh water to be found every 
where at a convenient depth. 

The soil of the lowlanos in the neighbonr- 
ho«d of Manzajiilla is a deep black n^uld, 
extended on a bed of occasional marl or clay. 
It is remarkably destitute of stony substances, 
scarce any earthy concretions beine to be found 
as big as the hand,' so tliat the lahour of cul- 



tivatic» is rendered extiemely light and easy. 
The earth is profusdy fertile, and tlie luxuriant 
vegetation yields its fruit in prodigious bulk 
and in aipazing abundance.* Of the clay the 
inhabitants aval} themselves by working it into 
excellent potteiy, as well as into bricks aud 
tiles. The superiority of the porous cooling- 
jars of Cuba has rendered this manufacture 
an article of extensive commerce thtDughout 
all the neighbouring colonies. They preserve 
the elegant simplicity of the forms in which 
they were foimd manufactured by the Indians, 
and possess an air strikingly associated with 
the classic models of the old Etruscan pottery. 
Limestone is scarce : the consequence is that 
every fragment of the coral, forming the reefs 
of the coa.<^t, as well as every shell thrown on 
the beach by the surf, and every ealcarious' sub- 
stance found in the fields, are diligently col- 
lected to be burnt into lime. Vessels visiting 
the port are also encouraged to ballast with 
limestone. The inhabitants thus endeavour, by 
every available means, to overcome one of the 
disadvantages resulting from their rich alluvial 
soil. 

As the stranger who retains his peculiar 
habits among the Spaniards, whose manners 
iand sentiments axe those of the south of 
Europe, aud consequently of that part of its 
continent exclusively of the Catholic faith, 
subjects himself to religious dislike, and to an 
unsocial and inhoepitable reserve by no means 
natural to the Spanisli character, I changed 
my habits with my change of place, became 
adopted into the family with which I resided, 
and, as there are no inns or taverns among 
them, partook of that national hospitality con- 
veyed in the chaimcteristic reply given when 
inquiries are made by strangers for a house of 
public accommodation, that *^ he that vi known 
requires no such place, and he that is unknown 
has no business here." The domestic comforts 
of the inhabitants here, however, are few, — at 
least in the way that we have been accustomed 
to estimate such things. The wife is scarcely 
elevated beyond the condition of a servant. In 
the house she forms no part of the husband's 
society. It did not seem to me to be other- 
wise in tlie more opulent families. The mother 
and daughters di^t at a dilTerent table fiom 
the noale portion of the household^ and their 
repasts are served to them at a different b«ar. 
A Spaniard appears to me to coDsider a din- 
ner-table incapable of social elegance. Indivi- 
dual convenience being the principal circum- 
stance attended to, the whole sinks into a mere 
bodily gratification, holding no better place in 
social estimation Uian the commonest indul- 
gence of the senses. The Arabs, after die 
fatigues of a oaravan, resting in the desert, 
taking their meals by a midnight fire, and 
listening to some wild^tale of imagination, has 
less of the absence of civilization than the din- 
ner of a colonial Spaniard. The stranger, at a 
dinner party, must set aside his diffidence. The 
courtesy of the host in helping him first must 
not be looked for ; the civility ^f a Spaniard 
observes no other ceremony than that of urging 
his guest to supply himself from the dish before 
any of the company. I shall describe the din- 
ner meal, and all the others will he duly ap- 
preciated, llie bread is cut up and placed m 
the middle of the table, and every one is tlms 
left, from time to time, to take what he re- 
quires. Two plates are distributed to each 
person, so Uiat the ceremouy of a change is 
effected by oneself, and the attendance of a 
servant very much dispensed with. Each per- 
son is supplied with a knife, a fork, and spoon, 
at least it has been my lot to be in houses 



whcro it 19 80, thougk ^ owtomaxy mode is 
to do without knife adtogether, its use being 
spfrcely.^re4tpred|hl^aw. culinary prepara^ 
tfpns.* :(Vl!m. diAes^Cir^ generally olios and 
stews, in whijuji gSLrli(i^ invariably more or less 
peYail, and I9^ :which^aard or bil is abundant, 
fhe various preparations of heef, mutton, pork, 
fish, or fowl, are then passed round to each 
person, as wine is at an English dessert, and 
every one, commencing first with the stranger, 
at table, supplies himself as he pleases. In 
the order in which each individual clears the 
contents of his plate, the dishes arepassed on, 
that he may help himself again. The lighter 
wines of Spain are the common table drink of 
all classes, such as the tinto or red wine, and 
the white or mountain wine, but more gene- 
rally the red. The Malaga and sherry are 
those of the dessert; the rich fruits of the 
country, and the dried fruits of the Mediter- 
ranean, finishing the repast These last are 
brought on with the cigars, a little pan con- 
taining lighted charcoal being placed in the 
middle of the table. After smoking and talk- 
ing freely for half an hour, by which time it 
may be about two or three o'clock in the day, 
each person retires from the table to his cot or 
hammock, for a sleep, called tbe siesta. Among 
the many estimable qualities possessed by the 
Spaniarcl is his sobriety in eating and drinking. 
His morning meal is simply a cup of coffee or 
chocolate, tea being used seldom otherwise 
than medicinally. His breakfast, at ten 
o'clock, differs little from his dinner, except 
in the absence of wine and fruit; and his 
supper is a simple repast of bread and sallad. 

The houses, from tne windows being grated 
with bars of turned hardwood, have, as I have 
said, a secluded, unsocial look. It gives to 
those who inhabit them an appearance of 
being under daiess or social restraint The 
larger apartments, such as the saloon, &c., 
aie seldom occupied. Some detached or open 
spot at the hack of the dwelling is the usual 
sitting-room of die family. As to bed-rooms, 
or the separate sleeping apartments which 
we] call so, they can scarcely be said to have 
any. A lavge chamber, in which may be three 
or four cots and a hannnock or two, fonns a 
kind of cmnmon dormitory, one for the men, 
and another for the females ; and their cots 
and hammocks, folded during the day and 
opefaed at nigh^ and supplied with a sheet and 
pillow, are the frimiture of a bed-room. The 
general impeaxance of their houses, however, 
is that of extreme cleanliness ; and, as they 
cook with charcoal, their kitchens have always 
the freshness of recent whitewash. 

The observatioa is not true, that the beauty 
of the Spaai^ ladies reigns most conspicuous 
in their novels and romances. A very pleasing 
delicacy of countenance is certainly their gene- 
ral characteristic. Their fine regular features^ 
and full dark eyes shining through raven ring- 
lets and tresses (for they take an infinite deil 
of pains in dressing their hair), are heightened 
by a simple archness in the expression of the 
face, which gives them a natural air of wit 
and vivacity exti'cmely prepossessing. But to 
those who have lived in Sptinish families freely 
and socially, there are certain drawbacks in 
their habits which at once dissipate all the il- 
lusions with which novels and ronnmces have 
invested their spirit and beauty. They are 
careless of deceney in their persons. To lee 

* The btttehen, in prepariug their meat for sale, 
separate the fleth from the bone by cuiting it ioto 
narrow strips, and sell it, not by weight, but by 
measure. 



THE TOURIST. 



309 



them in their household affairs ou ordinary 
days, with loose attire, slip-shod feet, aaied 
ancles, and bosoms bare (for their morning 
dress is seldom confined by ties or bands, and 
the restraint of stays is an artifice to assist the 
graces of nature unknown to the simple maids 
of Cuba), and then to obser>'e them after 
siesta, or ou least-days and Sundays, trim and 
bizarre^ coquetish as you please, ip the exu- 
berance of finery, the striking change scarcely 
fails to remind one of the amusing tale of our 
cliildhood — the fairy story of Cinderella ajid 
the glass slipper seems to be realized. 

To refuse any thing offered by a Spaniard, 
be it what it may, is a mark of incivility, more 
especially if it be from the band of a lady. 
As both sexes smoke, a person incessantly en- 
countei's presents of cigars; and to do any 
thing less than apply tiiem to tlieir destined 
purpose in the company of the person whose 
courtesy you acknowledge by accepting tlie 
gift, would be as ridiculously ill-bred an act 
as pocketing a pinch of snuff from the splen- 
did tabaiiere offered you by some condescend- 
ing lord. As the bosom of a Spanish lady is 
the depository of every thing, from her rosary, 
her crucifix, and amulet, to her choicely- twisted 
cigars, it is a mark of eqpecial regard when she 
condescends to hand a gift to a stranger from this 
depository. He is indeed esteemed unconrteous 
who should disregard so sentimental a present. 
The evidences of an honour conferred — I should 
rather say, of favour and respect — are still 
farther marked when she invites yon to light 
the cigar thus offered at the one glowing 
within her own lips. There is an evident sen- 
timent accompanying all this ; a Spanish lady 
betrays it in her eyes. " Do me the favonr to 
receive this from my bosom," is said with a 
look and smile that impress you with the con< 
sciousoess of being a favoured person. The 
courteous bow, linked with the word " servi- 
doia" that follows the '^ lo estimo" of the per- 
son thus noticed, completes the condescension. 



.SLAVERY IN JAMAICA. 
(Vonlinnedfrom j>. 2?)6.^ 

Tuis, my first full view of West India slavery, 
occurred on the 4th of September, 1832, between 
twelve and two o'clock, bein^ the day after my 
landing in the island, and within an hour after nay 
airival on the plantation. 

I resided on New (j round estate, from the time 
of my arrival in the beginning of September, and 
exclusive of some occasional absences, altogether 
fully seven weeks ; and, during that period, I 
witnessed with my own eyes the regular flogging 
of upwards of twenty negroes. I heard also of 
many other negroes being flogged, by order of the 
overseer and book-keepers, in the field, while I re- 
sided on the plantation, besides the cases which 
came under my own personal observation. Neither 
do I include in this account the slighter floggings 
inflicted by the drivers in superintending the 
working: gangs, — which I shall notice afterwards. 

The following are additional cases of which I 
have a distinct recollection. But 1 have retained 
the precise date of only one of these cases (the 
12th), fiom having found it necessary* to destroy 
almost all my papers, in consequence of tl>c threats 
of the Colonial Unionists. 

Ist. A slave employed in the boiling-house, 
lie was a very stout negro, and uncommonly well 
dressed for a slave. He was laid down on the 
ground, held by two men, and flogged on the 
naked ^esh in the mode I have descried, receiv- 
ing 39 lashes. 1 was afterwards assured by one 
of the book-keepers that this negro had really 
committed no oflence, but that the overseer had 
liim punished to tjnte a book-keeper under whose 



charge this slave was at the time, and with whom 
he had a difference ; and, as he could not iiog the 
book-keeper, he flogged the slave. Such, at least, 
was the account I received from a third party, 
another book-keeper. I could scarcely have given 
credit to such an allegation, had I not heard of 
similar cases on other plantations^ on authority I 
had no cause to doubt. 

2nd and 3rd.' Two young women. This punish- 
ment took place one evening on the barbecue, 
where pimento is dried. Mr. M'Lean, the over* 
seer, and I, were sitting in the window-seat of 
his hall ; and I was just rennarking to him that I 
observed the drivers took great pride in beinff able 
to crack tJieir whips loud aud well. While we 
were tlius conversing, the gang of young slaves, 
employed in plucking pimento, came In with their 
basket- loads. The head book-keeper, as usual, 
proceeded to examine the baskets, to ascertain that 
each slave had duly performed the task allotted. 
The baskets of two poor girls were pronounced 
deficient; and the book-keeper immediately or- 
dered them to be flogged. The overseer did not 
interfere, nor ask a single question, the matter not 
being deemed of suflicient importance to require 
bis interference, though this took place witbm a 
few yards of the open window where we were sit- 
ting. One of the girls was instantly laid down, 
her back parts uncovered in the usual brutal and 
indecent manner, and the driver commenced flog- 
ging^— every stroke upon her flesh giving a loud 
crack, and the wretched creature at the same time 
calling out in agony, ** Lord ! Lord ! Lord ! " 
" That/' said the overseer, turning to me, with a 
chuckling laugh, '* that is the best cracking, by 
G — d ! " * The other female was then flogged 
also on the bare posteriors, but not quite so se* 
verely. They received, as usual, each 39 lashes. 

4th and 5th. On another occasion I saw two 
girls, from ten to thirteen years of ace, flogged by 
order of the overseer. They belonged to the second 
gang, employed in cane-weediog, and were ac- 
cused of having been idle that morning. Two 
other girls of the same age were brought up to 
hold them down. They got c ch 39. 

6th and 7th. After this I s v two young men 
flogeed (very severely) in the cooper's yard. I did 
not learn their offence. 

8th. On another occasion, a man in the road 
leading from New Ground to Golden Spring. We 
met this man while riding out, and for some offence 
which I did not learn (for by that time I had 
found my inquiries on such points had become 
offensive), the overseer calleil a driver from the 
field, and ordered him 39 on the spot. 

9th and 10th. Two young men before breakfast, 
for having slept too long. They were mule-drivers ; 
and, it being then crop time, they had been two 
days and a night previously at work without sleep. 
As the overseer and I were going out at day-break 
(the sun was not up), we found them only putting 
the harness on their mules. They ought, accord- 
ing to the regulations then prescribed on the plan- 
tation, to have been out half an honr sooner ; and 
for this offence they received a very severe flog- 
ging. 

11th. A girl who had been missing for some 
days, having absconded from the plantation for 
fear of punishment. 

ANECDOTE OF THE DUKE OF WEL- 
LINGTON. 

The following anecdote is given on the testi- 
mony of Dr. Dibdin, in his " Bibliographical 
Tour.*' — " One yoimg man," says the Doctor, 
(of the house of Arlaria, the bookseller,) " of 
genteel appearance and pleasin;;; address, used 
to claim a considerable share of my attention 
and conversation ; and he gave me some 
curious particulars connected with the sliile of 
the metropolis (Vienna), when the news first 

• The c.irt-whip, wUen vrlcldcd by a vijgoroos arm, gives 
forth a lood report, which, tvhhoAt any ex<tggeniti«tn, may 
be likened to (he report of a amall pistol. I have oAen 
heard it distinctly at two niiles* distance in the open air. 



arrired^^^ Duwifw rtg^ Inching r e tuiH c d to* 
Paris from Elba. He said that all was in 
motion and commotion. The Duke of Wel- 
lington sent for him to bring Harder*s great 
Map of the Low Countries to his own house 
immediately ; and, when he brought it, they 
both spread it open upon the ground, and 
knelt ddwii over it, to examine the particular 
places where Buonaparte would probably direct 
ikis forces on the commencement of hostilities. 
This was after the memoiable declaration of 
the sovereigns, at Vienna, not to keep the 
sword in the scabbard so long as Buonaparte 
should continue head of the French empire. 
The dtike seemed to know every spot, as if by 
intuition, where his adversary would halt or 
commence an attack. While they were thus 
occupied, the Emperor of Russia entered the 
room, and the yoimg man prepared ouickly to 
retire ; not, however, before he saw the empe- 
ror and the duke both stooping down over Uie 
map in question, and heard we former say to 
the latter, first jogging his elbow: 'Enfin, 
Wellington, ce sua pour votts de chasser Ven- 
ncmi hors du pays.' — * In fact, Wellington, 
you are the man who must drive the enemy 
out of the country.' Was ever prediction so 
gloriously verified ?" 



JEREMY BENTHAM. 

As to prisongf it is impossible to judge of the 
propriety of this punishment, until every thing 
which relates to their structure, and to their 
interior government, is understood. Prisons, 
in general, contain every thing likely to pollute 
the body, and debase the mind. Examine 
them merely as the abodes of inactivity : the 
faculties of the prisoners languish, and become 
enervated, from disuse ; their organs, no longer 
pliant, are paralysed ; injured in their charac- 
ter, and interrupted in their habits of labour,, 
thev are goaded by misery into crime ; placed 
under the subaltern despotism of persons who< 
arc generally depraved by the^ sight of wicked- 
ness and the practice of tyranny, tliese unfor- 
tunate men may be exposed to a thousand 
unknown sufferings, by which they are embit- 
tered against society, and hardened agninst 
punishment 

In a moral [>oint of view, a prison is a school 
in which vice learns, by the most certain means, 
that every attempt to acquire virtue is vain and 
idle. Spleen, revenge, and want, preside at 
this education of perversity. Emulation be- 
comes the parent of crime. Tlie ferocious in- 
spires others with his ferocity; the cunning, 
with his tricks ; the debauched, with his licen- 
tiousness. Every thing that can debase die 
heart and the imagination is the resource of 
their despair: united by a common interest, 
they mutually aid each other in shaking off 
the yoke of shame. Upon the ruins of social 
honour a false honour arises, composed of de- 
ceit, of intrepidity in opprobrium, of forgetful- 
ness of the future, of enmity against the human 
race. It is thus that our unfortunate fellow - 
creatures, who might have been restored to 
virtue and happiness, pride themselves upon 
the heroism of crime, and the sublime of wick: 
eduess. 

A criminal, after having comple'ced his ten* 
in prison, ought not, without precaution and 
trial, to be restored to society; he ought not 
to be permitted to pass immediately from a 
state of inspection and of captivity, to unli- 
mited liberty ; to be at once abandoned to all 
the temptations of loneliness, of misery, and of 
desire sharpened by long privation. 



900 



THE TOURIST. 



THE TOURIST. 



MONDAY, APRIL 22. 1833. 

We have often had the pleasure of 
paying a tribute of respect to The Chris- 
tian AdvocatCy for the warmth and talent 
with which they maintain the cause near- 
est to our own hearts — the Abolition of 
Colonial Slavery. We have now to thank 
the writer of one of the roost cheering 
energetic, and eloquent articles which 
we have ever read on this subject, for the 
pleasure we have received in its perusal ; 
and we gladly embrace the opportunity 
we now possess of giving to it a more ex- 
tended circulation. Many of our readers, 
in common with ourselves, will recognize 
in this article a hand to which the cause 
of justice and benevolence is unspeakably 
indebted, and will join us in congratu- 
lating that gentleman on the feelings 
which he must enjoy at the present crisis, 
whether he look back to his oWn exer- 
tions, or forward to the prospects of his 
cause. 

It is difficult to find expressions adequate to 
those mingled feelings of satisfaction and 
anxiety with which we regard the present 
state of the colonial question. 

It is well known to our readers that we have 
from the first taken it up as a question, not 
only directly involving the interests of huinar 
nity, but as intimately connected with tlie 
character of our country, with our national 
prosperity, with the ver}' principles of our re- 
ligious faith, lliis was no sudden conviction 
— no creed adopted with a view to our success 
as journalists — but the result of mature and 
anxious reflections upon the subject, as con- 
nected with tlie policy of the state, and the 
duty of a Christian community. Long before 
the colonists had made the bold avowal that 
Christianity and slavery were irreconcilably 
opposed, we had arrived at that conclusion, 
while it was yet a vexata qwntio whether sla- 
very conduced to the pecuniary interest of the 
state, we had satisfied ourselves tliat the homely 
adage, ^* Honesty is the best policy," applied 
with equal force to the gigantic operations of 
a country, as to the humble afitiirs of an indi- 
vidual ; aud ui>ou these principles we adopted 
the Anti-slavery side. We do, indeed, rejoice 
now to find that we rightlv calculated upon 
their ultimate success with the public; in 
fact, it only required that their eyes should be 
opened to the real merits of tlie case, to ensure 
tne operation of that good sense which charac- 
terises our country. Tlieir eyes are opened ; 
people are now astonislied that they have been 
so long blinded ; each man asks his neighbour 
whv he knew not all these tilings before ; and 
with anhnpeluosity, proportioned to its previous 
apathy, the country insists upon an immediate 
and entire reform. 

And this is right: lost time must be re- 
trieved ; the apology of ignorauce, poor as it 
was, is gone ; every man, woman, and child 
m die United Kingdom now understands the 
case ; and, understanding it, all are resolute 
to redeem themselves from ^e charge of in- 
fiensibility. This is the source of our satisfac- 
tion : go where we will, abolition is now the 
all-absorbing topic of conversation ; in every 



circle, high or low, political, commercial, or 
re1ifj;;ious, the inquiry is still, Will slavery be 
abolished ? All feel a common interest in the 
answer to this momentous question, and all 
who ask it seem equally removed from every 
selfish anxiety except to stand acquitted of 
voluntary participation in the national guilt 

There is, however, a certain party, now very 
unimportant, either iu tlieir numbers or their 
influence, who are wholly inaccessible to tlie 
renerous feelings of their countrymen. We 
do not allude to the paltry few whose pockets 
are interested in the discussion. As respects 
them, it is equally useless to appeal to their 
judgment or their feeling; but, for reasons 
not veiT obvious, the colonial question has 
been adopted by tlie party now in opposition, 
as their shibboleth. One and all have agreed 
to try their political faith by this test. Ask a 
Tory of the old school to abolish slavery: 
^'Ble.ss your heart, it is a direct invasion of 
aristocratic privilege !" Appeal to the lawyer 
of some fifty years' standing in a court of 
equity, and he tells yon the question involves 
every tenure of real estate! Remind the 
churchman of the divine command, to do to 
others as we would have others do to us, he 
replies at once, " Very true, sir; but this de- 
structive anti-slavery principle trenches on die 
divine right to titlic ;" and thus, between the 
one aud the other, some favourite political 
maxim is :dways found to vindicate hostility 
to abolition; not because one among them 
ventures to deny its abstract justice, but that 
it is linked, in some way, wiUi that chain of 
antiquated principle whicli now foiiiis the dis- 
tinguishing trait of tlie self-called Conserva- 
tive party. Is this reasonable? Is it right? 
Is the fate, temporal aud eternal (for tlieir 
Christian instruction is involved iu the ques- 
tion), of a million of our fellow-creatures to be 
thus entangled with matters of partial and 
party interest ? Are a million of human beings 
to be made the counters of a political game ? 
Are the souls of men equal in number to a 
twentieth part of the population of £nglaDd 
— ^is the soul of one among them to be the 
stake which a bishop or a statesman shall ven- 
ture for his political existence ? The hour is 
coming, and perhaps it is not fi&r distant, when 
the remorse of a death-bed conscience wUl an- 
swer these questions in a tone that will speak 
of etenial sorrow. It is the pertinacity, the 
bigoted obstinacy, which, iu defiance of the 
national opinion, has banded . together tlie op- 
ponents of liberal principles, in stubborn re- 
sistance to the views of the abolitionists, that 
has occasioned our anxiety. We are willing, 
indeed, to believe— we may say we are as- 
sured — that many are to be found among the 
partisans of the old Tory system who feel 
ashamed of this desperate and degradinff 
manoeuvre. Many there are who, disgusted 
tliat slavery should become the badge of their 
party, have nobly renounced their allegiance 
to it, and abiured the unholy alliance. Think- 
ing and modferate men begin to feel that it is 
sinful to carry their party attachment to such 
extremities; and among these are, at this 
moment, to be found many recent, but zealous 
converts to the anti-slavery cause. 

We have introduced these remarks, to which 
we would especially entreat the attention of 
our clerical readers, whether Churchmen or 
Dissenters, as preliminary to some important 
advice which we are about to offer, llie an- 
niversary meeting of the Anti-Slavery Society, 
held at Exeter Hall on the 2nd instant, was 
distinguished, not less by the rank and influ- 
ence of the public characters assembled on the 



platform, than by the large and unusual pro- 
portion of the male ^x in the centre of die 
room. As far as we could judge, by actual 
enumeration, they were more than two to one, 
behind the ^wt or six benches generally re^ 
served for the ladies. But the meeting was not 
less distinguished by the tone of its proceed- 
ings than by the character of its members. It 
was well understood tliat tiie decinon of the 
ministerial measure, which is promised to be 
''safe and satisfactory," would be materially 
aflfected by the temper which might then be 
indicated upon one important point The arti- 
fice of tlie colonial party has, for some time, 
been insinuating to the minister that public 
feeling has become blunted by apprehension 
of the expenses attendant upon immediate 
emancipation ; and not less so by a fear lesc 
the measure sliould work incalculable distress 
upon many innocent individuals. The stra- 
tagem was dexterous; but it has altogether 
failcfi. When Mr. Buxton fairly put it to the 
meeting if they gnidged the expenses of 
emancipation, even tliough they should em- 
brace a scheme, not of compensation, but of 
relief, long-continued and unanimous applause 
expressed their cheerful assent Mr. Gumey 
followed, and was- received wiUi similar appro- 
bation. Towards the conclusion of the meet- 
ing, Mr. George Stephen, at Mr. Buxton's 
request, stated his views upon this question, at 
the same time protestlitig ttrotufly ayainsi fJte 
ftrinciple of compensation ; and tlie meeting 
reiterated their willing acquiescence ; whilst 
Lord FitzwiUiara, aud the Rev. Mr. Burnet, 
were not less cheered iu their disclaimers of 
the compensatory principle. It was cleariy 
felt that, though abolition was essentially op- 
posed to the direct or indirect pecuniary re- 
demption of the slave, Christian charity alike 
forbade that we should grudge a sacrifice for 
the necessary costs of effecting it, or for the 
relief of those, if any, who might suffer em- 
barrassment as the indisputable result The 
resolutions of the meeting acconlingly ex- 
pressed tliis feeling, and thus informed the 
minister, in terms not to be mistaken, that he 
should find no excuse for half measures, in 
the supposed repugnance of the country to a 
reasonable expenditure iu support of a decided 
step. We entreat those gentlemen, those 
reverend and right reverend gentlemen espe- 
cially, who are alarmed by the puling cry of 
ruin to the innocent, and destitution to the 
widow and orphan, to take note of this. As 
to the expenses of a new magistracy and po- 
lice, we will answer for it that they will be 
repaid ten-fold, by the savings in our military 
and naval establishments, when freemen, in- 
stead of slaves, are to be kept in order. 

The two committees at Aldermanbury have 
acted on this occasion with a spirit and cor- 
diality that do tliem credit On die day fol- 
lowing that of the meeting, they resolved to 
make their last effort to awaken the conntiv to 
an energetic action becoming the awful crisis. 
For this purpose they issued to every associa- 
tion an appeal of a very decided character. 
They have called upon the provincial societies 
to echo back the resolutions passed at Exeter 
Hall, by sending delegates to London, on the 
18th instant, to represent to the Colonial 
Minister the intensity of the national feeling. 
Nothing can be more useful or more impres- 
sive than this. Our opponents have misiepre- 
sented, and Government have doubted, the 
sincerity of oinr anti-slaveiy pretensions. No 
means could be found to remove the delusion 
so satisfactory as a vivH voct^ exposure of it. 
We confidently anticipate such an assemblage 



aliWly l«eu received, even within the four 
days th&t have since ekpsed, deulariiiK the 
readiness, knd the pleasure, with which the 
Miiumoos will be obeyed. Many Kenllemen 
Lave promptly and gcatuitously offered their 
assistance to second in peraon the circular of 
the Societies; and, without reference to per- 
saniJ ciinvenienoe, quitted town on Wedues- 
^iay evening upon their Isborioiia and benevo- 
lent tour. \Ve hope, however, that this per- 
gonal soUoitalion is in most cases unueceSBary. 
Indifference, bitherto, has been blameabk; 
but now it would be a crime. Let a man at 
■this uioment silence his couacience, by any 
^Ica oT trouble or expense, ftud it is trifling to 



THE TOURIST. 

say that he will lose the proud satisraction of 
settinr his torch to the funeral pile of slavery : 
he will hereafter feel the bitter self-Kpruitch 
j of having belied his professions, and deserted 
his caase at the hour of need. While othen 
rejoice, with just complaceucy, in the ezuhaoffe 



ulavcry from every wiit in the Britifih do- 
minions!" — while, with exultation, these glory 
to tlieir children, and their children's children, 
in the part whicb ther wei« allowed to tale in 
achieving the most brilliaut of their eonnt^'s 
victories, those miscreant deserters will feel a 
bitter pitDg of shame, and rue their self-exclu- 
sion from the linal labours of the day. 
(Hee fiiij^ltmeat, page 'Mi.) 



THE DUKE OF SULLY. 



Maximilian de Br.TuvxE, Duke of 
Sully, was born in 1559. His father was 
the Baron de Rosin. Sully waf bred in 
the opinion of the reformed religion, and 
4;ontinued, to the end of his life, constant 
in the profession of it. During the tran- 
<|Hillity enjoyed by the Protestants of 
France after the peace of St. Gcrmains, 
the Queen of Navarre professed herself 
the patroness of that sect, and sent for 
her son Henry, prince of Beam, from the 
court of France, to be trained in the Pro- 
testant faith. The government, now, find- 
ing the Protestants too numerous to be 
extirpated by force, determined to effect 
their purpose by stratagem. To cover 
this design, the king, Charles IX., and 
hia mother, Catberine de Medicis, pro- 
fessed the most friendly dispositions to- 
wards them, and proposed a matrimonial 
.union between the young Protestant 
prince, Henry, and the king's sister ; to 
which, a^er some months of irresolution, 



the Queen of Navane yielded ; and in 
May, 1572, the queen, with her son and 
court, set out for Paris. 

Sully, now in his twelfth year, accom- 
panied his father in his attendance on tli( 
Queen of Navarre, and was by him pre- 
sented to the young prince, whom he ac- 
companied to ,the court at Paris, while 
his father went to Rosin to make some 
preparations. The first suspicious cir- 
cuuistance indicating the sinister inten- 
tion of the govemment was the sudden 
death of the Queen of Navarre ; there 
seems every reason to believe, that she 
was poisoned ; nevertheless the court 
appeared much affected, and went into 
deep mourning. Still many of the Pro- 
testants, among whom was Sully's father, 
suspected the designs of the court, and 
retired into the suburbs of Paris. 

The time shortly arrived when these 
suspicions were found to be but too well 
grounded. This was the 24th of August, 



301 

1572, being the feast of St. Bartholo- 
mew, which gave its name to the frightful 
massacre which signalized it. The ring- 
ing of church bells was the signal to com- 
mence the massacre of the ProtAstants, 
and the slaughter thus commenced was 
continued all over the kingdom until 
seventy thousand had fallen. During 
this carnage. Sully was in safety in the 
College of Burgundy, whither he had be- 
taken himself in the disguise of a student. 
From this time till the year 1576 he re- 
mained in Paris with the prince, who had 
saved his life by externally adopting the 
religious forms of the papists, in which 
practice Sully coincided. In 1576, how- 
ever, when tne monster Charles IX. was 
dead, and Sully and his master, the King 
of Navarre, were jealously watched, and 
treated with some indignity, they both 
made their escape from uie court, by dis- 
tancing the guards at a hunting party, 
passed the Seine at Poissy, and repaired 
to Tours, where the king no sooner ar- 
rived than he resumed the exercise of the 
Protestant religion. 

From this time, the private life of Sully 
may be said entirely to have ceased, and, 
his biography to become almost identified 
with the political history of his times. He 
was employed by the prince in tlie battles 
of Coutras and Arques, at the sieges of 
Paris, Rouen, Iaod, and in all engage- 
ments of any importance. In 1598, he 
undertook the finance of France ; and 
though up to that time his public pursuits 
had been entirely of a military character, 
yet he completely re-established tl}e pros- 
perity of this new and difficult depart- 
ment of the state, paying two hundred 
millions of debt in ten years, and at the 
same time replenishing the treasury. In 
1601, he became master of artillery, and 
in the following year Governor of the 
Bastile. He was afterwards sent into 
England as an ambassador extraordinary, 
and in 1606 raised to the peerage. In 
1610, his illustrious master, Henry IV., 
died ; and Sully immediately, on this 
event, retired to one of his houses, where 
he led a private life, in study, until 1634, 
when he was presented with the baton of 
Marshall of France. He died seven years 
after this event, at the age of eighty-two 
years, and left behind him the diaracter 
of a great statesman, and a man of noted 
temperance and inviolable veracity. 

OARRICK. 
Gabrick, one day dining with a large com- 
pany, soon aitet dmner left the room, and it 
was supposed had left the house ; but one of 
the party, on gomg into the area to seek him, 
found Mr. Gurick, who had been there some 
time, fully occupied in amusung a negro boy, 
who was a serraDt in the family, by mimick- 
ing the manner and noise of a turkey-cock, 
ihich diverted the boy to such a degree that 



I yon will kill me, Massa Ganfck." 



d02 



THE TOURIST. 



MORAL AND RELIGIOUS INFLUExVCE 
OF THK CLASSICS. 

No. VL 

BIOGRAPHY AND HISTORY. 

I SHALL not dwell long on their biography 
and history, since it will be allowed that their 
influence is very nearly c(Hncident with that 
of the epic poetry. The work of Plutarch, the 
chief of the hiogiaphers (a work so necessary, 
it would seem, to the consolations of a Chris- 
tian, that I have tead of some learned man 
declarinpT, and without any avowed rejection 
of the Bible, that if he were to be cast on a 
desert island, and could have one book, and 
hut one, it should be this), the work of Plu- 
tarch delineates a greatness partly of the same 
character as that celebrated by Homer, and 
partly of the more dignified and intellectual 
kind which is so commanding in the great 
men of Lucan, several of whom, indeed, are 
the subjects also of the biographer. Various 
distinctions might, no doubt, be remarked in 
the in\pression made by great characters as 
illustrated in poetry, and us exposed in the 
plainness of historical record ; but I am per- 
suaded that the habits of feeling which will 
grow from admiring the one or the other will 
be substantially the same, as affecting the tem- 
per of the mind in regard to Cliristianity. 

A number of the men exhibited by tlie 
biographers and historians, rose so eminently 
above the general character of the human 
race tliat their names have become insepa- 
rably associated with our ideas of moral great- 
ness. A tlioughtful student of antiquity enters 
this majestic company witli an impression of 
mystical uwfulness, resembling that of Ezekiel 
in his vision. In this select and revered as- 
sembly we include only those who were distin- 
g^iushed by elevated virtue, as well as powerful 
talents and memorable actions. Undoubtedly 
the magnificent powers and energy' without 
moral excellence, so often displayed on the 
field of ancient histoiy, compel a kind of pros- 
tratidu of the soul in the presence of men 
whose surpassing achievements seem to silence 
for a while, and but for a while, the sense of 
justice which must execrate their ambition 
and their crimes; but where greatness of 
mind seems but secondary to greatness of 
virtue, as in the examples of Phocion, Epa- 
minondas, Aristides, Timoleon, Dion, Cimon, 
and several moie, the heart applauds itself for 
feeling an irresistible captivation. This num- 
ber, indeed, is small, compared wltli the whole 
galaxy of renowned names; but it is large 
enouf^h to fill the mind, and to give as vene- 
rable an impression of pagan greatness as if 
none of its examples had been the heroes 
whose fierce brilliance lightens through the 
blackness of their depravity, or the legisla- 
tors, orators, and philosophers, whose wisdom 
was degraded by imposture, venality, or vanity. 

A most impressive part of the influence of 
ancient character, on modem feelings, is de- 
rived from the accounts of two or thrcc»of the 
greatest philosophers, whose virtue, protesting 
and solitary in the times in which tuey lived, 
whose intense dcvotednessiuthe pursuit of wis- 
dom, and wlioee occasional sublime glimiwes 
of apprehension, received from beyond the 
sphere of error in which they were enclosed 
and benighted, present them to the mind with 
something like the venerableness of the pro- 
phets of &od« Among the exhibitions of this 
kind, it is unnecessary to say that Xenonhon^s 
Memoir of Socrates stands unrirallea and 
above comparison. 



Sanguine spirits, witliout number, have pro- 
bably been influenced, in modem times, by 
the ancient history of mere heroes; but per- 
sons of a reflective dii-i^osition have been in- 
compambly more afiected by the contempla- 
tion of those men whose combination of mental 
power with illustrious virtue constitutes the 
supreme glory of heathen antiquity. And 
why do I deem the admiration of this noble 
display of moral excellence pernicious to these 
reflective miuds, in relation to the religion of 
Christ.^ For the simplest possible reason— 
because the principles of that excellence are 
not' identical with the principles of this reli- 
gion, as I believe every serious and self-ob- 
servant man, who has been attentive to them 
both, will have verified in his own experience. 
He has felt the animation which pervaded his 
soul, in musing on the virtues, the sentiments, 
and the great actions, of these dignified men, 
suddenly expiring, when he has attempted to 
prolong or transfer it to the virtues, sentiments, 
and actions, of the apostles of Jesus Christ. 
Sometimes he has, with mixed wonder and 
indignation, remonstrated with his own feel- 
ings, and has said, I know there is the highest 
excellence in the relig^ion of the Messiah, and 
in the characters of his most magnanimmis 
followers; and surely it is excellencey also, that 
attracts me to Uiose otlier illustrious men ; 
why, then, cannot f take a full delightfVil in- 
terest in them both ? But it is in vain j he 
finds this amphibious devotion impossible. 
And he will always find it so ; for, antece- 
dently to experience, it would be obvious that 
the order of sentiments which animated the 
one form of excellence is extremely diverse 
from that which is the vitality of the other 
If the whole system of a Christian's senti- 
ments is requixed to be exactly adjusted to the 
economy of redemption, they must be widely 
different from those of the men, however wise 
or virtuous, who never thought or heard of the 
Saviour of the world ; else where is the pecu- 
liarity or importance of this new dispensation, 
which does, iiowever, botli avow and manifest 
a most signal peculiari^^ and with which 
heaven has connected the signs and declara- 
tions of infinite importance? If, again, a 
Christian's giaiid object and solicitude is to 
pleafe God, this must constitute his moral 
excellence (even though the faets^ the raero 
actions, were the same) of a very different 
nature from that of the men who had not, in 
firm faith, any god that they cared to please, 
and whose highest glory it might possibly be- 
come, that they boldly differed from their 
deities; as Lucan undoubtedly intended it as 
the most emphatical applause of Cato, that 
he was the inflexible patron and hero of tlie 
cause which was the aversion of the gods.* 
If humility is required as a chief characteris- 
tic of a Christian's mind, he is here again 
placed in a state of contrariety to that self- 
idolatry, tlie love of glory, which accompanied, 
and was applauded as a virtue while il accom- 
panied, almost all the moral greatness of the 
heathens. If a Christian lives for etenrity, 
and advances towards death with the certain 
expectation of judgment, and of a new and 
awful world, how different must be the essen- 
tial quality of his serious {sentiments, as partly 
created, and wholly pervaded, by this mighty 
anticipation, from the order of jfeeling of the 
virtuous heathens, who had no positive or 
sublime expectations beyond death T Tlie in- 
terior essences, if I may so speak, of the two 
kinds of excellence, sustained or pro<luced by 

* Victrix causa Dtis pltcttit, sed victa Catoni. 



these two systems of principles, are so differ- 
ent that they will hardly he more convertible 
Or compatible in the same mind than ereii 
excellence and turpitude. Now, it appears to 
me that the enthusiasm, with which a mind 
of deep and thoughtful sensibility dwells on 
the history' of sages, virtuous legislators, and 
the worthiest class of heroes, of heathen an- 
tiquity, will be found to beguile that mind 
into an order of sentiments congenial with 
theirs ; and, therefore^ thus seriously different 
from die spirit and principles of Christianity. 



FRESH PERSECUTIONS. 
The colonists, as appears from the 
latest accounts from Jamaica, are keeping 
their atrocious character with singular 
consistency. The greater part of the 
recent events which have transpired there 
ha^ve probably become already known to 
our readers through the daily papers. Tlie 
following statement, contained in a pri- 
vate letter addressed to a warm friend to 
our cause, is of unquestionable authority, 
and wdl deserves the notice of our 
readers : — 

PROCEEDINGS AT BLFF BAY COURT- 
HOUSE, JAMAICA, 

On Wednesday^ February 27, 1833. 

John Bell, Esq., Custos JRotulorum^ and James 
Shenton, Esq., Magistrate (one of the Com- 
mittee of the Honotuable House of Assembly 
to inquire into the moral and religious im- 
provement of the slaves, <Scc.), presided. 

Walter Dendy, Baptist missionary, after 
having been brought, by a bench waiTant, a 
distance of fifteen miles, was placed at the bar, 
when the following took place. 

Magistrate. Mr. Dendy, you are chained 
with preaching at Annatlo Bay, without a 
license. [To Sie clerk of the peace] Read 
the affidavit. [It was then read.] Is it true that 
this was the case P Missionary. 1 am not Ixiund 
to criminate myself. I presume, gentlemen, you 
have sufhcient evidence to establish it [Here 
the witness, the constable, was put upon hi& 
oath.] 

Witness cross-examined by the Missionary, 

You say you heard me preach : were yoiu 
outside or inside the chapel ? — Outside v 

How long did you remain ?— No trme. 

No time! Not any Ume! Not one mi- 
nute ? [Here the magistrate told the witness 
he mast specify some time.] — A. few minutes. 

Where was *i when you saw me? — In thcj' 
pulpit, preaching. 

You say you saw me in the pulpit. Did von 
hear me read any text? — No. 

Any chapter? — No. 

Do you remember any thing I said .?— No. 

How do you know 1 preached ? — There is a 
difference between reading and preaching. I 
know the di/ference. 

Are you positive I preached I* — 1 think you 
were preaching. 

You tliink J was preaching, and nothing 
more than think. I might be only reading. 
T frequently read withotit keeping [ray eyes 
fixed upon the book before me. Did you hear 
me read the ninth chapter of Job ? — No. 

Did you hear me'make any remarks upon 
the fourth verse, ** Who hath hardened himself 
against God, and hath prospered?" Did yoa 
hear me mention the cases of Pharaoh and 
Herod, and others who hardened thenischci^ 
against God ? 



THE TOURIST. 



303 



Magistrate, We do not want to be lectured. 
— I consider, l^r, that I have a right to question 
witness. That 1 preached is not established ; 
it is not proved. 

But we believe you did : we tale the word 
of tlie witness ; but, if you will say you did 
not, we will dismiss the case. — I am not called 
upon to criminate myself, neither do I deny 
the charge : you must act as you please. 

VVe wish the case to be tried at the Assize 
court. — I should be obliged, gentlemen, if you 
would inform me upon what law or statute you 
act 

We are acting upon the Attorney General's 
opinion, the highest law-officer in the land ; 
if we do wTong.we are amenable to the laws. 
[The missionary ngain pi-essed the question.] 

We are not obliged to tell a prisoner under 
what law or statute we act — Gentlemen, I do 
not ask it as a right, but I should esteem it a 
favour, if you would be so kind as to tell me 
upon what law or statute you act [To this 
there was no reply.] 

We do not wish to put you to any inconve- 
nience, but require you to enter into bail to 
uppenr at the next Assize court, and not to 
preach again till the expiration of that time. 
— I am willing to find bail for the former; 
but as it respects finding bail not to preach 
again, that I never will. 

What difference will it make to you or your 
congregations, if you find bail not to preach ? 
You cannot preach if you are in prison. — It 
will make this difference, it will not be my 
choice; and I consider it my duty to obey 
God rather than man. I am ready to find 
bail to any amount to appear at tlie Assize 
Court, but not to refrain from preaching. 

That will not answer our purpose. You 
have seen the case of Nicholls and Abbot ? 
— Yes, 1 have^ieard of it 

There is no alternative; we must commit 
you. — Well, the Psalmist has said, " the wrath 
of man shall praise him, and the remainder of 
that wrath he will restrain." 

We do not want personalities ; we have no 
wrath towards you : I feel sorry that you should 
have chosen such a course. Yesterday, in 
court, when we were speaking of die matter, 
I said, sooner than you shovdd be inconveni- 
enced, I myself would be your bail. — I feel 
extremely obliged to you, JSir, for your very 
j^^reat kindness. 

[To the clerk of the peace.] Make out the 
commitment 

It was made out, and then handed to the 
magistrates for signature. Previously to 
signing it, they very politely asked Mr. D. 
which jail he would prefer, Buff Bay, or 
Kingston? — Jail, at any time, or under any 
circumstances, I should not suppose to be a 
very pleasant place. I am obliged to you, 
gentlemen, for the choice ; and, if I must go 
to the one or the other, I certainly should 
preferjKjngston. 

1 think Kingston will be much better for 
your health. 

The following is a copy of the Commitment. 
Jamaica, SS. St, George. — Receive into your 
custody the body of Walter Dendy, charged 
with having preached at the Baptist chapel 
on Annatto Bay (without license) ; and him 
you ai-e to keep in safe custody, until dis- 
charged by due course of law. 

Given under our hands and seals, 
this 27th Feb. 1833. 
(Signed) John Bell, LS. 

James Shenton, LS. 
To the Keeper of the Gaol of the County of 
Siury, Kingston. 



BOOK-KEEPERS* SITUATIONS ON 
JAMAICA SUGAR ESTATES. . 



" Fact% not fictions." 
<».. ., ■ • 

The term ^'Book-keeper," as used in Ja- 
maica parlance, has, I feel conlident^ deceived 
many a young aspirant for the honours of a 
plantation. He may have been in the habit 
of " keeping books^^ at home, and naturally 
enough concludes, from the title of his new 
office, that such is still to be his employment. 
A short acquaintance with it, however, will 
soon convince him to the contrary', there being 
only two book-keepers, on large sugar estates, 
who arc bona fide " keepers of books,*^ In 
order to explain this seeming inconsistency, it 
will be necessar}' to instance an estate, having 
an overseer and five book-keepei-s, who take 
precedence of each other, in regard to length 
of residence on the property, — ^the oldest being 
styled head book-keeper, the next second, and 
so on, down to the fifth, or youngest. This 
paper, however, will be principally devoted to 
the hardships and ill-treatment of the young 
tyro in sugar-planting. 

A young man, who has held a reputable 
situation in a banking-house, or merchant's 
office, in Britain, must find, in the degrading 
and disagreeable duties of a book-keeper, a 
never-failing source of repining and disgust. 
The scenes of cruelty he sees daily, nay, 
hourly, transacted, — the revolting offices he 
has himself to perform, — the consciousness of 
his being looked down upon by his overseer, 
and hated hv those wretched beings ovi^r 
whom he, is placed as a spy, — render his life 
a burden, frequently too neavy to bear. He 
is shut out from, and a stranger to, the move- 
ments of the world. On some estates he will 
find no white he can unburden his mind to 
for months together ; or should his lot be cast 
where there are others besides himself, he will 
generally find (that is, if he possesses the feel- 
ings of a man and a Christian) extremely little 
in their deportment and habits to reconcile 
him to his novel situation ; and there will be 
no peace in store for him, unless he either 
" do as they do in Rome," or at once walk off 
with utter disgust Half-measures futw, more 
than ever, won't satisfy the tarring and feather- 
ing genilemei^ Jf he gets discontented, and 
complains, the only return made by the over- 
seer will be, ** Well, Sir, if you wish to go, 
there^s the Pass. There wilt be numbers of 
young men out in tlie ships soon, and we can 
EASILY get them." 

All book-keepers are considered by their 
overseer as his inferiors in every point of view. 
At the social board, a book-keeper must listen 
to the coarse, unmeaning, and indecent con- 
versation of his overseer and his guests ; he is 
expected to appear quite happy — to join in 
the loud laugh created by some loose joke ; 
but he 7nust not open his mouth, unless when 
spoken to ; he must not ask for the principal 
dishes ; seriously, he must not even sivallow a 
cooling draught till ike knight of the cart-^hip 
first sets him an example ! Nor is the haughti- 
ness of his overseer confined to the dinner- 
table ; it is universal in its practice. The white 
slave must not even ask Itis overseer, the previous 
night, where his gang are to work next nujming; 
this sine qua non information he must learn 
from the drivers or other slaves. He may, 
some ill-fated morning, have indulged in 
lengthened slumbers, congratulating himself 
that he is sure his gang are to work near the 
sugar-works ; when lo ! he finds, on inquiry, 
that the overseer had changed his intentions, 



and the gang are hard at work some miles off. 
The poor book-keeper is of course at fault, and 
must run the risk of the consequences. I will 
not be in* tl^e least astonished at individuals 
startling at this statement ; I scarcely think I 
could have believed it myself unless I had 
experienced it, and am perhaps expecting too 
much from my readers that they should do so. 
It is, however, the plain matter of fact, that 
the book-keeper is thus sconifuUy used. It is 
a principle of sugar-estate discipline. I can- 
not apologise for it on any plea of expediency, 
in any -view whatever, cidier as regards an 
anti or pro-slavery estimate of its utility. But 
this I know, that on many large sugar estates 
on the south side of Jamaica it is scrupulously 
adhered to; so much so, that a book-keeper 
would as soon think of ascending the steps of 
his overseer's domicile, and in a friendly way 
hand him his snuff-box, as he would of asking 
him over-night where his services in the field 
lay next morning. 

It will now be necessary, however, for a pro- 
per understanding of the subject, to descend 
into the minutiae of a book-keeper's situation. 
We will suppose the young candidate for 
sugar-planting fame landed, — his letter of in- 
trc^uction, to some influential attorney deli- 
vered, — his services accepted, — and he him- 
self, commission in hand, mounted on his way 
to the estate he has been appointed to. His 
hopes arc now wound up to the highest pitch 
of excitement; he goes " on his way rejoicing;" 
admires the lovely scenery around him ; and 
inwardly thanks his stars that he is arrived and 
has a prospect of being, for a long time, an 
inhabitant of so beautiful a country. He sees 
novelties on every side : cocoa-nut trees, at one 
moment, meet his wondering gaze; at ano- 
ther, flocks of humming-birds, parrots of every 
variety of colour, and hundreds of other winged 
inmates of the Savannah fill his imagination 
^vith the realities of a fairy land. Nor is his 
vision alone delighted with the feathered 
tribe : at various openings of the landscape he 
has distant views of he^s of browsing cattle, 
sheep, and other indispensable hangers-on of a 
farm-yard ; and he, without any hesitation, cpn- 
cludes that Purely man must have here every 
requisite for comfort and worldly happiness. 
Now he is in ecstacies. The glowing fervour 
of the noon-day sun only ministers to his ex- 
cited feelings ; while ever and anon a puff of 
the cooling breeze, bearing on its pinions the 
most exquisite perfumes, fans his cheek, re- 
gales his senses, and lulls his whole frame 
into a pleasing languor. The delicious fruit 
on every side may, indeed, tempt him to rein 
in his steed, for a second or two, till he , has 
assuaged his thirst ; but he is now most anxi- 
ous to reach the termination of his journey, 
feeling feverish and fatigued fram his long 
ride. He has had but a partial view of cane- 
fields, as they are frequently screened by un- 
derwood from the road-side ; but he has seen 
the works of one sugar estate, which conveyed 
to him an agreeable foretaste of his situation. 
Tlie handsome square of white stone buildings, 
with the towering chimney, funnel-like, emitr 
ting volnmes of smoke and flame — ^all this, 
wifii the picturesque trees overhanging and 
shading tne houses, had the utmost charms 
for him. But he has had only a distant rietc 
of matters ; he was not near enough to see tlie 
things as they were — ^lie saw them only as he 
fancied them or wished them to be. 

(To be Continued.) 



THE TOOK 1ST. 



THE ANT-EATER. 



This animal is an tn)ubiUi)t both or 
Africa and America, and obviously de- 
rives this name, as well as its Frencb 
name, foarmtliar, from its curious mode 
of Hubsistence. It is this latter habit 
ulone to which, as it gives a general inte- 
rest to this animal, we designed to con- 
fine our remarks ; and, as this particular 
has been admirably treated of in the Cy- 
clopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion 
of Useful Knowledge, we make no scruple 
«f adopting their remarks. 

The aard-varli" is in all resjrecls admirably 
fiUed for the staUon which nature has assigned 
to it in ibc ptind economy of the auimal 
kiogdoiu- It feeds entirely upon ants, and 
in this respect fulfils the some purpose iu 
Seiithem Africa, which is executed by the 
pauRDlins in Asia, the niynnecophaca in 
Americn, and the echidna in New Hiilland, 
To diose who are only acquainted with the 
size and nature uf tliese insects in (he cnld 
northern climates of I'^urope and America, it 
may seem surprising lio» an animal no larze 
ii.s the anrd-THik can I'upporl itself exclusively 
upon snls, and yel be invuriably found fat, 
aud in (^ood condition. Rut the ants and ter. 
mites of trupiciit countries are infinitely more 
numeruus than those which inhabit more 
northern latitudeis and so lai^ as someduies 
to mcai^ure an inch, or an inch and a half, in 
IcDpnh. The twdies of these niiti are, besides 
of a soft, nnctnous nature; and tiavelleis in- 
form us that the Hotlentuts themselves fre- 
aueutly collect them for food, and even prefer 
lem to raofl other descriptions of meat. 
Patterson aliimis that prejudice ulone prevents 
the Europeans from mnkii>g a. similar use of 
then) ; and saj-s that, in his different journeys, 
he wiis I'fteii under the necessity of eating 
them, and found them far Irom disagreeable. 
Honever this may be, their imputtnnce in 
fattening poultry is well understood at the 
Cape, and the farmers culleet tliem by bushels 
for this ptupose. 

Wherever aut-hilU abouud, the aard-vsrk is 
SUM (0 he found al no great distance. He 
constructs a deep bunow in the immediate 
vicinity of his isMi, and changes his residi 
only after he has exhausted his resou 
The fscilitj' with which he burrows beneath 
the surface of the earth is said to 1>e almost 
inctinceivahlc. We have already seeu how 
admtialiiy his feet and claws are adapted to 

• Thu Dime byolilcl 



this purpose; and travellers inforia us lliat it 
is quite impraelicable to dig him out, as he 
can in a few minutes bury himself at a denth 
far beyond the reach of his pursuers ; and, lu 
ther, that his strength is so great as to require 
the united efforts of two or three men to drag 
him from his hole. When fairly caught, how- 
ever, he is by no means retentive or life, but 
is easily disjutched by a slight blow over the 
snout. Hie aard-vark is an extremely timid, 
harmless enimal, seldom remoies to any grrnt 
distance from his burrow, being alow of foot, 
and a bad muuer, aud is never, by any chance, 
found abroad during the dny-time. On tlie 
approach of uigfal he sallies forth in si 
of food, and, repiuring to the nearest inhabited 
ant-hill, scratches a hole in the side of it, jnst 
suflicieut to admit his long suout. Here, aOer 
having previously ascertained that there is no 
danger of iuterruption, he lies down, and, 
inserting his long slender tongue into the 
breach, entmps the ants, which, like those of 
defend their dwellings 



' all tnod. lAc Ihal ntuni <>f hnhk I now rn>a} rri<i» 
e tat or Mr. UariHn'i I'llvrml Utdkinn, I ttuMrt 
my dniy to ufftrliit hsmuUy lo fin ntry pmlMf 

'pe at iiKlMlB( tulKn, vbn Biy ilHIulr of rHItT lir 

For mcD ytun I nutafltkint vlih Uli of lUt iudsi 
kralnf d»crl|HtiiB. ant In Urn lurl iwHve monih) pir- 
Icni la my (iklBi Uk Flllt, ihf y canut on rrnm iwkc lo- 
rur limn ■ week, iikI laatrd from one la Ibm hoan ai 



SS^'lo'lhrn 



■ day, Ihea Rriadai ikna 
l<n off. Wbeo I hvl Uktn 



KrIule.Oel. I, IKM. 

f nrc if Vlfen in (*• Xetk, aiil* Bli»dufi$. 
To Mr. E. GUo, Tavcru4lr«l, Ipmith. 



wrl^lly ciirtil. All Ibit ir» trcclnl by Hit " tTnlii'irj 
UnUdBO." 

Your obtditnl wrrul. 

Lot Shith, A(cnl lar Sliutbroki 

CAUTION TO THE PUBLIC. 
MORISOK'S UNIVERSAL MEDICINKS 



upon the first alarm, and, mounting npon 
tongue of the nnrd-rark, get entangled in 
glutinous - • "----.. 



me. If uninterrupted, he con- 
tinues this process till he has satisfied his 
appetite; but on the slightest alarm he mokes 
a precipitate retreat, and seeks security at the 
bottom of his subterranean dwelling. 



Ilic Edilart.ll Depnnnienl ol Hie B 
Bible Soeiil) . 

THK PSALMS, Metricallf s 
ArraniRd. Slirmilypc EilHIon. 
Hie pocBltarliy in iliii EdUton li, 1 
tlie loelrlral arraBEtuKnl, Iha lypo li I 
in IIh liretR I^ililiuK or Ihe Comjiriib 

by S. BtfUn, Palcniulcr- 



Conihltl; 



„ Gncrcbarch (tret 
,. lli.iiwMIK;h; and 






lic);ord,.;rton.I 
MlvDICINES" 
HRALTH." 



lUanrtnbemlitB, DolaMeioetliUlih 
iivennob of ftuj plamlble uiejuu uf 
>eM Ima the meap cv|irtlir*i of ppir' 

bo HV« cxiHHl. i> prtKrlblDi a 
Pill, Nq. I niHl 1." (Or thi iipreii 

ihis ri>ne<l impotliKni iipnn iht pub- 
he eHlmailoa or the " UNIVBttSAI. 
Lbi " BKITISU COLLEGK OF 






Icnce), none ean be held lenulne bv Uii Collen bnt Ibuw 
nlilch have " Horlson't Vnii-rnal tlnUclnei'' Impreitril 

Mobehidal 



Mr.F»U'i,l 

CliiptHD'h Riijal&kc^aliti 

_ ---ipp^ lUd^leB'lqaan! 



^ ChclMaj 



iiiilry. 



MORISOK'S UNIVERSAL VKGETABLE 
MEDICINK. 

Clin <f ChrUn Mi/rbiii. 
Hr. CIiiiIm.-mI, 
8lr,-Wllli a d... tenie of KnlimXe, I bef lo Ichnoff. 

liBi Pllb. I oil lakeo «lib ihe Chtdon Horbu >bo» a 

hiilni ben icnwneHleri 10 hh Horlaon'i PUli, I In' 
ataaUy applied for Ihemaiyonracebl'a, Mr.THlbffd, ItKh 

mieli. I'lben lo-lk a UiW Kok of snnii piOi, and hW 



Nvnleh, Cnvk'f pliee, Srpl. M, ISn. 



