Transactions - American Fisheries Society

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AT ITS THIRD ANNUAL MEETING,

FEBRUARY 10. 1874.

ROCHESTER, N. ¥.
EVENING EXPRESS PEINTING AND ENGEAVING COMPANY.
1874.

Os TAC as.

he Bs ROOSEVELT, - - - - President.

160 Broadway, New York City.

GEO. S: PAGE, - - - - Vice-President.

10 Warren Street, New York City.

Rees. COLLINS. <= - - - - Secretary.

Caledonia. Livingston Co., N. Y.

BB. EF: BOWLES, - + - - - Treasurer.
Springtield, Mass.

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EXECUTIVE -COMMITiEE:

H. J. REEDER, - - . - - Easton, Pa.
M. C. EDMUNDS, - - - - Weston, Vt.
ALEX. KENT, - - - - Baltimore, Md.
W.. Fs WHITCHER, - - Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

SETH GREEN, - ~ - Rochester, N. Y.

5 Ei aa tp

LG ESDAYod? BBN OO ASA.

The third annual meeting of the American Fish Culturists’ Association
was held on Tuesday. February loth, Is74, at the office of George
Shepard Page, No. 10 Warren street, New York City.

The Association was called to order at 11 o'clock. a. M.

The President of the Association being absent. on motion of A. S.
Collins, Ifon. Robert Bo. Roosevelt was called to the chair. Mr.
Roosevelt gave thanks for the honor. and made some interesting state-
nents about the operations of the N.Y. State Fish Commissioners,
especially with regard to the shad and tae whitefish.

The record of the last meeting was read and approved.

The report of the Treasurer was read and aceepted. (The papers read
at the meeting are printed with this report. )

The Secretary read a paper by Mr. Charles G. Atkins. on Salmon
Breeding, at Bucksport, Maine.

All those present interested in Fish Culture were invited to participate
treely in the discussions.

On motion of Mr. George Shepard Page. the ** Forest and Stre:un,” of
New York, was made the oflicial paper of the Association.

Ion. Spencer F. Baird. U.S. Commissioner of Fisheries, gave a gen-
eral description of his work for the vear.

Mr. J. W. Milnor read a paper by Nicholas Pike. on the Grourami,

Mr. Livingston Stone read a paper on his recent experiments in col-
lecting salmon eggs in California, and on the food fishes of the Pacific
coust.

On motion of Mr. F. Mather, the constitution was so amended that the
list of officers should include a Vice-President.

Messrs. Green. Porter and Kent were appointed a committee to make
pominations for the ensuing year.

Recess—One half hour.

Mr. B. F. Bowles gave some description of Mr. Stone’s Aquarium

Cur.

4 Report of the American

Mr. James D. Brewer laid before the meeting a description of a new
fishway.

Col. James Worrall, of Pennsylvania, read a paper on Fishways, &c.

The committee on nominations reported the following :

For President—R. B. Roosevelt.

‘© Vice-President—George Shepard Page.

‘© Secretary—A. S. Collins.

‘ Treasurer—b. F. Bowles.

‘s Executive Committee—II. J. Reeder, M. C. Edmunds, Alexander
Kent.

The report was adopted.

Mr. Seth Green read a paper on Fish Culture.

Mr. Samuel Wilmot, of Neweastle, Canada, made an address on the
artificial hatching of the commercial fish of this continent.

Mr. Seth Green made some remarks on carrying live fish.

Mr. Alexander Kent gave a narrative of his experience in the trans-
portation of fish.

Hon. W. F. Whitcher. of Ottawa, Canada. spoke of fish progress in
Canada.

On motion of Mr. Stone, all those whe had paid $5.00. and signed
the Constitution, were made members of the Association without further
action.

Adjourned till 10 4. u., Wednesday.

WEDNESDAY? 'PEBS ‘Bil tS:

Association called to order at TT a. vw.

Mr. F. Mather spoke of the sate transportation of fish, and gave his
personal experience.

Mr. A.B. Lamberton spoke of his observations of the undeveloped
eges of birds.

Mr. If. J. Reeder reviewed the operations of the Pennsylvania Fish
Commissioners, with some very interesting remarks on the Bass.

Mr. Charles Hallock, editor of ** Forest and Stream,” spoke of the
necessity for some uniform protection law for game sun tish.

An interesting discussion followed about Bass. in which Messrs. Green.
Reeder. Wilmot and Roosevelt took part.

Mr. Goldsmith, chairman of the Fish Division of the Centennial
Exhibition at Philadelphia, made a request that this association should
co-operate with his committee.

Fish Culturists’ Association. 5

An article on Frog Culture. by Seth Green, -was read by the
secretary.

Recess—one half hour.

On reassembling, Mr. B. F. Bowles offered the following resolution :

** Recognising the importance of co-operation between the different
states to secure laws for the better preservation of useful food fishes and
birds,

Resolred, That this association use its influence to procure the passage
of laws in the several states that shall be identical in their objects and
purposes, to better preserve and promote the increase of all the game
birds and useful food fishes.” Adopted.

Dr. Edmunds, of Vermont. spoke of the introduction of salmon into
Lake Champlain, «ce.

A discussion on food for fish followed. in which Prof. Baird, A. S.
Collins, Alexander Kent and others took part.

