Towards a global tree conservation atlas : mapping the status and distribution of the world's threatened tree species

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Adrian Newton, Sara Oldfield, Gerardo Fragoso,
Paul Mathew, Lera Miles, Mary Edwards

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UNEP WCMC

UNEP World Conservation
Monitoring Centre

219 Huntingdon Road
Cambridge CB3 ODL

United Kingdom

Tel: +44 (0) 1223 277314

Fax: +44 (0) 1223 277136
E-mail: info@unep-wcmc.org
Website: www.unep-wcmc.org

Director: Mark Collins

THe UNEP Wortp CoNnsERVATION MONITORING CENTRE Is the
biodiversity assessment and policy implementation arm of the
United Nations Environment Programme [UNEP], the world’s
foremost intergovernmental environmental organization.
UNEP-WCMC aims to help decision-makers recognize the
value of biodiversity to people everywhere, and to apply this
knowledge to all that they do. The Centre's challenge is to
transform complex data into policy-relevant information, to
build tools and systems for analysis and integration, and
to support the needs of nations and the international
community as they engage in joint programmes of action.

Contributors

Adrian Newton, Lera Miles, Gerardo Fragoso, Mary Edwards
UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC]
219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 ODL, UK

Tel: +44 (0) 1223 277314 Fax: +44 (0) 1223 277136

E-mail: info@unep-wcmc.org

Sara Oldfield, Paul Mathew

Fauna & Flora International (FFI)

Great Eastern House, Tenison Road, Cambridge CB1 2TT, UK
Tel: +44 (0) 1223 571000 Fax: +44 (0) 1223 461481

E-mail: sara.oldfield@fauna-flora.org

Sponsor

FAUNA & FLORA
International
Conserving wildlife since 1903

Fauna & Flora International
Great Eastern House

Tenison Road

Cambridge CB1 2T1T

United Kingdom

Tel: +44 (0) 1223 571000

Fax: +44 (0) 1223 461481
E-mail: info@fauna-flora.org
Website: www.fauna-flora.org

Director: Mark Rose

Fauna & FLORA INTERNATIONAL, founded in 1903 and the world’s
first international conservation organization, acts to conserve
threatened species and ecosystems worldwide, choosing
solutions that are sustainable, are based on sound science
and take account of human needs. The organization currently
works in over 60 countries, including more than 25 as part of
the Global Trees Campaign.

Aljos Farjon, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Chair of the
IUCN/SSC Conifer Specialist Group, supplied geographical data
on conifers used to build the map on page 9.

Cristian Echeverria, UNEP-WCMC, assisted with the develop-
ment of a series of conifer species maps whilst a Global Trees
Campaign bursary scholar supported by the International
Dendrology Society. He also helped prepare information for the
species profiles, particularly that for Araucaria araucana.

William Oliver and Orlyn Orlanes provided information on
Cinnamomum cebuense.

Financial support provided by Defra, the UK Government Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, for the development of
this document is gratefully acknowledged. The support provided by Defra through the Flagship Species Fund for the conservation
of Araucaria araucana and Caesalpinia echinata, which includes refinement of information on the distribution of these species, is also
gratefully acknowledged.

Available online at: http://www.unep-wcmc.org/resources/ © UNEP-WCMC/FFI 2003

publications/treeatlas

Citation: Newton, A., Oldfield, S., Fragoso, G., Mathew, P., Miles, L.,
& Edwards, M., 2003
Towards a Global Tree Conservation Atlas. UNEP-WCMC/FFI

A Banson production
Printed in the UK by Swaingrove Imaging

The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNEP or contributory organizations. The designations employed and the
presentations do not imply the expressions of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP or contributory organizations concerning the legal status of any
country, territory, city or area or its authority, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries

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UNEP WCMC Food and Rural Alsirs
GLOBAL TREES lt ber a tional

CAMPAIGN

Towards a Global
Tree Conservation =: atlas

repaicg the status an distribution of the
world's threatened tree species

Adrian Newton, Sara Oldfield, Gerardo Fragoso,
Paul Mathew, Lera Miles, Mary Edwards

Contents

Foreword
Introduction
Priority areas

Priority tree species
Species profile: Araucaria araucana
Species profile: Swietenia macrophylla
Species profile: Cinnamomum cebuense
Species profile: Baillonella toxisperma

Species profile: Caesalpinia echinata
The way ahead

References

Abbreviations

16

17
17

Foreword

t is widely recognized that forests are the most

biologically diverse terrestrial ecosystems and that

pressures on forest biodiversity continue to increase
throughout the world. Around 350 million of the world’s
poorest people depend almost entirely on forests for their
basic needs and 2 billion people depend on wood for
cooking and fuel. The Plan of Implementation of the World
Summit on Sustainable Development {WSSD] notes that:

Forests and trees cover nearly one third of the
Earth's surface. Sustainable forest management
of both natural and planted forests and for timber
and non-timber products is essential to achieving
sustainable development and is a critical means to:
4 eradicate poverty;

significantly reduce deforestation;

halt the loss of forest biodiversity;

halt land and resource degradation;

improve food security and access to safe
drinking water and affordable energy.

jE) Pj

Achievement of sustainable forest management,
nationally and globally, including through partner-
ships among interested governments and stake-
holders, including the private sector, indigenous
and local communities and non-governmental
organizations, is an essential goal of sustainable
development.

UNEP-WCMC and FFI are working together to
support the conservation of trees and forests around the
world through the Global Trees Campaign. The Campaign

Towards a Global Tree Conservation atlas

is taking action to halt the loss of forest biodiversity and
to support rural livelihoods, both essential components of
sustainable development as recognized at WSSD. We work
with a wide range of partners to develop and implement
tree species and habitat conservation programmes. We also
provide decision-making support tools and information to
assist policy development and implementation relating
to sustainable forest management.

We believe that the development of map-based
information products for tree species will strongly support
the implementation of international agreements and
conventions, notably the Convention on Biological Diversity
(CBD) and the Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES], at
national, regional and international levels. Development of
a Global Tree Conservation Atlas will highlight the value of
tree species to human society and will directly support
action to prevent tree species extinctions.

We believe that the Global Tree Conservation Atlas
will be of outstanding value in supporting future efforts
aimed at the conservation and sustainable use of tree
species. We commend it strongly to you for support.

Mark Collins
Director
UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre

Mark Rose
Director
Fauna & Flora International

Towards a Global Tree Conservation atlas

Introduction

ree species are important for the well-being of people

in all countries, particularly in the humid tropics and

arid landscapes around the world. Many tree species
are of major economic importance as the source of products
such as timber, fruits, nuts, resins and gums. Worldwide,
2 billion people depend on wood for cooking and fuel;
millions of others depend on trees for food and medicines.
Trees are also the structural components of forests,
providing a habitat for many other species and defining the
characteristics of forest ecosystems.