■inel. Quadi 

J. Lon'>,'MiJ<^i>d.niMl; Hr. 

markft; Mr. Hayilon't, Flnr.de.iia.aien, ixinDn^aiicaii 
Mr. Haikr>, Nr, ItaiellSe.Mdntiyi Menr*. Norbitrv' 
BrcBlfcnIi Mn.ll(epitei,Clar«Boikc(i H<->~K.in.n 
Iau]eKeU.aUeyi Ulia' 
cl.|.road; Mn. B«cb-|, T, Sluuie-wiiare, 
Uhippk't, Bwal Libnry, ■•atlMnalli lit 
Wiuenwe-plice,Clcrben«ea:llbiO.AtlilBHin, ro.NBir 
TrlDfiy.EnMndt, Dept^) Mr. Tulnr. HunrrUt Vi. 
Klrllani, 4, Bo1la|broke.nnr,WBhnnlk;HT. Pavnr, at, 
J*noyn.Urea: Hr. Howard, at Mr. Woafi, kalrdnsHi, 
RIcbiBDDdi Mr. Meyu, I, MnyVbalMlBu, Blvkbcaik; 
Hr.Griimb>,Wood.i[turf,Oreennlcb; Mr. Pin, I, Coin. 
<nll.raad, Lanbetb; Hr. J. DobHHi, U, Cn«B4ircei, 
Strand; Mr. OUfer, BrM^^trrel, Vaukail; Mi. J. 
Monrk. Bexlej Halh; Mr. T. SK.ko, II. Si. RoBan't, 
Deptrwl; Mr. Conell, M. T^rue, PlBitkn; Mr. PiTlIt, 
M, Edrwan.ro«l ; Mr. Hin, PanflmiMlHla», Keflniui- 

. Vi. CkaileiwarUi.Krocer, IH, Uo^heh; Mr, 

~ri.'k.bnr, Sl.Llkc'1; Hr.S. 



ikplace, Stoke NewlOflBn 



R. O. Boicer, i 

I. tt! Brlfn, I, Bnnivl^k 

T. Giidaer, 0S, Wood.xrc 

ralfale i Mr. I. WUUram, IS, SeabririitpUce, Haekiwy. 

mad; Ifr. J. Uibom, WeUi-HreM. Hacbwy iwd, (nil 

Homenon; Mt.H.Con, (ructr, IS, fni«i.nre-- — ' 

Bie.ilreet: Mr.T.WBncr,>:liecHi>>H>«r,tr, 
n>i. : and at vnr iieal'i In vmy principal to 
Britain, ihe UantU o( Gacnwey aud Malta: ana u 



Ufhou 
clondM 



H and Co. ; and Published 



THE TOURIST. 



' Utile Dulci." — Horace. 



Vol. I.— No. 30.— Supplbmbkt. MONDAY, APRIL TZ, 



Pricb Onb Pbnny. 



PONT NEUF, PARIS. 



This structure owes its ongin to Henry 
1)1.,' commonly called Henry the Great, 
u'lio laid its first stone on tlie 3lBt of 
May, I57S, with extraordinary p<»np. It 
differs from all bridges of moaem con- 
struction in the curve of its arches, is 
' exceedingly heavy and irregular, and 
possesses no other merit than its solidity. 
The building of it iras comniitted to An- 
drouet du Cerveau. The work, however, 
had not proceeded far, when it was sus- 
pended by the civil war which disturbed 
France at that period, and was not under- 
taken again in that reign. In I60S, 
Henry IV. detennined to finish it, and 
his design was executed with so much 
dispatch, that in June, 1603, the king 
himself passed over it, thoneh not without 
BOme danger, and in 1604 it wu opened 
to the public. 



It was finished under the direction of 
Marchand, and is divided into two un- 
equal parts, which meet at the lie de la 
Cil£. The part towards the north has 
seven semicircular arches, the southern 
part five. Its whole length is 767 feet, 
and its breadth 77. Above the arches, 
on both sides, a deep projecting cornice 
runs the whole length of the bridge. 

To form a communication between it 
and the lie de la Citf, the western point 
of the island was prolonged. This point, 
situated opposite the Place Dauphine, 
forms a kind of square pier, which, be- 
fore the revolution, was called the Place 
d'Henri IV., and in the centre of which 
an equestrian statue of that monarch was 
erected in 1614, the history of which is 
as follows : — 

A horse of bronze was cast by order of 



Frederic, Grand Duke of Tuscany, who 
intended to place on it bis own statne. 
He died, however, before he could ac- 
complish it, and the bone remained with- 
out a rider. His successor presented it 
to Mary of Medicis, then regent of 
France. For this purpose it was shipped 
for France, and unfortunately wrecked 
on the coast of Normandy. By great 
eiertion, however, it was dn^ged up front 
the bottom of the sea, and taken to Paris, 
where it was placed in the situation al- 
ready described. Here it remained for a 
considerable time alone, and was com- 
monly known by the name of the Cheval 
de Bronze. Shortlv before the revolution, 
it was surmounteo by a statue of Henry 
IV.,butitdid not long remain in honour; 
for, during the revolution in 1792, it was 
destroyed by the frantic populace, and 



306 

cast into cannon. After the restoration 
of the Bourbon family, orders were given 
for the reinstallation of the;^ great monarch 
into his former honours, and Leniot was 
employed to prepare another equestrian 
statue. Louis XVIII., in presence of 
the royal family, laid the first stone of the 
pedestal on the 28th of October, 1817. 
Ten months were employed by Lemot in 
finishing and polishing this beautiful 
piece of workmanship, at the expiration 
of which time it was placed on a machine 
and drawn by forty oxen towards the 
place of its destination, at the bridge; 
but the carriage, in the course of its 
progress, slipped from, the pavement, 
and all the efforts of the oxen were un- 
able to move it. Upon this, crowds of 
the Parisians came forward, and, offering 
their assistance, dragged it in safety to 
4he bridge. A mag^nificent copy of Vol- 
taire's *' Henriade" was deposited in the 
base of this monument ; and the sides of 
its pedestal are adorned with bas-reliefs, 
and an inscription by the Academy of 
Belles Lettres. 



NOTES ON THE ISLAND OF CUBA. 

FROH THE UNPUBLISHED MEMORANDA OF A 

TBAVELLEE. 

No. IV. 

!f BB free blaclcs and people of colour wefe 
always more numerous tn the Spanish setUe- 
meniB than in the colonies of any other nation. 
The number of free blacks and people of co- 
lour in the Island of Cuba exceeds mightily 
the total amount of that class in all the other 
West India colonies put together. The laws 
of Bpain, contrary to the usual system of colo^ 
nial policy followed by Europeans, are ex- 
tremely farottrable to the manumission of 
slaves*, and the piety and devotion of the 
Spanish character^ contribute powerfully, as 
in the dark ages, to increase the number of 
freed men. In the district I visited, slavery 
scarcely existed. The agricultural population 
were free blacks and free persons of colour, 
some of whom had acquired large property by 
their industry. They support their families 
respectably, educate their children, and in 
their habits are an example to many of the 
lower class of whites. It is this description of 
people who are the artizans of the towns, being 
naslers of shops, and employing many work- 
men. In the neighbourhood of the Havanna 
and of St Jago, they are the cultivators of 
the garden ffrounds, and supply the market 
with vegetables. In the forest districts they 
aie the wood-cutters, and, when squaring tim- 
ber for daily hire, are the persons spoken of by 
the merchants imder the name of the labra- 
doies (labourers), on whom they are dependent 
for their shipments of timber and dye-woods. 
All these people attach themselves to the £u- 
lopeaos, because, having something to lose in 
the event of disturbances or disputes with the 
slave population, they naturally rally round 
the standard of those who possess power and 

* In "Las Obras de Miscricordia," for the 
ase of children, it is tiie fifth injnnctioD, under 
the bead, corporeal works of pity, " B4dimir al 
muiiv0,*' to redeem the captive ;— a charitable in- 
iunctioo, the spirit of which is teen operating 
Beneficially in the Spanish slave code. 



THE TOURIST. 

property ; and the government not only see it 
to be their interest to suffer them to have this 
relative importance, but encourage them to 
maintain it They likewise form a part of the 
militia, and have their officers of their own 
caste, who are commissioned by the king. Re- 
cently, a royal order was issued ennobling 
some of the officers of this class, as a reward 
for the promptness which they have shown in 
quashing an attempt at revolution on the part 
of the Creole whites. 

Every slave, under die Spanish colonial law, 
who tenders his master the sum he was bought, 
at, is entitled to enfranchisement, nor (Jan his 
master refuse it. If the arrangement is objected 
to, the slave has only to apply to a court of 
justice, through the procurador-general, to be 
valued. Beside this, there is a system of par- 
tial liberty, culled the coartado, in which the 
slave is permitted to purchase his freedom as 
his ability allows, and his master is then 
obliged to give him an escretura, expressing 
that he was coartado in the difference between 
the sum paid and his esteemed value. A re- 
cent writer, in letters from the Havanna pub- 
lished in 1821, and dedicated to Mr. Croker, 
of the Admiralty, gives the following details 
of this practical system of enfranchisement : — 
" Such as are coartado," he observes, " are in 
consequence entitled to a licence to work 
where and with whom they please, pay- 
ing to their master a rial (dc2.) per day, for 
every hundred dollars remaining of their 
value, beyond the instalment they have paid. 
Many who are not coartado are allowed by 
their owners to labour where they please, under 
similar conditions ; by which means an indus- 
trious slave may, in a few years, procure suffi- 
cient to ransom himself. The excellence of 
such a regulation it is easy to appreciate. The 
permission to purchase fteedom oy portions is 
both a wise and merciful policy. It satisfies 
the master with a high interest, dnrinff the 
period the slave is working out his freedom ; 
and it imbues the latter witn habits of cheerful 
industrV) while he is, as it were, knocking off 
his chain link by link." 

It has been the practice at all times, of 
the courts of justice in Cuba, to sanction such 
reguladons as tend to ameliorate the lot of 
slaves ; and this has gradually given rise to a 
system, which, though principally founded on 
custom, has acquired the force of law, and 
many parts of Vk'liich have been confirmed in 
royal decrees. Among other beneficial ref- 
lations there is a i)ublic officer in every district, 
who is the official protector of slaves, and whose 
presence is necessary at every legal decision 
concerning them. 

Slaves in the Island of Cuba may be 
divided into two classes ; those in venta real, 
that is, who may be sold by the master for 
any sum he chooses to demand; and coar- 
tadot, that is, those whose slavery is limited 
by a price being fixed on tliem which cannot 
be increased at the will of the master. 

Slaves may acquire their liberty by the mere 
grant of their master, or by testament, and the 
only formality necessary is a certificate, called 
a carta de lihtrtad. No security is required, 
as in the British islands, that they shall not 
become a charge to the parish.* But masters 
are not allowed to emancipate old and infirm 
slaves, unless they provide for them. 

* This demand of security in our colonies, has 
been nothing else than a contrivance for increasing 
the obstacles in tiie way of manumissions ; the 
pretence for it, arising from the alleged necessity 
of providing for the emancipated slave, being 
wholly without foundation # 



If a slave can prove that a promise of 
emancipation has been made to him by his 
master, the latter will be compelled to perform 
it ; and wills relating to this subject aro always 
interpreted most favourably to the slaves. 

The law is, that a c6artftdo slave is as much 
a slave as any other, except as regards his 
price, and the quota he is to pay his master, if 
hired out. The master, therefore, is as much 
entided in law to his personal service, as to 
that of a slave in venta real. But this is some- 
what modified in practice. If a slave descend 
to his master coartado, or become so in his ser- 
vice, the master may require his personal ser- 
vice, and the slave cannot demand to be allowed 
to work out But when a coartado slave is 
sold, it being the custom for the slave himself 
to seek for a new master, he uniformly stipu- 
lates betbrehand whether he is to serve per- 
sonally, or to work out, paying the usual daily 
quota; and judges will always compel the 
master to obser\e such stipulation, unless the 
slave should neglect to pay; when the only 
remedy is to exact his personal service. It 
is not uncommon, therefore, for a master 
wishing to employ his coartado slave, who has 
stipulated to be allowed to work out, to pay 
the difference between the sum the slave 
ought daily to pay him, and the wages usually 
earned by the slave. In this case alone is the 
slave paid for labour by the master, except, in- 
deed, he is employed on Sundays or holidays. 

The law which so eminently favoura the 
slave, does not neglect his offspring. A preg- 
nant liegress may emancipate ner unborn in- 
fant for tliirty-five dollars ; and, between the 
birth end baptism, the infant may be emanci- 
pated for fifty dollars ; and at any other time 
during childhood.' its value being then low, it 
may acquire its liberty, or be coartado like 
other slaves. 

Wages are high in Cuba. A common field 
negro earns four reals a day and is fed; a 
meohanic'ten reels to three dollars a day ; and 
a regular house-sen^ant twenty to thirty doUan 
a month, besides being fed and clothed. With 
such wages the coartado slave is well able to 
pay the daily quota to his master, and to lay 
by something for the attainment of his liberty.* 

The large white population, too, is a great 
advantage to the slaves, not merely from the 
incalculable benefits derived from the master's 
immediate presence by a residence in the 
island, and from his influence and authority^ 
preventing a thousand difficulties and abuses 
which cannot but exist under the management 
of an agent, but from the facility thereby af- 
forded to change masters, and thus remedy 
many of the evils attending their state. The 
lot oir household slaves, who derive most benefit 
from this cireumstance, is particularly favour- 
able. They are almost always taught some 
trade,t and, by well emjiloying their leisure 
hours, they may easily acquire their liberty in 
seven years. Field slaves, too, have their ad- 

* These are the Havanna prices of laboar ; ia 
Manzanilla it is generally less than one-half the 
above. 

t Almost all the female domestic slaves df Caba 
are taught the art of shoe -making, so that the 
household servants are not bare-footed, as in Ja» 
maica. Tbe houi»ehold slaves are also fed from 
the master's table; they, therefore, take their 
meals at the family hours. This domestic economy 
difiers much from the system adopted in the Bn^- 
tish West India colonies, where the negro feeds 
himself, independent of his master, from his 
vireekly slTowance. The Spanish arrangement 
keeps tbe household servants always engaged in 
domestic industry, and is attended with good 
moral results. 



THE TOURIST. 



T&ntages. They are bj law entitled to a cer- 
tun quantity of ground, with the produce of 
which, and the breeding of pigs and poultry, 
they may well look forward to acquiring 
money to become coartado, and even to being 
emancipated. It is also highly advantageous 
to the slaves that public opinion is favourable 
to granting them their liberty; and all re- 
spectable men would feel ashamed to throw 
obstacles in the way of their becoming free ; 
on the contrar}', masters are generally very 
willing to assist their slaves in the attainment 
of this most desirable object. The effects of 
this system are seen in the state of the popu- 
lation. The last census (which, though not 
▼ery exact, is sufficiently so for the present 
purpose) makes the whites 290,000, the free 
people of colour 150,000, and the slaves 
225,000. 

Of all schemes for getting rid of the curse 
of slavery in our sugar colonies, there is none 
which can come recommended with greater 

fractical certainty than the system recognized 
y the Spanish laws. If its abolition be 
enected, as the benevolence of some would 
suggest, by an immediate emancipation, with- 
out a due provision for continued industry, we 
indeed get rid of slavery, but we are in danger 
of substituting no other certain system of steady 
labour in its place, and the commerce and 
agriculture of our colonies become at once 
jeoparded by rash innovation. Jf to be re- 
deemed from bondage, and to provide for a 
family, without (fie discredit of being burden- 
tome to the community we belong to, were to 
be the only consideration, any scncme which 
detennined the abolition of slavery at a defi- 
nite period might be sufficient for the adoption 
of the legislature ; but to see the negro con- 
tented with living idly in hovels scarcely moi*e 
than accommodated to the purposes of shelter, 
. or to see him diligent only in the supply of 
those wants which are scarce an attention to 
the common decencies of life, is not the object 
of those who desire that he should be a free- 
man and a citizen. It is to embue him witli 
habits by which he mar appreciate his own 
interest in continuing the cultivation of the 
sugar estates held by the present capitalists of 
the colonics; to become his former master's 
sugar farmer, occupying his accustomed land 
and cottage at a stated rent-charge ; and to look 
to European immigration not as the coming of a 
dominant complexional class, but on the better 
principle of bringing among the indigenous 
population those who can infuse among them a 
spirit of intelligence and activity, arising out of 
ft continually increivsed desire to be intelligent 
mnd usefully active. This can be best effected 
by giving the slave early an interest in hisoicn 
labour in his master^s fields ; those habits will 
then become impressed which will induce 
him, as it does the European husbandman, to 
regard the spot of his early associations as one 
of affection, and to consider it, on this account, 
as the best through evil and good. Now, the 
law of the coartado does this ; and the neces- 
sity of the driving system, which renders tro- 
pical labour so repulsive, is done awav with as 
soon as the negro, on the teiius of becoming 
partially free, enters into a contract to make 
the value of his labour on Ar*> own days the 
measured value of his services on the days that 
afe his master's. We must excite labour by 
factitious means. Necessity, interest, or am- 
bition, are the incentives to industry. Labour, 
mxnply as such, is no where a natural impulse ; 
ft is called into activity by real or imaginary 
wants. To place the negro only where it will 
spring fitom necessity alone, and cease with 



the immediate occasion that calls it forth, is 
doing nothing for substantial utility and hap- 
piness, whatever it may effect for his ease. lie 
must have an interest in the accumulation of 
wealth, that he may be induced to labour to 
obtain it ; and ho must be impelled to industry 
by that spirit of social emulation which can 
alone lead to great and unwearied exertion. 
In Cuba, other circumstances, however, beside 
the coartado system, come in aid of this state 
of things. There is something of political 
equality existing among the free ; and there is 
the fact, that all complexions are to be found 
among the class of labradores, or hired work- 
people. The Creole whites, independent of the 
coloured classes, who are recognized as the 
hlanco$ de la tierra^ or the indigenous or Indian 
whites, beside being chiefly occupied in the 
rearing of cattle, which they drive 300 or 400 
miles to find a market for, cultivate small 
estates, on which sugar, coffee, tobacco, and 
com are grown, less for exportation than for 
the supply of the neighbouring districts. Upon 
these estates whites and blacks work togetner. 
Such labourers being extremely orderly and 
giving no trouble, they are greatly to be de- 
pended on when they nire themselves out, as 
they occasionally do, in the exposed and 
fatiguing labour of tilling and clearing new 
lanos, and receive wages as high ais from 
twelve to fifteen dollars per month. I have 
myself seen, in the tobacco district of Yarra, 
the youths, — both white, black, and brown, — 
returning together from the fields in the even- 
ing, with their implements of husbandry on their 
Moulders, cheerful and happy, and amusing 
themselves with all the wild joyousness of boys 
coming from a harvest-field in England. The 
moral effects of this are incalculably gieat. 
The negro becomes content with his life when 
this participation in his toils, hy those who are 
physically different, convince him that a life 
of labour is not exclusively the lot of the 
black man. 



DJEZZAR PACHA AND DR. CLARKE. 

Dr. Clarke's portrait of the celebrated 
Djezzar Pacha, says the Edinhnrgh Review^ 
is drawn with much spirit, though we found a 
little portion of horror mingled with our amuse- 
ment while we contemplated it. Next to the 
remarkable personage who has so long at- 
tracted the attention and disturbed the tmn- 
quillity of Europe, we look upon Ali Pacha of 
Jenina, and Djezzar Pacha of Acre, as the 
most extraordinary men of the present times. 
The name of the latter, which he assumed 
voluntarily, and out of ostentation, signifies 
Butcher ; and, by all accounts, he has amply 
earned it. Throughout his life, he has gene- 
rally acted as his own executioner. On one 
occasion, in a fit of jealousy, he put seven of 
his women to death with his own hand ; and 
is regularly attended by what he calls his 
marked inen — that is, men whom he has for- 
merly deprived of a nose, an eye, or an ami, 
for some disobedience or offence. He affects 
the utmost plainness and hermit austerity in 
his way of living ; occupies himself nearly the 
whole day in cutting out paper into fantastic 
forms with his scissars; and utters such a quan- 
tity of frivolous stuff*— long obscure parables, 
and inapplicable truisms — that it is but rarely 
that, an occasional visitor can discover any 
traces of that profound sagacity, consummate 
art, and extraordinary quickncs and decision 
for which he has so long been celebrated. 

^ We found him seated on a mat in a little 



chamber, destitute even of the meanest articia 
of fumitui'e, excepting a coarse, porous, earth- 
enware vessel, for cooling the water he occa< 
sionally drank. He was surrounded by persons 
maimed and disfigured in the manner before 
described. He scarcely looked up to notice 
our entrance, but continued his employment 
of drawing upon the floor, for one of his en- 
gineers, a plan of some works he was then 
constructing. His form was athletic, and hit 
long white beard entirely covered his breast. 
His habit was that of a common Arab, plain 
but clean, consisting of a white camlet over a 
cotton cassock. His turban was also whiter 
Neither cushion nor carpet decorated the naked 
boards of his divsUi. 

" The conversation began by a request from 
tlie Pacha that English captains, in futurei 
would fire only one gun, rather as a signal 
than as a ^ute, upon their arrival. ' There 
can be no good reason,' said he, ' for such a 
waste of gunpowder in ceremony between 
friends. Besides,* he added, U am too old ta 
be pleased with ceremony : among forty-three 
Pachas of three tails, now living in Turkey, I 
am the senior. My occupations are, conse* 
quently, as you see, very important,' taking 
out a pair of scissars, and beginning to cut 
figures in paper, which was his constant em- 
ployment when strangers were present ; these 
he afterwards stuck upon the wainscot His 
whole discourse was in parables, proverbs^ 
truisms, and oriental apologues. One of his 
tales lasted nearly an hour, about a man who 
wished to enjoy Uie peaceful cultivation of a 
small garden, without consulting the lord of 
the manor whenever he removed a tulip ; al- 
luding, perhaps, to his situation, with refer- 
ence to the Grand Signior. There wi^ evi* 
dently much cunning and deep policy in his 
pretended frivolity. Apparently occupied in 
regulating the shape of a watch-paper with his 
scissars, he was all the while deeply attentive 
to our words, and even to our looks. He be- 
lieved Uiat dissensions had been excited in his 
dominions by Sir Sidney Smith, to divert him 
from the possibility of assisting the French, bj 
attacking the Vizier's army in its marok 
through Syria, and was much incensed while 
he complained to us of this breach of confix 
dence. *• I ate,' said he, * bread and salt with 
that man ; we were together as sworn frienda 
He did what he pleased here. I lent him my 
staff; he released all my prisoners, many oi 
whom were in my debt, and never paid me a 
pai^. What engagements with hmi have 1 
violated? What promises have I not fulfilled f 
What requests have I denied? I wished to 
combat the French by his side ; but he has 
taken care that I shall be confined at home, ts 
fight against my own people. Have I merited 
such treatment ?' When he was a little paci- 
fied we ventured to assure him that he had 
listened to his own and to Sir Sidney's ene- 
mies; that there did not exist a man more 
sincerely allied to him ; and that the last 
commis^on we received, previously to our 
leaving the fleet, were Sir Sidney's memorials 
of his regard for Djezzar Pacha. In proof of 
this, I presumed to lay before him the present 
Sir Sidney had entrusted to my care. It was 
a small but very elegant telescope, with silver 
dides. He regarded it, however, with disdain, 
saying it had too splendid an exterior for him; 
and, taking down an old ship glass that hung 
above his head, covered with greasy leather, 
added, ^ Humbler instruments serve my puiw 
poses ; bendes, you may tell Sir Sidney that 
DjezEar, old as he is, seldom requires the ud 
of a g^ass to view what panes asound him*' " 



308 



THE TOURIST. 



THE TOURIST. 



I 



MONDAY, APRIL 22, 1883. 

We recur with pleasure to the very 
able article which was commenced in the 
accompanying number. Leaving the ge- 
neral subject, the writer closes with the 
following advice to constituents : — 

This measure, however, is not the only one 
which the And-slavery and Agency committees 
have urged upon their friends. We lament 
to say that even now, with a reformed parlia- 
ment, it is not a work of supererogation to 
require the attendance of our representatives 
in tibeir places. In the first place, after the 
novelty of the thins has subsided, a walk to 
St Stephen's chapel is a great bore ; and to 
listen to long speeches, a greater: but worst 
of all is to remain till two o'clock in the 
morning, to divide upon any question, except 
reform. Gentlemen must, therefore, be re- 
minded of their duty in terms as peremptory 
as respect for their high office will permit 
** Oh ! but" says one man, " I need not write, 
for our members are favourable." " And mine," 
says another, *' will vote with the minister 
that black is white." While a third declares, 
with equal certainty, that the members for his 
borough are pledged to Uie hilts for our oppo- 
nents. To all we answer, Write : and write 
with decision. Tlie favourable will thank 
you ; the ministerialist will not be ungrateful 
to you for reminding him of his duty; the 
West Indian will be robbed of every excuse 
at the next election. Write, then : and, what 
is more, request an answer; and, if that an- 
swer be not satisfactory, write again : leave 
your member nd ground of excuse, and your- 
self none for self-reproach. 

We have yet another word of adnce ; and 
we have left it fur the last, because, practically, 
it is the most important Wave all minor 
considerations ; forget all petty and non-essen- 
tial differences, l^e unqualified freedom of 
the slave is the grand point ; let it be con- 
ceded that he hns the full and immediate 
enjoyment of right of property — freedom of 
person— equality of justice — and, above all, 
unrestrained access to gospel truth; and we 
have gained the day. 

If the delegates, on their arrival in town, 
bring with them the seeds of discord, they will 
embarrass instead of supporting the views of 
government: their prolocutor will be unable 
to declare their sentiments ; the minister will 
be perplexed to discover them ; and thus they 
will thwart the very object which they came to 
promote. This must be most carefullv avoid- 
ed : perfect concord is of all things the most 
desirable ; and the means of securing it have 
been happily afforded them. The Anti-slavery 
committees could not, without the appearance 
of dictation, which they have always carefully 
avoided, sup^gest any particular line of con- 
duct: but It can imply no disrespect to the 
provincial associations, to recommend them 
carefully to follow the example which has 
been given them by the metropolitan meeting. 
The resolutions of that meetiug have been 
forwarded to every quarter. We earnestly 

AnVISB THEIR ADOPTION, IPSISSIMIS VERBIS; 

die delegates will thus be armed with uniform 
instructions by all the country, and no diffi- 
cultv can possibly arise in conveying the single 
sentiment to the mind of government It 
may be difficult for those at a distance fhlly 



to appreciate the importance of this sugges- 
tion ; but we are at liberty to say that we offer 
it in full accordance with the opinion ojall 
the leaden of the catue. We believe we need 
say no more, to impress* it on the minds of 
those who are sincerely attached to it. 

Can we add any tiling to give emphams to 
these remarks ? We feel that this is our con- 
cluding effort We have fought the battle 
with aU the energy, and all the strength, and 
all the perseverance, that we could give to the 
task ; and those who recognize our pen will 
know that this is true. We say it not in 
boasting, but that we may give to our en- 
treaties the force of a last appeal. During 
the whole of our arduous contest, we have 
never felt any crisis to be so important as this. 
Let our readers reflect for a moment upon our 
present situation. Government are pledged 
to the measure, and that it shall be *' safe and 
satisfactory." The words are Jesuitical : they 
^dmit of any, of every, construction. Within 
a fortnight the ministers must decide, or the 
country must decide for them, — as we under- 
stood to be their wish — what is '^safe and 
satisfactor}'." If any half measure is adopted, 
the country is for the time appeased — popular 
feeling is momentarily silenced. The half- 
liberated slave may wear away the rest of 
existence under legalized oppression, without 
remedy, and without hope ; cart- whips may be 
abolished, and replaced by tliumb-screws ; 
dungeons may be substituted for chains, and 
church discipline be made the veil of intoler- 
ance. Yet tyranny, in this modified form, 
must pass unnoticed ; for complaint will be 
stigmatised as the clamour of discontent! 
Such will be the inevitable result of all half 
measures i^ but half measures will most as- 
suredly be adopted, if the country remain 
silent or indifferent 

We entreat, we implore the religious public 
to rouse themselves to determined action. On 
them, more than on otliers, rests the awful 
responsibility. As they will answer for it at 
that great day when we must all render our 
account, we charge it upon them now to do 
their duty. The tears, tne blood, the soul, of 
the miserable slave, will at that day be de- 
manded at their hands. Let them come for- 
ward with all that influence which their 
example gives to society, and they may safely 
leave the event to that Power who never, from 
the creation of the world, turned a deaf ear to 
the voice of the oppressed. 



MORAL AND RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE 
OF THE CLASSICS. 

No. VIL 

BRITISH CLASSICS. 

In casting a recollective glance over our 
elegant literature, as far as I am acquainted 
witd it, I cannot help thinking that much the 
greater part falls unaer condemnation. After 
a comparatively small number of names and 
books are excepted, what are called the British 
Classics, with the addition of very many works 
of great literary merit that have not quite at- 
tained that rank, present an immense vacancy 
of Christianized sentiment The authors do 
not give signs of having ever deeply studied 
Christianity, or of haviuff been aware that any 
such thingpis a duty. Whatever has strongly 
occupied a man's attention, affected his feel- 
ings, and filled his mind with ideas, will even 
unintentiomdly show itself in the train and 
cast of his discourse ; these writers do not in 



this manner betray that their faculties have 
been occupied and interested by the special 
views unfolded in the evangelic dispensation. 
Of their coming from the contemplation of 
these views you discover no notices analogous, 
for instance, to those which appear in the 
writing or discourse of a man who has beea 
passing some time amidst the wonders of 
Kome or Egvpt, and who shows you, by al- 
most unconscious allusions and images occur<r 
ring in his lang^ge even on other subjects, 
how profoundly he has been interested in 
beholding triumphal arches, temples, pyra* 
mids, and cemeteries. Their minds are not 
naturalized, if I may so speak, to the images 
and scenery of the kinedom of Christ, or to 
that kind of light which the gospel throws on 
all objects. I'hey are somewhat like the in- 
habitants of those towns within the vast salt- 
mines of Poland, who, seeing every object in 
their region by the light of lamps and candles 
only, have in their conversation hardly any 
expressions describing tilings in such aspects 
as never appear but under the lights of heaven. 
You mignt observe, the next time that you 
open one of these works, how far you may 
road without meeting with an idea of such a 
naturo, or so expressed, as could not have 
been unless Jesus Christ had come into the 
world,* thougli the subject in hand may be 
one of those which he came in a special man- 
ner to illuminate, and to enforce on the mind 
by new and most cogent arguments. And 
whero so little of the light and rectifying in- 
fluence of these communications has been ad- 
mitted into the habits of thought, there will 
be very few cordially reverential and animated 
references to the great Instructor himself. 
These will, perhaps, occur not ofteuer than a 
traveller, in some parts of Africa, or Arabia, 
comes to a spot of green vegetation in the 
desert You might have read a considerable 
number of volumes without becoming clearly 
apprised of the existence of the dispensation, 
or that such a sublime Minister of it had ever 
appeared among men. And you might have 
diligently read, for several years, and through 
several hundred volumes, without discovering 
its nature or importance, or that the writers, 
when alluding to it, acknowledged any pecu- 
liar and essential importance as belonging to 
it You would only nave conjectured it to be 
a scheme of opinions and discipline which had 
appeared in its day, as many others had ap- 
peared, and left us, as the others have left us, 
to follow our speculations very much in our 
own way,' taking from those schemes, indif- 
ferently, any notions that we may approve, 
and £Eu;ts or fictions that we may admire. 

You would have supposed that these writers 
had heard of one Jesus Christ, as they had 
heard of one Confucius, as a teacher whose 
instructions are admitted to contain many ex- 
cellent things, and to whose system a liberal 
mind will occasionally advert, well pleased to 
see China, Greece, and Judea, as well as 
England, producing their philosophers, of va- 
rious degrees and modes of illumination, for 
the honour of their respective countries and 

Eeriods, and for the concurrent promotion of 
uman intelligence. All the information winch 
they would have supplied to your underetand- 
ing, and all the conjectures to which they 
might have excited your curiosity, would have 



* Except, perhaps, in respect to humanity and 
benevoleace, on which subject his iDstnictioiw 
have improved the sentiments of infidel • tbem- 
selves, iQ sptte of the rejection of their divine 
authority. 



left yov, if not initiucied from other aenutxs, 
to meet the real leligioD itself, when at length 
diMloned to you, *s a thinfc of nMch you had 
tut ^ight recognition, foitiier than its name, ' 
w a wonderful novelty. Hour little jou would 
liave expected, from their hteiuy and ethical 
glimpses, 10 find the case to be, that the s^ 
lem so insiKiiiduntljr and caielesslj aukaow- 
ledired in ^e course of their Hue sentiments, 
is the actual and sole economv by ihc provi- 
sions of nbich their happiness can be secured, 
■ by the laws of which they will be judged, 
which has declared the relations of man with 
his Creator, and specified the c;cclusiTe ground 
of acceptance ; which is, therefore, of infinite 
consequence to you, and to them, and to all 
their readers, as fixing the entire theory of 
the condition and destinies of man, on the 
final principles to which ail theories and sen- 
timents are solemnly required to be "brought 
into obedience." 



THE TOURIST. 

Now, if the fine sprits, who bare thus pre- 
ierred an ample, nch, dirersified, crowded 
pn>*inee of our literature clear of cTangelical 
intmiion, are really the chief instructors of 
persons of taste, and form, from early life, 
their habits of feeling and thought, the natu- 
ral result must be a slate of mind very uncon- 
genial with the gospel. Viena habitually pre- 
sented to the mind' in its most susceptible 
periods, and during the prolonged course of its 
impiuvements, in the varied fonm and lights 
of sublimity aud beauty, with every fascma- 
tion of the taste, ingenuity, and eloHiueiice, 
which it has admired still more each year, as 
its faculties have expanded, will have become 
the settled order of its ideas. And it will feel 
the same complacency in this intellectual or- 
der that we feel, as inhahitanis of the material 
world, in the greut anangement of nature, in 
the green-blooming earui, and the splendid 
hemisphere of heaven. 



PRESERVATION OF INFANTS IN INDIA. 



Till: above cut represents a scene which 
occurred during the benevolent attempts 
of Colonel Walker to abolish the horrid 
f>racticc of inbnticide in India, and is in- 
leresting as marking' the first successes 
Mvliich have crowned their exertions. In 
n communication to the Governor of 
Bombay, in 1 809, Colqnel Walker says :— 
" During the recent expedition into Kat- 
tywar, I was not unmindful of intjutring 
iuto the success of the humane arrange- 
nients introduced under the influence of 
the Honourable Company's Government, 
i'lr the abolishment of female infanticide 
among the Jahieja Rajpoots ; and 1 am 



happy to report that this reform lias com- 
pletely taken root. I have the honour to 
enclose a. list of those Jahrejas who have 
preserved their female children, which 
fell under my own direct observance. On 
my halt at Dherole, I had nil those in the 
immediate neighbourhood who were capa- 
ble of attending brought to my tent, and 
many were too young to be brought from 
any distance. It was extremely gratifying 
on this occasion to observe the triumph 
of nature, feeling, and parental affection, 
over prejudice and a horrid superstition ; 
and that those who, but a short period be- 
fore, wQuld, as many of tfaent had done, 



have doomed their infants to destruction 
without compunction, should now glory 
in their preservation, and doat on them 
with fondness !" 

To such of our readers as may not be 
aware of the nature and former extent 
of thu practice, the following statements 
will be mteresttng. — Infanticide appears 
principally to exist at the present period 
in India and China. Of its prevalence in 
China a missionary writes : " A man came 
to me for medicine, with whom I con- 
versed awhile privately. 1 asked him how 
long he had left China, and whether be 
ever thought upon his family there. He 
said he frequently thought on them, and 
intended next year to return and visit 
them, for he had three sons, and one 
daughter who was married. ' I had ano- 
ther daughter,' he added, ' but I did not 
bring her up.' * Not bring her up,' said 
I ; ' what, then, did you do with her ?' * I 
smothered her,' said he. ' This year also, 
I heard by letter that anotlier daughter 
was born ; I sent word to have that smo- 
thered also, but the mother has preserved 
her alive,' I was shocked at this speech, 
and still more at the indifference with 
which he uttered it. 'What!' said I, 
' murder your own children ! Do you 
not shudder at such an act?' 'Oh, no!' 
said he, ' it is a very common thing in 
China ; we put the female children out 
of the way to save the trouble of bringing 
them up : some people hare smothered 
live or six daughters !' My horror was 
increased by this continued indifference, 
and the lightness with which such crimes 
are perpetrated in China with impunity." 
" The people in some parts of India," 
says the late Rev. W. Ward, " particu- 
larly the inhabitants of Orissa, and of the 
eastern parts of Bengal, frequently offer 
their children to the goddess Gunga. 
The following reason is assigned for this 
practice : — When a woman has been long 
married, and has no children, it is com- 
mon for the man, or his wife, or both of 
them, to make a vow to the goddess 
Gunga, that, if she will bestow the bless- 
ing of children upon them, they will de- 
vote the first-bom to her. If after this 
vow they have children, the eldest is nou- 
rished till a proper age, which may be 
three, four, or more years, according to 
circumstances, when, on a particular day 
appointed for bathing in anv holy part of 
the river, they take die chifd with them, 
and offer it to this goddess : the child is 
encouraged to go farther and farther into 
the water till it is carried away by the 
stream, or is pushed off by its inhumaii 
parents. Sometimes a stranger seizes the 
phi Id, and brings it up; but it is aban> 
doned by its parents from the moment it 
floats in the water, and, if no one be 
found more humane than they, it infal- 
libly perishes !" 



SIO 



THE TOURIST. 



ANECDOTE OF THE SPANISH 
INaUiSITION, 

On the death of Charles f f. in 1700, and 
the accession of his uncle, Philip V., a kind of 
civil war broke out in Spain, in consequence 
of the pretensions of the Archduke Charles of 
Austria. Among the troops employed by Philip 
^er€ about fourteen thousand auxiliaries pro- 
vided by tlie King of France. This force was 
sent into Arrason, the inhabitants of which 
had declared for Charles. The people were 
soon overawed ; and, in their victorious career, 
the French came into possession of the city of 
Saragossa, in which there was a number of 
convents, and in particular one belonging to 
the Dominicans. M. do Legal, the French 
commander, found it necessary to levy a pretty 
heavy contiibution on the inhabitants, not ex- 
cepting the convent!! The Dominicans, all 
the friars of which were familiars of the inqui- 
sition, excused themselves in a civil manner, 
sayino^ they had no money, and that if IVL 
Legal insisted upon the demand of their part 
of uie contribution, they could not pay him in 
any other way than by sending him tho silver 
images of the saints. These crafty friars ima- 
gined that the French commander would not 
presume to insist upon such a sacrifice, or, if 
he did, that thev would, by raising the cry of 
heresy against hiui, expose him to the venge- 
ance of a blind and superstitious people. But 
M. Legal was indifferent alike to the destruc- 
tion of the images, and to the rage both of the 
priests and people. He, therefore, informed 
the Dominicans that the silver saints would 
answer his purpose equally the same as money. 
Perceiving the dilemma in which they had now 
placed themselves, the friare endeavoured to 
raise a mob,"" by carrying their images in so- 
lemn procession, dressed in black, and accotn- 
paniea by lighted candles. Aware of their 
intention, M. Legal ordered out four compa- 
nies of soldiers, well armed, to receive the 
procession, so tliat the design of raising the 
people completely failed. 

M. Legal immediately sent the images to 
the mint, which threw the friars into the gTeat- 
est consternation, and they lost no time in 
making application to the inquisition, to in- 
terpose its supreme power in oraer to save their 
idols from the furnace. With this request the 
inquisitors speedily complied, by framing an 
instrument, excommunicating M. Legju as 
having been guilty of sacrilege. This paper 
was put into the hands of the secretary of the 
holy office, who was ordered to go and read it 
to the French commander. Instead of ex- 
pressing either displeasure or surprise, M. 
Legal took tlie paper from the secretary after 
hearing it read, and mildly said, " Pray tell 
your masters, the inquisitors, that I ^ill an- 
swer them to-morrow morning." 

The Frenchman was as good as his won!. 
Having caused his secretary to draw out a copy 
of the excommunication, with the simple al- 
teration of inserting "the holy inquisitors," 
instead of his own name, he ordered him, on 
the following moraing, to repair with it, ac- 
companied by four regiments of soldiers, to 
the inquisition, and, having read it to the in- 
qui. Uors themselves, if they made the least 
noise to tuni them to the door, open all the 
prisona, and quarter two regiments in the ta- 
crrd edifice. These orders were, implicitly 
obeyed. Amazed and confounded to hear 
themselves excommunicated by a man who 
had no authority for it, the inquisitors began 
to cry out against Legal as a heretic, and as 
having puhlicly insulted the Catholic faith. 



" Holy inquisitors," replied the secretary, " the 
king wants this house to quarter his troops in ; 
so walk out immediately." Having no alter- 
native, the holy fathers were compelled to 
obey. The doors of all tlie prisons were thrown 
open, and four hundred prisoners set at liberty. 
Among these were sixty young women, who 
were foimd to be the private property of the 
three inquisitors, whom they had unjustly 
taken from their fathers* homes in the city 
and neighbourhood. 

The next day the inquisitors complained to 
Philip ; but that monarch calmly replied, " I 
am very sorrj-, but I cannot help it ; my crown 
is in danger, and my grandfather defends it, 
and this is done by his troops. If it had been 
done by my troops I should have applied a 
speedy remedy ; hut you must have patience 
till things take another turn." They were 
accordingly obliged to exereise that patience 
for a period of eight months. 

The archbishop, however, deeply concerned 
for the honour of the holy tribunal, requested 
M. Legal to send the women to his palace, 
promising that' he would take care of them, 
and threatening with excommunication all 
who should dare to defame, by groundless 
reports, the tribunal of the inquisition. M. 
Legal professed his willingness to comply with 
this request; but, as to the young women, he 
informed his grace that they had already been 
taken away by the French officers. This affair, 
whit;h is related by Gavin, and other writers, 
shows at once the detestable nature of a tribu- 
nal where deeds of darkness were so unblush- 
ingly committed. For these young women 
" were chiefly ladies, beautiful and accom- 
plished, who had been forcibly carried away, 
at the pleasure of the inquisitors, from the 
most opulent families in the city, to enrich 
their seraglio, and who, probably, would never 
have been seen without the walls of the holy 
office, but for such a deliverance as that which 
was effected by the French soldiers.*' 



THE LAST SONG. 



BY BARRY CORNWALL. 



]Mc«T it be? — Then farewell. 

Thou whom my woman's heart cherished so long : 

Farewell ! and be this song 

Tiie last, wherein I say " I loved thee well.'* 

Many a weary strain 

(Never yet heard by thee) hath this poor breath 

Utiered, of love and death. 

And maiden grief, hidden and chid in vain. 

Oh ! if in after years 

The tale that I am dead shall toncb thy lieart» 

Did not the pain depart ; 

But shed, over my grave, a few sad tears. 

Think of me — still so yoang, 

Silent, though fond, who cast my life away. 

Daring to disobey 

The passionate spirit that around mc clung. 

Farewell, again ! and yet. 

Must it indeed be so— and on this shore 

Shall you and I no more 

Together see the sun of the summer set T 

For me, my days are ^one ! 

No more shall I, in vmtage times, prepare 

(^haplets to bind my hair. 

As I was wont : oh, 'twas for you alone ! 

But on my bier I'll lay 

Me down in frozen beauty, pale and wan» 

Martyr of love to man. 

And, like a broken flower, gently decay. 



CROMWELL'S EXPULSION OF 
THE PARLIAMENT. 

We have lately inserted a very spirited 
and graphic descriptioa of the ravages of 
the plague in London, from the pen of 
Dr. Lingard. We will now give the same 
author's account of the expulsion of the 
parliament by Cromwell, -which is stri- 
kingly distinguished from all other de- 
scriptions of the event by the same trait» 
which characterized the former sketch. 

At length Cromwell fixed on his plan to 
procure the dissolution of the parliament, and 
to vest for a time the sovereign authority in a 
council of forty persons, with himself at their 
head. It was his wish to effect this quietly 
by the votes of the parliament — his resolution 
to eflTect it by open force, if such votes were 
refused. Several meetings were held by the 
oflicers and members, at the lodgings of the 
lord-general, in Whitehall. St. John and a 
few others gave their assent ; the rest, under 
the guidance of Whitejock and Widrington, 
declared that the dissolution would be dan- 
gerous, and the establishment of the proposed 
council unwarrantable. In the meantime, the 
house resumed the consideration of the new 
representative body; and several qualifications 
were voted ; to all of which the officers raised 
objections, but chiefly to the '* admission of 
members,'* a pi-oject to strengthen the govern- 
ment by the introduction of the presbyterian 
interest " Never," said Cromwell, " shall any 
of that judgment who have deserted the good 
cause be admitted to power." On the last 
meeting, held on the 19th of April, all these 
points were long and warmly debated. Some 
of the officers declared that the parliament 
must be dissolved **one way or other;" but 
the general checked their indiscretion and pre> 
cipitauc^ ; and the assembly broke up at mid- 
night With an understanding that the leading 
men on each side should resume the subject 
in the morning. 

At an early hour the conference was recom- 
meaced, and after a short time intermpted, 
in consequence of the receipt of a notice by 
the general, that it was the intention of the 
house to^ comply with the desires of the army. 
Tliis was a mistake : the opposite party had, 
indeed, resolved to pass a bill of dissolution ; 
not, however, the bill proposed bv the officers, 
but their own bill, containing all theobaoxiuiis 
provisions, and to pass it that very morning, 
that it might obtain the force of law before 
their adversaries could have time to appeal to 
the power of the sword. While Harrison " most 
strictly and humbly" conjured them to pause 
before they took so important a step, Ingoldshy 
hastened to inform the lord-general at White- 
hall. His resolution was immediately formed; 
and a company of musketeers received orders 
to aocomftany him to the house. At this even^ 
fttl moment, big with the most important con- 
sequences both to himself and his cenatrf, 
whatever were the workings of Cromwell'* 
mind, he had the art to conceal them from the 
eyes of the beholders. Leaving the military 
in the lobby, he entered the house, and com- 
posedly seated himself on one of the outer 
benches. His dress was a plain suit of black 
olotb, with grey worsted stockings. Fbr • 
while he seemed to listen withi interest to the 
debate ; but, when the speaker was gcniig t« 
put the Question, be whi^ered to Hanison, 
*^ This is tne time : I must ao it ;" and, xxnng, 
put off his hat to address the bouse. At first 
nis language was deconms, and even Imodth 



THE TOURIST. 



811 



toTf. Gnuhially he became more xmrm and 
mnuDftted; at last he assumed all the vehe- 
meiiee of passion, and indulged in penonal 
Titnperation. He charged the members with 
felf-seeking and profaneness, with the frequent 
denial of justice, and numerous acts of oppres- 
sion ; with idolizing the lawyers, the constant 
advoeates of tyranny ; with neglecting the men 
who bad bled for them in the field, that they 
might gain the Presbyterians, who had aposta- 
tized from tiie cause ; and with doing all this 
in order to perpetuate their own power, and to 
replenish their own purses. But their time 
was come ; the Lord nad disowned them ; he 
had chosen more worthy instruments to per- 
form his work. Here the orator was inter- 
nipted by Sir Peter Wentworth, who declared 
that he had never heard language so unpar- 
liamentary ; language, too, tlie more offensive, 
because it was addressed to them by their own 
servant, whom they had too fondly cherished, 
and whom, by their unprecedented bounty, 
they had made what he was. At these words 
Cromwell put on his hat, and, springing from 
his place, exclaimed, *' Come, come, sir, I will 
put an end to your prating.'* For a few se- 
conds, apparently in the most violent agitation, 
he paced forward and backward, and then, 
stamping on the floor, added, " You are no 
parliament; I say you are no parliament ; bring 
them in, bring them in.'' instantly the door 
opened, and Colonel Worsley entered, followed 
bj more than twenty musketeers. ''This," 
cried Sir Henr}' Vane, " is toot honest. It is 
against morality and common honesty.'' " Sir 
Henry Vane," replied Cromwell, " Oh, Sir 
Henry Vane ! I'he Lord deliver me from Sir 
Heniy Vane ! He might hare prevented this. 
But he is a juggler, and has not common 
honesty himself!" From Vane he directed 
his discourse to Whitelock, on whom he 
poured a torrent of abuse ; then, pointing to 
Chaloner, " There," he cried, " sits a drunk- 
ard ;" next, to Martin and Wentworth, " There 
are two whoremasters;" and afterwards, select- 
ing different members in succession, described 
them as dishonest and corrupt livers, a shame 
and scandal to the profession of the gospel. 
Suddenly, however, checking himself, he 
turned to the guard, and ordered them to clear 
the house. At these words. Colonel Harrison 
took the speaker by the hand, and led him 
from the chair; Algernon Sidney was next 
compelled to quit his seat; and the other 
members, eighty in number, on the approach 
of the militaiy, rose and moved towards the 
door. Cromwell now resumed his discourse. 
*Mt is you," he exclaimed, " that have forced 
me to do thia I have sought the Lord both 
day and night, tliat he would rather slay me 
than put me on the doing of this work." Al- 
derman Allan took advantage of these words 
to observe that it was not yet too late to undo 
what had been done ; but Cromwell instantly 
charged him with peculation, and gave him 
into custody. When all were gone, fitting his 
eye on the mace, '' What," said he, " shall we 
do with this fool's bauble? Here, carry it 
away." Then, taking the act of dissolution 
from the clerk, he ordered the doors to be 
locked, and, accompanied by the military, re- 
turned to Whitehall. 

That afternoon the members of the council 
assembled in their usual place of meeting. 
Bradshaw had had just taken the 'chair, when 
tlie lord-general entered, and told them that, 
if they were there as private individuals, they 
were welcome ; but if as the council of state, 
they must know that the parliament was dis- 
solved, and with it also the council. *^Sir," 



replied Bradshaw, with the spirit of an ancient 
Roman, **^ we have heard what you did at the 
house this morning, and before many hours all 
England will know it But, sir, you are mis- 
taken to think that the parliament is dissolved. 
No power under heaven can dissolve them but 
tbemselves ; therefore, take you notice of that" 
After this protest, they withdrew. Thus, by 
the parricidal hands of its own children, pe- 
rished the Long Parliament, which, under a 
variety of forms, had, for more than twelve 
years, defended and invaded the liberties of 
the nation. It fell without a struggle or a 
groan, unpitied and unregretted. The mem- 
bers slunk away to their homes, whero they 
sought by submission to purchase the forbear- 
ance of their new master ; and their partisans, 
if partisans they had, reserved themselves in 
silence for a day of retribution, which came 
not before Cromwell slept in his grave. The 
royalists congratulated each other on an event 
which they deemed a prepamtory step to the 
restoration of the king ; the army and navy, 
in numerous addresses, declared that tliey 
would live and die, stand aud fall, with the 
lord-general ; and, in every part of the coun- 
try, the congregations of the saints magnified 
the arm of the Lonl, which had broken the 
mighty, that, in lieu of the sway of mortal 
men, the fifth' monarchy, the rcign of Christ, 
might be established on earth. 

It would, ho^%ever, be unjust to the memory 
of those who exercised the supreme power 
after the death of the king, not to acknow- 
ledge that there existed among them men 
capable of wielding with energy the destinies 
of a great empire. Tliey governed only four 
years ; yet, unaer their auspices, the conquests 
of Ireland and Scotland were achieved, and a 
navy was created, the rival of that of Holland, 
and the temir of the rest of Europe. But 
there existed an essential error in their form 
of government Deliberative assemblies are 
always slow in their proceedings; yet the 
pleasure of parliament, as the supreme power, 
was to be taken on every subject connected 
with the foreign relations, or the internal ad- 
ministration, of the country; and hence it 
happened that, among the immense variety of 
questions which came before it, those com- 
manded immediate attention which were 
deemed of immediate necessity ; while the 
others, though often of the highest importance 
to the national welfare, were fii-st postponed, 
then neglected, and ultimately forgotten. To 
this habit of procrastination was perhaps owinff 
the extinction of its authority. Jt disappointed 
the hopes of the country, and suppli^ Crom- 
well with the most plausible arguments in 
defence of his conduct. 



CHJNA. 

Up to a very recent period, but very 
little has been known of this curious and 
interesting people, owing to the very 
jealous policy adopted by their govern- 
ment ; and even now we are only begin- 
ning to become acquainted with those 
features of their character and condition 
which distinguish them so widely from the 
rest of the world. They are, therefore, 
the objects of particular curiosity, and any 
information respecting them is receivea 
with avidity. 

Owing to the kindness of a gentleman 
who has long been a warm and valuable 
friend to the anti -slavery cause, and 
whoie interest in this publication calls for 



our wannest acknowledgments, we are 
enabled to lay before our readers some 
highly interesting particulars on this sub- 
ject. .They are from the pen of the 
learned and excellent Dr. Morrison. In 
our present number we shall only insert 
an addfess to Christian churches every 
where, detailing the progress of Chris- 
tianity in China; our next will contain 
some intelligence of a more novel de- 
scription. 

Canton, ChiiuL, Sept. 4th, 1832. 

To the churches of Christ in Europe, Ame>> 
rica, and elsewhere, the following statement 
is respectfully presented. 

Twenty-five years have this day ela]ised 
since the first Protestant missionary arrived in 
China, alone, and in the midst of perfect stran- 
gers, — with but few friends, and with many 
foes. Divine Providence, however, prepared a 
quiet residence for him ; and, by the help of 
God, he has continued to the present time, 
and can now rejoice in what God has wrought 
The Chinese language was at first thought an 
insurmountable difficulty. That difficulty has 
been overcome. The language has been ac ' 

?[uired, aud various facilities provided for its 
iirther acquisition. Dictionaries, grammars, 
vocabularies, and translations, have been 
penned and printed. Chinese scholars have 
increased, botii at home and abroad, both for 
secular and religious purposes. It is not likely 
that Chinese will ever again be abandoned. 
Tlie Holv Scriptures in Chinese, by Morrison 
and Milne, together with religious tracts, 
Prayer-books, &c., have been published ; and 
now, thanks be to God, missionaries from other 
nations have come to aid in their distribution 
and explanation. The London Missionary 
Society's Chinese press, at the Anglochinese 
College, Malacca, and Mr. Medhurst's on Java, 
have sent forth millions of pages, containing 
the truths of the everlasting gospel ; and that 
Institution has given a Christian education to 
scores of native youths. There are also native 
Chinese, who preach Christ's Gospel, and 
teach from house to house. Such is a general 
outline of the progress of tlie mission. We 
boast not of great doings, vet are devoutlv 
thankful to GM that the work has not ceased, 
but, amidst many deaths and disasters, has 
still gathered strength from year to year. 

The establishment of English presses in 
China, both for tlie difiusion of general know- 
ledge, and for religious purposes, arose oirt of 
the I^otestant mission. The Hon. East India 
Company's press, to print Dr. Morrison's Dic- 
tionary, was the first ; aud now both English 
and Americans endeavour, by the press, to 
draw attention to China, and give informatioii 
concerning it and the surrounding nations.^ 
The Indo-Chinese Gleaner, at Malacca, the 
Canton Newspapers, and the Chinese Reposi- 
tory, have all risen up since our mission com- 
menced. Missionary voyages have been per- 
formed, and the Chinese sought out, at various 
places, under European control, in the Arohi- 
pelago; as well as in Siam, at the Loochoo 
island, at Corea, and along the coast of China 
itself, up to the very walls of Peking. Some 
tracts, written by P^testant missionaries, have 
reached aud been read by the emperor him- 
self. Still this is but the day of small things. 
The harvest is indeed great, but the labourers 
are few. Preachers, and teachers, and writen, 
and printers, in much laiger numbers, aie 
wanted, to spr^ the knowledge of God and 
our Saviour Jesus Christ, among the Chinese* 
language nations. 



THE TOURIST. 



BEN JON80N. 



Benjamin Jokson, or Johnson (as he 
himself appears to have pieferred it), an 
intimate friend of Shakspeare, and one 
of the greatest poets of his age, was born 
at Westminster, June 1 1th, 1574. He 



fields, whence he was removed to West- 
minster School, and placed under the 
tuition of tlie great Camden, whom he 
commemorates, in one of his epigrams, 
as the person to whom he owed all he 
knew. As his father was a cler^man, it 
is supposed that this step was taken with 
a view to his entering the church ; but 
his mother having been left a widow in 
narrow circumstances, she accepted an 
offer of marriage made to her by a. brick- 
layer, to which trade young Ben was 
forced to apply hnnself, after having 
made great proficiency in classical learn- 
ing at Westminster, and was said to have 
been employed in building some additions 
to Lincoln's Inn. Being, however, unable 
to content his mind with this humble 
situation, be enlisted himself as a soldier, 
and fought against the Spaniards in the 
Netherlands. On his return, he is said 
to have resumed his studies, and to have 
entered at St. John's College, Cambridge; 
where, however, tlie scantiness of his re- 
sources prevented his keeping all bis 
t«rnis. On leaving Cambridge, he began 
his theatrical career, by engaging himself 
in various parties of strolling players, sud 
at length became more permanently en- 
gaged at an obscure theatre, called the 
Green Curtain, near Shoreditch. White 
thus engaged, he began to write his 
plays : and his first having the good for- 
tune to fall into the hands of Shakspeare, 
was by him brought fonrerd and acted. 



After this, he produced his celebrated 
comedy of " Every Man in his Humour," 
and thenceforth continued, at short in- 
tervals, to write the dramatic pieces which 
have made his name renowned. From 
1635 to 1629 his health gradually de- 
clined, and his resources had become ex- 
ceedingly limited, but were considerably 
increased by a present of a hundred 
pounds from King Charles, which he 
acknowledged in a facetious epigram. 
But his majesty's munificence did not 
stop here. He gave him an annual salary 
of a hundred pounds, with the addition 
of a tierce of Canary wine from his own 
cellars. After the year 1 634 he entirely 
discontinued writing ; and, in August 
1637, ended his days, in the sixty-third 
year of his age. He was interred in the 
north-west end of Westminster Abbey, 
under a small stone which bears a laconic 
inscription, the history of which shall be 
given in the quaint words of one of his 
ancient biographers:— " He lyes buried in 
the north aisle, the path square of stones, 
the rest lozenge, opposite to the scutcheon 
of Robert de Ros, with this inscrip- 
tion only on him, in a parement square of 
blue marble, fourteen inches square, ' O 
RAK£ Bp.n Junson !' which was done at 
the charge of Jack Young, afterwards 
knighted, who, walking there when the 
grave was covering, gave the fellow 
eighteen pence to cut it." 

Perhaps the most accurate and credit- 
able character of Ben Jonsou was written 
by Lord Clarendon. It is comprised ii 
the following sentences : — " His name 
can never be forgotten, having, by his 
very good learning and the severity of 
his nature and niannera, very rnucn re- 
, formed the stage, and indeed the English 



poetry itself. His natural advantages- 
were judgment to order and govern fancy, 
rather than excess of fancy ; his produc- 
tions being slow and upon deliberation, 
yet then abounding with great wit anif 
fancy, and will live accordingly ; and sure- 
ty as he did exceedingly exalt the Eng- 
lish language in eloquence, profuiety, and 
masculme expression, so he was the best 
judge of, and fittest to prescribe rules to, 
poetry and poets, of any man who had 
lived with or before him ; or since, if Mr, 
Cowley had not made a flight beyond all 
men, with that modesty yet as to ascribe 
much of this to the example and learning^ 
of Ben Jonson. . His convenatkm was 
very good, and with the men of most 
note ; and he had, for many years, an 
extraordinary kindness for Mr. Hyde 
(Lord Clarendon), till he found he be- 
took liimself to business, which he be- 
lieved ought never to be preferred bef<Me 
his company. He lived to be very old, 
and till the palsy made a deep impression 
on his body and mind.*' 

We cannot close this brief sketch with- 
out presenting the reader with two abort 
specimensof his epigrammatic talent. The 
first shall be his Epitaph upon the Coun- 
tess of Pembroke, sister to Sir Philip 
Sidney : — 

" Undcrantb tliii marble facne 
Lies tbe aubjecl of all vent — 
SidDCy's siller, Pembrolie's mother. 
Death ! ere ihou h»t slain anoiiier 
I^arn'd, and [nir, lud guod >i she, 
Time shall tbrow a dan at ihee." 

