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THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 
LOS  ANGELES 


TOURS   IN   WALES. 


VOL.  III. 


< 


n4 


TOURS    IN  WALES, 


BY 


THOMAS     PENNANT,     ESQ; 


ijjilji  %ni^,  |i«fii«,  »»il  tytv'ms  jtltfa, 


BV  THE  EDITOR, 


JOHN    RHYS,    M.A. 

PROFESSOR  OF  CELTIC  IN  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  OXFORD: 


TO  WHICH  IS  ADDED, 

Ail  Account  of  Iht  Fivt  Royal  Tribes  of  Cambria,  and  of  the  Fifteen  Tribes  of  North  Wales,  and 

their  Representatives,  v:ith  their  Arms,  as  given  in  Pennant's 

History  of  Whiteford  and  Holywell. 


VOL.  III. 


CAERNARVON: 

PRINTED  AND  PUBLISHED  BY  II.  HUMPHREYS. 

1883. 


1 

THE 

TOUR  IN  NORTH  WALES, 

MDCCLXXIII. 


Jj  ROM    Caernarvon   I    crossed    in  the  ferry  to 
Tal  y  Foel,  in  the  island  of 

ANGLESEY. 

The  Menai  is  here  two  miles  broad.  In  my 
passage  had  a  view  of  Abermenai,  the  very  narrow  Abermenai:. 
passage  into  the  port  of  Caernarvon,  and  rendered 
more  dangerous  by  the  sands  both  within  and 
without.  Abermenai  has  its  ferry,  and  is  one  of 
the  five  over  this  strait.  They  were  originally  the 
property  of  the  crown  of  England;  till  Henry 
VIII.  granted  all  of  them  to  Richard  Giffordy 
one  of  the  sewers  of  his  chamber;  who  again  set 
them  to  William  Bulkely,  in  the  33d  year  of  his 
royal  master :  but  since  that  period,  every  one,  ex- 
cept this,  has  been  transferred  to  other  hands. 

I  soon  reached  Newborough,  about  three  miles     newbo- 
from  the  shore,  a  place  greatly  fallen  away  from 
its  antient  splendor.     Here  had  been  one  of  the 

VOL.  III.  B 

870770 


NEWBOROUGH. 

residences  of  our  princes.  In  Mr.  Rowlands  s 
time,  the  foundation  of  the  Llys  or  palace,  was  to 
be  seen  a  little  to  the  south  of  the  church,  which 
is  supposed  to  have  been  the  domestic  chapel. 
In  its  neighborhood,  at  Frondeg,  is  a  stone  which 
I  overlooked.  I  find  it  mentioned  in  the  manu- 
scripts  of  Mr.    Rowlands;    who  has  given  the 

following   inscription :     Cur Filius 

Cuuricini  Erexit  Hunc  Lapidem.  The  author 
of  the  History  of  Anglesey*  also  mentions  it,  but 
varies  in  the  name  of  the  founder,  and  his  father. 
His  reading  is  thus :  Filius  Ulrici  erexit  hunc 
Lapidem.  I  am  credibly  informed  that  the  in- 
scription is  at  present  illegible;  but  the  style  of 
the  memorial  induces  me  to  give  it  to  a  Dane: 
such  are  extremely  frequent  in  Scandinavia.  Sto- 
dingus  fecit  erigi  lapidem  in  memoriam  Arnonis 
filii  sui  qui  profectus  est  in  Hardalam1'— Thors- 
tatum  &  Gura  fecerunt  erigi  saxum  in  memor- 
iam Lafsonis  patris  suia — and  the  imperfect  one, 
like  this  of  Ulric,  Saxo  lapidem  hunc  posuit*,  are 
proofs  of  the  custom  in  the  Baltic  kingdom. 

The  Danes  frequently  invaded  Anglesey;  and 
between  the  years  969  and  972  Godfryd,  the  son 
of  Harold,  subdued  the  whole  island6:  a  pious 
son  in  one  of  these  invasions  might,  according  to 

•  P.  43,  printed  for  Dodsley,  1775.  4to. 

b  Pering  skioldi  Monum.  Suev-gothic.  289. 

c  The  same,  301.      d  WonaiiMon.  Danica,  501.       e  Powel,3i.  62. 


NEWBOROUGH. 

the  custom  of  his  country,  have  erected  this  monu- 
ment to  his  father;  but  from  the  imperfect  state 
of  the  inscription,  we  are  at  a  loss  to  know  whe- 
ther, it  was  sepulchral  or  votive. 

Newborough,  or  more  properly  IiJios-fair,  the 
British  name,  was  a  manor  of  our  princes.  It 
was  divided  into  two  parts;  the  one  consisted  of 
officers  of  the  household  under  the  prince,  which 
were  of  two  kinds,  and  had  twelve  gavels  in  land 
between  them:  part  maintained  the  Maer-drefwyr, 
or  those  who  overlooked  his  demesne;  the  other 
was  for  the  Garddwi/r,  certain  persons  resembling 
our  cottagers,  who  possessed  small  parcels  of  land 
called  Gerddi*.  There  were  besides  eight  gavels, 
which  were  the  property  of  freeholders;  the  poste- 
rity of  whom  enjoyed  the  same  to  the  very  time 
of  my  author,  Mr.  Rowlands.  This  was  also  the 
seat  of  justice  for  the  whole  comot  of  Menai,  and 
continued  so,  long  after  it  became  subject  to  the 
English.  Some  respect  to  a  royal  seat  was  still 
maintained  by  the  new  royal  possessors.  It  be- 
came a  manor  of  the  princes  of  Wales.  Edward  I. 
erected  the  town  into  a  corporation,  and  gave  it 
a  guild  mercatory,  and  other  privileges,  which  were 
confirmed  by  parlement,  in  the  first  year  of  Ed- 
ward IIP.  From  this  time  it  was  called  Newho- 
rough.     In  the  latter  part  of  that  reign  were  found 

'  Record  of  Caernarvon,  in  Biblioth,  Litteraria,  2'.). 
e  Mr.  Rowland*  21SS. 


NEWBOROUGH. 

ninety-three  houses,  thirteen  gardens,  one  orchard., 
twelve  crofts,  and  sixty  small  pieces  of  ground  in- 
closed for  the  use  of  the  houses.  The  crown  had 
its  steward  for  this  district,  with  a  salary  of  ten 
pounds  a  year.  The  palace  and  royal  chapel  ex- 
isted in  the  time  of  Edward  III.;  for  it  appears  by 
an  inquisition  taken  here  in  1329,  before  William 
de  Shaldeford,  representative  of  Richard  earl  of 
Arundel,  justiciary  of  North  Wales,  that  the  te- 
nants of  the  comot  of  Menai  had  been  required 
to  put  those  buildings  into  repair:  but,  on  their 
representing  that,  if  that  duty  was  put  in  force, 
they  would  be  of  little  or  no  advantage  to  the  king, 
the  justiciary  was  directed  to  enquire  into  the 
truth ;  and  whether  it  would  not  be  better  for  him 
to  take  an  annual  sum  in  lieu  of  the  repairs,  not 
only  of  the  palace  and  chapel,  but  of  all  the  other 
buildings  on  the  royal  manor11.  In  after  times  it 
had  the  honour  of  sending  representatives  to  the 
British  parlement.  Richard  ap  Rhydderch  ap 
Myfyrion  sate  in  the  third  of  Henry  VIII.  and 
John  ap  Robert  Llwyd  in  the  first  of  Edward  VI;. 
who  in  the  next  year  transferred  this  honor  to 
Beaumaris.  The  glory  of  Neivborough  is  now 
passed  away. 

It  now  subsists  by  a  manufacture  of  mats,  and 
Rhosir  morhesg  ropes,  made  of  sea-reed-grass;   a 

h  Sebright  MSJS. 


LLANDDWYN.  5 

plant  of  which.  Queen  Elizabeth,  in  tenderness  to 
such  of  her  subjects  who  lived  on  sandy  shores, 
wisely  prohibited  the  extirpation,  in  order  to  pre- 
vent the  misfortunes  which  have  since  happened, 
of  having  half  the  parish  buried  in  the  unstable 
sands1  by  the  rage  of  tempests. 

Such  is  the  case  of  Llanddivyn,  a  parish  which  Llanddwtn. 
extends  below  into  the  sea,  and  terminates  in  a 
narrow  peninsula :  almost  the  whole  of  which  is  at 
present  covered  with  sand-hills.  We  are  told  that 
in  the  time  of  Edward  III.  there  were  on  it  no 
more  than  eight  small  houses,  or,  as  they  were 
then  called,  welesv;  yet  in  the  reign  of  Henry 
VIII.  it  was  one  of  the  richest  prebends  in  the  ca- 
thedral of  Bangor.  Its  wealth  arose  not  from  the 
real  fertility  of  the  place,  but  from  the  superstition 
of  the  common  people;  from  pilgrimage  to  crosses, 
reliques,  holy  wells,  ordeals,  and  what  Mr.  Row- 
lands calls  tXevoiiavTia>  or  divination  by  fishes1.  In 
the  time  of  Owen  Glyndwr,  one  Yerwerth  Fyclian, 
rector  of  Llanddoged,  made  pretensions  to  the 
offerings,  and  sacrilegiously  seized  on  them;  but 
Gryffijdd  le  Yonge,  chancellor  to  our  hero,  inter- 
fered, and  by  a  decree  of  his  put  a  stop  to  the  in- 
vasion of  the  rights  of  the  place"1. 

1  See  the  sad  eftects  of  these  moveable  sands  in  Mr.  Cordiner'a 
Letters,  8G,  87,  and  my  Tour  Scotl.  170!),  4th  ed.  144.  16S. 
k  Rowlands''  MSS.  '  Rowlands'  MSS. 

m  The  same,  and  Hist.  A  aglesey,  44. 


6  LLANDDWYN. 

Church.  On  the  peninsula  are  the  ruins  of  the  church, 

dedicated  to  St.  Deuwen,  daughter  of  Brychan, 
one  of  the  holy  Colidei,  or  primitive  Christians  of 
Britain.  Near  it  are  the  small  remains  of  the 
prebendal  house.  The  first  appears  to  have  been 
no  inelegant  building.  The  last  is  noted  for  the 
residence  of  Richard  Kyffyn,  then  rector  of  Llan- 
ddwyn,  and  afterwards  dean  of  Bangor,  known 
by  the  name  of  y  Deou  du,  or  the  black  dean. 
He  was  a  strenuous  friend  to  the  house  of  Lancas- 
ter, and  here  concerted  with  Sir  Rhys  ap  Thomas, 
and  other  Welsh  chieftains,  a  plan  for  bringing  in 
the  duke  of  Richmond,  then  in  Britany;  to  whom 
they  transmitted,  by  means  of  fishing- vessels,  all 
necessary  intelligence. 

From  Newborough,  I,  several  years  ago,  made 
an  excursion  to  Aberffraw,  about  seven  miles  to 
the  north,  in  search  of  another  palace  of  our  an- 
tient  princes.  They  took  one  of  their  titles  from 
this  place,  Princeps  de  Aberffraw,  which  preceded 
that  of  Dominus  de  Snowdon.  I  crossed,  at  low- 
water,  the  arm  of  the  sea  called  MaUtraeth;  and 
.han'-Uad-  ro(je  by  the  church  of  Llan-Gadwaladr,  said  to 
have  been  founded  by  Cadwaladr,  last  king  of 
the  Britons,  and  made  one  of  the  sanctuaries  of 
the  island.  Over  the  door  was  an  inscription  in 
memory  of  Cad/an,  grandfather  to  the  founder, 
to    this    effect:    Catamantjs    Rex    sapientisstmiis 


ABERRFFRAW.  1 

opinatissimus  omnium  Reguma.  The  stone  on 
which  this  is  inscribed,  is  said  to  be  in  form  of 
a  coffin;  and  probably  in  the  former  church  had  a 
moFe  suitable  place. 

On  a  tombstone  in  the  church,  is  the  following 
curious 

Epitaph. 

In  obitum  Owini  Woodo  Arrnigeri  qui  obiit  6.  die  April 
A0.  Dni.  1602.  JEtat  sum  76. 
Fcelix  ter  fcelix,  marmor,  quia  nobile  lignum 

Quo  caret  infcelix  insula,  marmor,  habes, 
Owen  et  patrice  vivens  fuit  utile  lignum, 

Et  lignum  vita  post  sua  fata  Deo. 
Films  ista  meo  posui  monumenta  parenti, 
Sit  precor  ut  tecum  nomen  ita  Omen  idem. 
1602. 

About  a  mile  or  two  farther  reach  the  site  of  Aberffravt. 
the  princely  residence.  It  is  now  reduced  to  a  few 
poor  houses,  seated  on  the  river  Ffraiv,  near  a 
small  bay.  Not  a  vestige  is  to  be  seen  of  its  for- 
mer boast.  It  was  a  chief  seat  of  our  princes,  and 
one  of  the  three  courts  of  justice  for  the  principal- 
ity0. Here  was  always  kept  one  of  the  three  co- 
pies of  the  antient  code  of  laws;  another  at  Dine- 
vawr  in  Caermarthenshire;  and  the  third  was  kept 
by  the  doctors  of  laws,  for  their  constant  use1'. 
This  place  was  of  great  antiquity,  being  one  of  the 
three  fixed  on  by  Roderic  the  Great,  about  the 
year  870,  for  the  residence  of  his  successors.     In 

n  Caviden,  ii.  7M).     Roivlands,  157. 
0  Leges  Wallicce,  147.         p  The  same,  6. 


8  LLA.NIDAN. 

962  it  was  ravaged  by  the  Irish*.  An  extent  was 
made  of  Aberffraw  in  the  13th  Edward  III;  from 
which  may  be  learned  some  of  the  antient  revenues 
of  the  Welsh  princes.  It  appeared  that  part  arose 
from  rents  of  lands,  from  the  profit  of  mills  and 
fisheries,  and  often  from  things  taken  in  kind;  but 
the  last  were  frequently  commuted  for  their  value 
in  money. 

But  to  return  to  the  Menai.  From  Newborough 
Llanidax.  I  visited  Llanidan,  a  seat  of  Lord  Boston's,  finely 
situated  on  that  arm  of  the  sea,  commanding  up- 
wards a  beautiful  prospect  of  Caernarvon,  and  the 
Snowdon  hills.  The  church,  which  is  adjacent, 
once  belonged  to  the  convent  of  Beddkelert.  In 
1535  it  followed  the  fate  of  that  house.  Queen 
Elizabeth  granted  it  to  Edmond  Downam  and  Pe- 
ter Ashton;  who  sold  it  in  1605  to  Richard  Pry- 
therch  of  Myfyrion,  whose  daughter  married  a 
Llwyd  of  Llugivy,  on  the  other  side  of  the  island. 
On  the  extinction  of  that  family  all  their  estates 
were  bought  by  Lord  Uxbridge,  who  left  them  to 
his  nephew  Sir  William  Irby,  the  late  lord  Boston. 

In  the  church  is  a  reliquary,  made  neither  of 
gold  nor  silver,  nor  yet  ornamented  with  precious 
stones;  but  of  very  ordinary  gritstone,  with  a  roof- 
like cover.  Whether  it  contained  any  reliques  of 
the  patron  saint,  a  St.  Aiden,  of  whom  the  ve- 

i  rowel,  62. 


MAEN  MORDHWYD.  0 

nerable  Bede  makes  such  honourable  mention r,  I 
cannot  say.  The  church  of  Durham  possessed  his 
cross,  three  of  his  teeth,  his  head,  and  two  Griffin's 
eggs8.  The  living  is  a  vicarage,  to  which  are 
annexed  the  chapels  of  Llanedwen,  Llan-ddaniel, 
and  Llanfair  y  Civ-mmwd. 

I  must  not  pass  unnoticed  the  celebrated  stone 
of  Maen  Mordhwyd,  or  the  stone  of  the  thigh, 
now  well  secured  in  the  wall  of  this  church.  In 
old  times  it  was  so  constant  to  one  place,  that,  let 
it  be  carried  ever  so  far,  it  would  be  sure  of  return- 
ing at  night.  Hugh  Lupus  earl  of  Chester,  de- 
termined to  subdue  its  loco-motive  faculties,  fast- 
ened it  with  iron  chains  to  a  far  greater  stone,  and 
flung  it  into  the  sea;  but,  to  the  astonishment  of 
all  beholders,  it  was  found  the  next  morning  in  its 
usual  place*. 

I  now  enter  on  classical  ground,  and  the  pious 
seats  of  the  antient  Druids;  the  sacred  groves,  the 
altars,  and  monumental  stones.  A  slight  mention 
of  what  I  saw  must  content  my  reader;  who  is  re- 
ferred to  the  works  of  the  celebrated  and  learned 
Mr.  Henry  Rowlands,  the  former  vicar  of  this 
place,  and  to  those  of  my  friend  the  late  reverend 

1  De  vita  Cudbercti,  c.  4.  ■  Smith's  Beda,  App.  No.  XV. 

*  G'iraldtcs  Itin.  Cambr.  lib.  ii.  c.  vii.  and  Powel's  note.  Sir  RicJi. 
Hoare  ed.  vol.  ii.  p.  103.  Giraldus  says,  the  stone  took  its  name 
from  its  shape. 


10  TEE'R  DRYW. 

Dr.  Borlase,  who  hath  added  fresh  illustrations  of 
these  obscure  remains. 
Trek Dryw.  At  Tre'r  Dryw,  or  the  habitation  of  the  Arch- 
Druid,  I  met  with  the  mutilated  remains  describ- 
ed by  Mr.  Rowlands.  His  Bryn  Gwyn,  or  Brein 
Gwyn,  or  royal  tribunal,  is  a  circular  hollow  of  an 
hundred  and  eighty  feet  in  diameter,  surrounded 
by  an  immense  agger  of  earth  and  stones,  evident- 
ly brought  from  some  other  place,  there  not  being 
any  mark  of  their  being  taken  from  the  spot.  It 
has  only  a  single  entrance.  This  is  supposed  to 
have  been  the  grand  consistory  of  the  druidical  ad- 
ministration. . 

Not  far  from  it  was  one  of  the  Gorseddau,  now 
in  a  manner  dispersed,  but  once  consisting  of  a 
great  copped  heap  of  stones,  on  which  sate  aloft  a 
Druid  instructing  the  surrounding  people"  multa 
de  Deorum  immortalium  vi  et  postestate  dispatare, 
et  juventuti  tradunt* 

Here  are  also  the  reliques  of  a  circle  of  stonesy 
with  the  Cromlech  in  the  midst;  but  all  extremely 
imperfect.  Two  of  the  stones  are  very  large;  one, 
which  serves  at  present  as  part  of  the  end  of  a 
house,  is  twelve  feet  seven  inches  high,  and  eight 
feet  broad;  and  another  eleven  feet  high  and 
twenty-three  feet  in  girth.  Some  lesser  stones 
also  remain.     This  circle,  when  complete,  was  one 

n  Mono  Antiq.  92,  tab.  iv.  x  Ccesar  Bel.  Gal.  lib.  vi. 


CAER  LEB.    TREF-WRY.  11 

of  the  temples  of  the  Druids,  in  which  their  reli- 
gious rites  were  performed.  It  is  the  conjecture  of 
Mr.  Rowlands,  that  the  whole  of  these  remains 
were  surrounded  with  a  circle  of  oaks,  and  formed 
a  deep  and  sacred  grove,  Jam  per  se  roborum  ele- 
gant lucos,  neque  ulla  sacra  sine  ea  fronde  con- 
fidant/ 

Near  this  is  Caer  Lebz,  or  the  moated  en-  Caeb  Leo. 
trenchment,  of  a  square  form,  with  a  double  ram- 
part, and  broad  ditch  intervening,  and  a  lesser  on 
the  outside.  Within  are  foundations  of  circular 
and  of  square  buildings.  This  Mr.  Rowlands  sup- 
poses to  have  been  the  residence  of  the  arch-druid, 
and  to  have  given  the  name,  Tier  Dryw,  to  the 
township  in  which  it  stands. 

At  Tref-  Wnf  I  saw  several  faint  traces  of  cir-  Tref-Wry. 
cles  of  stones,  and  other  vestiges  of  buildings,  all 
so  dilapidated,  or  hidden  in  weeds,  as  to  become 
almost  formless.  To  divert  our  thoughts  from 
their  present  dreary  view,  let  us  change  the  period 
to  that  in  which  they 

Were  tenanted  by  Bards,  who  nightly  thence, 
Rob'd  in  their  flowing  vests  of  innocent  white, 
[ssu'd,  with  harps  that  glitter  to  the  moon, 
Hymning  immortal  strainsb. 

Bod-drudau,    or    the   habitation    of  the   Druids, 

y  Plin.  Hut.  Nat.  lib.  xv.  c.  44.  z  Mow  Antiq.  88,  tab.  iii. 

»  Mona  Antiq.  tab.  iii.  fig.  2.  b  Mr.  Mason's*  Caractacv-i. 


12 


SUETONIUS'S  INVASION. 


Bodowyr.  Trer  Beirdd,  or  that  of  the  bards,  and  Bodowyr, 
or  that  of  the  priests0,  are  all  of  them  hamlets, 
nearly  surrounding  the  seat  of  the  chief  Druid, 
composing  the  essential  part  of  his  suite.  At  the 
last  I  saw  a  thick  Cromlech,  resting  on  three 
stones. 

The  shore  near  Porthamel,  not  far  from  hence, 
is  famed  for  being  the  place  where  Suetonius 
landed,  and  put  an  end  in  this  island  to  the  Druid 
reign.  His  infantry  passed  over  in  flat -bottom 
boats,  perhaps  at  the  spot  still  called  Pant  yr 
Yscraphiaua,  or  the  valley  of  Skiffs.  His  horse 
crossed  partly  by  fording,  partly  by  swimming. 
The  description  of  the  conflict  is  so  animated,  that 
I  beg  leave  to  give  it  in  the  words  of  the  Roman 
historian. 

"  Stat  pro  littore    diversa  acies,    densa   armis 

*  virisque,  intercursantibus  fseminis :  in  modum  fu- 
:  riarum,  veste  ferali,  crinibus  dejectis,  faces  prefe- 
:  rebant;  Druidwque  circum,  preces  diras  subla- 
1  tis  ad  ccelum  manibus  fundentes.  Novitate  as- 
:  pectus  perculere   milites,    ut   quasi   hcerentibus 

•  membris,  immobile  corpus  vulneribus  proeberent. 
:  Dein  cohortionibus  ducis,  et  se  ipse  stimulantes, 
'  ne  muliebre  et  fanaticum  agmen  pavescerent, 
'  inferunt  signa,  sternuntque  obvios  et  igni  suo  in- 
:  volvunt.       Presidium  posthac  impositum  vicis, 


e  Rowlands,  240. 


The  same,  99. 


SUETONIUS'S  INVASION.  13 

"  excisique  luci,  see  vis  superstitionibis  sacri.  Nam 
"  cruore  captivo  adolere  aras,  et  hominum  fibris 
"  consulere  deos  fas  habebant0." 

'VOn  the  shore  stood  a  motley  army  in  close  ar- 
"  ray,  and  well  armed;  with  women  running 
"  wildly  about  in  black  attire  with  dishevelled  hair, 
"  and  like  the  furies  brandishing  their  torches, 
"  surrounded  by  the  Druids,  lifting  up  their  hands 
"  to  heaven,  and  pouring  forth  the  most  dreadful 
"  imprecations.  The  soldier  stood  astonished 
"  with  the  novelty  of  the  sight.  His  limbs  grew 
"  torpid,  and  his  body  remaining  motionless,  re- 
"  signed  to  every  wound.  At  length,  animated 
"  by  their  leader,  and  rouzing  one  another  not  to 
"  be  intimidated  with  a  womanly  and  fanatic  band, 
"  they  displayed  their  ensigns,  overthrew  all  who 
"  opposed  them,  and  flung  them  into  their  own 
"  fires.  After  the  battle,  they  placed  garrisons  in 
"  the  towns,  and  cut  down  the  groves  consecrated 
"  to  the  most  horrible  superstitions:  for  the  Bri- 
"  tons  held  it  right  to  sacrifice  on  their  altars  with 
"  the  blood  of  their  captives,  and  to  consult  the 
"  gods  by  the  inspection  of  human  entrails." 

What  a  scene  was  this!   and  how  worthy  of 
the  pencil  of  an  inspired  painter ! 

There  are  no  traces  of  any  works  of  the  Ro- 

e  Taciti  Annates,  lib.  xiv.  c.  30. 


I  BRYN  GWTDRYN. 

mans  left  in  this  country.  Their  stay  was  so 
short,  that  they  had  not  time  to  form  any  thing 
(i  Bry%  permanent.  At  Bryn  Gwydryn,  behind  Llan- 
idan,  are  two  or  three  dikes  and  fosses  of  a  semi- 
circular form,  each  end  of  which  terminates  at  a 
precipice,  leaving  an  intervening  area  of  no  great 
space.  Both  from  its  fignre  and  name,  Caer  Idris, 
I  suspect  it  to  be  British. 

I  am  sorry  that  it  is  not  in  my  power  to  give  a 
better  account  than  the  following  of  that  prodigy 
of  learning  the  reverend  Henry  Rowlands,  vi- 
car of  this  parish.  His  account  of  the  druidical 
antiquities  of  this  part  of  the  island,  and  his  illus- 
trations of  them,  is  a  most  extraordinary  perform- 
ance, considering  that  he  never  enjoyed  any  other 
literary  advantages  than  what  he  found  in  his  na- 
tive isle.  It  is  said  that  he  never  even  travelled 
farther  than  Conwy;  but  I  believe  it  is  certain 
that  Shrewsbury  was  the  utmost  limits  of  his  tra- 
vels. He  died  in  1723,  aged  68,  and  was  interred 
under  a  slab  of  black  Anglesey  marble,  in  the 
parish  of  Llanedwen.  He  was  descended  from 
Henry  Rowlands,  who  died  Bishop  of  Bangor  in 
101 6,  and  who  in  1600  purchased  from  Robert 
Gryffydd  of  Penrhyn  the  estate  of  Plas  Gwyn,  in 
the  fore- mentioned  parish,  which  remains  to  this 
day  in  his  posterity.  The  inscription  on  his  tomb 
was  of  his  own  composing,  and  is  as  follows. 


EPITAPH  OF  HENRY"  ROWLANDS.  15 

M.S. 

Deposituin 

Henrici  Kowlands 

de  Plas  Gwyn,  Clerici, 

Hujus  Ecclesiae  Vicarii; 

Qui  hiuc  cum  hisce  Exuviis 

Per  Spiritum  Jesu, 

Anituam  iuterea  refocillantem, 

in  ultimo  die 

Se  fore  resuscitatum 

Pia  fide  sperabat: 

Ac  iude, 

Triumphante  misericordia, 

In  eternum  cum  Christo  gaudium 

Fore  susceptum, 

Quod  maxime  anhelabat; 

id  est 

Esse  semper  cum  Domiuo. 

Obiit  21  die  Novembris 

Anno  Salutis  1723 

.Etatis  sua?  68. 

Spiritus  ubi  vult  spirat. 

Laus  tota  Tri-Uni. 

Omnia  pro  nihilo  nisi  quce  tribuebat  egenis, 

Ista  valent  cum  artes  pereant  db  scripta  fatiscant. 

About  three  miles  from  this  place  is  Mod  y  MoelyDon. 
Don  ferry.  It  is  said,  that  Aeloedd,  king  of  Dub- 
lin, and  father  to  Racwel,  mother  of  Gh%yfflyd  ap 
Cynan,  built  a  castle  here,  called  in  old  times  Cas- 
tell  Aeloedd  Frenin,  but  by  the  country  people 
Bon  y  Dom\      The  army  of  Edward  I.  in   128l>      English 

■  '       DEFEAT. 

made  here  an  attempt  fatal  to  many  a  gallant  man. 
He  landed  his  forces  in  this  island,  and,  after  re- 
ducing to  obedience  the  few  inhabitants  who  had 

'  Life  of  Gnjpjdd  ap  Cynan.     Sebright  MSS. 


1G 


ANTIENT  WEAPONS  OF  THE  WELSH. 


Antient 

Weapons 

of  THE 

Welsh. 


not  taken  the  oath  of  fealty  to  him,  built  a  bridge 
of  boats  near  this  place,  some  say  at  the  very  spot 
where  Agricola  passed.  The  Welsh,  aware  of  his 
design,  flung  up  entrenchments  to  secure  the  en- 
trance into  the  mountains.  Luke  de  Tany,  a  gal- 
lant commander,  who  had  lately  come  from  Gas- 
cony  with  a  number  of  Gascon  and  Spanish  troops, 
rashly  passed  over  the  unfinished  bridge  at  low- 
water,  in  contempt  perhaps  of  the  enemy:  none 
appeared;  but  on  the  flowing  of  the  tide,  which 
cut  off  access  to  the  nearest  part  of  the  bridge,  the 
Welsh  suddenly  rushed  on  them  with  hideous 
shouts,  slew  numbers,  and  forced  the  remainder 
into  the  sea.  On  this  occasion  perished  Tany 
himself,  Roger  Clifford  the  younger,  thirteen 
knights,  seventeen  young  gentlemen,  and  two 
hundred  soldiers;  William  Latimer  alone  escaped 
by  the  goodness  of  his  horse,  which  swam  with 
him  to  the  bridge5. 

Let  us  suppose  a  panic  at  this  time  to  have 
seized  the  English  forces;  yet,  as  that  must  have 
been  unforeseen  by  the  Welsh,  we  should  give  due 
praise  to  the  intrepidity  of  our  countrymen,  at  a 
period  in  which  (in  comparison  of  the  well-ap- 
pointed soldiery  of  other  countries)  they  fought 
nearly  unarmed.  A  poet  of  the  latter  end  of  the 
thirteenth  century  thus  describes  the  character  and 


«  Powel,  372. 


WOODS.    PL  AS  NEWYDD.  17 

accoutrements  of  the  army  of  antient  Britons,  led 
by  our  valiant  prince  Richard  Cceur  de  Lion  into 
France. 

Gens  Wallensis  habet  hoc  naturale  per  omnes 
Indigenas,  pritnis  proprium  quod  servat  ab  annis. 
Pro  domibus  sylvas,  bellum  pro  pace  frequeutat, 
Irasci  facilis,  agilis  per  devia  cursu, 
Nee  soleis  plantas,  caligis  nee  crura  gravantur, 
Frigus  docta  pati,  nulli  cessura  labori. 
Veste  brevi,  corpus  nullis  oueratur  ab  arrais, 
Nee  munit  thorace  latus,  nee  casside  frontem. 
Sola  gereus,  hosti  coedem  quibus  inferat,  anna, 
Clavam  cum  jaculo,  venabula,  gesa,  bipennam, 
Arcum  cum  pharetris,  nodosaque  tela,  vel  hastam, 
Assiduis  gaudens  prsedis,  fusoque  cruoreh. 

At  a  small  distance  from  Mod  y  don  I  entered  Woods. 
into  the  fine  woods  of  Sir  Nicholas  Bayleif,  skirt- 
ing the  Menai  for  a  considerable  way.  The 
wooded  part  of  the  island  commences  at  Llanidan, 
and  recalls  the  antient  name  of  Anglesey,  Ynys 
Dywyll,  or  the  Dark  Island,  on  account  of  the 
deep  shade  of  its  groves;  but  at  present  it  is  (ex- 
cept on  this  side)  entirely  divested  of  trees,  and 
the  climate  so  averse  to  their  growth,  that  in  most 
parts  it  is  with  great  difficulty  the  gentry  can 
raise  a  plantation  round  their  houses. 

Plas    Newydd,    the     seat     of    Sir    Nicholas   PlasNew 
Bayley,  lies  close  upon  the   water,  protected  on 

h    William  Brito,  as  quoted  in  Camden's  Remains,  10. 
1  Now  of  the  earl  of  Uxbridge.    Ed. 
VOL.  III.  c 


YDD. 


18  CROMLECHS:  THEIR  USES  AND  FORMS. 

three  sides  by  venerable  oaks  and  ashes.  The 
view  up  and  down  this  magnificent  river-like 
strait  is  extremely  fine.  The  shores  are  rocky; 
those  on  the  opposite  side  covered  with  woods; 
and  beyond  soar  a  long  range  of  Snowdonian  alps. 
Here  stood  a  house  built  by  Gwenllian,  a  descend- 
ant of  Cadrod  Hardd*.  The  mansion  has  been 
improved,  and  altered  to  a  castellated  form,  by 
the  present  owner.1 

In  the  woods  are  some  very  remarkable  druidi- 
cal  antiquities.  Behind  the  house  are  to  be  seen 
Cromlechs,  two  vast  Cromlechs.  The  upper  stone  of  one  is 
twelve  feet  seven  inches  long,  twelve  broad,  and 
four  thick,  supported  by  five  tall  stones.  The 
other  barely  separated  from  the  first,  is  almost  a 
square,  of  five  feet  and  a  half,  and  is  supported  by 
four  stones.  The  number  of  supporters  to  Crom- 
lechs are  merely  accidental,  and  depend  on  the 
size  or  form  of  the  incumbent  stone.  These  are 
the  most  magnificent  we  have,  and  the  highest 
from  the  ground;  for  a  middle-sized  horse  may 
easily  pass  under  the  largest. 

Dr.  Borlase  has  shown  the  improbability  of 
these  stones  ever  being  designed  or  used  as  altars. 
The  figure  proves  the  impossibility  of  making  fires, 
or  performing  sacrifices  on  their  sloping  summits; 
and  almost  all  which  I  have  seen  have  an  inclina- 

k  Plas  Gwya  MSS.  '   The  earl  of  Uxbridge.   Ed. 


CROMLECHS:  THEIR  USES  AND  FORMS.  19 

tion.  It  is  reasonable  to  suppose  them  to  have 
been,  sepulchral,  and  that  the  body  might  be  lod«'- 
^d  in  the  space  beneath;  and  that  near  the  monu- 
ment divine  honors  might  be  payed,  or  sacrifices 
performed  to  the  Manes  of  the  dead1. 

.  This  species  of  monument  is  to  be  found  in 
most  parts  of  Europe;  in  Scandinavia™,  in  Hol- 
land11, and  in  France:  in  the  last,  the  Pierre  Lz- 
vee,  near  Poitiers,  is  a  stupendous  specimen0. 
Cromlechs  extend  even  farther  south;  for  Mr. 
Armstrong  gives  a  drawing  of  one  of  this  nature  in 
Minor  cav.  They  vary  in  form:  in  many  the  space 
between  the  supporters  is  closed  up  with  stones  of 
greater  or  lesser  sizes'1;  and  thus  gave  security 
to  the  remains  of  the  deceased  therein  deposited. 
Probably  all  those  which  we  see  in  our  island 
might  orginally  have  been  thus  closed  up ;  but  in 
time  destroyed,  either  through  the  sacrilegious  hope 
of  finding  wealth  deposited  with  the  corpses,  or,  as 
is  the  case  often  at  present,  for  the  sake  of  apply- 
ing the  stones  to  ceconomical  uses.  Others  again 
are  quite  bedded  in  the  Camedd,  or  heap  of  stones; 
of    which    instances   may   be    produced    in   Llan 

1  See  what  the  learned  author  offers  in  support  of  his  opinion 
AiUi'j.  Coniwal,  p.  210  and  the  following. 
m   Wormii  Monum.  Dan.  7. 
n  Oiuiheinkuiidige  Brieven,  &c.  tab.  i. 
"  Braunii  Civitat,  v.  18.  p  Hist.  Minorca. 

q  Exemplified  in  Montfaucon,  Sxpplem.  v.  tab.  Lev.  highest  ligure. 


20 


CAKNEDD.    VAENOL. 


Faelog,  in  this  island,  in  that  of  Arran*,  and  in 
the  county  of  Meirionedd*. 

Carnei>i>.  Not  far  from  the  Cromlech  is  a  large  Carnedd: 
part  has  been  removed,  and  within  was  discovered: 
a  cell  about  seven  feet  long  and  three  wide,  co- 
vered at  the  top  with  two  flat  stones,  and  lined  on 
the  sides  with  others.  To  enter  it  I  crept  over  a 
flag,  placed  across  the  entrance.  On  the  top  of 
the  stone  were  two  semicircular  holes,  of  size  suf- 
ficient to  take  in  the  human  neck;  it  is  conjectured 
there  might  have  been  another  above;  so  that  both 
together  might  perform  the  office  of  a  stocks.  It 
is  indeed  conjecture,  yet  not  an  improbable  one, 
that  in  this  place  had  been  kept  the  wretches  de- 
stined for  sacrifice;  as  it  is  well  known  that  they 
performed  those  execrable  rites,  and  often  upon 
captives  who  had  suffered  long  imprisonment V 
perhaps  in  cells  similar  to  this. 

A  little  below  Plas  Newydd,  on  the  Caernar- 
vonshire side,  appear  the  extensive  woods  of 
Vaenol.  Vaenol,  with  the  old  house  of  the  same  name. 
This  place  had  long  been  the  residence  of  the 
Williams,  a  branch  of  the  family  of  Ednyfed 
Vychan,  and  which  was  honored  with  a  baronet- 
age June  15th  1622.  Sir  William  Williams,  the 
last  of  the  fine,  was  a  man  of  profligate  life;  had 


8    Voy.  to  the  Hebrides,  2d  ed.  208. 

See  pages  262,  263,  of  preceding  volume.     *  Borlase  Antiq.  Comical. 


4- 


CRAIG  Y  DDINAS.    THE  SWELL Y.  21 

been  married,  but  had  no  issue.  He  got  acquainted 
with  Sir  Bourchier  Wrey  of  Trebitch,  and  a  young 
man  brought  up  to  the  law.  In  a  drunken  lit  he 
was.  prevaled  on  to  make  a  will,  and  dispose  of  his 
whole  estate  to  Sir  Bourchier  for  the  term  of  his 
life,  and  that  of  his  brother  the  reverend  Chiches- 
ter Wrey,  and  the  remainder  to  king  William  inL^JJj2?'a 
fee.  The  young  lawyer  also  left  to  himself  540/. 
annuity  in  fee,  the  odd  forty  pounds  towards  the 
trouble  and  expence  of  collecting  the  rest.  He 
also  purchased  the  life  estates,  which  his  represen- 
atives  enjoyed  till  the  death  of  the  reverend  Mr. 
Wrey;  on  which  the  late  Mr.  Smith,  of  Tedworth 
m  Hampshire,  took  possession  of  it  by  virtue  of  a 
grant  from  king  William  to  his  ancestor,  a  com- 
missioner of  the  salt  office:  and  at  present  the 
whole,  to  the  amount  of  upwards  of  4000/.  a  year, 
is  enjoyed  by  his  great  nephew  Ashton  Smith  esq. 

From  Plas  Neioydd  I  continued  my  journey 
within  sight  of  the  water.  At  Craig  y  Ddinas  I 
was  irresistably  delayed  by  feasting  my  eyes  with 
the  tine  view  of  the  noble  curvature  of  the  Menai. 
Not  far  from  hence  I  rode  towards  the  shore,  to 
admire  the  furious  current  of  the  S welly,  or  Pwll  TheSwell*. 
Ceris,  a  part  where,  by  opposition  of  rocks,,  and 
the  narrowness  of  the  channel,  are  great  over-falls 
and  violent  whirlpools,  during  the  time  when  the 
flood  or  ebb  makes  strong.  At  low-water  the 
channel,  for  a  considerable  space,  appears  pointed 


22  POETH-AETHWY. 

with  rocks  black  and  horrible.  The  fury  of  the 
tide  amongst  them,  at  the  times  I  mention,  is  in- 
conceivable, unless  by  the  navigator.  I  (when 
very  young)  ventured  myself  in  a  small  boat 
during  its  greatest  rage,  and  never  shall  forget  the 
rapid  evolutions  between  rock  and  rock,  amidst 
the  boiling  waves,  and  mill-race  current.  At  high- 
water  all  is  still.  This  is  a  great  obstacle  to  the 
navigation  of  large  vessels,  which  must  consult  the 
critical  season,  and  a  good  pilot.  The  rest  of  this 
strait  is  secure:  its  whole  length  is  about  fourteen 
miles;  ten  from  Bay  Glds,  near  Beaumaris,  to 
Caernarvon,  and  four  from  thence  to  its  entrance 
at  Abermcnai. 

A  little  lower  down,  on  a  small  rocky  penin- 
sula, stands  the  church  of  IJandyssilio,  jutting  far 
into  the  water;  a  most  dreaiy  cure.  It  is  remark- 
able that  most  of  the  seventy-four  parishes,  which 
this  island  is  divided  into,  have  their  churches  not 
remote  from  the  shores. 

Forth-  Porth-aethwy,   the   most   general   ferry  into 

Anglesey,  is  immediately  below  the  church.  The 
passage  of  cattle  at  this  place  is  very  great :  I  can- 
not enumerate  them;  but  it  is  computed  that  the 
island  sends  forth  annually  from  twelve"  to  fifteen 
thousand  head,  and  multitudes  of  sheep  and  hogs. 

u  The  number  is  probably  exaggerated;  the  editor  has  reason  to 
believe  that  it  does  not  exceed  five  thousand.     Ed. 


AETHWY. 


I 

h 

h 

E 


© 
IN 


VASSALAGE.  23 

It  is  also  computed  that  the  remaining  stock  of 
cattle  is  thirty  thousand1.  From  the  same  autho- 
rity it  appears,  that  in  1770  upwards  of  ninety 
thousand  bushels  of  corn  were  exported.  The 
author  reckons  only  barley,  rye,  and  oats ;  but  I 
have  seen  most  incomparable  wheat  growing  on 
the  island.  The  improvement  in  husbandry  has 
increased  since  the  suppression  of  smuggling  from 
the  Isle  of  Man;  before  that  time  every  farmer 
was  mounted  on  some  high  promontory,  expecting 
the  vessel  with  illicit  trade :  but  since  that  period, 
he  sets  in  earnest  to  industry  and  cultivation. 
Not  but  that  the  island  was  in  most  remote  time 
famous  for  its  fertility.  Man  Mam  Gymry,  An- 
glesey, the  nursing-mother  of  Wales,  was  a  title  it 
assumed  even  in  the  twelfth  century7. 

A  bararous  custom  in  the  feudal  system  pre- A  barbarous* 
valed  in  this  island,  and  possibly  in  many  other 
parts.  Here  was  exemplified  the  power  of  a  lord 
to  sell  his  vassals  and  their  offspring,  as  he  would 
the  cattle  of  his  estate.  It  was  done  in  the  town- 
ship of  Porth-aethwy,  many  years  after  the  reign 
of  our  princes2.  The  deed  of  sale  in  this  instance 
is  not  extant;  but  I  find  among  Mr.  Rowlands 
three  specimens,  of  which  the  following  is  the  full 
form  of  the  cruel  usage. 

*  Hist.  Anglesey,  6. 

y  Giraldus  Itin.  Cambr.    Sir  Richard  Hoare'a  eel.  vol.  ii.  p.  10:;. 

■  Rowlands'  Mo aa  Ant iq.  122. 


24  VASSALLAGE. 

"  Ednyfed  Vychan  ap  Ednyfed,  alias  dictus 
"  Ednyfed  ap  Arthelw  uz  Davydd  ap  Gryffydd  et 
"  Howel  ap  Davydd  ap  Ryryd,  alias  dictus  Howel 
"  ap  Arthelw  uz  Davydd  ap  Gryffydd,  Liberi  te- 
"  nentes  Dni  Regis  villse  de  Rhandir  Gadog,  &c. 
"  dedimus  et  comfirmavimus  Willimo  ap  Gryffydd 
"  ap  Gwilim  armigero  et  libero  tenenti  de  Portha- 
"  met,  &c.  septem  nativos  nostros;  viz  Howel  ap 
"  Davydd  Dew,  Motto  ap  Davydd  Dew,  Jevan  ap 
11  Evan  Ddu,  Llewelyn  ap  Davydd  Dew,  Davydd 
"  ap  Matto  ap  Davydd  Dew,  Howel  ap  Matto  ap 
"  Davydd  Dew,  et  Llewelyn  ap  Evan  Coke,  cum 
"  eorum  sequelis  turn  procreatis  tarn  procreandis 
"  ac  omnibus  bonis  catellis,  &c.  habend.  &c.  prte- 
"  dictos  nativos  nostros,  &c.  prsefato  Willimo 
"  Gryffydd  ap  Gwilim  heredibus  et  assignatis  suis 
"  in  perpetuum.  Datum  apud  Rhandir  Gadog, 
"  20  die  Junii,  an.  Henr.  Gti.  27moa. 

The  country  from  hence,  and  quite  to  Holy- 
head (twenty  five  miles)  right  and  left,  is  dreary, 
woodless,  hedgeless,  rising  into  small  hills,  watered 
with  numberless  rills,  and  fertile  in  grass  and  corn. 

I  continued  my  rideb  near  the  Menai,  which 
now   widens   considerably.      The   opposite   limits 

»  Rowlands  MSS. 
b  By  the  munificence  of  Lord  and  Lady  Bidkele>/  an  excellent 
carriage-road  has  been  formed  at  a  great  expeuce  from  Porth-aethwy  to 
Beaumaris,  presenting  a  succession  of  scenery  of  unrivalled  beauty, 
as  the  charming  bay  gradually  opens. — It  may  with  justice  be  styled 
one  of  the  finest  terraces  in  the  world.     Ed. 


VIEWS.     BEAUMARIS.  25 


l- 


are  inexpressibly  beautiful,  lofty,  and  finely  cloatl 
ed  with  hanging  woods.  Bangor  opens  on  the  Noble 
Caernarvonshire  side;  and  in  front  is  a  magnifi- 
cent^ bays  bounded  by  the  great  promontory  Pen- 
maen  Mawr,  and  the  vast  Llandudno,  apparently 
insulated;  the  estuary  of  the  river  Conwy  flows 
at  its  bottom  between  those  noble  headlands.  This 
prospect  appears  to  the  best  advantage  from  that 
beautiful  spot  the  Green,  near  the  castle  of  Beau- 
maris: from  whence  may  be  seen,  in  addition, 
Priestholm  island,  and  the  semilunar  bay  from 
thence  to  the  town,  the  fortress  itself,  Baron 
Hill,  and  its  elegant  improvements;  nor  must 
Red  Hill,  the  house  of  Mr.  Sparrow,  seated  at  the 
head  of  a  wooded  dingle,  directing  the  eye  to  great 
part  of  this  delicious  view,  be  left  out  of  the  de- 
scription. 

The  town  of  Beaumaris  is,  as  the  name  implies,  Beaumaris 
pleasantly  seated  on  a  low  land  at  the  water's 
edge;  it  is  neat,  and  well  built,  and  one  street  is 
very  handsome.  Edward  I.  created  the  place; 
for,  after  founding  the  castles  of  Caernarvon  and 
Conwy,  he  discovered  that  it  was  necessary  to  put 
another  curb  on  my  headstrong  countrymen.  He 
built  this  fortress  in  lZOof1),  and  fixed  on  a  marshy  Castlb. 
spot,  near  the  chapel  of  St.  Meugan,  such  as  gave 

(')  Beaumaris  castle  was  commenced  in   1295,  but,  like  all  the 
other  castles  of  Edward  I.  in  Wales,  it  was  several  years  in  building. 

T.P. 


2G  BEAUMAKIS  CASTLE. 

him  an  opportunity  of  forming  a  great  foss  round 
the  castle,  and  of  filling  it  with  water  from  the  sea. 
He  also  cut  a  canal,  in  order  to  permit  vessels  to 
discharge  their  lading  beneath  the  walls0:  and,  as 
a  proof  of  the  existence  of  such  a  conveniency, 
there  were  within  this  century  iron  rings  affixed  to 
them,  for  the  purpose  of  mooring  the  ships  or 
boats.  The  marsh  was  in  early  times  of  a  far 
greater  extent  than  at  present,  and  covered  with 
fine  bullrushesd.  There  is  a  strong  tradition 
that  one  Helig  ap  Clunog(l)  had  great  possessions, 
which  extended  even  to  Dwygyfylchau,  and  a  fair 
house  where  now  the  sea  flows;  all  which  were 
suddenly  overwhelmed:  and  it  is  pretended  that 
there  still  may  be  seen,  at  very  low  ebbs,  ruins  of 
houses,  and  a  causeway  from  Priestholm  pointing 
towards  Penmaen  Maivr6. 

The  lands,  on  which  Edward  built  the  castle, 
were  private  property:  and  it  appears  that  he 
made  the  owners  full  satisfaction;  and  among 
other  recompences,  bestowed  on  Eneon  ap  Mered- 
ydd,  Gryffydd  ap  Evan,  and  Eneon  ap  Tegerin, 
lands   in   the    township   of  Earianell  and    Tre'r 

0  Sebright  MSS.  d  Sebright  MSS.  and  Plds  Givyn  MSS. 
(l)  This  ancient  mariner  is  usually  called  Helig  ab  Glannog,  and 
his  territory  is  somewhere  called  Tyno  Helig,  or  Helig's  Hollow  or 
Hole,  which  seems  to  have  been  the  sea  on  the  coast  of  Arfon  and 
Mona:  it  is  from  Glannog  that  Puffin  Island  has  its  name  of  Vnys 
Glannog,  mentioned  at  p.  35.  j.r. 

•  rids  Gioyn  MSS. 


BEAUMARIS  CASTLE. 


27 


Hall. 


Ddol,  free  from  rent  or  service.     The  castle  itself 
being  built  on  their  ground*. 

Each  of  Edward's  three  castles  differs  in  form. 
This  has  the  lest  clame  to  beauty,  not  having  the 
height  or  elegance  of  Caernarvon  or  Conwy.  The 
exterior  walls  are  guarded  by  ten  strong  round 
towers.  These  are  the  case  to  the  castle,  which 
stands  within  at  a  considerable  equidistant  space, 
is  far  superior  in  height  to  the  former,  and  has 
also  its  round  towers.  Within  is  a  square  of  one 
hundred  and  ninety  feet,  or  as  Mr.  Grose  expresses 
it,  a  square  with  the  corners  canted  off.  The 
great  hall  has  five  windows  in  front,  is  seventy  feet 
long,  and  twenty-three  and  a  half  broad.  The  ap- 
proach seems  to  have  been  through  a  sub-hall,  by 
a  flight  of  steps. 

Within  the  walls  on  one  side  is  a  beautiful 
chapel,  in  form  of  a  theatre,  the  sides  ornamented  Chapel. 
with  Gothic  arches,  and  the  roof  supported  by  ribs 
springing  from  elegant  pilasters,  between  each  of 
which  is  a  narrow  window,  and  behind  some  are 
small  closets,  gained  out  of  the  thickness  of  the 
wall,  probably  allotted  to  the  officers,  or  persons 
of  rank.  A  narrow  gallery  runs  within  the  whole 
space  of  the  castle  walls. 

The  entrance  faces  the  sea;  and  near  it  is  a  long 
narrow  advanced  work,  called  the  Gunners  Wall'. 

'  Rowlands'  MSS. 


28  ITS  HISTORY. 

The  first  governor  was  Sir  William  Pickmore, 

a  Gascon  knight,  appointed  by  Edward  I.     There 

Cokstablb  constable  of  the  castle,  and  a  captain  of  the 

OF  THE  * 

Castle,  town.  The  first  had  an  annual  fee  of  forty  pounds, 
the  last,  of  twelve  pounds  three  shillings  and  four- 
pence:  and  the  porter  of  the  gate  of  Beaumaris 
had  nine  pounds  two  shillings  and  six-pence. 
Twenty-four  soldiers  were  allowed  for  the  guard  of 
the  castle  and  town,  at  four  pence  a  day  to  eache. 

The  constable  of  the  castle  was  always  captain 
of  the  town  except  in  one  instance:  hi  the  36th 
of  Henry  VI.  Sir  John  Boteler  held  the  first  office, 
and  Thomes  Noirreys  the  other. 

The  castle  was  extremely  burthensome  to  the 
countiy:  quarrels  were  frequent  between  the  gar- 
rison and  the  countiy  people.  In  the  time  of 
Henry  VI.  a  bloody  fray  happened,  in  which 
Dafydd  ap  Evan  ap  Howel  of  Llwydiarth,  and 
many  others,  were  slain. 

From  the  time  of  Sir  Rowland  Villeville,  abas 
Brittayne,  reputed  base  son  of  Henry  VII.  and 
constable  of  the  castle,  the  garrison  was  withdrawn 
till  the  year  1642,  when  Thomas  Cheadle,  deputy 
to  the  earl  of  Dorset,  then  constable,  put  into  it 
men  and  ammunition.  In  1643,  Thomas  Bidke- 
ley  esq;  soon  after  created  Lord  Bulkeley,  suc- 
ceeded:  his   son,  Colonel  Richard  Bidkeley,   and 

K  Dodridge,  58. 


BEAUMARIS:   BAY,  FERRY.  2D 

several  gentlemen  of  the  country,  held  it  for  the 
king  till  June  1646,  when  it  surrendered  on  ho-  X\q^-J 
nourable  terms  to  General  Mytton,  who  made 
Captain  Evans  his  deputy-governor.  In  1653,  the 
annual  expence  of  the  garrison  was  seventeen  hun- 
dred and  three  pounds. 

Edward  I.  when  he  built  the  town,  surrounded  Town. 
it  with  walls,  made  it  a  corporation,  and  endowed 
it  with  great  privileges,  and  lands  to  a  considerable 
value.  He  removed  the  antient  freeholders,  by 
exchange  of  property,  into  other  countries.  Hen- 
Il/js,  near  the  town,  was  the  seat  of  Gwerydd  ap 
Rhys  Goch,  one  of  the  fifteen  tribes,  and  of  his  pos- 
terity till  this  period,  when  Edward  removed  them 
to  Bodlewyddan,-  Flintshire,  and  bestowed  their 
antient  patrimony  on  the  corporation11.  It  sends 
one  member  to  parlement.  Its  first  representative 
was  Maurice  Gryffydd,  who  sat  in  the  7th  year  of 
Edward  VI1. 

Theru  is  a  very  good  anchorage  for  ships  in  thk  Bay. 
the  bay  which  lies  before  the  town;  and  has  seven 
fathom  water  even  at  the  lowest  ebb.  Vessels 
often  find  security  here  in  hard  gales.  The  town 
has  no  trade  of  any  kind,  yet  has  its  customhouse 
for  the  casual  reception  of  goods. 

The  ferry  lies  near  the  town,  and  is  passable  at     Ferry. 
low  water.     It  was  granted  by  charter  to  the  cor- 

h  /'his  Qvnjn  M&&.  I   Willii's  Xolitia  Parliam.  iii.  l-'>. 


0  BEAUMARIS:   CHURCH. 

poration  in  the  4th  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  I  find  an 
order  from  Edward  II.  to  Robert  Power,  cham- 
berlain of  North  Wales,  to  inspect  into  the  state  of 
the  boat,  which  was  then  out  of  repair;  and,  in 
case  it  was  feasible,  to  cause  it  to  be  made  fit  for 
use,  at  the  expence  of  the  bailejwick :  but  if  the 
boat  proved  past  repair,  a  new  one  was  to  be  built, 
and  the  expence  allowed  by  the  king.  It  appears 
that  the  people  of  Beaumaris  payed  annually,  for 
the  privelege  of  a  ferry,  thirty  shillings  into  the  ex- 
chequer; but  by  this  order  it  seems  that  the  king- 
was  to  find  the  boatk.  After  passing  the  channel, 
the  distance  over  the  sands  to  Aber  in  Caernarvon- 
shire, the  point  the  passenger  generally  makes  for, 
is  four  miles.  The  sands  are  called  Traeth  Tela- 
ven,  and  WylqfaenQ),  or  the  Place  of  Weeping, 
from  the  shrieks  and  lamentations  of  the  inhabi- 
tants when  it  was  overwhelmed  by  the  sea,  in  the 
days  of  Helig  ap  Clunog. 

Church.  The  church  is  dependant  on  Llandegvan,  which 
is  in  the  gift  of  Lord  Bidkeley.  The  former  is 
called  the  chapel  of  the  Blessed  Virgin;  yet  in  an- 
tient  writings  one  aile  is  called  St.  Maiy's  chapel, 
and  another  that  of  St.  Nicholas.  In  the  first  is 
a  beautiful  monument  of  a  knight  and  his  lady  in 
white   alabaster,    placed   recumbent   on   an   altar 

"  Sebright  MSS. 
(*)  As  a  matter  of  fact,  the  name  as  now  sounded  is  Traeth  La/an, 
whatever  the  latter  word  may  mean.  j.r. 


BEAUMARIS:   CHURCH.  31 

tomb.  It  had  been  removed  to  this  place  on  the 
dissolution  from  the  religious  house  at  Llanvaes, 
and  the  memory  and  names  of  the  persons  repre- 
sented lost.  On  the  south  side  of  the  altar  is  a 
stone  with  the  following  inscription :  how  it  came 
here,  or  for  what  purpose,  I  cannot  discover. 

Henricus  Sydney,  ordinis  Garterii,  miles,  presidiens  ex  con- 
ciliis  niarchiis  Wallice,  Dominus  deputatus  in  Hibernia. 

Antonus  Sentleger,  ordinis  Garterii,  miles,  quondam  deputa- 
tus in  Hibernia. 

Franciscus  Agard,  armiger,  ex  consiliis  in  Hibernia. 

Edwardus  Waterhows  me  posuit. 

Gwillielmus  Thwaytes,  armiger,  obiit  20  die  Januarii  1565. 
Nosce  Teipsum. Fide  et  Taciturnitate. 

It  appears  to  have  been  erected  by  an  Edward 
Waterhowe.  Sir  Henry  Sydney  had  been  Lord 
Deputy  of  Ireland,  but  died  in  England  in  1586. 
Sir  Anthony  St.  Leger  was  another.  The  two 
others  are  unknown. 

Above  the  former  is  a  mural  monument  of 
black  marble,  in  memory  of  Thomas,  sixth  son  of 
Sir  Julius  Casar,  master  of  the  rolls,  who  died 
rector  of  Llanrhicddlad,  in  this  island,  in  1632. 

Mem"'  Sacrum 
Ornatmi  viri  Tho.  Ccesaris  S.  S.  Theol.  Profes,u 
filii  C"  Honor™1  Dni  Julii  C&saris  Equifcis  aurati, 
Rotulor  Magtri  et  Sermis  Regib.  Jacobo  et  Carolo 
a  sanctiorib.  conciliis.  Qui  suinrnte  Spei  Juvenis 
Oxonise  in  Collegio  Reginali  politiores  inchoavit 


32  LLANFAES. 

litems  Adultior  fact,  lectissimse  Coll.  omnium 
animar  ascriptus  est  societati:  Demum  Rector 
Ecclesiae  Llanrithlad.  Cantabrigiae,  tarn  merita, 
quam  insolita  indulgentia  Doctaratus  assumpsit 
gradum:  Sic  utriusque  Academies  sumis  evectus 
honoribus  Juvenis  adhuc  [anos  mentis  prceveni- 
ens]  vitam  morte  comutavit  5t0  Martii  1632. 
^Etatis  suse  32. 

Joanna  Cresar  Conjux  amantissima  Filia  et  unica. 
Hreres  Hugonis  ap  Will" .  Prichard  armigri. 

De  Comot  LI  iron  Anglisey:.  Hoc 

Monumentum  Amoris  ergo 

Extrui  curavit. 

Ano  Dm  1634. 

At  a  small  distance  from  the  town,  on  the- 
Llanfaes.  shore,  stand  the  remains  of  Llanfaes,  or  the  Friers. 
It  was  founded  by  Prince  Llewelyn  ap  Jerwerth,. 
and,  according  to  the  general  tradition  of  the 
country,  over  the  grave  of  his  wife  Joan,  daughter 
of  King  John,  who  died  in  1237,  and  was  interred 
on  the  spot.  Here  also  was  interred  a  son  of  a 
Danish  king,  Lord  Clifford,  and  many  barons  and 
knights  who  fell  in  the  Welsh  wars1.  It  was  dedi- 
cated  to  St.  Francis,  and  consecrated  by  Hoivel 
bishop  of  Bangor,  a  prelate  who  died  in    1240. 

1  LelancTs  Collect,  i.  G.j,  and  Henry  V.'s  patent  in  Sebright  MSS. 


LLANFAES.  33 

The  religious  were  Franciscans,  or  minor  friers. 
Their  church  and  house  were  destroyed,  and  their 
lands  wasted,  in  the  insurrection  made  soon  after 
the  death  of  Llewelyn,  our  last  prince,  by  his  rela- 
tion Madoc.  Edward  II.  in  consideration  of  their 
misfortunes,  remitted  to  them  the  payment  of  the 
taxes  due  to  him,  which  before  the  war  were  levied 
at  the  rate  of  twelve  pounds  ten  shillings.  These 
friers  were  strong  favorers  of  Glyndwr.  Henry, 
in  his  first  march  against  Owen,  plundered  the 
convent,  put  several  of  the  friers  to  the  sword, 
and  carried  away  the  rest;  but  afterwards  set 
them  at  liberty,  made  restitution  to  the  place,  but 
peopled  it  with  English  recluses.  It  possibly  was 
again  reduced  to  ruin;  for  Henry  V.  by  patent, 
establishes  here  eight  friers,  but  directs  that  two 
only  should  be  Welsh™. 

At  the  dissolution,  Henry  VIII.  sold  the  con- 
vent, and  its  possessions,  to  one  of  his  courtiers. 
They  became  in  later  days  the  property  of  a  fa- 
mily of  the  name  of  White  (now  extinct)  who 
built  here  a  good  mansion.  It  of  late  became,  by 
purchase,  the  property  of  Lord  Bulheley.  The 
church  is  turned  into  a  barn,  and  the  coffin11  of  the 
Princess  Joan  now  serves  for  a  watering- trough. 

m  Sebright  MSS. 

n  This  coffin  has  heen  removed  from  its  state  of  degradation,  and 
placed  under  an  elegant  gothic  building  in  a  beautiful  situation  in 
the  grounds  at  Baron-Hill.   Ed. 

VOL.   III.  D 


34  CASTELL  ABER  LLIENAWG-. 

I  am  informed,  that  on  the  farm  of  Cremlyn  Mo- 
nach,  once  the  property  of  the  friery,  is  cut  on  a 
great  stone  the  effigies  of  its  patron  St.  Francis; 
and  that  his  head  is  also  cut  on  the  stone  of  a  wall, 
in  a  street  of  Beaumaris,  to  which  all  passengers 
were  to  pay  their  respects,  under  pain  of  a  forfeit. 

Battle.  About  the  year  818,  a  bloody  battle  was  fought 
near  Llanfaes:  neither  occasion  or  parties  are 
mentioned;  bat  by  the  text0  I  guess  it  to  have 
been  between  Egbert  king  of  the  West  Saxons,  and 
the  Welsh;  for  the  former,  in  the  reign  of  Merfyn 
Frych,  carried  his  arms  into  all  parts  of  North 
Wales. 

Castell        A  little  farther  is  Castell  Aber  Llienawg,   a 
Llienawg.  small  square   fort,   with  the  remains   of  a  little 
round  tower  at  each  corner.     In  the  middle  stood 
a  square  tower.     A  foss  surrounds  the  whole.     A 
hollow  way  is  carried  quite  to  the  shore,  and  at  its 
extremity  is  a  large  mound  of  earth,  designed  to 
cover  the  landing.      This  castle  was  founded  by 
Hugh  Lupus  earl  of  Chester,  and  Hugh  the  lied 
earl  of  Shrewsbury,  in  1098,  when  they  made  an 
invasion,  and  committed  more  savage  barbarities 
on  the  poor  natives,  especially  on  one  Kenred,  a 
priest,  than  ever  stained  the  annals  of  any  country. 
Providence  sent  Magnus  king  of  Norway  to  re- 
venge their  cruelties.     His  coming  was  to  all  ap- 

0  Powel,  24. 


PENMON  PRIORY.  35 

pearance  casual.  He  offered  to  land,  but  was  op- 
posed by  the  earls.  Magnus  stood  on  the  prow 
of  his  ship,  and,  calling  to  him  a  most  expert  bow- 
man, they  at  once  directed  their  arrows  at  the 
earl  of  Shrewsbury,  who  stood  all  armed  on  the 
shore.  An  arrow  pierced  his  brain  through  one 
of  his  eyes,  the  only  defenceless  partp.  The 
victor  seeing  him  spring  up  in  the  agonies 
of  death,  insultingly  cried  out,  in  his  own  lauguage, 
Leit  loupe — Let  him  dance'\ 

This  fort  was  garrisoned  so  lately  as  the  time 
of  Charles  I;  when  it  was  kept  for  the  parlement 
by  Sir  Thomas  Cheadle;  but  was  taken  by  Colonel 
Robinson  in  1G45  or  Gr. 

About  a  mile  farther  I  visited  the  Priory  of  Penmox 
Penmon,  placed,  like  the  former,  on  the  shore. 
The  remains  are  the  ruinous  refectory,  and  the 
church;  parts  of  the  last  is  in  present  use.  Within 
is  a  small  monument,  informing  us  that  Sir 
Thomas  Wilford,  of  Ildington  in  Kent  (one  of 
whose  daughters  married  Sir  Richard  Bulkeley) 
died  January  25th,  1645.  About  a  mile  from  the 
shore  is  the  little  island  of  Priestholm,  St.  Seiriol, 
or  Glannauch(l),  which  perhaps  might  have  been 

p  Torfoei  Hut.  Norveg.  iii.  423. 
'  (iirald.  Iter  Cambr.  887.   Sir  Rich.  Hoare'a  el.  vol.  ii.  p.  105. 

r  Pkus  <;<r;/,L  MSS. 
(')  Otherwise  written  this  was  (Jiamiaw:,  Ynys  Glanaoj,  or  Glan- 
nog's  Isle:  its  historical  interest  lies  in  the  fact  tint  Ca  iw.  '."on  was 


36  PENMON  PKIOKV. 

the  principal  residence  of  the  religious,  for  the  pri- 
ory goes  under  both  names :  usually  they  were  called 
Canonicl  de  insula  Glannauclf.  Probably  part 
might  reside  on  the  main  land,  to  look  after  their 
property,  and  others  be  engaged  in  acts  of  devotion 
in  their  retirement.  The  only  remains  of  their  re- 
sidence is  a  square  tower;  but  abundance  of  hu- 
man bones  scattered  up  and  down,  are  strong 
proofs  of  its  reputed  sanctity,  and  the  superstitious 
wish  of  the  people  to  have  this  made  the  place  of 
their  interment.  The  first  recluses  of  this  island, 
according  to  Giraldus,  were  hermits;  of  whom  (as 
usual)  he  tells  a  superstitious  tale,  that  whenever 
they  disagreed,  they  were  plagued  with  swarms  of 
mice;  which  quitted  them  as  soon  as  they  had 
layed  aside  their  animosity1.  Their  successors 
were  black  monks,  dedicated  to  St.  Mary,  endow- 
ed, by  Llewelyn  ap  Jorwerth,  before  the  year 
1221",  but  according  to  the  history  of  Anglesey, 
founded  by  Maelgivyn  Gwynedd.  The  Prior  was 
one  of  the  three  spiritual  lords  of  Anglesey.  At 
the  dissolution  the  revenues  were  valued  at  47/. 
15*.    3d.   in    the   whole,   or   40/.    17*.    9c7.    clear;. 

blockaded  in  it  when  driven  to  straits  by  Edwin  in  629:  the  entry  in 
the  Annalcs  Cambria  is,  "Obsessio  Catguollann  regis  in  insula  Glan- 
nauc."  This  Edwin,  king  of  the  Angles  of  Northumbrm,  conquered 
Mona,  and  gave  it  the  name  of  Anglesey,  or  the  Isle  of  the  Angles. 
j.r.  »  Ditgdah  Monast.  ii.  338. 

1  O'irald.  Itin.  Camhr.  lib.  ii.  c.  G,  p.  868.     Sir  Rich.  Hoards,  ed. 
vol.  ii.  p.  106.  u  Tanner,  699. 


'Pttjfik"  Ami. 


PUFFINS  :   THEIR  MANNERS.  37 

erranted  in  the  6th  of  Queen  Elizabeth  to  John 
More. 

The  channel,  or,  as  it  is  called,  the  Sound,  be- 
tween the  main  land  and  Priestholm  is  very  deep,  pmestholm. 
and  is  the  common  passage  for  ships  to  and  from 
the  road  of  Beaumaris.     On  the  other  side  is  the 
East  passage,  which,  at  low  water,  is  between  the 
island  and  the  point  of  Traeth  Telafen,  little  more 
than  a  quarter  of  a  mile  broad,  and  navigable  for 
only  very  small  vessels.      The   island  is  about  a 
mile  long,  extremely  lofty,  and  bounded  by  preci- 
pices, except  on  the  side  opposite  to  Penmon,  and 
even  there  the  ascent  is  very  steep.       The  land 
slopes  greatly  from  the  summit  to  the  edge  of  the 
precipices.       During   part   of  summer  the  whole 
swarms  with  birds  of  passage.     The  slope  on  the 
side  is  animated  with  the  Puffin  Auks,  Br.  Zool.    Puffins. 
i.  N°  232,  which  incessantly  squall  round,  alight, 
and  disappear   into  their  burrows;    or  come  out, 
stand  erect,  gaze  at  you  in  a  most  grotesque  man- 
ner, then  take  flight,  and  either  perform  their  evo- 
lutions, or  seek  the  sea  in  search  of  food. 

They  appear  first  about  the  fifth  or  tenth  of 
April;  but  quit  the  place,  almost  to  a  bird,  twice 
or  thrice  before  they  settle.  Their  first  employ  is 
the  forming  of  burrows;  which  falls  to  the  share 
of  the  males,  who  are  so  intent  on  the  business  as 
to  suffer  themselves  at  that  time  to  be  taken  by 
the  hand.     Some  few  save  themselves  the  trouble 


3S  PUFFINS  :    THEIR  FOOD. 

of  forming  holes,  and  will  dispossess  the  rabbits, 
who,  during  the  Puffin  season,  retire  to  the  other 
side  of  the  island. 

They  lay  one  white  egg.  Males,  as  well  as  fe- 
males, perform  the  office  of  sitting,  relieving  each 
other  when  they  go  to  feed.  The  young  are 
hatched  in  the  beginning  of  July.  The  parents 
have  the  strongest  affection  for  them;  and  if  layed 
hold  of  by  the  wings,  will  give  themselves  most 
cruel  bites  on  any  part  of  the  body  they  can  reach, 
as  if  actuated  by  despair:  and  when  released,  in- 
stead of  flying  away,  will  often  hurry  again  into  the 
burrow  to  their  young.  The  noise  they  make  when 
caught  is  horrible,  and  not  unlike  the  efforts  of  a 
dumb  person  to  speak.  This  affection  ceases  at 
the  time  of  remigration,  which  is  most  exactly 
about  the  eleventh  of  August.  They  then  go  off, 
to  a  single  bird,  and  leave  behind  the  unfledged 
young  of  the  later  hatches  a  prey  to  the  Peregrine 
Falcon,  which  watches  the  mouth  of  the  holes  for 
their  appearance,  compelled  as  they  must  soon  be 
by  hunger  to  come  out. 

Food.  The  food  of  these  birds  is  sprats,  or  sea- weeds, 

which  makes  them  excessively  rank;  yet  the  young 
are  pickled,  and  preserved  by  spices,  and  by  some 
people  much  admired. 

It  appears  certain  that  the  Puffins  do  not  breed 
till  their  third  year.      The  proof  arises  from  the 


PUFFINS :   THEIR  BILLS.     FISH.  3D 

observations  made  by  the  reverend  Hugh  Davies 
on  the  different  forms  of  the  bills,  among  the  thou-  Thkir  Bills, 
sands  of  this  species  which  he  saw  wrecked,  as  I 
have>  already  mentioned.      He  remarked  them  in 
their  several  periods  of  life.     Those  which  he  sup- 
poses to  have  been  of  the  first  year,  were  small, 
weak,  destitute  of  any  furrow,  and  of  a  dusky  co- 
lour; those  of  the  second  year,  were  considerably 
larger  and  stronger,  lighter  colored,  and  with  a  faint 
vestige  of  the  furrow  at  the  base;   those  of  more 
advanced  years,  were  of  vivid  colors,  and  great 
strength.     Among  the  myriads  which  annually  re- 
sort  to  Priestholm,    not   an   individual  has   ever 
been  observed  which  had  not  its  bill  of  an  uniform 
growth.       Perhaps   the    same    remark   may  hold 
good  in  respect  to  the  Razor-bill,  Br.  Zool.  i. 
N°  230,  Mr.  Davies  having  found  multitudes  with 
bills  far  inferior  in  strength  to  those  which  haunt 
the  island;    of  an  uniform  black  color,  and  with- 
out  the  characteristic   white   furrow,   and   black 
grooves. 

The  channel  between  Priestholm  and  Anglesey 
has   produced   some   very  uncommon    fish.      The       Fish. 
Beaumaris    Shark,    Br.    Zool.    iii.    N"    50;    the 
Morris,   N"  G7;    and  the   trifurcated  Hake,  Nu 
84,  are  new  species  taken  in  this  sea\     I  was  in- 

1  The  Trifurcated  Hake  has  been  classed  by  its  first  discoverer  the 
Reverend  Hugh  Davies  in  the  new  genus  Batrachoid.es,  and  thus 
defined.       Bat.   trifurcatus   in   foveola  dorsali  pinna)  prima?  rudi- 


40  PLANTS.     BARON-HILL. 

debted  to  the  late  Mr.  William  Morris  of  Holy- 
head, for  that  on  which  I  bestowed  his  name. 
The  reverend  Hugh  Davies  favored  me  with  the 
two  others.  The  new  Mussel,  called  the  umbili- 
cated,  Br.  Zool.  iv.  N°  76,  is  also  frequently 
dredged  up  in  the  neighborhood  of  this  isle. 

Plants.  The  Smymium  Olusatrum7,  or  Alexanders,  al- 
most covers  the  south-west  end  of  the  island,  and 
is  greedily  eaten  (boiled)  by  sailors  who  are  just 
arrived  from  long  voyages.  The  Iris  Fcetidissima, 
or  stinking  Gladwin,  is  common  about  the  square 
tower,  and  is  frequently  made  into  a  poultice  with 
oatmeal,  and  used  by  the  country  people  with  suc- 
cess in  the  quincy. 

I  returned  to  Beaumaris,  and  from  thence 
Baron-Hill. visited  Baron-Hill,  the  seat  of  Lord  Bulheley, 
placed  at  the  head  of  an  extensive  lawn  sloping 
down  to  the  town,  backed  and  winged  by  woods, 
which  are  great  embellishments  to  the  country. 
The  founder  of  Baron-Hill  was  Sir  Richard  Bulke- 
ley,  a  most  distinguished  personage  of  the  name7. 
He  built  it  in  1618:  before  that  time  the  residence 
of  the  family  was  at  Court  Mawr  in  the  subjacent 

mento,  serie  verrucarum  utrincme  8 — 10,  cirro  mentali.  See  Gentle- 
man's Magazine  for  Jane  1809. — Extracts  of  letters  from  the  same 
acute  and  most  accurate  naturalist,  on  the  subject  of  the  "  Morris  " 
and  the  "Beaumaris  Shark"  axe  given  in  the  Appendix,  No.  XV.  En. 

y  Smith,  Fl.  Br.  p.  328.     Ed. 

2  I  will  not  here  break  in  on  my  Tour  with  his  history;  but,  as  it 
may  merit  the  reader's  attention,  I  refer  him  to  the  Appendix,  N°  XVI. 


CROMLECH.    PLAS  GWTS.  H 

town,  and  afterwards  in  another  house,  called 
Old  Place.  The  present  seat  has  of  late  been 
wholly  altered,  with  excellent  taste,  by  its  noble 
owner,  by  the  advice  of  that  elegant  architect  Mr. 
Samuel  Wyat. 

The  view  from  Baron-Hill  is  justly  the  boast 
of  the  island.  The  sea  forms  a  most  magnifi- 
cent bay,  the  Menai  opening  into  it  with  the 
grandeur  of  an  American  river.  The  limit  of  the 
water  in  front  is  a  semicircular  ran^e  of  rocks  and 
mountains,  the  chief  of  Snowdonia,  with  tops  spir- 
ing to  the  clouds,  and  their  bottoms  richly  culti- 
vated, sloping  gently  to  the  water  edge.  The 
great  promontory  Penmaen  Mawr,  and  the  enor- 
mous mass  of  Llandudno,  are  rude  but  striking 
features,  and  strong  contrasts  to  the  softer  parts 
of  the  scenery. 

I  proceeded  on  my  journey,  and  at  Trefawr 
passed  by  a  great  and  rude  Cromlech,  with  the  cromlech. 
ruins  of  others  adjacent.     Reach  Plan  Gioyn,  the  PLAsGwru. 
seat  of  my  friend*  Paul  Ponton  esq;    in  right  of 
his  first  wife  Jane,  daughter  of  William  Jones  esq. 
The  house  was  built  by  Mr.  Jones,  and  may  be 
reckoned  among  the  best  of  the  island.     Here  are 

*  This  friend  of  Mr.  PeaitaM  died  in  1797,  and  was  succeeded  by 
his  son  of  the  same  name,  to  whose  merit  and  various  good  qualities 
the  Editor  is  restrained  from  rendering  justice,  lest  he  might  incur 
the  imputation  of  flattery,  or  of  obeying  too  fully  the  dictates  of  a 
warm  and  zealous  friendship.     Ed. 


42 


REDWHARF.    BWRDD  ARTHUR. 


preserved  two  portraits,  heads  of  two  prelates,  na- 
tives of  Wales.  Humphrey  Humphreys,  who  died 
bishop  of  Hereford  1712,  aged  G3.  He  was 
painted  by  Mrs.  Mary  Beale,  when  he  was  bishop 
of  Bangor;  and  is  represented  in  lawn  sleeves, 
with  dark  hair,  and  a  good  countenance.  The 
other  prelate  is  Robert  Morgan,  who  died  bishop 
of  the  same  diocese  in  1673,  and  is  recorded  to 
have  been  a  considerable  benefactor  to  his  cathed- 
ral. He  is  dressed  like  the  former;  has  short  grey 
hair,  a  close  black  cap,  and  hard  countenance. 
Eedwharf.  From  Phis  Givyn  I  made  an  excursion  to  Traeth 
Coch,  or  Redwharf,  a  large  bay  covered  with  a 
firm  sand;  which,  on  the  west  side,  has  so  large  a 
mixture  of  shells,  as  to  be  used  as  a  manure  in  all 
parts  of  the  island  within  a  reasonable  distance. 
On  the  east  side,  about  three  miles  from  Phis 
Gwyn,  near  the  shore,  are  two  rounded  mounts  on 
each  side  of  a  deep  gully  leading  towards  Llan- 
ddona  church.  These  seem  to  have  been  the  work 
of  the  Danes,  cast  up  to  protect  their  vessels  in 
their  plundering  excursions;  a  calamity  to  which 
it  appears,  from  the  writings  of  our  poets,  this 
island  was  much  subject. 

Above  Llanddona,  is  a  high  hill,  called  Bwrdd 
Arthur,  or  Arthur's  round  table:  the  true  name 
was  probably  Din,  or  Dinas  Sulivy;  for  a  church 
immediately  beneath  bears  that  of  Llanjihangel 
Din  Sulivy,     On  the  top  of  it  is  a  great  British 


Bwrdd 

Arthur. 


LLAN-JESTYN.  43 

post,  surrounded  by  a  double  row  of  rude  stones 
with  their  sharp  points  uppermost;  and  in  some 
parts  the  ramparts  are  formed  of  small  stones.  In 
the  area  are  vestiges  of  oval  buildings:  the  largest 
is  formed  with  two  rows  of  flat  stones  set  on  end. 
These  had  been  the  temporary  habitations  of  the 
possessors.  It  must  have  been  a  place  of  vast 
strength:  for,  besides  the  artificial  defence,  the 
hill  slopes  steeply  on  all  sides,  and  the  brink,  next 
to  the  ramparts,  is  mostly  precipitous.  It  is 
worth  while  to  ascend  this  hill  for  the  sake  of  the 
vast  prospect;  an  intermixture  of  sea,  rock,  and 
alps,  most  savagely  great. 

Above  it,  the  reverend  Hugh  Davies  pointed 
out  to  me  the  Hypericum  montanum;  and  beneath, 
on  the  west  side,  the  Cist  us  hirsutus. 


I  descended  to  the  church  of  Llan-jestyn,  re- 
markable for  the  tomb  of  its  tutelar  saint,  St.  Es- 
tyn,  or  Jestyn,(l)  son  of  Geriant,  a  worthy  knight  of 
Arthur's  round  table,  slain  by  the  Saxons  at  the 
siege  of  London!  The  figure  of  the  saint  repre- 
sents a  man  with  a  hood  on  his  head,  a  great  round 
beard,  and  whiskers  on  the  upper  and  under  lip. 
He  has  on  a  long  cloak  fastened  by  a  broche:  in 

(*)  A  description  of  this  effigy  of  St.  Jeslyn  is  given  by  Mr.  Bloxam 
in  the  Arch.  Comb,  for  1874:  and  an  engraving  of  it,  which  he  pro- 
nounces to  be  very  excellent,  will  be  found  in  the  Arch.  Camb.  for 
1847.  St.  Jestyn  is  represented  in  the  dress  of  a  hermit,  and  Mr. 
Bloxam  considers  the  effigy  to  be  perfectly  unique,   t.i*. 


L  LAN- 
JUST  YN. 


u  PENMYNNYDD.     HOUSE  OF  TUDOR. 

one  hand  is  a  staff  with  the  head  of  some  beast  on 
the  top;  in  the  other  is  a  scroll  with  an  inscription: 
round  his  long  cassock  is  a  sash  and  long  cord. 
This  appears  by  the  inscription  to  have  been  a  vo- 
tive offering.     I  shall  give  it  as  copied  by  my  wor- 
thy and  ingenious  friend,  the  honorable  Daines 
Barrington*.     "Hie  jacet  Santtus   Yestinus  cui 
'  Gwenllian,  Filia  Madoc  et  Gryffyt  ap  Gwihjm, 
'  optulit  in  oblacoem  istam   imaginem  p.   salute 
'  animarum  s.'^1)     By  the  cord  it  is  evident,  that 
the  pious  Gwenllian  thought  St.  Jestyn  to  have 
been  a  Franciscan;   a  piece  of  anachronism  not 
at  all  uncommon  in  early  times. 

nydd.N         Another  excursion  was  to  Penmynnydd,  about 

two  miles  south  of  Plus  Gwyn,  once  the  residence 

of  the  ancestors  of  Owen  Tudor,  second  husband 

to  Catherine  of  France,  queen  dowager  of  Henry 

V;    "who   beyng,"   as    honest  Halle  informs    us, 

'  young  and  lustye,  folowyng  more  her  owne  ap- 

'  petyte    than   frendely  consaill,    and    regardyng 

'  more  her  private  affection  then  her  open  honour, 

'  toke   to    husband    privily    (in    1428)   a   goodly 

;  gentylman,    and    a   beautiful    person,    garniged 

'  with  manye  godly  gyftes  both  of  nature  and  of 

Tddor.       '  orace>  called  Owen  Teuther,  a  ma  brought  furth 

•  Archaologia,  v.  146. 
(})  This  offering  should  be  compared  with   such  iuscriptious  in 
South  Wales,  as  the  following:    "Samson   posuit  hanc  crucem  pro 
anima  eius."  j.r. 


PERSECUTION  OF  OWEN  TEUTHER.  45 

"  and  come  of  the  noble  lignage  and  auncient  lyne 
"  of  Cadwalader,  the  laste  kynge  of  the  Briton - 
"  nesh.!'  The  match,  important  in  its  consequences, 
restored  the  British  race  of  princes  to  this  kingdom, 

Xo  more  our  long-lost  Arthur  we  bewail: 
All-hail,  ye  genuine  kings;  Britannia's,  issue,  hail! 

These  reigned  long,  under  the  title  of  the  house  of 
Tudor;  the  mixed  race  having  ceased  on  the  ac- 
cession of  Henry  VII.  grandson  to  our  illustrious 
countryman. 

Owen  himself  was  unfortunate.  He  lost  his 
royal  consort  in  1437,  after  she  had  brought  him 
three  sons  and  one  daughter,  Edmund,  Jasper,  and 
Owen;  the  last  embraced  a  monastic  life0  in  the 
abbey  of  Westminster,  and  died  soon  after;  the 
daughter  died  in  her  infancy.  It  appears,  that  af- 
ter the  death  of  their  mother,  Edmund  and  Jasper 
were  placed  most  respectably  under  the  care  of 
Catherine  de  la  Pole,  daughter  of  Michael  de  la 
Pole  earl  of  Suffolk,  and  abbess  of  Berking.  A 
petition  from  her,  dated  1440,  appears  on  record 
for  the  payment  of  certain  money  due  to  her  on 
their  account'1.  During  the  life  of  the  queen,  the 
marriage  had  been  winked  at,  notwithstanding  a 
law  had  been  made  after  that  event,  enacting  that 
no  person  under  severe  penalties,  should  marry'a 

"»  Halle*  Chr.  41. 
c  Sandford'a  Geneal.  291.  #  Rymer,  x.  *-28. 


46  HOUSE  OF  TUDOR. 

queen  dowager  of  England,  without  the  spscial  li- 
cence of  the  king6.  On  the  death  of  Catherine  all 
respect  ceased  to  her  spouse :  he  was  seized,  and 
committed  first  to  Newgate,  from  which  he  escaped 
by  the  assistance  of  his  confessor  and  servant.  On 
being  retaken,  he  was  delivered  to  the  custody  of 
the  earl  of  Suffolk,  constable  of  the  castle  of  Wal- 
lingford1,  and  after  some  time  was  again  commit- 
ted to  Newgate*.  He  made  his  escape  a  second 
time.  The  length  of  his  second  imprisonment 
does  not  appear.  After  a  considerable  period, 
high  honors  were  conferred  on  his  two  eldest  sons, 
half  brothers  to  the  king.  In  the  year  1452,  they 
were  both  created  earls;  Edmund  was  made  earl 
of  Richmond,  and  Jasper,  earl  of  Pembroke. 
Henry,  about  this  time,  was  disturbed  by  the 
open  clame  of  the  duke  of  York  to  the  succession, 
and  found  it  prudent  to  strengthen  his  interest  by 
all  possible  means.  The  Welsh,  flattered  by  the 
honors  bestowed  on  their  young  countrymen,  ever 
after  faithfully  adhered  to  the  house  of  Lancaster. 

Owen  had  besides  a  natural  son,  called  Dafydd, 
knighted  by  his  nephew  Henry  VII.  who  also 
bestowed  on  him  in  marriage  Mary,  the  daughter 
and  heiress  of  John  Bohun  of  Midhurst,  in  Sussex, 
and  with  her  a  great  inheritance h.       Owen   was 

e  Drake's  Parliam.  Hist.  ii.  211. 

1  Rymer,  x.  685.  «  The  same. 

h  Camden,  i.  204.     Dajdale  Baron,  i.  187. 


HOUSE  OF  TUDOR.  47 

taken  no  notice  of  till  the  year  1460,  when,  as  a 
patent  expresses  it,  in  regard  of  his  good  services, 
he  had  a  grant  of  the  parks,  and  the  agistment  of 
the, parks  in  the  lordship  of  Denbigh,  and  the 
wodewardship  of  the  same  lordship1.  The  year 
following,  he  fought  valiantly  under  the  banners  of 
his  son  Jasper,  at  the  battle  of  Mortimers  Cross; 
would  not  quit  the  field,  but  was  taken  with  seve- 
ral other  Welsh  gentle  men k,  beheaded  with  them 
soon  after  at  Hereford,  and  interred  in  the  church 
of  the  Grey  Friers  in  that  city1. 

Notwithstanding  the  birth  of  Owen  was  ca- 
lumniated, he  certainly  was  of  very  high  descent. 

Of  a  noble  race  was  Shenkiii,  of  the  line  of  Owen  Tudor. 

Henry  VII.  early  in  his  reign,  issued  a  commis- 
sion to  Sir  John  Leiaf,  priest  Guttun  Owen,  and  a 
number  of  others,  to  make  enquiry  into  his  pater- 
nal descent;  and  they,  from  our  Welsh  chronicles, 
proved  incontestably,  that  "  he  was  lineally  des- 
11  cended  by  issue  male,  saving  one  woman,  from 
"  Brutus  grandson  of  jEmoLS  the  Trojan,  and  that 
"  he  was  son  to  Brute  in  fivescore  degrees11."  I 
shall  drop  a  little  short  of  this  long  descent.  Owen 
Tudor  was   assuredly  of  high    blood.       He   was 

'  Rymer,  xi.  439.  k  Among  whom  were  Dafjdd  Llwj/d  and 

Morgan  ap  Reuther.  Jlolinshed,  661  >. 

1  Leland  Itin,  iv.  86,  viii.  36. 

n  See  the  return  of  the  commission,  &e.  in  Wt/nn's  Hist.  Wales, 
331,  &c; 


4S  HOUSE  OF  PENMYNNYDD. 

seventh  in  descent  from  Ednyfed  Fychan,  coun- 
sellor, and  leader  of  the  armies  of  Llewelyn  the 
Great,  and  a  successful  warrior  against  the  English. 
His  origin  was  from  Marchudd,  one  of  the  fifteen 
tribes.  Ednyfed's  wife  was  Gwenllian,  daughter 
of  Rhys,  prince  of  South  Wales:  so  that  he  might 
boast  of  two  royal  descents,  and  deliver  down  a 
posterity  not  unworthy  of  the  British  empire. 

Owen  must  have  been  the  instrument  of  his 
own  advancement,  and  have  owed  it  entirely  to 
his  personal  merit.  His  grandfather  Tudor  ap 
Gronw  was  a  man  of  great  valour,  a  favorite  of 
Edward  III.  and  received  from  him  the  honor  of 
knighthood.  He  died  and  was  buried  September 
19th,  13G7,  at  the  friery  at  Bangor.  His  fourth 
son  Meredydd  was  in  no  higher  station  than  Scu- 
tifer  to  the  bishop  of  Bangor.  Having  committed 
a  murder,  he  fled  his  country,  and  lived  in  exile; 
durino-  which  time  his  wife  was  delivered  of  Owen, 
the  subject  of  these  pages.  By  what  means  he 
introduced  himself  to  the  English  court  does  not 
appear;  most  probably  by  military  services,  the 
usual  road  to  honors  in  those  days. 
House  op  The  remains  of  the  residence  of  the  Tudors  to 
kydd.  be  seen  in  the  present  farm-house,  are  the  door  of 
the  gateway,  and  the  great  chimney-piece  of  the 
hall.  Some  coats  of  arms,  and  dates  of  the  build- 
ing, or  time  of  repairs,  are  also  preserved,  with 
the  initial  letters  of  the  names  of  the  owners.     The 


TKEGARNEDD.  49 

Tudor s,  for  a  considerable  time  before  the  extinc- 
tion of  their  race,  assumed  the  name  of  Owen. 
Richard  was  the  last  male  of  the  family,  and  was 
sheriff  of  the  county  in  1657.  Margaret,  heiress 
of  the  house  married  Coningsby  Williams  esq;  of 
Glan  y  gors,  in  this  island,  who  possessed  it  during 
his  life.  It  was  afterwards  sold  to  Lord  Bulheley, 
in  whose  descendant  it  still  continues. 

In  the  church  of  Penmynnydd  is  a  most  rnagni-  Church  of 

.         ,  °         Penmyn- 

ficent  monument  of  white  alabaster,  removed  at     ntdd. 

the  dissolution  from  the  abbey  of  Llanfaes  to  this 

place;   probably  erected  in  memory  of  one  of  the 

house  of  Tudor  (*)  who  had  been  interred  there. 

On  it  is  the  figure  of  a  man  in  complete  armour, 

a  conic  helm,  and  mail-guard  down  to  his  breast. 

His  lady  is  in  a  thick  angular  hood.     Their  feet 

rest   on   lions.       Their   heads   are    supported   by 

angels. 

About  a  mile  farther  I  visited  Tre-garnedd,  a  Tre-garn- 
farm-house,  in  the  parish  of  Llangefni,  once  the 
seat  of  the  great  Ednyfed  Fychan,  mentioned  in  a  Edxyfed 
preceding  page.  His  arms  were  originally  a  Sa- 
racen's head  erazed,  proper,  wreathed  or;  but 
after  defeating  the  English  army,  who  were  invad- 
ing our  frontiers,  and  killing  three  of  their  chief 
captains,  whose  heads  he  brought  to  his  master 

(*)  A  full  account  of  the  Tudors  of  Penmynydd  is  given  in  tbo 
Arch.  Camb.  for  1869.     The  monuments  also  are  described  in  that 
volume,  and  more  fully,  in  an  earlier  one,  by  Mr.  Bloxam.   T.P. 
VOL.  III.  E 


50  SIR  GKYFFYDD  LLWTD. 

Llewelyn  the  Great,  the  prince  directed,  as  a  re- 
ward, that  in  future  he  should  bear  gules,  between 
three  Englishmen's  heads  couped,  a  cheveron  er- 
min.  Directly  descended  from  him  were  Henry 
VII.  and  VIII.  Edward  VI.  Queen  Mary,  and 
Queen  Elizabeth,  and  every  crowned  head  in  Eng- 
land ever  since,  besides  heroes  not  less  illustrious 
s    r  in  their  degree.     Among  them  was  Sir  Gryjfydd 

ydd  Llwyd.  J2wyd,  son  of  Rhys  ap  Gryffydd  ap  Ednyfed  Fy- 
chan.  This  gentleman  received  from  Edward  I. 
the  honor  of  knighthood,  on  bringing  him  the  news 
of  the  birth  of  his  son  Edward  of  Caernarvon. 
He  did  homage,  for  his  lands  in  Wales,  to  the 
young  prince  at  Chester;  but,  indignant  at  the  suf- 
ferings of  his  countrymen  under  the  English  yoke, 
meditated  a  revolt.  Between  the  years  1316  and 
1318,  he  attempted  to  form  an  alliance  with  Ed- 
ward Bruce,  the  short-lived  king  of  Ireland.  Let- 
ters passed  between  them,  but  without  effect0. 
At  length,  from  the  greatness  of  his  spirit,  deter- 
mined alone  to  endeavour  to  free  his  country  from 
the  slavery  to  which  he  himself  had  probably  con- 
tributed, he  took  arms  in  1322p,  and  for  a  while 
over-ran  the  country  with  resistless  impetuosity. 
At  length  he  was  subdued,  taken,  and  doubtlessly 
underwent  the  common  fate  of  our  gallant  insur- 
gents.    I  find  that  he  had  fortified  his  house  at 

•   Wynn'aHist.  Wales,  311.  p  Powel,  383. 


GREAT  CARNEDD.  51 

Tre-garnedd  with  a  very  strong  foss  and  rampart, 
and  made  another  strong  hold  about  three  quar- 
ters of  a  mile  distant,  in  the  morass  of  Malltraeth, 
called  Ynys  Cefenni;  which  he  insulated,  by 
brino-inof  ronnd  it  the  waters  of  the  river  Cefnfi: 
both  are  still  remaining.  The  foss  is  nearly  per- 
fect, and  near  four  yards  deep  and  eight  wide. 
His  daughter  Morfydd,  one  of  his  coheiresses1", 
conveyed  by  marriage  this  estate,  being  her  por- 
tion, to  Mcudog  Gloddaeth;  which  followed  the 
succession  of  that  house  till  1750,  when  it  was  ali- 
enated by  the  late  Sir  Thomas  Mostyn  to  Mr. 
Owen  Williams. 

The  name  of  this  place  is  taken  from  an  im-  great 
mense  Camedd,  or  heap  of  stones,  surrounded  Carnedd. 
with  great  upright  stones  in  an  adjacent  field.  It 
seems  to  have  beneath  it  passages  formed  on  the 
sides  and  tops  with  flat  stones,  or  flags.  These 
were  the  repositories  of  the  dead3.  Not  that 
bones  or  urns  are  always  discovered  in  them;  for 
the  founders,  like  those  of  the  pyramids  of  Egypt, 
appear  often  to  be  disappointed  in  their  hopes  of 
having  their  reliques  lodged  in  those  labored 
Mausoleums. 

A  few  years  ago,  beneath  a  carnedd  similar  to 
that  at   Treganiedd,  was   discovered,   on  a  farm 

«  Rowlands'  MSS.  r  Sebright  MSS. 

*  See  Borlase's  Cornwal,  p.  207,  tab.  xvii.  fig.  i.  iii,  and  his  Stilly 
Island*,  29,  30,  tab.  ii.  at  p.  19. 


52  ANTIEXT  SEPULCHRE. 

called  Bryn-cetti-ddu,  near  the  seat  of  Sir  Nicho- 
las Bayley,  a  passage  three  feet  wide,  four  feet 
two  or  three  inches  high,  and  about  nineteen  feet 
and  a  half  long,  which  led  into  a  room,  about  nine 
feet  in  diameter,  and  seven  in  height.  The  form 
was  an  irregular  hexagon,  and  the  sides  composed 
of  six  rude  slabs,  one  of  which  measured  in  its  dia- 
gonal eight  feet  nine  inches.  In  the  middle  was 
an  artless  pillar  of  stone,  four  feet  eight  inches  in 
circumference.  This  supported  the  roof,  which 
consisted  of  one  great  stone,  near  ten  feet  in  dia- 
meter. Along  the  sides  of  the  room  was,  if  I  may 
be  allowed  the  expression,  a  stone  bench,  on  which 
were  found  human  bones,  which  fell  to  dust  almost 
at  a  touch:  it  is  probable  that  the  bodies  were 
originally  placed  on  the  bench.  There  are  proofs 
that  it  was  customary  with  the  Gauls  to  place 
their  dead  in  that  form  in  cells;  and  that  they 
added  to  the  head  of  each  body  a  stone  weapon,, 
which  served  as  a  pillow' :  but  nothing  of  the  kind 
was  discovered  in  this  sepulchre (1).  The  diameter 
of  the  incumbent  carnedd  is  from  ninety  to  a  hun- 
dred feet.  This  seems  to  be  that  which  Mr.  Bow- 
land  takes  notice  of  in  his  Mona  Antiquan. 

*  La  Religion  de  Gaulois,  ii.  312,  plate  42. 

(!)  This  would  be  a  Welsh  rath,  but  whether  it  was  originally 
meant  to  have  been  a  rath  for  the  dead  (bedd-raivd),  or  a  rath  for  the 
living  in  winter  (gauaf-raivd),  is  not  quite  clear.    J. it. 

u  P.  94,  tab.  vii. 


PATRIAECH  OF  TREGAIAN". 


53 


I  must  not  omit  to  mention  the  great  patriarch 
of  Tregaian,  a  chapelry  of  this  parish,  who  lived  in  of  Tre- 
the  year  1580,  and  died  at  the  age  of  105;  his 
name  was  William  ap  Howel  ap  Jerwerih.  He  had 
hy  his  first  wife  twenty-two  children,  by  his  second, 
ten,  by  his  third,  four,  and  by  his  two  concubines, 
seven;  in  all  forty-three.  His  eldest  son  was 
eighty-four  in  1581,  and  his  eldest  daughter  seven- 
ty-two; and  his  youngest  son  then  only  two  years 
and  a  half  old ;  so  that  between  his  first  child  and 
last  there  was  an  interval  of  eighty-two  years. 
Nor  did  there  less  than  three  hundred  people  des- 
cend from  this  stock  in  that  interval,  eighty  of 
whom  lived  in  this  parish.  He  was  small  of  sta- 
ture, of  a  cheerful  convivial  temper;  but  spare  in 
his  diet,  living  mostly  on  milk.  He  passed  his 
time  in  rural  employments,  and  at  his  leisure  in 
fishing  and  fowling;  and  preserved  his  memory 
and  senses  to  the  last. 

I  returned  to  Plds  Givyn,  and  from  thence 
crossed  Redwharf,  to  the  western  horn  of  the  bay, 
called  Castell-mawr,  a  small  cape,  flat  at  top,  and 
joined  to  the  land  by  a  low  isthmus.  It  is  com- 
posed of  lime- stone,  which  is  carried  to  distant 
parts  in  coasting  vessels,  which  lie  in  a  small  chan- 
nel near  the  rock,  and  by  their  numbers  frequently 
enliven  the  view.  Roman  coins  have  been  found 
in  this  neighborhood;  but  no  vestiges  exist  of 
there  having  been  any  station.     Beyond  Castell- 


Castell- 

J1AWB. 


5i  DULAS  BAY.     LLAN-ELIAN. 

mawr,  on  the  shore,  I  saw  vast  blocks  of  black 
marble  filled  with  shells,  corolloids,  and  fimgitce. 
Proceed  near  the  shore.  On  the  left  are  the 
Llugwy.  woods  of  Llugwy,  extensive  for  this  island.  This 
estate  formerly  belonged  to  the  Llwyds;  at  present 
to  lord  Boston.  Not  far  from  the  road,  in  the 
C  omlech  lands  °f  Llugwy,  is  a  most  stupendous  Cromlech,  of 
a  rhomboid  form.  The  greatest  diagonal  is  seven- 
teen feet  six  inches,  the  lesser  fifteen;  the  thick- 
ness three  feet  nine;  its  height  from  the  ground 
only  two  feet :  it  was  supported  by  several  stones. 
The  Welsh,  who  ascribe  everything  stupendous  to 
our  famous  British  king,  called  it  Arthur's  Quoit. 
In  the  woods  are  some  druidical  circles,  nearly  con- 
tiguous  to  each  other. 

Cross  Llugwy  sands,  and  soon  after  ride  over 
Dulas  Bay.  Dulas  bay,  likewise  dry  at  low-water.  It  runs 
about  a  mile  and  a  half  into  the  country,  and  is 
frequented  by  small  vessels,  which  take  off  the  oats 
and  butter  of  these  parts.  Off  the  mouth  is  Ymjs 
Gadarn,  a  small  island.  Go  by  Llys  Dulas,  the 
seat  of  Mrs.  Lewis;  and  soon  after  within  sight  of 
Iilax-Emas.  the  church  of  Llan-Elian,  seated  on  the  rocks  not 
far  from  the  sea.  It  is  handsomely  built,  and 
makes  a  considerable  figure  among  the  churches 
of  this  part  of  Wales.  It  is  dedicated  to  St.  El- 
ian, surnamed  Gannaid,  or  the  Bright.  He  was 
formerly  a  most  popular  saint,  and  had  a  great 
concourse  of  devotees,  who  implored  his  assistance 


PAEYS  MOUNTAIN.    COPPER  MINES.  55 

to  relieve  them  from  a  variety  of  disorders.  To 
gain  his  favor  they  made  considerable  offerings, 
which  were  deposited  in  the  church  in  Cyjf  JElian, 
or  St.  ^'Elian's  chest.  These  amounted  to  so 
large  a  sum,  that  the  parishioners  purchased  with 
it  three  tenements,  for  the  use  of  the  church,  which 
belong  to  the  living  to  this  day. 

Near  this  place,  Caswallon  Law-hirQ),  or  Cas- 
wallon  Longimanus,  kept  his  Llj)s,  or  court.  He 
had  made  a  grant  of  lands  and  several  priveleges 
to  this  church,  among  which  was  that  of  a  Nawdd- 
fa  or  sanctuary.  This  was  one  of  the  seven 
church-patron  saints  in  Anglesey,  which  were  enti- 
tled in  capite  to  several  tenures;  one  of  the  con- 
ditions of  which  seems  to  have  been  the  preserva- 
tion of  these  places  of  refuge1. 

From  hence  I  visited  Trysclwyn  mountain;  on 
part  of  which,  called  Parys  mountain  (probably      Pary.s 
from   a  Robert  Parys,  who  was   chamberlain   of MouNTAIN- 
North  Wales1  in  the  reign  of  Henry  IV.)  is  the 
most  considerable  body  of  copper  ore  perhaps  ever 

(*)  There  is  only  one  Caswallon  in  British  history,  and  that  was 
Cassivelaunus :  the  others  have  been  fashioned  by  touching  up  the 
Welsh  name  Cadwallon.  The  one  hero  meant  would  seem  to  have 
been  Cadwallon,  the  father  of  Maelgwn  GwynedJ,  for  ho  was  called 
Cadwallon  Law-Mr,  J.R. 

x  Rowlands'  Mona  Antiq.  133.  147.  The  other  saints,  or  patron- 
churches,  were  St.  Beuno,  St.  Kybi,  St.  Cadwaladr,  St.  Peirio,  St 
Machutus  or  Meckel,  and  St.  Cyngar. 

1  There  was  another  of  the  same  name  in  the  reign  of  Edward  III. 


56  COPPER  MINES. 

known.  The  external  aspect  of  the  hill,  which 
rises  into  enormous  rocks  of  course  white  quartz,  is 
extremely  rude.  The  ore  is  lodged  in  a  bason,  or 
hollow,  and  has  <>n  one  side  a  Small  lake,  on  whose 
Waters,  distasteful  as  those  of  A  vermis,  no  bird  is 
known  to  alight.      The  whole  of  this  tract  lias,  by 

the  mineral  operations,  assumed  a  most  savage  ap- 
pearance. Suffocating  i'umes  issue  from  the 
burning  heaps  of  copper,  and  extend  their  banefu] 

influence  for  miles  around.      In  the  adjacent   parts 

vegetation  is  nearly  destroyed;  even  the  mosses 
and  lichens  of  the  rocks  have  perished:  and  no- 
thing seems  capable  of  resisting  the  fmnes  but  the 

purple  Melic  grass8,  which  flourishes  in  abundanoe. 
I    have  little  doubt  but  that  this  mine  was 

worked  in  a  very  distant   period.       Vestiges  of  the 

antient  operations  appear  in  several  parts,  carried 
on  by  trenching,  and  heating  the  rocks  intense- 
ly, then  suddenly  pouring  on  water,  SO  as  to  cause 

(hem  to  crack  or  scale;  thus  aukwardly  supplying 
the  use  of  gunpowder*.     Pieces  of  charcoal  have 

;tlso  been  found,  which  prove  that  wood  was  made 
use  of  for  that  purpose.      As  the  Jiritons  imported 

.ill  works  in  brass,  it  is  certain  that  the  Romans 

were    the    undertakers   of  these    mines;    and    it   is 

very  probable  that  they  sent  the  ore  to  Ccter-h&n  to 

■  Melioa  Carulea,  Lightfoot,  Fl.  Soot,  i.  06.    Aira  Carulea,  llu,i. 
son  Fl.  Angl,  i.  X',. 
»  Sec  rol.  i.  i>-  Ti  of  the  present  work. 


DISCOVERY  OF  COPTER  MINES.  b? 

be  smelted,  the  place  where  the  famous  cake  of 
copper  was  discovered1*.  They  might  likewise 
have  had  a  smelting  hearth  in  this  island;  for  a. 
round  cake  of  copper  was  discovered  at  Llan- 
/actJilc,  a  few  miles  from  this  place.  Its  weight 
was  fifty  pounds,  and  it  had  on  it  a  mark  resem- 
bling an  L. 

In  the  year  1762,  one  Alexander  Frazier  came 
into  Anglesey  in  search  of  mines.  He  visited  Pa~ 
?v/.s*  mountain;  called  on  Sir  Nicholas  Bayley,  anil 
gave  him  so  flattering  an  account  of  the  prospect, 
as  induced  him  to  make  a  trial,  and  sink  shafts. 
Ore  was  discovered;  but  before  any  quantity 
could  be  gotten,  the  mines  were  overpowered  with 
water.  In  about  two  years  after,  Messrs.  Roe  and 
Co.  of  Macclesfield  applied  to  Sir  Nicholas  for  a 
lease  of  Penrhyn  du  mine  in  Caernarvonshire; 
with  which  they  were,  much  against  their  wills, 
compelled  to  take  a  lease  of  part  of  this  mountain, 
and  to  carry  on  a  level  and  make  a  fair  trial. 
The  trial  was  accordingly  made:  ore  was  discover- 
ed; but  the  expences  overbalanced  the  profits. 
They  continued  working  (o  great  loss:  and  at 
length  determined  to  give  the  affair  up.  They 
gave  their  agent  orders  for  that  purpose;  but  lie, 
as  a  final  attempt,  divided  his  men  into  ten  several 
companies,  of  three  or  four  in  a  partnership,  and 
let  them  sink  shafts  in  various  places,  about  eight 
b  Tour  in  Wain,  vol.  i.  p,  83. 


53  QUALITY  OF  THE  ORE. 

hundred  yards  eastward  of  a  place  called  the 
Golden  Venture,  on  a  presumption  that  a  spring 
which  issued  from  near  the  spot,  must  come  from 
a  body  of  mineral.  His  conjecture  was  right;  for 
in  less  than  two  days  they  met  with,  at  the  depth 
of  seven  feet  from  the  surface,  the  solid  mineral, 
which  proved  to  be  that  vast  body  which  has  since 
been  worked  to  such  advantage.  The  day  that 
this  discovery  was  made  was  March  2d,  1768; 
which  has  ever  since  been  observed  as  a  festival  by 
the  miners.  Soon  after  this  discovery,  another 
adventure  was  begun  by  the  reverend  Edward 
Hughes,  owner  of  part  of  the  mountain,  in  right  of 
his  wife  Mary  Lewis  of  Llys  Dulas:  so  that  the 
whole  of  the  treasure  is  the  property  of  Sir  Nicho- 
las Bayley*  and  himself 

The  Ore.  The  body  of  copper  ore  is  of  unknown  extent. 
The  thickness  has  been  ascertained,  in  some  places, 
by  the  driving  of  a  level  under  it,  several  years 
ago,  and  it  was  found  to  be  in  some  places  twen- 
ty four  yards.  The  ore  is  mostly  of  the  kind 
called  by  Cronstedt,  Pyrites  cupri  flavo  virides- 
cens;  and  contains  vast  quantities  of  sulphur.  It 
varies  in  degrees  of  goodness;  some  of  it  is  rich, 
but  the  greater  part  poor  in  quality. 

There  are  other  species  of  copper  ore  found 
here.     Of  late  a  vein  of  the  Pyrites  cupri  griseus 

c  At  present  of  the  earl  of  Uxbridge.    Ed. 


MANNER  OF  BURNING  ORE.  59 

of  Cronstedt,  about  seven  yards  wide,  has  been 
discovered  near  the  west  end  of  the  mountain: 
some  is  of  an  iron  grey,  some  quite  black;  the 
first  contains  sixteen  lb.  of  copper  per  cwt.  the 
last,  forty.  An  ore  has  been  lately  found,  in  form 
of  loose  earth,  of  a  dark  purplish  color;  and  the 
best  of  it  has  produced  better  than  eight  in  twenty. 
Some  years  ago,  above  thirty  pounds  of  native  cop- 
per was  found  in  driving  a  level  through  a  turbery ; 
some  was  in  form  of  moss,  some  in  very  thin  leaves. 

The  ore  is  quarried  out  of  the  bed  in  vast 
masses;  is  broken  into  small  pieces;  and  the  most 
pure  part  is  sold  raw,  at  the  rate  of  about  3/.  to  6l. 
per  ton,  or  sent  to  the  smelting-houses  of  the  re- 
spective companies  to  be  melted  into  metal.  Mr. 
Hughes  has  great  furnaces  of  his  own  at  Raven- 
head,  near  Leverpool,  and  at  Swansea,  in  South 
Wales.  An  idea  of  the  wealth  of  these  mines  may 
be  formed,  by  considering  that  the  Macclesfield  com- 
pany have  had  at  once  fourteen  thousand  tons  of  ore 
upon  bank,  and  Mr.  Hughes's,  thirty  thousand. 

The  more  impure  ore  is  also  broken  to  the  size 
of  about  hen's  eggs ;  but  in  order  to  clear  it  from 
the  quantity  of  sulphur  with  which  it  abounds,  as 
well  as  other  adventitious  matter,  it  must  undergo 
the  operation  of  burning.  For  that  purpose  it  is 
placed  between  two  parallel  walls  of  vast  length : 
some  kilns  are  twenty,  others  forty,  and  fifty  yards 
in  length;  some  ten,  others  twenty  feet  wide,  and 


GO  MANNER  OF  BURNING  ORE. 

above  four  feet  in  height.  The  space  between  is 
not  only  filled,  but  the  ore  is  piled  many  feet 
higher,  in  a  convex  form,  from  end  to  end:  the 
whole  is  then  covered  with  flat  stones,  closely 
luted  with  clay;  and  above  is  placed  a  general  in- 
tegument of  clay,  and  small  rubbish  of  the  work, 
in  order  to  prevent  any  of  the  fumes  from  evapora- 
ting. Of  late  some  kilns  have  been  constructed 
with  brick  arches  over  the  ore,  which  is  found  to 
be  the  best  method  of  burning.  Within  these 
few  years,  attempts  have  been  made  to  preserve 
Brimstone,  the  sulphur  from  escaping;  and  that  is  done  by 
flues,  made  of  brick,  whose  tops  are  in  form  of  a 
Gothic  arch,  many  scores  of  feet  in  length:  one 
end  of  these  opens  into  the  beds  of  copper  which 
are  to  be  burnt.  Those  beds  are  set  on  fire  by  a 
very  small  quantity  of  coal,  for  all  the  rest  is 
effected  by  its  own  'phlogiston.  The  volatile  part 
is  confined,  and  directed  to  the  flues;  in  its  course 
the  sulphureous  particles  strike  against  their  roofs, 
and  fall  to  the  bottom  in  form  of  the  finest  brim- 
stone; which  is  collected,  and  carried  to  adjacent 
houses,  where  it  is  melted  into  what  is  called  in 
the  shops  stone  brimstone. 

The  beds  of  copper,  thus  piled  for  burning,  are 
of  vast  extent.  Some  contain  four  hundred  tons 
of  ore,  others  two  thousand.  The  first  require 
four  months  to  be  completely  burnt;  the  last,  near 
ten.     Thus  burnt,  it  is  carried  to  proper  places  to 


COPPER  OBTAINED  FROM  THE  WATER.  Gl 

be  dressed,  or  washed,  and  made  merchantable. 

By  this  process  the  ore  is  reduced  to  a  fourth  part 

in  quantity,  but  considerably  improved  in  quality  : 

and  by  this  means  the  water  is  strongly  or  richly 

impregnated  with  copper,  which  is   dissolved  by 

the  sulphuric  acid;  and  is  collected  or  precipitated 

again  by  iron  in  the  above-described  pits.     The 

iron  is  all  dissolved. 

But  a  far  richer  produce  of  copper  is  obtained 

from  the  water  lodged  in  the  bottom  of  the  bed  of 

ore,  which  is  highly  saturated  with  the  precious  Precipitat- 
.       .  .  ed  Copper. 

metal.       This    is    drawn  up,  either  by  means    of 

whimsies  or  windmills,  to  the  surface,  and  then 
distributed  into  numbers  of  rectangular  pits  thirty- 
six  feet  long,  some  pits  more  some  less,  twelve  to 
fifteen  feet  broad,  and  twenty  inches  deep.  To 
speak  in  the  language  of  the  adept,  Venus  must 
make  an  assignation  with  Mars,  or  this  solution 
will  have  no  effect.  In  plain  English,  a  quantity 
of  iron  must  be  immersed  in  the  water.  The  kind 
of  iron  is  of  no  moment :  old  pots,  hoops,  anchors, 
or  any  refuse  will  suffice;  but  of  late,  for  the  con- 
venience of  management,  the  adventurers  procure 
new  plates,  four  feet  long,  one  and  a  half  broad, 
and  three  quarters  of  an  inch  thick.  These  they 
immerse  into  the  pits;  the  particles  of  copper  in- 
stantly are  precipitated  by  the  iron,  and  the  iron 
is  gradually  dissolved  into  a  yellow  ochre;  great 
part  of  it  floats  off  by  the  water,  and  sinks  to  the 


62  COPPER  MINES  IN  IRELAND 

bottom.  The  plates,  or  the  old  iron  (as  it  happens) 
are  frequently  taken  out,  and  the  copper  scraped 
off;  and  this  is  repeated  till  the  whole  of  the  iron 
is  consumed.  The  copper  thus  procured  differs 
little  from  native  copper,  and  is  prized  according- 
ly, and  sold  for  prices  of  251.  to  45Z.  a  ton. 

This  mode  of  precipitation  is  not  new;  it  has 
been  practised  long  in  the  Wicklow  mines  in  Ire- 
land, and  above  a  century  in  those  of  Hem-grundt, 
in  Hungary,  where  the  precipitate  is  called  Zi- 
ment  Copper*.  The  waters  of  the  Hungarian 
mines  are  much  more  strongly  impregnated  with 
copper  than  those  of  Parys  mountain.  The  first 
effects  its  operation  in  twelve  or  about  twenty 
days;  the  last  requires  two  months.  Horse-shoes, 
iron  made  in  shape  of  hearts,  and  other  forms,  are 
put  into  the  foreign  waters,  and  when  apparently 
transmuted,  are  given  as  presents  to  curious 
strangers. 

The  ore  is  not  got  in  the  common  manner  of 
mining,  but  is  cut  out  of  the  bed  in  the  same  man- 
ner as  stone  is  out  of  a  quarry.  A  hollow  is  now 
formed  in  the  solid  ore  open  to  the  day,  and  ex- 
tends about  an  hundred  yards  in  length,  about 
forty  yards  in  breadth,  and  twenty-four  yards  in 
depth.  The  ends  are  at  present  undermined,  but 
supported  by  vast  pillars  and  magnificent  arches, 
all  metallic;  and  these  caverns  meander  far  under 

a  Brown's  Travels,  G8.     Keysler's  Travels,  iv.  70. 


AND  HUNGARY.  63 

ground.  These  will  soon  disappear,  and  thousands 
of  tons  of  ore  be  gotten  from  both  the  columns  and 
roofs.  The  sides  of  this  vast  hollow  are  mostly 
perpendicular,  and  access  to  the  bottom  is  only  to 
be  had  by  small  steps  cut  in  the  ore;  and  the  cu- 
rious visitor  must  trust  to  them  and  a  rope,  till  he 
reaches  some  ladders,  which  will  conduct  him  the 
rest  of  the  descent.  On  the  edges  of  the  chasms 
are  wooden  platforms,  which  project  far;  on  them 
are  windlasses,  by  which  the  workmen  are  lowered 
to  transact  their  business  on  the  face  of  the  preci- 
pice. There  suspended,  they  work  in  mid  air, 
pick  a  small  space  for  a  footing,  cut  out  the  ore  in 
vast  masses,  and  tumble  it  to  the  bottom  with 
great  noise.  In  such  situations  they  form  caverns, 
and  there  appear  safely  lodged,  till  the  rope  is  low- 
ered to  convey  them  up  again.  Much  of  the  ore 
is  blasted  with  gunpowder,  eight  tons  of  which,  I 
am  informed,  is  annually  used  for  the  purpose. 

Nature  has  been  profuse  in  bestowing  her 
mineral  favors  on  this  spot;  for  above  the  copper 
ore,  and  not  more  than  three  quarters  of  a  yard 
beneath  the  common  soil,  is  a  bed  of  yellowish 
greasy  clay,  from  one  to  four  yards  thick,  contain- 
ing lead  ore,  and  yielding  from  six  hundred  to  a 
thousand  pounds  weight  of  lead  from  one  ton;  and 
one  ton  of  the  metal  yields  not  less  than  fifty-seven 
ounces  of  silver.  Mixed  with  the  earth,  are  fre- 
quently certain   parts  of  the    color   of  cinnabar: 


64  AMLWCH. 

whether  these  are  symptomatic  of  the  sulphurous 
arsenical  silver  ores,  or  of  quicksilver,  I  will  not 
pretend  to  decide.  Something  interferes  with  the 
successful  smelting  of  this  earth  in  the  great:  in- 
somuch that  it  has  not  yet  been  of  that  profit  to 
the  adventurers,  which  might  reasonably  be  ex- 
pected from  the  crucible  assays  of  it;  and  they 
have  at  this  time  about  eight  thousand  tons  on 
bank  undisposed  of.  This  place  has  been  worked 
for  lead  ore  in  very  distant  times.  In  the  bottom 
of  the  pool  was  found  an  antient  smelting  hearth 
of  grit-stone,  and  several  bits  of  smelted  lead,  of 
about  four  inches  in  length,  two  in  breadth,  and 
half  an  inch  thick. 

These  works  have  added  greatly  to  the  popu- 
lation of  the  island;  for  about  fifteen  hundred 
persons  are  employed,  who,  with  their  families,  are 
supposed  to  make  near  eight  thousand  persons, 
getting  their  bread  from  these  mines.  The  little 
Amlwch,  village  of  Amlwch,  the  port  of  the  place,  is  en- 
creasing  fast,  and  the  market  grows  considerable. 
At  the  season  of  the  greatest  work,  Mr.  Hughes's 
men  alone  receive,  for  many  weeks,  two  hundred 
pounds  in  one  week,  and  a  hundred  and  fifty  in  ano- 
ther, merely  for  subsistence.  The  port  is  no  more 
than  a  great  chasm,  between  two  rocks,  running  far 
into  land,  and  dry  at  low- water;  into  which  sloops 
run,  and  lie  secure  to  receive  their  lading6. 

•  An  ampler  account  of  the  present  state  of  Parys  mountain  is 


MARBLE  QUARRY.  G5 

From  Parys  mountain  I  visited  the  north-west 
parts  of  the  island,  and  passed  over  a  sandy  plain 
country,  fertile  in  grain.  See  to  the  right,  the 
Middle  Mouse;  and  farther  on  is  the  third  small 
isle  of  that  name,  called  the  West  Mouse.  Be- 
tween these,  on  the  coast  of  Anglesey,  is  Kemhjn 
bay,  where  there  is  safe  anchorage  for  small  vessels. 
Not  far  from  hence  I  saw  the  noted  quarry  of  ^ARBU 
marble,  common  to  this  place,  some  parts  of  Italy,  Quarry. 
and  to  Corsica,  and  known  in  the  shops  by  the 
name  of  Verde  di  Corsica,  Its  colors  are  green, 
black,  white,  and  dull  purple  irregularly  disposed. 
In  different  blocks  one  or  other  of  the  colors  are 
frequently  wanting;  but  among  the  green  parts 
are  often  found  narrow  veins  of  a  most  elegant 
and  silky  white  asbestos.  It  is  a  compound  species 
of  marble;  part  is  calcareous,  and  may  be  acted 
on  by  aqua  fortis ;  the  green  parts  are  composed 
chiefly  of  magnesian  earth :  the  whole  constituting 
what  is  commonly  called  Serpentine.  It  is  apt  to 
be  intersected  by  small  cracks,  or  by  asbestine 
veins,  therefore  incapable  of  taking  a  high  polish. 
This  quarry  lies  on  the  lands  of  Monachty,  in  the 
parish  of  Llan-Fair-  Ynghomwy;  and  it  is  found 
again  in  the  isle  of  Skerries,  off  this  parish'. 

given  in  the  Appendix  No.  XVII.  for  which,  and  for  other  assistance 
in  rendering  this  work  more  perfect,  the  Editor  is  indebted  to  his 
valued  friend  Paid  Ponton  esq.  of  Plus  gwyn.     En. 