Information is limited on the distribution and
conservation status of tree species. Preliminary surveys
undertaken to date suggest that approximately 8,000 tree
species are threatened with extinction worldwide. The
potential loss of nearly 10 per cent of all tree species is a
major conservation issue, requiring international attention
and widespread action.

The Global Trees Campaign is a joint initiative
developed by UNEP-WCMC and FFI in partnership with a
wide range of other organizations around the world. The
aim of the Campaign is to save the world’s most threatened
tree species and the habitats in which they grow through the
provision of information, delivery of conservation action and
support for sustainable use.

Reliable and up-to-date information is essential to
underpin the aims of the Global Trees Campaign. Initial
information to support the Campaign was derived from
the results of the global conservation status survey of tree
species undertaken by WCMC (now UNEP-WCMC)} in
association with the Species Survival Commission (SSC) of
IUCN-The World Conservation Union and additional experts
around the world. The WCMC/SSC survey identified more
than 8,000 tree species which are threatened with extinction
at a global level, published in The World List of Threatened
Trees (Oldfield et al., 1998). Summary information on these
species is available on the Internet via the Tree
Conservation Information Service now connected to the
Global Trees Campaign website (www.globaltrees.org).

Data on the distribution of tree species was critical
to assessing their conservation status in the WCMC/SSC
survey. The majority of threatened trees were evaluated as
such on the basis of being confined to a limited area or
habitat which is fragmented and declining in quality or
extent. In the absence of population or autecological data
for most tree species, spatial data linked to habitat type and
trends in patterns of land use remain an important
indication of threat status. This is particularly true for the 80
per cent of tree species that are found in the tropics.

Information about tree species reinforces the
information needed to conserve habitats and ecosystems.
Various initiatives (SBSTTA, 1996; Lammerts van Bueren
and Duivenvoorden, 1996) have suggested that tree species
diversity can be used as a surrogate for overall species
diversity in forest ecosystems. Information on the distri-
bution of restricted range species can be used to determine
patterns of biodiversity and define priority areas for
conservation. Tree species information also provides a
crucial link with information on patterns of genetic
resources within forest ecosystems.

This summary document outlines the need for spatial
data on tree species as a tool for conservation action. It
introduces plans for a tree species mapping programme that
will build on the forest mapping information management
expertise of UNEP-WCMC. A Global Tree Conservation Atlas
will be produced as an output of the mapping programme and
will be one of the main information outputs of the Global
Trees Campaign. The mapping programme will provide:

. maps of threatened tree species as a tool for
conservation and management planning;

spatial analysis of tree species diversity to define
priority areas for conservation;

profiles of threatened tree species, for raising
awareness, providing educational tools and
strengthening the impact of conservation
messages;

improving the information used to assess the risk
of extinction to tree species;

support for policy development and implemen-
tation, for example by providing information on
species subject to international trade or those
included in action plans.

POLICY CONTEXT

The objective of international biodiversity and forestry policy
is to prevent the loss of ecosystem functioning, component
species and genetic resources whilst at the same time
supporting the rights and development aspirations of people.
One of the challenges facing the implementation of
international policy is to make the best use of scattered and
diverse information. Recent policy initiatives relevant to the
conservation of tree species are summarized below, with
particular reference to the World Summit on Sustainable
Development (WSSD].

Unitep NATIONS Forum on Forests (UNFF): the UNFF
was established in 2000 to promote the management,

Objective

Activities

Objective

Activities

Objective

Activities

Objective

Activities

Objective

Activities

Objectives and activities of the CBD Workplan for Forest Biodiversity supported by conservation
assessments of tree species

Promote forest management practices that fur-
ther the conservation of endemic and threatened
species

Determine status and conservation needs of
endemic or threatened species and the impacts
of current forest management practices on
them.

Develop and implement conservation strategies
for endemic and threatened species for global or
regional application, and practical systems of
adaptive management at national level.

Ensure adequate and effective protected forest
area networks.

Assess the efficacy of protected forest areas for
the conservation of biodiversity.

Promote sustainable use of forest resources
to enhance the conservation of biodiversity.
Develop initiatives that address the sustainable
use of timber and non-timber forest products.
Implementation of voluntary third-party forest
certification schemes that take into account
biodiversity criteria.

Prevent losses caused by unsustainable harvest-
ing of timber and non-timber forest resources
Assist importing countries to prevent the entry of
unsustainably harvested forest resources which
are not covered by CITES.

Develop effective and equitable information
systems and strategies for in situ and ex situ
conservation and sustainable use of forest
genetic diversity, and support countries in their
implementation and monitoring

Develop, harmonize and assess the diversity of
forest genetic resources, taking into account key
functional/keystone species and populations.
Develop national conservation action plans for
the most threatened forest ecosystems based
on genetic diversity of priority species and
populations.

Improve understanding of patterns of genetic
diversity and its conservation in situ.

Develop a holistic framework for the conser-
vation and management of forest genetic
resources at national, sub-regional and global
levels.

Implement activities to ensure adequate and
representative in situ conservation of the genetic
diversity of endangered, overexploited and
narrow endemic forest species.

Objective

Activities

Objective

Activities

Objective

Activities

Objective

Objective

Activities

Develop a holistic framework for the conserva-
tion and management of forest genetic resources
at national, sub-regional and global levels.
Implement activities to ensure adequate and
representative in situ conservation of the genetic
diversity of endangered, overexploited and
narrow endemic forest species.

Increase public support and understanding of
the value of forest biological diversity and its
goods and services

Increase public awareness of the value of forest
biodiversity through international, national and
local campaigns.

Promote consumer awareness about sus-
tainably produced forest products.

Develop awareness of the impact of production
and consumption patterns on loss of forest
biodiversity.

Develop national forest classification systems
and maps

Develop and apply national forest ecosystem
classification systems and maps that include key
components of forest biodiversity.

Use adapted technology, for example GIS, to
develop a baseline for assessing levels of
deforestation and impacts on biodiversity.

Develop specific forest ecosystem surveys in
priority areas for conservation and sustainable
use of forest biodiversity.

Identify and prioritize areas to carry out surveys.

Advance the development and implementation of
international, regional and national criteria and
indicators for sustainable forest management.

Conduct key research programmes on the role of
forest biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.
Research to improve understanding of the
relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem
functioning, taking into account ecosystem
components.
Research on critical thresholds of forest
biological diversity loss and change, with
particular attention to endemic and threatened
species and habitats.
Develop and apply restoration techniques.
Research on impact of forest management
practices for forest biodiversity within forests
and on adjacent land.