Mr. FE. Blackford, of Fulton market. New York. spoke of the demand
for trout, and gave statistics of prices and supply of trout and other fish.
He said that the demand was greatest for cultivated trout, and that they
brought the highest price in the market.

Mr. S. Wilmot spoke of the increase of the salmon in the Miramichi.

Ilon. W. F. Whiteher explained the fact more fully, and gave some
very interesting statistics of the Salinon Fisheries of Canuda.

Mr. HL. J. Reeder moved that the Constitution be amended by striking
out the last paragraph of Article HI. Carried.

The President, Vice-President. and a third to be selected by thent,
were appointed a committee on progrimine for next mecting.

On motion of Mr. G.sS. Page. the executive committee was made to
consist of five. and Messrs. Whitcher and Green were clected to fill
vacancies. Moved that the Secretary and Treasurer be authorized to
have the report of the Convention printed. Carried.

Wr. George S. Page moved to amend Article HE by striking out the
words **AlL Fish Culturists.” and inserting the words ** any person.”
Carried.

Moved and carried that the Seeretury be instructed to ask the Fish
Comnissioners of the various states to send to the next annual mecting
a number of their reports for distribution.

On motion, the convention adjourned, to meet in New York on the
second Tuesday in February, 1875.

A. S. Conwins,
Secretary.

6 Report of the American

TREASURERS REPORE

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Treasurer.

MOMS Peon.

ARTICLE I.) Name axp Onsects.

The name of this society shall be ++ The American Fish Culturists”
Association.” [ts objects shall be to promote the cause of Fish Culture :
to gather and diffuse information bearing upon its practieal success ; the
interchange of friendly feeling and intercourse among the members of
the Association: the uniting and encouraging of the individual interests
of Fish Culturists.

ARTICLE, Hi. 2 Miwseps:

Any person shall, upon a two-thirds vote of the society. and a pay-
ment of tive dollars. be considered a member of the Association, after
signing the Constitution.

ARTICLE If! Orricers.
The officers of the Association shall be a President, a Vice-President.
a Secretary and a Treasurer. and shall be clected annually by a majority

of votes: vacancies occurring during the year may be filled by the
President.

ARTICLE IV.) Mererixes.
The regular mectings of the Association shall be held once a year. the
time and place being decided upon at the previous meeting.
ARTICLE Vo Citaxeine tok Cosstrretion.

The Coustitution of the society nay be amended. altered or repealed.

by a two-thirds vote of the menibers present as any regular meeting.

Fish Culturists’ Association.

=I

HERI N hs “OTe TiON” ROBERT B.- ROOSEVELT.

In thanking you for the honor you have done me in asking me to pre-
side over the deliberations of the Fish Cultural Association, I eannot do
better than explain what has been done by the Fishery Commission of
the State of New York. I do this with no purpose of arrogating praise
to myself and with no expectation of giving instruction to gentlemen as
experienced as yourselves in this special line of Knowledge. but with the
intention of informing the public of what has been effected. and en-
couraging the skeptical to go and do likewise.

The New York Fishery Commission was crested by sn act of the
Legislature, passed April 22. 1868. Its first duty was to examine the
condition of the tisheries of the State; these were found to be much run
down, and in some cases practically exhausted. | Salmon no longer
entered the streams that flow northward into Lake Ontario on the St.
Lawrence. and which once sbounded with them: white-fsh. s:dinon-irout,
pike-perch and the other fish of Lake Ontario were mach less abundsut
than they had been. while even the shad fisheries of the Hudson were so
greatly deteriorated that the fishermen were tn nety instances absuadon-
ing them. and allowing their nets to remain idle.

1 think it may safely be asserted that but tor the eiforts of the Corm-
missioners in restoring the supply and in restocking the river. the sliad
fisheries would have been wholly abandoned before this. As it is. the
dearth of fish has been so great that the Commissioners have never been
able to obtain one quarter as many mature tish on the spawning beds as
they desired. and hence have effected much less good than they weuld
have done if a sutlicient number of eges could tiave been procured.

In the spring of 1865) preliminary operations were commenced for
shad-hatehing on the Hudson, but preparations were necessertty delaved
till so late that little was achieved bevond making a commencement. — It
may be snid that about one million of voung shad were hatched that veraur
and safely turned loose in the upper waters of the river. Not enough to
produce any perceptible edect. In 1860 about fifteen million shad were
hatehed on the same stream. snd. from S.000.000 to TO.000.000 have
been hatched vearly since ; very much less than the Com:issioners would
have raised if the proper number of spawners were to be had. but as
many as can be promised until the Legislature shall see fit to pass a isw
as requested by the Commissioner. to establish a weekly close time and
forbid all shad fishing from Saturday night till Monday morning. In all
some 50.000.000 of shad have been deposited in the Tfudson and the
yield of fish has been greatly increased in consequence. The price has
fallen in our markets to a marked degree. and this valuable species of

8 Report of the American

food has been brought within the reach of a large class of our people
whose poverty previously prevented them from purchasing it.