The other is much better known, and 
is equally happy. 

" Uademeath ihii Mae doth lie 
A* much beauty u could die ; 
Which, io life, did harbour give 
To more virlne Iban doth lire." 



;— Publiahed by J. C«»r, ai No. 27, 
Ivy Lane, PaieraoileT Itoir. 



IVhtn ait C'aMnimir 



B. SleU, />a(rrii«r(r-r«r| O. Coirte, Slram^ 
W. SinBic, illlt HiHili, dUtr 

Arch, C»n,km ,r I Uuytl, lUgti-cMrl 



»[>■. J.NoMc 

riiltl. Wnllry .od Cn. 
tmbrUgt, U,^ SiiHlli.r 



Dtrit, Vtllklla mua ». 
nimmA, 1. PkUp 



l^tii, Bif m asd Co. 
I.lintm, wTVrck 



IVwmci.ltinM ihI £»■ 
MUUmxIutm, C. Wriilil 
xirtH^. W. Hirwr 
Karcf.ln-.J.R.Bau 
Oirt, H. Dc^Mtn 



THE TOURIST. 



' Utile DULCI." — Horace. 



MONDAY, APRIL 29, 1833. 



Pricb One Penny. 



ALEXANDER'S TOMB. 



Tills ia one of the most extraordinary 
remains of antiquity of which our coun- 
try can boast. It vras brought to England, 
from Alexandria, by Dv. Edward Daniel 
Cbrkc, where it had been discovered by 
Denon and Dolomieiix, at an early period 
after the invasion of Egypt by the French, 
while they were engaged in examining the 
antiquities of that city. It had been ac- 
curatfly described by various travellera 
ftir cfnturies past; and, together with 
Iheir description, they relate the legend 
connected with it, as confidently enter- 
tained by the inhabitants, namely, that 
it was th« tomb of Alexander, the founder 
of their city. For a considerable time, 
however, previous to its removal, it had 



been screened, by the piety of its Mahom- 
medan possessors, from the eyes of infi- 
dels, and made, bv the former, the object 
of religious veneration. When Alexan- 
dria had been taken by the French, no 

fiart of the army rifled it in a more merci- 
css manner than the corps of savant 
whom the republic had, with characteris- 
tic coolness, sent out in their train — as 
if, by this ostentation of learning and 
science, to mitigate the unprincipled bar- 
barity of their enterprise. They imme- 
diately ransacked every place where there 
was any hope of discovering literary 
plunder, and were not long in seizing 
upon this pubcioub monument. 
" Near these baths," says Denon, " is 



one of the principal mosques, formerly a- 
pnmilivc church under the name of St, 
Athanasius. This edifice, ruinous as mag- 
nificent, may afl'ord an idea of the neg- 
ligence of the Turks respecting objects of 
which they are the most jealous. Before 
our arrival, they suffered no Christian to 
approach, and chose to keep a guard 
rather than to repair the gates. In the 
state in which we found them, they could 
neither shut nor move on their hii^^. 
In the middle of the court of that mosque 
a small octagon temple incloses a cistern 
of Egyptian breccia, of incomparable 
beauty, both on account of its nature and 
of the innumerable hieroglyphic figure* 
with which it ia covered within and with- 



814 

out. This monument, which is without 
doubt a sarcophagus of ancient Egypt^ 
will be perhaps illustrated by volumes of 
dissertations. It may be considered as 
one of the chief spoils of Egypt, and one 
of the most precious morsels of antiquity 
with which it might be wished we could 
enrich one of our museums. My enthu- 
siasm was participated by Dolomieux 
when we together discovered this precious 
monument." 

The reader will here probably feel 
some surprise that Denon should not 
allude to the supposition that this '' pre- 
cious monument*' was the tomb of Alex- 
ander the Great. He must have known 
that such was the opinion stated by all 
previous writers, and entertained by the 
natives themselves ; and his silence is 
easily explained by the sequel of its his- 
tory, which shall be given m the words of 
Dr. Clarke, in the work which he pub- 
lished, entitled, ** Testimonies respecting 
the Tomb of Alexander." 

'* In spite of their vaonted tolen^ion 
and affected regpard for the religious opi- 
nions of a people whose sanctuaries they 
had pledged themselves to protect, the 
mosque of St. Athanasius was invaded by 
French troops ; and the sarcophagus, 
which they found the inhabitants of the 
city venerating as the tomb of the founder 
of their city, was borne away amidst the 
howling and lamentation of its worship- 
pers, and even exciting insurrection 
among the people, and condemned to 
augment the collection of plunder in the 
museums of Paris. After its removal, the 
most ca^utious measures were used to con- 
ceal it from observation. With prodigious 
difficulty and labour they had placed it 
in the4rold of' a crazy vessel in the har- 
lioory which, being converted into a 
bospital, mig^t on that account escape 
omirvatioii, and in other respects was 
not likely to become an object of at- 
tentiair. 

'' Otiier vioisskndes awaited this re- 
markable monument. A British army 
came to give life and liberty to the op- 
pressed inhabitants of Egypt, and the 
tomb of the greatest conqueror the world 
ever knew devolved, by right of conquest, 
to their victorious arms. Had it been 
conveyed to the metropolis of France, 
instead of the silence which i^ so cau- 
tiouslv observed respecting it, Europe 
would have been told that a hieroglyphic 
inscription having recorded the actions 
of a Ptolemy,* the Alexandrian Sarco- 
phagus, in the same language, might 
also relate the expeditions, the conquests, 
and the glories of Alexander. A prodi- 

* Dr. Clarke here aUodei to an objection 
biougbt'againit the genuineness of this antiquity, 
on the ground that the employment of the hiero- 
glyphic chartcter indicates an age prior to Alex- 
anaer, whereas the inscription on the celebrated 
Rosetta stone, thongh in the saine eharacter, is 
kMwB to have been wntlsa al a tin* ambsequeni 
to the »ra of Alexander. 



THE TOURIST. 

gious temple would have been raised in 
the midst of Paris ; where, to complete 
the mockery of Buonaparte's imitation of 
the son of Philip, the same tomb that had 
once enclosed the body of that hero would 
have been Deserved for the bones of his 



mimic.** 



The silence of Denon is now accounted 
for. The tomb is no longer a theme of 
triumph to his countrymen ; and he so- 
laces his disappointment by depreciating 
the value of his loss. 

On the retaking of Alexandria by the 
English, Dr. Clarke entered the city, and 
was quickly apprized by the inhabitants 
where the tomb of Alexander had been 
secreted by the French, of which he ob- 
tained undisputed possession. He found 
it half filled with filth, and covered with 
the rags of the sick people on board. The 
sight of it excited all the enthusiasm of 
his nature, and the strict correspondence 
of its appearance with the description 
given by Diodorus, of the shrine con- 
structed for the body of Alexander, left no 
doubt on his mind of its identity. 

It is one huge and entire block of 
green Egyptian breccia, covered, as has 
been said, within and without with hiero- 
glyphics. Its dimensions are ten feet 
three inches and a half in length, five feet 
three inches and a half in breadth, three 
feet ten inches in height, and the thick- 
ness of its sides ten inches. 

It would be impossible, and not very 
instructive, to subjoin the arguments 
which Dr. Clarke adduces to prove that 
this is really the tomb of Alexander. 
We had, however, intended to have intro- 
duced some remarks on hieroglyphics, as 
intimately connected with this subject; 
but this we must reserve as the topic of a 
separate article. 

In a subsequent part of this number 
will be found another memorial of this 
mighty conqueror. This is an engraving 
of a medal which was formerly in the 
possession of Lysimaclius^ maa which, 
after exciting nnich learned controversy, 
is now nniveraally received as a represen- 
tation of Alexander. The Greek charac- 
ters which this medal bears are a further 
testimony to its genuineness, intimating 
(as does also the horn upon the head) 
the deification of the conqt^eror, as son 
of Jupiter Ammon. 



BOOK-KEEPERS' SITUATIONS OX 
JAMAICA SUGAR ESTATES. 



Facts, not flcttoM. 



A THOUSAND NAMES OF BUDHA. 

Sou£ persons at Peking, and among them 
a Tartar soldier, have been convicted of form- 
ing a sect whose distinguishing feature was the 
reciting a thousand names of Budha, and col- 
lecting money, lliese proceedings are pro- 
nounced worthy of the most intense detesta- 
tion ! Some of the leaders have been capitally 
punished, and the geneial to whose divisbn 
the soldier belonged has leqoestsd a conit- 
nuurtial on his cot^uct, for not disooveug the 
affair sooner. 



(Comtimudfram p€ge 303.^ 

A LITTLE further on, he probably passes a 
gang of negroes repairing the highwav. lliey 
appear to hira working very ea^ly, as if 
under the influence of some strong mducement 
to exertion; he rides slowly past them, and 
he then observes a white overlooker, and two 
savage-looking black fellows ; one walking 
about whip in hand, the other with his arms 
crossed leaning on another bamboo, as if 
closely scrutinising some one in the gang. H« 
begins now to ruminate in his mind whether 
the drivers actually ^og the slaves with these 
tremendous whips, or if they are only carried 
as symbols of authority, as the mace is car- 
ried before the Lord Mayor simply with this 
view, and not with any intention of using il 
in the Irish fashion, when a piercing scream, 
followed by a loud report of the whip^ terrifies 
him and startles his horse, who, already mad- 
dened with the heat of an almost vertical sun. 
Borings and plunges amongst the negroes. They, 
always suspicious of whites, lly Sst alarmed, 
grinningly exclaiming,- "' Maasa, hinr neweome 
from En^and.'* At this nnpaJatable lemaik 
the novice is confused, puts spurs to his horse, 
and, having met with no other adventdres, 
arrives at the scene of his imaginary fldioitous 
fiitiirity, bat which is, alas! destmed to adfford 
nothing else than a rich harvestof never^-eaasing^ 
disappointments. 

Arrived at the estate, he delivers his attor- 
ney's letter, is courteously leeeived by die o ; er- 
seer, and his brother book-keepeis endeavour 
also to he attentive to him. His name is en- 
tered on the eslate*8 books, and, alter a day or 
two spent in looking abovt him, he then re- 
ceives his written orders iVom the oveneer; 
and, as the insertion of soch here may assist 
in fnrtheringthe end I have in view in writing 
this paper, the order dkat was seat to a yoangesi 
book-keeper well known to n^sdf Bdwv fol- 
lows:-— 

M Ut^ win please tocaU tfce list of the 

seoond gang every monuBg; aftenNmb will 



reckon the sheep and liog% and 
ihmsed if rnqoiied; after bieakftsl^ fan w31 
retnm to the seoond mng, and' attnid them 
tifl Ittdf-past tvrel^ iMoSi\ after dinner he 
wjll esUI the list of the gang, and their wffi re- 
tora to see after the small stock. 

** Mr. will please to show Mr. ^ 

to-morrow, the way he is to go through Ids em- 
ployment. 

(Signed) " , Overseer." 

Such are the orders 'given to the youngeil 
book-keeper, which he, under the tuition of a 
brother in office, instantly sets about giving 
effect to. The simple reading of the above 
instructions must convey but a faint idea of 
the really disgusting duties they call upon the 
youngest book-keeper to perform or superintend. 
Reckoning the sheep and hogs mig^t be 
borne ; hut next comes — O, filthy operation ! 
•^the dressing of their magffotty sons, which, 
in so warm a climate, are cusgusting even te 
view. These the book-keeper must see attended 
to, and, if he wishes to acquire a character for 
activity, he will be expected to assist hhnselC 
This done, he must hasten to the h«n-ho«sSy 
when he i tc c i ves from aa old n egi es i m 
notched stidk, on which is maikedj by euta ia 
different compartments, the birth, death, and 



THE TOURIST. 



ai6 



adoal niunber of •▼ery turliey, goose, duck, 
Jieii, and chicken on tbe estate. He afterwards 
aumben them himself, sees them fed, and 
makes out a list of the whole for the inspection 
of the overseer. His afternoons are for some 
months occupied, like the prodi^l's,in "herd- 
iz^ swine," although, unlike him, he does not 
altogether live on husks, if good living can 
amend for other disagrimens. He now begins 
to think in good earnest that he has been de- 
ceived by the hypocritical attention and assi- 
duities of som^'kind West Indian friend. He 
begins to despond. His brother book-keepers, 
observing this, will encourage him to bear up ; 
&at they, too, did not like their duties at first, 
mnd that he^ like themselves^ will soon be ttsed 
to it. 

He is advised by tbe overseer to carry a 
switch in his hand, to swear at the negroes if 
they don't work well, and to have always a 
sour look. He is also instructed' that, if he 
wishes to be a planter, he must do as others do, 
and be sure, whenever he sees a black face, to 
set down its owner as a thief and a villain ; 
and, if he does so, he will do no more than his 
duty. Such are a few of the additional in- 
structions given to the young aspirant; he 
ruminates upon them and his honourable office 
while moving along from right to left of the 
gang, under the blaze of a scorching snn, his 
sensitive feelings wounded by overhearing the 
half-suppressed sneers and reproacbes of the 
slaves, while his pride is hart at their occa- 
sional laughs at his expence. Acting up to 
his instructions, he must endeavour to alter 
his physiognomy in the field, to appear inex- 
orable when he would wish to be lenient, 
haughty when he would wish to be kind. A 
few words spoken by him to a negro may cost 
him his situation, at a moment's warning. 

When crop time comes, he will have to keep 
spell the half of every other night On small 
estates, the overseer and he sit up each night 
alternately. He will find such watchiog far 
from pleasant, after being on his feet for a 
whole day. He requires to be continually 
moving about daring the night, at one moment 
among the fumes of vapour ascending from 
the boiling sugar, at another iu the yard, see- 
ing what is doing there, exposed to the heavy 
dew. Thus has be to encounter two extremi- 
ties, as much on account of properly discharg- 
ing his duty as of keeping himself in a state of 
waking consciousness. I am now nearly-done 
with the youngest book-keeper, only assuring 
young aspirants for that office that these dis- 
agreeable and harassing duties, with many 
more concomitants, are in store for them, to 
which an unflinching obedience is exacted, or 
summary dismissal is the consequence. I 
would seriously advise such to pause and refieot 
before they make up their minds on going to 
Jamaica. But these are the duties they have 
to perform ; and, if they approve of them, any 
'thing that I could say would scarcely be of 
avail in altering their intentions. 

On large sugar estates, there is also a book- 
keeper to look after the working cattle — die 
least disameable ofiice of the whole ; and one 
each for me large gang, and for the boiling- 
house and still-house, during crop. The at- 
tendant on the large gang, if he has not 
disgusting duties to perform himself, has at 
least to witness the greatest cruelties ; but, in 
fact, by the time a book-keeper has this charge, 
his feelings are so blunted that those cruelties 
are only looked upon by him as necessary for 
ilie due performance of labour. Those in the 
boiling-house and still-house are the two 
oldest. The first is the head book-keeper, who 
unifiMnnly discharges the duties of 4he- overseer 



in his absence ; and, having served a thorough 
apprenticeship to the business, is now perfecdy 
qualified to fill, and eligible for, an ovemeer's 
situation on another estate. He in the boiling- 
house superintends during the day, and in his 
turn at night, the making of sugar, and also 
'* keeps the keys" of the estate, Siat is, serves 
out the salt herrings, clothing, &c., to the ne- 
srroes ; while the book-keeper in the still-house 
has the charge of making the rum. He uni- 
formly strives to produce the full estimate, or 
to go beyond it when promised a reward for so 
doing. But it is impossible to descant upon 
the aisagreeable duties of these two latter situ- 
ations. Those who fill them are generally so 
well seasoned with slavery, that they feel quite 
contented in their prospects of further pro- 
motion. 

I would never for one moment suppose that 
any young man would remain to fill such situ- 
ations did he entertain the smallest sympathy 
for the victims of the lash, or a just regard for 
his own reputation. Jamaica /nimcts expended 
all their eloquence on me by assuring me that 
I would one day be an overseer, and were not 
a little surprised when I told them that I 
would never consent to fill such a situation. 
No ! my mind was made up after being a week 
on the property, and I never rested day or 
night in devising schemes to ^* run away," 
when at length, through the mercy of Provi- 
dence, I was enabled to bid it adieu, once and 
for ever ! 

I have now endeavonred to depict the actual 
nature of book-keepers' duties; but I have 
merely told half the truth. At another time, 
more may be divulged. Sufiicient, however, I , 
trust, has been said at present to warn young 
men to look before they leap, 

I strongly maintain, and maintain it I will 
in the face of opposition, that no man can pos- 
sibly be happy, or even tolerably comfortable, 
in Jamaica, in the shape of either book-keeper 
or overseer, who has not had all his better 
feelings and sympathies seared and withered 
up by the deadly blast of slavery. How comes 
it otherwise that we hear of numbers not liking 
the country at first, until, after some residence, 
they felt themselves ^utto comfortable? It is 
just because, at fir^ they were shocked and 
horrified at the daily scenes they witnessed; 
but, after some seasoning and intercourse with 
the planters, they completely lost sight of all 
loathing and repugnance at the discharge of 
those once disagreeable duties, succumbed to 
the prevailing' spirit, and 'became quite happy 
in tlMrsituations, 

This may perhaps be read by some intended 
emigrants to the west, and they may affect to 
disbelieve that such and such is the case, for 
they have been told otherwise. Yes ! I, too, 
was told otherwise, but I soon, very soon, found 
my mistake. It is frequently too late to think 
of returning when one is there, as every effort 
is made to entice the unwary youth into ex- 
pences that chain him, whether he will or not, 
to his fate. 

I have all along left money out of the ques- 
tion ; but, as this has a greater effect on some 
than other considerations of higher moment, I 
may mention that, from the expences a young 
book-keeper is put to in buying a horse, uni- 
form for the militia, &c., he is generally in 
debt the very first year, and altogether he will 
only receive jC40 sterling for nis voluntary 
exile from his native land. But, perhaps, even all 
this won't have the desired effect in convincing 
wayward youngsters. Since my arrival in 
Scotland, I did all I could to persuade two 
young men, acquaintances of mine, from going; 
oat to Demeraiay but th^ would not listen to! I 



ray remoBstranoes ; they both went, and I 
lately saw a letter from one of them, who 
deeply regrets not having taken my advic^ 
wishes he were home again, and says thtft tha 
duties he has to perform are enough to break 
his heart. He further states, what may seem 
incredible (bat any thing may be believed 6t 
slavery), that, on the estate where he is situ- 
ated, it is the universal custom for die whites 
to indulge in intoxication of a Sunday, and 
that, because he refused to follow their vicious 
example, he was debarred from the overseer's 
table for a full week afterwards. He is a 
young man of most respectable relations, and 
I can fully rely on his integrity. 

I never yet conversed with a white in Ja- 
maica, whether book-keeper or overseer, who 
did not express some regret that he had ever 
left home ; and many have I seen who in- 
dulged in feelings of the most poijgnant regret 
that they ever had done so. But if young men 
will not be convinced, they must be allowed to 
have their own way ; only I beseech them to 
come under no engagement for a term of 
years ; let them go unfettered, and take suffi- 
cient money with them to pay their passage 
home, as (if they possess the true feelings of 
British freemen) they will of course return, and 
enlist themselves in the honourable ranks of 
those who are at this moment joined hand in 
hand in defending the outraged rights of their 
black fellow subjects. 

Charles Johnstohs. 

London, March 26rA, 1833. 



MORAL AND BELIGIOUS INFLUENCK 
OF THE CLASSICS. 

No. VIII. 

BRITISH CLASSICS. — ^ADDISON. 

The various interesting sets of short essays, 
with the Spectator and Rambler at then: hea^, 
must have had a very considerable influence, 
during a season at least, and not yet entirelj 
extin.^t, on the moral taste of the public 
Perhaps, however, it is too late in the day foe 
any interest to be taken in religious animad- 
versions which might with propriety have been 
-ventured upon the Spectatorj when it was tha 
general and ^miliar fieivourite with the read- 
ing portion of the community. A work of 
such wide compass, and avowedly assuming 
the ofiice of guardian and teacher of all gooa 
principles, gave fair opportunities for a Chris- 
tian writer to introduce, excepting what is 
strictly termed science, a little of every subject 
affecting the condition and happiness of men. 
Why then was it fated that the stupendous 
circumstance of the redemption by the Mes- 
siah, of which the importance is commensurata 
with the whole interests of man, with the valua 
of his immortal spirit, with the govemmeat of 
his Creator in this world, and with the happi- 
ness of eternity, should not a few times, in toe 
long course and extensive moral jurisdiction of 
that work, be set forth in the most explicit^ 
uncompromising, and solemn manner, in tha 
full aspect and importance which it bears in 
the Christian revelation, with the directness 
and emphasis of apostolic fidelity! Wl^ 
should not a few of the most peculiar of the 
doctrines, comprehended in the primary one of 
salvation by the Mediator, have been clothed 
with the fascinating elegance of Addison, from 
whose pen many persons would have received 
an occasional evangelical lesson with incom- 
parably more candour than from any professed 
divine? A pious and benevolent man, such as 
the avowed advocate of Chiistianity ought to 
be, ahoold not have been coatentdl that io 



aid 

BHUij thoiuands of tnin<la at lis writinn wen 
adapted to instruct and to chann, fibonTd liave 
Iwen left, for tmj thine that he »ery unequi- 
■ocall; attempted to the eontmi; in his most 
populoi woilu, to end a life which he had 
contributed to lefine, acquainted but Blightl; 
nith the grand secHrity of happiness afler 
death. Or if it could not be deemed his duty 
to introduce in a foimal manuer any of the 
most Kpeci&cally cTangelical subjectx, it miffii 
«t least have been expected that some of the 
many serious essays scattered through tlie 
SpectAtar should have more of a Christian 
■train, more recognition of the (creat oracle, in 
the Bpeculationn concerning the Deity, and the 
SiaTcst moral Guhject^. There might, without 
bszard of symbolizing »ith the dreaded /ona- 
jtctiM of the preceding age, hare been more 
assimilation of what may be called, as it now 
stands, a littraty fashion of religion, to the 
spirit of the New Tcslament. From him also, 
us a Und of dictator among the elegant 



And virtuous indiguatiou which he made his 
Cato display against the betrayers of Roman 
liberty and laws, to denounce that lidicule 
which has wounded religion by a careless or 
by a crafty manner of holding up its abuses to 
cconi: but of this impropriety (to use an ac- 
commodating tenn,) the Spectator itself is not 
free from examples. 

Addison wrote a boob expressly in defence 
«f the religion of ('hrist; but to be the digni- 
Ged advocate of a cause, aud to be its humble 
dicciple, may be very different things. An 
advocate has a feeling of making himself im- 
portant; he teems to confer eometliing on the 
-cause; but, as a disciple, he must surrender 
to feel littleness, humility, and submission. 
Self-importance might find more to gratify it 
In becoming the paUtm of a beggar than the 
■ervonf of a poteutale. Addison was, moreoTei, 
very unfortunate, for any thing like justice to 
genuine Christianity, in the cla^ of persons 
villi whom he associated, and among whom 
lie did not bold his pre-emineuce by any such 
imperiai tenure as could make him careless of 
the policy of plea^ng them by a general cuu- 
ffunaty of sentiment. One can imagine with 
what a perfect storm of ridicule he would have 
been greeted, on entering one of his celebrated 
coffee-houses of wits, on the day after he 
sh6uld have published in the Spectator a paper, 
for instance, on the necessity of being devoted 
to the service of Jesus Christ The meudship 
of the world ought to he a " pead of great 
jrice," for its cost is very serious. 



COLD BOILING SPBINGS. 
The government of the United States of 
America, in the year lt)I9, sent an expedition 
from Pittsburgh, with a view of exploring the 
immense tract of country which tics between 
that place and the "rocky mouutaini," — Mr. 
James, botanist and geologist to the expedi. 
Hon, gives the fullouiu^ account of a bailing 
ipring, which tlicy found on their ascent to the 
lop of the highest peak of " the rocky moun- 

" After establishing their horse-camp, the 
detachment moved up the valley on foot, ar- 
rivii^ about noon at the boiling spring, where 
they dined on a saddle of venison, aud some 
ribs of bison they had brought ready cooked 
from camp. 

"The boiling tpring is a large and beauUful 
foiuntain of water, cool and tniQRuarent, and 
aented with carbonic acid. It nsei on the 



THE TOITRIST. 

blink of a Email stream, which here descends 
from the mountain, at the point where the bed 
of this stream divides the ridge of sandstone 
which rests against the base of the first gra- 
nitic range. 'Fbe water of the ipriuc deposits a 
copious concretion of carbonate of Ume, which 
has accumulated on every ude, nutit it has 
formed a large basin overhanging the stream; 
above which it is raised several feet This ba- 
il of a snowy whiteness, and large enough 
ontain three or four hundred gallons, and is 
Etantly overflowing. 

' The spring rises from the bottom of the 
basin, witn a rumbling noise, discharging 
about equal volumes of air and water, pro- 
bably about fifty gallons per minute ; the whole 
kept in constant agitation. The water is beau- 
tifully transparent, and has the sparkling ap- 
pearance, the grateful taste, and the exliila- 
raling effect of the most highly aerated ar- 
tificial mineral waters. 



"Distant a few rods &om this i« another 
spring of the same kind, which discharges no 
water, its basin remaining constantly full, and 
air only escaping from it We collected some 
of the ^r from both of these springs in a box 
we had carried for the reception of plants; 
but could not perceive it to have the least 
smell, or the power of extinguishing flame, 
which was tested by plunging into it lighted 
splinters of dry cedar. 

"ITie temperature of the water of the largest 
spring at noon was 03", the thermometer at 
the same lime, in the shade, stood at 68";— 
immersed in the small spring, at 07". This 
difference in temperature is owing to the dif- 
ference of situation, the higher temperature of 
the Rmall spring depending entirely on its 
constant exposure to the rays of the sun, and 
to its retaining the same portion of water ; 
while that in the large sprine is conUlmtly re- 
placed by a upw supply." — B. 



K^©AlnllIP'@ @I1@S 



WEST INDIAN COMPENSATION. 

An it is more than probable that British 
colonial slavery must shortly cease, its termi- 
nation involves the question of compensation, 
to which three parties may lay claim— viz., 
the slaves, the nation, and the colonists ; to 
the latter it is a subject of congiatulalion that 
we are not under the law of Moses, a law 
which would have reversed the relative posi- 
tion of master and slave, by consigning the 
"white colonists and their posterity to captivity 
for generations to come. But, happily for 
them, we live under the gospel; by its pre- 
cept, " As ye would (hat men should do unlo 
you, so do ye to them," let us adjust the claims 
of each party. It is manifestly opposed to all 
legislation, both human and divine, to make 
compensation to the rich aud powerful, und to 
refuse the claims of the poor and oppressed. 
If the slaTe-owncrs have a claim, justice must 
admit that compeoMtion is due to the slaves 



in a ratio greater than tenrold. If the colonial 
proprietors suffer loss, it is a oonsequence con- 
tingent on the issue of a criminal system, 
which has its origin in robben and murder, 
and its support in injustice and cruelty, and 
which ought to teach man a lesson — -that hu- 
man laws, however plausibly worldly policy 
may frame them, cannot justify or secure the 
investment of property in die blood and dnews 
of that being who was originally made in the 
image of his Creator. Of whom do these co- 
lonists ask compensation? Tho prey of the 
system has been theirs ; the government has 
been a "cat's paw," and the staves the victims. 
Increased delay in emancipating the slaves 
iDcrea.ses their claim to compensation ; and 
increasing knowledge increases their ^ililj 
to estimate, and their power to enforce, a 
claim which an impartial British jury would 
award to the unfortunate victims of a nota- 
tion of Magna CharU. 



THE TOURIST. 



THE FLAMIKG 

The tall red birds, jvhicli Columbus 
saw perfectly tame in all the Indian vil- 
lages, may be frequently found among 
the domesticated poultry in the estancitas 
of Cuba. Our rat^men, from tlie little 
township of Juanita, brought us down a 
pair of these birds. I was particularly 
struck with their attitudes, with the ex- 
celleut adaptation of their two-fold cha- 
racter of waders and swimmera to their 
habits, while standing and feeding in the 
sort of shoal which we had made for them 
in a lar^ open tub upon deck. How 
dissimilar was the character of these at- 
titudes with (he ungainly, awkward pos- 
ture in which we see the cabinet speci- 
mens of the dead bird. Their sprawling-, 
straddling gawkiiiess, when stuffed by 
those who never saw their natural gait 
and action, is very different from the firm 
erectness with which they trod and stirred 
the masses of mashed biscuits, and junked 
fresh fish, and plied their long lithe neck, 
scooping inwardly (not outwardly, as 
ducks and geese do, but iii towards their 
Irampling feet), with the peculiarly con- 
structed bill made for taking their food 
in the mud drifts and light sands at the 
mouths of rivers, and upon shoals and 
keys. 1 made the drawing, now engraved, 
from this pair of birds; and, though the 
figures have the same sort of relationship 
with the common pictures which a Dutch 
doii has to the Veaus de Medicis, 1 did 



O. [PhenicopteruB.] 

nothing more at the time than seek to 
g^ve a faithful representation of the ob- 
jects before nie. 

A firm, erect posture is their ordinary 
attitude; and, if a person considers that 
they trample the ground as they feed, 
they will conclude that it cannot be 
otherwise. I never saw the neck curved 
inward and outward like a crane's, nei- 
ther when feeding, or when standing and 
dozing, satiated with food. If it is re- 
membered that they cannot strike their 
prey as the heron does, it will readily be 
inferred that, where the habits are so un- 
like, no sort of accident could bring 
them to resort to the same position,' not- 
withstanding that an extraordinary length 
of neck and legs is common to both. 

The bar at the mouth of the Rio Couta, 
where our vessel lay at anchor, stretches 
some two miles and a half out to sea, 
with a narrow inlet about nine feet deep 
at high water. Here tlie flamingoes may 
be seen by hundreds congregated, re- 
sembling soldiers drilled inio lines, and 
sub-divided into companies. A scout, on 
some advantageous point, apart, where he 
may glance his long prying neck alter- 
nately at the lengthened reach of the 
river, as it descends from the interior of 
the country, or along the sweeping sinuo- 
sities of the coast, right and lefi, sounds 
his alarm. A sort of clang, tike a long- 
drawn trumpct-blaat, is the ugnal of 



danger. At this souitd, the warning to 
retreat, the whole troop rise on the wing, 
in the stifT, cruciform posture represented 
in the background of tlie picture, andj 
clearing the mangroves that fringe the 
banks of the river most impenetrably, 
with long interlaced arches, formed by 
the roots of the tree, descending lika 
flying buttresses from the principal trunk 
and fr0m the more elevated branches, 
seek their nestling- grounds in the swamps 
and morasses within the land. 

The plumage of the flamingo ts of a 
deep and lively rose colour, when ths 
bird has attained its full feather — that is, 
at about four years of age. The young 
ones are white, with that slight faint 
blush which prevails in the white rose, 
and in some varieties of the camellia 
japonica. In the intermediate stages 
the wings only are crimson ; but in all 
the states of the plumage the outer pi- 
nions are marked with black. Their 
glowing livery, contrasted with the bril- 
liant green and azure of the waters, 
makes a scene of most gorgeous beauty ; 
and if the garzota, tlie large, delicate, 
white egret, is among them, tlie contrast 
is still more striking and voluptuous. 

In consequence of the great length of 
their legs, these birds are obliged to con- 
struct their nests on a pyramid of earth. 
These heaped masses are frequently to be 
found in the morasses, in which they 
nestle and breed. Though remarkable 
for gentleness and mansuetude when do- 
mesticated, in their wild state they are so 
timid and watchful that there is no ap- 
proaching them. A gun suddenly dis- 
charged among them, when coming on 
them unawares, though without shot, sel- 
dom fails to startle them so that many 
fall to the ground, and, being unable to 
rise very readily, are thus frequently 
taken unhurt. — Unpublished Memoranda 
of a Traveller. 



THE IMPERIAL LIBRARY, VIENNA. 

The building was begun in 1723, and 

finished in 17Aa, by Joseph Emauuel, Baron 

de Fisher, archjiect of the court. The libraiy 

' 245 Vienna feet in lenglh, by 62 in width ; 

e oval dome, running at right angles, and 

forming something like transepts, is t>3 feet 

long, and 93 feet high, by 67 wide. The 

Treico paintings, with which the ceiling of the 

dome in psrdcular is profusely covered, were 

executed by Daniel Gran. 

The number of the b" 

mouDl to 300,000 rolui 

Jrinted in the fifteenth century, and 7fi0 
IS folios filled with engravings. Thess 
7d0 volumes cinilain about 180,000 prints ; of 
which tlie pecuniary VAlue, according to the 
computation of the day, cannot be less than 
3,300,000 '* florios argent de convention" — ac- 
cording to a valuation (saysM. Burlschj which 
1 made last year. This may amount to 
£300,000 of our money. I apprehend there is 
nothing in Europe to be |)Ut in competilion 
with such a collection. — T. F. Dibdin't 
Bibtiographml Tour. 



SM 



CHINA. 



We promised in our last to offer some 
■ovel and ijateresting intelligence from 
China. We accordingly insert the fol-- 
losing statemente, from a little work 
published by Dr. Morrison, in Canton, 
and handed to us by his friend, Thomas 
Fi&her, Esq. 

SCARCITY IN PEKING. 

The capital of the celestial empire has ex- 
hibited some peculiar scenes of distress and 
lamentations auring the past summer, occa- 
noned, chiefly, by a lonjr.continued drought. 
As earlv as the Slst of May, an official paper 
was published by the emperor, lamenting the 
"want of rain on the approach of summer. He 
had altars for prayer erected, with sufficient 
ceremony and respect to sacrifice to the gods 
of heaven, and to he worthy of his own dig- 
nity as officiating priest, in which capacity he 
had devoutly knocked his head on the ground, 
aad supplicated rain. But, up to that day, 
genial showers had not yet fallen. His ma- 
jesty says, that his "scorching" anxiety con- 
tinued night and day, and he was, hour after 
hour, looking earnestly for rain (but none 
fell). He, therefore, turned his thoughts upon 
himself and his government. We have not 
time to give a full translation qf his majesty's 
musings, and his ultimate decisions, on this 
early occasion ; and, therefore, we refer our 
reaoers to the original, the substance of which 
is, that the emperor is conscious of doin^ his 
duty, in a merciful manner, towards crimmals 
and accused persons. His own conduct and 
wishes, he says, rather proudly, ought to have 
induced a sweet harmony between the rain- 
bearing clouds above and the parehed earth 
below. However, this has not been the efiect ; 
and, ther^ore, while he leaves the greater and 
smaller criminals in the other provinces to the 
course of law, be desires tliat, in the province 
of the capital, a mitigation of punishment for 
the convicted (except in case of great crimes) 
be adopted; that the accused be speedily 
brought to a just decision ; and that imprisoned 
witnesses be either at once confronted with the 
opposite parties, or be set at liberty on bail. 
For he is aware that the prisons of Peking are 
crammed with suspectea persons, and wit- 
nesses, who are siclening one after another, 
and pining in starvation even to death. '* I 
deeply commiserate their condition,'* says the 
emperor ; and he forthwith ordets that all 
smaller offences be immediately disposed of, 
-and the parties liberated. <* Thus,'' he adds, 
^ we may hope for timely, genia), and fructify- 
ing showers. Let the Criminal Board immem- 
ately obey these commands. Respect thia." 

The principle of this pagan paper seems to 
be conformable to the petition — ^^ Forgive us 
<mr trespasses as we forgive them that trespass 
against us" But the emperor, unlike his 
father Keaking, does not take blajne to him- 
self. He throws the guilt on others. 

In this, and other Chinese pagan state 
papers, it is admitted that "the heavens do 
rule ;" that there is a power above that rewards 
and punishes. It may be matter of form, or it 
•may be sincere. But it is right in itself. 

The above account was prepared for the 
press several weeks ago, but was mislaid. We 
^xegret this the less, since we are now able to 
append other accounts of a most interesting 
character. The droaght was severe, and of 
'long daration ; in consequence of which the 
cmperoTi kings, and prineas, fasted and prayed 



THE TOURIST* 

once in seven days, before altara dedicated to 
the gods of heaven, the ffods of the earth, of 
the year, of the land, of the grain, and, finally, 
to imperial heaven itself, and also to " impe- 
rial earth,'* with all the saints. His mi^eely, 
moreover, sent a king to Taeshmi^ ** Ae forest 
mountain," in Shantung ptovinoc, with Tbe- 
betian incense matches, to pray for rain in the 
emperor's stead. In the province of Pedielee, 
locusts were feared, in consequence of the long 
drought, and orders were issued by thceovem- 
ment to adopt preventive measares. toe em- 
peror himself issued a jiroclama^OD, in^ting 
plain statements of opmions and details of 
abuses. In consequence of tihis, one of the 
Yushe has memorialized <on the omelties and 
injustice practised in the Sttpreiae couA of 
punishments. Torture, lon^ imprisonment, 
and the wilful implication of innooent pf^rsons, 
are the evils he complains of. He mendoBs 
two cases, in which the trials were continued 
forty days, where the accused bad to kneel on 
chains, and undergo oihet insults and tor- 
ments. In one of these cases the accused was 
proved to be innocent, and in the other the 
person died in prison. But the most remade- 
able document is the vmyet of tiie emperor, 
the form of which is toat of a memorial sent 
to the Emperor of China by governors of pro- 
vinces and other statesmen. His majesty, for 
the personal pronoun, uses the Chinese word 
ckiny "a minister,*' or "servant," the same 
whidh those employ who write to him. We 
subjoin a translation of the whole paper. 

** Prayer for Rain, written by his Imperial Ma- 
jesty Taoukwang, and offered up on the 28th 
day of the Oth month of the idth year of his 

reign (July 25th, A.D. 1832). 

" Kneeling, a memorial is hereby presented, 
to cause affairs to be heard. 

" Oh, alas! Imperial Heaven! were not the 
world aflElicted by extraordinary changes, I 
would not dare to present extraordinary ser- 
vices. But this year the drought is most unu- 
sual. Summer is past, and no rain has fallen. 
Not only do human beings and agriculture 
feel the aire calamity, but also beasts and in- 
sects, herbs and trees, almost cease to live. I, 
the l^inister of Heaven, am placed over man- 
kind, and am re^nsible for keeping the 
world in order, and tranquillizing the people. 
Although it is now impossible for me to sleep 
or eat with composure; although I am scorched 
with grief, ana tremble with anxiety; still, 
after all, no menial and copious showeis have 
been obtained. 

'* Some days ago I fasted, and oifered rich 
sacrifices on the lutars of the gods of the land 
and the grain, and had to be thankful for 
gathering clouds and slight showers, but not 
enough to cause gladness. 

*' Looking up, I consider that Heaven's 
heart is benevolence and love. The sole cause 
is tlie daily deeper atrocity of my sins, but 
little sincerity and little devotion. Hence I 
have been unable to move Heaven's heart, and 
bring down abundant blessings. 

" Having respectfully searched the records, 
I find that, in the twenty-fourth year of Keen- 
lung, my imperial grandfather, the high, 
honourable, and pure emperor reverently per- 
formed a *' great snow service." I feel im- 
pelled, by ten thousand considerations, to look 
up and imitate the usage, and, with tremblinc 
anxiety, rashly assail heaven, examine mjrself, 
and consider my errors; looking up, and 
hoping that I may obtain pardon. I ask my- 
self whether, in sacrificial services, I have been 
^0i«speotful f Whether or not pride and 



prodigality have had a place in my heart, 
springing up there uuolwerved? Whether, 
from the length of time, I have become remiss 
in attendiqg to the affairs of government, and 
have been unable to attend to them with that 
serious diligence and strenuous effort which I 
ought f Whether I have uttered irreverent 
words, and have deserved reprehension ? Whe- 
ther p«rfeot equity has been attained in con* 
ferrinff rewaius or inflicting punishmems? 
Whether, in raising mausoleums and laying 
out gardens, I have distaessed the people and 
wasted pmperty ? Whether, in the appoint- 
ment OK <»ioers, I have failed to obtain fit 
persons, and thereby the ads of government 
nave been p^ty and T«xatio«s to the people f 
Whether punishments hmve been unjustly in- 
flicted or not ? Whether like eppiessed have 
found no means of af»|Ml f Wbether, in per* 
secHting heterodox sects, ibe innocent <have 
not been inirolved? Whether or not (he ma- 
gistrates have insulted the peopk) and refused 
to listen to their aiaiis? Wfaedier, in the 
successive military eperadons on the western 
fron^rs, there mav hav% been the horrors of 
human slaughter tor the sake of imperial re- 
wards? Wbether &ie ktr gosaec be^wed on 
the afflicted southeni provinces were properly 
applied, or the people were left to die [n the 
ditches ? Whether the efibits to exterminate 
or pacify <he reb^lsous mountaineers of Hoo- 
nan and Canton were properhr coBdjacted, or 
wbether they led to the inbabitants being 
trampled on as mire or ashes ? To all these 
topics, to which my anxieties 4iave been direct- 
ed, I ought to hey the plumb-line, and strenu- 
ously endeavour to correct what is wrong, still 
leoiHleoClag that there may be faults which 
have not occurred to me in my meditations. 

" Prostrate, I beg. Imperial* Heaven, Huang 
Teen, to pardon my ignorance and stupidity, 
and to grant me self-renovation ; for myriada 
of innocent people are involved by me, a single 
man. My sins are so numerous that it is ditii- 
cult to escape from them. Summer is past^ 
and autumn arrived ; to wait longer will reaUjr 
be impossible. Knocking head, I pray, Im- 

Serial Heaven, to hasten and confer graciouf 
eliverance, a speedy and divinely-beneficial 
rain ; to save the people's lives ;' and, in some 
degree, redeem my iniquities. Oh, alais ! Im- 
perial Heaven, observe these things! Oh, 
alas! Imperial Heaven, be gracious to themt 
I am inexpressibly erieved, alarmed^ and 
frightened. Reverent^ this memorial is pr»» 
seated." 

Thb is a most rangular production. It is 
one, too, of ffreat value ; it is worth mon» 
than scores of quartos and folios of the vaio 
speculations which have been published con- 
cerning China. Even allowing that much of 
the colouring has been given to it for effect 
merely (which we are slow to admit), still it 
exhibits an exalted personage, in a most In- 
teresting and affecting point of view. It is, 
withal, a very serious document It exhibits the 
weakness and darkness peculiar to the human 
mind, while unblessed by the revealed word 
and by the Spirit of the only living and tfue 
God. It shows, also, very distinctly, if we 
mistake not, the symptoms of an opprosed and 
declining empire. We predict noming. We 
should rejoice to see '* the great, pure dynasty,** 
long stand, strong, flourishing in all the gloiy, 
peace, tranquillity, and prosperity which it 
now proudly and falsely arrogates. The wel- 
fare of the Chinese empire is the dearest ob- 
ject to our hearts on earth. But our own 
minds, in accordance, we believe, with the 
minds of sdllions, f(Mebode «i appMMMhiag 



THE TOITRIST. 



9» 



change. We cannot deny the evidence of our 
senses, and we wUl not, knowingly, conceal 
the truth. Causes are operating on this nation 
— ^wonld they did not exist! — which must pro- 
duce tremendous effects. The state groans, 
and alveady convulsions hegin to he felt And 
oh ! should the hands of government be once 
broken asunder, and this immense mass of 
popniation — an ocean of human beings — ^be 
thrown into confusion, the scene would be 
awftil. We gladly turn from the contempla- 
tion of such a picture. 

The emperor's anxieties, occasioned by the 
long continuance of the drought, are now ter- 
minated. By a paper in the Gazette, dated 
at Peking, July 29th, it is stated that, after the 
emperor had fasted, and offered the prayer, 
given above, before the altar dedicated to 
Heaven, at about eight o'clock on the same 
evening, thunder, lightning, and rain 'were 
intermingled, the rain falling in sweet and 
copious uiowers. The next day, a report came 
in from the Shunteenfoo magistrate, that two 
inches had fallen ; and, on successive diws, 
near the imperial domain, a quantity ^11 
equal to four inches. For this manifestation 
or heavenly compassion, the emperor, in an 
order published, expresses his deep devotion 
and intense gratitude ; and the 2nd of August 
is appointed as a day of thanksgiving. 8ix 
kings are directed to repair to the altars dedi- 
cated (1) to heaven, (2) to earth, (3) to the 
gods of the land and grain, (4) to the gods of 
heaven (5) to the gods of earth, and (6) to the 
gods of the revolving year. During the 
drought and scarcity, government sold grain 
at reduced prices ; but there were dealers who 
employed poor old men and women to go and 
get the cheap good grain, for the said dealers 
to hoard up, to be resold when the price should 
he still hi^er. 



SIR C. B. CODRINGTON AND HIS 

SLAVES. 

Most of our readers will recollect a 
published correspondence between Sir C. 
B. Codrington and Mr. Buxton which 
appeared in Nos. V. and VIII. of The 
Tourist, They must, then, have felt 
some degree of surprise at the boldness 
with which the worthy Baronet asserted 
the comfort and contentment of his slaves ; 
and, above all, at the very confident man- 
ner in which he offered Mr. B. the liberty 
of manumitting as many of them as he 
could persuade to accede to hb proposi- 
tion. His words are as follow : — 

If I can tempt you (in the cause of the 
wretched slave) to trust yourself across the 
Atlantic, one of my vessehs shall convey you 
from any neighbouring isle to Barbuda ; while 
there yon shidl have every accommodation free 
of expense; and I pledge myself to give you, 
at the end of one week, the power of manu- 
mitting a boat-load (not exceeding fifty) of 
those wretched slaves, on the following con- 
ditions, viz. : — ^Their manumission shall not be 
compulsory ; you shall fully explain to them 
the difference between their present and fu- 
ture state ; and, as their number has increased 
beyond any means I can find of employing 
them, they shall quit my property. DoabUessi 
Sir, vott will favour the public with a full and 
ttiMud statement of the condition in which you 
Ibaad tibero, as to food, elothingv oomforts, and 
eonteiKmeBt. If yon accept my offier, I shall 



he glad again to hear from yon: if yon: r^Jeet 
it, I must beg to decHne fumer contzoveny. 

We are now able to clear up this diffi- 
culty ; a Number of the '* Antigua Free 
Press," which has recendy arrived, has 
set this matter at rest. In answer to Sir 
C. B. Codrington's asseverations as to the 
general* happiness of his slaves, we refer 
the reader to the damning evidence con- 
tained in the little statistical table at the 
close of this article ; and, with respect to 
the challenge we have mentioned, our 
readers will probably concur with us in 
our exalted opinion of this gentleman*s 
ingenuousness, if they pay attention to 
the eclaircissement with reference to Bar- 
buda contained in the following extract : — 

Some years agOj Mr. Joseph Phillips, while 
resident in this island, was informed that 
cruelties of some kind were practised upon the 
slaves of one or <wo estates belonging to Sir 
Christopher B. Codrington ; and, as became a 
man of humanity, conveyed, by letter, the in- 
telligence to their proprietor, whose duty, inte- 
rest, and feeling for his dependents, offered, he 
conceived, the assurance of speedy investiga- 
tion and redress. He was mistaken : Sir 
Christopher, instead of requesting some uncon- 
nected and impartial person to examine into 
the truth of the allegations laid before him, 
sent out Mr. P.'s original letter to the gentle- 
man whose conduct had been the subject of 
complaint For what purpose ? Certainly not 
to relieve the sufferings of his poor slaves, if 
they were really oppressed. Perhaps it may 
be pretended that the worthy Baronet discre- 
dited the charges. This is possible ; he might 
judge it inexpedient to believe that the man 
who ships good crops to him could maltreat 
and torture the " sleek rogues,** to whose pro- 
ductive labour he was indebted. for the appro- 
bation of his employer, and a gentlemanly 
income. Yet we conceive that Sir Christopher 
did not consult his own advantage, or credit 
for that humane sympathy with his slaves, 
of which owners, now-a-days, make such cla- 
morous boasts, when he treated their reported 
grievances with, apparendy, the most cold- 
hearted, if not contemptuous, disregard ; and 
betmyed the friend of his own people to the 
revenge of an incensed West Indian attorney. 
We repeat, betrayed — and basdy, too! It 
will not do to say that he suspected Mr. 
Phillips*s honesty. He knew nothing of him ; 
and toat gentleman's tiansmitting the infor- 
mation was, prima facie, an act of commend- 
able benevolence, both to the nroprietor and 
the slaves. But colonial policy areads nothing 
I more than the disclosure of severities inflicted 
upon these people, and resents nothing more 
ferociously man a humane interference in 
their behalf. Mr. Phillips, therefore, deserved 
prosecution as a libeller, in the opinion of this 
great slave-owner, and to ensure nis conviction 
it was that the autograph communication was 
tmnsmitted to Mr. Jarritt The receipt of that 
document here created, at first, mucli bustle, 
and an action was talked of; but the rumour 
soon expired. — Mr. Phillips, indeed, was al- 
lowed to depart from the island without legal 
molestadon ; nevertheless, as he had commit- 
ted the unpardonable sin, to permit his escape 
altogether vrould have been too great a stretch 
of lorbeamnce for pro-slaveiy minds. Two 
prosecutions, thereme, we aie inlbrmed by 
a placard of Mr. Liggins, have been instituted 
against him. Ante us lesidenoe in EnglaiMl ; 



but by whorn^ on what pwcisa gmuidsv aoA. 
when to he decided, are points unknown to us* 

The above £eicts are not calculated to im^ 
press any one with a very hish opinion of Siv 
Chiisloimer Codrington's tender interest in Uia. 
welfare of his slaves, or of the vigilance and 
solicitude with which he interposes to proted- 
them from injuries, or redress their wrongs. 
Perhans, however, he may imagine that, if. 
they ao endure some hardships, their comfortg. 
are more than sufficient to counterbalance any 
little occasional sufferings to which they maj 
be sul^ected. For, in a letter (dated York^ 
Oct 4, 1832) address^ by him to Mr. F. Bux* 
ton, which appeared in the Herald of Dec 15^- 
he exliibits the condition of his people to b*- 
one of such abundance, contentment, and fe* 
lioity, as' might be envied even by the lowei. 
sorts of tradesmen in the mother country — 
'^not one of them, says he, would change 
situations with Mr. B.*s brewers." These no* 
tions, it is probable, he derives from the 
accounts transmitted from hence ; for we be- 
lieve he has never visited these islands. They 
are, nevertheless, very highly wrought^ even if 
intended as a description of the state of his 
Barbuda people, probably the best provided 
and happiest slaves in the West Indies. But 
Sir Christopher seems to have acted unfairly, 
for he speaks of his slaves generally^ as if he 
would persuade the world that they were all 
in equally easy circumstances, with regard to 
labour and maintenance. This is by no means 
the case, as will be evident to every body, 
when we state that no sugar is manufactured 
in Barbuda, which is appropriated to the mis* 
ing of stock and provisions for supplying Sir 
Christopher's estates in this island ; and some 
few sheep and homed cattle are disposed of 
by sale. But its principal value lies in serving 
as a species of negrene, or nurseiy of slaveSy 
from whence the harder-worked and dwindling 
gangs here may be recruited. Thus a pettj 
transportation of these poor creatures is ca.rriea 
on of a very afflictive^ nature, inasmuch as 
they are thereby torn from their native soil, 
and kindred, and superior condition, to under- 
go the labours of the Antigua field. It was 
reported, with what truth we know not, that 
the mutiny, which occurred in September lasl^ 
was occasioned by tha intention of removiae 
some of them. Tliirteen have been tranidated 
to our elysium, between the end of 1828 an^ 
beginning of 1832. — We have made these 
remarks upon Sir Christopher's letter, in order 
to correct the mistaken opinion, which it is 
adapted to convey, of the easy and satisfyiuge 
lot of that gentieman's slaves generallyi and 
to obviate hasty prejudices from thence against 
the statements of Mr. Phillips. 

We possess no personal knowledge of the 
discipline exercised upon Sir Christopher Cod* 
riugton's estates, nor of the quantum of laboui 
required of the slaves, nor amount and quality 
of provisions furnished to them. But reports^ 
very similar to those which, we psesume, Mr. 
Phillips transmitted, having frequentlv been 
mentioned before us, it becomes our duty to 
elicit the truth, if possible ; and we may sorely 
essay this, without deserving much blarney 
when our opponents recur to all means for its 
suppression. Whether the Basohet's slaves 
enjoy, as he would represent, a state of panu 
distaoal happiness, or endure exhausting pri« 
vations, and barbarous severities, we know noty 
as already intimated. It is, therefore, by no 
means otnr intention to prefer any chaigt 
against their present director; but we shall 
take the liberty of asking a few questioa^ 
which may he ajusveied by any coapateal 



820 



THE TOURIST. 



person wbo is disposed, and ihen advert to tlie 
decrease of the negroes. We inquire, then, 
tvhether, from a short period after Mr* J. un- 
dertook the superintendence of Sir Christo- 
pher's properties, a misunderstandiog did not 
exist hetween him and the people under his 
direction, and whether great dissatisfaction did 
not preyail among tlie latter at his manage- 
ment? — Whether Mr. J. was- not constantly 
apprehensive of violence from them ?— Whether 
they did not actually pelt him with stones, 
more than once ?— Whether he did not think 
it expedient, as the Herald says, to asmme 
tmnsj or, in common language, to carry pistols 
about him P— Whether it has not been thought 
proper to increase the allowances of provisions 
to uie slaves, within the last twelve or fifteen 
months ?— Whether the number of those slaves 
has not been considerably diminished hetween 
the two last triennial returns? 

The Negroes on Sir C. B. Codring-^ 
ton's five Estates in this Island v. j 
amounted in 18*28 (we suppose the 1 
end of that year) to J 

Ditto in 1832 (we suppose) 
the beginning) to ) 

13 were brought from Bar- '^ 
buda, and 5 were nianu- /- 
mitted. Deduct diff. 3 



1,108 



1,058 



8 



Decrease. 



1,050 
58 



Should a proportionate waste of life continue 
to be experienced on these properties, the 
revolution of not very many years will leave 
Sir C Codrington, or his heirs, without a slave 
to work them. It is true, there is a fund in 
Barbuda, at present comprising little less than 
500, on which they may draw ; but how long 
would that enable them to continue the culti- 
vation, when the number of recruits required 
would be in a rapidly increasing ratio every 
year? 



NEGRO VIRTUE. 

A YOUNO lady, a visitor of a Bible Associor 
tion in New York, found her way to an obscure 
cellar, where she discovered a coloured woman 
far gone in consumption, with her aged hus- 
band sitting by her bed-side, and another 
coloured woman, about the age of forty, acting 
in the capacity of nurse and servant. The 
young lady told them her business. When the 
sick woman heard that she came on an errand 
of mercy, her withered and sickly countenance 
assumed an unwonted glow and brightness. 
After expressing a stedfast hope of salvation 
through the merits of Christ, she gave the 
following epitome of her life : — But a few 
years ago she was a slave in New Orleans ; by 
mdustry and economy she and her husband 
were enabled to purchase their freedom, and 
in the course of two or three years to lay up 
about 400 dollars. Sitting at the door of her 
eottage one morning, she heard that a number 
of slaves were to be sold by auction that day. 
She determined to go and see the sale, and, if 
possible, to buy one of the female captives, and 
lestore her to liberty. *' I have so much 
money," said she ; ^ and if I can make it the 
instrument of redeeming one of my fellow- 
betngsfrom slavery, then I can say to my soul, 
' depart in peace.' *' She went and purchased 
one for two hundred and fifty dollars. ^ But 
BOW," said she, ^ I must place her under the 
ministry of the gospeL" She took a ^toh 
Age for heoelf, her nnshand, and her hbe- 



rated friend, for New York. When they 
came ashore, '* Now," Said she, '* you are in a 
free state, where the privileges of the gospel 
are enjoyed ; all that I ask for my kindness to 
you is, that you endeavour to obtain peace 
with God. If you live with me, and with me 
work for your support, I shall be rejoiced ; you 
are at liberty to do as you please." llie libe- 
rated woman accepted her invitation, and was 
found by the young lady acting as her nurse, 
and enjoying with her the privileges of that 
heavenly citizenship in which there is neither 
bond nor free, but all are one family in Christ 
Jesus. She lives with her liberator, and is now 
rejoicing in the mercy of God. Let us, when 
we justly eulogise those who have contributed 
by their endeavours to the emaucipation of the 
wretched, remember an aged, illiterate, de- 
graded daughter of Africa, who spared neither 
her property nor exertions to benefit a fellow 
being, both as regards this world and the world 
to come. 



MATHEMATICAL HABITS. 

Joseph Sauveur, the eminent French ma- 
thematician, was twice married: the first time 
he took a very singular precaution — he would 
not meet the lady till he had been with a 
notary to have the conditions, which he in- 
tended to insist on, reduced into writing, for 
fear the sight of her should not leave him 
sufficiently master of himself. This, sayn Dr. 
Hutton, was acting very wisely, and like a 
true mathematician, who always proceeds by 
rule and line, and makes his calculations when 
his head is cool. 



Edited by the late W. Grebnfielc, Superintendnnt of 
the Editorial Department of tlie British and Foreign 
Bible Society. 

THE PSALMS, Metrically and Historically 
Arranged. Stercotypi* Edition. 48. Od., bonrdii. 
The peculiarity in this Edition iji, that, tn addition to 
the metrical arrangement, the type is as large as that nsed 
in the largest Edition of liie C6uiprchensi\% Bible, '^vhile 
the fliee of the volume is small. 

Sold by S. Bagster, Paternoster-row ; J. and A. Arch, 
Cornhill; Darton and Ca., Graccchnrch-strcct; Darton 
and Son, Holborn ; E. Fry, Honndsditcli ; and all other 
Booksellers in Town and Country. 

WANTED A SITUATION, as Copying 
Clerk in a Tjawyer's Office, or to Keep Rooks in 
a Merchant's Counting-honse, by a Yoang Man, the son of 
a Clerg^'man, who has recoive<l a classical edacation, 
writes a good bosiness hand, has a taste for drawing!, and 
will, in a short time, have a thoronsh knowledge of 
French. He is the writer of ** Facts ref^ardinii; Slavery in 
Jamaica," in Nos. 17 and IS of "The Tourift.'' 

Although preferring London, he wonld gladly accept of 
a situation in any part of the United Kingdom. 

The most satisfactory testimonials will be produced from 
Clergymen and Gentlemen of tlie highest i-espcctability. 
Please to apply by letter (post paid), to the Rev. T. Price, 
S3, Spital Square, Bishopsgate Street, with whom testi- 
monials are lodged. 

BRITISH COLLEGE OF HEALTH. KING'S 
CROSS, NEW ROAD, LONDON. 

MORISON'S UNIVERSAL VEGETABLE 

MEDICINE. 

Cure of CkoUra Morbus, 
Mr. Charlwoo<i, 

Sir,— With a due sense of gratitnde, I beg to acknow- 
ledge a cure performed on me by use of Morison's excel- 
lent Pills. I was taken with the Cholera Morbus about a 
fortnight ago, attended with the usual accompaniments ; 
having been recommended to use MoHsob's Pills, I In- 
stantly applied for them at vonr agent's, Mr. Tuxfonl, Back 
of the Inns; the second dose gave me Immediate relief, 
and brontht up a quantity of nauseous bile from the sto- 
mach. I then took a third dose of fifteen pills, and ftll 
into a sound sleep, and rapidly succeeded to a restoration 
of goo4 health. 