CBD Decision VI /22

Towards a Global Tree Conservation atlas

conservation and sustainable development of all types
of forests and to strengthen long-term political commit-
ment to this end. The UNFF is responsible for taking
forward the work of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Forests [IPF]/ Intergovernmental Forum on Forests [IFF).
The WSSD Plan of Implementation called for an
accelerated implementation of the IPF/IFF proposals for
action by countries and by the Collaborative Partnership on
Forests. It also called for intensified efforts on reporting to
contribute to a UNFF assessment of progress in 2005. The
IPF/IFF proposals for action, among other issues, indicate
the need to:

t prepare information on the management,
conservation and sustainable development of all
types of forests;

+ expand and improve the quality of forest
assessments;

promote research and analysis and address gaps
in current knowledge;

. make forest-related information available to
policy-makers and interested groups;

1 develop and implement appropriate strategies
for protection of the full range of forest values.

Box 2

Target No. 2

Preliminary assessment of the conservation status of all
known plant species at national, regional and international
levels.

Value of tree species assessments: Assessment of tree
species will be a key component of this target. A proposed
milestone is the reassessment of all species in The World
List of Threatened Trees by 2006.

Target No.5

Protection of 50 per cent of the most important areas for
plant diversity assured.

Value of tree species assessments: Presence of globally
threatened species is one of the three criteria for selection of
Important Plant Areas, therefore species assessment is
important as an aid to site selection.

Target No. 6

At least 30 per cent of production lands managed consistent
with the conservation of plant diversity.

Value of tree species assessments: Spatial data on trees is
particularly important for resource management in areas of
production forest.

CONVENTION ON BioLocicat Diversity (CBD): the WSSD Plan
of Implementation considers that the CBD is the key
instrument for the conservation and sustainable use of
biological diversity and the fair and equitable sharing of
benefits arising from the use of genetic resources. The Plan
of Implementation reinforces the implementation of the
CBD Workplan for Forest Diversity agreed at the sixth
Conference of the Parties (COP4) to CBD. Elements of the
Workplan that are supported by improving information
about the conservation status of tree species are high-
lighted in Box 1 (page 5).

The Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC)
was agreed by the Parties to CBD in April 2002. The ambitious
Strategy has 16 targets for delivery by 2010. Implementation
of activities to meet key targets will be dependent on baseline
information. Assessments of the conservation status and
distribution of tree species will be particularly valuable
to support Targets 2, 5, 6, 7, 11 and 14 as shown in Box 2
(below).

CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES
oF WiLD FAUNA AND FLorA (CITES): the main objective of
CITES is to protect species of wild fauna and flora from

The value of tree species assessments in implementation of the CBD Global Strategy for Plant
Conservation (Targets to be reached by 2010)

Target No. 7

60 per cent of the world’s threatened species conserved in
situ.

Value of tree species assessments: Important for protected
area planning to ensure adequate representation of
threatened tree species.

Target No. 11

No species of wild plant endangered by international trade.
Value of tree species assessments: An estimated 1,000
globally threatened trees are threatened at least in part by
unsustainable levels of felling for international trade.
Information is required for the selection and management
of species for international trade control mechanisms such
as CITES.

Target No. 14

The importance of plant diversity and the need for its
conservation incorporated into communication, education
and public awareness programmes.

Value of tree species assessments: The concept of deve-
loping illustrated profiles of tree species, supported by maps,
will have high educational value.

Box 3

Criterion A
The wild population is small, and is characterized by at least
one of the following (5 sub-criteria):

@ an observed, inferred or projected decline in the
number of individuals or the area and quality of
habitat;

@ each sub-population being very small.

Criterion B
The wild population has a restricted area of distribution and
is characterized by at least one of the following (4 subcriteria):
@ fragmentation or occurrence at very few locations;
@ an observed, inferred or projected decrease in

overexploitation through international trade by means of
international cooperation. Species that are covered by
the provisions of the Convention are included in appendices.
To qualify for Appendix |, taxa must be “threatened by
extinction” and “are or may be threatened by trade”.
Species included in Appendix II are those which, “although
not necessarily now threatened with extinction, may
become so unless trade in specimens of such species is
subject to strict regulation in order to avoid utilization
incompatible with their survival”.

At present the provisions of CITES apply to some
20 tree species traded at least in part for timber products.
There have been calls to use CITES more extensively for
timber species. The final report of CITES Timber Working
Group {TWG) endorsed by the CITES COP10 in 1997 noted
that “many internationally traded timber species, boreal,
temperate and tropical, can be managed on a sustainable
basis through the application of appropriate silvicultural
techniques, but that for other timber species such
knowledge is currently lacking; and that there may be
timber species which are under threat because of
detrimental levels of use and international trade”.

Consequently the TWG recommended that “the
range states should pay particular attention to inter-
nationally traded timber species within their territories for
which knowledge of biological status and silvicultural
requirements indicates concern”.

Currently the CITES Plants Committee has been
charged with developing listing proposals for additional
timber species based on the Contribution to an evaluation
of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria (World
Conservation Monitoring Centre, 1998). Spatial data on tree
species will be particularly valuable in guiding this process.
The CITES Listing Criteria, which are currently subject to

Towards a Global Tree Conservation atlas

Spatial components in the biological criteria for CITES Appendix | listing

any of the following (5 qualifiers): the area of
distribution; or the number of sub-populations;
the area or quality of habitat.

Criterion C
A decline in the number of individuals in the wild, which has
been either (2 subcriteria):
@ inferred or projected on the basis of any one of the
following [4 qualifiers]: a decrease in area or
quality of habitat.

Numerical guidelines are set for the areas of distribution in
these three criteria.

review, include a spatial component in the biological criteria
for Appendix | as shown in Box 3 (above).

Spatial information is also important for imple-
menting the provisions of CITES for listed species. The
requirement to make non-detriment findings for the export
of Appendix II species requires basic information such as
geographical distribution and available habitats. As noted by
Rosser and Haywood (2002): “The pattern of distribution of
a species provides some indication of a species’ sensitivity
to harvest. Widespread species with a continuous distri-
bution at the national or regional level are likely to be less
sensitive to harvest or other threatening factors than
species with a widespread but fragmented distribution.
..Species that are localized nationally, i.e. only occur in a
few locations at the national level could be particularly at
risk from unmanaged harvest.”

The Significant Trade Review process is an
important tool within CITES implementation. Geographical
data on the reviewed species constitute one of the required
elements in the review process.

CRITERIA AND INDICATORS FOR SUSTAINABLE
FOREST MANAGEMENT
The statement of Forest Principles and Chapter 11 of Agenda
21, agreed at the United Nations Conference on Environment
and Development (the Earth Summit) in 1992, called for the
identification of criteria and indicators (C&l} for evaluating
progress in national efforts to practice sustainable forest
management. As a result, a large number of national,
regional and international initiatives have been developed,
including the International Tropical Timber Organization
(ITTO), the Pan-European {or Helsinki) Process, the
Montreal Process and the Dry Zone Asia and Dry Zone Africa
processes, which have each generated sets of C&I. Currently,

Towards a Global Tree Conservation atlas

around 150 countries are participating in these processes.
The importance of these initiatives has been further
emphasized by UNFF; many of the IPF/IFF proposals for
action refer directly to engagement in C&l processes
as a key step towards sustainable forest management.
Indicators are also often used to assess the sustainability of
forest management as a basis for certification (for example,
by the Forest Stewardship Council, www.fscoax.org).