The New York Commissioners claim the credit to have been the first
to cultivate white-tish artificially. © In 1868 Mr. Seth Green, then one of
the Commission, obtained a number of white-fish eggs and experimented
upon them in various ways and subjected them to various conditions of
water, manipulation. and so forth. Ie then established the fact that
they could be hatched in substantially the same manner as trout. The
eges were smaller and more delicate. as were the fry also when brought
into existence, but otherwise there was no important difference. As the
white-fish of the great lakes had been almost exterminated by indefatig-
able pound fishing. the imporiance of this discovery was appreciated and
it was determined to utilize it as far as possible.

The following vear luge quantities of the ova were taken and dis-
tributed throughout the State to all persons who would hatch them, as
there was at that time no State hatehing house. Some however remained
and these were matured under the care of the Cominissioners. In the
following year about one million of eges were obtained and distributed
in the same way. but it was not till IN7i. when the State [latching House
Was completed, that any great strides were made in the increase of this
fish. ‘Then some two inillion white-fish and about an equal number of
salmon-trout were hatched and distributed, snd from that time to this
from two to five millions of each of these varieties have been hatched
regularly every vear.

The Connnissioners also distributed a large number of black bass,
pike-perch, rock-bass and other valuable fish and restocked many of the
lakes in this State. They lave sent one or more of these varieties
wherever they were wanted and in sufticient numbers to mect all de-
mands. To may safely say that the rivers, likes, ponds and streains in
this State are ina fair way of being all thoroughly restocked, and T take
pride in saying that this has been done at a cost which is absolutely
trifling. The Commissioners receive no salary, and their expenditures
have seareely. if at all. exceeded 35.000 a year, while the zanount of fish-
fool produced must have been worth millions of dollars. They have
sought to perform these duties in 2 thoroughly practical. business-like
way and show a substantial balance to the credit side of their account.

In conclusion. there is one matter which I wish to submit to vou, gen-
tleinen, as practical fish culturists. that is. the advisibility of a rotation
of crops in fish as in agriculture. We all of us know that when a pond
is first built it is remarkably productive and the fish grow rapidly. “This
has been frequently remarked on Long Island in the building of trout
preserves. It has also been noticed in many instances where new varie-

Fish Culturists’ Association. 9

ties have been introduced into waters only partially. filled by common
sorts and where they have propagated surprisingly. [f it is universally
true, it is due, I think. to the fact that the enemies of the new species do
not exist, while their food, if the locality is adapted to them, is abundant.
Subsequently the enemies increase, by which the food is consumed, and
so in time the general equipoise of nature is established. To make this
suggestion, as, if it is well founded, it is of importance in inercasing the
supply of fish food, and may either be confirmed or disproved by your
experience.

Ch hs

SALMON BREEDING:

The Introduction of Eastern Fish into the Waters of the Pacifie Slope,
together with an Account of Operations at the United States Sal-
mon Breeding Establishments on the MeCloud River, California,

BY LIVINGSTON STONE.

Mr. President, and members of the American Fish Culturists’ Association :
(:ENTLEMEN :—With your permission [ will make a slight deviation
from the terms of the subject which has been assigned me, and will
endeavor to give an account both of my operations in California in pro-
curing salmon ova, and also of the attempt to introduce other varieties
of fish into the waters of the Pacitic slope.
SEASON OF 1572.

As many of you are aware, L arrived at the spawning grounds of the
Sacramento salinon too late year before last to obtain more than a few
thousand eges, which were duly shipped eastward, and have since been
hatched and placed in the Susquehanna River, where [aim informed they
thrive remarkably well.

After the spawning season of 1872 was over J intended to go to Oregon
and examine portions of the Columbia River, with a view to learning

what were the facilities there for procuring salmon eges.

INTRODUCING WHITE FISH (Coregonus albus; INTO CALIFORNIA,

I had previously suggested the idea of introducing white fish into
California by shipping the eggs across the Continent, and postponed the
trip to Oregon on receiving a request from Mr. S. R. Throckmorton. of
the California Fish Commission, to look up a suitable place for the hateh-
ing of « shipment of white fish eges, which Professor Baird had promised

10 Report of the American

to send as a present to the Californians, and which were already on the
way.

In accordance with Mr. Throckmorton’s request, I went in January,
1875, to Clear Lake. in Lake County, California, in company with Mr.
John G. Woodbury, my assistant on the McCloud River, and afterwards
superintendent of the California State Hatching Works. and we finally
selected a place for the white fish eggs on Kelsey Creek. near Clear Lake,
where Mr. Woodbury put up suitable hatching works, and where he
hatched out 25,000 white fish, which he afterwards placed in good condi-
tion in various portions of Clear Lake. This is the first introduction of
white fish (Coregonus albus) into the waters of the Pacifie slope.

CALIFORNIA AQUARIUM CAR.