1  The  sum  of  one  thousand  pounds  has  recently  been  given  for  a 
quarry  of  a  similar  species  of  stone  in  the  parish  of  LlanfecheU,  from 
VOL.  III.  F 


CG 


THE  SKERRIES. 


Carreg- 

LWYD. 


The 

Skerries. 


Neither  the  quarry  nor  the  asbestos  are  at 
present  in  use.  The  antients  set  a  high  value  on 
the  last,  a  price  equal  to  that  of  pearls.  They 
wove  napkins  of  it,  and  at  great  feasts  diverted 
themselves  (in  order  to  clean  them)  to  fling  them 
into  the  fire,  from  which  they  returned  unhurt,  and 
with  improved  lustre.  They  likewise  made  of  it 
shrouds  for  the  bodies  of  great  men,  before  they 
were  placed  on  the  funeral  pile,  and  by  that  means 
preserved  their  ashes  pure  from  those  of  the  wood. 
The  antients  believed  that  it  was  found  only  in 
India,  in  places  where  showers  never  fell,  and  the 
residence  of  dire  serpents5. 

From  hence  I  visited  Carreg-Lwyd,  then  the 
residence  of  that  worthy  and  convivial  gentleman 
John  Griffith  esq.  From  thence  I  made  an  at- 
tempt to  sail  to  the  Sherries,  called  in  Welsh,  Ynys 
y  Moel  rhoniaid,  or  the  isle  of  Seals,  distant  about 
a  league  from  this  place,  and  about  half  a  league 
from  the  nearest  part  of  Anglesey;  a  turbulent  sea 
made  us  return  with  speed.  The  island  is  very 
rocky,  but  affords  food  for  a  few  Sheep,  Rabbits, 
and  Puffins.  The  light-house,  placed  on  it  about 
the  year  1730,  is  of  great  use  to  ships  sailing  be- 


whence  are  procured  slabs  of  large  size,  and  capable  of  receiving  a 

good  polish.  Ed.      This  note  figures  in  the  Errata,  where  we  read — 

The  editor  was  misinformed!;  the  slabs  are  merely  coated  with  small 

pieces  of  serpentine,  which  are  so  skilfully  united  as  to  deceive  the  eye.    .j.r. 

g  Plinii  jXat.  Hist.  lib.  xix.  c.  1. 


ANTIENT  FISHERIES.  €7 

tween  Ireland  and  the  ports  of  Chester  and  Lever- 
pool.  The  produce  from  the  tonnage,  about  the 
year  1759,  was  1100?.  a  year;  of  which  Ireland 
contributed  400?.  British  vessels  paid  Id.  per 
ton",  aliens  2d.  Fish  sport  about  the  rocky  sides 
in  most  amazing  multitudes,  and  appear  even 
crowding:  their  backs  above  water;  these  are  chief- 
ly  the  Cole -fish  and  Whiting  Pollacks  :  Cod-fish 
lurk  beneath  in  abundance,  and  the  beautiful 
Wrasses,  &c.  are  frequently  caught. 

This  isle  formerly  belonged  to  the  cathedral  of 
Bangor,  which  clamed  an  exclusive  right  of  fishing 
on  its  shores.  The  right  of  the  prelates  of  that 
see  had  been,  by  some  neglect,  invaded;  and  the 
Griffiths  of  Penrhyn  usurped  the  privilege,  by 
having  in  the  isle  what  was  called  a  Wele,  a  bed  or 
small  possession11.  About  1498,  bishop  Dean  ex- 
erted himself,  and  in  person  resumed  the  fishery, 
and  on  the  8th  of  October  took  twenty-eight  "fishis 
"  called  Grapas"  when  Sir  William  Griffith  sent 
"  his  son  and  heire  apparante,  with  dyvers  men  in 
"  harnes,  wiche  ryetowsely  in  the  seid  countie  of 
"  Anglesey,  within  the  seid  bishope's  diocese,  took 
"  the  seid  fishis  from  the  servants  of  the  seid  bi- 
"  shope."  But  the  honest  prelate  caused  him  to 
make  restitution,  and  established  his  right  as  lord 
of  the  fisheries  of  the  island1.     A  successor  of  his, 

h  Record  of  Caernarvon,  iu  the  Biblioihe  'a  Litteraria,  20. 
'    Willis's  Bangor,  245. 


68  MONACH-TY. 

Nicholas  Robinson,  was  not  so  tenacious;  but,  ac- 
cording to  Mr.  Willie,  alienated  the  isle  to  one  of 
his  sons.  Between  forty  and  fifty  years  ago,  Wil- 
liam Robinson  esq;  of  Monach-ty  in  this  county, 
and  of  Gwersillt,  in  Denbighshire,  the  last  male 
descendant,  perished  in  a  storm  in  his  return  from 
this  dreary  spot,  with  about  a  dozen  people  who 
Monach-ty.  had  unfortunately  attended  him.  Monach-ty,  or 
the  house  of  the  Monks,  had  been  part  of  the  pos- 
sessions of  the  abbey  of  Conwy,  and  alienated  bv 
the  same  prelate  to  his  son. 

Let  me  record  that  a  few  years  ago  were  found, 
on  a  farm  called  Ynys  y  Gwyddel,  in  the  parish  of 
Llanflewyn,  four  miles  east  of  Carreg  Lwyd,  three 
golden  bracelets,  and  a  golden  Bulla,  in  high  pre- 
servation. Two  of  the  former  I  purchased,  and 
preserved  as  curious  memorials  of  the  residence 
of  the  Romans  in  antient  Mona. 

From  Carreg-Lwyd  I  rode  to  Holyhead,  about 
eleven  or  twelve  miles  distant.  Passed  by  Llari- 
fachreth  and  Llanynghcnedl  to  Rltyd-Pont  bridge, 
where  a  very  small  river-like  channel  insulates  the 
great  promontory.  Cross  Towyn  y  Capel,  a  low 
sandy  common,  bounded  on  one  side  by  rocks,  over 
which  in  high  winds  the  sea  breaks  in  a  most  awe- 
ful  and  stupendous  manner,  and  which  are  justly 
dreaded  by  mariners.     In  the  middle  of  the  com- 

k  The  same.     The  bishop  calla  it  tieynt  DanyyeVa  Isle. 


HOLYHEAD. 


09 


Land- 
Shells. 


mon  is  an  artificial  mount,  on  which  are  the  ruins 
of  Capel  St.  Ffraid.  I  have  no  kind  of  doubt  but 
that,  prior  to  the  chapel,  it  had  been  the  site  of  a 
small  fort;  for  I  never  saw  artificial  elevations 
given  to  any  but  works  of  a  military  kind.  This 
common  abounds  with  the  shells  called  the  fasct- 
ated   wreath,  Br.    Zool.    iv.    N°   119,    and   the 

ZONED  SNAIL,  N°  133. 

Not  far  from  hence,  between  Bodior  and  Rhyd- 
Pont,  in  Rhoscolyn  parish,  is  a  fossil  not  frequent- 
ly found.  A  green  amianthus,  or  brittle  asbestos,  Amianthus. 
is  met  with  in  great  plenty,  in  a  green  serpentine, 
similar  to  that  at  Monach-ty;  but  by  reason  of 
the  inflexible  quality  of  its  fibres,  not  applicable  to 
the  same  uses. 

Within  two  miles  of  Towyn  y  Capel  is  the 
town  of  Holyhead;  seated  on  a  noted  and  safe  Holyhead. 
harbour,  guarded  at  its  mouth  from  the  winds  by 
Ynys  Gybi — the  island  of  St.  Gybi — surnamed 
Corineus,  son  of  Solomon  duke  of  Cormoal;  who, 
.after  studying  some  years  in  Gaul,  returned  to  Bri- 
tain, and  fixed  his  see  at  the  place  called  now 
Caer  Gybi,  and  Holyhead1.  In  honour  of  his  in- 
structor, St.  Hilarim,  bishop  of  Poitiers,  he  be- 
stowed his  name  on  one  of  the  headlands;  the 
same  which  goes  also  under  that  of  St.  -  Elian's. 

The  town  is  small,  but  greatly  resorted  to  by     Town. 


j  Cressg'a  Ch.  Hist.  14'.). 


0  HOLYHEAD:   CHURCH.     ANTIENT  COLLEGE. 

passengers  to  and  from  the  kingdom  of  Ireland;  and 
is  the  station  of  the  pacquets,five  of  which  are  in-con- 
stant employ;  are  stout  vessels,  and  well  manned. 

Church.  The  church  dedicated  to  St.  Gybi,  is  an  antient 
structure,  embattled,  with  the  inside  of  the  porch, 
and  the  outside  of  part  of  the  transept,  rudely 
carved.  On  the  outside  of  the  last  is  a  dragon, 
a  man  leading  a  bear  with  a  rope,  and  other 
gross  representations.  St.  Gybi  is  said  to  have 
founded  a  small  monastery  here,  about  the  year 
380m;  and  Maelgwyn  Gwynedd,  who  began  his 
reign  about  the  year  580,  a  college11.  This  prince 
was  styled  Draco  Insularis;  perhaps  the  dragon 
engraven  on  the  church  may  allude  to  him. 
Others  assert,  that  the  founder  of  this  college  was 
Hufa  ap  CynddeliVf  lord  of  Llys  Llifon,  in  this 
island,  and  one  of  the  fifteen  tribes  of  North  Wales, 
and  cotemporary  with  Owen  Gwynedd0.  The  head 
of  the  college  was  called  Pendens  or  Pencolas  and 
was  one  of  the  spiritual  lords  of  Anglesey;  the 
archdeacon  of  the  isle  was  one;  the  abbot  of  Pen- 
mo  n  the  other.  His  Latin  title  was  Rector,  as 
appears  by  the  antient  seal,  inscribed  Sigillum 
Rectoris  et  capitidi  Ecclesia  de  Caer  Gybip.  I  am 
not  acquainted  with  the  number  of  prebendaries; 
but  they  were  twelve  at  lest,  that  number  being 
found  on  the  pension  list  in  1553q,  at   1/.   each. 

m  Tanner,  C9(.».         n  Hist.  Anglesey,  29.         °  The  same,  60'.). 
p  The  same,  30.  «   Willis's  Abbies,  i.  303. 


© 


HOLYHEAD:    ITS  CHAPEL.  71 

Before  the  dissolution,  I  find  that  the  rector,  or 
provost,  for  so  he  is  also  styled,  had  thirty-nine 
marks,  one  chaplain  had  eleven,  and  the  other  two 
the*  same  between  themr.  The  whole  value,  in 
the  26th  of  Henry  VIII.  was  esteemed  at  24/. 
The  English  monarch  had  the  gift  of  the  provost - 
ship.  Edward  III.  bestowed  what  was  called  the 
provostship  of  his  free  chapel  of  Caer-Cube,  on  his 
chaplain  Tliomas  de  London;  for  which  the  king, 
in  1351,  dispensed  with  his  services  to  himself \ 
James  I.  granted  this  college  to  Francis  Morris 
and  Francis  Philips.  It  became  afterwards  the 
property  of  Rice  Gwynne  esq;  who  bestowed  on 
Jesus  college,  Oxford,  the  great  tithes,  for  the 
maintenance  of  two  fellows  and  as  many  scholars1; 
and  since  that  time  the  parish  is  served  by  a 
curate  nominated  by  the  college. 

Near  the  church  stood,  in  old  times,  a  chapel 
called  Eglwys  y  Bedd,  or  the  church  of  the  Grave;       bedd.  * 
and  Capel  LI  an  y  Gwyddel,  or  the  chapel  of  the 
Irishman.     Sirigi,(l)  a  king  of  the  Irish  Picts,  in- 

1    Willis's  Bangor,  201.  "  Newcourt  's  Repertoriinn,  i.  453. 

1  Tanner,  (i!)«),  and  Hist.  Anglesey,  31, 
(J)  Sirigi,  so  far  from  being  king  of  Irish  Picts,  was  probably  the 
leader  of  pirates  consisting  possibly  of  Danes  from  Dublin,  and  his 
name  was  most  likely  Sitric:  Rowlands  in  his  Jlona  Antiqua  calls 
him  Siric  the  Rover.  He  is  not  likely  to  have  been  canonized,  but  an 
Irish  bishop  Siric  appears  in  the  Martyrology  of  Donegal.  The 
t  'asvxxUon  in  i (uestiou  was  not  Cadwallon La w-h ir,  but  a  Cadioallon  who 
lived  in  the  lntli  century.  One  cannot  blame  Pennant  for  not  bavin- 
gone  more  deeply  into  these  matters,  but  the  curious  thing  is  that 


72  HOLYHEAD:    FORT. 

vaded  this  country,  and  was  here  slain  by  Caswall- 
on  Law  Hir,  or  Caswallon  the  long  handed,  who 
reigned  about  the  year  440n.  Sirigi  was  canon- 
ized by  his  countrymen,  and  had  in  this  chapel  a 
shrine,  in  high  repute  for  many  miracles.  This 
place  had  distinct  revenues  from  the  collegiate 
church.  At  length  it  fell  to  ruin,  and  was  disused 
for  ages.  In  removing  the  rubbish,  not  many 
years  ago,  a  stone  coffin  was  found  with  bones  of  a 
stupendous  size;  but  we  must  not  suppose  these 
to  have  been  the  reliques  of  Sirigi;  which  had 
been  carried  away  by  some  Irish  rovers,  and  de- 
posited in  the  cathedral  of  Christ  Church  in  Dub- 
lin*. 

The  precinct  of  the  church-yard  clames  a  far 
Roman  higher  antiquity  than  the  church.  It  is  a  square  of 
two  hundred  and  twenty  feet  by  a  hundred  and 
thirty.  Three  sides  are  enclosed  with  strong  walls, 
seventeen  feet  high,  and  six  feet  thick;  the  fourth 
side  is  open  to  the  precipitous  rocks  of  the  harbour, 
and  never  had  been  walled,  being  intended  for  ships 
to  retire  to,  and  receive  the  benefit  of  protection 
from  this  inclosure.  At  each  corner  of  the  wall  is 
an  oval  tower.  The  masonry  of  the  whole  is  evi- 
dently Roman:  the  mortar  very  hard,  and  mixed 

men  still  go  on  writing  the  account  of  the  so-called  expulsion  of  the 
Irish  from  Wales,  by  travestying  the  history  of  the  incursions  of  the 
Danes  and  the  Norsemen,  j.r. 

n  Poicel,  Pre/.  15.  *  Hist.  Anglesey,  34,  35. 


HOLYHEAD  :    THE  HEAD.  73 

with  much  coarse  pebble.  Along  the  walls  are 
two  rows  of  round  holes,  about  four  inches  in  dia- 
meter, which  penetrate  them.  They  are  in  all  re- 
spects like  those  at  Segontium,  and  nicely  plai- 
stered  within. 

The  use  of  this  harbour  to  the  Romans,  in  the 
passage  from  various  places  to  the  ports  of  Lanca- 
shire and  that  of  Chester,  is  very  evident.  They 
could  not  find  a  better  place  to  run  into,  in  case  of 
hard  weather,  than  this,  as  it  projected  farthest 
into  the  Vergivlan  sea;  so  that  they  could  make  it 
with  less  danger  of  being  embayed  than  in  any 
other  place.  If  (as  is  very  probable)  they  had 
commerce  with  Ireland,  no  place  was  better  adapt- 
ed for  it.  The  Romans,  it  is  true,  never  made  a 
settlement  in  that  country,  but  they  certainly 
traded  with  it,  even  in  the  time  of  Agricola, 
"  when  its  ports  and  harbours  were  better  known, 
"  from  the  concourse  of  merchants  for  the  purposes 
"  of  commerce'." 

I  took  a  walk  from  the  town  to  the  top  of  The  The  Head. 
Head,  in  search  of  other  antiquities.  In  my  way, 
saw  the  ruins  of  Capel  y  Gorlles,  one  of  several 
which  are  scattered  about  this  holy  promontory. 
On  the  side  which  I  ascended,  my  course  was  in- 
terrupted by  a  huge  dry  wall,  in  many  places  re- 
gularly faced,  and  ten  feet  high   in  some  of  the 

1  Tacitus,  Vita  Agricolce. 


74  PRESADDFED. 

most  entire  parts,  and  furnished  with  an  entrance. 
On  the  Pen  y  Gaer  Gybi,  or  the  summit  of  the 
mountain,  are  foundations  of  a  circular  building, 
strongly  cemented  with  the  same  sort  of  mortar  as 
the  fort  in  the  town.  It  seems  to  have  been  a 
A  Pharos.    Pharos,  a  necessary  director  in  these  seas. 

From  the  top  of  this  mountain  I  had  a  distinct 
view  of  Holyhead:  it  being  at  that  time  high- 
water,  and  the  channel  filled  on  each  side  of 
Rhyd-Pont  bridge.  The  isle  is  of  unequal  breadth, 
and  greatly  indented. 

The  part  of  the  Head  fronting  the  sea,  is  either 
an  immense  precipice,  or  hollowed  into  most  mag- 
Birds.  nificent  caves.  Birds  of  various  kinds  breed  in 
the  rocks;  among  them  are,  Peregrine  Falcons, 
Shags,  Herons,  Razor-bills,  and  Guillemots.  Their 
eggs  are  sought  after  for  food;  and  are  gotten  by 
means  of  a  man,  who  is  lowered  down  by  a  rope 
held  by  one  or  more  persons.  Within  memory, 
the  person  let  down,  by  his  weight  overpowered 
the  other,  and  pulled  him  down;  so  that  both  pe- 
rished miserably. 

I  returned  over  Rhyd-Pont  bridge,  and  along 
the  great  road  (which  is  excellent)  towards 
Presaddfed.  Ba vigor.  A  little  on  the  left  is  Presaddfed,  the 
seat  of  Mrs.  Roberts,  formerly  belonging  to  the 
Owens.  On  the  site  stood  the  mansion  of  Iliofa 
ap   Cynddelw,  before   mentioned.      He   held   his 


LLANTRISSANT  CHURCH.  75 

estate  in  fee  by  attendance  at  the  prince's  corona- 
tion, and  bearing  up  the  right  side  of  the  canopy 
over  the  prince's  head  at  that  solemnity.  The 
bishop,  who  was  first  chaplain,  also  held  some  land 
by  the  office  of  crowning  him. 

Near  the  comfortable  inn  called  the  Gwindy, 
in  the  middle  of  the  island,  on  the  great  road,  is 
Bodychan,  an  antient  building,  once  the  seat  of  bodychan. 
Rhys  ap  Llewelyn  ap  HwlJcyn,  first  sheriff  of  this 
county,  and  a  potent  man  in  the  time  of  Henry 
VII.  The  family  afterwards  took  the  name  of 
the  place,  and  flourished  for  many  generations. 
The  founder,  Rhys  ap  Llewelyn  ap  Hwlkin,  went 
to  Bos  worth  field  to  assist  Henry  VI L  with  a  com- 
pany of  foot;  in  return,  he  was  sworn  sheriff  of 
Anglesey  for  life,  durante  termino  vita'  sua;.  He 
made  his  house  (now  converted  into  a  barn)  the 
county  jail,  the  dungeon  whereof  is  still  to  be  seen. 
In  the  last  century  it  passed  to  the  Sparrows  of 
Red  Hill,  by  the  marriage  of  the  heiress  of  this 
place. 

Ox  the  right  is  the  church  of  Llantrissant,  re-  Llantkis- 
markable  for  the  monument  of  the  Reverend  Hugh 
Williams,  D.D.  an  ancestor  of  the  families  of  Wynn- 
stay,  and  Bodlewyddan,  and  father  to  Sir  William 
Williams,  speaker  of  the  house  of  commons,  and 
solicitor  general  in  1(387.      He  wasz  second  son  to 

'   W.  WHliajas'x  eldest  son  was  ancestor  of  the  Williamtfsoi  Ty-fry, 

who  still  possess  C/nraciK 


SAN']'. 


7G  LLANTRISSANT  CHURCH. 

William  Williams,  of  Chwaen,  in  this  island,  whom 
the  heralds  derive  from  Kadrod  Hardd,  a  British 
cheiftain.  He  married  Emma  Dolben,  of  Caeau 
Gwynnion,  near  Denbigh.  His  epitaph  tells  us 
the  rest  of  his  historv. 

Heic  Jacet 

Hugo  Williams  de  Nantanog 

in  comitatu  Anglesey,  Theologiae 

Doctor. 

decessit  28  die  Septembris 

Anno  Domini  1670 

Anno  zE  tat  is  suae  74 

Respice  finem. 

On  a  stone  level  with  the  ground  beneath  the 
monument  is  the  following  inscription. 

Hugh  Williams  de  Nantanog  S.  S.  Theologias 
professor  hujus  Ecclesise  et  illius  de  Llanrhuddlad 
Rector.  Prebendarius  de  Vaynol  in  dioces  Asa- 
phen.  Comportionarius  de  Llanddinam  in  agro 
MongomeriensL  21  Septembris  iEtatis  anno  74. 
Dmi  1670,  libentissime  pro  gregibus,  fidei  sure 
commissis  impendens  et  impensus  'p'claro  certa- 
mine  decertato  cursum  peregit. 

Disce, 

Boni  Pastoris  interest  non  tantum  pervigilare, 
sed  impendere  et  impendi  pro  gregibus. 


CAERNARVONSHIRE. 
Before  I  leave  the  island,  I  beg  leave  to  com- 


POPCLATION 


municate  a  brief  account  of  its  population,  in  the  of  Angle- 
manner  I  received  it  from  Paul  Panton  esq ; 
whose  remarks  on  the  same  subject  have  before 
appeared  in  a  far  more  respectable  place2. 

By  an  account  given  on  the  13th  of  August, 
1563,  there  were  2010  households,  or  families,  in 
Anglesey*:  allowing  five  to  a  family,  the  whole 
number  of  inhabitants  in  that  period  was  10,050. 
In  1776,  the  number  of  houses  in  Anglesey  was 
about  3956:  allowing  five  persons  to  a  family, 
the  whole  number  of  inhabitants  was  at  that  time 
19,780;  which  wants  only  340  of  doubling  the 
number  of  inhabitants  in  the  intervening  space1'. 

CAERNARVONSHIRE. 

Continue  my  journey  from  Porih-aethwy  Ferry 
up  a  steep  road,  and  soon  descend  another  to  Ban-  Bangok. 
GOR,  a  small  town  seated  between  two  low  hills, 
in  a  valley  opening  to  the  bay  of  Beaumaris. 
This  is  the  episcopal  seat.  The  prelate  is  very  in- 
differently lodged0,  in  a  palace  near  the  cathedral; 

7-  Phil.  Trans,  lxiii.  Tart  i.  p.  180.         a  Willis's  Bangor,  51. 

b  The  population  of  Anglesey  in  1795  was  estimated  at  28,611;  in 
the  census  of  1801  it  is  stated  to  amount  to  33,334,  exclusive  of  that 
of  four  parishes  which  made  no  return,  and  which  are  supposed  to 
contain  about  1000  souls.     Ed. 

c  The  episcopal  residence  was  much  improved  by  the  right  rever- 
end John  Warren  during  the  time  he  held  the  see.     Ed. 


78  BANGOR:    ITS  CATHEDRAL. 

which,  from  an  inscription,  appears  to  have  been 
rebuilt  by  Bishop  Sheffington,  who  died  in  1533, 
at  the  abbey  of  Beaulieu,  of  which  he  had  been  ab- 
bot. He  directed  that  his  body  should  be  interred 
there;  his  heart  at  Bangor,  before  the  image  of 
the  patron  saint,  St.  Daniel. 

St.  Daniel,  son  of  Dynawd,  abbot  of  Bangor 
ysCoed  in  Flintshire,  first  established  here  a  college 
for  the  instruction  of  youth,  and  support  of  the 
clergy  of  those  partsd.  Cressy  called  it  a  monas- 
tery, and  says  it  was  filled  with  monks6;  probably 
fugitives  from  the  other  Bangor,  from  which  it 
might  derive  its  name.  About  the  year  550,  Mael- 
gwyn  Gwynedd,  one  of  those  gentry,  who,  growing 
virtuous  in  their  old-age,  "make  a  sacrifice  to  God 
of  the  Devil's  leavings',"  converted  the  college  into 
a  bishoprick,  and  appointed  Daniel  to  be  first  bi- 
shop. We  know  not  the  extent  of  his  diocese. 
The  present,  comprehends  all  Anglesey;  Caernar- 
vonshire, except  Llysfaen,  Eglwys  Rhds,  and  Llan- 
gystenin,  which  belong  to  St.  Asaph,  and  Llanbeb- 
lic  to  Chester.  In  Denbighshire  it  has  fourteen 
parishes;  in  Montgomeryshire  seven. 

Cathedral.  The  cathedral  was  destroyed  by  the  insurgent 
Saxons  in  the  year  1071.  It  was  afterwards  re- 
built; for  we  find  that  in  1212g  King  John  invaded 

d   Willis's  Bangor,  53.  e  Church  Hist.  23.3. 

1  Swift.  e  Annal.  J/enev.  in  Goodwin,  ii.  650. 


h 
© 

5 


BANGOR:    TOMBS.  79 

the  country,  forced  the  bishop,  Robert  of  Shrews- 
bury, from  before  the  altar,  and  obliged  him  to 
pay  two  hundred  hawks  for  his  ransom.  In  the 
year  1402  it  was  reduced  again  to  ruin  by  the  rage 
of  Grlyndwr,  and  remained  in  that  state  during 
ninety  years,  when  the  choir  was  restored  by  Bi- 
shop Dean,  or  Deny:  the  body  and  tower  were  built 
by  that  liberal  prelate  Thomas  Skeffington,  in  1532. 
The  tower  was  to  have  been  raised  to  double  its 
present  height,  but  the  death  of  the  bishop  pre- 
vented the  execution  of  the  design\  The  win- 
dows were  made,  or  glazed,  according  to  the  cus- 
tom of  the  times,  by  the  piety  of  different  persons, 
among  whom  may  be  reckoned  Dean  Kyffin,  and 
some  of  the  Gryffydds  of  Penrhyn\ 

There  is  nothing  remarkable  within,  except  a 
few  tombs.  That  wise  and  valiant  prince  Owen  Tombs. 
Gwynedd  lies  beneath  an  arch,  with  a  flowery  cross 
cut  on  a  flat  stone.  He  died,  regretted  by  his 
countrymen,  and  feared  by  his  foes,  in  1169.  On 
the  floor  is  a  mutilated  figure  in  brass,  designed  for 
Richard  Kyffin,  the  active  dean  of  this  church  in 
the  reigns  of  Richard  III.  and  Henry  VII.  He 
died  the  13th.  o£  August  1502.  The  place  of  his 
interment  still  bears  the  name  of  Bedd  y  Deon  da, 
or  the  grave  of  the  Black  Dean,  I  suppose  from 
his  complexion.     Several  of  the  bishops  are  buried 

h  Willis,  21.  '  Willis,  17,  18. 


80  BANGOR:  FRIER Y. 

here;  but,  excepted  the  headless  busts  of  the  pre- 
lates Rowlands  and  Vaughan,  mutilated  in  the  fa- 
natical times,  no  remarkable  memorials  of  any  of 
them  at  present  exist.  Of  the  shrine  on  the  left 
side  of  the  great  altar,  beneath  which,  in  1137,  was 
interred  the  brave  and  wise  prince  Gryffydd  ap 
CynarP,  not  a  vestige  is  to  be  seen. 

In  antient  times  here  was  a  parochial  church 
dedicated  to  St.  Mary,  which  stood  behind  the  pa- 
lace. It  is  said  to  have  been  founded  by  King 
Edgar,  in  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of  Hoivel  ap 
Jcvaf;  who  at  the  same  time  confirmed  the  privi- 
leges of  the  see,  and  endowed  it  liberally1. 
Friery.  The  house  of  friers  preachers  stood  a  little  way 
out  of  the  town.  It  was  founded  as  early  as  the 
year  127 6:  Bishop  Tanner  gives  the  honour  of  it 
to  Tudor  ap  Gronw,  lord  of  Penmynnydd  and 
Trecastell  in  Anglesey,  who  enlarged  or  rebuilt  it 
in  1299,  and  was  interred  here  in  1311.  Edward 
VI.  made  a  grant  of  the  place  to  Thomas  Brown 
and  William  Breton.  Soon  after,  it  was  convert- 
ed into  a  free  school  by  Jeffry  Glynn,  LL.D.  an 
advocate  in  Doctors  Commons,  and  brother  to  Bi- 
shop Glynn.  By  his  will,  proved  July  21st,  1557, 
he  left  the  conduct  of  it  to  his  brother,  and  to 
Maurice  Gryjfydd  bishop  of  Rochester.  They 
dying  before  the  settlement  could  be  completed, 

k  Vita  Gryffydd  ap  Ci/nan  in  the  Sebright  MSS. 
1   Willis,  46.  183.      Wynn'a  Hist.  Wales,  59. 


BANGOR  CASTLE.  81 

left  their  power  to  Sir  William  Petre,  and  others; 
who  agreed  on  the  statutes  for  the  master  and 
usher,  with  the  concurrence  of  the  bishop,  dean, 
and  chapter,  and  of  Alexander  Nowel,  dean  of  St. 
Paul's,  who  is  said  to  have  composed  themm. 
Over  the  chimney-piece  is  a  fragment  of  an  antient 
monument  to  one  Gryffydd  with  a  long  sword 
carved  on  it.  On  the  stair-case  is  another  stone, 
with  the  words  ap  Tudor,  probably  part  of  the 
tomb  of  the  founder  Tudor  ap  Gronw  ap  Tudor11. 

Hugh  Lupus,  in  his  barbarous  inroad  into  An- 
glesey, founded  a  castle  at  Bangor,  in  order  to  Castle. 
carry  on  his  ravages  with  greater  security0.  The 
site  was  wholly  unknown,  till  it  was  pointed  out  to 
me  by  the  reverend  E.  R.  Owen,  a  gentleman  to 
whom  this  part  of  my  work  is  under  frequent  obli- 
gations. It  lies  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  mile  east- 
ward of  the  town,  on  the  ridge  of  hills  which  bound 
the  south-east  side  of  the  vale,  and  nearly  the  same 
distance  from  the  port.  The  castle  stood  on  a 
rocky,  and,  in  many  parts,  a  precipitous  hill. 
Three  sides  of  the  walls  are  easily  to  be  traced: 
on  the  south-east  side  they  extended  a  hundred 
and  twenty  yards;  on  the  south-west,  sixty-six, 
ending  at  a  precipice;  on  the  north-east  they  may 
be  traced  forty  yards,  and  end  in  the  same  manner. 
On  the  fourth  side,  the  natural  strength  of  the 

m    Willis's  Bangor,  p.  47.         n  Salisbury  Pedigree,  126. 
0  Sebright  MSS.  in  vita  Gryffydd  ap  Cynan. 
VOL.  III.  G 


82  ABER  CEGID. 

place  rendered  a  farther  defence  useless.  Mounds 
of  earth,  tending  to  a  semicircular  form,  with  rocks 
and  precipices,  connect  the  north-east  and  south- 
west walls.  We  know  not  the  time  of  its  demoli- 
tion: probably  as  soon  as  the  earl  had  effected  his 
design,  it  was  suffered  to  fall  to  ruinp. 

On  leaving  Bangor  I   took  the  road  towards 
Conwy.      At  a  small  distance   from  the  former, 
Abbb  Cegid.  crossed  Aber  Cegid,    a  small   creek,   fordable  at 
low- water;    from  whence   are   annually  exported 
many  millions  of  slates.     The  quarries  are  about 
four  miles  distant,  near  the  entrance   into  Nant 
Franco n,  at  a  small  distance  from  the  river  Ogwen. 
They  are  the  property  of  Lord  Penrhyn,  who  has 
added  greatly  to  the  population  of  the  country  by 
the  improvements  he  has  made  in  the  slate  busi- 
ness.    The  quarries  are  become  now  the  source  of 
a  prodigious  commerce.     When  his  lordship  first 
came  to  the  estate,  not  a  thousand  tons  were  ex- 
ported:  the  country  was    scarcely  passable:    the 
roads  not  better  than  very  bad  horse -paths:    the 
cottages  wretched,  the  farmers  so  poor,  that  in  all 

p  la  1806  was  found  near  Tycoch  about  two  miles  from  Bangor,  a 
grit-stone  eighteen  inches  in  length,  and  three  feet  four  in  circum- 
ference, bearing  the  following  inscription.     Ed. 

N-V  M-N  C- 
IMP-  CAESAR-  M- 
AVREL-ANTON1NVS 
PIVS.  '  P'    IXAVCARAB 


PORT  PENRHYN.  83 

the  tract  they  could  not  produce  more  than  three 
miserable  teams.     At  present  a  noble  coach  road  is 
made,  even  beyond  Nant  Francon,  and  the  terrors 
of  the  Benglog  quite  done  awayp;  about  a  hundred 
and  three  broad  wheeled  carts  are  in  constant  em- 
ploy in  carrying  the  slates  down  to  the  port.     In 
the  year  1792,  upwards  of  twelve  thousand  tons 
were  exported;    and  it  is  expected  that  in  a  veiy 
short  time  the  quantity  will  be  increased  to  sixteen 
thousand.     The  port  is  going  to  be  enlarged;  it  is 
always  filled  with  vessels;  I  saw  one  of  upwards  of 
three  hundred  tons  burden:  they  are  served  in  ro- 
tation, but  such  are  the  improvements  in  our  flou- 
rishing kingdom,  that  it  is  with  difficulty  the  quar- 
ries can  supply  the  demand.     The  slates  are  sent 
to  Leverpool,  and  up   the  Mersey  by  means  of  the 
canal  to  all  the  internal  parts  of  the  kingdom,  and 
to  Hull;   from  whence   is   a  second  exportation: 
numbers  are   shipped    for  Ireland,  for  Flanders, 
and  even  the  West  Indies. 

At  Port  Penrhyn  his  Lordship  has  established  a 
great  manufacture  of  writing  slates.  Previously, 
we  were  entirely  supplied  from  Switzerland',  that 
trade  has  now  ceased ;  the  Swiss  manufacturers  are 
become  bankrupt.  The  number  of  writing  slates 
manufactured  and  exported  from  Port  Penrhyn 
for  the  last  twelve  months,  is  130,000;  the  con- 
sumption of  timber  in  this  very  trifling  article  is 

p  See  my  description,  p.  314,  vol.  ii. 


84  PENRHYN. 

upwards  of  3000  feet  in  the  year;  and  the  number 
of  workmen  employed  are  from  25  to  30.  I  must 
recommend  to  the  curious  traveller  a  ride  to  the 
quarries:  they  will  merit  his  attention,  as  well  as 
the  various  improvements  made  of  late  years  by 
his  lordship.  The  whole  neighborhood  is  occupied 
by  the  houses  and  cottages  of  the  quarriers,  built 
after  the  elegant  design  of  Mr.  Wyatt;  and  Ogwen 
bank  is  a  beautiful  lodge  for  the  reception  of  lord 
Penrhyn,  whenever  he  chooses  to  treat  his  friends 
with  the  sight  of  his  laudable  changes  in  the  face 
of  this  once  desolate  country. 

On  the  summit  of  a  hill  not  very  remote  from 
Port  Penrhyn,  commandiug  a  most  charming  view, 
Penrhyn.  stands  Penrhyn,  an  antient  house,  once  beautifully 
embosomed  with  venerable  oaks.  The  house  is 
said  to  have  been  built  on  the  site  of  a  palace  of 
Roderic  Mohvynog,  prince  of  Wales,  who  began 
his  reign  in  720.  It  continued  long  in  our 
princes.  In  987  it  was  levelled  to  the  ground  by 
Meredydd  op  Owen;  who,  in  that  year,  invaded 
North  Wales,  and  slew  Cadwallon  ap  Jevaf,  the 
reigning  prince.  In  the  time  of  Llewelyn  the 
Great,  it  was  bestowed,  with  the  whole  hundred 
of  Llechwedd  Ucha,  on  Yarddur  op  Trahaiarn,  a 
man  of  rank  of  that  period.  Eva,  or  as  she  is 
called  by  some  Enerys,  one  of  his  descendants, 
who  had,  by  the  customary  division  of  the  lands, 
Penrhyn  to  her  share,  bestowed  it,  with  her  per- 


PIERS  GRYFFYDD.  85 

son,  on  Gryffydd  ap  Heilin  ap  Sir  Tudor  ap  Ed- 
nyfed  Fychan,  originally  lord  of  Bryn  Ffanigl. 
The  family  flourished  for  many  generations.  Wil- 
liam  Fychan,  son  of  Gwilim  ap  Gryffydd,  and 
Jonet,  daughter  of  Sir  William  Stanley  of '  Hooton, 
and  relict  of  Judge  Parys,  chamberlain  of  North 
Wales  and  Chester,  succeeded,  in  the  18th  of 
Henry  VI.  to  the  estates  of  his  father,  and  the 
Judge,  and  also  succeeded  the  last  in  his  important 
office  of  chamberlain  of  North  Wales;  an  honor 
continued  to  several  of  his  posterity,  and  at  this 
time  possessed  by  lord  viscount  Bulkeley. 

It  is  remarkable,  that  in  his  time  the  severity 
of  the  laws  against  the  Welsh  were  so  rigidly  en- 
forced, that  he  was  made  denizen  of  England,  on 
condition  that  he  should  not  marry  a  Welsh  wo- 
man; and  accordingly  he  married  a  daughter  of  a 
Sir  William,  or  Sir  Richard  Dalton. 

In  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  Piers  Gry-  Piers 
ffyddq,  lord  of  the  place,  distinguished  himself  as  a 
naval  officer.  He  sailed  from  Beaumaris  on  the 
20th  of  April  1588,  and  arrived  at  Plymouth  on 
the  4th  of  May,  where  he  was  most  honorably  re- 
ceived by  that  gallant  commander  Sir  Francis 
Drake.     He  shared  with  the  other  men  of  rank 

i  He  married  Margaret,  (laughter  of  Sir  Thoi/ias  Mosti/n,  of  Mostya, 
knight,  and  had  by  her  three  sons,  all  of  whom  died  young.  It  is 
-said  that  he  built,  or  repaired,  his  ships  in  Aber  Cegid;  where  there 
was,  till  of  late  years,  on  the  gable  end  of  a  house,  his  initials,  1'.  G. 
and  the  date,  1598. 


86  HIS  POSSESSIONS  ALIENATED. 

and  gallantry  in  the  honor  of  defeating  the  Spanish 
armada.     After  that  distinguished  victory,  he  join- 
ed with  Sir  Francis  Drake  and  Sir  Walter  Raleigh 
in  their  different  expeditions  against  the  Spaniards 
in  the  West  Indies;  but  in  the  reign  of  James  I. 
continuing  his  depredations  against  the  Spaniards 
after  peace  was  proclamed,  he  was  called  to  ac- 
count,  and  so  harassed  by   persecution,   that  to 
defray  the  expences  he  was  obliged  to  mortgage  his 
estate;    part   to   some   citizens    of  London,   and 
part   to  Jevan  Llwyd  esq;   of  Yale:    the  last  of 
whom,  in  conjunction  with    Sir  Richard  Trevor, 
bouo-ht  the  whole  in  1616,  and  sold  it  to  the  lord 
keeper  Williams  in  1622;  and  the  archbishop  be- 
queathed it  to  Gryffydd  Williams,  son  of  his  eldest 
brother,  Created  baronet  June  17th  1661.     His  son 
Sir  Robert,  the  last  owner  who  inhabited  Penrhyn, 
left  three  daughters;  Frances,  first  married  to  Ro- 
bert  Lloyd   of  Ecclusham   near  Wrexham,   after- 
wards to  Edward  lord  Mussel,  third  son  of  the 
first  duke  of  Bedford;  Anne,  married  to  Thomas 
Warburton  of  Wilmington,  Cheshire;  and  Given,  to 
Sir  Walter   Yonge   of  Devonshire.      Lord  Mussel 
having   no    issue,    generously   resigned    his    part 
of    the    estate    to    the    surviving    sisters.       Sir 
George   Yonge,  grandson  of  the  former,  sold  his 
moiety  to   the   late   John  Pennant,    esq;    whose 
son   Michard    Pennant,   lord   Penrhyn,   possesses 
the  whole  bv  virtue  of  his  marriage  with  Anne 


DRINKING-HORN. 

Susannah,  daughter  and  sole  heiress  of  the  late 
General  Warburton  of  Wilmington. 

The  present  buildings  stand  round  a  court, 
and,  consist  of  a  gateway,  chapel,  a  tower,  vast 
hall,  and  a  few  other  apartments.  By  several  ru- 
ins may  be  traced  its  former  extent.  The  house 
was  rebuilt,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VI.  by  Guilim 
ap  Gryffydd.  The  Stanley  arms  (those  of  his  wife) 
empaled  with  his  own,  were  to  be  seen  in  the  hall 
windows  till  the  year  1764:  by  the  initials  R.  G. 
and  date  1575,  it  appears  that  Sir  Rhys  Gryffydd 
repaired  it  in  that  year.  It  gives  me  great  satis- 
faction to  find,  that  the  place  will  soon  be  restored 
to  its  former  lustre,  under  the  auspices  of  the  pre- 
sent worthy  owners,  and  on  the  plan  of  that  able 
architect  Mr.  S.  Wyaf. 

The  only  furniture  left  to  this  house,  which  fa-  Drinkinq- 
vored  of  antiquity,  was  the  drinking  horn  of  its 
hero  Piers  Gryffydd;  out  of  which  I  have  made 
libations,  in  the  hospitable  reign  of  the  agent  Mr. 
Richard  Hughes.  It  was  a  large  bugle,  or  horn 
of  an  ox,  enriched  with  sculptured  silver,  and  with 
a  chain  of  the  same  metal.  At  one  end  are  the 
initials  of  his  own  name,  P.  G.  and  those  of  his  fa- 
ther and  mother,  R.  G.  K.  or  Rhys  and  Catherine 


r  This  plan  has  been  carried  into  effect;  but  to  particularize  the 
various  and  wonderful  improvements  made  by  the  late  Lord  Pert' 
rhyn,  would  require  a  much  ampler  and  more  detailed  description 
than  the  editor  has  allowed  himself  in  his  short  notes.     Ed. 


Horn. 


m  DRINKING-HORN. 

Gryffydd.  Such  horns  were  in  use  with  Danes, 
Saxons,  Scots  and  Welsh.  We  had  in  old  times 
three  species  in  our  royal  court,  which,  by  usage, 
were  to  be  made  of  those  of  the  ox.  The  first 
was  Y  corn  ydd  Yfo  y  Brenin,  or  that  allotted 
for  the  sole  use  of  the  king;  the  second  was  Corn 
Cyweithas,  or  the  horn  with  which  the  domestics 
of  the  palace  were  to  be  called;  and  the  third  was 
Corn  y  Pencynydd,  or  the  horn  of  the  chief  hunts- 
man. Each  of  them  was  to  be  worth  a  pound*. 
To  drink  out  of  the  royal  cup,  at  great  entertain- 
ments, was  a  privilege  of  the  officers  of  the  palace. 
Thus  the  governor  was  to  receive  a  cup  of  methe- 
glin  by  the  hand  of  the  high  steward.  The  same 
officer  was  also  dispenser  of  horns  of  drink  to  se- 
veral others;  among  them,  to  the  royal  porter; 
who  at  certain  seasons  had,  besides  his  horn  from 
the  king  and  queen,  another  from  the  master  of 
the  horse,  which  was  styled  Gwirawd  ir  Ebysdyl, 
or  the  Waissail  cup  of  the  apostle* ,  whom  they  pro- 
bably invoked  at  the  time  of  drinking.  This  cus- 
tom was  in  frequent  use  in  old  times.  The  Danes 
invoked  the  highest  powers  to  assist  the  mighty 
draught :  Help  Got  unde  Maria".  And  the  Sax- 
on Ulphus,  when  he  conveyed  certain  lands  to  the 
church  of  York,  quaffed  off  the  horn,  Deo  et  St. 
Petrox.     On  less  serious  occasions,  on  festive  days, 

*  Leges  WaUicce,  311.  l  Ibid.  17.  47. 

n  Jurney  to  London,  179.  *  Archazologia,  iii.  8. 


HIRLAS  OWAIN.  89 

the  horn  was  emptied  at  one  tip,  and  then  blown 
to  show  that  there  was  no  deceit.  The  jovial  horn 
was  a  subject  of  poetry.  Thus  Owen  Cyfeiliog,  the 
princely  Bard7,  celebrates  the  Hirlas,  or  drinking- 
horn  used  at  feasts  in  the  palace.  He  writes  in  a 
more  exalted  strain,  as  the  poem  was  composed 
immediately  after  a  great  victory  over  the  English 
in  Maelor.  I  lay  a  translation  before  my  reader, 
by  the  same  elegant  pen  to  which  I  have  been  so 
frequently  obliged. 

HIRLAS    OWAIN; 

OR, 

THE   DRINKING-HORN   OF   OWEN. 

1. 

Upbose  the  ruddy  dawn  of  day; 
The  armies  met  in  dread  array 

On  Maelor  Dref red's  field: 
Loud  the  British  clarions  sound, 
The  Sou;ons,  gasping  on  the  ground, 

The  bloody  contest  yield. 


By  Owen's  arm  the  valiant  bled; 
From  Owen's  arm  the  coward  fled 

Aghast  with  wild  affright: 
Let  then  their  haughty  lords  beware 
How  Owen's  just  revenge  they  dare, 

And  tremble  at  his  sight. 

y  He  was  prince  of  Powis,  and  flourished  about  the  year  1160. 
tiee  the  reverend  Evan  Ecans's  Collections,  p.  7. 


90  HIRLAS  OWAIN;  OR,  THE 


Fill  the  Hirlas  Horn,  my  boy, 
Nor  let  the  tuneful  lips  be  dry 

That  warble  Owen's,  praise; 
Whose  walls  with  warlike  spoils  are  hung, 
And  open  wide  his  gates  are  flung 

Iu  Cambria's  peaceful  days. 

4. 

This  hour  we  dedicate  to  joy; 

Then  fill  the  Hirlas  Horn,  ray  boy, 

That  shineth  like  the  sea; 
Whose  azure  handles,  tip'd  with  gold, 
Invites  the  grasp  of  Briton*  bold, 

The  sons  of  Liberty. 


Fill  it  higher  still,  and  higher, 
Mead  will  noblest  deeds  inspire. 
Now  the  battle's  lost  and  won, 
Give  the  horn  to  Gronwy's  son; 
Put  it  into  Gwgan's  hand, 
Bulwark  of  his  native  land, 
Guardian  of  Sabrina's  flood, 
Who  oft  has  dy'd  his  spear  in  blood. 
When  they  hear  their  chieftain's  voice, 
Then  his  gallant  friends  rejoice; 
But  when  to  fight  he  goes,  no  more 
The  festal  shout  resounds  on  Severn's  winding  shore. 

ii. 

Fill  the  gold-tip'd  horn  with  speed, 
(We  must  drink,  it  is  decreed.) 
Badge  of  honour,  badge  of  mirth, 
That  calls  the  soul  of  music  forth ! 
As  thou  wilt  thy  life  prolong, 
Fill  it  with  Metheglin  strong. 
Grvffudd  thirsts,  to  Gruff  add  fill; 
Whose  bloody  lance  is  us'd  to  kill; 


DRINKING-HOKN  OF  OWEN.  91 

Matchless  iu  tbe  field  of  strife. 
His  glory  ends  not  with  his  life : 
Dragon-son  of  Cynvyris  race, 
Oiccn's  shield,  Arwystli's  grace: 
To  purchase  fame  the  warriors  flew. 
Dire,  and  more  dire,  the  conflict  grew; 
When  flush'd  with  Mead,  they  bravely  fought. 
Like  Belyn's  warlike  sons,  that  Edwiris  downfall  wrought. 


Fill  the  horn  with  foaming  liquor, 
Fill  it  up,  my  boy,  be  quicker; 
Hence  away,  despair  and  sorrow! 
Time  enough  to  sigh  to-morrow. 
Let  the  brimming  goblet  smile, 
And  Ednyfcd's  cares  beguile; 
Gallant  youth,  unus'd  to  fear, 
Master  of  the  broken  spear, 
And  the  arrow-pierced  shield, 
Brought  with  honor  from  tbe  field. 
Like  an  hurricane  is  He, 
Bursting  on  the  troubled  sea. 
See  their  spears  distain'd  with  gore! 
Hear  the  din  of  battle  roar! 
Bucklers,  swords,  together  clashing, 
Sparkles  from  their  helmets  flashing! 
Hear  ye  not  their  loud  alarms? 
Hark!  they  shout — to  arms!  to  arms! 
Thus  were  Garthen'a  plains  defended, 
Maelor  fight  began  and  ended. 
There  two  princes  fought,  and  there 
Was  Morach  Vorvran's  feast  exchang'd  for  rout  and  fear. 


Fill  the  horn:  'tis  my  delight. 
When  my  friends  return  from  fight, 
Champion's  of  their  country's  glory, 
To  record  each  gallant  story. 
To  Vnyr'a  comely  offspring  fill, 
Foremost  in  the  battle  still: 


92  HIRLAS  OWAIN;   OR,  THE 

Two  blooming  youths,  in  counsel  sage, 
As  heroes  of  maturer  age; 
In  peace,  and  war,  alike  renown'd, 
Be  their  brows  with  garlands  crown'd; 
Deck'd  with  glory  let  them  shine, 
The  ornament  and  pride  of  Y/v/r's  antient  line! 


To  Selyf  fill,  of  Eagle-heart, 
Skill'd  to  hurl  the  fatal  dart: 
With  the  Wolf's  impetuous  force 
He  urgeth  on  his  headlong  course. 
To  Tudor  next,  great  Jfadoc's  son, 
They  the  race  of  honor  run 
Together  in  the  tented  field, 
And  both  alike  disdain  to  yield. 
Like  a  lion  in  the  fray, 
Tudor  darts  upon  his  prey. 
Rivals  in  the  feats  of  war, 
Where  danger  call'd,  they  rush'd  from  far, 
Till  shatter'd  by  some  hostile  stroke, 
With  horrid  clang  their  shields  were  broke; 
Loud  as  the  foaming  billows  roar, 
Or  fierce  contending  winds  on  Tcdgath's  stormy  shore. 

10. 

Fill  the  horn  with  rosy  wine, 

Brave  Moreiddig  claims  it  now, 

Chieftain  of  an  antieut  line, 

Dauntless  heart,  and  open  brow. 

To  the  warrior  it  belongs, 

Prince  of  battles,  theme  of  songs! 

Pride  of  Powi/s,  Mochnant's  boast! 

Guardian  of  his  native  coast! — 

But  ah!  his  short-liv'd  triumph's  o'er, 

Brave  Moreiddig  is  no  more ! 

To  his  pensive  ghost  we'll  give 

Due  remembrance,  while  we  live; 

And  in  fairy  fiction  dressed, 

Flowing  hair,  and  sable  vest, 


DRINKING-HORN  OF  OWEN.  93 

The  tragic  Muse  shall  grace  our  songs, 
While  brave  Moreiddig's  name  the  mournful  strain  prolongs. 

11. 

Pour  out  the  horn  (though  he  desire  it  not) 

And  heave  a  sigh  on  Morgan's  early  grave; 
Doom'd  in  his  clay-cold  tenement  to  rot, 

While  we  revere  the  memory  of  the  brave. 

12. 

Fill  again  the  Hirlas  Horn. 

On  that  ever-glorious  morn, 

The  Britons  and  their  foes  between, 

What  prodigies  of  might  were  seen ! 

On  Gwestyn'a  plain  the  fight  began; 

But  Gronwy  sure  was  more  than  man ! 

Him  to  resist,  on  Gwestyn'a  plain, 

A  hundred  Saxons  strove  in  vain. 

To  set  the  noble  Meyric  free, 

And  change  his  bonds  to  liberty, 

The  warriors  vow'd.     The  («od  of  day 

Scarce  darted  his  meridian  ray, 
When  he  beheld  the  conquerors  steep'd  in  gore, 
And  Gwestyn'a  bloody  fight,  ere  highest,  noon  was  o'er. 

13. 

Now  a  due  libation  pour 

To  the  spirits  of  the  dead, 
Who,  that  memorable  hour, 

Made  the  hostile  plain  their  bed. 
There  the  glitt'ring  steel  was  seen, 

There  the  twanging  bow  was  heard, 
There  the  mighty  press'd  the  green, 

Kecorded  by  the  faithful  Hard. 
Madoc  there,  and  Meilir  brave, 
Sent  many  a  Saxon  to  his  grave. 
Their  drink  was  Mead;  their  hearts  were  true; 
And  to  the  head  their  shafts  they  drew: 
But  Owen's  guards,  in  terrible  array, 
Resistless  march  along,  and  make  the  world  give  way. 


94  DRINKING-HORN  OF  OWEN. 

14. 

Pour  the  sweet  transparent  Mead 
(The  spear  is  red  in  time  of  need), 
And  give  to  each  departed  spirit 
The  honour  and  reward  of  merit. 
What  cares  surround  the  regal  state, 
What  anxious  thoughts  molest  the  great, 
None  but  a  prince  himself  can  know, 
And  Heav'n,  that  ruleth  kings,  and  lays  the  mighty  low. 

15. 

For  Daniel  fill  the  horn  so  green, 
Of  haughty  brow,  and  angry  mien; 
While  the  less'uing  tapers  shine 
Fill  it  up  with  gen'rous  wine. 
He  nor  quarter  takes,  nor  gives, 
But  by  spoils  and  rapine  lives. 
Comely  is  the  youth  and  brave; 
But  obdurate  as  the  grave. 
Hadst  thou  seen,  in  Maelor  fight, 
How  we  put  the  foe  to  flight! 
Hadst  thou  seen  the  chiefs  in  arms, 
When  the  foe  rush'd  on  in  swarms! 
Bound  about  their  prince  they  stood, 
And  stain'd  their  swords  with  hostile  blood. 
Glorious  bulwarks!  To  their  praise 
Their  prince  devotes  his  latest  lays. 
Now,  my  boy,  thy  task  is  o'er; 
Thou  shalt  fill  the  horn  no  more. 
Long  may  the  King  of  kings  protect, 
And  crown  with  bliss,  my  friends  elect; 
Where  Liberty  and  Truth  reside, 
And  Virtue,  Truth's  immortal  bride! 
There  may  we  all  together  meet, 
And  former  times  renew  in  heav'nly  converse  sweet! 

R.  W. 


The  Bards  were  very  liberal  of  their  incense  to 
the  great  men  of  this  house,  especially  to  Sir  Wil- 


LLANDEGAI.  95 

Ham  Gryffydd,  chamberlain  of  North  Wales.  Ho- 
wel  ap  Reinallt  addressed  to  him  a  Cowydd  on  his 
being  imprisoned  by  Richard  III.  along  with  Lord 
Strange,  for  his  attachment  to  the  earl  of  Rich- 
mond, afterwards  Henry  VII.  And  Lewis  Mon 
thus  addresses  Sir  Gryffydd,  on  his  leading  a  num- 
ber of  his  countrymen  to  France  in  the  following 
reign. 

Nid  a  dy  fath,  odid  fydd, 
I  dir  Gien  dragywydd. 

'  Thy  equal  (perhaps)  will  never  go  to  the  land 
of  Guienne.' 

From  Penrhyn  I  visited  the  church  of  Llan-  Llandegai. 
degai,  antiently  called  Corarian^),  about  a  mile 
distant  from  the  house;  finely  situated  on  a  lofty 
bank  above  the  Ogwen,  and  commanding  a  beau- 
tiful view.  It  is  a  small  but  neat  structure,  in 
form  of  a  cross,  with  the  tower  in  the  center,  sup- 
ported within  by  four  arches.  Here  is  preserved 
an  alabaster  monument  of  an  armed  man,  and  his 
lady,  recumbent.  They  probably  belonged  to  the 
neighboring  house;  but  on  the  dissolution  were  re- 
moved from  the  friery  of  Llanfaes,  where  the  per- 
sons represented  had  been  interred.  A  mural  mo- 
nument, with  the  figure  of  archbishop  John  Wil- 

(!)  This  is  now  Cororion  or  Corwrion,  where  there  is  a  pool  with 
which  a  number  of  fairy  tales  are  associated:  see  Welsh  Fairy  Tales 
in  the  Cymmrodor,  iv.  pp.  197 — 21(i.  j.k. 


96  ARCHBISHOP  WILLIAMS: 

Archbishop  Hams  in  his  episcopal  dress,  kneeling  at  an  altar, 
is  placed  above  the  remains  of  that  great  prelate. 
The  sight  of  this  monument  gave  occasion  for  a 
beautiful  poem  by  the  late  reverend  Sneyd  Dames, 
preserved  in  the  sixth  volume  of  Dodley's  collec- 
tion. That  great  prelate  was  born  at  Conivy.  His 
father  Edmund  was  sixth  son  of  the  neighboring 
family  of  Cwchwillan,  a  branch  of  that  of  Pen- 
rhyn;  his  mother  Mary,  daughter  of  Owen  ap  John 
Owen9",  the  archbishop  was  their  fifth  son.  In  his 
childish  years,  with  other  play-fellows,  he  was  di- 
verting himself  with  leaping  from  part  of  the  walls 
of  Conwy  down  to  the  shore.  The  fall  was  on  so 
critical  a  part,  as  ever  to  secure  him  from  all  re- 
proaches of  unchastity.  I  mention  this  merely  to 
rescue  him  from  the  reflections  flung  on  him  by 
that  satirical  historian  Sir  Anthony  Weldonh.  At 
school,  which  was  that  of  Ruthin,  he  was  a  com- 
pound of  alternate  truantry  and  industry".  His 
talents  were  soon  taken  notice  of.  He  entered  on 
public  life  as  chaplain  to  lord  chancellor  Egerton; 
and  preaching  before  the  king,  so  pleased  the  royal 
ear,  that  in  1610  James  made  him  dean  of  Salis- 
bury; and  on  the  farther  discovery  of  his  great 
abilities,  in  1G20,  dean  of  Westminster.  In  1621, 
he  was  appointed  lord  keeper,  in  the  room  of  the 

*  Pedigree  of  the  family,  MS.  b  Memoirs. 

'  While  at  Cambridge  he  became  a  Fellow  of  St.  John's  college  :  a 
lett  er  from  him  at  that  period  is  inserted  in  the  Appendix,  No.  XVIII. 


HIS  CHARACTER.  97 

illustrious  Lord  Bacon;  and  in  less  than  a  month, 
nominated  to  the  see  of  Lincoln.  Now  placed 
above  restraint,  his  character  began  to  unfold. 
His  spirit  grew  beyond  the  controul  of  ministers ; 
for,  with  undaunted  courage,  he  persisted  in  all 
that  was  right:  and,  being  subject  to  the  failings 
of  his  country  (great  passion,  pride,  and  vanity,) 
sometimes  in  what  was  wrong.  He  discharged 
his  office,  foreign  as  it  was  to  his  profession,  with 
distinguished  credit  nearly  five  years.  Soon  after 
the  accession  of  Charles  I.  by  the  influence  of  the 
favorite  Buckingham,  he  was  suddenly  dismissed11: 
for  he  always  had  resisted  the  unreasonable  de- 
mands of  that  minion. 

In  two  parts  of  his  conduct  I  must  consider 
him  as  a  wise  but  not  as  a  good  man : — His  advice 
to  his  distressed  master,  in  the  case  of  the  earl  of 
Strafford,  had  too  great  a  share  of  duplicity  to  be 
vindicated;  perhaps  of  resentment,  for  he  hated 
the  devoted  minister.  The  spirit  of  Machiavel 
arose  strong  in  him,  when  he  spoke  of  a  public 
and  private  conscience;  and  still  more  strongly 
when  he  advised  Charles,  in  case  the  king  could 
not  gain  Cromwell  by  promises  of  fair  treatment, 
to  catch  him  by  some  stratagem,  and  cut  him 
short.  He  may  appear  in  these  instances  a  great 
minister,  but  a  bad  divine.     The  infirmity,  the  in- 

d  His  letter  to  his  countryman  Sir  John  Wynn  of  Gwedir  on  this 
occasion,  is  given  in  the  Appendix,  No.  XIX. 

VOL.  III.  H 


98  ANECDOTES  OF 

equalities,  which  are  to  be  met  with  in  men  even 
of  first-rate  abilities,  may  be  exemplified  in  his  at- 
tempt to  defend  himself  from  a  frivolous  accusa- 
tion; for  he  fell  into  the  disgraceful  crime  of  sub- 
ornation of  perjury,  was  censured  in  the  star- 
chamber,  and  suffered  imprisonment  from  1637 
to  1640.  On  his  release,  irritated  against  the 
court,  he  for  a  time  joined  the  popular  leaders. 
Let  me  attribute  this  (and  candor  may  admit  the 
cause)  to  the  natural  violence  of  his  temper;  for 
on  all  trying  occasions  he  shewed  his  zeal  for  the 
liberty  of  the  subject,  and  his  sincerity  to  his  order. 
Soon  after  this,  he  was,  according  to  an  old  pro- 
mise, promoted  to  the  see  of  York.  He  was  a 
firm  friend  to  the  petition  of  right6,  foreseeing 
that  he  served  both  king  and  people  in  the  support 
of  it.  As  a  friend  to  the  church,  he  was  so  suc- 
cessful an  advocate,  and  shewed  such  eloquence 
and  strength  of  reasoning,  in  the  debate  in  May 
1641,  on  taking  away  the  votes  of  bishops  in  the 
house  of  lords',  as  to  cause  the  affair  to  be  drop- 
ped for  that  session.  In  the  latter  end  of  the 
year,  when  popular  fury  ran  high,  he  was  attacked 
in  Westminster  abbey;  and  with  great  courage  re- 
pelled the  violence  of  the  mob.  This  gave  rise  to 
the  first  satirical  political  print  I  know  of.  The 
prelate  is  represented  in  his  episcopal  dress,  a  mus- 
ket on  his  shoulder,  rest  in  his  hand,  helmet  on  his 

*  Drakefa  Parliam.  Hist,  viii.  14G.        '  The  same,  ix.  331. 


ARCHBISHOP  WILLIAMS.  09 

head,  and  mitre  on  the  ground.  The  rage  of  the 
common  people  increased,  even  so  far  as  to  seize 
him  in  his  way  to  the  house  of  lords,  and  to  tear 
his  robes  from  his  back.  Incensed  by  this,  he  re- 
turned to  Westminster  abbey  (the  deanery  of  which 
he  had  bsen  allowed  to  hold  three  years  in  com- 
mendam) ,  and,  in  a  fit  of  passion,  induced  eleven 
bishops  to  join  him  in  a  phrenetic  protest  against 
all  acts  that  should  be  done  in  the  house  of  lords 
during  their  forced  absence^  This  brought  an 
impeachment  of  high  treason  against  them,  impri- 
sonment of  eighteen  months,  and  in  the  end  a  re- 
lease upon  bail,  in  which  the  archbishop  in  parti- 
cular was  bound  not  to  go  into  his  diocese  during 
the  disturbances  in  the  county  of  Yorkh.  He  in- 
stantly disobeyed  the  injunction,  followed  the  king 
into  the  city  of  York,  was  enthroned  there  on  June 
27th,  1642;  but  immediately  driven  away  by  the 
Hothams.  He  then  retired  to  his  native  country, 
where  he  ended  his  life  on  his  birth-day,  March 
25th,  1650,  aged  68.  He  died  at  Gloddaeth,  the 
seat  of  Sir  Roger  Most/fti,  an  eminent  loyalist; 
whose  lady  warned  him  of  the  approach  of  death, 
the  stroke  of  which  he  received  with  exemplary 
piety,  courage,  and  resignation1. 

B  Clarendon,  ii.  350. 
b  Drake*  Parliam.  Hist.  x.  483. 

1  Philip's  Life  of  Archbishop  William,  303.    His  chaplain  IIa;kclt, 
-afterwards  bishop  of  Lichfield,  composed  his  epitaph. 


100  CARNEDD  LLEWELYN. 

From  Llandegai  I  descended,  and  crossed  the 
wooden  bridge  (now  changed  into  a  very  hand- 
some one  of  stone),  over  the  furious  torrent  Ogwen, 
which,  a  little  lower,  discharges  itself  into  the  sea 
at  Aber- ogwen;  and  near  which  is  the  ruin  of  the 
old  chapel,  Capel  Ogwen,  and  certain  entrench- 
ments, defences  of  this  part  of  the  country.  I 
p  soon  quitted  the  great  road  to  visit  Carnedd  Lle- 

Llewelyn.  welyn  and  Carnedd  Dafydd.     In  my  way,  near  a 
field  called  Cae  Givilim  Ddu,  is  an  artificial  cave, 
in  which  (tradition  says)  was  interred  William  de 
Breos,  executed  by  Llewelyn  the  Great,  on  suspi- 
cion of  too  great  familiarity  with  his  royal  consort. 
From  hence  I  began  a  steep  ascent,  leaving  on 
the  left  the  vast  mountain  Moelwynnion,  and  the 
strange  serrated  rocks  Bere  Mawr  and  Bere  Fach. 
The  Gem  appeared  on  our  right,  and  Tvivsgwl  in 
front.       On  the  right,  farther  on,  projected  into 
the  bottom  the  lofty  peaked  Moel  yr  Main,  or  the- 
naked  hill  of  the  Fawn,  seeming  like  a  buttress  to 
Carnedd  Llewelyn-,    and  between  it  and  Carnedd 
Dafydd  lies  the  little  vale  of  Cwm  Penllafar,  fer- 
tile in  grass.     We  proceeded  on  the  sloping  sides 
of  the  Trwsgwl,  and  near  Carnedd  y  Filiast  and 
Carnedd  y  Lladron;  and  passing  over  Clogwyn  yr 
Heliwr,  or  the  rock  of  the  Hunter,  and  ascending 
the  steep  and  stoney  side  of  Carnedd  Llewelyn, 
reached  the  broad  and  flat  summit,  and  quickly  de- 
cided its  height  to  be  far  inferior  to  that  of  its  rival 


NANT  FRANCON.  101 

Yr  Wyddfa.  The  view  is  amazingly  great.  At 
some  distance  are  Yr  Wyddfa,  and  its  neighboring 
alps.  The  Glyders,  Trevaen,  and  Camedd  y  Fil- 
iastfjOT  rock  of  the  Bitch  Gre-Jwund,  appear  im- 
mediately beneath.  The  front  of  the  last  is  an 
even  slope  of  rock,  smooth  and  uniform;  and  so 
slippery,  that  if  the  fox,  in  extreme  danger,  takes 
over  it  in  wet  weather,  it  falls  down  and  perishes. 

Nant  Francost  is  a  tremendous  glen,  or  rather  francos. 
chasm,  bounded  by  these  and  other  lofty  rocks. 
In  the  bottom  is  a  narrow  tract  of  meadow, 
watered  by  the  Ogwen,  which  at  the  end  tumbles 
out  of  Llyn  Ogwen  down  the  rude  front  of  the 
Benglog.  In  one  part  it  is  called  Sam  yr  Afangc, 
or  the  Beavers  Dam,  another  proof  of  the  former 
existence  of  those  animals  in  our  country.  Over 
part  of  this  vale  impends  Yr  Oleic  Wen,  with  its 
front  torn  into  amazing  gullies,  through  which 
torrents  of  stones  were  some  time  before  carried 
into  the  Nant,  by  the  single  collision  of  a  cloud 
which  burst  against  it,  discharging  an  ocean  of 
water.  The  ruins  of  the  hill  looked  like  a  stream 
of  lava;  which  providentially  divided  above  a 
house,  and  by  that  means  gave  safety  to  the  inha- 
bitants. Among  the  ruins  were  stones  filled  with 
innumerable  small  brassy  cubic  pyriUr.  I  must 
not  omit,  that  the  passage  through  this  dreary 
bottom  was  once  defended  by  a  fort,  about  a  mile 
from  the  Benglog,  called  Tyn  y  Twr,  close  to  a 


102 


CAPNEDD  DAFYDD. 


Llyn 

Llyffant. 


Carnedd 
Dafydd. 


bridge  called  Pont  y  Twr;   but  at  present  there  is 
not  a  vestige  to  be  seen. 

The  Menui,  Anglesey,  and  the  river  Conivy, 
afforded  a  distinct  and  fine  prospect.  The  high 
hills  east  of  Nant  Conivy  appeared  a  mere  undu- 
lated tract;  a  proof  of  our  lofty  situation.  Our 
near  view  was  very  disagreeable,  of  dreary  bottoms 
or  moory  hills,  and  of  no  waters  of  any  conse- 
quence, except  Llyn  Llyffant,  or  the  lake  of  the 
Frogs,  distinguished  only  by  a  ridiculous  tale. 
About  the  year  1542,  says  Dr.  Powel,  two  vast 
stones,  one  of  which  a  thousand  yoke  of  oxen 
could  not  have  moved,  in  a  certain  night  marched 
out  of  the  bottom  of  the  lake,  up  part  of  the  foot 
of  Carnedd  Llewelyn,  the  space  of  at  lest  a  bow- 
shot; from  whence  they  have  not  stirred  to  this 
day.  Henry  VIII.  doubting  the  truth,  sent  a  per- 
son to  enquire  into  it;  but  was  fully  satisfied  of 
the  fact  by  the  mouth  of  his  messenger1. 

Carnedd  Dafydd,  the  companion  summit,  is 
connected  to  Carnedd  Llewelyn  by  a  semilunar 
isthmus,  which,  on  the  side  above  Cwm  Penllafar, 
is  called  Ysgolion  Duon,  or  the  black  ladders;  and 
forms  the  most  horrid  precipice  that  thought  can 
conceive.  The  height  of  Carnedd  Dafydd  equals 
that  of  Llewelyn.  We  descended  through  Cwm 
Penllafar,  which   signifies   the  Vale  of  Melody; 


Poirel's  Notes  on  Girald.  Cambr.  Iter.  Cambrice,  lib.  ii.  c.  9. 


COYTMOR.  103 

perhaps  that  of  the  hounds,  when  in  full  cry  over 
the  rock  of  the  Hunter.  A  few  peasants,  who  have 
sufficient  strength  of  head,  sometimes  attempt  to 
pass  the  tremendous  isthmus,  as  the  shortest  way 
to  Dyffryn  Mymbyr  and  Llanrwst.  A  safer  way1, 
through  variety  of  bog  and  stoney  tracts,  may  be 
found  up  the  Benglog  and  along  Nant  y  Benglog 
and  Bwlch  Oleuni,  over  which  is  a  narrow  path 
into  Dyffryn  Mymbyr. 

In  my  return  from  this  sublime  ride,  I  called  at 
Coytmor,  or  more  properly  Coed  Mawr,  seated  in  Coytmor. 
the  midst  of  lofty  treesm,  every  now  and  then  open- 
ing so  as  to  admit  a  view  of  the  exalted  mountains 
and  rocks  soaring  above  with  misty  tops.  This 
had  long  been  the  residence  of  a  family  of  the  same 
name;  of  late,  by  the  marriage  of  the  heiress,  it 
became  the  property  of  the  Pughs  of  Penrhyn  in 

Creuddyn.     In  the  house  is  a  remarkable  picture,  Picture  of 

,    Gibson  the 
by  Sir  Peter  Lely,  of  the  diminutive  painter,  Ri~    Painter. 

chard  Gibson,  and  his  fairy  wife,  hand  in  hand; 

neither  of  them  exceeded  three  feet  ten  inches 

in  height.     He  was  distinguished  for  his  skill  in 

water-colours;   and  was  excellent  in  his  copies  of 

the  portraits  of  Sir  Peter  Lely.     He  had  the  ho- 

1  See  p.  313,  of  vol.  ii.  of  this  edition. 

m  Coytmor  is  at  present  in  a  state  of  sad  dilapidation,  the  trees 
which  surrounded  and  gave  name  to  it,  have  been  cut  down,  and  the 
interesting  portraits  of  Gibson  and  his  wife  destroyed  in  the  general 
wreck.    Ed. 


104  MARRIAGE  OF  THE  DWARFS. 

nor  of  being  drawing-master  to  the  princess  of 
Orange,  and  her  sister  Queen  Anne.  He  died 
in  1690,  aged  75.  His  little  widow  survived 
him  till  1709,  when  she  quitted  life  at  the  great 
age  of  89n.  They  had  the  honor  of  being  married 
in  the  presence  of  Charles  I.  and  his  queen, 
and  the  still  greater  honor  of  having  their  epi- 
thalamium  composed  by  Mr.  Waller.  It  is  so 
beautiful  that  I  doubt  not  but  the  reader  will  ex- 
cuse me  for  giving  it  at  full  length. 

OF  THE  MARRIAGE  OF  THE  DWARFS. 

Design,  or  chance,  make  others  wive; 

But  Nature  did  this  match  contrive. 

Eve  might  as  well  have  Adam  fled, 

As  she  deny'd  her  little  bed 

To  him;  for  whom  Heav'u  seem'd  to  frame 

And  measure  out  this  only  dame. 

Thrics  happy  is  that  humble  pair, 
Beneath  the  level  of  all  care ! 
Over  whose  heads  those  arrows  fly 
Of  sad  distrust  and  jealousy  : 
Secured  in  as  high  extreme, 
As  if  the  world  held  none  but  them. 

To  him  the  fairest  nymphs  do  show 
Like  moving  mountains  top'd  with  snow: 
And  every  man  a  Polypheme 
Does  to  his  Galatea  seem : 
None  may  presume  her  faith  to  prove ; 
He  proffers  death  who  proffers  love. — 

Ah  Chloris!  that  kind  Nature  thus 
From  all  the  world  had  sever'd  us; 
Creating  for  ourselves  us  two, 
As  love  has  me  for  only  you ! 

n  Mr.  WalpolJs  Anecdotes  of.  Painting,  iii.  64. 


ABEK.     CASCADE.  105 

Continue  my  ride  towards  the  shore,  towards 
Aber,  &  small  village  with  a  church,  in  the  gift  of  Aber. 
Lord  Bulheley;  seated  at  the  mouth  of  a  deep 
glen,-  which  runs  straight  a  mile  and  a  half  be- 
tween the  mountains,  and  is  bounded  on  one  side 
by  a  magnificent  rock,  called  Maes  y  Goer.  One 
part  is  hid  with  trees;  on  the  other  they  only 
sprinkle  its  grey  surface.  At  the  extremity  of  this 
glen  a  mountain  presents  a  concave  front,  in  the 
center  of  which  a  vast  cataract  precipitates  itself  Cascade. 
down  a  double  fall.  The  lowest  is  of  a  very  great 
height,  and  forms  partly  a  broad  white  sheet, 
partly  a  snowy  dew,  not  unlike  the  Staubbach,  or 
dusty  cascade,  in  Switzerland0. 

At  the  entrance  of  the  glen,  close  to  the  village, 
is  a  very  large  artificial  mount,  flat  at  top,  and 
near  sixty  feet  in  diameter,  widening  towards  the 
base.  It  was  once  the  site  of  a  castle  belonging 
to  Llewelyn  the  Great.  Some  foundations  are  yet 
to  be  seen  round  the  summit,  and  in  digging, 
traces  of  buildings  have  been  discovered.  In  this 
place  was  detected  the  intrigue  of  William  de  Breos 
(son  of  Reginald,  a  potent  baron  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  III.)  with  the  wife  of  Llewelyn.  It  seems 
that  William,  by  chance  of  war,  had  before  fallen 

0  "Oaa  salt  marsh  north  cast  of  that  torrent,  as  it  continues  its 
"course  and  is  called  Aber  River"  that  excellent  botanist  the  rever- 
end Hugh  Davies  informs  the  editor,  "he  found  in  the  summer  of 
"  1808  for  the  first  time  the  true  Festuca  rubra."    Ed. 


10G  INTRIGUE  OF  WILLIAM  DE  BREOS. 

into  the  hands  of  our  prince,  at  which  time  proba- 
bly the  familiarity  with  the  princess  commenced, 
but  was  not  discovered  till  after  he  was  released 
on  a  large  ransomp.  The  vindictive  Llewelyn,  in 
the  following  year  (1229),  inveigled  Breos  into  his 
power,  by  an  invitation  to  celebrate  the  feast  of 
Easter;  when,  after  an  elegant  banquet,  the 
prince  reproached  him  with  his  crime,  and  caused 
him  to  be  dragged  from  his  presence*1,  and  hung 
on  an  adjacent  hill.  The  tradition  of  the  country 
is,  that  a  Bard  of  the  palace  accidentally  meeting 
with  the  princess  (who  was  ignorant  of  the  fate  of 
her  lover)  accosted  her  in  the  following  manner; 
and  on  receiving  her  answer,  shewed  him  to  her, 
hanging  on  a  tree. 

Diccyn  doccyn,  gwraig  Lhewelyn, 
Beth  y  roit'i  am  weled  Gwilim  ? 

The  princess  answers, 

Cymru,  Lloiger,  a  Lhewelyn 

Y  rown'i  gyd,  am  weled  Gwilim. 

Bard. — Tell  me,  wife  of  Llewelyn,  what  would  you  give  for 

a  sight  of  your  William? 
Princess. —  Wales,  England,  and  Llewelyn  to  boot, 

I  would  give  them  all  to  see  my  William. 

I  continued  my  journey  from  Aber  along  the 
rich  recess,  enjoying  a  fine  view  of  the  entrance 

p  Dugdale  Baron,  i.  419. 
*  Knyghton  in  Hist.  Angl.  Script,  ii.  1439.     Camden  in  Brecknock^ 
shire,  ii.  710. 


PENMAEN  MAWR.    DANGEROUS  ROAD.  107 

into  the  Menai,  with  its  wooded  shores  of  Angle- 
sey and  Priestholm  isle,  and  the  great  expanse  of 
water  between  them  and  Llandudno,  or  Ormshead: 
the  :vast  cape  rising,  like  the  rock  of  Gibraltar, 
high  out  of  the  waves.  Before  me  soared  the  great 
promontory  of  Penmaen  Mawe,  protruding  it- 
self into  the  sea,  and  exhibiting  a  fine  contrast  to 
the  fertility  which  it  interrupts,  by  a  rude  view  of 
grey  weather-beaten  stone  and  precipice.  I  passed 
by  Bryn  y  Neuodd,  a  house  late  the  property  of 
Humphrey  Roberts  esq;  now  of  his  daughter  and 
sole  heiress,  relict  of  Robert  Wynne  esq;  of  Plds- 
newydd,  near  Denbigh.  A  little  farther  is  the  small 
village  and  church  of  Llanfair  Vechan;  from 
whence  is  a  very  short  ride  to  the  once  tremen- 
dous road  over  this  celebrated  rock. 

In  past  times  it  was  justly  the  terror  of  the  tra-  Pesmaes 
veller;  extremely  narrow,  bad,  and  stoney;  and 
what  added  to  his  fears,  for  a  considerable  way 
the  danger  encreased  with  his  progress,  by  reason 
of  the  precipice  gaining  additional  height.  Gene- 
rally it  was  without  the  protection  of  a  wall  to  se- 
cure him  in  case  of  a  false  step;  which  might  in 
the  loftiest  place  precipitate  him  some  scores  of 
yards,  either  on  sharp  rocks  or  into  the  sea,  ac- 
cording to  the  state  of  the  tide.  A  vein  of  a 
crumbling  stratum,  in  one  part  so  contracted  the 
road  as  to  excite  new  horrors.  The  British  par- 
lement  eased  the  fears  of  the  travellers  by  a  gene- 


108  PENMAEN  MAW,. 

rous  aid;  which,  by  means  of  the  judicious  em- 
ployment of  John  Sylvester,  about  the  year 
1772,  effected  what  was  before  thought  beyond  the 
reach  of  art  to  remedy.  The  road  is  now  widened 
to  a  proper  breadth,  and  near  the  verge  of  the 
precipice  secured  by  a  strong  wall.  The  descent 
towards  Penmaen  Bach,  or  the  Little  Penmaen, 
which  before  was  hardly  practicable,  is  now  de- 
stroyed; and  the  road  is  brought  on  a  level  for 
two  or  three  miles,  at  a  vast  height  above  a  return 
of  rich  slojDes,  and  the  deep  bottom  of  Dwygy- 
fylehi,  till  it  arrives  at  the  rude  back  of  that  lesser 
promontory;  when  the  traveller  labours  up  the 
steep  ascent  o£  Sychnant,  with  a  horrible  and  almost 
precipitous  mountain  on  one  side,  and  hills,  with 
tops  broken  into  most  singular  crags,  on  the  other. 
From  the  top  of  Sychnant,  the  road  is  continued 
about  two  miles  on  a  perpetual  descent  to  the 
town  of  Conwy. 

The  breach  occasioned  by  the  crumbling  stra- 
tum, is  now  effectually  repaired  by  a  series  of 
arches;  a  work  the  just  admiration  of  travellers, 
and  highly  creditable  to  the  ingenious  contriver. 
One  danger  yet  remains,  which  must  for  ever  baf- 
fle the  art  of  man:  the  side  of  this  great  rock, 
above  the  road,  breaks  into  millions  of  vast  mass- 
es, depending  often  on  precarious  tenures;  which, 
loosened  by  the  frequent  torrents,  sometimes 
(though  rarely)  descend  in  stoney  streams. 


WONDERFUL  INCIDENTS.  109 

Two  or  three  accidents,  which  have  happened    Accidents 

,,   .  t  .11  •  -i  .  THERE. 

on  this  road,  will  remain  as  miracles.  An  excise- 
man fell  from  the  highest  part,  and  escaped  unhurt. 
The  reverend  Mr.  Jones,  who,  in  1762,  was  rector 
of  Llanelian,  in  the  isle  of  Anglesey,  fell  with  his 
horse,  and  a  midwife  behind  him,  down  the  steep- 
est part.  The  sage  femme  perished,  as  did  the 
nag.  The  divine,  with  great  philosophy,  unsaddled 
the  steed,  and  marched  off  with  the  trappings,  ex- 
ulting at  his  preservation. 

I  have  often  heard  of  another  accident,  attended 
with  such  romantic  circumstances  that  I  would 
not  venture  to  mention  it,  had  I  not  the  strongest 
traditional  authority,  to  this  day  in  the  mouth  of 
every  one  in  the  parish  of  Llanfair  Vechan,  in 
which  this  promontory  stands.  Above  a  century 
ago,  Sion  Humphries  of  this  parish  paid  his  ad- 
dresses to  Anne  Thomas  of  Creyddyn,  on  the  other 
side  of  Conwy  river.  They  had  made  an  appoint- 
ment to  meet  at  a  fair  in  the  town  of  Conwy.  He 
in  his  way  fell  over  Penmaen  Mawr:  she  was  over- 
set in  the  ferry-boat,  and  was  the  only  person 
saved  out  of  more  than  fourscore.  They  were 
married,  and  lived  very  long  together  in  the  parish 
of  Llanfair.  She  was  buried  April  11th,  1744, 
aged  11G.  He  survived  her  five  years,  and  was 
buried  December  10th,  1749,  close  by  her  in  the 
parish  church-yard,  where  their  graves  are  fami- 
liarly shewn  to  this  day. 


110  FORTRESS  AT  PEMMA.EN1  MAWR. 

I  have  more  than  once  visited  the  summit  of 
this  noted  rock,  to  view  the  fortifications  described 
by  the  editor  of  Camden,  from  some  notes  of  that 
sensible  old  baronet  Sir  John  Wynn  of  Gwedir, 
and  have  found  his  account  very  justr.  The  as- 
cent is  laborious.  Soon  after  leaving  the  inn,  I 
met  with  the  ruins  of  St.  Seiriol's  chapel,  or,  as  it 
is  here  called,  his  Gweli,  or  bed;  and  after  passing 
a  considerable  way  amidst  small  trees  and  brush- 
wood, attained  the  bare  and  stoney  part,  or  the 
Br aich  y  Ddinas  (i.e.  the  arm  of  the  city),  which 
rises  in  form  of  another  hill  out  of  this  promon- 
Its  Height,  tory.  A  Mr.  Caswel,  at  the  request  of  Mr.  Flam- 
stead  the  great  astronomer,  measured  the  height, 
and  found  it  to  be  from  the  sands  1545  feet. 

After  climbing  for  some  space  among  the  loose 
"  Fortress.1  stones,  the  fronts  of  three,  if  not  four,  walls  pre- 
sented themselves  very  distinctly  one  above  the 
other.  In  most  places  the  facings  appeared  very 
perfect;  but  all  of  dry  work.  I  measured  the 
height  of  one  wall,  which  was  at  the  time  nine 
feet;  the  thickness  seven  feet  and  a  half.  Be- 
tween these  walls,  in  all  parts  were  innumerable 
small  buildings,  mostly  circular,  and  regularly 
faced  within  and  without,  but  not  disposed  in  any 

r  Camden,  ii.  804,  &  seq.  Before  Sir  John  Wynn,  a  Sir  Thomas  ap 
William,  medicus,  M.A.  had  described  it;  bat  his  account  never  ap- 
peared in  print.  He  was  eighth  son  of  one  of  the  family  of  Cozh- 
willan.   Lived  in  the  year  1594,  and  is  said  to  have  reside!  at  Trefriw. 


PENMAENMAWR:    FORTIFICATIONS.  Ill 

certain  order.  These  had  been  much  higher,  as 
is  evident  from  the  fall  of  stones,  which  lie  scat- 
tered at  their  bottoms;  and  probably  had  once 
the  form  of  towers,  as  Sir  John  asserts.  Their 
diameter  in  general  is  from  twelve  to  eighteen  feet ; 
but  some  were  far  less,  not  exceeding  five  feet. 
The  walls  were  in  certain  places  intersected  with 
others  equally  strong.  On  the  north-west  and 
south-east  sides  are  the  plain  marks  of  two  roads, 
of  a  zig-zag  form,  with  the  remains  of  walls  on  both 
sides,  which  lead  to  the  summit.  On  the  small 
area  of  the  top  had  been  a  group  of  towers,  or 
cells,  like  the  former;  one  in  the  center,  and  five 
others  surrounding  it.  Three  are  still  distinct;  of 
the  two  others  are  only  faint  vestiges.  Near  this 
had  been,  I  believe,  a  similar  group;  but  at  pre- 
sent reduced  to  a  shapeless  heap  of  stones.  Near 
one  of  these  groups  is  a  well  cut  in  the  live  rock, 
and  always  filled  with  water,  supplied  by  the 
rains,  and  kept  fall  by  the  frequent  impending 
vapours. 

This  strong  hold  of  the  Britons  is  exactly  of  the 
same  kind  with  those  on  Cam  Madnjny  Cam 
Boduan,  and  Tver  Caeri,  described  in  the  preced- 
ing volume  of  this  work.  This  was  most  judi- 
ciously chosen,  to  cover  the  passage  into  Anglesey, 
and  the  remoter  part  of  their  country;  and  must, 
from  its  vast  strength,  have  been  invincible,  ex- 
cept by  famine;  being  inaccessible  by  its  natural 


112  ANTIQUITIES. 

steepness  towards  the  sea,  and  on  the  other  parts 
fortified  in  the  manner  described3. 

Aria  Theo-  The  white  beam,  or  Aria  Theophrasti*,  is  fre- 
phrasti.  qUemL  on  ^g  sides  0f  this  rock,  and  in  many  simi- 
lar places  in  Wales.  No  use  is  made  of  it  in  our 
country.  The  Swiss  procure  from  the  berries  a 
good  spirit.  The  wood  is  very  hard,  and  excellent 
for  flutes :  and  from  its  great  solidity,  was  esteem- 
ed to  make  the  best  charcoal. 

I  descended  from  the  summit  into  a  hollow 
between  the  Penmaen  and  an  adjacent  mountain; 
got  upon  my  horse  and  directed  my  course  on  a 
good  sheep-walk  towards  Conwy.  In  my  way  ob- 
served, above  Gwdhw  Glds,  in  the  parish  of  Dwygy- 
fylchi,  a  long  series  of  antiquities,  some  of  which  are 
mentioned  in  the  account  of  Penmaen  Mawr  pre- 
served in  Camden.     For  a  considerable  length  of 

Circles  and  wav  J  Saw  circles  of  stones  of  various  diameters, 

Carneddau.       j  . 

and  great  Carneddau.  The  principal  circle  con- 
sists at  present  of  ten  upright  stones,  at  unequal 
distances  from  each  other;  the  largest  of  which  is 
eight  feet  three  inches  high :  on  the  ground  is  ano- 
ther, eleven  feet  two.  The  circle  is  completed  by 
a  low  bank  of  loose  stones  placed  between  the 
greater.    The  diameter  of  this  circle  is  eighty  feet. 

8  See  a  plan  of  the  top  and  one  side  of  this  strong  hold  in  the  Ar- 
c/iceologia,  iii.  plate  xxix.  p.  352. 

'  The  Crataegus,  or  Pyrus  Aria  of  modern  botanists,  Smith  Fl.  Br. 
p.  534.     Ed. 


ANTIQUITIES.  113 

Near  this  are  four  other  circles,  far  inferior  in  size. 
In  the  center  of  one  is  a  flat  stone,  the  remains  of 
a  Cromlech;  probably  the  rest  might  have  had 
those  memorials  before  they  were  removed  for 
walling,  and  other  purposes.  About  a  quarter  of 
a  mile  from  these  is  a  large  Carnedd,  composed  of 
small  stones,  and  near  it  another  of  large  stones ; 
and  not  far  from  these,  a  circle  composed  of  small 
onesu.  Near  the  last  is  a  great  rude  stone,  stand- 
ing upright,  called  Maen  y  Campiau,  or  Stone  of  Maen  y 
the  Games;  and  almost  contiguous  is  a  Carnedd, 
and  a  small  circle  of  twelve  stones.  This  tract 
had  certainly  been  much  inhabited;  for  all  around 
are  the  foundations  of  small  buildings  made  of 
rounded  stones,  suitable  to  the  rudeness  and  sim- 
plicity of  distant  ages.  Small  upright  stones,  and 
numbers  of  small  Carnedds,  are  scattered  in  vari- 
ous places;  and  the  vestige  of  a  formed  road  is  to 
be  seen  pointing  from  hence  towards  the  Conwy. 

Whatsoever  purpose  the  lesser  circles  might 
have  been  designed  for,  there  is  great  reason  to 
suppose  that  the  greater,  especially  that  near  to 
the  Maen  y  Campiau,  was  the  British  circus  for 

n  An  assemblage  of  antiquities  of  this  nature  may  be  seen  in  plato 
ii.  book  iii.  of  Mr.  Thomas  Wright's  Louthiana.  That  book  is  a 
small  specimen  of  his  great  abilities.  The  vast  treasures  he  pos- 
sesses of  drawings  of  Irish  antiquities,  in  the  highest  degree  merit 
publication,  and  clame  the  assistance  of  some  distinguished  patron, 
to  enable  a  person  of  his  merit  to  enrich  the  literary  world  with 
more  of  his  labors. 

VOL.   III.  I 


114  ANTIENT  GAMES. 

the  exhibition  of  antient  games ;     probably  the 
Eisteddfods,  or  sessions  for  deciding  the  merits  of 
rivals  in  our  British  Olympics,  might  have  been 
The  An-    originally  held  here,  or  in  similar  places.     Of  Bri- 
tient  Games.  ^  gameSj  we  had  twenty-four,  Pedair  Camp  ar 
hugain,  whose  names,  as  preserved  by  Dr.  Davies 
in  his  Dictionary,  I  shall  give,  with  their  explana- 
tion, as  far  as  in  my  power.     Of  these,  ten  were 
called  Gwrol-gampau,  or  manly  games;    of  these, 
six  depended  on  bodily  strength  alone,  and  were 
styled  Tadogion,  i.  e.  Father  games,  because  no 
instrument  whatsoever  was  necessary  to  perform 
them :  for  they  depended  on  the  man,  naked  as  he 
was  born.     The  Greeks  had  their  Pentathlon.    We 
had  one  more.     I.  Strength  to  raise  weights;    n. 
Eunning;  in.  Leaping;  iv.  Swimming;  v.  Wrest- 
ling; vi.  Eiding.    I  imagine  that  the  word  March- 
ogaeih  extends  farther  than  the  common  accepta- 
tion,   and   that  the   game  intended  was  a   con- 
test between  charioteers;  for  no  people  were  more 
skilled  in  the  use  of  chariots   in  war  than  the 
Britons:    it   is   therefore    improbable    that    they 
would  not,  in  time  of  peace,  exert  their  art  in 
mimic  combat,  or  in  competitions  of  speed  in  the 
festive  field.       And  these  six  were  undoubtedly 
original  games  of  this  island,  and  from  the  earliest 
of  times :  of  others,  some  doubt  may  be  entertained. 
The  remaining  four  manly  games  were,  0  rym 
arfau,  or  what  depended  on  skill  in  arms.       I. 


ANTIENT  GAMES.  115 

Archery ;  n.  Playing  with  the  sword  and  buckler ; 
in.  Playing  with  the  Cleddyf  Deuddwm,  or  the 
two-handed  sword,  the  antient  weapon  of  the 
Britons,  as  exemplified  in  a  statue  of  a  soldier, 
found  in  digging  among  the  rums  of  London,  after 
the  great  fire  of  1666s;  iv.  Chivarau  Ffon  Ddwy- 
big,  or  playing  with  the  two-end  staff;  which 
seems  to  correspond  with  the  more  modern 
quarter-staff. 

After  there  were  the  ten  Mabolgampau,  or 
Juvenile  games.  Among  them  three  species  of 
the  chace:  I.  Coursing  with  the  gre-hound;  n. 
Fishing;  in.  Fowling.  The  remaining  seven  were 
of  the  domestic  kind:  i.  Barddoniaeth,  or  poetical 
competitions,  of  which  I  have  before  spoken5, ;  n. 
Playing  upon  the  harp;  nr.  Reading  Welsh;  iv. 
Singing  a  Cywydd  with  music;  v.  Singing  a  Cy- 
wydd  between  four  with  accents ;  vi.  Drawing 
coats  of  arms;  vn.  Heraldry.  These  two  seem  so 
congenial,  as  to  be  unnecessarily  separated. 

After  these  were  four  Go-gampiau,  or  Sub- 
games,  i.  Chivarau  Gwydd-bwyU,  a  game  like 
that  of  Draughts,  played  with  men,  and  probably 
the  game  of  Fox  and  Goose,  Gwydd  signifying  a 
goose,  and  Gwerin  y  Wyddbwyll  the  men  of  that 
game.      n.  Chwarau   Tawl  Bwrdd,  is  probably 

x  Montfaucon's  Antiq.  iv.  10,  tab.  ix. 

7  In  my  account  of  the  Eisteddfod,  vol.  ii.  p.  "!),  of  this  work,  soino 
light  is  thrown  on  this  and  certain  of  the  following  articles. 


116  CONWY. 

Bach  gammon:  words  of  British  origin;  bach  lit- 
tle, and  gammon  a  battle,  the  strife  of  gamesters: 
and  Tawl  bivrdd  is  literally  the  cast  on  the  table, 
in.  Chwarau  Ffristial,  or  the  games  of  the  dice- 
box,  of  which  we  know  do  more  than  that  dice 
had  a  concern  in  it.  And  ivthly,  Cyweiriaw  Tel- 
yn,  or  the  tuning  of  the  harp. 

After  leaving  the  antiquities  of  Gwddw  Glds,  I 
joined  the  turnpike  road  above  Sychnant.  On  the 
left,  was  pointed  out  to  me  a  lofty  hill,  impending 
over  Conwy  marsh.  On  its  summit  is  Castell  Caer 
Lleion,  a  British  post,  surrounded  with  ditches,  and 
strong  ramparts  of  stones;  an  additional  defence 
to  the  country,  besides  that  of  Penmaen  Maivr. 
The  view  of  part  of  Conwy,  and  a  large  bend  of 
the  river,  with  its  rich  and  wooded  banks,  are  seen 
from  the  descent  to  them  to  great  advantage. 
Conwy.  I  entered  Conwy  at  the  upper  gate.  A  more 
ragged  town  is  scarcely  to  be  seen,  within;  or  a 
more  beautiful  one,  without.  The  situation  is  on 
a  steep  slope  to  the  verge  of  the  river,  here  a  mile 
broad  at  high- water.  The  form  is  nearly  triangu- 
lar, surrounded  with  lofty  walls,  guarded  by  twen- 
ty-four round  towers.  The  lower  face  of  the  tri- 
angle borders  on  the  river.  A  castle  of  matchless 
magnificence  rises  on  a  lofty  rock,  at  one  corner; 
and  from  near  each  end  of  the  town- walls,  fronting 
the  Conwy,  a  curtain  terminated  with  a  round 
tower  ran  some  way  into  the  river,  the  more  ef- 


CONWY  CASTLE.  117 

fectually  to  prevent  the  approach  of  an  enemy 
from  the  water.  Only  one  of  these  curtains  ex- 
ists; the  other,  with  both  the  towers,  have  long 
since  ,perished. 

In  front  is  an  extensive  quay,  from  which  is  a 
delightful  view  up  and  down  the  river.  The  op- 
posite side  is  hilly,  varied  with  woods  and  gentle- 
men's seats,  and  the  bifurcated  hill  of  Diganwy,  a 
fortress.  The  ground  near  the  town  called  Arca- 
dia, laid  out  by  my  worthy  friend  and  old  school- 
fellow2 Owen  Holland  esq;  and  Plds-tirion,  the 
house  of  the  reverend  Owen  Jones,  well  merit  a 
visit  from  the  traveller. 

The  castle  was  built  by  Edward  I.  in  the  year 
128 4^);  who,  I  believe,  employed  the  architect 
who  built  Caernarvon.  All  his  skill  seems  to  have 
been  exerted  here.  A  more  beautiful  fortress  ne- 
ver arose.  Its  form  is  oblong,  placed  on  all  parts 
-on  the  verge  of  the  precipitous  rock.  One  side  is 
bounded  by  the  river;  another  by  a  creek  full  of 
water  at  every  tide,  and  most  beautifully  shaded 
by  hanging  woods.  The  other  two  sides  face  the 
town.  Within  are  two  courts;  and  on  the  outside 
project  eight  vast  towers,  each  with  a  slender  one 
of  amazing  elegance  issuing  from  its  top,  within 

z  Deceased.     Ed. 
(')  Mr.  Ilartshor/ie  has  shewn  that  Conwy  castle  was  commenced  in 
1283,  a  few  mouths  before  Caernarvon;   aud  that  it  was  not  com- 
pleted for  several  years.     See  his  paper  in  the  Arc/ucolojccal  Journal, 
vol.  vii.  p.  237.    T.P. 


118  CONWY  CASTLE. 

which  had  been  a  winding  stair-case.  In  one  of 
the  great  towers  is  a  fine  window,  in  form  of  an 
arched  recess,  or  bow,  ornamented  with  pillars. 
This,  in  antient  times,  was  an  elegant  part  of  ar- 
chitecture, called  the  oriel,  usual  in  the  houses  of 
people  of  rank ;  and  appears,  from  a  poem  of  the 
very  age  in  which  it  was  built,  to  have  been  the 
toilet  of  the  ladies,  and  probably  might  have  been 
that  of  Queen  Elinor. 

In  her  oryall  there  she  was, 
Closyd  well  with  royal  glas; 
Eulfullyd  it  was  with  yrnagery, 
Every  windowe  by  and  by, 
On  each  side  had  ther  a  gynne 
Sperde  with  matiie  a  dyvers  pynne.* 

Hai.l.  The  great  hall  suited  the  magnificence  of  the 

founder.  It  is  of  a  curved  form,  conformable  to 
the  bend  of  the  outward  walls,  including  one  end 
with  a  large  window,  which  seems  to  have  been 
the  private  chapel.  It  extended  a  hundred  and 
thirty  feet  in  length,  was  thirty-two  broad,  and  of 
a  fine  height.  The  roof  once  supported  by  eight 
noble  arches,  six  of  which  still  remain.  A  great 
fire  placed  at  one  end,  and  another  on  the  side, 
warmed  it :  six  windows  to  the  country,  and  three 
to  the  court,  gave  light  to  this  spacious  apart- 
ment.    Beneath  were  vast  vaults,  the  magazines 

E  Part  of  the  poem  of  the  Squire  of  Low  Degree.     See  Mr. 

Warton's  Hist.  Poetry,  i.  175. The  gynnes  were  the  fastenings  of 

the  casements,  which  were  often  secured  with  pynnes  of  yyere. 


I'ARTOP  THE    IITTEBIOIR  '  ■!"   C  OKWX  CASTLE, 


CONWY:   TOWN.  119 

of  all  that    contributed   to   the   convivial   mirth 
above. 

There  were  two  entrances  into  this  fortress,    Entrances 

TO  THE 

both  contrived  for  security.  The  one  from  the  Castle. 
Conwy,  up  a  steep  rock,  once  a  winding  narrow 
stairs,  ending  in  a  small  advanced  work  before  one 
of  the  gates  of  the  castle,  and  protected  by  small 
round  towers.  At  the  other  extremity  is  a  similar 
work,  from  which  had  been  a  draw-bridge,  occa- 
sionally dropped  into  the  town,  over  a  great  foss. 

The  town  contains  but  few  inhabitants,  much  Town. 
of  the  ground  within  the  walls  being  used  for  gar- 
dens. It  has  four  entrances:  the  upper  gate;  the 
lower,  or  that  next  to  the  water;  a  portal  between 
that  and  the  castle;  and  another  to  the  creek, 
called  Portli  y  Felin,  or  the  gate  to  the  mill*. 

Edward  I.  made  Conwy  a  free  borough,  and 
ordered  that  the  mayor,  who  was  the  constable  of 
the  castle  for  the  time  being,  should  preserve  its 
privileges.  William  Sihun  was  appointed  first  to 
that  honor.  At  present  it  is  governed  by  one  al- 
derman, a  recorder,  coroner,  water-bailiff,  and  two 
Serjeants  at  mace,  chosen  annually.  The  privileges 
extended  from  Caernarvon  to  the  river  Clwyd: 
for  none  could  be  convicted  of  any  crime,  within 
that  district,  but  by  a  jury  collected  within  that 

•  For  an  account  of  the  export  of  Potatoes  from  Conwy,  see  Ap- 
pendix, No.  XX. 


120  CONWY:   FERRY,  ABBEY. 

tract.  Such  was  the  case  with  all  the  other  En- 
glish garrisons  in  North  Wales. 

Ferry.  The  ferry  is  at   present  the  property  of  the 

owner  of  Marie.  An  order  was  issued  by  Edward 
II.  for  either  the  repairing  the  boat,  or  building  a 
new  one,  for  the  use  of  which  the  inhabitants 
were  to  pay  eight  marks*.  At  low-water  the  river 
is  not  fifty  yards  broad,  nor  above  eight  feet  deep. 
The  spring- tides  rise  twelve  feet;  but  the  ap- 
proach to  this  port  is  unsafe,  on  account  of  the 
sand-banks. 

Abbey.  There  are  some  remains  of  the  Cistercian  ab- 

bey, founded  in  1185  by  Llewelyn  ap  Jorwerth, 
prince  of  North  Wales,  in  honor  of  the  Blessed  Vir- 
gin and  All  Saints0.  A  long  vaulted  room  of  good 
masonry,  worked  with  clay,  but  plaistered  with 
lime;  and  a  Saxon  door,  are  still  to  be  seen.  He 
endowed  it  with  lands,  to  a  vast  extent,  in  Caer- 
narvonshire and  in  Anglesey*,  and  with  privileges 
of  great  value:  among  the  lands  are  mentioned 
Caput  Wedwa  Vawr,  and  Caput  Grybcoch,  and 
Morva  DinllinQ).  It  was  exempted  not  only  from 
the  maintenance  of  all  men,  horses,  dogs,  and 
hawks,  but  even  of  those  of  the  prince.  No  one 
was  to  interfere  in  the  elections,  or  affairs  of  the 

b  Sebright  MSS. 

'  Dugdale's  Moaasticon,  i.  918.  d  The  same,  918,  919. 

(*)  This  is  called  Morfa  Dinlle,  and  was  formerly  probably  Morfa 
Dinllcu.  j.r. 


PRIVILEGES  OF  THE  ABBEY.  121 

house.  The j  were  to  enjoy  all  benefits  of  wrecks 
on  the  shores  of  their  property,  in  the  same  man- 
ner as  the  prince  did  on  his;  no  advantage 
was  to  be  taken  of  similar  misfortunes  to  the  reli- 
gious men,  but  all  their  goods,  so  wrecked,  were 
to  be  restored.  They  and  their  servants  were  to 
be  exempt,  in  all  parts,  from  tolls,  pontage,  and 
the  like;  and  their  free  passage  over  the  Menai, 
Conwy,  Barmouth  (Abermaw)  and  Dyni  (per- 
haps Dyji)  is  particularly  provided  for.  Numbers 
of  other  privileges  are  mentioned,  the  charter  of 
which  is  dated  from  Aberconwy,  and  witnessed 
by  Yorwerth  Gam,  Gwin  ap  JEdnewein  Ydon,  the 
princes  chaplain,  and  by  Madog  ap  Cador*.  This 
shews  that  Con  ivy  was  a  place  of  some  note  before 
the  English  conquest.  It  probably  had  some  sort 
of  fortress  before  the  existence  of  the  present,  its 
antient  name  being  Caer  Gyffin,  Gyffin  being  that 
of  the  stream  that  flows  into  the  creek  beneath 
the  castle'.  Camden,  in  vol.  ii.  p.  803,  tells  us 
that  Hugh  Lupus  fortified  this  place,  I  suppose  on 
his  march  into  Anglesey  in  1098. 

Edward  I.  did  not  chuse  to  trust  within  his 
new  walls  religious  of  the  principality,  but  imme- 
diately removed  them  to   his  new  foundation  at 
Maynan,  a  few  miles   higher  up  the   river.     He    ^ATNAN 
acted  with  tenderness  towards  the  monks,  and  left 

•  DugdaWn  Monastkon,  920. 

1  MS.  in  possession  of  his  grace  the  duke  of  Beaufort. 


122  TOMBS.    REMARKABLE  FECUNDITY. 

them  all  their  lands  and  privileges,  and  preserved 
to  them  the  presentation  of  their  conventual  church 
at  Conwy,  now  made  parochial,  provided  they 
found  two  able  and  worthy  Englishmen  as  chap- 
lains, and  a  third,  a  Welshman,  for  the  benefit  of 
those  who  did  not  understand  English.  One  of 
the  English  was  to  be  perpetual  vicar,  to  be  named 
by  the  convent  on  every  vacancy,  and  presented 
by  the  diocesan\ 
Tombs.  Among   the    illustrious  persons    buried    in    the 

church,  was  Cynan  ap  Owen  Givynedcl,  who  was 
interred  in  the  year  1200,  in  a  monk's  cowl;  be- 
cause, says  Powel,  "it  was  then  made  to  beleeve 
"  by  the  moonks  and  friers,  that  that  strange  weed 
"  was  a  sure  defense  betwixt  their  souls  and  hell, 
"  howsoever  they  died1."  Its  great  founder  was 
also  buried  here;  but  on  the  dissolution  his  coffin 
was  removed  to  Llanrivst,  and  is  still  to  be  seen. 

A  very  rude  figure,  cut  on  stone,  preserves  the 
memory  of  Mary,  mother  to  Archbishop  Williams, 
who  died  in  child-birth  of  twins,  October  10,  1585; 
and  a  singular  epitaph  on  a  Mr.  Hookes,  proves 
the  remarkable  fecundity  of  the  family.  Here  ly- 
eih  the  body  of  Nicholas  Hookes  of  Conway, 
Gent,  who  was  the  41st  child  of  his  father  Wil- 
liam Hookes  esq;  by  Alice  his  wife,  and  the 
father  of  twenty- seven  children;  who  died  the  20th 
day  of  March  1637. 

h  Dvgdale  Monast.  i.  921.  '  PoweV&  Hist.  Wales,  252. 


COLLEGE.     PL  AS  MAWR.  123 

In  the  street  not  far  from  the  abbey,  is  a  very- 
old  house,  with  a  singular  window,  with  several 
coats  of  arms  sculptured  beneath;  some  relative 
to  the  Stanleys.  This  house  is  called  the  College.  College 
As  it  is  said  that  Edward  I.  took  this  abbey  into 
his  hands,  he  possibly  might  establish  here  a  place 
for  the  instruction  of  youth. 

The  Plas  Mawr  is  a  vast  house  built  by  Robert  plasMawr. 
Wynne  esq;  of  the  house  of  Gwedir.  Over  the 
gateway  is  inscribed  AveX*,  A.neX*>  (l)  Sustine,  abstine; 
and  on  the  house,  the  pious  letters  I.  H.  S.  X.  P.  S. 
and  the  date  1585.  Within  is  a  great  quantity  of 
rude  stucco,  with  various  arms  of  the  founder's 
allies  or  patrons.  Scattered  over  the  walls  and 
ceilings  are  swans,  owls,  cranes,  ostriches,  and 
bears  and  ragged  staves;  the  last,  the  badges  of 
Robert  Dudley  earl  of  Leicester;  a  piece  of  flattery 
paid  to  him  by  the  founder  of  the  house. 

Over  the  gateway,  is  the  court  chamber;  a 
long  room  with  a  timber  roof,  and  ornamented 
with  coarse  stucco. 

Few  of  the  remarkable  events  which  have  be-  Event*. 
fallen  this  place,  are  preserved  in  history.  When 
Henry  III.  made  his  calamitous  encampments  un- 
der Digamvy,  opposite  to  this  town,  he  dispatched 
three  hundred  renegado  Welshmen  of  the  borders, 
with  some  other  troops,   to   rescue  a  ship  laden 

(')  This  is  the  great  precept  of  Epictetus.  t.p. 


12-t  EVENTS. 

with  provisions  which  had  been  stranded  on  this 
side.  They  succeeded;  but,  instigated  by  avarice, 
sacrilegiously  plundered  the  abbey,  and  burnt 
several  houses  belonging  to  it.  The  loyal  Welsh 
grew  desperate,  attacked  the  banditti  loaden  with 
spoils,  slew  numbers,  and  hung  or  beheaded  every 
prisoner  whom  they  took\ 

Richard  II.  before  his  return  from  Ireland, 
directed  that  the  rendezvous  of  his  forces,  destined 
to  oppose  the  usurping  Bolingbroke,  should  be 
here.  Forty  thousand  loyalists,  out  of  Cheshire 
and  Wales,  had  assembled  under  the  banners  of 
the  earl  of  Salisbury.  Wearied  by  the  delays  of 
their  ill-fated  prince,  numbers  disbanded  them- 
selves: yet  sufficient  remained  animated  against 
the  usurper,  and  determined  to  follow  their  king 
through  all  his  fortunes.  Richard,  seized  with  a 
panic,  stole  from  Comvy  in  the  night1,  was  betray- 
ed by  the  earl  of  Northumberland,  and  soon  after 
perished  in  the  hands  of  his  enemym. 

The  town  was  almost  depopulated  by  the  plague, 
in  1607,  and  numbers  of  people  were  buried  in  the 
streets.  It  was  observed  to  break  out  within 
three  weeks  of  the  time  it  appeared  in  London, 
probably  brought  here  by  some  fugitives. 

Among  the  transactions  in  this  place  during  the 
civil  wars,  the  last  active  scene  of  the  life  of  Arch- 

k  Powel,  311.  !  Hoi  tasked,  499. 

""la  the  first  volume  of  this  work,  p.  62,  is  the  sequel  of  his  story. 


MEASURES  OF  ARCHBISHOP  WILLIAMS.  125 

bishop  Williams  must  be  related,  especially  as  it 
was  a  part  for  which  he  underwent  the  greatest, 
but  perhaps  unjust,  calumny.  As  soon  as  he  re- 
tired into  Wales  in  1642,  he  was  resorted  to  by  all 
the  loyalists,  being  the  person  on  whose  prudence 
and  spirit  they  could  fully  rely.  He  had  received 
in  charge  from  his  majesty  all  North  Wales,  and 
in  particular  the  castle  of  Conwy. n  He  began 
with  fortifying  his  house  at  Penrhyn;  and  was  at 
considerable  expence  in  strengthening  this  fortress. 
In  the  perilous  state  of  those  times,  multitudes  of 
the  country  gentlemen  requested  the  archbishop  to 
receive  into  the  castle  their  writings,  plate,  and 
most  valuable  moveables.  He  undertook  the 
charge,  and  gave  to  every  owner  a  receipt,  by 
which  he  made  himself  liable  to  the  loss;  and  put 
his  nephew,  Will  turn  ITookes,  in  possession  of  the 
place,  in  January  1643-4°.  His  grace,  from  that 
time,  was  the  protector  of  the  country,  not  only 
from  the  violence  of  the  enemy,  but  from  the  op- 
pression of  his  own  party.  In  May  1645,  Prince 
Rupert  unfortunately  superseded  the  prelate  in  his 
command,  and  caused  Sir  John  Oiven  to  take  pos- 
session of  the  castle.  This  he  did  with  most 
blameable  violence,  and  with  a  constant  evasion 
of  giving  the  archbishop  any  security  for  the  valu- 
ables which  he  had  in  charge p. 

n  Philips'^  Life  of  Archbishop  Williams,  287. 
0  Philips,  289.         p  The  same,  295,  296. 


12C  DEMOLITION  OF  CONWAY  CASTLE. 

Affairs  were  in  this  state  till  June  1646  • 
when  Williams,  foreseeing  ruin  to  himself,  irrita- 
ted by  injuries  from  those  who  had  embarked  in 
the  same  cause,  and  in  the  critical  time  (when  the 
kino-'s  affairs  were  desperate)  invited  by  General 
Mytton  to  put  himself  on  the  favor  of  parlement, 
accepted  his  offer,  and  assisted  him  in  the  reduc- 
tion of  the  place*1. 

Mytton,  by  the  advice  of  the  archbishop,  took 
the  town  by  storm  on  August  15th:  the  latter  as- 
sisted personally,  and  was  wounded  in  the  neckr. 
With  the  severity  usual  at  that  time  towards  the 
Irish,  Mytton  seized  on  all  that  were  found,  and 
caused  them  to  be  tied  back  to  back,  and  flung  in- 
to the  river8.  The  castle  surrendered  on  the  10th 
of  November;  and  Mytton,  who  is  represented  as 
a  generous  character,  more  haughty  than  covetous*, 
restored  to  every  individual  the  property  intrusted 
to  Williams.  For  these  services  the  parlement 
granted  him  a  general  pardon,  and  a  release  from 
all  his  sequestrations. 

The  beauty  and  grandeur  of  this  fortress  seemed 
to  have  induced  the  governing  powers  to  forbear 
offering  any  violence  to  its  walls:  that  impiety 
was  reserved  for  loyal  hands.  A  grant  had  been 
made  of  it  by  the  king  to  Edward  Conway,  earl  of 

i  General  Myttons  Letter,  in  Drake's  Pari.  Hist.  xv.  3. 
r  Rushworth,  iv.  part  i.  297.  8    Wkitelock,  219. 

1  Philips,  300. 


DEMOLITION  OF  CONWAY  CASTLE.  127 

Conwy.  In  1665,  the  earl  employed  his  servant, 
Milward,  to  take  down  the  iron,  timber,  and  lead, 
and  to  transport  it  to  Ireland,  under  pretence  of 
its  being  for  his  majesty's  service11.  Thomas 
Bulkely  esq;  Colonel  Wynn,  and  several  of  the 
principal  gentlemen  of  the  country,  opposed  the 
design;  but  their  remonstrance  was  over-ruled, 
and  this  noble  pile  reduced  to  nearly  its  present 
condition.  At  present  it  is  held  from  the  crown 
by  Owen  Holland  esq. 

Several  years  ago,  the  folly  of  some  of  the  in- 
habitants, by  getting  stones  from  the  rock  beneath 
one  of  the  great  towers,  brought  down  a  vast  seg- 
ment.    The  ruins  are  the  most  awful  I  ever  be- 
held; lying  in  stupendous  fragments  on  the  shore, 
some  so  unbroken  as  to  preserve  both  the  grand 
external  rotundity  and  inward  concavity:  a  hard- 
ened cement  of  stone  and  mortar  eleven  feet  thick. 
The  upper  part  of  the  tower  remains  entire,  sus- 
pended at  a  vast  height  above  our  heads,  exhibiting 
in  the  breach  such  a  strength  of  walling  as  might 
have  given  to  the  architect  the  most  reasonable  hope 
that  his  work  would  have  endured  to  the  end  of 
time.     When  I  image  to  myself  the  gay  appear- 
ance of  this  fortress,  filled  by  the  festive  court  of 
Edward,  his  beloved  Eleanor,  and  all  the  train  of 
gallant  nobility,  who  passed  a  Christmas  here,  ex- 

u  The  earl's  Letter  in  the  Appendix,  Xo.  XXI. 


128  MAGNIFICENT  KUINS. 

ulting  at  the  conquest  of  my  hardy  countrymen; 
and  when  I  survey  its  present  ruins,  my  mind  na- 
•turally  falls  into  melancholy  reflections,  suitable  to 
the  scene  around  me.  Let  me  only  change  the 
rock  on  Toivys  flood  for  that  of  Conwy,  and  a  fa- 
vourite poet  will  express  the  ideas  that  must  arise 
in  the  mind,  of  its  past  and  present  state. 

Deep  at  its  feet,  in  Conwy's  flood, 

His  sides  are  cloath'd  with  waving  wood ; 

And  antient  towers  crown  his  brow, 

That  cast  an  awful  look  below. 

Whose  ragged  walls  the  Ivy  creeps, 

And  with  her  arms  from  falling  keeps: 

So  both  a  safety  from  the  wind 

On  mutual  dependence  find. 

'Tis  now  the  Raven's  blank  abode: 

'Tis  now  th'  apartment  of  the  Toad : 

And  there  the  Fox  securely  feeds,  \ 

And  there  the  poisonous  Adder  breeds,      • 

Conceal'd  in  ruins,  moss,  and  weeds. 

While  ever  and  anon  there  falls 

Huge  heaps  of  hoary  moulder'd  walls. 

Yet  time  has  seen,  that  lifts  the  low, 

And  level  lays  the  lofty  brow, 

Has  seen  this  broken  pile  compleat,       \ 

Big  with  the  vanity  of  state ; 

But  transient  is  the  smile  of  Fate  !         ) 

A  little  rule,  a  little  sway, 

A  sun-beam  in  a  winter's  day, 

Is  all  the  proud  and  mighty  have, 

Betwixt  the  cradle  and  the  grave. 

Dyer's  Grongar  Hill. 

Battle  of         From    Conwy  I  took  the   road   towards   Caer 

Ctmryd.  . 

Hen,   the    Conovium    of    the    Romans.      In   my 
way  passed   near   Cymryd,  a  place   noted   for  a 


BATTLE  OF  CYME  YD.     CAER  HEN.  129 

bloody  battle  in  880,  between  Anarawd  prince 
of  Wales,  and  the  Saxons  under  Edred  duke  of 
Mercia.  The  Britons  were  victorious,  and  drove 
the  invaders  back  into  their  own  country.  Ana- 
ratvol  styled  the  battle  Dial  Rodri,  or  the  Revenge 
of  Roderic;  for  his  father  Roderic  the  Great  had 
the  year  before  been  slain  by  the  Saxons*. 

Passed  by  the  ferry  of  Tal  y  Cafn.  At  a  small 
distance  from  it  is  a  large  artificial  mount,  called 
Bryn  y  Castell;  probably  the  site  of  a  watch- 
tower  belonging  to  Conovium,  and  judiciously 
placed  in  a  very  contracted  part  of  the  vale,  to 
observe  the  approach  of  an  enemy  from  this  side. 

Caer  Hen,  the  old  Conovium,  lay  in  a  low  spot  Caer  Hen. 
near  the  river.  There  are  still  to  be  seen  remains 
of  Roman  bricks,  and  a  sunk  building  divided  into 
two  parts,  probably  the  remains  of  the  hypocaust 
from  which  the  hollow  brick,  or  funnel,  preserved 
at  (jrloddaeth,  was  taken.  On  one  of  the  common 
bricks  was  inscribed  Leg.  X. — the  Legio  Antonia- 
nus — which  served  in  these  parts  under  Ostorius7. 
Here  also  was  found  the  cake  of  copper  mentioned 
in  the  17th  page  of  my  first  volume.  Near  the 
church  are  some  remains  of  walls,  which  are  all 
that  are  left  of  this  once  noted  place2.     The  Itine- 

1  Camden,  ii.  802,  3.     Powd,  38.  J  Camden. 

1  In  1801  the  soil  was  removed  from  this  antient  building,  when 
the  foundation  of  a  Roman  villa  was  discovered,  consisting  of  five 
rooms  in  front,  including  a  sudatory.     Ed. 

VOL.  III.  K 


130  PEN  CAER  HELEN. 

rary  places  it  twenty-four  miles  from  Segontium, 
and  nineteen  from  Varis. 

I  proceeded  a  little  farther,  and  turned  up  a 
very  steep  road,  by  the  church  of  Llanbedr,  to  the 
summit  of  a  very  lofty  hill,  called  Pen  Caer  Helen, 

Pen  Caer   ^0  ^ry  £0  discover  more  of  Helen's   noted   road ; 

Helen.  j  ' 

but  my  search  was  fruitless.  Yet  my  pains  were 
rewarded  by  the  sight  of  a  British  post  of  great 
strength,  and  in  some  parts  singularly  guarded. 
It  had  the  usual  fosses,  and  vast  ramparts  of  stones, 
with  some  remains  of  the  facing  of  walls,  and  the 
foundations  of  three  or  four  round  buildings :  but 
what  struck  me  much,  were  two  considerable 
spaces  of  ground  thickly  set  with  sharp-pointed 
stones,  set  upright  in  the  earth,  as  if  they  had  been 
to  serve  the  use  of  chevaux  de  frise,  to  impede  the 
approach  of  an  enemy.  From  this  hill  is  in  one 
direction  a  wild  and  barren  prospect  of  Carnedd 
Llewelyn,  and  of  a  long  tract  of  rude  hills  and 
stoney  bottoms;  and  in  another  is  seen,  the  whole 
extent  of  the  fertile  Nant  Conwy.  Descended: 
returned  the  same  road,  and  passed  the  river  in 
the  good  ferry  at  Ted  y  Cqfn. 