While the different processes share similar
objectives and overall approach, they differ in specific
content. However, a common feature of many of the C&l
sets that have been developed is the importance accorded
to threatened species. For example, the Montreal Process
includes the following indicators:

the number of forest-dependent species;
1 the status (threatened, rare, vulnerable, endan-
gered or extinct) of forest-dependent species

at risk of not maintaining viable breeding

populations;

t the number of forest-dependent species that
occupy a small portion of their former range;

population levels of representative species from
diverse habitats monitored across their range.

The proposed Global Tree Conservation Atlas will
therefore directly support sustainable forest management
by increasing information about the status and distribution
of tree species.

IDENTIFYING PRIORITIES FOR CONSERVATION ACTION
International and national policy initiatives provide the
context for identifying appropriate conservation action,
which ultimately must be implemented at the local level in
order to succeed. Measures that may be taken to conserve
tree species include:

1 reducing the causes of decline, such as un-
sustainable harvesting, invasive species, fire, etc.,
for example by changing patterns of land use;

1 introducing protective legislation for specific
tree species;

1 achieving in situ conservation, for example
through the establishment of protected areas;

1 achieving ex situ conservation through botanic
gardens, arboreta and seed banks;

4 undertaking ecological restoration of degraded
populations.

In general, in situ mechanisms are the preferred
way to conserve tree species, either within designated
conservation areas or through sustainable use initiatives in
the wider environment.

As resources for conservation are often limiting,

there will be a need to define priorities so that conservation
action can be targeted where it is needed most. For
example, it may be necessary to identify where new pro-
tected areas should be established.

Conservation priorities can be defined in terms of
species or areas.

Priority species for conservation are generally those
most threatened with extinction, because they are declining
rapidly, are restricted to small areas [endemics) or have
few remaining individuals. Lists of threatened species may
be defined at the international scale, for example on the
IUCN Red List, or according to national priorities. Other
species that might be accorded high priority for con-
servation include those of particularly high economic or
cultural value, or those listed under international agree-
ments such as CITES. Trees may also be afforded protection
at the local scale because of their spiritual or historical
significance, their role as local landmarks or their value as
a habitat for other organisms.

Priority areas for conservation are often defined on
the basis of species present. Typically, an area might be
designated for protection if populations of threatened or
endemic species occur there. Areas with a relatively large
number of species or at relatively high risk of environmental
change may also be considered to be a high priority for
conservation. Alternatively, a protected area might be
created to protect a particular forest community or
ecosystem type that is rare or threatened elsewhere.
However, protected areas such as national parks are
often established on sites renowned for their scenic or
touristic value, rather than their importance for species
conservation. As a result, many populations of threatened
species remain unprotected, being situated outside
protected areas. In production forests, harvesting may
be excluded from some areas for conservation purposes;
other forest areas may be conserved for protection
functions, for example the maintenance of catchment
forests to sustain water supplies. Many populations of
trees may be maintained in community woodlots or on
farms because of their importance to local livelihoods or
their particular cultural significance. The selection of con-
servation areas therefore depends, as with species, on their
particular value to different groups of people.

The integration of different values, relevant to
different scales, remains one of the greatest challenges to
tree conservation. Whether or not a species is threatened
with extinction at the global scale is often not appreciated at
local or even national scales. Information on the status and
distribution of tree species is therefore needed across a
range of scales. Ultimately, conservation action at the local
scale should be informed by information about the species
collected throughout its distributional range.

Towards a Global Tree Conservation atlas

Priority areas

number of different approaches are currently being
used at the global scale to define priority areas for
conservation. These include:

1 Hotspots, a concept developed by Conservation
International, which are regions with a large num-
ber of endemic species that have been signifi-
cantly impacted and altered by human activities;

3 Centres of Plant Diversity, defined by WWF/
IUCN as sites with high species richness and
endemism, focusing explicitly on plants;

1 Endemic Bird Areas (EBAs], defined by BirdLife
International as areas where the ranges of two
or more restricted-range species of bird overlap;

4 Important Bird Areas [(IBAs], defined by Birdlife
International as areas with one or more globally
threatened species, species with a restricted
distribution or with exceptionally large numbers
of migratory or congregatory species;

4 Important Plant Areas [IPAs], defined by Plantlife
International as natural or semi-natural sites
exhibiting exceptional botanical richness and/or
supporting an outstanding assemblage of rare,
threatened and/or endemic plant species and/or
vegetation of high botanic value;

4 Ecoregions, a concept developed by WWF, defined
as relatively large units of land or water that
contain a distinct assemblage of natural com-
munities sharing a large majority of species,
dynamics, and environmental conditions.

Although none of these prioritization methods focuses
explicitly on tree species, many of the areas defined by
these methods are also important for conservation of trees.
Centres of Plant Diversity and Hotspots are of particular

Conifer hotspots
Taken from Farjon and Page, 1999

relevance to tree conservation, as they include many forest
areas with a high diversity of tree species. IPAs as they are
identified will also have particular relevance.

Few attempts have been made to date to identify
those areas particularly important for tree conservation.
The main approach that has been developed focuses
explicitly on conifers, and was based on the presence of
relatively high numbers of threatened or endemic species
(Farjon and Page, 1999). Interestingly, the areas identified
display a number of differences to other approaches aimed
at defining priority areas for conservation. For example,
many areas important for conifers occur around the Pacific
rim {see map below left]. Many conifers are restricted to
areas that are not necessarily rich in diversity of other
species. For this reason, there may be a need to explicitly
define important areas for tree conservation in a similar
way to the approach developed for birds. Such an approach
would require the identification of appropriate criteria for
area selection, which should be internationally agreed,
standardized, quantitative and scientifically defensible. The
collation of information on the status and distribution of
tree species, as proposed for the Global Tree Conservation
Atlas, would be of enormous value to such efforts.

Some forest types are already known to harbour
relatively large numbers of threatened or endemic tree
species. For example, many tree species are restricted to
tropical montane cloud forests, a forest ecosystem that
occurs only on the humid upper slopes of certain tropical
mountains (see map below right]. Cloud forests are under
increasing pressure from human activities such as clearance
for agriculture and logging for timber as well as the effects
of climate change. Other forest types of particular
importance for tree conservation include lowland tropical
rainforests, tropical dry forests and temperate rainforests.

Potential distribution of cloud forest
Tropical (and subtropical] moist mountain forests between
1,000 and 3,500 m

Towards a Global Tree Conservation atlas

riority tree species

n the following pages, we present profiles of selected

tree species to illustrate the kind of information

that is required to support policy development and
conservation action. Such profiles will form a major part of
the proposed Global Tree Conservation Atlas.