During the latter part of March T came east with instructions from the
California Commissioners to bring to California a car load of the best
varieties of the fishes of the Atlantic slope, the kinds and numbers being
left to my discretion. This was the beginning of the California aquarium
ear expedition, which came to so unfortunate an end. My plan wes to
take twelve varieties of living fish in the car, and as many of each
variety as the space at my command in the car would permit. “This plan
was actually carried into practice. and the fish were gathered from the
Raritan River. Buzzard’s Bay. Massachusetts Bay. the Tudson River,
Lake Chiunplain. the Connecticut River. and other points on the eastern
coast. to the number of twelve varieties. and started on their way across
the Continent. 9 It was a terrible undertaking. IT cannot find words to
express the care, anxiety, the risks. the labors. and the hardships that it
involved. Only those who have travelled with living sh can ever know
what incessant vigilance, what untiring labor. and what constant care
Was required to get together this car load of fish and to keep them alive
till the time for starting, and to carry them alive. as we did with few ex-
ceptions. for over five days and nights of consecutive railroad travel. I
will only say that every one on the car worked actively twenty-one hours
out of the twenty-four during the whole five days, and had, of course,
during that time only three hours a day of such rest as he could get with
the enr in motion. and when we came into Omaha the night after the
accident we all looked as if we hal been through a week’s serious illness.
We were successful. however. to a wholly unexpected degree. “The large
spawning bass and catfish. about 200 in all. were living and in good
order. The full grown yellow perch. glass eved pike, and horn pouts
did nearly as well. The young perch and glass eyed pike had hardly
met with any loss. Only seven out of the thousand brook trout had
died. and what were left were in excellent ypndition. Not one of the

Fish Culturists’ Association. 11

tautogs had died. We had 30,000 silver eels, and over a thousand salt
water eels living and doing well, and a barrel of oysters in perfect con-
dition. There were forty-one spawning lobsters left, half of which at
least were likely to survive the rest of the journey, and of all the vari-
eties taken into the car not one had entirely given out, nor was there
any serious loss with any except the lobsters, and of these forty-one, as
just mentioned, were still living. I ought to add here that it was my in-
tention to take out some shad, and I did actually send for some, but none
reached the car alive; so of course there were none lost on the car.

We were on our sixth day out when the accident happened. The
whole trip by passenger train time takes but seven days, and we should
have been in Utah instend of Nebraska, but the arrangements not having
been perfected for travelling all the way with passenger trains we had in
consequence met with delays which had made this ditference. But the
cirecumstince that the fishes were doing so well on the sixth day speaks
well for their chances of surviving the balance of the journey.

The accident occurred at the Elkhorn river, thirty miles beyond
Omaha. The engine, tender and aquarium car went through the treach-
erous trestle work into about twenty feet of water, with a swift) current
running. The engineer, brakeman, roadmaster. and the three occupants
of the aquarium car went down with the wreck. The roadmaster, Mr.
Carey, was killed; the rest of us escaped with bruises. The contents
of the aquarium car were a total loss to California, every fish escaping
into the Elkhorn river. The accident took place on Sunday afternoon
about three o'clock. The next) morning just after breakfast T received a
dispatch from Prof. Baird) (a circumstance which shows with what
promptness our national Commissioner is in the habit of acting), to return
east with my men and imake a second attempt to cross the continent with
shad.

CROSSING ‘THE CONTINENT WIEPLE SITAD.

T accordingly returned. and on the night of Wednesday, the 25th of
June, 1873. left the Hudson river with £0,000 live shad, and reached the
junction of the Utah railroad on the afternoon of Monday, June 50th,
with the fish in perfect order. Tere T left 5.0000 shad) for Great Salt
Lake, and proceeded to California with the remaining 59,000, We
reached Sacramento City at halfspast one on the afternoon of Wednes-
day, July 2d, with the shad in first rate condition, At ten minutes past
nine on the evening of the same day we deposited them safely in the
the Sacramento river at Tehama. the whole expedition, from beginning

to end, having been a perfect success.

12 Report of the American

SALMON BREEDING ON THE McCLOUD—SEASON OF 1373.

We began our work on the McCloud river in 1873, on the 18th day of
July. The year before, our dwelling house, hatching works, and in fact
everything appertaining to our camp were located at a considerable dis-
tance from the river, in order that we might avail ourselves of the use of
the water from a brook. which at that time, in our inexperience. we con-
sidered the only safe water we could employ for hatching purposes. ‘The
disadvantages of this location were very great. The brook water had a
very Huctuating temperature, besides being limited and insuflicient in its
supply. and sometimes roily. The distance from the river caused a great
waste of time and labor in going to and from the fishing grounds, which
Was cn inconvenience particularly irksome when we had salmon eggs to
bring to the hatching works: and. to add to the discomforts of the place,
it was often intolerably hot where our house stood, the mercury frequently
rising as high as 110 degrees in the shade, and standing for days
together through the afternoon at 105 degrees. This last year (1873) 1
resolved to use the river water if possible, so as to bring the fishing
grounds and hatching works together, and also to obtain a larger and
more trustworthy supply of hatching water. Accordingly, on arriving at
the river last summer we moved our house and hatching works from their
former location down to the bank of the McCloud, and immediately
began digging a ditch from a higher point of the river to a spot which we
had previously selected for the hatching house. Although we had before
this surveyed the ground, and thought the attempt practicable, we found
so many obstacles to its successful proseeution that we changed base
once more, and determined to put a large wheel into the river current at
one of its most rapid portions. and to pump up from the river the water
intended for the maturing of the salmon eggs. ‘The wheel, which was
furnished with a series of buckets around its circumference for lifting the
Water. Was a perfect success in every respect. and worked the whole
season to our entire satisfaction. It raised over 6.000) gallons of river
water an hour. and to such a height that we could have our hatching
troughs as far from the eround as we pleased. whieh alone was a great
convenience. While the wheel was being built, work was pushed with
all possible dispatch in other departinents, so that on the 1th of August
our dwelling house was finished. the water was running merrily through
the troughs of the hatching house. several corrals and ponds had been
bnilt three or tour hundred salmon had been caught and corralled in
them. and we were ready for the first instalment of salmon eggs.