I reiaaia. Sir, wHh gratefol respect, yoor obedieDt ter- 
vaal, 

_ J. Dl'TCBHAX. 

Korwicii, Crook't-ptece, 8epl. M, Ittt. 



Cure of JRpUepty, 

To Mr. E. Giles, Tavern-street, Ipswich, 
Sir,— SViih heartfelt thanks to the Almighty dispenser 
of aU good, for that return of health I now enjoy from 
the use of Mr. Morison's Universal Medicines, I coiuider 
it my duty to snftering humanity to give every possible 
publicity I can to my extraordinary case and cure, in the 
hope of inducing others, who may despair of leUef i» 
similar cases, to reap the saoie benefit. 

For seven years I was afflicted with fits of the most 
alarming description, and in the last tweh'e months pre- 
vious to my taking the Pills, ihey came on from twice to- 
four times a week, and lasted from one to three hours at 
a time, requiring several persons to hold me. It was in 
this state of suffering I callcil on your sub-agent, Mr. 
Backeit, of this place, who recommended me to try the 
" Universal Medicine," and I coniniencod with six of 
No. 1 and S alternately, night and morning, increasing 
gradually up to twenty-four, in a day, then reducing them 
down to three 'or four, until I left off. When I had taken 
the Pills three days, 1 had a slight attick for ahont half 
an hour; but fkvin that time till the present, which is six 
months, I have not had the least symptom of a relapse. I 
took the pills six wepks- 

Of the correctness of this statement, I will coavince any 
one who may please to call on me. 

I am, Sir, your humble serrant, 

C. fiROVfy. 
Kelsale, Oct. I, I83S. 

Ct<re of Ulcers in the Neck, toith Blindnest» • 

To Mr. E. Giles, Tavern-street, Ipswich. 

8lra<lbroke, Oct. 1, 16tt. 
Sir, — I saw a little patient of mine yesterday ; his name 
is Grorgc Fisher, at Laxfield, aged about f'onr years, who 
had been blind of both eyes for nearly two years, and had 
three large ulcers in liis neck ; he is now re.itored to hi» 
sight; his eyes, otiicrwhe, nearly well, and the nicers are 

Krfectly cnred. Ail tiiis was effected by the *' Univcrsrt 
ediciucs.*' 

Your obedient servant. 

Lot Smith, Agent for Stradbroke. 

CAUTION TO THE PUBLIC. 
MORISON'S UNIVERSAL MEDICINES 

having superseded the use of alnumt all the Patent Me- 
dicines which the wholesale venders luve foiMed npon 
the credulity of the searchers after iicalili, for so many 
years, the town diugj;ist.H and Hiomi^tis, not able to establish 
a fair fame on tlic invcnttt>n of any plausible means of 
competition, have pinnged into the mean expedient of puff- 
ing up a *• Dr. Morrison" (observe the subterfuge of the 
double r), a being who never existed, as prescribing a 
"Vegetable Universal Pill, No. 1 and 2," for the express 
pnrpuse (by means of this fiu-ged imposition upon the pnb- 
ilc), of deteriorating the estimation of ihc " UNIVERSAL 
MEDICINES" of the "BRITISH COLLEGE OP" 
HEALTH." 

K.Nuw ALT. Men, then, tliat this attempted delusioa 
must fall unilcr the fart, that (however i^pecious the pre- 
tence), none c^n be held genuine by the College but. those 
which have *' Morison's llniversal Medicines * impressed 
upon the Government Stamp attached to each box and 
packet, to counterfeit which is felony by the laws of the 
land. 

The " Vegetable Universal Medicines*' arc to be had »t 
the College, New Road, King's Ccou, LondiHi; at the 
Surrey Branch, 00, Great Snrrey&treet ; Mr. Field's, 10, At r- 
street. Quadrant; Mr. Chappill's, Royal Exchange; Mr. 
Walker's, .Lanib's-coudnit-psifs:t;,e, Rtd-llon-square ; Mr. 
J. Loft's, Mile-endroad ; Mr. Bennett'si, Covent-garden^ 
market; Mr. Hay don's. Fleur-de-lis -cunrt, Norton-falgate ^ 
Mr. Haslet's, 147, Ratclillc-liighway ; Mi-jtyrs. Norbury't, 
RiX'ntfonl ; Mrs. Stepping, Clare-market ; Messrs. Salmon, 
Little Kell-alley ; Miss Varai's, 24, Lucas street, Commcr» 
cial-road; Mrs. Beech's, 7, Sloane-sunaro, Chelsea; Mrs, 
Chappie's, Royal Librarj', Pall-mall; Mrs. Pippen's, I8» 
Wingrovcpiace, CIcrkenwcll ; Mifs C. Atkinson, 10, New 
Trinity -grounds, Deptford ; Mr. Taylor, Hanwell; Mr. 
Kirtlam, 4, Bolingbroke-row, Walworth ; Mr. Payne, 64^ 
Jormyn-street ; Mr. Howard, at Mr. Wooil's, hair-dresser, 
Richmond; Mr. Meyar, 3, May's-buildings,- Blackheath ; 
Mr. Gritfiths, Wood wharf, Greenwich ; Mr. Pitt, l.Com- 
wall-road, Lambeth; Mr. J. Dobson, Xi, Craven-street, 
Strand; Mr. Oliver, Bridge-street, VanxJiali ; Mr. J. 
Monck, Bexley Heath; Mr. T. Stokes, 1«, St. Ronan's, 
Deptford; Mr. Cowell, S2, Terrnce, Pimlico; Mr. Parflt?^ 
Od,^lgware-road ; Mr. Hart, Portsnioathj>lace, Kenning* 
ton-lane; Mr. Charles wortli, grocer, 124, »)iorediirh; Mr. 
R. G. Bower, gfticer, 3«, Brick-lane, St. Lnke's ; Mr. S. 
J. A Vila, pawnbroker, opposite the rbnrch. Hackney; Mr 
J. S. Briggs, 1, Brunswick-place, Stoke Newington; Mr. 
T. Gardner, 05, Wood-street, Cheapside, and 9, Norton- 
falgate ; Mr. J. WiUiamaon, 15, 8eabright*piacc, Hackney- 
read; Mr. J. Osborn, Wells-street, Hackney road, and- 
Homerton; Mr. H. Cox, grocer, Iff, Union-street, Bishops 

fate-street ; Mr. T. Walter, cheesemonger, 91, HoxtonOld 
'own ; and at one agent's In every principal town in Great 
Britain, the Islands of Guernsey and Malta; and throogb* 
out the whole of the United States of America. 

N. B. The College will not be answerable for the con- 
sequences of any medicines sold bv any chymlst or draegist^ 
as none such are allowed to sell the ** TnlTersal Medi- 



cines. 



Printed bj J. Haddon and Co. ; and Pabliahed 
by J. Cmsp, at No. 27, Iry Lane, Paiemoiler 
Row, wh^re all AdvertisomCDta and Conmiint- 
cations for the Editor are to be addieaaed* 



THE TOURIST. 



" Utilb dulci." — Hotaee. 



MONDAY, MAY 5, 1033. Paicu 0»li Peiiiit. 



H 

Ii< 
O 

5 

& 
O 
U 



THE TOURIST. 



The above engraving is a great curi- 
osity. It is a perfect copy of a painting 
in the church of Santa Maria Maggiore, 
at Trent, which represents the session of 
the celebrated Council of Trent within 
those walls, and is said to contain a num- 
ber of portraits. We are indebted for 
this engraving to a print brought from 
Trent by Richard Hollier, Esq., and care- 
fully compared by him with the original 
painting. We are also indebted to the 
same gentleman for a very connected and 
concise account of the council, which 
forms part of the Journal of his travels, 
and of which we have gladly availed our- 
selves. 

This singular assembly was convened 
in 1545, by the pope (who first called 
himself Honorius the Fifth, but after- 
wards assumed the title of Paul the 
Third), ostensibly to correct, illustrate, 
and fix, with perspicuity, the doctrine of 
the church, to restore the vigour of its 
discipline, and to reform the lives of its 
ministers. When we have thus stated 
the Herculean task which the Council of 
Trent proposed to itself, it will not appear 
surprising that its session was protracted 
to a period of nineteen years ; and that, 
at the dissolution of it, matters, both 
temporal and spiritual, were left much as 
it found th^m. It was primarily, though 
indirectly, brought about by the labours 
of Luther, and the early events of the re- 
formation. That extraordinary man, than 
whom few, if any, have ever exercised so 
important an influence on the destinies of 
the world, commenced his intrepid la- 
bours, to expose the iniquities of the 
Romish Church in the beginning of the 
sixteenth century. Disgusted with the 
conduct of Leo the Tenth, in replenishing 
his exhausted treasury by the most shame- 
less sale of indulgencies and pardons, he 
boldly opposed it, and published his 
Ninety-five Conclusions on the subject. 
This drew upon him the concentrated 
animosity of Christendom. All the offen- 
sive weapons of papal power were put in 
requisition against him, and in the face 
of this dreadful array stood Martin Lu- 
ther unmoved, and supported no less by 
the justice than by the brightening pros- 
pects of his cause. It is recorded, as a 
specimen of the undaunted demeanour of 
Luther, that when his friends advised him 
not to appear at the Diet of Worms, to 
which he had been summoned by the em- 
peror, Charles the Fifth, he replied, " I 
would go if I were sure of meeting as 
many devils in Worms as there are tiles 
on the houses." 

At the death of Leo, which happened 
in 1521, Adrian succeeded to the papal 
chair, and, at his accession, found Italy 
in a state of universal commotion, chiefly 
occasioned by the incipient reformation ; 
imd Adrian, '' thinking that the principal 
nerve of Luther's inftuence lay in the bur- 
dens imposed on the people by the priest- 



hood, he determined to set himself first 
about their reformation ; supposing that 
the submission again to his authority of 
Luther's followers would, after that was 
effected, happen as a matter of course. 
This good resolution Adrian was induced, 
by the advice of those about him, to 
forego, and, in its stead, sent a letter to 
the Diet of Nuremberg, condemning 
Luther and his writings, and recommend- 
ing the princes there assembled to apply 
the old remedy of chains and flames. The 
Diet replied, that they forbore to execute 
the edict of Worms against Luther, be- 
cause the people were persuaded, by Lu- 
ther's publications, that the court of 
Rome had brought many grievances on 
Germany; and they concluded by de- 
siring his holiness to call a godly, free, 
and Christian council, in some convenient 
place of the empire. This reply did not 
please the nuncio, and his i^as equally 
distasteful to the members of the Diet, 
who refused to give any other answer. 
The princes then drew out a list of their 
complaints, under a hundred separate 
heads, which they called " Centum Gra- 
vamina,^^ and sent them to the pope« with 
a protestation that they neither could nor 
would endure them any longer; never- 
theless, before any thing was done in the 
afiair, Adrian ended his course. 

" Julio de Medicis then ascended the 
papal throne, under the title of Clement 
the Seventh; and a diet held shortly 
after, in Nuremberg, afforded him an op- 
portunity of making, bif the means of his 
legate, Cardinal Campiggio, another at- 
tempt to compose the differences that 
still existed between the holy see and 
Germany. However, this ended, like the 
former, by the Diet demanding a free 
council to be held in the empire.'' 

It was not, however, until the year 
1545, that the council met at Trent* and, 
in its protracted sittings, exhibited per- 
haps the most monstrous example of 
intrigue, bribery, and fraud, to be found 
even in the pages of ecclesiastical history. 
It would be impossible to give a detail of 
the endless bickerings and chicanery 
which the reverend members of this Coun- 
cil dignified with the name of delibera- 
tion. A tolerably accurate view of its 
general results may be obtained from the 
following observations of Mosheim : — 

In the opinion of those who examine things 
with impartiality, this assembly, instead] of re- 
forming ancieat abuses, rather gave rise to 
new enormities; and many transactions of 
this council have excited the just complaints 
of the wisest men in both communions. They 
complain that many of the opinions of the 
scholastic doctors on intricate points (that had 
formerly been left undecide^l, and had been 
wisely permitted as subjects of free debate) 
vrere, by this council, absurdly adopted as 
articles of faith,, and recommended as sueh, 
'nay, imposed, mth violence, upon the con- 
sciences of the people, under pain of exoom- 
municatioo. They complain of the ambiguity 
that reignain the decrees and decla n t t io n i of 



that cmmcil, by which the disputes and 
sensions that had formerly rent the church, 
instead of being removed by dear definitions, 
and wise and charitable decisions, were ren- 
dered, en the contrary, more peq)lexed and in- 
tricate, and were, in realify, propagated and 
multiplied, instead of being suppressed or di- 
minisned. Nor were these the only reasons of 
complaint; for it must have been aflBicting to 
those that had the cause of true religion and 
Chriistian liberty at heart, to see all things de- 
cided, in that assembly, according to the despo- 
tic will of the Roman pontiff, without any re- 
gard to the dictates of truth, or the authority 
of Scripture, its genuine and authentic source, 
and to see the assembled fathers reduced to 
silence by the Roman legates, and deprived, by 
these insolent representatives of the papacy, of 
that influence and credit that might have ren- 
dered them capfltUe of heaUng Utt wounds of 
the church. It was, moreover, a grievance 
justly to be complained of, that the few wise 
aod pious regulations that were made in that 
council were never supported by the authority 
of the church, but were suffered to degene- 
rate into a mere lifeless form, or shadow of 
law, which was treated with indifference, and 
transgressed with impunity. To sum up all 
in one word, the most candid and impartial 
observers of tiiines consider the council of Trent 
as an assembly that was more attentive to ^hat 
might maintain the deenotic authority of the 
pontiff than solicitous about enterii^ into the 
measures Uiat were necessary to promote the 
good of the church. In pursuance of this de- 
rign, they made it their object to perpetuate, 
as far as possible, the ignorance of the people. 
For ibis purpose the ancient Latin translation 
of the Bible, eomnionlv called the Vulgate, 
though it abounds with innamemble gross 
errors, and, in a great number of places, ex- 
hibits the most shocking barbarity or style, and 
the most impenetrable obscurity with respect 
to the sense of the inspired writers, was de- 
clared by a solemn decree of the council of 
Trent, an authentic — ^L e., a flaiithful, accurate, 
and perfect translation, and was consequenUy 
recommended as a production beyond the reach 
of criticism or censure. It was easy to foresee 
that such a deelantion was every way adapted 
to keep the people in ignorance, aod to veil 
from their understandings the true meaning 
of the sacred writings. It will not, therefore, 
appear surprising that there are certain doctors 
of the Romish church who, instead of submit- 
ting to the decisions of the council of Trent as 
an ultimate rule of faith, maintain, on the 
contrary, that these decisions are to be ex- 

glained by the dictates of Scripture, and the 
mguage of tradition. Nor, when all these 
things are dulv conridered, JhnXi we have 
reason to wonder that this council has not 
throughout the same degree of credit and 
avtiiority, even in those countries that profess 
the Roman Catholic religion. 



NOTES ON THE ISLAND OF CUBA. 

VaOM THB DNPUBLISHBD MlHORAtOA OF A* 

TRAVfiLLEa. 

No.V. 

If, as the moralists tell us, the prot)ortion of 
a h^ppy spirit in a community is the proportion 
of virtue regulating the conduct in life, then 
the Spaniards woald seem the most virtuous 
people on earth ; and, indeed, the? lave their 
claim to this estimation in a certain way; for, 
as a happy disposition is the efipring of con- 



THB TOURIST. 



twitumit ind «%e«ifUBeH, it must noAtB ten- 
ImmbCs under all ciieamistanocs IkTountble to 
like geod order of eociety. That fire-side Ivx- 
«7, with whioh erery domestic cndearmettt has 
aMociated itself in the English character, has 
i wnde r ed the people a eort of home-lorers, nn- 
MiMtfdl in their state, as West Indian oolonists, 
•f the social ontnof-door advantages of a tr(^i- 
«al cUmate. While the erenings of the French 
attd Spaniaids panahe of the luxurious rerel- 
lingB belof^ng to a love of the fields and 
fik>wer8, and hreathe that ** spirit of the sweet 
•onth stealing and giving odours,*' to which 
the adventurers were accustomed in their early 
days, and to which inclination as well as social 
iMhit prompts them in their colonial character 
>— the English, in the same soft hours of the 
land-breeze, still linger at the tahle as if to 
perpetuate rather the recollections of ''the 
spicy nut-brown ale " than that more consistent 
portion of the old characteristic in which jey 
and happiness associated themselves with the 
* merry bells ** and " the jocund rebec's sound,*^ 
vid 



<< 



MtBjr a youth and many a maid 
DanciDg io the chequerd shade.*' 



The evenine;s of the Spaniards in Cuba are 
seldom passed without some exhibition of ra- 
tional felicity, even in all the drawbacks of 
their political condition. The attention of the 
stranger, wandering in the first hours of star- 
light through the streets of their towns, is con- 
tinually called aside to some festive party with 
the guitar, or to some happy knot of beings 
whose amusements are heightened by more 
varied music, where the dance is seen, and the 
measured tones of its national accompani- 
snent, the favourite castanet, is heard. But, 
perhaps, the most interesting of these evening 
amusements, combining at once pleasure with 
surprise, is where the guitar is accompanied by 
the voice of the improvisatori singer. But im- 

frovisatori singing, which is pecuUar to the 
talians and Spaniards among European na- 
tions, has decided facilities arising out of the 
construction of these modem derivative lan- 
guages of the Latin. The constraint of metri- 
eai structure in unpremeditated versification 
gives an idea of difliculty ; but the continued 
isterohange of vowels ana consonants, and the 
accentuation and emphasis of every word, ren- 
der the harmonious construction of lines easy 
HI these languages; and rhyme, which most 
aiodem nations adopt to conceal defects or 
<xmipensate for monotony, is entirely dispensed 
with by the improvisatori. Having a lan- 
guage, then, which possesses elegance, pre- 
cision, and energy, and unfettered by die 
Inonmds of rhythm as an additional grace, the 
charms of poetical composition are secured to 
those who are sufficiently endued with the 
soul of melody to accompany Uie notes of 
mmlc with the utterance of poetical sentiment. 
Prriuding first, like the nightingale, who pours 
iiorth the commencement of her music ^ as if 
the sounds were cast to the dear leaves about 
her," the graceful turhanet of the matronly 
Senora, the bright eyes of the love-enticing 
J>onzel]a, or the natural flowers with which 
the Spanish maidens always garland their 
dark tresses in the evening, is generally die 
anspkation of the song. I give here the poeti- 
cal sentiments of a Catalan youth, who was 
temarkable for his improvisatori talent, as a 
cpeciroen of one of these evening contests of 
l0fe and gallanlry, the nighdy nnsioal lessons 
widi which mistresses task thenr lorers under 
4fae stadightsldei of a West liidia& Afvfl. 



'' Could lyiaspirsd by ladies' eyes* 

Gain by my long a garland flewer 
From some lair h/nw wboie beaaty vies 

With her** who owned the Paphita bower, — 
How, in this loflt and mooalight hour. 

When eyes like ttart around me shine. 
Should the kind influence of their power 

Give utterance to this song of mine, , 
And win the wreath that poets won. 
In times when gallant deeds were done. 

Yes, — ^might the meed be what I ask, 

I could not choose but win the prize, 
For the sweet song can be no task 

Inspired by love and ladies' eyes ; 
Then, gentle Inez, would I rise, 

And claim from thee the garland now ; 
Nor would thy lovely hands despise 

To place the wreath on Juan's brow ; 
For beauty knows the wreath she wears 
Love and the minstrel claim as theirs." 

The Spanish colonists do not possess the 
same gardening disposition as the French, at 
least they do not diow the same attention to 
arrangement and exact management The 
distinction, indeed, is that which w*e find in 
the difference of temperature in the respective 

E laces of their birth. The Spaniard derives 
is origin irom a more riant soil and climate 
than the Frenchman, and is more associated 
with the orange groves of his own genial land 
than with the parterres and flower-beds of his 
more northerly neighbour. To every cottage 
of Cuba a garden is, however, attached ; and, 
if not much characteriaed by order and neat- 
ness, it has yet an evident predilection for the 
fragrance ^nd beauty of flowers, among which 
the rose, the lily, the jasmine, and the holy- 
hock are conspicaous. There is also about its 
productions that sentiment of pleasure which 
attaches itself to the knowledge that the light 
luxury of a fniit or vegetable supper, the unt- 
versal evening meal of the Spaniard, is drawn 
fiom the toil of the cottager's own hands, or 
from the active spirits of &s litde household. 

" Turn pensilis uva secundas 
£t nux ornabat mensas cum duplice ficu : 
Pest hec ludus erat cuppa potare magistr-cl : 
Ac venerata Ceres, at culmo surgeret alto, 
ExpUcnit vino contractae seria frontis." — lioa. 

It is scarcely vfoith while to note the com- 
mon-place remark that in the observances and 
formularies of the Catholic devotion, the 
Spaniards are more exact, solemn, and osten- 
tatious than eny other people of the same reli- 
gious faith ; or that their women affect much 
ue serious and devout in worship, assuming 
the sable garb as their religious costume. 
This same spirit is found among them in the 
colonies: the females are veiled during the 
celebration of mass, — kneeling, or sitting like 
the orientals, on little carpets carried to church 
by their servants for that especial purpose. 
Spanish courtly assigns them the place near- 
est the altar: there are no seats. There were 
form^ly in the colonies various sumptuary 
laws regulating the dress of the women of the 
mixed race, but society has fallen into a disuse 
of these distinctions The regulation which 
formerly existed, prohibiting coloured women 
from kneeling on cushions at chui*ch, was fre- 
quently abrogated for a price in favour of par- 
ticular families, and the royal diploma rescind- 
ing the degrading restraint operated politically, 
and elevated tha<ie on whom it was conferred 
to the rank and dignity of European subjects. 
Misfortune has taught Spain to fix the perma- 
nency of her colonial empire in the last of her 
transatlantic possessions on a principle more 
consistent witii rood policy thancomplexional 
diatincCion, so ttiat this prejudice n now no 
lofeger regBided% 



Whikt speaking of the ostentatious devoUdn 
nf the Spanish character! wonld not fbrgel Io 
remailL tiie peculiarities of the AnaeiuB DomM 
and the Ave Maria; more especiuly the tSM 
which this observance produces, in the varied 
circumstances of a crowd, to the eyes of a 
stranger. A recent traveller in Sjpain has 

S'ven a strikingly vivid description of it: and 
e observance is just as rigia in the comnies 
as in European Spain — ^the only Catholic coun- 
trv which still retains this vestige of the pietj 
of Uie times of old : — 

'' At sunrise, a large sod-toned bell is tolled 
from the tower of me cathedral three times, 
summoning all the inhabitants, wherever they 
are, or however occupied, to devote a few mo- 
ments to the performance of a short prayer, in 
honour of the Virgin, called the AngHus D<ni^ 
ini. At the close of the evening the bell toUs 
again, and, to a foreigner, it is curious, and 
not uninteresting, to observe the sudden and 
fervent attention which is paid in the streets, 
within and without doors^ in the alameda, on 
the river, by every body, high and low, the 
idler and the labourer, the horseman and the 
pedestrian, infancy and age, to this solemn 
sound. The crowds in the promenade all sud- 
denly stop, and each group irepeats within his 
own circle the consoling prayer. The lover 
suspends his compliments ; the mistrem changes 
her laughing eyes to a demure look, and closes 
up her face ; the politician breaks off his argu- 
ment ; the young men are al>ashed in their gsty 
discourse, and take off their hats ; the cafriagea 
are drawn up; and all worldly business and 
amusement are forgotten, for about three 
minutes, till the cheerful tinkling of lighter 
bells announces that the orison is over.'* 

There is this additional circumstance, how- 
ever in the evening service to the Virgin in the 
colonies : the domestic slaves, at the condusioa 
of the prayer, come into the presence of llie 
master, and, kneeling and bowing before him, 
solicit his benediction. If it is refused, the 
slave knows he has been guilty of some dere- 
liction of duty, and does not fail either to make 
intercession for pardon, or, by diligence, to 
secure that forgiveness of which he is only 
sure when the benediction becomes a testimonr 
that the sun no longer sets upon his mastens 
wrath: the master, too, is very glad by this 
compromise to be able to say his Pater r9aeter 
with sinceri^. It is after tnis orison that the 
salutation of ffood night is pronounced to aU 
those encountered in the evening's walk or in 
the household. A ware of the practical moralitf 
which the evening bells of the Ave Maria call 
forth, it powerfully excites feelings of mutual 
charity and forbearance, and soothes the heart 
to meekness and to peace. 



THE LATE SIR THOMAS STAMFORD 
RAFFLES AND COLONIAL SLAVERY. 

The following extracts from a memoir by 
Mr. Fisher of the late Sir T. S. Raffles, pub- 
lished immediately after his decease, in the 
oldest of the British periodicals, exhibit the 
views of that enlightened and estimable public 
servant, with reference to this interesting sub- 
ject. Mr. Raffles quitted England for India 
with a subordinate appointment in the service 
of the East India Company. His talents re- 
commended him to Lord Minto, who appointed 
him his lieutenant in the government of the 
island of Java. On the cession of Java to the 
Dutch, Mr. T. S. Raffles was appointed by the 
company, lieutenant-governor of fort Marlbro', 
on the island of Sumatra. In each of these 
Stations he exerted his influence and authority 



THE TOURIST. 



tu the abolition of slaveiy; «n^ when the 
JSoonation of a new Bettlement at Singapore 
was detennined on, took especial caxe to guard 
ihalaettlement against its introduction." 

JATA. 

''Among the several laws and regulations 
%hich were established during the government 
of Mr. Raffles on Java, tbe act of the British 
paxiiament, declaring the slave trade to be a 
felony, was made a colonial law. 

''A general registiy of slaves was also intro- 
duced, and other measures adopted, with the 
concurrence of the principal inhabitants, which 
contemplated the final extinction of tlavery on 
the island : and when called upon to resign 
the government, foreseeing; that his object 
would be for a time defeated, by tlie restora- 
tion of the colony to the King of tbe Nether- 
lands, and in the hope of interesting his suc- 
cessors in its final accomplishment, he estab- 
lished a voluntary society of persons friendly 
to the measure, which he designated tbe 
* Java Benevolent Society.' *' 

rORT MARLBRO' OR DENCOOLEN. 

'' It is well known that this residency was 
one of the East India Company's eailiest 
possessions, and, having been formed on the 
bad principles which prevailed at the time 
when the company first took possession of 
it, was for more than a century cursed with 
all the abominations which attend the system 
of colonial slavery. Its population during that 
period consisted of a few demoralized Euro- 
peans, a small number of half-domesticated 
Malays, and a considerable body of native 
Afiican slaves called Caffres, whose wasting 
numbers were from time to time recruited by 
the importation of fresh victims, obtained at 
nn enormous expence. Of the latter descrip- 
tion of persons tne company possessed a cousi- 
jderable establishment, and all the other Euro- 
peans resident in the settlement were, of 
course, accustomed to the anomalous luxury 
of slave-service and property in human flesh. 

"The whole historv of this settlement, if cor- 
rectly written, would give an instructive view 
of the misery, folly, and commercial disap- 
pointment which are the concomitants of 
this system. It is beyond all question that, 
for many years, Bencoolen afforded to its pos- 
sessors no commercial advantage ; on the con- 
trary, by a reference to the annual parliamen- 
tary statements of the East India Company's 
affairs, it will appear that, for the forty years 
last past, it entailed upon them an annual loss, 
amounting frequently to more than 100,000/. 

"Yet it must be acknowledged that the 
spirit of enterprise was not backward to sug- 
gest plans, nor that of speculation to essay 
means, by which it was presumed the colony 
might eventually be rendered productive to its 
owners ; but as uie execution of all these plans 
rested on compulsory unremunerated labour, 
and properW in the persons of men, the uniform 
result was disappointment, failure, and loss of 
capital. 

"When Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles first 
took charge of this government, he found the 
settlement in the utmost poverty and wretch- 
edness: for religious worship, or for tbe ad- 
ministration of justice, scarcely any provision 
(Bodsting, and education almost totally disre- 
garded : on the other bund, gaming and cock- 
nghting not only permitted, but publicly pa- 
tionisea by the govei-nment There was, in 
fSKt, neither security fur person or property to 
be found. Murden were dailv committed, 
and robberies perpetrated, whi<m were never 
tiaced, nor inaeed attempted to be traced: 



and profligacy and immorality obtruded them- 
selves every where. In addition to these dis- 
gusting features, the oppression and debauchery 
which naturally spring from the system of 
slavery, and are peculiar to it, filled up the 
frightrol picture of misrule which this new 
connexion presented to its lieutenant-governor 
on his arrival. Not onlv were his prospects 
cheerless and discouraging in the respects 
already mentioned, but he had to associate 
with, and seek co-operation from, men who 
had long acted under tliis system, so diametri- 
cally opposed to his own views, and who might 
therefore be reasonably supposed disindined, 
through habit, to acquiese in the changes 
which it would be his wish to introduce. 

" Entering on his career of public duty at 
Bencoolen, under such inauspicious circum- 
stances, he nevertheless formed with cool- 
ness, and pursued with steadiness and per- 
severance, his plans of refonn. He appears 
to have ^i^'^n his earliest attention to the 
subject of forced service and slavery. Of 
the former he traced the history \ritii great 
accuracy; the Malay law stipulated, it ap- 
peared, that after the decease of a debtor, his 
children, in the first instance, and, after their 
death, the village to which he belonged, 
should be still liable for the debt Thus not 
only the original contractors were rendered 
slave debtors, as they are termed, but their 
offspring, and eventually the people in ge- 
neral, were reduced to the same 'hapless state. 
Under the plea of recovering debts, and con- 
sidering the people as debtors, they were com- 
pelled to work; and as the colony, in fact, 
contained no eauitablc court for the impartial 
adjudication or all the numberiess questions 
which would constantly arise between debtor 
and creditor, the system in its operation be- 
came one of lawless violence and oppression 
on the one hand, and of constantly recurring, 
though but too frequently unavailing, resist- 
ance on the other. 

" Of the African slaves, or Caffres, the pro- 
perty of government, there were, when Sir 
Thomas Stamford Raffles arrived (men, wo- 
men, and children), upwards of 200 ; being 
mosUy Uie children of slaves originally pur- 
chased by the East India Company ; that 
mode of keeping up or augmenting their num- 
ber having of course been discontinued, in obe- 
dience to the act of the British legislature 
which abolished the slave-trade. The Caffres 
had been considered as indispensable for the 
duties of the place; they were employed in 
loading and unloading the Company's ships, 
and other hard work, for which free labourers 
might have been engaged with great advantage 
to Sie employer. No care was taken of the 
morals or tne Cafires; in consequence of 
which, most of them were dissolute and de- 
praved, the women living in promiscuous in- 
tercourse with ihe public convicts. This, it was 
stated, was permitted for the purpose of ' keep- 
ing up the breed;' but the children, in the 
few cases where children were produced, were 
left in a state of nature, vice, and wretched- 
ness; and the whole establishment had for 
many years been on the decline, both as it 
respects numbers and efficiency. 

" Yet were there not wanting persons in 
Bencoolen, as in England, who eulogised this 
system as the perfection of human policy, and 
asserted that the Company's Caffres were hap- 
pier than free men. Such were not the views 
of Sir lliomas Stamford Raffles, who, fully 
convinced of the contrary, caused the whole 
of the Company's slaves to be brought before 
the fimst assembly of the native chiefs of Sa- 



matra that took place alter his airivnl^ nA^ 
after explaining to them the principles and 
views of the Bntish Government witn regacd 
to the abolition of slavery generally, he ffay» 
to each of the slaves a certificate of frMOom. 
To the old and infirm, small stipends wen 
also allotted for subsistence dnrmg the fe» 
mainder of their lives. This measure made m 
considerable impression at the time, and pro- 
mised to be followed by the most favouraUfr 
results. Indeed, Sir Thomas Stamford Raflte 
continued long enough at Bencoolen to enjo¥ 
the satisfaction of passing a regulation, with 
the entire concurrence of the native chiefs, br 
which slavery was eventually abolished, and 
the laws regarding debtors so modified as to 
render them consistent with the principles of 
the British Government" 

PULO NBAS. 

'* The first of these measures was the con- 
clusion of a treaty or treaties with the chiefs 
of a small island, situated off the south coast 
of Sumatra, called Piilo Neas. This treaty wa« 
a measure rather of benevolence than of policy. 
The inhabitants of tlie island, who rank among 
the most beautiful and well-formed specimens 
gf the human family, have, from tnat very 
circumstance, excited the cupidity of almost 
all the Mabommedan chiefs in the neighbour- 
hood ; who, it is believed, have been k>ng in 
the practice of trading to tliis island for slaves^ 
and the most shocking scenes of plunder and 
mpine have been the necessary consequence* 
So extensive has been the trafiic in tbe ill* 
starred inhabitants of Pulo i^eas, that Neas 
slaves are well known all over the east, and 
highly prized for their superior comeliness and 
artless manners, ^%hich qualities have every 
where obtained for them the highest price. It 
was chiefly for the purpose of putting an end 
to this hateful traffic, in connexion with some 
not very great commercial nd vantages which 
it was tnought would result i'rom the arrange- 
ment, that Sir lliomas Stamford Raffles took 
the island under British protection, by a treatj, 
which was never confirmed." 

SINGAIH>RE. 

On this island Sir Stamford Raffles hoisted 
the British flag on the 29th of February, 1819. 

^ In legislating for this settlement, the slaiee- 
trade and slavery were expressly prohibited. 
No individual could be imported for sale, 
transferred, or sold as a slave, after the estab- 
lishment of the settlement ; or, having his or 
her fixed residence in the island, can now * be 
considered or treated as a slave under any do- 
nomination, condition, colour, or pretence 
whatever.' The usages respecting bond debt- 
ors were of course materially modified, and a 
continued residence of twelve months at Sn- 
gapore was declared to constitute a fixed re- 
sidence^ and to entitle the party to all the 
benefits of tbe British constitution. 

** A most convincing proof of the intelligence 
displayed by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles in 
the establishment of Singapore, is the excellent 
consdtutbn of government under which he 

S laced it, and which has been already briefly 
escribed. ' His wisdom and discernment were 
no doubt apparent in the choice of the spot 
selected by him for the settlement The energy 
of his character was manifested by the promp- 
titude and decision with which he executed 
his design, and obtained possession of the 
island. But if there be one circumstance mae 
than any other which shows a combination of 
those qitaUties with a high degree of benevo- 
lent feeling, which manifests grestt inteUigeaee 
and great benignity united, it is the caie which 



THE TOURIST. 



Iw took to giuid fait inluit e«Ub£ahBwnt 
aminst tliat bmne of kU colonial speculatiRi, 

" T\xe mult hM been iuoh u erwy wiw 
mui and Mund politician would expect, and 
is «eU calculated to impart a lesson of wiBdom 
even to the most nntraclable and besotted ad- 
TocatM of the odioua system so long punued 
in Ibe weitnn woild. Had Sii Thomas Stam- 
ford Baffles, instead of holding; out to the in* 
habitants of Singapore the liberty and jienoiial 
■ecuritj which are proper to tie Britub con- 
atitutioD, and ought to be enjojed in all coun- 
tries which bear that name, and instead of 
admitting them to colomxe on the easiest 
imaginable terras, proceeded to people the 
island by impoitutions of African or any other 
slaves, and had he transcribed foi their goTcm- 
ment a few pages of the Jamaica or any other 
of the slave codes (matured, as we are told 
those codes have been, by the tciidom of txpi- 
rimce .'J— there would have been at this day, 
in Singapore, just as many iuhabitants as its 
rulers could find chains to bold there, and just 
as much work done by iheni as could be extorted 
from unwilling labourers by the mechanical 
opeiotioD of the losb or the thumb-screw ; or 
isther, which is more probable, the East India 
Companr, true to tbeii iaterests, and wise to 
discern them, and proCtiug also by their long 
expeiieDce at Bencoolen, would ere this have 
abandoned the island, writing off the exoense 
it had occasioned to them, as a heavy dUburi*- 
mmt eoniucled tuilh an abartive alUmpl, to 
uTofil and loss. BLut such has not been, and 
It is confidently homd never will be, the case 
with Siagapore. There, a free, well-protected 
commerce creates wealth, and wealth com- 
mands industry, to any extent which the exi- 
gencies of that commerce may require. The 
people come and go at their pleasure. AH 
rants eigoy the cheering sunshine of hope, and 
feel that powerful motive to exertion in full 
cqwration among them ; and as the effect of 
■uch principles has hitherto been, so it may be 
presumed that it will continue to he,pToiperitu." 
The following concluding lines are highly 
descriptive, and honourable to the subject of 
the memoir of which Ihey form a part. 

" The practices and principles which he 
sought to extirpate were cruelly, tyranny, 
iiaud, and ignorance j those which it appears 
to have been his wish to introduce were Imow- 
ledge and justice, by the efficient admimslra- 
tion of equal laws, the recoKuition of personal 
and relative rights, the total abolition of bond 
service and slaveiy, and by education." 

AN ELEPHANT. 
An elephant, belonging to Mr. Boddam, of 
ihe Ben^ civil service, at Oyat, used every 
da; to pass over a small bridge leading from 
his master's house into the town of Gyat He 
one day refused to go over it, and it was with 
difficulty, and by goring him most cruelly, 
ihat the driver could get him to venture on 
the bridge, the strength of which hs first tried 
with his trunk, showing cleariy that he sus- 
pected it was not sufficiently strong. At last 
he went on, and before he could get over the 
bridge gave way, and they were precipitated 
into the ditch, which killed the driver, and 
«onsiderably iiyured ihc'elephant. 

have 

-passea over it. It is a well-kuowa fact that 
einhants will seldom or never go over strange 
bridges without first trying with their trunks if 
they be sufficiently strong to bear their weight, 
Aor will they ever go into aboat without doing 
Ihess — 



Blaise Pascal, one of the most uni- 
versal philosophers that has appeared in 
any age or nation, was bom in Clermont, 
in France, June 19th, 1623. From his 
infancy he manifested extraordinary pow- 
ers of mind, and made great proficiency 
in every branch of study to which he 
turned nis attention. His early predilec- 
tions seemed to lean to mathematics, and 
the most singular accounts are preserved 
of the aptitude that he manifested in 
childhood for the exact sciences. His 
father, perceiving the bent of his mind, 
and unwilling that he should be so ab- 
sorbed by his favourite study as to neg- 
lect the languages and other necessary 
departments of education, threw obstacles 
in the way of his improvement, and 
locked up all books which treated on those 
subjects. He could not, however, divert 
his son's thoughts, and one day surprised 
him at work with charcoal on his cham- 
ber floor, and in the midst of figures. On 
learning from him what he was doing, he 
discovered, to his utter amazement, that, 
without any knowledge of the technicali- 
ties of the science, nor of its axioms 
further than he had determined them by 
reflection, he had discovered the proof of 
the thirty-second proposition of the first 
book of Euclid, that the three angles of 
every triangle are equal to two right 
angles ! 

From this time, he had full liberty to 
indulge in mathematical pursuits. He 
understood Euclid's ElemenU at first 
sight, and at sixteen year* of age he 
wrote a " Treatise on Conic Sections j" 
which Dee Cartes read, and supposed to 



have been written by the father of Pascal, 
who was his intimate fnend, and a very 
able mathematician. 

After devoting some time to these pur- 
suits, he naturally passed on to their ap- 
plication, and gave his attention to natu- 
ral philosophy. He soon distinguished 
himself by the ingenuity of his experi- 
ments, and raised his reputation above 
all competition by two treatises, the one 
the equilibrium of fluids, and the 
other on the weight of the atmosphere. 

So deeply was the scientific world now 
impressed with his vast superiority, that 
they submitted to him questions involving 
the greatest difficulties ; and one of these 
problems gave occasion to perhaps the 
happiest exertion of hb mathematical 
talent. It was to determine the curve 
described in the air by the nail of a 
coach-wheel while the machine is in mo- 
tion ; which curve was thence called a 
roullette, but is now commonly known 
as the cycloid. Pascal oSered a reward 
of forty pistoles to any one who should 
give a satisfactory answer to it. No per- 
son having succeeded, he published his 
own at Paris, which he composed during 
a sleepless night, and tortured with tootti. 
ache I At tweotv-four years of age, he 
entirely forsook these studies, as unwor- 
thy the attention of a life, and devoted 
himself to the solitary pursuit of morals 
and religion. It is satd that an accident, 
by which he nearly lost his life, in riding 
over the Pont Neuf, at Paris, was tb» 
means of first turning his attention to the 
a6airs of religion, and from this time he 
became a perrect devotee. He was not, 



bowever, so abstracted from tbe world as 
to lose sight altogether of its opinions ; 
and, interesting himself in the controversy 
between the two great sects of the Romish 
church, the Jesuits and the Jansenists, 
be wrote his " Provincial Letters," as they 
are called, in opposition to the former 
body. " These letters," says Voltaire, 
" may be considered as a model of elo- 
quence and humour. The best comedies 
of Moliere have not more wit than the 
first part of these letters ; and the subli- 
mity of the latter part of them is equal 
to any thing in Bossuet." 

Pascal was about thirty yews of age 
when these letters were pfublished ; yet 
the infirmities of a premature old age ap- 
pear to have increased upon him to such 
a degree as to incapacitate him for con- 
tinuous labour. He, therefore, gave him- 
self up to devotion, and, as his weakness 
and irritabiKty increased, mingled with 
it much of asceticism and superstition. 
As his life drew near its close, he em- 
ployed himself a>most exclusively in re- 
flection upon religion, and morals, and 
committed to the first scraps of paper he 
could find such thoughts as he deemed 
worthy of preservation. These wei^e found 
after his death, arranged and published, 
under the title of " Pascal's Thoughts,*' 
and constitute one of the most curious, 
profound, and inestimable works of which 
French literature can boast. At the early 
age of thirty-nine Pascal expired at Paris, 
on the 19th of August, 1662. 

Of his character the Abb^ Bossut, who 
collected and edited his works, has left 
the following interesting notice : — "This 
extraordinary man inherited from nature 
all the powers of genius. He was a 
geometrician of the first rank, a pro- 
found reasoner, and a sublime and ele- 
gant writer. If we reflect that, in a very 
short life, oppressed by continual infir- 
mities, he invented a curious arithmetical 
machine, the elements of the calculation 
of chances, and a method of resolving 
various problems respecting the cycloid 
-^that he fixed, in an irrevocable man- 
ner, the wavering opinions of the learned 
respecting the weight of the air*-that he 
wrote one of the completest works which 
exists in the French language — and that 
in his ' Thoughts' there are passages, 
the depth and beauty of which are in- 
comparable, we shall be induced to be- 
lieve that a greater genius never existed 
in any age or nation. All those who had 
occasion to frequent his company in the 
ordinary commerce of the world acknow- 
ledged his superiority ; but it excited no 
envy against him, as he was never fond 
of showing it. His conversation instruct- 
ed, without making those who heard it 
sensible of their own inferiority ; and he 
was remarkably indulgent towards the 
faults of others. It may easily be seen, 
by his ' Provincial Letters,' and by some 
of his other works, thsX he was bom wiCh 



THB TOUSI8T. 

a great fund of humour, which his infir- 
mities could never entirely destroy. In 
company, he readily indulged in that 
harmless and delicate raillery which ne- 
ver gives offence, and which greatly tends 
to enliven conversation ; but its principal 
object was generally of a moral nature. 
For example, ridiculing those authors 
who say, ^ My book, my commentary, 
my history ;' * they would do better,' said 
he, ' to say cur book, our commentary, 
our history, since there are in them much 
more of other people's than their own.' " 
We «dd one more remark of this wonder- 
ful man, which we think is rather happily 
selected from bis writings, to illustrate 
the chief characteristics of his style of 
thinking and writing — ^viz., ingenuity 
and profundity. ** It seems," says he, 
** rather a fortunate circumstance that 
some common error should fix the wan- 
derings of the human mind. For in- 
stance, the moon is supposed to influence 
the disorders of the human body, and to 
cause a change in human affairs, &c., 
which notion, though it be false, is not 
without its advantage, as men are thereby 
restrained from an inquiry into things to 
which the human understanding is in- 
competent, and from a kind of curiosity 
which is a malady of the mind." 



HURRICANE AT BARBADOS, 
llTH AUGUST, 1831. 

As this hurricane was singularly destractive, 
and perhaps more violent, considering the 
time it lasted, than any experienced within 
the memory of man, or reconied in bistoiy, a 
short description of it from an eye-witness 
may not be uninteresting — 

Ipse miserrima vidi. 

It seems to have wanted many of the usual 
indications which precede and mark the ap- 
proach of a convulsion of this kind in the West 
Indies. The day of the tentli closed with 
merely a lowering sky, and a few showers of 
rain. About one in the morning of the eleventh 
the wind was observed to blow strongly from 
the north, and in a short time it veered towards 
the west with a perceptible increase of force. 
Between two and three it had exceeded the 
violence of a common storm ; but it was not 
until after three that the hurricane raged in 
all its fury, with its full powers of destruction. 
The uproar of the elements became now ter- 
rific. No one was secure fh>m danger, nor 
could the mind be relieved from the certaintv 
that almost eveiy blast brought with it death 
to a fellow-creature. Between three and five 
the wind shifted in eddying and furious gusts, 
and with a roaring which drowned every other 
noise, from north-west to west, and then to 
south. During these two hours, houses built 
apparently with strength sufficient to resist any 
external violence were tumbled to the ground, 
covering the inmates under a mass of stones 
and rafters. In one family alone, twenty-two 
persons who had taken refuge in the cellar 
were thus crushed to death. Trees of an im- 
mense size, and of the growth of ages, were 
okher torn aaddenly up by their Toots, or snapt 



asrader is the niadla.* n^ Ughtaiiig, 4a- 
stMid of darting thioagh ll^ aiir, skiBBmNd 
along the ground in broad flaidies, and seemed 
to swero every thing befofe it. Meteorie balls 
and piUars of fire were seen in many places. 
The clouds, whenever the lightning gave ii 
sight of then, appeared to loiioh and mingle 
in thick masses with die gieund. Even 3ie 
earth itself was moved, and more than one 
shocik of an earthquake was distincdy felt 

The noise of the storm was unearthly. If o 
description oan convey a just notion of It. 
Many who were driven Irom tlieir bmises and 
exposed to the full beat and mge of the ele- 
ments, compared it to the mingled shrieks of 
an innnmerahle crowd of peisons in the air 
above. 

The extreme fury of the wind can be esti- 
mated only by its effects. As soon as the day 
opened, the eye could discover nothing but 
ruin and devastation. In the countiy venr 
few trees wero standing, and these were much 
broken, and completely stripped of their foliage. 
The ground was scathed and parohed on eveiy 
side. In one night the luxuriance of summer 
had given place to the dreary and leafless as- 
pect of a northern wmter. The few houses 
which remained were all unroofed and other- 
wise extensively damaged. 

Between five and six in the morning, my 
house, the walls and floors of which had with- 
stood the fuiy of the tempest, afforded a tem- 
porary shelter to the wounded and dying in 
the immediate vicinity. * Of six persons who 
were brought there, one only survived the iib- 
juries occasioned by the storm. At the dis- 
tance of a few hundred yards, a little village 
had recently been built, and the houses were 
tenanted chieflv by free coloured persons. On 
the morning of the eleventh not a single house 
was standing. The whole was one mass dt 
ruin and complete desolation. I passed over 
the ffroond between seven and eight, and I 
could scarcely discover even the site of the 
buildings. 

I went out immediately after the abatement 
of the storm. The first person I met was a 
lad evidently in a state of delirium. Excessive 
fright had given a shock to his mind whic^ 
deprived him, for a time, of his senses. He 
addressed me in incoherent and unmeaning 
language, and ran from me when I approached 
him. A few steps further brought roe to a 
ehUd lying dead in the road, by the side of a 

SEkt, which was also lifeless — ^both had been 
led by the storm : very near them was a 
woman on the ground, most piteously implor- 
ing help. A raffged splinter of wood had 
struck her below me knee, and pasdng through 
nearly the middle of the leg, it protraded 
about six inches on the opposite side. She 
died within a very few days. 

In the town and its environs, the desolation 
was more eonoentiated, and therefore more 
striking. Walls, rooft, beams of wood, furni- 
ture, brute animals and human beings, were 
huddled together in an imparently inextricable 
mass, llie wounded ana the dead were pro- 
nsinent and most painftil objects amidst the 
geneiml confusion. 

It is difiicnlt to determine whether the loss 
of life was jneater wiAin the houses or in the 
open air. 'nie extent of tiie evil rendered it 
impossibie to ascertain the cause of death in 
eadi parCicnlar instanee. We merely know 
that many were omshed under the ruins off 

* This was a dittiiictive featvre of the Egyndsa 
plague ofliall. "The Lord seat tliaateraiid MO, 
and ifaa fire ma aloag upon the mmmL" 
ix. 23, 



THE TOFRIST* 



their own houses and aoMxiy destroyed by ihe 
fihlliiig of stones and xaften in their attempt 
to escape. The lightmng killed some, whiie 
others were blown away by the gusts of wind, 
and either dashed wita violence against the 
walls and trees» or else earned into the sea and 
dfowned. Some idea may be formed of the 
danger occasioned by the scattered stones and 
fngments of wood, from the fact, that in one 
of the buildings belonging to his Mi^esty's 
government, a piece of timber was forced by 
the wind into the solid stone with so much 
violence, and to so great a depth, that it was 
found impossible to wrench it out witix the 
hand. 

The ships were all driven from their moor- 
ings, and hurried, without the least power of 
resistance, towards the shore. They were im- 
mediately stranded on the beach, and were 
raised so high that the following day a person 
could walk round many of them witnout diffi- 
-cttlty; The violence of the wind allowed no 
tim& for their striking and gradually breaking 
to pieces. 

On the morning of the eleventh there was a 
kind of wild amazement among the people, 
like that which attends the fii-st awal:ening 
from a most frightful dream. It was long be- 
fore they recovered their steadiness of mind, 
and their wonted powers of exertion. Mean- 
while the wounded and mutilated were in 
many cases left without succour, and even 
without notice. I believe some were not ex- 
tricated from the ruins until the tiiird day. 
For several days the stench arising from the 
unburied dead bodies was most offensive. 

No correct returns* were made of the per- 
sons killed by the hurricane. The conjectures 
were for the most part vague and unsatisfac- 
tory. Some estimate the Toss at three thou- 
sand ; others at five thousand, or even more. 
Some approximation may, perhaps, be made 
to the truth, by our knowing that in the garri- 
son, which contained about twelve hundred 
soldiers, more than fifty perished in the hurri- 
cane, or from injuries received by it. The 
wounded exceeded one hundred and thirty. 

Most signally did the Almiffhty remember 
mercy in the midst of his ju^pments. Had 
the wind continued with unabated violence a 
few hours longer, aud extended over the space 
of time usual in visitations of this kind, few 
persons would have been spared to relate the 
tale of almost universal destruction. Even 
another hour would have added fearfully to 
the loss of lives, and have perhaps completed 
the ruin of buildings and other property. 

A striking effect of the extreme fury of the 
storm appeared in the great destruction of 
birds. On the morning of the eleventh the 
ground in many parts was strewed with the 
common field birds uf the country, either dead 
>or severely wounded. The quantity killed 
immediately round Codrington College was so 
great that, to prevent the stench arising from 
their decay, persons were employed to collect 
and bury them intrenches dug for the purpose. 
The horses which escaped from the ruins of 
the fallen stables were, in many instances, 

* The retnrns of the wounded and killed by the 
hnrricane, although not given until after an inter- 
val of some months, were singularly and nnac*. 
covtttably inaccurate. It is stated of the parish 
of St. Michael, that there was only one free 
coloured person wounded. Yet it is notorious that 
some hundreds of this class of the inhabitants 
were sererely injured and disabled by the stonn. 
In ^e Cathedral alone there were thirty or forty 
under surgical care, and on many amputations 
were performed. 



hiinied wkk incaioti ble violence over the 
cliffs and other abrupt preeipiees^ and ware 
killed. 

The natural causes of hurricanes seem to 
have eluded the researches of philos(mhy. 
They are among the hidden sourees of cnas- 
tisement by wmch He who rideth upon the 
wings of the wind afflicts for just and salutary 
ends an entire people. No combination of 
the elements with wnich man is at present a«- 
quainted, is able to produce these tremendous 
convulsions, which seem to affect, at one and 
the same time, the earth, the sea, and the air. 

The rapidity with which the wind passes 
from one point of the compass to anotner is 
peculiarly characteristic of the hurricane. Vir- 
gil has seised on this fact in one of his allu- 
sions to a storm. 

Advert! nipto cen quondam turbine venti 
Confligunt.— i£n. ii. 416.* 

And it is noticed with a striking accuracy in 
the book of Job, chap i. ver. 19. There were 
many in the island of Barbados who literally 
and fatally experienced the great wind, which 
smote the four comers of the house, so that it 
fell upon them. — Christianity and Slavery, in 
a Course of Lectures hy Archdeacon Elliot, 
preached at St. MichaePs Cathedral, Barbados, 



SLAVERY IN JAMAICA. 

We have already made some extracts from 
the pamphlet of Mr. Whiteley, who was an 
eye-witness of the events he relates, with re- 
spect to the unheard-of miseries entailed by 
tne system of slavery on those who are the 
subjects of it. We will now make a few more 
extracts from the same work, showing the reli- 
gious bearing of the system. 

During my residence at New Ground, the St. 
Ann*s work-nouse gang (of convict slaves) was 
employed in digging cane-holes on the plantation. 
I had thus frequent opportunities of seeing and 
conversing with them. 1 shall never forget the 
impression I received from the first near view of 
these wretched people. The son of the captain, 
or superintendent of the work-house (a person 
named Drake), accompanied me to the field the 
first day 1 went out to see this gang ; and, as we 
went afonff, he remarked that I should probably 
be somewnat shocked by their appearance, but 
ought to bear in mind that these negroes were 
convicted malefactors — rebels, thieves, and felons. 
On approaching the spot I witnessed indeed a most 
affecting and appalling spectacle. The gang, con- 
sisting of forty-five negroes, male and female, were 
all chained by the necks in couples ; and in one 
instance I observed a roan and a woman chained 
together. Two stout drivers were standing over 
them, each armed both with a cart-whip and a 
cat>o'-nine tails. Nearly the whole gang were 
working without any covering on the upper part 
of their bodies ; and on going up to them, with a 
view to closer inspection, I found that their backs, 
from the shoulders downwards, were scarred and 
lacerated in all directions, by the frequent appli- 
cation of the cat and the cart- whip, which the 
drivers used at discretion, independently of severer 
floggings b^ order of the supermteodent. I could 
not find a single one who did not bear on his body 
evident marks of this savage discipline. Some 
were marked with large weals, and with what in 
Yorkshire we should call wrethett or ridges of flesh 
healed over. Others were crossed with long scars ; 
on others, again, the gashes were raw and recent. 
Altogether it was the most horrid sight that ever 
my eyes beheld. One of them bad on a coarse 
shirt or smock frock, which was actually dyed red 
with his blood. The drivers struck some of them 

* See also i£n. i. 99. 



sevevdy, while I was ppestnt, fer fcHing behind 
the laak in their work* 

I asked one of the drivers what were the oience» 
for which these people had been condemned. H% 
replied that some or them were convicts from Tw* 
lawney parish, who had been concerned in tha 
late rebellion ; others were thieves aod mnawayt; 
and, pointing out three individuals ^two men and 
a woman), be added that these bad been taken «» 
while martial law was in force-^or praying, 1 
asked if I might be permitted te speak to thes^ 
three persons ; and, meeting with no objection, I 
went forward and conversed with them. One ol 
them, whose name was Rogers, in reply to my in* 
quiries, informed me that he had been condemned 
to the workhouse gang for meeting with other ne* 
CToes for prayer. The other roan, whose name I 
have forgot, told me that this was the second time 
that he had been sent to work in chains solely for 
this offence — namely, joining with some of kis 
friends and relatives in social prayer to his Maker 
and Redeemer ! In order to assure myself further 
of the truth of this extraordinary fact, I made 
inquiry respectinfir it of some of the most tntelli* 
gent negroes on New Ground estate, to whom the 
particulars connected with these people*s condem- 
nation were known, and received such full corro- 
boration of their statement as left me* no doubt 
whatever of its truth. Indeed, I soon found good 
reason to believe that on many estates there are 
few offences for which the unhappy slaves are' 
punished with more certainty or severity than 
praying. 

About a fortnight after my return from my last 
visit to the attorney, a deputation from St. Ann's 
Colonial Church Union waited upon me. This 
took place on one of the militia muster days. I 
observed that day that a number of overseers and 
book-keepers called at New Ground estate, aa 
they returned from muster, and I noticed a great 
deal of whispering among them. Just at dusk 
two persons, under the character of a depuUtion 
from the Colonial Church Union, made their ap- 
pearance, and demanded an inteiview with me. 
The overseer introduced them — a Mr. Dicken and 
a Mr. Brown. The former I had previously met 
with, but to mv salutation he now made no re- 
sponse. Mr. Brown was spokesman, and cbm- 
roenced by informing me that they came as a de- 

Sutation from more than a hundred gentlemen at 
t. Ann's Bay, to state to me, — 1st. That they 
bad heard I had been leading the minds of the 
slaves astray, by holding forth doctrines of a ten- 
dency to make them discontented with their pre-^ 
sent condition. 2ndly. That I was a Methodist, 
and that my relative who had sent me to Jamaica 

was a d d Methodist. And, 3rdly. That they 

had a barrel of tar down at the Bay to tar and 
feather me, as I well deserved, and that they 
" would do so, by G— d." 

In reply, I acknowledged that I was undoubt- 
edly a Methodist ; but added, mildly, that I was 
altogether unconscious of any act, since I arrived 
in tiie island, whereby I could have given any 
reaBonable offence to the planters or any other 
class of men ; and I begged them to specify my 
offences. Mr. Brown then stated, that in the first 
place, I had written a letter to the Rev. 'J'homas 
Pennock, Wesleyan Missionary. 2odIy. That in 
,a letter I had written to Mr. , the attor- 
ney, I had said, '* The Lord reward you for the 
kindness you have shown me, and grant you in 
health and wealth long to live." 3rdly. That I 
had said to a slave who had opened a gate to me 
at R certain place, '* The Lord bless you.*' 4thly. 
That I had asked the drivers of the workhouse 
gang questions respecting the offences of the De- 
grees of that gang. 5thTy. That I had made pri- 
vate remarks about the way in which I had seen 
Mr. M'Lean, the overseer, treat the slaves. (Here 
Dicken, who was an overseer at Winsor, a neigh« 
bouring plantation, told me he had two negroes at 
that moment in the stocks, and added, with a bru- 
tal oath,* if I would come overinthe morning he 

• The planters of all ranks, wiih very rare exccptioas, 
are abockiitg swearers; the more volear sort intfrlarding 
their prorancneis with the mctst revolting obtceniiy, 



THE TOURIST. 