From  hence  I  continued  my  journey  through 
the  wooded  parish  of  Llansaintffraid,  beautifully 
sloped  to  the  water's  edge.  The  route  I  took  was 
towards  Llandudno,  the  grand  boundary  of  the  en- 
trance of  the  Conivy.  From  the  road,  in  many 
parts,  are  most  august  views  of  the  vast  expanse 


MARLE.     BODSCALLAN.  131 

of  the  river,  and  the  majestic  towers  of  Conwy. 
Similar  views,  and  old  fortified  towns,  I  have  seen 
frequent  on  the  Rhine,  but  in  magnificence  far  in- 
ferior to  these,  our  British  glory.     After  a  ride  of 
about   three   miles,  descend  to  a  flat.       Pass  by 
Marie,  a  house  of  fine  appearance,  but  now  little 
more  than  a  case,  having  suffered  by  fire  about 
forty  years  ago.     It  is  picturesquely  seated  under 
a  lofty  rock,  almost  covered  with  wood;   and  op- 
posite to  the  town  of  Conwy.     It  was  originally 
the  property  of  the  Hollands.     It  fell  afterwards 
to  Sir  Hugh  Williams,  second  son  of  Sir  Gryffydd 
Williams,   of  Penrhyn;   and  on  the  death  of  his 
grandson,    Sir   Robert,    devolved   to    Sir    Thomas 
Prendergast  of  the  kingdom  of  Ireland,  in  right  of 
liis  lady,  Anne,  sister  to  Sir  Robert. 

High  above  Marie,  is  Bodscallan,  the  property  Bodscallax. 
of  Sir  Roger  Mostyn,  in  right  of  his  wife  Margaret, 
daughter  of  the  reverend  Hugh  Wynn.  I  find 
Richard  Mostyn,  second  son  of  Thomas  ap  Richard 
ap  Hoivel,  in  possession  of  it;  and  that  he  had  one 
daughter,  Margaret,  married  to  Gryffydd  Wynn, 
second  son  of  John  Wynn  a/)  Meredydd  of  Gwedir, 
and  who  had  his  settlement  at  Berth  Da  near 
Llanrwst.  It  is  a  fine  situation,  environed  with 
woods.  From  a  neglected  terrace  is  a  most  beau- 
tiful view,  over  the  tops  of  trees,  of  Conwy,  part 
of  the  river,  and  the  vast  mountains  which  form 
the  back  ground  of  the  prospect.     It  is  a  place  of 


132  BODSCALLAN. 

great  antiquity,  being  mentioned  in  the  record  of 
Caernarvon-,  but  was  inhabited  in  far  earlier  times, 
as  appears  by  the  ruins  of  a  small  castlet,  now  hid 
in  woods,  on  the  top  of  a  small  hill  near  the  pre- 
sent  house.  Bodscallan  signifies  the  dwelling- 
place  of  Scallan;  in  all  probability  a  word  corrup- 
ted from  CaswallonQ),  the  owner  in  some  distant 
period.  It  was  one  of  those  townships  called  Trer 
Wei  yog,  not  entirely  free.  The  tenants  were  ori- 
ginally possessors  of  hereditary  estates,  which 
were  divided  and  subdivided  among  their  posterity 
to  the  fourth  descent,  after  which  they  became 
possessed  by  branches  independent  of  each  other; 
every  one  of  whom  paid  for  their  own  land*.  This 
possibly  might  have  been  one  of  the  three  Gwelis, 
or  estates  of  children  from  a  common  stock,  origi- 
nally belonging  to  Gloddaetli0.  In  the  present 
house  is  a  good  portrait  of  old  Sir  John  Wynn  of 
Givedir.  A  small  head,  on  board,  of  Robert  Wynn, 
founder  of  the  Plas  Mawr  in  Conwy.  He  is  pain- 
ted in  black,  with  a  book  in  his  hand,  and  with 
short  grey  hair  and  beard.  But  the  most  re- 
markable is  that  of  Dr.  Ellis  Pryse,  of  Plas  Yolin 
in  Denbighshire,  dated  1605;  a  creature  of  the  earl 
of  Leicester's,  and  devoted  to  all  his  bad  designs. 
Pryse's  dress  is  a  white  jacket,  with  a  broad  turn- 
over; his  hair  yellow,  and  his  beard  thin,  and  of 

(J)  See  note  p.  55.  J.R. 
•  Record  of  Cnernarron,  Bill  Litt.  19.  b  The  same,  22. 


GLODDAETH:    ITS  WALKS,  VIEWS.  133 

the  same  color;  his  visage  very  long,  lank,  and 
hypocritical.  He  was  the  greatest  of  our  knaves 
in  the  period  in  which  he  lived;  the  most  dreaded 
oppressor  in  his  neighborhood;  and  a  true  syco- 
phant; for  a  common  address  of  his  letters  to  his 
patron  was,  0  Lord,  in  thee  do  I  put  my  trust0! 

From  hence  is  a  short  walk  to  Gloddaeth,  a  Gloddaetk. 
seat  of  Sir  Roger  Mostyn's,  placed  on  the  slope  of 
a,  very  extensive  hill,  or  lime-stone  rock,  cloathed 
with  nourishing  plantations  by  Sir  Roger,  grandfa- 
ther of  the  present  possessor.  Part  of  the  plain 
below  the  house  was  planted,  by  the  same  gentle- 
man, with  forest- trees;  and  laid  out,  according  to 
the  taste  of  his  time,  in  straight  walks,  intersect- 
ing each  other,  or  radiating  from  a  center,  distin- 
guished by  a  statue.  The  upper  walks,  having  irs  Walks. 
fortunately  a  steep  and  stubborn  rock  for  their  ba- 
sis, checked  the  modish  propensity  to  rectitude; 
so  there  was  a  necessity  to  deviate  from  it;  but  in 
no  greater  degree  than  the  flexure  of  a  zigzag 
would  admit.  Notwithstanding  some  blemishes, 
corrigible  at  an  easy  rate,  these  walks  may  be  con- 
sidered among  those  of  the  first  rate  of  this  island, 
for  such  beauties  of  view  as  nature  can  bestow; 
and,  from  those  spots  favored  by  the  sight  of  Con- 
wy, I  may  add  the  majestic  ones  of  antient  art.  fine  Views. 
Every  flight  of  path  presents  new  and  grand  ob- 

•  Bodscallan  has  loug  been  noted  for  its  hospitality.— The  bill  of 
fare  of  a  Christmas  dinner  is  given  in  the  Appendix,  No.  XXII.  Ed. 


134  GLODDAETH:    ITS  RARE  PLANTS. 

jects;  first,  the  great  windings  of  the  river  towards 
Llanrivst,  the  lofty  towers  of  Conwy,  and  the  ve- 
nerable walls  of  the  town;  and  beyond  is  a  long 
extent  of  alps,  with  Moel  Siabod,  the  Dram,  and 
Carnedd  Llewelyn  and  Dafydd,  towering  with  dis- 
tinguished height.     From  a  little  higher  ascent  is 
opened  to  us  the  discharge  of  the  Conwy  into  the 
sea,   sublimely  bounded  by  the  lesser  Penmaen, 
and  the  immense  Grin's  Head,  or  Llandudno;  be- 
tween which  appear,  a  fine  bay,  the  vast  promon- 
tory of  Penmaen  Mawr,  the   isle   of  Priesthohn, 
and  the  long  extent  of  Anglesey.     After  gaining 
the  summit,  beneath  is   seen  a  considerable  flat, 
with  the  estuary  of  the  river  Conwy  falling  into 
the  Irish  sea  on  one  side,  and  the  beautiful  half- 
moon   bay   of  Llandudno  on   the   other:    one   of 
whose  horns  is  the  great  head  of  the  same  name ; 
the  other,  the  loftv  rock  of  Rhiwleden,  or  the  little 
Orm's  Head.     A  little  farther  progress  brings  us. 
in  sight  of  a  great  bay,  sweeping  semicircularly  the 
shores;  and  beyond  are  the  distant  hills  of  Flint- 
shire,   and    the   entrances   into    the   estuaries    of 
the    Mersey  and  Dee,  frequently  animated  with 
shipping. 

Besides  the  adventitious  trees  and  shrubs,  these 

walks  afford  great  amusement  to  the  botanists,  by 

Rajm:        their  variety  of  rare  plants,  all  within  a  very  small 

compass.     Among  them,   that  able  botanist,   my 

fellow  voyager  through  the  Hebrides,  the  reverend 


GLODDAETH:    ITS  RARE  PLANTS.  135 

Mr.  Lightfoot,  enumerated  the  Veronica  spicata, 
or  spiked  speedwell,  Fl.  Angl.  i.  3;  Geranium 
sanguineum,  or  bloody  cranesbill,  Fl,  Angl.  i. 
305.  TFl.  Scot.  i.  372;  Cistus  marifolius*,  Sp.  FL 
741;  Sm.  Fl,  Br.  572,  or  hoary  thyme- 
leaved  Cistus;  Silene  nutans,  or  Nottingham 
catchfly,  Fl.  Angl.  i.  188;  Rubia  Tinctorum, 
or  wild  madder,  Sp.  Fl.  i.  158;  Scilla  verna,  or 
vernal  hyacinth,  Fl.  Angl,  142;  Fotentilla  verna, 
or  vernal  cinquefoil,  Fl,  Scot,    270.  Fl.  Angl,   i. 

d  The  reverend  Mr.  Evans  in  his  Tour  of  Botanical  Research,  p. 
272,  faithfully  transcribing  an  error  of  the  former  edition  of  this 
work,  describes,  the  Cistus  marifolius,  and  the  Cistus  hirsutus, 
long  known  to  be  the  same  plant,  as  distinct  species — The  same 
author  asserts  that  he  found  the  Lvsimachia  ihyrsiflora  near  Glodd- 
aeth,  but  he  has  mistaken  its  Habitat.  Edward  Llwyd  is  said  to 
have  observed  it  in  Anglesey,  but  the  place  is  not  ascertained — "Be- 
fore him,"  says  the  reverend  Hugh  Dae ies*  "no  person  ever  found 
"  the  Crithmum  maritimum  growing  on  the  sands;  for  it  certainly 
"has  not  changed  its  situation  since  Shakespeare  described  the 
'•  •  dreadful  trade '  of  gathering  it. 

"  Half  way  down, 
"  Hangs  one  that  gathers  Samphire;  dreadful  trade  !" 

This  gross  error  has  originated  in  his  injudicious  spirit  of  copying. 

Mr.  Pennant  says,  "  The  fields  about  Forth  Ghoylan  were  covered 

"  with  Sampier  y  ddafad  or  marsh  Samphire,"  the  Salicornia  her- 

bacea  of  Smith,  Fl.  Br.  p.  2,  which  Mr.  E.,  following  a  mistake  of 

Withering's,  transforms  into  the  Crithmum  maritimum. 

The  editor  would  not  have  allotted  so  large  a  portion  of  his  limi- 
ted notes  to  Mr.  Evans,  had  he  not  thought  it  a  duty  to  expose  the 
errors  of  one,  who,  in  the  course  of  his  Tour  sedulously  seizes  every 
opportunity  of  vilifying  and  depreciating  Mr.  Pennant,  whose  valua- 
ble pages  he  nevertheless  condescends  to  copy  without  scruple,  as 
without  acknowledgement.     Ed. 

*  See  his  remarks  on  Mr.  Evans's  Tour,  in  an  Appendix  to  Dr.  Williams'* 
Vindication  of  the  Established  Church. 


136  GLODDAETH:   LIBRARY. 

224;  Thalictrum  minus,  or  lesser  meadow  rue,  Fl. 
Scot.  i.  285.  FL  Angl.  i.  238;  Arenaria  verna,  or 
vernal  mountain  chickweed,  FL  Angl.  i.  191.  Fl. 
Scot.  i.  231;  Scrophularia  vernalis,  or  yellow  fig- 
wort,  Fl.  Scot.  i.  330.  FL  Angl.  i.  275.  And 
near  the  gate,  in  the  lane  leading  to  Conwy,  the 
Polypodium  vulgare  var.  Cambricum,  or  Welsh 
or  jagged  polypody,  FL  Angl.  ii.  445.  Fl.  Scot. 
ii.  668. 

Great  part  of  the  present  house  was  built  by 
Thomas  Mostyn,  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth. 
On  the  dais  of  the  great  hall  are  painted  the  arms 
of  that  princess,  those  of  the  house,  and  of  the  pro- 
fligate earl  of  Leicester-,  the  last,  a  proof  of  the 
general  flattery  paid  to  his  power. 

Here  is,  in  a  poor  room,  an  excellent  collection 
of  books  and  manuscripts:  among  the  last  is  a 
most  beautiful  copy  of  the  first  and  second  books 
of  Froissart,  a  manuscript  on  vellum,  with  most 
elegant  illuminations.  The  frontispiece  represents 
the  author  on  his  knees,  in  a  blue  mantle,  present- 
ing his  book  to  Edward  III.  A  king  of  France, 
distinguished  by  the  flews  de  lis  on  his  robes, 
holds  a  queen  by  the  hand,  who,  from  the  arms  of 
England,  the  lions  on  her  robe,  seems  to  be  Queen 
Philippa,  to  whom  Froissart  was  clerk  of  the  clo- 
set. She  holds  by  the  hand  a  little  boy,  whose 
robe  is  also  marked  with  the  lions:  This  must 
have  been  Richard  of  Bourdeaux,  her  grandson, 


EGLWYS  RHOS.  137 

afterwards  Richard  II.  A  lady,  and  several 
other  figures,  appear  in  the  piece.  This  book 
was  given  by  Lord  Buckhurst  to  Sir  William 
Cecil,  and  by  him  to  his  cotemporary  of  the  house 
of  Mostyn. 

Gloddaeth  came  into  possession  of  the  fa- 
mily of  Sir  Roger  Mostyn  by  the  marriage  of  his 
ancestor  Howcl  ap  Evan  Fychan,  in  1460,  with 
Margaret,  daughter  and  heir  of  Gryffydd  ap  Rhys 
ap  Gryffydd  ap  Madoc  Gloddaeth  ap  Madoc  ap 
Jerwerth  Goch  of  Creiddyn,  the  hundred  in  which 
the  house  lies.  The  tenure  of  this  place  was  per- 
fectly free,  and  the  tenants  owed  only  suit  and  ser- 
vice to  the  county  and  hundred  courts;  and  when 
they  were  to  attend  the  prince  in  war,  they  went 
at  his  expence. 

Eglwys  Khos,  the  parish  church,  is  in  a  flat,  Eglwy.s 
at  a  small  distance  from  Gloddaeth,  near  a  preci- 
pitous rock,  cloathed  with  wood,  called  Bryn  Mael- 
gwyn.  Painted  in  the  east  window  is  the  figure 
of  a  man  kneeling,  dressed  in  a  herald's  mantle, 
with  the  arms  of  Englejield.  From  the  maimed 
inscription  I  collect  that  he  must  have  been 
Howcl  ap  Tudor  of  Most y if,  and  that  he  had  be- 
stowed this  window  on  the  church. 

But  this  church  is  celebrated  for  the  death  of 
the  prince  Maelgwyn  Gwynedd,  who  had  taken 

•  Salisbury  Pedigree,  37. 


138  DIGANWY: 

shelter  here  to  avoid  the  Vddfelen,  or  yellow  pes- 
tilence, which  at  that  time  raged  through  Europe. 
The  Britons,  like  the  Romans,  personified  disease, 
In  this  instance,  it  was  to  assume  either  the  form 
of  a  Basilisc,  or  the  powers  of  one,  under  the  form 
of  a  fair  woman,  who  slew  Maelgwyn  with  a 
glance,  as  he  incautiously  looked  out  of  the  win- 
dow; according  to  the  prophecy, 

Pryf  rhyfedd  o  Forfa  Iihianedd 

Hwnnw  a  fydd  diwodd  Maelgwyn  Gwynedd. 

"  Whenever  a  strange  creature  arrives  on  the 
"  marsh  of  Mhianedd,  if  Maelgwyn  Gwynedd  looks 
"  at  it,  he  will  die." 
Digakwv.  The  small  remains  of  Diganwy,  or,  as  it  is 
called  by  the  English,  Gannoc,  are  on  two  small 
hills,  near  the  shore  of  the  Conwy,  at  a  small  dis- 
tance from  Eglwys  Rhos.  The  walls  crossed  the 
space  between  the  hills,  and  ran  up  their  sides ; 
on  the  summit  of  one  is  the  vestige  of  a  round 
tower,  and  here  and  there  a  few  foundations  of 
walls  on  the  accessible  parts.  Dr.  Powel,  from 
the  authority  of  the  Welsh  historians1,  says,  there 
had  been  a  city  here,  which,  in  810,  was  destroyed 
by  lightning;  and  Camden  adds,  that  he  believed 
it  to  have  been  the  antient  Dictum^),  from  its  hav- 

1  His  notes  on  (Jiraldus  Cambr.  Itin.  lib.  ii.  c.  10. 
(!)  Camden  was  very  wide  of  the  mark,  and  as  Diganwy  is  the  arx 
Decantorum  of  the  Annates  Cambria,  so  the  people's  name  was  De- 
canti,  while  the  modern  Degancy  points  to  another  form,  Decantovii, 
or  the  like.  j.r. 


ITS  HISTORY.  139 

ing  been  the  station  of  a  party  of  Nervii  Dictenses, 
under  the  late  emperors.  I  cannot  discover  the 
founder  of  this  fortress,  on  whose  ruins  I  contem- 
plate. Possibly  it  might  have  been  Robert  of 
Rhuddland.  We  are  told  this  country  was  parcel 
of  the  possessions  of  the  earls  of  Chester;  and 
that  Robert  was  in  it  when  he  came  to  his  fate. 
On  July  the  3d,  1088,  our  brave  prince  Gryffydd 
ap  Cynan,  with  three  ships,  entered  the  Conwy; 
and  landing  under  the  castle  at  high-water,  left 
the  ships  on  shore  at  the  recess  of  the  tide.  He 
ravaged  the  neighboring  country,  and  drove  to- 
wards his  vessels  a  great  booty  of  men  and  cattle. 
Robert,  indignant  at  this,  descended  from  his  for- 
tress, attended  by  a  single  soldier,  Osbern  de  Or- 
gar,  and  without  any  defensive  armour  except  his 
shield.  The  Welsh  attacked  him  with  missile  wea- 
pons, and,  filling  his  shield  so  full  of  darts  that  it 
fell  under  their  weight,  the  enemy  rushed  on  him, 
cut  off  his  head,  and,  fastening  it  to  the  mast, 
sailed  off  in  savage  triumph8.  Llewelyn  the  Great 
destroyed  this  castle;  but  it  was  rebuilt,  in  1210, 
by  Randh'  Blondevil,  earl  of  Chester*.  King  John 
lay  for  some  time  encamped  under  its  walls,  in  the 
year  1211,  and  was  reduced  to  great  streights  by 
the  policy  of  Llewelyn;  who  got  between  him  and 
England,  and  cut  off  his  resources1.  Henry  III. 
fared  even  worse  on   the  same  spot,  in  1245,  at 

e  Ordericus  Vital!*,  lib.  viii.  p.  670.        h  Powel,  2G2.      '  The  same. 


HO 


ANTIENT  TOWER.     GOGARTH. 


which  time  John  de  Grey  of  Wilton  was  constable. 
One  of  his  courtiers  most  pathetically  describes 
their  miseriesk.  At  length  DiganivywsiS,  in  1260, 
totally  dismantled  by  our  last  prince  Llewelyn  ap 
Gryffydd. 

Not  far  from  hence,  on  the  top  of  a  low  hill 
Antient    near  Bryniait,  is  an  antient  tower.     Its  form  is  cir- 

i  OWER. 

cular;  its  height  about  twenty  feet,  the  diameter 
twelve.  Its  walls  compose  only  two  thirds  of  a 
circle,  the  rest  is  open  to  the  top;  and  the  finish- 
ing of  the  walls  complete,  without  any  appearance 
of  there  ever  having  been  a  door;  and  this  open- 
ing is  to  the  land.  Within  are  the  marks  of  two 
floors.  Hound  the  inside  are  three  rows  of  square 
holes,  none  of  which  pass  through  the  building. 
Its  walls  are  of  great  thickness,  and  the  mortar 
appears  very  antient.  I  cannot  offer  any  conjec- 
ture about  its  use;  but  describe  it  in  order  to  ex- 
ercise the  talents  of  others. 

Continued  my  ride  along  the  shore  by  the  flat 
isthmus  which  connects  the  high  land  of  Gloddaeth 
with  the  great  promontory  Llandudno.  Ride 
along  part  of  the  last,  on  a  narrow  road  above  the 
sea,  having  on  the  right  steep  hills  and  precipices. 
Goqarth.  Reach  Gogarth,  a  long  but  narrow  tract  of  great 
fertility.  It  was  formerly  an  appendage  to  the 
abbey  of  Conwy,  and  part  of  a  very  strong  building 
still  remains. 

*  Poml,  311. 


LLANDUDNO.     FALCONRY.  HI 

I  ascended  by  a  very  long  and  steep  path  to 
the  top  of  Llandudno,  a  beautiful  sheepwalk,  con-  Llandudno, 

r  '  i  or,  Orm  s 

sisting  of  a  fine  turf,  except  where  the  rock  ap-       Hkad. 
pears,   extending  near  four  miles  in  length,    and 
one  in  breadth.     It  lies  in  the  manor  of  Gogarth, 
belonging  to  the  see  of  Bangor.     The  western  ex- 
tremity is  a  vast  precipice,  the  haunt  of  various 
sea-fowls  in  the  season  of  breeding.     The  Gulls  Sea-Fowls. 
possess  the  lowest  part;   above  them  the  Razor- 
bills  and   Guillemots  have  their   quarters;    over 
them  croak  the  Corvorants;   and  Herons  occupy 
the  highest  regions;    and    scattered   in   different 
parts  are   a   few  Puffins,  and    black    Guillemots. 
The  Peregrine  Falcon  builds  in  these  rocks.     This     Falcons. 
kind  was  in  the  days  of  falconry  so  esteemed,  that 
the  great  minister  Burleigh  sent  a  letter  of  thanks 
to  an  ancestor  of  Sir  Roger  Mostyn,  for  a  present 
of  a  cast  of  Hawks  from  this  place. 

Falconry  was  in  high  esteem  among  the  Welsh.  Antient 
Our  prince  had  his  chief  falconer,  who  occupied 
the  fourth  rank  among  the  officers  of  his  court. 
He  held  his  lands  free;  had  a  double  portion  of 
provender  for  his  horse;  the  prince  supplied  him 
with  woollen  cloaths,  the  princess  with  linen.  He 
brought  his  cup  with  him  into  the  hall;  but  was 
not  allowed  to  drink  more  than  would  quench  his 
thirst,  lest  he  should  get  fuddled,  and  neglect  his 
Hawks.  He  was  allowed  the  hearts  and  lungs  of 
all  the  animals  in  the  royal  kitchen,  and  sometimes 


142  OFFICE  OF  CHIEF  FALCONER. 

a  barren  ewe  to  feed  Ins  birds.  Whenever  his 
Hawks  killed  any  of  the  three  most  noble  species 
of  game,  the  Heron,  the  Bittern,  or  the  Crane,  lie 
received  from  the  prince  three  services;  that  of 
holding  his  stirrup  when  he  descended  from  his 
horse,  of  holding  his  horse  while  he  was  taking  the 
Hawks  from  the  game,  and  of  holding  his  stirrup 
ao-ain  when  he  mounted  his  horse:  and  at  night 
the  prince  honored  him  with  serving  him  thrice  at 
table  with  his  own  hands.  In  case  the  falconer 
took  any  of  the  royal  birds  in  the  prince's  absence, 
he  was  to  bring  it  into  the  hall,  and  shew  it  to  him  ; 
on  that  the  prince  was  to  rise,  or  if  he  did  not,  he 
was  to  bestow  on  him  the  robe  which  he  then 
wore.  During  the  time  that  the  Hawks  were  in 
their  mew,  the  falconer  was  not  bound  to  answer 
any  suit.  If  he  killed  his  horse  in  the  exercise  of 
his  office,  the  prince  was  to  find  him  another.  The 
fine  for  an  injury  to  the  chief  falconer  was  vi  cows, 
and  cxxvi  pence.  His  slaughter  was  not  to  be 
atoned  for  less  than  cxxvi  cows1.  Let  me  con- 
clude with  saying,  that  there  was  a  peculiar  tax 
for  the  support  of  this  office,  called  Cylch  Hebog- 
yddionm,  which  fell  on  the  vassals;  for  the  prince 
contributed  little  or  nothing  to  the  expence  of  his 
amusements. 

1  Leges  WaMcce,  23  to  26. 

m  Record  of  Caernarvon,  in  Bibliotheca  Litteraria,   2-r>. 


DINAS.     ROCKING-STONE.  143 

The  northern  side  of  this  promontory  is  broken 
into  precipices  of  various  heights;  and  the  base  of 
both  these  sides  is  washed  by  a  very  deep  water. 
It  is  well  worth  the  labor  of  ascending  to  the 
highest  point,  to  view  the  extensive  and  various 
prospects. 

On  the  same  side  are  the  remains  of  several 
rude  walls  without  mortar,  called  Llety  Fadog,  or 
the  house  of  Madoc,  a  supposed  ancestor  of  Glodd- 
aeth:  and  not  far  from  it  is  a  strait  narrow  path, 
with  stones  on  each  side,  probably  the  remains  of 
two  walls;  a  watch-place  for  Deer,  as  the  name 
Gwylfa  y  Ceirw  signifies. 

On  a  great  eminence,  called  Dinas,  is  a  large 
enclosure.  The  edge  of  the  hill  is  surrounded 
with  a  rude  wall;  and  within  are  multitudes  of 
small  circular  hollows,  about  twelve  feet  in  diame- 
ter, environed  with  walls;  such  as  are  found  on 
Tver  Caeri,  and  similar  places,  the  rough  habita- 
tions of  our  distant  ancestors.  Near  this  place  is 
a  Maen  Sigl,  rocking-stone,  a  great  one,  whose 
point  of  contact  witli  the  ground  is  so  small  as  to 
make  it  moveable  with  the  lest  touch.  The  coun- 
try people  call  it  CrJ/d  Tudno,  St.  Tudno's  Cradle. 
This  is  surrounded  with  a  foss,  and  has  a  formed 
road  to  it.  It  is  the  conjecture  of  the  learned, 
that  the  Druids  made  these  stones  an  instrument 
of  imposition  on  their  votaries;  and  in  case  of  any 
judicial  determinations,  pretended  that  none  but 


Church. 


144  LLANDUDNO  CHURCH. 

their  holy  hands  could  move  them:  and  probably 
they  were  surrounded  with  a  foss,  and  had  their 
prescribed  road  to  keep  off  the  vulgar,  and  give 
greater  solemnity  to  the  miraculous  decision.  The 
ingenious  Bernier  relates  a  superstition  not  very 
foreign  from  this.  At  Sendbrary,  in  the  kingdom 
of  Cachemire,  the  Bramins,  the  Druids  of  India, 
shewed  him  a  stone  which  the  strongest  man  could 
not  lift,  yet  eleven  of  those  holy  men,  with  the  tip 
of  their  finger,  could  effect  it,  on  praying  to  their 

saint". 
Llandudno  From  hence  I  passed  by  the  church,  on  the 
bleakest  of  situations,  above  the  sea,  and  remote 
from  all  dwellings.  It  is  dedicated  to  St.  Tudno  of 
Maes  Gwyddno,  the  country  now  overflowed  by  the 
sea,  between  Meirioneddshire  and  Llyn.  In  des- 
cending from  this  promontory  I  passed  by  several 
copper  mines  which  at  times  are  worked  to  advan- 
tage. The  ride  from  hence  along  the  side  of  Llan- 
dudno bay  is  extremely  pleasant.  I  ascended  to 
Gloddaeth  near  the  foot  of  Rhiwledin,  a  vast  rock, 
which  swarms  in  the  season  with  Razor-bills  and 
Puffins;  and  with  Rock  Pigeons,  abundance  of 
which  regularly  breed  here,  in  preference  to  the 
dove-houses,  which  they  constantly  quit  at  their 
laying-time. 

I  descended  from  Gloddaeth  to  the  sea- side, 
about  two  miles  distant.     Saw,  close  to  the  shore, 

n  ficrniei-'s  Voyage  of  Cachemire,  112. 


LLANDRILLO.  H5 

the  singular  little  building  called  St.  Trillo's  Cha- 
pel. It  is  oblong;  has  a  window  on  each  side, 
and  at  the  end;  a  small  door;  and  a  vaulted 
roof,  paved  with  round  stones,  instead  of  being 
slated.  Within  is  a  well.  The  whole  building  is 
surrounded  with  a  stone  wall. 

On  a  hill,  about  half  a  mile  distant  from  this 
chapel,  is  the  church  of  Llandrillo,  dedicated  to  Liandeullo. 
the  same  saint.  Near  it  is  a  large  ruined  house, 
called  Bryn  Euryn;  formerly  called  Llys  Mael- 
gioyn  Gwynedd,  who  had  a  palace  on  this  spot. 
About  the  twelfth  century  it  was  inhabited  by  the 
great  Ed  ny feci  Fychan;  and  some  time  in  the  last 
was  possessed  by  a  family  of  the  name  of  Conwy, 
of  Welsh  descent,  derived  from  Gryffiydd  Goch, 
lord  of  Rhos  and  Rhyfoniog. 

Keep  along  the  shore,  and  pass  by  Rhos  Fy-  RlIOS 
nach,  or  the  Marsh  of  the  Monks,  having  been  the 
property  of  Conwy  abbey.  The  church  still  shares 
in  a  considerable  wear,  which  runs  from  this  point; 
the  bishop,  and  the  vicar  of  Llandrillo,  having  the 
fish  of  every  tenth  tide  between  them.  At  times 
they  have  a  good  chance  of  a  profitable  capture; 
for  in  two  successive  tides  forty  pounds  worth  of 
mackrel  have  been  taken. 

From  Rhos  Fynach  the  land  recedes  inwards, 
and  forms  a  pretty  bay.  The  country  slopes  to 
the  water  edge,  and  is  varied  with  woods  and  cul- 

r>  7~w  v  1  PBNMAEK 

tivation.     Penmaen  Rhos,  a  great  lime-stone  rock       rHo.s. 
vol.  III.  l 


146  DISASTER  OF  RICHARD  II. 

juts  into  the  sea  at  the  end  of  the  bay.  In  my 
memory  the  traveller  went  along  a  narrow  path 
cut  on  its  front,  like  the  road  on  Penmaen  Mawr, 
but  infinitely  more  terrible  and  dangerous;  a  fine 
coach-road  has  of  late  years  been  formed  far  be- 
hind this  precipice.  From  thence  I  descended  to 
Llandulas,  a  small  village  and  church.  In  one 
of  the  deep  bottoms  of  this  neighborhood  was  be- 
trayed the  unfortunate  prince  Richard  II.  who  had 
been  deceitfully  enticed  by  the  earl  of  Northum- 
berland to  go  along  with  him  from  Conwy  to  meet 
Bolingbroke,  to  settle  amicably  the  quarrel  be- 
tween them.  Hereabouts  he  suddenly  found  him- 
self surrounded  by  a  large  band  of  armed  men, 
placed  there  by  the  treacherous  earl,  who,  seizing 
on  Richard,  delivered  him  captive  to  the  usurper 
in  Flint  castle0. 

A  little  farther  on  the  right  hand,  high  above 
Cefn  Ogo.  the  road,  is  Cefn  Ogo,  a  lofty  precipice;  white, 
unless  where  darkened  by  the  ivy  which  spreads 
along  the  front.  In  the  middle  is  the  most  mag- 
nificent entrance  into  a  cave  which  Britain  can 
boast.  It  seems  like  the  portal  of  a  noble  cathe- 
dral, arched,  and  divided  within  by  what  has  the 
appearance  of  a  great  column. 

Near   this   place  begins  the   rich  arable   flat, 
which  extends  over  Rhuddlan  Marsh,  and  beyond 

•  See  the  whole  story,  agreeably  expressed  by  suitable  prints  from 
old  illuminated  MSS.  in  Mr.  Strutt'a  Regal  Antiquities. 


ABERGELEU.  147 

Prestatyn  in  Flintshire.     The  smalltown  of  Aber-  Arergeleu. 
geleu  lies  about  a  mile  from  Cefn  Ogo  near  the 
clayey  cliffs  which  impend  over  the  sea.     Tradi- 
tion says,  that  in  old  times  that  element  had  over- 
whelmed a  vast  tract  of  inhabited  country  once  ex- 
tending at  lest  two  miles  northward;   a  dateless, 
nameless,  epitaph  on  the  church-yard  wall  is  call- 
ed in  as  evidence.      Yma  mae'n  gorwedd  yn  mon- 
ivent  Mihangel,  gwr  oedd  ai  annedd  dair  milltir  i'r 
gogledd.     "In  this  church-yard  lies  a  man  who 
"  lived  three  miles  to  the  north  of  it."     But,  as  a 
better  proof,  I  have  observed,  at  low-water,  far 
from  the  clayey  banks,  a  long  tract  of  hard  loam, 
tilled  with  the  bodies  of  oak  trees,  tolerably  entire ; 
but  so  soft  as  to  be  cut  with  a  knife  as  easily  as  wax. 
Tee  wood  is  collected   by  the  poorer  people, 
and,  after  being  brought  to  dry  upon  the  beach,  is 
carried  home  and  used  as  fuel;    but,  in  burning,  it 
emits  a  very  bad  smell. 

The  church  is  a  long  awkward  pile  with  a  high 
tower  steeple. 

Of  this  parish  was  Marchudd  ap  Cynan,  co-  ^q^^d 
temporary  with  Roderic  the  Great,  and  one  of 
the  tribes  of  North  Wcdes  whose  posterity  gave 
princes  to  the  British  empire.  His  seat  was 
Brynffenigl,  where  likewise  his  descendant,  the 
great  Ednyfed  Fychan,  sometimes  resided. 

Abergeleu  is  bounded  to  the   right  by  high 
lime-stone  hills,  at  times  productive  of  lead  ore. 


143  OWEN  GWYNEDD'S  CAMP. 

On  one  of  them,  projecting  from  the  rest,  called 
Coppa  yr  Coppa  yr  Wylfa,  or  the  mount  of  the  watch-tower, 
is  a  very  strong  British  post.  The  front  is  a  great 
precipice;  out  of  its  interstices  grows  the  Aria 
Theophrasti;  the  accessible  parts  are  defended  by 
fosses  of  vast  depth  and  mounds  of  stones  along 
the  inner  sides,  which  give  them  considerable 
strength.  In  a  glen  beneath  is  a  ditch,  called 
Ffos  y  Bleiddiaid,  or  the  ditch  of  the  Wolves; 
possibly  from  the  frequency  of  those  animals  in 
these  parts.  Mr.  Llwyd,  in  his  Itinerary,  speaks 
of  a  mount  near  Abergeleu  divided  in  two,  on 
Pen  y  Pil.  which  formerly  stood  a  castle,  called  Pen  y  Pil, 
possibly  a  residence  of  the  antient  lords. 

From  Abergeleu  I  ascended  to  the  neighboring 
parish  of  Cegidoc,  or,  as  the  English  call  it,  St. 
George.  It  was  formerly  annexed  to  St.  Asaph, 
and  the  parishioners  were  obliged  to  repair  the 
street  wall  of  the  church-yard. 

High  above  this  place,  on  the  top  of  a  hill 
called  Pen  y  Pare,  is  a  very  strong  post,  said  to 
qwen'  have  been  occupied  by  Oiven  Givynedd  after  his 
Gwykedd.  ^g  re£reat  before  Henry  II.;  whom  he  kept  here 
at  bay,  and  politically  secured  his  dominions  from 
further  invasion:  for  it  was  on  this  spot,  not 
among  the  Snowdon  hills,  as  lord  Lyttelton?  sup- 
poses, that  our  gallant  prince  made  a  most  effec- 

p  Hist,  of  Henry  II.  ii.  38.">,  3d  ed.  octavo. 


RELIGIOUS  CUSTOMS.  HO 

tual  stand,  and  stopped  all  further  progress  of  the 
invader.  On  the  accessible  sides  are  double  and 
treble  ditches  and  ramparts,  the  others  are  suffi- 
ciently guarded  by  precipices.  The  area  is  near 
three  quarters  of  a  mile  round,  and,  near  the  edge 
of  the  steep  part,  facing  Rhuddlan,  is  smoothed 
into  the  form  of  a  terrace. 

St.  George  had  in  this  parish  his  Holy  Well,  SurERSTI. 
at  which  the  British  Mars  had  his  offering  of  TI0NS- 
horses;  for  the  rich  were  wont  to  offer  one,  to  se- 
cure his  blessing  on  all  the  rest.  He  was  the  tu- 
telar saint  of  those  animals;  all  that  were  distem- 
pered were  brought,  sprinkled  with  the  water,  and 
this  blessing  bestowed :  Rhad  Duw  a  sant  Sior 
amat.  "The  blessing  of  God  and  St.  George  be 
"  on  thee." 

The  well  of  St.  .Elian,  a  parish  not  far  from  ^g^ 
Llandvillo  in  Caernarvonshire,  has  been  hi  great 
repute  for  the  cures  of  all  diseases,  by  means  of  the 
intercession  of  the  saint;  who  was  hrst  invoked  by 
earnest  prayers  in  the  neighboring  church.  He 
was  also  applied  to  on  less  worthy  occasions,  and 
made  the  instrument  of  discovering  thieves,  and  of 
recovering  stolen  goods.  Some  repair  to  him  to 
imprecate  their  neighbors,  and  to  request  the  saint 
to  atnict  with  sudden  death,  or  with  some  great 
misfortune,  any  persons  who  may  have  offended 
tli em.  The  belief  in  this  is  still  strong;  for  three 
years  have  not  elapsed  since  I  was  threatened  by 


i 


150  RELIGIOUS  CUSTOMS. 

a  fellow  (who  imagined  I  had  injured  him)  with 
the  vengeance  of  St.  j.  Elian,  and  a  journey  to  his 
well  to  curse  me  with  effect. 
Eeligiovs  j  shall  here  bring  into  one  point  of  view  the  se- 
veral  reHgious  customs (!)  used  among  us  in  former 
times,  which  have  been  gradually  dropped,  in 
proportion  as  the  age  grew  enlightened.  Several 
were  local,  several  extended  through  the  whole 
country:  perhaps  some,  which  were  expressive  of 
their  hatred  of  vice,  or  which  had  a  charitable  end, 
might  as  well  have  been  retained,  notwithstanding 
the  smack  of  folly  that  was  often  to  be  perceived 
in  them. 

In  church,  at  the  name  of  the  Devil,  an  univer- 
sal spitting  seized  the  congregation,  as  if  in  con- 
tempt of  that  evil  spirit;  and  whenever  Judas  was 
mentioned,  they  expressed  their  abhorence  of  him 
by  smiting  their  breasts. 

If  there  be  a  Ffynnon  Fair,  the  well  of  our 
Lady,  or  any  other  saint,  the  water  for  baptism  was 
always  brought  from  thence;  and  after  the  cere- 
mony was  over,  old  women  were  very  fond  of 
washing  their  eyes  in  the  water  of  the  font. 

Previous  to  a  funeral,  it  was  customary,  when 
the  corpse  was  brought  out  of  the  house  and  laid 

(!)  There  is  an  article,  by  Mr.  Barnwell,  in  the  Arch.  Carab.  for 
1872,  "on  some  ancient  Welsh  Customs  and  Furniture"  which  may  b& 
referred  to  with  advantage,   t.  p. 


RELIGIOUS  CUSTOMS.  151 

upon  the  bier,  for  the  next  of  kin,  be  it  widow,  mo- 
ther, sister,  or  daughter  (for  it  must  be  a  female) 
to  give,  over  the  coffin,  a  quantity  of  white  loaves, 
in  a  great  dish,  and  sometimes  a  cheese,  with  a 
piece  of  money  stuck  in  it,  to  certain  poor  persons. 
After  that  they  presented,  in  the  same  manner,  a 
cup  of  drink,  and  required  the  person  to  drink  a 
little  of  it  immediately.     When  that  was  done,  they 
kneeled  down;  and  the  minister,  if  present,  said 
the  Lord's  Prayer:   after  which,  they  proceeded 
with  the  corpse;  and  at  every  cross-way,  between 
the  house  and  the  church,  they  layed  down  the 
bier,  knelt,  and  again  repeated  the  Lord's  Prayer; 
and  did  the   same  when  fchey  first   entered   the 
church-yard.     It  is  also  customary,  in  many  places, 
to  sing  psalms  on  the  way;    by  which  the  still- 
ness of  rural  life  is  often  broken  into,  in  a  manner 
finely  productive  of  religious  reflections. 

To  this  hour,  the  bier  is  carried  by  the  next  of 
kin;  a  custom  considered  as  the  highest  respect 
that  filial  piety  can  pay  to  the  deceased.  This 
was  a  usage  frequent  among  the  Romans  of  high 
rank;  and  it  was  thought  a  great  continuance  of 
the  good  fortune  which  had  attended  Metellus 
Macedonicus  through  his  whole  being,  that  when  he 
had,  in  the  fulness  of  years,  passed  out  of  life  by  a 
gentle  decay,  amidst  the  kisses  and  embraces  of  his 
nearest  connections,  he  was  carried  to  the  funeral 


152  KELIGIOUS  CUSTOMS. 

pile  on  the  shoulders  of  his  four  sonsq;  and,  let 
me  add,  that  each  of  them  had  enjoyed  the  greatest 
offices  of  the  commonwealth1. 

Among  the  Welsh  it  was  reckoned  fortunate 
for  the  deceased  if  it  should  rain  while  they  were 
carrying  him  to  church,  that  his  bier  might  be  wet 
with  the  dew  of  heaven. 

In  some  places  it  was  customary  for  the  friends 
of  the  dead  to  kneel,  and  say  the  Lord's  Prayer 
over  the  grave,  for  several  Sundays  after  the  inter- 
ment; and  then  to  dress  the  grave  with  flowers. 

Mauibus  date  lilia  pleuis. 
Purpureos  spargam  flores;  animamque  nepotis 
His  saltern  accurnuleni  donis,  et  fungar  inani 
Munere. 

Bring  fragrant  flowers,  the  fairest  lilies  bring, 
With  all  the  purple  beauties  of  the  spring. 
These  gifts  at  least,  these  honors  I'll  bestow 
On  the  dear  youth,  to  please  his  shade  below. 

Warton. 

It  is  still  usual  to  stick,  on  the  eve  of  St.  John 
the  Baptist,  over  the  doors,  sprigs  of  St.  John's 
wort,  or  in  lieu  of  it  the  common  Mugwort.  The 
intent  was  to  purify  the  house  from  evil  spirits;  in 
the  same  manner  as  the  Druids  were  wont  to  do 
with  Vervaine,  which  still  bears  with  the  Welsh  the 
significant  title  of  Cos  gan  Gythrael,  or  the  Da- 
mons aversion. 

i  Valer.  Max.  lib.  vii.  c.  i.        r  Pliaii,  Hist.  Nat.  lib.  vii.  c.  74. 


RELIGIOUS  CUSTOMS.  153 

Upon  Christmas  day,  about  three  o'clock  in  Plygan. 
the  morning,  most  of  the  parishioners  assembled 
in  church,  and  after  prayers  and  a  sermon,  conti- 
nued there  singing  psalms  and  hymns  with  great 
devotion  till  broad  day;  and  if,  through  age  or  in- 
firmity, any  were  disabled  from  attending,  they 
never  failed  having  prayers  at  home,  and  carols  on 
our  Saviour's  nativity.  The  former  part  of  the 
custom  is  still  preserved;  but  too  often  perverted 
into  intemperance.  This  act  of  devotion  is  called 
Plygan,  or  the  Crowing  of  the  Cock.  It  has  been 
a  general  belief  among  the  superstitious,  that  in- 
stantly, 

at  his  warning, 
Whether  in  sea  or  rire,  in  earth  or  air, 
Th'  extravagant  and  erring  spirit  hies 
To  his  confiue. 

But  during  the  holy  season,  the  Cock  was  sup- 
posed to  exert  his  power  throughout  the  night; 
from  which,  undoubtedly,  originated  the  Welsh 
word  Plygan,  as  applied  to  this  custom.  Accord- 
ingly, Shakespeare  finely  describes  this  old  opinion: 

Some  say,  that  ever  'gainst  that  season  comes 
Wherein  our  Saviour's  birth  is  celebrated, 
The  bird  of  dawning  singeth  all  night  long: 
And  then,  they  say,  no  spirit  walks  abroad: 
The  nights  are  wholesome:  then  no  planets  strike: 
No  fairy  takes:  no  witch  hath  power  to  charm, 
So  hallowed  and  so  gracious  is  the  time. 

Soon  after  leaving  St.  George,  I  passed  by  Kin- 


154  KINMAEL. 

Kinmael.  mael  house  and  park,  in  a  lofty  situation  on  the 
left.  This  place  had  been,  during  four  generations, 
the  property  of  the  Hollands,  of  a  noble  English 
descent,  long  settled  in  this  part  of  Britain,  and 
branched  into  several  respectable  families.  The 
pedigrees  derive  them  from  a  Sir  Thomas  Holland, 
who,  tradition  says,  came,  with  another  brother, 
into  Wales,  in  troublesome  times,  I  have  reason 
to  suppose  them  to  have  been  William  and  Tho- 
mas, the  two  younger  sons  of  John  Holland,  duke 
of  Exeter;  who  died  in  1446,  and  left  to  each  of 
them  an  annuity  of  forty  pounds8.  They  were  of  a 
most  unpopular  family,  therefore  probably  retired 
to  shun  the  miseries  they  might  experience  in  that 
age  of  civil  discord.  Pierce  Holland,  eleventh  in 
descent  from  Sir  Thomas,  made  his  settlement  at 
Kinmael  by  his  marriage  with  Catherine,  daughter 
to  Richard  ap  Evan  ap  Dafydd  Fychan  and  Alice 
his  wife,  heiress  of  the  place,  daughter  of  Gryjfydd 
Lloyd\  In  the  last  century,  one  of  his  descend- 
ants had  two  daughters.  Colonel  Carter,  an  of- 
ficer in  the  service  of  the  parlement,  made  choice 
of  Catherine,  the  youngest,  and  took  the  estate 
with  her.  A  wag  said,  that  he  had  chosen  the 
best  piece  of  Holland  in  the  countiy.  He  left  the 
eldest  sister  Mary  to  Colonel  Price  of  Rhiwlas,  a 

3  Duffdale's  Baron,  ii.  81. 

'  Ap  Evan  ap  Rhys  ap  O'ryfydd  Lloyd  ap  Robyn  ap  Rhys  ap 
llobert. 


VAENOL.      BODLEWYDDAN. 


155 


royalist.  About  fifty  years  ago,  a  descendant  of 
his,  John  Carter  esq;  alienated  the  place  to  the 
late  Sir  George  Wynne  bartx. 

In"  a  very  wet  situation,  beneath  Kinmael,  is 
Vaenol;  one  of  the  best  old  houses  in  the  county  Vaenol 
of  Flint.  It  was  built  in  1595,  by  John  Lloyd,  a 
younger  son  of  Wyg  Fair,  and  register  of  St. 
Asaph  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth;  a  place 
extremely  profitable,  before  the  powers  of  the 
church  were  abridged.  At  this  place,  Brinpolin, 
and  Wyg  Fair,  had  been  chapels  of  ease  to  St. 
Asaph,  and  three  out  of  the  four  vicars  did  duty  at 
them  in  turn.  A  fine  stone  coffin,  from  that  of 
Vaenol,  lies  in  the  garden  of  this  house. 

Ix  my  way  from  Kinmael,  see  Bodlewyddan, 
the  seat  of  John  Williams  esqy;  a  purchase  of  his 
grandfather,  Sir  William,  speaker  of  the  house  of 
commons.  Previous  to  that,  it  had  been  for  many 
generations  the  property  of  the  Humphries,  de- 
scended from  Rhys  Goch,  brother  to  Gwerydd  ap 
Rhys,  one  of  the  fifteen  tribes  of  North  Wales, 
and  cotemporary  with  Owen  Gwynedd. 


Bod- 
lewyddan. 


x  Kinmad  was  sold  by  Sir  George  Wynne  to  David  Roberts  esq; 
from  whom  it  was  purchased  by  the  reverend  Edward  Hughes.  A 
handsome  mansion  has  been  erected  in  the  park,  after  the  design  of 
Mr.  Samuel  Wyatt,  at  some  distance  from  the  old  house.     Ed. 

7  His  grandson  Sir  John  Williams,  the  present  worthy  possessor 
of  Bodlewyddan,  was  created  a  Baronet  in  17!)S;  he  has  considerably 
enlarged  the  house,  and  improved  the  grounds.     Ed. 


156  PENGWERN. 

Pengwern.  Descend  to  Pengwern,  the  seat  of  Sir  Edward 
Lloydz  bart.;  an  excellent  new  house  built  by 
him  on  the  site  of  the  old  one,  which  had  been 
built  by  Elen,  sister  to  Archbishop  Williams,  for 
the  son  of  her  first  husband,  Evan  Gryjfydd, 
owner  of  the  place.  Her  second  husband  was 
Sir  Peter  Mutton.  The  portrait  of  her  brother, 
in  a  clergyman's  dress,  with  the  seals  and  arms^  of 
Lincoln,  of  which  see  he  was  possessed  during  the 
time  he  was  lord  keeper,  is  preserved  here.  Ano- 
ther of  Sir  Peter  Mutton  in  his  scarlet  robes,  a 
ruff,  and  great  hat;  and  another  of  lady  Mutton, 
a  handsome  woman,  in  a  black  gown,  high  hat, 
and  with  a  feather  fan,  and  great  kerchief,  set.  45, 
1631.  From  hence  I  passed  through  Rhuddlan 
and  Newmarket  to  the  comforts  of  my  fire-side. 

z  "  Sir  Edward  Lloyd  finished,"  says  Mr.  Pennant,  in  the  Hist,  of 
Whiteford,  "  his  long  and  useful  life  on  May  26th,  1795:"  he  was  suc- 
ceeded by  his  great  nephew  Sir  Edward  Pryce  Lloyd  bart.     Ed. 


END  OF  THE  SECOND  PART. 


PART    III. 


DOWNING, 

MEIFOD,  CAER  SWS, 

MONTGOMERY, 

POWYS  CASTLE,  SHREWSBURY, 

CAER  CARADOC. 


THE 

T,OUR    IN    NORTH    WALES, 

TART  III. 


ON  Wednesday,  July  4  th,  1776,  I  left  home: 
breakfasted  with  the  reverend  John  Lloyd  at 
Caerwys,  and  with  him  descended  into  the  pretty 
little  vale,  which  leads  from  Mold  to  Denbigh;  and 
immediately  on  crossing  it  ascended  the  steep 
and  lofty  side  of  Bwlch  Coed  y  Mynydd,  a  great 
hill,  the  last  of  the  Clwydian  chain,  before  it  is 
broken  by  the  streight  of  Bodfari.  On  the  side  of 
this  hill,  at  Llys  Coed  y  Mynydd,  towards  the  left, 
lived  Ednowtdn  Bendew,  or  Ednowain  the  Strong- 
headed,  lord  of  Tegengl  in  1079,  and  one  of  the 
fifteen  tribes  of  North  Wales". 

These  Lhvythau,  or  tribes,  were  the  nobility  of  Tribes  of 
North  Wales.  They  commenced  extremely  early;  Wales. 
and,  at  different  times,  were  lords  of  distinct  dis- 
tricts, and  called  to  that  honor  by  several  princes. 
The  latest  were  about  the  time  of  Dafydd  ap 
Owen  Gwynedd,  who  began  his  reign  in  1169. 
We  are  left  ignorant  of  the  form  by  which  they 
were  called  to  this  rank.     All  we  know  is,  that 

•  Hist,  of  Whiteford,  p.  308.    Ed. 


1G0  TRIBES  OF  NORTH  WALES. 

each  of  them  enjoyed  some  office  in  the  court  of 
our  princes,  which  seems  to  have  been  hereditary, 
and  probably  to  be  attendant  on  the  honor. 

After  reaching  the  summit  of  the  hill,  a  rich 
and  extensive  view  presented  itself,  of  the  fertile 
vale  of  Clwyd  beneath,  and  the  great  range  of  our 
alpine  country,  at  length  jutting  into  the  sea  at 
the  bold  promontories  of  Llandudno  and  Penmaen, 
Maivr.  The  descent  into  the  vale  is  gradual, 
along  a  beautiful  terrace,  for  a  considerable  space 
far  above  it.  Fron-yic,  the  seat  of  John  Ma- 
docks^)  esq;  commands  a  delightful  prospect.  Its 
masterb  adds  to  the  many  illustrious  proofs  we 
have  at  this  period,  that  the  modern  Welsh  are  as 
eminent  in  persuasive  rhetoric  as  our  Gaulish 
neighbors  were  in  days  of  yore. 

Pass  by  the  small  churches  of  Llan-Gwifan, 
Llan-Dyrnog,  Llan-Gynhafal,  and  Llan-Rhychan, 
dedicated  to  the  Saints  Givyfan,  Tyrnog,  Cynha- 
fal,  and  Rhychan,  all  in  the  county  of  Denbigh, 
and  diocese  of  Bangor.  Beneath  the  church  of 
Llanbeder,  reach  nearly  the  bottom  of  the  vale; 
and  continue  my  journey  through  Ruthin,  and 
along  Nantclwyd,  by  a  good  old  house  of  the 
same  name. 

(!)  Mr.  Madocks  was  a  very  eminent  Chancery  barrister,  and  M.P. 
for  Westbury.   t.p. 

b  Grandfather  to  the  present  possessor.     Ed 


PASS  INTO  MONTGOMERYSHIRE.  161 

After  resting  one  night  at  Corwen,  proceed  as 

far  as  Llandrillo,  on  the  road  to  Bala;   and  near 

that  village  turn   to  the  left  into  a  narrow  glen, 

much  wooded,  watered   by  a  rude  torrent,    and 

bounded  by  high  hills.     At  this  extremity,  near  a 

farm  called  Blaen  y  Cwm,  begin  to  ascend  Milltir    Milltir 

J  ,   .  Gerbig. 

Gerrig,   or  the   Stoney  Mile;    a  Bivlch,   or   pass 

amidst  the  Berwyn  hills,  about  a  mile  in  length, 

with  the  mountains,  black  with  heath,  soaring  on 

each  side  to  a  stupendous  height.     It  is  the  great 

pass  in  these  parts  from  Meirioneddshire  into 

MONTGOMERYSHIRE, 

and  divides  the  counties:  the  latter  is  called  by 
the  Welsh,  Sir  Tre  Faldwyn,  or  the  shire  of  the 
town  of  Baldwin,  lieutenant  of  the  marches  in  the 
time  of  the  Conqueror,  who  built  the  town;  the 
name  of  which  was  afterwards  changed  to  that  of 
Montgomery,  derived  from  Roger  de  Montgomery, 
the  founder  of  the  castle :  which  name  it  gave  to 
the  county  when  it  was  formed  into  one  by  Henry 
VIII.  The  first  member  who  appears  on  record 
was  Edward  Leech  esq;  who  sat  in  1542.  Hum- 
phry Llwyd  justly  celebrates  the  fertility  of  its 
vallies,  the  stature  and  beauty  of  its  inhabitants; 
but  stigmatises  them  with  the  character  of  idle- 
ness, and  of  being  addicted  to  useless  amusements0. 

c  Comracntariolum.  92. 
VOL.  III.  M 


162  LLANGYNOG.    LEAD  MINE. 

The  descent  from  this  pass  is  very  steep ;  but  a 
fine  road  was  then  forming,  with  the  great  view  of 
giving  the  Irish  a  shorter  way  into  their  country, 
through  Oswestry,  and  over  the  Bwlch,  through 
the  county  of  Meirionedd.  This  is  one  of  the  vast 
designs  of  the  present  age,  which  will  effect  com- 
munications with  places  before  almost  inaccessible. 

On  arriving  at  the  bottom,  I  again  found  my- 
self in  narrow  vales,  loftily  bounded.     After  about 

Llangynog.  three  miles  riding  reached  Llangynog,  a  small  vil- 
lage in  the  parish  of  the  same  name,  in  the  diocese 
of  St.  Asaph.  The  place  was  the  source  of  short- 
lived wealth  to  the  maternal  relation  of  the  present 

Lead  Mike,  earl  of  Powys.  A  lead  mine  was  discovered  here 
in  the  year  1692,  which  was  in  most  parts  a  vein 
of  three  yards  and  a  half  thick,  and  was  worked  to 
the  depth  of  a  hundred  yards,  when  the  water  be- 
came too  powerful.  It  continued  in  a  flourishing 
state  during  a  period  of  near  forty  years;  yielded 
about  four  thousand  tons  annually;  was  sold  at  71. 
a  ton,  and  smelted  on  the  spot;  and  brought  in  a 
clear  revenue  to  the  family  of  twenty  thousand 
pounds  a  year. 

A  slate  quarry  has  been  discovered  of  late  years 
in  the  parish.  About  904,000  were  sold  from 
November  1,  1775,  to  November  1,  1776;  at  the 
rate  of  from  6s.  to  20s.  a  thousand;  but  the  want 
of  water  carriage  is  a  great  loss  to  the  work. 


HISTORY  OF  ST.  MONACELLA.  163 

At  about  two  miles  distant  from  Llangynog  I 
turned  up  a  small  valley  to  the  right,  to  pay  my  de- 
votions to  the  shrines  of  St.  Monacella,  or,  as  the    St-  ^oxa" 
Welsh  style  her,  Melangell.     Her  legend  relates, 
that  she  was  the  daughter  of  an  Irish  monarch, 
who  had  determined  to  marry  her  to  a  nobleman 
of  his  court.     The  princess  had  vowed  celibacy. 
She  fled  from  her  father's  dominions,  and  took  re- 
fuge in  this  place,  where  she  lived  fifteen  years 
without  seeing  the  face  of  man.      Brochwel  Ys- 
cythrog,  prince  of  Powys,  being  one  day  a  hare- 
hunting,  pursued  his  game  till  he  came  to  a  great 
thicket ;  when  he  was  amazed  to  find  a  virgin  of 
surprising  beauty,  engaged  in  deep  devotion,  with 
the  hare  he  had  been  pursuing  under   her  robe, 
boldly  facing  the  dogs  who  retired  to  a  distance, 
howling,   notwithstanding   all   the  efforts  of  the 
sportsmen  to  make  them  sieze  their  prey.     Even 
when  the  huntsman  blew  his  horn,  it  stuck  to  his 
lips.     Brochwel  heard  her  story;  and  gave  to  God 
and  her  a  parcel  of  lands,  to  be  a  sanctuary  to  all 
that  fled  there.     He  desired  her  to  found  an  abbey 
on  the  spot.     She  did  so,  and  died  abbess,  in  a 
good  old  age.     She  was  buried  in  the  neighboring    _ 

<=>  o  °  °     Church  of 

church,  called  Pe n mint,  and  from  her  distinguished     Pehsast 

Melangell. 
by  the  addition  of  Melangell.     Her   hard  bed  is 

shewn  in  the  cleft  of  a  neighboring  rock.     Her 

tomb  was  in  a  little  chapel,  or  oratory,  adjoining 

to  the  church,  and  now  used  as  a  vestry- room. 


164  TOMB  OF  JOEWEETH  DRWYNDWN. 

This  room  still  is  called  Cdl-y-hedd,  or  the  Cell  of 
the  Grave;  her  reliques,  as  well  as  her  image, 
have  been  long  since  removed:  but  I  think  the 
last  is  still  to  be  seen  in  the  church-yard.  The 
legend  is  perpetuated  by  some  rude  wooden  carv- 
ings of  the  saint,  with  numbers  of  hares  scuttling 
to  her  for  protection.  She  properly  became  their 
patroness.  They  were  called  Wyn  Melangell — 
St.  Monacellas  Lambs.  Till  the  last  century,  so 
strong  a  superstition  prevaled,  that  no  person 
would  kill  a  hare  in  the  parish;  and  even  later 
when  a  hare  was  pursued  by  dogs,  it  was  firmly  be- 
lieved, that  if  any  one  cried  "  God  and  St.  Mo~ 
"  nacella  be  with  thee,"  it  was  sure  to  escape3. 

In  the  church-yard  is  a  stone  with  the  figure  of 

an  armed  man,  which  now  serves  as  a  common 

grave-stone,  but  once  covered  the  remains  of  the 

Tomb  of    eldest  son  of  Owen  Gwynedd,  Jorwerth  Drivyn- 

JORWERTH  7.1177  i 

Drwykdwn.  diva,  or  Edward  with  the  broken  nose,  who  was  put 
aside  from  the  succession  on  account  of  this  blemish6. 
Hither  he  had  fled  for  refuge  from  the  cruelty  of 
his  brother  Dafydd  ap  Owen  Gwynedd,  this  place 
having  been  one  of  our  most  celebrated  sanctua- 
ries. On  his  shield  is  inscribed  Hie  jacet  Etivart. 
Tradition  says,  he  was  killed  not  far  from  hence, 
at  a  place  called  Bwlch  Croes  Jorwerth. 

This  valley  is  exceedingly  picturesque :  inclosed 

d  See  her  life.  8  Powel's  Hist.  Wales,  227. 


BODFACH.  165 

by  hills  on  all  sides,  except  its  entrance;  watered 
by  the  Tanat,  which  springs  not  far  off.     The  up- 
per end  is  bounded  by  two  vast  precipices,  down 
which,  at  times,  fall  two  great  cataracts;  between 
them  juts  out  the  great  and  rude  promontory  of 
Moel  ddu  Fawr,  which  almost  divides  the  preci- 
pices into  equal  parts :  and  all  together  formed  a 
line  and  solemn  retreat  for  devotees.     On  the  side 
of  this  valley  is  the  house  of  Llechweddgarth,  the 
property  of  Thomas  Thomas  esq.      Continue  my 
journey  for  some  time  along  the  valley,  then  ascend 
and  descend  a  series  of  grassy  hills  of  a  moderate 
height,  and  observe  in  many  parts  the  narrower 
passes  crossed  by  entrenchments,  in  old  times  de- 
signed to  interrupt  the  inroads  of  an  invader.     It 
is  said,  that  a  Roman  road  goes  near  this  place  to- 
wards  Aberystwyth.      Descend   to   Bodfach,   the    Bodpach. 
seat  of  Bel  Lloyd  esq;   in  right  of  Ins  marriage 
with  Miss  Price,  heiress  of  the  place.     This  and 
several  other  estates,  even  as  far  as  the  borders  of 
Shropshire,  belonged    to    the    Kyffms,  so   named 
from  being  Kyffiniaid,  or  borderers.     They  were 
descended  from  Eneon  Evell,  or  Eneon  the  Twin, 
brother  to  Cynric  Ecell,  illegitimate  sons  of  Madoc 
<tp  Meredydd  ap  Bleddyn  ap  Cynfyn,  prince  of 
Powys;  who  gave  Eneon  his  portion  in  this  coun- 
try, and  Cynric  his  in  Molesdalc  and  its  neighbor- 
hood.     Owen  Brogyntyn,   eldest   of    his   natural 
children,  was  settled  in  Edeimion. 


1GG 


LLANEHAIADE  YN  MOCHNAXT. 


Llwyd- 

IARTH. 


Llanrhai- 

ADR  YN 

MOCHNANT. 


The  valley  about  Bodfach  expands,  is  admira- 
bly cultivated,  watered  by  the  Cain,  and  prettily 
bordered  by  low  hills  finely  wooded.  The  town 
and  church  of  Llanfyllin  happily  fill  one  angle,  and 
vary  the  view. 

FftOM  Bodfach  I  made  an  excursion  to  Llwyd- 
iarth,  a  large  old  house  in  the  parish  of  Llan- 
wddyn,  seated  in  a  hilly  naked  country.  It  was 
formerly  the  property  of  the  great  family  of  the 
Vaughans,  descended  from  Aleth  Hen,  king  of 
Dyfed,  or  Pembrokeshire.  The  estate  was  con- 
veyed to  Sir  Wathin  Williams  Wynn\  by  his  first 
wife,  daughter  and  heiress  to  the  last  owner. 
From  one  part  of  the  ride  had  a  view  into  Cardi- 
ganshire, and  of  the  great  naked  mountain  of 
Plynlimmon,  covered  with  heath,  or  moory  grass. 

I  cannot  omit  in  this  place  mention  of  an  ex- 
cursion formerly  made  to  Llanrhaiadr  yn  Moch- 
nant,  a  neighboring  parish,  partly  in  this  county, 
partly  in  Denbighshire.  The  church  is  seated  in 
the  last,  dedicated  to  St.  Dogvan,  son  of  Br y chart. 
Dr.  William  Morgan,  who  first  translated  the  Bi- 
ble into  Welsh,  was  its  vicar.  He  was  rewarded 
by  Queen  Elizabeth  with  the  bishoprick  of  Llan- 
daff,  in  1595,  and  was  removed  to  that  of  St. 
Asaph  in  1601,  where  he  died  September  10th,. 
1604,  and  was  interred  in  the  cathedral. 


f  Grandfather  to  the  present  Sir  W.  W.  Wynn.     Ed. 


PISTILL  KHAIADR.  167 

The  facetious  but  learned  preacher  Dr.  South, 
was  the  last  rector  of  the  parish.  On  his  decease, 
the  rectorial  tithes  were  appropriated  by  act  of 
parlement  to  the  maintenance  of  the  choir  and  re- 
pair of  the  cathedral  church  of  St.  Asaph. 

I  must  speak  with  due  respect  of  the  memory 
of  the  late   worthy  vicar,    Dr.    Worthington;    to 
whose  hospitable  house  I  was  indebted  for  a  sea- 
sonable reception,  the  wet  evening  which  fortu- 
nately preceded  my  visit  to  Pistill  Khaiadr.    This    ^Jaiadb. 
celebrated  cataract  terminates  the  precipitous  end 
of  a  very  narrow  valley,  and,  as  it  were,  divides  a 
bold  front  of  the  Berwyn  mountains.     After  slid- 
ing for  some  time  along  a  small  declivity,  it  darts 
down  at  once  two- thirds  of  the   precipice,   and, 
falling  on  a  ledge,  has,  in  process  of  time,  worn  it- 
self a  passage  through  the  rock,  and  makes  a  se- 
cond cataract  beneath  a  noble  arch  which  it  has 
formed;  on  the  slippery  summit  of  which,  a  daring 
shepherd  will  sometimes  terrify  you  with  standing. 
The  second  fall  reaches  the  bottom,  and  assumes 
the  name  of  the  Rhaiadr,  or  the  cascade.     The 
defect  of  this  noble  fall,    is  the   want  of  wood. 
When   I  visited  it,  the  approach  was  very  bad; 
but  that  is  not  only  effect ually  remedied  by  the  late 
benevolent  vicar,  but,  as  I  am  informed,  he  has 
besides  ercted  a  cottage,  as  a  retreat  to  the  tra- 
veller from  the  fury  of  the  storm. 


1G8  MANUFACTURES.    LLANFYLLIN. 

The  abundance  of  sheep,  which  enliven  these 
hills,  brought,  at  the  time  I  visited  the  country, 
great  wealth  into  it.  The  flannel  manufacture, 
and  that  of  a  coarse  cloth  for  the  army,  and  for 
covering  the  poor  negroes  in  the  West  Indies,  is 
carried  on  in  most  parts  of  the  county.  It  is  sent 
and  sold  in  the  rough  to  Shrewsbury;  a  practice 
very  contrary  to  the  interest  of  the  country. 

Leave  Boclfach;  and,  for  the  sake  of  a  beauti- 
ful view,  am  led  by  Mr.  Lloyd,  a  little  out  of  my 
way  to  the  top  of  a  hill,  from  whence  is  a  prospect 
of  a  rich  expanded  vale,  with  the  church  of  Llan- 
jfechan  in  the  midst.  Part  is  bounded  by  low  and 
fertile  hills.  The  great  rock  of  Llan  y  Mynach, 
the  magazine  of  limestone  for  a  vast  tract  of  coun- 
try, closes  one  side;  beyond  extends  the  great 
flat  of  Shropshire,  with  the  Wrehin  hill  rising  insu- 
Llanfyllin.  lated  in  the  distance.  I  returned  through  Llanfy- 
llin,  a  small  town,  which  had  a  charter  bestowed  on 
it  by  Llewelyn  ap  Gryffydd  ap  Gwynwynwyn,  in 
the  reign  of  Edward  II.  and  confirmed  by  Edward 
de  Charlton,  lord  of  Powys.  This  gave  the  bur- 
gesses exemption  from  tolls,  Theam  throughout 
his  territories,  Gileam,  and  Hampsum.  They  could 
take,  imprison,  and  try,  any  thieves  or  malefactors; 
and,  should  such  escape,  they  had  liberty  of  pursu- 
ing them  for  a  league  round  the  town.  Any 
stranger  residing  in  it,  and  paying  scot  and  lot  for 
a  year,  became  free.     It  is  governed  by  two  bail- 


BRYST  GWTN.    VALE  OF  MEIFOD.  169 

his,  chosen  annually;  who,  among  other  privileges 
granted  it  by  Charles  II.  were  made  justices  of  the 
peace  within  the  corporation,  during  the  time  of 
their,  officeg. 

Ride  for  some  time  on  the  Oswestry  road. 
Ascend  to  the  right;  go  near  Bryn  Gwyn,  seat  Bryn Gwyn. 
of  William  Mostyn  esq;  above  which  is  a  circular 
British  post.  Numbers  of  these  posts  front  the  low 
country,  on  the  hills  which  jut  into  it,  as  if  guards 
to  protect  the  internal  parts  from  invasion.  Across 
the  road,  in  one  place,  I  met  the  vestiges  of  a  very 
strong  rampart,  to  defend  a  pass  into  the  vale  of  Vale  of 
Meifod,  which  soon  after  appeared  in  view.  The 
church  and  village  are  situated  in  the  middle  of 
the  valley,  which  is  quite  flat;  extends  in  length 
more  than  five  miles,  and  is  about  half  a  mile 
broad.  Three  parts  are  bounded  by  low  hills, 
prettily  wooded;  one  end  opens  into  the  plain,  and 
is  finely  terminated  by  the  Freiddin  hills,  a  vast 
mass,  and  conspicuous  feature  in  this  county,  and 
part  of  Shropshire.  The  Vyrnyw,  called  by  Dr. 
Powel,  Mdrnovia,  a  beautiful  river,  winds  along 
the  middle  of  the  vale.  Its  borders  rich  in  wheat, 
rye,  and  grass. 

The  church  is  dedicated  to  St.  Tyssilio,  a  prince 
of  Powys,  the  supporter  of  the  British  churches 
against  Austin  the  Monk.     In  old    times  it  be- 

c  Camdi/i,  ii.  783. 


170  ROMAN  AND 

longed  to  the  abbey  of  Strata  Marcella,  Ystrat 
Marchell,  in  this  county.  It  is  the  mother  church 
to  Pool  and  Guildsfield;  all  which,  in  the  17th  of 
Henry  VII.  the  bishop  of  St.  Asaph  had  licence  to 
appropriate  to  himself h.  The  vicarage  of  Meifod 
is  now  appropriated  to  Christ-church,  Oxford. 
It  is  a  place  of  great  ecclesiastical  antiquity. 
There  is  reason  to  suppose,  that  it  took  its  name 
from  its  having  been,  in  the  very  early  ages  of 
Christianity,  the  residence  of  a  hermit  or  recluse; 
for  Meudwyfod  implies  a  hermit's  habitation,  and 
Lan  is  frequently  added  to  many  Welsh  words,  to 
denote  them  to  have  been  inclosed  places;  such  as 
Givinllan,  a  vineyard;  Corlan,  a  sheepfold;  Ydlan, 
a  stackyard;  so  that  Meudwylan  would  signify  the 
precinct  of  the  hermit,  and  by  the  assistance  of  a 
Roman  termination,  become  Meudwijlanium(l);  and 
that,  readily,  more  latinized  into  Mediolanum,  the 
name  we  find  it  bears  in  the  Itinerary1,  where  it  is 
placed  between  Bovium,  Bangor,  and  Rutunium, 
Rowton.  We  find  it  again  in  the  Chorography  of 
the  Ravenna's,  and  in  Ptolcnuf.  If  those  periods 
are  supposed  to  have  been  too  early  for  the  insti- 
tution of  monastic  life  in  this  island,  I  must  defend 
my  opinion  by  that  of  the  learned  Tanner,  who 

h  Notitia  on  St.  Asaph  diocese,  3/S. 

(')  It  is  needless  to  saythat  this  is  impossible  for  several  reasons,  j.r. 

*  Iter  Britanniarum.         k  Ilorseb/,  374.  492. 


CHRISTIAN  ANTIQUITIES.  171 

reasonably  supposes  it  to  have  been  nearly  coeval 
with  Christianity  in  Great  Britain1. 

The  Roman  antiquity  rests  upon  the  authority 
of  one  of  our  older  writers"1;  who  mentions  that  in 
his  time  there  were  considerable  remains  of  vener- 
able antiquity;  that  several  foundations,  floors, 
and  causeways,  have  been  dug  up;  but  whether 
any  coins,  arms,  or  inscriptions,  have  been  met 
with,  does  not  appear.  Camden  also  mentions  a 
field,  called  Erw'r  Porth,  or  the  field  of  the  gate, 
where  he  concludes  might  have  stood  one  of  the 
Porta,  or  gates11. 

To  revert  to  the  Christian  antiquities:  Meifod 
is  said  to  have  been  the  archdeaconry  of  all  Powys- 
land,  and  to  have  had  two  churches  besides  the 
present.  Whether  the  chapel,  whose  ruins  were 
standing  in  no  very  remote  period,  and  was  called 
Eglwys  Gwyddfarch,  from  a  British  saint  of  this 
country,  might  not  have  been  one,  I  cannot  say; 
the  other  was  named  Eglwys  Pair,  or  the  church 
of  the  Virgin,  which  was  built  in  1155°. 

In  the  chief  church  were  interred  the  princes 
and  great  men  of  Powys;  among  whom  may  be 
enumerated  Madoc  ap  Meredydd  ap  Bleddyn  ap 
Cynfyn,  prince  of  Powys,  who  died  in  1160,  at 
Winchester,  and  was  conveyed  here;  and  the  noble 


1  Preface. 

m  Oirald.  Cwmbr.  Itin.     Dr.  Pou-eVs,  note,  c.  iv.  lib.  ii. 

n  Camden,  ii.  781,  782.  °  Povel,  20.7). 


172  MATHRAFAL. 

Gryffydd  Maelor,  lord  of  Bromefield,  who  died  in 
L188p. 


GHuacH-  The  present  church-yard  consists  of  not  less 
than  nine  acres,  and  yields  to  the  minister  as  many 
pounds,  as  a  pasture. 

Not  far  above  Meifod  is  an  union  of  two  rivers, 
both  of  the  name  of  Vymyw,  which  diverge  consi- 
derably, and  take  their  rise  remote  from  one  ano- 
ther. The  poetical  topographer  Drayton  there- 
fore very  justly  styles  the  river 

Forkt  Vumway,  bringing  Tur  and  Taaot:  growing  rank, 
She  plies  her  towards  the  pool q. 

Both  are  large  streams,  in  many  places  black  and 
deep.  Soon  beyond  their  junction  the  ground 
rises.  On  a  steep  bank,  above  one  of  the  rivers, 
Mathrafal.  stood  Mathrafal,  once  the  seat  of  the  princes  of 
Poivys;  the  name  at  present  preserved  only  by  a 
farm-house.  I  could  easily  trace  the  site  of  the 
antient  castle:  it  occupied  the  space  of  about  two 
acres.  One  side  was  guarded  by  the  steep  over 
the  river;  the  other  three  sides  by  a  vast  rampart 
of  stone  and  earth,  and  a  very  deep  foss;  a  high 
exploratory  mount,  on  which  perhaps  had  been  a 
castelet,  fills  one  corner;  from  which  is  a  clear 
view  of  all  that  passes  up  and  down  the  vale. 

After  this  place  was  deserted  by  its  princes, 

»  rowel,  210.  242.  «  Canto  vi. 


LLANGYNIW.  173 

the  castle  was  possessed,  or,  as  Dr.  Powel  says, 
built  by  Robert  de  Vepont,  a  potent  baron,  high  in 
favor  with  king  John.  It  is  most  probable  that 
he  only  restored,  and  strengthened  it  with  new 
works.  In  1112,  Llewelyn  ap  Jorwerth  laid  siege 
to  it;  but  the  king  coming  with  a  potent  army, 
obliged  Llewelyn  to  retire,  and  after  that  caused 
the  castle  to  be  demolished". 

In  Gwern  Ddu,  a  wood  opposite  to  Mathrafal, 
beyond  the  river,  is  a  circular  entrenchment;  and 
in  a  field,  beyond  the  other  branch,  is  a  round 
mount;  both  which  certainly  had  respect,  in  early 
times,  to  the  fortress  at  Mathrafal.  I  must  there- 
fore agree  with  the  learned  Burton's  conjecture, 
that  this  might  have  been  the  Mediolanum  of  the 
Romans;  it  having  been  customary  with  British  as 
well  as  Saxon  princes,  to  have  their  palaces  where 
formerly  Roman  stations  had  their  situation  and 
being3.  Let  me  add  also,  that  this  might  have  been 
the  winter  station;  and  the  low  Meifod,  subject  to 
overflowings  from  the  river,  the  summer  station. 

The   country   beyond   Mathrafal   grows    hilly, 
clayey,  and  barren.     Pass  by  the  church  of  Llan-  llanqyniw. 
gynitv;  to  the  left  is  Dolarddyn,  where  Henry  VII. 
is  said  to  have  lodged  a  night. 

A  few  miles  farther  I  rode  through  the  village 
of  Castell  Caereneon,  seated  on  the  Vyrnyw.     A 

r   Hist.  Wales,  267.  »  Burton'*  Com.  132. 


174  CREGYNNOG.    CASTELL  DOLFORWYN. 

castle  was  built  here  in  1155,  by  Madoc  ap  Mere- 
dydd,  prince  of  Powys\  I  had  not  leisure  to  en- 
quire whether  there  were  any  remains. 

The  country  for  seven  miles  more  continued 
hilly,  and  full  of  unpleasant  commons.  Reach 
Cbegtnnog.  Cregynnogn,  the  seat  of  Arthur  Blayney  esq; 
whose  hospitality  I  experienced  for  two  or  three 
days.  Under  his  conduct  I  saw  every  thing  in  the 
neighborhood  which  merited  attention.  The  very 
worthy  owner  is  descended  from  Brochwel  Ys- 
cythrog.  The  elder  branch  of  the  family  has  been 
ennobled  in  Ireland,  since  the  year  1620,  by  the 
title  of  Lord  Blayney  of  Monaghan;  an  honor 
well  earned  by  the  services  of  Sir  Edward  Blay- 
ney knight,  in  Ireland,  in  the  reigns  of  Queen 
Elizabeth  and  her  successor. 
Castell  One  evening  I  was  conducted  to  Castell  Dol- 
fonvyn,  a  castle  on  a  high  ridge  of  a  hill,  very 
steep,  and  almost  surrounded  by  a  wooded  dingle. 
At  the  bottom  runs  a  small  brook,  which  falls  into 
the  Severn  about  a  mile  distant.  This  fortress  is 
very  ruinous,  being  built  with  the  small  shattery 
stone  of  the  country,  and  resembles  much,  in  its 
masonry,  Castell  Dinas  Bran.  On  the  two  more 
accessible  sides  are  deep  trenches,  cut  through  the 
rock.     It  commands  a  fine  view  ef  the  rich  vale  of 

1  Powel,  205. 
n  Cregynnog  became  the  property  of  Charles  Banbury  esq;    by  his 
marriage  with  Miss  Tracy,  niece  to  the  late  Arthur  Blayney  esq.   Ed. 


STORY  OF  SABRINA.  175 

Severn.  According  to  Dugdaleu,  it  was  built  by 
Dafydd  ap  Llewelyn,  a  prince  who  reigned  from 
1240  to  1246;  but  I  prefer  the  authority  of  John 
Dafydd  Rhys,  quoted  by  the  reverend  Evan 
Evans*;  which  assures  us  it  was  founded  by  that 
worthy  prince  Bleddyn  cvp  Cynfyn,  between  the 
years  1065  and  1073.  Roger  de  Mortimer  ob- 
tained a  grant  of  it,  together  with  the  castles  of 
Kedewen  and  Keri,  from  Edward  I.  in  1278,  to 
hold  to  himself  and  his  heirs,  by  the  service  of 

three  knights  feesy. 

°  • 

What  is  the  origin  of  the  name  of  Dolforwyn, 
or  the  Meadow  of  the  Maiden,  I  cannot  with  any 
certainty   pronounce;    but   from   some   legendary 
tradition  of  the  country,   I  suspect  that  it   has 
allusion  to  the   story  of  Sabra,  or    Sabrina,    of 
which  our  poets  have  made  so  beautiful  an  use. 
She  was  (savs  Jeffrii  of  Monmouth)  daughter  of    Sabrina, 
Locrine  king  of  Britain,  by  Estrildis,  one  of  the 
three  captive  virgins  of  matchless  charms,  which 
he  took  after  he  had  defeated  Humber  king  of  the 
Huns,  to  whom  they  belonged.     Locrine  had  di- 
vorced his  former  queen  Guendolen  in  her  favor. 
On  the  death  of  the  British  monarch,  Guendolen 
assumed  the  government,  pursued  Estrildis,  and 
Sabra  her  daughter,  with  unrelenting  cruelty,  and 

u  Monast.  ii.  223.  x  Dissertatio  de  Bardis,  92. 

J  Dugdalc  Baron,  i.  142. 


HER  STORY. 


178  STOEY  OF  SABRINA. 

caused  them  to  be  drowned  in  the  river;  which, 
with  a  slight  alteration,  assumed  the  name  of  the 
innocent  victim.  Milton,  in  his  brief  and  elegant 
description  of  our  rivers,  speaks  of 

The  Severn  swift,  guilty  of  maiden's  death. 

But  in  his  incomparable  mask  of  Comics,  he  enters 
fully  into  her  sad  story,  and  makes  her  the  goddess 
of  Chastity,  and  calls  her  from  the  deep 

To  undo  the  charmed  band 
Of  true  virgin,  here  distrest, 
Through  the  force,  and  through  the  wile 
Of  unblest  inchanter  vile. 

No  reader  of  taste  will,  I  am  sure,  be  displeased 
with  me  for  relating  the  history  of  the  goddess 
in  the  beautiful  numbers  of  our  poet. 

Sabrina  is  her  name,  a  virgin  pure: 

Whilome  she  was  the  daughter  of  Locrine, 

That  had  the  sceptre  from  his  father  Brute. 

She,  guiltless  damsel,  flying  the  mad  pursuit 

Of  her  enraged  stepdame  Guendolen, 

Commended  her  fair  innocence  to  the  flood, 

That  stayed  her  flight  with  his  cross-flowing  course. 

The  water-nyniphs,  that  in  the  bottom  play'd, 

Held  up  their  pearled  wrists,  and  took  her  in, 

Bearing  her  straight  to  aged  Kerens'  hall; 

Who  piteous  of  her  woes,  rear'd  her  lank  head, 

And  gave  her  to  his  daughters  to  imbathe 

In  nectar'd  lavers,  strow'd  with  asphodil; 

And,  through  the  porch  and  inlet  of  each  sense, 

Dropt  in  ambrosial  oils,  till  she  revived, 

And  underwent  a  quick  immortal  change, 

Made  Goddess  of  the  river.     Still  she  retains 

Her  maiden  gentleness,  and  oft  at  eve 


VALE  OF  SEVERN.  177 

Visits  the  herds  along  the  twilight  meadows, 

Helping  all  urchin  blasts,  and  ill-luck  signs, 

That  the  shrewd  meddling  elf  delights  to  make. 

Which  she  with  precious  vial'd  liquors  heals. 

For  which  the  shepherds,  at  their  festivals, 

Carol  her  goodness  loud  in  rustic  lays; 

And  throw  sweet  garland  wreaths  into  her  stream 

Of  pansies,  pinks,  and  gaudy  daffodils. 

And,  as  the  old  swain  said,  she  can  unlock 

The  clasping  charm,  and  thaw  the  numbing  spell. 

If  she  be  right  invok'd  in  warbled  song; 

For  maidenhood  she  loves,  and  will  be  swift 

To  aid  a  virgin,  such  as  was  herself, 

In  hard  besetting  need. 


FECHAN. 


Not  far  from  Dolforwyn  is  Aberfechan,  an  old  Abbk- 
house;  which,  after  being  owned  by  the  Blayneys, 
the  Prices,  and  the  Lloyds,  is  now  possessed  by 
Sir  Gervase  Clifton  baronet,  by  virtue  of  his  mar- 
riage with  the  heiress  of  the  place,  daughter  of 
Richard  Lloyd  esq. 

From  hence  we  descended  into  the  vale  of  the 
Severn,  and  crossed  the  river  on  a  wooden  bridge. 
It  is  the  misfortune  of  this  part  of  the  county2  to  be 
destitute  of  several  most  necessary  materials.  The 
rich  are  obliged  to  burn  wood  instead  of  coal ;  and 
the  poor,  a  wretched  turf.  Lime  is  extremely  re- 
mote ;  and  stone  fit  for  masonry  at  a  vast  distance. 
From  the  head  of  the  Severn,  as  low  as  Llandrei- 
ii  io,  there  is  not  a  stone  bridge.     Should  it  happen, 

z  A  beneficial  communication  into  the  heart  of  Montgomeryshire 
is  now  opened  by  means  of  a  branch  of  the  canal  called  "the  EU.es- 
'„>ere,"  which  connects  the  Dee  and  the  Severn.     Kd. 
VOL.   III.  V 


17S  SIR  JOHN  PEYSE:    HIS  SINGULARITIES. 

in  any  remote  period,  that  timber  should  fail,  the 
better  sort  of  people  must  probably  be  reduced  to 
distress  for  want  of  fuel;  and  at  times  one  part 
of  the  county  becomes  inaccessible  to  the  other  for 
want  of  bridges.     The  moral  of  this  is,  Plant,  and 

PRESERVE  YOUR  WOODS ! 

Nbwtowx.  Visit  Tre  Newydd,  or  Newtown,  a  neat  small 
town  with  a  good  market,  on  the  banks  of  the  Se- 
vern. In  a  pretty  park,  near  to  the  town,  is  the 
seat  of  the  Pryses.  The  family  derives  itself  from 
Ely  start  Glodrydd,  one  of  the  five  royal  tribes  of 
Wales,  prince  of  all  the  country  between  Wye  and 
Severn,  and.  earl  of  Hereford  in  right  of  his  mo- 
ther Rhiengar,  daughter  of  Grono  ap  Tudor  Tre- 
vor.    It  became  possessed  of  this  place  about  the 

Sir  John    time  of  Henry  VI.      The  late  owner,  Sir  John 
Pryse.  j 

Pryse,  was  a  gentleman  of  worth,  but  of  strange 
singularities.  He  married  three  wives;  and  kept 
the  two  first  who  died,  in  his  room,  one  on  each 
side  of  his  bed ;  his  third  declined  the  honor  of  his 
hand  till  her  defunct  rivals  were  committed  to 
their  proper  place. 

During  the  season  of  miracles  worked  by 
Bridget  Bostock  of  Cheshire,  who  healed  all  dis- 
eases by  prayer,  faith,  and  an  embrocation  of  fast- 
ing-spittle, multitudes  resorted  to  her  from  all 
parts,  and  kept  her  salival  glands  in  full  employ. 
Sir  John,  with  a  high  spirit  of  enthusiasm,  wrote  to 


INSTANCE  OF  STRANGE  ENTHUSIASM.  179 

this  wonderful  woman  to  make  him  a  visit  at  New- 
town Hall,  in  order  to  restore  to  him  his  third  and 
favorite  wife.  His  letter  will  best  tell  the  founda- 
tion on  which  he  built  his  strange  hope,  and  very 
uncommon  request. 

Eurydices  oro  properata  retexite  lila. 

Purport   of  Sir   John    Pryce's   Letter   to    Mrs. 
Bridget  Bostock.    1748. 

"  Madam, 

"  Having    received    imformation    by  repeated 
*'  advices,  both  public  and  private,  that  you  have 
"  of  late  performed  many  wonderful  cures,  even 
"  where  the  best  physicians  have  failed;    and  that 
"  the  means  used  appear  to  be  very  inadequate  to 
"  the  effects  produced;    I  cannot  but  look  upon 
4t  you  as  an  extraordinary  and  highly  favored  per- 
"  son.     And  why  may  not  the  same  most  merci- 
■"  ful  God,  who  enables  you  to  restore  sight  to  the 
"  blind,  hearing  to  the  deaf,  and  strength  to  the 
"  lame,  also  enable  you  to  raise  the  dead  to  life? 
"  Now,  having  lately  lost  a  wife,  whom  I  most  ten- 
"  derly  loved,  my  children  an  excellent  step-mother, 
"  and  our  acquaintances  a  very  dear  and  valuable 
"  friend,  you  will  lay  us  all  under  the  highest  ob- 
"  ligations:    and  I  earnestly  entreat  you,  for  God 
"  Almighty's  sake,  that  you  will  put  up  your  peti- 
"  tions  to  the  Throne  of  Grace  on  our  behalf,  that 


130  ROMAN  ROAD, 

"  the  deceased  may  be  restored  to  us,  and  the  lute 
"  Dame  Eleanor  Pryce*  be  raised  from  the  dead. 
"  — If  your  personal  attendance  appears  to  you  to 
"  be  necessary,  I  will  send  my  coach  and  six,  with 
'  proper  servants,  to  wait  on  you  hither,  whenever 
"  you  please  to  appoint. — Recompence  of  any  kind, 
"  that  you  could  propose,  would  be  made  with  the 
"  utmost  gratitude;  but  I  wish  the  bare  mention 
'*  of  it  is  not  offensive  to  both  God  and  you. 
"  I  am,  Madam, 

"  Your  most  obedient,  and  very 

"  much  afflicted  humble  servant, 

"  JOHN  PRYCE." 

The  following  day  our  ride  was  directed  to- 
wards  Caer  Sws,  a  place  of  Roman  antiquity. 
Our  way  lay  over  some  high  grassy  lands.  On 
Roman  Gwyn  Fynydd  was  easily  traced  the  Roman  road, 
called  Sam  Swsan.  It  runs  from  Caer  Sios, 
points  towards  Meifod,  and  is  distinctly  traced  as 
far  as  the  banks  of  the  Yyrnyw,  near  Lhjssin.  I 
am  not  able  to  pursue  it  either  to  or  from  Meifod; 
but  the  late  Dr.  Worthington  assured  me,  that  it 
was  met  with  in  his  parish,  at  Street  Faivr,  near 
Coed  y  Clawdd;  that  it  crossed  Rhus  y  Brithdir 
to  Pen  y  Street,  and  from  thence  to  Llam-jwrch, 
to  Caerfaeli,  which  is  supposed  to  have  been  a 

*  Widow  of Jones  esq;  of  BucJcland,  Brecknockshire. 


ROMAN  ROAD.  1C1 

email  Roman  camp.      Dr.  Worthington  supposed, 
that  this  road  tends  to  Chester. 

Notwithstanding  it  is  rather  out  of  its  place, 
let  me  speak  of  another  road  in  the  same  parish, 
and  mentioned  to  me  by  the  same  gentleman. 
This  seems  to  lead  from  RiUiuiium,  Rowton  in 
Shropshire.  It  crosses  the  Tanat  at  Gartheryr; 
from  whence  it  passes  through  Street  y  Planirav, 
to  Maen-gwynedd,  and  winds  up  Bivlch  Maen 
Gwyneddj  and  retains  the  name  of  Ffordcl  Gam 
Elen,  or  the  winding  road  of  Helen*. 

To  return  to  Gtoyn-fynydd.  I  observed  on  the 
side  of  the  Roman  road,  a  small  sub-oval  camp. 
The  road  conducts  us  to  Cacr  Sivs,  a  hamlet  with  caeb  Sws. 
a  few  houses,  on  the  side  of  the  Severn.  The  ad- 
jacent fields  are  divided,  to  this  day,  from  each 
other  by  lanes,  which  intersect  each  other,  as  it 
were  to  point  the  very  places  which  had  formed 
the  antient  streets.  On  the  north-west  sides  are 
hollows,  which  possibly  were  part  of  the  fosses  of 
the  old  precincts.  Bricks  have  been  found :  one 
was  presented  to  me,  with  letters  that  baffle  my 
guess.  As  to  coins,  I  have  only  heard  of  one  be- 
ing met  with;  and  the  owner  could  not  ascertain 
the  emperor.  This  station  is  unnoticed  by  every 
Roman  writer. 

Opposite    to   it,    at   some    distance   from    the 

b  Dr.  Worthuigtorta  Letter,  on  his  parish,  addressed  to  me,  yov. 
29th  1774. 


18-2 


BATTLE  OF  CARNO. 


Rhos  Ddi-    river,  is  Rhos  Ddiarbed,  or  the  common  where  no 

ARBED. 

quarter  was  given.  The  reason  is  now  lost.  In 
an  adjacent  field  is  a  camp  of  a  very  uncommon 
form.  At  the  south  is  a  vast  exploratory  mount, 
of  a  conic  shape,  surrounded  with  a  foss  of  a  great 
depth.  On  the  north  part  of  the  foss  is  an  oblong- 
area,  about  seventy  yards  wide  in  the  greatest  dia- 
meter; guarded  by  a  very  high  rampart,  and  on 
the  outside  by  a  ditch.  In  the  lower  part  is  a 
porta,  opening  into  a  great  rectangular  camp,  about 
two  hundred  yards  long,  and  above  one  hundred 
broad.  Opposite  to  the  other  porta  is  a  second, 
placed  at  the  extremity;  but  there  are  no  others, 
as  usual  in  Roman  camps,  which  this  certainly 
was,  but  an  eccentric  one,  prout  loci  qualitas  aut 
necessitas  postulaverat.  The  whole  is  encompass- 
ed with  a  rampart  and  ditch.  In  a  field  opposite 
to  Caer  Sws  are  some  trenches,  perhaps  apper- 
taining to  the  camp.  The  former  I  suppose  to 
have  been  the  winter,  this  the  summer  station. 

From  hence  I  returned  into  the  road.  On  the 
right  opens  another  vale,  watered  by  the  Carno. 
The  mountains  of  Carno,  like  the  mountains  of 
Gilboa,  were  celebrated  for  the  fall  of  the  mighty. 
Battle  of  The  fiercest  battle  in  our  annals  happened,  in 
1077,  amidst  these  hills;  when  Gryffydd  ap  Cynan, 
supported  by  Rhys  ap  Tudor,  prince  of  South 
Wales,  disputed  the  sovereignty  of  North  Wales 
with  Trahaem  ap  Caradoc,  the  reigning  prince. 


CHURCH  OF  CAENO. 


183 


followed  by  Caradoc  ap  Gryffydd  and  Meilir,  sons 
of  Rhywallon  ap  Gwyn,  his  cousin-germains.  Af- 
ter a  most  bloody  contest,  victory  declared  itself 
in  favor  of  the  first;  Trahaem  and  his  kinsmen, 
disdaining  flight,  fell  on  the  spot;  and  Gryffydd 
ap  Cynan  was  put  into  possession  of  his  rightful 
throne,  which  he  filled  during  fifty- seven  years 
with  great  dignity. 

The  church  of  Carno  belonged  to  the  knights  of  Church. 
St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  who  are  said  to  have  had  a 
house  near  it,  As  one  part  of  their  business  was 
the  protection  of  their  fellow  creatures  from  vio- 
lence, it  is  very  possible  that  they  might  have 
had  a  station  in  these  parts,  which  were  long 
filled  with  a  lawless  banditti. 

In  view  is  Park,  the  residence  of  — —  Herbert 
esq.  I  have  been  informed  that  Queen  Elizabeth 
kept  here  a  stud  of  horses.  Possibly  the  famous 
breed  of  Spanish  horses,  introduced  into  the  coun- 
try by  Robert  earl  of  Shrewsbury*,  might  render 
these  parts  distinguished  for  an  excellent  kind, 
even  so  late  as  the  reign  of  that  great  princess. 

Reach  Llanddinam,  a  church  prettily  seated 
on  a  little  head-land  jutting  into  the  vale.  This 
is  a  vicarage  belonging  to  the  chapter  of  Bangor; 
and  the  comportions  were  vested  in  the  dean  and 
chapter  in  1G85,  for  repairing  the  cathedral,  and 


Llan- 
ddinam. 


O'irald.  Itin.  lib.  ii.  c.  12.    Sir  Richard  I/oares  Ed.  vol.  ii..  p.  17:5. 


F  B 

■    : 


V  GAEE  FECHAK.     LLAXIDL    § 

iigmenting  the  vicarages  thereo:  .      Opposite 
Llanddinam,  on  the  summit  of  a  high  mountain.    - 
a  British  post,  called  T  Goer  Fechan,  or  the  Lit- 
tle For:  surrounded  with  a  number  of  fine 
from  one  to  five,  according   as  the  strength 
weakness  of  the  parts  required. 

My  journey  was  continued  along  a  most  beau- 
tiful road.      The  vale  arrows  narrow,  is  bounded 
y  Lofty  hills,  whose  bottoms  are  in  many  plac~- 
skirted  with  beautiful  hanging  woods;   those  of 
Berth-L  .  jd  are  far  the  most  considerable.     The 

or  remains  of  the  antient  house  of  that  name 
stand  in  the  valley;  its  masters  were  the  old  fa- 
mily of  the  Ll'j.'yds,  descended  from  Dyngo.d.  se- 
cond son  of  Tudor  7  -  :  r.  Dafydd,  seventeenth 
in  descent  from  Dyngad,  first  took  the  name  of 
Hwyd,  and  probably  gave  the  additional  title  to 
the  hoi:  It  continued  in  the  family  several 

generations  after;  and  of  late  years  passed,  by 
purchase,  to  Sir  Edward  Lloyd  baronet. 

U«a  About   a   mile    farther   is   Llanidlos,   a    small 

.own,  with  a  great  market  for  yarn,  which  is  ma- 
nufactured into  fine  flannels;  and  sent  weekly, 
by  waggon-loads,  to  Welsh  Pool.  The  church  is 
dedicated  to  St.  ldlos.  Within  are  six  arches: 
the  columns  surrounded  w^ith  neat  round  pillars, 
ending  in  capitals  of  palm-leave        The  inhabit  - 

*    WSUf»  Banff  or.  291. 


PLYNLIMMON. 

ants  assert,  that  they  were  brought  from  the  abbe) 
of  Cicm  Jlir  in  Radnorshire.     A  date  on  the  roof 
is  1542,  which  soon  followed  the  period  of  monas- 
tic ruin  in  this  kingdom. 

Tins  is  a  country  of  sheep-walks.  Tin:  flocks, 
like  those  of  Spain,  are  driven  to  them  from  distant, 
jiarts  to  feed  on  the  summer  herbage.  The  farms 
in  the  vallies  are  only  appendages,  for  winter  ha- 
bitations and  provisions.  A  coarse  slate  is  found  Sl-'  '  • 
in  the  neighboring  hills;  but  there  still  remains, 
in  many  parts,  the  antient  covering  of  the  country, 
shingles,  heart  of  oak  split  and  cut  into  form  of 
slates.  These  were  introduced  by  the  Saxons,  as 
the  word  is  derived  from  S<:hiit<l<-I  which  signifies 
the  same  thing. 

A  little  beyond  Llanidlos  the  vale  closes. 
The,  Severn  here  dwindles  into  an  inconsiderable 
stream.  By  wonderful  instinct,  Salmon  force  their 
way  from  the  ocean,  higher  up  even  than  this 
distant  spot,  for  the  sake  of  depositing  their  spawn. 
The  other  fish  are  T  routs,  Samlets,  Graylings, 
and  Pike.  The  river  runs  in  a  hollow  to  its 
source,  fifteen  miles  distant,  in 

PlyrdimmonU  anlua  ni' 


the  vast  hill   of  Plynlimmon.      I   was  dissuaded     PL™hxu 
from  making  it  a  visit,  being  informed  that  it  was 
an  uninteresting  object:  the  base  most  extensive, 
the  top  boggy,  and  the  view  from  it  over  a  dreary 


1SG  BETTWS  CHURCH. 

and  an  almost  uninhabited  country.  Part  lies 
in  the  county  of  Montgomery,  and  part  in  Cardi- 
ganshire; besides  the  Severn,  it  gives  rise  to  the 
JtidalQ),  which  flows  to  the  sea  near  Aberystwyth; 
and  the  Wye,  which,  precipitating  from  its  foun- 
tains down  some  most  romantic  rocks,  continues  its 
course  till  it  falls  into  the  Severn  below  Chepstoiif. 

After  a  most  pleasing  ride,  return  to  Cregyn- 
nog  with  my  good  host,  the  best  shower  of  a 
country  I  ever  had  the  good  fortune  of  meeting. 

On  the  morning  I  took  leave  of  Cregynnog, 
and  attended  by  Mr.  Blayney(2),  skirted  the  hilly 
country.  Our  ride  was  chiefly  through  narrow 
Ch^iTh  lanes-  Stopped  to  see  the  church  of  Bettws, 
seated  in  a  bottom,  dedicated  to  St.  Beuno,  and 
formerly  belonging  to  the  nunnery  of  Llanlugan, 
in  this  county.  The  steeple  makes  a  figure  in 
these  parts.  It  was  built  by  one  of  its  ministers, 
whose  figure,  in  priestly  vestments,  carved  on  a 

(x)  The  river  meant  is  the  Rheidol,  as  it  is  there  called:  it  reaches 
the  sea  at  Aberystwyth,  though  the  town  takes  its  name  from  the 
Ystwyth  which  meets  it.  The  latter  is  mentioned  in  Ptolemy'* 
Geography,  though  that  is  not  usually  known,  since  it  is  there 
spelled  "ZrovKKia,  which  has  to  be  corrected  into  2roi-«ra  or  Srouicria, 
r  and  t  being  frequently  confounded  in  Greek  manuscripts,  Srot/ieWa 
could  not  become  anything  but  Ystwyth  in  Welsh,  j.r. 

e  I  was  told,  that  the  road  to  it  from  Cregynnog  was  by  Caer  Svfs, 
Park,  and  Tre/eglys;  and  that  from  the  last  it  is  necessary  to  pro- 
cure a  guide  to  conduct  the  traveller  over  the  mountains. 

(2)  There  is  an  interesting  account  of  Mr.  Blayney  in  an  appendix 
to  Yorke'a  Royal  Tribes,   t.p. 


PEN  Y  GAER.     VAYNOB-  13  7 

brass  plate,  is  fastened  to  one  of  the  walls.  He 
thus  relates  his  story : 

orate  pro  auiraa 
k»       Johannis  ap  Meredyth  de  Powisia 

Cjuondam  vicarii  hujus  ecclesise  de  Bettws  I. 
In  cujus  tempore  cedificatum  est  campanile: 
Ibidem  sicut  emptae  sunt  tres  campaure, 
Et  facta  sunt  in  dicta  ecclesia  multa  alia 
Bona  opera.     Ipso  vicario  pro  posse  auxiliante. 

Cujus  auimae  propitietur  Decs.     Amen. 
Dat  ipso  vivente,  A.D.  1531. 

This  brass  was  originally  fixed  on  a  great  slab  of 
oak,  still  in  its  place  on  the  floor,  which  also  is 
covered  with  oak:  so  scarce  was  stone,  so  plenti- 
ful wood!  The  great  chest  is  made  of  a  single 
trunk  of  oak. 

A  little  further,  on  the  top  of  a  hill  on  the 
left,  is  a  great  exploratory  mount;  and  I  was  in- 
formed that  on  the  same  range  is  a  post,  called 
Pen  y  Gaer,  surrounded  by  three  trenches.  Pen  y  Gabr. 

From  a  hill,  called  Cefn  Uppol,  is  a  most  de- 
lightful view  of  the  vale  of  Severn,  the  river;  and 
beyond  appear  the  long  extent  of  Cerri  hills, 
even  on  the  top,  Corndon  hill,  Longment,  the 
Stiperstones,  and  the  rugged  mass  of  Freiddin. 

On  the  left  is  the  house  of  Vaijnor,  once  the    Vaynor. 
property  of  the  Prices;   but,  by  the  marriage  of 
the  heiress,  in  the  last  century,  to  George  Deve- 
reux  esq;  was  transferred  to  the  Viscounts  Here- 
ford.    But  on  the  death  of  Price  Devereux,  tenth 


188 


ROMAN  CAMP.    FORT. 


Roman 

Camp. 


A  BMALL 

Fort. 


of  that  honor,  was,  by  will,  alienated  to  persons 
foreign  to  the  name  and  blood. 

Descend  into  the  vale.  Cross  the  Severn. 
Ride  along  the  road  through  the  midst  of  a  Roman 
camp,  called  the  Gaer,  seated  in  the  parish,  or 
rather  chapelry,  of  Fordin.  It  is  of  the  usual 
rectangular  form.  A  little  beyond,  near  the  house 
of  Nantcribba,  the  seat  of  Lord  Viscount  Here- 
ford, rises  a  great  conoid  rock.  A  few  years  ago, 
on  taking  away  the  top,  were  discovered  the 
remains  of  a  little  fort;  and  on  paring  away  the 
rubbish,  it  appeared  to  have  been  square,  with  a 
round  tower  probably  at  each  corner:  one  is  to- 
lerably entire,  and  is  only  nine  feet  diameter 
within;  the  wall  seven  feet  seven  inches  thick. 
There  had  been  some  small  square  rooms,  with 
door-cases  of  good  free-stone:  the  rest  of  the 
building  is  of  rough  stone,  cemented  with  clay. 
This  place  was  probably  ruined  by  fire:  for  I 
observed  some  melted  lead,  mixed  with  charcoal, 
and  several  traces  of  vitrification.  There  is  no 
history  relative  to  it.  It  must  be  very  antient,  for 
on  the  top  is  the  stool  of  a  vast  oak.  The  base  of 
the  rock  is  surrounded  with  a  ditch,  cut  through 
it,  leaving  only  a  narrow  pass  to  the  fort.  At  a 
distance  is  another  trench.  Offds  ditch  lies 
about  two  hundred  yards  from  the  rock.  Enter 
a  part  of 


CHIRBURY.    PRIORI'  NEAR.  189 

SHROPSHIRE, 

at  Walcot;  and,  keeping  southerly,  soon  reach 
Chirbury,  a  church  and  village,  which  gave  name  Chirruut. 
to  the  hundred,  and  title  to  the  celebrated  flower 
of  chivalry  Edward  lord  Herbert,  in  whom  mad- 
ness and  abilities  kept  equal  pace.  This  hundred 
did,  in  old  times,  belong  to  the  castle  of  Montgo- 
mery, which  was  then  reputed  to  be  in  it.  In 
the  7th  of  Edward  VI.  Cliirbury  hundred  was 
given  by  the  crown,  to  Edward  Herbert  and  his 
heirs:  but  Charles  I.  in  the  third  vear  of  his 
reign,  permitted  Sir  Edward  Herbert  to  alienate 
it  to  William  Neye  and  Thomas  Gardiner  esqrs. 

Near  this  village  stood  a  priory  of  Benedict-  Priory. 
ines,  founded  in  the  reign  of  King  John.  The 
church  was  given  to  the  priory,  with  all  the  lands 
along  the  road  side,  as  far  as  Merebroc.  By  a 
composition  between  Prior  Philip  and  the  parson 
of  Montgomery,  the  right  of  burials  and  christen- 
ing was  reserved  to  the  church  of  Chirbury.  The 
same  year  the  Prior  had  a  grant  of  the  tithes  of 
Montgomery  wood,  and  the  mill.  Hubert  de 
Burgh  was  a  benefactor  to  this  house.  In  1280 
the  prior  and  convent  removed  to  Snede,  the  place 
of  their  first  constitution  and  abode,  it  being  repre- 
sented that  Chirbury  was  not  so  proper  a  place 
for  celebrating  divine  mysteries;  but  this  removal 


190  MONTGOMERY. 

was  not  to  affect  the  souls  of  those  buried  at  Chir- 
bury,  to  whom  they  were  bound  to  do  the  same 
services  as  before  the  removal,  neither  were  the 
religious  to  lose  any  of  their  rights  at  Chirbury1. 

This  house  maintained  a  prior  and  five  or  six 
monks.  Its  revenues  66Z.  85.  7d.  according  to 
Dugdale;  and  871.  7  s.  4cZ.  according  to  Speeds. 
The  last  prior  was  Oliver  Middleton  (probably  of 
the  old  family  of  Middleton  Hall  in  this  parish) 
who  had  a  pension  for  life  of  8/.  per  annum}1. 

MONTGOMERYSHIR  E. 

montgo-  Two  miles  farther  is  Montgomery,  a  small  neat 
town,  partly  built  on  the  slope,  partly  on  the  sum- 
mit of  a  hill,  beneath  the  shadow  of  one  much 
higher.  It  owes  its  foundation  to  Baldwyn,  lieu- 
tenant of  the  marches  to  William  the  Conqueror, 
from  whom  the  Welsh  called  it  Tre  Faldwyn. 
That  he  also  built  a  castle  here,  or  some  kind  of 
defence,  is  probable;  for  we  are  informed,  that  in 
the  year  1092,  Roger  de  Montgomery,  earl  of 
Shrewsbury,  entered  Powysland,  and  won  the  town 
and  castle  of  Baldwyn;  I  suppose  at  that  time 
possessed  by  the  Welsh.  Roger  fortified  the  place, 
and  called  it  after  his  own  name  Montgomery;  but 
in  1094,  the  Welsh  took  the  castle,  put  the  gar- 
rison to  the  sword,  and  carried  destruction  through 

1  Halston  MSS.  *  Tanner.  h  Willis,  ii.  190. 


MERY. 


MONTGOMERY.  191 

the  neighboring  parts.  The  king,  William  Rufus, 
assembled  a  vast  army,  and  repossessed  himself  of 
the  low  parts  of  the  country.  The  earl  of  Shrews- 
bury rebuilt  the  castle,  which  the  Welsh  had  des- 
troyed. It  was  again  ruined;  but  we  are  not  in- 
formed of  the  period :  only  we  are  told  that  Henri/ 
III.  built  a  new  castle  there  in  12211.  Henri/ 
granted  it  to  his  great  justiciary  Hubert  cle  Burgh, 
with  two  hundred  marks  annually,  and  a  greater 
salary  in  case  of  wark.  During  the  time  it  was 
possessed  by  Hubert,  it  was  beseiged  by  the  Welsh; 
but  speedily  relieved  by  the  English.  Many 
bloody  skirmishes  happened  about  this  time  in 
the  neighborhood;  in  one  of  which  was  taken 
William  cle  Breose,  a  potent  baron,  who  was  obli- 
ged to  pay  a  considerable  sum  for  his  ransom.  In 
1231,  Llewelyn  assembled  a  great  army,  and  so  ter- 
rified Hubert  that  he  evacuated  the  castle,  which 
was  seized  and  burnt  by  the  exasperated  prince1. 

On  an  inquisition  taken  on  the  reversal  of  the 
attainder  of  the  famous  Roger  Mortimer,  earl  of 
March,  in  1354m,  he  was  found  to  have  been 
possessed  of  it  at  his  death,  and  also  of  the 
hundred  of  Chirbury;  in  which,  at  that  time,  the 
castle  and  manor  of  Montgomery  were  reputed  to 
lie.  It  continued  in  the  family  at  the  time  of  the 
death  of  his  grandson  Roger;  for  it  formed  part  of 

1  Powel,  280.  k  Dugdale  Baron,  i.  (iit">. 

1  Powel,  287.  *  Dugdah  Baron,  i.  147. 


193  SIEGE  OF  MONTGOMERY: 

the  jointure  of  his  widow",  and  probably  remained 
in  his  descendant  Edmund,  who  died  without  issue. 

A  long  interval  elapses  before  I  discover  any 
thing  more  of  this  place.  Lord  Herbert  speaks 
of  it  as  the  habitation  of  some  of  his  ancestors0; 
I  suppose,  holding  it  from  the  crown,  as  steward 
of  the  castle,  and  of  the  hundred  of  Chirbury. 

Siegb  in  I>j  the  civil  wars  in  1G44  it  was  seized  for  the 

use  of  the  parlement,  by  Sir  Thomas  Middleton: 
who,  on  the  appearance  of  the  king's  army,  was 
obliged  to  make  a  sudden  retreat  to  Oswestry, 
and  leave  it  ill  provided  both  with  garrison  and 
provisions.  .  The  royal  forces,  under  Lord  Biron, 
laid  siege  to  it;  but  Sir  Thomas  being  joined  by 
Sir  William  Brereton,  Sir  John  Meldrum,  and  Sir 
William  Fairfax,  returned,  under  the  command  of 
Brereton,  with  about  three  thousand  men,  to  its 
relief.  The  king's  army  was  five  thousand  strong; 
which,  on  the  approach  of  the  enemy,  took  posses- 
sion of  the  hill  above  the  castle.  The  castle  was 
TEMBERLsth*  relieved,  and  a  most  bloody  battle  ensued.  The 
king's  army  descended  from  their  post,  and  mak- 
ing a  most  vigorous  attack  on  the  forces  of  the 
parlement,  at  first  gained  considerable  advantage; 
but  the  last,  actuated  by  despair,  made  the  most 
violent  efforts,  and  at  length  obtained  a  most 
complete    victory.       The    pursuit   was    continued 

n  Dxigdole  Baron,  i.  147.  •  Hia  life,  p.  5. 


ITS  CASTLE.    BRITISH  POST.  193 

near  twenty  miles.  About  five  hundred  were 
slain,  and  fourteen  hundred  taken  prisoners.  The 
loss  on  the  side  of  the  parlement  only  forty  slain, 
and  about  sixty  woundedp.  The  castle  met  with 
the  fate  of  all  others,  being  dismantled  by  order  of 
the  commons. 

The  remains  impend  over  the  town.  They  Castle 
stand  on  a  projecting  ridge,  of  a  great  height  and 
steepness,  and,  towards  the  end,  quite  precipitous. 
The  reliques  of  this  fortress  are  very  small.  It 
had  been  divided  by  four  fosses  cut  in  the  rock; 
each  perhaps  had  its  draw-bridge.  Between  the 
end  of  the  buildings  and  the  precipice  is  a  level 
spot,  the  yard  or  parade  of  the  place. 

At  the  bottom  of  the  hill,  in  the  vale,  is  a  small 
fortification,  of  the  same  kind  with  those  used  by 
the  Saxons,  and  by  the  Welsh  also,  having  in  it  a 
hisfh  mount. 

On  a  hill,  not  far  from  the  castle,  is  a  stupend- 
ous British  post.  The  approach  is  guarded  by  BplJ^H 
four  great  ditches,  with  two  or  three  entrances 
towards  the  main  work;  where  a  few  fosses  run 
across  the  hill,  the  end  of  which  is  sufficiently 
guarded  by  its  steepness. 

This,  and  the  preceding  pieces  of  military  an- 
tiquity, shew  the  importance  of  this  place  in  early 
times :  the  first  was  probably  in  being  when  Bald- 

p  Dralke'B  Pari.  Hist.  xiii.  285.     WhMoch,  104. 
VOL.  III.  O 


194  MONTGOMERY:   ITS  TOWN. 

wyn  made  himself  master  of  this  country,  notwith- 
standing the  original  name  has  totally  perished. 

From  the  summit  of  the  British  post  is  a  fine 
view  of  the  vale  of  Montgomery,  which  is  very 
extensive,  and  bounded  by  the  hills  of  Shropshire. 

Town.  The  town  was  once  defended  by  walls,  strength- 

ened by  towers.  It  had  also  four  gates;  Chir- 
bury,  Arthur's,  Keri,  and  Kedewen  gateq.  There 
was  a  grant  of  Edward  I.  to  Bogo  de  Knouill, 
constable  of  the  castle,  giving  him  leave  to  sell 
certain  wood  on  Comdon  forest,  for  repairing  the 
walls  and  fosses  round  the  town  and  castle;  and 
another  for  the  same  purpose,  from  Edward  III. 
permitting  a  toll  for  seven  years  on  several  articles 
which  were  brought  there  to  be  sold:  among 
others,  are  enumerated  Squirrel  skins'. 

Henry  III.  granted  by  charter,  that  the  bo- 
rough of  Montgomery  should  have  the  privilege  of 
a  free  borough,  with  other  liberties8.  The  first 
burgess  that  was  summoned  to  parlement  was  in 
the  27th  of  Henry  VIII.  The  first  who  appears 
to  have  sat  was  William  Herbert,  in  the  year 
1542.  The  town  is  governed  by  two  bailiffs,  and 
twelve  burgesses,  or  common -council  men.  The 
member  is  elected  by  the  burgesses,  and  returned 
by  the  bailiffs.     The  electors  are  about   eighty*. 

i  Leland  Itin.  vii.  16.        r  Sebright  MSS.        *  Camden,  ii.  780. 
'  Willis,  Notitia  Pari.  iii.  78,  and  part  ii.  9. 


CUCKINGSTOOL. 


105 


GrOGING- 
STOOLE. 


Llanidlos,  Welsh  Pool,  and  Llanfyllin,  were  con- 
tributory; but  are  now  excluded  from  any  share  in 
the  election. 

Whether,  in  old  times,  this  town  abounded, 
more  than  is  usual,  with  ladies  of  free  lives  and 
conversation,  I  do  not  pretend  to  say :  but  very 
early  the  free  burgesses  had  the  privileges  of  the 
Gogingstoole,  C  itching  stool,  or  Cokestool,  or  what 
the  Saxons,  called  the  Scealfing stole.  Quia,  says 
my  authority,  per  objurgatrices  et  meretrices  multa 
mala  in  villa  oriuntur :  and  these  were  to  have  the 
judgment  de  la  Goginstoole;  and  therein  to  be 
placed,  with  naked  feet  and  disheveled  hair,  as  an 
example  to  all  beholders".  Probably  this  was  not 
found  to  answer  the  end  intended;  therefore  im- 
mersion, or  ducking,  was  in  after  times  added,  as 
an  improvement,  and  to  effect  a  radical  cure. 

The  church  dedicated  to  St.  Nicholas,  is  in  Church. 
the  diocese  of  Hereford,  in  the  gift  of  the  king  . 
and  was  formerly  a  chapel  to  Ghirbury.  Within 
is  a  handsome  monument  of  Richard  Herbert 
esq;  father  to  the  famous  lord  Herbert.  He  is 
represented  in  armour;  and  by  him  lies  his  lady, 
Magdalene,  daughter  of  Sir  Richard  Newport  of 
High  Arcol.  In  front  are  their  numerous  pro- 
geny. He  died  in  1597.  The  monument  was 
•erected   by  his   lady,  who  survived  him  several 


°  Blount's  Tenures,  282. 


196 


BLACKHALL.     MYNYDD  DIGOLL. 


Blackhai.l. 


MYNYDD 
DlGOLL. 


years;  and,  after  discharging,  with  exemplary 
care,  her  duty  to  their  children,  married,  at  the 
end  of  twelve  years,  Sir  John  Danvers,  brother  to 
Henry  earl  of  Danhy;  and  died  in  1627. 

The  house  called  Blackhatt,  once  the  hospitable 
residence  of  the  family,  stood  at  the  bottom :  a  foss 
marks  the  spot ;  for  it  was  consumed  by  fire.  The 
lodge  in  Limore  Park,  at  a  small  distance  from  the 
town,  was  enlarged  on  this  occasion;  is  still  kept 
up,  and  shews  a  venerable  wooden  front. 

On  leaving  Montgomery,  I  took,  for  four  or 
five  miles,  nearly  the  same  road  as  I  did  in  comma- 
to  it.  Passed  under  Mynydd  Digoll.  On  this 
mountain  may  be  said  to  have  expired  the  liberties 
Battle,  of  Wales;  for  here  was  the  last  contest  against  the 
power  of  our  conqueror.  After  the  death  of  Llew- 
elyn, the  northern  Welshmen  set  up  Madoc,  cousin 
to  our  slain  prince;  who  assembled  a  great  army, 
and,  after  several  eminent  victories,  at  Caernarvon, 
near  Denbigh,  Knochin,  and  again  on  the  marches,. 
was  here  overthrown,  in  1294,  by  the  collected 
power  of  the  lord  marchers,  after  a  well-fought, 
and  long- contested  engagement1. 

I  must  add,  that  on  this  mountain  Henry  VII. 
mustered  the  friends  who  promised  to  join  him 
from  North  Wales  and  Shropshire,  and  did  not. 
find  one  who  had  failed  of  his  appointment.     On 


x  J'oioel,  380,  381. 


I N 


h 

50 





POWYS  CASTLE  :   PAINTINGS  THERE.  197 

which  account  the  Welsh  call  it  Dlgoll,  or  Without 
Loss;  the  English  name  it  the  Long  Mountain. 

Cross  the  Severn,  near  Llanlafryn,  the  seat  of 
Pfice  Jones  esq.  Soon  after  gaining  this  side 
of  the  river,  I  turned  a  little  out  of  the  road  to 
Powys  Castle,  the  seat  of  the  earl  of  Powys,  C^2L 
placed  on  the  ridge  of  a  rock,  having  scarcely  any 
area;  which,  in  common  with  most  mansions 
sprung  from  castellated  origin,  are  far  from  de- 
sireable  situations.  This  retains  a  mixture  of 
castle  and  mansion.  The  entrance  is  between  two 
rounders :  there  are  also  remains  of  round  towers 
in  other  parts.  Near  the  castle  is  a  long  galleryy, 
a  hundred  and  seventeen  feet  by  twenty.  It  was 
once  a  hundred  and  sixty-seven  feet;  but  an 
apartment  has  been  taken  out  of  one  end.  This 
is  of  a  later  date  than  the  other  building,  and  was 
detached  from  it  by  a  fire,  about  fifty  years  ago. 

In  the  parlour  within  the  dwelling-house,  is  a 
full-length  of  Roger  Palmer,  earl  of  Castlemain;  earl  ok 
who  owed  his  peerage  to  his  wife,  a  royal  mistress, 
and  afterwards  dutchess  of  Cleveland.  He  is 
represented  dictating  to  a  secretary,  and  dressed 
in  a  black  wig,  a  cravat,  and  red  mantle.  James  II. 
sent  him  on  an  embassy  to  the  Pope,  to  recon- 
cile the  church  of  these  kingdoms  to  the  holy  see, 

y  In  this  gallery  are  several  pictures  of  considerable  merit,  col- 
lected by  the  late  lord  Powis.     Ed. 


198  POWYS  CASTLE:  PAINTINGS  THEPvE. 

after  their  long  lapse  to  heresy.  The  politic  pope 
saw  the  folly  of  the  design,  and  never  received  the 
embassador  without  being  seized  with  a  most  sea- 
sonable  fit  of  coughing,  which  always  interrupted 
the  subject  of  his  errand.  At  length,  wearied  with 
delay,  he  was  advised  to  take  pet,  and  threaten  to 
leave  Rome.  His  holiness,  with  great  sang  froid, 
told  him,  that  since  such  was  his  resolution,  he  affec- 
tionately recommended  him  to  travel  early  in  the 
morning,  and  to  rest  at  noon,  least  he  should  en- 
danger his  health:  and  so  ended  this  ridiculous 
business7. 