OURICAME:
At this point a few words about our camp and work and surroundings

may perhaps be not inappropriate. The MeCloud river, on which the

Fish Culturists’ Association. is)

United States salmon breeding camp is situated. riseS in] Mt.“Shasta and
tlows through deep and rocky canons for nearly seventy miles to where it
empties into the Pit river, a tributary of the Sacramento. At our fishing
grounds it averages from forty to fifty. yards in width. [tis sa rapid.
foaming strenm, and is Considered one of the most. if not the most,
beautiful of the rivers in California. Wherever it is known it is fied
for its bright sparkling waters. the loveliness of its verdure-covered
banks, and its wild and maeniticent scenery. [tis formed by the melt-
ing snows of Mount Shasta, is clear as crystal. and even under the
scorching atmosphere of a California summer, at noon, always sects
icily cold to the taste and touch. Opposite our camp. steep pinuacled
rocks of gray limestone rise nearly 2.000 fect almost perpendicularly
from the further edge of the river. In-all other directions are hills and
blutfs of various heights. covered with live oaks. manzinita’ bushes aud
other California vegetation.

Along the banks of this sparkling river the different: points of our
salmon breeding camp were strung at various intervals. Our house. where
we lived and ate and slept, and which formed the central point of the camp,
Was a plain wooden structure of one story and twenty-eight tect in leneth,
fronting the river. It consisted of a living room. with several bunks for
beds, a kitchen and an office, each room opening on the river side out on
a broad piazza. whieh almost projected over the waters edge. Xbout
sixty rods above the house was the mouth of the xbandoned ditch. Pitty
rods further down or ten rods above the house, was an Indian rancheric,
where some of the Indians lived who worked) for us. Just below
the rancherie were two small tents occupied by some of our
party or by Indians working for us. Then came the house itself.
Just below the house was 2 large tent. sixty by thirty feet. enclos-
ing and coverme the hatching works. Next cme the fume which
brought the water from the wheel: then a pond for confining the parent
salmon: then the wheel itself always moving night and day. with a
heavy creaking motion. and lifting its eight: buckets of water at each
revolution. Below the wheel. and about tweaty rods farther down the
river bank. was 2) brush camp belonging to two of our fishermen, two
corrals for salmon. and the lower fishing grounds, which terminated our
settlement in that direction. On the other side of the river we hid
nothing but a fishing ground and corral, which were just opposite the
hatching house. Behind our dwelling was an Indian cemetery, and just
above the cemetery was our American flag floating at the peak of a fifty
feet stuf. The whole camp as it could be seen in one view trom the hills
on the opposite bank, formed a very pretty and interesting picture.

1+ Report of the American

HATCHING APPARATUS AND HATCHING HOUSE.

Our hatching apparatus was simple but very satisfactory. The wheel,
which was twelve feet in diameter. with an eleven feet shaft, took the
water trom the river into the flume. The flume carried the water about
fitty yards to the filtering tanks. The filtering tanks conveyed the water
in the distributing spout. The distributing spout discharged it into the
hatching troughs.

The hatching troughs were placed parallel with each other, at right
angles with the distributing spout, as is the usual custom in hatching
houses. There were ten rows of troughs placed in pairs with a passage
way between each pair, and ‘in cach row were three troughs, sch
sixteen feet long. placed end to end, one a little lower than the other, so
as to give a full from the first to the second, and from the second to the
third. of a few inches. The troughs were on an average about breast
high, and were furnished with covers made by stretching white cotton
cloth on a light frame of wood. The whole, excluding of course the
flume and wheel, was surmounted by a large and substantial tent, sixty
by thirty feet. Most of the eggs rested on the charcoal bottom of the
troughs, but I used trays to a considerable extent, formed of iron wire
netting coated with asphaltum, and found them perfectly satisfactory. I
also used by way of experiment and with Seth Green's permission, half
a dozen of his shad hatching boxes, anchoring thei in the river current.
They worked so well that Ihave no doubt that in a warm climate like
that of California, salmon eggs could be hatched in these boxes with
perfectly satisfactory results, which adds anofher merit to this very simple
but wonderfully ettective invention. The only difliculty which we experi-
enced in their use was the inconvenience of getting at them and of pick-
ing out the dead eggs. On account of this inconvenience I would prefer
the stationary hatching troughs, if Thad my choice, but 1 should feel
perfectly contident of hatching successfully any namber of salmon eggs
with nothing but the shad boxes.

The hatching house, or more properly the hatching tent, contained our
work bench and tools. and was the place where all the carpenters’ work
was done. It was always in the day time the most bright and cheerful,
as it was the busiest spot about our pleasant camp. The happy murmur
of the rippling water, the busy sounds of the workmen’s tools, the bright,
soft light ditfused through the canvas covering of the tent, the cool*river
breeze gently pouring in through the raised walls of the tent, the active
forms of the workmen, the thought that millions of tiny creatures were
coming into being under the white covers of the troughs. all these things

lent a charm to this spot, which made it very attractive and an extremely

ra

Fish Cidturists’ Association. 15

pleasant place to be in; aud the effect was not lessened by the exhilar-
ating reflection that every shovel full of sand which formed the whole
floor of the tent was mixed with gold dust. so that every step we took,
we were literally treading ou golden sands.