To prepare such profiles, information is required on
the status and distribution of threatened tree species. In
order to properly assess whether or not a species is
threatened with extinction, information is required not only
on the distributional range of the species but also the
pattern of abundance across that range and the change in
abundance over time.

Surprisingly little is known about the status and
distribution of most tree species. Even for an economically
important species such as mahogany, information is lacking
on its precise distribution, the size of remaining populations
and the numbers that are currently being harvested to
support the timber trade. For many species of less economic
importance, the available information is even more scant.
This leads to great uncertainty about the conservation status
of most of the world’s tree species, which can only be re-
dressed by greater emphasis on field surveys and ecological
monitoring supported by taxonomic research. Information is
also lacking on the main factors causing declines in the
abundance of tree species and how these factors affect the
viability of remaining populations. As many trees are very
long-lived, it is often difficult to assess how rapidly a species
is likely to become extinct. Computer modelling approaches
supported by detailed field and laboratory research are
required for a precise analysis of extinction risk.

A great deal of relevant information does exist,
though much of it remains inaccessible to decision-makers
because it resides only in the scientific literature or even in
unpublished reports or observations. Collating the infor-
mation and making it available to a wide audience is one of
the key objectives of the Global Trees Campaign.

Apart from distribution maps and assessments of
conservation status, other information can usefully form
part of species profiles. Knowledge of the different uses of
a particular tree can give insights into social, cultural and
economic values; details of its ecological behaviour are
critically important for defining appropriate approaches to
conservation management. Collection of such information
requires a great deal of effort, involving not only a
systematic review of the scientific literature but colla-
boration with scientific specialists throughout the world.
The information also needs to be disseminated to those
who need it, either in the form of publications or over the

10

Internet. The management and dissemination of infor-
mation relevant to conservation is one of the central
activities of UNEP-WCMC. It is intended that information
gathered for the production of the Global Tree Conservation
Atlas will be made freely available over the Internet, for
example through the on-line Tree Conservation Information
Service (www.unep-wemc.org/trees/GTC/gtc_front.htm).

The species included in the following profiles have
been selected to illustrate different intrinsic values. They
have also been selected to demonstrate the links between
species and habitat prioritization processes for biodiversity
conservation and the links between species data and
international conventions. For example, one species,
Cinnamomum cebuense, a local endemic flagship species
within a global biodiversity hotspot, has not yet been
evaluated using the /UCN Red List categories and criteria;
the use of distribution data to assess conservation status
is demonstrated. Two other species, Araucaria araucana and
Swietenia macrophylla, are included in the Appendices of
CITES. Baillonella toxisperma and Caesalpinia echinata are
potential candidates for CITES listing. In the case of B.
toxisperma, the profile illustrates the use of spatial data in
relation to the application of the CITES listing criteria.

The maps themselves have been compiled using the
best available data, combining the original type distributions
and the extent of current published knowledge as given in
the text. These distributions have been overlaid on a forest
cover level of 40 per cent! to give a more representative idea
of the actual area of suitable habitat that exists.

1. A 40 per cent level of canopy cover corresponds to FAO's definition of
closed forest as “Formations where trees in the various storeys and the
undergrowth cover a high proportion (> 40 per cent) of the ground” (FAO,

2001). It also follows definitions given in UNESCO [1973]. All the species
outlined in the profiles here are considered to be closed forest species.

Species profile: Araucaria araucana

Common Name: monkey puzzle, araucaria, Pehuén, pino
araucana, pino chileno, pinonero

Scientific Name: Araucaria araucana

Conservation Status: Vulnerable (VU B1+2c)

A. araucana is an evergreen conifer endemic to the
temperate rainforests of Argentina and Chile; in the latter it is
the national tree. Although widely cultivated as an ornamental
it is threatened in the wild by logging and fire.

The monkey puzzle grows in mixed evergreen or
deciduous forests or in pure stands. The tree itself reaches
up to 50 m in height and can be 2 m in diameter. Due to its
size, straight trunk, high mechanical and moderate fungal
resistance, this species has been used widely for timber.
The large seeds (4 to 5 cm by 1.5 cm) are also eaten by
the indigenous Pehuenche (Pehuenche meaning people of
Pehuen, the local name for A. araucana).

Monkey puzzles can live for over 1,000 years,
making the species useful for reconstructing climatic con-
ditions throughout both its wild and artificial distribution
by measuring the growth rings. In their natural habitat,
monkey puzzle forests are exposed to a disturbance regime
characterized by recurrent volcanic eruptions and fire.
Natural fires started by lava, ejected incandescent material
and lightning are common in the area. Fires were also
started by the aboriginal population prior to c. 1900, and
later by European settlers and other groups, often asso-
ciated with logging and seed collection activities. Fire is one
of the main causes of current forest loss and degradation,
along with logging and grazing.

Although the species is now classified as a Natural
Monument in Chile, is officially protected in Argentina and
is listed on Appendix | of CITES, there is still pressure from
some land uses. During 2001-02 thousands of hectares
of native Araucaria forests were burnt in southern Chile.
Preliminary information indicated that over 8,300 ha of
native forest were burnt in the Malleco National Reserve,
destroying 71 per cent of the Araucaria forests, while in
Conguillio National Park 1,600 ha of pure A. araucana
forests were lost.

Towards a Global Tree Conservation atlas

—38°S +

38°S—

© > 40% canopy cover

Araucaria araucana ~~ =

— - International boundary ~~
River

125Km

In Chile, national parks and reserves that protect the
species are concentrated in the Andean ranges. In the
Cordillera de Nahuelbuta (Chilean Coastal Range) most of
the monkey puzzle forests are privately owned. Burning,
grazing and conversion to Pinus radiata plantations have
disturbed important areas in the Coastal Range, and these
threats remain ongoing. New research has found that these
coastal populations have genetic differences from those of
the Andes, so their conservation is of great importance.

WHAT CONSERVATION ACTION IS NEEDED?
A conservation strategy for the species should consider both
protection and restoration. Protection might include the
Nahuelbuta National Park and the development of new
protected areas in the Coastal Range, especially in the
southernmost populations; while restoration would be
necessary for Andean and Coastal populations. Identification
of all populations combined with the education of local
landowners and communities in conservation and propa-
gation techniques is needed.

The Global Trees Campaign is supporting conserva-
tion work by students from the Universidad Austral de Chile
which includes regeneration and education programmes.

DISTRIBUTION
A. araucana grows in the Andean Range (37°S-40°S) and
the Cordillera de Nahuelbuta Coastal Range (37°S-38°S) of
Chile and on the eastern slopes of the Argentinean Andes
(38°S-39°S]. Mapped data has been taken from work by the
Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia.

11

Towards a Global Tree Conservation atlas

Species profile: Swietenia macrophylla

Common Name: Brazilian mahogany, large-leaved
mahogany, Honduras mahogany, acajou,
mahogani grands feuilles, caoba, mara,
mogno

Scientific Name: Swietenia macrophylla

Conservation Status: Vulnerable (VU A1cd +2cd)

S. macrophylla is a large deciduous canopy
emergent, found throughout both wet and dry tropical forest
in a patchy distribution from Mexico through central Brazil
to Bolivia. It has been widely harvested for its prized timber
so that in many instances fully mature trees are rare.