The  great  staircase  is  adorned  with  paintings, 
by  Lanscroon,  complimentary  to  Queen  Anne. 

There  are  two  large  rooms,  above  stairs,  hung 
with  old  tapestry.  The  ceiling  of  one  is  stuccoed 
with  most  ridiculous  paintings  of  the  zodiac. 

Next  is  a  long  narrow  gallery,  filled  with  bad 
portraits.  The  (titular)  duke  of  Powys,  a  post- 
abdication  creation,  is  represented  in  his  great 
wig  and  robes.  He  followed  the  fortune  of  James 
II.  and  died  at  St.  Germain's  in  1696.  His  wife, 
Elizabeth,  daughter  to  the  marquis  of  Worcester, 
is  painted  in  blue  and  ermine. 

In  one  ceiling  is  much  incense  to  the  ladies  of 
the  family,  daughters  to  William,  second  marquis 
of  Powys.     One  is  represented  as  Truth;   Lady 

1  A  full  account  is  given  by  Mi-sson,  iii.  p.  170  to  207. 


POWYS  CASTLE:  GARDENS.  199 

Throgmorton  appears  as  another  Virtue;  Lady 
Mary  as  Minerva;  and  Justice  is  seen  driving 
away  Envy,  Malice,  and  other  Vices.  Few  ladies 
have  made  so  conspicuous  a  figure  as  Lady  Mary. 
She  was  engaged  deeply  in  the  Missisippi  scheme, 
and  dreamt  of  millions;  aimed  at  being  royal 
consort  to  the  late  Pretender:  failed  in  her  plans, 
and,  with  another  noble  adventurer,  retired  to 
Spain,  in  search  of  the  gold  in  the  mines  of 
Asturias. 

The  crown  of  Poland,  venal  twice  an  age, 
To  just  three  millions  stinted  modest  Gage: 
But  nobler  scenes  Maria's  dreams  unfold; 
Hereditary  realms,  and  worlds  of  gold. 
Congenial  souls !  whose  life  one  av'rice  joins, 
And  one  fate  buries  in  th'  Astnrian  mines. 

The  views  from  this  height,  of  Welsh  Pool,  the 
vale,  and  Freiddin  hills,  are  very  fine;  but,  from 
the  situation,  the  horrible  vicissitudes  of  cold  and 
heat  are  experienced.  The  gardens  are  to  be  des-  gardens. 
cended  to  by  terraces  below  terraces,  a  laborious 
series  of  flights  of  steps,  covering  rock,  which  one 
De  Valle  had  blasted  away  in  former  days.  The 
gardens  were  filled  with  waterworks :  the  whole  in 
imitation  of  the  wretched  taste  of  St.  Germain  en 
Laye,  which  the  late  family  had  a  most  unfortunate 
opportunity  of  copying. 

The  first  notice  I  find  of  this  place  is  about  the 
year  1110;  when  the  renowned  Briton,  Cadwgan 


200  POWYS  CASTLE: 

ap  Bleddij)i  ap  Cynfyn,  sought  here  an  asylum 
from  the  persecution  of  his  kindred,  and  began  a 
castle.  At  that  time  it  was  called  Y  Trellawng. 
While  he  was  intent  on  the  business,  his  nephew 
Madoc  came  on  him  unawares  and  slew  himz. 
The  building  was  continued,  perhaps  by  Gwenwyn- 
Siegesin,  Wyn;  for  m  1191  it  was  besieged  by  Hubert  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury:  who  met  at  first  with  a 
most  vigorous  resistance.  At  length,  the  prelate 
sent  for  a  company  of  miners,  and  proceeded  so 
successfully,  that  the  besiegers,  seeing  the  walls  un- 
dermined, and  the  enemy  three  to  one,  surrendered 
on  the  most  honorable  terms.  The  archbishop 
fortified  it  more  strongly,  and  placed  a  strong  gar- 
rison in  it;  but  soon  after  Gwenwynwyn  attacked 
it  in  his  turn,  and  had  the  good  fortune  to  reduce 
it  on  the  very  terms  which  his  own  garrison  had  re- 
ceived. At  this  time  it  was  called  the  castle  of 
Gwenwynwyn  at  the  Pool". 

Succession.  His  son  Gryffydd  probably  took  part  with  the 
English;  for  in  1233  Llewelyn  ap  Jorwerth  over- 
threw this  fortress;  which  now  assumed  the  name 
of  Castell  Goch,  or  Red  Castle,  from  the  color  of 
the  stonesb. 

His  grandson,  Owen  ap  Gryffydd  ap  Gwenwyn- 
wyn, remained  in  possession  of  the  place.  He 
left  a  daughter,  called  Hawys  Gadam,  or  Hawys 

%  rowel,  170.  •  The  same,  248.  b  The  same,  288. 


ITS  HISTORY.  201 

the  hardy0.  Four  of  her  uncles  disputed  her  title 
to  her  father's  land,  alleging,  that  a  female  was  in- 
capable of  inheriting.  Hawys  wisely  made  a  friend 
of  Edward  II;  who  married  her  to  John  de  Charl- 
ton, born  near  Wellington  in  Shropshire,  in  1268, 
and  styled  Vcdectus  Domini  Regis*.  It  continued 
in  their  posterity  several  generations.  The  barony 
and  title  were  afterwards  conveyed  to  Sir  John 
Grey  of  Northumberland,  by  his  marriage  with 
Jane,  eldest  daughter  of  Edward  lord  Powyse.  It 
remained  in  their  descendants  till  the  reign  of 
Henry  VIII;  the  title  became  then  extinct  by  the 
death  of  Edward  Grey.  I  cannot  trace  the  suc- 
cession of  the  estate,  till  I  hnd  it  in  possession  of 
Sir  William  Herbert,  second  son  of  the  earl  of 
Pembroke;  who  got  it  by  purchase  in  the  reign  of 
Queen  Elizabeth.  He  was  created  lord  Powys, 
and  was  ancestor  to  the  marquisses  of  Powys.  In 
1644,  in  the  time  of  Piercy  lord  Powys,  the  cas- 
tle was  taken  by  Sir  Thomas  Middleton,  his  lord- 
ship made  prisoner,  and  the  place  pillaged1. 
George  earl  of  Powys"  is  the  present  owner,  in 
right  of  his  mother,  Barbara,  daughter  and  sole 
heiress  of  lord  Edward  Herbert,  brother  of  the 


*  J'owel,  215.  d  The  same,  217. 

*  Dajdale  Baron,  ii.  p.  283.  '    Whiteloc/c,  10(5. 

K  On  the  death  of  lord  Powys  in  1800  the  title  became  extinct.  It 
was  revived  in  1804  in  the  person  of  his  brother-in-law  Ildtvard  lord 
Clive,  whose  son  is  now  owner  of  Pow//s  castle.     Ed. 


202  WELSH  POOL.    GOLDEN  CHALICE. 

last   marquis   of   Powys.     Seventeen   manors   are 
still  dependent  in  the  county  on  this  castle. 

Welsh  Welsh  Pool,  a  good  town,  is  seated  in  the 

Pool.  & 

bottom,  not  far  from  the  castle.  Great  quantities 
of  flannel,  brought  from  the  upper  country,  are 
sent  from  hence  to  Shrewsbury.  The  Severn  be- 
gins to  be  navigable  at  the  Poole  stake,  about 
three  qnarters  of  a  mile  from  the  town.  This 
place  owned  the  same  lord  as  the  castle.  Gry- 
ffydd  did  homage  for  the  lordship  of  Powys  at 
Chester,  in  1355,  to  Edward  prince  of  Wales,  by 
the  title  of  Lord  of  Pooleh:  his  title  was  also 
frenchified  into  de  la  Pole\ 
Golden  Belonging  to  the  church  is  a  very  tine  chalice 
of  pure  gold,  containing  a  wine  quart.  The  follow- 
ing inscription  on  this  rich  donation,  fully  confutes 
the  vulgar  story  of  its  having  been  the  penitential 
gift  of  a  successful  transport,  and  sets  the  relation 
in  the  true  light. 

Thos  Davies  Anglorum  in  Africa  plaga 

Occidentali  procurator  generalis 

Ob  vitara  multifaria  Dei  misericordia  ibidem  conservatam 

Calicera  hunc  e  purissimo  auro  Guiniano  conflatum 

C.LX.VIII.  minis  valentem,  Dei  honori  et  ecclesia? 

de  Welsh  Pool  ministerio,  perpetuo  sacrum  voluit. 

A  quo  usu  S.  S.  si  quia  facinorosus  eundem  calicem 

In  posterum  alienaret  (quod  avertat  Deus)  Dei  vindicis 

Supremo  tribunali  pccnas  luat. 

Cal.  Apr  ix.  M.DC.LXII. 

Almost  opposite  to  Pool,  on  the  other  side  of 

h  Powel,  382.  '  Ayhife's,  Calendar,  102. 


BUTTINGTON.     GILESFIELD.     ABBEY.  203 

the  Severn,  is  Buttlngton,  the  Butdigingtune  of  Butting- 
the  Saxons;  where,  in  894,  the  Danes,  under 
Hesten,  after  traversing  great  part  of  England, 
took  their  station.  The  generals  of  king  Alfred 
instantly  blocked  them  up,  and  that  so  closely, 
that  the  Pagans  were  obliged  to  eat  their  horses 
for  •  want  of  subsistence.  At  length,  actuated  by 
despair  and  famine,  attempting  to  force  their  way 
through  the  Saxon  army,  they  were  defeated  with 
such  slaughter,  that  a  very  few  escaped  to  their 
own  countryk. 

The  country  from  Pool  towards  Llanymynach 
is  most  beautifully  broken  into   gentle  and  well 
wooded  risings.     Gilesjield  church  and  village  are  Gilesfield. 
prettily  situated  under  the  hills.     The  church  is 
dedicated  to  St.  Giles;  formerly  it  belonged  to  the 
Cistertian   abbey  of   Ystrat  Marchell,  or  Strata   Abbey  of 
Marcella,  Alba  domus  de  Marcella,  vail,  cruris,  or  marcella. 
Pola,  seated  between  this  place  and  Pool.     There 
is  no  doubt  but  it  was  founded  by  Owen  Cyfciliog, 
and,  as  Tanner  says,  in  11701.    His  son  Gwenwyn- 
/''!/n,  in  1201,  gave  to  God,  the  glorious  Virgin 
his  mother,  and  the  monks  of  Strathmarchel,  for 
the  repose  of  his  soul,  all  the  pasturage  in  the 
province  of  Cyfeiliog™.    Tanner  suspects  that  Ma- 
doc  ap  Gryffifdd  Maelor  refounded  this  monastery; 

k  Sax.  Chr.  <>4,  95.  '  Tannsr,  7KJ. 

m  A  copy  of  the  charter  is  in  my  possession.     As  it  escaped  Sir 
W.  Dngdale,  I  print  it  in  the  Appendix. 


204 


LLANDYSILIO.     LLANYMYNACH. 


Llan- 

DYSILIO. 


LLANY- 
MYNACH. 


but  by  his  charter  it  should  seem,  that  he  only 
gave  to  it  a  piece  of  land,  on  which  to  found  a  cell, 
or  some  appendage  to  it :  and  this,  he  says,  was 
done  at  the  request  of  four  abbots;  among  whom  is 
mentioned  Philip  himself,  actual  abbot  of  Strath- 
marcheln;  a  proof  that  the  house  was  then  exist- 
ent. In  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of  Edward 
III.  the  Welsh  monks  were  removed  to  English 
abbies,  and  replaced  by  English  monks;  and  this 
monastery  made  subject  to  the  visitation  of  that  of 
Build  was,  in  Shropshire.  Its  revenues  at  the  dis- 
solution, according  to  Dugdale,  were  64?.  14s.  2d.; 
to  Speed,  731.  7s.  3d.  Queen  Elizabeth  granted  it 
to  Rowland  Hayward  and  Thomas  Dixon. 

Pass  by  Garth,  the  seat  of  Devereux  Mytton 
esq.  Go  by  the  small  church  of  Llandysilio,  a 
chapel  in  Llandrinio  parish;  and  soon  after  ford 
the  Vyrnyw,  and  deviate  a  little  from  my  intended 
route  along  the  banks  of  the  Severn,  to  visit  the 
public-spirited  Mr.  Evans,  of  Llwyn  y  Groes, 
near  Llanymynach,  who,  in  a  most  disinterested 
manner,  at  his  own  hazard,  is  undertaking  a  beau- 
tiful map  of  North  Wales0.  Continue  at  his  house 
till  morning,  and  in  his  company,  visit  Llanymy- 
nach. The  church  and  village  stand  in  a  pretty 
situation,  on  a  bank  above  the  Vyrnyw;  and  very 
advantageously  for  trade.     It  lies  at  the  opening 

n  Dugdale  Monast.  i.  39G. 
0  This  map  was  published  in  1795.     Ed. 


HILL.     GREAT  LIME-WORKS.  205 

of  three  vallies,  at  the  intersection  of  two  great 
public  roads,  and  on  a  river  navigable  into  the  Se- 
vern (which  runs  only  three  miles  from  the  place,) 
for  some  months  in  the  year,  for  barges  of  fifty 
tons.  Great  quantities  of  slates  are  sent  from 
hence  to  Bristol;  and,  of  late  years,  up  the  Stoar- 
port  canal,  to  Birmingham,  and  other  places. 

Ascend  Llanymynach  hill,   a  vast  rock,  with       Hill. 
the  surface  covered  with  a  verdant  turf;    beneath 
which  is  a  pearl- colored  marble,  beautifully  veined 
with  red,  and  streaked  with  white,  and  capable  of 
a  good  polish.     This  is  the  limestone  of  the  place. 
The  quantity  burnt  on  this  hill  is  inconceivable,  liSworks. 
and  the  increase  is  ten  times  greater  since  the  im- 
provement of  the  Montgomeryshire  roads;   for  it 
is  carried  even  for  manure  thirty  miles  into  that 
county.     The  season  of  carriage  begins  in  March, 
and  ends  in  October.     The  hill  is  of  a  considerable 
length  and  breadth :  slopes  upwards  from  the  side 
next  to  the  village,  and  on  the  upper  part  ends  in 
a  vast  and  long  precipice.     Its  bowels  are  probably 
replete  with  minerals.     Copper,  lead,  ore,  and  ca-    Minerals. 
lamine,  have  been  found  there  of  late  years ;   and 
there  are   undeniable  proofs  of  its  having  been 

worked  by  the  Romans.    In  a  great  artificial  cave,  Wobkud  hi 
n  ,  .  i  ,         .  t       r»  i  i  the  Romans. 

formed  into  several  meanders  in  search  ol  the  ores, 

have  been  discovered  Roman  coins;   among  them, 

an  Antoninus  and  a  Faustina.      Near  the  coins 

were  found  the  skeleton  of  a  man  at  full  length : 


206  ANTIENT  DIKES  AND  FOSSES. 

on  his  left  arm  a  bracelet,  and  by  his  side  a  battle  - 
ax.  Burnt  bones  and  ashes  are  often  found  on 
the  hill;  and  near  the  north-west  part  of  the  preci- 
pice are  numbers  of  large  pits,  in  form  of  inverted 
cones,  supposed  to  have  been  the  work  of  the 
Romans. 

Antxent        qn  ^e  si0pe  0f  the  hill,  in  the  more  accessible 
Dikes  and  r 

Fosses,  part,  runs,  from  top  to  bottom,  a  stupendous 
rampart  of  loose  stones,  with  a  foss  at  the  foot  of 
it;  and  at  certain  distances  beyond  are  two  other 
parallel  fosses,  in  many  places  cut  through  the 
rock  with  vast  labor.  It  has  been  thought  that 
the  Romans  were  the  people  who  made  these 
works :  but  I  rather  think  them  to  have  been  Bri- 
tish, as  they  are  so  similar  to  those  which  consti- 
tute the  strength  of  the  British  post.  Offas,  dike 
may  be  traced  on  this  hill;  but  it  is  plainly  differ- 
ent from  the  others.  The  wall  of  the  church-yard 
is  placed  on  the  former. 

From  the  summit  of  the  hill  is  a  most  delight- 
ful view,  in  one  direction,  of  the  vast  flat  of  Shrop- 
shire, with  its  various  rising  boundaries.  The 
Freiddin  hills  form  a  noble  group  opposite  to  this 
eminence;  which  together  rise  most  magnificently, 
like  two  great  capes,  at  the  entrance  into  the  vale 
of  Severn;  which,  from  hence  to  Llanidlos,  is  be- 
tween thirty  and  forty  miles  in  length. 

The  view  to  the  south  is  into  Montgomeryshire; 


NEW  BRIDGE  OVER  THE  VYRNYW. 


207 


and  is  a  series  of  little  vales,  lodged  between  small 
wooded  risings.  A  plain  lies  immediately  beneath 
the  precipice  of  the  hill,  finely  watered  by  the  Ta- 
nat  and  the  Vymyw,  there  uniting.  Immediately 
beneath  the  rock  is  Blodwell  Hall,  a  deserted  seat, 
once  the  property  of  the  Tanats;  conveyed  to  the 
Matthews  by  the  marriage  of  Jane,  daughter  and 
heiress  of  Maurice  Tanat.  The  property  was 
again  transferred,  by  the  marriage  of  Ursula, 
daughter  and  heiress  of  Roger  Matthew,  to  Sir 
John  Bridgeman  baronet,  grandfather  to  the  pre  - 
sent  owner. 

Not  far  from  hence  stood  the  castle  of  Carrey 
Hwva,  a  place  of  which  I  know  nothing  more, 
than  that  it  was  taken  and  pillaged,  in  1162,  by 
Owen  Cyfeiliog  and  Owen  ap  Madoc  ap  Meredyddv. 
It  was  soon  restored;  for  in  the  year  1187,  the 
last  was  slain  here  in  the  night,  by  Gwenwynwyn 
and  Cadwallon,  the  sons  of  his  former  colleague*1. 

From  Llanymynach  I  rode  to  the  New  Bridge, 
a  bridge  of  seven  arches,  over  the  Vymyw,  about 
three  miles  above  the  ford.  The  river  is  confined 
by  a  dam,  for  the  sake  of  a  mill,  and  forms  a  fine 
reach.  The  overflowing  makes  a  pretty  cascade; 
and  the  views  upwards,  of  small  vallies  and  hang- 
ing woods,  are  exceedingly  beautiful. 

The  river  merits  the  title  of  Piscosus  Amnls,  as 


Blodwell 
Hall. 


Carre<j 

Hwva 

Castle. 


New 
Bridge. 


p  Powel,  219. 


«  The  same,  241. 


208 


FISH  OF  THE  RIVERS. 


Fish  of  tre  much  as  any  I  know.     The  number  of  fish  which 

V  VRV  Y"W  -a 

and  Tanat.  inhabit  it,  animate  the  waters,  and  add  greatly  to 
its  beauty.  Ausonius  does  not  neglect  that  re- 
mark, in  his  elegant  poem  on  the  Moselle. 

Intentos'tanien  usque  oculos  errore  fatigant 
Interludentes  examina  lubrica  pisces. 

I  have  not  examined  whether  the  Moselle  affords 
more  than  is  contained  in  the  following  list. 


Fish. 


When  in  season. 


Salmon, 

Christmas  to  July. 

»  Trout, 

March  to  September. 

*  Samlet, 

Ditto. 

Grayling, 

March  to  November. 

*  Minnow, 

April  to  September. 

Perch, 

May  to  end  of  September 

Ruffe,  or  Pope, 

April  to  September. 

Carp, 

April  to  July. 

Tench, 

Roach, 

April  to  September. 

%  Dace, 

Ditto. 

Gudgeon, 

Ditto. 

Bleak, 

June,  July,  August. 

*  Chub, 

April  to  June. 

*  Loche, 

March  to  September. 

Bullhead,  or  Miller's 
Thumb, 

>  April  to  September. 

Shad, 

March  and  April. 

*  Eel, 

June,  July,  August. 

Lamprey, 

Flounder, 

May  to  September. 

DONGAY.  209 

Of  these,  only  the  species  marked  '::'  frequent 
the  Tanat,  which  falls  into  the  Vyrnyw  near  the 
spot  where  this  enumeration  was  made:  such  pre- 
ference do  fish  give  to  certain  waters. 

-Pass  again  by  Llandysilio.  Go  over  Dongwj  Dongay. 
common;  and,  near  the  seat  of  Francis  Lloyd 
esq;  ride  through  the  village  of  Llandrinio,  and 
by  the  church  of  the  same  name.  Cross  Llan- 
drinio bridge,  of  three  arches,  a  new  and  handsome 
structure.  Near  it  is  the  seat  of  Clopton  Price'1 
esq;  an  useful  and  active  promoter  of  all  public 
designs  within  his  sphere. 

After  crossing  the  Severn,  my  road  lay  at  the 
foot  of  that  great  mass  of  rocky  mountains,  distin- 
guished by  the  names  of  Freiddin,  Moel  y  Gollfa, 
and  Cefn  y  Castell.  Their  bases  are  prettily 
skirted  with  woods;  above  which  the  mountains 
suddenly  present  a  most  tremendous  and  precipi- 
tous front.  On  Crew  green,  far  to  the  left,  starts 
up  Belin  Mount,  a  round  insulated  rock,  remote 
from  its  congenial  hills.  See  beneath  me  a  vast 
extent  of  flat  and  wet  country,  the  great  plain  of 
part  of  Shropshire.  The  village  and  parish  of  Mel- 
verly  lie  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Severn,  near 
the  place  where  the  Vyrnyw  is  discharged  into  it. 
The  spot  is  called,  from  that  circumstance  Cym- 
merau,  or  the  Conflux. 

i  Deceased;   his  daughter  and  sole  heiress  married  the  reverend 
Mr.   Wingfield,  vicar  of  Rhiwabon.     En. 

VOL.  III.  P 


210  GWALCHMAI'S  ODE. 

Within  sight  of  the  vast  mountains  I  have  j  ust 
mentioned,  Gwalclimcd,  the  son  of  Meilir,  com- 
posed a  most  beautiful  poem.  His  genius  was  equal- 
ly formed  for  poetry  and  war.  After  being  under 
arms  the  whole  night,  charmed  with  the  approach 
of  day,  and  the  beauty  of  the  surrounding  prospect, 
the  melody  of  birds,  and  the  murmurs  of  the  wa- 
ters, he  forgets  all  care,  and,  despising  the  danger 
of  the  imminent  foe,  thus  bursts  out  into  the  ode 
called  Gorhqffed  Gwalchmai,  or  the  Favorite  of 
Gwalchmai;  beginning 

Mochddwyreawg  huan  dyffestist 
Maws,  &cr. 

Rise,  Orb  of  Day!  the  eastern  gates  unfold, 
And  shew  thy  crimson  mantle  fring'd  with  gold. 
Contending  birds  sing  sweet  on  ev'ry  spray; 
The  skies  are  bright: — arise,  thou  Orb  of  Day! 
I,  Giccdehmai,  call:  in  song,  in  war  renown'd, 
Who,  Lion-like,  confusion  spread  around. 
The  live-long  night,  the  Hero  and  the  Bard 
Near  Freiddin's  rocks  have  kept  a  constant  guard; 
Where  cool  transparent  streams  in  murmurs  glide, 
And  springing  grass  adorns  the  mountain's  side: 
Where  snow-white  Sea-mews  in  the  current  play, 
Spread  their  gay  plumes,  and  frolic  through  the  day. 

R.W. 

Rainaldus  War  in  Comes  held  Meverlei  in  the 
manner  in  which  every  thing  was  held  in  these 
parts,    from  the    lord   paramount,   Roger  earl   of 

r  A  fragment  preserved  in  the  reverend  Mr.  Evan  Emm's  ingeni- 
ous Dissertatio  dc  Bardis,  p.  83.  The  hero  was  of  the  house  of  Tre- 
feilir  in  Anglesey. 


SHROPSHIRE.  211 

Shrewsbury.  In  the  time  of  the  Confessor  it  was 
held  by  one  Eclric.  Soon  after  the  conquest  it  was 
possessed  by  the  Fitz-alans,  till  the  9th  of  Queen 
Elizabeth;  when  it  was  alienated,  by  Henri/  earl 
of  Arundel,  to  Thomas  Yoiuige,  archbishop  of  York; 

who  sold  it  to  Willaston*. 

Near  a  small  brook,  quit  Montgomeryshire,  and 
enter  the  county  of 

SALOP,  or  SHROPSHIRE. 

Visit,  a  little  to  the  right,  Wattleburg  castle,  an  Wattle- 
old  house  with  a  square  tower  of  far  more  antient 
date.  It  lies  on  the  Roman  road  from  Llanrhaiadr 
yn  Mochnant\  Mr.  William  Mytton  conjectures 
that  the  site  might  have  been  a  station  of  a  party 
of  the  Vandals,  sent  into  Britain  by  the  emperor 
Probus;  and  that  the  word  is  corrupted  from 
Vandlesburgh,  a  name  given  it  by  the  Saxons; 
there  being  a  rampart  of  that  name  in  Lincoln- 
shire, and  derived,  as  is  supposed,  froni  the  same 
cause.  At  the  time  of  the  conquest,  Edric  pos- 
sessed it.  Roger  Corbet,  son  of  Corbet  a  noble 
Norman,  succeeded  him.  Afterwards  it  was  given 
to  a  younger  son  of  the  Corbets  of  Caux  castle. 
It  continued  long  in  that  family.     At  length  fell 

8  HaUton  MSS.     The  Warin  here  mentioneJ,  was  of  a  different 
race  from  the  family  of  the  Fitxoarrens. 
*  .See  page  l(j(j  of  the  present  volume. 


212  LOTOX  HALL.     ALBERBURY.     ABBEY. 

into  the  line  of  Gwenwyravyn,  lord  of  Powys,  and 
his  descendant,  called  Fulh  Mowddwy,  died  in  pos- 
session of  it,  but  without  children,  in  the  second  of 
Henry  V.  Sir  Hugh  de  Burgh  succeeded  by  vir- 
tue of  his  marriage  with  Elizabeth,  sister  to  Full: 
By  the  marriage  of  Angharad,  one  of  de  Burgh's 
four  grand- daughters,  it  devolved  to  the  Leightons; 
and  is  now  the  property  of  their  descendant,  Sir 
Charlton  Leighton^  baronet. 

Lotos  Hall.  A  little  farther  is  Loton,  the  seat  of  the  fami- 
ly; which  is  of  Saxon  origin,  and  takes  its  name 
from  Leighton,  a  parish  in  this  county.  Not  far 
from  the  house  are  the  remains  of  the  antient  man- 

Alberbury.  sion  or  castle  of  Alberbury ;  small,  but  very  strong: 
a  square  tower,  and  some  walls,  yet  exist.  Leland 
says,  it  was  the  castle  of  Fulh  Fitzwarine  (on 
whose  father,  Guarine  de  Metz,  a  noble  Lorainer,. 
William  the  Conqueror  had  bestowed  this  manor), 
Abbey.  founder  of  the  abbey  of  Alberbury,  which  stood  at 
a  small  distance  from  hence,  on  the  banks  of  the 
Severn.  It  was  founded  in  the  time  of  Henry  I. 
and  was  a  cell  of  the  Benedictines  of  Grammont  in 
France.  Being  an  alien  priory,  Henry  Chichi  ey, 
archbishop  of  Canterbury,  begged  it  of  Henry  VL 
towards  the  endowment  of  his  new  college  of  All 
Souls*;  to  which  it  has  ever  since  belonged,  toge- 

u  At  present  (1809)  of  Sir  Robert  Leighton.     Ed. 
x  Godwin  Prmul.  Angl.  181. 


ROUTON.    SHRA.WARDINE.  213 

ther  with  the  presentation,  to  the  vicarage.  This 
religious  house  was  also  called  Album  Monaste- 
rium7. 

A  little  to  the  east  of  Alberbury  is  Ronton,  Routon. 
the  seat  of  the  Listers,  a  family  long  resident  here. 
Prior  to  their  possession,  it  belonged  to  the  lords 
Strange  of  Knockin,  who  had  here  a  castle;  which 
was  demolished  in  1266,  by  Prince  Llewelyn  ap 
Gryffydd;  but  was  rebuilt  very  soon  after  by  John 
lord  Strange2.  Near  this  spot  is  supposed  to 
have  stood  the  Roman  Rutunium:  but  not  a  trace 
of  it  is  to  be  seen.  The  modern  name  preserves 
part  of  the  antient. 

From  hence  I  turned  towards  the  Severn;  and 
•on  a  lofty  bank  above  the  river,  at  Little  Shrawar- 
dine,  saw  a  vast  artificial  mount,  the  former  site  of 
some  castelet.  From  this  place  I  descended  to 
the  Severn,  and,  crossing  the  river,  at  this  time 
fordable,  I  visited  this  castle  and  village  of  Great  shrawar- 
Shrawardine,  seated  on  the  opposite  bank.  Rai- 
naldus  held  it  at  the  conquest.  It  fell  afterwards 
to  the  Fitzalans,  and  continued  many  centuries  in 
their  family ;  excepting  for  a  short  time,  on  the  at- 
tainder of  Edmund  earl  of  Arundel,  in  the  reign  of 
Richard  II.  when  it  was  given  to  Roger  de  Mor- 
timer earl  of  March;  and  again,  in  the  same  reign, 
when  it  was  bestowed  on  William  earl  of  Wilt- 

y  Ldand  Itin.  v.  89.  ■  Dugdale  Baron,  i.  CC3. 


214  SHRAWARDINE  CASTLE. 

shire,  after  the  cruel  execution  of  Richard  earl  of 
Arundel.  But  in  the  next  reign  his  attainder  was 
reversed,  and  his  fortunes  restored  to  his  soil 
Henri/,  last  earl  of  the  family,  sold  it  to  Sir  Thomas 
Bromley,  lord  chancellor  of  England;  who,  in  1582, 
with  the  queen's  licence,  settled  it  on  Sir  George 
Bromley  knight,  and  his  heirs.  He  was  of  an  an- 
tient  family  in  this  county.  John,  an  ancestor  of 
his,  had  the  hospital  of  Molay  Bacon,  in  the  county 
of  Bayeux,  in  France,  bestowed  on  him  by  Henry 
V.  on  what  was  called  the  rebellion  of  Alan  de 
Beaumont,  the  prior  possessor.  John,  and  his  law- 
ful descendants,  were  to  hold  it  of  the  crown  by 
the  tenure  of  doing  homage,  and  presenting  to  the 
king  and  his  successors  a  girdle,  in  the  castle  of 
Bayeux,  annually,  on  the  feast  of  St.  John  the 
Baptist*.  By  another  grant  of  his  kinsman  High 
de  Stafford,  Dominus  de  Bourghchier,  he  had  forty 
pounds  a  year,  during  life,  charged  on  his  lands  in 
Staffordshire  and  Warwickshire,  for  his  gallant  be- 
haviour in  a  skirmish  near  Corbie,  in  Normandy ; 
where  he  rescued  the  royal  standard  of  Guienneh, 
which  had  been  committed  to  the  care  of  Hugh  de 
Stafford.  The  grant  is  dated  from  Madely,  on 
March  10th,  in  the  fourth  year  of  Henry  V. 
Castle.  Only  three  or  four  fragments  of  the  castle  re- 
main.       It    had   never   been   considerable ;     was 

»  Herald's,  Visitation  of  Shropd'ire,  1584,  &c.  in  Halston  library, 
p.  44.  b  The  same. 


DINTLE.     ONSLOW. 


215 


placed  on  a  low  mount,  and  destitute  of  outworks. 
The  property  of  the  castle,  and  the  estates  belong- 
ing to  it,  were  of  late  years  sold  to  Lord  Clive. 

,  The  river,  from  the  neighborhood  of  Shrawar- 
dine,  begins  to  grow  very  beautiful.  The  banks  are 
elevated,  and  often  cloathed  with  hanging  woods. 
In  places,  they  recede  from  the  verge  of  the  chan- 
nel, and  leave  a  verdant  space  of  intervening 
meadow. 

Kepass  the  river,  and  go  through  the  village  of 
Forde.  Leave  on  the  right,  Dinlle,  the  property 
of  Leighton  Delamore  Griffith  esq;  and  Onslow,  Onslow. 
the  property  of  Rowland  Wingfield  esq.  The  last 
gave  name  to  the  noble  family  of  Onslow,  which 
was  settled  here  as  early  as  the  time  of  Henry  III. 
On  the  north  side  of  the  river,  on  a  delightful 
bank,  are  situated  the  church  and  village  of  Mont- 
ford;  which  gave  title,  in  1741,  to  Henry  Brom- 
ley esq.  A  little  farther  is  Montford  bridge,  bridge. 
consisting  of  four  arches.  There  had  been  one  at 
this  place  before  the  year  1291;  for  at  that  time 
the  sheriff  of  the  county  summoned  the  executors 
of  John  de  Hegerwas  to  appear  at  the  assizes,  to 
give  an  account  of  what  materials  had  been  gotten, 
and  what  money  was  in  the  testator's  hands,  who 
had  died  before  it  was  finished.  In  1374,  or  the 
48th  of  Edward  III.  it  was  found  to  be  out  of  re- 
pair; which  induced  the  king  to  grant  it  pontage, 


Montford. 


MlTTON. 


216  WILLIAM  MYTTON  THE  ANTIQUARY. 

or  a  toll  for  three  years0,  to  effect  the  reparation. 

Shrewsbury  is  four  miles,  in  almost  a  direct 
line,  from  this  place;  but  I  preferred  following  the 
course  of  the  river,  tempted  by  the  extreme  beauty 
of  the  ride.  I  crossed  Montford  bridge,  turned  to 
the  right,  and  went  over  the  Perry,  not  far  above 
its  junction  with  the  Severn.  The  hamlet  of  Mit- 
ton,  i.  e.  Middle  Town,  lies  in  the  midst  of  the 
narrow  neck  of  land  between  the  two  rivers.  The 
Severn  here  makes  a  great  bend,  and  forms,  on 
the  opposite  side,  a  peninsula,  with  so  very  narrow 
The  Isle,  an  isthmus,  as  to  occasion  it  to  be  called  the  Isle 
of  Up  Rossal;  being  encompassed  by  the  river  for 
the  space  of  five  miles,  except  at  the  entrance, 
which  forms  a  neck  of  only  three  hundred  and 
eighty  yards  in  breadth.     The  isle  is  a  most  com- 


c  Parochial  antiquities  of  Shropshire,  by  Mr.  William  Mytton,  MS. 

in  folio. 1  beg  here  to  give  some  account  of  my  worthy  uncle,  to 

whose  labors  I  am  so  much  indebted.  He  was  a  younger  brother  of 
the  house  of  Halston,  see  vol.  i.  p.  302,  of  this  Tour.  He  was  de- 
signed for  the  church;  but,  by  reason  of  certain  political  scruples, 
declined  the  pursuit  of  the  profession.  He  then  totally  gave  himself 
up  to  the  study  of  antiquity,  chiefly  that  of  his  own  county;  con- 
sulted all  the  records  he  could  get  access  to;  and,  with  vast  pains 
and  accuracy,  formed  the  volume  I  refer  to.  But  his  designs  exten- 
ded to  the  giving  a  most  complete  history  of  Shropshire :  for  which 
purpose  he  had  made  immense  collections,  which  he  left  behind  un- 
digested; besides  a  numerous  and  elegant  collection  of  drawings  of 
monuments,  &c.  done  by  an  artist  he  kept  for  that  purpose.  Death 
prevented  the  execution  of  his  plans.  He  died  on  the  8th  of  Sept- 
ember 1746,  aged  51,  at  Habberly,  an  antient  estate  of  his  elder  bro- 
ther's, where  he  had  retired  for  some  years,  to  enjoy,  at  leisure,  the 
pursuit  of  his  favorite  studies. 


Slit  FRANCIS  ENGLEFIELD.  217 

pact  estate  of  Humphrey  Sandford  esq;  and  lies 
in  the  parish  of  St.  Chad.  This  place  formerly  be- 
longed to  Sir  Francis  Englefield,  knight,  a  gentle- 
man zealous  for  the  old  religion  at  the  time  of  the 
Reformation,  and  a  principal  officer  about  the  per- 
son of  the  Princess  Mary,  afterwards  queen.  At 
the  accession  of  Edward  VI.  he  was  sent  for  (with 
others  of  her  household),  by  the  Protector  and  coun- 
cil, to  forbid  them  hearing  mass  in  the  princess's 
house.  They  refused  obedience,  and,  in  conse- 
quence, were  imprisoned  for  several  months.  On 
the  accession  of  Mary,  he  received  the  strongest 
proofs  of  her  gratitude  for  his  fidelity.  In  the 
very  first  year  of  the  following  reign,  he  quitted 
the  kingdom,  with  many  other  zealots,  and  was  in- 
defatigable in  promoting  the  interests  of  Mary 
queen  of  Scots.  He  was  attainted  in  the  year 
1585,  and  all  his  estates  confiscated;  but  some 
legal  difficulties  arising,  in  1593  a  new  act  was 
passed,  which  fully  confirmed  the  former11.  Sir 
Francis  died  in  1592,  at  Valladolid,  and  his  body 
was  interred  there  in  the  English  college.  This 
estate  of  his  was  granted  by  Queen  Elizabeth  to 
Richard  Sandford  esq;  an  officer  of  the  crown,  and 
ancestor  to  the  present  owner;  a  family  long  before 
possessed  of  other  estates  in  the  neighborhood. 

Fittes,  the  parish  church  of  Mitton,  is  seated     Fittbs. 

d  JViffhead'a  Statutes  at  Large,  ii.  (553.  i'>~,(\. 


213 


SHREWSBURY:    THE  CASTLE. 


Shrews- 
bury. 


Castle. 


at  a  small  distance,  on  an  eminence,  with  a  large 
exploratory  mount  not  remote  from  it.  From  a 
field,  not  far  from  the  church-yard,  is  a  most  beau- 
tiful view  of  the  Severn,  which  lies  far  beneath,  at 
the  foot  of  the  steep  banks,  cloathed  with  hanging 
woods,  or  darkened  with  yews  of  enormous  size. 
The  river  is  seen  winding  round  the  isle;  and  the 
isle  itself,  a  tract  of  rich  land  mixed  with  trees, 
slopes  gracefully  to  the  margin  of  the  water.  A 
long  and  narrow  wooded  island  diversifies  the  view, 
by  dividing  the  river  into  two  channels ;  which  re- 
unite, and  run  under  Leighton  shelf,  a  high  cliff, 
which  forms  a  noble  finishing  on  that  part.  Above 
the  fore-ground  of  this  rich  prospect  are  number- 
less mountains  of  different  forms;  all  together 
forming  the  finest  view  this  country  can  boast. 

In  the  course  of  my  ride,  pass  by  the  upper  and 

lower    Berwick;    one    the   seat    of   Betton 

esq;  the  other  of  Thomas  Powis  esq;  both  com- 
manding most  delicious  views  of  the  river  and 
town  of  Shrewsbury.  They  are  both  in  the 
parish  of  St.  Mart/,  Shrewsbury.  My  entrance 
into  the  town  was  through  the  North  Gate;  which, 
for  greater  security,  in  reality  consists  of  two  gates, 
at  a  small  distance  from  one  another,  with  a  round 
tower  on  each  side. 

The  castle  stands  on  an  eminence  on  the  left. 
Only  one  part  with  two  rounders  remain,  and 
the  walls  of  the  north  and  eastern  sides.      The 


ITS   FOUNDATION  AND  POSSESSORS.  219 

keep  was  on  a  large  artificial  mount;  which  shews 
this  fortress  to  have  been  of  Saxon  or  British  ori- 
gin, notwithstanding  the  foundation  is  ascribed  to 
the  great  earl  of  Shrewsbury,  Roger  de  Montgo- 
mery. The  inside  is  cleared  from  buildings,  ex- 
cepting one  house.  The  whole  castle-yard  is  a 
garden;  and  the  mount  is  at  present  admirable 
only  for  its  beautiful  view. 

The  town  of  Shrewsbury  is  seated  within  a  pe- 
ninsula, with  the  ground  finely  sloping,  in  most 
parts,  to  the  river.  The  castle  was  judiciously 
placed  on  a  narrow  isthmus,  two  hundred  yards 
wide,  which  connects  it  with  the  main  land.  Roger  p0UNDED  By 
de  Montgomery,  on  whom  almost  the  whole  county  ^J^q.12 
was  bestowed  by  the  Conqueror,  besides  a  hundred  mery. 
and  fifty  eight  manors  in  other  parts  of  the  king- 
dom, made  this  his  principal  •  seat.  In  order  to 
extend  his  fortifications,  he  demolished  forty-one 
houses;  for  this  part  of  the  town,  at  that  period, 
was  very  populous.  These  houses  paid  taxes;  yet 
no  remittance  was  made  to  the  owners,  notwith- 
standing the  greatness  of  their  loss.  The  first 
constable  was  Warine  de  Bald,  a  man  of  small 
stature,  but  great  courage.  This  place  continued 
in  the  possession  of  the  two  sons  of  Roger  de 
Montgomery:  Hugh,  who  was  slain  in  Anglesey, 
and  that  monster  of  cruelty0  Robert  surnamed  de 
Belesme;  who,  after  various  struggles,  was  at  length 

c  See  DiKjdale  Baron,  i.  31. 


220  SHREWSBURY:     ITS  WALLS. 

obliged  to  surrender  this  place,  his  honors,  and  all 
his  mighty  possessions,  into  the  hands  of  his  so- 
vereign, Henry  I.  As  soon  as  it  became  a  royal 
fortress,  the  lands  and  demesnes,  which  followed 
it,  were  parcelled  out  into  serjeanties  for  its  de- 
fence. Thus  Robert,  the  son  of  Adam  de  Leyton, 
was  obliged  by  his  tenure  to  continue  in  this  castle 
fifteen  days,  cum  una  balista,  with  one  cross-bow; 
and  William  de  Wichard  held  the  manor  of  Cold 
Hatton,  to  keep  ward  in  this  castle,  at  his  own  ex- 
pence,  twenty-days,  in  time  of  war,  cum  uno  equo, 
lorica,  cappello  ferreo,  et  lancea.  The  constables 
were  usually  men  of  the  first  note;  and  very  often 
it  was  committed  to  the  care  of  the  sheriff  of  the 
county.  After  it  had  been  dismantled  in  the  civil 
wars,  it  was  granted  by  Charles  II.  to  Francis  lord 
viscount  Newport,  afterwards  earl  of  Bradford. 
In  our  times  it  got  into  the  hands  of  Pulteney  earl 
of  Bath,  and  is  now  in  those  of  William  Pulteney 
esq'. 

Walls.  The  first  attempt  towards  erecting  the  walls  of 

this  town,  was  made  by  Robert  de  Belesme;  who, 
to  defend  it  against  the  king's  forces,  then  march- 
ing against  him,  drew  a  wall  from  each  side  of  the 
castle  across  the  isthmus  to  the  water- side.  One 
is  still  remaining,  and,  as  I  have  been  informed, 

1  Created  a  Baronet:  on  the  decease  of  his  sole  daughter  and  heir- 
ess Laura  countess  of  Bath  in  1808,  the  great  property  in  Shrewsbury 
devolved  on  the  earl  of  Darlington.     Ed. 


SHREWSBURY:   TOWN.  221 

terminated  with  a  square  tower:  both  these  walls 
are  preserved  in  Speed's  plan  of  the  place.  The 
town  was  not  defended  by  walls  till  the  year  1219; 
when  Henry  III.  strongly  urged  the  inhabitants  to 
consider  of  some  means  of  defence  against  an 
enemy.  At  first  he  made  them  a  grant  of  various 
small  tolls;  but  at  length,  finding  those  insufficient, 
was  obliged  to  assist  them :  but  the  works  went  on 
so  slowly,  that  they  were  not  completed  in  less 
than  thirty-two  years.  The  town  was  paved  in 
the  next  reign,  by  the  assistance  of  certain  cus- 
toms granted  for  that  purpose. 

In  almost  every  part,  the  original  walls  were  at 
a  distance  from  the  river.  Those  on  the  south-east 
side  of  the  town  are  kept  in  good  repair,  and  form 
pleasant  but  interrupted  walks,  by  reason  of  flights 
of  steps.  Those  on  the  north-west  side  are  en- 
tirely covered  with  .houses.  Beneath  them  is  a 
narrow  field,  extending  from  the  School  to  the 
Welsh  Bridge;  along  the  verge  of  which,  close  to 
the  river,  in  1645,  was  built  another  wall,  called 
Rowshdl  wall:  the  materials  of  which  are  said  to  wall. 
have  been  brought  from  Shrawardine  castle. 

There  are  many  historical  evidences  of  the  an- 
tiquity of  the  town.     It  had  been,  for  many  ages,     Town. 
the   capital  of  Powys-land,  and  the  seat  of  the 
princes.     Brochwel  Yscithrog,  who  lived  about  the 
year  GOT,  is  said  to  have  had  his  palace  on  the 


222  SHREWSBURY:   ITS  STATE  IN 

spot  where  St.  Chad's  church  now  stands8.  The 
Welsh  called  it  Pen-Gwern,  or  the  Head  of  the 
Alder -groves;  and  Ymwithig,  or  the  Delight,  I 
suppose  of  our  princes.  The  period  in  which  the 
town  arose,  is  not  certainly  known;  but  it  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  on  the  ruin  of  the  Ho  man  Uri- 
coniitm,  the  Vreken  Ceaster  of  the  Saxons,  and  the 
modern  Wroxeter,  a  small  village,  about  four  miles 
from  hence,  upon  the  Severn;  where  may  be  still 
seen  a  large  fragment  of  the  antient  wall. 

In  Saxon  In  the  time  of  Edward  the  Confessor,  Scrobbes 
Btjrig,  as  the  Saxons  called  it,  was  a  considerable 
place.  At  that  period  there  were  two  hundred 
and  fifty-two  houses,  and  the  burgesses  paid  yearly 
71.  1 6s.  8d.  in  excise.  Whenever  the  king  lay  in 
the  town,  twelve  of  the  chief  inhabitants  kept 
watch  about  his  person;  and  if  he  came  there  to 
hunt,  the  better  sort  of  burgesses,  who  kept  horses, 
rode  armed  as  his  guard,  and  the  sheriff  sent  thir- 
ty-six footmen  for  their  support,  while  the  king 
was  resident  among  them.  When  the  king  left 
the  town,  the  sheriff  sent  twenty-four  horses  to 
Lenteurde,  to  conduct  him  to  the  first  stage  in 
Staffordshire. 

When  the  sheriff  went  against  the  Welsh,  which 
he  had  frequent  occasion  of  doing,  it  was  custom- 
ary to  summon  thirty-six  men  at  Marsetely  park, 

e  Powel,  22. 


SAXON  TIMES.     CHARTERS.  223 

to  give  their  service  for  eight  days.     Those  who 
neglected  to  go,  forfeited  forty  shillings. 

The  king  had  here  three  masters  of  the  mint, 
who,  like  the  other  coiners  of  the  county,  were 
obliged  to  pay  him  twenty  shillings  at  the  end  of 
fifteen  days,  while  the  money  was  out  of  the  mint, 
and  while  it  was  current.  The  town  paid  in  all 
twenty  pounds  yearly:  the  king  had  two  thirds, 
the  sheriff  one.  As  soon  as  the  Norman  reign 
commenced,  it  paid  to  its  new  earl  forty  pounds. 

The  first  charter  extant  (for  that  of  Henry  I.  is    Charters. 
lost)  was  one  in  1189,  from  Richard  I.     It  con- 
firms all  its  antient  customs  and  privileges;   for 
which  the  town  was  to  pay  forty  marks  in  silver, 
including  ten  for  the  purpose  of  providing  a  brace 
of  hunters  for  the  royal  personage.      It  likewise 
grants  to  the  burgesses  the  town  and  all  its  appur- 
tenances, which  had  been  seized  by  Henry  I.  on 
the  forfeiture  of  Earl  Robert.     King  John,  in  1 1 99, 
enlarged  their  charter,  permitting  the  citizens  to 
elect  two  substantial  discreet  persons  of  their  body 
as  bailiffs  for  the  government  of  the  town;  and  the 
common-council  might  chuse  four  others,  to  deter- 
mine all  pleas  of  the  crown  in  the  corporation,  and 
to  be  a  check  on  the  bailiffs  themselves.     Various 
other   charters,   with    additional   privileges,   were 
granted  by  succeeding  princes,  till  Queen  Elizabeth 
made  it  a  body  corporate;    and  Charles  I.  con- 
firmed and  enlarged  her  royal  charter.     It  now 


224  SHREWSBURY  :   ITS  TRADE. 

consists  of  a  mayor,  twenty-four  aldermen,  and 
forty-eight  assistants,  who  are  called  the  common- 
council.  They  have  also  a  recorder;  two  chamber- 
lains, annually  chosen  by  the  mayor,  aldermen, 
and  assistants;  a  steward,  a  sword-bearer,  and 
three  sergeants  at  mace. 

This  town  sent  members  from  the  beginning. 
The  right  of  voting  rests  in  burgesses  living  in  the 
town,  and  paying  to  church  and  poor,  according 
to  a  resolution  of  the  house  in  1709;  but  in  1714, 
it  was  resolved  that  foreign  burgesses  had  a  right 
to  vote. 

There  is  in  this  town  no  manufacture  consider- 
able enough  to  merit  mention;  but  it  draws  very 
great  profit  from  those  of  Montgomeryshire.  This 
place  is  the  chief  mart  for  them.  About  700,000 
yards  of  Welsh  webbs,  a  coarse  kind  of  woollen 
cloth,  are  brought  here  annually,  to  the  Thursday 
market;  and  bought  up  and  dressed,  that  is,  the 
wool  is  raised  on  one  side,  by  a  set  of  people  called 
Shearmen.  At  this  time  only  forty  are  employed; 
but  in  the  time  of  Queen  Elizabeth  the  trade  was 
so  great,  that  no  fewer  than  six  hundred11  main- 
tained themselves  by  this  occupation.  The  cloth 
is  sent  chiefly  to  America,  to  clothe  the  Negroes; 
or  to  Flanders,  where  it  is  used  by  the  peasants. 

Flannels,  both    coarse  and  fine,  are  brought 

h  Anderson's  Diet.  i.  405. 


FREE-SCHOOL. 


Free- 
School. 


every  other  Monday  (except  when  fairs  intervene) 
to  Welsh  Pool;  and  are  chiefly  consumed  in  Eng- 
land, to  the  amount  of  about  7  or  800,000  yards. 
The  Shrewsbury  drapers  go  every  market  to  Welsh 
Pool,  for  the  sake  of  this  commerce. 

The  disposition  of  the  streets  in  Shrewsbury  is    Streets 
extremely   irregular,  as   is  the  case  with  all  an- 
tient  towns  not  of  Roman   origin.     Many  of  the 
buildings  are  old;  but  the  modern  buildings  are  in 
general  scattered  in  various  places. 

The  free-school  stands  near  the  castle,  in  a 
broad  handsome  street.  It  was  founded  by  Ed- 
ward VI.  in  1552;  who  endowed  it  with  tithes,  at 
that  time  amounting  to  201.  8s.  and  empowered 
the  bailiffs,  burgesses,  and  their  successors,  to  ap- 
point one  schoolmaster,  and  one  under-schoolmas- 
ter;  and,  with  the  consent  of  the  bishop  of  Lich- 
field, to  frame  statutes  for  its  government.  Queen 
Elizabeth  added  considerably  to  the  endowments, 
so  that  at  present  the  revenues  are  very  large. 
The  building  was  originally  of  wood;  but  in  1595, 
a  beautiful  and  extensive  edifice  of  stone  arose  in 
its  place,  which  contains  the  school,  houses  for  the 
masters,  and  a  library  filled  with  a  valuable  collec- 
tion of  books,  and  several  curiosities ;  among  them 
are  three  large  sepulchral  stones,  discovered  by 
ploughing  at  Wroxeter. 

The  first  has  on  its   summit   a   pine-cone  be- 
tween two  lions,  and  beneath  the  pediment,  a  rose. 

VOL.  III.  Q 


22G  SHREWSBURY:   ANTIQUITIES. 

The  first  is  taken  from  the  Picea,  what  Pliny  calls 
Feralis  Arbor\  expressive  of  the  melancholy  sub- 
ject, and  not  infrequent  on  memorials  of  this  kind. 
Such  was  the  great  brass  cone,  five  yards  high, 
which  stood  on  the  top  of  the  mausoleum  of  Ad- 
rian, now  the  castle  of  St.  Angelo,  and  is  still  pre- 
served in  the  garden  of  the  Belvedere*.  The  in- 
scription denotes  the  death  of  C.  MANNIVS  Se- 
cundum, of  the  town  of  Pollentia,  a  Beneficiarius 
or  veteran  in  the  xxth  legion,  who  had  served  his 
time,  and  was  called  again  into  service  by  the  en- 
treaties of  a  chief  legate. 

The  second  stone  has  on  the  upper  part  a  hu- 
man face,  two  dolphins,  and  two  serpents.  Be- 
neath are  three  pannels.  In  the  first  is  comme- 
morated, by  her  husband,  Placida,  aged  fifty-five, 
and  thirty  years  his  wife.  In  the  next  is  an  in- 
scription to  Deicccus,  a  boy  fifteen  years  old,  son 
to  the  same  person:  Curam  agente  patre.  The 
third  pannel  is  a  blank;  so  it  is  probable  (as  was 
hinted  to  me  by  a  most  ingenious  friend)  that  the 
man,  who  had  erected  this  monument,  designed  to 
have  been  buried  in  the  same  place  with  his  wife 
and  son;  but  dying  elsewhere,  this  pannel  remains 
unfilled. 

1  Picea — Feralis  Arbor,  et  funebri  indicio  ad  fores  posita,  ac  rogis 
virens.    Hist.  Nat.  lib.  xvi.  c.  10. 

k  Flaminiws  Vacca,  in  MontfaucorCs  Travels,  Engl.  ed.  223. 
Wright's  Travels,  i.  273. 


ANTIQUITIES.     INFIRMARY.  227 

The  third  stone  is  inscribed  to  M.  Petronius, 
signifer,  or  standard-bearer  to  the  Legio  quatuor 
decima  getnina,  or  the  fourteenth  double  legion;  or 
.a  legion  in  which  two  had  been  converted  into  one. 
As  this  legion  never  was  in  Britain,  the  learned 
Dr.  Ward1  guesses,  that  Petronius  only  came  for 
his  health,  and  died  here. 

A  pretty  wooden  model  of  a  hypocaust,  dis- 
covered at  the  same  place  with  the  stones,  is  also 
preserved  here. 

The  public  buildings  of  this  town  are  not  of  BPui^,. 
note  sufficient  to  be  mentioned.  Among  the  hotels 
of  the  great  men  of  past  time,  Charlton  -house, 
now  the  theatre,  was  the  residence  of  the  Charl- 
tons,  lords  of  Powys.  This  was  probably  founded 
by  John  de  Charlton  in  1326,  when  he  fortified  it 
by  the  permission  of  Edward  IIm.  Vaughan  Place 
is  another  antient  house,  the  property  of  John 
Mtjtton  of  Halston  esq;  derived  from  the  mar- 
riage of  his  ancestor  Reginald  Mytton,  about  the 
year  1370,  with  Elinor,  sole  heiress  of  Haijmon, 
son  of  Sir  Thomas  Vaughan11  of  this  town. 

The  infirmary  was,  within  my  memory,  a  pri-   Infirmary. 
vate  house.     It  was  opened  on  April  25th,  1747. 
Since  that  time,  to  June  24th,  1782,  have  been 
admitted 

1  See  his  account  of  these  three  stones  in  the  Ph.  TV.  xlix.  part  i.  106. 
m  Philips,  145.  r  M;/'.ton  Pedigree. 


22S  WELSH  BRIDGE. 

14,040  in-patients;  of  which 

8,453  were  cured, 

1,459  relieved. 
17,693  out-patients;  of  which 
13,234  were  cured, 
8G4  relieved. 

The  annual  subscription  of  the  last  year  amounted 
to  £909°. 

Two  bridges  connect  this  peninsula  with  the 
Welsh  country.  The  Welsh  Bridge  is  a  very  antient  struc- 
ture of  six  arches;  with  a  verv  handsome  embat- 
tied  gateway p  at  one  end.  On  each  side  is  a  round 
tower,  and  over  the  entrance  a  statue  of  a  prince 
in  armour,  generally  supposed  to  be  intended  for 
Richard  duke  of  York;  for  beneath  his  feet  is  a 
rose-sprig,  a  device  usual  on  the  seals  of  that  great 
princeq.  This  probably  was  a  favorite  town  of  the 
Plantagenets;  for  Elizabeth,  queen  to  Edward 
IV.  found  an  asylum  here  during  her  husband's 

0  From  1747  to  Midsummer  1804  have  been  admitted, 

29,694  out-patients;  of  which 
21,697  were  cured, 
2,606  relieved. 

The  income  for  the  year  1804  was  1683/.  Os.  2W*    Ed. 

i>  "This  beautiful  and  curious  gate  was,"  says  the  author  of  the 
Account  of  the  state  oi  Shrewsbury,  p.  83,  "demolished  by  order  of 
"  the  corporation  in  1791,  to  the  regret  of  every  person  of  taste.  The 
"  destruction  of  the  bridge  itself  soon  followed."  The  new  Welsh  Bridge 
which  consists  of  five  arches,  was  completed  in  1795.  Ed. 
<J  Sandford's  Geneal.  p.  386,  tab.  374. 

*  Account  of  Shrewsbury,  p.  331. 


24,363  in-patients;  of  which 
13,559  were  cured, 
2,66;"  relieved. 


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ii; ilp !",! 


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ill 


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MILLINGTON'S  HOSPITAL.  229 

contests  for  the  crown ;  and  here  was  delivered  of 
her  second  son,  Richard  duke  of  York,  and  her 
third,  George  duke  of  Bedford1.  This  was  not 
the  original  site  of  the  statue ;  it  having  been  fixed 
here  after  it  had  been  removed  from  another  place 
in  1095B.  At  the  Welsh  end  of  the  bridge  for- 
merly stood  another  tower  of  great  strength,  cal- 
culated to  repel  the  inroads  of  my  countrymen. 

On  an  eminence  above  Frankwel,  a  suburb  be- 
yond the  bridge,  stands  Millington's  hospital,  a  tojJJhJJ£ 
handsome  brick  building,  founded  in  1734,  by  the  riTAL- 
will  of  Mr.  James  Millington  of  this  town,  D rapier. 
It  maintains  twelve  poor  housekeepers  of  Frank- 
wel (single  persons),  and  a  charity-school  for  twen- 
ty boys  and  twenty  girls  of  the  same  district,  if  to 
be  found  there;  and  if  not,  to  be  taken  out  of  the 
nearest  part  of  the  parish  of  St.  Chad:  there  to  be 
instructed,  and  fitted  for  trades  suitable  to  their 
stations;  to  have  prayers  constantly  read,  morning 
and  evening,  on  school-days  (for  which  the  chap- 
lain is  to  have  twenty  pounds  a  year);  and  finally, 
they  are  to  be  decently  cloathed  twice  a  year. 
The  poor  housekeepers  are  to  receive  3/.  10s.  a 
year  apiece,  a  load  of  coal,  and  a  new  coat,  or 
gown,  annually.  These  poor  people  are  to  be,  on 
vacancy,  elected  out  of  ten  others,  properly  quali- 
fied;  who,  till  their  election,  are  to  receive  like- 

r  Saiidfort.r*  Geneal.  pp.  415,  41,".  «  Philips,  148. 


230  NEW  BRIDGE.     ABBEY. 

wise,  annually,  a  new  coat,  or  gown,  apiece.  Mr. 
Milllngton,  besides,  founded  in  Magdalen  college, 
Cambridge,  two  exhibitions  of  forty  pounds  a  year 
for  two  scholars,  to  be  elected  from  his  grammar- 
school;  and  when  in  orders,  one  of  them  is  to  be 
elected  chaplain  of  the  school,  in  the  room  of  the 
clergyman  who  happens  not  to  be  so  qualified,  and 
who  must,  in  that  case,  resign.  The  founder  was 
a  true  churchman;  for  all  dissenters,  and  all  per- 
sons not  truly  orthodox,  are  to  be  excluded. 

New  Bridge.  The  new  bridge  is  on  the  east  side  of  the  town, 
and  is  a  very  handsome  building,  of  seven  arches. 
It  was  began,  in  1769,  and  built  by  subscription, 
under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Gwijn,  architect,  a  na- 
tive of  Shrewsbury.  This  succeeded  a  very  an- 
tient  and  incommodious  narrow  bridge,  with  the 
usual  obstruction,  a  gateway.  It  consisted,  in  the 
time  of  Leland,  of  four  arches,  besides  the  draw- 
bridge*. It  formerly  was  called  the  East  bridge, 
and  the  Stone  bridge. 

Not  far  from  hence,  on  the  side  of  the  river, 
Abbey,  stood  the  great  mitred  abbey  of  St.  Peter  and  St. 
Paid,  founded  in  1083  by  Roger  earl  of  Shrews- 
bury, and  his  countess  Adelissa.  It  was  built  on 
the  site  of  a  timber  church,  erected  by  Shvard, 
who  exchanged  it,  and  probably  the  ground  about 
it,  with   the  earl  for  the  village  of  Langafidda; 

'  Leland,  Kin.  iv.  99. 


ABBEY.  231 

which  Siward,  at  his  death,  bequeathed  to  the  new 
foundation.  It  was  peopled  with  Benedictine 
monks  from  Seez,  in  Normandy,  who  arrived  hun- 
gry and  naked.  Roger  himself,  with  the  permis- 
sion of  his  lady,  was  shorn,  and  became  a  monk  of 
his  own  abbey,  and  enriched  it  with  the  coat  of  St. 
Hugh,  of  the  monastery  of  Cluni;  which  he  some- 
times wore  himself  as  a  most  precious  relique. 
He  endowed  the  house  largely,  and  encouraged 
every  body  who  held  under  him  to  do  the  same. 
Among  the  after  endowments,  I  smile  at  these 
good  men  receiving  from  earl  Hugh  the  tithe  of  all 
the  venison  in  Shropshire,  except  such  which 
ranged  in  the  woods  of  Wenlock.  The  founder 
died  in  1094,  and  was  interred  here,  as  was  his  son 
Hugh,  slain  in  Anglesey.  Fulcheredus,  a  man  of 
great  eloquence,  was  first  abbot.  Robert,  the 
fourth  abbot,  whom  Mr.  William  Mytton  names 
Pennant,  procured  with  infinite  difficulty,  and,  as 
I  have  already  related",  enriched  the  abbey  with 
the  reliques  of  St.  Wenefrede,  and  enshrined  them, 
much  to  the  emolument  of  his  house.  William 
Beaucliamp,  earl  of  Warwick,  by  will  dated  August 
8,  1437,  ordered  "foure  images  of  gold,  everich  of 
"  them  of  the  weight  of  twenty  pounds  of  gold,  to 
"  be  made  after  my  similitude,  with  myn  arms, 
"  holding  an  ancre  between  his  hands,"  to  be  pre- 

u  Vol.  ii.  p.  174. 


232  ABBEY. 

sented  to  the  shrines  of  four  different  churches; 
one  of  which  was  to  be  that  of  St.  Wenefrede  in 
Shrewsbury11.  I  have,  hi  voL  i.  p.  47,  of  my  Tour, 
given  an  account  of  the  fraternity  established  here 
in  honor  of  the  saint,  about  the  year  1396.  Tho- 
mas Butler  was  last  abbot.  At  the  dissolution, 
Dr.  Lee,  and  Master  Henly,  were  sent  down. 
They  convened  the  abbot  and  monks  to  the  chap- 
ter-house; caused  some  deeds  to  be  signed  with 
the  common  seal  of  the  house,  then  ordered  an 
officer  to  break  it,  and  declared  the  convent  to  be 
dissolvedy.  Butler  was  allowed  a  pension  of  eighty 
pounds  a  year,  and  lesser  sums  were  given  to  the 
monks2.  The  revenues  at  the  dissolution  are 
reckoned  hj  Dug  dale  at  only  132/.  4s.  10c?.  Speed, 
with  more  probability,  says  they  were  515Z.  4s.  3d. 
The  site  was  granted  by  Henry  VIII.  to  Edward 
Watson,  and  Henry  Herdson*.  Queen  Elizabeth 
made  the  church  parochial.  This  church  was 
called  St.  Crux,  or  the  Holy  Cross,  in  the  abbey 
of  Shrewsbury,  and  still  retains  the  name. 

In  such  a  length  of  time  the  church  underwent 
great  alterations.  Some  of  the  round  arches  are 
to  be  seen  within,  and  some  of  the  doors  are  of  the 
same  species  of  architecture;  most  of  the  other 
parts  are  more  modernb.     The  west  window  is  an 

x  ffeanie's  Collections.     The  Earl's  Will. 
y  Mr.  W.  Mytton.        z    Willis,  i.  171.         a  Tanner,  445. 
b  The  church  has  recently  been  ornamented  by  a  handsome  east 


Q:i,:atoilt  ah:  Siobewsuijkz. 


FRANCISCANS.     QUARRY.  233 

elegant  piece  of  sharp-pointed  Gothic,  and  above 
is  a  statue.  The  tomb  of  the  founder  is  preserved 
in  the  church;  on  which  is  represented  his  figure 
in  mail  and  a  mantle,  and  in  the  attitude  of 
drawing  his  sword. 

In  the  garden  is  a  most  beautiful  stone  pulpit, 
open  on  all  sides.  I  refer  the  reader  to  the  print 
as  the  best  description. 

The  Grey  Friers,  or  Franciscans,  had  a  house  "J?*" 
a  little  to  the  south  of  the  new  bridge,  not  far  from 
the  town- walls.  It  was  founded  on  the  motion  of 
Hawyse,  daughter  of  Owen  ap  Gryffydd,  prince  of 
Powys,  and  wife  to  John  Charleton,  lord  of  Powys*. 
Charleton  died  in  the  year  1353;  Hawyse  before 
him,  and  was  interred  in  this  convent.  At  the 
dissolution  it  was  granted  to  Richard  Andrews  and 
Nicholas  Temple.  The  remains  are  fitted  up  into 
a  private  house. 

A  little  farther  is  that  beautiful  walk  the 
Quarry,  bordering  on  the  river,  and  planted  with  Quarry. 
rows  of  trees.  It  is  the  property  of  the  corpora- 
tion, and  the  pasturage  part  let  to  the  inhabitants, 
and  the  profits  distributed  to  the  burgesses.  In 
15G9  this  ground  was  let  to  three  persons  for  ten 
years,  for  the  annual  acknowledgement  of  a  red 
rose,  on  condition  they  brought  water  in  leaden 

window  of  painted  glass,  the  gift  of  lord  Berwick. — An  organ,  and 
rich  gothic  screen,  have  also  been  erected,  and  the  interior  of  the 
building  much  improved.     Ed.  c  Leland  /(in. 


234  ORPHAN-HOUSE. 

pipes,  as  high  as  it  would  run,  for  the  use  of  the 
town,  from  Brodwel,  near  Crow  Meole;  which  was 
effected  in  1579. 

p  ^.  On  a  lofty  bank,  opposite  to  these  walks,  is 

House,  seated  the  Orphan-housed,  a  fine  brick  building, 
with  thirteen  windows  in  front,  and  two  small 
wings.  It  was  begun  in  1670,  and  designed  to  re- 
ceive part  of  the  foundlings  from  the  great  hospi- 
tal in  London.  They  were  first  to  have  been  put 
out  to  nurse  in  the  neighborhood,  and  at  a  proper 
age  to  have  been  brought  into  the  house,  and  un- 
der proper  masters  and  mistresses  to  be  taught 
such  arts  as  would  make  them  useful  members  of 
society.  On  the  decline  of  the  capital  hospital, 
this  great  building  became  useless;  and  is  at  pre- 
sent no  more  than  a  place  of  confinement  for  pri- 
soners of  war. 

Beyond  the  quarry,  close  to  the  river,  stood 
Augustine,  the  house  of  Augustine  friers.  Leland*  says,  it 
was  founded  by  one  of  the  Staffords;  and  that  seve- 
ral persons  of  note,  slain  in  the  battle  of  Shreivs- 
hury,  were  interred  here,  and  in  the  church  of  the 
Black  friers.  The  friers  of  this  house  lay  under  a 
very  bad  fame;  it  is  even  said,  that  a  neighboring 
lane  took  its  name  from  their  nocturnal  amours. 
Dr.  Powel  seems  to  think,  that  the  celebrated  In- 

d  In  1784  this  building  was  converted  into  a  House  of  Industry, 
for  the  reception  of  the  poor  of  Shrewsbury,  and  of  the  adjacent  pa- 
rish of  Meole  Brace.     Ed.  •  Itin.  iv.  100. 


DOMINICANS.     CHURCHES.  235 

cabi  were  nothing  more  than  mendicant  friers; 
who  might  encourage  the  notion,  in  order  to  re- 
move scandal  from  themselves,  and  their  religious 
paramours.  Hi,  says  the  zealous  annotator,  In- 
cubi  dcemones  ita  religiosas  virgines  illis  diebus  op- 
primebant,  ut  nulla  eos  cruris  signatio,  nee  aqua 
benedicta,  nee  ipsum  corporis  Christi  sacramen- 
tum,  abigere  valeret*. 

The  house  of  the  Black  friers,  or  Dominicans,  Dominicans. 
stood  near  St.  Mary's,  Water  Lane.  It  is  said 
that  Richard,  a  burgess  of  this  town,  by  the  kings 
licence,  built  them  a  church  in  1264;  but  the 
foundation  of  the  friery  is  ascribed  to  Maud  lady 
Genevil,  wife  of  Jeffry,  lord  Genevil,  who  lived  in 
the  reigns  of  Henry  III.  and  Edward  I.  They  had 
confirmation  of  what  they  held  here  from  Edward 
III.  and  likewise  were  permitted  to  make  an 
aqueduct  in  the  ground  belonging  to  their  house. 

Most  of  the  parochial  churches  are  of  great  an-    Churches 
tiquity.     That  of  St.  Chads  was  probably  founded 
by  the  Saxons  soon  after  the  expulsion   of  the 
Welsh.     At  the  conquest  it  was  found  to  be  colle- 
giate, and  to  have  a  dean  and  ten  prebendaries. 

f  Girald.  Ca/nibr.  It  in.  lib.  ii.  c.  8. 
c  The  tower  of  St.  Chad's  fell  down  in  1788,  and  destroyed  the 
body  of  the  church ;  when  a  beautiful  situation  near  the  Quarry 
was  selected  for  the  new  place  of  worship,  which  was  erected  after 
the  design  of  Mr.  Stewart : — its  architecture  has  been  much  and  per- 
haps not  undeservedly  criticised.     Ei>. 


23G  CHURCHES.    ST.  GILES. 

In  1393  the  old  church  was  burnt  down  by  the 
carelessness  of  a  workman.  The  fellow  seeing  the 
mischief  he  had  done,  ran  home,  put  some  money 
in  his  pocket,  and  attempting  to  escape,  was 
drowned  in  fording  the  river,  near  the  stone  bridge. 
In  this  church  is  the  monument  of  Richard  Onslow, 
and  his  wife,  with  their  figures  recumbent:  he 
dressed  in  a  bonnet  and  gown.  This  gentleman 
was  of  the  law;  was  twice  member  for  Steyning 
in  Sussex,  and  was  ancestor  to  the  honorable  Ar- 
thur Onslow,  speaker  of  the  house  of  commons, 
and  the  present  lord  Onslow.  The  former,  in 
1742,  paid  such  respect  to  his  memory  as  to  cause 
this  memorial  of  him  to  be  repaired.  Richard 
Onslow  died  of  a  pestilential  fever  in  1571. 

St.  Mary's,  and  St.  Alcmund^,  are  remarka- 
ble for  their  handsome  spire  steeples.  The  first  is 
said  to  have  been  founded  by  King  Edgar1-,  the 
last,  by  the  heroine  Elfleda^:  each  of  them  had 
been  collegiate.  But  the  church  which  is  said  to 
St.  Giles,  be  the  most  antient,  is  that  of  St.  Giles,  seated  at 
the  skirt  of  the  suburbs,  beyond  the  abbey.  It  is 
small,  and  only  remarkable  for  the  vast  size  of  one 
side  of  the  roof.  It  had  the  honor  of  receiving  the 
bones  of  St.  Wenefrede  before  they  were  deposited 
in  the  shrine  in  the  abbey.     It  is  called  in  Dooms- 

h  The  body  of  this  church  has  been  taken  down,  and  a  new  one 
erected  of  far  inferior  beauty.     Ed. 

*  Philips,  90.  k  Tanner,  445. 


PARLEMENTS.  237 

day  book,  the  parish  of  the  city1;  which  gives  it 
stronger  clame  to  antiquity  than  any  of  the  others. 
It  is  now  annexed  to  the  church  of  the  Holy  Cross, 
or  the  abbey. 

-'Among  the  more  remarkable  civil  transactions 
may  be  reckoned  the  parlements  held  in  this  town. 
By  the  first  writ,  the  lords  were  formally  summoned 
to  appear  on  September  13th,  1283;  the  second 
writ  was  directed  to  the  commonalty  of  every 
county  to  chuse  two  knights;  the  third,  to  the  ci- 
ties and  boroughs;  the  fourth,  to  the  judges.  At 
this  august  assembly  was  tried  and  condemned  Da- 
vid, brother  to  Llewelyn,  last  prince  of  Wales:  his 
perfidy  to  Edward,  and  his  treasons  to  his  coun- 
try, before  his  reconciliation  with  his  brother,  ren- 
dered him  an  object  of  detestation.  Eleven  earls, 
and  an  hundred  barons,  were  commissioned  to  try 
himm,  as  a  subject  of  England;  for  he  had  received 
from  Edward  a  barony,  and  a  considerable  pension. 
He  was  the  first  who  suffered  the  death  of  a  traitor, 
in  the  form  of  the  sentence  now  in  use,  which  he 
underwent  in  its  full  extent. 

Another  parlement  was  held  here  in  1397;  it 
was  called  the  Great  Parlement,  on  account  of  the 
number  of  people  assembled  in  it.  Here  the  un- 
fortunate Richard,  from  this  obsequious  senate, 
obtained  a  stretch  of  authority  unknown  before; 

1  Philips,  84.  m  Drake's  Pari.  Hist.  i.  89. 


BURY. 


238  BATTLE  OF  SHREWSBURY. 

and,  by  a  strange  concession,  obtained  that  the 
whole  power  of  the  nation  should  devolve  on  the 
king,  twelve  peers,  and  six  commoners.  The 
Pope's  bull  was  thought  necessary  to  confirm  so 
irregular  a  proceeding11. 

The  military  transactions  relative  to  this  place 

have  been  numerous;    but  so  brief,  and  so  rapid, 

that  I  shun  mention  of  all,  except  three.      The 
Battle  op  .  L 

Shrews-  first  was  the  important  battle  on  St.  Magdalen s 
eve,  July  22d,  1403,  which  is  best  known  by  the 
name  of  that  of  Shrewsbury,  between  Henry  IV. 
and  the  brave  Henry  Percy,  surnamed  Hotspur. 
It  was  the  design  of  the  northern  insurgents  to 
make  themselves  masters  of  this  town,  and  here  to 
strengthen  their  forces  by  a  junction  with  the  great 
Glyndwr  and  his  countrymen.  They  made  rapid 
marches  through  Lichfield  and  Stafford;  but  the 
active  Henry,  stimulated  by  the  advice  of  the  earl 
of  Dunbar,  a  Scotch  nobleman,  then  in  his  army, 
advanced  with  a  speed  which  saved  his  crown,  and 
proved  the  destruction  of  his  enemies.  He  flung 
himself  into  Shrewsbury  as  some  assert0,  at  the 
instant  that  the  insurgents  were  going  to  scale  the 
walls.  He  immediately  quitted  the  town,  and  en- 
camped before  the  gates.  The  high  spirit  of  Percy 
would  not  suffer  him  to  wait  till  the  arrival  of 
Glyndwr,  who  was  no  farther  distant  than  Oswes- 

D  Rapin,  i.  469.  o  stow>  329, 


BATTLE  OF  SHREWSBURY.  239 

try:  so  that  only  four  thousand  of  the  Welsh  were 

able  to  join  the  northern  forces.     Percy  sent  that 

night  Thomas  Kaiton  and  Thomas  Sulvaigne,  two 

of  his  esquires,  with  a  most  reproachful  manifesto, 

concluding,  in  the  romantic  manner  of  the  times, 

with  hurling  defiance  in  his  teeth.       "We  defy    Defiance. 

"  thee,  thy  fautoures  and  compilers,  as  common 

"  tray  tours,  and  destroyers  of  the  realme,  and  the 

"  invadours,  oppressours,  and  confounders  of  the 

"  verie  true  and  right  heyres  to  the  crowne  of  JEa- 

"  glande;  which  thing  we  entende  with  our  handes 

4C  to  prove  this  daie,  Almyghty  God  helpyng  us.p" 

The  tight  began  early  in  the  morning,  and  very 
near  to  the  town;  for  the  spirited  Percy  had  made 
his  advances  much  sooner  and  nearer  than  the 
king  expected.  The  onset  was  made  in  Oldfield, 
or  Bulfield,  at  a  small  distance  beyond  a  little 
brook,  north  of  the  north-gate ;  and  the  battle 
raged  towards  Berwick'1,  and  as  far  as  what  is  now 
called  Battlefield.  Let  the  old  historians  paint 
the  conflict  in  their  plain  but  animated  language. 

"  The  kyng  perceivyng  that  the  battayll  was 
"  nerer  than  he  either  thoughte  or  looked  for, 
"  leaste  that  long  tarry inge  mighte  be  a  minishyng 
"  of  his  strength,  set  his  battayles  in  good  ordre; 
"  likewyse  did  his  enemies,  whiche  bothe  in  puiss- 
'  aunce  and  courage  were  nothing  to  hym  inferior. 

»>  Halle,  fol.  xxii.  «  Carte,  ii.  Co'.). 


240  BATTLE  OF  SHREWSBURY. 

"  Then  sodaynly  the  trumpets  blewe;  the  kynges 
"  parte  cried  St.  George  upon  them;  the  ad  versa - 
"  ries  cried  Esperaunce  Percie;  and  so  furiously 
"  the  armies  joined.  The  Scottes,  whiche  had  the 
"  forwarde  on  the  lordes  side,  intending  to  bee  re- 
"  venged  of  then  old  displeasures  done  to  them  by 
"  the  Englishe  nation,  set  so  fiersely  on  the  kynges 
"  forward,  that  they  made  them  drawe  backe,  and 
"  had  almoste  broken  their  arraie.  The  Wei  she - 
"  men  also,  whiche  sithe  the  kynges  departure  out 
"  of  Wales,  had  lurked  and  lien  in  wooddes,. 
"  mountaignes,  and  marshes,  heringe  of  this  bat- 
"  tayl  towarde,  came  to  the  aid  of  the  earles, 
"  and  refreshed  the  wery  people  with  new  suc- 
"  cours.  When  a  fearful  messenger  had  declared 
"  to  the  kinge  that  his  people  were  beaten  doune 
"  on  every  side,  it  was  no  nede  to  bid  him  stirre; 
"  for  sodaynly  he  approched  with  his  freshe  bat- 
"  taill,  and  comforted,  hartened,  and  encouraged 
"  his  part  so,  that  they  toke  their  hartes  to  theim, 
"  and  manly  fought  with  then  enemies.  The 
"  Prmce  Henry  that  daie  holpe  muche  his  father; 
"  for  though e  he  were  sore  wounded  in  the  face 
"  with  an  arowe,  yet  he  never  ceased,  either  to 
"  fyghte  where  the  battaill  was  moste  strongest,  or 
"  to  courage  his  men  where  their  hartes  was  most 
"  danted.  This  great e  battaill  continued  thre 
"  longe  houres  with  indifferent  fortune  on  bothe 
"  partes.     That  at  last  the  kyng,  crying  Sainct 


BATTLE  OF  SHREWSBURY.  241 

"  George,  Victory!   brake  the   arraie,  and   en- 
"  tered  into  the  battaillof  his  enemies;  and  fought 
"  fiersely,  and  adventured  sofarre  into  the  battaill, 
"  that  the  Earl  Douglas  strake  him  downe,  and 
"'slewe  Sir  Walter  Blonte,  and  three  other,  appa- 
"  reled  in  the  kynges  suite  and  clothyng,  saying,  I 
"  marvaill  to  see  so  many  kynges  so  sodainly  arise 
"  again.     Others  say,  that  the   earl   of  Dunbar 
"  withdrew  the  kynge  from  the  place  that  hee 
"  stood  in;  which  was  a  good  turne  for  him;  for 
"  the   aforesaid   Henry   Percy,   and   E.    Douglas 
"  (then  whom  was  never  man  more  stout)  raged 
"  so  that  the  K.  standert  was  overthrowne,  and 
"  those  about  it  slaine;  among  whom  was  slaine 
"  Edmund  E.  of  Stafford,  Sir  Walter  Blunt,  the 
"  K.  standert-bearer,  Sir  Nicholas  Langford,  Sir 
"  John    Cohayne,    Sir   John   Calrerley,    Sir  John 
"  Massy,  baron  of  Podington,  with  manie  other 
"  knights  and  gentlemen'."     According  to  Halle's 
account,  the  kynge  hymself  slewe  with  his  hande, 
that  day,  xxxvii  persones  of  his  enemies.     "  The 
"  other  of  his  parte,  encouraged  by  his  doynges, 
"  fought e  valiauntly,  and  slewe  the  Lord  Percie, 
"  called  Sir  Henry  Hotspurre,  the  best  capetain  on 
"  the  parte  adverse.     When  his  death  was  knowen, 
"  the  Scottes  fled,  the   Welshmen  rann,  the  trai- 
"  tours   were   overcome.       Then    neither    woodes 
"  letted,  nor  hilles  stopped  the  fearfull  hartes  of 

r  Stow,  329. 
VOL.  III.  R 


242  BATTLEFIELD  CHURCH. 

"  them  that  were  vanquished  to  flie;  and  in  that 
"  flighte  the  Erie  Douglas,  which  for  hast  falling 
"  from  the  cragge  of  a  mountaigne  (Haghmond 
"  Hill)  was  taken;  and,  for  his  valiauntness,  of 
"  the  kynge  frely  and  frankely  delivered.  On  the 
"  kynges  part  were  slain  xvi  c.  persones,  and  above 
"  v  thousand  on  the  other;  and  as  to  the  Scottes, 
"  few  or  none  escaped  alive8." 

The  body  of  the  gallant  Percy  was  found  among 
the  slain,  and  delivered  to  Thomas  Nevil,  lord 
Fur  nival,  to  be  interred;  but  the  next  day  the 
king  ungenerously  ordered  it  to  be  taken  up,  placed 
between  two  mill-stones  in  Shrewsbury,  and  guarded 
by  armed  men;  after  which  he  caused  it  to  be  be- 
headed and  quartered,  and  hung  in  different  parts 
of  the  kingdom*. 

Henry,  after  slaughtering  five  thousand  people 
in  his  bad  cause,  most  piously  returned  thanks  to 
the  Giver  of  all  victories;  and  erected,  or  permit- 
ted to  be  erected,  on  the  spot  probably  stained 
Battlefield  with  most  blood,  the  collegiate  church  of  Battle- 
field,  in   the   parish   of  Albrighton,   about   three 
miles   from  Shrewsbury.     The  royal  licence  per- 
mits Roger  Ive,  rector  of  the  chapel  of  Albright- 
Husee,  to  erect  on  a  piece  of  ground  he  had  ob- 
tained from  Richard  Husee,  a  chapel,  to  be  dedi- 
cated to  St.  Mary  Magdalene;  of  which  the  said 
Ive  and  his  heirs  were  to  be  master.     There  were 

■  Halle,  fol.  xxii.  *  Stow,  329. 


BATTLEFIELD  CHUliCH.  243 

also  to  be  live  chaplains,  who  were  to  pray  for  the 
o-ood  state  of  the  king  while  he  lived,  and  after 
death,  for  his  soul,  and  those  of  Richard  Husee 
and  Isolda  his  wife,  and  those  of  their  heirs,  and 
finally,  for  the  souls  of  all  that  fell  in  battle  on 
that  fatal  spot".  Its  clear  revenues  at  the  disso- 
lution were  54l.  Is.  IOcZ  s. 

The  church  had  been  a  small  but  handsome 
building  of  stone,  with  a  tower  steeple.  The  west 
part  is  unroofed;  but  the  chancel  is  neatly  fitted 
up,  and  serves  as  a  chapel  to  the  parish  of  Al- 
brighton.  Over  the  outside  of  the  east  window  is 
the  statue  of  Henri/  IV.  armed,  and  crowned.  In 
the  windows  is  some  painted  glass  with  several 
arms,  chiefly  of  the  Corbels,  to  whom  the  place  be- 
longs; among  them  are  those  of  Richard  Corbet, 
who  died  bishop  of  Norwich  in  1635.  It  appears 
by  the  arms  of  the  see  of  Oxford  joined  with  his 
own,  that  he  enjoyed  that  see  when  they  were 
painted.  He  was  a  celebrated  poety,  as  well  as  an 
eloquent  preacher ;  which  recommended  him  so 
greatly  to  James  I.  that  he  made  him  one  of  his 
chaplains,  and  in  1620  bestowed  on  him  the  dean- 
ery of  Christ-church. 

In  August  1485  the  town  made  some  shew  of 
resisting  the  passage  of  the  earl  of  Richmond,  af- 

°  Dugdale  Monast.  hi.  pars  ii.  185.  x  Tanner,  4.")*;. 

y  Two  editions  of  his  poems  were  published  after  his  death.     See 
his  life  in  the  liritish  Biography,  ii.  1472. 


244  SWEATING  SICKNESS. 

Earl  of    terwards  Henry  VII.  in  his  way  to  meet  Richard 

passage     HI-  and  give  him  battle.     My  authority  says,  that 

Tnhs.-"    "  The  head  bailey,  Maister  Myttoon,  being  stoute 

"  royste  gentilman,  on  demand  being  made  of  en- 

"  trance,    answered,    sayinge,    that    he   knew   no- 

"  kynge  but  only  Kynge  Richard,  whose  lyffete- 

"  nants  he  and  hys  fellows  were;    and  before  h& 

"  should  entir  there,  he  should  go  over  hys  belly 

"  meaninge  thereby,  that  he  would  be  slayne  to- 

"  the  ground,  and  that  he  protested  vehementlye 

"  on  the  othe  he  had  tacken;  but  on  better  advice, 

'*  Maister  Myttoon  permitted  the  kynge  to  pass;. 

"  but   to  save   hys  othe,    the  sayd  Myttoon    lay 

"  alonge  the  grounde,  and  hys  belly  upwardes,  and 

"  soe  the  sayd  erle  stepped  over  hym,  and  saved 

"  his  othe2." 

Brings  the      It  is  affirmed  that  Henry  brought  with  the  army 
Sweating  .  J 

►Sickness,   which  landed  m  Wales,  that  dreadful  pestilence, 

the  sweating  sickness,  or  Sudor  Anglicanus,  which 
for  above  sixty  years  after  infested  this  kingdom, 
at  different  periods.  In  many  places  it  swept 
away  a  third  of  the  people.  It  began  with  a  sweat 
which  never  left  the  patient  till  it  destroyed  him, 
or  till  he  recovered.  It  had  many  of  the  symp- 
toms of  the  plague;  restlessness,  anxiety,  sickness, 
ravings,  drowsiness,  faintness,  palpitations;  but  it 
never  was  attended  with  eruptive  spots,  buboes,  or 
carbuncles,  attendant  on  the  other  scourge  of  hea- 

z  Philips,  41. 


SWEATING  SICKNESS.  245 

ven.  It  always  began  with  the  affection  of  one 
part,  the  sense  of  a  hot  vapour  running  through 
the  whole  limb.  The  crisis  never  exceeded  twen- 
ty-four hours  (Dr.  Cains,  on  that  account,  calls  it 
Ephemera  Britannica),  but  oftener  death  ensued 
in  three  or  ten.  There  were  places  in  which 
scarce  one  in  a  hundred  escaped  infection.  To- 
wards the  latter  end  of  the  visitation  the  malior- 
nancy  abated:  for  in  1528,  out  of  forty  thousand 
who  were  seized  in  London,  only  two  thousand  died. 
The  patient  was  to  wait  the  event,  just  as  he  hap- 
pened to  be  seized,  whether  in  bed  or  in  his  cloaths. 
It  is  a  mistake  to  suppose,  as  many  have  done, 
that  it  was  a  disease  peculiar  to  England,  and  that 
Englishmen  only,  let  them  have  been  where  they 
would,  were  seized  with  it.  It  certainly  originated 
neither  in  England,  nor  among  Englishmen;  but 
among  the  foreign  levies  of  the  duke  of  Richmond, 
raked  out  of  hospitals  and  jails,  and  buried  in  filth, 
and  crowded  on  board  the  transports,  so  as  na- 
turally to  generate  a  distemper  among  subjects  so 
admirably  pre-disposedft.  Let  me  add,  that  it 
■uded  in  this  town  in  1551;  but  not  with  that 
mildness  which  was  observed  in  the  later  visita- 
tions in  other  places;  for  not  fewer  than  nine  hun- 
dred and  ninety  died  in  a  few  daysb. 

*  See  the  ingenious  and  pleasing  Biographical  Memoirs  of  Medi- 
cine in  Great  DrUain,hy  Mr,  JohnAikin  of  Warrington,  p.  1 1!)  to  127. 
b  The  same. 


246  TOWN  BETRAYED. 


Town  In  the  civil  wars  of  the  last  century  Shrewshury 

1644,  by  was  garrisoned  by  the  king,  many  of  the  works 
m™»J  greatly  strengthened,  and  a  strong  fort  erected 
above  Frankwell,  to  prevent  the  town  being  com- 
manded from  the  adjacent  heights.  Sir  Michael 
Earnly  was  left  governor,  and  Captain  Crowe  lieu- 
tenant of  the  castle.  General  Mytton,  who  lay 
with  a  small  garrison  at  Wem,  and  was  representa- 
tive for  this  town,  determined  to  surprise  it.  He 
made  two  unsuccessful  attempts;  but  on  February 
21st,  1644,  with  such  forces  as  he  could  collect, 
he  renewed  his  enterprize.  He  sent  the  foot  along 
the  Severn  side,  and  by  the  help  of  some  carpen- 
ters, who  cut  down  the  palisades  between  the  cas- 
tle and  the  river,  formed  an  entrance.  Forty  dis- 
mounted troopers  scaled  the  walls  in  a  low  part 
near  the  council-house,  supported  by  the  musque- 
teers,  and  three  hundred  and  fifty  foot  surprised 
the  main-guard  in  the  market  place,  and  killed  the 
captain.  The  castle  fore-gate  was  next  secured, 
and  the  draw-bridge  let  down  for  the  admittance 
of  the  horse.  At  one  in  the  afternoon  the  castle 
was  surrendered,  on  condition  that  the  Irish 
should  be  given  up,  and  the  English  march  to 
Ludlow.  Croive  was  soon  after  hanged  for  his 
treachery  or  cowardice.  The  governor,  and  great 
numbers  of  people  of  rank  in  the  county,  were 
taken  prisoners;  and  the  town  was  plundered,  not- 
withstanding the  general  had  offered  his  soldiers  a 


CONDOVER.      PITCHFORD.  247 

great  bounty  to  forbear  all  acts  of  violence.  Much 
booty  was  found,  a  considerable  magazine,  and 
the  baggage  belonging  to  Prince  Maurice.  Myt- 
ton  was  made  governor,  and  received  the  thanks  of 
the  house  for  his  good  services. 

I  determined  to  conclude  my  tour  by  a  jour- 
ney to  Caer  Cctradoc,  a  post  of  the  celebrated 
British  hero  Caractacus.  I  went  over  the  new 
bridge;  passed  by  Condover,  a  remarkably  hand-  Condover. 
some  and  commodious  house  for  its  time,  built  by 
Sir  Thomas  Owens,  who  died  in  1598,  one  of  the 
judges  in  the  King's  bench.0  It  is  seated  at  the 
edge  of  a  fine  park;  from  which  are  variety  of 
beautiful  views.  This  place  passed  to  my  eldest 
maternal  uncle,  Richard  Mytton  of  Halston  esq; 
by  virtue  of  his  marriage  with  Miss  Oiven,  heiress 
of  the  place.  The  eldest  of  the  two  daughters  of 
that  match  conveyed  it  by  marriage  to  the  late  Sir 
Charlton  Leighton;  and  it  is  now  possessed  by 
Nicholas  Smythe  esq;  in  right  of  his  wifed,  Anna 
Maria,  daughter  to  Sir  Charlton. 

Not  far  from  Condover  is  Pitchford0  the  seat  pitchford. 
of  Adam  Ottley  esq;    an  antient  and  venerable 
timber  house,  with  a  hall  suitably  furnished  with 

c  Herald's  Visitation  of  Shropshire. 

d  An  only  son,  the  offspring  of  this  marriage,  is  dead;  the  property 
now  belongs  to  his  nephew.    Ed. 

•  On  the  decease  of  Adam  Ottley  esq;  Pitchford  became  the  pro- 
perty of  the  honorable  Charles  Jcnkinsoa.     Ed. 


248  REMARKABLE  POND.  LONGNOR. 

helmets,  cuirasses,  and  broad  swords.  Here  is 
preserved  a  portrait  of  my  respected  predecessor 
in  the  line  of  natural  history,  Francis  Willugh- 
by  esq;  painted  in  1659,  at  the  early  age  of  thir- 
teen, when  he  was  a  member  of  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge.  His  complexion  is  very  fair,  his  hah* 
very  long  and  flaxen;  he  has  a  book  in  his  hand; 
is  dressed  in  the  academic  habit,  and  has  on  a  very 
large  turnover.  He  was  heir  to  the  magnificent 
house  of  Wollaton  near  Nottingham.  After  pass- 
ing his  short  but  amiable  life  in  instructive  travels, 
and  the  study  of  nature,  and  at  the  time  of  medi- 
tating a  voyage  to  explore  the  productions  of  the 
new  world,  he  was  attacked,  in  1672,  at  the  age 
of  thirty-seven,  by  a  fatal  pleurisy. 

Near  the  house  is  a  most  remarkable  pond, 
which  flings  up  in  hot  weather  a  vast  quantity  of 
strong  bitumen,  greatly  resembling  pitch,  which 
gives  name  to  the  place.  It  serves  all  the  uses  of 
that  commodity;  and  an  oil,  most  efficacious  in 
many  disorders,  has  been  for  a  considerable  time 
past  extracted  from  it. 

Near  the  eight  mile-stone  from  Shrewsbury,  I 

Longnor.    reached  Longnor,  the  house  of  my  respected  old 

friend  Joseph  Plymley  esq.     Near  it  is  Longnor 

Hall,  the  seat  of  Robert  Corbette  esq;    bequeath  - 

•  Longnor  Hall,  on  the  decease  of  Mr.  Corbett,  came  into  the  pos- 
session of  the  reverend  Archdeacon  Plymley,  son  of  Joseph  Plymley 
esq.     He  has  assumed  the  name  of  Corbett.     Ed. 


LONGNOK.     PICTURES.  249 

ed  to  him  by  his  relation,  the  late  Sir  Richard 
Corbett  bart.  It  is  a  good  brick  house,  built  in 
1670  by  Sir  Richard,  a  predecessor  of  the  late 
owner.  It  is  seated  in  a  pretty  vale,  and  com- 
niands  a  fine  view  of  Caer  Caradoc,  and  Lawly 
Hill.  The  portrait  of  the  founder  is  in  the  house. 
He  had  been  chairman  of  the  committee  of  elec- 
tions in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  and  died  aged  43, 
in  1683. 

Here  is  an  admirable  portrait  of  Margaret, 
widow  of  James  earl  of  Salisbury,  and  daughter  of 
John  earl  of  Rutland;  the  countenance  dejected, 
but  extremely  beautiful.  She  is  dressed  in  very 
picturesque  weeds;  a  three-quarters,  by  Sir  God- 
frey Kneller. 

Her  daughter,  Lady  Margaret,  first  married  to 
Lord  Stawel,  afterwards  to  Lord  Ranelagh:  ex- 
tremely beautiful;  an  half-length,  by  the  same 
hand.  A  portrait  of  this  lady  is  among  the  beau- 
ties at  Hampton  Court:  a  picture  of  her  husband 
is  in  this  house. 

Lady  Mildred,  youngest  daughter  of  Margaret 
countess  of  Salisbury,  and  wife  to  Sir  Uuedale  Cor- 
bett, son  of  Sir  Richard,  is  painted  in  half-length; 
a  fine  spirited  figure.  Here  is  also  a  very  pleasing 
picture  of  her  daughter  Elizabeth,  painted  in 
France,  by  Le  Garde.  She  died  unmarried,  of  a 
cancer  in  her  breast,  in  1724,  and  was  buried  in 
St.  Margaret's,    Westminster;    and  had  the  honor 


250 


LONGNOE.    ACTON  BURNEL. 


Acton 

BuitNEL. 


Castle. 


of  an  epitaph  by  Mr.  Pope  inscribed  on  her 
tomb. 

Among  other  pictures,  is  a  most  exquisite  one, 
by  an  unknown  hand,  of  our  Saviour  raising  La- 
zarus.  Two  persons  support  the  body;  one  is  ex- 
erting all  his  strength,  the  other  seems  at  the  mo- 
ment sensible  of  the  returning  life  of  the  object  of 
the  miracle.  Amazement  appears  in  various  forms 
in  the  spectators:  in  some  is  a  fullness  of  convic- 
tion mixed  with  wonder  and  thanksgiving;  in  others, 
surprise  unmixed  with  any  other  passion;  but  in  a 
high-priest  appears  a  high  degree  of  vexation. 
The  body  is  a  fine  composition,  of  the  re-animation 
of  putridity.    . 

A  large  picture  of  St.  Peter  denying  our  Lord, 
is  a  fine  performance,  by  Gerard  Honthurst:  con- 
fusion of  face,  fear,  and  consciousness  of  falsehood, 
are  strongly  expressed  in  the  visage  of  the  frail  apo- 
stle; which  seems  perceived  by  a  girl,  who  is  (with 
a  candle  in  her  hand)  questioning  him,  and  in 
whose  countenance  are  the  strongest  marks  of  her 
being  convinced  of  the  falseness  of  his  asseve- 
rations. 

From  this  vale  I  formerly  visited  Acton  Burnel, 
about  three  miles  distant,  the  seat  of  its  respectable 
owner  Sir  Edward  Smytlte  baronet;  whose  fa- 
mily came  possessed  of  it  in  the  1st  of  Charles  II. 
Not  far  from  the  house  is  the  castle;  a  square 
building,  with  a  square  tower  at  each  corner.     Its 


THE  BUKNEL  FAMIIA'.  251 

founder,  or  perhaps  restorer,  was  Robert  Burnel', 
bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells,  treasurer,  and  after- 
wards chancellor  of  England;  who  in  1292  was 
sent  to  the  marches  of  Scotland ,  where  he  was  em- 
ployed on  no  less  an  affair  than  to  demand  of  the 
Scots,  what  they  had  to  object  to  the  clame  of  his 
master  to  the  right  and  exercise  of  the  superiority 
and  direct  dominion  over  their  kingdom8.  In  this 
office  he  died,  and  was  carried  to  be  interred  in 
his  cathedral  at  Wells.  He  was  of  a  very  antient 
family,  dignified  with  barons,  or  knights,  from  the 
time  of  the  Conquest;  but  he  had  acquired  great 
wealth,  which  he  laid  out  with  true  munificence. 
By  certain  monuments  with  the  arms  of  the  fami- 
ly, in  the  church  of  Bur  ml  in  Normandy,  it  is  sup- 
posed that  they  came  originally  from  that  country. 
The  castle  was  honored  by  a  session  of  parlement 
in  1284:  the  lords  sate  in  the  fortress,  the  com- 
mons in  a  great  barn,  the  gable  ends  of  which  are 
still  to  be  seen.  The  Statutum  de  Mercatoribus, 
enacted  here,  is,  from  the  place,  known  by  the 
name  of  the  statute  of  Acton  Burnel.  It  is  proba- 
ble that  it  was  by  the  influence  of  the  prelate,  that 
his  habitation  was  so  distinguished. 

His  successor  in  the  castle  was  Sir  Edward 
Burnel,  who  served  in  many  actions  in  Scotland, 
under  Edward  I.  and  appeared  with  great  splen- 

'  Leland's  Itin.  viii.  107.     Fuller'a  Br.  Worthies,  Shropshire,  4. 
«  Drake's  Pari.  Hist.  1.  100,  101. 


252  TRIAL  ABOUT  A  COAT  OF  ARMS. 

dor.  He  was  always  attended  with  a  chariot 
decked  with  banners;  on  which,  as  well  as  on  the 
trappings  of  his  horses,  were  depicted  his  arms. 
He  married  Alice,  daughter  of  lord  Despenser,  by 
whom  he  had  no  issue.  On  his  decease,  in  1315, 
his  sister  Maud  became  sole  heir.  She  married 
first  John  lord  Lovel  of  Tichemersh,  surnamed 
The  Rich;  he  died  in  1335.  Her  second  husband 
was  John  de  Handlow,  who  died  in  1346,  and  left 
by  her  one  son,  named  Nicholas  lord  Burnel,  the 
subject  of  much  contest  in  the  court  of  chivalry 
Trial  about  with  a  Robert  de  Morley,  on  account  of  the  arms 

a  Coat  of  which  Nicholas  bore,  in  right  of  certain  lands  of 
Arms.  '  ° 

the  barony  of  Burnel,  bestowed  on  him  by  his  mo- 
ther. These  arms  de  Morley  had  assumed  without 
any  just  pretence;  but  because,  as  he  declared, 
"  it  was  his  will  and  pleasure  so  to  do,  and  that 
"  he  would  defend  his  so  doing."  Probably  he  had 
no  arms  of  his  own,  having  been  the  first  of  his  fa- 
mily who  had  appeared  in  a  military  capacity.  He 
had  served  as  esquire  to  Sir  Edward  Burnel,  with- 
out any  other  domestic  than  one  boy;  and  ever 
since  the  death  of  his  master  bore  the  arms  in  dis- 
pute. It  happened  that  they  both  were  at  the 
siege  of  Calais,  under  Edward  III.  in  1346,  ar- 
rayed in  the  same  arms.  Nicholas  lord  Burnel, 
challenged  the  arms  as  belonging  to  the  Burnels 
only,  he  having  at  that  time  under  his  command  a 
hundred  men,  on  whose  banners  where  his  proper 


TRIAL  ABOUT  A  COAT  OF  ARMS.  253 

arms.  Sir  Peter  Corbet,  then  in  his  retinue,  of- 
fered to  combat  with  Robert  de  Morley  in  support 
of  the  right  which  his  master  had  to  the  arms; 
but  the  duel  never  took  place,  probably  because 
the  king  denied  his  assent.  The  suit  was  then  re- 
ferred to  the  court  of  chivalry,  held  on  the  sands 
near  Calais,  before  William  Bohun,  earl  of  North  - 
ampton,  high  constable  of  England,  and  Thomas 
Beauchamp,  earl  of  Warwick,  earl  marshal.  The 
trial  lasted  several  days;  when  Robert,  apprehend- 
ing that  the  cause  would  go  against  him,  took  an 
opportunity,  in  presence  of  the  king,  to  swear  by 
God's  flesh,  that  if  the  arms  in  question  were  ad- 
judged from  him,  he  never  more  would  arm  him- 
self in  the  king's  service.  On  this  the  king,  out  of 
personal  regard  for  the  signal  services  he  had  per- 
formed in  those  arms,  and  considering  the  right  of 
Nicholas  lord  Burnel,  was  desirous  to  put  an  end 
to  the  contest  with  as  little  offence  as  possible. 
He  therefore  sent  the  earl  of  Lancaster,  and  other 
lords,  to  Nicholas,  to  request  that  he  would  permit 
Robert  de  Morley  to  bear  the  arms  in  dispute  for 
the  term  of  his  life  only:  which  Nicholas,  out  of 
respect  to  the  king,  assented  to.  The  king  then 
directed  the  high  constable,  and  earl  marshal,  to 
give  judgement  accordingly.  This  they  performed 
in  the  church  of  St.  Peter,  near  Calais;  and  their 
sentence  was  immediately  proclamed  by  a  herald, 
in  the  presence  of  the  whole  army  there  assembled. 


>54  TRIAL  ABOUT  A  COAT  OF  ARMS. 

Robert  de  Morley  was  seized  with  liis  last  ill- 
ness in  Burgundy,  in  the  year  1360,  when  the  En- 
glish army  was  on  its  return  from  the  blockade  of 
Paris.  Feeling  the  approach  of  death,  he  direct- 
ed that  his  banner,  with  the  arms  of  Burnel,  should, 
upon  his  decease,  be  delivered  to  Nicholas  lord 
Burnel,  in  persuance  of  the  judgment  before 
passed  in  the  court  of  chivalry;  and  accordingly 
his  banner-bearer,  having  in  his  hands  the  banner 
rolled  up,  delivered  it  to  lord  Burnel,  in  presence 
of  numbers  of  the  nobility,  convened  as  witnesses  of 
the  ceremony.  Lord  Burnel  died  in  the  year  1382, 
and  was  interred  in  Acton  Burnel  church,  under  an 
altar  tomb,  with  a  brass  inlaid  in  it  of  the  figure  of 
an  armed  man,  and  a  brass  label,  inscribed,  Hie 
jacet  Dominus  Nichs  Burnel,  miles,  dominus  de 
Holgot,  qui  oh.  12°  die  Jan.  A.  D.  1382.  Oujus 
animce  propitietur  Deus.  Amen. 

Among  the  witnesses  in  this  cause  were  several 
lord  and  knights,  and  many  very  antient  people, 
some  of  them  above  a  hundred  years  of  age;  one 
of  a  hundred  and  forty,  and  one  of  a  hundred  and 
twenty,  probably  of  Shropshire,  as  may  be  collect- 
ed from  their  names,  and  the  testimony  they  gave 
relative  to  the  descents  of  the  Burnels,  and  several 
private  affairs  of  the  family,  which  were  likely  to  be 
best  known  in  the  neighborhood  of  their  residence11. 

h  This  account  is  from  a  curious  MS.  I  had  the  pleasure  of  recei- 
ving from  Sir  Edward  Snvjthe. 


CAER  CARADOC.  255 

From  Longnor  I  visited  Caer  Caradoc.  After 
a  ride  of  about  three  miles,  I  fell  accidentally  on 
the  steepest  ascent,  and,  after  a  laborious  clamber 
up  a  green  and  smooth  ascent,  now  and  then  mixed 
with  small  fragments  of  a  porous  stone1  (l),  I  reached 
the  summit,  impeded  a  little  by  the  first  ditch  and 
rampart,  in  a  place  where,  from  the  exceeding 
steepness,  they  seemed  totally  unnecessary.  A  lit- 
tle higher  is  the  second  ditch,  with  a  vast  agger  of 
stones,  now  sodded  over.  The  area  is  irregular, 
of  pretty  considerable  extent.  On  the  more  acces- 
sible side  are  three  fosses  and  ramparts.     The  en- 

4  The  Editor,  in  this  as  in  two  other  instauces,  has  taken  the  li- 
berty of  substituting  "a  porous  stone,"  for  "lava:"  there  being  good 
ground  to  believe  that  no  traces  of  the  effect  of  volcanic  fire  are  to 
be  found  either  in  the  mountains  of  North  Wales,  or  of  the  adjacent 
English  counties.  In  the  vast  circle  of  kuowledge  which  Mr.  Pen- 
aant  possessed,  an  acquaintance  with  the  modern  improvements  in 
mineralogy  and  geology  was  not  included.  A  dark  colored  stone, 
rendered  cellular  by  the  decomposition  of  feltopath,  frequently  re- 
sembles, and  might  easily  be  mistaken  for  a  substance  acted  upon 
by  subterraneous  heat. — Into  this  error  the  admirable  author  of  the 
Tour  in  Wales  appears  occasionally  to  have  fallen — a  venial  error 
which  disappears  amidst  the  mass  of  varied  and  amusing  information 
which  renders  these  pages  so  truly  valuable.    Ed. 

(x)  The  text  of  Pennant  was  altered  from  "lava"  to  "porous  stone" 
in  the  edition  of  1810.  Pennant's  expression  was  perfectly  correct, 
and  is  abundantly  justilied  by  the  observations  of  modern  geologists. 
The  note  of  the  editor  is  instructive,  as  it  shews  the  ignorance  of 
geology  which  existed  in  the  early  part  of  the  present  century,  and 
as  it  furnishes  a  striking  illustration  of  the  danger  of  meddling  with 
an  author's  text.    t.i>. 


256  NOT  THE  PLACE  DESCRIBED  BY  TACITUS. 

trance  and  approach  are  very  conspicuous,  and 
may  even  at  present  be  easily  travelled  on  horse- 
back. The  area  slopes  upwards,  and  ends  in  a 
peak. 

Notwithstanding  this  place  is  styled  Caer 
Caradoc,  it  certainly  was  not  that  which  was  at- 
tacked by  Ostorius,  and  so  admirably  described  by 
Tacitus.  It  agrees  only  in  this  part  of  the  descrip- 
tion, which  is  common  to  most  British  posts,  Hinc 
montibus  arduis,  &  si  qua  clementer  accedi  poterunt 
Tnodum  valli  saxa  prcestruit;  but  it  wants  the  fol- 
lowing, Et  'prcefluebat  amnis  vado  incerto.  The 
learned  editor  of  Camden*  places  it  at  Gair  Ditches,. 
about  three  miles  south  of  Chin,  on  the  left  of  the 
road  to  Knighton;  and  gives,  as  I  am  informed,  a> 
faithful  description  of  the  trenches  and  ramparts. 
I  never  saw  the  place,  therefore  am  uncertain  on 
what  river  it  stood,  the  fords  of  which  were  so  dif- 
ficult. No  such  river  is  to  be  seen  near  the  post 
I  ascended;  it  therefore  could  not  have  been  the 
spot  on  which  our  hero  was  defeated:  yet  it  is- 
highly  probable  that  it  had  been  a  post  occupied 
by  him,  and  that  it  was  named  from  that  circum- 
stance. It  has  from  very  remote  times  been  tradi- 
tionally considered  as  a  strong  hold  of  his;  and, 
within  no  great  number  of  years,  a  society  of  gen- 

k  Camden,  i.  G4G,  G47.     In  Rocque'a  map  of  Shropshire  it  is  called 
Caer  Caradoc* 


THE  HERO  CARACTACUS.  257 

tlemen,  struck  with  admiration  of  his  virtue,  met 
annually  on  the  hill  to  celebrate  his  name  in  prose 
or  verse.  In  one  year  a  gentleman1,  distinguished 
as  much  by  his  modesty  as  his  great  ingenuity,  in- 
spired with  the  subject,  almost  instantly  delivered 
the  most  brilliant  part  of  the  history  of  Caractacusm 
in  the  following  lines;  which,  I  natter  myself,  will 
relieve  my  long-suffering  readers  after  the  satiety 
of  my  Welsh  pen,  now  hung  up  for  ever. 

All  Eome  was  still,  and  natious  stood  at  araze : 

Forth  came  the  mighty  Chief  august  iu  chains, 

Unbroken,  unsubdued;  his  dauntless  brow 

Lost  not  its  conscious  grandeur:  round  he  look'd 

With  steady  glare,  a  lion  in  the  toils; 

Yet,  mindful  of  his  fate,  to  Ccvsar'a  throne 

He  bow'd  majestic,  and  thus  calmly  spake: 

"  Had  moderation  sway'd  my  prosp'rous  days, 

"  Rome  had  beheld  me  Ccesars  guest  and  friend, 

"  Nor  blush'd ;  descended  from  a  scepter'd  race 

"  That  rul'd  Britannia's  independent  isle 

"  Beyond  all  annals  of  recording  fame. 

"  If  Rome  commands,  must  vassal  worlds  obey? 

':  What,  not  resist!     Who  not  defend  their  rights 

"  Deserve  not.     Cowards  oidy  should  be  slaves. 

'•'  Yes,  I  had  arms,  and  wealth,  and  friends,  and  fame. 

"  What  tamely  give  them  up?     Disgrace  indeed; 

"  That  I  so  long  withstood  your  baffled  pow'rs, 

"  Forgive  me,  Roman  Virtue,  that  offence. 

"  Had  I  a  cheap  and  easy  conquest  prov'd, 

"  My  ruin  and  your  glory  had  been  less. 

1  The  reverend  SSBYD  Davies.  m   Taciti  AnnaL  lib.  xii. 

VOL.  III.  S 


258  POETICAL  SKETCH 

"  Oblivion  soon  had  veil'd  my  dastard  name, 
"  Unworthy  Caesar's  pity.     Death  or  life 
"  Are  at  his  dread  disposal.     That,  or  This, 
"  I  neither  fear  to  meet,  nor  scorn  to  ask." 

"  Yes,  noble  Captive,"  said  the  lord  of  Rome, 
"  Thy  life  is  sacred,  aud  thy  freedom  seal'd. 
'•'  My  sole  ambition,  soaring  high  requires, 
'•'  Amid  my  banners  and  triumphal  cars, 
"  To  bear  thy  valiant  country's  glorious  name." 
He  spake,  loud  thund'ring  acclamations  rung, 
And  shouts  that  tore  the  Capitol,  proclam'd 
Imperial  mercy  to  the  gallant  foe. 
All  eyes  are  fixed  in  wonder!  Some  admire 
His  front  erect,  broad  limbs,  and  martial  port; 
All  praise  the  unwearied  valour  that  durst  cope 
With  Roman  prowess,  and  well-nigh  prevail'd. 
Not  bold  Jugurtha,  nor  the  Syrian  king, 
Nor  Persius  reft  of  Alexander's  crown, 
Attracted  more  regard  and  gazing  awe. 
E'en  Claudius,  in  his  radiant  seat  sublime, 
The  world's  great  master,  with  his  legions  fierce, 
His  glitt'ring  eagles,  all  his  trophied  pomp 
And  pride  begirt,  look'd  little  on  his  throne. 

Brave  Caradoc,  applauded  by  thy  foes, 
What  shall  thy  friends,  thy  grateful  Britons  say? 
What  columns,  and  what  altars  rear  of  fame? 
Thrice  told  live  hundred  courses  of  the  sun, 
Thy  age  is  green,  thy  laurels  freshly  bloom. 
Yet  on  thy  well-fought  hill,  whose  stony  brow 
O'erlooks  the  subject  plains,  the  gen'rous  youth 
Gladsome  repair  with  annual  flow'rs  and  song, 
And  festal  music,  to  record  thy  praise. 
0  for  more  sparks  of  thy  heroic  fire ! 


OF  CARACTACUS'S  HISTORY.  259 

If  aught  regarding  this  dull  orb  of  earth, 
Boils  not  thy  rage,  and  thy  great  spirit  chafes, 
To  see  the  rivals  of  all-conquering  Rome, 
Thy  hardy  Britons,  foil'd  by  tinsel  France? 
Imagination,  frowning,  pictures  thee 
With  featur'd  variations,  scorn  and  shame. 
Henries  and  Edwards,  thunderbolts  of  war, 
Where  is  the  lion-heart,  the  sweeping  sword, 
That  purpled  Agincourt's  and  Cressy's  fields'? 
Assist,  inspire  our  host!  But  chiefly  thou, 
The  champion,  guardian-genius  of  this  isle, 
Hover  around  our  tents;  thy  airy  lance 
Direct,  and  spread  thy  visionary  shield! 
Call,  rouse  thy  countrymen!  To  arms,  To  arms. 
Ye  antient  Bards,  ye  mystic  Druids,  hail! 

Prophetic  transport  seizes  me;  I  see, 

Tho'  dim  the  prospect,  from  this  craggy  height 

Unrolling  clouds  that  ope  a  beauteous  scene 

Of  joy  and  triumph.     Hark!  they  shout.     I  see 

Britannia's  Lion  Gallia's  ensign  seize; 

Britannia's  Trident  vindicate  the  main, 

Her  colours  waving  in  Columbian  skies 

Victorious.     Peace  returns,  and  Albion  smiles. 

Proceed,  ye  Britons;  lo!  the  kindled  fire 

In  this  un warlike  breast!     My  veteran  Muse 

Shall  march  along;  in  spirit-breathing  strains 

Sound  her  Pierian  trumpet,  to  awake 

Her  sleeping  country;  in  her  laurel'd  hand 

A  chaplet  bear  to  grace  the  victor's  brow. 


APPENDIX. 


APPENDIX. 


N°  I. 
Basing  werk  Abby,  Vol.  i.   p.  35. 

XN  an  out-house  is  lodged  a  stone  with  the  following  in- 
scription : 


IESUS   '"  ^^  ^^         *    MARIA. 


HERE  .  LYETH  .  TH  .  Y  .  BODY  .  OF  .  GEORGE  .  PE= 
TRE  .  LATE  .  OF  .  GREENFIELD  .   IN  .   FLINT 

SHIRE,  Esq.  SONE  TO  .  "W  .  LORD  .  PETRE 
BARON  .  OF  .   INGLESTON  .   IN  .  ESSEX  .  & 

E 

MARRIED    ANE    .    1'   .   RELICT   .   OF  .   IOHN 

E 

MOSTOIN   .   Esq.   .   BEING  .    Y   DAUGHTER 

E 

OF  .   HENRY  .   FOX  .   Esq.   .   WHO  .   FOR  .   Y  .   RO^ 
MANE  .  CATHOLIQUE  .   FAITH  .  &  .  LOYAL= 

TIE 

TY  .  TO  .   HIS  .  MA  .   LEFT  HIS  .  COUNTRY  . 

T 

&  .  SPENDING   HIS  .   TIME  .  W  .  GREAT   . 

EDIFICATION   .   OF  .   HIS   .   NEIGHBOVRS  . 

DIED   .  AT   .   WEXFORD   Y   26   DAY  OF   SEP. 

AN   .    DO~  1047   AGED    34. 


264 


APPENDIX    II. 


N°  II.(i) 

TABLE     OF    THE    EXPORTS     AND    IMPORTS     OF     CHESTER. 

Vol.  i.  p.  248. 


Coasting  vessels  entered  inwards  .. 
Ditto outwards 


Ireland    .... 

Ditto    

America  .... 

Ditto    

Isle  of  Man. 
Ditto    


5 


J         I 


.inwards  .. 

.outwards 

.inwards... 

.outwards 

..outwards 

..inwards  .. 


1771 


297 
526 

95 
216 

71 


EXPORTED  TO  FOREIGN  PARTS. 


6000 


Bark 


EXPORTED  COASTWISE. 


Lead 

Lead  Ore  

Number  of  ships  in  foreign  trade. 
Ditto  in  coasting  trade  


300 


3470     2813 


431 
22 
13 


1776 

1786 

208 

241 

619 

454 

140 

48 

104 

103 

2 
5 
4 
3 


2877 


Chaldron  s  of  coals  

Tons  of  lead I  1000  |  1184 

Ore     '     300  !     168 


18 


432 
30 
16 


2 
13 
23 


2616 

1410 

245 

370 


1058 
309 

8 


1796 

1806 

206 

149 

402 

350 

32 

195 

51 

329 

1 

9 

15 

1 

272 

16519 

160 

11 

695 

16 

1163 

2200 

376 

490 

6 

13 

17 

14 

(!)  This  is  not  in  Pennant's  own  editions,  but  was  probably  drawn  up  for 
the  octavo  one  of  1810.   J.R. 


TRADE  OF  CHESTER. 


265 


NUMBER  OF  VESSELS  ENTERED  AT  THE  PORT  OF  CHESTER 
FROM  FOREIGN  PORTS,  EXCLUSIVE  OF  AMERICA,  IRELAND, 
AND  THE  ISLE  OF  MAN. 


Years. 

No.  of 
Ships. 

From  whence. 

Cargoes. 

» 
3 
3 
3 
2 
I   3 

f  3 
1 
3 

'2 
3 

1 

1 
2 

ii 

Portugal 

Wiues._ 

Timber,  hemp,  &c. 

Skins. 

Hemp  and  flax. 

Wines. 

Fruit. 

Hemp,  flax. 

Timber. 

Dye-woods,  fruit,  and  wines. 

Hemp,  flax. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Wines. 

Hemp,  flax,  timber. 

1786 

Italy 

Russia 

Portugal 

1796 

Italy 

Narva 

Russia 

Prussia 

1806 

Portugal 

OUTWARDS. 

Years. 

No.  of 
Ships. 

Whither  bound. 

Cargoes. 

V.    3 

1 

1 

Lead,  lead  ore,  litharge,  copper,  &c. 

1786 

Lead. 

Italy 

Ditto,  litharge. 

1796 

Italy 

Lead,  litharge. 

1806 

Coals,  &c. 

From  1777  to  Christmas  1806  inclusive,  the  following  have  been  entered  at 
the  custom-house,  Chester,  foreign  and  coastwise. 

tons. 

Lead 152,6-13. 

Ore 33,879. 

Litharge 4,685.  Ed. 


26G  APPENDIX  III. 

N°  III. 

EXTRACTS   OUT  OF  A  MANUSCRIPT   TREATISE  OF   THE   LORD- 
SHIPS    MARCHERS     IN     WALES,     TAKEN     AUGUST     1740. 

Vol.  i.  p.  315. 

[The  Treatise  was  borrowed  of  Thomas  Lloyd  of  Overton,  Esq.] 

The  treatise  shews, 

1.  How,  why,  and  when,  the  lordships  marchers  were 
first  erected. 

2.  How,  why,  and  when,  they  were  suppressed.     And, 

3.  How  they  may  be  known,  and  tried,  at  this   day, 
from  other  lordships,  that  were  not  lordships  marchers. 

For  the  true  knowledge  and  perfect  understanding 
of  the  state  of  lordships  marchers  in  Wales,  the 
following  questions  are  fit  to  be  moved : 

1.  When  lordships  marchers  began  in  Wales  f 

2.  How  long  the  creating  lordships  marchers  in  Wales 
continued? 

3.  When  the  same  was  given  over,  and  why? 

4.  Why  they  were  at  first  ordained,  and  to  what   end 
they  served? 

5.  How  they  became  lordships  marchers,  and  to  have 
regal  authority  ? 

6.  How  long  they  continued  their  force  and  authority 
from  their  first  erection? 

7.  When  they  were  spoiled  of  their  liberty,  and  the 
same  was  resumed  into  the  king's  hands? 

8.  Why  they  were  deprived  of  their  regal  power? 

9.  How  they  are  to  be  known  at  this  day? 


LORDSHIPS  MARCHERS.  2G7 

10.  Why  they  were  at  first,  and  are  now,  called  lord- 
ships marchers;  and  how  they  first  took  the  name? 