OUR HOUSEHOLD AND WORK.

Our household consisted permanently of Mr. John G. Woodbury, fore-
man; Mr. Myron Green, head fisherman: Mr. Oliver Anderson, mian-of-
all-work, and myself in charge. Our fluctuating force consisted of a
carpenter, 2 cook, several fishermen and men-of-all-work, together with
more or less Indians, making our total number average during the fishing
season, when I kept on a force every night hauling the seine. about a
dozen or fifteen hands.

As it may perhaps seem surprising to some that we could tind work for
so many persons, [ will say that on the Isth of July not a shovel full of
earth had been moved, nor x stick cut on the site of our future camp, and
by the first of October. seventy-four days after, we had erected our
dwelling house, hatching works. andl other structures belonging to the
e:unp, we had caught and confined a thousand salmon, had taken and laid
down two million eges, and already packed and shipped eastward nearly
aoamillion. This we had done in a wild and alnost uninhabited country,
where we had to rely wholly upon Ourselves. and either do ourselves what
was to be done or leave it undone. We could not send out for a black-
smith or plumber or engineer when we wanted one, as if we were living
in a town, but had to rely on our own resources for what we wanted or
go without. This, of course, complicated and extended our work very
much.

At all events there was something for all to do every moment, and from
beginning to end it was as busy a camp as one could wish to see. There
Was not a game of cards or chess or checkers played all the time I was
there, and every one seemed to realize that the business of the place was

work, and every one worked accordingly.

PRESENCE OF INDIANS.

The presence of the Indians formed a peculiar feature of our came life
on the McCloud. We were in an Indian country. on a river which had
never been opened up or inhabited by white men, and which the Indians
regarded as their own by rights which had descended to them undisturbed
through their ancestors for centuries back. Indians swarmed about our
camp all the time. There was hardly a moment in the day when there
were not more or less of them lounging on or under the piazza or about
the tent.

16 Report of the American

Occasionally a white horseman or a white straggler on foot, or a news-
paper reporter from the Modoc country just above us, stopped at our
door, or stayed over night; but usually we saw twenty Indians to one
white man. Red faces became more familiar, as they were much more
common than white ones. Indian words and phrases crept into our
yocabularies, and became part of our every day language. As a rule the
Indians were friendly and civil. They had been, however, the last of
the Californian tribes to yield to the white man’s sway, and the hardest
to subjugate. They had also succeeded thus far in one way or another in
keeping white men away from their country. At one time a party of
miners came down across the Sacramento hills to their river to look for
gold, but they were waited upon in the morning by three cuiefs and three
hundred warriors. and summarily escorted out of the country. This sort
of thing was repeated several times. Still later a party of two Ameri-
eans and eleven Chinamen came up from the Sacramento river to dig for
gold, and camped a short distance above the present location of our camp,
but before morning the McCloud Indians inurdered every one of them,
not leaving one to tell the story.

A year ago a Mr. Crooks came to the river, and settled a mile or two
above us, but the Indians murdered him as late as last September,
while I was there. Thus by one means or another they have kept the
whites out, so that even now, there is not a single white man living on
the McCloud river.

When we came to the river to erect our house and hatching works, a
large number of Indians assembled on the opposite bank and spent the
whole afternoon endeavoring by threats and furious gesticulatious to
drive us away, and afterwards several of them waited on me and told me
in their dialect, of which I had learned a little, that this was their river
and their land, and these were their salmon, and that I was stealing their
land and salmon; that they bad never stolen any thing from the white
man nor taken his land. and that I ought to go away. Some of them
were very much excited and very angry while talking. Others went so
far as to give out threats about my being killed. When [ thought of the
fate of all my predecessors on the MeCloud, I did sometimes feel slight
misgivings, but I adopted a firin and and conciliatory policy with them
which worked so satisfactorily that [sam now perfectly satistied that none
of us are in any danger there. LT ought also to add that they stand in too
much fear of the white man to do any open injury.

I gave the Indians all the salmon which we caught after we had got
through with them, and I treated them well always. being particularly
eareful to be thoughtful of and attentive to their sick. so that we got
along with them very well, and I think really made friends of some of

Fish Culturists’ Association. ley

them. We found them very serviceable in assisting about our work,
although they were provokingly freakish. When they worked thes
worked well. but when they did not want to work. they were as obstinate
as mules or as alevins—those who are accustomed to hatching tish will
appreciate this last allusion, [ know—and then they would not lift a hand
to help us, however urgent the circumstances might be. T employed them
to help run the seine, to chop wood. to cook. to build dams. to work in
the water, to pick out dead eggs. and to do various odd jobs. They were
especially dexterous and nimble in picking over the eggs. Their slender
fingers and delicate touch seemed particularly adapted to this light werk.
They could not always resist the temptation to pilfer such little things as
needles and soap, and sometimes a shirt. but considering the constant
opportunities they had for stealing on a larger scale. I think they deserve
a good deal of credit for not taking more than they did. [san of the
opinion that we should have lost more things in an average white com-
munity, under the same circumstances.

INTERESTING CHARACTER OF CAMP LIFE.