It can reach heights in excess of 60 m, but due to
logging is generally not found more than half this height,
with a diameter of around 1.5 m.

Regeneration of the species is stochastic, depending
on large-scale disturbance. This results in a higher density in
areas subject to gap opportunities such as hurricane damage
or fire. The winged seeds are distributed by wind and require
light to germinate. This ecological strategy makes maho-
gany vulnerable to logging regimes as both disturbance and
the presence of mature seed trees are required.

It is the most commercially important of the
mahoganies, although large-scale trade only arose in the
1850s due to the severe decline of the preferred species,
S. mahagoni. There is at present little economic incentive
to manage natural stands sustainably and plantations have
been unsuccessful due to the length of time required for

12

7 iorw Sy ik Sian “Jarw ww «ww
+ Seat fee e+ ae + 30N-
\
= Gulf “y
Mexi
~ MEXICO
$<,
i rr, 5, i>
pace
Atlantic Ocean
+ + + 1N-
¢
Pacific Ocean e
=f + cf, + ~ers=
°

Water body
> 40% canopy cover
Swietenia macrophylla
International boundary i

A 0
River +

a ~ + ows

om

management and because of attack from pests, especially
shoot-borer.

Having been on CITES Appendix Ill since 1995, a
joint proposal from Nicaragua and Guatemala to include
S. macrophylla on Appendix Il was adopted in 2002, but
implementation of the listing is deferred for one year to
allow range states sufficient time to adjust to the more
stringent regulatory requirements. To allow for naturalized
plantings elsewhere, the listing only includes neotropical
populations (and specifically logs, sawnwood, veneer sheets
and plywood). The species is also protected by many
national laws and found widely in national parks, although
there is considerable illegal logging across its range.

As well as the reduction of the population as a
whole, there is also the threat of genetic deterioration due
to overharvesting. Selective logging removes the best
genotypes for high-quality timber and may also reduce the
potential for resistance, for example to shoot-borer.

DISTRIBUTION

The mapped distribution is taken from Mayhew and Newton
(1998). Barros et al. (1992) estimated an average density of
between 0.2 m3/ha and 0.6 m3/ha for areas of low to high
density in areas of natural distribution. In addition to the
natural distribution shown by the map, S. macrophylla has
been introduced in other parts of the tropics as a timber
species, as an ornamental and for horticulture, and has
sometimes naturalized.

Species profile: Cinnamomum cebuense
Common Name: Cebu cinnamon, kaningag, kalingag
Scientific Name: Cinnamomum cebuense
Conservation Status: Unassessed

C. cebuense is a small to medium sized tree
reaching a height of approximately 6 to 8 m, and is endemic
to Cebu Island in the Philippines. It is a relatively new
discovery, having been described by A.J.G.H. Kostermans
in 1986 from a type specimen collected by an unknown
collector on 27 March, 1971 in a mountain forest in the
central part of Cebu Island.

It is a member of the family Lauraceae, a family
known for its aromatic bark and leaves. Some of its
members, including C. camphora, C. parthenoxylon and
C. glanduliferum, are an important source of camphor
and essential oils for the perfume and pharmaceutical
industries. The bark of this particular species is used locally
as a remedy for stomach ache, made by boiling the bark or
chewing directly. It is also thought to be as potentially useful
in a similar way as other species in the family due to the
aromatic nature of the leaves.

One of the major threats facing the Cebu cinnamon
is the destruction of its habitat. The prevalent practice of
stripping its bark for medicinal use also poses a threat to its
survival.

Towards a Global Tree Conservation atlas

%
mG Tox 1 Water body
< al » Bohol Sea >40% canopy cover
aie p Cinnamomum cebuense

- retii —— International bo
1 ft Siquijor ernationa. ju)

— River

J 0 40Km
wae pe °N=

WHAT CONSERVATION ACTION IS NEEDED?
Despite the serious threat to the survival of the Cebu
cinnamon tree, no conservation programmes have yet been
implemented for its protection. In addition, no baseline
studies regarding its population and distribution have been
conducted as a basis for its protection. Studies are
necessary to verify if it is also found in other forest
fragments on Cebu Island. On the basis of this map and
reported threats and forest loss, it is likely that this species
could be classed as Critically Endangered (CR B12c): the
extent of occurrence is estimated to be less than 100 km2,
there are indications that the habitat is severely fragmented
and there has been a continuing observed decline in the
area, extent and quality of habitat.

DISTRIBUTION
C. cebuense is only known from the forest fragments of
Cantipla and Tabunan. Map distribution from William
L.R. Oliver (pers comm. 2003), Director, FFI Philippines
Programme.

13

Towards a Global Tree Conservation atlas

Species profile: Baillonella toxisperma
Common Name: moabi

Scientific Name: Baillonella toxisperma
Conservation Status: Vulnerable (VU A1cd)

B. toxisperma is a monotypic genus with no closely
related species; it is one of the largest tree species over its
distribution, reaching a height of 60 m and a diameter of up
to 5m.

The species is heavily exploited primarily as a
commercial timber, particularly in Cameroon and Gabon.
In Cameroon, timber from B. toxisperma represents 10 per
cent of companies’ total production and between 3.4 and
5 per cent of the total export value of logs of all species.
Gabon is the main exporter of B. toxisperma, exporting
almost 40,000 m3 in 1998. Demand for the timber is
particularly strong in southern Europe. It is used for
furniture, cabinet work, decorative flooring, turnery and
carving, decorative veneers, joinery and store fittings.

The fruits of B. toxisperma are edible and are an
important source of food for elephants and other forest
mammals. It has been suggested that the seeds will not
germinate unless they have first passed through an
elephant. Extracts from the bark are also used to produce
remedies for dental and back problems. Seeds from the
fruit are used to make karité oil, which is used for both
consumption and trade. In the larger cities in Cameroon,
karité oil can be worth as much as US$ 12 per litre. The
value of non-timber products of B. toxisperma has also
been recognized by the French cosmetics industry, which
has shown an interest in the oil.

14

Logging is the main threat to Baillonella. The tree
does not flower until it is 50 to 70 years old and produces
fruit only once every three years. In some areas B.
toxisperma has already been logged out. In Cameroon
B. toxisperma within 5 km of a village cannot be logged
unless the village chief agrees and the population is
compensated but, in reality, trees have been lost and
the population has received no compensation. Logging
practices are generally unsustainable and B. toxisperma
may disappear from a large part of its original areas of
distribution in 10 to 20 years. In the Dja forests of Cameroon,
nearly all valuable trees are logged without companies
undertaking initiatives to ensure regeneration of the
species.

WHAT CONSERVATION ACTION IS NEEDED?