11,  What  difference  is  at  this  day  between  them  and 
other  lordships? 

Wales  was  the  refuge  to  the  antient  Britons,  when 
they  were  driven  by  the  Saxons  out  of  England;  and 
there  they  preserved  the  antient  blood  royal  of  their 
kings,  their  laws,  and  antient  language,  from  the  fury 
of  the  Saxons. 

There  continued  an  implacable  hatred  and  wars  be- 
tween the  two  nations.  And  though  the  heptarchy  was 
reduced  to  a  monarchy  by  Egbert  king  of  the  West- 
Saxons  (who  first  called  that  part  England),  yet  he  and 
his  successors  received  no  obedience  or  subjection  from 
the  kings  or  princes  of  Wales;  but  they  held  Wales  as  ab- 
solute monarchs,  and  acknowledged  no  superior  under 
God. 

Here  Cadwallader  (the  last  king  of  Britain  of  the 
British  line)  and  his  descendants,  did  govern  the  people, 
as  their  lawful  kings  and  princes,  all  the  time  of  the 
Saxon  government. 

When  William  the  Conqueror  subdued  England,  he 
dispossessed  the  Saxon  issue  of  the  crown;  he  rooted  out 
most  of  their  nobility,  and  brought  in  his  own  people,  the 
Normans:  and  when  he  was  in  quiet  possession  of  the 
kingdom,  the  Welsh  took  no  notice  of  his  Conquest  over 
the  Saxons;  but  accounted  of  it  only  as  a  war  between 
two  strange  nations. 


2G8  APPENDIX  III. 

Long  before  the  Conquest,  all  Wales  fell  to  Roderick 
the  Great;  who  divided  it  between  his  three  sons:  to 
Cadell  he  gave  South  Wales,  containing  25  cantreds;  to 
Anarawd,  North  Wales,  of  15  cantreds;  and  to  Merfyn* 
Powys,  of  14  cantreds. 

The  issue  of  these  three  sons  possessed  Wales,  accord- 
ing to  the  said  division,  in  the  Conqueror's  time;  viz. 
Rice,  son  of  Theodore,  ruled  South  Wales;  Griffith  ap 
Conan,  North  Wales;  and  Blethyn  ap  Confyn,  Powys. 
These  three  princes  would  never  acknowledge  that  the 
Conqueror  had  any  superiority  over  Wales;  and  for  this 
reason  there  arose  cruel  wars  between  them,  and  they 
made  daily  incursions  on  each  other. 

The  kings  of  England  often  invaded  the  borders  of 
Wales,  and  forced  the  inhabitants  to  fly  to  the  mountains ; 
and  the  Welsh,  at  other  times,  made  divers  inroads  over 
Severn,  and  carried  great  spoils  out  of  England.  This  so 
provoked  them,  that  they  resolved  to  make  a  conquest  of 
Wales;  but  the  roughness  of  the  country,  the  hills,  woods, 
and  bogs,  was  such  a  protection,  that  a  great  army  could 
hardly  be  brought  to  annoy  them;  but  were  often  forced 
to  return  home  with  loss,  as  William  Rufus,  and  Henry 
II.  who  entered  Wales  three  times  with  royal  armies. 
King  John  made  war  upon  Llewelyn  ap  Jorwerth,  prince 
of  North  Wales,  and  Henry  III.  upon  Llewelyn  ap  Gri- 
ffith; which  brought  great  loss  to  themselves,  as  well  as 
damage  to  the  Welsh. 

The  kings  of  England,  seeing  it  difficult  to  make  a  con- 
quest of  Wales  by  a  great  army,  gave  to  the  lords,  and 


LORDSHIPS  MARCHERS.  2G9 

other  great  men  of  England,  such  countries  in  Wales  as 
they  could  win  from  the  Welshmen.  These  are  the  words 
of  divers  of  their  grants. 

By  these  means  many  were  drawn  to  bring  great  armies 
of  Englishmen  and  Normans  into  Wales;  who  conquered 
many  great  lordships;  which  they  held  to  them  and  then 
heirs  for  ever,  of  the  kings  of  England,  as  lands  pur- 
chased by  conquest. 

The  kings  of  England  having  built  divers  strong  towns 
of  garrison  on  the  frontiers  of  Wales,  after  the  Conquest; 
such  as  Bristow,  Gloucester,  Worcester,  Salop,  and  Ches- 
ter; as  places  ready  to  chastise  the  Welshmen  upon  all 
attempts,  the  great  men  began  to  invade  the  countries 
next  to  those  towns;  as  namely,  Peter  Corbet,  for  Cause; 
Mortimer,  for  Wigmore;  Fitz-alan  for  Clun  and  Oswestry; 
Walter  Lacy,  for  Ewyas-Lacy;  Dru  de  Baladan  for 
Abergaveny;  Monthault  for  Hawarden;  Gilbert  lord  of 
Monmouth  for  Monmouth;  Fulh  Fitz-iuarren  for  Whit- 
tington;  Roger  le  Strange  for  Elesmere:  and  shortly  after 
came  Robert  Fitz-hamon,  with  his  twelve  knights,  into 
Glamorgan;  Bernard  Newmarch  into  Brecknock;  Strong  - 
bow  to  Dyfed  or  Pembrokeshire;  Martin  to  Kernes;  Morris 
de  Londres  to  Cydwely  and  Cornwallon;  Lacy  earl  of  Lin- 
coln to  Rhos  and  Rhyfoniog,  now  the  lordship  of  Denbigh; 
Brcwis  to  Goiver,  Buelt,  Radnor,  Melenith,  and  Elvel;  and 
to  Roger  Mortimer  the  country  now  called  Chirk;  then 
called  Mochnant,  and  to  Cynlleth  and  Nantheudwy ;  and 
others  to  other  lordships. 


270  APPENDIX  III. 

That  the  lords  might  the  better  govern  the  people 
when  subdued,  they  were  suffered  to  take  upon  them 
such  prerogative  and  authority,  as  were  fit  for  the  quiet 
government  of  the  country. 

The  antient  historiographer  Lampridius,  saith,  that 
the  kings  of  England  did  then  use  the  same  policy  with 
lands  on  the  borders  of  Scotland. 

No  record  is  to  be  found  in  the  Tower  of  London,  or 
elsewhere,  of  any  grant  to  be  a  lordship  marcher  in  Wales. 
The  king's  writs,  out  of  the  courts  at  Westminster,  did 
not  run  into  Wales,  except  Pembrokeshire;  which  was 
counted  part  of  England,  and  called  Little  England  be- 
yond Wales.  Nor  were  there  any  sheriffs  to  execute 
such  writs :  but  the  lords  did  execute  laws  themselves 
over  the  people  which  they  subdued;  which  the  kings 
permitted  for  a  time. 

No  charters  of  these  liberties  could  conveniently 
be  granted,  for  three  reasons. 

1.  The  kings  of  England  did  not  know  beforehand 
what  lands  a  lord  should  conquer,  or  whether  he  should 
conquer  any;  and  therefore  could  not  grant  any  liberties 
within  a  certain  precinct  or  territory. 

2.  The  lords  after  their  conquest  of  any  country,  were 
not  over-hasty  to  purchase  any  charter;  because  they 
were  not  sure  but  that  those  lands  might  be  restored,  by 
composition  between  the  kings  of  England  and  the 
princes  of  Wales,  as  they  sometimes  were :  or  they  might 
be  recovered  by  force,  and  the  lords  expelled.     But, 


LOEDSHIPS  MARCHERS.  271 

3.  The  learned  say,  that  the  lords  marchers  had  no 
charters  of  such  liberties,  because  the  liberties  were  of 
so  high  a  nature,  so  royal,  and  so  united  to  the  crown, 
that,  by  the  law,  it  was  not  in  the  king's  power  to  grant 
them  from  the  crown. 

The  government  by  lords  marchers  continued  in  Wales 
till  the  time  of  Henri/  VIII;  who  perceiving  the  Welsh  to 
live  in  quietness  and  subjection,  thought  they  might  be 
governed  by  civil  laws,  as  the  English  were.  And  there- 
fore, anno  27,  c.  24,  he  resumed  most  of  those  jurisdic- 
tions into  his  own  hands,  and  appointed  justices  of  peace, 
sheriffs,  and  other  officers;  and  divided  the  country  into 
shires.  He  governed  them  by  the  laws  of  England;  and 
left  little  or  no  authority  to  the  lords  marchers. 

The  lords,  at  their  conquest  of  the  country,  built  castles 
for  themselves,  and  towns  for  their  followers,  in  the  most 
fertile  part :  and  by  this  means  the  towns  and  castles  in 
Wales  were  built,  as  may  be  seen  in  the  antient  charters 
of  those  towns. 

Pembroke  Tenby,  and  Haverfordwest,  by  Strongbow; 
William  de  Valence,  and  the  Hastings,  being  his  posterity; 
Newport,  by  Martin  lord  of  Kernes;  Cijdwehj  by  Londres; 
and  augmented  afterwards  by  the  duke  of  Lancaster,  to 
whom  it  came  by  marriage. 

Swa.nsey,  Oystermouth,  Loghor,  Radnor,  Buelt,  Raiadr, 
and  others,  by  the  Brewises;  from  whom  they  came  to  the 
Mortimers  and  Beauchamps,  by  a  female  issue  of  Brewis; 
Brecknock,  by  Bernard  Newmarch. 


272  APPENDIX  III. 

Blaen-Llyfney,  by  Herbert:  Caerdiff  and  Cowbridge  by 
Fitz-hamon,  and  the  earls  of  Gloucester:  Neath,  by  Green- 
field: Abergaveny,  by  Dru  de  Baladan,  Miles  earl  of 
Hereford,  and  others,  his  posterity:  Ruthin,  by  Lord  Grey: 
Denbigh,  by  Lacy  earl  of  Lincoln. 

Some  of  these  were  towns  before  the  Conquest;  but, 
being  destroyed  in  the  winning  of  them,  they  were  re- 
built by  the  lords. 

The  lords  held  their  lordships  of  the  kings  of  England 
in  chief,  as  of  the  crown  immediate,  by  serving  the  king 
in  his  wars  with  certain  numbers  of  men;  and  they  were 
bound  to  keep  their  castles  with  sufficient  men  and  muni- 
tion, for  the  keeping  of  the  king's  enemies  in  subjection. 

They  executed  the  English  laws,  for  the  most  part, 
within  their  lordships;  and  brought  them  to  be  of  Eng- 
lish tenure;  and  to  pass  the  same  according  to  the  laws  of 
England,  by  fine,  recovery,  feoffment,  and  livery  of  seisin. 
But  such  parts  as  they  left  to  the  antient  inhabitants  to 
possess,  were  by  some  lords  suffered  to  be  held  after  the 
old  Welsh  custom,  the  laws  of  Howel  Dda;  which  was,  to 
pass  the  same  by  surrender  in  court  (which  they  called 
Cqf  Lf)s,  and  Ystf/n  Wialen,  whereof  the  word  Ystynnol 
was  derived):  and  where  that  custom  was  permitted, 
there  is  no  deed  to  be  found  of  any  lands  before  the  27th 
Henry  VIII.  when  Wales  was  made  shire-ground;  but,  for 
such  lands  as  were  turned  to  English  tenures,  you  may  find 
deeds  of  two,  three,  or  four  hundred  years  past,  written  in 
Latin,  or  French,  as  was  used  in  England  in  those  days. 


LORDSHIPS  MARCHERS.  273 

The  laws  of  England  were  brought  in  by  the  lord 
marchers,  because  the  laws  of  the  land  were  unknown  to 
the  English:  but  they  suffered  the  antient  tenants  to  re- 
tain some  part  of  the  old  Welsh  laws;  such  as  the  use  of 
gavelkind,  for  parting  lands  between  the  brothers,  and 
the  passing  of  lands  by  surrender  in  court.  And  for  this, 
in  many  lordships,  there  is  a  Welsh  court  for  the  Welsh- 
men, called  Welchrie;  and  another  for  the  English,  called 
Englishrie,  In  some  lordships  the  lands  were  divided  by 
gavelkind,  but  passed  by  feoffments;  from  whence  comes 
English  tenure,  and  Welsh  dole:  in  Welsh,  Cyfraith  Saes- 
nig,  a  Rhan-Cymraig.  And  the  lords  had  the  wardship 
of  all  the  brethren,  as  if  they  had  been  sisters. 

The  lords  marchers  increased  in  number,  till  Llewellin 
ap  Griffith,  the  last  prince  of  Wales,  was  slain,  anno  11 
Ed.  I;  who  then  took  the  principality  of  Wales  into  his 
hands,  and  gave  it  to  Edward  II.  his  son,  and  made  him 
prince  of  Wales.  Since  which  time  no  more  lordships 
marchers  could  be  erected;  for  the  Welsh  in  general  sub- 
mitted themselves  to  the  kings  of  England. 

Since  the  principality  came  to  the  kings  of  England, 
no  lord  marcher  could  claim  any  liberty  or  prerogative, 
more  than  they  had  before,  without  a  grant. 

Edward  I.  immediately  held  a  parliament  at  Ruthlan 
castle;  and  there  ordained  laws  and  officers,  to  govern 
Wales  after  the  English  manner. 

The  lordship  of  Powys  had  not  its  original  from  con- 
quest, as  the  lordships  marchers  had;  but  in  this  manner: 

VOL.  III.  t 


27-4  APPENDIX  III. 

Griffith,  son  of  Meredith  ap  Blethyn,  lord  of  Poivys, 
seeing  the  king  of  England,  and  English  lords,  preparing 
themselves  to  conquer  Wales,  did,  in  discretion  and 
policy,  submit  himself  to  Henry  I.  and  yielded  to  hold 
his  lordship  of  the  king  of  England  in  chief,  as  the  lords 
marchers  did,  and  to  do  the  king  the  like  service;  and 
thereupon  was  suffered  to  hold  the  same  to  him  and  his 
heirs;  and  was  created  lord  Powys  by  the  said  Henry  I. 
and  made  baron  of  the  parliament  of  England. 

His  descendant,  Haivys  Gadarn,  fell  to  be  the  king  of 
England's  ward,  by  reason  of  the  alteration  of  the  tenure 
in  capite;  who  gave  her  in  marriage  to  a  valiant  gentle- 
man of  his,  named  John  Charlton.  And  so  the  lordship 
of  Powys  came  to  the  possession  of  the  English  lords. 
{Mowthwy,  and  others,  did  the  same.)  These  (with  the 
lords  marchers)  held  their  lordships  of  the  kings  in  chief, 
and  not  of  the  princes  of  Wales. 

The  lord  of  Poivys  thus  submitting  himself  to  the  king 
of  England,  the  comots  in  that  lordship  continue  whole 
and  entire  to  this  day;  and  there  is  a  court  baron  in  every 
one  of  them.  But  the  lords  marchers,  to  reward  those 
that  assisted  them  in  then*  conquests,  gave  them  divers 
manors;  and  so  divided  the  comots  into  several  parts,  and 
erected  a  court-baron  in  each.  The  comots  were  six; 
Careinion,  Median  uwch-Coed,  Median  is-Coed,  Mochnant, 
Llannerch  hddol,  and  Ystr ad-mar chell. 

The  like  may  be  found  in  the  counties  of  Anglesey, 
Caernarvon,  Merioneth,  Flint,   Carmarthen,  and  Cardi- 


LORDSHIPS  MARCHERS.  275 

(j an;  where  the  antient  comots  remain  entire,  without  al- 
teration; and  retain  their  antient  names  and  bounds,  and 
keep  the  same  courts.  The  reason  is,  because  they  were 
not  conquered  by  the  lords  marchers,  but  continued  in 
the  hands  of  the  princes  of  Wales,  till  Llewellin,  the  last 
prince,  was  slain  by  Edward  I. 

It  appears  by  antient  record  that  the  lordship  of 
Bromefield  and  Yale,  antiently  called  Dinas  Bnhi,  being 
the  chief  castle  of  the  lordship,  came  to  the  possession  of 
English  lords,  as  follows : 

Emma,  daughter  to  lord  A  udley,  and  widow  to  Griffith 
ap  Madog,  lord  of  Bromefield  and  Yale,  Chirk,  Nantheu- 
dwy,  Maelor,  and  other  lands,  parcel  of  antient  Powys, 
having  four  sons,  between  whom  their  father's  inheritance 
was  divided;  strife  grew  between  her  and  her  husband's 
kindred  about  the  custody  of  her  sons :  they  fearing,  that 
if  the  sons  should  be  brought  up  by  the  mother  in  Eng- 
land, they  would  become  English;  and  rather  incline  to 
the  king  of  England,  than  to  the  princes  of  Wales.  But 
the  mother  getting  into  her  possession  the  two  eldest, 
Madog  and  Llewellin;  the  first  having  to  his  part  Brome- 
field and  Yale,  and  the  other,  Chirk  and  Nantheudwy ; 
and  not  being  able  to  keep  them  to  herself,  nor  to  remain  hi 
quiet  upon  her  jointure,  she  delivered  her  sons  to  Edward 
I.  shewing  that  by  right  they  were  his  wards,  because 
their  ancestors  had  formerly  made  their  submission  to  the 
kings  of  England.  The  king  took  them  to  his  ward;  and 
committed  Madog,  the  eldest,  to  the  care  of  John   earl 


27G  APPENDIX  III. 

Warren;  and  LlewelUn  to  Roger  Mortimer,  third  son  to 
Ralph  lord  Mortimer,  of  WtgOTiorg.  The  two  guardians- 
having  the  sons  and  their  lands  in  their  custody,  earl 
Warren  built  the  castle  of  Holt  in  Bromefield,  and  Roger 
Mortimer  the  castle  of  Chirk,  and  placed  garrisons  of 
English  in  each,  to  defend  the  country  from  the  Welsh. 
And  the  wards*  dying  shortly  after,  without  issue,  the 
said  guardians  still  kept  the  lands,  and  obtained  grants  of 
the  king  to  hold  the  same,  10th  of  Ed war dl.;  only  the 
castle  of  Hope,  and  lands  thereto  belonging,  were  reserv- 
ed to  the  king  in  earl  Warrens  grant.  The  antient  rent 
of  Bromefield  and  Yale  was  730/.  a  year. 

Emma  being  molested  in  her  jointure,  because  she  had 
delivered  her  sons  to  the  king,  and  so  procured  the 
coming  of  those  lords  to  build  the  castles  Bromefield  and 
Chirk,  she  desired  the  king  to  take  Maelor,  her  jointure, 
and  to  give  her  lands  in  England  for  it;  which  the  king 
did,  and  so  got  into  possession  of  Maelor  Saesnaeg,  and 
held  the  same  ever  after;  not  suffering  any  of  the  heirs  to 
have  it,  pretending  that  they  were  rebels  against  him. 

No  lord  marcher  was  without  a  castle,  and  a  sufficient 
garrison  to  suppress  such  of  the  Welsh  as  should  annoy 
the  king's  subjects;  and  therefore  all  castles  had  towns 
close  to  them,  inhabited  by  the  English.  And,  by  4  Henry 
IV.  c.  32,  it  is  enacted,  that  castles  and  walled  towns  in 
Wales  should  be  possessed  by  valiant  Englishmen,  stran- 
gers to  the  seigniories. 

a  The  melancholy  fate  of  these  infants  is  described  in  vol.  i.  p.  207, 

of  this  work.    Ed. 


LORDSHIPS  MARCHERS.  277 

The  charters  of  those  towns  give  great  liberty  to  the 
English;  but  no  Weslhmcui  might  be  a  burgess,  or  pur- 
chase any  land  therein;  see  2  Henry  IV.  c.  12.  and  20. 
It  was  also  enacted,  that  no  Welshman  should  have  any 
castle  or  fortress,  saving  such  as  was  in  the  time  of 
Edward  I.  except  bishops  and  temporal  lords. 

The  more  to  encourage  the  English  to  conquer  Wales, 
the  kings  of  England  created  them  peers  of  the  realm,  by 
the  name  of  lords  baron  of  the  places  they  conquered. 
Their  number  once  was  twenty-one ;  but  now  are  reduced 
to  one,  viz.  Abergaveny,  who  is  the  first  lord  baron  of 
England.  The  rest  lost  their  name  and  place,  by  coming 
either  to  the  crown,  or  to  lords  who  had  other  places  and 
titles  in  parliament.    The  castles  in  Wales  were  about  143. 

The  Welsh  submitted  to  Henry  VII.  because  he  was 
paternally  descended  from  their  princes:  and  his  son, 
Henry  VIII.  made  several  statutes  for  the  future  govern- 
ment of  them,  anno  27. 

Lords  marchers  seized  on  the  goods  of  their  tenants 
who  died  intestate. 

All  the  lordships  marchers  have  lost  their  antient  juris- 
dictions and  authorities,  which  were  the  common  signs 
whereby  they  were  known;  so  that  it  is  now  a  doubt 
which  were  such  lordships.  But  they  may  be  still 
known  by  several  tokens. 

1.  There  can  be  no  lordship  marcher  but  such  as  was 
subdued  before  the  death  of  Prince  Llewellin. 


278  APPENDIX  III. 

2.  Such  lordship  must  be  held  of  the  king  in  chief,  and 
not  of  the  principality  of  Wales. 

3.  It  must  have  been  in  antient  time  the  inheritance  of 
some  English  lord. 

4.  If  any  suit  arose  about  the  title,  it  was  to  be  pleaded 
at  common  law,  in  Westminster- Hall;  and  there  were  fines 
levied  of  those  lordships,  and  none  other  in  Wales. 

5.  The  escheator  of  the  marches  of  Wales  did  in  antient 
time  enquire  of  the  tenure,  and  find  office  post  mortem  of 
the  lord;  and  that  by  writ  out  of  the  chancery  of  England. 
And  as  those  lordships  were  not  in  any  shire  in  England, 
and  the  king  had  no  escheators  to  enquire  of  the  tenure 
of  them,  the  same  was  laid  on  the  escheator  of  the  next 
English  shire.  And  such  escheator  had  the  charge,  care, 
and  survey  of  all  lordships  marches  that  were  holden  of 
the  king.  And  such  escheators  was  to  go  into  any  lord- 
ship marcher  in  Wales,  and  swear  an  inquest,  and  find  an 
office  after  the  death  of  the  lord,  and  enquire  of  the  te- 
nure and  value  of  the  lordship. — N.B.  All  offices  of  other 
manors,  that  were  holden  of  the  king,  as  of  his  principa- 
lity, were  found,  by  virtue  of  writs  out  of  the  king's  ex- 
chequer, of  Caernarvon,  or  Chester,  for  North  Wales;  and 
Carmarthen,  or  Cardigan,  for  South  Wales;  and  out  of 
Pembroke,  for  lands  in  that  earldom. 

G.  These  lords,  by  stat.  24  Henry  VIII.  c.  9,  have  the 
penalty  for  killing  of  wainlings,  and  for  non-appearance 
at  their  courts;  and,  by  stat.  26  Henry  VIII.  c.  4,  and 
27,  c.   26,  they  have  the  forfeiture  of  common  mainprize, 


LORDSHIPS  MARCHERS.  279 

recognizances,  mizes ;  power  to  keep  court-barons  and 
court-leets;  and  to  have  waifs,  strays,  infangthefe,  out- 
fangthefe,  treasure-trove,  deodands,  goods  and  chattels 
of  felons,  persons  condemned,  and  outlawed;  and  also 
wreck  de  mere,  wharfage,  and  custom  of  strangers. 

From  the  river  Tifi,  in  South  Wales,  to  the  river  Conwy, 
in  North  Wales,  there  was  no  lordship  marcher;  but  all 
the  country  remained  wholly  to  the  princes  of  Wales, 
until  the  principality  came  to  the  crown  by  Prince 
Llewellin's  death. 

As  the  river  Severn  was  the  antient  limit  between 
Wales  and  England,  a  doubt  hath  arisen,  why  all  the 
land  that  is  over  that  river,  viz.  all  Herefordshire,  and  so 
much  as  is  part  of  Gloucestershire,  Worcestershire,  and 
Shropshire,  had  not  been  lordships  marchers,  as  the  rest 
of  Wales  was,  that  was  won  since  the  Conquest. 

The  reason  is  this.  All  Herefordshire,  and  those  parts 
of  the  other  counties,  were  won  from  the  Welsh  in,  or 
shortly  after,  the  time  of  Offa  king  of  Mercia.  The 
Welsh  were  expelled  thence,  the  country  was  new  plan- 
ted with  Englishmen;  and  this  was  long  before  the  divi- 
ding of  England  into  shires.  The  same  was  annexed  to 
the  kingdom  of  Mercia;  and  so,  as  part  of  that  kingdom, 
it  came  to  the  hands  of  king  Alfred,  who  first  divided 
England  into  shires.  He  finding  those  countries  sub- 
dued, and  the  Welsh  expelled,  divided  them  with  the 
rest  on  the  other  side  Severn.  He  added  part  to  Glouces- 
tershire, part  to  Worcestershire,  and  part  to  Shropshire: 
and  made  Herefordshire  a  shire  of  itself. 


280  APPENDIX  III. 

Here  lies  the  difference  between  conquering  of  Wales 
by  the  Saxons  and  the  Normans. 

So  much  of  Wales  as  the  Saxon  kings  won,  they  did  it 
at  their  own  charge,  and  for  their  own  use;  and  did  not 
suffer  their  subjects  to  deal  therein.  But  the  Norman 
conqueror,  contenting  himself  with  the  realm  of  England, 
did  not  bend  his  forces  against  Wales  more  than  he  was 
forced  to  do,  by  their  invading  of  his  people  and  country; 
and  he,  and  his  successors,  thought  it  better  policy  to 
give  to  the  nobility  such  parts  of  Wales  as  they  could 
conquer. 

That  Herefordshire  was  not  won  since  the  Conquest, 
appears  from  the  lordship  of  Urchinfield;  which  is  antient 
demesne-lands;  such  as  is  not  to  be  found  in  England, 
but  what  is  in  the  possession  of  its  kings  before  the  Con- 
quest. See  Silas  Taylor,  of  Urchinfield,  in  his  history  of 
Gavelkind,  p.  106:  and  Humphrey  Llwyd,  in  his  Frag- 
ment of  the  Description  of  Wales;  his  Latin  book,  p.  52, 
first  edition;  English  translation,  p.  63:  whose  words,  as 
Bryan  Twyne,  translates,  are  Gwyr  Reunwe  makes  one  of 
the  six  states,  that  met  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Dyvi, 
to  chuse  Maelgwyn  Givynedd  king,  about  the  year  560. 
P.  74,  of  his  Breviary  of  Britain. 

Not  far  from  thence,  viz.  Lamstre,  or  Llanlieni,  is  the 
antient  city  Henfford,  standing  upon  Wye,  or  more  truly 
Gwy;  in  old  time  called  Ferleg,  now  Hereford. 

Towards  Severn  are  Malvern  hills;  and  in  the  corner 
between  Severn  and  Wye,  not  far  from  the  town  of  Ross, 


LORDSHIPS  MARCHERS.  281 

is  that  renowned  wood,  which  from  the  Danes,  is  called 
the  forest  of  Dean. 

These  regions,  with  all  Herefordshire  beyond  Wye,  be- 
fore they  were  possessed  by  the  English,  were  termed,  in 
British,  Euryenwe;  and  the  inhabitants,  Eurnwyr:  of 
which  there  remains  somewhat  in  the  word  Urchinfield. 
The  Welsh  called  it  Erg  nig,  and  afterwards  Ergenel;  and 
no  marvel,  since  the  lest  portion  thereof  retains  now  the 
name  of  Powijs. 

It  appears  by  some  records  in  the  Tower, 

1.  That  King  Edward  I.  anno  11,  (when  he  slew 
Prince  Llewellin,  and  thereby  got  possession  of  the  princi- 
pality of  Wales)  being  at  Aberconwy,  and  fearing  that 
there  would  be  a  scarcity  of  victuals,  wrote  to  the  officers 
of  all  the  good  towns  and  countries  in  South  Wales  (that 
were  subdued  by  the  lords  marchers,)  that  they  should 
cause  victuals  to  be  brought  out  of  those  parts  to  Montgo- 
mery, in  Quindena  Paschw  next  following,  to  furnish  the 
king's  army.     In  this  manner: 

Ballivis  mercatoribus  et  probis  hominibus  de  -  Swansey. 
This  is  the  chief  town  of  the  lordship  of  Gower. 

Majori,  ballivis,  probis  lwminibus,  et  mercato- 
ribus de  --_-_-  Bristol. 
Ballivis,  &c.  de  Cardiff. 

The  chief  town  of  Glamorgan. 
Ballivis,  do.  de  ------  Strongoule. 

The  chief  town  of  Nether  went  in  Monmouthshire. 


282 


APPENDIX  III. 


Ballivis, 
Ballivis, 
Ballivis, 
Ballivis, 
Ballivis, 
Ballivis, 
Ballivis, 
Ballivis, 
Ballivis, 
Ballivis, 
Ballivis, 
Ballivis, 
Ballivis, 
Ballivis, 
Ballivis, 
Ballivis, 
Ballivis, 


<&c.  de 
&c.  de 
&c.  de 
&c.  de 
&c.  de 
&c.  de 
&c.  de 
&c.  de 
&c.  de 
&c.  de 
dec.  de 
&c.  de 
&c.  de 
&c.  de 
<£c.  de 
&c.  de 
<X'C.  de 


-  Haverford, 

-  Pembroke. 

-  Thalgarn. 

-  St0  Claro. 

-  Kemys. 

-  Kilgaran. 

-  Caerleon. 

-  Caermardyn. 

-  Cardigan. 

-  Brecknock. 

-  Kydively. 

-  Uske. 

-  Lanstephan. 

-  Austedyn. 

-  Monmouth. 

-  Bergaveny. 

-  Blenllevny. 


Ramdpli,  monk  of  Chester,  saith  (1.  7.  c.  38.  fol.  379.) 
that  Prince  Llewellin  was  slain  about  the  feast  of  St.  Lucy. 

2.  That  King  Edward  II.  in  his  wars  against  Robert 
de  Bruce,  king  of  Scotland,  wrote  to  these  lord  marchers, 
to  send  to  his  aid  a  certain  number  of  men,  there  men- 
tioned, out  of  their  several  lordships.  His  letters  patent 
are  dated  June  18,  anno  3  Edivard  II. 

The  same  king,  in  the  same  year,  writes  to  those  lords, 
to  abate  a  certain  number  of  their  men;  because  he  did 
not  want  them. 

King  Edward  III.  fearing  the  invasion  of  the  Scots, 
writes    to   the    lords    marchers,    to   have   the   sea-coast 


LORDSHIPS  MARCHERS.  28$ 

watched,  the  men  of  the  country  armed,  their  castles 
strengthened  and  furnished,  and  themselves  to  act  as  lieu- 
tenants in  their  several  lordships.  Dat.  a/pud  Berewicum 
super  Twedam,  Jun.  24,  anno  regni  10. 

And  he  appoints  William  de  la  Zouch  de  Mort.  Marl, 
and  Gilbert  Talbot  (his  justices  of  South  Wales)  to  be  cap- 
tains and  leaders  of  the  said  lords  and  their  people  against 
the  Scots,  if  they  should  invade  those  parts. 

N.B.  The  king  did  not  write  to  any  part  of  the  six 
shires  which  were  the  principality  of  Wales;  but  only  to 
such  parts  as  were  subdued  by  the  lords  marchers;  who 
held  their  lordships  immediately  of  the  king.  The  king- 
had  men  out  of  the  principality-lands,  to  serve  him  in 
those  wars;  but  the  commissions  are  not  to  be  found 
among  the  King's  records  in  the  Tower.  For  the  prince 
of  Wales  (who  then  held  the  principality)  wrote  for  men 
out  of  the  principality,  to  serve  his  father  in  his  wars. 

The  records  of  this  remain  among  the  prince's  records; 
and  are  not  to  be  found  amono-  the  records  in  the  Tower. 


N°.  IV. 

ACCOUNT    OF    SIR    JEFFRY    SHAKERLEY. 
Vol.  i.  p.  392. 

"  The  heath  upon  which  Sir  Marmaduke  Langdale  was 
drawn  up,  carries  the  name  of  Rowton  Heath;  a  mile  be- 
yond which,  in  the  London  road  from  Chester,  is  another 


284  APPENDIX  IV. 

heath,  called  Hattou  Heath.  The  order  which  Sir  Mar- 
maduke had  received  from  the  king,  was  only  to  beat 
Poyntz  back.  Sir  Marmaduke  performed  the  same  effec- 
tually; for  having  marched  his  men  over  Holt  Bridge  un- 
discovered by  the  enemy,  who  had  taken  the  out- works 
and  suburbs  of  the  city  on  the  east  side  thereof,  and 
Poyntz  coming  in  a  marching  posture  along  the  narrow 
lane  between  Hatton  Heath  and  Rowton  Heath,  Sir  Mar- 
maduke having  lined  the  hedges,  fell  upon  him,  and 
killed  a  great  many  of  his  men;  and  having  so  done, 
ordered  colonel  Shakerley,  who  was  best  acquainted  with 
that  country,  to  get  the  next  way  he  could  to  the  king 
(who  lodged  then  at  Sir  Francis  Gamutt's  house,  in  Ches- 
ter) and  acquaint  him,  that  he  had  obeyed  his  orders  in 
beating  Poyntz  back,  and  to  know  his  majesty's  further 
pleasure.  The  colonel  executed  his  orders  with  better 
speed  than  could  be  expected;  for  he  galloped  directly  to 
the  river  Dee,  under  Huntingdon  House,  got  a  wooden  tub 
{used  for  slaughtering  of  swine)  and  a  batting-staff  (used  for 
batting  of  coarse  linen)  for  an  oar,  put  a  servant  into  the 
tub  with  him,  and  in  this  desperate  manner  swam  over 
the  river,  his  horse  swimming  by  him  (for  the  banks  were 
very  steep,  and  the  river  very  deep)  ordered  his  servant 
to  stay  there  with  the  tub  for  his  return,  and  was  with  the 
king  in  little  more  than  a  quarter  of  an  hour  after  he  had 
left  Sir  Marmaduke,  and  acquainted  the  king,  that  if  his 
Majesty  pleased  to  command  further  orders  to  Sir  Mar- 
maduke, he  would  engage  to  deliver  them  in  a  quarter  of 
an  hour;  and  told  the  king  of  the  expeditious  method  he 


SIR  PETER  SHAKERLEr.  285 

had  taken,  which  saved  him  the  going  nine  or  ten  miles 
about,  by  Holt  Bridge  (for  the  boats  at  Eaton  were  then 
made  useless);  but  such  delays  were  used  by  some  about 
the  king,  that  no  orders  were  sent,  nor  any  sally  made 
out  of  the  city  by  the  king's  party,  till  past  three  o'clock 
afternoon,  which  was  full  six  hours  after  Poyntz  had  been 
beaten  back;  and  so  Poyntz  having  all  that  time  for  his 
men  to  recover  the  fright  they  had  been  put  into  in  the 
morning,  Poyntz  rallied  his  forces,  and  with  the  help  of 
the  parlement  forces  who  came  out  of  the  suburbs  of  the 
city  to  his  assistance  (upon  whom  the  king's  party  in  the 
city  might  then  successfully  have  fallen)  put  all  those  of 
the  king's  to  the  rout,  which  was  the  loss  of  the  king's 
horse,  and  of  his  design  to  join  Montross  in  Scotland,  who 
was  then  understood  to  be  in  a  good  condition. 

"  This  is  what  my  father,  the  said  colonel  Shakerlei/ 
(afterwards  Sir  Geffrey  Shakerley)  hath  often  declared  in 
my  hearing;  and  since  no  mention  is  made  of  him  in  all  this 
history""'  (though  he  faithfully  served  the  king  in  all  the 
wars,  was  personally  engaged  in  almost  all  the  field 
battles  for  the  king,  sold  part  of  his  estate  to  support 
that  service,  and  was  for  many  years  sequestered  of  all 
the  rest),  I  thought  it  my  duty,  as  his  eldest  son  and 
heir,  to  do  that  justice  to  his  memory,  to  insert  this  here, 
under  my  hand,  that  it  may  be  remembered  to  posterity. 

"PETER   SHAKERLEY.-' 


*  Meaning  Clarendon's  Ilixtory  of  the  Rebellion ;   this  account  being  written 
by  Peter  >ihakerley  esq.  in  one  of  the  blank  leaves. 


'28 C  APPENDIX  V. 

N°  V. 

EPITAPH  ON  COLONEL  ROBINSON  IN  GRESFORD  CHURCH. 

Vol.  i.  p.  392. 

H.  S.  J. 

Johannis  Robinson 

Qui, 

Tribunus  Caroli  Martyris,  fortunas  ejus  (hoc  est 

Ecclesiam  Mouarchiamque)  sustinebat  strenue. 

Rege  cadente 

Carolum  exulem  non  deseruit  exul, 

cum  reduce  redux. 

Apud  GVVERSYLT, 

Ubi  omnia  sua  a  rebelli  manu  direpta  reliquerat, 

^•Edificijs  ab  eadem  eleganter  constructis  gavisus  est. 

Ab  uxore  Margarita,  Filia  Edwardi  Norris 

de  Speak  in  Com.  Pal.  Lancast.  Arm. 

Gulielmum,  Johannem,  Margaritam,  &  Janam, 

suscepit  prolem. 

Corpus  e  meliori  licet  luto  compositum, 

vulneribus  tamen  pronis 

fractum  pariter  ac  honestatum, 

Animam  ad  Coelum  aspirantem, 

ultra  Annum  setat.  65,  retinere  non  valens, 

Martij  15°  reddidit.  ^Erre  Christianas  MDCLXXX. 


N°VI. 

IMPRECACTION   OF    EDWARD    BROUGHTON,    ESQ. 

Vol.  i.  p.  393. 

"  I  Edward  Broughton,  for  love,  in  ye  presence  of  ye 
great  God  of  heaven  and  earth,  who  knows  the  secrets  of 


IMPRECATION.  287 

all  hearts,  and  the  sincerity  of  mine  at  this  time,  I  doe, 
upon  premeditation,  and  not  rashly,  implore  the  God  of 
spirits  to  power  down  his  vengance  upon  mee  and  my 
posterity  for  ever,  not  in  any  ordinary  manner,  but  in  the 
highest  nature,  in  giving  the  divell  power  over  our  soules 
and  bodyes,  and  that  we  consume  upon  the  earth,   rott 
away  alive,  and  be  damned;   and  yfc  my  name  and  ^son 
may  stinck  upon  earth,  and  molest  ye  nostrills  of  men;   & 
that  I  may  be  a  fearfull  spectacle  to  all  ^fidous  men;  and 
that  I  may  never  walk  upon  the  earth,  but  with  dreadfull 
hideous  shapes  about  me,  &  terrified  conscience;  &  that  I 
may  linger  &  not  die,  but,  as  Cain,  may  have  a  mark  sett 
upon  me  that  men  may  shun  me;   &  that  I  may  outlive 
all  my  posterity;  &  that  they  may  be  all  extinct  &  damn'd; 
&  that  the  divell  may  have  a  good  tytle  to  my  body  and 
soule;    &  take  possession  on  me  heare  on  earth,  &  carry 
me  away  alive;  and  that  I  may  never  appeare  before  God, 
but  to  receive  yc  dreadful  sentence,  De^t  from  me,  you 
cursed,    into  everlasting   fire,  to  be    tormented   by  the 
divell  and  his  angells. 

Observe,  this  part  is  but  to  usher  the  rest — 

"If  I  do  not  utterly  forbear  all  rash  swearing,  and  all 
maner  of  drinking,  and  all  manner  of  debauchery  whatso- 
ever; or  if  ever  I  am  guilty  of  finding  fault  with  any  thing 
my  intended  wife  shall  doe  or  say;  or  if  ever  I  under- 
take any  business,  or  any  thing,  how  great  a  concern 
soever,  or  small,  without  the  knowledge,  assent,  consent, 
advice  of  Mary  Weeks,  my  intended  wife,  and  is  to  be 


288  APPENDIX  VI. 

Mary  Broughton  when  this  shall  effect;  or  if  shee 
shall  make  any  request  unto  me  in  her  life-time,  it 
shall  be  of  force  never  to  be  violated  by  me,  although 
I  surviving  her,  concerning  body  &  soule,  life  or  for- 
tune, children  or  friends,  how  unreasonable  soever;  or  if 
there  shall  happen  any  difference  betwixt  her  &  me,  as 
there  hath  been  betwixt  me  and  my  first  wife,  then,  if  I 
am  the  cause  of  it,  lett  these  and  all  the  plagues  imgina- 
ble  fall  on  me,  and  all  the  plagues  God  can  inflict;  or  if 
shou'd  arise  any  quarrell,  &  shee  the  only  cause,  yet, 
when  I  remember  hereof,  or  shee  these  vows,  I  most 
heartily  pass  by,  forgive,  &  endeavour  to  pacifie,  &  use  all 
the  art  imaginable  to  please  here,  &  if  she  could  impose 
more,  I  wou'd  most  willingly  doo  it ;  or  else  may  all  those 
plagues,  if  there  were  greater  curses  or  imprecacons,  I 
heartily  pray  they  may  all  be  powered  downe,  as  the  rain 
fall  on  the  thirsty  ground,  and  upon  my  posterity  for 
ever :  &  this  I  doe  heartily  &  voluntarily,  &  with 
serious  consideration  &  premeditation,  having  taken  a 
long  time  to  consider  this;  and  now  most  readily  signe  itt 
with  my  owne  hand,  &  seal  it  with  my  own  seale. 

"EDWABD  BKOUGHTON." 

April  12°  16G0. 


OF  OWEN  GLYNDWR.  289 

N°  VII. 

OF   OWEN   GLYNDWR.       Vol.  ii.  p.   2. 

The  name  of  Owen  Glyndwr' &  father  was  Gryffydd  Fychan; 
of  his  mother,  Elena,  of  royal  blood,  and  from  whom  he 
afterwards  clamed  the  throne  of  Wales.  She  was  eldest 
daughter  of  Thomas  ap  Llewelyn  ap  Owen,  by  his  wife 
Elinor  Goch,  or  Elinor  the  red,  daughter  and  heiress  to 
Catherine,  one  of  the  daughters  of  Llewelyn  last  prince  of 
Wales,  and  wife  to  Philip  ap  Ivor  of  Iscoed.  She  proba- 
bly was  concealed  by  some  friend  on  the  death  of  her 
father,  otherwise  the  jealousy  of  Edward,  about  the  suc- 
cession, would  have  made  her  share  the  fate  of  her  sister 
Gwenllian,  who,  perforce,  took  the  veil  in  the  convent  of 
Shaftesbury. 

Writers  vary  in  the  account  of  the  day  of  the  birth  of 
Glyndwr.  One  manuscript  fixes  it  on  the  28th  of  May 
1354:  that  preserved  by  Lewis  Owen  places  the  event  five 
years  earlier;  for  the  year  1349,  says  he,  was  distinguished 
by  the  first  appearance  of  the  pestilence  in  Wales,  and  by 
the  birth  of  Owen  Glyndwr. 

Heroes  are  often  introduced  into  the  world  by  some 
strange  phenomenon,  that  presages  their  future  celebrity, 
or  the  happiness  or  misery  they  were  to  bring  upon  their 
country;  but  it  is  probable  that  their  course  is  finished, 
before  superstition  invents  the  tale,  and  adapts  it  to  their 
actions.  Ilolinshed  relates  one  on  this  occasion,  corres- 
pondent to  a  blemish  from  which  we  could  wish  to  clear 
VOL.  III.  v 


290  APPENDIX  VII. 

the  character  of  our  countryman.  His  cruelty  was  fore- 
told at  his  nativity,  by  the  marvellous  accident  of  his 
father's  horses  being  found  standing  that  night  in  the 
stables  up  to  their  bellies  in  blood.  Shakespear  omits 
this  circumstance;  but,  in  his  spirited  character  of  Owen, 
puts  these  beautiful  lines  into  his  mouth,  finely  descrip- 
tive of  the  vain-glory  and  superstition  of  the  old  British 
chieftain. 

At  my  birth 
The  front  of  heav'n  was  full  of  fiery  shapes; 
The  goats  ran  from  the  mountains,  and  the  herds 
Were  strangely  clamorous  in  the  frighted  fields: 
These  signs  have  mark'd  me  extraordinary, 
And  all  the  courses  of  my  life  do  shew, 
I  am  not  in  the  roll  of  common  men. 

His  bard,  Jolo  Goch,  gives  him  incense  of  a  far  superior 
kind;  and  I  fear  the  poet's  ardor  to  celebrate  his  patron, 
carried  him  to  the  borders  of  blasphemy;  for  in  his  Cowydd 
y  Seven,  or  Poem  of  the  star,  he  describes  three  that  ap- 
peared to  mark  three  great  events;  for,  to  the  star  which 
foretold  the  birth  of  our  Saviour,  he  adds  another  which 
presaged  that  of  Arthur;  and  a  third  which  marked  the 
great  deeds  of  Ghjndivr,  in  1402,  the  meridian  of  his  glorya. 

He  appears  to  have  had  a  liberal  education.  His  am- 
bition overcame  the  prejudices  of  his  country  against  the 
English;  and  determined  him  to  seek  preferment  among 
them.  He  entered  himself  in  the  inns  of  court,  and 
studied  there,  till  he  became  a  barrister.  It  is  probable 
that  he  quitted  his  profession;  for  we  find,  that  he  was  ap- 

*  Cowydd y  Seren,  a  Ymddangoses  mis  mawrth,  B.A.  1402. 


OF  OWEN  GLYNDWE.  291 

pointed  scutiger,  or  squire  of  the  body,  to  Richard  II. 
whose  fortunes  he  followed  to  the  last;   was  taken  with 
him  in  Flint  castle ;    and,  when  the  king's  household  was 
dissolved,  retired,  with  full  resentment  of  his  sovereign's 
wrongs,  to  his  patrimony  in  Wales.     I  judge  that  he  was 
knighted  before  the  deposition  of  his  master;   for  I  find 
him  among  the  witnesses  in  the  celebrated  cause  between 
Sir  Richard  le  Scrope  and  Sir  Robert  le  Grosvenour,  about 
a  coat  of  arms,  under  the  title  of  Sir  Owen  de  Glendore. 
His  brother  also  appears  there  by  the  name  of  Tudor  de 
■Glendore.     This  cause  lasted  three  years,  and  ended  in 
1389b. 

Jolo  Goch,  the  celebrated  poet  of  this  period,  resided 
here  for  some  time.  He  came  on  a  pressing  invitation 
from  Owen;  who,  knowing  the  mighty  influence  of  this 
order  of  men  over  the  antient  Britons,  made  his  house,  as 
Jolo  says,  a  sanctuary  for  bards.  He  made  them  the  in- 
struments of  his  future  operations,  and  to  prepare  the 
minds  of  the  people  against  the  tune  of  his  intended  in- 
surrection. From  Jolo  I  borrow  the  description  of  tho 
seat  of  the  chieftain,  when  it  was  in  full  splendor.  He 
compares  it,  in  point  of  magnificence,  to  Westminster  ab- 
bey; and  informs  us,  that  it  had  a  gatehouse,  and  was 
surrounded  with  a  moat. 

That  within  were  nine  halls,  each  furnished  with  a 
wardrobe;  I  imagine,  filled  with  the  cloaths  of  his  re- 
tainers, according  to  the  custom  of  those  days. 

b  Collins's  Peerage,  vii.  507. 


202  APPENDIX  VII. 

Near  the  house,  on  a  verdant  bank,  was  a  woodera 
house,  supported  on  posts,  and  covered  with  tiles.  It 
contained  four  apartments,  each  subdivided  into  two,  de- 
signed to  lodge  the  guests. 

Here  was  a  church,  in  form  of  a  cross,  with  several 
chapels. 

The  seat  was  surrounded  with  every  conveniency  for 
good  living;  and  every  support  to  hospitality:  a  park, 
warren,  and  pigeon-house;  a  mill,  orchard,  and  vineyard; 
and  fish-pond,  filled  with  pike  and  gwyniads.  The  last 
introduced  from  the  lake  at  Bala. 

A  heronry,  which  was  a  concomitant  to  the  seat  of 
every  great  man,  supplied  him  and  his  guests  with  game 
for  the  sport  of  falconry. 

A  place  still  remains,  that  retains  the  name  of  his  park. 
It  extends  about  a  mile  or  two  beyond  the  site  of  his 
house,  on  the  left  hand  of  the  valley. 

The  vestiges  of  the  house  are  small.  The  moat  is  very 
apparent:  the  measurement  of  the  area  it  inclosed,  is 
forty-six  paces  by  twenty-six.  There  is  the  appearance 
of  a  wall  on  the  outside,  which  was  continued  to  the  top 
of  a  great  mount,  on  which  stood  the  wooden  house. 
On  the  other  side,  but  at  a  greater  distance,  I  had  passed 
by  another  mount  of  the  same  kind,  called  Hendom- 
which  probably  might  have  had  formerly  a  building  simi- 
lar to  that  described  by  the  bard.  This,  perhaps,  was- 
the  station  of  a  guard,  to  prevent  surprize  or  insult  from 


OF  OWEN  GLYNDWR.  293 

the  English  sidec.  He  had  much  to  apprehend  from  the 
neighboring  fortress  of  Dinas  Bran,  and  its  appendages, 
possessed  by  the  earl  of  Arundel,  a  strenuous  supporter 
of  the  house  of  Lancaster. 

The  bard  speaks  feelingly  of  the  wine,  the  ale,  the  bra- 
get,  and  the  white  bread;  nor  does  he  forget  the  kitchen, 
nor  the  important  officer  the  cook;  whose  life  (when  in 
the  royal  service)  was  estimated  by  our  laws  at  a  hundred 
and  twenty-six  cowsd.  Such  was  the  hospitality  of  this 
house,  that  the  place  of  porter  was  useless;  nor  were  locks 
or  bolts  known.  To  sum  up  all,  no  one  could  be  hungry 
or  dry  in  Si/charth,  the  name  of  the  place. 

The  bard  pays  all  due  praise  to  the  lady  of  the  house, 
and  her  offspring. 

A  Gwraig  orau  o'r  gwragedd, 
Gwyim  y  myd,  o'i  Gwin  a'i  raedd. 
Merch  eglur,  Llin  marchawglyw, 
Urddol,  hael,  o  reiol  ryw. 
A'i  blant,  a  ddeuant  bob  ddau 
Nythod  teg  o  bennaethau ! 

His  wife,  the  best  of  wives! 

Happy  am  I  in  her  wine  and  rnethegliu. 

Eminent  woman  of  a  knightly  family, 

Honorable,  beueticent,  noble. 

His  children  come  in  pairs  ; 

A  beautiful  nest  of  chieftains. 

The  lady  whom  he  thus  celebrates,  was  Margaret 
•daughter  of  Sir  David  Ilanmer  of  Hanmer,  in  the  county 
■of  Flint,  one  of  the  juctices  of  the  king's  bench,  by  ap- 

c  Since  the  publication  of  the  first  edition,  many  of  these  vestiges  have  boon 
ploughed  up,  or  otherwise  destroyed.  d  Leges  Wallicce. 


294  APPENDIX  VII. 

pointment  of  Richard  II.  in  1383,  and  knighted  by  him. 
in  1387e.  Her  nuptials  were  previous  to  her  father's  pro- 
motion; for  it  is  certain  that  some  of  the  daughters  were 
married,  and  his  sons  grown  to  men's  estate,  before  Glyn- 
dwr  appeared  in  arms  in  the  year  1400.  They  followed 
him  into  the  field,  and  commanded  under  him.  It  is  pro- 
bable that  most  of  them  fell  gloriously  in  battle.  Mr. 
Browne  Willis,  indeed,  says,  that  on  their  father's  death, 
they  fled  into  Ireland;  that  one  of  them  settled  in  Dub- 
lin, and  took  the  name  of  Baulf1,  or  the  strong;  and  was 
ancestor  to  a  reputable  family  in  that  city. 

He  matched  his  daughters  into  considerable  families. 
His  eldest,  Isabel,  to  Adam  or  Adda  ap  Jorwerth  Ddu. 

His  second,  Elizabeth,  or  as  some  say  Alicia,  was  mar- 
ried to  Sir  John  Scudamore  of  Eivyas,  and  Holm-Lacy,  in 
the  county  of  Hereford. 

Jonet,  to  John  Crofts  of  Croft  Castle,  in  the  same 
county. 

Lord  Grey  of  Ruthyn  took,  through  necessity,  Jane, 
after  he  was  made  prisoner  by  her  father,  who  forced  him 
into  the  alliance. 

His  youngest  daughter,  Margaret,  was  married  to 
Roger  Monnington  of  Monnington,  in  the  county  of  Here- 
ford, towards  the  borders  of  Brecknockshire.  The  estate 
still  continues  in  the  name  and  family.  I  have  had  the 
pleasure  of  seeing  at  my  house  two  ladies,  owners  of  th& 
place,  direct  descendants  from  the  daughter  of  Glyndwr.. 

e  Collin's  Baronets,  1720,  ii.  p.  235.        '  Hist,  of  St.  Asaph  Cathedral,  61. 


OF  OWEN  GLYNDWR.  295 

His  illegitimate  issue  were,  his  son  Jevan;  a  daughter, 
married  into  the  house  of  Gwernan;  another,  named  My- 
fanwy,  to  Llewelyn  ap  Adda  of  Trefor;  and  Gwenllian,  to 
Philip  ap  Rys  of  St.  Harmon  in  Radnorshire. 

Lewis  Glyn  Cothi,  a  bard  of  the  time  of  Henry  VI. 
speaks  in  high  terms  of  her  father  Glyndwr: 

El  Thad  oedd  dwysawg  cadarn, 
A  holl  Gymru  fu'n  ei  farn. 

Her  father  was  a  potent  prince, 
All    Wales  was  in  his  council. 

I  must  not  omit  notice  of  a  mistake  of  the  English  his- 
torians, who  mention  the  marriage  of  another  daughter  of 
Glyndwr  to  Edmund  earl  of  March.  This,  they  assert, 
was  also  effected  by  force,  after  the  earl  became  his  pri- 
soner :  but  it  does  not  appear  that  he  ever  was  Glyndwr's 
captive;  or  March  had  any  other  wife  than  Anne9,  daugh- 
ter to  Edmund  earl  of  Stafford;  besides,  the  Welsh  histor- 
ies are  totally  silent  on  that  head. 

Such  was  the  state  of  the  domestic  affairs  of  Glyndwr 
at  the  change  of  government  in  1399.  His  resentment 
against  the  usurper  was  whetted  by  wrongs  public  and 
private :  by  the  murder  of  the  unhappy  Richard,  to  whom 
he  was  strongly  attached  as  a  personal  favorite;  and  by 
the  strong  partiality  the  Welsh  had  for  their  late  king. 

In  the  very  first  year  of  the  new  reign,  he  experienced 
the  frowns  of  the  court.     Reginald  lord  Grey  of  Ruthijn, 

*  Vincent's  Discoverie,  &c.  329. 


296  APPENDIX  VII. 

taking  advantage  of  the  deposition  of  Richard,  instantly- 
seized  on  a  certain  common,  called  Oroeseu,  which  Glyn- 
dwr,  in  a  former  reign,  had  recovered  from  him  by  course 
of  law.  Owen  sought  justice  without  having  recourse  to 
violence :  he  laid  his  case  before  parlement :  but  his  suit 
was  dismissed  without  redress. 

This  insult  was  aggravated  by  another  injury.  When 
Henry  went  on  his  expedition  against  the  Scots,  Owen 
was  to  have  been  summoned,  among  other  barons,  to  at- 
tend the  king  with  his  vassals.  The  writ  for  that  purpose 
was  entrusted  to  Reginald*,  who  designedly  neglected  to 
deliver  it  till  the  time  was  nearly  elapsed,  and  it  became 
impossible  for  him  to  obey.  Reginald  returned  to  the 
king  and  misrepresented  the  absence  of  Owen  as  an  act 
of  wilful  disobedience;  and  by  this  piece  of  treachery, 
took  possesion  of  all  his  land;  and,  under  pretence  of  for- 
feiture, invaded  such  parts  of  Glyndwr's  estates  as  lay 
adjacent  to  his  own. 

The  danger  of  driving  into  desperate  measures  a  person 
of  his  interest,  spirit,  and  abilities,  was  foreseen  by  John 
Trevor  bishop  of  St.  Asaph,  who  advised  more  temperate 
proceedings;  adding,  that  Owen  was  by  no  means  a  des- 
picable enemy;  and  that  the  Welsh  would  certainly  be 
provoked  into  a  general  insurrection.  His  advice  was 
rejected,  and  he  was  told  there  could  be  no  fear  about 
such  a  bare-footed  rabble1. 

It  does  not  appear  that  Glyndwr,  till  this  period,  had 

h   Vita  Ricardi,  ii.  171.  '  Lela/id's  Collect,  i.  310. 


OF  OWEN  GLYNDWR.  297 

any  settled  design  of  flinging  off  the  English  yoke.  Am- 
bition now  came  in,  and  joined  with  his  revenge.  He  re- 
volved in  his  mind  his  own  genealogy:  he  derived  himself 
from  the  antient  race  of  British  princes;  and  apparently 
laying  aside  all  sense  of  private  wrong,  made  open  clame 
to  the  throne  of  Wales.  To  encourage  his  countrymen, 
strongly  attached  to  the  prophecies  of  antient  times,  he 
reminded  them  of  those  of  Merlin  and  other  sages.  His 
bards  set  before  them  the  great  qualities  of  their  leader; 
and  taught  them  to  expect  from  his  valor  and  conduct, 
the  liberation  of  antient  Britons  from  the  galling  weight 
•of  the  Saxon  yoke.  His  chief  bard,  Gryffydd  Llivyd, 
after  regretting  his  absence,  chaunts  his  praise,  and  pre- 
dicts the  success  of  tho  war.  The  Cowydd,  or  poem, 
begins  thus  in  the  original: 

Eryr  digrif  afrifed, 
Owaik,  &c. 

The  reader  will  receive  it  agreeably  paraphrased  by  a 

bard  of  1773. 

1. 

Cambria's  princely  eagle,  hail! 

Of  Gryffydd  Vychan'x  noble  blood ! 
Thy  high  renown  shall  never  fail, 

Owain  Olyndwr,  great  and  good ! 
Lord  of  Dwrdwy'a  fertile  vale, 
Warlike,  high-born  Owain,  hail! 
Dwrdwy,  whose  wide-spreading  streams, 
Reflecting  Cynthia's  midnight  beams, 

Whilom  led  me  to  thy  bower; 

Alas!  in  an  unguarded  hour! 
For  high  in  blood,  with  British  beverage  hot, 

My  awful  distance  I  forgot; 

But  soon  my  generous  chief  forgave 

The  rude  presumption  of  his  slave. 


298  APPENDIX  VII. 

2. 

But  leave  me  not,  illustrious  lord! 

Thy  peaceful  bow'r,  and  hospitable  board 

Are  ill  exchang'd  for  scenes  of  war, 

Tho'  Henry  calls  thee  from  afar. 
My  prayers,  my  tears  were  vain; 
He  flew  like  lightning  to  the  hostile  plain. 

While  with  remorse  regret  and  woe, 

I  saw,  the  god-like  hero  go; 

I  saw  with  aching  heart, 

The  golden  beam  depart. 
His  glorious  image  in  my  mind 
Was  all  that  Owain  left  behind. 

Wild  with  despair,  and  woe-begone,      \ 

Thy  faithful  bard  is  left  alone,  >. 

To  sigh,  to  weep,  to  groan!  \ 

3 

Tby  sweet  remembrance,  ever  dear. 

Thy  name,  still  usher'd  by  a  tear, 
My  inward  anguish  speak; 

How  could'st  thou,  cruel  Owain,  go, 

And  leave  the  bitter  streams  to  flow 
Down  Gryfydd's  furrow'd  cheek  1 

I  heard  (who  has  not  heard  thy  fame  I) 

With  extasy  I  heard  thy  name 

Loud  echo'd  by  the  trump  of  war, 

Which  spoke  thee  brave,  and  void  of  fear; 
Yet  of  a  gentle  heart  possess'd, 
That  bled  within  thy  generous  breast, 
Wide  o'er  the  sanguine  plain  to  see 
The  havock  of  hostility. 

4. 
Still  with  good  omens  may'st  thou  fight, 
And  do  thy  injur'd  country  right! 
Like  great  Pendragon*  shalt  thou  soar, 
Who  bade  the  din  of  battle  roar, 

*  The  omen  alluded  to  was  a  star  and  fiery  dragon ;  which,  according  to- 
the  interpretation  of  Merlin,  predicted  the  reign  of  Utheb,  afterwards  sur- 
named  Pen-Dragon,   from  Laving  caused  two  golden  dragons  to  be  made, 


OF  OWEN  GLYNDWE.  299- 

What  time  his  vengeful  steel  he  drew 
His  brother's  grandeur  to  renew, 

And  vindicate  his  wrongs; 
His  gallant  actions  still  are  told 
By  youthful  bards,  by  Druids  old, 

And  grateful  Cambria's  songs. 

5. 
On  sea,  on  land,  thou  still  didst  brave 
The  dangerous  cliff  and  rapid  wave; 
Like  Urien,  who  subdu'd  the  knight, 
And  the  fell  dragon  put  to  flight, 

Yon  moss-grown  fount  beside; 
The  grim,  black  warrior  of  the  flood, 
The  dragon,  gorg'd  with  human  blood, 

The  water's  scaly  pride. 
Before  his  sword  the  mighty  fled : 
But  now  he's  number 'd  with  the  dead. 
Oh!  may  his  great  example  fire 
My  noble  patron  to  aspire 
To  deeds  like  his!  impetuous  fly, 
And  bid  the  Saxon  squadrons  die: 
So  shall  thy  laurel'd  bard  rehearse 
Thy  praise  in  never-dying  verse; 
Shall  sing  the  prowess  of  thy  sword, 
Beloved  and  victorious  lord! 

G. 
In  future  times  thy  honor'd  name 
Shall  emulate  brave  Ur ten's  fame! 
Surrounded  by  the  numerous  foe, 
Well  didst  thou  deal  th'  unequal  blow. 
How  terrible  thy  ashen  spear, 
Which  shook  the  bravest  heart  with  fear, 

Yon  hostile  towers  beneath! 
More  horrid  than  the  lightning's  glance, 
Flash'd  the  red  meteors  from  thy  lance, 
The  harbinger  of  death. 


'ov 


one  of  which  he  presented  to  the  cathedral  of  Winchester,  the  other  he 
carried  along  with  him  in  his  wars;  or,  what  is  more  likely,  wore  by  way  of 
crest  on  his  helmet.  His  son  Arthur  adopted  the  same.  Vide  Jejjrey  of 
Monmouth,  254.  257.  283. 


.300  APPENDIX  VII. 

Dire,  and  more  dire,  the  conflict  grew; 
Thousands  before  thy  presence  flew; 
While  borne  in  thy  triumphal  car, 
Majestic  as  the  god  of  war, 
Midst  charging  hosts  unmov'd  you  stood, 
Or  waded  thro'  a  sea  of  blood. 

7. 

Immortal  fame  shall  be  thy  meed, 

Due  to  every  glorious  deed; 

Which  latest  annals  shall  record, 

Beloved  and  victorious  lord! 

Grace,  wisdom,  valor,  all  are  thine, 

Owain  Glyndwrdwy  divine! 

Meet  emblem  of  a  two-edg'd  sword, 

Dreaded  in  war,  in  peace  ador'd! 

Steer  thy  swift  ships  to  Albion's  coast, 

Pregnant  with  thy  martial  host. 

Thy  robes  are  white  as  driven  snow, 
And  virtue  smiles  upon  thy  brow: 

But  terrible  in  war  thou  art, 

And  swift  and  certain  is  the  dart 
Thou  hurlest  at  a  Saxon's  heart. 

8. 
Loud  fame  has  told  thy  gallant  deeds; 
In  every  word  a  Saxon  bleeds. 
Terror  and  flight  together  came, 
Obedient  to  thy  mighty  name: 
Death,  in  the  van,  with  ample  stride, 
Hew'd  thee  a  passage  deep  and  wide. 
Stubborn  as  steel,  thy  nervous  chest. 
With  more  than  mortal  strength's  possess'd; 
And  every  excellence  belongs 
To  the  bright  subject  of  our  songs. 

9. 
Strike  then  your  harps,  ye  Cambrian  bards! 
The  song  of  triumph  best  rewards 
An  hero's  toils.     Let  Henry  weep 
His  warriors  wrapt  in  everlasting  sleep; 
Success  and  victory  are  thine, 
Owain  Glyndwrdwy  divine! 


OF  OWEN  GLYNDWK.  301 

Dominion,  honor,  pleasure;  praise, 
Attend  upon  thy  vigorous  days! 
And  when  thy  evening  sun  is  set, 
May  grateful  Cambria  ne'er  forget 
Thy  noontide  blaze;  but  on  thy  tomb 
Never  fading  laurels  bloom! 

He  first  appeared  in  arms  in  the  summer  of  the  year 
1400.  He  naturally  directed  his  attack  against  the  lands 
of  his  enemy  lord  Grey;  and  immediately  recovered  what 
he  had  unjustly  been  dispossessed  of.  As  soon  as  the 
news  reached  Henry,  he  sent  lord  Talbot  and  lord  Grey 
to  reduce  him.  They  arrived  with  such  speed,  that  they 
surrounded  his  house  before  he  had  any  notice;  but  he 
had  the  good  fortune  to  escape  into  the  woods.  He  im- 
mediately raised  a  powerful  band  of  men;  and  after  caus- 
ing himself  to  be  proclamed  prince  of  Wales,  on  the  20th 
of  September,  surprised,  plundered,  and  burnt  to  the 
ground  the  town  of  Ruthyn,  at  the  time  a  fair  was  held 
there.  After  which  he  retired  to  his  fastnesses  among 
the  mountains.  One  I  imagine  to  have  been  of  great 
strength,  surrounded  by  a  vast  rampart  of  stones,  near 
Corwen,  called  Caer  Drewyn. 

Henry,  determined  to  suppress  this  revolt  in  the  be- 
ginning, marched  in  person  against  Owen,  and  penetrated 
as  far  as  the  isle  of  Anglesey,  putting  to  the  sword  all 
that  resisted.  He  plundered  the  convent  at  Lanfaes*; 
slew  some  of  the  monks,  and  took  the  rest  away  with 
him;  at  length  set  them  at  liberty,  and  made  restitution 

k  Ldand  Collect,  i.  311. 


302  APPENDIX  VII. 

to  the  monastery ;  but  peopled  it  again  with  English  re- 
ligious. The  monks  of  Llanfaes  had  been  Franciscans; 
an  order  who  were  firm  adherents  to  the  late  prince;  and 
I  who,  in  general,  were  suspected  of  promoting  the  in- 
surrection of  Glyndwr,  and  even  of  inviting  him  to  invade 
England.  This  occasioned  a  persecution  of  them,  and  se- 
veral1 were  executed  on  that  account.  Their  intelligence 
with  Glyndwr  is  very  evident  from  the  favor  he  shewed 
the  order  on  the  taking  of  Cardiff,  in  the  year  1402; 
when  he  burnt  the  whole  town,  excepting  the  street  in- 
habited by  the  Franciscans™. 

The  king  returned  without  effecting  any  material  action ; 
for,  on  his  approach,  Owen  retired  among  the  Snowdon 
hills*. 

The  proclamation  for  assembling  the  forces  for  this  ex- 
pedition, was  dated  on  the  19th  of  September,  from 
Northampton,  and  addressed  to  the  lieutenants  of  War- 
wickshire, Leicestershire,  and  eight  other  counties;  in 
which  all  persons  capable  of  bearing  arms,  within  their 
jurisdiction,  were  directed  to  array  themselves,  and  be 
ready  to  march  to  such  place  as  his  majesty  directed; 
who  acquaints  the  lieutenants,  that  he  should  lie  at  Co- 
ventry on  his  road  to  Wales  the  Monday  following0. 

On  the  same  day  he  issued  out  an  order  to  the  bailiffs 
and  good  people  of  Shrewsbury,  to  take  proper  steps  to 

1  Leland's  Collect,  i.  3 13.  m  Ibid. 

n  Holinshed,  519.  °  Ilgmer's  Fcedera,  viii.  159. 


OF  OWEN  GLYXDWR.  303 

secure  that  important  place;  and  that  they  should  oblige 
all  the  Welsh  resident  in  the  town,  to  give  security  for 
their  loyal  behaviour;  and  in  case  of  refusal,  to  commit 
them  to  prisonp. 

On  the  eighth  of  November  in  the  same  year,  he  made 
a  grant  of  all  the  estates  of  Glyndwr,  in  North  and  South 
Wales,  to  his  brother  John  earl  of  Somerset"1;  an  act  as 
weak  as  it  was  irritating:  for  Owen  was  so  far  from  any 
danger  of  being  dispossessed  of  them,  that  at  this  very 
time  he  was  growing  more  powerful  by  the  accession  of 
new  forces.  It  is  remarkable,  that  his  revenue  in  money 
at  this  period  did  not  exceed  three  hundred  marks; 
which  shewed  that  his  rents  in  kind  must  have  been  very 
considerable. 

But  the  last  public  act  of  this  year  was  conciliating. 
The  king  made  one  endeavour  to  bring  back  the  Welsh 
to  their  allegiance  by  fair  means;  and  for  that  end  issued 
a  proclamation,  on  the  30th  of  November,  offering  to  take 
under  his  protection  all  that  would  resort  to  the  city  of 
Chester,  and  there  make  their  submission  to  his  son 
Henry  prince  of  Wales;  after  which  they  should  be  at  li- 
berty to  return  to  their  respective  homes'.  Henry  was  at 
that  time  but  twelve  years  of  age;  so  early  was  he  in- 
itiated into  state  affairs;  so  early  appeared  those  sparks 
of  genius  which  shone  afterwards  with  such  brilliancy. 

p  Rymcr,  viii.  1G0.  *>  Idem,  1G3.  r  Idem,  167. 


304  APPENDIX  VII. 

1401. 
The  first  half  of  this  year  passed  without  any  memo- 
rable action.  Owen  was  busied  in  augmenting  his  forces . 
he  made  considerable  levies  in  Wales;  and  received  con.' 
tinual  addition  to  his  strength,  by  the  great  resort  of  his 
countrymen  of  all  orders,  who  had  gone  into  England  for 
the  sake  of  education,  or  to  gain  a  livelihood  by  different 
occupations. 

The  state  of  Henrys  affairs,  in  respect  to  the  European 
monarchs,  the  badness  of  his  title  to  the  crown  of  Eng- 
land, and  the  repentance  of  several  of  the  great  men  for 
their  disloyalty  to  their  late  prince,  were  circumstances 
highly  in  favor  of  Glyndwr. 

Charles  VI.  of  France,  father-in-law  to  the  unhappy 
Richard,  prepared  to  revenge  his  deposition  and  murder. 
The  confusion  of  his  own  affairs,  luckily  for  Henry,  pre- 
vented the  resentment  of  the  French  monarch.  He  con- 
tented himself  with  receiving  back  his  daughter  Isabel, 
and  her  paraphernalia;  and  Henry  gladly  renewed  a 
truce  with  him  for  thirty  years. 

The  Scots  taking  advantage  of  his  situation,  threatened 
him  with  invasion.  This  made  it  dangerous  to  engage  in 
a  distant  war,  and  obliged  him  to  continue  for  a  consider- 
able time  in  the  central  parts  of  his  dominion,  to  act  ac- 
cording to  the  necessity  of  events.  In  respect  to  the 
Welsh,  he  contented  himself  with  issuing  out  pardons"  (at 
the  instance  of  prince  Henry)  to  all  that  had  appeared  in 

8  Rymer,  viii.  181,  182. 


OF  OWEN  GLYNDWR.  305 

arms  in  the  counties  of  Caernarvon,  Anglesey,  and  Flint, 
and  the  people  of  Denbigh  and  Meirionedd;  to  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Chirkland,  Bromfield,  and  Yale;  to  the  hundred 
of  Oswestry;  and  to  those  of  Ellesmere  and  Whittington; 
which  I  find  were  then  reckoned  parts  of  Wales.  Owen 
himself,  Rys  ap  Tudor,  William  ap  Tudor,  and  all  such 
as  were  in  actual  custody,  or  such  who  should  continue  in 
arms,  were  excepted.  The  first  pardon  was  given  out 
the  10th  of  May;  the  latest  the  5th  of  June,  and,  as  will 
appear,  with  some  effect. 

Glyndwrs  fortune  and  interest  lay,  as  was  before  men- 
tioned, both  in  North  and  in  South  Wales.  This  summer 
he  marched  with  a  hundred  and  twenty  men  of  arms,  and, 
with  great  policy,  posted  himself  on  Plinlimmon  hill,  a 
lofty  mountain,  the  limits  of  Cardiganshire  and  Montgo- 
meryshire, admirably  adapted  for  receiving  succours  from 
his  vassals  and  friends  in  each  part  of  the  principality- 
From  hence  his  followers  made  plunderiDg  excursions,  and 
were  the  terror  of  all  that  declined  espousing  his  cause. 
The  county  of  Montgomery  suffered  greatly.  He  sacked 
the  capital  town*,  burnt  the  suburbs  of  Pool,  and  ravaged 
all  the  borders.  He  destroyed  the  abby  of  Cwm  hir  in 
Radnorshire;  took  the  castle  of  Radnor,  and  caused  the 
whole  garrison,  to  the  number  of  three-score,  to  be  be- 
headed on  the  brink  of  the  castle-yardu.  The  provoca- 
tion to  this  piece  of  cruelty  does  not  appear. 

The   Flemings,   inhabitants    of  Ross,   Pembroke,   and 

*  Lcland,  Itin.  v.  4.  n  Ibid. 

VOL.  III.  V 


30G  APPENDIX  VII. 

Cardiganshire,  suffered  so  greatly  from  Glyndwr,  that 
they  determined  to  attempt  to  remove  so  troublesome  a 
neighbor.  They  assembled  a  body  of  fifteen  hundred 
men,  and  made  so  expeditious  a  march,  as  to  surround 
Owen  and  his  forces,  at  a  place  called  Mynydd  Hyddgant, 
before  he  had  any  notice  of  their  approach.  They  hem- 
med him  in  on  every  side;  and,  notwithstanding  he  could 
make  no  retreat  without  great  disadvantage,  he  made  a 
long  and  manful  defence.  At  length,  finding  it  impossible 
to  subsist  in  that  place,  he  determined  to  cut  a  passage 
through  the  enemy,  or  perish  in  the  attempt.  He  knew 
that  neither  he  nor  his  men  were  to  expect  any  mercy; 
so,  actuated  by  despair,  they  fell  furiously  on  the  Flemings, 
and,  after  a  strong  dispute,  flung  them  into  great  disor- 
der; which  Owen  taking  advantage  of,  redoubled  his  at- 
tack, and  at  length  put  them  to  flight,  leaving  two 
hundred  of  their  party  dead  on  the  spot. 

This  victory  added  greatly  to  the  reputation  of  Glyn- 
dwr. Multitudes  resorted  to  his  standard,  and  contribu- 
ted to  make  him  a  most  formidable  enemy. 

Henry  alarmed  at  his  successes,  marched  a  second  time 
in  person.  He  entered  Wales  with  a  great  army  about 
the  beginning  of  June*,  destroyed  the  abby  of  Ystrad 
Fflur  in  Cardiganshire,  and  ravaged  the  country;  but 
was  obliged  to  make  a  disgraceful  retreat,  after  his  forces 
had  suffered  greatly  by  famine,  and  the  great  fatigues 
they  continually  underwent. 

*   Vita  R.  II.  174. 


OF  OWEN  GLYNDWR.  307 

The  monk  of  Evesham7  relates  an  instance  of  paternal 
affection,  much  to  the  honour  of  our  country.  A  Welsh- 
man, having  made  a  rash  promise  to  the  king  to  betray 
Glyndwr,  refused  afterwards  to  perform  it;  and,  eagerly 
stretching  out  his  neck  to  the  headsman,  told  him  to 
strike,  for  that  he  had  two  sons  at  that  time  in  the  ser- 
vice of  his  chieftain;  therefore  would  on  no  account  reveal 
his  councils,  which  would  prove  so  penal  to  them. 

It  is  probable,  that  during  this  expedition  Henry  found 
means  to  corrupt  the  fidelity  of  several  of  the  friends  of 
Glyndwr;  for  we  find  a  free  pardon  granted  to  William  up 
Tudor  (a  gentleman  who  had  been  excepted  in  the  pardon 
of  last  year),  and  to  thirty-one  principal  persons  of  the 
country.  This  is  dated  from  Westminster  on  the  8th  of 
July7-. 

This  defection  seemed  to  have  very  little  effect  on  the 
spirit  of  Glyndwr.  He  acquired  new  friends,  and  such 
addition  of  strength,  that  the  king  resolved  to  go  again 
in  person  against  him.  He  issued  out  his  orders  to  the 
sheriffs  of  Devonshire,  and  one-and-twenty  other  counties, 
to  repair  with  their  forces  to  Worcester*  on  the  first  of 
October.  Our  old  historians  are  silent  about  the  event  of 
this  expedition;  but  Mr.  Carte  says,  that  it  was  as  un- 
fortunate as  the  former.    Thus  concluded  the  transactions 

of  this  year. 

1402. 
This  year  was  ushered  in  with  a  comet,  or  blazing-star; 
which  the  bards  interpreted  as  an  omen  favorable  to  the 

y   Vita  R.  II.  174.  *  Rymer,  viii.  209.  ■  Ibid.  225. 


308  APPENDIX  VII. 

cause  of  Glyndwr.  '  And  in  the  iiii  yere  of  Kynge 
*  Henries  reigne  ther  was  a  sterre  seyn  in  the  firmament 
'  y*  shewed  him  self  thurgh  all  the  world  for  di'use  token - 
'  ynges  y*  should  befall  sone  after,  the  which  sterre  was 
'  named  and  called  by  Clargie,  Stella  Comata.'  Caxton's- 
Cronclis,  printed  at  St.  Albans.  It  served  to  infuse  spirit 
into  the  minds  of  a  superstitious  people :  the  first  success 
of  their  chieftain  confirmed  their  belief,  and  gave  new 
vigor  to  their  actions. 

Lord  Grey  was  the  first  who  felt  the  effects  of  Owen's 
power.  That  nobleman,  strongly  attached  to  Henry,  and 
impatient  of  the  injuries  which  he  and  his  friends  received 
from  Glyndwr,  raised  a  considerable  army;  encountered 
him;  was  defeated,  and  made  prisoner.  Historians  differ 
about  the  scene  of  action.  The  Welsh  lay  it  on  the  banks 
of  the  Fyrnwy,  in  the  county  of  Montgomery.  The  Eng- 
lish say  that  it  was  in  the  neighborhood  of  Ruthyn;  and 
that  Owen  advancing  towards  the  castle  with  a  j>arty  of 
men,  drew  his  incautious  rival  into  the  field,  where  he  fell 
into  an  ambush,  and  was  taken,  and  carried  fast  bound 
into  confinement,  amidst  the  savage  fastnesses  of  the 
Snowdon  hills'1.  This  relation  seems  probable,  not  only  as 
the  castle  of  Ruthyn  was  the  chief  seat  of  lord  Grey,  but 
a  fortress  of  such  strength  as  to  baffle  all  the  attempts 
of  Glyndwr,  in  the  infancy  of  his  insurrection,  without 
having  recourse  to  stratagem. 

Lord  Grey  remained  for  a  long  time  in  captivity,  nor 

b   Vita  Ricardill  178. 


OF  OWEN  GLYNDWR.  30» 

did  he  gain  his  liberty  till  he  paid  the  vast  sum  of  ten 
thousand  marks.  He  was  such  a  personal  favorite,  that 
the  king,  pitying  the  severity  with  which  he  was  treated, 
and  admiring  the  firmness  with  which  he  resisted  the 
offers  of  Glyndwr  to  make  him  swerve  from  his  loyalty, 
issued  out  a  special  commission,  dated  the  10th  of  Octo- 
ber in  this  year,  empowering  Sir  William  de  Roos,  Sir  Ri- 
chard de  Grey,  Sir  William  de  Willughby,  Sir  William 
de  Zouch,  John  Hemy,  William  Vaus,  John  Lee,  John 
Longford,  Thomas  Payne,  and  John  Elnstoto,  to  treat 
with  Owen  and  his  council  about  the  ransom.  It  was 
agreed  to  pay  six  thousand  marks  on  the  day  of  St. 
Martin"  following,  and  to  give,  as  hostages  for  the  pay- 
ment of  the  remainder,  his  eldest  son,  and  some  other 
persons.  And,  in  order  to  raise  the  money,  Henry  gave 
licence  to  Robert  Braybrook'1  bishop  of  London,  and  two 
others,  feoffees  of  divers  lordships  for  lord  Grey,  to  sell 
the  lordship  of  Herteleigh  in  Kent.  He  also  absolved  him 
for  six  years  from  the  forfeiture  of  two-thirds  of  the  profits 
of  his  Irish  estates,  usually  exacted  from  such  who  were 
non-resident  in  that  kingdom. 

After  this  he  was  set  at  liberty,  and  he  and  his  tenants 
suffered  to  enjoy  their  property  without  molestation.  It 
is  probable,  that  Owen  engaged  his  lordship  to  observe  a 
neutrality,  as  another  term  of  redemption.  Lord  Grey 
seemed  likewise  to  think  it  necessary  to  secure  both  his 
people  and  himself  by  an  alliance  with   Owen;    for  no 

€  lijmcr,  viii.  279.  d  Dugdatea  Baron,  i.  717. 


310  APPENDIX  VII. 

sooner  was  he  released,  than  he  married  Jane,  third 
daughter  of  the  furious  chieftain.  He  had  no  issue  by 
this  lady.  The  match  was  probably  compulsive;  at  best, 
political.  Some  of  the  English  historians  pretend  that  he 
died  in  captivity:  but  that  he  obtained  his  liberty,  and 
long  survived  this  treaty,  is  evident:  for  in  1409,  he  was- 
ordered  by  Henry  to  his  estates,  to  repel  the  ravages  his 
father-in-law  made  on  the  borders.  He  even  lived  to- 
serve  in  the  French  wars  in  the  reign  of  Henry  V.  and 
his  successor,  and  died  in  the  year  1440.° 

Owen,  after  securingthis  potent  enemy,  began  to  give  a 
free  rein  to  his  revenge;  to  punish  such  of  his  countrymen 
whom  he  considered  as  traitors  to  the  generous  cause  of 
freedom,  by  an  unnatural  adherence  to  the  English,  whose 
yoke  they  had  borne  for  such  a  length  of  time. 

He  burnt  the  houses  of  Cefn  y  Fan,  and  Cesail  gyfarch, 
belonging  to  Jevan  arp  Meredydd,  a  partizan  of  the  house 
of  Lancaster;  and  to  whom,  and  Meredydd  ap  Hivlhin 
Llwyd  of  GlynUifon,  was  intrusted  (under  an  English  cap- 
tain) the  castle  of  Caernarvon.  This  place  was  so  closely 
blocked  up  by  the  friends  of  Glyndwr,  that  Jevan  hap- 
pening to  die  there  at  that  time,  it  was  found  necessary 
to  carry  his  corpse  by  sea,  in  order  to  inter  it  in  the 
parish  church  of  Penmorfa,  on  the  other  side  of  the 
county*. 

Howel  Sele  of  Nanneu  in  Meirioneddshire,  first  cousin 
to  Owen,  had  a  harder  fate.     He  likewise  was  an  adherent 

e  Collin's  Peerage,  ii.  382.  l  Hist.  Gwedlr,  53. 


OF  OWEN  GLYNDWR.  311 

to  the  house  of  Lancaster.     Owen  and  this  chieftain  had 
been  lono*  at  variance.     I  have  been  informed,  that  the 
abbot  of  Cymmer,  near  Dolgelleu,  in  hopes  of  reconciling 
them,  brought  them  together,  and  to  all  appearance  ef- 
fected his  charitable  design.     While  they  were  walking 
out,  Owen  observed  a  doe  feeding,  and  told  Howel,  who 
was  reckoned  the  best  archer  of  his  days,  that  there  was 
a  fine  mark  for  him.     Howel  bent  his  bow,  and  pretend- 
ing to  aim  at  the  doe,  suddenly  turned  and  discharged 
the  arrow  full  at  the  breast  of  Glyndwr,  who  fortunately 
had  armour  beneath   his  cloaths,  so   received   no  hurt. 
Enraged  at  this  treachery,  he  seized  on  Sele,  burnt  his 
house,  and  hurried  him  away  from  the  place;  nor  could  any 
one  ever  learn  how  he  was  disposed  of,  till  forty  years 
after,  when  the  skeleton  of  a  large  man,  such  as  Howel, 
was  discovered  in  the  hollow  of  a  great  oak,  in  which 
Owen  was  supposed  to  have  immured  him  in  reward  of 
his  perfidy.     The  ruins  of  the  old  house  are  to  be  seen  in 
Nanneu  park,  a  mere  compost  of  cinders  and  ashes. 

It  must  be  observed,  that  when  Owen  was  carrying 
him  away,  his  relation  Gryffydd  wp  Givyn,  of  Ganllwyd  in 
Ardudwy,  attempted  his  rescue,  but  was  defeated  with 
the  loss  of  numbers  of  his  men,  and  of  his  houses  of  Berth  - 
Iwyd  and  Cefn  Coch,  which  were  burnt  to  ashes. 

It  was  about  this  period  that  Owen  wreaked  his  re- 
venge on  the  ecclesiastics  who  had  favored  the  cause  of 
the  English.  His  conduct  in  this  instance  seems  indefen- 
sible, for  he  paid  no  regard  to  the  most  sacred  edifices, 
but  sacrilegiously  destroyed  the  cathedrals  of  Bangor  and 


312  APPENDIX  VII. 

St.  Asaph,  with  the  episcopal  palace,  and  the  canons 
houses  belonging  to  the  latter.  He  vented,  in  a  particu- 
lar manner,  his  resentment  against  St.  Asaph;  as  the 
bishop,  John  Trevor,  received  his  preferment  from  Ri- 
chard, yet  was  so  disloyal  as  to  pronounce  against  his  un- 
fortunate master  the  sentence  of  deposition,  in  favor  of 
the  usurping  Henri/;  and  afterwards  to  accept  an  embassy 
to  the  court  of  Spain,  to  justify  Bolingb rokes  proceedings 
to  the  reigning  prince. 

Henry  considered  him  as  a  sufferer  in  his  cause ;  there- 
fore gave  power  to  the  bishops  of  Hereford,  Voltorno,  and 
Bangor,  to  suffer  him  to  hold  in  commendam  the  living  of 
Meifod,  with  the  chapels  of  Pool  and  Kegidva,  or  Guils- 
Jield,  in  order  to  support  his  dignity  during  the  ravage  of 
his  diocese8. 

Trevor  returned  to  England  about  the  time  of  the  des- 
truction of  his  cathedral.  Two  years  after  this,  he  revol- 
ted from  Henry,  and  joined  with  Glyndwr,  to  whom  he 
adhered  the  rest  of  his  days.  He  appeared  in  arms  with 
him  in  the  year  1 409h.  In  the  year  following,  on  the  de- 
cline of  (Diverts  affairs,  he  retired  to  Paris,  died,  and  was 
buried  in  the  chapel  of  the  infirmary  of  the  abby  de  St. 
Victoire,  where  the  following  epitaph  was  inscribed  to  his 
memory. 

Hie  jacet  Reverendus  in  Christo  Pater  Johannes  Episcopus  Asapliensis  in 
WaUia,  qui  obiit  A.D.  1410.  Die  Veneris  x  mensis  Aprilis;  cujus  auirna 
feliciter  requiescat  in  pace.     Amen. 

«  Rymer,  viii.  222.  246;  the  bishop  of  Voltorno  probably  acted  as  the  pope's 
legate.  b  Rymer,  viii.  588. 


OF  OWEN  GLYNDWR.  313 

Glyndwr  was  pleased  to  confirm  Trevor  in  his  see;  but 
deposed  from  that  of  Bangor1  Richard  Younge,  for  his  ad- 
herence to  the  usurper,  and  kept  him  in  close  confinement. 
Owen  also  appointed  in  his  room  Llewelyn,  or,  as  some  call 
him,  Lewis  Bifort;  whose  name  is  mentioned  in  1406, 
among  the  chief  of  the  inhabitants  fined  or  outlawed  on  ac- 
count of  Glyndwr's  insurrection  in  the  isle  of  Anglesey. 
He  afterwards  joined  with  the  earl  of  Northumberland 
and  lord  Bardolph,  and  was  taken  prisoner  in  the  castle 
of  Bramham  Moor,  in  February  1407-8,  when  those  two 
noblemen  were  slain:  but  the  bishop's  life  was  spared,  as 
he  was  found  unarmedk. 

Henry  was  alarmed  at  the  successes  of  Glyndwr,  and 
resolved  to  march  in  person  against  him  once  more.  He 
issued  out  writs1  to  the  lieutenants  of  Nottingham  and 
Derby,  and  to  those  of  thirty-two  other  counties,  dated 
from  the  castle  of  Berkehamstede,  June  5th;  in  which  he 
requires  them  to  assemble  the  forces  of  then-  respective 
jurisdictions,  and  to  attend  him  at  Lichfield  on  the  7th 
of  July,  in  order  to  suppress  this  dangerous  revolt. 

Before  the  king  could  assemble  his  forces,  news  arrived 
of  the  great  victory  which  Glyndwr  obtained,  on  the  2 2d 
of  June,  over  Sir  Edmund  Mortimer.  Owen,  after  the 
defeat  of  lord  Grey,  pursued  his  resentment  against  all 
the  chieftains  unfavorable  to  his  designs;  advanced  with 
his  army  towards  Herefordshire,  and  the  borders  of  South 
Wales;  and  carried  fire  and  sword  through  the  lands  of 

'    Willis's  Bangor,  84.  k  Goodwin,,  G48.  '  Rymer,  viii.  264. 


314  APPENDIX  VII. 

his  opponents.  None  suffered  so  severely  as  the  vassals 
and  tenants  of  Edward  Mortimer  earl  of  March,  a  child 
of  ten  years  of  age,  who,  with  his  brother  Roger,  was  in 
the  custody  of  the  king  at  that  time.  Henry  was  very 
sensible  of  the  just  title  this  child  had  to  the  crown,  being 
descended  from  Lionel  duke  of  Clarence,  third  son  to 
Edward  III.  His  title  had  even  been  acknowledged  in 
parlement.  This  increased  the  king's  apprehensions,  and 
made  him  consider  the  misfortunes  of  that  family  the 
strengthening;  of  his  own  throne. 

Sir  Edmund  Mortimer,  uncle  to  this  youth,  unable  any 
longer  to  bear  the  depredations  of  Owen,  collected  a  large 
body  of  his  nephew's  tenants  and  retainers  out  of  the 
county  of  Hereford,  and  the  adjacent  parts,  particularly 
from  Melienydd  in  Radnorshire,  and  with  these  marched 
against  the  invader.  A  bloody  action  ensued  on  Bryn- 
glas,  a  mountain  near  Pilleth,  a  little  south-west  of 
Knighton,  in  Radnorshire.  Victory  declared  in  favor  of 
our  countryman.  Some  writers  assert,  that  the  archers 
of  Mortimer's  army  bent  their  bows  against  their  own 
party™.  Another  says11,  that  March's  Welsh  tenants  took 
to  flight  at  the  first  onset,  and  occasioned  the  defeat. 
The  loss  chiefly  fell  on  the  people  of  Herefordshire. 
Eleven  hundred  fell  on  the  side  of  Mortimer.  'The 
'  shamefull  villanie  used  by  the  Welshwomen  towards  the 
'  dead  carcasses,'  says  Ilolinshed,  '  was  such  as  honest 
'  eares  would  be  ashamed  to  heare,  and  continent  toongs 

m  Stoio,3o7.  n  Vita  Ricardi  II.  178. 


OF  OWEN  GLYNDWR.  315- 

■  to  speak  thereof.  The  dead  bodies  might  not  be  buried, 
'  without  great  surames  of  rnonie  given  for  libertie  to 
'  conveie  them  awaieV 

Shakespear  flings  a  fine  horror  over  this  dreadful  tale, 
in  relating": 

o 

When,  all  athwart  there  came 
A  post  from  Wales  loaden  with  heavy  news: 
Whose  worst  was,  that  the  noble  Mortimer 
Leading  the  men  of  Herefordshire  to  fight 
Against  the  irregular  and  wild  Glendov:er, 
Was  by  the  rude  hands  of  that  Welshman  taken; 
A  thousand  of  his  people  butchered, 
Upon  whose  dead  corpse  there  was  such  misuse, 
Such  beastly,  shameless  transformation 
By  those  Welshwomen  done,  as  may  not  be, 
Without  much  shame,  re-told  or  spoken  of. 

I  wish  I  could  exculpate  my  countrywomen  from  this 
heavy  charge.  It  originates  from  Thomas  de  Walsitvjham, 
an  historian  who,  it  must  be  confessed,  wrote  within  forty 
years  of  this  event.  To  his  authority  I  beg  leave  to  op- 
pose that  of  another  antient  writer,  who  ascribes  these 
barbarities  to  a  follower  of  Ghjndwr,  one  Rees  a  Gyrchv. 
I  flatter  myself  that  this  was  the  case;  for,  had  it  been 
otherwise,  it  would  have  been  totally  unnecessary  to  dis- 
courage the  English,  by  an  express  lawq,  from  marrying 
with  such  furies  as  the  Welshwomen  were  represented  to^ 
have  been. 

Many  historians  pretend,  that  the  young  earl  of  March 

°  Holiashed,  ~>-H);  who  relates  it  from  Walsingham.   Those  who  wish  to  read 
the  horrid  tale,  may  consult  the  last,  p.  377.     Camdeni  Script.  Angl. 
p  Vita  Ricardi  II.  178.  *  Statute  4th  Henry  IV.  c.  34. 


316  APPENDIX  VII. 

was  present  at  this  defeat;  was  made  prisoner;  and,  to 
ensure  his  allegiance,  was  obliged  to  marry  a  daughter  of 
Glyndwr.  But  at  this  time  he  endured  another  species  of 
confinement  at  Windsor:  his  uncle  commanded  the  forces 
of  the  family,  and  lost  his  liberty  in  the  battle.  Great 
instances  were  made  to  Henry  for  leave  to  ransom  him; 
but  the  jealous  king,  rejoicing  in  the  misfortunes  of  this 
rival  house,  suffered  him  to  continue  in  the  power  of  his 
enemy;  alleging,  that  Sir  Edmund  had  treacherously 
flung  himself  into  the  hands  of  Glyndwr. 

After  this  victory,  Glyndwr  received  from  all  parts  of 
Wales  accession  of  strength.  Notwithstanding  Henry 
was  indifferent  about  the  fate  of  the  Mortimers,  his  own 
safety  now  required  him  to  act  with  vigor.  The  design 
•of  assembling  his  army  at  Lichfield  was  laid  aside.  New 
writs  were  issued  out,  dated  the  31st  of  July.  It  was 
resolved  to  distract  the  Welsh  by  three  invasions  from 
different  quarters.  The  rendezvous  of  the  first  army  was 
to  be  at  Shrewsbury ,  to  be  commanded  by  the  king  in 
person;  the  second  at  Hereford,  to  be  assembled  by 
Edmund  earl  of  Stafford,  Richard  earl  of  Warwick,  and 
the  lords  Grey,  Abergavenny,  Audeley,  and  Berkly;  and 
the  third,  under  the  conduct  of  prince  Henry,  at  Chester. 
The  forces  were  to  be  assembled  at  each  place  by  the  27  th 
of  August*. 

Owen,  assured  that  these  preparations  could  not  take 
effect  till  a  certain  time,  gave  loose  to  his  resentment,  in 

*  Rymer,  viii.  271. 


OF  OWEN  GLYNDWE.  317 

the  beginning  of  August,  against  the  inhabitants  of  Gla- 
morganshire, who  had  sided  with  the  English.  He 
marched  into  that  county,  ravaged  it  on  all  parts;  and, 
after  burning  the  bishop's  castle  and  the  archdeacon's 
house8  at  Llandaff,  he  in  the  same  inroad  burnt  Cardiff 
and  Abergavenny;  and  then  returned  to  make  head 
against  the  English. 

The  Scots,  at  this  time,  took  advantage  of  the  commo- 
tions of  the  Welsh;  and,  under  the  command  of  the  great 
Douglas,  invaded  England  with  a  body  of  twelve  or  thir- 
teen thousand  men.  It  is  almost  certain,  that  they  acted 
in  concert  with  Glyndwr.  Both  nations  were  united  in  a 
common  hatred  of  the  English.  Both  had  felt  the  weight 
of  their  power.  The  Scots  meditated  their  inroad  at  the 
very  time  that  Henry  had  drawn  his  forces  to  the  borders 
of  Wales,  and,  as  they  hoped,  left  the  northern  borders 
unguarded.  Henry  had  intelligence,  that  it  was  to  take 
place  on  the  assumption  of  the  blessed  Virgin,  or  the  15th 
of  August;  and,  in  order  to  defeat  it,  directed  the  lieute- 
nant of  the  county  of  Lincoln  to  hasten  towards  the  north, 
with  all  the  men  he  could  raise. 

Henry,  during  this  time,  proceeded  on  his  expedition 
against  the  Welsh.  It  does  not  appear  whether  the  army 
under  his  son,  and  that  under  the  earl  of  Arundel  (on 
whom  the  command  of  the  second  army  was  bestowed) 
made  separate  diversions  into  different  parts  of  the  coun- 
try in  his  favor;    or  whether  he  united  their  forces  with 

a    Willis's  Llandaff,  30,  31. 


318  APPENDIX  VII. 

his  own.  The  event  of  his  invasion  was  very  unfortunate. 
Glyndwr,  who  had  too  much  prudence  to  hazard  a  battle 
against  so  superior  an  army,  retired  to  the  fastnesses  of 
the  mountains,  drove  away  the  cattle,  and  destroyed 
•every  means  the  English  had  of  subsistence.  The  season 
proved  uncommonly  bad;  for  the  very  elements  seemed 
to  have  warred  against  them.  A  continued  course  of 
storms  and  rains,  with  the  continual  watching  against  an 
enemy  ever  hovering  over  them,  and  ready  to  take  every 
occasion  of  falling  on  them  from  the  heights,  wasted  the 
army  with  sickness  and  fatigue;  and  obliged  the  king 
•once  more  to  make  a  most  inglorious  retreat. 

The  English,  willing  to  cover  their  shame,  attributed 
the  cause  of  their  disgrace  to  the  incantations  of  the  Bri- 

CD 

tish    chieftain;    'who,'   as    an   old    historian    expresses, 

*  through  art  magike  (as  was  thought)  caused  such  foule 
'  weather  of  winds,  tempest,  raine,  snow,  and  haile,  to  be 

*  raised  for  the  annoiance  of  the  king's  armie,  that  the 
4  like  had  not  beene  heard  of.'  Perhaps  Glyndwr,  as  well 
to  infuse  terror  into  his  foes,  as  to  give  his  people  a  more 
•exalted  notion  of  him,  might  politically  insinuate  his  skill 
in  spells  and  charms,  that  they  might  suppose  him  aided 
by  more  than  mortal  power.  This  species  of  credulity 
was  not  only  strong  at  this  time,  but  even  continued  to 
more  enlightened  days. 

Owen,  by  the  mouth  of  Shakespear,  speaks  thus  of  his 
intercourse  with  the  tribe  of  spirits,  and  of  his  skill  in  the 
mystic  arts  of  divination : 


OF  OWEN  GLYNDWE.  319 

Where  is  he  living,  dipt  in  with  the  sea 

That  chides  the  banks  of  England,  Wales,  or  Scotland, 

Who  calls  me  pupil,  or  has  read  to  me? 

And  bring  him  out,  that  is  but  woman's  son, 

Can  trace  me  in  the  tedious  ways  of  art, 

Or  hold  me  pace  in  deep  experiments. 

I  can  call  spirits  from  the  vasty  deep! 

The  poet,  on  this  occasion,  plays  finely  with  the  warmth 
of  Glyndwr;  and  draws  from  him  that  characteristic  spirit 
of  our  country,  which  is  nobly  prompt  to  rise  on  the  ap- 
pearance, or  sometimes  even  on  the  very  apprehension  of 
insult. 

Henry  quickly  received  news  from  the  north,  that 
served  to  alleviate  the  ill  success  of  his  invasion.  The 
earl  of  Northumberland,  and  other  northern  barons,  had 
assembled  their  forces  to  oppose  the  Scots,  then  on  their 
return  home;  overtook  them  on  Holy  rood-day,  or  the 
15th  of  September,  on  Homeldon  hill  near  Wooler,  and 
gained  over  them  a  complete  victory.  Numbers  of  the 
Scotch  nobility  were  slain  in  the  fight;  and  numbers 
taken,  among  whom  was  their  gallant  commander  Archi- 
bald earl  of  Douglas,  styled  by  his  countrymen  Tyneman, 
from  the  loss  of  men  that  attended  him  in  all  his  conflicts. 

This  battle  was  productive  of  great  events;  and  proved 
in  the  end  the  destruction  of  the  Percy  family.  It 
was  usual  for  the  prisoners  to  fall  to  the  share  of  the 
victors;  and  for  each  person  who  was  fortunate  or  brave 
enough  to  make  a  captive,  to  receive  the  reward  of  his 
valor,  by  having  liberty  to  ransom  him,  according  to 
his  rank  or  abilities.     Henry  Percy  surnamed  Hotspur, 


320  APPENDIX  VII. 

had  himself,  by  the  fortune  of  war,  been  made  prisoner 
by  the  Scots,  and  was  redeemed  according  to  the  antient 
custom  of  arms.  The  victors  at  this  time  expected  and 
clamed  the  same  right;  but  Henry,  wishing  to  detain 
these  illustrious  captives,  as  hostages  for  the  peaceable 
conduct  of  the  Scottish  nation,  sent  directions  to  the  earl 
of  Northumberland,  that  he  should  by  no  means  set  them 
at  liberty;  but  that  he  should  deliver  them  to  him. 
Henry  softened  this  demand  by  rewarding  Northumber- 
land with  a  considerable  grant  of  lands  on  the  borders  of 
Scotland*;  and  parlement  even  sent  him  a  letter  of  thanks 
for  his  good  services.  Notwithstanding  this,  the  Percies 
were  greatly  dissatisfied.  Whether  their  high  spirit  re- 
sented the  invasion  of  the  antient  title  of  victors  to  their 
prisoners;  or  whether  they  were  seized  with  remorse  for 
their  disloyalty  to  their  former  master;  or  whether  they 
were  actuated  by  the  ambition  of  becoming  independent; 
or  whether  all  these  causes  might  not  co-operate,  is  not 
very  certain;  yet,  from  this  time,  they  formed  their  de- 
sign of  flinging  off  their  allegiance  to  Henry. 

A  great  discontent  with  his  government  at  this  period 
began  to  seize  the  nation.  The  affection  for  the  mur- 
dered Richard  revived.  So  willing  were  the  people  to 
imagine  him  still  alive,  that  the  many  reports  invented 
on  that  subject  were  greedily  swallowed;  and  a  proneness 
to  revolt  almost  generally  appeared. 

The  first  step  taken  by  the  Percies,  was  the  release  of 

'  Rymer,  viii.  289. 


OF  OWEN  GLYNDWK.  321 

the  Scottish  prisoners  without  ransom.  This  gained  the 
heart  of  Douglas;  who  went  home,  raised  a  body  of  men, 
and  joined  in  the  enterprize. 

Sir  Edmund  Mortimer,  from  the  time  of  his  defeat,  was 
treated  with  the  utmost  humanity  and  respect.  Glyndwr 
politically  determined  to  make  use  of  this  important  pri- 
soner as  an  instrument  of  his  ambition,  reminded  him  of 
the  right  of  his  house  to  the  crown  of  England,  and  flat- 
tered him  with  the  hopes  of  restoring  him  to  the  throne11 
of  his  ancestors.  The  Percies,  to  whom  he  was  allied, 
had  made  frequent  instances  to  Henry  for  his  ransom, 
who,  on  false  and  injurious  pretences,  constantly  refused 
attention  to  their  request;  notwithstanding,  he  never 
rested  till  he  had  procured  the  enlargement  of  his  favor- 
ite, lord  Grey. 

The  Percies  now  began  to  extend  their  views;  and  to 
form  a  confederacy  that  promised  fair  to  effect  another 
revolution.  They  entered  into  an  alliance  with  Glyndwr; 
obtained  the  release  of  Mortimer;  and,  like  the  famous 
triumvirate  of  Rome,  determined  to  divide  the  empire 
between  them. 

Their  place  of  meeting,  the  Mutina  of  those  heroes,  was 
at  the  house  of  Dafydd  Daron,  or  of  Aberdaron,  dean  of 
Bangor*,  son  of  Evan  ap  Dafydd  ap  Gryffydd,  descended 
from  Caradoc  ap  Jestyn,  a  prince  of  Wales.  He  was  a 
man  of  interest  and  wealth :  entered  strongly  into  their 
views;  and  in  consequence,  in  the  year  140G,  was  out- 
lawed for  his  attachment  to  them. 

■  Vita  Ricardi  II.  179.  *    Willis's  Bangor,  122. 

VOL.  III.  W 


322  APPENDIX  VIL 

Here  the  three  chieftains  formed  the  division  of  Bri- 
tain. Sir  Edmund  Mortimer,  in  behalf  of  his  nephew  the 
earl  of  March,  took  all  the  country  from  the  Trent  and 
Severn  to  the  eastern  and  southern  limits  of  the  island; 
Northumberland  was  to  have  all  the  counties  north  of 
the  Trent;  and  Glyndwr  every  thing  that  lay  beyond  the 
Severn  westward. 

It  was  on  this  occasion  that  Owen,  to  animate  his 
countrymen,  called  up  the  antient  prophecy,  which  pre- 
dicted the  destruction  of  Henry,  under  the  name  of  the 
Moldiuarp,  cursed  of  God's  own  mouth.  Himself  he 
styled  the  dragon;  a  name  he  assumed  in  imitation  of 
Uther,  whose  victories  over  the  Saxons  were  foretold  by 
the  appearance  of  a  star  with  a  dragon  beneath,  which 
Uther  used  as  his  badge;  and  on  that  account  it  became 
a  favorite  one  with  the  Welsh.  On  Percy  he  bestowed 
the  title  of  lion,  from  the  crest  of  the  family;  on  Morti- 
mer, that  of  the  wolf,  probably  from  a  similar  reason. 
And  these  three  were  to  divide  the  realm  between  them. 

Glyndwr  was  now  in  the  meridian  of  his  glory.  He 
assembled  the  estates  of  Wales  at  Machynlleth,  a  town  of 
Montgomeryshire:  he  there  caused  his  title  to  the  princi- 
pality to  be  acknowledged,  and  was  formally  crowned. 

At  this  meeting  he  narrowly  escaped  assassination. 
Among  the  chieftains,  who  appeared  to  support  his  title, 
came  a  gentleman  of  Brecknockshire,  Dafydd  Gam,  or  the 
one-eyed;  a  man,  says  Mr.  Carte7,  who  held  his  estate  of 

y   ii.  654. 


OF  OWEN  GLYNDWR.  323 

the  honor  of  Hereford,  who  had  long  been  in  the  service 
of  Bolingbroke,  and  was  firmly  attached  to  his  interest. 
Notwithstanding  he  had  married  a  sister  of  Glyndwr,  yet 
such  a  furious  hatred  had  he  conceived  to  his  cause,  that 
he  appeared  at  the  assembly  with  the  secret  and  treache- 
rous resolution  of  murdering  his  prince  and  brother-in-law. 
Carte  says,  that  he  was  instigated  to  it  by  Henry;  but 
gives  no  authority  for  his  assertion.     Party-zeal,  or  hopes 
of  reward,  probably  determined  him  to  so  nefarious    a 
deed.     He  was  a  fit  instrument  for  the  purpose :  a  man  of 
unshaken   courage;    which    was   afterwards   put   to    the 
proof  in  the  following  reign,  at  the  battle  of  Azincourt. 
This  was  the  gentleman  who  was  sent  to  explore   the 
numbers  of  the  enemy  before  the  action;  and  who  inform- 
ed the  king,  that  there  were  enough  to  kill,  enough  to  be 
taken  prisoners,  and  enough  to  run  away.     In  that  battle, 
Dafydd,  his  son-in-law  Roger  Fychan,  and  his  relation 
Walter  Llivyd,  rescued  the  king,  when  environed  with 
his  foes.     They  saved  his  life  at  the  expence  of  their  own, 
and  fell  with  many  mortal  wounds.     The  king,  after  the 
victory,  approached  the  place  where  they  lay  weltering  in 
their  blood;  and,  in  the  moment  of  death,  bestowed  on 
them  the  only  reward  of  their  valor  which  he  could  con- 
fer in  that  sad  time,  the  honor  of  knighthood. 

But  to  return  to  the  subject  immediately  under  con- 
sideration. The  plot  of  Dafydd  against  Glyndwr  was 
discovered.  He  was  arrested  and  imprisoned;  and  would 
have  met  with  his  merited  punishment,  if  he  had  not 
been  saved  by  the  intercession  of  Owen's  best  friends  and 


324  APPENDIX  VII. 

warmest  partizans2.  He  was  pardoned  on  a  solemn  pro- 
mise of  adherence  to  the  cause  of  Glyndwr  and  his 
country.  It  appears  that  our  chieftain  did  not  chuse  to 
rely  on  his  promise;  but  kept  him  in  close  confinement 
till  the  year  1412,  as  will  appear  in  the  transactions  of 
of  that  period. 

Glyndwr ,  as  usual,  wreaked  his  vengeance  on  the  lands 

and  dependents  of  Dafydd  Gam;   entered  his  country,, 

and  burnt  his  house;    and,  while  it  was  burning,  calling 

one  of  Dafydd 's  tenants,  spoke  thus  merrily  to  him  in 

verse;  which  shews  the  general  turn  of  our  people  to  the 

rhyming  art: 

0  gwel  di  wr  coch  Cam 
Yn  ymofyn  y  Gyrnigwen: 
Dywed  ei  bod  hi  tan  y  Ian 
A  nod  y  glo  ar  ei  phen. 

1403. 
Preparations  were  made  with  great  vigor  by  all  parties. 
Hotspur,  leaving  his  father  ill  at  Berwick,  marched  with 
his  forces  from  the  north;  and,  passing  through  Cheshire, 
a  county  ever  affectionate  to  Richard,  was  joined  there 
by  a  numerous  party.  Percy  sent  to  Owen,  to  desire  he 
would  meet  him;  but  our  countryman  declined  to  comply: 
nevertheless  numbers  of  the  Welsh  joined  Hotspur,  and 
marched  with  him  to  Lichfield,  carrying  the  stag,  the 
badge  of  the  late  king,  as  a  party  distinction.  In  that 
city  he  published  his  reasons  for  taking  arms  against 
Henry,   whom  the  family  had  so  lately  placed  on  the 

1   Wynne's  Hist,  of  Wales,  321. 


OF  OWEN  GLYNDWR.  325 

throne*.  From  hence  he  led  his  army  towards  Shrews- 
bury; probably  because  he  found  himself  too  weak  to  at- 
tack the  usurper;  for  it  seems  as  if  his  intention  had  been 
to  have  met  him  on  his  march,  had  Glyndwr  joined  him 
with  his  whole  force.  Glyndwr,  on  the  other  hand,  had 
formed  a  considerable  army  in  Wales;  and  Sir  Edmund 
Mortimer  raised  the  vassals  of  his  nephew. 

In  the  month  of  March,  Henry  gave  a  strong  proof  of 
the  high  opinion  he  had  of  his  son  Henry  of  Monmouth, 
afterwards  king  of  England,  at  this  time  only  iifteen 
years  of  age;  for  by  writ,  dated  from  Westminster  the 
7th  of  that  month,  he  appoints  him  his  lieutenant  for 
Wales6  and  all  the  adjacent  counties,  with  full  powers  to 
raise  men,  and  to  act  against  the  insurgents  as  he  should 
think  proper:  to  enquire  into  all  treasons;  to  examine 
who  supplied  the  rebels  with  arms  or  provisions;  and  to 
grant  pardon  to  all  who  would  lay  down  their  arms,  and 
give  security  for  their  peaceful  behaviour. 

Having  thus  provided,  as  he  imagined,  for  the  security  of 
the  borders  of  England  on  the  side  of  Wales,  he  began  to 
consider  of  his  march  against  the  Percies.  But  hearing  that 
Glyndwr0,  by  reason  of  want  of  provisions,  was  preparing 
to  make  an  inroad  into  the  borders,  he  issued  orders 
from  Westminster,  dated  June  12th,  to  the  lieutenant 
of  Gloucestershire'1,  to  prepare  to  repel  the  invasion,  with 
forces  he  should  assemble  for  that  purpose.  Henry  then 
made  a  most  expeditious  march  to  Burton  upon  Trent, 

a  Ldcmd'a  Col.  ii.  312.        •»  Rymer,  viii.  291.        e  Idem,  304.        "Idem,  314. 


326  APPENDIX  VII. 

where  we  find  him  on  the  16th,  on  his  way  against  the 
northern  rebels6.  Here  he  understood  that  Percy  with 
his  army,  had  advanced  towards  Shrewsbury,  and  was 
preparing  to  effect  a  junction  with  the  forces  of  Glyndwr 
and  Mortimer.  He  well  knew  the  importance  of  prevent- 
ing it  from  taking  place;  and  directed  his  march  towards, 
that  town,  as  is  said,  by  the  advice  of  the  earl  of  Dunbar, 
a  Scottish  nobleman,  who  had  esjooused  his  cause.  The 
dispatch  with  which  the  king  executed  this  resolution, 
saved  his  crown.  Glyndwr,  who  had  assembled  his  forces 
at  Oswestry,  had  sent  off  only  his  first  division,  amounting 
to  four  thousand  men,  who  behaved  with  spirit  on  the  day 
of  action';  in  which  fell  his  brother-in-law  Sir  Jenhin 
U(inmers.  Henry  prevented  him  from  proceeding  with 
the  rest,  by  posting  himself  between  Glyndwr  and 
Shrewsbury,  and  at  the  critical  time  that  the  northern 
rebels  were  about  to  scale  the  walls.  Percy  quitted  the 
attempt;  and,  after  rejecting  the  offer  of  peace,  attacked 
the  royal  army  at  Battlefield,  three  miles  from  the  place. 
He  behaved  with  the  spirit  worthy  of  his  name;  fell  vali- 
antly, and  with  him  the  hopes  of  his  party.  This  action 
happened  on  the  21st  of  June.  Glyndwr  had  the  mortifi- 
cation of  being  obliged  to  remain  all  the  time  inactive,  at 
the  head  of  twelve  thousand  men,  at  Oswestry.  The 
Welsh  historians  pass  an  unjust  censure  on  him  for  his 
conduct  on  this  occasion,  and  blame  him  for  what,  it 
seems,  he  could  not  effect.     His  great  oversight  appears 

e  Rymer.         '  Ifolinshed,  523.         e  Collins1*,  Baronets,  ii.  23C,  ed.  1720. 


OF  OWEN  GLYNDWR.  327 

to  me  to  have  been  the  neglect  of  attacking  Henry  im- 
mediately after  the  battle,  when  the  royal  forces  had  sus- 
tained a  vast  loss,  and  were  overcome  with  fatigue;  when 
his  own  followers,  and  the  remains  of  the  northern  troops, 
would  have  formed  an  army  nearly  double  to  that  of  the 
king;    when  Northumberland,  now  recovered  from  his  ill- 
ness, was  in  full  march  towards  him,  the  army  of  Morti- 
mer entire,  and  that  of  the  king  constrained  to  go  north- 
ward.      Glyndwr    carried    on    a    marauding    war,    and 
plundered  the  now  defenceless  marches.      The  king  re- 
turned successful  from  the  north  to  the  borders  of  Wales, 
determined  to  chastise  the  insurgents;  but  was  obliged 
to  desist  from  his  enterprise,  for  want  of  money  to  pay 
his  troops,  and  provisions  to  subsist  them.     He  did  pro- 
pose to  remedy  the  first,  by  seizing  on  the  superfluous 
wealth  of  the  prelates;   but  was  prevented  by  the  spirit 
of  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  who  boldly  declared,  that 
none  of  his  province  should  be  spoiled  on  any  account; 
which  frustrated  Henrys  intent  on  Glyndwr.     The  pre- 
late was  afterwards  better  advised,  and  made  a  grant  of 
the  tenth  towards  the  king's  necessary  charges11. 

Nothing  more  was  done  this  year  than  the  securing  of 
the  Welsh  castles,  and  placing  over  them  persons  of 
known  fidelity.  The  king  dates  his  writ  from  Worcester, 
the  8th  of  September;  and,  addressing  it  to  Guy  Mohun 
bishop  of  St.  David,  at  that  time  keeper  of  the  privy-seal, 
and  treasurer  of  England,  commits  to  him  the  custody  of 
the  castle  of  Llangadyn;   that  of  Llanyndovery  to  John 

h  Ilolinshed,  524. 


328  APPENDIX  VII. 

Touchet  lord  Audley;  Lagheni  to  Sir  Henry  le  Scrope; 
Crickhowel  to  John  Paicncefort;  Tretour  to  James  Berk- 
ley; Abergavenny  and  Harold  Ewyas  to  Sir  William 
Beauchamp;  Goderych  to  Sir  Thomas  Nevil  de  Fumivale; 
Erdesley  to  Sir  Nicholas  Montgomery;  Oarleon  and  Usk 
to  Sir  Edward  Charlton  of  Powys ;  Caerphili  and  Givia- 
lacy  to  Constantia  lady  Despenser;  Menerbere  to  Sir  John 
Cornwall;  Payne  Castle  and  Royl  to  Thomas  earl  of  TFar- 
w£c&;  Huntyngdon  to  ^4/me  countess  of  Stafford;  Lynhales 
and  Dorston  to  Sir  Wa&er  ify'te-  Walter;  Stepulton  to  Jb&ra 
Brian  baron  of  Burford;  Brampton  to  Brian  de  Briamp- 
ton;  and  to  Sir  -To/m  Chandos  the  castle  of  Snowdon1. 

The  last  public  act  relating  to  the  insurrections  of  the 
marches,  was  to  empower  the  prince  of  Wales  to  treat 
with  certain  Cheshire*  gentlemen  about  their  fines,  for 
appearing  in  arms  in  the  battle  of  Shrewsbury. 

On  the  14th  and  15th  of  the  same  month  he  gives 
power  to  William  Beauchamp  to  pardon  certain  of  the 
vassals  on  his  lands  of  Abergavenny  and  Ewyas  Harold, 
who  had  appeared  in  arms  in  behalf  of  Glyndwr;  and  to 
the  famous  Sir  John  Oldcastle,  John  ap  Henry,  and  John 
Fairford,  clerk,  to  pardon  the  inhabitants  of  Brecknock, 
Built,  Concresselly,  Hoy,  Glynbough,  and  Dynas;  to  receive 
their  weapons ;  and  to  oblige  them  to  take  an  oath  of  fidel- 
ity. In  this  the  king  only  secures  their  persons,  but  re- 
serves to  himself  their  forfeited  lands,  goods,  and  chattels. 
The  first  is  dated  from  Hereford;  the  other  from  Devenok1. 

1  Rijmer,  viii.  328.  k  Idem,  333.  '  Idem,  331. 


OF  OWEN  GLYNDWR.  329 

1404. 

Notwithstanding  the  French  king  had  consented, 
through  the  necessity  of  his  own  affairs,  to  a  truce  of 
thirty  years  with  Henry,  yet  he  never  could  be  brought 
to  acknowledge  his  title  to  the  crown.  In  his  treaties, 
Charles  styles  him  only  notre  cousin  cV ' Angleterre™ ,  or 
Henri/  of  Lancaster ,  or  our  adversary  of  England,  or  the 
successor  of  the  late  king  Richard11.  There  is  all  the  ap- 
pearance of  a  correspondence  between  Chaises  and  the 
English  and  Welsh  insurgents  in  the  last  year;  and  that 
the  expedition  towards  Shrewsbury,  and  an  invasion  of 
England  by  the  French,  were  concerted,  to  distract  the 
attention  of  Henry.  Their  fleets  hovered  over  our  coasts 
under  other  pretences.  They  even  landed  in  the  isle  of 
Wight,  and  did  considerable  damage  to  the  country. 

An  open  war  was  daily  expected  with  France.  The 
parlement  took  the  safety  of  the  king's  person  into  con- 
sideration. His  houshold  was  regulated ;  and  in  particular, 
it  was  ordered,  that  no  Frenchman  or  Welshman  should 
remain  about  his  majesty's  person0. 

The  wisdom  of  this  provision  soon  became  very  appa- 
rent. A  league,  offensive  and  defensive,  was  formed 
between  Charles  and  Owen.  Owen  sent  his  chancellor 
Griffith  Yonge,  archdeacon  of  Meireonedd  and  doctor  of 
laws,  and  his  kinsman  John  Hanmer,  ambassadors  to  the 
French.  Their  appointment  is  dated  from  Dolgellu,  in  a 
princely  style:    Datum  a/pud  Doleguelli,    10  die  mensis 

m  Ui/ma:  a  Carte,  ii.  GSG.  °  Parliamentary  Hist.  ii.  79. 


330  APPENDIX  VII. 

Maii,  MCCCC.  quarto  et  principatus  nostri  quarto;  and 
begins,  Owinus  Die  gratia  princeps  Walli^e,  &c.p. 

Charles  received  them  with  open  arms.  The  league 
was  signed  at  Paris  on  the  1 4th  of  June.  The  persons 
who  acted  on  the  part  of  Charles  were  James  Bourbon 
earl  of  March,  and  John  bishop  of  Camot.  Owen's  am- 
bassadors signed  their  part  on  the  14th  of  July,  in  the 
house  of  Ferdinand  de  Corbey,  chancellor  of  France; 
several  prelates  and  persons  of  high  rank  attending  as 
witnesses'1.  Glyndwr  ratified  this  treaty  on  the  12th  of 
January  1405,  from  his  castle  of  Lampadam* . 

The  affairs  of  Glyndwr  bore  so  prosperous  an  aspect,  that 
about  this  time  Trevor  bishop  of  St.  Asaph  revolted  from 
Henry,  and  joined  with  his  countryman;  whether  actu- 
ated by  remorse  for  his  dealings  with  his  old  master,  or 
tempted  by  the  hopes  of  preferment  under  a  new  govern- 
ment, is  not  evident.  It  is  very  certain  that  in  this 
period  Owens  interest  was  so  great  with  the  Pope,  that 
his  holiness,  at  the  request  of  Glyndwr,  promoted  to  the 
see  of  Bangor,  Llewelyn  Bifort,  who  was  afterwards  out- 
lawed for  his  adherence  to  the  cause  of  his  patron8. 