Our life at the camp was exceedingly interesting and pleasant. We
had a harmonious household, the work progressed satisfactorily. the
mountain air was invigorating, and the landscapes were beautiful. or
magnificent, according to the direction in which one looked. Every
morning we were sure of a cloudless sky and a pleasant day, and
although a quarter of a mile away the heat was intolerable: nearer the
river side where we were, it was so tempered by the icy water of the
McCloud that we knew nothing about it. Every morning also it was a
matter of new interest to know what luck the seine had had the night
before, or how many eggs had been taken.

Ahnost every day the Indians would bring in a coon or a mink or deer
or bear skin or at least some bit of news that interested us. The salmon
were jumping in the river in front of our house. atthe rate of a thous:and
an hour, and oceasionally we would see an otter playing in the water
opposite. We frequently saw emigrant wagons dragging wearily along,
some going from California to Oregon, and some the reverse, both hoping
to make a change for the better. Twice every twenty-four hours the
Oregon stage with its six galloping horses made its fast: time over the
stage road on the hills above us. carrying the mail from San rancisco,
California. to Portland. Oregon. and back. Altogether our life at the
camp, in spite of hard and persistent work. was interesting nd pleasant,

Our table was usually supplied with venison, trout and salmon) grilse ;
the small grilse of the fall run generally being good eating. We also had

oceasionally quails, squirrels, rabbits and fresh vegetables. Our staples
>)

18 Report of the American

to fall back upon when in want of something better were bacon, potatoes
and baked beans. We had no fresh domestic meat whatever.

GAME.

The McCloud region is a good game country. Deer are very abun-
dant, especially after the snow on the mountains had driven them down
into the valleys. Black and cinnamon bears are quite common, and it
was not unusual to see the track of a grizzly bear, though we did not
encounter one. California lions are occasionally seen. Quails, gray
squirrels and jack rabbits were quite common and not very timid.
Indeed, 2 bevy of thirty or forty quails, and often more. used to feed
around the house every day. and several gray squirrels came regularly to
our table at every meal to be fed. Our Indians could almost always go
out and get a deer of a morning or afternoon, and any one is sure to get
2 bear or two who makes a day’s regular hunt for one ten miles up the
McCloud river in October.

FROM THE 19TH OF AUGUST TILL THE EGGS WERE SHIPPED.

To resume the thread of my story, by the 19th of August we turned
the water through the hatching house, and had the pleasure of seeing
what Thad long looked forward to, a successful hatching apparatus in
perfect working order in the salmon breeding regions of the Pacific slope.
There seemed to be something in the very sound of the rippling and
plashing water to exhilarate our spirits, as it leaped through the troughs
tor the tirst time. I celebrated the day by collecting our whole force of
whites and Indians at sunset and raising a large American flag over the
camp.

We continued to eatch more salmon, and to build more corrais for
them, and to extend the operations for hatching the eggs. The female
salmon now begins to show every sign of being nearly ready to spawn,
and we were daily expecting to find some ripe eggs. We remained, how-
ever. in this not unpleasant state of excitement and anticipation until
the 26th of August. when we took the first ripe salmon eggs of the sea-
son. numbering 25,000,

Now enme anew and unexpected drawback. The salmon contined in
the corrals had been Hterally wearing themselves out in their frantic
endeavors to aseend the river. Every moment, day and night. impelled
by their irrepressible instinct. they kept jumping and lashing themselves
against the sides of the enclosures, and now comparatively exhausted by
their etforts and bruises they were beginning to die from the etfect of
them. Fortunately there were enough more in the river to get eggs from,
for had we depended on our stock on hand when the tirst eges were taken

we should have obtained a very meagre supply. As it was. I kept on tishin

ea
fon)

Fish Ciulturists? Association. 19

and replacing the dead salmon with live ones, so that we had no lack of
evgs, and obtained in the end the full two millions at which number [ had
set my limit. Nothing further occurred to intercept our steady progress.
We continued to take eges every twenty-four hours, both night and dleuN®;
and the number in the troughs increased rapidly.

On the loth of September, at noon, we had a million eggs laid down,
On the L4th of September, at daylight, we had a million and a half. ane
on the 22d, at daylight, the quota of two millions was complete. On the
12th of September the first eye spots were visible in the eggs taken on
the 26th of August, making sixteen days for the interval between the
extrusion of the eges and the appearance of the eve spots, (the formation
of the choroid pigment.) “Phe water in the river had a temperature of 55
degrees at sunrise, when the first eggs were taken, but it always rose in
the hatching troughs during the day, sometimes to oS degrees, and some-
times as high as 64 degrees, so that the exact averave temperature of the
water for the whole time cannot be stated.

On the 20th of September L sent 500.000 eggs to the Atlantie coast,
and on the 50th of September LT went east myself with 600,000 more,
leaving the camp in charge of Mr. Woodbury. On the 6th ef October
Mr. Myron Green lett camp with a third lot of a quarter of 2 million. and
about a week later Mr. Woodbury forwarded the balance of the eges,
amounting to another quarter of 2 million or more.

RESULTS.