At present logging companies are not complying with the
law and the law itself may provide inadequate protection. In
Cameroon, trees less than 1 m in diameter should not be
logged; the figure is 0.8 min Gabon and Congo. These limits
may still leave the regeneration of B. toxisperma at risk. It
is argued that the minimum diameter should be increased
and measures introduced to conserve “mother trees” that
can ensure regeneration. It has also been suggested that
there should be a total ban on logging of B. toxisperma.
Baillonella appears to fulfil the CITES listing criteria for
Appendix Il on the basis of unsustainable levels of trade.
Refinement of the species map would help to determine the
current status and suitability for listing.

DISTRIBUTION
Baillonella is endemic to the primary and old secondary
rainforests of Central and West Africa. Although logged from
most of this range, Baillonella is found in several protected
areas in Cameroon (Forét de Nki, Forét de Boumba Bek
and Réserve de Faune de Dja). The degree of protection
throughout its range should be determined. Distribution
information is taken
from Vivien and Faure
(1985) and Plender-
leith and Brown (2000).

SOW 40°W

Atlantic Ocean

o°N—

20°S—

Water body
1 > 40% canopy cover

r Potential range of
Caesalpinia eohinata

—— International boundary
River
500 Km wy

30°S—

Species profile: Caesalpinia echinata

Common Name: pau Brasil, Brazil wood, brasileto,
ibirapitanga, orabuta, pau Pernambuco,
pau rosado

Scientific Name: Caesalpinia echinata

Conservation Status: Endangered (EN A1acd)

C. echinata is the national tree of Brazil, the country
to which it gave its name, and has strong cultural links to
Brazil's social and economic history. In the coastal forest
ecosystems of Brazil the species has been noted as an
important habitat for orchids and other epiphytes. It is
famous for the dye extract taken from the heartwood,
although synthetic dyes have now reduced this trade. The
timber is now highly valued for the manufacture of bows for
stringed musical instruments. Years of harvesting and loss
of the Atlantic Coastal Forest have significantly reduced the
populations of this species.

The extensive collection and export of the dyewood
from the 16th to mid-19th centuries resulted in the loss of
large areas of forest. By the time synthetic dyes became
available in 1875, populations had declined dramatically and
continued to do so until the 1920s; timber is still highly
sought after by bow manufacturers. There are no reliable
figures for the amount of wood currently exported, but the
annual world demand is likely to exceed 200 m3. The
problem is exacerbated by the high level of wood wasted
during processing; between 70 and 80 per cent Is lost as

Towards a Global Tree Conservation atlas

logs are converted to bow blanks, and a further 70 to 80
per cent is lost in processing these into bows. Clear-felling
and logging also threaten the natural habitats of pau Brasil,
and utilization by local people may be having a detrimental
impact on population levels.

WHAT CONSERVATION ACTION IS NEEDED?

Pau Brasil is listed on the official list of threatened Brazilian
plants by IBAMA, the Government wildlife agency which has
also established legislation on felling and is investigating
replanting opportunities. Despite its high profile, however,
the species has been poorly studied, with little data available
on distribution, species variation and population size. In 1997
FFI, with the Rio de Janeiro Botanical Gardens and the
Margaret Mee Foundation, convened a meeting to develop
an action plan for its conservation and management.
Agreement was reached amongst all participants on the
recommended actions relating to different aspects of its
conservation and sustainable use. The Global Trees
Campaign is now working with these partners and another
non-governmental organization, Amainan Brasil, to carry
out a detailed study of populations and distribution and to
conduct local community education projects, with support
from the Flagship Species Fund. A mechanism to check the
legality of stocks in international trade is needed and pau
Brasil appears to meet the CITES listing criteria.

DISTRIBUTION

Pau Brasil is confined to the Atlantic Coastal Forest, an
ecosystem recognized as a global biodiversity hotspot. It
inhabits coastal regions with open forest and well-drained
soils. Detailed information on the present geographical
distribution of pau Brasil is scarce, but in the last ten years
remnant populations have been found in nine Brazilian
states, including populations in reserves in Bahia and
Pernambuco. Determining the previous range of the
species has been problematic due to errors in the literature
caused by incorrect identification and confusion with related
species. The map here shows the potential distribution on
the basis of Atlantic Coastal Forest range according to the
WWF Global 200 Ecoregions data.

15

Towards a Global Tree Conservation atlas

The way ahead

nformation on the distribution and abundance of tree
species is of primary importance in the planning and
implementation of biodiversity conservation. The need for
attention to be focused on rare and threatened species, for
example within forest ecosystems, is recognized within the
objectives and implementing mechanisms of the main
international biodiversity conventions. The first international
survey of the conservation status of tree species was carried
out in the period 1995-98 by UNEP-WCMC in partnership with
the Species Survival Commission (SSC) of IUCN-The World
Conservation Union and a network of additional experts. A
mechanism to update this information has recently been
established through the creation of an IUCN/SSC Global
Tree Specialist Group that has been set up to promote and
take responsibility for tree species red listing and to act in
an advisory capacity to the Global Trees Campaign. Tree
conservation assessments by the Group will contribute to
Target 2 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation
(GSPC) of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD): the
preliminary assessment of conservation status of all known
plants by 2010. It will be a priority to assess tree species in
geographical areas where red listing using global cate-
gories and criteria for trees has been limited in the past (for
example in Central Asia, the Caribbean, Cameroon,
Thailand, Philippines and the Pacific islands]. At the same
time a preliminary target for the Global Tree Specialist
Group will be to re-evaluate all the species included in The
World List of Threatened Trees by 2006, using the latest
version of the [UCN Red List categories and criteria.
FFI and UNEP-WCMC, the lead partners in the
Global Trees Campaign, will work together to collect spatial
data and provide maps on rare, heavily exploited and
culturally important tree species. The maps will be made
available to support updated conservation assessments of
tree species, national and international policy irnplementa-
tion and public awareness initiatives on the importance of
biodiversity. Information on the distribution and abundance
of tree species will be derived from the Campaign’s existing
field projects (for example in Brazil, the Caribbean, Central
America, the Philippines and Viet Nam) and the develop-
ment of new research initiatives in key areas. Information
will also be accessed through collaboration and exchange
with other organizations, for example the lead agencies
identified to support implementation of the targets of
the CBD GSPC. Particular attention will be paid to the
development of standard approaches and better har-
monization of data to increase the policy relevance and
practical value of the maps produced. The use of geographic

16

information systems (GIS) to link data from different
sources, including herbarium data, species information
from forest inventories and forest cover data, provides
exciting opportunities. Capacity-building to ensure that
local and national partners within the Global Trees
Campaign have the ability to develop and maintain their own
tree conservation planning tools will also be a key
component of the mapping work.