WdoH let me tee diem properir flogged.) 6tk]y. 
Tliftt I had preftcked to a liundied and fifty slaves 
mt one time. — ^To all these charges I pleaded 

Sailty, except the last, which was without foun- 
atioD — ^witnont even a shadow of troth ; though, 
if it had been tnie, tt wonld have been difficult for 
me to iidmit its criminality. Dicken then drew his 
hand across my throat, and swore by his Maker 
that he would be the first man to cut it if I should 
dare to talk to the slaves in the same way again. 
He then pulled out a pistol, which he cocked, and 
held out (but did not point it at my person), say- 
ing, that if he was to fire it off, there would be 
twenty men in the house in one minute, ready to 
do wnat everthey chose with me. Mr. M'Lean, 
the overseer, here spoke op, and said, with con- 
siderable yehemenee, that oefore he would see me 
abased he would rather hare a ball through his 
own breast 

I then told them that there was no occasion for 
▼iolenee ; that I was quite willing, under the cir- 
cumstances in which I found myself, to leave the 
island by the very first conveyance ; and should 
be glad if they and their friends would only permit 
me to do so quietly. They promised to report this 
xeply to their Society, the Colonial Church Union, 
and so departed. 

GOETHE AND MADAME DE STAEI.. 
The following amusing remarks on 
the conversational habits of Madame de 
Stael are from the pen of her great con- 
temporary, Goethe. 

To philosophize in compaDy is tu speak with 
liveliness about problems which are inexpli- 
cable. This was her peculiar pleasure and pas- 
sion, and her philosophizing spirit was carried, 
in the heat of talking, into matters of thou,q:nt 
and sentiment, which are only fitted to ])e dis- 
cussed between God and one's own heart I5e- 
ndes this, like a woman and a Frenchwoman, 
she adhered ohstinately to her own positions, 
and shut her ears against the greater part of 
^hat was said by owers. 

All this had a tendency to rouse the evil 
spirit within me, so that I generally received 
-with objections and contradictions every tiling 
she brought forward, and sometimes, by my 
determined opposition, drove her to despair. 
In this situation, indeed, she generally ap- 
peared most amiable, and displayed in a 
striking light her quickness in thought and 
power of reply. I had several continuous iite" 
A-tete conversations with her, in vthich, in her 
usual style, she was tiresome enough ; for she 
never would allow a moment's reflection even 
on the most important suggestions, but would 
have had the most profound and interesting 
matters discussed with the same rapidity as if 
•vre had been merely employed in keeping up 
a racket-ball. 

One anecdote of this kind may find a place 
here. One evening at the court, Madame df 
Stael advanced to me, and said, with a lively 
feeling, " I have important news for you'; 
Moreau has been arrested, along with some 
others, and accused of treachery to the tyrant" 
I had, like others, for a long time taken much 
interest in the personal concerns and actions 
of that noble man ; I now recalled the past to 
my remembrance, in order, in my own way, 
to examine the present, and to draw some con- 
clusion as to the future. The lady changed 
the subject, directing her conversation to a 
thousand different matters ; and when she per- 
ceived th^t I, wrapped up in my own medi- 
tations, was not answering her with much 
interest, she assailed me again witli her usual 
reproach, that I was sulky, as usual, this even- 
ing, and no cheerful talk to be had with me. 
I got a little angry, and told her she was in- 



capable of zeal sympathy — that she might as 
well break into my house, give me a box on 
the ear, and then tell me to ^ on with my 
soDg, as dance from one topic to another. 
This burst was quite after her own heart ; she 
wished to excite pasrion, no matter what. In 
order to pacify me, she described to me the 
whole particulars of the accident ; and, in 
doing so, displayed her deep acquaintance 
with the situation of affairs as well as charac- 
ter. Her intercourse with society in Germany 
has, in its results, been of deep importance ana 
influenpe. Her work on Germany, which owes 
its origin to such social conversations, has 
been like the march of a powerful expe^tion, 
by which a breach has been effected in the 
Chinese wall of those antiquated prejudices 
which separated us from France, and been the 
means of extending a knowledge of us over 
the Rhine, and even across the channel, and 
of spreading our influence into the distant 
west 



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Life and Death of the Rev. BU>w]and Hill, with some very 
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No. 544 contains the Final Pulpit Address of the Rev. 
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BRITISH COLLEGE OF HEALTH, KING'S 
CROSS, NEW ROAD, LONDON. 

MORISON'S UNIVERSAL VEGETABLE 

MEDICINE. 

Cure of ChoUra Morbus^ 
Mr. Chnrlwood, 
Sir,--With a due sense of gratitude, I beg to acknow- 
ledge a cure performed on me by use of Morison's excel- 
lent Pills. I was taken with the Cholera Morbna about a 
fortni<;bt ago, attended with the usual accompaniments; 
having been recommended to use Morison's Pills, I in- 
staatly applied for them at your agent's, Mr. Tnxford, Back 
of (he Inns ; the second dose gave me Immediate relief, 
and brought up a quantity of nauseous bile Arom the sto- 
mach. I then took a third dose of fifteen pills, and fell 
into a sound sleep, and rapidly succeeded to a restoration 
of good health. 

frcmain. Sir, with grateful respect, your obedient acr- 
vant, 

^ ^ J. DfTCHMAK. 

Norwich, CrookVpUee, Sept. 98, 18». 



€ur€of Epilgpstf, 

To Mr, B. Giles, Tavens-vtrect, Ipswich, 
Sir,— With heartfelt thanks to the Alrai^ly dIspcMer' 
of all good, for that return of health I now eajoy Ihna 
the use of Mr. Morison's Universal Medicines, I consider 
it mv duty to suffering humanity to give every possible 

EabUcity I can to my extraordinary case and core, in tli» 
ope of inducing others, who may despair of relief ia 
similar eases, to reap the same benefit. 

For seven years I was afllictcd with fits ct the nott 
alarming description, and in the laat twelve moatha pre- 
vious to my taking the Pills, they came on fjrom twice to 
four times a week, and lasted from one to three hottn at 
a time, requiring several persona to hold me. It waa ia 
this state of suffering I called on your sab-ageat, Mr. 
Backett, of this place, who recommended me to try tbe 
" Universal Medicine," and I oommenced with m of 
No. 1 and 9 alternately, night and morning, increasiiw 
gradually up to twenty-four in a day, then reducing them 
down to three or four, until I left off. When I had takea 
the Piila three days, I had a alight attack for abont half 
aa hour ; but Arom that time till the present, which is aix 
months, I have not had the least symptom of a relapse. I 
took the pills six weeks. 

Of the correctness of this statement, I will conviace aw 
one who may please to call on me. 

I am, Sir, your hnmble servant, 

. . ^ C. Bbowr. 

Kelsale, Oct. 1, 1839. 

Cure rf Uleert in the Keek, with Blindnet§^ 

To Mr. E. Giles, Tavern-street, Ipswich.' 

Stradbroke, Oct 1, 1839. 
Sir,— I saw a little patient of mine yesterday ; his name 
is George Fisher, at Laxfield, aged aboat four years, who 
had been blind of both eyes for nearly two years, and had 
three large ulcers in his neck ; he is now restored to his 
sight; his eyes, otherwise, ncariy well, and the ulcers are 
perfectly cured. All this was effected by the ** Unlvvtsal 
Medicines." 

Your obedient servant. 

Lot Smith, Agent for Stradbrokc 

CAUTION TO THE PUBLIC. 

MORISON'S UNIVERSAL MEDICINES 
having superseded the use of almost all the Patent Me- 
dicines which the wholesale venders have foisted npoa 
the credulity of the searchers after health, for so many 
years, the town druggists and chemists, notable toestabliah 
a fair fame on the invention of any plausible means of 
competition, have plunged into the mean expedient of pnff- 
Ing up a " Dr. Morrison" (Observe the subterfuge of the 
double r), a being who never existed, as prescribimr a 
" Vegetable Universal Pill, No. 1 and 9," for the express 

f)urpose (by means of this furgerl imposition upon the pub- 
ic), of deteriorating the estimation of the ** UNIVERSAL 
MEDICINES" of the "BRITISH COLLEGE OF 
HEALTH." 

Know all Mkn, then, that this attempted delusion 
must fall under the fact, that (liowever specious the pre- 
tence), none can be held genuine by the College but those 
which have " Morison's Universal Medicines" impressed 
upon the Government Stamp attached to each box and 

f>acket, to coiuterfeit which is felony by the laws of the 
and. 

The " Vegetable Universal Medicines" are (o be had at 
the College, New Road, King's Cross, London; at the 
Surrey Branch,00, Great Surrey-street ; Mr. Field's, 16, Air- 
street, Quadrant ; Mr. ChappcU's, Royal Exchange ; Mr. 
Walker's, Lamb's-conduit-passage, Red-Hon-square ; Mr. 
/. Loft's, Mile-end-road : Mr. Bennett's, Covent-garden*- 
market; Mr. Haydon's, Fleur-de-lis-court, Norton-fiilgate ; 
Mr. Haslet's, Mr, Ratclitte-highway ; Messrs. Norbnry's, 
Brentford; Mrs. Stepping, Clare-market; Messrs. Salmon, 
Little Bell-alley ; Miss \arai*s, 94, Lucas-street, Commer- 
cial-road ; Mrs. Beech's, 7, Sloane-sqnsre, Chelsea ; Mn. 
Chappie's, Royal Library, Pall-mall; Mrs. Pippen's, 18, 
Wingrove-place, Clerkenwell ; MlssC. Atkinson, 19, Neir 
Trinity-grounds, Deptford; Mr. Taylor, Hanwell; Mr. 
Kirtlam, 4, Bolingbroke-row, Walworth ; Mr. Payne, <M^ 
Jermyn-street; Mr. Howard, at Mr. Wood's, hair-dresser, 
Richmond ; Mr. Meyar, 3, MayVbaildings, Blackheath ; 
Mr. Griffiths, Wood- wharf, Greenwich ; Mr. Pitt, l,Com- 
wall-road, Lambeth; Mr. J. Dobson, S5, Craven-street, 
Strand; Mr. Oliver, Bridge-street, Vauxhall ; Mr. J. 
Monck, Bexley Heath; Mr. T. Stokes, 12, St. Ronan's, 
Oeptford; Mr. Cowell, 82, Terrace, Pimlico; Mr. Parfitt^ 
00, Edgware-road ; Mr. Hart, Portsuonth-place, Kennin|*- 
ton-Iane ; Mr. Charlesworth, grocer, 124, Shoreditch ; Mr. 
R. G. Bower, grocer, 22, Brick-lane, St Luke's ; Mr. S. 
J. Avila, pawnbroker, opposite the church. Hackney; Mr 
J. S. Briggs, 1, Brunswick-place, Stoke Newingtcn; Mr. 
T. Gardner, 99, Wood-street, Cheapsidc, and 9, Nortoa- 
falgate ; Mr. J. Williamson, 16, Seabrighi-pLice, Hackaey- 
road; Mr. J. Osborn, Wells-street, Hackney road, and 
Homcrton; Mr. H. Cox, grocer. Id, Union-street, Bishope 

¥ite-8treet ; Mr. T. Walter, cheesemonger, 67, HoxtonOkl 
own ; and at one agent's in every principal town in Great 
Britain, the Islands of Gnemsey and Malta; and throng^* 
out the whole of the United States of America. 

N. B. The Colleee will not be answerable for the co^ 
sequences of any medicines sold by any diyniist or dmn^st, 
as none such are allowed to sell the '* Universal Medi- 
cines." 



Printed by J. Haddon and Co. ; and Published 
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THE TOURIST. 



' Utile Dulci." — Horace. 



\QU !.— No. 41. 



MONDAY, MAY 13, 1833. 



Price One Pen>y. 



DISRUPTION OF THE DYKES IN HOLLAND. 



No country is more unhappily exposed 
to inundation, and that of the most cala- 
mitous kind, than Holland, in conse- 
quence of its lowness and flatness. To 
obviate the danger arising from these 
local peculiarities, the inhabitants have 
intersected their couDtry with dykes, con- 
■tructed with prodigious labour and inge- 
nnity. Art has thus striven to oppose 
the power of nature, and in most instances 
has done it successfully. In some cases, 
however, nature has, in a terrific manner, 
asserted her own supremacy ; and the 
engraving prefixed to this article repre- 
sents one of these dreadful occasions. 
The event took place on the I9th of No- 
vember, 1421, and its horrors were if 
possible increased by its occurring in the 
night. The banien formed against the 



tides wore on this occasion swept away 
by the united vehemence of winds and 
waves, and the v/hole south of Holland 
was flooded and devastated. Besides the 
mansions of the nobility, seventy-two 
villages were swept away, and <me liun- 
dred thousand souls perished. Such an 
event, but attended with less loss of life, 
occurred in 1430. The vast expanse of 
water called the Zuyder Zee was formed 
by one of tliese inundations, and the Bies 
Bosch by the one represented above. 
Another occurred in 1686, and is de- 
scribed as follows in the Iiondon Gazette. 
" Groningen, Nov. 26. — On Friday, 
the 22nd instant, it blew the whole day a 
most violent storm from the south-e 
towards night the wind changed to 
west, then to the north-west, afterwards 



to the north-east, and back again to the 
north-west. The weather continued thus 
tempestuous all night, accompanied with 
thunder and lightning ; the chimneys and 
roofs of a great many houses were blown 
down, and much more mischief was done; 
but it was not comparable to that which 
followed ; for the dykes, not being able 
to resist the violence of the sea, agitated 
by these terrible storms, the whole coun- 
try between this and the Delfziel, being 
about eighteen English miles, was the 
next morning overwhelmed with water, 
which in many places was eight feet 
higher than the very dykes, and many 
people and thousands of cattle were 
drowned, the water breaking even through 
the walls of the town of Delfziel, to that 
height that ^e inhabitanta were forced 



3ao 



THE TOURIST. 



to betake themselves to their garrets and 
upper rooms for shelter. The whole vil- 
lage of Oterdam is in a manner swept 
away. At Termunderzyl, there is not 
one house left, above three hundred peo- 
ple being drowned there, and only nine- 
teen escaping. Hereskes, Weywert, Wol- 
dendorp, and all the villages near the 
Eems, have suffered extremely. The 
western quarter has likewise had its share 
in this calamity, and the highest lands 
have not escaped. On Sunday and yes- 
terday it reached this city ; the lower 
parts whereof are now all under water. 
From the walls of this city we can see 
nothing but the tops of houses and stee- 
ples that remain above water. In a word, 
the misery and desolation is greater than 
can be expressed. 

**• It is impossible to describe the pre- 
sent sad condition of this province, occa- 
sioned by a most terrible inundation that 
happened on the 22nd instant ; the like 
has not been known these hundred years. 
The whole province, except the higher 
parts of this city, lies under water ; whole 
villages have been swept away, and a 
great many people, with abundance of 
cattle, drowned ; and those that have 
escaped, sheltering themselves in garrets 
and upper rooms, are in great distress 
for want of relief; nothing but lamenta- 
tions, and the jangling of bells for help, 
is heard through the whole country ; and 
though all possible care is taken to assist 
them from hence and other places, yet, 
there not bein^ boats enough to afford 
help to all, it IS to be feared many will 
be tost for want of it. At Oterdam, near 
Delfziel, but twenty-five persons have 
escaped ; in the village of Peterborne 
there are but three houses left standing ; 
andy in genera), all the houses that stood 
near the dyke have been swept away." 



CHINESE VESSELS, OR JUNKS. 

Chinese vesKls have generallv a captain, 
who might more properly he styled a super- 
cargo. Whether the owner or not, he nas 
charge of the whole cargo, buys and sells as 
circumstances require, but has no command 
whatever over the sailing of the ship. This is 
the business of the Ho-cnang, or pilot During 
the whole voyage, to observe the shores and 
promontories are the principal objects ^vhich 
occupv his attention, day and night. He sits 
steaauy on the side of the ship, and sleeps 
when standing, just as it suits his convenience. 
Though he has, nominally, the command over 
the sailors, yet they obey him only when they 
£nd it agreeable to their own wishes; and 
they scola and brave him just as if he be- 
longed to their own company. Next to the 
pilot (or mate) is the To-kung (helmsman), 
who manages the sailing of the ship ; there 
are a few men tmder his inmiediate command. 
There are, besides, two clerks: one to keep, 
the accounts, and the other to superintend the 
cargo that is put on board. Also, a comprador, 
to purchase provisions; and a Heang-kung 
(«r priest), who attends to the idols, and bums, 



every morning, a certain quantitv of incense, 
and of gold and silver paper. Tne sailors are 
divided into two classes; a few, called Tow- 
mi:^! (or head men), have charge of the an- 
chor, sails, &c.; and the rest, caUed.Ho-ke (or 
comrades), perform the menial work, such as 1 
pulling ropes, and heaving the anchor. A 
cook and some barbers make up the remain- 
der of the crew. 

All these personages, except the second class 
of sailors, have cabins ; long, narrow holes, in 
which one mav stretch himself, but cannot 
stand erect It any person wishes to go as a 
passenger, he nuist apply to the Tow-muh, in 
order to hire one of their cabins, which they 
let on such conditions as they please. In fact, 
the sailors exercise full control over the ves- 
sel, and oppose every measure which they 
think may prove injurious to their own in- 
terest ; so that even the captain and pilot axe 
frequently obliged, when wearied out with 
their insolent behaviour, to crave their kind 
assistance, and to request them to show a bet- 
^ ter temper. 

The several individuals of the crew form 
one whole, whose principal object in going to 
sea is trade, the working of the junk being 
only a secondary object Every one is a share- 
hoiaer. having L liberty of putting a certain 
quantity of goods on board, with which he 
tmdes, wheresoever the vessel may touch, 
caring very little about how soon she may 
arrive at the port of destination. 

The common sailors receive horn the cap- 
tain nothing but dry rice, and have to provide 
for themselves their other fare, which is usually 
very slender. These sailors are not, usually, 
men who have been trained up to their occn- 
pation, but wretches who wete oUiged to ftee 
Rom their homes; and they fiequently en- 
gage for a voyage before they have ever been 
on board a junk. All of them, however stupid, 
are commanders ; and if any thing of import- 
ance is to be done, they will bawl out their 
commands to each other' till all is utter con- 
fusion. There is no subordination, no cleanli- 
ness, no mutual regard or interest 

The navigation of junks is performed with- 
out the aid of ^ charts, or any other helps, ex- 
cept the oompasB ; it is mere coasting, and the 
wlM>le art of the pilot consists in directing the 
course according la the promontories in nAU 
in time of danger, the men immediately lose 
all courage; and their indecision frequentlv 
proves the destruction of their vessel. Although 
they consider our mode of sailing as somevdiat 
better than their own, still they eannot but 
allow the palm of superiority to tlie ancient 
craft of the " celestial empire." When any 
alteration for improvement is proposed, they 
will readily answer, 'Mf we adopt this mea- 
sure we shall justly fall under the suspicion of 
barbarism." 

The most disgusting thing on board a junk 
is idolatry, the rites of which am performed 
with the greatest punctuality. The goddess of 
the sea is Ma-tsoo-po, called also Teen-how, 
" queen of heaven." She is said to have been 
a virgin, who lived some centuries ago in 
Fuhkeen, near the district of Fuh-chow. On 
account of having, with great fortitude, and 
by a kind of miracle, saved her brotlier, who 
was on the point of drowning, she was deified, 
and loaded with titles, not dissimilar to those 
bestowed on the Virgin Mary. Every vessel 
is furnished with an image of this goddess, 
before which a lamp is kept burning. Some 
satellites, in hideous shape, stand round the 
portly queen, who is always represented in a 
sitting posture. Caps of tea are placed before 
I her, and some tinsel adorns her sniine. 



When a vessel is about to proceed on a voy- 
tte, she is taken in prooessien to a temple, 
where many offerings are displayed before her. 
The priest recites some pmyers, the mate 
makes sevenl piostratioBS, and the captain 
usually honours her by appearing in a full 
dress before her image. Inen an entertain- 
ment is given, and me food presented to the 
idol is greedily devoured. Aftenvards the 
good mother, who does not partake of the 
gross earthly substance, is carried in front of a 
stage, to behold the minstrels, and to admire 
the dexterity of the actors; thence she is 
brought back, with music, to the junk, where 
the merry peals of the gong receive the vene- 
rable old inmate, and the jolly sailors anxi- 
ously strive to seize whatever may happen to 
remain of her banquet 

The caro of the goddess is intrusted to the 
priest, who never dares to appear before h^r 
with his face unwashed. Every morning he 
puts sticks of burning incense into the censer, 
and repeats his ceremonies in every part Of 
the ship, not excepting even the cooVs room. 
When the junk reaches any promontory, or 
when contrary winds prevail, the priest makes 
an offering to the spirits of the mountains, or 
of the air. On such occasions (and only on 
such) pigs and fowls are killed. When the 
offering is duly armnged, the priest adds to it 
some spirits and fruits, bums gilt paper, makes 
several prostrations, and then cries out to the 
sailors, ^ Follow the spirits," who suddenly rise 
and devour most of the sacrifice. When sail- 
ing out of a river, offerings of paper are con- 
stantly thrown out near the rudder. But to 
no part of the junk are so many offerinrs 
maae as to the compass. Some red clo£, 
which is also tied to tne rudder and cable, is 
put over it : incense sticks in great quantities 
are kindled; and gilt paper, made into the 
shape of a jnnk, is burnt before it Near the 
compass, some tolMuxx), a pipe, and a biuBing 
lamp are placed, the joint profNerty of all ; and 
hither diey all crowd to enjoy themsdves. 
When there is a calm, the sauors genially 
contribute a certain quantity of ffit papar, 
which, pasted into the form of a junk, is set 
adrift If no wind follows, the goddew Is 
diought to be out of humour, and leooune Is 
had to the demons of the air. W^ben all m- 
deavours prove uasucceGsful, the ofleri^fs 
cease, and the sailors wait with indiffereoe^. 
Sneh aft the idolatrous principles of die 
Chinese that they never sprcAd a sail widioat 
having <»iiciliatdd the iavmur of cht AeMmh 
nor TctuTO from a voyage without showing 
their gratitude to their tutelar deity. Chris- 
tians aro the servants of the living God, who 
has created the heavens and the earth — ^at 
whose conamand the winds and the waves rise 
or are still — ^in whose meroy is salvation, and 
in whose wrath is destraction ; how much 
more, then, should they endeavour to conci- 
liate the iavour of the Almightr, and to be 
grateful to the author of all good! If idola* 
ters feel dependant on superior beings, if they 
look up to tliem for protection and success, u 
they are punctual in paying tlieir vows, what 
should be the conduct of nations who acknow- 
ledge Christ to be their Saviour? Reverence 
before the name of the Most High-^-rohanee 
en his gracious protection-^submissimi t» his 
just dis^osations, and devout prayeiS) humbk 
thanksgiving, glorious praise to the I^ord of 
the earth and of the sea, ought to be habitual 
on board our vessels ; and, if this is not the 
case, the heathen will rise up against us in 
the judgment, for having paid more attentien 
to tneir dumb iMs than we have to the l^RM 
ship of the living and true God. 



THE TOURIST. 



331 



' NEGROES IN AFRICA. 

Two or three years ago, his Majesty's 
ship Dryad was appointed to the western 
coast of Africa on the service for the sup- 
pression of the ■ slave-trade. Since its 
return from that station, Mr. Peter Leo- 
nard has given to the public an interest- 
ing account of his observations, from 
which we extract the following statements 
respecting the character and condition of 
the negroes there. The first respects the 
state of education in Freetown. 

In Freetown (savs Mr. Leonard), there are 
two government scnools, on BelVs system, for 
the education of black children of every race. 
Maroons, Settlers, and liberated Africans. In 
the male school, there are at present three 
hundred and eighty-five pupils, divided into 
ten classes ; in the lemale school, two hundred 
and sixty-four, into eight classes. The boys 
are taught reading, writing, and arithmetic 
only ; the girls, besides these, are instructed in 
needle- work. Every attention seems to be paid 
to their instruction ; and, besides being re- 
markably clean, neatly dressed, and well-be- 
haved, the progress they have made in these 
rudimental branches of education deserves the 
highest praise. I examined several classes in 
each school, and studiously compared the ac- 
quirements of the liberated^ African with the 
other children. There was no perceptible 
difference. Tlie lights and shades of intellect 
seemed to bear much the same proportion 
among them as among the children of our 
own labouring classes at home. For the age 
of these children, their process, under the 
system of education adopted, seemed to be 
very rapid. 

Respecting the manumitted negroes in 
Sierra Leone — that is, those who have 
been rescued by the capture of sl&ve- 
ships, and located in Sierra Leone, he 
gives the following account ; — 

The articles at present supplied to each 
male emancipated slave on his location cost 
about £\ 10s., which, together with his six 
months' allowance of twopence a-day, make 
the whole of the mere personal expense of 
each male adult to his Majesty's government 
amount to about £3. The daily allowance is, 
of course, extended in the cases of persons 
who, from age or infirmity, are incapable of 
supporting themselves. Females receive two- 
pence a-day for three months only, and as 
many of the children as possible above a cer- 
tain age, on condemnation of the vessel, are 
apprenticed out, as has been already stated, to 
persons of respectable appearance in the colony. 
With the exception of those negroes recently 
arrived, who, from the excessive crowding, 
and the bad quality and scantiness of the food 
and water, are almost always filthy, emaciated, 
and covered with disease, the manumitted 
slaves appear in general to be clean in their 
persons, sleek, and well fed, and very well 
satisfied with theif condition. After a short 
stay in the colony, the industrious axe occa- 
sionally permitted to cultivate patches of waste 
land in the country, besides their own allotted 
piece of ground, with the understanding that 
their occupation of the former shall be tem- 
porary'. By selling the produce of this they 
are enablea to obtain many of the comforts, 
and a few of the luxuries, enjoyed by tlieir 
European neighbours. Some idea may be 
foimed of the actual condition of these people 



from a short description of Monay Town, a 
village two or three miles west of Freetown, 
erected in April, 1829, and peopled with three 
hundred and twen^-six Africans just imported, 
placed here under the management of a dis- 
charged black soldier of the Royal African 
Corps. It comprises four wide streets, the huts 
ranged on each side, and separated from each 
other by pieces of cultivated ground. 

Again, in referring to the conduct of 
the manumitted negroes on board ship, 
his accounts are equally satisfactory. 

It has been a custom with the liberated 
African department, for a long period, to send 
on board our ships of war a number of African 
lads recently emancipated, to be employed, as 
may be deemed fit, by the ofiicer commanding. 
They receive no pay, arc supplied with two- 
thirds of a rations daily, and are scantily 
clothed from the store of the department at 
Freetown. Eleven of these boys, received 
direct from this department, we have had on 
board for upwards of twelve months, and about 
fifteen of them for shorter periods, received 
from different ships on the station, which had 
taken them on board, like ourselves, at Sierra 
Leone, but a short time before. The youngest 
of the first eleven who came on board appeared 
about fourteen, the eldest nineteen years old. 
They were recently manumitted, of course 
unable to utter a word of English, and, being 
nearly all of different tribes, were also incapa- 
ble of communing with each other — in fact, 
perfect specimens of young savages just es- 
caped from the wild and desolated country 
which ^ve them birth. Soon after their 
arrival they were put to different employments 
on board, and certainly no extraordinary de- 
gree of care was taken concerning their in- 
struction ; but, for all this, two of them, who 
have assisted the rope-maker, have shown 
themselves so very apt that they can already 
manufacture as good rope as their master, who 
honestly acknowledf^^es such to be the fact 
Another was placed to assist the armourer, 
and is already a very passable blacksmitli ; a 
fourth with the caq)eRter, who assures us his 

})rogress is astonisliing, and that he is already 
lighly useful to him ; and a fifth wHh the 
sail-maker, and his improvement is in a simi- 
lar ratio. The rest have been placed to vari- 
ous other employments, their progression in 
which has beeu only equalled by their zeal 
and good humour, and by the willingness 
with which they set about their work. Of 
the others, who have been still a shorter time 
on board than these, six were received i'rom 
his Majesty *s ship Medina, before she sailed 
for England, who had been a considerable 
time on board of her, and had met with great 
kindness, and had received the most attentive 
instruction at the hands of her experienced 
commander. They had been taught a sea- 
man*s duty, and were infinitely nwre expert 
and active aloft than tlie white boys of tlie 
ship; and, while with us, did their duty, in 
every respect, with so much zeal and alacrity 
that their behaviour called forth the most un- 
qualified praise. While at Ascension, one of 
tnese boys became affected with a disease of 
the brain and spinal man'ow, which produced 
paralysis of the lower extremities, and even- 
tually carried him off. The attention of tlie 
other boys to their poor fiiend was most assi- 
duous ; and, when the fatal event took place, 
they exhibited every mark of deep, unfeigned 
sorrow. 

We hope these extracts will be received 
as additional eTidence to the falsehood of 



the statements so often made by the ad- 
vocates of slavery, that the African, in 
whatever condition, is essentially inferior 
to the rest of the species, or that his dis- 
position is so radically indolent as to ren- 
der compulsion indispensable. We con- 
clude with the following statement to the 
same effect, respecting those settlers in 
Canada who have escaped by flight from 
a state of slavery in America. 

I was stnick (says Fergusson, in his Notes on 
Canada) with the conspicuous activity and in- 
dustry of a negro family. Numbers of these 
poor creatures, as opportunity favours, are ever 
watching to escape from bondage in the Slave 
States of the Union, and are to be met with in 
various parts of Canada. It has been alleged 
that the negro will prove too indolent for la- 
bour in a state of freedom — a remark which, 
without stopping to prove unphilosophical, and 
at variance with every principle of human 
nature, was here most signally contradicted. 
The same remark applies to several other 
farms, noticed even in my limited excursion ; 
and the one in question exhibited a set of as 
busy and happy dingy faces as a philanthropist 
could wish to look on ; while the appearance 
of the farm spoke to the steady labour which 
had been employed ; and the bam (the test of 
a tliriving colonist) was decidedly the hand- 
somest and largest that I passed. 



FORMATION OF CORAL ISLANDS. 

Few things are more curious or difficult to 
explain than the prodigious quantity of coral 
formed in the sea, especially in the tropical 
regions* Coral is the produce of different 
species of vermes, or worm tribes, and it con- 
sists chiefly 5f carbonate of lime. Now, it is 
difiicult to conceive where these animals pro- 
cure such prodigious quantities of this sub- 
stance. Sea-water, indeed, contains traces of 
sulphate of lime, but no other calcareous salt, 
as far as we know. Hence it would appear 
that these creatures must either decompose 
sulphate of lime, though the quantity of that 
salt contained in sea-water seems inadequate 
to supply their wants, or they must form car- 
l)onate of lime from the constituents of sea- 
waler, in a way totally above our comprehen- 
sion. Be that as it may, there is one conse- 
quence of this copious formation of coral in the 
tropical regions of considerable importance to 
navigation, which has been clearly pointed out 
by Mr. Dalrymple, and is now pretty well 
understood. 

There is not a part of natural history, re- 
marks this accurate observer, more curious, or 
perhaps to a navigator more useful, tlian an 
inquiry into tlie fonnation of islands. The 
origin of islands in general is not the point to 
be discussed, but of low, flat islands in the 
wide ocean, such as are most of those hitherto 
discovered in the vast South Sea. These 
islands are generally long and narrow; they 
are formed by a narrow bar of land, indosing 
the sea within it ; generally, perhaps always, 
with some channel of ingress at least to the 
tide, commonly with an opening capable of 
receiving a canoe, and frequently sufficient to 
admit even larger vessels. 

The origin of these islands will explain their 
nature. What led Mr. Dalrymple first to this 
deduction was an observation of Abdul Roo- 
bin, a Sooloo pilot, that all the islands lying 
off the north-east coast of Borneo had shoa^ 
to the eastward of them. These islands being 



^32 



THE TOURIST. 



covered to tlie westward by Borneo, the winds 
from that quarter do not attack them with vio- 
lence. But the north-east winds, tumbling 
in the billows from a wide ocean, heap up the 
coral with which those seas are filled, fhis, 
obvious after storms, is perhaps atall other times 
imperceptibly effected. The coral banks, raiscKl 
in the same manner, become diy. These banks 
are found at all depths at all distances from 
shore, entirely unconnected with the land, and 
detached /rom each other; though it often 
happens that they are divided by a narrow gut, 
without bottom. 

Coral banks also grow, by a quick progres- 
sion, towards the surface ; but the winds, 
heaping up the coral from deeper water, chiefly 
accelerate the formation of these into shoals 
and islands, lliey become gradually shallower, 
and, when once the sea meets with resistance, 
the coral is quickly thrown up by the force 
of the waves breaking against the bank ; and 
hence it is that, in the open sea, there is 
scarcely an instance of a coral bank having so 
little water that a lar^e ship cannot pa.ss over, 
but it is also so shiulow that a boat would 
ground on it. Mr. D. has seen these coral 
banks in all the stages ; some in deep water, 
others with a few rocks appearing above the 
surface, some just foiined into islands, without 
the least appearance of vegetation, and others, 
from such as have a few weeds on tlie highest 
part to those which are covered with Targe 
timber, with a bottomless sea at a pistol-shot 
<listance. 

The loose coral, rolled inwaid by the billows 
in large pieces, will ground, and, the reflux 
being unable to carry them away, they become 
a bar to coagulate tlie sand, always found in- 
termixed with coral ; which sand, being easi- 
est raised, will be lodged at top. Wlien the 
sand bank is raised by violent storms, beyond 
the reach of common waves, it becomes a rest- 
ing-place to vagrant birds, whom the search of 
prey draws thiwer. Tlie dung, feathers, &c., 
increase the soil, and prepare it for the recep- 
tion of accidental roots, branches, and seed, 
cast up by the waves, or brought thither by 
birds. Thus islands are formed ; the leaves 
and rotten branches, intermixing with the 
sand, form in time a light black mould, of 
which in general tliese islands consist, more 
sandy ns less woody, and, when full of large 
trees, with a greater piop3rtion of mould. 
Cocoa-nuts, continuing long in the sea without 
losing their vegetative powers, are commonly 
to be found in such islands; particularly as 
they are adapted to all soils, whether sandy, 
rich, or rocky. 

The violence of the waves within the tropics 
must generally be directed to two points, ac- 
cording to the monsoons. Hence Uie islands 
formed from coral banks must be long and 
narrow, and lie nearly in a meridional direc- 
tion. For even supposing the banks to be 
round, as they seldom are when large, the sea, 
meeting most resistance in tlie middle, must 
heave up the matter in greater quantities there 
than towards the extremities; and, by the 
^ame rule, the ends will generally be open, or 
at least lowest They will also commonly have 
soundings there, as the remains of the banks, 
not accumulated, will be under water. Where 
the coral banks arc not exposed te the common 
monsoon, they will alter their direction, and 
be either round, or extend in the parallel, or 
be of irregular forms, according to accidental 
circumstances. 

The interior parts of these islands, being sea, 
sometimes form harbours capable of receiving 
vessels of some burthen, and Mr. D. believes 



always abound greatly with fish ; and such as 
he has seen, with turtle-grass and other sea 
plants, particularly one species, called by the 
Sooloos gammye, which grows in little glo- 
bules, and is somewhat pungent as well as 
acid to* the taste. It need not be repeated that 
the ends of those islands only are the places to 
expect soundings ; and they commonly have 
a shallow spit running out from each ^Mint. 
Adbul Roobin's observations point out another 
curcumstance, which may be useful to navi- 
gator : by consideration of the winds to which 
any islands are most exposed, to form a pro- 
bable conjecture which side has deepest water 
and, from a view which side has the shoals, an 
idea may be formed whicli winds rage with 
most violence. — Thomson. Phi!, Trans. 



ICE-STORM IN AMERICA. 

The following account of this curious 
phenomenon is extracted from Mr. Tay- 
lor's notes on the weather at Philipsburg, 
Pennsylvania, in the *' Magazine of Na- 
tural History" for March, 1833. 

Feb. 8th. — This morning a heavy rain set 
in after the thaw, and increased in violence 
throughout the day and night ; and now com- 
menced the most singular, and even sublime, 
meteorological phenomenon I liave observed 
in this region. It was an occurrence of un- 
usual note, and extended over a large area m 
this and the adjoining state, and is commonly 
referred to under the name of the "ice storm. 
I shall be somewhat minute in describing so 
much respecting it as fell under my own ob- 
servation, as noted at the time. Immediately 
on the descent of the rain, it froze, so as to 
envelope the trees and earth with a thick coat- 
ing of transparent ice, and to render walking 
no easy process. 

Feb. Otli. — Such an accumulation of ice had 
now formed upon the branches of tlie forest 
trees as presented a beautiful and extraordi- 
nary spectacle. The small underwood, or 
" brush," was bowed to the earth, while the 
noblest timbers were every where to be seen 
bendinc; beneath the enormous load of ice 
with which their branches were incrusted, and 
the icicles which thickly depended from evciy 
point The heavy foliage of the hemlock and 
spruce was literally encased, or rather formed 
solid masses of ice, the smallest twig or blade 
of grass being surrounded by more than an 
inch of ice, and resembled the vegetable sub- 
stances sometimes occurring in masses of 
crystal. Rain fell in torrents all this day, and 
the chief part of the ensuing night, imtil there 
were about four inches of clear ice overspread- 
ing the surface of the ground. The change 
which this phenomenon effected in the usual 
appearance of the woods was striking. The 
bushes, and smaller trees, extending to those 
of fifty feet in height, were now bent to tlie 

Sound, and pressed upon each other beneath 
eir unwonted burden, resembling, in some 
respects, fields of com beaten down by a tem- 
pest Above, the tall trees drooped and swung 
neavil^; their branches glittering, as if formed 
of solid crystal, and, on the slightest move- 
ment of the air, striking against each other, 
and sending down an avtuanche of ice. During 
the night of the 8th, and on Uie succeeding 
morning, the limbs of the trees began to give 
way under such an unusual load. Every 
where around was seen and heard the crash- 



ing of the topmost branches, which fell to the 
eartli with a noise like the breaking of glass^ 
yet so loud as to make the woods resound. As 
the day advanced, instead of branches, whole 
trees began to fall ; and, during twenty-four 
hours, the scene which took place was as sub- 
lime as can well be conoeiveo. There was no 
wind perceptible, yet, notwithstanding the 
calmness of the day, the whole forest seemed 
in motion ; falling, wasting, or crumbling, as 
it were, piecemeal. Crash succeeded to crash* 
until, at length, these became so rapidly con- 
tinuous as to resemble the incessant discharges 
of artillery, gradually increasing, as from the 
irregular firing at intervals of the outposts, to 
the uninterrupted roar of a heavy cannonade. 
Pines of 150 feet and 180 feet in height came 
thundering to the ground, carrying others be- 
fore them ; groves of hemlocks were bent to 
the ground like reeds ; and the spreading oaks 
and towering sugar maples were uprooted like 
stubble, and often without giving a moment's 
warning. Under every tree was a rapidly ac- 
cumulating debris of displaced limbs" and 
branches; their weight increased more than 
tenfold by the ice, and crushing every thing 
in their fall with sudden and terrific violence. 
Altogether, tliis spectacle was one of indescri- 
bable grandeur. I could not resist devoting the 
whole day to the contemplation, notwithstand- 
ing the continued rain, of the desolating and 
tremendous effects of this unusual phenome- 
non. It was necessary, however, to be careful 
to remain at a prudent distance from the fall- 
ing timber. Of all the scenes in the American 
forests, this was the most awful I had wit- 
nessed. The roar, the cracking and rending,, 
the thundering fall of the uprooted trees, the 
startling, unusual sounds and sights produced 
by the descent of such masses oi solid ice, and 
the suddenness of the crash, when a neigh- 
bouring tree gave way, I shall not easily 
forget. Yet all this was going on in a dead 
calm, except, at intervals, a gentle air firom 
the south-east slightly waved the topmost 
pines. Had the wind freshened, the destruc- 
tion would have been still more appalling. It 
was awful to witness the sudden prostration of 
oaks of the largest class. These trees were the 
greatest sufferers; and it seemed remarkable 
tnat the deciduous trees should be less able to 
bear the additional burden than the heavily 
laden evergreens. The branches of the oaks 
rapidly gave way, while the thickly encased 
foliage of the hemlocks hung drooping around 
the stems, upon their long pliant branches, 
until they appeared like a solid mass, or mo- 
numental pillar of ice. In order to obtain 
some data for estimating the increased weight 
which the foiest trees had now to sustain, I 
cut off and weighed several boughs of differ- 
ent species, and compared them after the ice 
was removed by thawing. The following is the 
result: — 



No. 



Weight !d the Weight when 
froccu sute. tiiawcd. 



1 . A branch of white pine 

[Pmu8 6'Uobu8j . 15lb8. 

2. Another bough - - 17 

3. Hemlock or spruce 

branch • - - - 20 

4. Another - • - . 17 



1 
1 



Jib. 



1 

4. 



By this it appears that the evergreens had 
about twenty times their accustomed burden. 



i 



THE TOURIST. 



Tins auiiiial, in some of its various 
species, is found upon coasts in almost 
^1 parts of the world. They are amphi- 
inoua, although there are some shores on 
which they are rarelj or never known to 
land, and are said to be as regularly nii- 
gratory as birds of passage. Their habits 
are, in general, indolent and harmless, 
although at certain times, and especially 
when they have their young to defend, 
they are remarkably fierce. The growth 
of these animals, when young, is very 
remai^able ; the seal-hunters in Caith- 
ness declare that' in nine tides (108 
hours) they become as active as their 
parents. 

Sonie general notion of the habits of 
the seal may be gathered from Pennant's 
British Zoology, and from Crantz's His- 
tory of Greenland. On the shores of 
0>rnwall they are seen in the greatest 
plenty in the months of May, June, and 
July. They vary in size from that of a 
cow to that of a small calf. They feed 
on ail kinds of fishes, and are so swift, in 
their proper depth of water, as to exer- 
cise an undisputed tyranny, diving with 
great rapidity, and re-appearing in a very 
short time at a distance of fifty yards. In 
shallow water, however, their prey more 
easily evade them. Dr. Borlase states, 
in one of his letters, that a person in the 
parish of Sennan saw a seal in pursuit of 
a mullet, which it turned to and fro in 
<leep water, as a greyhound does a hare ; 



THE SEAL. 

at length the mullet betook himself to 
shallower water; the seal pursued, and 
the former, to get more surely out of 
danger, threw itself on its side, by which 
means it darted into shallower water than 
it could have swam in with the depth of 
its paunch and fins, and so escapetl. On 
these coasts the seal sleeps on rocks, sur- 
rounded by tlie sea, or on the less acces- 
sible parts of clifFs left dry by the ebb of 
the tide, and, if disturbed by any thing, 
rolls off into the sea. They are extremely 
watchful, and never sleep longer than a 
minute without moving, then raise their 
heads, and, if they perceive no danger, 
lie down again for a similar interval. 
Nature seems to have given them this 
precautionary instinct, as being unpro- 
vided with auricles or external ears, and 
consequently not hearing very quickly, nor 
from any great distance. 

But it is to the Greenlander, and other 
arctic tribes, that these animals are indis- 
pensably useful. In fact, they constitute 
their flocks, and are more essential to 
them than sheep to us. Their flesh is 
the most palatable and substantial food 
of these people ; with their fat they make 
the oil which, during so large a propor- 
tion of their time, is necessary for lamp 
light ; with their skins they clothe them- 
selves and cover their boats, sewing it 
with their fibres and sinews, and also 
make use of their blood, and most other 
parts, for various useful purposes. 



Oil, thou vut ocean ! Ever loandiDg sea I 
Thou symbol of a dreir immeDsity ', 
Thou thiag that wiudest round the lolid world 
Like a buee animal, nliicb, downward hurl'd 
From tbe black clouds, lies weltenDg and alooe. 
Lashing and writhing til) its iltengtii be goae. 
Thy VDICB is like the thuadei, and thy ^eep 
li U a );iaat'i slumber, loud and deep. 
Thou speakeit in the east and in the west 
At once, and on thy heavily laden breast 
Fleets come and go, and >hapas that hare oa lile 
Ur motion yet are moved and meet in stiife. 
The earth aath naught of this; no chance nor 

change 
KuSlei its surface, and no spiriti daie 
Give aniwer to the tempest. oaiLeo air ; 
But o'er its wastes Ihe weakly tenanli raaga 
At will, and wound its bosom u they go : 
Ever the same, it hath no ebb, no ftoir ; 
But in their sUted rounds the seasons come. 
And pus like viiioo* to their viewless home. 
And come again, and vanish ; the youug spring 
Looks ever bright with leaves and blossonuag. 
And winter always winds his sullen horn. 
When tlie wild autumn, with a look forlorn. 
Dies ID his stormy manhood ; and the ikies 
Weep, snd fiowera sicken, when the lummer Hie*. 
Oh ! wonderful thou art, great element: 
.And feirfut in tliy spleeny humours bent. 
And lovely in repose : thy summer farm 
Is beautiful, and when thy silver waves 
Make music in earth's dark and winding caves, 
I love to wandar on thy pebbled beach, 
marking the sunlight at Uie evening honr. 
And hMAen to the thoughts thv waten imch— 
" Etcmily, ttemily and power, ' 



334 



THE TOURIST. 



L 



MORAL AND RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE 
OF THE CLASSICS. 

No. IX. 

BRITISH CLASSICS — JOHNSON. 

The powerful and lofty spirit of JobnsoQ 
was far more capable of scorning the ridicule, 
and defying the opposition, of wits and world- 
lings. And yet his social life must have been 
greatly unfavourable to a deep and simple 
consideration of Christian truth, and the cuilti- 
yation of Christian sentiment Might not 
even bis imposing and unchallenged ascen- 
dency itself betray him to admit, insensibly, an 
injurious influence on his mind? He asso- 
ciated with men of whom many were very 
learned, some extremely able, but compa- 
ratively few made any decided profession of 
piety; and perhaps a considerable number 
were such as would in other society have 
shown a strong propensity to irreligion. This 
bowever darea not to appear undisguisedly in 
Johnson's presence; and it is impossible not 
to revere the strength and noble severity that 
made it so cautious. But this constrained 
abstinence from overt irreli^on had the effect 
of preventing tlw repugnance of his judgment 
ana religious feelings to the frequent society 
of men from whom ne would have reeoited, if 
the real temper of tbeir minds, in regard to 
the most important subjects^ had been unre- 
servedly forced on his view. Decorum toward 
religion being preserved, he would Uke no ri- 
gorously judicial account of the internal cha- 
racter of those who brought so finely into 
play his mental powers and resources, in con- 
versations on literature, moral philosophy, and 
general intelligence; and who could enrich 
every matter of social argument by their learn- 
ing, their genius, or their knowledge of man- 
kind. But ii\ while every thing unequivocally 
bostile to Christianity was kept silent in his 
Company, tliere was nevertheless a latent im- 
piety in possession of the heart, it would in- 
evitably, however unobviously, infuse some- 
thing of its spirit into the communications of 
such men. And, through the complacency 
which he felt in the high intellectual inter- 
course, some infection of the noxious element 
would insinuate its way into his own ideas 
and feelings. For it is hardly possible for the 
strongest and most vigilant mind, under tlie 
genial influence of eloquence, fancy, novelty, 
and bright intelligence, interchanged in ami- 
cable collision, to avoid admitting some effluvia 
(if I may so express it) breathing from the 
most interior qualities of such associates, and 
tending to produce an insensible assimilation ; 
especially if there should happen to be, in 
addition, a conciliating exterior of accomplish- 
ment, grace, and liberal manners, llius the 
very predominance by which Johnson could 
repress the direct iiTeligion of statesmen, scho- 
lairs, wits, and accomplished men of the world, 
mignt, by retaining him their intimate or 
frequent associate, subject him to meet the 
influence of that irreligion acting in a manner 
too indirect and refined either to excite hosti- 
lity or caution. 

It' must however be admitted that this illus- 
trious author, who, though here mentioned 
only in the class of essayists, is to be ranked 
among the greatest moral philosophers, is less 
at variance \%itii the essentials of the Christian 
economy tliau the very great majority of 
either of these classes of authors. His specu- 
lations tend in a far less degree to beguile the 
approving and admiring reader into a spirit 
v^ich feels repelled in estrangement and dis- 
gust on turning to l!ie ifisfructions of Christ 



and his aposties; and he has more explicit 
and solemn references to the grand purpose of 
human life, to a future judgment, and to 
eternity, than almost any other of our elegant 
moralists has had the piety or the courage 
to make. There is so much that most power- 
fully eoincides and co-operates with Christian 
truth, that the disciple of Christianity the 
more regrets to meet occasionally a sentiment, 
respecting, perhaps, the rule to judge by in 
the review of life, the consolations in death, 
the eflect of repentance, or the terms of 
acceptance with God, which he cannot recon- 
cile with the evangelical theory, nor with those 
principles of Christian faith in which Johnson 
avowed his belief. In such a writer he cannot 
but deem such deviations a matter of grave I 
culpability. 

Omission is his other fault Though he did 
introduce in his serious speculations more dis- 
tinct allusions to religious ideas than most 
other moralists, yet he did not introduce them 
so often as may be claimed from a writer who 
frequently carries seriousness to the utmost 
pitch of solemnity. There scarcely ever was 

\ an author, not formally theological, in whose 
works a Is^e proportion of explicit Christian 
sentiment was more requisite £[>r a consistent 
entireness of character llian in the moral wri- 
tings of Johnson. No writer ever more e om- 
plefely exposed and blasted the folly and 
vanity of the greatest number of human pur- 
suits. The visage of Medusa could not have 
darted a more fatal glance againsl the tribe of 
gay triflers, the eonpetrfofs of ttmbitkmf the 
proud exhibitors in the parade of wealth, the 
rhapsodists on the sufficiency of what they 
call philosophy for happiness, the grave con- 
sumers of life in useless speculations, and 
every other order of " walkers in a vain show." 
His judicial sentence is directed, as with a 
keen and mephitic blast, on almost all the 
most favourite pursuits of mankind. But it 
was so much the more peculiarly his duty 
to insist, with fulness and emphasis, on that 
one model of character, that one grand em- 
ployment of life, which is enjoined by Heaven, 
and will stand the test of that unshrmking se- 
verity of judgment, which should be exercised 
by every one who looks forward to the test 
which he is finally to abide. No author has 
more impressively displayed the misery of 
human life; he laid himself under so much 
the sti'onger obligation to unfold most ex- 
plicitly the only effectual consolations, the true 
scheme of felicity as far as it is attainable on 
earth, and that aelightful prospect of a better 
region which has so often inspired exultation 
in the most melancholy situation. No writer has 
more expressly illustrated the rapidity of time, 
and the shortness of life; he ought so much 
the more fully to have dwelt on the views 
of that p^reat futurity at which his readers are 
admonished by the illustration that they will 
speedily arrive. No writer can make more 
poignant reflections on the pains of guilt ; 
was it not indispensable that he should ofkener 
have directed the mind suffering this bitterest 
kind of distress to that great sacrifice once 
off*ered for sin? No writer represents with 
more striking, mortifying, humiliating truth 
the failure of human resolutions, and the 
feebleness of human efforts, in the contest 
with coiTupt propensity, evil habits, and adapted 
temptation ; why did not this melancholy ob- 
servation and experience prompt a very fre- 
quent recollection, and emphatical expression, 
of the importance of that assistance from on 
high, without which the divine word has so 
often repeated the warning that our* labours 
will fail ? 



SOURCE OF THE SCAMANDER, 
Now called the Mender. 

On the llth of March, having collected our 
guides and horses as upon the preceding day,, 
we set out again from Evgillar, and proceeded 
up the mountain, to visit the cataract which 
constitutes the source of the Mender, on the 
nortb-west side of Gargarus. Ascending by 
the side of its dear and impetuous torrent, we 
reached, in an hour and a half, the lower 
boundfuy of the woody region of the moun- 
tain. Here we saw a more entire chapel than 
either of those described in our excursion the 
preceding day, situated upon an eminence 
above the river. Its form was quadrangular 
and oblong. Tlie four walls were yet standing, 
and part of tlie roof; this was vaulted, and 
lined with painted stucco. The altar also re- 
mained, in an arched reeess of the eastern ex- 
tremity ; upon the north side of it was a small 
and low nich, containing a marble table. In 
the ai-ched recess was also a very ancient 
painting of the Virgin ; and below, upon her 
left hand, the whole-length portrait of a saint, 
holding an open vdume. The heads of these 
figures were encircled by a line of glory. Upon 
the right hand side of the Tirgin there had 
been a^ similar painting of some other saint, 
but part of the stiaeeo,>w1ieieon it was painted, 
no longer remained. The word nAPeENON, 
written among other iadistinct characters, ap- 
peared upon ue walL The dimensions of this 
buildiBg were only sixteen feet by eight Its 
height was not quite twelve feet, from the 
floor to the beginning of the vaulted roof. 
Two small windows commanded a view of the 
river, and a third was placed near the altar. 
Its walls, only two feet (our inches in thick- 
ness, afforded, nevertheless, space for the roots 
of two very hsse fir-trees : these were actually 
grooving upon mem. All along the banks of 
this river, as we advanced towards its source, 
we noticed appearances of similar ruins ; and 
in some places, among rocks, or by the sidea 
of precipices^ were seen remains of several 
habitations together; as if the monks, wh<> 
retreated hither, had possessed considerable 
settlements in the solitudes of the mountain. 
Our ascent, as we drew near to the source of 
the river, became steep and stony. Lofty sum- 
mits towered above us, in the greatest style of 
Alpine grandeur; the torrent, in its rugged 
bea below, all the while foaming upon our 
left PresenUy we entered one of the sublimest 
natural amphitheatres the eye ever beheld; 
and here the guides desired us to alight. The 
noise of waters silenced every other sound. 
Huge craggy rocks rose perpendicularly to an 
immense beight, whose sides and fissures, to 
the very clouds, concealing their tops, were 
covered with pines, growing, in every possible 
direction, among a variety of evergreen shrubs, 
wild sage, hanging i\7, moss, and creeping 
herbage. Enormous plane-trees waved their 
vast branches above the torrent. As we ap- 
proached its deep giilph, we beheld several 
cascades, all of foam, pouring impetuously 
from chasms in tiie naked face of a perpendi- 
cular rock. It is said, the same magnificent 
cataract continues during all seasons of the 
year, wholly unaffected by the casualties of 
rain or melting snow. Tnat a river so enno- 
bled by ancient history should at the . same 
time prove equally emmcnt in circumstances 
of natural dignity, is a foot worthy of being 
related. Its origin is not like the source ok' 
ordinary streams, obscure and uncertain— of 
doubtful localit? and indeterminate character — 
ascertained with difficulty, among various petty 
'sobdivisions, in swampy places, or amidst in- 



THE TOURIST. 



385 



significttnt rimlete, falling horn different parts 
of the same mountain, and equally tributary ; 
it bunte at once from the dark ivomb of its 
parent, in all tbe greatness of the divine origin 
assigned to it bv Homer. Hie early Chris- 
tians, wfaQ retired or fled from the haunts of 
soci^ to the wilderness of Gargarus, seem to 
have been fully sensible of the effect produced 
by grand objects, in selecting, as the plaee of 
their abode, tbe scenery near the source of the 
Soamander— 'where the voice of nature speaks 
in her most awful tone— where, amidst roaring 
waters, warring forests, and broken precipices, 
the mind of man becomes impressea as by the 
influence of a present Deity. 

The course of the river, after it thus emerges, 
with very Uttie variation, is nearly from east 
to west Its souroe is distant from Evgillar 
alxwt nine miles ; or, according to the mode 
of computation in the country, three hours; 
lialf this time is spent in a gradual ascent 
£rum the village. The rock whence it issues 
consists of micaeious schistus, containing veins 
of soft marble. While the artist was employed 
in making dmwings, ill calculated to afford 
adeqiuite ideas of the grandeur of the scenery, 
I climbed the rocks, with my companions, to 
examine more closely the nature of the chasms 
whence the torrent issues. Having reached 
these, we found, in their front, a beautiful 
natural bason, six or eight feet deep, serving 
as a reservoir ibr the water in the first mo- 
ments of its emission. It was so clear, that 
the minutest object might be discerned at the 
bottom. Tbe copious overflowing of this reser- 
voir causes the appearance, to a spectator be- 
low, of different cascades, falling to the depth 
of about forty feet; but there is only one 
source. Behind are the chasms whence the 
water issues. We entered one of these, and 
jpassed into a cavern. Here the water appeared 
rudiing with great force, beneath the rock, 
towards the bason on the outside. It was the 
coldest ^ring we had found in the country, 
the mercury in the thennometer falling, in two 
minutes, to thirty-four, according to &e scale 
of Fahrenheit When })laced in the reservoir 
immediately above the fall, where the water 
was most exposed fb the atmosphere, its tem- 
perature was three degrees higher. The whole 
rock about the source is covered with moss. 
Close to the bason grew hazel and plane trees ; 
above were oaks and pines ; all beyond was a 
naked and fearful precipice. — Clarke's Travels, 



ANECDOTE OF KOSCIUSKO. 

When the Russians, in 1814, had penetrar 
led into Champagne, and were am^ancing 
towards Paris, they were astonished to hear 
that their former adversary was living in re- 
tirement in that part of the country. The 
circumstances of this discovery were striking. 
The commune in which Kosciusko lived was 
subjected to plunder, and among the troops 
thus engaged he observed a Polish regiment 
Transported with anger, he rushed among 
them, and thus addressed the oflicers: — 
** When I commanded brave soldiers they 
never pillaged ; and I should have punished 
severely subalterns who allowed of disorders 
such 08 those which we see around. . Still 
more severely should I have punished older 
officers, who authorized such condtict by their 
culpable neglect" " And who aw you,", was 
the general cry, " Uiat you dare to speak with 
such boldness to us?"' "I am Kosciusko." 
The effect was electric ^ the soldieiy cast down 
theit arms, prostrated themselves at his feet, 



and cast dust upon their heads, according to 
a national usage, supplicating hb forgiveness 
for the fault which they had committ^. For 
twentv years the name of Kosciusko had not 
been heard in Poland save as that of an exile ; 
yet it still retained its ancient power over 
Polish hearts — a power never used but for 
some good and generous end. 

The Emperor Alexander honoured him with 
a long interview, and offered him an asylum 
in his own country. But nothing could in- 
duce Kosciusko again to see his unfortunate 
native land. In 1815 he retired to Soleure, 
in Switzerland, where he died, October 1 6th, 
1817, in consequence of an injury received by 
a fall from his horse. Not long before he had 
abolished slavey upon his Polish estate, and 
declared dll his serfs entirely free, by a deed 
registered and executed with every formality 
that could ensure the full performance of his 
intention. The mortal remains of Kosciusko 
were removed to Poland at the expense of 
Alexander, and have found a fitting place of 
rest i^ the Cathedral of Cracow, between 
those of his companion in arms, Joseph Poni- 
atowski, and the gieatest of Polish warriors, 
John Sobieski. — GaMery of PortraitSy No. I. 



HIEROGLYPHICS. 