Owen  opened  the  campaign  of  this  year  with  vigor. 
He  laid  waste  the  country  of  his  enemies;  took  several 
castles,  among  others,  those  of  Harlech  and  Aberystwyth. 
Some  he  dismantled,  and  others  he  reserved,  and  garri- 
soned.    He  then  directed  his  march  into  Montgomery- 

p  Rymer,  viii.  356.  q  Idem,  365,  366,  367. 

1  Idem,  382.  8    Willis's  Bangor,  84. 


OF  OWEN  GLYNDWR.  331 

shire,  and  fell  in  with  an  English  army  at  Mynydd  civm 
du.  They  attacked  him,  slew  many  of  his  men,  and  ob- 
liged him  to  retreat.  He  soon  repaired  this  disgrace;  for, 
collecting  his  forces  again,  he  pursued  the  victors  with 
such  expedition,  that  he  overtook  them  at  a  place  called 
Craig  y  Dorth,  near  Monmouth;  defeated,  and  followed 
them  to  the  very  gates  of  every  town  or  castle  they  had 
fled  to. 

The  English  historians  mention  the  defeat  of  Glyndwr. 
They  inform  us,  that  the  English  army  was  commanded 
by  Richard  Beauchamp  earl  of  Warwick,  who  took  the 
banner  of  Glyndwr1';  but  are  silent  in  respect  of  the  re- 
venge that  so  immediately  followed.  Owens  standard- 
bearer  was  Ellis  a/p  Richard  ap  Howel  ap  Morgan  Llwyd, 
of  Alhrey,  descended  from  Rhiwallon  ap  Dungad  ap  Tu- 
dor Trevor".  The  king  undertook  nothing  this  year 
against  Glyndwr.  Beauchamp  had  large  poesessions  in 
the  county  of  Monmouth,  and  found  it  requisite  to  raise 
his  vassals  to  preserve  his  country  from  desolation. 

1405. 

This  year  opened  with  an  attempt  of  a  very  extraordi- 
nary nature ;  nothing  less  than  to  free  from  confinement 
the  young  earl  of  March  and  his  brother,  with  the  intent 
of  setting  up  the  title  of  the  first  against  that  of  Henry, 
and  to  involve  the  whole  kingdom  in  his  quarrel.  There 
were  many  engaged  in  the   design.      Wales  was  to  have 

1  Dugdaltfa  Baron,  i.  243. 
Q  Antient  Pedigrees  MS.  in  possession  of  T/t.  Griffith,  Esq.  of  Rhial. 


332  APPENDIX  VII. 

been  his  asylum,  and  Glyndwr  his  protector:  such  deep 
intelligence  had  he  with  the  disaffected,  even  near  the 
seat  of  the  court.  March  was  kept  in  close  custody  at 
Windsor,  a  royal  residence,  amidst  guards,  and  secured 
by  every  precaution  that  a  jealous  usurper  could  invent. 
Notwithstanding,  a  plot  was  laid.  Constance  lady  Spen- 
cer, widow  to  lord  Spencer,  and  sister  to  the  duke  of 
York,  contrived  their  deliverance.  She  procured  false 
keys,  stole  away  the  two  youths,  and  was  hastening  with 
them  towards  Wales,  when  they  were  seized  and  brought 
back.  The  lady  was  imprisoned.  A  severer  fate  atten- 
ded the  poor  smith  that  made  the  keys,  who  was  be- 
headed, after  having  both  his  hands  chopped  off*. 

Fortune  now  began  to  frown  upon  Glyndwr.  The  first 
experience  he  had  of  her  mutability  was  on  the  11th  of 
March:  a  body  of  his  partizans,  to  the  amount  of  eight 
thousand  had  assembled  out  of  Glamorganshire,  Ush, 
Netherwent,  and  Overwent.  As  usual,  they  began  their 
march  with  desolating  the  country;  and  burnt  part  of  the 
town  of  Grosmont,  in  the  county  of  Monmouth.  Henri/ 
prince  of  Wales  was  at  that  time  at  Hereford,  with  the 
army  entrusted  to  him  by  his  father,  ready  to  open  the 
campaign.  He  there  received  an  account  of  the  defeat  of 
these  malecontents,  by  a  handful  of  men  commanded  by 
Sir  Gilbert  Talbot,  joined  by  Sir  William  Newport  and 
Sir  John  Greindre.  He  transmitted  the  intelligence  to 
his  father,  in  a  letter  written  in  an  uncommon  strain  of 
piety  and  dutifulness,  contradictory  to  the  popular  opin- 

x  Holinshed,  527. 


OF  OWEN  GLYNDWK.  33a 

ion  of  his  early  licentiousness;  for  at  that  time  he  was 
only  seventeen  years  of  age.  He  begins  with  imploring 
Heaven  for  its  favor  towards  his  father :  Je  supplie  vraie- 
ment  que  Dieu  voas  montre  graciousment  pour  vous  son 
miracle  on  toutes  parties,  loez  soit  il  en  toutes  ses  ceures. — 
II  est  bien  voirs,  que  la  victoire  n'est  pas  en  la  multitude  de 
people  mes  en  la  puissance  de  Dieu. 

It  seems  that  the  Welsh  forgot  the  antient  spirit  of 
their  country;  and  yielded  an  easy  victory  to  the  enemy. 
Eight  hundred  or  a  thousand  were  slain.  No  quarter 
was  given  on  the  occasion,  except  to  one  person,  un  grant 
chiefteyn  entre  eulx.  The  humanity  of  young  Henri/  ap- 
pears to  great  advantage  on  this  affair.  He  tells  his  fa- 
ther, that  he  would  have  sent  the  prisoner  to  him,  but 
that  he  could  not  yet  ride  with  any  ease  (I  suppose  on 
account  of  his  wounds),  mes  il  ne  poet  chivacher  uncore 
a  son  aise7. 

To  repair  this  disaster,  Glyndwr  instantly  sent  one  of 
his  sons  with  another  army,  which  probably  was  rein- 
forced by  the  fugitives  from  the  last  action.  Another 
battle  was  fought  on  the  fifteenth  of  the  same  month,  at 
Mynydd  y  Pwll  Melyn  in  Brecknockshire,  again  fatal  to 
the  cause  of  Owen.  Fifteen  hundred  of  his  men  were 
slain  or  taken  prisoners:  among  the  last  was  his  son: 
among  the  first  his  brother  Tudor,  who  resembled  Glyn- 
dwr so  greatly,  that  a  report  was  spread  of  his  death,  to 
the  great  dejection  of  his  countrymen:  but  on  examining 

'  Ibjmcr,  viii.  390. 


334  APPENDIX  VII. 

the  dead  body,  it  was  found  to  want  a  wart  over  the  eye, 
which  distinguished  our  chieftain  from  his  brother.  Ac- 
cording to  Carte?,  young  Henry  commanded  at  this  battle. 

Holinshed*  mentions  another  defeat  which  the  Welsh 
sustained  in  the  month  of  May,  in  which  Gryffydd  Yonge> 
Owens  chancellor,  was  made  prisoner.  I  suspect  that 
the  historian  confounds  this  action  with  that  near  Gros- 
mont;  but  that  the  chancellor  was  the  great  chieftain 
there  made  prisoner,  must  be  a  mistake;  for  we  find  him 
witness,  the  next  year,  to  a  pardon  granted  by  Owen  to 
■one  Jevan  Goch. 

After  these  defeats,  all  Glamorganshire  submitted  to 
the  king,  a  few  faithful  friends  only  excepted;  who,  on 
discovering  that  Owen  was  alive,  fled  and  joined  him.  It 
was  at  this  time  that  he  suffered  those  distresses  which 
the  English  attribute  to  the  latter  part  of  his  life.  Du- 
ring this  dispersion  of  his  friends,  he  was  obliged  to  seek 
protection  from  a  few  trusty  partisans;  and  often  to  con- 
ceal himself  in  caves  and  desert  places.  A  cavern  near 
the  sea-side,  in  the  parish  of  Llangelynin,  in  the  county 
of  Meirioneth,  is  still  called  Ogof  Owain,  in  which  he  was 
secretly  supported  by  Ednyfed  ap  Aaron,  of  the  tribe  of 
Ednowain  ap  Bradwen. 

The  bard  Jolo  Goch  deplores  his  absence;,  and  calls  him 
home  from  different  parts  of  the  globe,  to  re-possess  him- 
self of  his  principality.  He  in  one  place  supposes  him  to 
be  at  Rome,  and  entreats  him  to  return  laden  with  tokens 
from  St.  Peter. 

B  ii.  6G5.  ■  528. 


OF  OWEN  GLYNDWR.  335 

About  this  time  the  earl  of  Northumberland,  began 
another  conspiracy;  which  was  detected,  and  several  of 
his  adherents  were  executed.  Among  others,  one  Sir 
John  Griffith,  a  Welsh  knight;  which  makes  it  probable, 
that  the  earl  and  Glyndwr.  still  acted  in  concert.  The 
king,  by  his  activity,  quickly  frustrated  this  plot;  seized 
on  the  earl's  castles,  and  obliged  him  to  nv  into  Scotland 
for  protection.  With  him  fled  the  bishops  of  St.  Asaph 
and  Bangor*,  and  the  abbot  of  Welbech.  The  two  first 
were  probably  placed  by  Glyndwr  about  the  earl,  to  con- 
cert the  proper  measures  for  the  successful  execution  of 
their  designs. 

Henry  then  returned,  and  marched  into  Wales  with  an 
army  of  37,000  men.  The  same  ill  fortune  attended  him 
in  this  as  in  former  expeditions.  The  weather  proved  so 
bad,  that  he  was  obliged  to  make  a  hasty  retreat  to  Wor- 
cester, aggravated  with  the  loss  of  fifty  of  his  carriages0. 
Shakespear  makes  our  chieftain  thus  vaunt  the  frequent 
defeats  of  his  antagonist,  even  before  the  battle  of  Shrews- 
bury : 

Three  times  hath  Henry  Bolingbroke  made  head 
Again.st  my  pow'r;  thrice  from  the  banks  of  Wye, 
And  sandy-bottom'd  Severn,  have  I  sent 
Him  bootless  home,  and  weather-beaten  back. 

Notwithstanding  the  ill  success  of  the  king,  the  affairs 
of  Owen  would,  in  all  probability,  have  found  a  sad  change, 
had  not,  at  this  very  period,  his  ally  Charles  VI.  sent  him 

b  Fordun,  Seoticlironicon.  ii.  441.  c    Wahlngham,  5GG. 


33G  APPENDIX  VII. 

a  most  seasonable  assistance;  which,  for  a  considerable 
time,  prolonged  the  war,  and  delayed  his  total  ruin.  A 
considerable  armament  was  made  in  the  ports  of  France. 
It  was  planned  by  the  duke  of  Orleans*,  regent  of  France 
during  the  insanity  of  Charles.  The  invasion  was  to  have 
taken  place  the  preceeding  year;  and  (as  Mapin  observes) 
seems  to  have  been  intended  to  coincide  with  the  insur- 
rection of  Scroope  archbishop  of  York,  and  other  noblemen 
in  the  north.  Their  attempt  proved  fatal  to  them.  But 
the  fleet,  consisting  of  a  hundred  and  forty  ships,  sailed 
from  Brest  the  latter  end  of  June,  with  an  army  of 
twelve  thousand  men.  According  to  the  historian  of  this 
reign,  Mademoiselle  de  Lussan6,  there  were  among  them 
eight  hundred  men  at  armsf,  six  hundred  cross-bows,  and 
twelve  hundred  foot-soldiers,  all  chosen  troops. 

Our  historians  say,  that  they  were  commanded  by  the 
Marechal  de  Montmorency;  but  I  cannot  discover  that 
any  of  that  great  house  was  engaged  in  the  expedition. 
The  fleet  was  under  the  command  of  Renaud  de  Trie, 
lord  of  Serifontaine,  admiral  of  France;  the  land  forces 
under  that  of  Jean  de  Rieux,  lord  of  Rieux  and  Rochfort, 
Marshal  of  France.  Under  him  served  Jean,  or,  as  Jfo- 
reri  calls  him,  Anbert  de  Hang  est  Sire  de  Hugueville, 
master  of  the  cross-bows;  and  who,  by  reason  of  the  age 

d  Histoire  et  Regne  de  Charles  VI.  torn.  iv.  190.  e  Ibid. 

f  A  Man  at  arms,  Homme  d'armes,  or  Lance  four  nir,  as  the  French  called 
it,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  VII.  was  to  consist  of  three  archers,  one  coutillier  or 
squire,  armed  with  a  sort  of  couteau,  and  one  page,  who  was  likewise  to  be  a 
gentleman.     Hist,  de  la  Milice  Fraivjoise,  i.  154. 


OF  OWEN  GLYNDWR.  337 

and  infirmities  of  Rieux,  seems  to  have  been  the  acting 
general.  According  to  the  genius  of  the  nation,  the 
officers  made  the  most  brilliant  appearance;  and  Hugue- 
ville  actually  sold  to  the  church  of  Paris  his  fine  estate 
of  Agencourt  near  Mondidier,  in  order  to  furnish  himself 
with  a  magnificent  equipage". 

The  fleet  had  a  very  favorable  passage;  but,  by  the 
neglect  of  providing  a  sufficient  quantity  of  fresh  water, 
most  of  the  horses  perished.  According  to  the  best 
authority11,  the  forces  landed  under  the  command  of 
Hugueville,  in  Milford  Haven.  He  immediately  marched 
towards  Caermarthen,  which  he  besieged  and  took  by 
capitulation.  The  garrison  were  suffered  to  depart,  and 
had  liberty  to  take  their  effects  with  them1. 

He  declined  making  any  attempt  on  Pembroke,  by 
reason  of  the  strength  of  the  castle ;  but  sat  down  before 
Haverford-west :  where  the  earl  of  Arundel  made  so 
gallant  a  defence,  that  the  French  were  obliged  to  raise 
the  siege  with  considerable  loss.  Glyndwr  had,  by  this 
time,  reached  Tenby  with  ten  thousand  men,  where  he 
was  joined  by  Hugueville.  As  soon  as  the  necessary  pre- 
parations were  finished,  they  marched  through  Glamor- 
ganshire, reached  Worcester,  and  burnt  the  suburbs,  and 
ravaged  the  country  roundk. 

As  soon  as  Henry  heard  of  the  intended  invasion,  he 
issued  out  a  proclamation1,  dated  from  Westminster,  July 

*  Histoirc  el  Regne  de  Charles  VI.  torn.  iv.  190.  h  Rymer,  viii.  406. 

1  Walsingham,  006.  k  Monstrelct.  '  Rymer,  viii. 

VOL.   III.  X 


338  APPENDIX  VII. 

2d;  in  which  he  directs  the  lieutenants  of  several  counties 
to  raise  forces  to  repel  the  foe.  Lord  Berkley,  and  Henry 
Pay  admiral  of  the  cinque  ports,  commanded  at  sea,  and 
burnt,  according  to  our  accounts,  fifteen  of  the  French 
ships  as  they  lay  at  anchor  in  Milford  Haven;  and  after- 
wards (joined  by  Sir  Thomas  Swinbom)  took  fourteen 
more  in  their  passage  to  Wales,  laden  with  ammunition 
and  provisions  for  the  armym.  Mademoiselle  de  Lussan 
takes  notice  of  the  first;  but  candidly  confesses,  that  the 
French  were  so  terrified  with  the  appearance  of  thirty 
sail  of  our  ships,  that  they  themselves  directed  the 
destruction  of  those  vessels. 

In  the  beginning  of  A  ugust,  Henry  received  advice  that 
the  French  were  landed;  and  again  issues  a  proclamation, 
dated  from  Pontefract,  August  7th,  addressed  to  the 
lieutenant  of  the  county  of  Hereford,  with  orders  to  raise 
his  forces  without  delay,  and  repair  with  them  to  the  city 
of  Hereford.  It  is  in  this  proclamation  he  expressly  calls 
the  French  general,  lord  of  Hugueville. 

Henry  marched  in  person  to  oppose  an  enemy  now 
grown  so  very  formidable ;  but  Hugueville,  after  plunder- 
ing the  country,  on  the  king's  approach,  made  a  sudden 
retreat,  and  posted  himself  on  a  high  hill,  about  three 
leagues  from  Worcester,  with  a  deep  valley  between  his 
and  the  royal  army.  Each  endeavored  to  induce  the 
other   to   make   the   attack;    and   for   eight   days  they 

m   Walsingham,  566;  who  adds,  that  a  marshal  and  seven  captains  were 
taken  at  the  same  time. 


OF  OWEN  GLYNDWR.  339 

respectively  presented  themselves  in  order  of  battle,  and 
so  continued  from  morning  till  night;  but  neither  party 
ventured  to  descend  from  its  advantageous  situation. 
During  this  time,  there  were  several  skirmishes.  The 
loss  on  both  sides  was  about  two  hundred,  besides 
numbers  wounded.  The  French  lost  Patrouillart  de 
Trie,  lord  of  Mouci  and  Plessis,  chamberlain  to  the  king, 
and  brother  to  the  admiral;  a  gallant  officer,  whose  fate 
was  much  lamented  by  the  army11.  There  fell  that  day 
also  the  lord  of  Martelonne,  and  the  lord  of  La  Valle; 
and,  as  Hall  says,  the  bastard  of  Bourbon.  Our  histo- 
rians seem  to  exaggerate  their  loss,  adding  to  it  that  of 
five  hundred  other  gentlemen;  but  Monstrelet  asserts, 
that  on  a  review  of  the  French  troops,  when  they 
returned  home,  only  sixty  were  found  missing. 

The  camp  that  Owen  is  supposed  to  have  possessed,  is 
on  Woodbury  hill,  in  the  parish  of  Whittley,  exactly  nine 
miles  north-west  of  Worcester.  It  is  surrounded  with  a 
single  foss;  and  contains  near  twenty-seven  acres.  It 
probably  had  been  an  antient  British  post;  but  was 
extremely  convenient  for  Glyndwr,  not  only  by  reason  of 
its  strength,  but,  as  Wales  lay  open  to  him,  he  had  it  in 
his  power  to  retreat  among  the  mountains  whenever  he 
found  it  necessary.  The  hill  is  lofty,  and  of  an  oblong 
form.  One  end  is  connected  with  the  Abberley  hills, 
which,  with  this  of  Woodbury,  form  a  crescent,  with  the 
valley,  by  way  of  area,  in  the  middle.     Henry  lay  with 

n  Moreri;  who  says  he  fell  at  the  attack  of  Haverford-west. 


340  APPENDIX  VII. 

his  forces  on  the  northern  boundary.  The  brave  spirits 
of  each  army  descended  from  their  posts,  and  performed 
deeds  of  arms,  in  the  center  between  either  camp.  They 
had  a  fine  slope  on  each  side  to  rush  down  to  the  duel. 
The  Welsh  especially  had  a  hollowed  way,  as  if  formed 
expressly  for  the  purpose.  I  surveyed  the  spot  in 
company  with  my  friend  Doctor  Nash,  and  found  it 
answered  precisely  to  the  account  given  by  Monstrelet0. 

Henry  acted  the  part  of  a  prudent  general,  by  cutting 

off  the  means  of  every  supply  from  the  enemy;  who,  worn 

with  famine  and  fatigue,  in  the  midnight  of  the  eighth 

day  decamped  with  the  utmost  secrecy,  and  retired  into 

Wales6.    Monstrelet  makes  the  king  quit  his  station  first, 

and  return  the  same  night  to  Worcester;   and  adds,  that 

the  French  attacked  him  in  his  retreat,  and  took  from 

him  eighteen  waggons  laden  with  provisions.     H&ll,  on 

the  contrary,  assures  us,  that  Henry  '  chased  the  enemy 

'  from  hilles  to  dales,  from  dales  to  woddes,  from  woddes 

'  to  marishes,   and  yet  could  never  have  them  at  any 

'  advantage.     A  worlde  it  was  to  see  his  quotidiane  re- 

'  moving;   his  paynfull  and  busy  wanderyng,  his  trouble- 

*  some  and  uncertayne  abiding,  his  continual  mocion,  his 

c  daily  peregrinacion    in    the   desert    felles   and   craggy 

1  mountains  of  that  barreine,   unfertile,  and  depopulate 

'  countrey.'     In  the  end,  the  king,  unable  any  longer  to 

subsist    his    army   in    a    country    which    Ghjndwr    had 

expressly  destroyed  to  distress  his  enemy,  was  obliged  to 

0  See  the  plan  of  the  camp  on  Woodbury  hill,  in  Doctor  Nash's  Hist.  Worces- 
tershire, ii.  p.  465,  and  plate  opposite  to  it.  p  Monstrelet,  16.    Hall,  19. 


OF  OWEN  GLYNDWR.  341 

desist  from  his  pursuit,  and  to  return  to  Worcester;  and, 
as  Hall  owns,  in  his  retreat  lost  '  certayn  cariages  laden 
'  with  vitayle,  to  his  great  displeasure,  and  to  the  great 
■  comforte  of  the  Welsh.' 

I  must  enquire  when  Henry  had  leisure  for  so  long  and 
tedious  a  campaign;  for  I  find  him,  the  22d  of  August,  at 
Pontefract;  the  27th,  at  Worcester;  and  the  4th  of 
September,  at  Hereford.  In  four  days  from  that  time,  it 
appears  he  was  at  Faxflete.  At  Beverley,  the  13th  of  the 
same  month.  At  Bishopthorp,  in  the  same  county,  from 
the  16th  to  the  21st;  the  next  day  at  Caivood.  After 
which  there  is  an  unaccounted  gap  of  time,  till  he  appears 
again  at  Worcester,  the  6th  of  October.  I  am  thus  minute, 
to  shew  that  Henry  possessed  a  strength  of  body  equal  to 
his  activity  of  mind;  otherwise  he  never  could  have  flown 
with  that  rapidity  from  place  to  place,  nor  have  guarded 
against  enemies  so  remote  as  the  Scots  and  Welsh,  at 
nearly  the  same  period. 

It  seems  as  if  all  his  forces,  destined  to  oppose  the  last, 
were  arrived  at  their  places  of  rendezvous  before  the  6th 
of  October'1.  From  that  time  he  was  in  all  probability 
engaged  in  this  expedition;  Hall  assigning  (among  other 
reasons  for  the  king's  desisting  from  his  enterprize)  the 
approach  of  winter,  which  rendered  a  campaign  amidst 
the  mountains  highly  unsafe.  Accordingly  we  find  him 
at  Dunstable,  on  his  road  to  London,  the  3d  of  Novem- 
ber1',  and  at  his  palace  at  Westminster  soon  after8. 

i  Rymer,  viii.  420.  r  Ibid.  421.  •  Ibid. 


342  APPENDIX  VII. 

The  French,  after  their  flight,  never  made  any  farther 
attempt.  Glyndwr  placed  them  in  quarters,  where  they 
remained  till  they  quitted  the  kingdom;  when  he  fur- 
nished the  greater  part  with  vessels  to  transport  them  to 
France.  Fifteen  hundred  remained  in  Wales  till  the 
March  following,  when  they  were  carried  home  by  a  per- 
son styled  by  De  Lussan,  Le  Begue  de  Volayt. 

After  the  defeat  of  Gryffydd  son  of  Glyndwr,  by  Henry 
prince  of  Wales,  that  youthful  warrior  undertook  the 
siege  of  Llanbedr  castle,  in  the  county  of  Cardigan. 
After  some  time,  the  governor  placed  there  by  Glyndwr 
agreed  to  give  it  up,  in  case  it  was  not  relieved  between 
the  24th  of  October  and  the  feast  of  All  Saints.  He  was 
to  surrender  it  in  good  condition;  not  to  injure  the  habi- 
tations in  the  town,  nor  seize  any  ships  that  should  be 
driven  into  the  port  by  stress  of  weather :  that  he  should 
have  free  pardon,  and  liberty,  at  the  end  of  the  term,  to 
depart  with  all  his  effects,  and  those  of  his  friends.  I 
observe,  among  the  instruments  of  war  which  were  to  be 
delivered  up,  were  canones,  Anglice  gunnes;  which  had 
been  invented  by  the  French  about  twenty-six  years  be- 
fore this  period.  He  took  the  sacrament  in  witness  of 
his  sincerity,  and  delivered  hostages  for  the  performance 
of  his  agreement.  He  probably  relied  on  the  assistance 
of  the  French  for  relief.  Henry  apprehended  the  same. 
But,  in  order  to  frustrate  any  attempts  of  that  kind,  he 
issued  out  a  writ,  dated  from  Cawood  the  2 2d  of  Septem- 

4  De  Lussan,  iv.  195. 


OF  OWEN  GLYNDWE.  343 

her,  to  the  lieutenants  of  Devonshire,  and  of  other  coun- 
ties, to  raise  their  forces,  and  to  rendezvous  at  Evesham 
on  the  10th  of  October*.  This  caution  took  effect  so  far, 
as  to  oblige  Rees  ap  Gryffydd  ap  Shenkin,  alias  Rees  ap 
Llewelyn,  to  agree  to  the  terms  proposed;  but  seemingly 
without  any  design  of  preserving  them;  for,  no  sooner 
was  the  prince  departed,  than  Rees  permitted  Glyndwr 
to  turn  him  and  his  garrison  out,  under  pretence  that 
they  had  been  guilty  of  treason  in  submitting  without 
his  consent1. 

I  must  conclude  the  transactions  of  this  year,  with  re- 
marking the  solicitude  of  the  lords  and  commons  about 
the  relief  of  the  lord  of  Coitie,  then  besieged  in  the  castle 
of  the  same  name,  seated  near  the  river  Ogmore  in  Gla- 
morganshire. Henry  was  little  concerned  about  his  fate; 
but  several  prelates  and  persons  of  rank  in  both  houses 
offered  a  loan,  for  the  purpose  of  raising  forces  for  his  res- 
cue. At  length  it  was  agreed  by  king  and  parlement, 
that  those  loans  should  be  repaid  out  of  the  first  pay- 
ments of  the  subsidy  at  that  time  granted7. 

1406. 

From  the  conclusion  of  last  year,  the  affairs  of  Glyndwr 

began  to  decline.     He  had  still  strength  sufficient  to  keep 

within  his  mountanous  territories:  but  was  too  weak  to 

meditate  any  thing  more  than  marauding  invasions.    The 

n  Ri/mer,  viii.  419,  497.  x    Walsingham,  568.    Holinshcd,  533. 

'  Drake's  Parliamentary  History,  ii.  85.  This  was  a  very  considerable  fort- 
ress, as  appears  by  Buck's  view  of  it,  vol.  ii.  N°  398. 


344  APPENDIX  VII. 

French  continued  to  give  him  some  assistance.  They 
sent  a  fleet  of  thirty- eight  sail.  I  imagine,  from  the 
small  number,  that  they  were  wearied  of  their  ally;  yet 
were  willing  to  keep  up,  for  their  own  interest,  the 
spirit  of  the  insurgents.  Eight  of  these  ships,  laden  with 
men  at  arms,  were  taken;  the  rest  escaped  in  great  con- 
fusion to  Wales2. 

About  this  time  Owen  was  considerably  weakened  by 
the  defection  of  the  inhabitants  of  Ystrad  Tywy. 

The  presence  of  that  brave  and  active  prince  Henry  of 
Monmouth,  who  at  the  express  request  of  parlementa  re- 
sided in  some  part  of  Wales,  was  no  small  check  on  the 
enterprising  temper  of  Glyndwr,  nor  a  less  terror  to  the 
Welsh,  who  had  felt  the  force  of  his  arms.  At  the  same 
time,  parlement,  sensible  of  the  folly  of  the  premature 
grants  before  made  of  the  estates  of  the  insurgents,  enter- 
ed on  record,  that  no  heritages  conquered  from  the  Welsh, 
be  given  away  till  one  quarter  of  an  year  afterb;  so  pre- 
carious seemed  the  tenure,  even  in  the  declining  state  of 
our  chieftain.  I  may  remark,  that  he  still  had  strength 
enough  to  give  protection  to  the  English  fugitives.  The 
great  earl  of  Northumberland,  and  lord  Baldorf,  found 
here  a  hospitable  asylum,  after  the  Scots,  to  whom  they 
had  entrusted  themselves,  meditated  the  surrender  of 
them  up  to  Henry,  in  exchange  for  certain  prisoners. 
Sir  David  Fleming  of  Cumbernauld  generously  warned 

*   Wahingham,  566.  "  Parliamentary  Hist.  ii.  93.  b  Ibid. 


OF  OWEN  GLYNDWE.  345 

them  of  the  intentions  of  his  countrymen;  who  in  revenge 
took  away  his  lifec. 

Before  the  expiration  of  this  year,  Henry  made  a  grant 
in  fee  to  Sir  John  Tibetot,  speaker  of  the  house  of  com- 
mons, and  father  to  the  accomplished  peer  John  earl  of 
Worcester,  of  the  estates  of  Richard  ap  Gryffydd  ap 
Fychan,  in  the  counties  of  Caermarthen  and  Cardigan, 
forfeited  by  his  adherence  to  the  party  of  Glyndwr*. 

Glyndwr  again  was  not  behind  hand  in  acts  of  regal 
power;  for  about  this  time  he  grants  a  pardon  to  one 
John  ap  Howel  ap  Jevan  goch;  anno  principatus  nostri 
VI0  datum  apud  Cefn  Llanfair  X"  die  Jan.  per  ipsum 
principem.  On  the  seal  was  the  portrait  of  Owen  seated 
in  a  chair,  holding  a  sceptre  in  his  right  hand,  and  a  globe 
in  the  left. 

It  is  observable,  that  among  the  witnesses  are  Gryffydd 
his  eldest  son,  and  Gryffydd  Yonge  his  chancellor;  both 
of  whom,  the  English  historians  say,  were  made  prisoners, 
and  sent  to  the  Tower.  As  Henry  shewed  no  mercy  to 
the  partizans  of  Owen,  it  is  not  probable  that  these  two 
would  have  escaped  his  rage,  had  they  ever  been  in  his 
power.  The  other  two  witnesses  are  Meredydd,  another 
of  his  sons,  and  Rhys  ap  Tudur,  and  Gwillim  ap  *  *  *  ""*. 

Notwithstanding  this  ostentation  of  regal  power,  the 
affairs  of  Glyndivr  evidently  declined.  The  garrisons 
placed  in  most  of  the  different  fortresses  of  North  Wales 

*    Wahingham,  566.  d  Parliamentary  Hist.  ii.  106. 


346  APPENDIX  VII 

had  kept  the  maritime  parts  from  rising  in  any  numbers 
in  his  favor.  In  the  island  of  Anglesey,  he  seems  to  have 
had  a  very  strong  party.  It  does  not  appear  that  there 
ever  was  any  battle  in  that  island.  It  is  my  opinion,  that 
the  partisans  of  Owen  had  passed  the  Menai,  and  while 
their  zeal  was  warm,  had  joined  his  army;  and,  like  the 
custom  in  all  feudal  times,  returned  to  their  homes  when 
wearied  with  the  campaign,  or  satiated  with  plunder. 

By  the  latter  end  of  this  year,  they  had  submitted  to 
the  royal  authority :  for  I  find,  from  a  transcript  of  a  ma- 
nuscript found  among  the  papers  of  the  learned  Edward 
Llwyd  of  the  Musceum,  this  particular : 

'  In  an  inquisition  taken  at  Beaumaris,  upon  Tuesday, 
'  the  day  next  before  the  feast  of  St.  Martin  the  bishop 
'  (which  is  the  11th  of  November)  in  the  8th  year  of  king 

•  Henry  IV.  anno  Domini  1406,  before  Thomas  TwJchivl, 
'  Philip  de  Mainwaring,  and  Robert  Paris  the  younger, 
'  commissioners,  by  virtue  of  a  commission  from  prince 
'  Henry,  son  and  heir  apparent  of  the  king,  prince  of 
'  Wales,  duke  of  Acquitaine,  Lancaster,  and  Cornwall, 
1  and  earl  of  Chester,  unto  them,  or  any  two  of  them, 
'  directed,  were  indicted,  presented,  and  fined,  the  several 

*  persons  and  inhabitants  of  the  isle  of  Anglesea,  whose 
'  names  are  hereunder  written,  for  being  in  arms  and 
'  rebellion  with  Owen  Glyndyfrdwy  and  others/ 

I  only  shall  observe  here  the  Cwmmwds,  the  numbers 
of  persons  fined  in  each,  and  the  sum  total  of  them  and 
the  fines. 


OF  OWEN  GLYNDWR.  347 

£      s.  d. 

InLlifon        411      ...      100   18  8 

Menai       308      ...        65   10  8 

Talybolion        ...      399      ...      123   16  4 

Twrcelyn 279      ...        83     5  8 

Malltraeth        ...     326      ...        83   16  0 

Tindaethwy      ...      389     ...        79   198 


2112  537     7  0 

I  must  observe,  that  the  greatest  of  the  fines  is  £8  35.  4cZ. 
and  the  lest,  2s.;  and  that  two  priests  are  fined  five 
pounds  each,  I  suppose,  for  misleading  their  flocks.  Se- 
veral persons  are  outlawed,  and  the  goods  of  those  slain 
in  battle  forfeited  to  the  king,  according  to  the  following 
valuation : 

£  s.   d.  £  s.   d. 

A  horse      0  2  0     A  yearling  calf      ...     004 

mare       0   14         sheep 00   4 

cow         0   18         cronnach  of  wheat     0  3  4 

steer  or  heifer     0    10  ditto     oats  ...     0  2  0 

1407. 

History  furnishes  us  with  very  few  materials  respecting 
the  transactions  of  this  year.  They  were  probably  few 
and  unimportant.  Owen  had  lost  the  fortresses  of  Llan- 
bedr*  (which  was  soon  retaken)  and  of  Harlech.  He  was 
confined  to  the  hills,  and  seems  never  to  have  quitted  his 

•  Near  Aberystwyth  is  an  old  embattled  house  (as  I  am  informed)  called  Ty 
Cry/,  reported  to  have  been  Glyndivr's. 


348  APPENDIX  VII. 

fastnesses  but  to  make  a  predatory  war.  The  earl  of 
Northumberland  and  lord  Bardolf,  about  this  time,  ap- 
prehending that  Owen  was  too  weak  to  protect  them, 
quitted  Wales,  and  soon  after  lost  their  lives  in  a  desper- 
ate effort  to  restore  their  cause,  on  Bramham  moor  in 
Yorkshire. 

1408. 

In  this  year  I  discover  nothing  relative  to  the  Welsh 
affairs,  farther  than  a  due  compliment  paid  to  the  prince 
of  Wales  by  the  commons;  who,  by  their  speaker,  desired 
the  king  to  give  public  thanks  to  young  Henry  for  his 
great  fatigue  and  good  conduct  in  Wales;  for  which  both 
king  and  prince  returned  their  compliments  again  to  the 
commons'. 

1409. 

In  this  year  Glyndwr  again  began  to  make  head.  By 
himself,  or  his  partizans,  he  made  great  devastations  on 
the  marches,  and  in  those  parts  of  Wales  that  were  well 
affected  to  the  English  government.  The  estates  of  Ed- 
ward de  Charlton  lord  Powys  suffered  greatly.  Henry 
therefore  directs  a  writ  to  that  nobleman  to  raise  his 
forces,  and  suppress,  in  the  most  vigorous  manner,  this 
new  disturbance,  headed,  as  it  appears,  by  Glyndwr  him- 
self and  the  bishop  of  St.  Asaph.  Lord  Powys  was  at  the 
same  time  instructed  not  to  quit  the  country,  but  to  keep 
all  his  castles  garrisoned,  and  not  to  permit  any  of  his  es- 
tates to  be  deserted.  This  is  dated  from  Westminster 
the  16th  of  May*. 

1  Rymer,  viii.  547.         *  Ibid.  588. 


OF  OWEN  GLYNDWR.  3i9 

Like  orders  were  issued  to  Edward  duke  of  York, 
Thomas  earl  of  Arundel,  Richard  earl  of  Warwick, 
Reginald  lord  Grey,  Constantia  lady  Despenser  (who  had 
now  made  her  peace  with  the  crown),  Francis  Court,  and 
William  Beauchamp. 

This  activity  proved  fatal  to  Rhys  Ddu  and  Philip 
Scudamore,  two  of  Owen's  best  officers,  whom  he  had 
sent  into  Shropshire,  where  they  committed  great  exces- 
ses. They  were  both  made  prisoners,  sent  to  London, 
and  executed.  Caxton^  relates,  that  Rhys  was  taken 
before  the  justices,  condemned,  and  drawn  on  a  hurdle 
through  the  city  to  Tyburn,  where  he  suffered  the  death 
of  a  traitor.  His  quarters  were  sent  to  four  other  cities  ; 
his  head  placed  on  London  bridge. 

On  the  18th  of  November,  in  this  year,  Henry  issued 
out  an  order  to  the  constable  of  Windsor  castle  to  deliver 
to  Sir  William  Lisle  knight,  marshal  of  England,  the 
following  Welsh  prisoners: 

Howel  ap  Jevan  ap  Howell.  Rhys  ap  Meredydd. 

Walther  ap  Jevan  Fechan.  Madoc  Bery. 

Rys  ap  Jevan  ap  Rys.  Jenkin  Backer. 

Jevan  Goch  ap  Morgo.n.  David  ap  Cad. 

David  ap  Tudor.  Thomas  Dayler\ 

After  this  follows  a  warrant  to  Sir  William  to  receive 
them.     I  imagine,  that  all  these  gentlemen  were  delivered 

h  Cronycle  of  Eaglonde,  143.  '  llymer,  viii.  GO'S. 


350  APPENDIX  VII. 

to  the  marshal  for  execution;  who,  by  his  commission, 
seems  to  have  been  expressly  appointed  for  that  purpose; 
certis  de  causis  ad  ea  omnia  et  singula  quae  ad  officium 
Marescalli  Anglire  pertinent  exercenda  per  litteras  nostras 
patentes  quam  diu  nobis  placuerit,  duraturas  deputavimus. 

Towards  the  latter  end  of  the  year,  several  of  the 
officers  of  the  lords  marchers,  either  through  dislike  to 
the  war,  or  for  the  sake  of  preserving  their  country  from 
the  fury  of  the  Welsh,  formed  a  truce  of  their  own 
authority  with  Glyndwr  and  his  partizans.  This  only 
served  to  enable  them  to  make  their  inroads  on  other 
parts  with  more  security.  Many  of  the  loyal  borderers 
were  slain,  and  others  plundered,  in  consequence  of 
these  agreements.  Henry  was  highly  irritated,  and  im- 
mediately issued  out  writsk  to  Thomas  earl  of  Arundel, 
Sir  Richard  E  Estrange  lord  of  Knochyn,  Ellesmere,  and 
other  bordering  manors,  Edward  Charlton  lord  Powys, 
and  Reginald  lord  Grey  of  Ruthyn,  and  to  the  deputy- 
lieutenant  of  Herefordshire,  directing  them  to  cause  all 
such  illegal  compacts  to  be  rescinded,  and  Glyndwr  and 
his  adherents  to  be  pursued,  and  attacked  with  the 
utmost  vigor. 

From  this  period  Owen  never  made  any  attempts 
worthy  of  historic  notice.  Numbers  of  his  followers 
deserted;  which  obliged  him  to  confine  himself  to  the 
hills,  and  to  act  entirely  on  the  defensive.  Notwithstand- 
ing his  power  was  reduced,  he  was  far  from  being  subdued. 

k  Dated  from  Northampton,  23d  November,     Rymer,  viii.  611. 


OF  OWEN  GLYNDWK.  351 

The  years  1410  and  1411  were  passed  without  any  me- 
morable actions.  The  English  were  content  with  the  ease 
they  enjoyed  by  restraining  the  outrages  of  the  mountan- 
eers.  Glyndwr  maintained  that  extensive  tract  that  forms 
the  Alps  of  our  country,  and  kept  his  prisoners  so  securely 
confined,  that  even  Henry,  in  1412,  was  under  the  neces- 
sity of  permitting  (by  writ1)  his  esquire  Llewelyn  ap  Hoel, 
father  to  the  noted  David  Gam,  to  make  use  of  Sir  John 
Tiptofte  and  William  Botiller,  to  treat  with  Owen  about 
the  redemption  of  his  son,  who  was  kept  jforfo  et  dura  pri- 
sond,  or  to  endeavor  to  seize  some  of  Glyndwr's  friends  to 
exchange  for  Gam.  What  the  result  of  this  affair  was, 
does  not  appear.  It  serves,  though,  to  disprove  the  opi- 
nion, that  David  escaped  to  England  after  his  infamous 
attempt  in  1402;  for  which,  as  is  now  evident,  he  suffered 
a  most  severe,  but  merited  captivity  of  ten  years,  from 
which  all  the  power  of  his  English  friends  could  not  re- 
lease him. 

The  prison  where  Owen  confined  his  captives  was  not 
far  from  his  house,  in  the  parish  of  Llansantfraid  Glyn- 
dwrdwy;  and  the  place  is  to  this  day  called  Carchardy 
Owen  Glyndwr dwy.  Some  remains  are  still  to  be  seen 
near-  the  church,  which  form  part  of  a  habitable  house. 
It  consists  of  a  room  thirteen  feet  square,  and  ten  and  a 
half  high.  The  sides  consist  of  three  horizontal  beams, 
with  upright  planks,  not  four  inches  asunder,  mortised 
into    them.     In   these   are    grooves    with   holes    in    the 

1  Dated  July  14th.     Rymer,  viii.  753. 


352  APPENDIX  VH. 

bottom,  as  if  there  had  been  originally  cross  bars,  or 
grates.  The  roof  is  exceedingly  strong,  composed  of 
strong  planks  almost  contiguous.  It  seems  as  if  there 
had  been  two  stories;  but  the  upper  part  at  present  is 
evidently  modern. 

It  is  singular,  that  the  government  did  not  take  advan- 
tage of  two  Welshmen  of  rank,  whom  they  had  this  year 
in  their  power,  and  whom  they  might  have  made  the 
price  of  the  liberty  of  their  partizan.  These  were  Rhys 
ap  Tudor  of  Penmynydd  in  Anglesey,  and  his  brother. 
Perhaps  they  were  taken  after  the  treaty  had  its  effect; 
perhaps  their  crimes  were  too  enormous  for  pardon:  but 
whatsoever  the  case  was,  they  were  both  conveyed  to 
Chester,  and  there  put  to  death. 

I  must  not  omit,  that  in  1410,  Henry  prince  of  Wales 
gave  a  free  pardon  to  certain  of  his  tenants  in  the  comot 
of  Coleshill,  in  the  county  of  Flintm,  for  the  share  they 
had  in  what  was  styled  the  rebellion  of  Glyndwr.  That 
county  was  much  divided  in  those  troubles.  Howel 
Gwynedd,  descended  from  .Edwin  lord  of  Tegengle,  a 
valiant  gentleman,  who  sided  with  our  chieftain,  was  in 
one  of  the  preceding  years  surprised  by  his  enemies  from 
the  town  of  Flint.  He  probably  was  posted  within  the 
trenches  of  Moel  y  Gaer,  in  the  parish  of  Northop;  on 
which  he  was,  without  process,  beheaded. 

*  Ilarleian  MSS.  N»  1999.  32. 


OF  OWEN  GLYNDWE.  353 

1413. 
Henry  died  in  the  beginning  of  this  year;  and  left  his 
youthful  successor  so  engaged  in  his  preparations  for  the 
conquest  of  France,  as  to  lose  all  thoughts  of  the  entire 
subjection  of  his  British  dominions.  Glyndwr  remained 
still  inaccessible;  but  was  so  closely  guarded,  as  to  cease 
to  be  tremendous.  The  Welsh  who  had  submitted,  now 
began  to  indulge  their  revenge  against  such  of  the  Eng- 
lish who  had  slain,  or  otherwise  injured,  any  of  their  re- 
lations or  friends  in  the  late  war.  This  revenue  was 
taken  by  various  kinds  of  distress  and  imprisonment,  till 
they  had  cleared  themselves  by  compurgation,  or  made 
some  satisfactory  agreement.  To  remedy  this,  Henry  the 
Vth,  in  his  first  year,  abolishes11  the  Assach,  or  oath  of 
300  men,  necessary,  according  to  the  custom  of  Wales,  to 
clear  a  person  accused  of  any  crime.  Before  that,  an  Eng- 
lishman was  liable  to  continue  in  jail  for  life,  as  it  seems 
impossible  for  one  of  that  hated  nation  to  procure  even  a 
far  less  number  of  compurgators  than  this  strange  law  re- 
quired for  his  acquittal.  Henry  made  the  attempt  penal, 
and  the  prosecutor  liable  to  an  imprisonment  of  two 
years,  to  pay  treble  damages,  and  to  pay  beside,  a  fine 
and  ranson  before  he  could  be  released. 

This  was  the  last  of  the  many  laws  enacted  against  the 
Welsh  on  occasion  of  this  insurrection.  They  were  cer- 
tainly very  severe;   yet,  perhaps,  no  more  than  what  any 

n  Statutes  at  Large,  liiifhead's  ed.  i.  484.  Par  un  Assacii  solonc  la  custume 
de  Gales  c'est  a  dire  par  la  serement  de  CCC  homines.  See  also  Leges  Wallica;, 
188.  tfc  seq. 

VOL.  III.  Y 


354  APPENDIX  VII. 

government  would  have  directed,  against  a  people  that 
had  submitted  to  conquest  near  a  hundred  and  twenty 
years,  and  who  were  considered  in  no  other  light  than 
that  of  rebellious  subjects. 

On  the  first  insurrection,  conciliatory  methods  were 
tried,  and  pardons  offered.  After  experience  of  the  little 
effect  these  had  on  the  minds  of  the  Welsh,  every  lenient 
step  was  laid  aside,  and  laws  of  a  very  severe  nature  were 
put  in  force  against  them. 

The  first  was  in  the  year  1400.  It  was  found  expedient 
to  prevent,  as  much  as  possible,  all  intercourse  between 
the  Welsh  and  English.  The  first  were  strongly  attached 
to  the  cause  of  Richard;  the  last  had  many  secret  favorers 
of  that  unhappy  prince  among  them.  There  appeared 
much  danger,  if  the  former  were  permitted  to  strengthen 
their  interest  in  England:  a  coalition  fatal  to  the  new 
government  was  apprehended.  As  a  preventative,  it  was 
enacted:  that  no  person  born  on  both  sides  of  Welsh 
parents  should  purchase  lands  or  tenements  near  any  of 
the  cities  or  towns  on  the  marches  of  Wales,  on  pain  of 
forfeiting  them  to  the  lord  paramount  where  such  estates 
lay:  that  no  Welshmen  should  be  received  into  any  cor- 
poration town;  and  if  they  had  been  settled  in  any  such 
before,  they  were  to  find  security  for  their  good  and  loyal 
behaviour;  they  were  to  be  totally  disqualified  from  any 
civil  office,  and  never  allowed  to  carry  any  weapons. 

In  case  any  Welshman  refused  to  restore  to  an  English- 
man the  cattle,  horses  or  the  like  (which  he  had  forcibly 


OF  OWEN  GLYNDWR.  355 

taken),  within  seven  days,  the  Englishman  was  allowed 
to  retaliate. 

So  little  trust  was  there  in  justice  from  our  country- 
men, that  it  was  enacted,  that  no  Englishman  should  be 
condemned  at  the  suit  of  a  Welshman,  unless  by  English 
justices,  or  English  burgesses. 

So  greatly  did  the  government  apprehend  the  seduc- 
tion of  English  loyalty  by  the  charms  of  our  countrymen, 
that  the  English  were  prohibited  from  marrying  with  a 
Welshwoman,  under  the  pain  of  being  disqualified  from 
holding  any  office  in  Wales. 

In  1402,  there  is  a  very  particular  statute,  intended  to 
remedy  the  mischiefs  resulting  from  some  customs  pecu- 
liar to  Wales.  This  directs,  that  mil  westour,  rymour, 
rninstrall,  ne  vacabond,  soit  aucunement  sustenuz  en  la 
terre  de  Gales,  par  fair •ekymorthas  ou  coillage  sur  le  com- 
mune people  illoeqes.  I  cannot  give  a  better  translation, 
than  that  in  the  observations  on  the  antient  statutes,  by 
my  esteemed  friend  the  honorable  Daines  Barrington  : 
which  is  to  this  purpose:  That  no  host0,  rhymer,  min- 
strel, or  other  vagabond,  should  presume  to  assemble  or 
collect  together. 

The  word  hjmhortha  is  mis-spelt  from  the  Welsh  cym- 
morth,  or  the  plural  cymmorthau,  assemblies  of  people  to 
assist  a  neighbor  in  any  work.     Such  are  very  frequently 

0  I  beg  leave  to  render  the  word  <vestour  differently;  it  seems  derived  from 
the  Wehh,  gwestwr,  which  signifies  a  person  who  kept  a  place  of  public  enter- 
tainment; and  such  a  place  was  very  proper  for  a  rendezvous  of  this  nature. 


356  APPENDIX  VII. 

in  use  at  present.  There  are  cymmorthau  for  spinning; 
for  works  of  husbandry;  for  coal-carriage.  But  at  this, 
time,  these  meetings  were  mere  pretences;  and  their  end 
was  the  collecting  a  sufficient  number  of  able-bodied  men 
to  make  an  insurrection.  Of  such  a  nature,  in  old  times, 
were  the  hunting-matches  in  Scotland.  The  legislature 
in  that  part  of  Great  Britain  found  the  evils  resulting 
from  them,  and  at  length  suppressed  them  by  a  law. 

But  cymmorthau  of  our  countrymen  were  at  this  period 
of  a  most  tremendous  nature.  They  were  composed  of 
men  the  most  dreaded  by  tyrants  and  usurpers;  of  Bards, 
who  animated  our  nation,  by  recalling  to  mind  the  great 
exploits  of  our  ancestors,  their  struggles  for  liberty,  their 
successful  contests  with  the  Saxon  and  Norman  race  for 
upwards  of  eight  centuries.  They  rehearsed  the  cruelty 
of  their  antagonists,  and  did  not  forget  the  savage  policy 
of  the  first  Edward  to  their  proscribed  brethren.  They 
brought  before  their  countrymen  the  remembrance  of  an- 
tient  prophecies.  They  shewed  to  them  the  hero  Glyn- 
dwr,  descended  from  the  antient  race  of  our  princes;  and 
pronounced,  that  in  him  was  to  be  expected  the  comple- 
tion of  every  prediction  of  our  oracular  Merlin.  The 
band  of  minstrels  now  struck  up;  the  harp,  the  crwth,. 
and  the  pipe,  filled  the  measure  of  enthusiasm  which  the 
others  had  begun  to  inspire.  They  rushed  to  battle,  fear- 
less of  events,  like  their  great  ancestry,  moved  by  the 
Druids  songs;  and  scorned  death,  which  conferred  im- 
mortality in  reward  of  their  valor. 


OF  OWEN  GLYNDWE.  357 

lade  ruendi 
la  ferrura  meas  proaa  viris,  auimaxmae  capaces 
Mortis,  et  ignavuni  est  redituraa  parcere  vitee. 


Lucan. 


Hence  they  no  cares  for  this  frail  being  feel, 
But  rush  undaunted  on  the  pointed  steel : 
Provoke  approaching  fate,  and  bravely  scorn 
To  spare  that  life  which  must  so  soon  return. 


Rowe. 


We  find  that  Glyndwr  maintained  his  situation  for  two 
years  longer.     In  1415,  his  affairs  bore  so  respectable  an 
aspect,  that  the  king  condescended  to  enter  into  a  treaty 
with,  him;  and  for  that  purpose  deputed,  from  the  castle 
at  Porchesterp,  Sir  Gilbert  Talbot,  with  full  powers  to  ne- 
gotiate with  Owen,  and  even  to  offer  him  and  his  followers 
a  free  pardon,    in  case  they  should  request  it.      Some 
writers  say,  that  this  grace  was  obtained  by  the  media- 
tion of  David  Holbetch,  deputy  steward  of  the  lordships 
•of  Bromjield  and  Yale.     The  event  of  this  affair  does  not 
appear.     It  is  probable  that  it  was  interrupted  by  the 
death  of  our  hero,  which  happened  on  the  20th  of  Septem- 
ber, on  the  eve  of  St.  Matthew,  in  the  sixty-first  year  of 
his  age,  at  the  house  of  one  of  his  daughters;    whether 
that  of  his  daughter  Scudamore  or  Monnington,  is  uncer- 
tain;   but,  according  to  the  tradition  of  the   county  of 
Hereford,  it  may  be  supposed  to  have  been  at  that  of  the 
last.     It  is  said,  that  he  was  buried  in  the  church-yard  of 
Monnington;  but  there  is  no  monument,  nor  any  memorial 
of  the  spot  that  contains  his  remains. 

p  The  writ  is  dated  July  5th.     Jtymer,  ix.  283. 


358  APPENDIX  VIL 

Both  the  printed  histories,  and  the  manuscript  accounts, 
represent  his  latter  end  to  have  been  very  miserable;, 
they  state  that  he  wandered  from  place  to  place  in  the 
habit  of  a  shepherd,  in  a  low  and  forlorn  condition;  and 
that  he  was  even  forced  to  take  shelter  in  caves  and  de- 
sert places,  from  the  fury  of  his  enemies'1.  This  does  not 
wear  the  face  of  probability;  for,  had  his  situation  been  so 
deplorable,  majesty  would  never  have  condescended  to 
propose  terms  to  such  a  scourge  as  Glyndwr  had  been  to* 
his  kingdom.  His  retreat,  and  the  distresses  he  under- 
went, were  probably  after  the  battle  of  Pwll  Melyn  in 
1405,  from  which  he  quickly  emerged.  Death  alone  de- 
prived Owen  of  the  glory  of  accepting  an  offered  accom- 
modation. The  treaty  was  renewed  by  the  same  minister,, 
on  the  24th  of  February  141G,  with  Meredydd  ap  Oiven, 
the  son  of  Glyndwr;  which  it  is  to  be  supposed  took 
effect,  and  peace  was  restored  to  England,  after  an  in- 
decisive struggle  of  more  than  fifteen  years.  Our  chief1 
tain  died  unsubdued;  unfortunate  only  in  foreseeing  a 
second  subjugation  of  his  country,  after  the  loss  of  the 
great  supporter  of  its  independency. 

i  Itymer,  ix.  330. 


CAPITULATION  OF  DENBIGH  CASTLE.  359 

N°  VIII. 

CAPITULATION    OF    DENBIGH   CASTLE. 

Vol.  ii.  p.  158. 

Articles  of  agreem1  concluded  and  agreed  vppon  the  four- 
teenth day  of  Octob.  1646,  by  and  betweene  Luitenant 
Coll.  Mason,  L*  Coll.  Twisleton,  Simon  Thelwall,  Esq ; 
Roger  Hanmer,  Esq;  Thomas  Edwards,  Esq;  Cap* 
Robert  Farrar,  and  Nathaniell  Bamett,  Clerke,  com- 
mission1'8 appoynted  by  Generall  Mitton,  on  ye  one  ptie; 
L.  Coll.  Griffith,  L.  Coll.  Wynne,  Major  Manley,  Major 
Reynolds,  John  Eaton,  Esq;  John  Thellwall,  Esq;  Ken- 
ricke  Eaton,  Esq;  com1"3  appoynted  by  Coll.  William 
Salusbury,  goumor  of  the  towne  and  castle  of  Denbigh, 
on  thother  party;  for,  touchinge,  and  concerninge  yc 
surrender  of  the  s'J  towne  and  castle,  as  ffolloweth : 

1.  That  the  towne  and  castle  of  Denbighe,  wth  all  yc 
ordinance,  armes,  amunito,  and  ^visions  of  war,  wth  all 
magazines  and  stoores  therevnto  belonginge;  as  allsoe  all 
goodes,  money,  plate,  and  householdstuffe,  of  w*  kind 
soeur,  belonging  to  any  pson  or  persons  whatsoeuer,  ex- 
cept such  as  bee  allowed  in  the  ensuinge  articles,  shall 
be  deliuered  to  Generall  Mitton,  or  whom  he  shall  ap- 
poynt,  wthout  any  willfull  spoyle  or  embezelm1,  vpon  the 
27  day  of  this  instant  Octob.  for  ye  service  of  y°  plim1. 

2.  That  Coll.  William  Salusbury,  gouernr  of  y°  towne  and 
castle  of  Denbigh,  wth  his  servants,  and  all  that  to  him  be- 
longs, and  all  officers  and  souldiers  of  horse  and  foote,  as  well 


3C0  APPENDIX  VIII. 

reformed  officers  and  volunteere  souldiers  as  others,  and  all 
other  officers  wth  there  servants,  and  all  y*  apptaynes  to 
them,  shall  march  out  of  the  towne  and  castle  of  Denbigh, 
wth  there  horses,  and  armes  proportionable  to  there  prsent 
or  past  comands,  flying  colours,  drums  beatinge,  matches 
light  at  both  ends,  bullet  in  the  mouth;  eury  souldier  to 
have  12  chardges  of  powder,  match  and  bullet  ^portiona- 
ble,  wth  bag  and  baggage  pporly  to  them  belonginge ;  and 
all  psons  of  quality,  clergymen,  and  gentlemen,  wth  there 
servants,  horses,  and  armes,  in  like  manner  wth  bag  and 
bagage,  and  all  goods  to  them  pporly  belonginge,  to  any 
place  withn  x  miles,  such  as  the  gou'nor  shall  make  choyce 
of;  where,  in  regard  ye  kinge  hath  noe  army  in  the  field, 
or  garrison  vnbeseidged,  to  march  to,  the  comon  souldiers 
shall  lay  downe  there  armes  (there  swords  excepted): 
wch  armes,  soe  layed  downe,  shall  be  deliuered  vp  to  such 
as  Generall  Mytton  shall  appoynt  to  receaue  them. 

3.  That  all  officers  and  souldiers,  as  well  reformed  as 
others,  and  all  other  the  p>sons  aforesaid,  who  shall  desire 
to  goe  to  there  homes  or  ffrinds,  shall  have  ye  generalls 
passe  and  ptextion  for  the  peaceable  repaire  to,  and  aboade 
at  ye  seuerall  places  they  shall  soe  desire  to  goe  into;  and 
such  of  them  as  shall  desire  it,  shall  haue  free  gter  al- 
lowed them  in  all  there  march  from  Denbigh  to  those 
seu'all  places,  they  marching  6  miles  a  day,  and  stayinge 
but  one  night  in  a  place;  the  officers,  as  well  reformed  as 
others,  wth  equipage  of  horses,  and  compleate  armes,  an- 
swerable to  there  prsent  or  past  comands;  ye  psons  of 
quality,  clergymen,  and  gentlemen,  wth  there  servaunts, 


CAPITULATION  OF  DENBIGH  CASTLE.  361 

horses,  and  armes;  and  comon  troopers  wth  there  horses 
and  swords;  and  all  to  passe  wth  bag  and  bagage,  as 
aforesd;  and  yfc  it  shall  be  noe  prjudice  to  any  of  there 
ffrinds  for  receavinge  or  intertainur*  of  any  of  them;  and 
j*  all  officers  and  souldiers,  who  shall  desire  to  take  inter- 
taynm1  for  any  foreigne  kingdome  or  estate,  shall  have 
free  ^ter  allowed  them  for  40  dayes,  from  there  march 
out  of  Denhighe,  they  marchinge  6  miles  a  day,  and  stay- 
inge  but  one  night  in  a  place,  as  aforesd;  and  shall  haue 
passes  for  officers  and  there  servants,  wth  there  horses  and 
armes,  to  goe  and  treate  wth  any  foreigne  embassedor  or 
agent,  for  entertainm*;  and  all  of  them  to  haue  passes  to 
march,  the  officers  wth  there  compleate  armes,  and  horses 
jpportionable  to  there  prsent  or  past  comands;  and  the 
comon  souldiers  wth  there  swords  only,  and  all  wth  bag 
and  bagage,  to  any  convenient  port  of  this  kingdome,  to 
be  transported;  and  the  gournr  of  such  port  or  garrison, 
or  gouernr  next  adjoyninge,  shall  take  care  for  there  safty 
duringe  there  aboade  there  and  vntill  shippinge  can  be 
pvided,  and  weather  seasonable,  they  payinge  for  there 
^ter  after  the  s'1  forty  days  expired;  and  shall  assist  them 
for  |)curinge  vessels  for  there  transportance,  at  the  vsual 
rates  accustomed  for  fright;  and  noe  oathes  or  engagem1* 
whatsoeuer,  duringe  their  s'1  stay,  or  at  there  transporta- 
tion, be  imposed  vppon  them,  savinge  an  engagem*  by 
jomise  not  to  doe  any  prjudiciall  to  the  parliamt. 

4.  That  the  gournor  and  officers,  and  all  others  wthin 
the  sd  garrison,  shall  be  allowed,  and  assisted  in  pcuringe 
a  sufficient  number  of  carts,   teams,    and  other  necessa- 


3G2  APPENDIX  VIII. 

ries,  for  the  caringe  away  of  the  goods  allowed  them  by 
these  articles,  at  any  tyme  wthin  4  dayes,  besides  Sonday, 
before  the  surrender  of  the  garrison,  and  for  the  space  of 
2  monthes  after,  to  there  seuerall  houses:  provided  it  be 
to  any  place  wthin  the  generalls  quarters. 

5.  That  noe  gentleman,  clergyman,  officers,  or  souldiers, 
nor  any  other  pson  or  psons  whatsoeur,  comprized  wthin 
this  capitulation,  shall  be  reproached,  or  haue  any  dis- 
gracefull  speeches  or  affronts  offered  to  them,  or  be  stop- 
ped, plundered,  or  injured  in  there  march,  rendevouz, 
</ters,  journey es,  or  places  of  aboade;  if  any  such  thing 
shall  befall,  satisfan  to  be  given  at  the  judgin'  of  2  or 
more  of  ye  comrs,  they  beinge  equall  in  number  of  each 
party;  nor  shall  the  psons  afores(l,  nor  any  of  them,  be 
entised  or  compelled  to  take  vp  armes  agst  the  kinge,  nor 
be  imprisoned,  restrained,  sued,  impleaded,  or  molested 
for  any  matter  or  cause  w^oeu1,  before  the  surrending  of 
this  garison,  be  it  publique  or  priuate  interest,  duringe 
the  space  of  6  monthes,  after  the  rendringe  hereof,  they 
doinge  nothinge  prjudiciall  to  the  parliam*.  And  if  any 
officer,  souldier,  or  psons  w^oeuer,  be  sicke  or  wounded, 
soe  that  they  cannot  at  psent  enjoy  the  benefitt  of  these 
articles,  y1  such  shall  haue  libertie  to  stay  at  Denbighe 
vntill  they  be  recouered,  and  fitt  accomodato  and  subsis- 
tance  shall  be  pvided  for  them  duringe  there  stay  there; 
and  then  to  enjoy  the  benefitt  of  these  articles. 

6.  That  the  clergymen  now  in  the  garrison,  who  shall 
not,  vppon  composition,  or  otherwise,  be  restored  to  the 
church  livinges,  shall  haue  liberty  and  passes  to  goe  to 


CAPITULATION  OF  DENBIGH  CASTLE.  365 

London,  to  obtayne  some  fittinge  allowance  for  the  liuely- 
hood  of  themselues  and  families. 

7.  That  these  articles  shall  extend  to  the  vse  and  be- 
nefitt  of  strangers,  of  any  foreigne  kingdome  or  state,  re- 
siding wthin  this  garrison,  together  wth  there  wiues, 
children,  servants,  horses,  armes,  and  bag  and  bagage,  as 
is  allowed  in  the  precedinge  articles. 

8.  That  the  aldermen,  bayliffes,  burgesses,  and  all 
other  psons  y*  are  pp\j  members  of  the  corporation  of 
Denbigh,  shall  continue  and  enjoy  there  ancient  gouernm1, 
charters,  customes,  ffranchises,  liberties,  lands,  goods, 
debts,  and  all  things  els,  wch  belonge  vnto  them  as  a  cor- 
poration, subordinate  to  the  imediate  authority  and  power 
of  parliam*;  and  shall  not  be  molested,  or  questioned,  by 
colour  of  any  thinge  done  or  ordered  by  them  in  the  capa- 
citie  of  a  corporation,  before  the  rendringe  of  this  garrison, 
relatinge  to  the  differences  betweene  his  matie  and  the 
parliam*.  And  y*  noe  officer  or  member  of  the  sd  corpo- 
rato,  or  other  inhabitant  of  the  towne  of  Denbigc,  or  li- 
berties thereof,  shall  be  troubled  or  questioned  for  takinge 
vp  armes,  duringe  the  tyme  it  was  a  garrison,  for  the  de- 
fence thereof. 

9.  That  all  the  sd  persons,  who  haue  there  dwellinge 
houses  and  families  wthin  the  garrison,  shall  continue  in 
there  houses  and  dwellings,  and  enjoy  there  household 
stuffe,  all  there  owne  priuate  stoore  pply  to  them  belong- 
inge,  and  all  other  there  goods  and  2?visions  w^oeue1"  (ex- 
cept armes  and  amunito  as  before  is  excepted)  or  remoue 


3C4  APPENDIX  VIII. 

wth  there  sd  goods  and  ^vision  out  of  the  garrison,  at 
there  choyce  and  election;  provided  y*  this  extend  not  to 
any  who  haue  houses  and  families  wthin  ye  inward  ward, 
but  that  they  remoue  there  habitations  wthin  14  dayes 
after  the  surrending  of  the  sd  castle:  and  haue  libertie  to 
carry  all  there  goods  and  ^visions,  to  them  proply  be- 
longinge,  alonge  wth  them,  they  dooinge  nothinge  hereaf- 
ter prjudiciall  to  ye  parliam\ 

10.  That  the  townsmen,  and  the  rest  of  the  inhabitants 
of  the  towne,  shall  be  charged  wth  noe  free  qber  further 
than  the  rest  of  the  countrey,  and  then  but  in  a  propor- 
tionable way:  and  yfc  the  distribution  of  raters  shall  be 
wth  the  advise  of  the  baliffes. 

11.  That  all  those  £>sons  comprized  wthin  these  articles, 
who  are  resolued  to  goe  beyond  seas,  shall  haue  libertie 
to  haue  and  dispose  of  there  goods  and  moueables  allowed 
by  these  articles,  wthin  the  space  of  6  monthes  after  the 
surrendringe  of  the  garrison,  and  to  depart  the  kingdome, 
if  they  shall  thinke  fitt;  and  that  during  the  sd  space 
they  shall  be  free  from  all  oathes,  ingagements,  and  moles- 
tation (except  an  engagem*  by  promise,  not  to  bear  armes 
agst  the  parliam1",  nor  willfully  doe  any  thing  prjudiciall  to 
there  affaires). 

12.  That  noe  pson  or  psons  included  wthin  these  articles, 
shall  be  molested  or  questioned  for  any  one  thinge  sd  or 
donn  in  or  concerninge  this  war,  or  relating  to  the  vn- 
happy  differences  betweene  his  matie  and  ye  parliam*. 

13.  That  Major  Generall  Mijtton  allow  the  gournor,  for 


CAPITULATION  OF  DENBIGH  CASTLE.  365 

his  prsent  subsistance,  soe  much  of  his  owne  pp  corne, 
graine,  and  p vision,  as  he  shall  conceaae  expedient,  now 
wthin  the  castle,  by  reason  all  his  estate  at  prsent  is  seized 
vppon,  and  imployed  to  the  vse  of  the  state. 

14.  That  if  any  of  these  articles  shall  in  any  poynt  be 
brooken  or  violated  by  any  2^son  or  psons  what  soe  a1'  wthin 
the  garrison,  or  comprised  wthin  the  capitulan,  the  fault 
and  punishm*  shall  be  vpon  him  or  them  only  who  made 
the  violation,  and  not  imputed  to,  nor  chardged  vppon, 
any  other  not  assent  inge  there vnto,  or  not  an  actor  in  it. 

15.  That  all  persons  comprized  wtLin  these  articles 
shall,  vppon  request,  haue  a  certificate  vnder  the  hand  o^ 
Generall  Mytton,  that  such  psons  were  in  the  garrison  at 
the  tyme  of  the  surrender  thereof,  and  are  to  have  ye  be- 
nefit of  these  articles. 

16.  That  the  gournor  and  others  in  Denbigh  castle,  af- 
ter surrender  thereof,  shall  haue  the  liberty  to  compound 
for  there  delinquencyes,  at  such  rates  as  if  they  had  come 
before  the  first  of  December  last;  and  y*  this  libertie  shall 
extend  to  all  but  such  as  beinge  vnder  the  first  and  2d  ex- 
ception, are  exempted  from  pardon :  This  is  voted  by  par- 
Ham1. 

COPPIES    OF    HIS   MAJESTY'S    LETTERS   p. 

CHARLES  R. 

Whereas  we  have  resolved  to  comply  with  the  desires 
of  our  parliament,  in  every  thing  which  may  be  for  the 
good  of  our  subjects,  and  leave  no  means  un-assayed  for 


3GG  APPENDIX  VIII. 

removing  all  difference  betwixt  us:  Therefore  we  have 
thought  fit,  the  more  to  evidence  the  loyalty  of  our  in- 
tentions of  settling  a  happy  and  firm  peace,  to  authorise 
you,  upon  honorable  conditions,  to  quit  and  surrender  the 
castle  of  .Denbigh,  entrusted  to  you  by  us,  and  disband 
all  the  forces  under  your  command :  for  your  so  doing, 
this  shall  be  your  warrant.  Given  at  Newcastle,  the  14th 
.of  September,  1646. 

To  our  trusty  and  well-beloved  Colonel  William  Salus- 
bury,  governor  of  the  castle  of  Denbigh. 


A  Coppy  of  the  private  Letter  which  his  Majesty  sent 

to  the  Governor. 

Newcastle,  13th  of  September  1646. 

Colonel  Salusbury,  I  heartily  thank  you  for  your 
loyal  constancy.  I  assure  you,  that  whensoever  it  shall 
please  God  to  enable  me  to  shew  my  thankfullness  to 
my  friends,  I  will  particularly  remember  you.  As  for 
your  answer,  I  referr  it  to  the  messenger,  to  whom  I  have 
clearly  declared  my  mind. — Commend  me  to  all  my 
friends.      So  I  rest, 

Your  most  assured  friend, 

CHARLES R. 


ORIGIN  OF  SHERIFFS  MEN\  367 

NUIX. 

ORIGIN    OF    SHERIFF'S    MEN    IN    NORTH    WALES. 

Vol.  ii.  p.  226. 

[Corsegeddol  MS.] 

J  EVAN,  alias  John  ap  Gruff udd  ap  Madog,  lived  in 
great  credit  and  esteem  in  the  days  of  Edward  III ;  who 
gave  him  an  annual  stipend  for  guarding  and  conducting 
of  the  justice  of  North  Wales,  with  a  company  of  archers, 
whilst  he  should  sojourn  and  stay  in  the  county  of  Meir- 
ionedd.     This  was    occasioned  by   the    people  of  North 
Wales,    (being   unacquainted,    in  those   days,    with    the 
English  government)  did  often  transgress;   and  the  jus- 
tices, for  the  reducing  them  to  obedience,  were  driven  to 
use  severity;  which  incensed  people  sometimes  to  use  vio- 
lence against  their  justices:  as  in  South  Wales,  Geoffry 
Clement,  justice  of  that  country,  was  killed  at  Buelt;  and 
W.  Sutton,  in  North  Wales.     Afterwards  the  sheriffs  of 
the  counties  were  enjoined  to  meet  the  justice  at  his  en- 
trance into  the  county,  and  to  guard  and  conduct  him  to 
the  utmost  bound  of  the  county;  where  the  sheriff  of  the 
next  county  did  receive  him. 


3G8  APPENDIX  X. 


N°X. 


7 


SIR  JOHN  WYNNE  OF  GWEDIR  S  INSTRUCTIONS  TO  HIS  CHAP- 
LAIN,   JOHN    PRICE,    HOW    TO    GOVERN    HIMSELF    IN    HIS 

service.      Vol.  ii.  p.  299. 

First.  You  shall  have  the  chamber,  I  shewed  you  in  my 
gate,  private  to  yourself,  with  lock,  and  key,  and  all  ne- 
cessaries. 

In  the  morning  I  expect  you  should  rise,  and  say 
prayers  in  my  hall  to  my  household  below,  before  they  go 
to  work,  and  when  they  come  in  at  nygt— that  you  call 
before  you  all  the  workmen,  specially  the  yowth,  and  take 
accompt  of  them  of  their  belief,  and  of  what  Sir  Meredith 
taught  them.  I  beg  you  to  continue  for  the  more  part 
in  the  lower  house :  you  are  to  have  onlye  what  is  done 
there,  that  you  may  inform  me  of  any  misorder  there. 
There  is  a  baylyf  of  husbandry,  and  a  porter,  who  will  be 
comanded  by  you. 

The  morninge  after  you  be  up,  and  have  said  prayers, 
as  afore,  I  wod  you  to  bestow  in  study,  or  any  commend, 
able  exercise  of  your  body. 

Before  dinner  you  are  to  com  up  and  attend  grace,  or 
prayers  if  there  be  any  publicke;  and  to  set  up,  if  there 
be  not  greater  strangers,  above  the  chyldren — who  you 
are  to  teach  in  your  own  chamber. 

When  the  table,  from  half  downwards,  is  taken  up,  then 
are  you  to  rise,  and  to  walk  in  the  alleys  near  at  hand, 
until  grace  time;  and  to  come  in  then  for  that  purpose. 


SIR  JOHN  WYNN'S  INSTRUCTIONS.  369 

After  dinner,  if  I  be  busy,  you  may  go  to  bowles,  shu- 
ffel  bord,  or  any  other  honest  decent  recreation,  until  I  go 
abroad.  If  you  see  me  voyd  of  business,  and  go  to  ride 
abroad,  you  shall  command  a  gelding  to  be  made  ready 
by  the  grooms  of  the  stable,  and  to  go  with  me.  If  I  go 
to  bowles,  or  shuffel  bord,  I  shall  lyke  of  your  company, 
if  the  place  be  not  made  up  with  strangers. 

I  wold  have  you  go  every  Sunday  in  the  year  to  some 
church  hereabouts,  to  preache,  giving  warnynge  to  the 
parish  to  bring  the  yowths  at  after  noon  to  the  church  to 
be  catekysed;  in  which  poynt  is  my  greatest  care  that 
you  be  paynfull  and  dylygent. 

Avoyd  the  alehowse,  to  sytt  and  keepe  drunkards  com- 
pany ther,  being  the  greatest  discredit  your  function  can 
have. 


N°  XL 

INVENTORY  OF  SIR  JOHN  WYNN's  WARDROBE. 

Vol.  ii.  p.  299. 

A  noate  of  all  my  clothes:   taken  the  eleventh  day  of 

June,  16 16. 

IMPRIMIS,  i  tawnie  klothe  cloake,  lined  thoroughe  with 
blacke  velvett;  one  other  black  cloake  of  clothe,  lined 
thouroughe  with  blacke  velvett;  another  blacke  cloake  of 
velvett,  lined  with  blacke  taffeta. 

VOL.  III.  z 


370  APPENDIX  XI. 

Item,  ii  ridinge  coates  of  the  same  colour,  laced  with 
silke  and  golde  lace;  i  hood  and  basses  of  the  same;  one 
other  olde  paire  of  basses. 

Item,  iiblacke  velvett  jerkins;  two  clothe  jerkins  laced 
with  goulde  lace,  of  the  same  colour. 

Item.  One  white  satten  doublett,  and  blacke  satten 
breeches;  one  silke  grogram  coloured  suite;  and  one  suite 
of  blacke  satten  cutt,  that  came  the  same  time  from 
London. 

Item.  One  other  blacke  satten  suite  cutt;  and  one 
blacke  satten  doublett,  with  a  wroughte  velvett  breeches. 

Item.  One  leather  doublett,  laced  with  blacke  silke  lace; 
one  suite  of  Pteropus,  laced  with  silke  and  golde  lace ;  an- 
other suite  of  Pteropus,  laced  with  greene  silke  lace. 

Item.  One  old  blacke  silke  grogram  suite  cutt;  two 
blacke  frise  jerkins. 

Item.  One  blacke  velvett  coate  for  a  footman. 

Item.  One  redd  quilte  waskoote. 

Item,  ij  pare  of  olde  boothose,  toppes,  lined  with  velvett 
in  the  topps. 

Item,  ij  pare  of  blacke  silk  stockins;  and  two  pare  of 
blacke  silke  garters,  laced. 

Item.  One  pare  of  perle  colour  silke  stockins ;  one  pare 
of  white  Siterop  stockins;  three  pare  of  wosted  stockins. 

Item,  ij  girdles,  and  one  hanger,  wroughte  with  golde : 
one  also  blacke  velvett  girdle;  one  blacke  cipres  scarfe. 


SIR  JOHN  WYNN'S  WARDROBE.  371 

Item.  Nine  black  felte  hattes,  whereof  fowre  bee  mens 
hattes;  and  five  cipres  hatbands. 

Item.  One  guilte  rapier  and  dagger,  and  one  ridinge 
sworde  with  a  scarfe,  with  velvet  scabbards. 
Item,  ij  pare  of  Spanishe  leather  shooes. 
Item.  One  russett  frise  jerkin. 

Item.  Two  pare  of  leather  Yamosioes,  and  one  of  clothe. 
Item,  ij  pare  of  white  boots;  one  pare  of  russet  boots. 

Item,  iij  pare  of  newe  blacke  boots,  and  five  pare  of 
old  blacke  boots. 

Item,  ij  pare  of  damaske  spurres,  iii  pare  of  guilte 
spurres(1). 


N°  XII. 

INSCRIPTION  ON  A  MONUMENT  OF  THE   GWEDIR    FAMILY,   IN 
LLANRWST  CHURCH.      Vol.  ii.  p.  o03. 

This  Chappel  was  erected  Anno  Domini  1633. 
By  Sr  Richard  Wynne  of  Gwydir,  in  the  county  of  Caer- 
narvon, Knight  and  Barronet,  treasurer  to  the  high  and 
mighty  Princess  Henrieta  Maria,  queen  of  England, 
daughter  to  King  Henry  the  fourth,  king  of  France,  and 
wife  to  our  soveraign  king  Charles.     Where  lieth  buried 

(l)  "The  words  Ptcropus,  Siterop,  and  Yamosioes,  were  scarcely  legible  in 
the  MS. ;  nor  could  any  explanation  be  obtained  about  them :  they  are 
therefore  printed  as  nearly  as  possible  to  the  writing."  Note  iu  the  errata  to 
the  edition  of  1784. 


372  APPENDIX  XII. 

his  father,  Sr  John  Wynn  of  Gwidir,  in  the  county  of 
Caernarvon,  Knight  and  Baronet,  son  and  heyre  to  Mau- 
rice Wynne,  son  and  heyre  to  John  Wynne,  son  and  heyre 
to  Meredith;  which  three  lieth  buried  in  the  church  of 
Dolwyddelan,  with  tombs  over  them.  This  Meredith  was 
son  and  heyre  to  Evan,  son  and  heyre  to  Robert,  son  and 
heyre  to  Griffith,  son  and  heyre  to  Carradock,  son  and 
heyre  to  Thomas,  son  and  heyre  to  Roderick  lord  of  An- 
gleasy,  son  to  Owen  Givyncdd,  prince  of  Wales,  and 
younger  brother  to  David  prince  of  Wales;  who  married 
Erne  Plantageinet,  sister  to  King  Henry  the  second. 
There  succeeded  this  David  three  princes:  his  nephew 
Leolinus  Magnus,  who  married  Jone,  daughter  to  King 
John;  David  his  son,  nephew  to  King  Henery  the  third; 
and  Leoline,  the  last  prince  of  Wales  of  that  house  and 
line,  who  lived  in  King  Edivard  the  first's  time.  Sr  John 
Wynne  married  Sydney,  who  lieth  buried  here,  the  daugh- 
ter of  Sr  William  Gerrard,  Knight,  lord  chancellour  of 
Ireland;  by  whom  he  had  issue,  Sr  John  Wynne,  who 
died  at  Lucca,  in  Italy;  Sr  Richard  Wynne,  now  liveing ; 
Thomas  Wynne,  who  lieth  here;  Oiven  Wynne,  now  live- 
ing; Robert  Wynne,  who  lieth  here;  Roger  Wynne,  who 
lieth  here;  William  Wynne,  now  liveing;  Maurice  Wynne, 
now  liveing;  Ellis  Wynne,  who  lieth  buried  att  Whitford, 
in  the  county  of  Flint;  Henry  Wynne,  now  liveing;  Roger 
Wynne,  who  lieth  here:  and  two  daughters;  Mary,  now 
liveing,  married  to  Sr  Roger  Mostyn,  in  the  county  of 
Flint,  Knight;  and  Elizabeth,  now  liveing,  married  to  S1' 
John  Bodvil,  in  the  county  of  Caernarvon,  Knight. 


SIR  JOHN  WYNN'S  LETTERS.  375 

N°  XIII. 
sie  john  wynn's  letters.     Vol  ii.  p.  304. 

Letter  from  the  Bourbonoisse  to  his  Father,  dated  1st 
April,  1614,  giving  an  Account  of  the  Discontents  in 
France  in  the  beginning  of  the  Reign  of  Louis  XIII. 

My  humble  duty  premised — Our  embassador  being  re- 
turned to  England,  and  my  acquaintance  in  Paris  retyred 
with  him;  I  am  uncertayn  where  to  dyrect  my  Ires,  that 
I  may  be  assured  they  may  come  to  hand. 

This  state  of  France  is  in  division  with  ytselfe;  for  cer- 
tain of  the  princes  are  discontentedly  retyred  to  their 
governments;  where  they  fortify  themselves  in  the 
strongest  cytties.  Those  of  them  who  want  place  of  im- 
portance in  their  own  countrey,  joyn  with  the  rest  to 
make  good  the  hould  they  fynd  fitt  to  make  resistance : 
and  so  many  are  joyned  togeather  in  Champaigne,  being 
the  government  of  the  duke  of  Nevers,  who  also  is  one  of 
the  number.  But  the  chiefe  of  all  is  the  prince  of  Conde, 
with  whom  also  is  the  duke  of  Vendosme,  bastard  son  to 
the  late  king  of  France;  who  not  long  since  was  commit- 
ted to  pry  son;  but  finding  that  opportunite  to  shift  him 
self  into  the  habit  of  a  scullion,  he  escaped,  and  put  him- 
selfe  into  the  companie  of  the  malecontents,  being  in  num- 
ber about  six  or  7  dukes,  besides  others,  asssmbled 
togeather,  upon  there  garde,  in  the  cytty  of  Misiers  and 
Cedan,  upon  the  borders  of  the  Low  Countreys,  being 
frontyre  towns   of   Champaign.     Whence  the   prince  of 


371  APPENDIX  XIII. 

Conde  writt  to  the  king  and  queen,  shewing  the  cause  of 
his  retyrednes,  so  far  as  touched  himselfe,  being,  as  he 
sayed,  out  of  the  care  he  had  of  the  king  and  kingdome,  to 
reform  the  one,  and  give  contentment  to  the  other;  which 
could  not  be  don  without  the  assembly  of  the  states, 
which  he  earnestly  desired,  principally  to  abridge  the  ex- 
tream  taxations  of  the  subjects;  to  purge  the  kingdome 
of  the  unnecessarie  offices,  who  served  to  no  other  use  than 
to  impoverish  the  people;  and  withall  to  forbear  to  pro- 
ceed in  the  marriadge  between  France  and  Spayn,  untyll 
the  assembly  of  the  estates  wear  dissolved,  least  any 
t hinge  should  be  concluded  to  the  pjudice  of  those  of  the 
reformed  religion.  The  Ire  was  well  written,  and  carried 
with  y t  a  shewe  of  great  good  to  the  comon  wealth ;  but 
the  people  are  so  fearfull  of  the  name  of  civil  warre,  that 
very  fewe  stirr  of  the  parte  of  the  princes.  It  is  very 
true  that  the  prince  of  Conde  was  drawn  into  the  number 
by  some  other  of  the  dukes,  and  not  out  of  any  just  cause 
that  he  hath  of  discontent,  more  than  for  the  love  of  some 
of  them  who  he  wod  protect. 

Ther  ys  watch  and  ward  in  all  towns,  and  good  order 
for  provision  of  arms,  whereof  ther  ys  no  want  in  these 
partes. 

The  queen  maketh  great  preparation  to  go  to  meete  the 
king  of  Spayn,  to  conclude  the  marriage,  notwithstand- 
inge  the  distaste  the  princes  have  of  that  proceedinge. 

The  report  hear  ys,  that  the  princes  will  submit  them- 
selves to  the  kings  mercie,  and  will  offer  themselves  to 


SIR  JOHN  WYNN'S  LETTERS.  375 

attende  the  kinge  to  his  marriage:  but  how  that  will 
prove,  ys  uncertain:  for  they  fortifie  themselves  daylie; 
and  while  they  speake  of  peace,  they  prepare  for  warre. 
But  that  wch  will  turn  to  there  mischiefe  ys  the  want  of 
money,  wch  all  knowe;  otherwise  they  are  well  seated  to  do 
the  kinge  a  shrewd  turne.  These  sturrs  in  France  causeth 
the  kingdome  to  be  more  difficult  for  travaile,  and  ina- 
keth  many  strangers  remove  to  other  countreys;  myself 
amonge  the  rest  am  resolved  of  my  remove,  with  as 
much  speed  as  I  may,  to  Savoy,  and  so  to  Piemont,  and 
to  see  some  part  of  Lombardie,  before  the  extreamitie  of 
the  heate.  I  have  continued  here  in  Burbonnoise  to  ex- 
ercise myself  to  ride,  whereto  I  have  applyed  myselfe 
among  the  best-natured  people  of  the  world.  God  con- 
tynewe  you  your  health,  and  make  my  return  as  happy 
as  you  desire!     I  rest  your  obedient  son, 

JOHN  WYNN. 
1st  Aprilis  1G14. 


His  next  Lre  is  dated  2G  April  1G14,  from  Marseilles; 
and  directed  to  his  Father. 

My  humble  duty  remembered — 

Sythence  the  writinge  of  my  last,  I  removed  from  the 
place  where  I  was  to  Lyons,  being  30  leagues  of  Burbon- 
noise. Before  I  set  foorth,  I  ridd  to  the  Bath,  wch  ys  5 
leagues  distant  from  Moulins,  as  well  to  see  the  castle 


376  APPENDIX  XIII. 

as    other    remarkable    things,    w"h    are    well    worthy   a 
stranger's  observion.     The  governor  of  the  country  sent 
expressly  to  cause  all  things  to  be  shewed  me.    Being  ar- 
rived, I  bestowed  that  nyht  to  see  the  new  work,  wch  the 
last  king  caused  to  be  built  near  the  springe;  but  that  wch 
was  wonderfull,  was  3  inclosed  places  within  the  bath,  the 
waters  whereof  ys  so  extream  hot,  that  there  ys  not  any 
that  care  adventure  to  goe  bath  himselfe  within,  though 
the  weather  be  never  so  could:   for  experience  whereof, 
the  last  great  frost,  a  younge  mayd  goinge  to  take  up 
water,  her  feet  slipt,  because  of  the  yce,  and  falling  into 
the  water,  was  taken  up  dead,  being  boyled  by  reason  of 
the  extraordinarie  heat  of  the  springe.     The  next  morn- 
ing I  sawe  the  castle  of  Bourbon,  wch  ys  extraordinarie 
well  seated  for  strength,  and  adorned  within  with  a  very 
fayr  chappell,  beinge  on  of  the  rarest  pieces  of  worke  of 
France;   within  wch  there  ys  a  piece  of  the  very  true 
crosse  of  our  Saviour  (if  wee  may  give  credit  to  them 
that  have  the  keepinge  thereof)  wch  was  brought  from 
Jerusalem  by  St.  Clovis,  king  of  France,  with  on  of  the 
thorns  of  the  crown  of  our  Saviour,  wch  marvilouslie  doth 
flowr  upon  the  Passion  day,  between  nine  and  ten  of  the 
clock;    and  after  10  doth  vanish  away.     I  wod  upon  that 
day  have  gone  to  see  yt,  but  I  found  all  men  at  their 
devotion;    so  that  none  wo'1  travaile  that  day.     I  doubt 
nothinge  of  the  omnipotencie  of  the  Almightie,  who  hath 
made  all  things  of  nothinge;    but   I  make  question  of 
many  superstitious  observations  of  these  Papists,  who  have 
often  belyed  God,  attributinge  to  reliks  more  than  to 


SIR  JOHN  WYNN'S  LETTERS.  377 

God.  This  thorn  is  inclosed  in  christall  within  the  same 
that  the  crosse  ys,  beinge  all  set  in  gould,  with  works  of 
imagerie,  contayninge  the  passion  of  our  Saviour;  wch  the 
houldinge  in  your  hand,  the  bud  appeareth  at  that  tyme 
of  the  day,  upon  Good  Fryday,  remayneth  on  flowr,  and 
so  vanisheth. 

From  thence  to  Lyons,  where  I  contynued  a  week ;  and 
so  by  water  I  voyaged  to  Avignon,  wch  ys  belonging  to 
the  Pope :  where  entring  into  the  town,  I  was  demanded 
by  the  gard  at  the  gate,  whence  I  was,  and  of  what  reli- 
gion? Where  havinge  related  all  things,  according  to 
their  demand,  T  was  let  passe  towarde  my  lodginge, 
beinge  somewhat  melancholick,  because  I  supposed  that 
I  shod  not  have  that  libertie  to  see  all  places  in  that 
towne,  as  I  desired;  but  havinge  encountred  with  a 
French  lord  of  that  country,  of  whom  I  inquired  whether 
I  might  freely  see  all  places  in  town;  who  used  me  with 
that  extroardinarie  kindness,  that  being  invited  to  supper 
that  night,  he  speake  of  me  to  the  cardinal,  being  vice- 
legat ;  and  the  next  morninge  brought  me  to  the  cardinal, 
who  was  returned  from  masse,  having  a  hundred  gentle- 
men well  appointed,  who  in  ranke  went  before  him,  by 
three  and  by  three,  until  the  pallaisie;  my  selfe  coming 
by  with  that  lord,  I  was  saluted  by  the  legat,  and  honour- 
ably entertayned  with  many  good  words,  tellinge  me  that 
yt  was  not  lawfull  for  those  of  our  religion  to  remayne 
above  three  dayes;  but  for  me,  I  might  stay  as  longe  as 
I  wo'1 — with  many  other  circumstances  of  love  and  cur- 
tesie;    enjoyninge  that  ld  to  shewe  me  all  places  in  town, 


378  APPENDIX  XIII. 

and  principally  to  conduct  me  to  see  a  companie  at  a 
gentlemans  house,  who  wear  ready  to  maske  and  dance, 
in  honor  of  a  babtisme,  whereunto  the  cardinals  brother 
was  intreated  as  godfather.     In  ende,  beinge  after  dinner 
at  the  church,  to  see  the  manner  of  yt,  though  I  had 
before  seen  the  like,  behould  a  great  number  of  violens 
and  musitiens  came  marching  before  the  godfather,  who 
brought   the    child    upon   his  arme    (accordinge  to   the 
French  manner)  to  the  church;    and  then  the  ladies  and 
gentlewomen  accompanyinge  the  godmother  entred,  and 
so  they  went  to  the  ceremonie;    my  selfe  went  amonge 
the  rest,  and  stood  by  to  hear  and  see  what  they  did : 
which  some  gentlemen  perceivinge,  who  had  taken  notice 
of  me  in  the  morninge,  demanded  of  me  how  I  liked  of 
the  ceremonie?    I  sayd  well.     And  whether  there  wear 
great  difference  betwen  the  English  manner  and  that  of 
France  for  the  babtisme?  I  answered,  for  that  I  had  seen 
that  they  differed  from  us.      I  was  further  pressed  by 
those  gent,   whether  yt  pleased  me  to  see  the  manner 
of  yt  or  not?     I  sayd  yea;  but  that    I   cod  not   enter 
for   the  presse.      Then  the  gent   made   me  place,    and 
brought  me  close  to  the  place;  where,  in  interpretinge  un- 
to me  the  manner  of  all  circumstances,  he   was  louder 
than  the  curit  who  babtized  the  child.     When  all  was 
done,  the  godfather  kissed  the  godmother  openlie  in  the 
church.     The  companie,  being  many  that  came  about  me, 
seeing  I  was  a  stranger,  to  hear  what  the  other  gent  and 
I  discoursed  of.     I  was  asked  by  the  parent  of  the  child, 
in  what  sort  we  differed  in  England  from  the  manner  of 


SIR  JOHN  WYNN'S  LETTERS.  379 

France  in  babtisrne?  I  answered,  that  our  children  wear 
not  so  well  fed,  before  they  received  babtisrne,  as  this 
child  was.  The  gent  fell  all  to  a  laughter;  for  indeed 
the  child  was  so  ould  that  he  was  almost  ready  to  goe, 
and  had  such  a  broad  face,  that  all  the  companie  were 
made  merry  with  the  mouths  the  child  made  at  the 
priest,  duringe  the  time  he  was  using  his  office.  The 
gent  tould  me  that  yt  was  the  manner  in  these  countreys 
also  to  christen  them  when  they  wear  4  or  5  dayes  ould; 
but  for  this,  the  godfather  beinge  in  Italy,  they  wear 
constrained  to  stay  till  his  return.  After  the  babtisrne  I 
was  offered  all  the  curtesie  that  I  could  desire.  And  so  I 
went  to  Aix,  being  the  Parliment  of  Provence,  and  from 
thence  to  Marselles,  where  I  now  am.  From  hence  to 
Nezi,  beinge  the  duke  of  Savoys  countrey;  and  from 
thence  to  Genua;  and  thence  to  Lucca;  and  so  to  Flo- 
rence: wch  ys  500  miles  hence:  where  I  shall  not  have  so 
much  money  as  will  conduct  me  further,  but  only  what 
will  maintayn  me  untill  I  receive  money  from  England, 
which  I  humbly  entreat  you  to  use  means  to  send  me  my 
Michaelmas  rent.  Have  patience  with  me,  if  I  continewe 
a  little  longer  then  you  wod;  I  do  yt  for  my  experience, 
wdl  I  worl  gayne,  if  I  may,  as  well  as  others;  but  without 
tyme,  a  man  can  do  but  what  he  can.  I  hope  you  would 
not  that  I  should  be  less  sufficient  than  other  gent,  who 
seeke  out  ther  experience  by  the  same  means  that  I  doe. 
I  hope  that  yt  shall  not  repent  you  anythinge  of  the 
course  I  have  taken,  no  more  than  yt  doth  me.     God  send 


380  APPENDIX  XIV. 

you  your  health,  and  my  mother  hers;  and  make  both  of 
you  partakers  of  my  prayers ! 

Yr  ever  obed*  son,  till  death, 

JOHN  WYNN. 


N°  XIV. 

WARRANT  FOR  A  STAGG  OUT  OF  SNOWDON  FORREST,  4  JULY, 
1st  YEAR  OF  QUEEN  ELIZ.   1558.      Vol.  h.  p.  332. 

I  require  you  to  deliver,  or  cause  to  be  delivered,  unto 
the  bringer  hereof,  for  the  furniture  and  provision  of  the 
queens  majestys  houshold  of  her  great  council  in  the 
marches  of  Wales,  one  stagge  of  this  season,  to  be  taken 
out  of  her  highness  forrest  of  Snowdon.  And  this  bill 
signed  with  my  hand,  with  the  queens  highness  warrant 
dormant  to  the  lord  president,  and  Sir  Rob1  Townessend, 
Knight,  justice  of  Chester,  and  either  of  us,  made  for  the 
same,  the  copie  whereof  remayneth  with  you,  shall  be 
your  sufficient  warrant  and  discharge  in  that  bequest. 
Given  at  her  highness  town  of  Salop,  the  4th  day  of  July, 
in  the  first  yere  of  her  majestys  reigne. 

KOBT.  TOWNESSEND. 

To  the  master  of  the  game,  ranger  and 
keeper  of  the  queens  highness  forrest 
of  Snowdon,  in  the  county  of  Carnar- 
von, there  duputy  or  deputies  there. 


WARRANT  FOR  A  STAG.  381 


ANOTHER. 


After  my  hearty  commendations — These  are  to  require 

you  to  delyver  to  my  friend  Maurice  Wynne,  Gent,  or  to 

the  bringer  hereof  in  his  name,  one  of  my  fee  staggs  or 

bucks  of  this  season,  due  to  me  out  of  the  queens  majes- 

tys  forrest  of  Snoiudon:  and  this  my  Ire  shall  be  your 

warrant  of  the  same.     Soe  far  you  well.     From  Cardigan 

the  14th  August,  1561. 

Y1'  loving  friend, 

H.  SIDNEY. 

To  my  very  loving  friende  John  Vaughan, 
forrester  of  the  queens  forrest  of  Snoiu- 
don, in  the  counties  of  Anglesey,  Merio- 
neth, and  Carnarvon ;  and  in  his  absence 
to  his  deputy  there. 


N"  XV. 

OBSERVATIONS  ON  THE  "TRIFURCATED  HAKE,"  "  THE  BEAU- 
MARIS SHARK,"  AND  "THE  MORRIS,"  BY  THE  REVEREND- 
HUGH  DA  vies. — Vol.  iii.  p.  39. 

Dear  Sir, 
Some  strange  and  unaccountable  doubts  having  lately 
been  suggested  concerning  the  existence,  as  a  distinct 
species,  of  a  fish,  which  occurs  in  the  British  Zoology  of 
Mr.  Pennant,  under  the  name  of  "  Trifurcated  Hake," 
regard  for  accuracy  in  natural  history,  and  for  the  repect- 


3S2  APPENDIX  XV. 

able  authors,  who,  after  Mr.  Pennant,  have  noticed  the 
fish,  viz.  the  Comte  de  la  Cepede,  Dr.  Walbawm,  Dr.  Shaw} 
Dr.  Turton,  and  others,  urges  me  to  a  wish  to  give  more 
extensive  circulation  to  a  short  essay  of  mine,  which  has 
already  appeared  in  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  for  June, 
1809,  on  that  subject. 

In  my  said  essay,  which  originated  in  considering  the 
observations  of  the  Comte  de  la  Cepede  and  Dr.  Walbaum, 
concerning  the  Trifurcated  Hake,  I  am  inclined  to  sub- 
mit it,  with  deference,  to  the  decision  of  those  gentlemen, 
whether  it  may  not  rather  appear  in  future  under  a  differ- 
ent generic  name.  I  mean  that  very  characteristic  one  of 
Batrachoides  of  the  Comte  de  la  Cepede,  whose  defini- 
tion of  that  genus,  written  in  his  own  language,  runs  to 
this  effect : 

Batrachoides.  Caput  depressum,  maximum.  Rictus 
o?is  amplissimus,  uno  pluribusve  cirris  ad  maxillam  in- 
feriorem. 

Of  this  genus  that  author  has  only  two  species,  viz. 

1.  Batrachoides  Tau,  cirris  pluribus  e  maxilla  infe- 

riore,  spinis  tribus  in  pinna  dorsali  prime  et  utroque  oper- 

culo  branchiali. 

Gadus  Tau,  Lin.  Syst.  439.  Shaw  Gen.  Zool.  vol.  iv. 
159. 

2.  Batrachoides  hlennioides,  uno  pluribusve  cirris  ad 
basin  maxillas  inferioris,  pinnse  jugularis  utriusque  radiis 
duobus  primis  filamentis  longis  terminatis. 

Blennius  raninus,  Lin.  Syst.  444.  Shaw,  Gen.  Zool. 
vol.  iv.  183. 


TRIFURCATED  HAKE.  383 

Into  this  genus  may  surely  with  great  propriety  be  ad- 
mitted Gadtjs  fuliginosus  of  Walbaum. 

3.  Batrachoides  fuliginosus  dipterygius,  pinnis  seto- 
sis,  cirro  mentali. 

Then  I  would  introduce 

4.  Batrachoides  trifurcatus  in  foveola  dorsali  pinnce 
primse  rudimento,  serie  verrucarum  utrinque  9  — 10, 
cirro  mentali. 

Trifurcated  Hake,  Pen.  Br.  Zool.  iv.  172. 

Blennius  trifurcatus.  Shaw,  Gen.  Zool.  iv.  174. 
Turton's  British  Fauna,  p.  93. 

Blennius  tridactylus.  De  la  Cepede.  Hist,  des  Pois- 
sons,  vol.  v.  p.  486. 

I  cannot  avoid  being  a  little  surprised,  that  the  Count 
de  la  Cepede  made  the  Trifurcated  Hake  a  Blennius,  as 
it  is  so  very  nearly  allied  to  both  his  species  of  Batra- 
choides;  from  Batr.  Tau  it  differs  not  much  in  the 
general  form,  but  greatly  in  wanting  the  fringe  of  beards 
on  the  lower  jaw,  and  the  spines  on  the  gill  covers. 

From  Batr.  blennioides  it  differs  still  less,  as  I  judge 
by  Midlers  figure,  Zool.  Dan.  t.  45.  but  the  single  cirrus 
on  the  lower  jaw  distinguishes  it  from  Batr.  Tau.  and 
the  rudiment  of  a  first  dorsal  fin  placed  in  a  sulcus,  and 
the  series  of  tubercles  on  each  side  of  it,  distinguish  it 
perfectly  from  Batr.  blennioides,  as  well  as  from  Batr. 
fuliginosus  of  Walbaum,  who,  exclusive  of  the  last  men- 
tioned particular,  seems  inclined  to  suppose  it  a  variety 
only  of  his  G.  fuliginosus,  but  those    proving  constant, 


334  APPENDIX  XV. 

which  I  have  found  in  as  many  as  I  have  seen,  he  does 
not  hesitate  to  pronounce  it  a  distinct  species. 

Indeed,  the  series  of  tubercles,  and  the  arrangement  of 
them,  seem  to  constitute  a  particular  specific  distinction 
between  Batr.  Tau,  and  Batr.  trifurcatus,  exclusive  of 
every  other;  in  B.  Tau  they  surround  the  eyes,  oculi 
utrinque  serie  duplici  verrucarum  minorum  cincti.  Gmel. 
Syst.  p.  1172.  In  B.  trifureatus,  they  run  in  nearly  pa- 
rallel lines,  one  on  each  side  of  the  sulcus,  which  contains 
the  rudiments  of  the  first  dorsal  fin. 

OF    THE   BEAUMARIS    SHARK. 

A  difference  of  opinion  has  likewise  prevailed  with  re- 
gard to  another  subject  in  Natural  History,  viz.  the  Beau- 
maris Shark;  respecting  which  it  has  fallen  to  my  lot, 
to  be  able  to  speak  more  particularly  than  any  other 
person. 

This  fish,  an  account  of  which  is  given  in  Mr.  Pennant's 
British  Zoology,  vol.  hi.  N°.  50,  and  in  Dr.  Shaw's  Gene- 
ral Zoology,  vol.  v.  p.  350,  under  the  name  of  Squalus 
Monensis,  has  but  rarely  occurred,  and  writers  have  en- 
tertained a  doubt,  whether  it  be  specifically  distinct  from 
the  Porbeagle  Shark  of  Mr.  Pennant,  iii.  103;  the  Squa- 
lus  Comubicus  of  Dr.  Shaiv,  p.  349,  and  oiGmelin,  Syst. 
p.  1497,  the  latter  of  whom,  indeed,  makes  it  only  a  va- 
riety. The  Bishop  of  Carlisle,  has,  in  the  third  volume 
of  the  Transactions  of  the  Linneean  Society,  endeavoured 
to  distinguish  between  the  Porbeagle  and  the  Beaumaris 


OF  THE  BEAUMARIS  SHARK.  385 

Shark,  which  attempt  Mr.  Donovan,  in  his  History  of 
British  Fishes,  under  the  article  Squalus  Cornubicus, 
treats  very  lightly. 

I  abstain,  for  the  present,  from  entering  into  any  par- 
ticular discussion  on  the  subject;  and  shall  merely  refer 
to  the  description  already  given  in  the  British  Zoology. 
Let,  however,  the  figure  in  the  annexed  plate,  which  is 
most  accurately  taken,  with  portional  compasses  from  my 
original  drawing  made  by  a  scale,  and  which  is  now  in 
the  possession  of  David  Pennant,  esq.  of  Downing,  speak 
for  itself.  To  this  I  have  thought  proper  to  add  a  copy 
of  the  figure  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Linnman  Society, 
of  the  Squalus  Cornubicus,  taken  after  the  same  manner, 
that  the  public  may  be  enabled  to  form  some  judgement. 
These  sketches  may  likewise  assist  in  future  investiga- 
tions, where  these  subjects  may  accidentally  occur,  and 
when  the  Transactions  of  the  Linncean  Society,  or  Mr. 
Pennant's  British  Zoology,  may  not  be  at  hand  to  be 
consulted. 

I  do  not  pretend  to  aver,  that  the  Squalus  Cornubicus 
and  Sqalus  Monensis  are  distinct  species,  as  I  have  seen 
but  one  specimen.  My  wish  is,  that  there  may  be  given 
a  fair  and  candid  representation  of  each,  as  it  happens  to 
offer  itself  to  observation,  which  may  at  length  lead  to 
accuracy  and  certainty. 

OF  THE  MORRIS. 

I  find  an  attempt  has  also  been  made  to  cancel  out  of 

the  British  Zoology  another  subject,   viz.   the  Morris, 
vol.  III.  2  A 


38G  APPENDIX  XV. 

This  is  the  Leptocephalus  of  Gronovius  in  his  Zoophyla- 
cium,  No.  410.  tab.  13.  f.  3;  Leptocephalus  Morrisii, 
Gmel.  Syst.  p.  1150.  and  of  Shaw's  General  Zoology,  iv. 
p.  84.  tab.  10.  A  specimen  of  this  curious  fish  was  com- 
municated by  Mr.  Pennant  to  Dr.  Gronovius,  then  resi- 
dent at  Ley  den,  as  he  acknowledges  in  his  Zoophylacium, 
p.  136.  That  great  natural  historian  has  given  a  figure 
of  it,  and  described  it,  with  that  minute  accuracy,  which 
he  was  so  perfect  a  master  of.  This  being  the  case,  we 
should  wonder,  that  any  one  should  give  it  as  his  opinion, 
"  that  the  little  fish  called  the  Morris  is  by  no  means 
"  correctly  ascertained." 

Here  then  I  beg  leave  to  add,  that  I  know  the  fish 
well;  it  has  been  my  lot  to  see  four  specimens  of  it;  one 
was  taken  in  Llienawg  wear,  about  three  miles  distant 
from  Beaumaris,  the  other  three  below  Beaumaris  green, 
to  the  N.E.  in  the  amusement  of  prawning,  on  the  re- 
cess of  the  tide,  in  shallow  water,  among  some  bushy  sea 
weed.     (Fucus  Serratus.) 

Of  late  years  there  has  been  an  end  of  that  employ- 
ment, by  the  destruction  of  this  article  in  making  kelp, 
and  the  prawn,  which  was  abundant  when  I  was  a  school- 
boy, has  quite  deserted  this  part  of  our  coasts,  which  is 
likewise  probably  rendered  unfit  for  the  accommodation  of 
the  little  animal,  the  subject  of  our  present  consideration- 

At  the  time  that  these,  as  well  as  the  few  specimens, 
for  I  have  seen  more  than  one,  of  the  Trifurcated  Hake 
fell  into  my  hands,  my  acquaintance  with  authors  in  natu- 
ral history  both  living  and  dead,  was  much  more  confined 


OF  THE  MORRIS.  387 

than  it  has  since  happened  to  be;  I  therefore  did  not 
know  but  these  fish  might  have  been  common  in  Britain, 
otherwise  they  had  all  been  certainly  preserved,  to  prevent 
future  doubts  about  them. 

A  person,  who  is  acquainted  with  the  principles  of  the 
Linnean  system  of  ichthyology,  cannot  view  the  delicate 
creature,  which  is  our  present  subject,  without  surprise; 
as  I  believe  it  is  the  only  fish  in  nature,  with  which  we  are 
acquainted,  that  has  neither  rudder,  feet,  nor  wings.  The 
singular  make  of  it,  therefore,  and  the  seeming  privations 
or  imperfections  which  it  appears  to  suffer,  will  excite  in 
the  contemplative  mind,  some  reflections  on  this  point,  as 
well  as  on  the  singular  formation  of  the  existing  parts 
of  the  animal. 

They  who  have  taken  most  pleasure  in  bestowing  at- 
tention on  the  works  of  Providence,  cannot  fail  to  admire, 
■with  Ray  and  Derham,  how  the  several  parts  of  animals 
are  peculiarly  formed  and  adapted  to  their  different 
modes  of  living,  and  the  places  which  they  are  intended 
to  inhabit.  Under  this  idea,  I  cannot  help  thinking,  that 
the  make  of  this  animal  may  be  accounted  for.  See  the 
•description  of  it  in  Gronovins,  Pennant,  and  Shaw. 

Now  the  particular  circumstances  under  which  I  know 
that  three  of  the  four  specimens,  which  I  have  seen,  were 
taken  (nor  do  I  know  that  the  fourth  was  not  taken  in  a 
'ike  situation),  suggest  to  me  the  following  considerations: 
that  as  they  were  found  in  a  dense  mass  of  wrack  or  sea 
weed,  I  may  reasonably  conclude,  that  the  animal  was  de- 
signed, by  the  Great  Author  of  nature,  to  pass  his  life  in 


388  APPENDIX  XVI. 

such  a  situation;  the  parts  of  it  were,  therefore,  adapted 
to  its  condition.  The  small  head  is  well  calculated  to 
lead  the  way  through  so  intricate  a  maze;  its  very  com- 
pressed body  to  glide  between  the  numerous  folds  and 
confined  passes,  formed  by  the  frequent  ramifications  of 
these  vegetables;  its  large  eyes  to  discover  its  minute 
prey,  in  the  gloom  of  so  dense  a  grove,  where  without 
doubt,  feet,  wings,  and  rudder,  that  is  to  say,  caudal, 
pectoral,  and  ventral  fins,  would  not  only  be  useless,  but 
absolute  encumbrances. 

The  observation  on  the  haunt  of  this  fish  may  possibly 

be  the   means  of  rendering  future  searches  for  it  more 

successful. 

I  am,  &c. 

HUGH  DAYIES. 

Beaumaris,  Nov.  10,  1809. 


N°  XVI. 

ACCOUNT  OF  SIR  RICHARD  BULKELEY;  IN  WHICH  IS  A 
STRONG  DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  TYRANNY  OF  THE  FAVORITE 
EARL  OF  LEICESTER. Vol.  Hi.  p.   40. 

Sir  Ricltl'  Bulkeley  served  hi  pari*  for  the  county  of 
Anglesey,  the  2a  and  3d  sessions  of  Q.  Mary,  the  3d  of 
Eliz.  and  1st  of  James. 

He  was  of  goodly  person,  fair  of  complexion,  and  tall  of 
stature.  He  was  temperate  in  his  dyet,  not  drinking  of 
healths.     In  his  habit,  he  never  changed  his  fashion;  but 


ACCOUNT  OF  SIR  RICHARD  BULKELEY.  389 

always  wore  round  breeches,  and  thick  bumbast  doublets, 
though  very  gallant  and  rich.  In  the  last  year  of  Queen 
Eliz.  being  then  somewhat  stricken  in  years,  he  attended 
the  counsil  of  marches  at  Ludlow,  in  winter-time.  When 
the  lord  president  Zouch  went  in  his  coach  to  church,  or 
elsewhere,  Sir  Richard  used  to  ride  on  a  great  stone  horse ; 
and  some  time  he  wod  go  from  his  lodging  to  church,  in 
frost  and  snow,  on  foot,  with  a  short  cloak,  silk  stockings, 
a  great  rapier  and  dagger,  tarry  all  prayers  and  sermon 
in  very  cold  weather;  insomuch  yfc  L'1  Zouch  was  wont  to 
say,  he  was  cold  to  see  him. 

He  was  a  great  reader  of  history,  and  discourses  of  all 
estates  and  countries ;  of  very  good  memory ;  and  under- 
standing in  matters  belonging  to  housekeeping,  husban- 
dry, maritime  affayres,  building  of  ships,  and  maintaining 
them  at  sea.  He  drew  his  own  letters,  and  answered  all 
letters  with  his  own  hand:  and  being  complayned  of  at 
the  counsil  of  the  marches  for  breach  of  an  order  of  that 
court,  he  drew  his  own  answer — that  he  cd  not  be  evicted 
out  of  his  possession  but  by  course  of  common  law — 
pleaded  Magna  Charta — and  demanded  judgement: 
which  answer  being  put  into  court,  the  chief  justice,  Sir 
Richard  Shuttleworth,  called  for  a  sight  thereof;  and  after 
perusal,  said  to  the  counsellors  at  the  bar,  "  Look,  my 
"  masters,  what  a  bone  Sr  Rich1'  Bulkeley  hath  cast  into 
'  the  court,  for  you  to  tire  upon:"  and  the  matter  being 
argued,  it  was  referred  to  the  comon  law. 

He  was  a  great  housekeeper,  and  entertainer  of  stran- 
gers, especially  such  as  passed  to  or  from  Ireland.     He 


390  APPENDIX  XVI. 

nobly  entertained  the  earl  of  Essex  in  his  way  there  to 
be  lord  lientent.  He  made  provision  of  all  necessaries  for 
his  table  beforehand.  He  sent  yearly  two  ships  to 
Greenland  for  cod,  ling,  and  other  fish;  which  he  did  use 
to  barter  in  Spain  for  Malaga  and  sherrie  wines;  and 
always  kept  a  good  stocke  of  old  sack  in  his  cellar,  which 
he  called  Amabile,  besides  other  wines.  He  kept  two 
parks  well  stored  with  Red  and  Fallow  deer;  wch  did 
afford  such  plenty  of  venison,  as  furnished  his  table  3  or 
4  times  every  week  in  the  season,  besides  pleasuring  of 
friends.  He  kept  several  farms,  besides  his  demesne,  in 
his  hands,  wch  furnished  his  house  with  fat  beef,  mutton, 
lamb,  &c.  &c.  He  was  an  excellent  horseman,  and  an 
expert  tilter;  keeping  two  great  stables  of  horses,  one  in 
Cheshire,  and  another  in  Beaumaris,  and  a  great  studd  of 
mares.  His  estate  in  Anglesey  was  £2500,  in  Carnarvon- 
shire £800,  and  in  Cheshire  £1000,  a  year:  having  always 
a  great  stock  of  ready  money  lying  in  his  chest.  He  kept 
many  servants  and  attendants,  tall  and  proper  men :  two 
lacqueys  in  livery  always  ran  by  his  horse :  he  never  went 
from  home  without  20  or  24  to  attend  him.  He  was  a 
great  favorite  of  Queen  Eliz.  He  had  powerful  friends 
at  court,  and  had  the  gentry  and  commonalty  of  the 
county  of  Anglesey  at  his  service,  except  the  Woods  of 
Iihosmore,  who  were  always  his  enemies. 

He  had  great  contests  with  Dudley  earl  of  Leicester; 
who  obtained  the  queens  letters  patents  under  the  great 
seal,  to  be  chief  ranger  of  the  forrest  of  Snoivdon:  in 
which  office  he  behaved  very  injuriously  to  the  counties 


ACCOUNT  OF  SIR  RICHARD  BULKELEV.  391 

of  Merioneth,.  Carnarvon,  and  Anglesey;  attempting  to 
bring  within  the  bounds  and  limits  of  that  forrest  most 
of  the  freeholders  lands  in  those  3  counties ;  and  for  that 
purpose  the  earl  procured  several  commissions  from  the 
queen  to  inquire  of  encroachments  and  concealments  of 
lands.  The  return  of  the  jury,  in  Anglesey,  not  being 
agreeable  to  the  earls  commissioners,  they  went  in  a  rage 
to  Carnarvon,  forcibly  entered  the  exchequer  there, 
ransacked  the  records,  and  carried  away  what  they 
pleased;  but  the  earl,  after  making  many  attempts,  to 
the  great  grievance  of  the  country,  was  obliged  to  desist, 
being  defeated  in  all  schemes  upon  Snowdon,  by  the 
power  and  interest  and  spirit  of  Sir  Rich'  Bulkeley.  But, 
manet  alta  mente  repostum,  the  earl  bore  a  poysonous 
hatred  to  Sir  Rich' ;  yet  he  continued  still  in  favor  with 
the  queen  and  counsel,  though  often  molested  by  the  earl, 
his  agents  and  creatures. 

S1'  Richard  being  one  of  the  deputy  lewtenants  of  An- 
glesey (upon  intelligence  of  the  Spanish  Armadas  threat- 
ening England ),  was  to  cesse  the  country  in  arms;  and 
cessing  Mr.  Woods  of  Rhosmore,  he  was  highly  offended, 
and  thought  himself  too  heavily  loaden:  therefore  went  up 
to  court  to  the  earl  of  Leicester,  carrying  a  false  tale  with 
him,  that  Sir  Richard  Bulkeley,  (a  little  before  the  attain- 
der and  execution  of  Tho'  Salusbury,  one  of  the  accompli- 
ces of  Anth'  Babington,  the  tray  tor,  1585)  had  been  in 
the  mountains  of  Snowdon  conferring  with  him,  and  that 
at  a  farm  of  Sir  Richards,  called  Ctumligie,  they  had  layne 
together  two  or  3  nights.     The  earl,  glad  of  this  informa- 


392  APPENDIX  XVI. 

tion,  presently  acquaints  the  queen  and  council  there- 
with. Sir  Richard  being  called  before  the  council,  and 
examined,  absolutely  denied  the  whole  matter.  And 
when  the  earl,  at  yt  time  president  of  the  queens  counsil, 
did  severely  inforce  it  ag*  him,  he  told  the  earl  to  his  face, 
"  Your  father,  and  the  very  same  men  as  now  informe 
against  me,  were  like  to  undoe  my  father:  for,  upon  the 
death  of  K.  Edw.  G,  by  letters  from  your  father,  he  was 
commanded  to  proclayme  Queen  Jane,  and  to  muster  the 
country;  which  he  did  accordingly:  and  had  not  my  mo- 
ther been  one  of  Queen  Maries  maids  of  honor,  he  had 
come  to  great  trouble  and  danger."  Hearing  these  words 
the  counsil  hushed,  and  rose;  and  Sir  Richard  departed. 
The  earl  hastened  to  the  queen,  and  told  her  the  counsil 
had  been  examining  Sir  Richard  Bulkeley  about  matters 
of  treason;  that  they  found  him  a  dangerous  person,  and 
saw  cause  to  comit  him  to  the  Tower;  and  that  he  dwelt 
in  a  suspicious  corner  of  the  world.  "What!  Sir  Richard 
Bulkeley r  said  the  queen;  "he  never  intended  us  any 
harm.  We  have  brought  him  up  from  a  boy,  and  have 
had  special  tryal  of  his  fidelity:  you  shall  not  comit  him." 
"We,"  said  the  earl,  "have  the  care  of  your  majestys  per- 
son, see  more  and  hear  more  of  the  man  than  you  doe : 
he  is  of  an  aspiring  mind,  and  lives  in  a  remote  place." 
"Before  God  (replyed  the  queen)  we  will  be  sworn  upon 
the  holy  Evangelists,  he  never  intended  us  any  harm;" 
and  so  ran  to  the  Bible  and  kissed  it,  saying,  "You  shall 
not  comitt  him:  we  have  brought  him  up  from  a  boy." 
Then  the  lords  of  the  counsill  wrote  a  letter  to  Dr  Hugh 


ACCOUNT  OF  SIR  RICHARD  BULKELEVT.  393 

Bellot,  lord  bishop  of  Bangor,  to  examine  the  truth  of  the 
accusation  layd  to  Sir  Richards  charge :  which  the  bishop 
found  false  and  forged;  and  so  certify ed  to  the  counsil. 
Whereupon  he  was  cleared,  to  the  queens  majesty s  great 
content,  to  the  abundant  joy  of  his  country,  and  to  his 
own  great  credit  and  reputation:  and  afterwards  diverse 
of  the  lords  of  the  councell  wrote  letters  to  the  justices 
of  assize  of  North  Wales,  to  publish  Sir  Richards  wrongs, 
and  to  notify  to  the  queens  subjects  his  clear  innocence. 

But  that  Sir  Richard  might  not  rest  in  peace,  one 
Green,  belonging  to  the  earl  of  Leicester,  in  the  name  of 
one  Bromfeild,  a  pensioner,  came  to  him,  to  challenge 
him  to  meet  Bromfeild  in  the  feild.  "Have  you  no  other 
errand  (quoth  Sir  Richard)  1 "  "No,"  says  Green.  Then 
Sr  Richard  drew  his  dagger,  and  broke  Greens  pate,  tel- 
ling him  to  carry  that  as  his  answer;  he  scorning  to  meet 
such  a  knave  as  Bromfeild.  This  treatment  of  Green 
highly  increased  the  anger  of  the  Earl.  Bromfeild, 
Green,  and  others  of  his  retayners,  plotted  mischief  to 
the  person  of  Sir  Richard;  but  he  stood  upon  his  guard, 
keeping  always  "24  stout  men,  with  swords,  bucklers,  and 
daggers,  to  defend  him  from  their  attempts.  They  hired 
boats  and  wherries  upon  the  Thames,  with  a  design  to 
drown  Sir  Richard,  as  he  sho'1  go  from  Westminster  to 
London;  but  he,  being  privately  informed  thereof,  bor- 
rowed the  lord  mayor  of  London s  barge,  furnished  it  with 
men,  musquetts,  billets,  drums,  and  trumpets,  and  rowed 
along  the  Tliames,  shot  the  bridge,  and  went  down  to 
Greenwich,  where  the  queen  kept  her  court  at  that  time; 


394  APPENDIX  XVI. 

and  at  the  landing  place,  over  against  the  palace,  he 
caused  his  companie  to  discharge  their  musquets,  to  beat 
their  drums,  and  sound  their  trumpets.  The  earl  of 
Leycester  hearing  thereof,  repaired  to  the  queen,  and 
informed  her  that  Sir  Richard  Bulkeley,  more  like  a  rebel 
than  a  subject,  had  come  with  barges,  men,  musquetts, 
drums,  and  trumpets;  and  had  shot  several  pieces  over 
against  her  majesty s  palace,  to  the  great  terror  of  her 
court;  a  matter  not  to  be  suffered.  The  queen  sent  for 
Sir  Richard,  and,  after  hearing  his  apology  for  himself, 
made  the  earl  friends  with  him.  Within  a  while  after, 
the  earl  sent  for  Sr  Richard,  to  his  chamber;  who  coming 
thither,  the  earl  began  to  expostulate  with  him  on  several 
wrongs  and  abuses  he  pretended  to  have  received  at  his 
hands;  and  that  he  had  lost  £10,000  by  his  opposition. 
But  the  discourse  ended  in  milder  terms,  and  Sir  Richard 
was  bidden  to  dinner;  but  did  eat  or  drink  nothing,  save 
what  he  saw  the  earl  tast,  remembring  Sir  Nics  Throg- 
morton,  who  was  said  to  have  received  a  fig  at  his  table. 