Priorities for tree species mapping will be developed
in consultation with international organizations and part-
ners in the Global Trees Campaign at a national, regional
and global level. Initial priorities will be to generate maps
for tree species which are:

listed in the Appendices of CITES;
1 included in CBD National Strategies and Action

Plans;

identified as flagship species in the Global Trees
Campaign;

critically endangered and in need of urgent
conservation attention;

1 included in botanical families selected as
indicators for global biodiversity assessment.

The mapping of individual tree species has a range
of conservation applications as highlighted in this document.
At the same time a new analysis or approach is required
to identify priority areas for tree conservation based on
species richness, endemism and threat, expanding on the
preliminary analysis of conifer diversity and species
distribution shown in the map on page 9. There is already
sufficient information on certain woody plant families to
develop such an approach on a selective taxonomic basis,
for example looking at the Dipterocarpaceae, Fagaceae
or Magnoliaceae. Consideration will also be given to
highlighting areas where the maximum tree species
diversity, taking into account full tree species inventories,
can be conserved in situ.

The Global Tree Conservation Atlas will include
maps and profiles of individual tree species of conservation
concern together with regional and global maps high-
lighting priorities for tree species conservation. The
processes of consultation, field research, capacity-building,
data exchange and data integration leading to the
production of the Atlas will in themselves support and
promote tree conservation around the world. The publi-
cation of the Global Tree Conservation Atlas will provide
valuable support to the implementation of conservation
policy and a key public awareness tool.

References

Anderson, S. 2002 /dentifying important plant areas. A site
selection manual for Europe, and a basis for developing
guidelines for other regions of the world. Plantlife
International, London, UK.

Barros, P.L.C. de et al. 1992 Natural and artificial reserves of
Swietenia macrophylla, King in the Brazilian Amazon. A
perspective for conservation. Belem. Faculdade de Ciencias
Agrarias do Para, Brasil, 56 p.

Blaser, J. 1996 Silvicultural considerations of listing timber
species in Appendices |, Il and Ill of CITES. Working document
for the 2nd meeting of the CITES Timber Working Group.

Davies, S.D., Heywood, V.H., Herrera-MacBryde, O., Villa-Lobos,
J. and Hamilton, A.C. (eds.) 1997 Centres of Plant Diversity. A
guide and strategy for their conservation. Volume 3 the
Americas. WWF and IUCN, Cambridge, UK.

FAO 2001 Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000. Main
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Farjon, A. and Page, C.N. (compilers) 1999 Conifers. Status
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IUCN 2002 2002 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
http://www.redlist.org/

Kostermans, A.J.G.H. 1986 A monograph of the genus
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Scientific Book. Tokyo, Japan.

Lammerts van Bueren, E.M. and Duivenvoorden, J.F. 1996

Abbreviations

Cal Criteria and Indicators

Cl Conservation International

CBD Convention on Biological Diversity

CITES Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

Defra UK Department for Environment, Food and
Rural Affairs

EBA Endemic Bird Area

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations

FFI Fauna & Flora International

FSF Flagship Species Fund

GIS Geographic Information Systems

GSPC Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (of CBD)

GTC Global Trees Campaign

Photo credits

Front cover and page 1, left to right: Astrid Bieber/UNEP/Topham;
Georg Popp/UNEP/Topham; Mr Kojima/UNEP/Topham; James
Beal/UNEP/Topham; James Burton/ NEP/Topham. Back cover: Yi
Zhui/UNEP/Still Pictures.

Towards a Global Tree Conservation atlas

Towards priorities of biodiversity research in support of
policy and management of tropical rain forests. The
Tropenbos Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands.

Mayhew, J.E. and Newton, A.C. 1998 The silviculture of
mahogany: a review of plantation experience from around
the world. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.

Oldfield, S.F., Lusty, C. and MacKinven, A. 1998 The World List of
Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge,
UK.

Plenderleith, K. and Brown, N. 2000 Baillonella toxisperma: a
state of knowledge study. Central African Regional Program
for the Environment. WWF US and USAID.

Rosser, A. and Haywood, M. 2002 Guidance for CITES scientific
authorities. Checklist to assist in making non-detriment
findings for Appendix Il export. \UCN/SSC Occasional Paper
No. 27. |UCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.

SBSTTA 1996 Biological diversity in forests. Note by the
Secretariat. Convention on Biological Diversity. UNEP/CBD/
SBSTTA/2/11.

UNESCO 1973 International classification and mapping of
vegetation. UNESCO Publishing, Paris, France.

Vivien, J. and Faure, J.J. 1985 Arbres des foréts denses d‘Afrique
centrale. ACCT, Paris, France. 565p.

World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998 Contribution to an
evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing
Criteria. World Conservation Monitoring Centre on behalf of
the CITES Management Authority of the Netherlands. http://
www.unep-wemc.org/species/tree_study/contents.html

IBA Important Bird Area

IFF Intergovernmental Forum on Forests

IPA Important Plant Area

IPF Intergovernmental Panel on Forests

IUCN IUCN-The World Conservation Union

SBSTTA Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and
Technological Advice (of CBD)

SSC Species Survival Commission [of IUCN)

TWG Timber Working Group lof CITES)

UNEP-WCMC United Nations Environment Programme

World Conservation Monitoring Centre

UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization

UNFF United Nations Forum on Forests

WwssD World Summit on Sustainable Development

Pages 10 and 11: Cristian Echeverria. Page 12: E. Bowen-
Jones/FFI. Page 13: Orlyn B. Orlanes. Page 14: Limbe Botanic
Gardens. Page 15: Shannon Harrison.

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Conservinerildlifeincen 903 CAMPAIGN

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ot an UNEP WCMC
International |

Towards a Global
Tree Conservation atlas

Mapping the status and distribution of the -
world’s threatened tree species

This summary document outlines the need for spatial data on tree species
as a tool for conservation action. It introduces plans for a tree species
mapping programme that will build on the forest mapping information
management expertise of UNEP-WCMC. A Global Tree Conservation Atlas
will be produced as an output of the mapping programme and will be
one of the main information outputs of the Global Trees Campaign

(http://www.globaltrees.org).

The Campaign, a partnership between Fauna & Flora International and
UNEP-WCMC, focuses on trees as flagship species for conservation of 2
ecosystems and landscapes, and enables local people to carry out
rescue and sustainable use operations. Working in partnership with
organizations around the globe, the Global Trees Campaign aims to
save the world’s most threatened tree species and their habitats

through information, conservation and wise use.

www.unep.org
United Nations Environment Programme
P.O. Box 30552, Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 (0) 2 621234

Fax: +254 (0) 2 623927
E-mail: cpiinfo@unep.org
Website: www.unep.org

I

Monitoring Centre Great Eastern House
219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridg } n Road nbridge UNEP-WCMC Biodiversity Series No 15 |
CB3 ODL, Unit 7 E C dom ISBN: 92 807 2344 8

Tel: +44 (0) 12
Fax: +44 (0)
E-mail: info¢
Website: www.unep-wemc.org Website: www.fauna org i. <

UNEP World Conservation Fauna & Flora International
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