We intimated our intention, in a late num- 
ber, of entering briefly into the interesting 
subject of Egyptian meroglyphics ; and, in 
doing so, we have no hesitation in character- 
izing the subject as an interesting one. It is 
so, as standing in immediate connexion with 
the country which witnessed the birth and 
fostered the infancy of science and letters ; 
it is interesting, because it is only compara- 
tively lately that any information has been 
obtained respecting it ; and it is further inte- 
resting, because past discoveries and coinci- 
dences make it certain that we have at length 
found the clue which is to guide us through a 
field of study which has for centuries been 
deemed a labyrinth. 

The discoveries to which we allude are 
chiefly the results of the researches of the 
English Dr. Young, and the French M. Cham- 
nollion, of whom the former led the way. It 
had long been known, on the testimony of the 
father of history, as Herodotus is called, and 
of early historians, that there were various 
kinds of writing common among the Egyp- 
tians ; and modem study has accurately deter- 
mined what they are. They may be generally 
classed under two heads; the popular, or 
emstolographic, and the sacred. The first of 
these represents words by characters desig- 
nating the letters which compose ihem, and 
constitute in fact a scanty alphabet But the 
second was distinguished by some most curi- 
ous peculiarities, and was of several kinds, 
which were employed on different subjects 
and occasions. In one, objects were represented 
by imitation ; thus the Egyptians, when making 
use of this kind of writing, drew a circle to 
signify the sun, and a crescent for the moon. 
In another, they represented objects meta- 
phoricallv ; thus, they would designate a brave 
man by the figure of a lion, &c. In another, 
they denote objects hj more obscure and re- 
mote analogies ; as if they should have repre- 
sented the word justice by the blind-lblded 
female figure with seales which we see in the 
pcf seat day. And, in another, they designate 
wKnds (chiefly proper names) by a num W of 

Ieommon ok^ccts one after another ; the initials 
of vbose names, taken together, would make 
the name in question. This last kind is the 



most difficult to be explained, and we will 
borrow the illustration adopted in the Edin* 
burgh Review. *' Suppose the spoken language 
of England to be what it is— but that no other 
sort of writing, except by pictures (nt .symbols, 
had yet be^ invented — and that it was wanted 
to record, in some legend or inscription, that 
an individual called James had done or suf- 
fered something. The word James here wa& 
evidently a mere sound, and could not be de- 
scribed or defined in any other way than as 
that sound by which the individual in ques- 
tion was suggested to those who heard it It 
could not, therefore, be directly intimated to 
posterity, by a mere visible symbol or picture, 
that such a sound had in his day been aaso- 
ciated with that individual ; and, if this was 
what was proposed to be done, it is plain 
enough that some new device or contrivance 
must of necessity be adopted ; and, according 
to the late discoveries, the device was as fol- 
lows : — ^They set down a series of pictures of 
familar objects, the names of which, in the 
spoken language, began with the sounds which 
were successively to be expressed, and which, 
taken together in that oixier, made up the 
compound sound or Name that was wanted. 
For the sound now expressed by the letter J, 
for example, they would set down the figure 
of a Jug or Jar ; for that corresponding to A, 
an Ape or Acorn ; for M, p, Man or a Mouse; 
and for S, a Spear or Spur ; and thus, by a 
sort of Symbolical Acrostic, ihey would spell 
out the word James, and intimate, to all who 
read the figures into the spoken tongue, the 
name or sound which it was intended to com- 
memorate." 

From all these kinds of writing, a tolerably 
full language, though a very inconvenient one, 
was formed. It would occupy far more than 
the sheet in the hands of tiie reader to give 
intelligible instances of each of these modes 
of writing, and to describe the process by 
which the laborious men we have referred to 
have spelt out a translation. Having, there- 
fore, given a general idea of what sort of a 
written language the Egyptian was, we con- 
clude with an account of the way in which 
this knowledge of it (and much more) has been 
obtained. We quote from the Edinburgh 
Review. 

It is well known that a Commission of the French 
Institute was sent out to Egypt during the occu- 
pation of that country by their forces, for the pur- 
pose of investigating every thing that related to its 
ancient history ; and that the greatest interest was 
taken in the proceedings of this body by no less a 
person than Napoleon himself. Under their aus- 
pices much was"Tione, undoubtedly, for the eluci- 
dation of its antiquities, and the progress of its 
arts ; but as to its language and letters, its hiero- 
glyphics and papyri, absolutely nothing. They 
haid not time, perhaps — perhaps they had not 
means. The fact, however, is certain ; and it is^ 
no doubt, a little mortifjring to them, and, indeed, 
to the pride of human skill and learning in gene- 
ral, that an accident, which occurred in the course 
of their military labours, did more for tbe elucida- 
tion of these interesting subjects, than all the study 
which had been bestowed on them for upwards of a 
thousand years. While a division of the French 
troops occupied Rosetta, a party of workmen, em- 
ployed in digging for the foundations of Fort St. 
Julian, discovered and disinterred a huge block or 
pillar of black basalt, exhibiting the remains of 
t/ireo distinct inscriptions ; bat, having been soon 
afterwards dislodgea by the British, this monu- 
ment fell into their hands, and was subsequently 
broaght to England, among other trophies, and 
deposited in the British Museum. 

A cursory inspection of the pillar of Rosetta 
was BUfficieat to establish, as jneontrovertible; 
Bishop Warbttrton's profound observation, already 



336 



THE TOURIST. 



noticed^ that the hieroglyphics constituted a real 
written language. Of ihe three inscriptions sculp- 
tured on its sides, a considerable part of the first 
is unfortunately wanting ; the beginning of the 
second and the end of the third are also mutilated ; 
but the last, which is in Greek, terminates with 
the important information that the decree which it 
contains (in honour of Ptolemy Epiphanes), had 
been ordered to be engraved m Three different 
characters — ^the Saertd, or hieroglyphic, the Encho^ 
rial, or letters of the country (synonymous with 
the demotic), and the Greeks So that here was an 
authentic specimen of hieroglyphic characters — 
espreuly accompanied by a Traneiation, 

Now, the first step to be taken evidently was, 
to obtain an exact translation of this translation. 
Accordingly, the Society of Antiquaries having 
caused a correct copy of the Triple Inscription to 
be engraved and circulated. Person and Heyn6, 
the two best scholars of the age, employed them- 
selves in completing and illustrating the Greek 
text which constituted the third part of the inscrip- 
tion ; — a task, we may observe, m the performance 
of which the superior industry and vigilance of 
the German eave him a decioed advantage over 
the more active genius of the English Professor. 
This, as we have said, was the first step ; but the 
next was far more arduous. No data bad been 
yet obtained by means of which a comparison 
might be instituted between the Greek, which the 
labours of Porson and Heyn£ had restored, and 
the hieroglyphical and enchorial texts, of which 
not a single character was known. In these cir- 
cumstances, there was but one course to be 
adopted ; and that was, to adjust the inscriptions, 
so that they might, as nearly as possible, corres- 
pond, and, from the situation of the proper names 
in the Greek inscription, endeavour to ascertain 
their places in one or both of the other inscrip- 
tions. If characters merely phonetic entered into 
the composition of the hieroglyphic and enchorial 
texts, it was evident that, by this means, the value 
of some of them would be ascertained. It was, 
therefore, a matter of indifference whether the 
comparison was first made between the Greek and 
hieroglyphic, or between the Greek and enchorial 
inscriptions ; but a notion happening to prevail 
that the enchorial was altogether alphabetical, the 
first attempt was made upon it. Accordingly. M. 
Silvestre ue Sacy having examined the parts of 
this text, correspond! no:, by their relative situa- 
tion, to two passages of the Greek inscription, in 
which the proper names Alexander and Alejiandria 
occur, soon recognised two well-marked groups of 
characters nearly resembling each other, and which 
he therefore considered as representing these names. 
He also made out, very satisfactorily, the locus of 
the name of Ptolemy ; but beyond this he found it 
impossible to advance a single step, and ultimately 
abandoned the pursuit as hopeless. 

Matters were in this state when Dr. Young 
commenced his labours. Little or nothing had 
been done to interpret the hieroglyphics ; but the 
germ of all the succeeding discoveries may be said 
to have been found, when the idea of fixing the 
places of proper names had once been suggested, 
and of considering the corresponding groups of 
figures as representing their sounds. Having been 
induced, as he states, " by motives both of private 
friendship and of professional obligation," to offer 
to the editors of a periodical publication an article 
containing an absUact of the Mithridates of Ade- 
luog, a work then lately received from the Conti> 
sent, the Doctor's curiosity had been very forcibly 
excited by a note of the editor. Professor Vater, in 
which the latter asserted, that the unknown lan- 
guage of the Rosetta Stone, and of the bandages 
often found with the mummies, was capable of 
being analysed into an alphabet consisting of little 
more than thirty letters : but, having merely re- 
tained a general impression of this original and 
striking remark, he thought no more of these in- 
scriptions till, early in 1814, they were recalled to 
bis attention by the examination of some fragments 
of papyrus which had been recently brought to 
England by Sir W. K. Boughton, and on which, 
after a hasty inspectioo of Mr. Akerblad's pamph- 



let, he communicated a few anonymoua remarks to 
the Society of Antiquarians. In the summer of 
the same year, he applied himself vigorously, first 
to the enchorial, and afterwards to the hier<f- 
glyphic inscription ; and, by an attentive and me- 
thodical comparison of the different parts with 
each other, he was able, in the course of a few 
months, to send to the Archeologia a " conjectural 
translation " of each of the Egyptian inscriptions, 
distinguishing the contents of the different lines 
with as much precision as his materials would then 
admit of* He was obliged, however, to leave 
many important passages still subject to doubt ; 
but he hoped to acquire additional information 
before he attempted to determine their signification 
with accuracy ; and, having made the first great step, 
he concluded that many others might be added with 
facility and rapidity. Meanwhile, in order to fa- 
cilitate the inquiry, he endeavoured to make him- 
self familiar with the remains of the old Egyptian 
language, as these are preserved in the Coptic and 
Thebaic versions of the Scriptures,— hoping, with 
the aid of this knowledge, to discover an alphabet 
which would enable him to read the enchorial in- 
scription, at least, into a kindred dialect; and, 
thoagh he felt himself compelled gradually to 
abandon this expectation, he soon after published 
anew (in the Museum Criticum of Cambridge) his 
conjectural translation with considerable additions 
and corrections. Finally, in the article Ecvrr, in 
the fourth volume of the Supplement to the Ency- 
clopaedia Britannica, published in December, 
1819, he digested and arranged in a methodical 
form the result of his researches, and, in particu- 
lar, gave a Vocabulary, comprising upwards of 
200 names or words, which he had succeeded in 
deciphering in the hieroglyphic and enchorial 
texts, and in the Egyptian manuscripts. We do 
not hesitate to pronounce this article the greatest 
effort of scholarship and ingenuity of which mo- 
dern literature can boast. 



SERVICES OF THE ROOK (Cor^-us fru- 
gilegus, L.) TO MAN, 

And a Notice of the Prejudice prevailing 

against it. 

A STRONG prejudice is felt by many persons 
against rooks, on account of their destroying 
grain and pot:itocs ; and so far is this carried 
that I know persons who offer a reward for 
every rook tliat is killed on their land ; yet so 
mistaken do I deem them, as to consider that 
no living creature is so serviceable to the 
fanner, except the live stock he keeps on his 
farm, as the rook. In the neighbourhood of 
mv native place is a rookery belonging to 
Wm. Vavasour, Esq., of Weston, in Wharf- 
dale, in which it is estimated there are ten 
thousand rooks, that one pound of food a-week 
is a very moderate allowance for each bird, 
and that nine-tenths of their food consists of 
worms, insects, and their lar\'8S ; for, although 
they do considerable damage to the fields lot 
a few weeks in seed-time and a few weeks in 
harvest, particularly in backward 8ea.<;ons ; yet 
a very large proportion of their food, e? en at 
these seasons, consists of insects and worms, 
which (if we except a few acorns and wsilnuta 
in autumn) form at all other times the whole 
of their subsistence. Here, then, if my data 
be correct, there is the enormous quantity of 
468,000 pounds, or 209 tons, of worms, insects, 
and tlieir larvs, destroyed by the birds of a 
single rookery ; and to every one who knows 
how very destroctive to ve«;etation are the 
larrsB of the tribes of insects ^ well as worms) 
fed upon by rooks, some slight idea may be 
formed of the devastation which rooks are the 



means of preventing. I have ondeistood thai 
in Suffolk, and in some of the southern oovm- 
ties, the larvse of the cockchafer are so exceed- 
ingly abundant, that the crops of corn are 
almost destroyed by them, and that tbeii 
ravages do not cease even when they have 
attained to a winged state. Various plans 
have been proposed to put a stop to their de- 
predations ; but I have little doubt that their 
abundance iato be attributed to the scarcity 
of rooks, as 1 nave somewhere seen an account 
that rooks in those counties (I have not been 
in them) are not numerous, either from the 
trees being felled in which they nestled, or 
that they have been destroyed by the preju- 
diced farmers. I am the more inclined to be 
of this opinion, because we have manv rooks 
in this neighbourhood, where the cockchafer 
is not known as a destructive insect; and 1 
know that insects of that class and their lar?s^ 
are the most favourite food of the rook. 

I will mention another proof of the utility 
of the rook, which occurrea in this neighbour- 
hood many years ago. A flight of locusts 
visited Craven, and they were so numerous as 
to create considerable alarm among the farm- 
ers of the district They were, however, soon 
relieved from their anxiety ; for the rooks 
flocked in from all quartera by thousands and 
tens of thousands, and devoured them so gree- 
dily that they were all destroyed in a short 
time. Such, at least, is the account which is 
given ; and I have heard it repeatedly men- 
tioned as the reason why the late Lord Rib- 
blesdale was ko partial to rooks. But 1 have 
no means of ascertaining how far this is true, 
except general report 

It was stated in the newspapers, a year or 
two back, that there was such an enonnous 
quantity of caterpillars upon Skiddaw, that 
they devoured all the vegetation on the moun- 
tain, and |>eople were apprehensive they would 
attack the crops in tlie enclosed lands ; but tlie 
rooks (which are fond of high groimd in the 
summer), having discovered them, in a very 
short time put a stop to their ravages. — T. C, 
Clitkerocy Lancashire. June 30/A, 1832. 

Mr. Watertou, in his valuable essay "On tlie 
supposed Pouch under the Bill of the Rook," 
(vol. v. p. 512,) incidentally shows that the 
rook is a very extensive destroyer of insects. 
— Magazine of Natural Histoty. 



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THE TOURIST. 



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INTERIOR OF THE ABBEY CHURCH AT MALMESBURY. 



Tbi most interesting'objecU of atten- 1 ancieot architecture which vere connect' I whos3 dilapidated walls and mosa-grown 
tion at Mdmesbui^ (says Britton, in his ed with the religious institutioaa once so I towers at |»esent serve to give only a faint 
Beanliesof Wiltshire) are those relics of numerous and flouiishing in this country, ideaof their former m^;aiflcence. Among 



338 

these, the Abbey CilKurdh is th€ mOit pro* 
minent and impoitttit. The |>re9At re* 
mains of this once Spacions and noble 
edifice consist of a part of the nave and 
aisles of the church, the grand southern 
porch, and a wall beloneiag to the south 
ttansept. Imperfect and decayed as this 
Atm^tare »> enough i» left to i^iow the 
peculiar cfaaractdr o( its architecture. The 
prevailing style is Norman, with an inter- 
mixture of the English, or pointed. The 
western front, the original lower tier of 
windows, the massive pillars between the 
nave and aisles, and the southern porch, 
display the semicircular arch, exemplifying 
the earliest species of architecture in this 
building. Ilie next variety occurs in the 
intersecting arches which ornament tlie 
^ower part of the wall on the western and 
southern sides. The arches springing 
from the pillars which divide the nave 
from the aisles are pointed. Above them 
is a tier of broad semicircular arches, 
each of which includes four others, with 
an open colonnade to the fodf of the 
aisles ; and over these is a series of lonsr, 
narrow, pointed-arch windows, with mui- 
lions and tracery. 

Such are the great characteristic fea- 
tures of this edifice, which, whether con- 
sidered as a whole or examined in detail, 
affords ground for some interesting reflec- 
tions. 

The earliest notice relative to this Ab- 
bey Church appears to be the statement 
of its dimensions, contained in the *^ Iti- 
nerary of William of Worcester," who 
wrote in the reign of Henry the Sixth. 
The account given by Leland of the state 
of the building, in the time of Henry the 
Eighth, is more interesting. He says, 
the Abbey was " a right magnificent 
thing ; where were two steples, one that 
had a mightie high pyramis, and felle 
daungerously, in hominutn memcrid, and 
sins was not re-edified. It stode in the 
middle of the transeptum of the fchirch, 
and was a marke to al the countre about. 
The other yet standith : a greate square 
toure, at the west ende of the . church." 
Both the towers which Lelsind n^entions 
have been long since destroyed, leaving 
no traces of their forms or architectural 
characters. Indeed, so great has been 
the dilapidation of this buildine,-that not 
more than a sixth part of it remains 
standing; and the preservation of this 
was owing to its being fitted up for the 
use of the inhabitants of the town after 
the Reformation. At that period it pro- 
bably underwent some repairs ; the east 
and west ends were walled up, some of 
the windows enlargedi the area pewed. 

The exterior and interior portals of the 
grand southern porch are elaborately de- 
corated with sculptures. The former dis- 
plays eight enriched mouldings, continued 
all round from the base on each side. 
The subjecto of them are apparently taken I 



THE TOURIST. 

ftom the htttory of t^e OU afad New 
Testaments i and though mttiiy of them 
are distorted and ill-designed, yet, aft 
specimens of early art, they are very 
curious. The inner doorway, without 
columns, is also ornamented with sculp- 
ture. Below the arch is an impost, on 
which is a basso-relievo, which seems to 
have been intended for a representation 
of the Deity, supported by two angels. 
On the left hand of the door is a large 
piscina in the wall. On each side of the 
porch is an arcade, above which are 
seated six large sculptured figures, sup- 
posed to be designed- for the apostles, 
with human figures over their heads in the 
attitude of flying. The western front is 
much mutilated ; but enough of it remains 
to show that it must have had an im- 
posing effect in its original state. In 
1732, the doorway appears, from draw- 
ings, to have been perfect s but at present 
only one side remamst One of the capt* 
tals which support the. arch is charged 
with a figure of^ Sagittarius, and it is pro*^ 
bable that the other signs of the Zodiac 
were continued round the arch. The run- 
ning scrolls are gracefyilly formed, and 
resemble some Grecian and Roman orna- 
ments. The only ancient sepulchral 
monument remainmg is an altar tomb, 
placed within the chapel ; upon it is a 
recumbent statue in royal robes, said to 
be that of King Athelstan, to whom the 
tomb has been assigned. But, if it was 
intended to commemorate that prince, it 
must have been erected long after his 
death, and on a spot distant from the 

Slace 6f his interment, which William of 
lalmesbury states to have been in the 
choir beneath the high altar. 



THE MAIDEN'S ROCK ON THE 
MISSISSIPPI. 

There was a time (our guide said, as we 
passed near the base of the rock) when this 
spot, which you now admire for its untenanted 
beauties, was witness to one of the most melan- 
choly transactions that Las ever occurred 
among the Indians. There was in the Tillage 
of Keoxa, in the tribe of Wapatha, durinff t£e 
time that his father lived and ruled over them, 
a ^oung Indian female, whose name was 
Wmona, which signifies "the first-bom.^ She 
had conceived an attachment for a young 
hunter, who reciprocated it; they had fire- 
miently^ met, and agreed to an union, in which 
all their hopes centred ; but, on ajmlying to 
her family, the hunter was surprised to find 
himself denied^ and his claims superseded by 
those of a wamor of distinction who had sued 
for her. The warrior was a general favourite 
with the nation ; he had acquired a name by 
the services which he had rendered to his vil- 
lage when attacked by the Chi^mewas; yet, 
notwithstanding all the ardour witn which he 
pressed his suit, and the countenance whicli 
ne received from her jparents and brothers, 
Winona persisted in preferring the hunter. To 
the usual commenoations of her friends in 
favour of the wairior. She replied that she had 
made choice of a man, who, being a professed 



hunteiv would ^piftd his SfeSrith her, and 
secure to her comfort anl subsistence, while 
the wairior would be constintiv absent, intent 
upon martial exploits. Winona's expostolatioiis 
were, however, of no avail ; and her parents^ 
having succeeded in driving away her lover, 
began to use haish measures, in order to com- 
pel her to unite with the man of their choice. 
To, aU her entreaties, that she should not be 
forced into an union so repugnant to her fbel- 
ings, but rather be allowed to live a single 
life, they turned a deaf ear. Winona had at 
all times enjoyed a greater share in the affec- 
tions of her family, and she had been indulged 
more than is usual with females among In- 
dians. Being a favourite with her bromers, 
they expressed a wish that her consent to this 
union saould be obtained by persuasive means, 
rather than fliat she should be compelled to it 
ag^nst her inclination. With a view to remove 
some of her objections, they took means to pro- 
vide for her future maintenance, and presented 
to the warrior sU that in their simple mode of 
tivhig, an Indian aught covet. About that 
time, a partv was Ibtmed to ascend from the 
village to Lajce Pepin, in order to lay in a store 
of the bine clay whkn Is found upon its banks, 
and which Is used bv the Indians as a pig- 
ment Winona and ner friends were of the 
Gompa&y« It was mi the very day that they 
tinted the lake Aat her brothers offered their 
presents to the warrior. Enoooraged by these, 
he agahk addressed her,'but with the same ill 
success. Vexed at what they deemed an un- 
justifiable obMlnaey on her part, her parents 
remonstrated fn strong language, and even 
used threats to compel her into obedience. 
** Well," said WinooiL " you will drive me to 
despair; I sidd I loved him not, I could not 
live with hnu ; I wished to remain a maiden, 
but you would not You say you love me — 
that yon ate my father, my brothers, my 
relations; yet yoo have dnven from me 
the only man with whom I wished to be 
united; jou have compelled him to withdraw 
fitom ^e village; alone he now ranges 
through tiie forest, with no one to assist him, 
none to spread his blanket, none to build his 
lodge, none to wait on him ; yet was he the 
.man of my choice. Is this your love ? But 
evm it appears that this is not enough ; you 
would have me do more ; you would have me 
njoice in his absence; you wish me to unite 
with another man— *with one whom I do not 
lovfr— >with whom I never can be happy. Since 
this is your love, let it be so ; but soon yon 
will have neither daughter, nor sister, nor rela- 
tion, to totment with your false professions of 
affection.*' As she uttered these words she 
witiidiew, and her patents, heedless of her 
complaints, resolved mat that very day Winona 
shoiud be united to the warrior. While all 
were engaged in busy preparations for the 
festival, she wound her wav slowly to the top 
of the hill. When she had reached the sum- 
mit, she called out with a loud voice to her 
friends below ; she upbraided them for their 
cmeky to herself and ner lover. *' Vou," said 
she, " were not satisfied with opposing my 
union with the man whom I had chosen ; you 
endeavoured, by deceitful words, to make me 
faithless to him ; but, when you found me re- 
solved on remaining siogle, you dared to 
threaten me. You knew me not ; if you 
thought I could be terrified into obedience, 
you shall soon see how well I can defeat your 
designs.'' She then commenced to sing her 
diive; the light wind that blew at the time 
waned the words towards the ^t where her 
friends were; they immediately rushed, some 



THE TOURIST. 



dW 



lowaidB the smmnit of the hill to stop her, 
efdieiB to the foot of the precipice to receive 
her into their amafl^ while all, ivith teaas in 
their eyes, entreated her to desist from her 
&tal purpose. Her &ther promised that no 
compulsiTe measures should be resorted to. 
Bat she was resolved ; and, as she concluded 
(he words of her song, she threw heiself from 
the pfedpice, and feU a lifeless corpse near 
her ^stressed friends. Thns (added our guide) 
has this spot acquired a melancholy celebrity. 
It IS stin called the Maiden's Rock ; and no 
Indian passes near it without involuntarily 
casting nis eye towards the giddy height, to 
contemplate the place whence this unfortunate 
girl fell^a victim to the cruelty of her relent- 
lees parents. — Keating*9 Expedition. 



POMPEII. 



There are few things so strange as a walk 
through the silent streets of a town which, for 
1700 years, has been hid from the liffht of the 
world, when the manners and every-dav scenes 
f>f so remote an age stand revealed, unchanged, 
i^r so long an interval. It appears that, six- 
teen years Wore the shower of sand and ashes 
from Vesuvius occurred, an earthquake had 
nearly ruined the town ; so that the houses are 
roofless, partly from this cause, and partly from 
the weight of ashes which fell, otherwise 
they stand just as they were left The streets 
ire narrow, but paved, and the marks of the 
carriage wheels in the lower pavement are 
ev^nt In Murat's time, 4000 men were 
employed in excavating; and so a great num- 
ber of houses, perhaps one-third oi the tovni, 
have been uncovered. The houses were small, 
generally of two stories, bat beautifully painted, 
and the figures of horses, peacocks, &c., are as 
blight as the day they were nainted. There 
are two theatres stanaing, and one amphithe- 
atre, all nearly perfect At one time we 
walked up a stroet, called the Strata de Mer- 
eantU. On either ^de are the shops of Mosaic 
sellers, statuaries, bakers, Sec, with the ovmer's 
name painted in red, and the ngn of the shop 
rudely carved above the door. The mQl in the 
bakers shop, and the oven, amused us much. 
At another time we passed through the htdl 
of justice, the temple of Hercules, the villa of 
Cicero, and the villa of Sallust. The only villa 
of three stories we observed, belonged to a 
nan called Arias Diomedee (this name was at 
the side of the door) ; and in the ceDar, beside 
some jars of vrine still standing, was the skele- 
ton of this poor fellow, found with a oarse in 
one hand, and some trinkets in his left, fol- 
lowed by another bearing up some nlver and 
some bronze vases. From the ticket of a rale, 
stuck upon the wall of a house, it appears that 
one penon had no less than nine hundred 
diope to let. The street of the tombs is the 
most imp re ss i v e; one for the gladiators has a 
representation of the different modes of fight- 
ing carved npon it; and firom this it seems 
that tibey oceaanonally longht on horBeback, 
irhich, befbre the discovery of Pompeii, was 
rxiiknomn.^^Bdinbnrffk Phihtopkicaf Journal 



COEPOREAL IDENTITY. 

SoMB have ooosldefed a change of oofpoieal 
identity to be effected every three, others every 
seven years. Letters marked on the sidn, 
however, last during life ; and there are some 
diseases of which the constitution is only once 
susoeptiblct 



CHINA. 

The following very comprehensive and 
interesting artick, illustrative of the pre- 
sent condition of the Chinese, has been 
handed to us by Mr. Fisher, the gentle* 
man to whom we are indebted for our 
former articles on this subject, and forms 
part of one inserted in the last number of 
the Gentleman's Magazine. 

As the relations of Great Britain with the 
subjects of the Emperor of China are now 
about to nndergo parliamentary revision, a few 
statistical notices of the population, govern- 
ment, language, litemture, arts and sciences, 
religion, and jurisprudence of the immense 
dominions of that potentate, maj not be alto- 
gether unacceptable to jour readers. 

They are derived chiefly from the commu- 
nications, either written or printed, of that 
eminent Chinese scholar and valuable Chris- 
tian missionary, the Rev. Robert Morrison, 
author of the Chinese Dictionary, &c. ; or of 
his son, Mr. John Robert Morrison, who is with 
his father in China. 

The following is a etatement of the PowhAjiov 
of China and its Colonies^ according to a 
Census taken in the 18M year of the reign of 
Kea-king, A. D. 1813, and under the autho- 
ritv of his Imperial Ma/etty, 



Provinces* ice 

Chihle • . . . 

Shantung 

Shanse .... 

Honan • . • . 

Keangsoo 

Oanhwuy 

Keangse 

Fuhkeen • n • 

Formosa (natives) . 

Chekeang 

Hoopih . . 

Hoonan • 

Shense . . . • 

Kansuh • . . • 

Barkoul and Oromntsi 

Szechnen 

Kwangtung or Canton 

Kwang-se 

Yunnan 

Kweichew 

Shing-king or Leaoatvng 

Kirin .... 

Kihlung-keangy or Teit- 

cihar, 6cc . . r 
Tslnghae or Kokonor, ^e. 
Foreign tribes nnder Kan* 

suh .... 
Ditto, ditto, Sze-dinen • 
Thibetan colonies . 
£le and its dependendes 
Turfan and Lobnof « 
Russian Border 



No. oflndi- 
vidaalt. Ftisttlct. 

37,990,871 

28,958,764 

14,004,210 

23,037,171 

37,843,601 

34,168,069 — 

30,426,999 

14,777,410 

1,748* 

26,256,784 

27,370,098 

18,662^607 

10,207,266 

16,193,126 

]61,76<> 

21,436,678 

19,174,080 

7,313,896 

6,661,320 

6,288,219 

942,003 

807,781 

7,842 

26,728 

72,374 

4,889 

— 69,644 
r00» 2,661 

— 1,900 



Individuals 361^998^9 188,326 

4 



Individuals at 4 in each luililr 
Add Indbidnato 

Total Individuals 



768,304 
861,693,879 



^M 



802,447,1^ 



GovEaNMEKT.— Upon this subject compa^ 
ratively littie has hitaerto been made known 

■ ; 

* These are the nvmben, not of hidivldtialSy 
but of elective men. 



in Europe ; exteo&ng that h is moiuErchioal 
and hereditary ; tnat the power of the chief 
ruler or emperor is absolute ; and ^t he de- 
legates it to viceroys in the several provinces, 
some of which provinces, it mav be observed, 
contain each of them mote innabitants than 
the whole of the British empire in Europe ^ 
and that all the viceroys are accountable im* 
mediately to the emperor for the whole of their 
conduct. 

Lanodagb. — The language written and 
spoken by the inhabitants of this region differs, 
in its whole form and structure, from the lan- 
guages in use in other parts o^the worid. For 
many years this peculiarity of language inter- 
posed, although not an insuperable barrier, a 
very great obstacle in the way of European 
intercourse with the Chinese ; an obstacle 
which, to the honour of our conntiy, has been 
removed by the industry and exertions of the 
individual alreadv referred to, who, as a Chris- 
tian missionary, felt himself stimulated to the 
necessary exertion by a conscientious wish to 
fulfil his important trust To him the literary 
world is indebted for a grammar of the Chi- 
nese language, a dictionary of the same in six 
volumes quarto, together with other philologi- 
cal writings. There is nevertheless reason to 
believe that but very few either of Europeans 
or Americans axe Qualified, even at the present 
hour, for personal communication with the 
natives of China in the lanp^age of the latter. 

Of that langfuage, so little known to the 
natives of other regions. Dr. Morrison observes 
that it is ^^read hj a population of different 
nations, amounting to a very large proportion 
of the human race, and over a very extensive 
geographical space ; from the borders of Rus- 
sia on the north, throughout Chinese Tartary 
in the west, and in the east as far as Kam^ 
chatka; and downwards through Corea and 
Japan ; in the Loo Choo Idands, Cochin- 
China, and the Islands of that Archipelago^ 
on most of which are Chinese settlers, till you 
come down to the equinoctial line at Penang, 
Malacca, Singapore, and even beyond it on 
Java. Throughout all these regions, howevex 
dialects may difl^r, and oral languages be 
confounded, the Chinese written language is 
understood by all. The voyager, the merchant, 
and the traveller, as weH as me Christian mis- 
sionaiT, if he can write Chinese, may make 
himself understood throughout the wnole ef 
Eastern Asia.*^ 

LlTEKATVBE AND SCIENCE. — ^Thc ChtDOe 

appear to have been a literary and, to a certain 
extent, a scientific people for several ages. It 
is now known that they iave possessed the art 
of printing books firom wooden blocks during 
more than 800 years $ that is, long before the 
invention of printiog and revival of letters in 
Europe. ^ During the tenth century, the art 
of taling off on paper an iinpression from an 
engravhig was discovered in China, and hence 
the Chinese acquaintance with the art of print- 
ing arose.'' This art of printing from wooden 
blocks is now practised by the Cninese with so 
much fadfity, that a MS. Gazette or news- 
paper, transferred to blocks or plates of wood, 
is, in the course of a very few nours, prepared 
for printing by the expert use of gouges or 
chisels, employed in removing the wooa fiom 
the blank parts, so as to leave the characters 
standing up, in precisely the same way as they 
would appear in this country in wood-cuti. 

The art of printins^ having been so long 
known in China, it has followed, as might 
reasonably have been expected, that the ht^ 
ratme of the countrr has become extensivaL 
There are two cdlections of Chhiese Uterataie 



340 



THE TOURIST. 



in diis conntxy ; the one in the libiazy of the 
East India Company in Leadenhall-street; the 
other, which 19 the property of Dr. Morrison, 
in the Mission House, Austin Friars. 

The foUowing sketch, abridged from the 
doctor's notes, may afford some idea of the 
character of Chinese literature ; which com- 
prehends boohs of the following descriptions : — 

Writings deemed $aered^ or held in high 
veneration, including a compilation of tibe 
works of the ancient moral phnosophers of the 
age of Confucius (B. C. 800 years), with 
numerous notes, comments, and paraphrases 
on the original text, and *' with controversies 
concerning its'genuineness, the order of parti- 
cular words or phrases, and Uie meaning of 
obscure passages," as follows : — ^*^ Hie text of 
the Woo King, which name denotes Five Sor 
ered Books; and of the Sze SkoOf or Four 
Books, which were compiled hy four of the 
disciples of Confucius, and from which circum- 
stance the books recei?e their title; these con- 
tain the doctrines and precepts which their 
master, Confucius, approved and communi- 
cated to them. In respect of external form, 
the Five Books (Woo King) of the Chinese, 
corr^pond to the Pentateuch of Moses ;' and 
the Four Books (Sze Shoo^, in respect of being 
a record of the savings of a master, compiled 
by four disciples, have a slight resemblance to 
the Four Gospels." But the contents of these 
sacred writings of the Chinese are described as 
altogether dissimilar to the Christian Scrip- 
tures ; containing, ^ with the exception of a 
few passages in tne most ancient part of the 
Woo King, which retain seemingly something 
of the knowledge which Noah must have com- 
municated to his children," nothing but ^ per- 
sonal, domestic, and political morsuities, widi- 
out the sanction of an eternal and Almighty 
God, arrayed with every natural and moru 
perfection — wise, good, just, and merciful; 
and without presenting the fears and the hopes 
of immortality, or revealing the grace of the 
Saviour." Such is the c^uracter which Dr. 
Morrison has given of the sacred writings of 
the Chinese. 

Histories, — ^Those of the Chinese are de- 
scribed as voluminous, containing, of course, 
accounts of their domestic and foreign wars, 
especially with the Huns and Tartars ; often 
tracing, with great gravity, effects to their sup- 
posed causes in the operation of the dual sys- 
tem of the universe, which the Chinese histo- 
rians assume to be true, '* and by which system 
of materialism they imagine both the physi- 
cal and moral world to be influenced.'' The 
Chinese historians place their deluge about 
3200 years before Cnrist, and carry back their 
antedUuvian traditions, concerning a great an- 
cestor of the Chinese nation, '* who melted 
stones and repaired the heavens," to about 
3200 years berore Christ ; but these historians 
are described as not professing to be very cor- 
rect in dates, and the principal facts stated by 
them are regarded as mere traditions. 

In every other department of literature, Dr. 
Morrison represents the Chinese press as Imving 
been /or ages prolific, and the accumulations 
vast. 

Historical Novels appear to constitute a 
favourite department ; but, owing to the licen- 
tiousness of some of them, they have been 
made the subjects of legal, although ineffectual, 
prohibition. 

Dramatic Works and Poetry. '-^n these the 
Chinese abound ; and we are informed that the 
candidates for public employment are ex- 
amined in poetry, on the p^round that poetry 
leads to an acquaintance with the passions and 



feelings of men, and that **• none can govern 
well, or durably, but those who win the peo- 
ple's hearts, by an adherence to the principles 
of equal rights and a clement justice.'' The 
Chinese have nothing that can be called epic 
poetry. The most ancient poetical composi- 
tions were a collection of popular songs, made 
at the request of TOvemment, in order to ascer- 
tain the popular feeling, which it is stated the 
Chinese monarchs have generally thought it 
right to consult Although the ladies of China 
are not usually literary, there are exceptions ; 
and, in an educated family, the writing of 
verses, from a theme given at the moment by 
one of the party, is practised as an amusing 
trial of skill. 

Creograpkicaland topographical works abound 
in China ; together with a species of law, de- 
nominated Collectanea, consisting of collec- 
tions of appeals and remonstrances, and opi- 
nions of philosophers, and controversialists, 
with the endless et ccetera of compilers. 

Astronomy. — In China, this branch of science 
and literature extends to a correct calculation 
of eclipses and some other celestial pheno- 
mena; but it is greatly mixed up witli the 
dreams of astrology, calculating, with weari- 
some minuteness, lucky and unlucky, felicitous 
and infelicitous, days and hours for bathing, 
for shaving, for commencing a journey, or be- 
ginning to sow, or to plant, or to make a bar- 
gain, or to. visit a friend, &c. 

Medicine. — In the science and practice of 
this art the Chinese appear to have acquired 
great proficiency, and much acquaintance with 
natursd history, whether belonging to the 
animal, vegetable, or mineral kingdoms. '^ The 
theory of the pulse is in China carried by 
practitioners to a degree of exactness that 
baffles the most careful attention of Eiunopean 
surgeons to discriminate. When Chinese and 
English practitioners have been seated at the 
same table, and felt the pulse of the same 
patient, the one has professed to ascertain 
symptoms, of which the other was unable to 
ascertain any thing. The Chinese are not at 
all convinced, by the reasoning of the west, 
tiiat pulses, being simultaneous in all parts of 
die body, the feeling of one pulse is therefore 
equal to the feel of more than one ; for they 
suppose that local disease may make a dif- 
ference." 

There are other departments of Chinese 
literature ; a sort of family record called Wau 
Chang, consisting of the prize essays of many 
generations, whidi are preserved and published 
with care ; also the moral and religious essays 
of different sects; those in particular of the 
Confucian school of atheistical materialists ; 
those of the visionary alchymic school of 
Laoukeun ; and those of the Hindoo Polythe- 
istic school of Buddha ; in addition to which 
may be named the essays, of a sort of eclectic 
school, which picks and chooses from, and 
sometimes blends, the other three. 

*' The Mahommedan and Christian WTiters 
in China have been too few to produce any 
very sensible impression, beyond now and then 
a litde scorn and philippic, such as is conveyed 
in the political sermons, read by an official 
person on die days of the new and full moon, 
m the. several provincial imperial halls, before 
the governor, aeputy-govemor, and magistrates 
];n each province." 

Such IS the brief sketch which I have been 
enabled, by reference to the respectable au- 
thority already named, to offer you of the lite- 
rature of the Chinese. In the lastrmentioned 
and the most important department of that 
literature, viz. that connectea with religion, it 



will be satisfactory to most of your readers tcr 
learn that the lithogranhie art seems destined 
to be instrumental in promoting a happy 
change. That invaluable invention, in tne 
success of which, on its first arrival in Eng- 
land, I ventured, as may be shown by a refer- 
ence to your pages, to feel and to express a 
strong interest, and to advocate it when the 
artists of this country thought fit to reject it, 
has not only surmounted the opposition of pre- 
judice here, but has been at length introduced 
into China ; and its first effort there has been 
the circulation of Christian truth, in connection 
with a new, and, compared with that with 
which the Chinese were previously acquainted^ 
a very superior mode of diffusing knowledge 
by the multiplication of copies of books. Tms 
association I regard as a most happy one for 
the interests of religion. The first work printed 
in Chinese at a lithographic press, and of 
which I have a copy, is entitled " Good Words 
to adinouish the Age," published in nine 
volumes by Leangafa, a native convert, and 
now a Christian missionary. 

The Arts of Design (which are in England 
denominated the Fine Arts) appear to be 
among the Chinese in an immature state. All 
their productions, and particularly their sta- 
tuary, manifest great care and neatness of 
execution, with ingenuity ; but in their paint- 
ings they display very little, and in some of 
them not any, acquaintance mth the rules of 
drawing in pehspective. 

The Mechanic Arts appear to be in verj 
considerable perfection among the Chinese, 
who work in metals with ease ; and their long 
acknowledged superiority to the natives of 
Europe in earthen wares is a fact which can- 
not be forgotten by any persons who have pos- 
sessed or who possess China. It is scarcely 
necessary to add, that they have bridges, ana 
houses, and halls, and palaces, and other coU'^ 
veniences and contrivances for domestic and 
social life, in great variety, very much like our 
own ; and that these things they have had for 
many years, and that they import none of 
them. 

Religion. — As is notorious, the Chinese 
are. addicted to the grossest idolatry; wor- 
shipping, with, great oost and pamde of pub- 
lic processions, tlie statues of their deceased 
emperors, with such creatures of their imagi- 
nation as the following: — ^the Gods of the 
Soutiiem, Northern, Eastern, Western, and 
Central Mounts; the God of Furnaces, with a 
thank-offering on the daj of his ascension; 
the Budhi,on their days of ascent and descent; 
the God of Spring ; the Gods of Wealth and 
Wine (in whicn, perhaps, a few British Chris- 
tians may sympathise with the Chinese) ; the 
Gods of Learning, of Happiness, of Land and 
Grain, of the Small-pox, of Thunder, War, and 
Fire ; also of the Southern and Northern Seas 
and of the South Pole ; the dueen of Heaven, 
who is considered the Goddess of Sailors ; the 
Goddess of Childbirth ; and the God of Car- 
penters. These gods are worshipped on their 
several days in the Chinese calendar, which is 
replenished with them ; together vridi the an- 
niversaries of the airing of clothes, the exhi- 
bition of paper knthoms, and the births and 
deaths of their deceased emperors, to which 
they add the birth of Confucius, and the de- 
cease of ^eir own respective ancestors, whom 
they commemorate by offerings at their tombs* 



THE TOUKIST. 



JOHN LOCKE. 



John Locke, F.R.S., was the son of 
Mr. John Locke, of Pensford, la Somer- 
aetdiire, and was born at Wrington, near 
Bristol, in 1632. He was sent to Christ 
Church in Oxford, and here became ac- 
quainted with the works of Des Cartes, 
which iirst attracted his attention to phi- 
losophy. He applied himself with vigour 
to his studies, particularly to physic, in 
which he gained a considerable know- 
ledge, though he never practised it. In 
1664 he went to Germany as secretary 
to Sir William Swan, Envoy from the 
English Court to the Elector of Branden- 
burgh, and some other Germa.n princes. 
In 1665 he returned to Oxford, where he 
applied himself to natural philosophy, 
and became acquainted with Lord Ash- 
ley, who introdutied hira to some of the 
most eminent persons of that age. In 
1670 he began to form the plan of his 
Essay on Human Understanding. About 
this time he became F.R.S. In 1672 
his patron, Lord Ashley, now Earl of 
Shaftesbury, and Lord Chancellor of 
England, appointed him secretary of the 
presentations. In 1673 he was made 
secretary to a commission of trade, worth 
£500 a-year; but that commission was 
dissolved in 1674. The Earl of Shaftes- 
bury, after his dischai^ from the Tower, 
retired to Holland in 1682, and Mr. 
Locke followed his patron thither. He 
had not been absent from England a 
year when he was accused of having 
written certain tracts against the govern- 
ment, which were afterwards discovered 
to have been written by another ; and in 



November, 1684, he was deprived of his 
place of student in Christ Church. In 
1685 the English Envoy at the Hague 
demanded him, and eighty-three odier 
persons, to be delivered up by the States 
General, upon which he lay concealed 
till 1686, and during this time formed an 
acquaintance with Limborch, Le Clerc, 
id some few other learned men at Am- 
sterdam. In 1689 he returned to England 
in the fleet which brought over the Prin- 
cess of Orange. Being esteemed a suf- 
ferer for the principles of the revolution, 
he obtained the. post of commissioner of 
appeals, worth £200, and was offered to 
be sent abroad as envoy at tlie court of 
the Emperor, the elector of Brandenburg, 
or any other where he thought the air 
most suitable to him ; but he waived all 
these, on account of the infirm state of 
his health, which led him to prefer an 
offer made by Sir Francis Masham and 
his lady, of an -apartment in their coun- 
try seat at Oates, in Essex, twenty-five 
miles from London. This place proved 
perfectly agreeable to him in every re- 
spect. He found in Lady Masham a 
lady of a contemplative and studious 
turn, inured from her infancy to deep 
speculations in theolc^, metaphysics, 
and morality. In this family Mr. Locke 
lived with as much ease as if the whole 
house had been his own ; and he had the 
additional satisfaction of seeing this lady 
bring up her only sou exactly upon the 
plan which he had laid down for the best 
method of education. He was made a 
commissioner of trade and plantations in 



341 

1695, wbich engaged him in the imme- 
diate busineas of the state. With regard 
to the church, he published a treatise the 
same year, to promote the scheme which 
King William had miich at heart, of a 
comprehension with the Dissenters. This, 
however, drew liim into a controversy, 
which was scarcely ended when he en- 
tered into another, in defence of his 
essay, which continued till 1698 : soon 
after which, the asthma increasing with 
his years, he became so infirm that, in 
1700, he resigned his seat at the board 
of trade, as he could no longer bear the 
air of London sufiicientty for a regular 
attendance upon it. After this he con- 
tinued constantly at Oates, where he em- 
ployed the remaining years of his life 
entirely in the study of the Holy Scrip- 
tures, He died in 1704, aged seventy- 
three. Whoever is acquwnted with the 
barbarous state of the philosophy of the 
human mind, when Mr. Locke paved the 
way to a clear notion of knowledge, will 
be able to appreciate this great man's 
abilities, and discover how much we are 
indebted to him for the improvements 
that have since been made. His Dis- 
courses on Government, Letters on Tole- 
ration, and his Commentaries on some of 
St. Paul's Epistles, are justly held in the 
highest esteem. 



PRISON DISCIPLINE. 

We shall extract, for the sake of an 
instructive contrast, two accounts from 
the last report of the Prison Discipline 
Society — the one of prisons in the West 
Indies, the other of prisons in America. 
The latter must, from its length, be in- 
serted in our Supplement. 

In Jamaica, an act was passed by tlie legis- 
lature in January, 1890, for the better regula- 
tion of the prisons. Here is a public gaol in 
each county, and almost evei^- parish in the 
ifiland has a paiticular place of confiuement 
for ofli^Klers who are to be tried at the Quar- 
ter Sessions and Slave-court Many of the , 
prisons are of a temporary uatore, and very 
mcoromodious and insecure. For want of 
room, untried pri£onera are frequently cunliued 
with convicts, and males and females are 
placed togedier. There is no labour or em- 



of solitary < 



and want of ventilation, the neglect of in- 
spection, and, above all, the entire absence of 
public interest nith nbich ihese prisons seem 
to be regarded, render confinement in them a 

K'evance of no ordinary character to such of 
: fiee population as are committed to them. 
But to Uie slave the imprisonment is one of 
a^ravated cruelty. Slaves, seized in execu- 
tion of their masters' debts, are dragged, for 
no criminal offence whatever, from the plan- 
tation to the gaol, and there kept cronded 
together — men, women, and children — until 
liberated for sale. Slaves charged with slight 
domestic offences are also sent to the norb- 
bouse for personal chastisement, llie ordinary 

Enniihment on these occasions is thirty-nine 
ishes; and it is fteiiuently inQicled with great 



THE TOURIST. 



sereiitjr. Tke slaves oie pfostnted 90, the 
noana, jmd the bodj is indeceatly exposed to 
2^ gaze of by-fltaiMiets; the anns aie extend- 
ed, the wrists being made fast; the legs are 
brought close together, and secured at the 
ancles by aTope, which passes through a hole, 
end is pulled tight, stretching erery mnscle 
even to agony. 

An attempt vms lately made,, at a reslfy 
meeting of the parish of St. Andrew's, in 
Jamaica, to obtain an abolition of the cruel 
system of stretching negroes, who afe about to 
be flogged.* An opinion was given by the 
medicu^ attendant of the institution, that that 
mode ci punishment was the least likely to 
injure the dav^. It had already, he said, 
been proposed to use the halbeid lor the pur- 
pose, as m the army ; but he &oiu;ht tbat the 
contortions of the body, during the infliction 
of a flogging, might cause the dislocation of 
the wrists. One member of the vest^ stated 
that he was ready to make oath that he kuew 
a negro who was of no service to his owner, 
firom the effects of stretching by means of the 
block and tackle, and he had no doubt that 
there were many other such instances. Ano- 
ther member was also against the use of the 
block and tackle. He lumself knew a negro 
who was totally useless in consequence of 
being stretched in the workhouse. He thought 
the halberd the milder of the two punishments. 
During this discussion the majorilrv of the 
oommiflsioDers retired from the board, one or 
two at a time, and the meeting was adjourned 
sine die ! At the date of the last official re- 
turn of the state of gaols and workhouses in 
Jamaica, there were in that island 488 slaves 
in confinement who had been committed by a 
public court, or by the order of three magis- 
trates. Of this number 174 — viz., 146 men, 
and 28 women — were condemned to hard la- 
bour in chains for life, for the offence of 
having absoonded finom th^r masters for six 
montl^ or more. Others, convicted of the 
same offence, were condenmed to imprison- 
ment and hard labour for different periods, 
▼arying from ene to twelve months; many 
were also sentenced to receive thirty-nine 
lashes when committed, and again on their 
discharge. Of this class there were, at that 
period, eighty-two— viz., sixty-three men, and 
nineteen women. A further number of six- 
teen had been committed as *' runaways;** 
having asserted their claim to freedom, but 
possessing no documentary evidence of the 
fact, they were condemned, althooffh un- 
claimed by any one ; the slave beiuff, m such 
cases, usually sold for the benefit of uie island. 
Besides these prisoners, there are in the gaols 
various other descriptions— felons, misdemea- 
nants, deserters, slaves leyied on for their mas- 
ters' debts, or by the collector for taxes, and 
who are committed to the gaol or workhouse 
until claimed or sold. The punishment fcnr as 
assault upon, or even offermg violence to, a 
white person, is imprisonment and hard li^ur 
for life. In this return a female slave appeals 
to have been condemned to this terrible punidi- 
ment '* for assaulting her master;" another 
woman, " for offering violence to her master," 
is condemned to ^x months' hard labour, and 
to thirty-nine lashes, both on her committal 
and discharge. In many instances these se- 
vere sentences are pronounced, not by a public 
Slave-court, but by three magistrates, and the 
owners are, in such ca^es, indemnified for the 
slaves thus sentenced for life, by being paid 

* Vide Th4 Watchman, w Frte Prtu, a eolo- 
nial newspaper, February 5 and 9» 1831. 



their appraised value from the funds of the 
colony. 

In the return from which these paxticulais 
are taken, allusion is, in some cases, made to 
the conduct of the prisoners during their con- 
finement In one parish (St Catherine's) the 
superintendant of the workhouse states thai 
nearly one half of the slave convicts thus sen- 
tenced for life are well disposed^ steady, quiet, 
attentive, and obedient How deeply is it to 
be lamented that men, whose good conduct 
had thus extorted from their gaoler this fa- 
vourable testimony, should be kept in chaias, 
and subjected to imprisonment and hard la- 
bour for the remainder of their days ! And for 
what offence? Frequently for no moral crime. 
In some cases, perhaps, for resistance to op- 
pression , j ustified by the best feelings of hwaan 
nature; while in others the timid slave, who 
has committed unintentionally a venial of- 
fence, for which he is threateaed with pnnisb- 
ment, flies to the woods iSuX he mm escafie 
the infliction of the lash. It is not, however, 
in the public ^aols aiene that the siave is 
treated with uiyustifiable severiity. Tliere is 
on eveiy estate a place of canfineMent, of the 
proceedings in wnich no aeeord is kept. A 
slave may be here incareenitDd and flogged at 
the mere wiU and caprice of his owner or 
overseer, free from the control and incpeotieB 
of any magistrate. Hie law affixes no Emit 
to confinement in the stocks or bilboes on the 
plantation, nor provides any means for control 
a^nst the abuse of such punishments. These 
places of confinement are entiroly removed 
from the public eye. No rooord is required to 
be kept of the flagellations which are inflicted, 
however severe; and to such treatment the 
slave popBlalaon of our West India colonies is 
daily exposed, vridiout the possibility of re- 
dress, if only the party who inflicts the punish- 
ment is prudent enough to limit the stripes to 
thirty-nine, or take care that no free person 
witness it, when that number is exceeded. 
These wrongs could only be tolerated in a 
society whose sense of public justice has been 
subverted by the most odious and debasing of 
all human institutions; and it is in vain to ex- 
pect in the West Indies any just system of 
criminal law, so long as slavery shall be per- 
mitted to inflict its cruelties upon the negro 
race, and spread its pestiferous and deadly in- 
fluence throughout the other classes of the 
community. 



MORAL AND RELIGIOUS INFLUBNCS 
OP THE CLASSICS. 

No.X. 

BRITISH POETS. 

In extending the censure to the poets, it is 
gratifying to meet an exception in the most 
elevated of all their tribe. Milton*s ccmsecra- 
ted genius might harmoniously have mingled 
with the angels that announced the Messiah 
to be come, or that, on the spot, and at the 
moment of his departuro, predicted his coming 
again; might have shamed to sileaee the 
muses ot paganism, or softened the pains of 
a Christian mar^. Part of the poetical woi^ 
of Young, those of Watts, and of Cowper, 
have placed them among the permanent bene- 
factors of mankind ; as owing to them there is 
a popular poetry in the true spirit of Chris- 
tianity, a poetry which has imparted, and is 
deetiiied to impart, the best sentiments to in- 
Bunerable miad& Weriu of gna^ poetical 



genius that should be thus faithfril to true 
religion might be tegarded as trees by the 
side of that *' river of the water of life," 
having in their fruit and folia^ a virtue to 
contribute to **the healing of the nations." 
But, on the suppoation'^that there were a man 
eoflidently disoeming, impartia], and indefriti- 
nMe for a lesearoh throughout the general 
body of our poetical literature, it would be 
curious to see what kind of religious system, 
and what account of the state of man, as 
viewed under moral estimate, and in relation 
to the frituis destiny, would be afforded by a 
digoted assemblage of all the most marked 
sentiments, supplied by the vast majority of 
the poets, for such a scheme of moral and 
reliffioufl doctrine. But, if it would be ex- 
ceedingly amusing to observe the process and 
&e fimtastic result, it would, in the next 
place, be TCiy sad to consider that these fal- 
lacies have been msinnated, by the charms of 
poetry, into oouatlesB thousands of minds^ 
with a beg«3ement that has, first, direrted 
them from . a serieos atlentioii to the goi^pel, 
then confirmed them in a habitual di^ke of 
it, and finally operated to betray some of them 
to the doom whu^ beyond the grave, avraits 
the neglect or vgeetion of the religion of 
Christ 

You haFO, probably, seen Pope cited as a 
CSuistlan poet, by some pious authora, whose 
anxiety to xinpress idnctant genius into an 
appeaittiice of favouring Chrisdanity has cre- 
dulously seized on any occasional verse whicli 
seemed an echo of the sacred doctrines. So 
reader can exceed me in admiring the discri- 
minative thought, the shrewd mora) observa* 
tion, the finished and felicitous execution, and 
the galaxy of poetacal beauties, ^vhich com- 
Inne to give a peculiar lustre to the writingt 
of Pope. But I cannot refuse Xf* perceive that 
almost evezy allusion, in his lighter works, to 
the names, the facts, and the topici^ that sffi^ 
cially belong to the religion of Christ, is in a 
style and spirit of profane "banter ; and that, 
in most of his graver ones, where he meant to 
be diffuified, he took the utmost care to divest 
his thoughts of all the mean vulgarity of 
Christian associations. **Off, ye prafimef* 
might seem to have been his signal to aD 
evaoffelical ideas, when he began his £ss^ 
on Man; and they were obedient, and fled^ 
for if you detach the detail and illustrations^ 
so as to lay bare the outline and general prin- 
cif^ of the worir, it will stand confost aa 
elaborate attempt to redeem the viAiole ^leoiy 
of the oonditioii and interests of man, both in 
life and deadi, from all the explanations im- 
posed on it by an unphilosophical revelation 
from heaven. And. in the happ^ riddanoe of 
this despised, though celestial light, it exhi-^ 
bits a sort cf moon-light virion, of thm, im- 
palpable abstractions, at which a speculatist 
may gaze, with a dubious wonder whether 
they be realities or phantoms, but whioh a 
practical man will in vain try to seize and 
turn to account, and which an evangelical 
man will disdain to accept in exchange for 
those forms of truth whicn his religion brings 
to him as r^ living friends, instructors, anil 
consolen, which present themselves to him, at 
his return from a profitless adventme in that 
shadowy, dreary region, with an efihot Iflbo 
that of meeting the countenanoee of his affei>- 
donate domestic aflsociates on his awakLqg 
firam the fantastic succession of vain efforto 
' and perplexities, among strange objects^ inoi- 
dents, and people, in a bewfldering dream. 
But what deference to Chxistianity was to be 
expected when saeh a man as BoKoghtoko^ 



THB TOUBI8T. 



_ th» Mills wbow nmrted spkndour wis 
t» iliaiiiSMls^ cad the Mngod* wVoee u- 
piolMlioa wa» tO' crown, the laboiiiB whicli, 
moni&mg to the wish and pfsaentiiBent of the 
poety weie to coiuoia these two ▼CDerable 
names in endless uune? 

If it be said for some pasts of these dim 
speculations, that though Christianity comes 
forward as the practical dispensation of truth, 
▼et there most be, in remote abstmction be- 
hind, some gmnd, ultimate, elemeatary troths, 
which this dispensation does not recognise, 
bat eren intereepts finmi onr view byasyitem 
of less refined elements, in which doctrines 
of a more contaoted, pelpaMe, and popular 
tom, of compaivtiTely local puiport and relar 
lion, are imposed in snbstitution for the higher 
and more geneml and abstmcied troths — ^I 
answer, And what did the poet, or " the mas- 
ter of the poet and the song," know about 
those truths, and how did ihey eome by their 
information? 



MILAN. 