But  the  earl  of  Leycester  dying  in  Oct'  1588,  Sir 
Richard  Bulkeley,  and  his  country,  enjoyed  peace  and 
quietness  from  his  tyrannical  oppressions,  his  devices, 
and  wicked  practices:  and  Sir  Richard  survived  to  the 
28  June  1621,  when  he  dyed,  aged  88.  He  had  attended 
the  coronation  of  ye  queens  Mary  and  Elizabeth,  and  of 
James  the  1st.  His  cloak,  at  this  last  coronation,  cost 
him  £500. 


PARYS  MOUNTAIN.  395 


N°  XVII.  (!) 

OBSERVATIONS  OX  THE  PRESENT  STATE  OF  PARYS  MOUNTAIN, 
COMMUNICATED  BY  MR.  PRICE,  AGENT.       Vol.  iii.  p.   57. 

The  Parys  mountain  copper  vein  is  very  extensive,  and 
contains  ore  in  bellies  of  various  magnitudes;  such  bellies 
or  bunches  are  commonly  called  Stock  Works. 

The  excavations  in  the  mine  are  in  extent  agreeable  to 
the  quantities  of  ore  they  contained.  But  it  must  be 
observed,  that  these  vacancies  were  not  entirely  filled 
with  copper  ore,  but  partially  with  mineral  stone  or 
matrix  of  the  vein,  mixed  with  ore  and  dead  ground 
which  was  requisite  to  be  cut  to  give  room  to  pursue  the 
ramifications  of  the  vein. 

This  vein  has  been  worked  on  a  very  large  scale,  up- 
wards of  seven  hundred  yards,  beside  considerable  work- 
ings to  the  east  and  west  of  this  length  of  ground.  This 
length  includes  the  Parys  and  Mona  mines,  which  are 
both  in  the  same  grand  vein. 

From  the  boundary  of  the  two  mines  to  the  west  end 
of  the  Parys  mine,  is  an  open  cast  excavation  two  hun- 
dred yards  long,  one  hundred  and  fifty  yards  broad,  and 
from  twenty  to  forty  yards  deep,  which  gives  a  content 
of  nine  hundred  thousand  cubic  yards  of  removed  natural 
ground.  This  part  of  the  mine  contained  grand  bodies  of 
ore    of  various   qualities;   besides    the   above-mentioned 

(*)  The  same  remark  applies  to  this  as  to  No.  II.  Appendix.   J.R. 


39G  APPENDIX  XVII. 

open  cast :  there  are  several  large  subterraneous  excava- 
tions in  this  part  of  the  mine,  and  several  trials  westward. 

From  the  boundary  of  the  two  mines  to  the  east  end 
of  the  principal  workings  in  the  Moua  mine  is  a  length  of 
vein  of  five  hundred  yards,  in  which  extent  are  three 
large  open  cast  excavations,  out  of  which  full  four  hundred 
and  sixty-eight  thousand  cubical  yards  of  natural  ground 
have  been  taken. 

Some  of  the  subterraneous  excavations  in  this  part  of 
the  mine  are  very  grand;  one  of  them  is  fifty  yards  long, 
thirty  yards  wide,  and  forty  yards  high  from  the  bottom 
to  the  rugged  crown  of  the  arch,  supported  only  by  one 
pillar  in  that  cavity.  In  another  part  of  the  mine  is  an 
excavation  forty  yards  in  length,  fifteen  in  width,  and 
forty  yards  high  in  one  entire  arch.  The  underground 
workings  are  too  numerous  to  particularize.  The  whole 
of  them  will  amount  to  a  vacuity  of  two  hundred  thou- 
sand yards  cubical  measurement,  besides  shafts,  levels, 
&c.  Some  idea  may  be  formed  of  the  vast  bodies  of  ore 
this  part  of  the  mine  contained,  by  the  quantity  of  ore 
raised  by  two  bargains  in  three  months  in  the  year  1787, 
in  the  first  two  thousand  nine  hundred  thirty-one  tons  of 
good  copper  ore  and  only  ninety-two  tons  of  waste,  in  the 
other  four  hundred  eighty- eight  tons  of  copper  ore  and 
two  hundred  sixty-seven  tons  of  waste,  besides  the  ore 
raised  by  sundry  other  smaller  bargains. 

The  ore  of  this  mine  is  in  general  the  yellow  copper 
ore;  it  contains  pyrites,  sulphur,  and  from  four  to  fifteen 
per  cent,   of  copper.     Some  black  copper  ore  has  been 


PAEYS  MOUNTAIN.  397 

raised  in  Parys  mountain,  that  held  from  fifteen  to 
twenty  per  cent,  of  copper,  some  parts  of  the  vein  pro- 
duced fine  specimens  of  native  copper  adhering  in  a  fo- 
liated form  to  the  side  of  the  interstitial  rock.  This 
copper  has  undoubtedly  been  held  in  solution  and  preci- 
pitated by  the  ferruginous  quality  of  the  rock  to  which 
it  stuck. 

There  is  upwards  of  four  hundred  sixty  yards  of 
ground  in  length  in  the  east  part  of  this  mine,  which  has 
been  only  partially  worked,  and  in  that  space  there  are 
in  all  probability  several  bodies  of  ore  undiscovered,  but 
that  can  only  be  ascertained  by  future  trials. 

The  ore  after  being  dressed,  that  is,  broken  down  to  a 
proper  size,  and  the  waste  extracted  therefrom  as  much 
as  is  compatible  with  this  extensive  concern,  is  carried  to 
kilns  and  burnt. 

The  walls  of  the  kilns  are  from  four  to  five  feet  high, 
and  sufficiently  strong  to  support  the  lateral  pressure  of 
the  copper.  The  width  of  the  kiln  inside  from  eighteen 
to  twenty-two  feet,  and  commonly  filled  with  ore  from 
three  to  four  feet  above  the  level  of  the  top  of  the  walls. 
The  length  undetermined,  but  continued  agreeably  to  the 
quantity  of  ore,  that  is  intended  to  be  put  therein.  The 
kilns  will  contain  from  four  hundred  to  thirteen  hundred 
tons  of  ore.  The  ore  on  the  top  of  the  kiln  is  curved  and 
covered  close,  excepting  the  flues  that  run  along  the  top 
of  the  kiln,  and  convey  the  smoke  to  receivers  erected  for 
that  purpose;  they  are  about  six  feet  high  and  five  feet 
wide,  arched  with  brick,  and   kept  as  dry  as  possible. 


398  APPENDIX  XVII. 

The  smoke  becoming  stagnant  in  the  condensers,  the 
sulphur  subsides  to  the  bottom,  and  is  taken  from  thence, 
boiled  and  depurated  for  sale.  There  are  flues  in  the 
front  wall  of  the  kiln  at  which  the  ore  is  set  on  fire,  and 
after  it  has  sufficiently  taken  fire,  it  burns  per  se. 

The  ore  of  this  mine  abounds  with  the  sulphureous  acid 
which,  united  to  water,  percolates  through  the  fissures 
of  the  vein,  combines  with  the  copper,  and  holds  it  in 
solution.  The  water  thus  impregnated  is  conveyed  into 
pits  in  which  iron  has  been  put;  the  acid,  having  a 
greater  affinity  to  iron  than  copper,  combines  with  the 
iron,  and  leaves  the  copper  at  liberty  to  be  precipitated 
in  a  metallic  form.  This  precipitated  copper  is  a  conger- 
ies of  minute  granules  closely  united,  and  is  nearly  pure 
metal.  To  expedite  the  process  of  precipitation,  the  sur- 
face of  the  iron  is  repeatedly  scraped  and  cleared,  to  give 
the  acid  a  fresh  surface  to  act  upon,  by  which  some  of 
the  decomposed  iron  is  mixed  with  the  precipitate,  which 
impairs  its  qualities. 

The  copper  is  taken  from  the  pits  in  form  of  mud,  and 
when  dried  is  sent  to  the  furnace  to  be  smelted.  This 
precipitate  holds  from  ten  to  twenty-five  per  cent.  But 
if  wrought  iron  is  put  into  the  mineral  water  and  left  un- 
disturbed, that  is,  without  cleaning  it  to  give  a  fresh  sur- 
face, till  it  be  wholly  dissolved,  it  will  precipitate  nearly 
its  weight  of  pure  copper. 

The  pits  in  which  the  copper  is  precipitated  from  the 
mineral  water,  are  in  ranks,  one  row  beneath  another,  ac- 
cording as  the  declivity  and  extent  of  the  ground  will 


PARYS  MOUNTAIN.  399 

admit;  the  water  is  let  oft*  from  one  set  of  pits  into 
another,  till  the  water  has  let  go  all  the  copper  it  held  in 
solution.  The  water  that  runs  off  from  the  lower  or  last 
row  of  precipitation  pits  is  conveyed  into  reservoirs, 
where  the  decomposed  iron  subsides.  The  ferruginous 
ochre  is  useful  as  paint.  The  dimensions  of  the  pits  are 
commonly  thirty-six  feet  by  twelve,  and  about  two  feet 
deep,  with  a  space  of  six  or  seven  feet  between  each  of 
them. 

The  number  of  men  employed  in  the  underground 
workings  of  the  Mona  mine  in  the  year  1800  were  22 7 > 
the  consumption  of  gunpowder  17,036lb.  and  of  candles, 
126,2831b. 

In  the  year  1807,  237  men  were  employed,  the  con- 
sumption of  gunpowder  15,345lb.  and  of  candles  23,32 lib. 

In  the  year  1808,  122  men  employed,  6300lb.  of  gun- 
powder and  92001b.  of  candles  consumed. 

PRODUCES  OF  DIFFERENT  ORES  IN  THE  MONA  MINE. 
DRESSED   RAW  ORES. 

The  best  raw  ore  on  an  average  holds  8  per  cent. 
The  inferior  raw  ore  on  an  average  holds  4  per  cent. 

BURNT  ORES. 

The  best  burnt  ore,  when  the  smaller  are  riddled  out, 
holds  ten  per  cent. 

The  inferior  burnt  ore,  when  dressed,  but  rounds  and 
smalls  mixed,  holds  four  and  a  half  per  cent. 


400  APPENDIX  XVII. 

DIMENSIONS    OF    THE    KILNS. 

FEET. 

Length  within        .         .         .         •  58 

Breadth  within  .         .  .  22 

Height  of  walls       ....  4j 

Filled  with  copper  above  the  walls  4 

A  kiln  of  the  above  dimensions  will  contain  G99  tons 
of  copper  ore,  or  700  tons. 

REFERENCES  TO  THE  PLATE. 

B,  Body  of  the  kiln. 

W,  Wall  of  the  kiln  and  receivers. 
B,,   Parallel  receivers. 

C,  Cross  receivers. 

F,    Flues  in  front  wall. 

T,    Top  flue  of  the  kiln. 

S,    Flues  from  kiln  to  the  receiver. 

A,  Apertures  of  communication. 

V,  Vent  holes. 


N°  XVIII. 

A    LETTER    OF    ARCHBISHOP  WILLIAMS,    WHILE    FELLOW    OF 
ST.  JOHNS  COLLEGE,  CAMBRIDGE.       Vol.  hi.  p.   97. 

Bight  Wor. 
The  concurrence  of  wisdom  and  affection,  in  your  last 
action  of  intending  the  remove  of  your  son,  made  me  si- 
lent in  perswading  or  disswading  one  way  or  other;  though, 
I  confess,  I  like  better  of  his  continuance,  considering  his 


^J^ior  turning  "^^->v 
PSHELICEOTTS  COPKEIt  ORES 


c 


■■■■11 


§13  CTIOK 


^<«*afi*«KSS^ 


LETTER  OF  ARCHBISHOP  WILLIAMS.  401 

late  desire  to  his  book,  and  profitable  endeavours  thence 
amounting;  wch,  if  it  were  not  so  surely,  love  shou'd  not 
so  blind  me,  as  to  abuse  your  wor.  with  any  the  like 
relation.  For  though  I  confess  I  affect  him  more  than 
I  think  I  shall  ever  do  kinsman  after  him;  yet,  as  Pliny 
speaks  of  his  friend,  Amo  cum  judicio,  eoq.  magis  quo 
magis  amo. 

His  scholarship  being  gone,  upon  his  return  from  Lon- 
don I  was  bold  to  put  him  unto  fellows  commons,  until, 
either  in  this  or  some  other  coll.  I  shall  enquire  out  some 
fellowship  for  him ;  of  the  wch  preferment  he  shall  not  be 
capable  until  he  be  fall  bachelor  of  arts;  and  that  will  be 
Easter  at  soonest.  This  removing  of  him  to  our  commons, 
will  be  some  ten  pounds  a  year  more  chargeable  unto  you  ; 
but  I  do  hold  his  choice  of  company  (whch  now  can  be 
none  but  fellows  and  gentlemen)  and  his  occasion  of  hear- 
ing their  discourses,  will,  in  your  own  judgment,  counter- 
vail the  charges:  only  this,  for  his  entrance  you  are  to 
bestow  a  silver  piece  of  plate  upon  the  college,  of  what 
price  you  please,  above  5  marks;  and  to  engrave  your 
arms  thereupon :  and  that  is  all  the  charge  of  admission. 

He  shall  not  want  an  honourable  place  in  commencing, 
since  you  are  content  to  undergo  the  charges. 

I  thank  you,  Sir,  for  your  charges  always  with  me. 
Your  former  so  many  courtesies,  devoided  of  all  requital 
of  my  side,  might  very  well  free  your  wor.  from  any 
future  cost  that  way.  I  have  indeed  with  my  proctor- 
ship light  upon  a  most  loving  and  respectful  lord,  my 
lord  chancellor;    who  hath  rather  an  indulgent  fatherly 

VOL.  III.  2  B 


402  APPENDIX  XVIII. 

care  of  my  estate,  than  a  lordly  respect,  as  I  have,   by 
many  immediate  favors,  lately  tasted. 

It  was  likewise  my  good  fortune,  for  I  do  not,  I  protest, 
attribute  it  to  any  merit,  to  give  his  majesty,  and  the 
prince,  some  extraordinary  contentment  at  Newmarket 
upon  Tuesday  last;  what  time,  by  appointment,  I  preach'd 
before  them.  I  had  a  great  deal  of  court  holy  water,  if  I 
can  make  myself  any  good  thereby. 

I  pray  you,  Sir,  by  Lent  next,  when  your  son  is  capable 
of  a  place,  let  there  be  some  order  taken,  that  the  money 
you  are  willing  to  disburse  for  his  place,  be  at  London  in 
some  readiness  for  me  to  call  for;  for  magistri  nostri 
ocidatas  habent  manus,  credunt  quod  vident. 

I  have  brought  to  execution  a  bond  of  a  100Z.  to  pay 
50£.  due  to  me  from  my  coz.  Henry  Williams.  For  God's 
sake,  if  you  can  tell  me  of  any  means  to  catch  them,  or 
get  any  money,  let  me  have  your  direction.  It  is  all  I 
have  towards  the  loss  of  time,  expence  of  money,  and 
toiling  of  my  body,  wch  I  had  in  my  good  uncle's  execu- 
torship. Thus  ceasing  to  trouble  you  further  at  this 
time,  as  not  knowing  how  long  this  letter  may  be  in 
coming,  I  recommend  my  service  to  your  wor.  and  it  to 
God's  protection.     Resting  ever, 

Your  wor.  to  command  to 

the  uttermost  of  his  power, 

JOHN  WILLIAMS. 
St.  John's  Coll.  in  Cam. 
this  22d  Nov.  1611. 


LETTER  OF  ARCHBISHOP  WILLIAMS.  403 


N°  XIX. 

THE  BISHOP  OF  LINCOLN'S  (WILLIAMS)  LETTER  TO  SIR  JOHN 
WYNN  OF  GWEDIR,  BART.  AFTER  HIS  LORDSHIP  LOST  THE 
GREAT  SEAL.       Vol.  iii.  p.   97. 

Sir, 

With  the  remembrance  of  my  love  and  best  affections 
unto  you — Being  very  sensible  of  that  great  good  will  you 
have  ever  borne  me,  I  thought  it  not  unnecessarie  to  take 
this  course  with  you,  which  I  have  done  with  noe  one  other 
freynd  in  the  worlde,  as  to  desire  you  to  be  noe  more  trou- 
bled with  this  late  accident  befallen  unto  me,  than  you 
shall  understand  I  am  myselfe.  There  is  nothinge 
happened  which  I  did  not  foresee,  and  (sithence  the  death 
of  my  dear  master)  assuredlye  expect;  nor  laye  it  in  my 
power  to  prevent,  otherwise  than  by  the  sacrifisinge  of 
my  poor  estate,  and  that  which  I  esteeme  farre  above  the 
•same,  my  reputation.  I  knowe  you  love  me  to  well,  to 
wish  that  I  shold  have  been  lavishe  of  either  of  these, 
to  continue  longer  (yeat  noe  longer  then  one  man  pleas'd) 
in  this  glorious  miserye  and  splendid  slaverye,  wherein  I 
have  lived  (if  a  man  maye  call  such  a  toilinge  a  livinge) 
for  these  five  years  almost.  By  loosinge  the  seale,  I  have 
lost  nothinge,  nor  my  servants,  by  any  fault  of  myne;  there 
being  nothinge  either  layde,  or  soe  much  as  whispered  to 
my  charge.  If  we  have  not  the  opportunitye  we  hadd  be- 
fore to  serve  the  kinge,  we  have  much  more  conveniencye 


404  APPENDIX  XIX. 

to  serve  God;  which  I  doe  embrace  as  the  onelye  end  of 
Gods  love  and  providence  towards  me,  in  this  sudden 
alteration. 

For  your  sonne  Owen  Wynn  (who,  together  with  my 
debte,  is  all  the  object  of  my  wordlye  thoughts  and  cares) 
I  will  performe  towards  him  all  that  he  can  have  expected 
from  me,  if  I  live;  and  if  I  dye,  I  have  performed  it  all- 
readye. 

You  neede  not  feare  any  misse  of  me,  beinge  soe  just 
and  reserved  in  all  your  desires  and  requests;  having 
alsoe  your  eldest  sonne  near  the  kinge,  and  of  good  repu- 
tation in  the  court,  who  can  give  you  a  good  accompt  of 
any  thinge  you  shall  recommend  unto  him. 

Hopinge  therefore  that  I  shall  ever  hold  the  same 
place  I  did  in  your  love;  which  was  first  fixed  on  my 
person,  not  my  late  place,  and  which  I  will  deserve  by  all 
the  friendlye  and  lovinge  offices  which  shall  lie  in  my 
power;  I  end  with  my  prayer  unto  God  for  the  continu- 
ance of  your  health;    and  doe  rest  your  very  assured 

lovinge  freynd, 

and  cozen, 

JO.  LINCOLN, 

Bugdon,  1  Dec1'  1625. 
Directed  to  my  very  much  honored 
worthy  freynd  and  cozen,  Sir  John 
Wynne,  Kn4  and  Bar1. 


EXPORTS  OF  POTATOES. 


405 


N°XX. 

EXPORTS  OF  POTATOES  FROM  THE  PORT  OF  CONWY,  TO  SHEW 
THE  CULTIVATION  OF  THAT  USEFUL  ROOT  IN  SO  SMALL  A 
DISTRICT.      Vol.  iii.  p.  119. 

An  account  of  potatoes  exported  and  carried  coastwise 
from  the  river  Conwy,  from  the  year  1758  to  the  year 
1781,  both  years  inclusive;  as  appears  by  the  custom- 
house books  of  the  port  of  Conwy. 


Year. 

Bushels. 

Year. 

Bushels. 

1758, 

1,006. 

1770, 

1,141. 

59, 

260. 

71,         .         . 

4,358. 

60, 

nil. 

72, 

9,685. 

61, 

nil. 

73, 

9,334. 

62, 

180. 

74, 

.      4,992. 

63, 

nil. 

75,         . 

13,653. 

64, 

nil. 

76, 

.    10,460. 

65, 

nil. 

77, 

.    11,356. 

6Q, 

.      2,129. 

78, 

.      5,928. 

67,         . 

252. 

79, 

.    13,318. 

68, 

132. 

80, 

.    13,200. 

69, 

180. 

81, 

Total 

.       5,140. 

,  106,704. 

N.  B.    Before   the   year    1758,   all  N ant -Conwy 
obliged  to  import  this  necessary  article. 


was 


406  APPENDIX  XXI. 


N°  XXL 

LETTER    FROM    EDWARD   EARL  OF  CONWY,    ABOUT 
UNROOFING,  &C.  THE  CASTLE  OF  CONWY. 

Vol.  iii.  p.  127. 

Honoble  friends, 

I  haue  had  the  honour  to  receive  yor  letter  of  the  20th 
Sept.  in  which  you  are  pleas'd  to  enquire  of  me,  whether 
my  servant  Milward  doth  act  by  my  order,  for  the  taking 
down  of  the  lead,  timber,  and  iron,  of  Conway  castle :  in 
answer  to  which  question,  I  doe  by  this  acknowledg  it 
to  be  my  act  and  deed;  and  that  the  said  Milward  is 
employed  by  me  to  dispose  of  the  timber  and  iron,  ac- 
cording to  such  directions  as  I  gaue  him;  and  to  trans- 
pose the  lead  into  Ireland,  where  I  hope  it  will  be  more 
serviceable  to  his  matie,  then  it  was  in  this  country.  And 
having  this  opportunity  of  addressing  myselfe  to  you,  I 
humbly  beseech  you  to  take  off  the  restraint  which  you 
haue  put  vpon  his  proceedings,  and  to  affoord  him  yo1'  fa- 
vour in  it;  for  I  am  already  prejudiced  by  the  losse  of 
shipping,  and  an  opportune  season  for  transportation  of 
the  lead:  yet  I  shall  esteeme  this  as  a  particular  obliga- 
tion vpon  mee,  and  be  ready  to  expresse  it  by  all  the  ser- 
vice in  my  power  to  every  one  of  you,  that  you  are 
pleased  to  grant  this  att  my  request;   which  otherwise 


HOSPITALITY  AT  BODSCALLAN.  407 

may  put  me  to  some  trouble  and  delay.     And  I  doubt 
not  of  meeting  occasions  to  testifie  my  being, 

Honble  Sirs, 

Yor  affectionate  and  obedient  servfc 

CONWAY  and  KILULTA. 
Ragley,  in  Warwickshire, 
6th  October,  1665. 

Sup1'  scriptio. 
For  the  honoble  Thomas  Blithely,  Esq;  Colo- 
nell  Wynn,  Hugh   Wynn,  Esq;    Thomas   • 
Vaughan,  Esq;    his  maties  Deputy  Live- 
tennants  in  North  Wales. 


N°  XXII. 

HOSPITALITY    AT    BODSCALLAN    DURING    THE    TIME    OF    THE 
LATE  ROBERT  WYNN,  ESQ.         Vol.  ill.  p.   133. 

A  Bill  of  Fare  of  the  Freeholders  Christmas  Dinner  at 

Bodscallan. 

60  or  70  used  to  dine  at  the  two  tables. 

No  other  liqour  but  black  strap,  7  years  old,  being  24 
bushels  to  a  hogshead,  permitted  to  be  drunk  on  St. 
John's  day. 

N.B.  also  some  wheat  roasted  and  thrown  into  this 
beer,  to  ripen  it. 


408 


APPENDIX  XXII. 


2  legs  of  boiled 

mutton  and  dressed 

turneps. 


Fruit  pudding, 
baked. 


Saddle  of  roasted 
mutton. 

Boiled  suet  pud- 
ding. 


Mutton  pie. 


Hand  of  boiled  pork 
and  potatoes. 


A  rump  of  boiled  beef 

and  dressed  cabbage 

Remd  by  sirloin  of 

roast  beef. 

Roasted  turkey. 


Goose  with  sweet  groat 
pudding  under  it. 


19  minced  pies. 


Goose  with  sweet  groat 
pudding. 


Boiled  pork  and 
potatoes. 


Mutton  pye. 


Custard  pudding. 


Legs  of  roasted 
pork. 


Fruit  pudding, 
baked. 


Roasted  turkey. 

Rump  of  beef  boiled;     2  legs  of  mutton  and 
Remd  by  sirloin  of  dressed  turneps. 

roast  beef. 


Boiled  leg  of 
mutton. 


Baked  pudding. 
Mutton  pie. 

Pease  pudding. 


SECOND  TABLE. 
Boiled  beef. 


Goose  and  sweet  groat 
pudding. 


Minced  pies,  a  dozen. 


Goose  and  sweet  groat 
pudding. 


Leg  of  boiled  pork 
and  potatoes. 


Dressed  roots. 

Mutton  pie. 
Baked  pudding. 

Leg  of  mutton. 


ADDRESS  TO  RICHARD  CROMWELL.  409 


N°  XXIII. 

ADDRESS   OF   THE    INHABITANTS    OF    CAERNARVONSHIRE    TO 

RICHARD  CROMWELL. 

The  humble  addresse  of  the  justices  of  peace,  the 
gentrie,  ministers,  and  others,  your  highnesse  dutifull 
and  loyal  subjects  the  inhabitants  of  the  county  of 
Carnarvon, 

Expresseth, 

That  the  present  dispensation  of  divine  providence  as  to 
his  late  highnesses  death,  and  ordering  your  royall  high- 
ness as  successor  in  the  government  of  these  nations,  can- 
not but  affect  us  with  different  considerations,  as  well  of 
judgment  on  the  one,  as  of  mercie  on  the  other;  and 
therefore,  besides  our  requests  to  the  All  wise  disposer  of 
these  providences,  that  they  may  have  suitable  improve- 
ments to  his  glorie,  and  the  good  of  the  nation,  we  make 
bold,  by  this  our  address,  to  expresse  our  acknowledg- 
ment of  your  highnesse  in  that  governm*,  under  which,  as 
seated  in  your  father,  of  happie  memorie,  judgement  did 
runne  down  like  water,  and  righteousness  as  a  mightie 
streame;  pietie  was  promoted,  and  the  enemies  of  truth 
and  peace  were  discountenanced;  and  these  our  nations 
were  made  the  habitation  of  justice,  and  mountain  of  holi- 
ness. And  seeing  we  find  that  the  God  of  heaven,  (in 
Avhose  hands  are  the  hearts  of  princes)  hath  cloathed  your 
highness  with  a  spirit,  by  which  he  hath  fitted  you  for 


410  APPENDIX  XXIII. 

the  management  of  the  weightie  affairs  of  these  nations, 
and  the  conduct  of  this  great  people,  we  looke  upon  our- 
selves as  concerned  to  beg  of  the  Lord,  that  he  wod  pros- 
per your  councels,  and  high  undertakings  for  the  reformed 
religion  abroad,  and  reformation  at  home.      Beseeching 
also  your  highnesse,  that,  treading  in  your  fathers  steps, 
you  wod  goe  on  where  he  began,  and  answer  the  great 
expectations  of  the  nation,  in  the  suppression  of  hseresie, 
superstition,  profanesse,  and  injustice,  and  in  supporting 
the  divine  ordinances  of  magistracie  and  ministerie;   in 
being  a  father  to  those  that  fear  the  Lord,  and  in  making 
your  person  and  government  awfull  in  the  hearts  of  all 
your  people,  by  your  appearance  in  the  defence  of  those 
divine  truths  that  tend  to  the  exalting  of  Christ,  and 
the  quiet  of  these  nations.     And  for  your  highness  happy 
progress  herein,  you  will  have  prayer  of 

Yr  highnesse  most  faithfull  servts, 
Thomas  Madryn. 
John  Jones,  Minister, 
Ellis  Rowlands. 


Rob*  Jones,  Min', 


David  ap  Rob\  Henry  Glynne, 

Evan  Lloyd,  Owen  Robert, 

Gruffyth  Jones,  Willm  Richard, 

Rob1  Oiven,  David  Evans, 

Hugh  Gwynne,  Thomas  Owen, 

Richard  Glynne,  Willm  Lloyd. 
Owen  Hughes, 
William  Owen, 


CHARTER  OF  GWENWYNWYN.  411 

N°  XXIY. 

CHARTER  OF  GWENWYNWYN  TO  THE  MONKS  OF  STRATH- 
MARCHEL.       Vol.  ill.  p.  203. 

Omnibus  sanct?e  niatris  ecclesise  filiis  tam  presentibus 
qua  futuris  notimi  sit,  quod  ego  Wenynwyn  filius  Owen 
Kyfciliog  decli  Deo  et  gloriosse  virgini  matri  et 
Monachis  de  Stradmchell,  pro  salute  animal  mese  in 
liberam  et  quietam  et  perpetuam  eleemosynam  onines 
pasturas  totius  provincire  quoe  dicitur  Kyfciliog  infra 
istos  terminos,  scilicet  Avon  Maen  melyn,  usq;  ad  Llwyn 
y  groes,  &  inde  in  directum  usq;  ad  blaen  nant  hannag,  & 
inde  a  nant  hannang  usq;  ad  ejus  Aber,  inde  usq;  ad 
Abernant  gartb  branddu,  &  per  longitudinem  ipsius 
rivuli  usque  ad  suum  blaen,  &  inde  indirectu  usq;  ad 
Carneddwen,  &  inde  usq;  ad  Goblciddie  &  a  Pen  Gob- 
leiddie  blaen  nant  tylinge  usq;  ad  suum  Aber,  &  inde 
Bache  usq;  ad  Aber  Dyfyngivm  inde  per  Dyfyngwm 
usque  ad  ejus  ortum,  &  inde  usque  ad  Relligogey  &  inde 
usque  ad  Rliydiol,  &  per  Rliydiol  usque  ad  givrydkay  & 
inde  Rliydiol  iterum  usque  ad  Aber  Kamddwr  Kyfciliog 
&  ab  Aber  Kamddwr  Kyfciliog  usque  ad  ejus  ortum,  & 
inde  in  directum  usque  ad  blaen  Einiawn,  &  inde  per 
Einiavm  usque  ad  ejus  Aber,  &  inde  per  Dyfi,  usque  ad 
Aber  Didas,  k  inde  per  Dulas  usque  ad  ejus  ortum,  & 
inde  in  directum  usque  ad  Kefn  y  Bivlch,  &  inde  usq;  ad 
blaen  Lhvydo,  &  per  Llivydo  usq;  ad  ejus  Aber,  &  inde 
Dyfi,  &  inde  usque  ad  Aber  Llywenith  &  sic  per  Llyivenith 
usque  ad  ejus  ortum,  &  inde  in  directum  rhyd  pebyll  va 


412  APPENDIX  XXIV. 

super  Clawedog,  &  inde  per  Clawedog  usque  ad  Gwernach 
&  per  Gwernach  usque  ad  ejus  ortum,  &  inde  sicut  ducit 
mons  superior  usque  ad  Rhyd  Derwen,  &  sic  per  Derwen 
usque  ad  y  Vyrnwy,  and  inde  Nant  er  cira,  usque  ad 
Lledwer  &  Ablaen  Lleddwern  in  directum  usque  ad  bon 
Maen  Melyn.  Omnes  itaque  pasturas  dedi  ego  prsedictus 
Wenynwyn  prsenominatis  monachis  infra  prsefatos  termi- 
nos. Anno  Dora.  1201. 


N°  XXV. 


PENNANT  S  EPITAPH  IN  WHITEFORD  CHURCH. 

This  Monument  is  erected  rather  as  a  token  of  filial  piety,  than  with  a 
design  of  adding  duration  to  the  memory  of 

THOMAS  PENNANT. 

His  active  benevolence  and  private  virtues  will  ensure  him  a  more 

lasting  remembrance  in  this  neighbourhood. 

His  literary  labours  will  obtain  him  immortality  among  those  who  by 

a  laudable  use  of  their  talents  have  instructed  and  benefited  mankind. 

He  died  at  Downing,  his  native  seat,  Deer.  16th,  1798, 

in  the  73rd  year  of  his  age. 


N°  XXVI. 

THOS.  PENNANT'S  PROTECTION  AGAINST  THE  PRESS 

GANGS. 

Thomas  Pennant,  the  bearer,  aged  25,  five  foot  eight 
inches,  of  comely  person,  well  proportioned,  such  as  are 
rated  able,  with  his  own  hair,  of  ffair  complexion,  sound 
of  wind  and  limbe. 


STATEMENT  OF  FACTS.  413 


N°  XXVII. 

AN  ACCOUNT,  DRAWN  UP  BY  RICHARD  FENTON,  THE  HIS- 
TORIAN OF  PEMBROKESHIRE,  OF  A  PROJECT  FOR  AN  EN- 
LARGED EDITION  OF  PENNANT'S  TOUR  IN  NORTH  WALES. 
FROM  A  MS.  IN  THE  POSSESSION  OF  O.  B.  DAYIES,  ESQ., 
WRITTEN  ABOUT  1808. 

Statement  of  facts  respecting  a  new  edition  of  Mr.  Pen- 
nant's North  Wales,  which  R.  Fenton  had  contracted 
with  Messrs.  Longman  &  Co.  and  Mr.  White,  to  superin- 
tend and  enlarge  to  the  bulk  of  another  volume. 

In  consequence  of  a  proposal  made  to  R.  F.  for  a  new 
edition  of  Mr.  Pennant's  N.  Wales,  R.  F.  consulted  with 
his  friend  Sir  R.  Hoare  before  he  had  acceded  to  it,  who 
encouraged  him  much  to  undertake  it;  at  the  same  time 
saying  that  he  would  be  happy  to  furnish  a  new  set  of 
drawings  for  the  work,  and  agreed  with  R,  F.  as  to  the 
propriety  of  writing  to  Mr.  Pennant  on  the  subject, 
which  was  accordingly  done.  To  R.  F.'s  letter  Mr.  Pen- 
nant condescended  to  return  a  most  polite  answer, 
wherein,  after  declaring  his  sentiments  as  to  the  mode  of 
publishing  the  work;  the  substance  of  which  was,  that 
the  text  of  his  father  should  not  be  disturbed,  or  as  in  a 
letter  written  at  the  same  time  to  Mr.  White,  that  no 
new  matter  should  be  intermixed  with  the  old;  he  says 
that  he  is  happy  to  think  that  the  business  was  to  be 
placed  in  the  hands  of  R.  F.,  and  pays  a  very  handsome 


1U  APPENDIX  XXVII. 

but  just  compliment  to  Sir  Richard  Hoare  for  the  proffer 
■of  his  services,  with  an  invitation  to  Downing  when  he 
and  R.  F.  should  pass,  as  they  had  it  in  contemplation  to 
do,  his  way.     This  letter  of  course  was  shewn   to  Sir 
Richard  Hoare,  but  neither  he  nor  R.  F.  considered  it  as 
calling   for   any  answer,  and   indeed,  R.    F.  thought  it 
might  be  impertinent  in  him  as  a  stranger  to   obtrude 
without  cause  a  correspondence  on  Mr.  Pennant.     R.  F. 
soon  after  this  went  to  London,  and  had  a  meeting  on 
the  above  subject  with  the  Booksellers,  bringing  with 
him  Mr.  Pennant's  letter  to  form  the  basis  of  the  neofocia- 
tion,  at  the  same  time  considering  that  Mr.  White  had 
full  powers  and  authority  to  treat  with  him.     It  was  then 
agreed  between  the  parties,   that  Mr.   Pennant's  work 
should  be  published  without  in  the  least  disturbing  his 
text,  and  that  new  matter  should  be  introduced,  when  it 
was  called  for,  with  a  separating  or  distinguishing  bracket 
between  the  original  and   the  addition,   and  that   any 
motes  R.  F.  should  insert  should  be  particularized  by  the 
letter  F.     Now  in  this  business,  even  suppose  R.  F.  had 
acceded  to  a  proposal  totally  contrary  to  Mr.   Pennant's 
ideas,  he  was  acting  ministerially,  and  the  blame,  if  any, 
should  be  imputable  to  those  by  whom  he  was  employed; 
but  R.  F.  wishing  to  conduct  himself  with  more  delicacy, 
conceived  that  the  plan  of  publication  adopted  was  such 
as  could  not  militate  against  Mr.  Pennant's  wishes  as  ex- 
pressed in  his  letter  to  Mr.  White,  where  he  says,  that 
the  new  observations  should  not  be  intermixed  with  the 
original,  that  is,  as  R.  F.  and  his  employers  seemed  to 


STATEMENT  OF  FACTS.  415 

understand  it,  incorporated.  Contracts  on  the  above 
plan  were  signed,  yet  not  a  line  was  written,  and  conse- 
quently the  work  of  the  late  Mr.  P.  remained  uncontanii- 
nated  by  the  pen  of  R.  F.,  when  he  received  a  letter  from 
Messrs.  L.  &  Co.  shewn  to  Sir  J.  W.,  and  afterwards  ano- 
ther subsequent  to  that,  containing  terms  too  humiliating 
for  R.  F.  to  have  acceded  to,  even  could  he  have  decided 
independently  of  Sir  Richard  Hoare,  who  had  given  his 
ultimatum  on  the  subject  to  the  Booksellers,  so  that  R. 
F.,  though  he  might  have  insisted  on  his  contract,  that  it 
might  be  no  annoyance  to  Mr.  P.  who  had  started  as 
editor  himself,  totally  abandoned  it. 


N°  XXVIII. 
THE  "ROYAL  AND  NOBLE  TRIBES." 

WITH  AX  INTRODUCTION  BY  W.  TREVOR  PARKINS,  ESQ; 

The  following  very  interesting  account  of  the  Royal  and 
Noble  Tribes  was  printed  as  an  Appendix  to  the  History 
of  Whiteford  and  Holywell,  with  one  exception  the  last 
work  of  Mr.  Pennant,  which  appeared  in  179G.  The 
enumeration  of  the  descendants  of  the  several  tribes, 
which  forms  so  large  a  portion  of  this  account,  is  to  be 
ascribed  to  Pennant.  The  catalogues  of  families  have 
been  carefully  prepared  by  him,  and  as  they  are  here 
given,  they  rest  upon  his  authority. 

Different  lists  of  the   fifteen  tribes  are  said  to  vary; 


41 G  APPENDIX  XXVIII. 

and  the  tribes  are  frequently  numbered  differently,  where 
the  names  are  themselves  the  same.  Thus,  in  the  Salis- 
bury Pedigiree  Book  the  tribes  correspond  with  those  of 
Pennant,  but  the  order  is  entirely  different;  the  list  com- 
mencing there  with  Efnydd,  whom  he  ranks  as  the  14th, 
and  terminating  with  the  three  tribes  whom  he  places  first. 
The  real  origin  of  the  tribes  must  be  looked  upon  as 
obscure.  They  are  not  noticed  by  Giraldus  Cambrensis, 
who  was  himself  the  grandson  of  Rhys  ap  Tewdwr,  one  of 
their  supposed  founders,  and  who  travelled  through  Wales 
with  archbishop  Baldwin,  when  he  preached  the  Crusade 
there  in  1187.  This  silence  is  the  more  remarkable,  as 
Giraldus  devoted  a  chapter  of  his  Topographia  Cambria? 
to  describe  the  love,  of  the  Welsh  for  high  birth  and  antient 
genealogy,  and  particularly  explains  the  manner  in  which 
their  pedigrees  were  reckoned.  If  the  tribes  were  estab- 
lished a  century  before  he  wrote,  it  is  difficult  to  under- 
stand why  he  has  not  alluded  to  them. 

The  traditional  history  of  the  tribes,  as  delivered  by 
Robert  Vaughan,  has  been  often  quoted  :  the  passage 
which  occurs  at  the  end  of  the  Five  Royal  Tribes  of  Cam- 
bria is  as  follows: — 

"  Prince  Gruffydd  ap  Cynan,  Rhys  ap  Tewdwr,  and  Bleddyn  ap  Cynfyn, 
"  made  diligent  search  for  the  arms,  ensignes,  and  pedegrees  of  their  ancestors, 
"  the  nobility  and  kings  of  the  Britons.  What  they  discovered  by  their  pains 
"  in  any  papers  and  records,  was  afterwards  by  the  bards  digested,  and  put 
"  into  books.  And  they  ordained  five  royal  tribes  (there  being  only  three  be- 
"  fore,)  from  whom  their  posterity  to  this  day  can  derive  themselves :  and 
"  also  fifteen  special  tribes,  of  whom  the  gentry  of  North  Wales  are,  for  the 
"  most  part,  descended.  And  in  our  books  we  have  mention  of  the  tribe  of 
"March,  &c;  besides  other  tribes  called  Givehelyth  and  Gwehelythau." 


INTRODUCTION.  417 

In  considering  this  narrative  it  is  necessary  to  remem- 
ber that  Bleddyn  ap  Cynfyn,  after  a  reign  of  ten  years, 
was  slain  in  1072;  that  Gruffydd  ap  Cynan  remained  in 
Ireland  until  after  the  death  of  Bleddyn,  and  that  he 
reigned  from  1075  to  1136;  and  that  Rhys  ap  Tewdivr, 
who  was  sovereign  of  South  Wales  from  1077  to  1089, 
when  he  was  defeated  and  killed  by  Jestyn  ap  Gwrgant, 
was  also  an  exile  during  the  reign  of  Bleddyn.  The  nar- 
rative appears  to  represent  these  princes  as  acting  together 
to  carry  out  a  common  purpose,  which  their  history  shews 
to  have  been  impossible :  and  it  describes  them  as  forming 
the  fifteen  tribes,  though  several  of  those  tribes  commence 
as  late  as  the  reign  of  Owain  Givynedd,  the  son  and  the 
successor  of  Gruffydd  ap  Cynan.  It  further  describes 
them  as  searching  for  the  "arms"  of  their  ancestors,  though 
they  all  lived  and  died  before  the  time  when  hereditary 
arms  were  borne  or  heraldry  existed. 

In  addition  to  these  difficulties  in  the  narrative,  there 
is  a  further  circumstance  which  discredits  it  as  an  authen- 
tic account  of  the  real  origin  of  the  tribes.  It  is  obvious 
that  a  tribe,  which  is  the  union  of  several  families  descen- 
ded from  a  common  ancestor,  must  be  the  growth  of  time, 
and  come  into  existence  slowly,  and  that  it  cannot  be  es- 
tablished in  the  lifetime  of  its  ancestral  patriarch ;  and,  if 
this  be  so,  it  is  impossible  to  believe  that  the  great  person- 
ages from  whom  the  principal  royal  tribes  derive  their 
origin,  can  have  exercised  the  power,  witli  regard  to 
themselves  and  their  descendants,  which  is  here  assigned 

to  them. 

vol.  in.  2  c 


418  APPENDIX  XXVIII. 

The  heraldic  bearings  ascribed  to  the  tribes  appear  to 
throw  some  further  light  upon  their  history.  Those  of 
Bleddyn  ap  Cynfyn  seem  to  be  adopted  from  the  arms  of 
the  Hitzalans,  the  great  earls  of  Arundel,  lords  of  Oswes- 
try, and  long  potent  in  the  Welsh  marches.  Those  of 
Jestyn  ap  Gwrgant  are  slightly  altered  from  the  arms  of 
the  earls  of  Gloucester  and  Clare.  While  the  three  lions 
of  England,  similarly  changed  from  gold  to  silver,  have 
been  attributed  to  Gruffydd  ap  Cynan.  It  may  be  fur- 
ther noticed  that  Ethelystan  Glodrydd,  who  lived  towards 
the  close  of  the  tenth  century,  and  Cilmin  Droed-ddu, 
who  is  said  to  have  lived  much  earlier,  have  their  arms 
quartered;  and  as  quartering  arms  was  not  generally 
adopted  until  the  end  of  the  fourteenth  century,  this  cir- 
cumstance has  a  strong  significance  as  regards  the  time 
when  the  heraldry  of  the  tribes  originated. 

If  the  royal  and  noble  tribes  could  be  shown  to  have 
served  any  important  purpose,  as  a  political  or  a  social  ins- 
titution, the  anachronisms  which  abound  in  their  heraldry 
might  be  disregarded  as  matters  of  no  real  consequence; 
but  if  the  tribes  have  played  no  part  in  history,  and  if 
their  origin  in  all  probability  is  due  to  bards  and  genealo- 
gists, rather  than  to  lawgivers  and  princes,  these  manifest 
imperfections  may  assist  us  to  determine  the  real  period 
of  their  establishment. 

The  fifteen  tribes  belong  exclusively  to  North  Wales. 
They  are  principally  found  in  Anglesey  and  Caernarvon- 
shire, and  in  those  parts  of  Denbighshire  and  Flintshire 
which  did  not  belong  to  Powis.     Their  distribution  is  ex- 


INTRODUCTION.  41£ 

ceedingly  irregular,  but  there  seems  to  be  something  local 
in  their  arrangement.  The  heads  of  both  classes  of  tribes 
are  a  variety  of  chieftains  differing  widely  in  character  and 
in  importance,  some  of  whom  lived  as  early  as  the  9th  cen- 
tury, some  as  late  as  the  1 2th  century,  and  it  is  impossible 
to  ascertain  the  grounds  on  which  many  of  these  persons 
have  been  selected.  "Other  founders,"  as  Mr.  Yorke  ob- 
serves in  the  Preface  to  his  Royal  Tribes,  "are  recorded, 
but  not  included  in  the  tribes,  although  of  greater  merit 
than  some  who  were  honoured  with  that  distinction." 

Many  difficulties  will  be  explained  if  the  tribes  are  be- 
lieved to  have  been  constituted  subsequently  to  the  reign 
of  Owain  Givynedd,  in  the  last  years  of  national  indepen- 
ence,  and  to  have  been  limited  to  the  districts  which 
remained  unconquered.  The  heraldic  bearings,  some  of 
which  appear  to  be  more  modern,  may  have  undergone 
changes,  and  been  finally  determined  upon  at  a  later  pe- 
riod. The  tribe  of  March,  which  Mr.  Pennant  classes  as 
the  XVIth  noble  tribe,  includes  a  number  of  families  that 
trace  their  descent  from  Tudor  Trevor,  and  belong  all  of 
them  to  Powis.  This  tribe  has  no  connection  with  the 
rest,  and  its  formation  is  certainly  more  recent. 

It  is  possible  that  the  tribes  may,  in  some  degree,  de- 
rive their  origin  from  the  old  tribal  system,  which  appears 
by  the  ancient  laws  of  Wales  to  have  once  been  general. 
In  those  laws  the  "chief  of  kindred,"  the  Pencenedl,  is 
described  as  an  important  personage,  chosen  as  it  seems 
to  represent  all  the  members  of  the  kindred,  who  were 
bound  together  by  a  variety  of  regulations.     A  number 


420  APPENDIX  XXVIII. 

of  provisions  made  it  necessary  for  a  freeman  to  have  an 
accurate  acquaintance  with  the  history  of  his  family,  and 
encouraged,  if  they  did  not  occasion,  that  fondness  for  gen- 
ealogical learning  which  caused  the  wonder  of  Giraldus. 

It  was  the  duty  of  the  bards  to  preserve  this  learning, 
and  they  continued  through  the  whole  of  the  middle  ages 
to  be  "the  recorders  of  the  arms  of  the  Welsh  gentry, 
and  the  grand  repositories  of  the  genealogies  of  families." 
They  depended  upon  the  favour  of  the  rich  and  powerful,, 
and  as  they  were  necessarily  inclined  to  flatter  the  vanity 
of  their  patrons,  the  accounts  which  have  been  handed 
down  by  them  are  not  always  similar. 

The  royal  and  noble  tribes,  whatever  may  have  been 
the  causes  which  led  to  their  formation,  are  a  highly  in- 
teresting record,  including  many  families,  and  of  great 
value  for  the  historian  as  well  as  the  genealogist.  Pen- 
nant's account  of  them,  which  is  here  reprinted,  still  re- 
mains the  best.  Mr.  YorJce,  in  his  Royal  Tribes,  has  col- 
lected many  anecdotes,  which  he  has  told  agreeably,  and 
the  lovers  of  biography  will  always  find  amusement  from 
his  somewhat  desultory  pages.  But  his  knowledge  was 
less  accurate ;  and  as  regards  the  real  history  of  the 
tribes,  he  has  added  scarcely  anything  to  the  clearer  out- 
line of  his  predecessor. 

NOTE. 
An  Ordinary  of  the  armorial  bearings  of  many  Welsh  families  will  be 
found  in  the  Archccologla  Cambrensis  for  1851  (Vol.  2  of  the  second  series). 
The  compiler,  who  signs  himself  A.  C,  apparently  for  Anglo-Cambrian, 
prefaces  this  Ordinary  with  an  interesting  letter,  which  contains  some 
valuable  observations  on  the  history  of  Heraldry  in  Wales,  t.p. 


-. ■ : .  ~;;::::sESSSaa:"riSI2«»2ga:safeaHiSaSi^BaaSaffi«»»«. 


iHjiissMsBjsBgssffillSaSJsli^si^a 


V.     ROYAL    TRIBES    OF    CAMBRIA. 


THE  FIVE  ROYAL  TRIBES. 


The  Five  Royal  Tribes  of  Cambria,  from  the 
'British  Antiquities  revived:^  By  Robert 
Vaughan,  Esquire,  of  Hengicrt,  in  Merioneth- 
shire. (l) 

I. 

QRYFFITH  AP  CYNAN,  King  of  North  Wales, 
is  the  first  registered  in  our  books.  He  was  the 
grand-child  of  prince  logo  ap  Edwal,  whose  son  Cynan 
was  forced  to  fly  into  Ireland  for  safety,  where  he  mar- 
ried Ramdlt,  daughter  of  Aidoedd,  king  of  Dublin,  Man, 
and  the  Isles,  and  the  relict  of  Mathganyn,  king  of  Uls- 
ter, and  had  issue  by  her  this  Griffith. — *He  beareth 
gules,  three  lioncels  passant  in  pale  harry  argent,  armed 
azure. 

DESCENDANTS  EXTANT  IN  THE  MALE  LINE. 

Wynnes,       ...  of  Peng 'wem,  Merionethshire. 

(*)  Robert  Vaughan  of  Ilengivrt  died  in  1666.  His  British  Antiquities  Revi- 
ved was  published  in  1662,  and  a  second  edition  was  printed  at  Bala  in  1834. 
Pennant  has  added  to  each  tribe  a  list  of  the  descendants  in  the  male  and  fe- 
male line;  no  such  list  being  given  by  Robert  Vaughan,  in  his  brief  account  of 
the  live  Royal  Tribes.   T.r. 

*  Most  of  his  descendants  give  the  coat  of  his  son  Owain  Gwyncdd,  viz. 
xcrt,  three  eagles  displayed  in  fess  or. 


422 


APPENDIX  XXVIII. 


descendants  extinct,  or  in  the  female  line 

Wynnes, 


Lloyd, 

Powell, 

Davies, 

Pryse, 

Anwyl, 


i 


of  Gwydir,  Caernarvonshire.  , 

of  Wynnstay,  Denbighshire. 

of  Bodscallan,  and  Berth  ddu,  \  Caernar- 

of  Conwy,  )   vonshire. 

of  Maes  Mochnant,  Denbighshire. 

of  Ystymcegid. 

of  Clynenney,  Caernarvonshire. 

of  Rhiivaedog,  Merionethshire,  nowDolben. 

of  Penmachno,  Caernarvonshire. 

of  Tal-llynt  ar  deni,  )  ,,    .      ..*  -,  . 

.  Tr      J     7  7  v  Merionethshire. 

ol  iscarweaaan,        ) 

of  Park. 


II. 

i?iTr,S'  ^4P  TEWDWR  MAWR,  (the  second  Royal 
Tribe)  who  took  upon  him  the  government  of  South 
Wales,  A.D.  1077. — Crw?^,  a  Zicw  rampant  or,  within  a 
bordure  indented. 

DESCENDANTS  EXTINCT,  OR  IN  THE  FEMALE  LINE. 

Wynnes,       ...  of  Dole  Bachog. 

...  of  Llan  Erfyl,  Montgomeryshire. 

p  [     of  Tal-y-llyn,  Merionethshire. 

Wynn,  ...  of  Coed-llai,  or  Leeswood,  Flintshire. 

Owen,  ...  of  Cefn  Hafod. 

Lloyds,  ...  of  Phis  much  Clawdd,  Denbighshire. 


THE  FIVE  KOYAL  TRIBES.  423 


POWEL, 

...  of  Geidio. 

Evans, 

...  of  Tre  Gastell. 

Jones, 

...  of Haim. 

III. 

BLETHYN  AP  CYNFYN,  (the  Third  Royal  Tribe) 
was  King  of  North  Wales  and  Prince  of  Powys*:  and  after 
the  death  of  Meredith  ap  Owain  ap  Edivijn,  (prince  of 
South  Wcdes,)  he  became  King  of  all  Wales. — Or,  a  lion 
rampant  gules,  armed  and  langued  or. 

DESCENDANTS  EXTANT  IN  THE  MALE  LINEt. 

Kynaston,     ...  of  Hardwick,  Shropshire. 

Vaughans,    ...  of  Golden  Grove,  Caermarthenshire. 

Lloyd,  ...  of  Cwm-bychan,)  1/f    .       .  7. 

„  ™        >y7         }  Merionethshire. 
ol  Blaen  brlynn,  ) 

DESCENDANTS  extinct,  or  in  the  female  line. 

Kynastons,  ...  oiHordley. 

of  Ottley. 

*  Dlethyn  ap  Cynfyn  bob  cwys, 
Ei  hiln  bioedd  Mn  Bowys. 
+  The  curious  reader,  who  wishes  for  more  information  concerning  this 
tribe,  and  its  descendants,  may  consult  a  tract  on  the  subject,  lately  published 
by  my  worthy  friend  Philip  Yorke,  esquire,  of  Erddig,  a  gentleman  to  whom 
the  thanks  of  his  country  are  due,  for  the  great  zeal  he  displays  to  illustrate 
its  antient  biography.    (l) 

(l)  The  reference  here  made  is  to   Yorke's  Tracts  of  Powis,  published  in 
1795;  his  Royal  Tribes  appeared  in  1799,  after  the  death  of  Pennant,   t.p. 


424 


APPENDIX  XXVIII. 


Kynastons, 


Williams, 

Nanneys, 
Maurices, 
Kyffins, 


Tanats,' 
Meredydd, 

POWELS, 

Jones, 

Maesmor, 

Hughes, 


..  of  Morton. 

of  Llwyn-y-Mapsis. 

of  Pont-y-Byrsley. 
(  of  Hinchinbroke,  Huntingdonshire,  of 
(      whom  Cromwell,  the  Protector. 
.  of  Nanney,  Merionethshire. 
.  of  Lloran,  Shropshire. 
.  of  Bodfach,  Montgomeryshire. 

of  Maenan,  Caernarvonshire. 

of  Glasgoed,  Shropshire. 

.  of  Abertanat, )  ,.  7. 

c  m     *       .   \  Montgomeryshire. 
.  01  ixtantanat, )  u         J 

.  of  Whittington,  Shropshire. 

. .  of  Treweithian. 

. .  of  Maesmor,  Denbighshire. 

. .  of  Giverclas,  Merionethshire. 


IV. 

ETHELYSTAN  GLODRYDD,  (the  fourth  Eoyal 
Tribe)  Prince  of  the  ""country  between  Wye  and  Severn. 
He  was  the  son  of  Cyhelyn  ap  If  or,  by  Rhiengar,  the 
daughter  and  heir  of  Gronw  ap  Tudor  Trevor,  from  whom 
he  had  derived  to  him  the  title  of  the  earldom  of Hereford. 
Athelstan,  King  of  England,  was  his  god-father. — Ethel- 
ystan,  (or,  as  he  is  sometimes  called,  Elystan)  bore  two 
coats  quartered,  azure,  three  boars  heads  caboched  sable, 


*  The  country  between  these  two  rivers  was  antiently  called  Ferlys;  and  it 
had  its  own  princes,  independent  of  the  princes  of  South  Wales. 


THE  FIVE  ROYAL  TRIBES. 


425 


langued  gules,  tusked  or.  His  mother's  coat,  parted  per 
bend  sinister  ermine  and  ermines;  over  all  a  lion  rampant 
or. 

DESCENDANT  EXTANT  IN  THE  MALE  LINE. 
Clyn,  ...  of  Clyiij  Shropshire. 


DESCENDANTS  EXTINCT,  OR  IN  THE  FEMALE  LINE 

Prices, 

...  of  Cery,         \ 

of  Bodfach,   >  Montgomeryshire. 

of  Newtown,  J 

of  Penarth. 

of  Park. 

of  Pilale,  Radnorshire. 

of  Llanbister. 

Olivers, 

...  of Nevoddwen. 

of  Llangyniw. 

Lloyds, 

...  of  Cery,  Montgomeryshire. 

of  Mochdre. 

Wynns, 

...  of  Gellidywyll. 

of  Llanfendigedd. 

Owen, 

...  of  Rhiw  Saeson,  Montgomeryshire. 

Philips, 

...   of  Llan  Ddewi. 

Vaughans, 

...  of  Bugeildy. 

of  Pant-y-Garreg. 

Meredydd, 

...  of  Llanasan. 

Owen, 

...  of  Morbend. 

Morris, 

...   of  Cery,  Montgomeryshire. 

James, 

...  of  Croesgynan,  Montgomeryshire. 

426  APPENDIX  XXVIII. 

Matthews,   ...  o£  Blorfivell,  Shropshire. 

of  Mochdre. 
Powell,'"'       ...  of  Westyn  and  Ednop,  Shropshire. 


V. 

JESTYNAP  GWRGANT,  (the  Fifth  Royal  Tribe) 
was  Prince  or  Lord  of  Glamorgan;  he  descended  from 
Tewdric,  King  of  Gwent,  in  King  Arthurs,  time.  He  lost 
his  country  to  Robert  Fitzhamon,  and  his  twelve  knights; 
whom  by  the  procurement  of  Einion  ap  Cadifor  ap  Coll- 
wyn,  he  had  hired  to  come  with  an  army  to  assist  him 
against  Rhys  ap  Tewdwr,  prince  of  South  Wales,  and 
Blethyn  ap  Maenyrch,  Lord  of  Brecknock.  As  a  judg- 
ment upon  him,  for  his  disloyalty  to  the  said  Rhys,  his 
sovereign,  God  was  pleased  suddenly  to  punish  treachery 
with  treachery. 

Rhys  and  Blethyn,  after  a  very  bloody  battle  t  (not  far 
from  Brecknock)  were  slain  in  the  field. — Gules,  three 
cheveronels,  in  pale  argent. 

*  Of  this  family  was  Richard  Powell  of  Ednop,  (or,  as  it  is  sometimes  writ- 
ten, Eden/tope)  the  poet,  author  of  the  Pentarchia,  a  short  history,  in  coarse 
Latin  verse,  of  the  royal  tribes  of  Cambria,  and  their  descendants.  The  above 
mentioned  poem  was  composed  about  the  year  1623.  Prefixed  to  it  is  a 
dedication  to  the  then  Prince  of  Wales,  afterwards  Charles  the  First. 

t  This  battle  took  place  in  the  year  1090.  Our  valiant  prince  Rhys  had  the 
honor  of  falling  in  the  field,  fighting  in  the  defence  of  his  country,  at  the  great 
age  of  ninety-eight  years. —  Whine's  Hist.  Wales,  p.  112. 


THE  FIVE  ROYAL  TRIBES.  427 

DESCENDANTS  EXTANT  IN  THE  MALE  LINE. 

Williams,""'  ...  of  Tame.     Earl  of  Abingdon. 

Newtons,      ...  of Heaihley. 

Jones,  ...  of  Craflwyn,  Caernarvonshire. 

of  Dol  in Edeimion.   )  **    •      .-,  7  • 
ol  D6l-y-M6ch.        Ij5en0n  ^      • 

Myttley,      ...  oiMyttley. 

Prince  Griffith  ap  Cynan,  Rhys  ap  Teivdwr,  and 
Blethyn  ap  Cynfyn,  made  diligent  search  for  the  arms, 
ensignes,  and  pedegrees  of  their  ancestors,  the  nobility 
and  kings  of  the  Britons.  What  they  discovered  by  their 
pains,  in  any  papers  and  records,  was  afterwards,  by  the 
bards,  digested  and  put  into  books.  And  they  ordained 
five  royal  tribes  (there  being  only  three  before)  from 
whom  their  posterity  to  this  day  can  derive  themselves: 
and  also  fifteen  special  tribes,  of  whom  the  gentry  of 
North  Wales  are,  for  the  most  part,  descended.  And  in 
our  books  we  have  mention  of  the  tribe  of  March,  &c.r 
besides  other  tribes  called  Gwehelyth  and  Gwehelaethau. 

*  Lord  Williams,  of  Tame,  was  made  Lord  President  of  the  Marches  of 
Wales,  iu  the  first  year  of  Queen  Elizabeth;  and  died,  I  believe,  the  same  yearr 
at  Ludlow  Castle,  where  the  courts  of  the  Marches  were  then  held. 


THE  FIFTEEN  TBIBES. 


The  Fifteen  Tribes  of  North  Wales;  from  a  MS. 
in  the  Possession  of  the  Reverend  L.  Owen.(l) 

I. 

JJWFA*  AP  CYNDDELW  (the  first  of  the  fifteen 
tribes)  lived  in  the  time  of  Owain  Gwynedd,  prince 
of  North  Wales.  Some  books  of  pedegrees  allege  that  he 
was  steward  to  the  said  Prince.t  His  office,  by  inheri- 
tance, was  to  bear  the  Prince's  coronet,  and  to  put  it 
upon  his  head  when  the  Bishop  of  Bangor  annointed 
him,  (as  Nicholas,  Bishop  of  Bangor,  affirmeth.)  His 
house,  I  believe,  was  Presaddfed,  in  Anglesey.  What 
lordships  he  had  besides  that,  are  mentioned,  in  the 
Extent  of  North  Wales,  to  be  divided  among  his  five 
sons,  viz.  Methusalem,  Cyfnerth,  Jeuan,  Jorwerth,  and 
Blettrws.     Many  of  the  gentlemen  of  Anglesey  hold  lands 

(x)  The  Reverend  Lewis  Owen,  of  Erwgoed,  in  the  parish  of  Dolgelley,  was 
rector  of  Llanbedr  Dyffryn  Clwyd.  This  manuscript  was  given  by  his  son,  the 
Reverend  Robert  Owen,  to  the  late  Colonel  Vaughan  of  Rtig,  and  it  is  now  pre- 
served with  the  Hengivrt  manuscripts  at  Peniarth.  It  is  in  the  handwriting 
of  Robert  Vaughan,  the  antkjuary.  Robert  Owen,  who  died  in  1850,  was  the 
last  male  descendant  of  John,  the  eldest  son  of  Baron  Lewis  Owen,  now  repre- 
sented in  the  female  line  by  Mr.  Evan  (Jarnons  Lloyd  of  Blaen-y-glyn,  the  pre- 
sent owner  of  Erwgoed.  t.p. 

*  Commonly  called  Lord  of  Llys  Llifon,  in  Anglesey. 
t  Mon.  Ant.  p.  131. 


r 


\ 


. 


THE  FIFTEEN  TRIBES.  429 

from  him  by  lineal  descent,  but  who  his  heir  is,  I  know 
not.  Sir  Hoivel-y-Pedolau"  was  a  famous  man  in  his  time, 
and  descended  from  him,  being  the  son  of  Griffith  ap 
Jorwerth  ap  Meredydd  ap  Methusalem  ap  Hivfa  ap  Cyn- 
ddehv.  Sir  Howel's  mother  was  King  Edward  the 
Second's  nurse;  and  he  being  the  King's  foster-brother, 
was  in  great  favor  with  him,  who  knighted  him.  He 
was  a  very  strong  man,  insomuch  that  he  could  break  or 
straiten  horse-shoes  with  his  hands. — His  arms  he  beareth 
gules  between  three  lioncels  rampant,  a  cheveron  or. 

DESCENDANTS  EXTANT  IN  THE  MALE  LINE. 

\    of  Bodeon,  Anglesey;  and  Orielton,  Pem- 
Owen,  j      brokeshire. 

...  of  Penrhos,  Montgomeryshire. 

DESCENDANTS  EXTINCT,  OR  IN  THE  FEMALE  LINE, 

Williams,     ...  of  Llanbeder. 

Bould,  ...   of  Trer  Ddol. 

Owen,  ...  of  Porkinton,  Shropshire. 

of  Llanvaethley. 
Morris,  ...  of  Tre  Jonverth. 
Wynnes,       ...  of  Bodychcn,     \ 

of  Bodowyr,        \ 
Griffiths,    ...  of  Chivacn,         (     7  J      *' 
Lewis,  ...  of  Presaddfed,  * 

*  Or,  of  the.  horseshoes. 


430  APPENDIX  XXVIII. 

II. 

*  LLOWARCH  AP  BRAN,  (the  second  of  the  fif- 
teen tribes)  lived  in  the  time  of  Owain  Gwynedd,  and  was 
the  Prince's  brother-in-law,  for  both  their  wives   were 
sisters,  the  daughters  of  Grono  ap  Owain   ap  Edwyn, 
Lord  of  Tegaingle,  (as  Griffith  Hiraethog,  and  Sir  Tho- 
mas ap  Jevan  ap  Deicws,  and  also  an  old  parchment  MS. 
written  about  four  hundred  years  ago,  do  testify.)     What 
office  he  bore  under  the  Prince,  I  do  not  know.     Some 
say  he  was  Owain's  steward,  as  in  a  book  of  Sir  Thomas 
ap  Williams  of  Trefriw,  I  found.     I  believe  he  dwelled 
in  the  township  which  from  him  is  called  Tref  Llowarch, 
which  hath  in  it  Caer  Gybi,   (or  Holyhead)  and  three 
parcels  of  land,  bearing  the  name  of  his  three  sons,  viz. 
Gwely  Jorwerth  ap  Llowarch,  Gwely  Cadwgan  ap  Llow- 
arch, and  Gwely  Madoc  ap  Llowarch,  as  in  the  Extent  of 
North  Wales  is  manifest.     He  had  a  grand-child  by  his 
son  Jorwerth,  called  Meredydd,  who,  for  his  good  services, 
had  the  freehold  of  the  township  of  Escyniok,  given  him 
and  his  heirs  for  ever,  by  Prince  Llewelyn  ap  Jorwerth; 
whose    posterity,   viz.   Jeuan   fWyddel,  and    Tudur  ap 
Howel  ap  Tudur,  held  the  same  by  the  grant  aforesaid, 
in  the  twenty-sixth  year  of  King  Edward  the  Third,  as 
is  to  be  seen  in  the  Extent  Book  of  North  Wales.    Jeuan 
Wyddel's  mother  was  the  daughter  of  the  Lord  Oywchwr 
in  Ireland,  descended  of  the  Earl  of  Kildare,  of  whom 

*  Llywarch  was  lord  of  Cwmmwd  Mcnai,  in  Anglesey. 
t  Or  the  Irishman. 


THE  FIFTEEN  TRIBES. 


431 


the  gentlemen  of  Mosoglen,  Bodowyr,  Porthamal,  and 
many  others  are  descended. — He  beareth  argent,  between 
three  crows  ivith  ermine  in  their  bills,  a  cheveron  sable. 

DESCENDANTS  EXTINCT,  OR  IN  THE  FEMALE  LINE. 


Lloyds, 


Wynn, 

Price, 
Parry, 
Griffith, 
Meredydd, 


Owen, 


. .  of  Rhiwgoch,  \ 

of  Maes-y-Neuoedd,  /  Merionethshire. 

of  Hendrer  Mar,      / 

of  Bryn  Hir. 

of  Coed-y-Rhygyn. 

of  Llandecwyn. 

of  Cefnfaes. 

of  Cae  Adda. 
..  of  Mosoglen. 
. .  of  Bodowur, )    ,     7 
..  of  Boda/on,  ]  A,19lese'J- 
. .  of  Celynnog  fawr,  Caernarvonshire. 
..  of  Monachdy  Gioyn. 

of  Hafod  Lwyfog. 

of  Porthamal. 
..  of  Ruthin,  Denbighshire. 


III. 

GWEIRYDD  AP  RHYS  GOCH,  of  the  hundred  of 

Tal-.Ebolion  in  Anglesey.  He  dwelt  at  Caerdegog,  the 
hamlets  and  tenements  whereof  bear  the  names  of  his 
children  and  grand-children,  as  Gwely  Madoc  ap  Gweir- 
ydd,  Gwely  Llotuarch  ap  Gweirydd,  Gwely  llowel  ap 
Gweirydd,  and  Gwely  Meuric  ap  Gweirydd,  whose  great 


432  APPENDIX  XXVIII. 

grand-child  Howel  ap  Jeuan  ap  Ednyfed  ap  Meuric  ap 
Gweirydd,  enjoyed  Gwely  Meuric  in  the  twenty-sixth 
year  of  Edward  III. — ''He  beareth  argent  on  a  bend  sable, 
three  lions'  heads  caboched  of  the  first.  He  lived  in  the 
time  of  Owain  Gwynedd,  and  of  his  son  David  ap  Owain. 

DESCENDANT  EXTANT  IN  THE  MALE  LINE. 

Foulkes,       ...  of  Gwemygron,  Flintshire. 

DESCENDANTS  EXTINCT,  OR  IN  THE  FEMALE  LINE. 

Lloyd,  ...  oiGwaredog,    \ 

Wynn,  ...  of Bodewryd,   (Anglesey. 

Hughes,        ...  of  Beaumaris,  / 


IV. 

CUMIN  TROED-DUf  lived  in  the  time  of  Merfyn 
Frych,\  King  of  Man,  being  his  brother's  son,  with  whom 
he  came  from  the  north  of  Britain,  when  Merfyn  married 
Esyllt,  the  daughter  and  heir  of  Conan  Tindaethwy,  king 
of  the  Britons.  What  offices  he  bore,  I  have  not  been 
able  to  find  out.  His  posterity  were  wise  and  discreet 
men  in  all  their  ages;  and  many  of  them  were  learned  in 
the  laws  in  the  time  of  the  kings  and  princes  of  Wales, 
and  were  judges;    as  Morgeneu  \Ynad  ap  Gwrydr,  and 

*  According  to  other  authors,  he  bore  argent,  on  a  bend  sable,  three  leopards' 

faces  of  the  first. 
+  For  a  further  account  of  Cilmin  Troed-dzi,  or  Cdmin  with  the  black  Joot, 
see  Tour  in  Wales,  vol.  ii.  p.  391. 

X  Merfyn  Frych  reigned  from  the  year  81 S  to  843. — PoweUa  Hist,  oj  Wales. 

§  Or  Judge. 


THE  FIFTEEN  TRIBES.  433 

Cyfnerth  his  sod,  whose  Law-Book  is  yet  extant,  fairly 
written  on  parchment;  Morgeneu  Ynad  ap  Madoc; 
Morgan  Ynad  ap  Meuric,  and  Madoc  Goch  Ynad. 
Robert  ap  Meredydd  ap  Hwlkin  Llwyd,  a  wise  and  couth 
gentleman,  lived  in  the  time  of  Henry  the  Seventh;  and 
of  him  are  descended  the  Glynns  of  Nanlley.  His  house, 
I  believe,  was  Glynllifon,  whence  some  of  his  descendants 
took  the  name  of  Glynn. — He  beareth  quarterly  1,  argent; 
an  eagle  displayed  loith  tivo  heads  sable;  2,  argent,  three 
fiery  ragged  sticks,  gules;  the  3d  as  the  second;  the  4-th  as 
the  first.  Overall,  upon  an  escutcheon  of  pretence  argent, 
a  man's  leg  coupe  a  la  cuisse,  sable. 

DESCENDANTS  EXTANT  IN  THE  MALE  LINE. 

Glynns,         ...  of  Hawarden  Castle,  Flintshire. 

of  London. 
Hughes,         ...  of Bodryn. 

DESCENDANTS  EXTINCT,  OR  IN  THE  FEMALE  LINE. 

Glynns,         ...  of  Glynllifon, 

of  Lleyar,         ^  Caernarvonshire. 
of  Nanlley, 


V. 

COLLWYNAP  TANGNO  is  said  to  be  Lord  of  Efion- 
ydd,  Ardudwy,  and  part  of  Lljjn:  and  it  is  true,  that  his 
progeny  have,  and  do  to  this  day,  possess  and  enjoy  the 
greatest  part  of  the  said  country.  His  grand-children 
Asser,  Meirion,  and   Giogan,  the  sons   of  Merwydd   ap 

VOL.  III.  2  D 


434  APPENDIX  XXVIII. 

Collwyn,  lived  in  the  beginning  of  Griffith  ap  Cynan's 
time,  as  by  the  Life'"  of  the  said  Griffith  is  manifest, 
whereby  may  be  known  what  time  Collwyn  lived  and 
nourished.  It  is  said  that  he  lived  for  some  time  in  Bron- 
wen's  tower  at  Harlech,  calling  the  same  town  after  his 
own  name  Caer-Collwyn.  But  his  said  grand-children, 
when  Griffith  ap  Cynan  challenged  the  principality  of 
Wales,  lived  in  Llyn,  as  in  the  said  book  of  his  life  is  ex- 
tant. His  posterity  were  always  the  noblest  and  best 
men  in  Efionydd  and  Ardudwy,  next  to  the  princes  and 
their  issue.  His  heir,  from  eldest  son  to  eldest  son,  is 
hard  to  be  known,  in  regard  that  by  the  British  laws 
every  man's  inheritance  was  to  be  divided  among  his 
children,  and  the  youngest  son  had  the  principal  house; 
whereby  every  one  having  an  equal  portion  of  his  parent's 
land,  his  posterity  was  forgotten. — He  beareth  sable,  be- 
tween three  flower-de-luces  a  cheveron  arg.ent. 

Sir  Howel-y-Fwyall-f,  descended  of  Collwyn,  was  a 
noble  warrior,  and  was  in  the  battle  of  Poictiers  with  the 
Black  Prince,  when  the  French  King  was  taken  prisoner : 
where,  with  his  pole-ax,  he  behaved  himself  so  valiantly, 
that  the  prince  made  him  a  knight,  and  allowed  a  mess 
of  meat  to  be  served  before  his  ax  or  partisan  for  ever,  to 
perpetuate  the  memory  of  his  good  service:  which  mess 
of  meat,  after  his  death,  was  carried  down  to  be  given  to 
the  poor  for  his  soul's  sake;  and  the  said  mess  had  eight 
yeomen  attendants  found  at  the  king's  charge,  which  were 
afterwards  called  Yeomen  of  the  Crown,  who  had  eight - 

*  Written  in  the  British  tongue,  by  a  very  antient  bard.         t  Of  the  Ax. 


THE  FIFTEEN  TRIBES. 


435 


pence  a  day  of  standing  wages,  and  lasted  to  the  begin- 
ning of  the  reign  of  Elizabeth:  (as  by  the  relation  of 
Serjeant  Roberts,  of  Hafod-y-Bibch,  near  Wrexham,  and 
Robert  Turbridge,  of  Caerf alien,  near  Ruthin,  esquire,  is  re- 
corded in  the  history  of  the  noble  house  ofGivydir,  wherein 
you  may  find  this  relation  more  at  large.)  Besides,  he 
had  the  constableship  of  the  castle  of  Crickieth,  where  he 
kept  house;  and  the  rent  of  Dee-mills  at  Chester,  for  the 
term  of  his  life.  His  father  was  Griffith  ap  Howel  ap 
Meredydd  ap  Einion  ap  Gwrganen  ap  Merwydd  ap  Coll- 
ivyn.  His  arms*  were  sable,  between  three  Jloioer- de-luces 
a  pole-ax  argent. 

DESCENDANT  EXTANT  IN  THE  MALE  LINE. 
Williams,     ...  of  Aberarch,  Caernarvonshire. 

DESCENDANTS  EXTINCT,  OR  IN  THE  FEMALE  LINE. 

Bodwrda,      ...  of  Bodwrda, 


BODVELS, 

Jones, 
Wynn, 


Lloyd, 


of  Madryn,  >  Caernarvonshire. 

of  Castell- March,  ) 

of  Pant-du. 

of  Pennardd. 

of  Bodsanan. 

of  Pen-y-Berth. 

of  Pen  Coed. 

of  Boclfan. 

of  Gardd. 

of  Dol-y-Penrhyu. 


Rhyddercus,     of  Tregaenan. 


*  Sir  IIowcl  y  Fwyall'*. 


136  APPENDIX  XXVIII. 

Vauguans,    ...  of  Plds  Hen,  Caernarvonshire. 

of  Perhin,  \ 
Owen,  ...  of  Plds-du,        >  Merionethshire. 

of  Maentivrog,  ) 
Ellis,  ...  of  Ystymllyn,  Caernarvonshire. 


VI. 
NEFYDD  HARDD,  of  Nant  Conwy,  lived  in  the 
time  of  Owain  Gwynedd,  who  gave  Idwal  his  son  to  be 
fostered  by  him;  but  Nefydd,  for  what  cause  I  know  not, 
caused  Dunawt  his  son  to  kill  the  young  prince,  at  a  place 
called  of  him  Civm  Idwal.  Wherefore  Nefydd  and  his 
posterity  were  degraded,  and  of  gentlemen  were  made 
bond-men  of  Nant  Conwy.  His  son  Rhiln,  to  expiate 
that  foul  murder,  gave  the  lands  whereon  the  church  of 
Llanrwst  was  built,  whose  grand- child,  (and  Madoc  Goch 
ap  Jorwerth  ap  Gwrgynon  ap  Cyfnerth,  his  son)  were 
stewards  to  Llewelyn  ap  Jorwerth,  Prince  of  Wales,  (as 
Griffith  Hiraethog  says.)  He  dwelled  at  Crygnant,  as  I 
take  it,  near  Llanrwst. — *He  beareth  argent,  three  spears' 
heads  imbrued,  sable  pointed  upwards. 

DESCENDANTS  EXTINCT,  OR  IN  THE  FEMALE  LINE. 

Evan  Morgan,!  of  Gwibernant,  Caernarvonshire. 
Evans,  ...  oft.  Llanrwst. 

Davies,  ...  of  Coed-y-Mynydd. 

*  Other  books  say,  that  he  bore  argent,  a  cheveron  inter  three  javelins  sable, 
pointed  upwards  gules. 

t  This  family  produced  the  learned  Dr.  W.  Morgan,  Bishop  of  St.  Asaph, 
who  translated  the  Bible  into  the  Welsh  tongue. —  Tour  in  Wales,  iii.  p.  166. 


THE  FIFTEEN  TRIBES.  437 

VII. 

MAELOG  CRWM,  of  Llechwedd-isaf,  and  Creuddyn* 
lived  in  the  time  of  Prince  David  ap  Owain  Givynedd, 
about  the  year  of  our  Lord  1175,  (as  Sir  Thomas  ap  Wil- 
liams' book  averreth.)  What  offices  he  bore,  I  have  not 
learned.  The  most  famous  men  descended  of  him  were, 
Sir  Thomas  Chaloner,  and  others  of  that  name,  descended 
of  David  Chaloner,  of  Denbigh,  whose  ancestor  Trahaiam 
Chaloner  was  so  called,  because  his  grandfather  Madoo 
Crwm  of  Chaloner  had  lived  in  a  town  in  France  called 
Chaloner,  whence  he  took  that  name. — He  beareth  argent, 
on  a  cheveron  sable,  three  angels  or. 

DESCENDANT  EXTANT  IN  THE  MALE  LINE. 

Chaloneks,  ...  of  Gisborough,  Yorkshire. 

DESCENDANT  EXTINCT,  OR  IN  THE  FEMALE  LINE. 

Thomas,        ...  of  Caer  Pill. 

VIII. 

MARCHUDD  AP  CYNAN,  Lord  of  Abergeleu:  His 
house  was  Bryn  Ffenigl.  He  lived,  (as  Sir  Thomas  ap 
Williams'  book  saith)  in  the  time  of  Rodri  Matvr,f  King 
of  the  Britons,  about  the  year  of  our  Lord  849.J  Of  him 
was  Ednyfed  Fy chart  descended,  who  being  general  of  the 
prince's  §  host,  was  sent  to  the  Marches,  to  defend  the 

*  Both  these  places  are  iu  Caernarvonshire. 
t  Roderick  the  Ureal.      %  Dr.  Vowel  says  856.       §  Llewelyn  ap  Jorwerth. 


438  APPENDIX  XXVIII. 

frontiers  from  the  approach  of  the  English  army,  which 
was  ready  to  invade  them,  under  the  command  of  Ranulph, 
earl  of  Chester,  (who  met  them)  and  killed  three  of  their 
chief  captains  and  commanders,  and  a  great  many  of  the 
common  soldiers.  The  rest  he  put  to  flight,  and  trium- 
phantly returned  to  his  prince;  who,  in  recompence  of 
his  good  service,  gave  him,  among  many  gifts  and  honors, 
a  new  coat  of  arms ;  for  the  coat,  which  he  and  his  ances- 
tors had  always  given  before,  was  the  coat  of  Marchudd, 
being  gules,  a  Saracens  head  erased  proper,  lureathed  or. 
— The  new  coat  was  thus  displayed,  gules  between  three 
Englishmen's  heads,  a  cheveron  ermin. — From  the  death 
of  the  last  Llewelyn,  Edny fed's  posterity  were  the  great- 
est in  Wales,  (as  by  the  works  of  the  bards  and  records  is 
very  manifest.)  If  I  should  go  about  to  reckon  all  the 
famous  men  descended  of  him,  it  would  require  more  time 
than  I  can  well  spare.  Let  it  be  sufficient  to  remember 
Henry  the  Seventh,  king  of  England,  Henry  the  Eighth, 
Edward  the  Sixth,  Queen  Mary,  and  Queen  Elizabeth,  all 
of  whom  were  descended  lineally  and  paternally  of  Edn- 
yfed  Fyohan,  who  likewise  was  descended  of  Marchudd. 

DESCENDANTS  EXTANT  IN  THE  MALE  LINE. 

Wynns,  ...  of  Melay,  now  Lord  Newborough. 

of  Garthewyn. 
Foulkes,        ...  of  Eriviet. 

Lloyds,         ...  of  Plds  Madog,  in  Llansannan;  now  of 

Plds  Power. 


THF  FIFTEEN  TRIBES. 


439 


*  Price,  ...  of  Maentiorog,  Merionethshire;   now  of 

Gerddi  Bluog. 
Morgan,        ...  of  Giolgre,  Flintshire. 
Griffith,      ...  of  Garreg  Lwyd. 


DESCENDANTS  EXTINCT,  OR  IN  THE  FEMALE  LINE. 

Wynns, 

...  of  Dyffryn  Aled,  Denbighshire. 

of  Trefarth. 

Roberts, 

...  of  Gwasane,  Flintshire. 

Lloyd, 

...   of  Gydros. 

of  Dol. 

of  Trebul. 

Hughes, 

. . .   Bishop  of  St.  Asaph. 

Smith, 

. . .  Chancellor  of  St.  Asaph. 

Vaughans, 

...  of  HSn  Bids  and  Bronheidog. 

Llewelin, 

...  of  Llanelian. 

Jenkin, 

...  of  Efenechtyd. 

Jones, 

...  the  Regicide. t 

Williams, 

.  .  of  Cochwillan,  Maenol,  Marl,  Meillion 

ydd,  and  Ystumcolwyn. 

Howel  Maelinydd. 

Conway, 

...  of  Nant. 

Griffith, 

...  of Festiniog. 

Hughes, 

...  of  Cefn  y  Garlleg. 

*  Of  this  family  was  Edmund  Price,  Archdeacon  of  Merionydd,  who  collec- 
ted the  Psalms  into  Welsh  metre. 

t  Vide  Tour  in  Wales,  ii.  p.  26.7. 


440  APPENDIX  XXVIII. 

IX. 

HEDD  MOLWYNOG*  of  Uwch-Aled,  (as  Sir  Tho- 
mas ap  Williams'  book  hath  it)  was  steward  to  Prince 
David  ap  Owain.  His  lands  and  lordships  were  Llanfair 
Talyhaem,  Dyjfryn  Elivy,  and  Nanhaled,  the  which  his 
three  sons,  viz.  Meuter,  Gwillonon,  and  Gwrgi,  divided, 
and  their  posterity  have  enjoyed,  and  do  still  enjoy,  some 
part  of  them.  Rhys  ap  Jeuan  ap  Lleivelyn  Chwith  of 
Chwibren,  was  an  esquire  of  the  body  to  King  Edward 
the  Fourth,  (as  the  book  of  Evan  Lloyd  Jeffrey  hath  it)  : 
he  and  his  cousin-german,  David  Jenkin,  were  very  tur- 
bulent in  the  Lancastrian  war. 

Meuric  LI  toy  d,  of  Llwyn  y  Maen,  near  Oswestry,  was  a 
valiant  captain  under  the  earl  of  Arundel,  who  by  his 
prowess  atcheived  a  very  noble  coat  of  arms,  viz.  The 
field  argent,  an  eagle  displayed  with  two  heads  sable. 

And  here,  I  think,  Jolo  Goch,\  Owain  Glyndwr's  bard, 
whose  mother  was  the  Countess  of  Lincoln,  (as  Griffith 
Hiraethog  saith)  may  well  bear  a  place  among  the  worthy 
descendants  of  this  tribe;  who,  for  his  lofty  strain,  and 
singular  skill  in  British  poetry,  was  and  is  as  famous  and 
renowned  as  any  that  hath  been  these  four  hundred  years. 
—  And  also  \Tudur  Aled,  another  learned  bard,  and  a 
doctor  of  the  chair  in  his  profession;  but  their  learned 
works  will  make  them  famous  and  ever  glorious. — He 
beareth  sable,  a  hart  passant  argent,  attired  or. 

*  He  lived  at  a  place  called  Yr  Henllys,  in  the  parish  of  Llanfair  Talyhaem. 

t  Oliver  the  Red. 
X  This  celebrated  poet  lived  about  the  year  1490. 


THE  FIFTEEN  TRIBES.  441 

DESCENDANTS  EXTINCT,  OR  IN  THE  FEMALE  LINE. 

Lloyds/"        ...  of  Havodunnos,  Denbighshire. 

of  Llwyn-y-Mam,  near  Oswestry. 

of  Llanforda. 

of  Drc-newydd,  in  Whittington  parish. 

of  Blaen-y-Ddol. 
..  of  Liang erniw. 
..   of  Bnjn  Cynrich. 
..  of  Body < chivy m. 

of  Hafod-y-Garreg. 

of  Blaen  Ml,  Denbighshire. 

of  Plds  Newydd. 


Parry, 
Wynn, 
Griffiths, 


X. 

BRAINT  KIR,  of  Is-dulas,  lived,  as  I  conjecture, 
about  the  time  of  the  sons  of  Roderick  the  Great.  His 
posterity  did  not  much  increase,  for  there  are  not  many, 
at  present,  known  to  be  descended  from  him,  yet  some 
there  are. — His  arms  are  vert,  a  cross  flowery  or. 


Vaughans, 


DESCENDANTS. 

..  of  Pont-y-Gwyddel,   Mrs.  Gifford,  of 
Nerquis. 


*  These  Lloyds,  descendants  of  Hedd  Molwynog,  were  the  first  persons  that 
bore  that  name  in  A'orth  Wales. 

t  Others  say  that  he  lived  about  the   year  650,  in  the  time  of  Cadwallon, 
•whose  nephew  and  chancellor  he  was. 

VOL.  III.  2  E 


442  APPENDIX  XXVIII. 

XL 

*MARCHWEITHIAN  was  called  Lord  of  Is-aled; 
his  lands  were  Carwed  Fynydd,  Dincadfael,  Prees,  Beryn, 
Llyweni,  Gwytherin,  and  many  other  townships  within 
the  hundred  of  Is-aled,  as  appears  by  the  extent  of  the 
lordship  and  honor  of  Denbigh,  made  in  the  eighth  year 
of  Edward  the  Third;  at  what  time,  Cynwric  Fychan, 
being  the  ninth  in  descent  from  Marchweithian,  lived; 
whereby  some  aim  may  be  made  at  the  time  he  flourished. 

The  families  and  houses  descended  of  him  are  many, 
but  the  most  eminent  are  these,  Berain,  formerly  incor- 
porated to  the  house  of  Llyweni,  by  the  marriage  of  Mrs. 
Catherine,  of  Berain,f  the  daughter  and  heir  of  Tudor  ap 
Robert  Fychan,  of  Berain,  esquire,  with  John  Salisbury, 
the  son  and  heir  and  of  Sir  John  Salisbury,  of  Llyweni, 
knight;  after  whose  death  she  married  Richard  Clough, 
esquire,  of  Denbigh,  a  rich  merchant ;  after  whose  decease 
she  married  Maurice  Wynne,  of  Givedir,  esquire,  and 
had  issue  by  both;  and  last  of  all  she  married  Edward 
Thelwall,  of  Phis  y  Ward,  esquire.  Mr.  Robert  ap  Rees, 
descended  of  this  tribe,  and  ancestor  to  the  family  of 
Rhiwlas,  was  chaplain  to  Cardinal  Wolsey,  and  a  very  great 
man  in  the  reign  of  Henry  the  Eighth. — Ellis  Price,  of 
Plus  Yolyn,  doctor  of  the  law,  who,  I  believe,  was  one  of 
the  scholars  of  Cambridge  that  disputed  with  Throgmor- 
ton,   and   other   scholars  of  Oxford,    at    Cambridge,    in 

*  His  court  is  said  to  be  Llys  Llyweni. 
t  See  her  singular  story  in  vol.  ii.  p.  141. 


THE  FIFTEEN  TRIBES. 


U3 


the  year  of  our  Lord  1532,  and  got  the  best;  (as  James 
Caius,  in  the  first  book  of  The  Antiquities  of  Cambridge* 
affirmeth.)  He  bore,  in  a  shield  gules,  a  lion  rampant  ar- 
gent, armed  azure. 

DESCENDANTS  EXTANT  IN  THE  MALE  LINE. 

Price  ...  of  Rhiwlas,  )  ,r  .  .        . 

P  r,    7        7    •    7     }  Meirwnetlislure. 
oi  Bocli-y-rliaiaar,  ) 

Wynn,  ...  of  Liang  ynhajal,  Denbighshire, 

Panton,         ...  of  Coleshill  Manor,  Flintshire. 

Parry,  ...  of  Tywysog,  and  Pistill. 

DESCENDANTS  EXTINCT,  OR  IN  THE  FEMALE  LINE. 


Price, 


Wynn, 

FOULKES, 

Vaughans, 

Williams, 

Davies, 
Gethin, 


of  Giler,  Denbighshire. 

Of  Tyddyn  Sieffrey. 

of  Cwmmein. 

of  Fedw  deg. 

of  Llanrwst. 

of  Dugoed,  in  Penmachno. 

of  Voelas,  Denbighshire. 

of  Plds  Newydd,  Yspytty. 

of  Hafod-y-maidd. 

of  Llf/s  Llywarch. 

of  Carwed  Fynydd,  and  Meriadog. 

oi  Pant  Glds. 

of  Blaen-y-Ctvm. 

of  Llysfaen. 

of  Aberconwy. 

of  Hafod  Garregog. 

of  Llathwryd. 

of  Cemiogeu,  Denbighshire. 


444  APPENDIX  XXVIII. 


XII. 


EDWIN,  commonly  called  King  of  Tegaingle*  was 
the  twelfth  tribe,  whose  son  Owain  had  a  daughter 
called  Angharad,  married  to  Griffith  ap  Cynan,  king  of 
Gwynedd,  or  North  Wales.  Many  worthy  and  noble 
gentlemen  in  Flintshire  and  Denbighshire  are  descended 
of  him,  as  the  Bishop  of  Bangor,  now  living — (I  believe 
he  means  William  Roberts,  D.D.  who  was  consecrated 
Bishop  of  Bangor,  in  September  1637,  and  died  at  Llan- 
durnog,  August  12th,  1665,  aged  80.)      Thomas  Owen, 

judge   of ,   father   of  Sir   Roger    Owen,   late   of 

Cundover,  knight.  fHoivel  Gwynedd,  a  very  valiant 
and  stout  man,  who,  siding  with  Owen  Glyndwr,  against 
Henry  the  Fourth,  did  much  annoy  the  English;  but  on 
a  time,  being  more  secure  than  he  ought  to  have  been,  he 
was  taken  by  his  adversaries  of  the  town  of  Flint,  who, 
upon  a  place  called  Moel-y-Gaer,  cut  off  his  head;  and 
long  time  before,  one  Owain  ap  Uchtryd,  being  grandson 
of  Edwin,  kept  by  force  of  arms  all  Tegaingle  under  sub- 
jection, notwithstanding  all  the  power  of  the  king,  lords, 
and  country  to  the  contrary;  and  the  third  year,  having 
his  pardon,  he  delivered  the  owners  their  lands. — He 
beareth  argent,  between  four  Cornish  choughs  armed  gules, 
a  cross  floury  engrailed  sable. 

*  Or  Englefield;  it  is  a  division  of  Flintshire,  consisting  of  three  hundreds, 
viz.  Rhuddlan,  Coles/till,  and  Prestatyn. 

t  For  a  fuller  account  of  Howel  Gwynedd,  see  vol.  i.  pp.  107,  10S. 


THE  FIFTEEN  TRIBES. 


445 


DESCENDANTS  EXTANT  IN  THE  MALE  LINE. 

Lloyds,         ...  of  Pentre  Hobin,  now  of  Trefor. 
Wynns,         ...  of  Copparleni. 
Parries,        ...  of Llaneurgain, 

DESCENDANTS  EXTINCT,  OR  IN  THE  FEMALE  LINE. 


MOSTYNS, 

Lloyds, 
Wynns, 

Edwards, 


Evans, 

Hughes, 

Jones, 

Owens, 

Price, 


Flintshire. 


of  Mostyn,  &c. 
of  Farm, 
of  Nliercwys, 
of  Stansty. 
of  Rhual. 

of  Gallt-y-Celyn,  and  Crogen  Iddon. 
of  Llangollen  Fechan. 
of  Coed  Llai,  and  Treuddyn. 
of  Diserth. 

of  Gwernaffield,  and  Mold. 
of  Coed    Llai,    Gwasane,    Caerfallwch, 
Treuddyn,  Arddunwynt,  and  Hope. 
of  Llwyn  Ynn. 


Bromfields,  ...   of  Bromjield. 


XIII. 

EDNOWAIN  BENDEW  was  Lord  of  Tegaingle  in 
the  year  of  our  Lord  1079  (as  the  book  of  Ednop  saith.) 
He  is  said  by  Peter  Ellis,  the  counsellor,  to  be  chief  of 
the   fifteen    tribes.       Of   him    are    descended   Lthel    ap 
Rotpert,  Archdeacon  of  Tegabigle,   the   Bithels,   and  a 


44G 


.  APPENDIX  XXVIII. 


great  many  worthy  families  besides. — He  beareth  argent, 
between  three  boars  heads,  a  cheveron  sable. 

The  residence  of  Ednowain  is  supposed  by  some  to 
have  been  at  Ty-maen,  in  the  parish  of  Whiteford,  (see 
History  of  Whiteford  and  Holywell,  p.  119.) 

DESCENDANTS  EXTANT  IN  THE  MALE  LINE. 


Lloyd, 

.  .   of  Wygfair,                    " 

Foulkes, 

...  of Mertyn, 

Griffith, 

...  of  Rhual,                         \  jjyj.   .  7  . 

r  Flintshire. 

Hughes, 

...  of  Halhyn, 
of  Bagillt, 

Griffith, 

...  of  Bids  isa\  Caerwys,    J 

DESCENDANTS  EXTINCT,  OR  IN  THE  FEMALE  LINE. 

Wynns, 

...  of  Galedlom,  and  Caerwys,     ■> 

PuGHE, 

...  of  Skeijiog, 

Piers, 

...  of  Llanasapli, 

Parry, 

...  of  Coleshill,  and  Basingwerk, 

Griffith, 

...  of  Bant  y  Llongdu, 
of  Caerwys  Hall, 

>  Flint 

Evans, 

...  of  Llaneurgain, 

Jones, 

...  of  Skeijiog, 

Williams, 

...  of  Clommendy  Skeijiog, 

Hughes, 

...  of  Coed- y- Brain, 

j 

THE  FIFTEEN  TRIBES.  447 

XIV. 

EFNYDD,  commonly  called  the  son  of  '"Gwenllian, 
the  daughter  of  Rhys  ap  Marchen,  who  was  lord  of  seven 
townships  in  Dyffryn  Clwyd,  called  Ruthin  land,  viz. 
Tref-ben-y-Coed,  and  Fenechdyd,  y  Groeshvyd,  Pant 
Meugen,  and  three  more,  all  freehold  land.  He  had  no 
children  besides  Givenllian  aforesaid,  who  by  the  interest 
of  Blethyn  ap  Cynfyn,  king  of  Wales,  was  given  in 
marriage  to  this  Efnydd's  father,  being  nearly  related  to 
the  said  king,  who  gave  him  likewise  seven  townships,  to 
wit,  Almor,  Tref-alen  (or  Alynton),  Gresford  in  Brom- 
jield,  Lleprog-faivr,  Lleprog-fechan,  and  Tref-y-nant,  in 
Tegainglc,  &c.  He  had  a  daughter  called  Hunydd,  who 
was  the  wife  of  Meredydd  ap  Blethyn,  prince  of  Powys. 
Of  him  was  descended  John  Almor,  one  of  the  marshals 
of  the  hall  to  king  Henry  the  Seventh,  father  of  John 
Almor,  serjeant  at  arms  to  king  Henry  the  Eighth,  (as  I 
think,)  ivho  bare  azure,  a  lion  rampant  or,  armed  and 
langued  gules;  and  of  Sir  William  Meredith,  who  lived 
in  Yorkshire,  or  somewhere  else  in  England. — He  bare  « 
lion  rampant  saliant  or,  wherewith  he  quartered  his 
mother's  coat,  being  azure,  between  three  nags  heads  era 
sed  argent,  a/ess  or. 


DESCENDANTS  EXTINCT,  OR  IN  THE  FEMALE  LINE. 

Llai,      ) 
gwrlcy,    ) 


Simunt,         ...  of  Coed  Llai, 

t.  r.  /-»  7         l  Flintshire 

Prichard,      ...  of  (Jaergi 

*  This  GweMian  was  stiled  the  heiress  of  Duffnjn  Clwyd,  in  regard  that 
she  possessed  a  very  great  portion  of  it. 


448  APPENDIX  XXVIII. 

Rogers,         ...  of  Flint. 
Meredydd,    ...  of  Trefalen. 

of  Pentre  By  chart. 

of  Stan&ty. 
Almors,         ...  of  Almor. 
Alyntons,     ...  of  Alynton. 
Lloyds,         ...  of  Gresford,  and  Alynton. 

XV. 

EDNOWAIN  AP  BRAD  WEN"  is  by  writers  called 
Lord  of  Meirionydd:  but  surely  the  princes  and  their 
issue  were  always  lords  of  Meirionydd;  howbeit  it  might 
be,  that  he  (as  others)  took  the  same  to  farm,  and  there- 
fore might  be  called  lord  thereof.  And  yet  he  and  his  issue 
were  possessed  of  all  Tal-y-Bont,  save  Nanney,  and  the 
prince's  demesnes,  and  for  the  most  part  of  Ystumanner 
in  the  like  manner.  The  offices  he  bore  under  the  prince, 
I  know  not.  Some  books  of  pedigrees  say  that  he  lived 
in  Griffith  ap  Cynan's  time,  but  I  think  he  was  not  so 
antient.t  The  ruins  of  his  Llys,  or  palace,  are  to  be  seen 
in  the  township  of  Cregenan,  in  Tcd-y-bont,  Iscregenan. 
Llewelyn  ap  Tudor  ap  Givyn  ap  Peredur  ap  Ednowain 
ap  Bradwen,  lived  in  the  time  of  Edward  the  First,  and 
did  him  homage  with  the  lords  and  gentry  of  Wales,  as 
by  the   said   King's  records,   is    manifest.      Aaron,  his 

*  Of  Llys  Bradwen,  near  Dolgelley.     Vide  vol.  ii.  p.  234,  et  seq. 
t  He  lived  in  the  time  of  Llewelyn  ap  Jonoerth,  probably  about  1194. 


THE  FIFTEEN  TRIBES.  449 

grandchild,  by  his  son  Ednyfed,  had  two  sons  more 
eminent  than  the  rest  of  his  children,  Ednyfed  and 
Griffith-,  of  the  last  of  whom  William  David  Lloyd,  of 
Peniarth,  esquire,  lately  deceased,  was  descended;  whose 
inheritance  is  come  to  Margaret,  the  mother  of  Lewis 
Owen,  of  Peniarth,  esquire,  now  living.  Ednyfed  a/p 
Aaron  is  said  to  have  entertained  Owain  Glyndwr,  when 
he  was  overcome  by  King  Henry  the  Fourth,  the  usurper, 
but  secretly  in  a  cave,  by  the  sea- side,  in  the  parish  of 
Llan  Gelynin,  which  of  him  is  called  *Ogof  Owain.  Of 
this  Ednyfed  was  descended  Morgan  ap  Griffith  ap 
Eineon,  a  courageous  and  stout  man,  who,  as  it  is  repor- 
ted by  his  kinsmen,  by  chance,  in  the  streets  of  the  city 
of  London,  late  in  the  night,  met  with  king  Henry  the 
Eighth,  with  a  small  guard  about  him,  coming  to  see 
what  rule  was  kept  in  the  city;  and  when  neither  would 
yield  to  the  other,  they  drew  and  fought  hardly,  until  a 
person,  who  accompanied  Morgan,  bade  him  take  heed 
what  he  did,  for  that  he  feared  it  was  the  king  with 
whom  he  fought.  Whereupon  Morgan  crying  mercy, 
yielded,  and  craved  pardon;  and  the  king  did  let  him  go, 
saying  that  he  was  a  lusty  man,  and  ever  after  he  was 
called  Lusty  Morgan.  This  is  a  report,  I  cannot  tell  how 
true. 

"Morgan  Mr,  mawr  gan  Ham, 
"Mac  Llundain  dan  d'adain  di." 

— He  bore  gules,  three  snakes  enowed  in  a  triangular 
knot  argent. 

*  Oicen's  Cave. 


450  APPENDIX  XXVIII. 

DESCENDANT  EXTANT  IN  THE  MALE  LINE. 

Owens,  ...  of  Cae'r  Berlldn,  Merionethshire. 

DESCENDANTS  EXTINCT,  OR  IN  THE  FEMALE  LINE. 

Lloyds,         ...  of  Nant-y-Mynach,  and  Peniarth. 
Owens,  ...   of  Peniarth,  and  Morben. 

Griffith,      ...  of  Garth,  and  Cloddiau  Cochion. 

Out  of  our  antient  books  of  pedegrees,  we  are  enabled  to 
add  another  Tribe;  by  no  means  inferior  to  any  of  the 
foregoing,  in  the  respectability  and  number  of  its  des- 
cendants. 

XVI. 

TUDOR  TREVOR,  the  Tribe  of  '-March,  called  like- 
wise in  our  books  Llivyth  Maelor  (or  the  tribe  of  Maelor,) 
was  the  son  of  Ynyr  ap  Cadfarch,  descended  of  Cadell 
Denrnlliig,  King  of  Poivys.  He  is  said  to  have  been  the 
founder  of,  and  to  have  resided  at,  Whittington  Castle, 
which  continued  in  his  posterity  for  many  generations 
after.  His  mother  was  Rhiengar,  daughter  to  Lluddocca 
ap  Caradoc  Vreichfras,  earl  of  Hereford,  who  was  one  of 
the  knights  of  King  Arthur's  Eound  Table.  Tudor  had 
large  possessions  in  Herefordshire,  in  right  of  his  mother, 
as  well  as  in  that  country  called  Ferlys,  which  lies 
between  the  rivers  Wye  and  Severn.  He  was  contempo- 
rary with  Howel   Dda,  king  of  Wales,  whose  daughter 

*  So  called,  because  a  great  number  of  the  gentlemen  in  the  Marches  of 
England  and  Wales  are  descended  from  him. 


THE  FIFTEEN  TRIBES.  451 

Angharad  he  married,  by  whom  he  had  three  sons  and 
one  daughter.  Powell,  of  Edenhope,  in  his  Pentarehiar 
describes  his  arms  in  the  following  manner:, 

Erminiis  fulgens  Theodori  parma  Trevori, 
Dat  rapidum  fulvumque  sinistra  verte  leonera; 
Mostonis  sunt  nota  satis  simul  arma  Trevoris. 

Which  may  be  thus  expressed  in  plain  English:  'Parted 
*  per  bend  sinister  ermine  and  ermines,  over  all  a  lion 
'  rampant  or;  the  well-known  arms  of  the  Mostyns,  and 
'  also  of  the  Trevors.' 

DESCENDANTS  EXTANT  IN  THE  MALE  LINE. 

Viscount  Hambden,  and  Baron  Trevor. 

Mostyns,       ...  of  Mostyn,    ) 

«  rr    7  -  Baronets, 

oi  lrelacre,  ) 

of  Bryngwyn. 

of  Segroit. 
Pennant,      ...  of  Bychton. 
Richard  Pennant,  Baron  Penrhyn. 
Jeffries,       ...  oi  Acton. 
Edwards,      ...  of  Chirk. 
Wynne,         ...  of  Gerwyn-fawr. 
Jones,  ...  of  Llwyn-onn. 

DESCENDANTS  EXTINCT,  OR  IN  THE  FEMALE  LINE. 

Trevor,         ...  of Brynhinallt. 

of  Pentre  Cynric. 
of  Day  wen. 
of  Trefalen. 


452  APPENDIX  XXVIII. 

Trevor,        ...  of  Plds-teg. 


of  Oswestry. 

Lloyds, 

...  of  Halton. 

Young, 

...  of  Bryn  YorJcin. 

Dymmock, 

...  of  Willington. 

PUGHE, 

...  of  Llan-y-Mynach. 

Lloyds, 

...   of  Plcis  isa'  y  Clawdd 

of  Dal-y-ivem. 

Here  it  may  not  be  improper  to  mention,  that  though 
the  tribes  are  generally  considered  as  the  nobility  of 
Wales,  yet  are  there  many  antient  Welsh  families  of  high 
respectability,  who  derive  not  their  descent  from  any  of 
them.  Such  as  the  Middletons,  of  Chirk  castle  and 
Gwaunynog ;  the  Vaughans,  of  Glan-y-llyn,  afterwards  of 
Llwydiarth  and  Llangedwyn,  but  now  extinct,  who  are 
descended  from  Ririd  Flaidd,  lord  of  Penllyn,  &c.  The 
Vaughans,  of  Cors-y-gedol;  and  the  Wynnes,  of  Dol- 
•egwyn,  whose  stock  was  Osbwrn  Wyddel,  (or  the  Irish- 
man.) The  By  tons,  of  Leeswood;  the  Wynnes,  of  Tower; 
the  Davises,  of  Gwasane  (whose  representative  in  the  male 
line  is  Peter  Davies,  esquire,  of  Broughton);  the  Parry s, 
of  Pwllhalog,  and  the  Williamses,  of  Fron,  who  are  des- 
cended from  Cynric  Efell,  baron  of  Eglwyseg. 

In  Anglesey  are  the  Williamses  of  Ty-fry,  descended 
from  Cadrod  Hardd,  (or  the  Handsome)  lord  otTalebolion; 
and  from  them  the  Williamses,  of  Nantanog,  ancestors  of 
the  present  Sir  Watkin  Williams  Wynne;  the  Williamses 
•of  Penbedw,  and  the  Williamses  of  Bodehvyddan. 


THE  FIFTEEN  TRIBES.  453 

Though  many  others  may  be  added  to  these,  we  shall 
now  close  this  account  with  the  descendants  of  Brochwel 
Ysgithrog,  prince  of  Poivys,  viz.  the  Blaneys  of  Tregynon, 
the  Wynnes  of  Garth,  the  Lloyds  of  Leighton,  and  the 
Thomases  of  Llechiveddgarth,  whose  present  representa- 
tive is  Tlio.  Thomas,  esquire,  of  Downing  Ucha'.Q) 

(:)  Referring  to  the  manner  in  which  the  founders  of  tribes  were  selected, 
Mr.  Yorlce  writes  forcibly.  "Why  Jestyn  ap  Gwrgant,  a  petty  lord  of  Glamor- 
gan, and  a  character  in  everlasting  disgrace,  should  be  thus  dignified,  while 
he  was  the  founder  only  of  ignominy  and  loss  of  dominion  to  bimself,  of 
slaughter  and  slavery  to  his  country,  is  difficult  to  adjust ;  and  that  Brochwel 
Ysgithrog,  a  prince  of  Powis  in  its  highest  splendour,  having  Shrewsbury  for 
his  capital,  and  a  chief  of  great  power  and  martial  character,  should  have  his 
name  omitted  even  in  the  fifteen  tribes,  is  alike  inscrutable."    t.p. 


454  APPENDIX  XXVIII. 


FIVE  ROYAL   TRIBES. 

PAGE. 

I.  Griffith  ap  Cynan      421 

II.  Rhys  ap  Tewdwr  Mawr     422 

III.  Blethyn  ap  Cynfyn     423 

IV.  Ethelystan  Glodrydd        ..c     ...   424 
V.  Jestyn  ap  Gwrgant     ... 426 


FIFTEEN  TRIBES. 

I.  Hwfa  ap  Cynddelw     428 

II.  Llywarch  ap  Bran      430 

III.    GWEIRYDD  AP  BHYS  GOCH     431 

IV.  Cilmin  Troed-du 432 

V.  Collwyn  ap  Tangno     433 

VI.  Nefydd  Hardd     436 

VII.  Maelor  Crwm       437 

VIII.  March  odd  ap  Cynan    ibid. 

IX.  Hedd  Molwyxog 440 

X.  Braixt  Hir    •••      441 

XL  Marchweithian    442 

XII.  Edwin     444 

XIII.  Edxowain  Bexdew      445 

XIV.  Efxydd 447 

XV.  Edxowaix  ap  Bradwen      448 


THE  SIXTEENTH  TRIBE.  455 

The  number  of  Tribes  in  the  MS.  is  only  XV. — We  retain 
the  title,  but  add  that  of  Tudor  Trevor,  or  the  Tribe 
of  March,  as  is  done  by  some  of  our  writers. 

TRIBE  OF  MARCH. 

PAGE. 

XVI.  Tudor  Trevor      450 


INDEX. 


***  TPAe»  th&  volume  is  not  mentioned,  the  figures  rejer  to  vol. 


Aber-arch,  ii.  365 
Aber  cascade,  iii.  105 
Aber  Cegid,  iii.  82 
Aber dar on,  ii.  368 
Aberffraw,  iii.  7 

■  Princeps  de,  iii.  6 
Abergeleu,  iii.  147 

land  submerged  at,  ii.  1 10 

Aber  Llienawg,  iii.  34 

Abermenai,  iii.  1 

Aberystwyth,  61;  iii.  186 

Acton,  384 

.4cfo?i  Bumel,  iii.  250 

.4  c/  dietam,  208 

^Elian's,  St.,  well,  iii.  55,  69,  149 

Aergol,  ii.  26 

4/bn  Olaslyn,  ii.  342 

Z(7m>,  ii.  216 

3/  Zfen,  ii.  216 

Agricola,  2;  ii.  26 

Alberbury,  iii.  212 

Albrighton,  iii.  242 

.A^rt,  course  of,  ii.  12 

Amianthus,  at  Ithosculyn,  iii,  69 

Amlicch,  iii.  64 

Amobyr  or  Ammobragium,  283,  284 

Ancieut  smelting,  69 

Anglesey,  iii.  1 — 77 

^l;-an  mountain,  ii.  205,  216 

Mowddwy,  ii.  205 

VOL.  III. 


Artnaria  verna,  27 

Arennig,  the,  ii.  205 

^Irtot  Theophrasti,  iii.  112 

Asaph,  St.,  cathedral  of,  ii.  127,  &c. 

Asbestos,  iii.  65 

Assach,  iii.  353 

Atiscross,  10 

B 

BacJiegraig,  ii.  135 
Bachymbyd,  ii.  180 
itofa,  &c.  ii.  204,  206 

Deulyn,  ii.  350 

Bangor,  in  Arvon,  iii.  77,  78 

on  thence,  285,  288:  iii.  78 

Bards,  ii.  81,  &c. 

Bardsey  island,  ii.  369 

Barmouth,  ii.  253 

Baron  Hill,  iii.  40 

Barrow,  bishop,  ii.  130 

Basing  werk,  30,  35,  98 

Bathafam,  ii.  190 

Battle  of  Buttington,  iii.  203 

Carno,  iii.  182 

Chester,  155 

-CoedEulo,  111 

Crogen,  344 

Cymmryd,  iii.  128 

1 —  Llanfaes,  iii.  34 

. Montgomery,  iii.  192 

2  F 


458 


INDEX 


Battle  of  Mynydd  Digoll,  iii.  196 

Shrewsbury,  iii.  238 

Beawnaris,  iii.  25 — 29 

Beavers,  ii.  291 

Bedd  Gwrtheyrn,  ii.  380 

Kelert,  ii.  344,  &c. 

Poms,  ii.  248 

y  Deem  du,  iii.  79 

Beddau  Gwyr  Ardudwy,  ii.  286 
Beddrawd,  note. on,  ii.  13 
Belesme,  Robert  de,  iii.  220 
Bellot,  bishop,  378 
Benglog,  the,  ii.  313 
Berth-lwyd,  iii.  184,  311 
Berwyn  mountains,  ii.  197 
Bettisfield,  279 
Bettws  Garmon,  ii.  403 

in  Montgomeryshire,  iii.  186 

Wyrion  Iddon,  ii.  292 

Beuno,  St.  46,  ii.  385 
Blaclhall,  iii.  196 
Blayneys,  the,  iii.  174,  186,  452 
Blethyn  ap  Cynfyn,  iii.  423 
Blodwell  hall,  iii.  207 
Bod-drudau,  iii.  11 
Bodfach,  iii.  165 
Bodidris,  ii.  11,  16 
Bodlewyddan,  iii.  155 
Bodrhyddan,  ii.  115 
Bodscallan,  iii.  131 

dinner  fare  at,  iii.  407 

Boduon,  ii.  374 

Bodvel  family,  the,  ii.  367 

Bodychaa,  iii.  75 

Bog  Myrtle,  ii.  307 

Bordarii,  10 

Bostock,  Bridget,  iii.  179 

Bovium  or  Bonium,  287 

Bradwen,  ii.  234;  iii.  448 

Braieh  y  Dinas,  iii.  110 

Braint  Ilir,  iii.  441 


Brass  made  by  the  Britons,  84 

Brende-tiide,  ii.  19 

Breos,  William  de,  iii.  105 

Brigantes,  8,  77 

British  coins,  88 

gold,  86 

posts  of — 

.Sn/tt  y  Castrelau,  ii.  323 

Cloddiau,  ii.  62 

jBry/1  Gwyn,  iii.  169 

Caer  Carey  y  j?ktn,  ii.  323 

Cwm  Glo,  ii.  323 

Cam  Bodaan,  iii.  Ill 

Madryn,  iii.  Ill 

Castell  Caer  Lleion,  iii.  116 
Cojopa  t/r  Wylfa,  iii.  148 
Dinas,  iii.  143 

Dinorddwy,  ii.  322, 323 

Givern  Ddu,  iii.  173 
J/be£  Arthur,  ii.  60,  62 

2PewKi,  ii.  63 

Garthen,  373 

Hiraddug,  ii.  61,  114 

y  Cn'o,  ii.  62 

y  Gaer,  ii.  62,  63,  138 

Montgomery,  iii.  193 
Pen  Caer  Helen,  iii.  130 
Penmaen  Mawr,  iii.  110 
Pen  y  Gaer,  ii.  323 
Rhiiv'r  Cyrn,  ii.  322 
7VeV  Caeri,  iii.  Ill 
Woodbury  hill,  iii.  339 

Brochicel  Yscithrog,  iii.  221 

Broughton,  275 

Brace,  Edward,  iii.  50 

Brutus  the  elder,  16 

Brychan,  or  Bracha,  ii.  236 

i»Vyn  Dychwelwch,  113 

Euryn,  iii.  145 

Gwydryn,  iii.  14 

Brynkinallt,  356 


INDEX. 


459 


Brynkir,  ii.  360 
Brynodol,  ii.  376 
Bryn  y  Pys,  292 

y  Saethau,  ii.  10S 

Yorkyn,  ii.  52 

Bulkeley,  Sir  Richard,  iii.  388 
Burgh,  Hugh  de,  ii.  223 
Burnel  family,  the,iii.  249—251 
Buttington,  iii.  203 
Biolch  Agricola,  ii.  26 

Oerddrws,  ii.  228 

Pe?4  j/  Barras,  ii.  28 

T^Ai'w  Felen,  ii.  11 

y  Cmto  Brwynog,  ii.  326 

y  Groes,  ii.  218 

y  Maescwm,  ii.  326 

Bwrdd  Arthur,  iii.  42 
Bychton,  20 
Byssus  Jolithus,  52 

C 

Cadeirfardd,  ii.  84 
CWcr  /(iris,  ii.  231—234 
Cadfan,  iii.  6 
Cadioalader,  iii .  6,  267 
Cadwgan  hall,  375 
Cac  Z)w7i,  334 

ne/j  320 

Caer  Arianrhod,  ii.  39() 

Bont,  ii.  199 

Caradoc,  iii.  256 

Crwyni,  ii.  205 

Drewyn,  ii.  191;  iii.  301 

£ta/n,  118;  ii.  50,  63 

Caerfach,  iii.  180 
Caer  fechan,  iii.  184 

Gtai,  ii.  214 

Caergicrle,  ii.  46 — 49 
Caer  Hen,  17;  iii.  129 

Leb,  iii.  1 1 

Lleon,  140;  ii.  48 


Caernarvon,  ii.  391;  iii.  409 
Caer  Ogyrfan,  331 

Seiont,  ii.  391 

Senial,  ii.  191 

tfiw,  iii.  181 

Caerwys,  ii.  76 — 79 

Calamine,  84;  ii.  70 

Camp,  of  Owen  Gwynedd,  iii.  148 

Roman,  iii.  188 

Cangani,  8 

,  Promontory  called  after 

the,  ii.  372 
Cangi,  7 

Cantre'r  Gwaelod,  ii.  266 
Cantrefy  Rhiw,  ii.  48 
Cantrefs,  264,  265 
Ca/?e£  Curig,  ii.  311 

i^cur,  ii.  372 

tfeZft,  19 

Meugan,  iii.  25 

TVtYfo,  iii.  145 

y  Gorlles,  iii.  73 

Cam  Boduan,  ii.  383;  iii.  Ill 

Madryn,  ii.  366;  iii.  Ill 

Camedd,  at  Tregarnedd,  iii.  51 

Dafydd,  iii.  100,  102 

Llewelyn,  iii.  100,  102 

Plas  Newydd,  iii.  17 

y  Filiast,  iii.  100,  101 

y  Lladron,  iii,  100 

Carneddau  Hengwm,  ii.  262 

Penmaen  Mawr,  iii.  112 

Carrcg  Cam  March  Arthur,  ii.  29 

Clommenod,  ii.  265 

Hwva,  iii.  207 

Zwyd,  iii.  66—68 

■  y  Z>7<7,  ii.  196 

y  Gxcach,  l'\\.  297 

Carucce,  117 
Cassiterides,  81 
Cassivellaunus,  818 


460 


INDEX 


Castell  Aber  Llienawg,  iii.  34 

Acloedd  Frenin,  iii.  15 

Brogyntyn,  336 

Caereneon,  iii.  173 

Cordochon,  ii.  214,  216 

Crickaeth,  ii.  363 

Dinas  Bran,  361 

Dinas  Cortin,  ii.  263 

Dolbadern,  ii.  319 

Dolforwyn,  iii.  174 

Dolwyddelan,  ii.  252,  293 

Eulo,  111—114 

Hawarden,  116 — 136 

Holywell,  53 

Mawr,  iii.  53 

Poivys,  iii.  197,  200 

Prysor,  ii.  250 

Castle  of  Aberystwyth,  61 

Acton  Burnel,  iii.  250 

Bangor,  iii.  81 

Beaumaris,  iii.  25 

Caergwrle,  392 

Caernarvon,  ii.  392 

Carreg  Hwva,  iii.  207 

Chester,  203—210 

Chirk,  347— 351 

Coed  Eulo,  111 

Coitie,  iii.  34g 

Conwy,  iii.  117,  406 

Crogen,  345 

Denbigh,  ii.  156;  iii.  359 

Diganwy,\'ull3;  iii. 117,138 

Discrih,  ii.  113 

Ellcsmere,  296,  &c. 

Harlech,  ii.  274,  &c. 