Milan is a large and elegant city, with a 
population of 130,000 souls ; but having been 
twice mzed to the ground, by Attila and by 
Firederick Barbaxossa,'it contains no remains of 
its ancient greatness. It possesses, however, 
many handsome oalaces, the second cathedral 
in Italy, several nne theatres, good streets and 
promenades, and some valuable collections of 
paintings, statues, and books. The cathedral, 
called the Duomo, is in many respects the 
most remarkable building I have yet seen; 
and I believe it may be pronounced, as far as 
external decoration goes, to be the most gorge- 
ous e<Ufice in the world. From its want of a 
tower or dome, corresponding to the size of the 
churoh, it yidds in majesty to York Minster 
and St. Paul's, to say nothing of St. Peter's at 
Rome ; but in the richness of its materials, and 
the profusion and beauty of ito ornaments, it 
far outshines them alL It is a Gothic edifice 
nearly as long as our largest cathedrals, and 
wider than any of them, built entirely of white 
marble, which has retained its colour better 
than any other I have seen; its nave and 
double usles are supported by fifty-two clus- 
tered columns, and nhy half columns; and on 
the exterior its roof is encircled bv a triple 
row of pinnacles or spires, each about six^ 
feet hign, of the lightest and most elegant 
form, and crowned by statues as large as life. 
Its walls, buttresses, and spires, are crusted 
with a profusion of tracery and statues, of 
which you may form some idea when I men- 
tion, that on the exterior of the building alone 
there are no less than three thousand four 
hundred statues ; and these, being disposed in 
tasteful manner, do not encumber the build- 
ing, hut g^ve it an effect the most florid and 
beautiful. The pianades are a hundred and 
twenty in number, and they were all, except 
two which are ancient, and six or eiffht added 
lately, erected in the time of Napmeon, who 
nearly completed the edifice, after it had been 
more than four centuries in an unfinished 
state. The Duomo is in the form of a Latin 
cross, and it has an octagonal tower rising to 
a small elevation above the roof, and then sud- 
denly contracting into a slender tower of the 
same form, which is itself terminated by a 
spire, and a brasen statue of the Virgin ; this 
is extremely el^ant, but it is too light to have 
any thing of majesty. You may be curious to 



* He is so named seBiewhem in Pope's works* 



kaow what all the aHiltitiide ef statues which 
sniXNUid dus boildiag can repiesenl^ and I 
nMy at the same time tett yon, to iaerease 
your sunrise and entioaty, tlmt Uie interior of 
the building contains a sliU greater number, 
viz.^w lAottMnd ; so at least we were told by 
two persons who showed us the churoh, and 
who, beinff in office, ought to be weU in- 
formed. Supposing, however, that there may 
be some exaggeration in this, and concluding 
also that many groups in alto-retiew), and 
smaller than life, are counted as statues, the 
nund>er is stUI astonishing. They represexrt 
all manner of personages — angek, apostles, 
prophets, saints, martyrs, warriors, bishops, and 
all the variety of characters who can be intro- 
duced in representations of the events recorded 
in Scripture. A large proportion of them are 
extremely well executed, and one, by Agrati, 
is considered such a masterpiece of sculpture, 
that there is engraved upon the pedestal, ^*Non 
me PraxiuUiy ted Marc* JinxU Agrati J* The 
subject is extremely curious, being St Bartho- 
lomew, fiead; his skin is entirely stripped ofi*, 
and hangs over his shoulders, and tne great 
merit of the statue is its accurate representar 
tion of the muscles and parts under the skin : 
the execution is admirable. The interior of 
the building is vast and rich, but unfortunately 
of very different styles of arohitecture, the 
Greek having been mixed with the Gothic ; 
one consequence of which is, that the large 
window usually placed at the western end of 
Gothic churohes, and which forms so great an 
ornament in York Minster, is left out, thereby 
diminishing the li^ht and destroying the har- 
mony of the building. This mixture of styles 
is to be found in most of the cathedrals of 
Italy, and is to be accounted for by the length 
of time reouired for their erection, and the 
various arenitecti employed. The greatest 
curiosity in the Duomo is the subterranean 
chapel of St Cario Borromeo, the celebrated 
Arenbishop of Milan, who died in 1584, and 
who endeared himself to his fellow-citizens bv 
his munificent charity to the poor, and by his 
fearless adminiBtration of the sacrament to the 
dying when a plague raged in die city. This 
noble ecclesiastic is honoured by evexv mark 
of gmtitude to his memory, and his body is 
preserved, embalmed in a sumptuous frame in 
this chapel, and still shown to the devout or 
the curious. The chapel is built of the finest 
veined marble, and completely lined with rich 
crimson silk wrought in gold; the frieze is 
composed of eight broad tablets of silver, on 
whidi are carved the principal actions of the 
life of St Charles ; and the shrine where the 
body of the saint is laid flames with precious 
metals and predous stones. The body itself 
is contained xa a frame of massive silver, with 
sides of rock crystal; but this is generally 
hidden beneath a cover, which, we were told, 
could not be raised without the performance 
of a religious ceremony by a priest, nor the 
ceremony performed without the payment of 
Gre francs. Having consented to be imposed 
upon, a priest was sent for to gratify our curi- 
osity; but the answer was brought that no 
priest was forthcoming ; whether it is actually 
ordered that this ceremony shall be performed, 
or, as I suspect, the man only told us so to ex- 
tract a hif^ sam of money nom us, he found 
it convenient to dispense with it; raising the 
cover, he displayed to us the black and shri- 
veHed mummy of the saint, clad in his ponti- 
fical robes, with the mitre on his head, and the 
crosier by his side. No part of the body ex- 
cept die (hce is seen, and this is as much dis« 
figured as that of an Egyptian miunmy ten 



dmcB as old; so tSiat lam at a le« to conoeivft 
any motive mr making this exhibition, exotpC 
the desire to get monay hy it Had the fea* 
tares been tokiably preserved, it mig^t havte 
been exeasaUe to show them to those who ad» 
mived the chaxaeter of St Charles ; but it is a 
disgnsting mockery to exhibtt a withered 
corpse enshrined in splendour. The eyelcM 
80(»ets of the head seem to Idl how vain are 
the costly gems that sparkle around them; 
and the slmuik brow appean littk fitted to 
reodve the golden ciOwn that hangs over it. 
We were tora that the value of the crosier was 
upwards tfi thirteen thousand pounds sterlinr^ 
that of the crown, three thousand &Te hundreoL 
and that the firarae in which the body is laid 
contained forty-five thousand ounces of pure 
silver. After quitting this chapel, we were 
allowed to see the treasury, where we beheld 
rdics of each of the twdve apostles — a tooth 
of one, bones of another, <Sec— contained m 
small bottles, and placed in a sumptuous case ; 
we also saw several patehes of tne garmente 
of the Vi]]g^ Mary. And here I made a 
strange mistake; for, being told they were 
upon a ^lendid stand before me, I touched an 
Old dirty cloth which hung from it, and asked 
if that was the garment, thinking it had a 
marvellous look of anti^juity. The sacristan, 
half shocked and half amused, explained that 
that was merely the covering of the stand, and 
pointed out a few small bits of cloth, very 
much resembling printed cotton, cased in gold 
and jewels, which I found were the veritable 
garments of the Virgin. There is here also a 
nail of the cross, preserved in a case of rock 
crystal. But these are nothing compared with 
what may be seen at Cologne, where I saw the 
skulls of the three longs of the east who came 
to worship Christ at ms nativity, and where 
are kept the bones of St Ursida and eleven 
thouiond virgins, who came from Eng^iand in 
one ship to convert the Huns, but were barba- 
roudy murdered by them. It seems astonishinff 
that such gross impostures dionld so long find 
credence. Of this magnificent cathedral I 
shall only further say, that it contains nume- 
rous altars, rich in marble and gilding, several 
excdlent pictures, splendid monuments, and 
all those decorations yfhicn are accumulated 
by the munificence, taste, and devotion of 
suocessive ages in the churches of Italy. 

Most of the cities of Italystill possess schools 
of painting, and institutions for the encoi^ 
ragement of the fine arts, where collections of 
pictures by the great masters are kept, and 
where an annual exhibition of modem pamt* 
ings takes place, with a dispensation of prizes 
to the most deserving artists. There is an 
institution of this kind at Milan, which ex- 
tends its views to the promotion cf the sdences 
and letters, as wdl as of the fine arts ; it occu- 
pies the old palace of the Brera, and has, be- 
sides a valuable collection of paintings and 
statues, an extensive library, a museum, a 
theatre of anatomy, and a philosophical appa- 
ratus. This is one of the most interesting 
places to visit in Milan; but I diall not annoy 
you by a panegyric on individual pictures or 
statues. Whiurt on this subject, however, £ 
must tdl you, that I have here seen, in the 
refectory of an dd convent, the celebrated 
fresco painting, by Leonard da Vinci, of the 
Last Supper. This painter, whose great and 
versatile talente disjMayed ^emsdves as well 
in sculpture, poetry, music, arohitecture, and 
geometry, as in that line which has more pap* 
tioulariy raised his fame, was a native of 
Milan, where the inhabitants are justly proud. 
of him. The firescp of the Last Supper is 



S44 



THE TOURIST. 



aitich iigiued bj tiiii6 and a damp ritoatioii ; 
bnl the greater part of the oountenaiices may 
still be yftHl disoomedy and I have seldom been 
mate giattfied with any prodnetion of the 
pencfl. InpointofoompoeitienaBdchancter, 
it seems to me to press hard upon the sublimest 
works of Raphael and, like ue productions of 
Ihat divine artist (with whom Leonardo was 
contemporary), to have the simple dignity, 
troth, and grace^ which characterise the sculp- 
ture of th* ancient Greeks^ The countenance 
of Christ is such a'perBonificatien of hn dia« 
racter that it can scarcely be regarded without 
reverence and emotion; it expresses aU we 
can conceive of wisdom, purity, benevo- 
lence, and resignation in the promct of injua* 
tice and suffering. Judas is me hardened 
villain; but the rest of the disciples are all 
oonstemation and curiosity at the announce- 
ment their master has maae, that one of them 
shall betmy him. I think it would improve 
a man*8 heart to contemplate thia picture 
daily. 



EPITAPH ON THE MARaUIS OF 
ROCKINGHAM. 

Mr. Burke's taste in epitaph, or rather 
character-writing, was put in requisition by 
the completion, m August, 1788, of the splen- 
did, ancf, in this country, unequalled, mauso- 
leum to the memory of the Marquis of Rock- 
ingham, erected about a mile in front of 
Wentworth House,, in Yorkshire, firom which, 
as well as. from the surrounding county, it 
forms a noble and interesting object, ninety 
feet high. The interior of the base is a dome 
supported by twelve Doric columns, with niches 
for the statues of the deceased nobleman and 
his friends, among whom the distinguished 
writer of the following piece now takes his 
stand. The inscription, for force, precision, 
and fitness, has, perhaps, like the mausoleum 
itself, no equal among the mortuary remains 
of the omntiy :-^ 

" Charles, Marquis of Rockingham. 

*^ A statesman in whom constancy, fidelity, 
sincerity, and directness, were the sole instru- 
ments of his policy. His virtues were his arts. 
A clear, sound, unadulterated sense, not per- 
plexed wi^ intricate design, or disturbea by 
ungovemed passion, gave con^sten^, dignity, 
and effect, to all his measures. In Opposition, 
he respected the principles of Government ; in 
Administration, he provided for the liberties of 
the people. He employed his moments of 
power in realizing every thing which he had 
promised in a popular situation. This was 
the distinguishing mark of his conduct After 
twenty-four years of service to the public, in a 
critical and trying time, he left no debt of just 
expectation unsatisfied. 

" fiy his prudence and patience he brought 
together a party which it was the great object 
of his labours to render permanent, not as an 
instrument of ambition, but as a living depo- 
sitory of principle. 

'* The virtues of his public and private life 
were not in him of different characters. It 
was the same feeling, benevolent, liberal mind 
that, in the intemu relations of life, concili- 
ates the unfeigned love of those who see men 
as they are, which made him an inflexible 
natriot He vraa devoted to the cause of li- 
berty, not because he was haughty and in- 
tractable, but because he was beneficent and 
humane. 

^ Let his 8nccei80i8y who £com this house 



behold this monnment, reflect that their con- 
duct will make it their giory or their reproach. 
Let them be persuaded that similarity of man* 
nerSy not proximity of blood, gives them an 
interest in this statue. 

« Remember — ^Re^emble— Persevere." 

After perusmgthis and similar evidence 
of the vast talents of Mr. Burke, it will be 
highly amusing to read an instance of his 
jocularity. It is related on the testimony 
of his biographer, Mr. Prior, and is as 
follows :— 

Tift'o strolling players and their wives, who 
paid frequent visits to the neighbourhood of 
Penn and Beaconsfield, chiefly on account of 
the liberal patronage of Mr. Burke, had ac- 
quired some celebrity from performing, bv 
means of rapid changes in dress, and consi- 
derable powers of mimickry, all the characters 
in the pieces which they represented. On one 
of these occasions a fox-hunter was to be ex- 
hibited, to whom a pair of leather small- 
clothes was deemed an indispensable article 
of dress, but unfortunately there was no such 
article in their wardrobe. In this dilemma, 
Mr. Burke, who was then at General Havi- 
land's, at Penn, and whose invention and as- 
sistance commonly contrived to overcome their 
difficulties, was applied to ; for a moment he 
was at fault, but soon recollected that the iden- 
tical garment formed part of his host's military 
costume. How to procure it, however, was the 
difficulty; to ask for it they knew would have 
appeared in the eyes of the owner a species of 
profanation ; the old General was held fast in 
bed by the gout, the wardrobe stood close to 
the bed, and in this seemingly secure station 
were deposited the leathern indispensables. 
" Come, Dick," said Mr. Burke to his brother 
Richard, who equally enjoyed a jest of this 
kind, " we must out-genexal the General; -you 
must be the decoy, and I shall be thief; attack 
the old soldier on his favourite military topic, 
lead him to the heights of Abraham, where 
his prowess was displayed with Wolfe, fight 
the battle and slay the slain once more ; and 
in the mean time, if my fingers be nimble, 
and my luck good, I shall be enabled to 
march off with the breeches." This jocular 
scheme was successfully accomplished, and 
subsequently afforded - a frequent topic for 
merriment to the visitors at Fenn. 



ANECDOTE OF TALMA. 

The French are notoriously delicate in 
murder upon the stage ! In the height of the 
Revolution, when the guillotine was perma- 
nently patriotic, and the judges fell asleep, 
wearied with signing sentences of bloodshed, 
a dagger lifted upon the stage would have 
thrown the whole mob of regenerators into 
hysterics. On the first representation of 
Othello, the death of Desdemoiia before the 
audience raised an universal tumult. Tearv, 
groans, and menaces, resounded from all parts 
of the theatre ; and, what was still more de- 
monstrative, and more alarming, several of 
the prettiest women in Paris fainted, in the 
most conspicuous boxes, and were publicly 
carried out of the house. Duds was alarmed 
for his tragedy, for his lame, and for his life. 
The author of so much public combustion 
miffht have been sent to expiate his temerity 
in flie Bastile. He took the safer mode, and 
altered the catastrophe. At the moment when 



Othello lifts the dagger over Hedefanone (the 
name of Desdemona was too unmusiod for 
Parisian ears), Odalbert, the heroine's fiuhar, 
Loredan, and the Doge of Venice rui^ in. 
The latter penonage sdzes the da§^;er, ex- 
claiming— 

" MalKevLftux, qui fait tu ? 

Tu vat de te poignard immoltr la vrrtu f*^ 

The play was publiahed with both catastroohesy 
for the Parisians to take their chmce; ana the 
coteries found an interesting and unending 
topic in the respective merits of the denoue- 
ment ftmeiie and denouement heureux. But 
the actor, probably from his English education, 
was less tender, and more natural, than his 
audience. The denouement heureux sat un- 
easily upon him ; and, a few nights after its> 
adoption, as Duels, the author, was passing 
behind the scenes, he saw Talma striding 
away in one of the dark passages, in full soli- 
loquy. ^ Shall I kUl her ? No, the audience 
will not suffer it ! Yet, what do I care ! I will 
kill her : they shall learn to suffer it. Yes, I 
have made up my mind ; she must be killed !" 
Ducis, who stood aloof from the whirlwind of 
this debate, now came forward. — " What is the 
matter with you. Talma ?" — ^* I. am deter- 
mined — I mutt out her to death !*' — " I am of 
your opinion, TaJma ; but what then ?" — " Her 
fate is fixed !" — *^ Then go through your de- 
termination !'' The actor went through with 
it, to the surprise of the general audience, and 
to the peculiar agonies of the most obviously 
handsome and fashionable ; but there was sa 
much truth and dramatic feeling in his per- 
formance that the death became the estab- 
lished mode, and Talma had all the honours 
of a successful intrepidity. — Blackuvod's Ma- 
gazine, 



SLAVERY IN ENGLAND. 

The diffusion ot Christianity, by teaching 
mankind that they were all equal, first awa- 
kened men to the injustice of a system which 
made one man the property of another. Fre* 
ouently, at the intercession of their confessors, 
toe feudal lords were induced to enfranchise 
their slaves ; and, from the iterance of the 
times, the administration of justice dnrolving 
into the hands of the clergy, opportunities fre- 
quently occurred of showing particular indul- 
gence to this unfortunate class of society. In 
the eleventh century, the pope formally issued 
a bull for the emancipation of slaves ; and, in 
1102, it was declared in the Great Council of 
the Nation, held at Westminster, unlawful for 
any man to sell slaves openly in the market, 
which before had been the common custom of 
the country. 



Edited by the late W. Gbsenfikld, SnpeiinteDdant of 
the EditorUl Deptrtment of the firitiah and Foreign 
Bible Society. 

THE PSALMS, Metrically and HistoricaUy 
Arranged. Stereotype Edition, -b. 6d., boards. 
The peculiarity iu this Edition is, that, in addition to 
the metrical arrangement, the type is as large as that used 
in the largest Edition of the ComprebensiTe Bible, wlttle 
the size of the volume is small. 

Sold by S. Bagster* Patemoater-row ; J. and A. Arcb, 
Comhill; Darton and Co., Gracecharch-strect ; D.irton 
and Son, Holbom ; E. Pry, Houndsditch ; and ^all other 
Bof^uellert in Town and Coontiy. 



Printed by J. Haddon and Co. ; and Published 
}g J, Crisp, at No. 21, Ivy Lane, Paternoster 
Row, where all Advertisements and Commuai* 
cations for the Editor are to be addiesiedL 



THE TOURIST. 



"IItilb dwlci." — Horace. 



Vol. I.— No. 43.— Supplbmbnt. MONDAY, MAY a 



PRICB Onb Pbnkt. 



THE BOURSE, OR TRIBUNAL DE COMMERCE, PARIS. 



It is believed by some ingenious ety- 
molc^sts that the name Bourse, desig- 
nating a public place, where meTchaota 
assemble and transact business, is derived 
from the edifice called the " Hotel des 
Bourses," at Bruges, iji Flanders, so called 
from the escutcheon of the builder which 
it bore,and which contained three Bourses, 
or purses. Near this the mercantile as- 
semblies were held. ' 

Most of the chief cities of Europe have 
long contained an edifice for this purpose, 
among which may be mentioned those of 
London, Bruges, Antwerp, Anisterdam, 
Rotterdam, Ac. Paris, however, though 
it bad long been one of the first 
commercial cities, has not possessed 
■uch an edifice until a comparatively 
recent date. It oves its origin to Buo- 



naparte, and is another instance of his 
financial ingenuity. Perceiving the de- 
sirableness of such a building, he imposed 
an annual tax on the mercantile body, 
ostensibly for the purpose of supplying 
the funds necessary for its erection. The 
building, however, was suspended by va- 
rious causes for a number of years, during 
which period of delay the payment of the 
tax continued, so that a much greater 
sum was amassed than was requisite for 
the completion of the work. It was com- 
menced in March, 1808, but was not 
completed until after the downfall of the 
conqueror, asd, indeed, until after the 
accession of the late monarch, Charles 
X. It will be perceived by the above 
engraving, which gives a faithful view of 
the edifice, that it is built in the Corin- 



thian order of arohitecture, raised upon a 
basement which gives it an elevation sir-- 
perior to that of the neighbouring build- 
mgs. It is surrounded by sixty-four 
columns, sixteen on each side, and 
encloses not only the hall in which mer- 
chants meet, and the business of Uie 
public funds is transacted, but also those 
courts whose jurisdiction extends only 
to litigations arising out of commerciat 
transactions. The judges in these courts 
are usually chosen from retired mer- 
chants, and their decisions are guided 
more by the principles of equity, and on 
the plan of arbitration, than by any 
written law. The interior is decorated 
with emblematical paintii^, and is ex- 
ceedingly well adapted for the purpose 
to which it is assigned. 



346 



THE TaURIST. 



into 
in 



LETTER FROM A PERSON IN JAMAICA 
TO A FRIEND IN ENGLAND. 

If what I have ^lidiespfclin^AyniiWBy int 
the interior of the islaii shalliM?r« ^wafa^ed i 

Jou an ezpectatfoni#lotereiting4e8Qiif)tioiM^ 
am afraid I shall disappoint jou in what I 
shall detail in this conununication. The fact 
is, that the sceneiy in Jamaica, though novel 
and extremely striHnff — sublime in some of its 
features, and beautiml in otders — ^possessing 
every thing to awaken inquiry, and to satisfy 
cuiiuftilj — is associated wmi so litde of senti- 
ment and that liCtle of no pleasurable charac- 
ter, dat, to one who has imbibed the maxim 
'Aat to letA ^heHghted is nothing widiout feel- 
ing the mind instructed and the heart im- 
proved, itS' natural beauties in its social de- 
formities imprint no intexesting emotions. 

To the voyager, approaching the shores of 
Jamaica, the country appears, from the ex- 
treme clearness of the atmosphere, to be one 
splendid mass of mountain sceneiy, rising in 
boldness and fertility from the ocean. The 
bright green of the nearer objects, and the 
dau blue of the more distant, under a piercing 
sun and a cloudless heaven, so iiearly assimi- 
late to each other, that the valleys between 
each successive ridge, from the sea to the in- 
land mountains, cannot be traced by the eye. 
It is only when we a^^roach these lands of 
eternal freshness, in the grey deamess of die 
sunrise, or in a doudy sky and a moist aad 
slightly dense atmoephefe, diat the character of 
the country is readily discoverable. Then, ia 
the clear and distinct colours of the aerial per- 
spective, we perceive hiU sueeeeding hill, ex- 
tensive valleys intenrening, aad die interior 
mountains rising in mitjeslj over all. 

Q,uitdng, a£»at die imddle ooait ai the 
island, the dMre, which opposes its rocks 
covered with iioliai^e and flowets to At blue 
and tranquil wmten, the eaiincaees a* seen ift 
bold yet aot vMeatle aeelivity, with vislleys of 
pleasing iaeqvsHty between. ASfWttiiaWauty 
calculated to nwtiam attratm, tke MBvexities 
of eYGiw retiring hdght are rooaddd ii^ a 
regularity of form, so the fiepazadng hollows 
are mazlbed wilJk an eveiUMes of sumee that 
gives to the tEan^taons aa appearanoe uncha- 
racterised by abruptness. Though diversified 
by frequent rocks, rugged aftd unequal, they 
seldom burst in those t>eld« barren, and im- 
mense masses, to claim ^ usft^ttidaa. of 
crags, or to create any yenailcaUe deviations 
from the general character of ^ country. 

The different foliage that crown these conti- 
nual undulations, coloured in the brightest 
«nd most contrasting green, combine l^uty 
frith their varie^. Where the hand of the 
isukivator has pruned the exuberance of nsr 
tuze, no scenery can be more delightful than 
^e groves of the dark-leaved pimento, with 
which she had spontaneously clothed the face 
of the uplands. Detached in groups, with an 
interval that admits not their branches to in- 
tervene, they expose to the view the bright 
TerduTQ of the turf beneath. As this tree 
saffors no unldndred rival to rear itself within 
the shadow of its leaf, the close, even, and un- 
motted sward, nourished by the showers of its 
dew<-drops, enjoying a free air and unceasing 
shade, flourishes in perennial beauty. From 
their aromatic leaves and flowers, the breezes, 
that poor from every glen, waft a perfume of 
die most deliciotis fragrance with- the eoolness 
irhich they bring. 

Though every scene be calculated- to impart 
delight, it is amid those through which the 
rivers take their courte thai we experience the 



enchantment that dwells with the romantic. 
Over the valleys, refreshed by their influence, 
the waters da4M>nward in continwal i»scades. 
Hie trees adorning Aeir ianks, ttjattered over 
like long ant vivid gnus; add i^ver-varying 
beauty te the whole. Where nature is per- 
mitted still to revel in wild luxuriance, nothing 
can be a more plearing vicissitude than the 
coolness of the wobdland roads, upon which 
the overarching fig spreads the dense shade of 
its thousand brandies. 

After saining the successive eminences that 
maxK uMS ciista&ce, as uie traveller aAvaneos 
to the interior of- the islaad^ rising new in 
loftier and more rugged elevations^ he is sur^ 
prised by the sudden opening into ex t e ns ive 
plains, stretching far, and parallel to the range | 
of the deep inland mountains. Here, beneath 
clumps of shade, left to adorn an occasioi^d 
swell, or to ovei^adow the waters of the 
catde-pond, the peculiar herds and flocks are 
seen to repose. From these levels the hills 
precipitately rise in frequent cones, between 
whose hollows the labour of cultivation has 
planted the coffee shrub. Beyond, the eye en- 
counten a boundless amphitheatre of wood, 
— forests of stupendous trees, — the magnificent 
ceiba, the wild tamarind, the St Mary-tree, 
and the statdy cednlla; h«^;ht8over which the 
lofty and majestic palm rears its empire— ea 
unexplored, exhMTstless, and leafy aolkude, 
covering with spleBdoar of odsur tlie vast 
nnge of BMUBtaias^ tin diese 
w^ the^^oods. 



sweet small devotions of home! in which I 
was wont to offer a litde incense— « cake— « 
i^hsp^^t *of. floweQ^-v-v^eii. 1^01 my circum* 
s(anc«»be se^ as|o atfcumt uf^old age from 
poilei^, and #i8Bii^y !" "^ 



• £•# 



ON THE HABITS OF TAME BIRDS. 



BY MATTH£US SYLVATICUS. 



M 



-Ib their roegh heniUerad luJes 



The Uooniag mie its feagnuBoe taetfati ie ma« 
Aad silver fooatains bll* aed a^ndegdes 
Attuse tibeir Mtes^ when eses «» left is hear.** 

PyerU FU8c$, h. tv« 



^Vkhsa a »Mfli fmi ^s, I emct to be at 
wfbat I ca9 mj komey rawtajriay » Bttte domes- 
tie hapeinessy the oi% poitioii of earthly lefi- 1 
city eaorded itte here. Bdiew mB, when 
away from the ctzcumscrfbed dominion of the 
household gods, my poitioa is a silent heart 
broedbig wretehedness. I write this to you 
Dnim asKAgveenes of comj^te Ifflidiness ; the 
only sounds that break the olenee of the soli- 
tude are the music of the mocking-bird, the 
voice of the dove, the evening call of the wild 
guinea-fowls, and the rushing of waters deep- 
ening occasionally the murmurs of the sea- 
breeze. Amid these scenes, I find a haijnness 
in a converse with nature, siaee tiie society of 
BMin affords me none. I must not, however, 
omit one striking feature presented amid the 
scenes here. In the many naked persons one 
encounters, enjoying the cool freshness of the 
woods and waters, the mind familiar with 
classic imagery does not fail to recall the 
fabled beings or the olden time — Dryads and 
Naiads, nymphs that loved the woods and 
streams ; while some brown and brawny native, 
tending his flocks and herds, or stripping to 
seek a repast in the floods, personates the 
fauns and sylvans of the same primeval times 
of fancy and of fable. Though my circum- 
stances supply me with a theme in which, as 
you may perceive, imagination can run riot, 
my strange misfortunes make up the greatest 
portion of mv thoughts. The hope of my 
return to the domestic and social luxuries of 
England is now fast receding; from my view. 
I know tiie consolations friendship would give ; 
but I should be inclined to exclaim with 
NsBvolus, in the Satires of Juvenal, though 
not with the same impulse, *' Reserve them 
for happier men. My Destinies would rejoice 
if my efforts could avail me any thing. O the 



It is a common observation, confirmed by 
uEose' umiUransts *wno oa^e liMt tiff- gfftetest 
ex|«rie&ee^ that onr knewlete oi tke wvui^ers 
of creation is still in its inmncy. One very 
intet^sting' p(]liit,7m'ivliicfa'weiare mndi in liie 
dark, is that faculty of the brute creation called 
instinct Now, Sur, it has always been my 
opinum^ that one* eleariy substantiated fact 
tends more to eIucidiEit& truth than any num- 
ber of theories and hypotheses, either wholly 
unfounded in fact, or built upon some casual 
exception to the general rule ; and, with this 
feeling, I submit tne following statement as a 
candidate for a comer in the " Field Natural- 
ist's Magazine.*^ 

I am extremely fond^of what I call practical 
natural history; but, as I reside in a laxge 
town, you will suppose I may find some litSe 
difficult ]& ^nrnag IL I am, however, so 
hasfj as to possess a garden, about 140 feet 
jb KSftk by 40 ift hraMii ; in which, besides 
as sMHiy mwers as k will contain, I usually 
fceepeaeervMK ttmt hixds, in ti^e full en- 

and atfree lib«rty 
te^ leave mj 4emBBUt if t&ey feel so disposed; 
tmt eemecal base fiioi^^ proper not to do so 
fer tfnee cr fiwr fean; and I believe that, 
when tlMj at kst dis^peezed, ihey were either 
stolen <Mr depsuaed 1^ cats. The bird witii 
w^iA I luaee had me meet Mfr-***** compa- 
nioHhip is iSae en^pk, esid I will now pro- 
ceed to tell yon a litfle of whatlhare observed 
in Um. I shall net attempt to give you the 
ohaiacters of isdifidual lagpies, which I be- 
lieve differ as widely es those of individuals of 
the human ^ecies:: ihea lefuaeily and pro- 
pensity to thea an wdl known ; but I do not 
find many t4M are aware of the high notions 
which a magpie possesses d his own rights in 
whatever he deems his property. My magpie 
considers way i^ardea as us estate ; he walks 
jealously behind any stranger who goes into 
It ; end if any attempt be made to touch a 
plant, a stidc, or a stone, he flies at the offender 
with every demonstzation of rage and fury. He 
perambulates his boundaries, i. e. the top of 
the surrounding wall, and never by any chance 
goes beyond them. Every evening, he volun- 
tarily enters a cage appropriated to him, shuts 
the door after him, and goes to roost on the 
perch. On one occasion, uiving some green- 
house plants turned out ia me iKoders, I 
wished to send them, for the winter, to a frigid 
in the country: a cart was accordingly forouf ht 
to the gate, and a man commencea removing 
the plants from my garden ; but Mag, seeing 
his estate thus plundered, made a vigorous 
attack upon the spoiler; he would jump on 
each pot as the man took it up for removal, 
and peck his hand until the blood spmng £Rnii 
it ; and he followed him, .constantiy peddng 
his heels, to the carden gate, but no iurther; 
for he then would run back to me, chattering 
loudly, and looking up to me for approbation. 
He once entered the open window of a room 
where breakfaet was set out, before the family 
came down stairs; he dmnk largely ovt of the 
iiE^^ jug> tasted the butter, and coneluded by 
throwing down upon the floor the toast, spoons, 



THE TOURIST. 



.949 



faunreiy and «f<ny thing t^Mtt h« could move. 
Hamg done Uki^, Imb sat on tlie-Wck of a ohair 
apfar^tlv %uite ddighted at h^ .cpapkit. If 
any one looked particularly, af, i^ iiowery .he 
would nip it off^ and burj it foi secniity. I 
Lad, for some .time, a tame jackdaw to keep 
him conmaxjy. This bird is fond of getting 
into dark nDies and oomen, which Mag gtudi- 
onsly avoidew In a small lobby, opening into 
.the giurden, there ia.a little cupboard in the 
waU» about a yard from the ground. I once 
iaw the jackdaw enter this cupboard, and, 
with great labour, drag out a bunch of large 
keySy which he threw down to his firiend Maff, 
who was waiting below. Jack then descended, 
and the two together worked in good earnest at 
pulling the keys into the gaiden, no doubt in- 
tending to hi& them, had I not stopped their 
proceedings This jackdaw frequently hid 
limself in a dark comer by the larder door, 
waiting patiently until the cook came to open 
it ; he would then try to slip in unnerceived 
behind her, and hide himself behinct a large 
cheese-pan, in hopea of being left among the 
good thinss. 

I once had a maffnificent cock pheasant in 
the same manner ; he was as tame as the mag- 
pie, but not so amilsing or cunning. I also hiul 
a thrush who was perfectly tame; he would 
wade up to his necK in a Httle pond of gold 
fish, which was under the branches of a large 
mulberry-tree, for the purpose of getting the 
£ruit that fell into it In short, I have not met 
with any bird in whom kind treatment would 
not give rise to tameness and affection. — Field 
Naturaliafs Mtufozine, 



PRISON DISCIPLINE. 

We have, in oar accompanyiDg num- 
ber, eiren an account of tne pison sys- 
tem m Jamaica. We will now present 
the last report of the prison at Auburn, 
in North America, just stating that there 
are reports, from a number of similar es- 
tablishments in the same country, of an 
equally fayonrable character. 

The prison at Anbum maintains the same 
general character which it has sustained for a 
course of years. It continues to be, as it was 
five years affo, a specimen of neatness from 
the gate to the sewer. In this respect, it fur- 
nishes a good lesson to many private families. 
Combinations in villany, and communications 
of evil, are to a great extent, if not whoUy, 
prevented. Silence, industry, and order, reien 
throughout the establishment The healQi, 
among a population of more than 600 within 
the walls, is about equal to that of the most 
fkvoured country villages in New England, 
and greater than that of the ciU* of Boston ; 
the deaths in the last six years having been 
one in seventy-one, and, durins^ the last year, 
less than one in one hundred. The cases of 
sickness in the hospital have been, on an aver- 
age, six nearly, or about one in one hundred. 
Tne moral influence is good, as might be ex- 
pected ftom the public wor^ip, the Sabbath- 
school, the reading and study of the Bible, the 
solitude, the private admonition, the absence 
of temptation, the mild and wholesome dis- 
cipline, and the daily acknowledgment of God, 
which is proved by numerous cases of refor- 
mation, and, comparatively, few cases of re- 
committal. The well-authenticated cases of 
reformation are more than one hundred and 
Ibrty, and the xe-committals aie less than one 



in twelve. The legislature is so fiur i mpica s ed 
with the impertaaee of faithful and i^atemfttic 
jceligious instruction, by a resident ehaplaiB, as 
to grant this officer, at the last session, two 
hundred and fifty doUais annually, in addition 
to the pay which he belDfe received from the 
state, Ine earnings of the convicts, dorinff 
the year ending October 31, 1839, amounted 
to 39,933 dolhus 45 cents; the expenses, in- 
cluding the pay of the officers, to 34,070 dol- 
lars 86 cents; leaving a balance in favour of 
the institution of 5S& dollars 60 cents. 

The Jfollowing letter is from the chaplain of 
the prison, dated May 29, 1830 : — 

^ I have now spent two years among the 
convicts in this prison. I review the period 
with deep emotion. I think it has been the 
most nsefnl, certainly the happiest, portion of 
my Kfe. They who have asxed me, *How 
can you immure yourself in so dreary a place, 
and among such a class of men?^ mtve yet to 
learn what is the richest luxury that a bene- 
volent heart can eiyoy. If left to my choice, 
no earthly consideration would tempt me to 
leave this for any other field of labour on 
earth. 

" The ordinary religious services have been 
regularly performed. To the preaching on the 
Sabbath tne convicts have uniformly listened 
with fixed attention, and often with deep and 
overwhelming emotion. The services are al- 
ways characterized by perfect order and ap- 
parent solemnity. It has been the common 
remark of casual visitors, as well as others, 
that they never witnessed an equal decree of 
attention, and apparent seriousness and inter- 
est, in any other congregation. From the 
chapel, I have followed them, in the after- 
noon, to their solitary cells, and there, in the 
best possible circumstances for producing 
effect, have pressed home upon tneir con- 
sciences, individually, the truths which they 
had heard in the public assembly, in such 
manner as I conceived to be the best adapted 
to their different capacities and states of feel- 
ing. In these visits I have often witnessed 
the power of truth, in making the stoutest 
heart, the heart that could be approached in 
no other circumstances, to tremble. This I 
regard as the most important part of my duty, 
and that which has been most evidently ac- 
companied by the blessing of God. The truths 
of the Bible, applied closely to the conscience, 
have generally produced a visible effect upon 
their feelings, and, in some instances, I have 
evei^ reason to bdieve, exerted a tmUsform- 
ing influence upon their hearts. I have found 
the men readily accessible, almost without 
exception; softened in their feelings, willing 
and glad to converse upon the subject of reli- 
gion, convinced of the necessity of a radical 
change in their own hearts, and often power- 
fully awakened to the immediate obligation of 
yielding to the demands of the gospel. No- 
thing is more common than to hear them ex- 
press their surprise that they never thought of 
these things before, and their gratitude that 
they have been arrested and brought into a 

8 lace where they are taught them, and where 
ley cannot but think of them. In this la^ 
hour I have been asusted by the use of tracts, 
which the keeper has kindly given me per- 
mission to put into their hands on the Sab*- 
bath, and which, by a suitable selection and 
adaptation to particular cases, have not un- 
freouently proved to be efficient co-workers in 
proaucing and strengthening salutary impres- 
sions upon their minds. 

'* The profound and impiesnve stillness, 
with which the daily eyeuiog devotions hare 



been unllbnnly attended^ is the best evidsMe 
of the coiivicti^ittten8tiAtheexenHse,aiidef 
Hs effect upon their fiselings. One, who had 
been in prison but a few weeks, seat for me to 
let BM know what a dumge had beesk wvoug^ 
in his feeUngs respecting it * I alwm hated 
to hear prayers (said he), and the mst time 
that I heard you pray in the prison I eeuld 
hardly oontaia the contempt Uiat I fdt fix 
you Mid your prayer ; now, I feel it a great 
privilege to kneel down and piay with you.' 

'^The Sabbath-school still hoUs a promi- 
nent place in onr system of instruetMn, and 
claims our highest regard. Its number has 
been gradually incceased, till it now contains 
about one hmuirod and sixty nttpih^ in thirty- 
one classes, which are under tne,caie of thirty- 
two thedogiod students as teachers, one of 
whom takes the immediate oversight of the 
whole. I scarcely know which most to ad- 
mire, the devotedness of the teachers, or the 
ardour and industry of the scholars. The 
liveliest interest is manifesled bjr both. A 
mutual and strong attachment sprmgs up be- 
tween them. The teachers seem willing to 
forego any other privilege for the sake of 
meeting and instructing their pupils; and 
among the scholars, generally, no other pu- 
nishment is more dreaded than the exdusioa 
from tibe school. It has been interesting to 
me to observe, upon the discharge of mese 
scholars from prison, how often me first in- 
quiry has been, where they might find their 
teacher." 

The discipline of the institution, to secure 
such a result, would be supposed good ; but a 
single fisict will place it in a stronger light. 
At midnight, during the last year, mere was 
a cry of fire. It was soon ascertained that it 
was in the prison. An extensive shop, filled 
with combustible materials, direeUy under the 
eaves of the north wing, in which were con- 
fined ^ye hundred and hti^ convicts in sejfB^ 
rate cells, was in flames, llie fire spread with 
great rapidity, and very soon communicated 
with the windows of the building in which the 
convicts were locked up ; and, before any pro- 
gress could be made in arresting it, the flames 
burnt through the windows, and threatened 
the convicts in their night-cells with snffoca^ 
tion. The keepers, at the hazard of their 
lives, rushed through fire and smoke, and suc- 
ceeded in unlocking every door, and dis-. 
charged into the yard at midnight Ave hunr 
dred and fifty convicts. Two avenues had 
now been opened to the street, through either 
of which the convicts might have escaped, in 
the confusion of passing the water, and the 

Eassing and repassing of citizens. Instead, 
owever, of attempting to escape, they formed 
a most efficient fire-company, extinguished 
the flames, and, when this was done, were 
found in their {daces, no one having at- 
tempted to escape. The chaplain, in view of 
this fact, says, " My attachment to my people 
is constantly increasing." 

Such being the facts in regard to discipline, 
and the proceeds of labour, the question arises, 
whether there is evidence, after tneir discharge, 
of its being reformatory. Intelligence has 
been received, during the last year, in answer 
to letters addressed to post-masters and sheriffig^ 
in all parts of the State of New York, concern- 
ing two hundred and sixty discharged con- 
victs, of whom one hundred and forty-six are 
reformed. Concerning many of the one hun- 
dred and forty-six here mentioned, infomub- 
tion has been received, three years in succes- 
sion, giving them the same ehamcter; and 
some of them the characier of decidedly pious 



24B 



THB TOURIST. 



men. Three jeuu ago this i^stem of inquixy 
«oiioeniuig' discharged conncts was first in- 
fititated. ^lie first year, it brought fitvonrable 
letoms ooDceming fiffy-two ; the second Tear, 
ooncertting one hundred and twelre ; and the 
third year, as already stated, concerning one 
liuadied and forty-six. 

There is anodier class of hcts proring the 
same thinff concerning the reformatory char 
lacter of uie prison at Auburn. The recom- 
mltmentB in 18i^i out of four hundred and 
twenty-seren, were only nineteen. And in 
1829, out of fire hundred and seventy, only 
seventeen. 

llie health of the institution is also remark- 
able. The cases of sickness in. the hospital 
being, on an average, one to one hunaxed, 
according to the physician's report, and the 
deaths one to seventy-fiTc annually. 



HISTORY OF THE SONNET. 

The sonnet, as is generallv known, is alto- 
f^ether of Italian origin ; and its structure is 
ascertained with so much rigid precision as to 
be insusceptible of any, or only of the most 
trifling, variation. Of the fourteen lines, of 
which it is to consist, tlie first eight are to ad- 
mit one change only of rhyme for th^r termi- 
nation; and are to be aistributed into two 
stanzas, of which the first verse chimes with 
the last, and the two intermediate ones with 
«ach other. The six concluding lines may 
either be confined within terminations of two 
similar sounds alternately arranged, or may be 
disposed, with two additional rhymes, into a 
quatrain and a couplet Like every short 
poem, the sonnet requires strict unity of sub- 
ject ; but it solicits ornament from variety of 
thought, on the indispensable condition of a 
perfect subordination. The sentence may over- 
flow the verse, but must not transgress the 
atanza. This little poem is impressible with 
various characters ; and, while with Petrarch it 
is tender and pathetic, with Dante, in equal 
consistency with its nature, it is elevated and 
forcible. Peculiarly adapted to the language 
and the taste of its native Italy, it has been 
considered, though in my opinion without 
sufficient reason, as insuperably unaccommo- 
dated to those of Britain. When happily con- 
structed, it will be found to .gratify every 
English ear, attuned to the harmony, of verse ; 
and the idea, which it suggests, of difiiculty 
encountered and overcome, must contribute, as 
has been more than once remarked, to heighten 
tlie power of its effect. 

During the prevalence of our Italian school 
of poetry, this short and pregnant composition 
was much in favour with our bards ; and in 
the childhood, as it may be called, of the 
. English Muse, it was made the vehicle of his 
love bv the tender, the gallant, the accom- 
plishe4, and the ill-fated Surrey.* 

When I speak of Surrey as a sonnetteer, I 
either take the fact on the credit of others, or T 
adopt the vague language of writers who call 
every short poem, comprised within fourteen 
lines, a sonnet Surrey has justly been hon- 
oured by Mr. Wharton with the title of our 
jixst English classic : but I am not acquainted 
with one regular sonnet which he has con- 
structed. I am far from being profoundly 
■ ^i^— ^■— ^-"^■— ' ^..^»^»^-^.«— »-.^««»« 

* From the notoriety of the fact, it can scarcely 
be necessary to inform the reader, that this orna- 
ment of the English nobiUty (Henry Howard, 
eldest son of Thomas, Duke of Norfolk) fell a 
victim, in the flower of his age, to the jealousy of 
that capricious and remorseless tyrant, Henry 
VIIL 



convenant with our Enslish poets ; and tfaeie- 
fore the reader will be the less surprised when 
I tell him that Drummond is the eariiest 
writer of the true sonnet whom I can properly 
be said to know. One of the sonnets of this 
admirable ^nius, addressed to the nightingale, 
is so beautiful that I must be allowed to gra- 
tify myself by transcribing it 

TO THE NIGHTINGALE. 

Sweet bird, that stng*st away the early houn 
Of winter, past or coming, void of care. 
Well pleased with delights which present are. 

Fair seasons, budding sprays, sweet-smelling 
flowers : 

To rocks, to springs, to rills, from leafy bowers 
Thou thy Creator's goodness dost declare. 
And what dear gifts to thee he did not spare ; 

A stain to human sense in guilt that lowers. 

What soul can be so sick, which by thy songs. 
Attired in sweetness, sweetly is not driven 

Quite to forget earth's turmoils, spite, and wrongs. 
And lift a reverend eye and thought to heaven? 

Sweet artless songster! thou my mind dost raise 

To airs of spheres, — ^yes, and to angels' lays. 

In the times succeeding to those of Surrey, the 
sonnet was constructed, though not with rigid 
accuracy, by Sidney, Spenser, Shakspeaie, and 
still more happily by Drummond, the peculiar 
object, as it would seem, of Milton's applause 
and imitation. By Milton this minute poem 
has frequently been animated with a great and 
mighty soul. That which he wrote " when the 
assault was intended to the city,'' and those 
which he addressed to Cvriac Skinner (the 
grandson of the great Lord Coke), to Fairfax, 
to Vane, and to Cromwell, are eminent for 
their vigour and loftiness. Some greater accu- 
racy, perhaps, might be required m the finish- 
inji; of diese short poems ; but they are con- 
ceived and executed in a grand and broad 
style. Like a small statue by the chisel of 
Lysippus, or a miniature from the pencil of 
Angelo, they demonstrate Uiat the idea of 
greatness mav be excited independently of the 
magnitude ofaze^Symmeru's Life o/MilUm, 

llie English reader may form some idea of 
the general character of Petrarch's sonnets by 
the following specimen. It is translated by 
Lady Dacre, and was evidenUy written after 
the death of his Laura. 

Not skies serene, with glittering stars inlaid. 
Nor gallant ships o*er tranciuil ocean dancing. 
Nor gay careering knights in arms advancing, 
Nor wild herds bounding through the forest 
glade. 

Nor tidings new of happioess delav'd. 




Nor aught of lovelv, aught of gay in show, 
Shall touch my neart, now cold within her tomb 
Who was erewhile my life and light below ! 

So heavy— -tedious — sad — my days unblest. 
That I, with strong desire, invoke Death's 

gloom, 
Her to behold, whom ne*er to have seen were best! 



EFFECTS OF LIGHTNING. 

The effects of lightning have ever been par- 
ticularly dreadful on high buildings, ana yet 
it is singular that steeples and towers are not 
more frequently injurea by it ; many instances 
might be adduced to prove that cottages and 
the earth have felt the force of this subtle 
fluid, when objects infinitely more elevated 
have escaped without injury. I%ilosophers 
speculate almost in vain upon the phenomena 
exhibited by the electric fire in its passage 
through the atmosphere, and such substances 
as it meets in its way ; and it would baffle the 



most experienced in lus endeavouB to explafai 
why so many flashes of lightning have occurred 
over London, perhaps some thoasands^ when 
not nme than twenty of its towers have felt 
their effects in the revolvinff of several centu- 
ries. Iron is acknowledged to be one of the 
best conductors ; and, as every steeple is sur- 
mounted by a pointed spindle for the vane, we 
might suppose part of the contents of electric 
clouds would be attracted to them, and the doi* 
struction of the structures follow fttnn the want 
of a continuation of the same metal to the 
earth. The celebrated Franklin, aware of the 
numerous partial attractors to be found -on 
towers, diurches, and other buildings, sug- 
gested the use of iron rods, linked and pointed, 
to asc^d their sides and the highest parts of 
the edifice; the efiicacy of which cannot be 
for a moment doubted, as the upper ends of 
the rods are frequently ascertained to be melted 
into drops, without the inhabitants of the 
houses to which they are generally affixed, in 
America, being sensible of the least shock 
during the passage of the fluid. Had those 
excellent safeguanis been discovered 128 years 
past, the cupola of the Escurial might possibly 
have escaped very serious damage. In the 
month of June, 1079, a flash of lightning de- 
scended on the brass ball of 760 pounds 
weight, which was supported by a pyramid of 
stone, and beat both to the ground. 



FREE LABOUR. 

It is assumed that the slaves will become 
idle on obtaining their freedom ; but this is a 
mere assumption. The report of the privy 
councU (1788) speaks, on the authority of wit- 
nesses from the British West India islands, of 
the ** invincible repugnance of the fiee negroes 
to all sorts of labour." Messrs. Fuller, Long; 
and Chisholm declare, that '^ free negroes are 
never known to work for hire, and £at they 
have all the vices of the slaves." Mr. Brath- 
wute states, that *Mf the slaves in Barbados 
were all offered their freedom on condition of 
working for themselves, not one tenth of them 
would accept it" Governor Parry reports that 
** free nenoes are utterly destitute of indus- 
try ;" and the council of the island add, that, 
*^ from their confirmed habits of idleness, they 
are the pests of societv." — Report^ 1 7QS^ part 3. 

Strange that, in the face of these declara- 
tions, proceeding from persons in high official 
trust and authority, the free blacks have, by 
their superior industry, driven the lower order 
of whites from almost every trade requiring 
skill and continued exertion. I believe that 
not one in twenty of the working shoemakers 
in Barbados is a white man. The working 
carpenters, masons, tailors, smitks &c., are, 
for the most part, men of colour ; and this at 
a time when a large white popidation are in 
the lowest state of poverty and wretchedness. 
In the application for casual charity, the num- 
ber of white persons soliciting relief is far 
ffreater than that of the free coloured, llie 
free black and coloured inhabitants luive al- 
ways contributed in their full proportion to 
the parochial taxes, for the support of the 
poor whites, while Uieir own poor receive no 
parochial relief, but are supported by private 
contributions among the more wealthy of their 
own colour. Do these facts indicate habits of 
irreclaimable idleness ?—.ircA(2eacon EllioV$ 
Lectures, 



THE TOUKIST. 



This animal is found chiefly in South- 
ern Africa, and combines in its form the 
beauties and adaptations for strength and 
speed of several animals. It is generally 
described as having the head square, the 
aeck thick, the shoulders deep, the body 
short and rounded, the legs long and 
finely formed, and composing altogether 
an animal exceedingly compact and ac- 
five. The^ are remarkably lively, trot- 
ting, ambhng, and galloping with great 
swiftness ; and so sportive that even 
when alarmed they always commence by 
j^aying with each other, striking side- 



ways with their horns. This, however, 
lasts but for a moment : the whole troop 
soon flies across the desert with amazing 
speed. The males bellow like a bull, 
and the young have a kind of nasal 
murmur. They have been much observed, 
and described by numerous African tra- 
vellers ; and the general testimony seems 
to be that, either from some obliquity of 
disposition, or from a plenitude of animal 
spirits, which imprisonment and persecu- 
tion cannot subdue, they are rately or 
never domesticated. 



VISIT OF WILLIAM III. TO THE UNI- 
VERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE, 1689. 

The following interesting niticle is esliacted 
6om the London Gazette, October lOdi, 1689. 

" On Sunday Isft, the Tice-chancelloi, the 
beads of colleges, and doctors in all faculties, 
with several regents and non-regenta, in their 
proper habits, waited upon hism^estjatNew- 
narliet, being introduced into his royal pre- 
sence by bis Grace the Duke of Someiset, 
Chancellor of the Univeraity. The Rev. Dr. 
Covell, Vtce-Chancelbr, addressed himself to 
Tiis majesty in a pioiieT and elegant speech, 
congratulating the glorious successes hia ma- 
jesty had been blessed with in his endeavours 
to rescue this church and nation from the im- 
minent dangeiB that threatened both, and 
nhich were more particularly painted against 
Ae Universities ; and concluded wi£ on 
humble recommendaUon of themselves to his 
majesty's protection, wherein the Protestant 
religion bad so much concern. To which bis 
majestv was pleased to return in answer, that 
as God had blessed him in this undertaking, 
to be should faithfully discharge his trust in 
pteserviog the church of England, and giving 
all protection and favour to the UniTei^ties. 
They then waited npon his majesty to church, 
and at their return from thence were conduct- 
ed to the king's house, where, by directions 
ftom his majesty, thej were received and 
splendidlv entertained at dinner by Sir Janies 
Forbes, clerk of the green cbth. 



" The next day, bis majesty was pleased to 
make a visit to the University, and arrived 
here in the morning, being met without the 
town by the mayor and aldermen of die corpo- 
ration in their formalities, who wmplimented 
his majesty, by Mr. Pepys, their present mayor, 
and made a present of a laige basin and ewer. 
Thej marched before him into town, at the 
entrance whereof his mtnesty was received by 
rows of Bchulais, accoiding to their several 
degrees, on each side of the streets leading to 
the public schools, and amidst the loud accla- 
mations of all sorts of persons. His majesty, 
aligbtiug at the schools, received there the 
public taanks of the University, by the Vice- 
Cboncellor and their onitnr, for the great 
honour that was then done them ; and an ex- 
traordinary Commencement being then held on 
this signal occasion, for conferring degrees on 
persons of worth in all faculties, Mr. Kiddler 
and Mr. Felling were created doctors in his 
majesty's presence, being presented by the 
Regius Professor, Dr. Beaumont, with that 
unimitable elegancy which is so peculiar to 

" From the schools, his majesty walked to 
King's College, where Mr. Laytou, a fellow of 
that society, declaring in bis speech the appre- 
benriona they were under least they might 
have offended his majesty by a late petition, 
wherein they only mentioned one single per- 
son OS duly qualified to succeed in the vacancy 
of tbeir ftovosl, and humbly beseeching his 
majesty's favourable construction of that mat- 



ter, his m^esty was pleued (that itoiie might 
be lett there donbtfid of his bvour) graciously 
to assure them, that he willingly granted au 
they deored, or could wish, and that &tj 
might admit Dr. Roderick to be their Provost 
as soon as tbey pleased ; which they received 
with the greatest joy and gratitude ima- 

" After this, his nuges^ went to IVni^ 
College, and in the first court thereof was con- 
gratidated by the Hon. Dr. Honlagne, the 
master, and in the second by Mr. Norris, a 
fellow of dial College, and with a copy of 
English verses in the new-bu3t library, the 
Blructure whereof his majesty was very well 
pleased with. And here his majesty was 

{leased to accept of a dinner, prorided by the 
Iniversitv, in the Catlege-hall; where, at the 
iper cno, was a table raised five steps above 
e floor, at which sat bis majesty, and at one 
end his Royal Highness ranee Geotge of 
Denmark, who attended him hither ; and at 
the other tables, on each side of the hall, were 
their Excellencies the Spanish and Dutch 
Ambassadors, with several other foreign minis- 
ters, toother with the nobility and principal 
gentry m great numbers. AH which his ma- 
jesty was graciously pleased to accept, sending 
from table a message to Ms Grace the Chan- 
cellor, that he drank to bim, and wished pros- 
perity to the Universi^ of Cambridge. Imme- 
diately after dinner, his majesty returned to 
Newraarliet through infinite uirongs of people, 
who crowded firom all parts to have the hap- 
piness of seeing his m^es^," 



EIGHT MONTHS' RESIDENCE IN 
JAMAICA, IN 1830 AND 1831. 

The following article is handed to us 
by the writer, whose name ve have, with 
the highest testimonies to bis veracity 
and respectability. 

I had the misfortune to become acquainted, 
in the spring of 1830, with a geiulemaa then 
lately returned from Jamaica, after having 
resided in the island for nearly twenty veoia. 
At that time I was wbolly unacquaintea with 
the real nature of colonial. slavery, and drew 
my conclusion on the subject, partly from 
hearsay, and partly from the peniail of letters 
written by relatives resident in the slave colo- 
ho alt agreed in their praises of the 
These conclusions, altoougb 1 trust 



nies, who alt agreed in their praises of the 

Sstem. These conclusions, altoougb 1 trust 
ey never could have confirmed me a lover 
of uavery, did actually — I confess with ^Lame 
— go a great length in rendering me an apolo- 
gist for the system. Such were my views 
when 1 came in contact with this gentleman, 
— and, having long had thoughts of trying 
my fortune in the West Indies, 1 rejoiced that 
I bad at length met with an individual who 
could inform me of the true nature of things 
■'- ■ '-- I therefore lost r- •' — — 



subject. The iafbrmation he gave me was 
uniformly laudatory of the system, and gar- 
nished with pleasing descriptions of the 

couieuted and enviable condition of the 
slave population, delivered with a tone of so- 
much seeming'eamesniesa as to leave me no 
room to doubt their truth. 1 agreed at once 
to a proposal that I should accompany his 
brother to Jomiuca, — both of us having made 
up our miuds to make trial of a planter's life. 
On being furnished with recommendatory let- 
ters, we sailed fram Greenock in the end of 



THE TOFB18T. 



Apii], ttnd, aftn a ^duaoi p888Ag!», aSztiyed 
«tFahiiouth» Jamaica, on SUBday, the 13ib 
of Jun«» 1830. 

- After having giatiied oufBehres with a 
-walk through llie town, aad listened to the 
songs of ynase ('m which wa mentallv joined^ 
that were aaoending from out a chapel csowdea 
with negroes, we adjourned to tne lodginff- 
•houde of a £rea hlack woman, Aamed Clarl, 
where we took apertments. This advocate of 
'tested riffhts" aetuaUy poasesaed her own 
brother and two sisters as akres, — uniformly 
treated them as such, — ^flogged them with her 
own hand, or under her immediate saperin- 
tendence. Frequently hare I heard her bawl 
out to Uiem, *' Now, mind what you be about ; 
you'll catch something you don't like else." 
both of her sisters had at the time infants at 
the breast ; but even this circumstance did not 
screen them from the harsh usage of their 
unfeeling relative, who, though but lately a 
slave henelf, now exercised au the despotism 
of an owner. 

I called next day on the Hon. William 
Miller, the Gustos, and delivered to him one 
of my introductory letters. He received me 
with afiabilitv and politeness, in his elegant 
mansion, and said that if I called next day 
an appointment would be written out for me. 
His apparently mild and urbane disposition, 
contrasted with the revolting speetacle I wit- 
aessed in the court-yard before his house, 
were, to me, perfectly irreconcileable. 'There 
I beheld about a dozen convict slaves, chained 
to each other, who were busy macadamiginiif 
the yard, — a surly looking driver, whip in 
hand, superintending their operations. But 
my feelings were infinitely more shocked by 
witnessing in the public street, in the face of 
day, six or eight workhouse slaves dragging at 
their heels a cart heavily laden with stones ; 
men and women chained legs and arms to the 
vehicle : they were literally driven by a stent 
black, armed with a tremendous caitrwhip, 
which he carried ready poised, and occasion- 
ally applied to their naked backs, shouting, at 
the same momeut, with loud execrations. I 
never was so hornfied and disgusted in my 
life, as on beholding this deluding sight. 
The poor creatures never raised an eye, but 
looked despondingly to the ground; their 
whole appearance telling a tale that spoke of 
accumulated misery and woe. They looked, 
in fact, as if on earth they had no hope, and 
that death itself would be a welcome relief. 
It was now that my belief in the comforts of 
slavery began to be a little shaken. I afteiv 
wards ascertained that these gangs were partly 
composed of convict slaves, and partly of slaves 
sent thither Iw their masters, to imdergo ex- 
treme punishment 

On callin 1^ next day (Tuesday) at Mr. Mil- 
ler's office, I received a letter to the overseer 
of Llandovery estate. I hired a horse on Uie 
Wednesday morning, and on my journey I 
passed two gangs, with drivers, and whips at 
their backs; and, after witnessing on my 
route the most enchanting scenery, arrived in 
the afternoon at Llandovery. 