JJoft,  260,  267—272 

Llanbedr,  iii.  342 

Montgomery,  iii.  190,  193 

Osxocstry,  322 

Overton,  290 

rowys,  iii.  197 


Castle  of  Prestatyn,  ii.  Ill 

Rhuddlan,u.  116;  iii.  273 

Ruthin,  ii.  181 

ShocMach,  272 

Shrawardine,  iii.  213 

Teberri,  ii.  239 

Waltleburg,  iii.  211 

Whittington,  311—314 

Castlemain,  earl  of,  iii.  197 

Castles,  wooden,  ii.  13 

Caswallon  Law-hir,  iii.  55,  72 

Catherine  Tudor,  ii.  141 

Ceangi,  7,  76 

Cefnamlwch,  ii.  373 

Ce/ji  Coc/t,  iii.  311 

Ctyo,  iii.  146 

£/Tc/ia,  358 

y  Castell,  iii.  209 

3/  .Fan,  iii.  310 


Cegidoc,  iii.  148 

Ceiriog  brook,  343 

Cernunnos,  ii.  264 

Cesail  Gyfarch,  iii.  310 

Charles  vii.  of  France,  iii.  329 

Cheese-making,  153.  168 

Chert,  26 

Chesnut  trees,  ii.  181 

Chester,  139—142 

abbey,  222 

assassination  at,  231 

bridge,  193 

canal,  253 

cathedral,  228 

chapter-house,  225 

charters,  210 

ecclesiastical  state,  220 

hospital,  240 

parishes,  241 

public  stews,  187 

quays,  245 

Roman  altars,  149 


INDEX 


461 


Chester  Roodeye,  241 

Rows,  the,  142 

school,  225 

sculptures,  148,  152 

St.  Mary's  nunnery,  239 

Nicholas'  chapel,  233 

Werburgh's  shrine,  231 

trade  of,  167—169,  249—253 

walls  of,  197 

Whitson  plays,  177—186 


Chirbury,  iii.  189,  191 
Chirk,  monuments  at,  345 
Church  of  Battlefield,  iii.  242 

Beaumaris,  iii.  30 

Bettios,  iii.  186 

Car  no,  iii.  183 

Chirk,  345 

CTynnog,  ii.  384 

Diserth,  ii.  112 

Fittes,  iii.  217 

Gresford,  387 

Haivarden,  131 

Holyhead,  iii.  70,  71 

Holywell,  52 

Hope,  ii.  52 

Kilken,  ii.  57 — 9 

Llanddwyn,  iii.  6 

Llandudno,  iii.  144 

Llandysilio,  394 

Llangadwalader,  iii.  6 

Llangollen,  360 

JAanrwst,  ii.  302 

Marchiviel,  393 

Mold,  ii.  31 

Montgomery,  iii.  195 

Northop,  109 

Oswestry,  31G 

■ Penmynydd,  iii.  49 

Pennant  Melangcll,  iii.  163 

Hellatyn,  341 

St.  Cross,  47 


Church  of  Whitlington,  315 

Wrexham,  377—382 

CilminTroed-du,l33;  ii. 391 ;  iii. 432 
Clogwyn  Die,  ii.  316 

yr  Ileliwr,  iii.  100 

Clomendy,  ii.  28 
Cloud  Berries,  ii.  198 
Clough,  Sir  Richard,  ii.  136 
Clwydian  hills,  ii.  57 
Clynnog,  ii.  384 
Cneifiwr  Glds,  ii.  11 
Coal  known  to  the  Britons,  24 
Cochivillan,  iii.  110  (footnote) 
CoedEulo,  111 

Marchan,  ii.  191 

Coleshill,  56,  67,  112 

Collen,  St.,  360 

Collieries,  23 

Collwyn  ap  Tangno,  iii.  433 

Concen,  ii.  9 

Condolanus,  306 

Condover,  iii.  247 

Conna's  He,  118 

Conovium,  83;  ii.  139;  iii.  129 

Constable's  sands,  32 

Conwy,  iii.  116—119 

abbey,  iii.  120 

castle  unroofed,  iii.  406 

potatoes  exported,  iii.  405 

tombs  at,  iii.  122 

CopaYleni,  ii.  107 

Coppa  yr  Wylfa,  iii.  148 

Copper  cakes,  mines,  &c.,  17,  82; 

iii.  55—64 
Copper  mine  in  Anglesey,  iii.  57 
Coracles,  288 
Corarian,  iii.  95 
Corineus,  St.  Cybi,  iii.  69 
Coritani,  8 
Cornavii,  117 
Corsy  Gcdol  house,  ii.  261 


462 


INDEX. 


Cor  wen,  ii.  195 

Coytmor  house,  iii.  103 

,  Hoicel,  ii.  305 

Craig  y  Deryn,  ii.  238 

y  Dorth,  iii.  331 

y  Park,  25 

Crannage,  George,  his  desperate  ac- 
tion, 329 

Cregynnog,  iii.  174 

Crib  Goch,  ii.  340 

CriJcaeth,  ii.  363 

Cro,  354 

Cromlech  Bodowyr,  iii.  12 

Bryny  Foel,  ii.  264 

Clynnog,  ii.  387 

Llugwy,  iii.  54 

Natural,  atLlanbcris,  ii.  337 

Plas  Givyn,  iii.  41 

Plas  Newydd,  iii.  18,  19 

Tre'r  Dryw,  iii.  10. 

Ystum  Cegid,  ii.  360 

Atiscross,  68,  118 
Croes  Eineon,  ii.  113 

Crosses,  -^    Maen  Achwynfan,  18;  ii. 
106 
Tremeirchion,  ii.  134 

Crwth,  ii.  87 

Crystal  (Iceland),  ii.  67 

Cunobeline,  88 

Cwm  Bychan,  ii.  267 

Croesor,  ii.  286 

Cwmorthin,  ii.  285 

Ztyfr,  ii.  338 

Idwal,  and  lake,  ii.  314 

in  Flintshire,  ii.  115 

Cwmmwds,  264 

Cwmorthin,  ii.  285 

Cyfnicht,  ii.  358 

Cymmer  abbey,  ii.  245 

Cymru,  2W  7%fa»,  360 

Cynedda  Wledig,  ii.  215 


Cynjael  falls,  ii.  2S5 

Cymvyd,  ii.  198 

Cyttiau'r  Gwyddelod,  ii.  280 

D 

Dacrc  Manor,  76 
Dafydd  Baron,  iii.  321 

ZWm,  ii.  134 

(7awi,  iii.  322 

Damps  in  mines,  ii.  72 — 75 
Daniel,  St.,  bishop  of  Bangor,  iii.  78 
Datceiniad,  ii.  101 

David,  prince,  120 

Davies,  Edward,  Cneifiwr  Glds,  ii.  11 

Deceang,  76 

Dee,  Dr.,  a  Welshman,  ii.  259 

Dee  sacred,  ii.  208 

Demons,  ii.  243;  iii.  152,  153 

Denbigh,  ii.  151,  &c. 

Derfel  Gadarn,  ii.  201 

Derwen  Ceubren  yr  Ellyll,  ii.  243 

Deuwen,  St.,  iii.  6 

Deva,  3,  141 

Devil,  spitting  at  his  name,  iii.  150 

Dictum,  what  it  means,  iii.  138 

Dietam,  ad,  208 

Diganwy,  iii.  138,  139 

Dinas  Bran,  265,  266;  ii.  1 

Dinlle,  ii.  389 

Dinorwig,  ii.  322 

Emris,  ii.  342 

Moivddwy,  ii.  222 

Dinoth,  St.,  285 
Divining  rod,  72 
Doddleston,  137 
Dolau  cothi,  86 
Dolgelleu,  ii.  230 

Dol  y  Melynllyn,  ii.  246 

Domitian,  his  name  on  a  pig  of  iron, 

77 
Downing,  5 


INDEX. 


4G3 


Drama,  modern  Spanish,  correspon- 
ding to  our  modern  mysteries,  185 
Druidic  circles  at  Llugwy,  iii.  54 
Druids,  iii.  9 
Drws  Ardudioy,  ii.  2G5 

y  Coed,  ii.  349 

Dudestan,  258 
Didas,  bay  of,  iii.  54 
Dumnonii,  8,  81 
Dwarfs,  ii.  361 
Dyffryn  Aled,  ii.  172 

Clwyd,  mines,  ii.  G4 

Mymbyr,  ii.  310 

Byfi,  1,  8 

Dyfneint,  8 

Dylassy,  377 

Dyscybl  dyscyblaidd,  ii.  93 

pencerddiaidd,  ii.  94.  97 

yspis,  ii.  93 

E 

Earls  of  Chester,  161 
Eaton,  256 
Eccleston,  255 
Edeimion,  vale  of,  ii.  203 
Edgar,  159 

rowed  up  the  Dee  by  six 

petty  kings,  159 
Edgar's  Palace,  148 
Ednowain  ap  Bradwen,  iii.  448 

Bendeiv,  21;  iii.  445 

Ednyfed  Fi/chan,  iii.  49 

Edwin,  11,  161;  iii.  444 

Efnydd,  iii.  446 

Egbert,  156 

Egerton,  baron  Ellesmere,  137 

Eglmjs  y  Bedd,  iii.  71 

Fair,  iii.  171 

Rhos,  iii.  137 

Eijl  mountains,  ii.  381 
Eisteddfods,  ii.  89,  102,  92;  iii.  114 
Eleven  towns,  328 


Elisseg,  pillar  and  inscription,  ii.  7 — 9 

Ellesmere,  294 

Ellyce,  colonel,  349 

Elphin,  Taliesin's  poem  to,  ii.  308 

Emral,  282 

Englefield,  11 

Sir  Francis,  iii.  217 

Entrochi,  ii.  53 

Erbistock,  273 

Erddig,  374 

Eric,  354 

Ethelfleda,  157 

Ethelfrida,  155 

Ethelystan  Glodrydd,  iii.  424 

J?mZo  Manor,  114 

Eurgen,  St.,  109 

Evans  the  conjuror,  ii.  258 

Exchequer  in  Chester,  205 

Explosion,  terrible,  at  do.  217 

Eyton  in  Denbighshire,  289 

Eyton,  John  ap  Ellis,  his  tomb,  368 


Fairies,  their  butter,  ii.  71 

their  haunts  near  Llyn  Coch, 

ii.  326 
Falcon,  long  flight  of  one,  13 
Falconry,  iii.  141 
Falcons,  ancient  Welsh,  iii.  141 
Falls  of  the  Conwy,  ii.  290 

Cynfael,  ii.  284 

Earn,  258, 

Fasting  woman,  ii.  254 

Felynrhyd,  ii.  283 

Fenechdyd,  iii.  446 

Festa  Asinaria,  183 

Festiniog,  ii.  285 

Ffordd  Gam  Elen,  iii.  181 

Helen,  ii.  198 

Ffynon  Asaph,  ii.  113 

Fair,  ii.  133;  iii.  150 

Ids,  ii.  339 


464 


IN  DEX. 


Ffynon  Leinw,  ii.  59 

Llanddeiniolen,  52 

Fire-brick,  115 

Fish,  curious  in  Anglesey,  iii.  39 

ott\\QVyrnwya.xi<3iTanat,\\\.20S 

Fittes,  fine  views  near,  iii.  217 
Fitzalans,  earls  of  Arundel,  322 
Fitzwarines,  the,  308 — 10 
Flint,  antiquities  found  near,  68,  89 

a  Roman  station,  57 

complaint  of  the  men  of,  60 

town,  56 

Flintshire,  5 

by  whom  subdued,  9 

fish  of,  29 

revenues  in  the  time  of 

Edward  III.,  67 
Folebroc,  22 

Forest  of  Snowdon,  ii.  332 
Foxhall  ii.  171 
Freiddin  hill,  iii.  209 
Frier  Forest's  cruel  execution,  ii.  201 
Friers,  Bangor,  iii.  80 
Froissart,  a  beautiful  copy  of,  iii.  136 
Fron,  ii.  29 

Funerals,  customs  at,  iii.  151 
Fwyall,  Ilowel  y,  ii.  364 
F toy  all,  Sir  Hoivel  y,  194 

G 

Oadlys,  113 

Gai,  Arthur's  foster-father,  ii.  217 

Galanas,  352,  354 

Gale,  or  bog  myrtle,  ii.  307 

Gaines,  354 

Gallt-vaenan,  ii.  133 

Gam,  Dafydd,  an  account  of,  iii.  322 

Games,  ancient  Welsh,  iii.  114 

Ganion,  Pentir,  8 

Ganllwyd,  iii.  311 

Gareg,  a  Pharos,  ii.  105 

Gam  Guwch,  ii.  383 


Garthen,  373 

Garthewin,  ii.  176 

General  Mytton,  303 

Germanics,  St.,  ii.  55 

George,  St.,  iii.  149 

Gestes  of  Guarine,  312 

Gherbod,  earl  of  Chester,  162 

Gibson,  the  dwarf  painter,  iii.  103 

Gilesfield,  iii.  203 

Giraldus  Cambrensis,  iii.  416 

Glannog's  Isle,  iii.  35 

Glass  imported  into  Britain,  90 

Glisseg  Valley,  ii.  10 

Gloddaeth,  iii.  133 

rare  plants  at,  iii.  135 

Glyder  Bach,  its  curious  columnar 

stones,  ii.  312 

Faxor,  ii.  317 

Glyn  Llugwy,  ii.  310 

Glyndwrdwy,  ii.  1 

Glynllifon,  133 

Glynne,  chief  justice,  133 

Gobotuen,  331 

Gogarth,  iii.  140 

Gogingstoole,  iii.  195 

Gold,  found  in  Britain,  85,  86 

a  temptation  to  the  Roman 

invaders,  85,  86 

the  Britons  early  acquainted 


with  its  uses,  88 
Goodman  Dr.,  ii.  184 
Gorphwysfa,  ii.  338 
Gorseddau  at  Tre'r  Dryw,  iii.  10 
Gosteg  yr  Halen,  ii.  82 
Grasses,  Welsh,  ii.  324 
Gredington,  277 
Gresford,  387,  388 

Greyhound,  singular  story  of  one,  64 
Grey  of  Ruthin,  lord,  iii.  308 
Gronant,  ii.  109 
Grosvenor,  vast  mineral  grant  to  the 

family,  96 


INDEX. 


465 


Gryffydd  ap  Cynan,  ii.  82;  iii.  80. 
421.  444 

Madoc,  361 

Llwyd,  iii.  297 


Owaenynog,  ii.  168 
Gxoaenyskor  Kegister,  ii.  108 
Qwalchmai,  a  fine  fragment  of  his 

poetry,  iii.  210 
Gwdhw  Olds,  iii.  112 
Gwedir,  ii.  297 
Gwehelyth,  iii.  416,  427 
Gweirydd  ap  Rhys  Goch,  iii.  431 
Gweli,  what  it  means,  iii.  132 
Gwersilt,  391,  392 
Gwespyr,  ii.  109 
Gwerth,  352 
G  windy,  ii.  125 
Gwyddel,  Ynys  y,  iii.  68 
Gtvyddelwem,  ii.  192 
Gwyddno  Goronhir,  ii.  266 
Gwynedd,  Howd,  107,  108;  iii.  444 
Gwynedd,  Owen,  111;  iii.  79 
,  his  sons  defeat  the 

flower  of  Henry's,  army,  111 
's  tomb,  iii.  79 


Givynniaid,  ii.  207 
Gwysaney,  ii.  33 
Gvjytherin,  46;  ii.  174 
Gyrys,  first  collector  of  Welsh  pro- 
verbs, ii.  26 

H 

Hafod  Lwyfog,  ii,  341 

Hafodtai,  ii.  325 

Hafren,  see  Severn 

Halkin,  96,  106 

Halston,  302—304 

Hanbridge,  139 

Hanmer,  276 

Hanrner,  Sir  Thomas,  &c,  280—282 

Harlech,  ii.  274 

VOL.  IIJ. 


Harp,  silver,  17;  ii.  87 
Hartsheath,  ii.  44 
Hawarden,  9,  116,  117 
castle,  Saxon  owner,  118 

Norman,  118 

ceded  to  Lleiuelyn  the 

Great,  119 

surprised  by  Dafydd  ap 


Gryffydd,  120 

granted  to  Montacute, 


earl  of  Salisbury,  122 

granted  to  Sir  Thomas 


Stanley,  123 

acquired  by  chief  jus- 


tice Glynne,  125 

beseiged,  127 

rectory,  131 


Hedd  Molwynog,  iii.  440 

Helen,  Pen  Caer,  iii.  130 

Helig  ap  Clunog,  iii.  26 

Hendre,  ii.  125 

Hen  Ddinas,  331 

Henllan,  ii.  170 

Hen  Llys,  ii,  176 

Henry  VII.  protected  at  Ifostyn,  14 

Henry,  prince  of  Wales,  iii.  303 

Herbert,  lady  Mary,  iii.  199 

Hesp-alun,  ii.  57 

Hilbree  isles,  28 

Hirlas  Owen,  374;  iii.  89 

Hoielse-tiide,  ii.  19 

Hoigold,  ii.  19 

Holt,  259 

Holland  family,  the,  iii.  154 

Holyhead,  iii.  69 

,  Pharos,  iii.  74 

Holywell,  30—55 

Hoopoe,  ii.  75 

Hope,  ii.  52 

Horns,  drinking,  account  of,  iii.  87 

Hotspur  joins  with  Glyndwr,  iii.  324 

2G 


466 


INDEX 


Hospitality,  antient  Welsh,  ii.  235; 

iii.  407 
Howel  Givynedd,  107,  108;  iii.  444 
Howel  Sele  of  Nanneu,  iii.  310 
Howel  y  Fuyall,  Sir,  iii.  434 
Howl  (Irish),  ii.  169 
Hunting,  antient,  ii.  271 
Hypocaust,  145 — 147 

I&  J 

James  I.  at  Chester,  190 
Ictis,  82 

Jeffries,  chancellor,  384 
Jestyn  ap  Gwrgant,  iii.  426 

St.,  iii.  43 

Inigo  Jones,  ii.  300 
Inscriptions, — 

Basingwerh,  iii.  263 

Bedd  Porus,  ii.  248 

Call  Wart,  ii.  260 

Chester,  141,  151,  152 

Corioen,  ii.  196 

Cwm,  ii.  115 

Gresford,  388 

Gwytherin,  ii.  175 

Llan-Gadwaladr,  iii.  6,  7 

Llanrhaiadr,  ii.  178 

Llanuwchllyn,  ii.  216 

Newborough,  iii.  2 

Northop,  110 

Rhiwabon,  368 

St.  ^sa^A,  ii.  130,  131 

Shrewsbury,  iii.  226,  227 

Tremeirchion,  ii.  134 

7$  CocA,  iii.  82 

Fa^e  Crucis,  ii.  6,  7 

Tfre^/iam,  378—380 
Interment,  ancient,  ii.  18 — 25 
John  de  Cromwell,  ii.  51 

Trevor,  iii.  312 

Joan,  princess,  her  coffin,  iii.  33 


Jolo  Goch,  iii.  290,  291.  440 

Jones  of  Cadwgan,  his  sad  end,  376 

Jones,the  regicide,  where  born,  ii.265 

JoriverthZ>nvyndwn,hia  tomb,iiu  164 

Iron,  84 

Ithyphallus,  an  amulet,  93 

Judas,  breast  smiting  at  his  name, 

iii.  150 
Jungermannia,  a  moss,  51 

K 

Kelchyn,  354 

Kerrig  y  Druidion,  ii.  211 
Kilhen,  ii.  57 — 59 
Kinmael,  iii.  154 
Kistvaen,  what  is  it,  ii.  212 
Klogwyn  Du,  ii.  316 
Knockers,  the,  ii.  71 
Kymhortha,  iii.  355 
Kynastons,  300 


Lakes,  high  in  Snoiodon,  ii.  326 
Lead,  ancient  state  of  its  mines,  69 

how  smelted  by  the  Britons,  78 

mines  worked  by  the  Saxons,  80 

ore,  singular  clayey  species  of, 

iii.  63 

Roman  pigs  of,  74 

regulations  in  respect 

to  mining,  71 
silver  extracted  from  it  by  the 

Romans,  78 
Leesxoood,  ii.  30 
Leicester,  earl  of,  his  insolent  letter, 

ii.  164 
Lever's  Museum,  Sir  Ashton,  293 
Lewis,  Glyn  Cothi,  ii.  43;  iii.  295 
Lime  works,  iii.  205 
Lindisfarn,  80 
Lladmer,  etymology,  310 
Llam  y  Lladron,  ii.  242 


IND  EX. 


467 


Llanaelhaiarn,  ii.  384 
Llanarmon,  tumuli,  ii.  17,  18 
Llanasaph,  ii.  108 
Llanbadrog,  ii.  368 
Llanbeblic,  ii.  399 
Llanberis,  ii.  319 — 321 
Llanddinam,  iii.  183 
Llanddona,  iii.  42 
Llanddwyn,  iii.  5 
Llandegai,  archbishop  Williams's 

monument  there,  iii.  95 
Llandegla,  ii.  14 
Llandeniolen,  ii.  322 
Llandrinio  bridge,  iii.  209 
Llandrillo,  ii.  200;  iii.  145 
Llandudno,  iii.  141 
Llandysilio,  394;  iii.  22 
Llanelian,  iii.  54 
Llan  Elltyd,  ii.  252 
Llaneroh,  ii.  171 
Llanfaes,  iii.  32 
Llanferres,  ii.  27 
Llanfyllin,  iii.  168 
Llan-Gadwaladr,  iii.  6 
Llangar,  ii.  199 
Llangerniew,  ii.  176 
Llangollen,  359 
Llangynog,  iii.  162 
Llanidan,  iii.  8 
Llanidlos,  iii.  184 
Zfesra  Jestyn,  iii.  43 
Llanrhaiadr,  ii.  178 
Llanrhaiadr  yn  Mochnant,  iii.  166 
Llanrwst,  ii.  300—302 
Llansanan,  ii.  173 
Llantrissant,  iii.  75 
Llanuwchllyn,  ii.  215 
Llanyckil,  ii.  214 
Llanymynach,  fosses  and  iZonian 

lead  works,  iii.  204—206 
great  lime  works,  iii.  205 


Zfewi  Ystyndwy,  ii.  365 

Lleder  river,  ii.  293 

Lleuci  Llioyd,  her  story,  110 

Llewelyn  the  Great,  his  coffin,  ii.  305 

Lleweni,  ii.  139 

Lleyn,  or  X^/i,  ii.  374 

Llider  mountains,  ii.  318 

Llowarch  ap  Bran,  iii.  430 

i/gft,  ii.  12 

Lloyd  Kenyon,  277 

Llwyd,  Edward,  ii.  175;  iii.  346 

Humphrey,  ii.  149 

Sir  Griffith,  iii.  50 

Llwydiarth,  iii.  166 
Llwyn  y  Groes,  ii.  8 
Zey/i  J. fee?,  ii.  173 

i?em,  ii.  319 

Bodlyn,  ii.  261 

Caefer,  ii.  348 

Cawellyn,  ii.  348 

Conwj,  ii.  288 

Cmwi  Ilowel,  ii.  261 

Dinas,  ii.  342 

Ffynon  Las,  ii.  327.  339 

Geirionydd,  ii.  307 

GocA,  ii.  326 

Gwynan,  ii.  341 

Irddin,  ii.  262 

Llydaw,  ii.  339 

Llyffant,  iii.  102 

Nantlle,  ii.  349 

Ogwen,  iii.  101 

■ Rathlyn,  ii.  250 

•  Tegwyn,  ii.  282 

yr  Afangc,  ii.  291 

y  Bwchllwyd,  ii.  313 

y  Cmw&,  ii.  316 

y  CW,  ii.  318 

y  Dywarchen,  ii.  348 

y  Myngil,  ii.  240 

yr  Ctyo,  ii.  173 


468 


INDEX 


Llyn  y  Tri  Graienyn,  ii.  242 
Llyniau  Cregenan,  ii.  234 
Llys  Bradwen,  ii.  234 

Dinorddwig,  ii.  322 

Edwin,  107 

Locusts,  a  great  fall  of,  ii.  362 

drowned  in  the  sea,  ii.  362 

Londinium,  8 

Loton  hall,  iii.  212 

Longnor,  pictures,  iii.  248 

Lugan,  106 

Lupus,  Hugh,  earl  of  Chester,  162 

his  hall  in  Chester  cas- 


tle, 204 


invades  Anglesey,  iii. 


34 


Lyre-xoyte,  283,  284 

M 

3Iadoo's  insurrection,  iii.  196 

Gloddaeth,  iii.  137 

Maelgwn  Gwynedd,  iii.  78,  138 
Maeloc  Crwm,  iii.  437 
Maelors,  the,  263.  273,  274 
Maen  Achwynfan,  18;  ii.  106 

Gwynedd,  iii.  181 

Mordhwyd,  iii.  9 

Sigl,  iii.  143 

Twrog,  ii.  283 

y  Campiau,  iii.  113 

y  Mellt,  ii.  373 

Maes  Gannon,  ii.  54 — 56 

hir,  317 

Mynan,  ii.  139 

y  Gaer,  iii.  105 

y  Gamedd,  ii.  265 

Malltraeth,  iii.  6 
Mallwyd,  ii.  224 

Manors  in  Flintshire,  ii.  78,  79 
Marble,  with  asbestos  in  it,  iii.  65 
Marchers,  lords,  account  of,  iii.  266 


Marcheta  mulierum,  283 

Marchudd,  ii.  172;  iii.  147,  437 

Marchweithian,  iii.  442 

Marchwiel,  393 

Margaret  of  Anjou,  277 

Margaret  uch  Evan,  ii.  320 

Marie  house,  iii.  131 

Maser field,  318 

Mathrafal,  ii.  1;  iii.  172 

Maynan  abby,  ii.  305 

Mediolanum  Ordovicum,  iii.  170 

Meifod  iii.  169 

Menai,  iii.  24 

Merch-gobr,  ii.  85 

Meredydd  ap  Jevan  reforms  Wales, 
ii.  295 

ap  Meirchion,  ii.  172 

Merfyn,  263 

Merlin,  ii.  343 

Milldir  Gerrig,  iii.  161 

Mineral  property,  &c,  97,  &c. 

Mines,  rich,  ii.  67 

,  royal  society  for,  when  foun- 
ded, 102 

Minstrelsy,  ii.  236 

Mitton,  iii.  216 

Moel  Arthur,  ii.  60 

Eithinen,  ii.  26 

Famma,  ii.  36 

Fenlli,  ii.  26,  27 

Hiraddug,  ii.  61.  114 

y  Don,  iii.  15 

y  Gaer,  107,  108 

y  Gollfa,  iii.  209 

Mold,  ii.  31—40 

Moldwarp,  iii.  322 

Monacella,  St.,  iii.  163 

Montford,  iii.  215 

Montgomery,  Roger  de,  iii.  190 

town  of,  iii.  190—194 

Montgomeryshire,  the  name,  iii.  161 


INDEX 


469 


Morgan,  Dr.  William,  iii.  166 
Morris,  the,  iii.  39,  385 
Mortimer,  Sir  Edmund,  iii.  314 
Mostyn,  12—17 
Mount,  at  Pen  y  Gaer,  iii.  187 
— Rhosddiarbed,  iii.  182 

Shrewsbury,  iii.  219 

Sychartk,  iii.  292 

Mounts,  at  Aber,  iii.  105 

Abergeleu,  iii.  148 

capel  St.  Ffraid,  iii.  69 

Chirk,  343 

Coleshill,  113 

Erddig,  374 

Gresford,  387 

Givem  Ddu,  iii.  173 

Llanddona,  iii.  42 

Mathrafal,  iii.  172 

Mitton,  iii.  218 

Montgomery,  iii.  193 

Mowddwy,  vale  of,  ii.  219 
Myfanwy  Vechan,  362 
Myddeltons,  the,  ii.  145 — 149 
Mynydd  Digoll,  iii.  196 

Hyddgant,  iii.  306 

Mytton,  General,  i.  303;  ii.  121.  158. 

184.  277;  iii.  29.  126.  246 
William,  304  ;   iii.  216 

N 
Names,  IPefoA,when  first  abridged,  17 

Nannerch,  ii.  59.  63 
Nanneu,  ii.  243;  iii.  310 
.Mm£  Deri's,  ii.  318 

Francon,  iii.  101 

Colwyn,  348 

Conwy,  ii.  295 

Gwynan,  ii.  338.  341 

y  bele,  369 

y  Gwytherin,  ii.  379 

Nefydd  Hardd,  iii.  436 
iVe/y?i,  »•  377 


Nerquis,  ii.  30 
Newborough,  iii.  1 
Newtown,  iii.  178 
Norman  conquest,  161 
Northop,  108 
Nut  Breakers,  29 

O 

O/a,  4;  his  dyke,  332 

Oldford,  257 

Ordovices,  3.  6.  108 

Orme's  Head,  iii.  134 

Ostorius  conquers  Caractacus,  iii.  256 

Oswald,  St.,  318 

Osivald's  Well,  320 

Oswestry,  301,  316—320 

old,  330 

0«%  P(w£,  295 
Overton,  289 
(?we?i,  Sir  Jo/m,  337 

Glyndwr,  iii.  289,  &c. 

Gwynedd,  camp  of,  iii.  148 

tomb  of,   iii.  79 

Tttdor,  iii.  44—49 


Owl,  little,  293 

P 
Panton  of  Foxhall,  ii.  172 
Panton,  Paid,  iii.  41 
Pant  y  Groes  ii.  2 

y  Polion  ii.  9 

yr  Ysgraphiau,  iii.  12 

Parfew,  bishop  of  St  Asaph,  ii.  33 

Parry,  Dr.  William,  109 

Parys  mountain,  iii.  55.  395 

Patriarch  of  Tregaian,  iii.  53 

Pedigree,  specimen  of  Welsh,  ii.  179 

Pelagius,  a  monk  of  Bangor,  286 

Pen  ,y  P#,  iii.  148 

Pen  y  Gaer,  iii.  187 

Penbedw,  ii.  59 

Peucerdd  Gwlad,  ii.  86.  95 

Pcngwem,  iii.  156 


470 


INDEX 


Pengwern,  llys,  358 
Penmaen  Mawr,  iii.  107 

Rhos,  iii.  145 

Penman  Priory,  iii.  35 

Penmorfa,  ii.  358 

Penmynydd,  iii.  44 

Pennant-higi,  ii.  228 

Pennant  Melangell,  iii.  163 

Pennar  Lag,  9,  117 

Penrhyn,  iii.  84 

Perry  river,  303 

Pei/-e,  George,  his  epitaph,  iii.  263 

Pharos  of  Garreg,  ii.  105 

Holyhead,  iii.  74 

Peers  Gryffydd,  iii.  85 

drinking  horn  of,  iii. 

87 
Pistill  Cain,  ii.  248 

J/cra,  ii.  248 

Rhaiadr,  iii.  167 

Pitchford,  iii.  247 

Plague  at  Chester,  189.  192 

Plants  at  Gloddaeth,  iii.  134,  135 

oiSnowdon,  ii.  307.  318.  324 

Plas  Gwyn,  iii.  14.  53 

Hen,  ii.  365 

JVewydd,  iii.  17 

Teg,  ii.  45.  52 

yn  Yale,  ii.  12 

Plygan,  iii.  153 

Plynlimmon,  iii.  185 

Pont  Aberglas  Lyn,  ii.  350,  &c. 

Gilan,  ii.  200 

Riffith,  ii.  138.  144 

y  Pair,  ii.  292 

yr  Allt  Goch,  ii.  132 

Porkington,  337 
Porthaethwy,  iii.  22 
Portliamel,  iii.  12 

PortA  Din-llaen,  ii.  376,  377 
Port  Penrhyn,  iii.  83 


Posts,  see  British 

their  uses,  107,  108 

Powys  castle,  iii.  197 — 201 
Poivysland,  201 
Presaddfed,  iii.  74 
Prestatyn,  ii.  Ill 
Priestholm,  iii  37.  134 
Pryse,  Ellis,  iii.  132.  442 

Sir  John,  iii.  178 

Prysor  castle,  ii.  250 
Puffin  Auks,  iii.  37 
Pulesdon,  Roger  de,  ii.  398 
Pulestons,  283 
Pulpit  Hugh,  ii.  285 
Putecaine,  10 
Pw$  Cms,  iii.  21 
Pwllheli,  ii.  365 

Q 

Queen's  gate  at  Caernarvon,  ii.  395 

R 

Radman,  what  it  is,  56 
Razor-bill  bird,  iii.  39 
Religious  customs,  iii.  150 
Rhaiadr  Cynwyd,  ii.  199 

y  Graig  Lwyd,  ii.  290 

y  Wenol,  ii.  296 

Rheidol,  iii.  186 

Rhiwabon,  365 

Rhiwaedog,  ii.  203 

Rhiw  Goch,  ii.  250 

Rhiwlas,  ii.  204 

PAos  Ddiarbed,  iii.  182 

Rhos-fair,  iii.  3 

P£os  Fynach,  iii.  145 

Rhual,  ii.  56 

Rhuddlan,  marsh  of,  ii.  116;  iii.  146 

parliament  at,  ii.  123 

Rhydyr  Halen,  ii.  251 
Rhyddyn,  ii.  54 


INDEX, 


471 


Rhys  ap  Tewdwr,  iii.  422 

Goch,  ii.  352 

Richard  II.  betrayed,  iii.  146 

taken  at  Flint,  62 

Ripley  hall,  77 

Robert  of  Rhuddlan,  ii.  122 

slain  at  Digan- 

wy,  iii.  139 
Robert  ofSicyle,  a  play  acted  at  Ches- 
ter, 176 
Robinson,  colonel,  account  of,  392 
Rocking-stone,  iii.  143 
Roderic  the  Great,  263;  iii.  7 
Rofts,  the,  390 
Roman  camp,  ii.  251 

coins,  88 

pigs  of  lead,  74—78 

Roman  remains,  at — 

Caerfach,  iii.  180 

Caergwrle,  ii.  47 

Caer  Hen,  iii.  129 

Caersws,  iii.  181,  182 

Chester,  141—153 

Garreg,  ii.  105 

Holyhead,  iii.  72,  74 

Llanymynach,  iii.  205,  206 

Ronton,  iii.  213 

Segontium,  ii.  401 

Shrewsbury,  iii.  226,  227 

Wroxeter,  iii.  222 

T  Gaer,  iii.  188 
Roman  roads,  148;  ii.  47 

sculptures,  148.  152 

Romans,  their  management  of  mines 

and  smelting,  81 
Rood  eye  at  Chester,  241 
Routon,  the  old  Rutunium,  iii.  213 
Row,  the,  ii.  132 
Rude  times,  ii.  177 
Rug,  ii.  194 
Ruthin,  ii.  181 


S 
Sabrina,  or  Sabra,  iii.  175 
Sacheverel,  Dr.,  342 
Saith  Marchog,  ii.  192 
Salmon,  how  far  they  ascend  rivers, 

iii.  185 
Salt  springs  at  Rhyddyn,  ii.  54 
Saltney  marsh,  137 
Salusbury  family,  the,  ii.  140 
Sandford,  captain,  128,  129 
Sam  Badrig,  ii.  266 

Helen,  ii.  249 

Swsan,  Roman  road,  iii.  180 

yr  Afangc,  iii.  101 

Saxon  Chester,  159 — 161 
Sea,  encroachment  of,  ii.  109;  iii.  147 
Sea-fowl,  vast  wreck  of,  ii.  362 
Segontium,  ii.  401 
Seiriol,  St.  iii.  35 
Sele,  Hoivel,  iii.  310 
Sellatyn,  335 
Sepulchre,  ancient,  iii.  52 
Seteia,  5;  ii.  105 
Severn  river,  iii.  177 
Sliakerley,  colonel,  391;  iii.  283 
Shark  of  Beaumaris,  iii.  39,  384 
Shartar  Gwtta,  324 
Shell  sand,  a  rich  manure,  iii.  42 
Sheriff's  men  in  North  Wales,  ori- 
gin of,  iii.  357 
Sheio-glass,  ii.  260 
Shield,  a  curious,  ii.  352 
Shingles,  iii.  185 
Shocklach  castle,  272 
Shratvardine,  iii.  213 
Shrewsbury,  abbey,  iii.  330 

Augustine  friers,  iii.  234 

battle,  iii.  238 

charters,  iii.  223 

churches,  iii.  235 

Dominicans,  iii.  235 


472 


INDEX. 


Shreiosbury,  free  school,  iii.  225 

Grey  Friars,  iii.  233 

parliaments,  iii.  237 

Richmond,    passing 

through,  iii.  244 

St.  Mary's,  iii.  218 

the  quarry,  iii.  233 


Sicyle,  Robert  of,  an  ancient  moral- 
ity, 176 

Silver,  British,  known  to  the  Rom- 
ans, 87 

Sirigi,  iii.  71 

Skerries,  iii.  66 

Slate  quarries,  iii.  82 

Smelting,  British,  78 

Roman,  75 

Snowdon,  Dominus  de,  iii.  6 

height,  ii.  330 

name,  ii.  336 

plants,  ii.  307.  318 

sacred,  ii.  334 

Soddylt,  291 

Sontley  house,  375 

Sorbus  aucuparia,  ii.  307 

South,  Dr.,  iii.  167 

Stag,  warrant  for  one  from  Snoicdon, 

iii.  380 
Standard-bearer,  Owen  Glyndwr's, 

iii.  331 
Stanlies,  their  power  in  Flintshire, 

107 
Stones  and  stone-circles,  ii.  262.  382; 

iii.  10,  11.  112 
Strata  Marcella  abbey,  iii.  203 

its  charter,  iii.  411 

Strath  of  the  Alun,  ii.  29 
Stylus  found  near  Flint,  91 
Suetonius,  his  invasion  of  Anglesey } 

iii.  12 
Superstitions,  ancient  Welsh,  iii.  149 
Sweating  sickness,  iii.  244 


S  welly,  a  dangerous  place  in  the  Me- 

nai,  iii.  21 
Sycharth,  the  seat  of  Owen  Glyndwr, 

iii.  293 
Sychnant,  iii.  108 


Taleithiog,  tri  Thywysog,  263 

Taliesin,  his  history,  ii.  307 

Tal  y  Cafn,  iii.  129 

Llyn,  singular  coffin  found  at, 

ii.  240 

Tanat,  the  river,  iii.  207 

Tan  y  Bwlch,  ii.  283 

Teberri  castle,  ii.  239 

Tecla's  well,  ii.  15 

Tegangle,  6,  7.  22.  77.  107 

Terrig,  ii.  44 

Teuluwr,  ii.  84 

Thellwalls,  the,  ii.  190 

Threapwood,  275 

Tin,  early  exported  by  the  Phoeni- 
cians, 81 

Tomb  oiJorwerth  Drioyndwn,  iii.  164 

Tombs  at  Chirk,  345 

Gresford,  387 

Hope,  ii.  52 

Llanarmon,  ii.  17 

Mold,  ii.  31 

Northop,  108 

Rhiivabon,  365 

St.  Asaph,  ii.  130 

Wrexham,  378 

Yspytty,  ii.  289 

Tommen  y  Bala,  ii.  205 

y  Castell,  ii.  205 

y  Fardra,  ii.  25 

y  Rhodwydd,  ii.  13 

Torques,  17;  ii.  278 
Tower,  in  Flintshire,  ii.  41 
Towyn,  inscription  there,  ii.  238 


INDEX. 


473 


Traeth  Cock,  iii.  42 
Transmutation  of  metals,  ancient 

opinion  of,  99 
Trawsfynydd,  ii.  264 
Tre  Faldwyn,  iii.  161,  190 
Tref  Wry,  iii.  11 
Trefy  Waen,  317 
Tre-gamedd,  iii.  49 
Trelawnyd,  ii.  107 
Tre'r-abbot,  19 

Beirdd,  iii.  12 

Ceiri,  ii.  381 

Dryw,  iii.  10 

Yrys,  ii.  26 

Trevaen,  singular  hill,  ii.  313 
Trevalyn,  390 
Trevor  house,  358 

Sir  John,  357 

Tudor,  iii.  4.">(  t 

Trevors,  the,  387,  388 

Tribes  of  Xorth  Wales,  iii.  159.  428 

five  royal,  iii.  415 

Tudor,  Owen,  iii.  44 
Tudwal  isles,  ii.  368 
Tumuli,  CopaYleni,  ii.  107 

Llanarmon,  ii.  18,  60 

JYant  Gwrtheyrn,  ii.  380 

Fenbedv,  ii.  Go 

see  also  Tomrnen 

Twll-du,  ii.  315 

Ti'-r  Bronwen,  ii.  274 
Tydecho,  St.,  ii.  220 
Tysilio,  St.,  394 

u 

Up  Rossal,  islo  of,  iii.  216 

V 
Yi'id  felen,  the,  iii.  13S 
Vaenol,  in  Caernarvonshire,  iii.  20 

Flintshire,  155 

Tote  of  CTwyrf,  ii.  133;  iii.  160 

vol.  ii  r. 


Valle  Cruris,  ii.  2 — 7 

Fan's,  ii.  138 

Vassalage,  barbarous,  iii.  23 

Vaughan,  engraver,  ii.  304 

Vaynor,  iii.  187 

Verde  di  Corsica,  iii.  65 

Veronica,  St.,  ii.  32 

Victoria  Alleluiatica,  ii.  54 

Virgula  divinatoria,  72 

Vitilia  navigia,  288 

Voelas,  ii.  289 

Vortigem  builds  Dinas  Emris,  ii.  342 

his  grave,  ii.  380 

's  valley,  ii.  379 

Vreken  Ceaster,  iii.  222 
Vulture,  new,  292 
Vyrnyiv,  iii.  208 

W 

Walcheria,  329 

Warner,  lady,  her  story,  280 

Warton,  bishop  of  St.  Asaph,  vide 

Parfew,  ii.  33 
Waterfalls,  the  most  curious,  ii.  173, 
199,  246,  248,  296 

Wat's  Dyke,  31,  331 

Wattleburg  castle,  iii.  211 
Weapons,  ancient,  iii.  16 
Weather  about  Snowdon,  ii.  337 
Wedge,  Roman,  found  in  a  lead  mine, 

71 
Wells,  jYant  Beris,  ii.  320 

St.  sElian's,  iii.  142 

St.  George,  iii.  149 

—  Helen's,  ii.  402 


Tecla's,  ii.  15 

Welsh,  mountaineers,  their  way  of 
life,  ii.  325 

not  all  drunkards,  ii.  280 

religious  customs,  iii.  150 

Welshpool,  golden  chalice,  account 
of,  iii.  -2*)-2 
2  H 


474 


INDEX 


Wenefrede,  St..  40—44;  ii.  174 
Wepre,  township  of,  116 
Werburgh,  St.,  her  shrine,  231 
Were-geld  of  the  Saxons,  352 
Whiff,  a  species  of  flounder,  29 
Whitchurch,  ii.  144 
Whiteford,  10 

its  products,  22 

Whitson  Plays,  see  Chester 

Whittington,  306 

Williams,  archbishop,  iii.  97, 99, 125, 

400,  403 
Woodbury  hill,  iii.  339 
Wooden  castles,  ii.  13 
Woods,  Plds  Neu-ydd,  iii.  17 
Worthenbury,  273 
Wreck  of  birds,  ii.  362 
Wrexham,  376—383 
Wroxeter,  iii.  222 
Wyddfa,  highest  hill  in  Snowdonia, 

ii.  330 
Wygfair,  ii.  133 

Wynn,  Sir  John,  the  father,  ii.  297 
,  instructions  to  his 

chaplain,  iii.  368 

-,  inventory  of  ward- 


robe, iii.  369 


-,  the  son,  ii.  304 
-,  his  letters,  iii.  3 


Wynn,  Sir  Richard,  ii.  300,  301 
Wynne,  William,  doctor,  of  Tower, 

his  epitaph,  ii.  34 
Wynnes  of  Pengwem,  iii.  421 
Wynnstay,  369—373 


Yale,  Elihu,  some  account  of,  379 
epitaph  of  his  son  at 

the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  380 

hundred  of,  ii.  12 

Yamton,  Andrew,  246 

Ynyr  ap  Rowel,  Llewelyn  ap,  ii.  16 

Ynys  Dywyll,  the  ancient  name  of 

Anglesey,  iii.  17 

Glannog,  iii.  35 — 37 

Cybi,  iii.  69 

St.  Seiriol,  iii.  35 

Yonge,  Griffith,  Glyndwr's  chancellor 

and  ambassador  to  France,  iii.  329 
Younge,  Richard,  bishop  of  Bangor, 

iii.  313 
Ysgithrog,  Brochwel,  iii.  221 
Ysgolion  Buon,  iii.  102 
Yspytty  Jevan,  ii.  288 
Ystrad  Alyn,  ii.  29 


Ziment  copper,  iii.  6i 


CARNARVON:    PRINTED 
BY  H.    HUMPHREYS. 


A  LIST  OF  SUBSCRIBERS. 


Anglesey,  The  Most  Hon.  the  Marquis  of,  Plas  Newydd,  Llanfair  P.  G. 

Aberdare,  The  Right  Hon.  Lord,  Duffryn,  Mountain  Ash,  South  Wales 

Atkins,  Robert  Augustus,  Esq.,  1,  Brownlow  Villas,  St.  Asaph 

Acland,  Arthur  H.  Dyke,  Esq.,  M.A.,  Plas  Bryn,  Clynnog 

Allanson,  John  B.,  Esq.,  Bryn  Seiont,  nr.  Carnarvon 

Anwyl,  Captain,  Eryl  Aran,  Bala 

Apsimon,  Thomas,  Esq.,  14,  Amberley  Street,  Liverpool 

Anderton,  Peter,  Esq.,  Brondyffryn,  Denbigh 

Bangor,  The  Right  Rev.  the  Lord  Bishop  of,  The  Palace,  Bangor 

Beor,  Richard  White,  Esq.,  The  Rhydding,  Swausea 

Beale,  W.  John,  Esq.,  Bryntirion,  Bontddu.  Dolgelley 

Bevan,  John,  Esq.,  New  College,  Oxford 

Brittain,  Mrs.,  Bryn  Aber,  Carnarvon 

Brown,  Rev.  T.  B.  LI.,  M.A.,  Rectory,  Bodvari,  Rhyl 

Barker,  Hugh  Longueville,  Esq.,  19,  Hough  Green,  Chester 

Bowen,  J.,  Esq.,  C.E.  &  Crown  Agent,  Plas  Treflan,  Carnarvon 

Bayne,  William,  Esq.,  Menai  View,  Upper  Bangor 

Blackwell,  Hy.,  Esq.,  244,  East,  21  Street,  New  York,  America 

Blundell,  Jos.  Hight,  Esq.,  Marlowe's  Cottage,  Hemel  Hempstead 

Bamber,  John,  Esq.,  Beech  Grove,  Ashton  Freehold,  near  Preston 

Browne,  Peter,  Esq.,  Chief  Constable,  Rhyl 

Beedham,  B.,  Esq.,  Ashfleld  House,  near  Kimbolton 

Bebb,  Nathaniel,  Esq.,  21,  Kelvin  Grove,  Prince's  Park,  Liverpool 

Bate,  Thomas,  Esq.,  Kelsterton  Hall,  Flint 

Byrne,  Rev.  Edward,  St.  Mary's  Mount,  Flint 

Bernard,  Rev.  F.,  St.  David's  Monastery,  Pantasaph,  Holywell 

Berry,  Thomas,  Esq.,  Brynyfuehes,  Amlwch,  Anglesey 

Brereton,  A.  J.,  Esq.  (Andreas  o  Von,)  Mold 

Bancroft,  J.  J.  Esq.,  Glasfryn,  Ruthin 

Bryan,  Mr.  J.  D.,  Bridge  street.  Carnarvon 

Barnwell,  Mr.  AV.,  Ch.  School,  Llaugerniew,  Abergele 

Coleridge,  The  Right  Hon.  Lord,  Lord  Chief  Justice  of  England 
Corbett,  John,  Esq.,  M.P.,  Impney,  Droitwich;    and  Ynys-Maengwyn, 

Towyn  Merioneth  two  copies 

I  iMwshay,  W.  T.,  Esq.,  Cyfarthfa  Castle,  Merthyr  Tydfil 
Cooke,  Lieut.  Col.  Bryan  <Jeorge  Davies,  Colomendy,  Mold 


476  LIST  OF  SUBSCRIBERS. 

Clemenger,  W.  G.  W.,  Esq.,  Coedmawr,  Carnarvon  two  copies 

Carreg,  Robert,  Esq.,  Plas  Carreg,  Pwllheli 

Chilton,  Thomas,  Esq.,  The  Elms,  Gresford,  Wrexham 

Cowell,  E.  B.,  Esq.,  M.A.,  Prof,  of  Sanskrit  in  the  University  of  Cambridge 

Cory,  R.,  Esq.,  Oscar  House,  Cardiff 

Cooke,  Philip  B.  Davies,  Esq.,  Gwysaney,  Mold 

Crawshay,  Mrs.  Alfred,  Dan-y-Park,  Crickhowell,  Breconshire 

Coxon,  Alfred,  Esq.,  72,  Longton  Grove,  Sydenham,  London,  s.e. 

Cleaton,  Edmund  R.,  Esq.,  Vaeuor  Park,  Llanidloes 

Charlton,  St.  John,  Esq.,  Pentreffynon,  Holywell 

Corbett,  John,  Esq.,  9,  Wrexham  Street,  Mold 

Coopers,  Robert,  Esq.,  Grove  House,  Bromley  Road,  Lee 

Clark,  Geo.  T.,  Esq.,  Talygam,  Glamorgan 

Cameron,  Mr.  Donald,  The  Rofft,  Upper  Bangor 

Carman,  Mr.  John,  Chemist,  Holywell 

Denbigh,  The  Right  Hon.  the  Earl  of,  Newnham  Paddox,  Lutterworth 

Dynevor,  The  Right  Hon.  Lord,  Dynevor  Castle,  Llandilo 

Davies,  Richard,  Esq.  M.P.,  Treborth,  Bangor 

Davies,  David,  Esq.,  M.P.-,  Broneirion,  Llaudinam,  Montgomeryshire 

Davies,  Dd.,  Esq.,  F.R.C.S.  &c,  Bryngolwg,  Aberdare 

De  Winton,  Jeffrey  P.,  Esq.,  Tan-y-graig,  Carnarvon 

Davies,  John,  Esq.,  The  Treasury,  Whitehall,  London 

Davies,  Ebenezer,  Esq.,  Brunswick  House,  Swansea 

Davids,  Richard  J.,  Esq.,  Glanhelen,  Carnarvon 

Davies,  John,  Esq.,  (Gwyneddon),  Bodgwynedd,  Carnarvon 

Davies,  R.  Norman,  Esq.,  Ty  Fry,  Carnarvon 

Davies,  E.  W.,  Esq.,  Penrhiwarddwr,  Conway 

Davies,  W.  Cadwaladr,  Esq.,  District  Bank,  Bangor 

Davies,  James,  Esq.,  (Iago  Tegeingl),  Gwynfa  Villa,  Rhyl 

Davies,  W.  T.,  Esq.,  Chester 

Davies,  Rev.  Owen,  Baptist  Minister,  Carnarvon 

Denman,  Francis  Lemoine,  Esq.,  17,  Hornton  Street,  Kensington,  w. 

Davies,  Rev.  Evan,  Rectory,  Llanllyfni 

Davies,  Rev.  J.  Issard,  M.A.,  Senior  Curate,  Carnarvon 

Davies,  Griffith,  Esq.,  B.A.,  200,  High  Street,  Bangor 

Davies,  Miss  M.  A.,  Dolbadarn  Board  School,  Llanberis 

Davies,  Rev.  D.  T.  Ffrangcon,  B.A.,  Pwllheli 

Davies,  Rev.  J.  Beynon,  Congregational  Minister,  Talysarn,  near  Carnarvon 

Davies,  W.  Robert,  Esq.,  Solicitor,  Dolgelley 

Davies,  Rev.  J.  Cadvan,  Wesleyan  Minister,  Dolgelley 

Davies,  Rev.  W.,  B.A.,  F.L.S.,  Vicarage,  Llanfihangel  Genau'r  Glyn,  Borth 

Davies,  Rev.  E.  T.,  B.A.  (Dyfrig),  The  Vicarage,  Aberdovey 


LIST  OF  SUBSCRIBERS.  477 

De  Burgh,  Alex.  A.  Hussey,  Esq.,  Carnarvon 

Davies,  Ellis,  Esq.,  Irlam  House,  Liscard,  Birkenhead 

Davies,  Kobert,  Esq.,  6,  South  Castle  Street,  Liverpool 

Davies,  Rev.  D.,  Glan  Conway  Rectory,  Conway 

Davies,  Rev.  E.  W.,  The  Vicarage,  Llanerchymedd 

Davies,  Rev.  John  Evan,  M.A.,  Rector  of  Llangelynin,  Llwyngwril,  Merioneth. 

Davies,  D.,  Esq.,  Maes-y-ffynon,  Aberdare 

Davies,  John,  Esq.,  55,  Peel  Street,  Princes  Park,  Liverpool 

Dugdale,  John,  Esq.,  Llwyn,  Llanfyllin 

Davies,  Robert,  Esq.,  Bodlondeb,  Bangor 

Davies,  Edward,  Esq.,  Llwynderw,  Llandinam,  Mont. 

Davies,  Thomas,  Esq.,  30,  Balliol  Road,  Bootle 

Davies,  William,  Esq.,  Caeblaidd,  Festiniog 

Davies,  Rev.  T.  Z.,  The  Vicarage,  Whitford,  Holywell 

Davies,  Miss  A.  J.,  141,  Bedford  Street,  Liverpool 

Dyson,  Capt.,  C.E.,  Flint 

Davies,  Mr.  C,  Deputy  Chief  Constable,  Carnarvon 

Davies,  Mr.  J.,  Stationer's  Hall,  Lampeter,  Cardiganshire 

Davies,  Mr.  John,  Draper,  &c,  London  House,  Aberayron 

Davies,  Mr.  John,  Blue  Peris,  Llanberis 

Davies,  Mr.  William,  (Glan  Ceulan),  Talybont,  via  Glandovey 

Davies,  Mr.  John,  Board  School,  Dinorwic 

Davies,  Mr.  William,  Bookseller,  Glynceiriog 

Davies,  Mr.  William,  Glynafon,  Nantlle,  Carnarvon 

Davies,  Mr.  David  (Tremlyn),  Pengwern,  Carnarvon 

Edwards,  F.  W.  Lloyd,  Esq.,  Chairman  of  Carnarvonshire  Quarter  Sessions, 

Nanhoron,  Pwllheli 
Edwards,  The  Very  Rev.  H.  T.,  M.A.,  Dean  of  Bangor 

Evans,  Joseph,  Esq.,  J.P.,  D.L.,  Hurst  House,  nr.Prescot  three  copies 

Evans,  Col.  Herbert  Davies,  Highmead,  Llanybyther,  Cardiganshire 
Evans,  The  Ven.  Archdeacon,  Rectory,  Llanllechid 
Evans-Lloyd,  Lieut.  Col.  Edward,  Moel  y  Garnedd,  Bala 
Ewing,  The  Lady  Alice,  Coed  Derwen,  Bettws-y-coed 
Eld,  Rov.  J.  M.,  B.D.,  Rector  of  Belbroughton,  Worcestershire 
Edwards,  Rev.  William,  The  Rectory,  Llanberis 
Edwards,  John,  Esq.,  M.R.C.S.  London,  L.R.C.P.  Edinburgh,  Principal 

Medical  Officer  Her  Majesty's  Prison,  Leeds 
Evans,  Edward,  Esq.,  Bronwylfa,  Wrexham 
Ellis,  Thomas,  Esq.,  Chief  Constable  of  Merioneth,  Bala 
Eachus,  J.  T.,  Esq.,  Cross  Street,  Holywell 
Edwards,  Richard,  Esq.,  Litherland,  nr.  Liverpool 
Edwards,  II.,  Esq.,  J.P.,  D.L.,  Rosemount,  Holyhead 


478  LIST  OF  SUBSCRIBERS. 

Edwards,  The  Rev.  Professor  Ellis,  M.A.,  C.  M.  College,  Bala 

Edisbury,  J.  F.,  Esq.,  Belgrave  House,  Wrexham 

Evans,  Rev.  David,  Llansantffraid  Rectory,  Corwen 

Evans,  Rev.  David,  Vicar,  Abergele 

Evans,  Rev.  Ellis  W.,  M.A.,  Pensarn,  Abergele 

Evans,  Rev.  John  (Eglwysbach),  373,  City  Road,  Loudon 

Egerton,  Miss,  Gresford  Lodge,  Gresford 

Edmondes,  Rev.  Thomas,  M.A.,  Cowbridge,  Glamorgan 

Evans,  Rev.  Daniel,  D.D.,  The  Vicarage,  Carnarvon 

Evans,  Rev.  E.  Herber,  Carnarvon 

Edwards,  T.  Gold,  Esq.,  Gwynfryn,  Denbigh 

Emrys-Jones,  A.,  Esq.,  M.D.  Edin.,  M.R.C.S.  Eng.,   10,  St.  John  Street, 

Manchester  (Surgeon  to  the  Eye  Hospital) 
Evans,  Rev.  John  Hugh  (Cynfaen,)  30,  Meadow  Street,  Moss  Side,  Manchester 
Edwards,  John,  Esq.,  Bronfelen,  Abergele 
Ellis,  G.  H.,  Esq.,  Pen-y-Mount,  Festiuiog 
Ellis,  Saxon  G.,  Esq.,  Plas  Newydd,  Ruthin 
Edwards,  Rev.  E.  Wood,  M.A.,  Vicar  of  Ruabon 
Evans,  Rev.  D.  W.,  St.  George's  Rectory,  nr.  Abergele 
Ellis,  Rev.  J.  R.,  Gyffin  Rectory,  Conway 
Edwards,  Thomas,  Esq.,  31,  Tarlton  Street,  Liverpool 
Edwards,  Dr.  James,  Elm  Bank,  Anfield,  Liverpool 
Ellis,  Edward,  Esq.,  51,  Huskisson  Street,  Liverpool 

Edwards,  Rev.  Thomas,  Llanfihangel  y  Pennant,  R.S.O.,  Towyn,  Merioneth. 
Edwards,  G.,  Esq.,  Mentmore  House,  Parkfield  Road,  Princes  Park,  Liverpool 
Evans,  Wm.,  Esq.,  Surgeon  &c,  Llanerchymedd,  Anglesey 
Ellis,  Rev.  Griffith,  M.A.  10  Pembroke  Road,  Bootle 
Ellis,  Robert,  Esq.,  Bangor  Villa,  Hartington  Road,  Liverpool 
Evans,  John  K.,  Esq.,  Greenfield  House,  Greenfield,  Holywell 
Elias,  Thomas,  Esq.,  The  Brewery,  Llanrwst 
Evans,  T.  Forcer,  Esq.,  Forcer  Hill,  Holyhead 
Evans,  Dr.  T.  Lloyd,  Glanrafon,  Amlwch 
Evans,  Mr.  Daniel,  Agent,  Penmaen  Isaf,  Penmaen  Mawr 
Ellis,  Mr.  Edward,  Auctioneer,  Aberystwyth 
Evans,  Mr.  Evan,  Tanner,  Carnarvon 
Edwards,  Mr.  Thomas,  Glanybala,  Llanberis 
Evans,  Mr.  Owen,  junr.,  Coal  Merchant,  Carnarvon 
Evans,  Mr.  D.,  CM.,  Trefilan,  Talsarn,  Cardiganshire. 
Evans,  Mr.  Owen,  Bookseller,  Conway 
Evans,  Mr.  John,  10,  Fern  Grove,  Liverpool 
Edwards,  Mr.  W.  A.,  167,  Bedford  Street  South,  Liverpool 
Edmunds,  Mr.  Thomas,  Printer,  &c,  Corwen 
Ellis,  Mr.  J.  W.,  36,  Market  Street,  Holyhead 


LIST  OF  SUBSCRIBERS.  479 

Evans,  Mr.  Samuel,  Bodeudaf,  Carnarvon 

Ellis,  Mr.  William,  National  School,  Llandwrog 

Evans,  Mr.  A.  LI.,  National  School,  Maentwrog 

Evans,  Mr.  John,  Ironmonger,  Corwen 

Evans,  Mr.  William  Glyn,  9,  Bouverie  Street,  Chester 

Ellis,  Mr.  Goodman,  Mine  Agent,  North  Hendre,  nr.  Mold 

Evans,  Mr.  William,  National  School,  Llandinorwic 

Finchett-Maddocks,  T.,  Esq.,  Caegwyn,  Carnarvon 

Foulkes,  W.  Wynne,  Esq.,  M.A.,  Judge  of  County  Court,  Old  North  Gats 

House,  Chester 
Fanning,  Wm.,  Esq.,  Waeufair,  Amlwch 
Foster,  A.,  Esq.,  Plas  Padoc,  Bettws-y-coed 
Francis,  George,  Esq.,  C.E.,  Ty  Cerrig,  Caergwrle 
Francis,  Absalom,  Esq.,  C.E.,  Rhosddu,  Wrexham 
Ffoulkes,  The  Venerable  Archdeacon,  Whittington  Rectory,  Oswestry 
Fluit,  Thomas,  Esq.,  Grey  Friars,  Chester 
Felix,  Rev.  John,  Glan-Conway 
Francis,  Mr.  James,  Bridge  Street  Row,  Chester 
Foulkes,  Mr.  Isaac,  Bookseller,  18,  Brunswick  Street,  Liverpool 
Farrant  &  Frost,  Messrs.,  8,  Canon  Street,  Aberdare 

Grosveuor,  The  Rt.  Hon.  Lord  Richard,  M.P.,  12,  Upper  Brook  Street,  London 

Griffith,  J.  G.  Wynn,  Esq.,  Llanfair  Hall,  Carnarvon 

Grey,  H.  D.,  Esq.,  Mount  Stone,  Stonehouse,  Plymouth  two  copies 

Griffith,  Samuel,  Esq.,  M.D.,  Portmadoc 

Griffith.  G.  R,  Esq.,  M.B.  M.C.,  Castle  Square,  Carnarvon 

Griffith,  John  Lloyd,  Esq.,  M.A.,  Frondeg,  Holyhead 

Gardner,  W.  A.,  Esq.,  Redland  House,  Hough  Green,  Chester 

Griffith,  Dr.  0.  W.,  The  Plas,  Nevin 

Griffith,  Edward,  Esq.,  Springfield,  Dolgelley 

Griffith,  William,  Esq.,  Solicitor,  Dolgelley 

Griffith,  Rev.  R.  Williams,  Vicar  of  Llandegai,  Bangor 

Griffith,  Rev.  William,  C.  M.  Penmachno 

Gee,  Thomas,  Esq.,  Solicitor,  Greenhill,  Allerton,  nr.  Liverpool 

Griffith,  John,  Esq.,  The  Beehive,  Bangor 

Gleave,  Thomas,  Esq.,  Rose  Cottage,  Flint 

Griffiths,  D.,  Esq.,  56,  Srnithdown  Road,  Liverpool 

Griffith,  Mr.  W.  Lloyd,  Corn  Merchant,  Carnarvon 

Griffiths,  Mr.  John,  Eastgate  Street,  Chester 

Griffiths,  Mr.  Griffith,  Emu,  nr.  Criccieth 

Griffith,  Mr.  John  Richard,  Schoolhouse,  Lhmfairfechan 


480  LIST  OF  SUBSCRIBERS. 

Hughes  of  Kinmel,  H.  R.,  Esq.,  Kiarael  Park,  Abergele 

Huniberston,  Col.,  Glan  y  wern,  nr.  Denbigh 

Humberston,  Philip  Hugh,  Esq.,  Glan  y  wern,  Denbigh 

Hughes,  Thomas,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  The  Grove,  Chester 

Hudson,  R.  W.,  Esq.,  Bache  Hall,  Chester  two  copies 

Hemming,  Mrs.,  Bentley  Manor,  Bromsgrove,  and  Caerhun,  Carnarvonshire 

Hurlbutt,  Mrs.,  71,  Maryland  Road,  St.  Peter's  Park,  London,  w. 

Hughes,  D.  G.  Munro,  Esq.,  N.  P.  Bank  of  England  Ld.,  Bethesda 

Hobson,  Algernon,  Esq.,  Rhos  Fair,  Carnarvon 

Hughes,  Thomas,  Esq.,  Greenfield  Copper  Mills,  Holywell 

Hughes,  J.  A.,  Esq.,  Solicitor,  Carnarvon 

Heaton,  Rev.  H.  E.,  M.A.,  Vicar  of  Bettws-yn-Rhos,  Abergele 

Hughes,  Rev.  Hugh  Trevor,  Dyffryn  Elwy,  Llaufairtalhaiarn 

Hughes,  Rev.  John,  Wesleyan  Minister,  Bathafarn  House,  Carnarvon 

Hughes,  Walter,  Esq.,  Penybryn,  Carnarvon 

Harris,  Tbos.,  Esq.,  Old  Bank,  Amlwch 

Hilton,  Thomas,  Esq.,  Great  Suffolk  St.,  Southwark 

Hughes,  Thos.  Glwysfryn,  Esq.,  23,  Woodville  Terrace,  Liverpool 

Hughes,  E.  Morgan,  Esq.,  Fair  "View,  Amlwch 

Hall,  Charlton  R.,  Esq.,  Tan-y-Bryn,  nr.  Llandudno 

Hood,  Archd.,  Esq.,  Sherwood,  Cardiff 

Humphreys,  Thomas,  Esq.,  Lily  house,  near  Holywell 

Hayn,  Henry,  Esq.,  Bryn  Cregin,  Deganwy,  Conway 

Hughes,  "William  G.,  Esq.,  Whaley  Grange,  Fornby 

Hathawaye,  Thomas,  Esq.,  Architect  and  C.  E.,  Fir  Bank  Cottage,  Bangor 

Hughes,  H.  0.,  Esq.,  Cefn  Mawr,  Llangaffo,  Anglesey 

Hughes,  John,  Esq.,  Llewelyn  Terrace,  Llanrwst 

Harding,  George,  Esq.,  Surgeon  Dentist 

Hughes,  George  Jones,  Esq.,  Clerk  to  the  Guardians  of  the  Anglesey  Union , 

Llauerchymedd 
Hughes,  Mr.  Hugh,  Llysdimael,  Maerdy,  Corwen 
Hughes,  Mr.  Owen,  Belle  Vue,  Holyhead 
Hughes,  Mr.  Edward,  Post  Office,  Sarn,  Pwllheli 
Hughes,  Mr.  Owen,  Dorothea  Office,  Nantlle,  near  Carnarvon 
Hughes,  Mr.  John  R.,  Brouydre,  Carnarvon 
Hughes,  Mr.  Henry  G.,  Board  School,  Llanrwst 
Hughes,  Mr.  Edward,  Ironmonger,  &c,  Carnarvon 
Hughes,  Mr.  Josiah,  Ironmonger,  Bangor 
Hughes,  Mr.  D.,  Llwynygwalch,  Groeslon,  Carnarvon 
Hughes,  Mr.  Thomas  Herbert,  National  Schools,  Glanogwen 
Hannah,  Mr.  John,  Abergele 
Harker,  Mr.  John  A.,  8,  Bridge  Street,  Chester 
Hughes,  Mr.  Robert,  Bookseller,  Tyn-y-Cefu,  Corwen 


LIST  OF  SUBSCRIBERS.  481 

Hughes,  Mr.  R.  R.,  Bookseller,  Blaenau  Festiniog 

Hughes,  Mr.  Robert,  Mona  Drug  Hall,  Llangefni,  Anglesey 

Hughes,  Mr.  H.,  Llanddeiniolen  National  School 

Howell,  Mr.  Edward,  Bookseller,  Liverpool  seven  copies 

Humphreys,  Mr.  W.  R.,  National  School,  Cynwyd 

Hughes,  Mr.  James,  Fron  Hyfryd,  Corwen 

Jones-Parry,  Love,  Esq.,  M.P.,  F.S.A.,  Madryn,  Pwllheli  two  copies 

James,  Charles  H.,  Esq.,  M.P.,  Brynteg,  Merthyr  Tydfil  two  copies 

Johnes,  Mrs.,  Dolaucothy,  Llandeilo,  South  Wales 

Jones,  Griffith,  Esq.,  Solicitor,  Aberllolwyn,  Aberystwyth 

Jones,  Walter  B.  C,  Esq.,  Mynydd  Ednyfed,  Cnccieth 

Jones,  Owen,  Esq.,  Bank  of  England,  London,  E.C. 

Jones,  J.  Parry,  Esq.,  Plas  Clough,  Denbigh 

Jackson,  Fredk.,  Esq.,  C.E.,  Carnarvon  and  Nottingham 

Jones,  Rev.  J.,  St.  Beuno's  College,  St.  Asaph 

Jackson,  John,  Esq.,  Harbour  Office,  Carnarvon 

Jones,  Rev.  David,  B.  A.  (Oxon.)  Vicar  of  Llansautffraid  Glyn  Ceiriog,  Llangollen 

Jones,  Rev.  D.,  Vicar  of  Llaorhaiadr-yn-Mochnant,  Oswestry 

Jones,  J.,  Esq.,  Bridgend,  Mayor  of  Aberystwyth 

Jones,  William,  Esq.,  Solicitor,  Mayor  of  Conway 

Jones,  Rev.  D.  Lloyd,  St.  John's,  Portmadoc 

Jones,  Rev.  Richard,  The  Rectory,  Hirnant,  Oswestry 

Jones,  Rev.  David,  B.A.,  Rector  of  Newborough,  Anglesey 

Jones,  Miss  Esther  Lloyd,  Penrallt,  Penmaenmawr 

Jones.  Rev.  David,  Cae  Coch,  Brynsiencyn,  Anglesey 

Jones- Williams,  E.,  Esq.,  Bank,  Aberystwyth 

Jenkins,  J,  R.,  Esq.,  M.D.,  Colomendy,  Ruthin 

Jones,  William,  Esq.,  Park  Place,  Henley-on-Thames 

Jones,  Griffith,  Esq.,  10,  The  Old  Hall,  Liverpool 

Jones,  Rev.  William  R.,  C.  M.  Minister,  Preswylfa,  Holyhead 

Jones,  Thomas,  Esq.,  Bryn  Ywen,  Menai  Bridge 

Jones,  Rev.  John,  M.A.,  Llanbedr,  Barmouth 

Jones,  John,  Esq.,  Ynysfor,  Penrhyndeudraeth 

Jones,  The  Rev.  Samuel,  The  School  House,  Bodfeirig,  near  Bangor 

Jones,  R.  Pughe,  Esq.,  28,  Kensington  Garden  Terrace,  Hyde  Park,  Loudon 

Jones,  William,  Esq.,  Ty'n  y  Coed,  Clyunog 

Jones,  Owen,  Esq.,  R.N.,  Penrhyn  Marchog,  Holyhead 

Jones,  Chas.  A.,  Esq.,  Bronhendre,  Carnarvon 

Jones,  John  W.,  Esq.,  The  Grange,  Penn  Road,  Holloway,  London,  BT. 

Jenkin,  David,  Esq.,  M.A.,  Bottwnog  Grammar  School,  Carnarvonshire 

Jones,  John  T.,  Esq.,  Terfyn,  Port  Dinorwic 

Joues,  Rev.  Father,  Twthill,  Carnarvon 


4S2  LIST  OF  SUBSCRIBERS. 

Jones,  Richard  Owen,  Esq.,  Henblas,  Bala 

Jones,  R.  Owen,  Esq.,  Land  Agent,  Pwllheli 

Jones,  Rev.  Michael  D.,  Bala 

Jones,  Rev.  Michael,  Flint 

Jones,  J.  Glynne,  Esq.,  Solicitor,  Bangor 

Jones,  Price  0.,  Esq.,  Everslie,  Gressington  Park,  Aigburth,  Liverpool 

Jones,  Rev.  E.  Lloyd,  Rhyl 

Jones,  Rev.  D.  (Druisyn),  Abergele 

Jones,  Rev.  J.  R.  Kilsby,  Glen  View,  Llanwrtyd  Wells 

Jones,  Rev.  Lewis,  Vicar  of  Cadoxton,  near  Neath,  S.  Wales 

Jones,  Rev.  Francis,  Waenfawr,  Carnarvon 

James,  Rev.  David,  B.A.,  Northop,  Flintshire 

Jones,  Rev.  Robert,  Curate  of  Llanerchymedd,  Anglesey 

Jones,  Thomas,  Esq.  (Cynhaiarn),  Portmadoc 

Jones,  John,  Esq.,  St.  John's,  Wrexham 

Jones,  John,  Esq.,  13,  Hemans  Street,  Liverpool 

Jones,  John  Edwards,  Esq.,  M.D.,  M.R.C.S.  Eng.,    L.S.A.  &   L.M.  Load., 

Brynyffynon,  Dolgelley 
Jones,  Ellis  W.,  Esq.,  17,  Verulam  Street,  Liverpool 
Jones,  Thomas,  Esq.,  Surgeon,.  Aberystwyth 
Jenkins,  Josiah  R.,  Esq.,  Colomendy,  Ruthin 
Jones,  Dr.  D.,  Clarence  House,  71,  Everton  Road,  Liverpool 
Jones,  Owen,  Esq.,  Plasglasgwm,  Penmachno 
Jones,  Hugh,  Esq.,  M.R.C.V.S.,  Brynarfon,  Llangefni 
Jones,  Peter  Powell,  Esq.,  6,  Water  Street,  Rhyl 

Jones,  Dr.  O.  W.,  D.D.S.  (ajl)  L.D.S.,  F.P.S.G.,  Dentist,  Market  Place,  Bangor 
Jones,  Rev.  Griffith,  Wesleyau  Minister,  Bagillt 
Jones,  Rev.  Richard,  Darowen  Rectory,  Montgomeryshire 
Jones,  Rev.  M.  Wheldon,  The  Vicarage,  Trefeglwys,  Caersws,  Mont. 
Jones,  W.,  Esq.,  24,  Upper  Duke  St.,  Liverpool 
Jones,  D.,  Esq.,  28,  Brunswick  Street,  Liverpool 
Jones,  W.  Pryce,  Esq.,  16,  Amberley  Street,  Liverpool 
Jones,  Lewis  E.,  Esq.,  62,  Mulgrave  Street,  Liverpool 
Jones,  Ishmael  S.,  Esq.,  3,  Great  George's  Place,  Liverpool 
Jones,  J.  Harrison,  Esq.,  4,  Thackeray  Street,  Liverpool 
Jesse,  John  F.,  Esq.,  Bathafarn,  Ruthin 
Johnson,  Rev.  H.  R.,  Aberdare,  South  Wales 
Jones,  David,  Esq.,  8,  Bedford  Road,  Bootle,  Liverpool 
Jones,  Rev.  John  Owen,  Bronygraig,  Llanberis 
Jones,  Rev.  Hugh,  St.  Domingo  Grove,  Liverpool 
Jones,  R.  Hughes,  Esq.,  6,  Kelvin  Grove,  Prince's  Road,  Liverpool 
Jones,  John  William,  Esq.  (Cybi),  Preswylfa,  Carnarvon 
Jones,  Peter,  Esq.,  Halkyn,  Holywell 


LIST  OF  SUBSCRIBERS.  483- 

James,  Richard,  Esq.,  General  Post  Office,  Liverpool 

Jones,  David,  Esq.,  Gloddaeth  Hall,  near  Conway 

Jones,  David  S.,  Esq.,  22,  Brunswick  Buildings,  Liverpool 

Jones,  Rev.  J.  B.  Goodman,  Llangristiolus  Rectory,  Llangefni 

Jones,  Rev.  John,  Cerrigydruidion  Rectory,  Corwen 

Jones,  Rev.  E.  Sinuett,  M.A.,  Angorfa,  Penmaenmawr 

Jones,  Rev.  Moses  Morgan,  Ship  Hotel,  Llanrug,  Carnarvon 

Jones,  Mr.  John,  Wine  Merchant,  Minafou,  Carnarvon 

Jones,  Mr.  Thomas  Henry,  Nant  Adda,  Portdinorwic 

Jones,  Mr.  Thomas,  Cottage,  Port  Penrhyn,  Bangor 

Jones,  Mr.  Jno.  Wm,  (Andronicus),  Bryn  Tegid,  Carnarvon 

Jones,  Mr.  W.  H.,  3,  Alexandra  Terrace,  Carnarvon 

Jones,  Mr.  J.  Owen,  Bron  Menai,  Carnarvon 

Jones,  Mr.  G.  W.,  Voelgron  Schools,  nr.  Pwllheli 

Jones,  Mr.  W.  D.  (Seiriol  Wyn,)  Holyhead 

Jones,  Mr.  David  R.,  Draper,  &c,  Gwalchmai 

Jones,  Mr.  William  Williams  (Gwilym  o  Fon),  Bran  House,  Towyn 

Jones,  Mr.  J.  M.,  Board  School,  Llanberis 

Jones,  Mr.  J.  D.,  Beech  Bank,  Llanberis 

Jones,  Mr.  Owen  D.,  Summer  Hill,  Llanberis 

Jones,  Mr.  Samuel,  Glan  Dinorwic,  Carnarvon 

Jones,  Mr.  John  Beuno,  Schoolmaster,  Rhiwlas,  near  Bangor 

Jones,  Mr.  Robert,  Visitor  Office,  Abergele 

Jones,  Mr.  E.  0.,  Printer,  62,  Arfon  Terrace,  Carnarvon 

Jones,  Mr.  John  Gloss,  Upper  Vale,  Llanberis 

Jones,  Mr.  Hugh,  Nelson  Emporium,  Carnarvon 

Jones,  Mr.  Robert,  Llandegai,  Bangor 

Jones,  Mr.  D.  T.,  Quarry  Manager,  Plasynaut  Quarries,  Bettwa  Garmon,  Carn. 

Jones,  Mr.  David,  Printer  &  Stationer,  Amlwch 

Jones,  Mr.  John,  Bookseller,  Aberayron,  Cardiganshire 

Jones,  Mr.  Thomas,  Waenfawr  Board  School,  Carnarvon 

Jones,  Mr.  William,  Emral  Villa,  Rhyl 

Jones,  Mr.  Griffith  (Glan  Menai),  Bryn  Llwyd,  Carnarvon 

Jones,  Mr.  J.  R.,  Talbot  Hotel,  Aberystwyth 

Jones,  Mr.  Evan  Price,  Raglan  House,  Beaumaris 

Jones,  Mr.  Richard,  The  New  Shop,  Dolgelley 

Jones,  Mr.  0.,  (late  Governor  of  H.  M.  Prison,  Beaumaris)  Menai  Bridge 

Jones,  Mrs.  Mary  Jane,  Denbigh  Villa,  17,  St.  Domingo  Grove,  Liverpool 

Jones,  Mr.  Robert,  14,  Mulgrave  Street,  Liverpool 

Jones,  Mr.  Robert,  13,  Violet  Street,  Liverpool 

Jones,  Mr.  William,  14,  Admiral  Street,  Liverpool 

Jones,  Mr.  William,  Bryn  Owen,  Borth,  Cardiganshire 

Jones,  Mr.  R.  Evans,  Printer,  Conway 


484  LIST  OF  SUBSCRIBERS. 

Jones,  Mr.  Thomas,  Postmaster,  Flint 

Jones,  Mr.  Daniel  Pryse,  Glasfryn  Board  School,  Cerrig-y-Druidion 

Jones,  Mr.  H.,  Blaenau  Festiniog 

Jones,  Mr.  David  G.,  Rhiw,  Rhiwbryfdir 

Jones,  Mr.  W.  Cadwaladr,  Peugwern  Arms  Hotel,  Festiniog 

Jones,  Mr.  E.  LI.  (Rhuddlanydd,)  Upper  Bangor 

Jones,  Mr.  William  Lloyd,  C.  E.,  1,  Brynteg  Terrace,  Bangor 

Jones,  Mr.  0.  D.,  Draper,  Bon  Marche"  and  Victoria  House,  Carnarvon 

Jones,  Mr.  Richard,  Butcher,  Holyhead 

Jones,  Mr.,  55,  Rockfield  Road,  Liverpool 

Judd  &  Co.,  Messrs.,  St.  Andrew's  Hill,  Doctor's  Commons,  London,  E.C. 

Keynon,  Hon.  George,  Llanerch,  Panna,  County  of  Flint 

Kneeshaw,  Henry,  Esq.,  J.P.,  Penmaenmawr 

Kelly,  Thos.  T.,  Esq.,  Bryn  Coch,  Mold 

Kirk,  John  Smith,  Esq.  M.A.,  Ph.D.,  Grammar  &  Collegiate  School,  Carnarvon 

Killin,  Rev.  Richard,  Rector  of  Festiniog  &  Rural  Dean  of  Ardudwy 

Kirkham,  Rev.  J.  W.,  M.A.,  Rural  Dean  of  Cyfeiliog,  &  J.P.,  Llanbrynmair 

Londonderry,  The  Most  Noble  The  Marquis  of,  K.P.,  Plas  Machynlleth 
Llandaff,  The  Right  Rev.  the  Lord  Bishop  of,  The  Palace,  Llandaff 
Llanover,  The  Right  Hon.  Lady,  Llanover,  Abergavenny,  South  Wales 
Lloyd,  Morgan,  Esq.,  Q.C.,  M.P.,  53  Cornwall  Gardens,  London,  S.W. 
Lloyd,  E.  0.  V.,  Esq.,  Berth,  Ruthin  two  copies 

Lloyd,  The  Chevalier,  M.A.,  K.S.G.,  Clochfaen,  Llanidloes 
Lloyd,  Rev.  T.  H,  Nerquis  Vicarage,  Mold,  Flintshire 

Lloyd,  Morgan,  Esq.,  Maesincla,  Carnarvon 

Lloyd,  R.  Alfred,  Esq.,  16,  South  Molton  street,  London,  W. 

Lloyd,  J.,  Esq.,  160,  Upper  Parliament  Street,  Liverpool 

Lewis,  Thomas,  Esq.,  Royal  Goat  Hotel,  Beddgelert 

Lewis,  John  Rice,  Esq.,  39,  Bentley  Road,  Prince's  Park,  Liverpool 

Leon,  J.,  Esq.,  Artist,  Carnarvon 

Lester,  William,  Esq.,  Bron  Offa,  Wrexham 

Lewis,  Thomas,  Esq.,  Gartherwen,  Bangor 

Lewis,  Rev.  James  S.,  Guilsfield  Vicarage,  Welshpool 

Lee,  Rev.  M.  H.,  Hanmer,  Whitchurch,  Salop 

Luck,  Richard,  Esq.,  Plas,  Llanfairfechan 

Lloyd,  Rev.  Henry,  Bryn  Eleth,  Amlwch 

Lloyd,  Edward,  Esq.,  16,  Overton  Street,  Liverpool 

Lloyd,  John,  Esq.,  Victoria  Park,  Aintree,  near  Liverpool 

Longcroft,  C.  R.,  Esq.,  Llanina,  New  Quay,  Cardiganshire 

Levi,  Rev.  Thomas,  Aberystwyth 

Lloyd,  Rev.  D.  Lewis,  M.A.,  Christ  College,  Brecon 


LIST  OF  SUBSCRIBERS.  435 

Lewis,  W.  Thomas,  Esq.,  Mardy,  Aberdare 

Lewis,  Rev.  Daniel,  The  Vicarage,  Waenfawr,  Carnarvon 

Lewis,  Rev.  John,  Curate  of  Llanystumdwy,  Criccieth 

Lloyd,  A.  Eyton,  Esq.,  Cynval  Villa,  Rhyl 

Lewis,  Rev.  Evan,  M.A.,  Canon  of  Bangor,  and  Rector  of  Dolgelley 

Lloyd,  Mrs.,  Hengwrt,  Dolgelley 

Lloyd,  Edward,  Esq.,  Lome  Street,  Chester 

Lloyd,  Capt.  T.  E.  J.,  Plas  Tregayau,  Llangefni 

Lewis,  David,  Esq.,  69,  Hope  street,  Liverpool 

Leathley,  Mr.  R.  W.,  Manchester  House,  Colwyu  Bay 

Lloyd,  Mr.  William,  26,  High  Street,  Carnarvon 

Lloyd,  Mr.  John  E.  J.,  Stationer,  Aberystwyth 

Lewis,  Mr.  Griffith,  Stationer,  &c,  Penygroes 

Lewis,  Mr.  John,  24,  Kimberley  Street,  Liverpool 

Lloyd,  Mr.,  Landseer  Road,  Everton,  Liverpool 

Martin,  Sir  Theodore,  K.C.B.,  Bryntysilio,  near  Llangollen 

Meyrick,  Sir  Georgo  E.  M.  T.  Fuller,  Bart.,  Bodorgan,  Anglesey 

Morris,  Lewis,  Esq.,  J.P.,  Barrister  at  Law,  Penbryn,  near  Carmarthen 

Mesham,  Major,  Pontryffydd,  Bodfari 

Millington,  John,  Esq.,  Peurhos,  Carnarvon 

Menzies,  John,  Esq.,  Menai  Bank,  Carnarvon 

Mathews,  William,  Esq.,  Lee  Cottage,  Caenvys,  Holywell  three  copies 

Morgan,  William  E.,  Esq.,  Rose  Cottage,  Union  Road,  Exeter 

Morgan,  Owen,  Esq.,  (Morien,)  The  Ashgrove,  Treforest,  Pontypridd 

Morgan,  Edward,  Esq.,  District  Auditor,  Machynlleth 

Morris,  E.  Rowley,  Esq.,  184,  Camden  Road,  London.  N. 

Morris,  Evan,  Esq.,  Highfield,  Wrexham 

Marks,  T.  T.,  Esq.,  C.E.,  Commissioners'  Office,  Llandudno 

Morgan,  Rev.  D.  C,  (Nenog  Wyn,)  Curate  of  Chiseldon,  Swindon,  Wilts 

Marshall,  F.,  Esq.,  3,  Harcourt  Buildings,  Temple,  London 

Mortimer,  Rev.  Thos.  Gwynne,  Rector  of  Castle  Bigh,  Tho  Court,  nr.  Fishguard 

Miller,  S.  H.,  Esq.,  F.R.A.S.,  Belle  Vue  Park,  Lowestoft,  Suffolk 

Morton,  William,  Esq.,  Albert  Street,  Birmingham 

Morgan  (B,)  Rev.  Richard,  Wesleyan  Minister,  Llanberis 

Morgan,  Rev.  John,  Rector,  Edeyrn,  Pwllheli 

Murray,  George  J.,  Esq.,  Mytchett  Place,  Frimley,  Surrey 

Morgan,  Rev.  D.,  B.D.,  Ysgeifiog  Rectory,  Holywell 

Morris,  Rev.  Richard,  Taliesin  House,  Taliesin,  Cardiganshire 

Morgan,  Jno.,  Esq.,  Surgeon,  Pontrhydygroes,  near  Aberystwyth 

Morgan,  Rev.  David  Watcin,  B.A.,  Curate  of  Borth,  R.S.O. 

Morgan,  William,  Esq.,  Vice-Principal  St.  Mary's  College,  Carnarvon 

Morgan,  Rev.  Thomas,  B.D.,  Dyserth  Vicarage,  Rhyl 

Morgan,  Rev.  John,  The  Rectory,  Llandudno 


4S6  LIST  OF  SUBSCRIBERS. 

Morris,  Evan,  Esq.,  20,  Water  Street,  Liverpool 

Marsh,  Miss  E.,  Tybrith,  Carno,  Montgomeryshire 

Marshall,  Mr.  Alfred,  5,  The  Willows,  Breck  Road,  Liverpool 

Morris,  Mr.  William,  Post  Office,  Cerrig-y-Druidiou 

Matthews,  Mr.  John,  National  School,  Cerrig-y-Druidion 

Morris,  Mr.  Jno.  S.,  Model  School,  Carnarvon 

Morgan,  Mr.  John,  Caduant,  Menai  Bridge 

Morris,  Mr.  M.  T.,  Liver  Establishment,  Carnarvon 

Morgan,  Mr.  James,  Ynys  House,  Aberystwyth 

Morris,  Mr.  J.  LI.,  Printer  and  Stationer,  New  Street,  Mold 

Morris,  Mr.  Henry,  Coach  Builder,  High  Street,  Bangor 

Nauney,  H.  J.  Ellis,  Esq.,  Gwynfryn,  Criccieth 
Nicholl,  John  C,  Esq.,  Merthyr  Mawr,  Bridgend,  Glam. 
Nott,  Mr.  W.  A.,  9,  Vale  Street,  Denbigh 
Nixon,  Edward,  Esq.,  Sasile  House,  Leeds 

Owen,  John,  Esq.,  High  Sheriff  of  Carnarvonshire,  Ty  Coch,  Carnarvon 

Owen,  Edw.  II.,  Esq.,  J.P.,  Ty  Coch,  Carnarvon 

Oakeley,  William  E.,  Esq.,  The  Plas,  Tanybwlch,  Merionethshire 

Owen,  John,  Esq.,  (Owain  Alaw^)  Chester 

Owen,  Dr.  0.  Elias,  Glanaber,  Llangefni 

Owen,  William,  Esq.,  M.R.C.S.E.,  L.S.A.L.  &  C,  The  Hollies,  Shore  Road, 

Hackney,  London 
Owen,  A.  C.  Humphreys,  Esq.,  Glanseveru,  Montgomeryshire 
Owen,  Thos.,  Esq.,  R.N.,  Penrhyn  Marchog,  Holyhead 
Owen,  Owen,  Esq.,  Solicitor,  Llwynrhudol,  Pwllheli 
Owen,  W.  H.,  Esq.,  Plas  Penrhyn,  Dwyran,  Anglesey 
Owen,  Isambard,  Esq.,  M.D.,  41,  Gloucester  Gardens,  London,  W. 
Owen,  Rev.  R.  Trevor,  Llangedwyn,  Oswestry 
Owen,  Rev.  David,  Vicar  of  Bryncroes,  Pwllheli 
Owen,  Rev.  John,  M.A.,  Brynymor,  Criccieth 
Owen,  John,  Esq.,  Bodnithoedd,  nr.  Pwllheli 

Owen,  David  E.,  Esq.,  (of  Okell  &  Owen),  E.  I.  Merchants,  Liverpool 
Owen,  Rev.  Elias,  M.A.,  Rector  of  Efenechtyd  &  Diocesan  Inspector  of  Schools 
Owen,  Rev.  James  Richard,  A.M.  Oxon,  J.P.,  Rector  of  Llanferras,  nr.  Mold 
Owens,  Richard,  Esq.,  Rhianva,  Anfield  Road,  Liverpool 
Ormerod,  Peter,  Esq.,  Pen-y-lan,  Ruabon 

Owen,  Rev.  David,  Rector  of  Llandanwg  and  Llanbedr,  Merionethshh-e 
Owen,  Edward,  Esq.,  Northville,  Breeze  Hill,  Bootle 
Owen,  W.  R.,  Esq.,  32,  Bloom  Street,  Liverpool 
Owen  Mr.  Robert,  19,  Cadogan  Street,  Prince's  Road,  Liverpool 
Owen,  Mr.  John,  jun.,  20,  Gibson  Street,  Liverpool 
Owen,  Mr.  William  Hugh,  Auctioneer  and  Estate  Agent,  Carnarvon 


LIST  OF  SUBSCRIBERS.  487 

Owen,  Mr.  0.  R.,  Printer,  Turf  Square,  Carnarvon 

Owen,  Mr.  R.,  (R.  0.,)  8,  Victoria  Place,  Bethesda 

Owen,  Mi".  W.,  British  School,  Trawsfynydd 

Owen,  Mr.  Edward,  Bookseller,  108,  North  Hill  street,  Liverpool 

Owen,  Mr.  Henry,  Butcher,  Carnarvon 

Penrhyn,  The  Right  Hon.  Lord,  Penrhyn  Castle,  Bangor  two  copies 

Powis,  The  Right  Hon.  The  Earl  of,  Powis  Castle,  Welshpool 

Pennant,  The  Hou.  George  Douglas,  Penrhyn  Castle,  Bangor 

Price,  R.  J.  Lloyd,  Esq.,  Rhiwlas,  Bala 

Parkins,  W.  Trevor,  Esq.,  Glasfryn,  Gresford 

Puleston,  J.  H.,  Esq.,  M.P.,  7,  Dean  Yard,  Westminster 

Protheroe,  E.  Schaw,  Esq.,  Dolwilyrn,  Hebron,  R.S.O.,  Glatn. 

Prichard,  Thomas,  Esq.,  Llwydiarth  Esgob,  Llanerchymedd 

Penson,  R.  Kyrke,  Esq.,  Dinham  House,  Ludlow 

Protheroe,  Miss  Schaw  (of  Dolwilyrn,)  Brynteg,  Goodwick,  Fishguard 

Phillimore,  Egerton  G.  B.,  Esq.,  Old  House,  31,  Hammersmith  Road,  London 

Pughe,  Wrn.,  Esq.,  Mat.  Prov.  Bank  of  England  Ld.,  Bangor 

Price,  John,  Esq.,  Vice  Principal,  Normal  College,  Bangor 

Pugh,  Hugh,  Esq.,  J.P.,  Llys  Meirion,  Carnarvon 

Pennant,  Philip  P.,  Esq.,  Nantllys,  St.  Asaph 

Pugh,  L.  P.,  Esq.,  M.P.,  Abermaide,  Aberystwyth 

Pope,  Sam.,  Esq.,  Q.C.,  Hafod  y  bryn,  Llanbedr,  Merionethshire       two  copies 

Prosser,  David,  Esq.,  Sheerness,  Kent 

Passmore,  W.  B.  Woodside,  Esq.,  Whetstone,  Middlesex 

Pochin,  Henry  D.,  Esq.,  Bodnant  Hall,  near  Couway 

Price,  Capt.  Bulkeley,  Plas  Caduant,  Menai  Bridge 

Powell,  Mrs.,  Crug  (late  of  Coedmawr,)  Carnarvon 

Faget,  Mrs.  Clara,  2,  St.  Peter's  Terrace,  Cambridge 

Price,  E.  Owen,  Esq.,  M.B.,  Bangor  two  copies 

Pritchard,  Richard  Owen,  Esq.,  83,  Premier  Street,  Everton,  Liverpool 

Piercy,  Beojamin,  Esq.,  Marchwiel  Hall,  nr.  Wrexham 

Pugh,  J.  L.,  Esq.,  7,  Waverley  Road,  Sefton  Park,  Liverpool 

Powell,  Rev.  William,  Bangor  Teifi  Rectory,  Llandyssil,  S.  Wales 

Parry,  William,  Esq.,  52,  Claribel  Street,  Liverpool 

Prytherch,  Hugh,  Esq.,  Surgeon,  &c,  Menai  Bridge 

Powell,  Geo.  H.  Croxden,  Esq.,  Reform  Club  Buildings,  8,  Eberle  St.,  Liverpool 

Pritchard,  R.  H.,  Esq.,  B.A.,  Solicitor,  Bangor 

Prichard,  John  R.,  Esq.,  Chartered  Accountant,  5,  Cook  Street,  Liverpool 

Powell,  W.  B.,  Esq.,  Nant  Eos,  Aberystwyth 

Payne,  William,  Esq.,  Borough  Treasurer,  Portsmouth 

Pryce,  Rev.  John,  M.A.,  The  Rectory,  Trefdraeth,  Anglesey 

Prichard,  Rev.  Hugh,  Dinam,  Angl* 

Peers,  Joseph,  Esq.,  Clerk  of  the  Peace,  Ruthin 


4S8  LIST  OF  SUBSCRIBERS. 

Prytherch,  John,  Esq.,  M.D.,  77,  Everton  Eoad,  Liverpool 

Parry,  Eev.  John,  Eector,  Llanarmon-Dyffryn-Ceiriog,  near  Llangollen 

Parry,  E.  Ivor,  Esq.,  Mayor  of  Pwllheli 

Pryse,  Eev.  John,  M.A.,  Eector  of  Trefdraeth,  Cwm,  Llangwyfan 

Powell,  Dr.,  Newcastle  Ernlyn,  South  Wales 

Parry,  H.,  Esq.,  Bank,  Festiniog 

Parry,  Eev.  A.  J.,  Baptist  Minister,  Swansea 

Parry,  Mrs.,  Bookseller,  32,  Heyworth  Street,  Everton,  Liverpool 

Peters,  Miss  Jenny,  16,  Upper  Hill  Street,  Liverpool 

Pritchard,  L.  Jones,  Esq.,  Inland  Eeveuue,  Somerset  House,  London,  w.  c. 

Poole,  Henry  E.  Esq.,  18,  Pall  Mall,  London,  S.W. 

Philip,  George,  Esq.,  Huntly  House,  Fairfield,  Liverpool 

Powell,  David  Price,  Esq.,  Howey  Hall,  Eadnorshire 

Price,  John,  Esq.,  105,  Duke  Street,  Liverpool 

Pritchard  John,  Esq.,  25,  Norwood  Grove,  Liverpool 

Potts,  Eev.  William,  Wesleyan  Minister,  Dartford,  Kent 

Pierce,  Mr.  W.  E.,  Valley,  Anglesey 

Pugh,  Mr.  John,  Sportsman  Hotel,  Carnarvon 

Pierce,  Mr.  John  L.,  Merchant,  Valley,  Anglesey 

Prosser,  Mr.  D.,  Board  School,  Penisa'rwaen,  near  Carnarvon 

Paynter,  Mr.  John  P.,  Vron,  Port  Dinorwic 

Phillips,  Mr.  J.,  Deunant  Board  School,  Aberdaron 

Pierce,  Mr.  David,  Golden  Goat,  Carnarvon 

Pritchard,  Capt.  John,  Bhos  Fair,  Carnarvon 

Pritchard,  Mr.  Hugh,  PoqI  Street  Market,  Carnarvon 

Parry,  Mr.  Henry,  72,  North  Hill  Street,  Liverpool 

Parry,  Mr.  Eichard,  4,  St.  Helen's  Terrace,  Carnarvon 

Powell,  Mr.  loan,  Bryndedwydd,  Ffrwd,  near  Wrexham 

Parry,  Mr.  Evan,  Saddler,  Llanerchymedd 

Pierce,  Mr.  Ellis  (Ellis  o'r  Nant,)  Bookseller,  Dolwyddelen 

Eichards,  Brinley,  Esq.,  St.  Mary's  Abbots,  Kensington,  London,  w. 

Eomer,  Lieut.  Colonel  B.W.,  Bryncemlyn,  Dolgelley 

Eoberts,  John  H.,  Esq.,  Solicitor,  Dinas,  Carnarvon 

Eoberts,  Owen,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  (late  of  Dinas,  Carnarvon),  Clothworker's 

Hall,  London 
Eowlands,  John,  Esq.,  Solicitor,  Tanrallt,  Machynlleth 
Eowlands,  Eev.  Daniel,  M.A.,  Principal,  Bangor  Normal  College 
Eowley,  Walter,  Esq.,  C.E.,  F.G.S.,  Alderhill,  Meanwood,  Leeds 
Eowland,  Eev.  Lewis  Thomas,  B.D.,  Vicar  of  Llanddewi  Brevi,  S.W. 
Eoberts,  E.  G,  Esq.,  Solicitor,  Holyhead 

Eoberts,  W.  Watkin,  Esq.,  Surgeon,  Uxbridge  House,  Carnarvon 
Eees,  G.  E.,  Esq.,  Mayor  of  Carnarvon 
Eobinson,  John,  Esq.,  Talysarn,  near  Carnarvon 


LIST  OF  SUBSCRIBERS.  489 

Eoberts,  David,  Esq.,  J.P.,  63,  Hope  Street,  Liverpool 

Koberts,  Evan  Samuel,  Esq.,  North  and  South  Wales  Bank,  Bala 

Roberts,  David,  Esq.,  53,  Willow  Street,  Oswestry 

Richards,  Charles,  Esq.,  Bank  Buildings,  Llangollen 

Richards,  Rev.  John,  B.A.,  Curate  of  Criccieth 

Rees,  Rev.  David,  Independent  Minister,  Capel  Mawr,  Anglesey 

Rowlands,  John  W.,  Esq.,  Surgeon,  Llanaelhaiarn 

Roberts,  Rev.  Hugh,  The  Vicarage,  Aberdaron,  Pwllheli 

Roberts,  Richard,  Esq.,  Solicitor,  Pwllheli 

Roberts,  J.,  Esq.,  M.D.,  Abbey  Square,  Chester 

Roberts,  R.  D.,  Esq.  (Mwrog),  South  Villas,  Rhyl 

Roberts,  Rev.  Ellis  (Elis  Wyn  o  Wyrfai),  Llangwm  Rectory,  Corwen 

Rees,  Ebenezer,  Esq.,  North  and  South  Wales  Bauk  Limited,  Liverpool 

Roberts,  Robert,  Esq.,  9,  Northumberland  Terrace,  Liverpool 

Roberts,  Robert,  Esq.,  27,  Alvoy  Road,  Stanley  Park,  Liverpool 

Rae,  George,  Esq.,  North  and  South  Wales  Bank,  Limited,  Liverpool 

Richards,  Owen,  Esq.,  M.D.,  Vronheulog,  Corwen,  Merionethshire 

Roberts,  N.  E.,  Esq.,  M.B.,  38,  Mulgrave  Street,  Liverpool 

Roberts,  T.  D.,  Esq.,  The  Grove,  Malpas,  Monmouthshire 

Roberts,  Rev.  Aaron,  M.A.,  Vicar  of  Llangadoc  Vawr,  and  Sinecure  Vicar  or 
Llanddeusant,  R.S.O.  Llangadoc. 

Rowland,  J.  C,  Esq.,  School  of  Science  and  Art,  Carnarvon 

Rees,  Charles  H,  Esq.,  Plas  Llanwnda,  Carnarvon 

Roberts,  Dr.  R.  D.,  M.A.  (Cantab,)  D.S.  (London,)  Clare  College,  Cambridge 

Roberts,  Edward,  Esq.,  B.A.,  Assistant  Inspector  of  Schools,  Brynllwyd,  Car- 
narvon 

Roberts,  D.  Lloyd,  Esq.,  M.D.,  F.R.S.E.,  F.R.C.P.  Lond.,  11,  St.  John  Street, 
Manchester 

Roberts,  William,  Esq.,  M.D.,  F.R.S.,  89,  Mosley  St.,  Manchester,  and  Bryn 
Llanymawddwy 

Radcliffe,  Josiah,  Esq.,  Bryn  Dinarth,  near  Conway 

Reese,  Evan,  Esq.,  Bank  Place,  Machynlleth 

Roberts,  Robert,  Esq.,  Surgeon,  Oakeley  Hospital,  Festiniog 

Roberts,  J.,  Esq.,  Bryn  Adda,  Bangor 

Rees,  J.  R.,  Esq.,  North  &  South  Wales  Bank  Ld.,  Aberystwyth 

Roberts,  M.  Davies,  Esq.,  Solicitor,  Rhyl 

Rogers,  John  Tudor,  Esq.,  Bryn  Tudur,  Pen  y  Gelli,  Wrexham 

Roberts,  Miss  Ellen,  Bookseller,  15,  High  Street,  Bala 

Roberts,  Evan,  Esq.,  81,  Burleigh  Road  South,  Liverpool;  of  "The  Prospect," 

Prestatyn,  Rhyl 
Roberts,  J.  Rice,  Esq.,  Tanygraig,  Pentraeth,  Anglesey 

VOL.  III.  2  I 


490  LIST  OF  SUBSCRIBERS. 

Koberts,  John  Griffith,  Esq.,  Physician  and  Surgeon,  Elia  House,  Amlwch 

Roberts,  Thomas,  Esq.,  Assoc.  M.  Inst.  C.E.,  Portmadoc 

Roberts,  Mr.  Owen,  Bryn  Hendre,  Carnarvon 

Roberts,  Mr.  Robert,  Rhiw  Board  School,  via  Pwllheli 

Roberts,  Mrs.  Anne,  Voelas  Hotel,  Pentre  Voelas 

Roberts,  Mr.  John  D.,  Board  School,  Llanaelhaiarn 

Roberts,  Mr.  Simon,  Pale,  Corwen 

Roberts,  Mr.  Robert,  Bookseller,  Pwllheli 

Roberts,  Mr.  Richard  E.,  Bookseller,  Box  596,  Utica,  America  two  copies 

Rees,  Mr.  Richard  (Maldwyn),  Paris  House,  Machynlleth 

Roberts,  Mr.  Isaac  (Mynyddwr),  Holywell 

Rowland,  Mr.  John,  Hill  Side,  Pwllheli 

Rhys,  Mr.  Dan,  6,  Segontium  Terrace,  Carnarvon 

Roberts,  Mr.  Win.  (School-master,)  Rock  House,  Harlech 

Roberts,  Mr.  0.  0.,  Board  School,  Dolgelley 

Roberts,  Mr.  William,  Merchant,  Valley,  nr.  Holyhead 

Roberts,  Mr.  Edward,  Lonfa,  Penmaenmawr 

Roberts,  Mr.  Robert,  National  School,  Eglwysbach 

Richardson,  Mr.  Edwin,  394,  Coventry  Road,  Birmingham 

Rowlands,  Mr.  D.  J.,  Compositor,  20,  Hill  Street,  Carnarvon 

Roberts,  Mr.  L.  Wilson,  Padarn  Villa,  Llanberis 

St.  Davids,  The  Right  Rev.  the  Lord  Bishop  of,  Abergwili  Palace,  Carmarthen 

Sackville-West,  Col.  The  Hon.  William  E.,  Lime  Grove,  Bangor 

Smart,  Rev.  Edw.,  M.A.,  Vicar  of  Northop  and  Archdeacon  of  St.  Asaph, 

Northop,  Flint 
Salisbury,  Rev.  E.  E.  Baylee,  B.D.,  Wiuceby  Rectory,  Horncastlc,  Line. 
Stewart,  Capt.  N.  P.,  Bryntirion,  Bangor 
Sandbach,  H.  R.,  Esq.,  Hafodunos,  Abergele 

Sorton-Parry,  R.,  Esq.,  D.L.,  J.P.,  14,  Princes'  Gardens,  Hyde  Park,  London 
Smith,  Thos.,  Esq.,  Bleacon  Point,  Chester 
Short,  Edward  H.,  Esq.,  10,Marine  Terrace,  Aberystwyth 
Stuart,  Major  W.  E.,  Betton  Strange,  Shrewsbury 
Sturkey,  Rev.  John,  Marchwiel  Rectory,  Wrexham 
Sankey,  Richard,  Esq.,  J.P.,  Holywell 
Southern,  Francis  Richard,  Esq.,  Ludlow 
Stanley,  John  M.,  Esq.,  Vron  Don,  Rhyl 
Savage,  Capt.  Hugh,  Bodafon,  Bangor 
Smalley,  William  Edward,  Esq.,  Springfield,  Rhyl 
Strachan,  Y.,  Esq.,  Mayor  of  Wrexham 


LIST  OF  SUBSCRIBERS.  49  i 

Trevor,  The  Right  Hon.  Lord,  Brynkinallt,  Chirk,  N.  Wales 

Turner,  Sir  Llewelyn,  Parkia,  Carnarvon 

Thomas,  Rev.  Canon,  F.S.A.,  Meifod  Vicarage,  Welshpool 

Tumour,  Arthur  E.,  Esq.,  M.D.,  J.P.,  Grove  House,  Denbigh 

Tynte,  Col.  Kemeys,  Cefn  Mably,  Cardiff,  S.W. 

Turberville,  Lieut.  Col.  T.  Picton,  Ewenny  Priory,  Bridgend,  Glam. 

Thomas,  Lieut.  Colonel  W.  Hugh,  Trevor,  Beaumaris,  Anglesey 

Thomas,  Richard,  Esq.,  Estate  Agent,  3,  Church  Street,  Carnarvon 

Thomas,  George,  Esq.,  Ely  Farm,  Ely,  Cardiff,  Glam. 

Thomas,  L.  H.,  Esq.,  Caerffynnon,  Merioneth 

Thomas,  Lewis,  Esq.,  Surgeon,  Amlwch 

Thomas,  Rev.  Richard,  Baptist  Minister,  Holyhead 

Thomas,  Owen,  Esq.,  Bronygaer,  Carnarvon 

Thomas,  Thomas,  Esq.,  Tynywern,  Pontypridd 

Thomas,  John  M.,  Esq.,  Attorney  and  Counsellor  at  Law,  Niles,  Ohio  U.  S.  A- 

Thomas,  William,  Esq.,  Ashfield,  Wrexham 

Thomas,  John,  Esq.,  9,  Market  Street,  Carnarvon 

Thomas,  Rev.  W.  Glanffrwd,  Vicar  of  St.  Asaph 

Thomas,  Rev.  J.  W.,  B.A.,  Curate,  Carnarvon 

Thomas,  J.  Henry,  Esq.,  Tanybryn,  North  Road,  Carnarvon 

Thomas,  David,  Esq.,  Gwynfryn,  Llanrwst 

Thomas,  John,  Esq.,  B.A.,  Normal  College,  Bangor 

Thomas,  H.  O.,  Esq.,  Surgeon,  11,  Nelson  Street,  Liverpool 

Thomas,  Rev.  David,  Rector  of  Llangadwaladr,  Bodorgan 

Thomas,  Wm.  E.,  Esq.,  Brynhyfryd/  Upper  Bangor 

Thomas,  W.  G.,  Esq.,  The  Moorings,  Carnarvon 

Thomas,  Rev.  Ceinion,  Congregational  Minister,  Llanfairfcchan 

Thomas,  Robert,  Esq.,  Bodorgan  Linnet  Lane,  Sefton  Park,  Liverpool 

Thomas,  Richard  Griffith,  Esq.,  Architect,  Fir  Grove,  Menai  Bridge 

Thomas,  Mr.  John,  Bodlondeb,  Nevin 

Thomas,  Mr.  David,  National  School,  Trefdraeth 

Thomas,  Mr.  David,  Registrar,  Carnarvon 

Thomas,  Mr.  R.,  1,  Bryntirion  Terrace,  Criccieth 

Thomas,  Mr.  Maurice,  Corris,  Machynlleth 

Thomas,  Mr.  Robert,  Salop  Road,  Oswestry 

Thomas,  Mr.  Robert,  Bookseller,  Blaenau  Festiniog 

Thomas,  Mr.  William  Owen,  The  Willows,  Breck  Road,  Liverpool 

Thomas,  Mr.  G.  W.,  Keartland  Place,  Bridgo  Street  Row  West,  Chester 

Taylor,  Mr.  Thomas,  The  Schools,  Flint 

Upton,  M.  J.,  Esq.,  48,  Clerkenwell  Grecu,  London 


492  LIST  OF  SUBSCRIBERS. 

Vivian,  Sir  H.  Hussey,  Bart.,  M.P.,  Park  Wern,  Swansea 
Venmore,  William,  Esq.,  Anfield  View,  154,  Anfield  Rd.,  Liverpool 
Venmore,  James,  Esq.,  Mill  Bank,  Anfield  Road,  Liverpool 

Wynn,  Sir  Watkin  Williams,  Bart.,  M.P.,  Wynnstay,  Rhiwabon 

Wynne,  W.  R.  M.,  Esq.,  Peniarth,  Towyn,  Merioneth 

Williams,  Sir  W.  Grenville,  Bart.,  Pengwern,  Rhyl 

Wyatt,  Sir  R.  H.,  D.L.,  Garthyngharad,  Dolgelley 

Williams,  Colonel  J.  V.  H.,  Bangor 

West,  Major  Cornwallis,  Ruthin  Castle 

Whitehead,  J.  D.,  Esq.,  Glangwna,  Carnarvon 

Williams,  A.  Wynn,  Esq.,  M.D.,  1,  Montague  Square,  Hyde  Park,  London 

Wilson,  Capt.  H.,  Hope,  Mold 

Weldon,  Thomas  L.,  Esq.,  62,  Tufnell  Park  Road,  Hollo  way,  London 

Williams,  J.  Ignatius,  Esq.,  Barrister  at  Law,  Hendregadredd,  Tremadoc 

Williams- Ap  Ithel,  Mrs.,  The  College,  Corwen 

Whitaker,  Miss,  Bryn  Celyn,  near  Pwllheli 

Watts,  Rev.  E.  T.,  H.  M.  Inspector  of  Schools,  Plas  Gwilym,  Criccieth 

Williams,  Rev.  W.  Wynn,  Menaifron,  Dwyran,  Anglesey 

Williams,  Gwilym,  Esq.,  Miskin  Manor,  Glamorganshire 

Wingfield,  John,  Esq.,  M.A.,  9,  King's  Bench  Walk,  Temple,  London,  E.G. 

Williams,  John,  Esq.,  Surgeon,  Castle  Square,  Carnarvon 

Williams,  John,  Esq.,  M.D.,  28,  Harley  Street,  London,  W. 

Williams,  Richard,  Esq.,  M.R.C.S.,  82,  Rodney  Street,  Liverpool 

Williams,  William,  Esq.,  M.A.,  H.  M.  Inspector  of  Schools,  Aberystwyth 

Williams,  Edward,  Esq.,  M.D.,  Holt  Street  House,  Wrexham 

Williams,  Rev.  Canon,  Llanfaelog  Rectory,  nr.  Holyhead 

Walker,  James  Richards,  Esq.,  J.P.,  Plas  yn  dref,  Corwen 

Williams-Hughes,  T.,  Esq.,  Surgeon,  &c,  Belle  Vue,  Llanengan,  Pwllheli 

Williams,  Rev.  John  Lewis,  Marley,  Whickham,  Gateshead-on-tyne 

Williams,  Rev.  Professor  Hugh,  M.A.,  The  College,  Bala 

Williams,  Rev.  R.  S.,  Independent  Minister,  Bethesda 

Williams,  J.  J.,  Esq.,  F.G.S.  (Josephus),  C.  and  M.  Engineer,  Holywell 

Wayne,  R.  S.,  Esq.,  Aberartro,  Llanbedr,  Meirionethshire 

Williams,  Hugh  Henry,  Esq.,  B.A.,  Jesus  College,  Oxford 

Wood,  R.  H.,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Pantglas,  Trawsfynydd 

Wright,  Thomas  Oakes,  Esq.,  Gresford  Bank,  Wrexham 

Williams,  J.  A.  A.,  Esq.,  Glanbeuno,  nr.  Carnarvon 

Williams,  Rev.  St.  George  Armstrong,  Rector  of  Llangybi,  Carnarvonshire 

Wilkins,  Charles,  Esq.,  Editor  of  "The  Red  Dragon,"  Merthyr  Tydfil 

Williams,  W.  Lloyd  0.,  Esq.,iM.B.,  Llanberis 


LIST  OF  SUBSCRIBERS.  493 

Williams,  Mrs.,  Bookseller,  Boston  House,  Holyhead 

Wynne,  Miss  Frances,  62,  Park  Street,  Grosvenor  Square,  London 

Williams,  Rev.  Thomas,  B.A.,  Llechcynfarwy,  Llangefni 

Williams,  Hugh,  Esq.,  Surgeon,  Breckfield  Road,  Liverpool 

Williams,  Edward,  Esq.,  Surgeon,  Dronwy,  Llanfachraeth,  The  Valley,  R.S.O. 

Williams,  Rev.  John,  Stanley  House,  Llanerchymedd 

Williams,  Robert  ap  Hugh,  Esq.,  Plas  Llwynon,  Llanfair  P.G.,  Anglesey 

Waddingham,  T.  J.,  Esq.,  Hafod,  Aberystwyth 

Williams,  Rev.  R.  A.,  Llanfihangel-y-Pennant,  Towyn,  Merionethshire 

Williams,  David,  Esq.,  Taff  Vale  Brewery,  Merthyr  Tydfil 

Williams,  Owen  J.,  Esq.,  Cefn,  St.  Asaph 

Williams,  Rev.  William,  Llanfair  Rectory,  Abergele 

Wood,  John,  Esq.,  J.P.,  Arden,  Stockport 

Williams,  Rev.  D.,  Newmarket  Rectory,  Rhyl 

Williams,  Rees,  Esq.,  Aberdare 

Williams,  John,  Esq.,  Moss  Bank  House,  Croxteth  Road,  Liverpool 

Williams,  Richard,  Esq.,  Solicitor,  Vale  Street,  Denbigh 

Williams,  John,  Esq.,  9,  Perth  Street,  Liverpool 

Williams,  Evan,  Esq.,  F.C.A.,  19  &  20  Barton,  Manchester 

Williams,  T.  Marchant,  Esq.,  B.A.,  353,  Camden  Road,  London,  N. 

Williams,  R.  J.,  Esq.,  Solicitor,  Flint 

Williams,  Edward,  Esq.,  The  Royal  Hotel,  Cardiff,  Glam. 

Williams,  John,  Esq.,  Gwernhefin,  Bala 

Williams,  Rev.  John,  91,  Burleigh  Road,  South,  Liverpool 

Williams,  Rev.  Thomas  Jones,  M.A.,  Llanfaethlu  Rectory,  Valley,  Anglesey 

Williams,  Rev.  Watkin,  Rector  of  Nannei'ch 

Wynne,  Mr.  Robert,  Eagles  Hotel,  Llanrwst 

Wynne,  Mr.  Llew.,  17,  Verulam  Street,  Liverpool 

Williams,  Mr.  John,  T.  C,  Conway 

Williams,  Mr.  Owen  R.  (Cymro  Cybi),  121,  High  Street,  Bangor 

Williams,  Mr.  Robert,  Gwalia  Offices,  Carnarvon 

Williams,  Mr.  Owen  J.,  Llanrhyddlad,  Anglesey 

Williams,  Mr.  Evan  (Ieuan  Ceredig,)  Brynteg  School,  Wrexham 

Williams,  Mr.  William,  National  School,  Clynnog 

Williams,  Mr.  R.  J.,  3,  Summer  Hill  Terrace,  Upper  Bangor 

Williams,  Mr.  G.  M.  (Ap  Morus),  National  School,  Llangwnadl,  Pwllheli 

Williams,  Mr.  Hugh,  National  School,  Tydweiliog,  Pwllheli 

Williams,  Mr.  Thomas  Lloyd,  Portdinorwic,  near  Bangor 

Watkins,  Mr.  Tom,  Ccfnfaes  B.  School,  Bcthesda 

Williams,  Mr.  Robert,  Brunswick  Buildings,  Carnarvon 

Williams,  Mr.  W.  Prichard,  Upper  Bangor 


494  LIST  OF  SUBSCRIBERS. 

Williams,  Mr.  Thomas,  Golden  Goat  Establishment,  Carnarvon 

Williams,  Mr.  W.  J.,  Glan  Menai  House,  Carnarvon 

Williams,  Mr.  Thomas,  Ironmonger,  Llanerchymedd 

Williams,  Mr.  Griffith,  Printer  &  Bookseller,  Post  Office,  Menai  Bridge 

Williams,  Mr.  E.,  Gwalia  Offices,  Carnarvon 

Williams,  Mr.  W.  T.,  17,  Verulam  Street,  Liverpool 

Williams,  Mr.  W.  J.,  Ironmonger,  Carnarvon 

Williams,  Mr.  John  Edmund,  Board  School,  Rhostryfan 

Williams,  Mr.  R.  R.,  Cibyn  y  Mur,  Carnarvon 

Williams,  Mr.  Robert,  Draper,  Amlwch 

Williams,  Mr.  John,  Bookseller,  Bridge  Street,  Carnarvon 

Wilson,  Mr.  William  II.,  Brynderwen,  Penmaenmawr 

Williams,  Mr.  D.  R.,  20,  Erskine  Street,  Liverpool 

Williams,  Mr.  Hugh,  Board  School,  Roe  Wen,  Conway 

Yorke,  General  John,  C.B.,  Plas  Newydd,  Llangollen,  and  89,  St.  George's 

Road,  London,  S.W. 
Yorke,  Mr.  Thomas,  Derwen  Villa,  Mold 


LIST  OF  SUBSCRIBERS.  495 

ADDITIONAL  SUBSCRIBERS'  NAMES 

Which  came  to  hand  too  late  to  be  inserted  in  their  proper  places  in  the  List. 


Preece,  W.  H.,  Esq.,  Gothic  Lodge,  Wimbledon 

Light,  Miss,  Brynllewelyn,  Festiniog,  North  Wales 

Hughes,  Rev.  J.,  B.A.,  2,  Mount  Pleasant,  Dolgelley 

Williams  Wynn,  Mrs.,  Cefn,  St.  Asaph 

Roberts,  J.  Meredydd,  Esq.,  20,  Lowther  St.,  Liverpool 

Evans,  W.  Downing,  Esq.  (Leon,)  Newport,  Mon. 

Evans,  Rev.  Richard,  B.A.,  Llangwyfan,  Llangefni,  Anglesey 


CT 


Just  Published,  by  H.  HUMPHREYS,  Castle  Square,  Carnarvon, 

Price  2s.  6d.  Cloth  neat, 

OLD    KAENAEVON: 

A  Historical  Account  of  the  Town  of  Carnarvon,  with  notices  of  the  Parish 
Churches  of  Llanbeblig  and  Llanfaglan. 


ByW.  H.  JONES, 

Author  of  "History  of  Swansea  Castle"  "Memoir  of  the  Family  of 

Napoleon"  &c. 


CONTENTS. 
The  history  of  its  Name. — The  City  of  Segontium. — Six  Hundred  Years  ago. 
— The  Castle. — Its  Constables. — Its  History. — Madoc's  Insurrection. — Edward 
I.'s  Charter. — Owen  Glendower's  Insurrection. — Representation  of  the  Borough 
in  Parliament. — The  Civil  Wars.— The  Progress  of  600  Years. — Carnarvon  at 
the  commencement  of  this  Century. — Perambulation  of  the  Town. — Eminent 
Persons  connected  with  the  Town. — Miscellaneous.-  Llanbeblig  Church,  His- 
tory and  Description  of. — Vicars  of  Llanbeblig. — Antient  Monuments. — Se- 
lections from  the  Church  Accounts. — Appendix. — Llanfaglan  Church,  near 
Carnarvon. 

Illustrated  with  Speed's  Plan  (1610)  of  Carnarvon,  and  Nine  other 

Illustrations. 


ENGLISH     BOOKS,    &c, 

PUBLISHED    AND   SOLD   BY 

H.  HUMPHREYS,  CARNARVON", 

Printseller  to  her  Majesty  Queen  Victoria. 


J]NGLISH- WELSH  DICTIONARY,  containing  37000 

leading  English  Words,  and  nearly  100,000  Welsh  explanatory  Words 
and  Phrases.  To  which  is  added,  a  List  of  Proper  Names  of  Places,  &c,  with 
their  Welsh  Synonyms.    By  Johnson,  Webster,  and  Hughes.     Price  2s.  6d. 

WELSH-ENGLISH  DICTIONARY,  containing  up- 
wards of  48,000  leading  Welsh  Words,  and  upwards  of  100,000  English 
explanatory  Words.  To  which  is  added,  a  Geographical  Nomenclature;  and 
a  List  of  Words  of  similar  Sound,  but  different  in  Meaning,  &c.  By  Gweir- 
ydd  ap  Rhys.    Price  2s.  6ch. 

rpHE   ABOVE   DICTIONARIES   TOGETHER,  half 

bound,  4s.  Gd.;  in  leather,  Gs.  6d.,  or  7s.  Gd.  in  leather  with  gilt  rim 
and  clasp. 

JXISTORY  of  CARNARVON  CASTLE— CONWAY 

CASTLE — BEAUMARIS  CASTLE — DOLBADARN  CASTLE, 
and  HARLECH  CASTLE.     Separate  Books,  Is.  each. 

TTISTORY  OF  THE  WELSH  NATION;  the  BRI- 
TISH KYMRY,  or  BRITONS  OF  CAMBRIA;  outlines  of  their 
History  and  Institutions,  from  the  earliest  to  the  present  times  ;  comprising 
the  Gomeric,  Trojan,  Roman,  Arthurian,  Saxon.,  Norman,  Tudor,  and  Modern 
Eras;  also,  a  sketch  of  the  Ancient  Druidic  Religion  of  Britain.  By  the  Rev. 
R.  W.  Morgan.    Price  2s.  Gd.  cloth. 

J£ING  ARTHUR'S  WELL,  Llanddeiniolen,  near  Car- 

narvon,  North  Wales.  A  Chalybeate  Spring,  equal  to  any  of  the 
German  Spas,  with  directions  for  its  uso.  Also,  a  description  of  British  and 
Druidical  Remains  in  the  neighbourhood,  &c.  By  A.  Wjtnn  Williams,  M.I )., 
M.R.C.S.,  and  L.S.A.     Price  Is. 

^ILLAGE  SKETCHES;   or  Chapters  from  the  His- 

tory  of  John  Jones  and  Robert  Roberts,  by  Capt.  Verne  y,  R.N., 
Chairman  of  Quarter  Sessions  for  the  County  of  Anglesey.  Trice  Is.;  or  in 
Cloth,  Is.  Gd. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 

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