The overseer received me with open-hearted 
attention, and, after a fbw common-place in- 
quiries about my passage, had just commenced 
an eulogium on the comforts of the slaves, 
when a negro was brought to the foot of the 
steps, followed by four others and a driver, in 
order to undciigo punishment. All the stories 
I had ever heara about the cruel^ of tiie 
planters towards their slaves now rushed in a 
moment on my thoughts, and I deeply la- 
mented that I should be doomed to witness I 



such, ere I had well been fifteen minutes on 
the estate. The overseer, observing my un- 
easiness, desired that I might retire for a few 
minutes. Glad in the opportunity tjuisafibided 
me of withdrawing myself from the scene, I 
did so accordingly: but whetner it was that 
the heart of the overseet related, or that he 
did not wish to show extraordmary rigour 
during mv first appearance, 1 cahnot pretend 
to say; however, the poor negro, after a 
shower of oaths and abuse had been liberally 
bestowed upon hiiii, received comparatively 
few lashes, — not htdf, I should consider, of 
the allowable quantum. They proved suffi- 
cient, however, to cause him to roar in agony, 
and imploringly to entreat the overseer that 
he would pardon him. '* Bo, my good massa ! 
do let me go dis one time," was his ofl-re- 
newed exclamation. The appeal struck deeply 
into my heart, and was sufficient to have wrung 
pity from any one unaccustomed to such 
scenes. After he had " dismissed the case," 
he remarked to me, ^' If I were not occasion- 
ally to flog these fellows they would get the 
upper hand of me;" and he laboured to 
prove, by a long stretch of puerile argument, 
that the slaves of Jamaica were far more 
comfortably situated than the peasantry of 
Britain. The anti^-slavery advocates at home 
had their share of abuse ; and, in particular, 
he remarked that the part Dr. Thomson, of 
Edinburgh, had taken, was enough to expose 
every planter's throat to the knife of the negro. 
I was desdned, however, to see the fallacy of 
these futile assertions fully verified in my own 
sad experience. 

Aflejr<a few days spent in looking about the 
estate, I had, on the fourth day, my written 
instructions given to me by the overseer, which 
ordered me to attend daily the voungest gang, 
and to look after the small stocx of uie estate. 
1 very soon discovered that the work which 
the slaves of all ages had to- perform was 
terribly severe. 

I may safely say that, after having been a 
week on the estate, my mind was completely 
made up as to the atrocious character of the 
system. I set it do^-n, without the least hesi- 
tation, as one of detestable injustice, cruelty, 
and oppression. And from this period, until 
my final departure, my whole mind was bent 
on leanng the country, and slavery, for ever : 
and I never enjoyed peace of mind tUl I had 
attained my object Nevertheless, I was an 
unwilling witness of the system for nearly 
eight months. 

I need hardly declare that the negroes in 
Jamaica are overworked. Out of crop they toil 
from sun-rise to sun-set; that is, generally, 
throughout the year, from 5A.M.to8p. m.; and 
during crop, which lasts five months in the year, 
for thirty-six hours out of the forty-eight, al- 
lowing an hour and a half each day for meals, 
sleep only being conceded to them every alter- 
nate night. The minority are, also, to speak 
in plain terms, half starved, seven salt her- 
rings, and a few indigestible esculent roots, 
being their only support The old worn-out 
men and women have still less food, chieflv 
subsisting on the partial boimty of their fel- 
low slaves— or, indeed, upon cats and rats, 
when they are fortunate enough to procure 
them. 

I assert, also, Yhat they are uniformly harslily 
treated, and, in numerous cases, cruelly so, and 
that for trivud faults. If a slave is only a few 
minutes behind the time he ought to be at 
work, he is either flogged by the black driver 
on the instant, or receives thirty-nine lashes 
on the anival of the overseer. A word spoken 



in reply to either driver or overseer only occa* 
sions renewed punishment My observation 
induces me to believe that many of the punish- 
ments arise from hatred engendered in the 
breast of the drivers; the severest punish- 
meaSi lire UStxBa continually inflicted on the 
same individual wiUiout just cause. One 
wretched creatiixe, of the name of Polly Betty, 
was continually flogged by the driver in the 
field. Her life was a continued scene of 
wretchedness and misery, as, in addition to 
the cruel treatment die received at the hands 
of the driver, she was afflicted with an incu- 
rable disease, which rendered her incapable of 
doing so much work as (he others. Her de- 
ficiency of natural strength he endeavoured to 
supply by the constant application of the whip. 
There was a little girl also on the estate, 
named Elizabeth, who, some how or another, 
was particularly hateful to the old driver. 
Jack. She was flogged, without mercy, al- 
most daily, frequently for no visible offence, 
and worked all day long in sorrow and in 
tears. She was actually quitt lame from ^e 
effects of the lash; she went hobbling along t». 
her Work bent down like an agc»[ person. 
Frequently did this poor, ill-used girl feign 
sickness in order to escape the horrors of her 
unpitied lot; but this subterfbge was, of 
course, easily detected, and she suljected t» 
additional rigour. 

Neither age nor .sex protects the victims 0£ 
slavery from the cart-wnip. From seven to 
seventy, and beyond that age, there is no re- 
prieve from its arbitrarv infliction. An in- 
offensive African, called fluniliarly Old Billy, 
of upwards of sev>enty yean of age, was shame* 
fully flogged during my stay at Llandovery, 
for some allied mistakes connected wiA the 
dressing of the overseer's garden ; but it struck 
me forcibly at the time, and has been my firm 
belief ever since, that this poor, defenceless old 
creature was -flogged by the overseer out of 
mere cruel sport, to amuse some strangers who 
were with him, and for no other reason what- 
ever. The case of this unfriended creature 
was particularly painful to me; nor will tiie 
agnizing expression of his countenance, and 
his dismal cries, ever be effaced from my 
memory. The condition of the aged and 
worn out, who have such strong claims U> 
proper maintenance in old age, is wretched 
beyond description. From hunger, and the 
dreadful infliction of the lash, deadi is theic 
only relief. 

The drivers are uniformly the strongest and 
most active ne^;roe8 the estate can furnish^ 
and, to save their own backs, never fail to act 
un to their instructions. They are liberally 
allowed rum ; and of an afternoon, when their 
acquired cruel dispositions are heightened by 
its use, the scenes of cruelty that then tooc 
place were, to my mind, revolting in the ut> 
most degree. 

The negroes at Llandovery were given to 
understand that if they considered themselvea 
ill-used they might complain to the attorney, 
on his periodical visits to the estate. But tlua 
was a course scarcely ever resorted to. They 
were well aware that such a proceeding could 
only have one effect, that of calling down 
aggravated cruelty upon them. 

During my residence, a Mulatto washer- 
woman was severely flog^ied for merely hsntinjf^ 
that she would adopt this coutm. I kept no 
journal during my residence at Llandoveiy, 
an omission I deeply regret, as 1 should have 
been enabled, by adopting this course, to haiRO 
given actual dates to many monsftous acts oC 
oppression and cruelty. I think I may safisif 



TBK TTOmafffV 



m^, liowever (maUng within bouada), that 
itu^e or four Mrbaxvui instajices ol meity 
oeciuxed weekly^ The usual ^m was for tbe 
tonrifieid culprit to he held down bj fi>ur odi^iB, 
and (hus floppd oa the base fleth. The whip, 
when ** wmTnid on^" as .the pknteijB teioi it, 
mroduABs ezacUj the same eBletA as if one wae 
to cot th^ farU in ecoies with a knife, so wefl 
ia the why^ used. Some ^ijiezienoed diiven 
ic3]» at ^aeh stroke, cut out a pieoe of flesh; 
juddiy a£ter the flo|»ii|g is over, tLen cones the 
]i1im and salt pwle, on the mlication of 
which the laoenUed victim writhes and con- 
|t6tts,hi9uu5elf in df^eadful agony. . 
^ lamjotd by a fnend of inine, now estab- 
lished iihEd^nbuigh,. who was upwards of two 
veaiB a book-keeper on Greenside estate, Tie- 
lawne^j^ihat it was a comnum custom on that 
estate to' brii^ out, eveij Monday morning, 
those hospital negra^ who had sore legs, &c., 
aiid te nave them severely, flogged, for no 
earthly reason whatever than to induce them 
to go to their woilc, and to pireve&t others 
taking refuge in tbe hospital! 

An ovenseer is extremely iealous of stangers 
epeaking to the slaves ; and woe betide even a 
junior book-keeper if he sheuld be heard to 
drop a word of commiseration ! For merely 
speaking a few words to a negro one after- 
noon I was debarred iiom the breakfast-table 
of the whites for several weeks. 
^ The |>lanterB of Jamaica, and their under- 
lings, bve in gross and openly avowed pro- 
fii^uj. Their ^nend conversatiau, in short, 
is one long detail of disgusting obscenity. At 
the dinner-table each endeavours to outstrip 
his neighbours, in gqiag the greatest length 
with the details of their uoentiousness. Hoary- 
headed men, on the confines of eternity, are 
quite as much depraved as the youngest, and 
more hardened. To enter into<any description 
of such conduct would be to outrage decency. 
Suffice it to say, that many oveiseeis do themr 
jtelves seduce the young girls under their 
charge, and actually boast at table of their 
jGunhty in doing so. The book-keepers are re- 
commended by the overseer, in a strain that 
almost amounts to a c(H[nmand, to take black 
giris for their housekeepers, alias mistresses. 
The overseer at Llandovery used to say that 
jiot a single packet letter came from the pro- 
prietors in England in which the small in- 
•crease of Mulattoes, children of ^e book- 
keepers by female slaves, was not oomplained 
«f ; and whether by ordeis of the proprietor or 
attbmey I cannot say, but I solemnly dedare 
that rewards, in the shape of articles of dress, 
were openly held out to those book-keepers 
-whose mistresses should have children, and 
thus add to the stock of the estate ! 

From what fell under my own observation, 
and from the conversations I had occasionally 
with the slaves, who are particularly shrewd 
in contending for their rights, I am persuaded 
that imminent danger attends the continuance 
of the system. 

The slaves have among them a confident 
hope of emancipation from the British Govern- 
ment ; and my impression is, that should that 
hope be destroyed, or much longer deferred, 
they will rise and take it themselves. 

My conscientious belief is that immediate 
emancipation may safely take plane, and that 
any substitute for that measure, under the 
pretence of education, or further preparation, 
^will be quickly followed by the most frightful 
results. 



TKE NiG«riNaAUB>6 fiONG. 

I'hs charaoteDStic trait of the n^tingale'e 
song oofUMtn in his very superior powers of 
execution ; i^ hae an infinite variety ol the 
most beautiful and complex rolls and quavers, 
all of which axe delivered with a p^picuity 
and richness of tone peculiar to himself. The ' 
best descriptipn, howevez^ would convey but 
an inadequate idea of the musical powers of 
the n^htuM;aIe; he must be heard to be duly 
ajpreciateoT His song is generally wild and 
uncenn^cted, like that of the thrush ;, but when 
he joins his notes a little, as he. sometimes 
though mrely does, nothing can be conceived 
moie exquisite. His habit also of singing 
during the calm stillness ef the night, when 
almost without a competitor, adds considerably 
to the efiect To hear him, however, in per^ 
fection, we should ramble along the margin of 
a wood on a fine spring morning ; when, after 
a passing shower, the sun bursts forth in all 
his splendour, and nature smiles in all her 
vernal loveliness ; when drops of water glisten 
through the opening leaves, and everv breese 
wafts fragrance: then it is the leathered 
choristers are heard in all their melody ; the 
thrilling music of the thrush ; the deepHoned 
mellow warble of the bladcbird ; the wnistling 
of the willow'wren and blackcap, loud and 
clear; the charming, ever-varied song of the 
little garden warbler, rising and falling in 
softest, sweetest cadences on the enmptured 
sense; with tiie joint chorus of a thousand 
little throats, each striving to excel the rest in 
harmony ; while the murmuring of the turtles, 
and the pleasing call of the cuckoo, serve to 
furnish variety, and to give an exquisite fini^ 
to the whole, — then it is the nightingale is 
heard to advantage ; high over all the rest he 
makes the woods re-echo to his song of joy. 

The nightingale may easily be di&nguiahed 
horn all o^er Britidi songsters by (he wonder- 
fully dear and distinct manner in which he 
executes an endless variety of most compli- 
cated and inimiteble shakes and quavers. His 
song, indeed, is quite unlike that of any other 
British bird, and many of his most frequently 
repeated notes are known to the London 
dealers by particular names. Thus, one that 
is universally admired, is that which is com- 
monly called by them " sweetrjug,'' from a 
fancied resemblanoe in the sound. It is a note 
that he frequently utters, and may be tolerably 
expraaaed thus, — huep, At<u», ktupp, hueep, 
hueep, kueepy hvmep, ekuck, chuck^ chuck ; die 
former part to be pronounced very slowly, in 
a kind of half whisper, half whistle ; the latter 
jMut, '* chuck/' is repeated about a dozen 
times, and so quick and distinct as to eet all 
imitation at defiance: sometimes, instoui of 
cAtfcA, it is terminated by a kind of loU, re- 
sembling totHe-toid^toute; this sudden tran- 
sition from hi^h to very deep notes hais an ex- 
tremely pleaemg effect Other remarkably 
fine notes have been likened to the words 
waUr^lnibhlej whitlow^ &c This. mode of illus*- 
tmting the song of a bird may perhaps at first 
sight appear unneoe»ary, but it is the only 
method in which a just idea can be given; 
and if by this description the bird shomd be 
immediately recognized by those who had not 
before heard it, as I conceive it would, the ob- 
ject is, of course, accomplished. 

When the nightingale is singing, conoealed 
in a bush,. he will not suffer hunself to be ap- 
proached too near ; and, though he does not 
immediately fly, he ceases to siug, and signi- 
fies his displeasure by a peculiar croak — ^re,- 
sembling the word etirre, pronounced with a 



aoOSaut of 1^ «V-and i^ iqpon lasiepei(lufl|| 
this three or four times, the iptwiieg skoula 
not retire, he flies to another biuh ; yet if he 
be appeoadied viesy gealiy, co tiiat he sfaoidd 
not be firigktened, ne nSH aometimes skew 
himself aiM sing within a oonple of yards of 
the spectator, when the woaderfiil4li8tension of 
his uroat wUl be very obvions, and when it is 
nuposBiUe not to admire the lightness and 
elegance of his form, and the amaaing long 
hops he frequently takes firom bough to bough. 
•^Fidd NaiunUi8^9 Magazine, 



MORAL AND RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE 
OF THE CLASSICS. 

No. XI. 

NOVELS — CONCLUSION. 

A SERIOUS obsener must suoknowledge, with 
regret, that such a class of productions as 
novels, in which folly hais tried to please in a 
greater number of shapes than the poet enu- 
merates in the Paradise of Fools, is capable of 
producing a very considerable eQect on the 
moral taste of the community. A large pro- 
portion of them, however, are probably of too 
slight and insipid a consiBtence to have any more 
specific counteraction to Christian principles 
than that of mere folly in general ; excepting, 
indeed, that the most flimsy of them will occa- 
sionally contribute their mite of mischief, by 
alluding to a Christian profession in a manner 
that identifies it with the cant by which hypo- 
elites have aped it, or the extravagance with 
which fanatics have inflated or distorted it 
But a great and direct force of counteracting 
influence is emitted from those which elo- 
quently display characters of emioent vigour 
and virtue, when it is a virtue having no basis 
in religion ; a factitious thing resulting from 
the mixture of dignified pride with generous 
feeling; or constituted of those philosophical 
principles which are too often accompanied, in 
these works, by an avowed or strongly inti* 
mated contempt of the interference of any re- 
ligion, especially the Christian. If the case is 
mended in some of these productions into 
which an awkward religion has found its way, 
it is rather because the characters excite less 
interest of any kind, than because any which 
they do excite is favourable to religion. No 
reader is likely to be impressed wim the dig^ 
nity of being a Christian by seeing, in one of 
these works, an attempt to combine that cha- 
racter with the fine ^^^entleman, by means of a 
most ludicrous apparatus of amusements and 
sacraments, churches and theatres, morning 

Erayers and evening balla Nor will it, per- 
aps, be of any great service to the Christian 
cause, that some others of them profess to ex- 
emplify and defend, against the cavils and 
scorn of infidels, a religion of which it does not 
appear that the writers would have discovered 
the merits had it not been established by law. 
One may doubt whether any one will be more 
than amused by the venerable priest, who is 
introduced probably among libertine lords and 
giddy girls, to maintain the sanctity of terms,' 
and attempt the illustration of doctrines, which 
these well-meaning writen do not perceive that 
the worthy gentleman's college, diocesan, and 
library, have but very imperfectly enabled him 
to understand. If me reader even wished to 
be more than amused, it is easy to imagine 
how much he would be likely to be instructed 
and affected by such an illustration or defence 
of the Christian religion as the writer of a 



THE TOURIST. 



fufaionabk n6ve1 woald deem a moefoi or 
admissible expedient for filling up his plot 

One cannot close sacli a review of our fine 
tmten without melancholy reflections. That 
cause which will raise all its zealous friends to 
a sublime eminence on the last and most so- 
lemn day the woild bas to behold, and will 
make them great for erer, presented its claims 
lull in sight of each of tnese anthois in his 
time. The reiy lowest of those claims could 
' ju>t be less than a conscientious solicitude to 
beware of ereiy thing that could in any point 
iniure the sacred cause. This claim has been 
slighted by so many as have lent attraction to 
an Older of moral sentiments greatly discord- 
ant with its principles. And so many are gone 
into eternity under the charge of having em- 
ployed their genius, as the magicians their 
enchantments against Moses, to counteract the 
Saviour of the world. 

Under what restrictions, then, ouglit the 
study of polite literature to be conducted ? I 
cannot but have foreseen that this question 
must return at die end of these observations ; 
and I am soiry to have no better answer to 
give than before, when the question came in 
uie way, inconveniently enough, to perplex the 
conclusion to be drawn from the considera- 
tions on the tendency of the classical literature. 
Polite literature will necessarily continue to be 
a large department of die grand school of in- 
tellectual and moral cultivation. The evils, 
therefore, which it may contain, will as cer- 
tainly affect in some degree the minds of the 
successive pupils, -and teachers also, as the 
hurtful influence of the climate, or of the 
seasons, will affect their bodies. To be thus 
affected is a part of the destiny under which 
they are bom in a civilized country. It is in- 
dispensable to acquire the advantage; it is 
inevitable to incur the evil. The means of 
counteraction will amount, it is to be feared^ to 
no more than palliatives. Nor can these be 
proposed in any specific method. All that I 
can do is, to urge on the reader of taste the 
very serious dut}' of continually recalling to his 
mind, and, if he be a parent or preceptor, of 
cogently representing to those he instructs, the 
real character of religion as exhibited in the 
Christian revelation, and the reasons which 
command an inviolable adherence to it. 



DESCRIPTION OF MOUNT iETNA 
AND ITS ERUPTIONS. 

The great crater itself ^ay be described as 
a cup, or hollow at the top of a conical hill, 
rising equally on all sides. The hill is com- 
posed chiefly of sand and ashes, thrown up 
from the mouth at different periods ; and at 
present it is ten miles in circumference, and a 
quarter of a mile in height. The crater pre- 
sents the appearance of an inverted cone, the 
inside of which is covered with salts and sul- 
phur of various colours; it is oval in its figure, 
shelving down from the aperture. Sir W. 
Hamilton, 1769, calculated the circumference 
at two miles and a half; Mr. Brydone, 1770, 
at three miles and a half; Mr. D'Orville, 
1727, at three or four miles. In 1788, Spa* 
lanzani, who visited this phenomenon, de- 
scribes the inner sides as terminating in a 
plain of half a mile in circuit, in the centre of 
which is a circular aperture of &ve poles in 
diameter, contained within the cavity, appa- 
rently in a state of ebullition. Several stones 
that he threw in fell dead as into a thick 
paste; but those that did not fall into the 



matter made quite a different sound, a cir- 
cumstance which led him to conclude that 
the bottom was solid. Reidsdel observes, that 
no sound at all was produced by throwing 
stones into the gulph, but he heard a roarinff 
like tiie sea. The crater stood lo the east, with 
one opening, which no lonffer exists. Mv% 
D'OrviUe tdls us that he and his companion, 
having fastened diemselves by ropes, held by 
men at the top, went down the shelviuff sides 
to the very mouth of the gulph. They beheld 
a conic mass of matter in the middle, to the 
height of about sixty feet, the base, as far as 
they could trace it, nearly 800 feet, from 
which small lambent flames and smoke issued 
in every direction. While they were there, 
{tie norm side of the mountain began to throw 
out flames and ashes, accompanied by a bel- 
lowing noise, on which they retired. Strabo 
describes the top of the mountain as a level 
plain, with a smoking hill in the centre. Spa- 
fanzani as bifurcated, for he saw another emi- 
nence a quarter of a mOe distant, with ano- 
tiier crater, though not of equal dimension. 
M. Houel speaks of three eminences, 1782, 
like an isosceles triangle, only two of which 
could be perceived from any distance, in the 
midst of which is the principal crater, in dia- 
meter about sixty feet. According to Fazello, 
there was a hill produced in 1444, which fell 
into the crater after an eruption, and mingled 
with the melted mass. Borelli writes that the 
summit of the mountain rose up like a tower, 
and, during the eruption of 1669, fell into the 
crater. The whole structure and appearance 
of the mountain is thus evidently subject to 
great changes. 

The stones ejected from ^tna are granitic, 
or calcareous, surrounded with columns of 
ba.salt, which M. Dolomieu terms *' prismatic 
lava." Spalanzani supposes the shore to be 
volcanic for twenty-three miles. The same 
writer observes that there is on Mtan a great 
scarcity of water, owing, as he imagines, to 
the rain's falling on scoriss, in which it sinks 
for want of those various argillaceous strata 
which retain it in other n!Duntains. Others 
affirm that the mountain is well watered, that 
there are intermitting springs which flow du- 
ring the day only, and stop in the night, a 
fiict which may arise from the melting of the 
snow, which ceases as the night comes on ; 
that there are streams always pouring from 
the side of the mountain, unquestionably ori- 
ginating in some permanent source; that there 
are poisonous springs, fine salt springs, Sec. 

An approachmg eruption of Mount iEtna is 
indicated various ways. There is at first an 
increase of the white smoke issuing from the 
top of the crater, intermingled with volumes 
of black smoke in the centre. These are at- 
tended by slight explosions, and followed by 
red flashes, or rather streams of fire, perpe- 
tually increasing in number, and growing in 
dimension, till the whole becomes one entire 
black column, highly electrical, illuminated 
by freauent lightnings, and attended by oc- 
casional thunder. These phenomena are fol- 
lowed by showers of red hot stones and ashes : 
the former projected often to a great distance, 
and the latter wafted sometimes by the winds, 
and carried 100 mOes, setting fire to build- 
ings, and destroying the face of vegetation. 
Recupero tells us that he had known rocks 
thrown up to the altitude of 7000 feet M. 
Houel saw one of these stones, which had 
been projected from the mouth of ^tna, 
whose weight was not less than sixteen tons. 
It is generally three or four months before the 
lara makes its appearance, boiling over the 



top, or bunrting through the sides of tfir 
mountain ; a complete li<^uid mass of mdted 
mineral matter, running like a river, and de- 
str^ring the fiice of nature wherever it comes. 

'Die exj^omons of iEtna have been recorded. 
fh)m a very eariy period. Diodorus Sicnlua- 
mentions eruptions of it 500 years before the* 
Trojan war, or 1093 yean before the ChrisCiair 
sra. This is that which drof«, he says, the 
Sicani firom the eastern part of Sicfly, yihidt 
they then inhabited. Thueydides mentionr 
three eruptions, of which the second was the 
most remarkable. It happened the seoond 
year of the seventy-fifth Olympiad, when 
nnedon was arehon of Athens, and when the 
army of Xerxes was defeated by the Athenr- 
ans, at Platea. Both the victory and eruptkna 
are recorded in an ancient inscription on the 
Oxford marble. During this eruption. Am- 
phinomus and Anapfk, two Sicilian youths^ 
rushed into the midst of the flames, and saved 
the lives of their aged parents, at the immz- 
nent peril of their own, on which account a 
temple has been consecrated to their memory. 

Ilie third eruption mentioned by Thucy- 
dides occurred in the year before Christ, 425, 
in the eighty-eighth Olympiad, and desolated 
part of me Catanian territory. He mentions 
It in ^e third book on the Peloponnesian war, 
in these words: — "About the spring of the 
year a torrent of fire overfloweafirom Mount 
£tna, in the same manner as formerly, which 
destroyed part of the lands of the Catanians» 
who are situated at the foot of that mountain:^ 
which is the largest in all Sicily. It is said 
that fiftv years intervened between this flow 
and the )ast which preceded ; and that, in the 
whole, the fire has thus issued thrice since 
Sicily was inhabited by the Grecians." 



THE COCOOY, aUEEN BEETLE. 

This astonishing insect is about one inclk 
and a quarter in length ; and, what is wonder- 
ful to relate, she carries bylier side, just 
above her waist, two brilliant lamps, whic^ 
she lights, up at pleasure with the solar phos- 

E horns furnished her hj nature. These Kttle 
imps do not flash and glimmer like that c^ 
the fire-fly, but give as steady a light as the 
gas light, exhibiting two perfect spheres, as- 
large as a minute pearl, which anords light 
enongh in the darkest night to enable one to 
read print by them. On carrying her into » 
dark closet in the day time, she immediateF|r 
illuminates her lamps, and instantly extin- 
guishes them on coming again into the Kgbt. 
But language cannot describe the beauty and 
sublimity of these lucid orbs in miniature, witb 
which nature has endowed the qneen of the 
insect kingdom. — New York AdvertUer, 



RAPID FLIGHT. 

The rapidity with which the hawk and 
many other birds occasionally fly, is probablf 
not less than at the rate of one huncbed and 
fifty miles an hour; the common crow twen^* 
five mfles an hour; a swallow, ninety-twe 
miles an hour; and the swift three ttmca 
greater. Migratory birds probably about fiftf 
miles an hour. 



■■^ 



Printed by J. Haddon and Co. ; and Foblcatei 
by J. Crisp, at No. 27, Ivy Lane, Paterae ' 
Rew, where all Advertisements and Cimbbi 
cations for the Editor are to be addressed. 



THE TOURIST. 



' Utile dulci." — Svraet. 



Vol. I.— No. 44. 



MONDAY. MAY «, 183S. 



PBrcE One Pbnhy. 



THE BOWDEK STONE, CUMBERLAND. 



Ahovg the antiquities of this and other 
countries are many remains of art for 
vhich after generations (ind it difiicult 
to account. Their origin is sometimes de- 
pendent on long-lost secrets, and they 
only serve to exercise the wonder and the 
speculations of posterity. The above 
engraving represents an instance in which 
nature has played a similar part. The 
huge mass called the Bowder Stone is 
found nearly opposite to Castle Crag, 
ill a most romantic part of Cumberland, 
and the difficulty la to guess how it came 
there. It would seem to be, as the geo- 



logists say, a broken fragment from some 
neighbouring crags, the veins and general 
character of the stone being precisely 
similar. It is not, however, in such a 
situation as it would occupy had it simply 
fallen from those crags ; and if there ever 
was a generation of men who could 
amuse Uiemselves by removing it to its 

[iresent station, they must have been fel* 
ow-tenanU of this world with the Mam- 
moth and Leviathan. 

It rests on some fragmeota of rock, and 
lies almost hollow ; the road winding 
round iu eastern side, wluch projects 



about twelve feet over ite base, its shape 
bears some resemblance to that of a lar^ 
ship inclined upon its keel ; its length i» 
about thirty-one yards ; and its weight 
has been computed at neariy 1800 tons. 
A little earth on its top affords nourish- 
ment to a few small trees. 
The whole scene is vast, wild, and 

Crecipitous. Its chief features are sub- 
me tills and cra^, so irw^lariy sittt" 
ated that the emisuon of any loud sttund 
occauons the most tumultuous reverbera- 
tions. " it is utterly impossible." says 
.a popular writer, "for a lively imagina- 



954 



THE TOURIST. 



tion, unused to the delusion, to ene- 
rience it without a momentary belief that 
he is surrounded by the unseen spirits of 
the mountains reproring^ Us intrusioQ 
into their sacred recesset in Tocal thun- 
der." The universal upsoar produced 
amidst these eminences by a burst of 
laughter has been most characteristically 
delineated by Wordsworth in tlie fol- 
lowing lines : — 

" 'Twas that delightful season, when the broom, 
T«ID flower'd, and visible on evenr steep, 
Alamg Ike copees nma in leias of gold : 
Our pathway Jed us on to Botha's oanks.; 
And when we came in front of that tall rock 
Which looks towards the east, I there stopped 

short. 
And traced the loftif barrier with my eje 
From base to summit : such delight I found 
To note in shrub and tree, in stone and flower. 
That intermixture of delicious hues 
Along so vast a surfisioe, all at oncor 
In one impresaioo, by connectittg force 
Of their own beauty^ imaged in the heart. 
— When I had gazed, perhaps, two minutes space, 
Joanna, looking in my eyes, beheld 
That ravishment of mine, and laugh'd atoud. 
The rock, like something starting from a sleep. 
Took up the lady's voice, and laush'd again : 
That ancient woman,* seated on Helm-crag, 
IVas ready with her cavern ; Hammar^ear, 
And the talt steep of Silver-how, sent forth 
A noise of laughter ; southern Lolighrigg heard, 
And Fairfied answer'd with a mountain tone : 
Helvellyn far into the clear blue sky 
Carried the lady's voice ; old Skiddaw Uesr 
His speaking-trumpet ; back enl of the clouds 
Of Giamarara southward came the Toice ; 
And Kirkstohe tossed it from lus misty head, 
^ow whether (said I to our cordis frind, 
^'ho, in the hey-dey of astonishment, 
Smal*d in my iace) Vua were, in simple truth, 
A work accomplish'd by the brothernoed 
Of ancient mountaioB, or m^ ear were toudi'd 
With dnams and visionary ]mpulM»» 
Is not for me to tell ; buft sure I am. 
That these was a laud uproar in die biUs ; 
And whUe we both were listening, t» mf «ki 
The fur Joanna drew, as if she wish'd 
To shelter from some object of her feai;'* 



handle of his stick in his mouthy he would 
move about his garden in a short hurried step, 
now stopping to contemplate a butterfly, a 
flower, or a nuJl, and now earnestly engaged 
in somf new anaagement of his flower-pots.** 
He woald take from his own taUe to his study 
the haclr-bone of a haie or a fish's head ; and 
he would pull oat of his pocket, after a walk, 
a plant or vUme to be made tributaiy to an 
argument His manusciipts were as motley 
as his oocQpations; the workdmp of a mind 
ever on the alert : evidences mixed up with 
memorandums for his will; an interesting 
discussion brought to an untimely end by the 
hiring of servants, the letting of fields, send- 
ing Ins boys to school, leproring the refiractoiy 
members of an hospital ; here a dedication, 
tliere one of his children's exercises — ^in ano- 
ther place a receipt for cheap soup. He would 
amuse his fireside by family anecdotes — how 
one of his ancestors (and*he was praised as a 
pattern of perseverance) sepaialed two pounds 
of wliite and black pepper whndi bad been 
accidentally mixed— ^ |Nifi«M pubferU/* he 
might truly hare added ; and how, when the 
Paley arms were wanted, reconzse was had to 
a fiuuily tankard which was supposed to bear 
them, but which he always teoc a maHcioos 
pleasure in insisting had been bought at a 



SKETCH OF DR. PALEY. 



'* He never seemed to 
*^ that he deserved the 



son. 



€t 



Haec est 



and would probably have bcca eqoalnr amiieed 
at the grave attempts nude to dniw Ism into, 
or withdiaw him &tm, sanjfQJSuSai hioa." He 
would emyloy himself in InsJfiiiMw} TOeelegy, 
and then gstikerbis peaa €>r dfBacr,Tay Bkdy 
gathering some hkit fiv his waik at tie tmme 
time^ He would converse witfh kis pfnuiipal 
neighbour, Mr. Yatesyor he mmM reply to his . 
invitation that he coudd not come, for that he 
was busy knitting. He would station himself 
at his garden wall, which overhun|; the river, 
and watch the progress of a cast-uon bridge 
in bnildiue, asking questions of the architect, 
and caiefiuly examining everr pm and screw 
with which it was put together. He would 
Ivater alomg a river, with his angle-rod, musing 
t^pon what he supposed to pass in the mind of 
a pike when he bit, and when he refused to 
bite ; or he would stand by the sea-side, and 
speculate upon what a young shrimp could 
meut by jmnping in the sun. "mtii the 

* On Helm-crag, that impressive single moun- 
uin, at the head of the Vale of Grassmere, is a 
i«ck which, from most poiaai at view, bean a 
fttrikflsif reiembkance to aa old womaa ceveriag. 



Vita solutorum misery ambitione giarique ;" 

the life of a man far more luq^y employed 
than in the composition of politacal pamphlets, 
or in the nnrtare of political discontent Nay, 
wben his friend Mr. Carlyie is about going 
out with Lord Elgin to Constantku^Ie, the 
very head-quaiteis of despotism, we do not 
perceive, amongst the mnhitade of most cha- 
racteristic hints and queries which Paley ad- 
dresses to him, a single flxng at the Turk, or a 
single hope expressed that the day was not 
very far ^tant when'the Cossacks would be 
permitted to eiect the standard of liberty in 
i^espitaL ' 

** I win do your YJnitrtiBn ftr you (Mr. 
Cadyle was chancellor of the ibeoA in case 
of your absence, with the gnaiiirt pleasure — 
it is neither a difiltenhy ncr a jfevmB, 

** Obsnrvanda — I. CataftM evoy tiung with 
English and CuBtbeilaMl seenciy e. g^ rivets 
wi£ Eden, groves with Ciwbv, weanlninB with 
Skiddaw ; your seasadsBteC MiUingB,sticeto, 

isons, See. &c ; e. g^ whether die Mnfti he 
Dr. , the Gnnd Seignior, Mr. 

*' 2. Give us one day at 
nriantely horn momiag to nifi^rt — what ^m 
do, seev eat, and hear. 

** 9. Let 08 know what te ee — w n pcsfle 
have to dinner; set» if jtm can, a peasnat^s 
actaal dkmer and hettfe : for instance, if yen 
see a man w e r Jung in the Udi^ caB tO'himta 
bring the dinner ne has wfth him, and de- 
scribe it minutely. 

« « • « * « 

*' 4. The diversions of the common people ; 
whether they seem to enjoy their amusements, 
and be happy, and sport, and laugh ; farm- 
houses, or any thing answering to them, and 
of what kind ; same of public-houses, roads. 

^ 6, Their shops ; how vou get your breeches 
mended, or things done ior you, and how (i. e., 
well or ill done) ; whether you see the tailor, 
converse with him, &c. 

*^6. Get into the inside of a cottage; de- 
scribe furniture, utensils, what you find ac- 
tually doing. 

** AH the stipulations I make with you for 
doing your visitation is, that yon come over to 
Wearmouth soon after yoor xetom, lor yon 




will be very entertaining between truth and 
lyin^. I have a notion you vrill find books, 
but m great confusion as to catalogues, class* 
ing, 8tc» 

^ 7« Describe ainutely how you pass one 
day on ship-board; learn to take and apyly 
lunar, or other observations, and how the mif- 
shipmen, 6cc., do it. 

" 8. What sort of fish you get, and how 
dressed. I should think your business would 
be to make yourself master of the middle 
Greek. My compliments to Buonaparte, if 
you meet with him, which I think » rerj 
likely. Pick u|^ little articles of di«ss, tools, 
furniture, especially from low life — as an ac- 
tual smodc, occ. 

** 9. What they talk about ; company. 

" 10. Describe your impression upon first 
seeing things ; upon catching the first view of 
Constantinople ; the novelties of the first day 
you pass there. 

" In all countries and climates, nations and 
languages, carry with you the l)est wishes of, 
dear Carlyle, 

" Your afiectionate friend, 

" W. Paley." 

Sneh was PSaley. A man singularly without 
gnile, and yet often misunderstood or misre- 
presented; a man who was thougiit to have 
no leami]^, because he had no pedantry, and 
who was too little of a quack to be red^oned 
aphilosoj^er; who would have been infallibly 
praised as a useful writer on the theory of 
government, if he had been more visionary — 
and wonld have been esteemed a deeper di- 
vine, if he had not been always so intelligible; 
who has been sunMcted &i being never serious 
becaaae he waa often Jocnkr, and before those, 
it shonld seem,, who weienot tobe trusted vrith 
a ieke ; who <Bd not deal much in p rotestations 
of his fidth, oonaling it proof enoi;^ of his 
sincerity (we are ashamed of noticing even 
thus lar iasianations anxost it) to farmg argu- 
ments te- the truth of Christiaaity unanswered 
and nnansweia bto t o ponr frnrdi exhortadons 
to the Ihifimenl of the dnties ei^omed Imt it, 
the most solemn and intense— anid to evince 
pwittical sense of its indnenee, by 




and evet wiS wm, tn testify that no pains of 
body eonld Aake fee a nMnnent his firm and 
•etttsd pBrnmrian, that in every ^ing, and at 
mi9Sf tSUm, wa am €k>d's creatures, thalHIb 
~ in his eoastaatpreeenee, and thsa 
na to hisaRveiAil duyond^-^ 




KBTIEW». 

A TaEATTSE ON AsTaoNOMY. By Sir John 
F. W. Hebschel, Knight Guelp., F.RJS., 
6cc, Sec, Dr. Lardner's Cabinet Cyclop®d!a» 
Vol XUII. 

If our readers have never vet interested 
themselves in astronomy, they have now aa 
opportunity of acquainting tnemselves vrith 
that science, through the medium of a volume 
which is almost equally suited to the tastes of 
a literary and a scientific reader. The per^ 
spicuity wiUi which this distinguished write* 
conveys.lus valuable iastnietions is audi as to 
clear him entirely from the charge of emni-r 
ridsm which has in former times mark^ the 
students of the moreprofound physical scienoes. 
He brings down the truths and discoveries 
he hai dnboiatsd, by means of great 



THE TOUSIST. 



366 



lesenob, and gmt saaMc teumiitf,to^ 
levd of ateioit every cape4»t^ aad nte Aiea 
for lk« Mceptkn of mck as aie b«t ytrj pn^- 
tkilly fiBatrocted in the subject. A lisw apecb- 
J1M9K of tfaoBO diodiigaiahing tnits, as cxlii- 
\nM itt the vohow befote u% ivill be wne 
satisfactory than any detenptkni of ours. Tho 
followhiff srawrksnafootiagthe mooo will be 
read wiSi interest, considered not merdvas 
speenlalionB, bat, in most instances, as nets 
attested by mathematical pvoof* 

" The geneialily of tbe lunar w$miKtaiM pveseat 
a striking anifetmiitjr tad stapiUnty of aspect* 
Tbey an wondkrfuUv aamaroas, occvpyiag by iai 
the larger portioD or the surface, and ahnott oni- 
versally ofan exactly circular or cup-thaped form, 
forashortnied, however, into ellipses towards the 
limb ; but the larger have, for the most part, flat 
bottoms within, from which rises centrally a small, 
steep, conical hill. They oiFer, in short, in its 
highest perfection, the trae volmKie character, as 
it may be seen in the crater of VesnTins, and ia 
Breisiak's map of the volcanic districts of tbo 
Campi Phlegnet, or those of the Fwf de Doom, 
in Desmarost's of Auvcr|pie. And, in soaie of 
the principal ones, decisive marks of volcanic 
stratification, arinng from successive deposits of 
ejected matter, mav be clearly traced witn nower- 
fnl telescopes. What is, moreover, extremely sin- 
gular in the geology of the moon is, that although 
nothing having the character of seas can be traced 
(for the dusky spots which are commonly called 
seas, when closely examined, present appearances 
incompatible with the supposition of deep water), 
yet there are large regions perfectly level, and 
apparently of a decided alluvial character. 

" The moon has no clouds, nor any other in- 
dications of an atmosphere. Hence its climate 
must be very extraordinary ; the alternation being 
that of unmitigated and burning sunshine fiercer 
than an equatorial noon, continued for a whole 
fortnight, and the keenest severity of frost, far ex- 
ceeding that of our polar winters, for an equal 
time. Such a disposition of things must produce 
a constant transfer of whatever moisture may exist 
on its surface, from the point beneath the sun to 
that opposite, by distiUattAn in vaeue after the 
manner of the little instrument called a rr^popftonu. 
The consequence must be absolute aridity below 
the verti^ sun, constant accretion of IxMir frost 
in the opposite region, and, perhaps, a narrower 
zone of running water at the borders of the en- 
lightened hemisphere. -It is possible, then, that 
evaporation on tne one hand, and condensation on 
the other, mav, to a certain extent, preserve an 
equilibrium of temperature, and mitigate the ex- 
treme severity of both climates. 

" Telescopes must yet be greatly improved be- 
fore we can expect to see signs of inhaoitaats, as 
manifested by edifices or by changes on the sur- 
face of the soil. It should, however, be observed, 
that, owing to the small density of the materials 
of the BMon, and the comparatively foel>Ie gravi- 
tation of bodies on her sorfooe, muscular force 
would there go six times as for in overcoming the 
weight of materials^as on the earth. Owing to 
the want of air, however, it seems impossible' that 
any form of life analogous to those on earth can 
subsist there. No appearance indicating vegeta- 
tion, or the slightest variation of surface which 
can fairly be ascribed to change of season, can 
any where be discerned. 

" If theio be inhabitants in the moon, the earth 
m«9it present to theai Ule extraordinary appear- 
anee of a moon of nearly two degiees in diameter, 
exhibiting the same phases so we see the moon to 
do, but tmm^veahhf fixed in tMr »hf (or, at least, 
changing its apahnnt place only by the small 
amount of the iibration), whileT-the stars must 
»Bem to pass slowlybeside and behind it. It will 
appear CRiucfen wnA varlaMe spots, ann Beftect 
with equatorial and tropical zones corresponding 
ab aw tivdo-winds ^ and it may be doubted wha^ 
ther, in ditsir peipctaal chanao; the outlines of our 
o^tttiaMMS and loassan ever be clearly diseeraed" 

Witi iw y WPI t» Mt9 fl<hw of the moat (^ 



of the heavns, he has the 
foBowhif most eltgani asd interastiBg pas- 




Satwm*$ Aei^f.-*-The rings of Saturn amst 
present a aiafoificent speelacla from those legisiia 
of the planet which lie above theit enlightened 
sides, as vast arches spanning the sky firem borU 
ton to horizon, and holcung an invariable situation 
among the stars. On the other hand, in the re- 
gions beneath the daxk side, a solar eclipse of fif- 
teen years in duration, un^r their shaaow,anust 
aflbrd (to our ideas) an inhospitable asylum to 
animated beings, ill compensated by the faint 
light of the satellites. But we shall do wrong to 
judge of the fitness or unfitness of their condition 
from what iqre^ see around us, when, perhaps, the 
very combinations which convey to oar minds 
only images of horror, may be ia reality theatres 
of the most striking and glorious displays of bene- 
ficent contrivance. 

** The small PUmets No doubt Jthe most re- 
markable of their peculiarities must lie in this 
condition of their state. A man placed on one of 
them would spring with ease sixty feet high, and 
sustain no greater shock in his descent than he 
does en the earth from leaping a yard. On such 
planets giants might exist ; and those enormous 
animals, which on earth require the buoyant 
power of water to counteract their weight, might 
there be denimns of the land. But of such spe- 
culation there is no end. 

" Enormous Dimgnsions ef CcmetM, — ^It remains 
to say a few words on the actual dimensions of 
cornels. The calculation of the diameters of their 
heads, and the length and breadths of their tails, 
offers not the slightest difficulty when once the 
elements of their orbits are known, for by these 
we know their real distances from the earth at 
any time, and the true direction of the tail, which 
we see only foreshortened. Now, calculations 
instituted on these principles lead to the surpris- 
ing facts that the comets are by fv the most 
voluminous bodies in our system. The fol- 
lowing are the dimensions of some of those 
which have been made the subjects of such in- 
quiry : — The tail of the great comet of 1680, im- 
me(fiately after its perihelion passage, was found 
by Newton to have been no less than 20,000,000 of 
leagues in length, and to have occupied only two 
'days in its emission from tiris comet's body ; a de- 
cisive proof this of its being dashed forth by some 
active force, the origin of which to judge, from 
the direction of the tail, must be sought in the 
snn itself. Its greatest length amomited to^ 
41,000,000 leagues, a length much exceedii^ the 
whole interval between the sun and earth. The 
tail of the comet of 1769 extended 16,000,000 
leagues, and that of the great comet of 1811, 
36,000,000. The portion of the head of this last 
comprised within the transparent atmospheric en- 
velope, which separated it from the tail, was 
180,000 leagues ^u diameter. It is hardly con- 
ceivable that matter once projected to such enor- 
mous distances should ever be collected again by 
the feeble attraction of such a body as a comet— 
a consideration which accounts for the rapid pro* 
gressive diminution of the tails of such as have 
been frequently observed. 

*' The Fised Stars, — Now, for what are we to 
suppose such magnificent bodies scattered through 
the abyss of space? Surely not to illuminate our 
nights, which an additional moon of the thousandth 
part of the size of our own would do much better, 
nor to sparkle as a pageant void of meaning and 
laaiity, mid bewilder us among vain eonjoctures. 
Usefol, it is true, they are to man as points of 
exact and permanent reference ; but he must 
have studied astronomy to little purpose who ean 
suppose man to be the only object of hb Creator's 
care, or who does not see, in the vast and won- 
derful apparatus around us, pro vision for other 
races of animated beings. The planets, as we 
have seen, derive their light from the sun ; but 
that cannot be the case with tire stars. These, 
doiAtlew, then, are themselves snns, and may, 
perhaps, eaeh in its sphere, be the presiding 
eeaua. ronnd which other planets, or bodies of 



which we can form noeondep^ion fhm any ana- 
logy o ftre d by oar own system, may be circula- 
ting. 

** Enormong Uistanegt of the 5tert.-»In die pro- 
portion of 200,000 to 1, thea, mt teoH, must the 
distance of the nearest fixed star from the sun 
exceed that of the sun from the earth. Tho latter 
disUnce, as we have already seen, exceeds the ' 
earth*s radius in the proportion of 24,000 to 1 ; 
and, lastly, to descend to ordinary standards, tba 
earth's radius is 4000 of our miles. The distance 
of the nearest star, then, cannot b$ so smalt 
as 4,800,000,000 radii of the earth, or 
19,200,000,000,000 miles! How much larger 
it may be we know not. 

" The only mode we have of conceiving such 
intervals at all is by the time which it would 
require for light to traverse them. Now light, 
as we know, travels at the rate of 192,000 
miles per second. It vroald, therefore, occupy 
100,000,000 seconds, or upwards of three years, 
in such a journey, at the veiy lowest estimate. 
What, then, are we to allow for the distance of 
those innumerable stars of the smaller magni- 
tudes, which the teleseopo disclosts^io us? If 
we admit the light of a star of eaoh magnitude to 
be half that of the maniitude next above it, it 
will follow that a star of the first magnitude will 
require to be removed to 362 times its distance to 
appear no larger than one of the sixteenth. It 
follows, therefore, that among the coantless mul- 
titude of such stars, visible in telescopes, there 
must be many whose light has taken at least a 
thousand years to reach us ; and that when we 
observe their places, and note their changes, we 
are, in fact, reading only their history of a thou« 
aand years' date, thus wonderfully recorded. 

" DoubU Stars. — But it is not with the revolu- 
tions of bodies of a planetary or cometary nature 
round a solar centre that we are now concerned ; 
it is that of sun around sun — each, perhaps, ac- 
companied with its train of planets and thtir satel* 
lites, closely shrouded from our view by the splen- 
dour of their respective suns, and crowded into a 
space bearing hardly a greater proportion to the 
enormous interval wnich separates mem, than the 
distances of the satellites of our planets from their 
primaries bear to their distances from the sun 
Itself. A less distinctly chasacteriaed subordina- 
tion would be incompatible with the stability ef 
their systems, and with the planetary nature of 
their orbits. Unless closely nestled under the 
protecting power of their immediate superior, the 
sweep of tneir other sun in its perihelion passaea 
round their own might carry them off, or whir! 
them into orbits utterly incompatible with the 
conditions necessary for the existence of their in- 
habitaats. It must be confessed that we have* 
here a strangely wide and novel -field for specula- 
tive excursions, and one which it is not easy to 
avoid luxuriating in. 

" KelmUs. — ^The nebulae furnish, in every point 
of view, an inexhaustible field of speculation and 
conjecture. That by far the larger share of them 
consist of stars, there can be little doubt ; and in 
the interminable range of system upon sjrstem, 
and firmament upon firmament, which we thus 
catch a glimpse of, the imagination is bewildered 
and lost On the other.hand, if it be true, as, to 
say the least, it seems extremely probable, that a 
phosphorescent or seK-luaiinons matter also exists, 
disseminated through extensive regions of space, 
in the manner of a cloud or fog— 4iow assuming 
capricious shapes, like actual clouds drifted by 
the wind, and now concentrating itself like a 
cometic atmosphere around particular stars ; what 
we naturally ask is, the nature and destination of 
this nebulous matter. Is it absorbed by the stars 
in whose neighbourhood it is found, to furnish, by 
its condensation, the supply of light and heat? — 
or is it progressively concentrating itself by tlie 
efiPeet of its own gravity into masses, and so lay- 
ing the foundation of new sidereal systems or of 
insttlated stare ? It is easier to propound such 
qvestione than to ofihr any probable rroly to them. 
Meanwhile, uppesi to foct, by die uMsnod of con- 
stant and diligent obaervation, is open to as ; and. 



3M 



THE TOURIST. 



as the double aim have yaeldtd to this rtyle of 

SuestioBtBgy and dticlofled a leriea of nAatioas of 
iie most intelligible and tnterestiag description, 
we nuqr leasonably hope that the assideons study 
eC the nehttls will, ere long, le^d'to some cletrer 
understanding of their intimate nature." 

We are sony to take our leare of this de- 
ligbtful Yolume. We hope, howeyer, that our 
readers will not fail to acquaint themselTes 
with its contents, and we wish that they may 
derive as much pleasure from its perusal as 
we have done. 



these periods, bowerer, the ma^ielcales alo«e 
will hare the power of enforcmg the fhllB^ 
ment of the contract, while the labourer will 
be receiving a just reward. Ibe power thus 
I given to d^e labourer to select, at the end of 
each year, a new master, would create such a 
competition amongst employers, both in ve- 
spect of general treatment and payment of 
wages, as would be highly conducive to the 
comfort of those employed, and supply the 
most .powerful and permanent incentives to 
industry.*' > 



The Outline of a Plan for the Total, 
Immediate^ and Safe Abolition of Sla« 
▼bry throughout the british colonies. 
By Joseph ^Phillips, late of Antigua. 
London : J. and A. Arch. 1833. 

At a time wben the ministerial nMuure of 
emancipation is occupyiaf «> much attention, 
and exciting ao ntneb 4iscnssion, it will be 
interesting to read the outline of a plan for 
the same purpose sketched by one who has 
spent a great part of his life in tlie West 
Indies. We have only space, however, to ex- 
tract the essential parts of the plan in the 
writers own words. It is as follows : — 



<< I. — ^That, by an act of the imperial par- 
liament, freedom shall be conferred on all 
the slaves throughout his Majesty's dominions 
on and after the first of July, 1834, and that 
the following regulations be enforced, as ne- 
cessary and sufficient to secure the welfare of 
the slave, and the cultivation of the soil : — 

** 1st. Corporal punishments to be entirely 
abolished, and the liberated slave admitted to 
an equal participation of all the civil and reli- 
gious privileges enjoyed by the free-bom sub- 
ject of these realms. 

'* 2nd. Such of the slaves as have been hi^ 
tberto engaged in agricultural labours to be 
ind^nte^ to the^ present masters for the term 
of one year,%dbg pvevioudl^ du\x^e^stered, 
and provision made for the payment* of ade* 
quate remuneration. At the end of the first 
year, it shall be left to the free choice of the 
labourer either to be indented to the same 
master, or choose another for a similar period. 

"3rd. That, to prevent idleness and vagran- 
cy, the magistrates shall have the power to 
compel all persons found unemployed in towns 
or elsewhere (who have no obvious mode of 
Irving except by manual labour), to engage 
themselves as agricultural labourers or other- 
wise, or, on refi^ to do so, to send them to 
the public works. 

"4th. That the hours of labour sball be 
from six in the morning to six in the evening, 
witb an interval of three hours for meals. All 
agreements between employer and labourer 
for a specified term to be understood to bave 
relation to the above general regulation, and 
all labour beyond to be consider^ extra work, 
and paid for accordingly.'' 

The narticulars of tbis plan are defended by 
a number of explanatory considerations, the 
following of which appear to us to desewe at- 
tention :^- 

*^ To provide against the danger which 
might possibly arise to the agricultural inter- 
ests or the colony, by suddenly investing the 
skvee with the power of changing their mas- 
ters and places of residence, it is proposed that 
they should be indented to their present mas- 
tecs for the term of one year, the indenture to 
be renewable at die end of that period, either 



IMMEDIATE AND ENTIRE 
EMANCIPATION. 

We have ever advocated a total and imme- 
diate abolition of this atrocious evil ; and, in 
the last page of this periodical, we cannot do 
better than bring forward a few additional 
statements calculated to impress the propriety 
and necessity of such a course. They are ex- 
tracted from a pamphlet just published, con- 
taining selections from the Report of the 
Xlommittee of the House of Commons, which 
is at once the meet authentic source of inform- 
ation, and that whicb speaks most conclu- 
sively, in favour of our cause. 



** WUliam Taylor, Esq. (13 yeart a resident 
of Jamaica, in a Commercial capacity , and 
as a Manager of EstBites,) 

"Q. Do you think that an essential im- 
provement is consistent with a state of slavery? 

** A. 1 think no essential amelioration can 
coiifflst with slavery. 

" Q. Will you aescribe what you mean by 
amelioration ? 

" A, For instance, the absence of the whip. 
I do not see that they can uphold slavery 
without physical coercion — without corporeal 
punishment ; some motive must be brought to 
bear on men's minds ; where there is no mo- 
live you must amlBNi^^ w^lp ?^ iJ^ 3«>if ^i*- 
d^ fhltt'an inltant, relaxation takes place of 
the whole system, and I do not think that, 
under any ameliorated slavery, they can be 
kept together. I think a certain degree of it 
may be called cruel punishment. Corporeal 
punishment is necessary to keeping them 
toffeUieT, and to keep them in active operation. 
I do not think that Uie work of the estate can 
be carried on without flogging, and flogging 
considerably sometimes. 

" James Beckford Wildman, Esq, (a Planter, 
and Proprietor of 640 staves,) 

^ Q. Did you work the boiling-house in one 
or two spells on your estate P 

" A. Ibe system on one of my estates when 
I went was a very dreadful one, as I consi- 
dered, and of which my attorney, although he 
had been in the island all his life, was igno- 
rant; for when I told him the negroes worked 
what is called tbe long spell, that is, in fact, 
four-and-twenty hours, he denied it, and said 
it was not so ; and it was not until I <^led up 
the people, and asked them the question, that 
he acknowledged it 

*' Q. Explain to the Committee what die 

long spell IS ? 
**^. In the long spoilt the negro ^[oes on at 

12 o'dock in the lay *, he then contmues the 
whole four-and-twen^ hours in work ; he is 
then relieved, at shell-blow, for two hours, and 
he works asam from that time till dark, so that 
it is thirty hours labour with the intermissiott 



again. The way in which they meet that it 
they say, Oh, but where twelve people are 
wanted, we put on twenty-four, so tW twelve 
are always at rest ; and that is the fact in one 
way, because those women who are attendin^^ 
the mlR are squirted all over with the cane 
juice, and are wet through. 

**' Q. Yott .are spealung of what yourself 
knew f 

^ A. Yes, 'and what I saw day alter day,, 
and night after night. 

^ Q. If any wteiess should have stated that 
those who fed the mill are not wetted with the 
juice of the sugar cane^diht spurts out, that i^- 
not correct P 

^ A. No, it is not ; I defy aUy one to feed 
the mill without being squirted all over with 
juice. I have done it myself; I have grownr 
canes as thick as my «jcm ; that cane is put in 
between two large rollers of sixteen to eighteen 
inches diameter; the roU^ is so close you 
scarcely can see through it; the cane is^ with 
a little impetus, thrust between the roller, and 
that catches hold of it, and draws it in ; and, 
when the cane is rank and in good order, it is 
so full of juice, Uiere is almost a little fountain 
playing on the people ; they are perfectly wet 
through, tbfv have nothing on but their little 
Osnaburgh frock, and their lower clothes ;- 
then if they lie down in that state on the mill 
bed, which at low ground is raised very high, 
of course they are before a small ^te, exposecl 
to so piercing a. draft of cold, although I my- 
self was clothed warmly as Europeans are, 
and had a Scotch plaid, whidi I bound round 
my face, I could not stand it. 

" Q. The crop time is generally in the 
coldest t«rt of the year in that country ? 

" A, The mill is generally put about in Fe- 
bruary, and fiom Februaiy it varies, according 
to the climate, for three, four, or six months ; 
on some estates it is crop time nearly the year 
round. 

" Q. Those who feed the mill through Fe- 
bruary, and yjVI^^h are suligect to suffer ex- 
ttretti^y from cold ? 

" A, I consider that as one great reason of 
the destruction of life. The negro comes out 
of the field, after working all day under a 
tropical sun, and comes in to take the night 
spell, gets wet through in feeding the mill, 
and lies down on the mill floor to deep two or 
three hours under the cutting wind : I consi- 
der that to be one great reason for the destruo' 
tion of life on sugar estates. 

" Q. Did the long spell exist on your estate t 

^^ A. On one out of the three. 

*< Q. What may be gained in produce, is in* 
your opinion lost in the life of the slave ? 

^ A, Over, and over again. 

" Q. What are the punishments in use inr 
the ieland of Jamaica now P 

" A, They are very cruel ones. 

" Q. Will you state what they are ? 

" A, The general system of flogging is to 
give them a certain number of stnpes with a 
long whip, which inflicts a dreadful laceration,, 
or a dreadful contusion ; and then they follow 
up that by a very severe flogging with ebony 
switches, the ebony being a very strong wiry 
plant, with small leaves like a myrtle leaf, and. 
under every leaf a sharp tougjh them ; and 
then after tiiat they rt0> them with brine." 



to the aane or another employer. Dming of two hiprs ; then, at day-light, he tnzns out 



Pihited by J. HADDOir and Co. ; and Published 
by J. Crisp, at No. 27, Ivy Lane» Patemoefcsr 
Raw, where all /kdvertiseneats and CeouMUM-* 
ea^ns for the Editor are te be addicised. 



I