The results in detail of these shipments have been given in the papers
severnl times, so LE will only make the following brief statement here :
Of the 2.000.000 eves taken and laid down in the hatching troughs,
nearly one million and a half were shipped eastward and consigned in
Various proportions to Dr. J. Hl. Slack, New Jersey 7 Seth Green, New
York : James Dutty, Pennsylvania; George HL. Jerome, Michigan; F. W.
Webber, Charlestown, Noll. CharlesaG@e. thins Maine? eh Gealiilse:
Connecticut; A. P. Rockwood, Utah; E. A. Brackett. Massachusetts ;
Dr. J. 1. Slack receiving the lurgest ntunber. Nearly a million arrived
at their destination alive. and a large proportion of the fish hatched from
them have since been distributed in various streams and lakes throughout
the United States.

PACKING AND SIPPING THE EGGS

The taking of the eggs and the maturing of them for shipment was a
marked success. Indeed, I have never scen a finer lot of salmon eges
than we had in the hatching troughs under the mammoth tent at the
McCloud. Nothing could be wished for, more happy and prosperous than
our progress up to this point of shipping the eggs. But here came a

20 Report of the American

formidable and threatening difficulty. Between our camp and the waters
which were awaiting the egys, there lav a long stretch of 3,000 miles,
which must be crossed by the young embryos before they could be made
available for the service for which they were intended. It was enough to
make the most confident enthusiast falter. We all looked forward to
this dangerous journey of the eges with dread. When we packed them
in the moss and screwed down the covers, it seemed like burying them
alive, and when we saw the crates containing them. loaded into the
wagons and sent otf to the railroad station, and thought of the almost
interminable journey, and the ten thousand chances of injury that these
frail creatures would be exposed to on the way, it seemed nothing less
than infatuation to expect that they would survive them all, and ever see
the light again alive. They must go. however, and we packed them as
well as we could and sent them off The boxes in which they were
packed were all two feet square and a foot deep. The eggs were packed
as usual with first a layer of moss at the bottom of the box. and then a
layer of eggs, then another layer of moss, then another layer of eggs, and
so on to the top. Midway. in the interior of each box, there was a thin
wooden partition to break the force of the superincumbent mass of moss
and eggs. We packed about 75.000 in a box. When the box was filled
the cover was screwed down and it was packed with another one of the
same size in a crate which was three inches and a half larger on all sides
than the combined bulk of the two boxes enclosed, this intervening space
being filled with hay to protect the eggs from sudden changes of tempera-
ture. On the top of the crates was a rack for ice.

The nearest and only suitable moss that we could hear of was seventy
miles away, at the sources of the Sacramento river. I accordingly sent
Mr. Woodbury to Mt. Shasta to procure a supply. He returned in a few
days with thirty-five bushels of moss, all of which we used in packing.

The manner of the packing has been made a matter of considerable
criticism. Onthis point I will only say that I had but one precedent to
be guided by, viz: the shipment of salmon cggs from the same place the
last year. It was reported concerning this consignment, that the eggs
which did not hatch on the way arrived in excellent order. Ina critical
and ditticult undertaking like the one in question, there seemed to be no
choice between adopting a method which had sueceeded, and others which
had never been tried. so I adhered to the plan of the last year’s ship-
ment. and packed these eggs in precisely the same way.

THE METHOD OF PACKING DISCUSSED.

To give the pro’s and con’s of this method of packing would lead to a
long discussion, which would perhaps be out of place here, so T will
simply say that the packing was no hap hazard affair, but the result of

Fish Culturists’ Association. 21

careful thought and the exercise of as much foresight in regard to the
journey as we could bring to bear upon the subject. and even now, after
plenty of leisure for reflection, I do not know of any other practicable
method of packing salmon eges, which are to be sent this overland jour-
ney without an attendant. which secures as many favorable combivations
or which is not open to quite as imany objections as the one adopted.
Indeed, I think the results were a decided vindication of the merits of the
packing. The first lot forwarded in September was undoubtedly destroyed
by the heat. The second lot arrived in as good order as could) he
expected. ‘The third lot was reported to arrive in excellent condition,
and the fourth and last lot came the best of all.

Of those sent to Great Salt Lake, distant a thousand miles, only three
per cent. were lost. What more could be asked of the packing? A
method that will carry salmon eggs a thousand miles with a loss of only
three per cent. cannot be a very bad onc. Seth Green reports a loss on
the 200,000 eges consigned to him of only eleven per cent. both in trans-
portation and in hatching. This certainly does not seem to reflect any
discredit on the packing of the eggs. aud when we remember that they
came from a Climate where the mercury stood 110 degrees in the shade,
and that they- were conveyed twenty-two miles in 2 wagon. to begin with,
over a very rough mountain road. and after that 3.000 miles by rail. I
think it is rather creditable to the packing than otherwise. I am open to
conviction, however, and if there is any better way of packing the salmon
egys for their overland journey, [ should like to know it. and should
be thankful for any light on the subject. I should be glad to hear the
subject discussed.

COST OF THE EGGS.

The cost of getting the ova and preparing them for transportation was
about 84.000. There were very nearly 1.5900,000 impregnated eggs in
good condition for shipment. ‘This makes the cost of the eggs at the
hatching works $2.66 a thousand. IT think in future with the experience
that has been acquired. and with the work that has already been accom-
plished, that it is highly probable that the eggs can be got out at a still
less expense, and I should not be surprised in the event of the undertak-
ing being repeated on the McCloud river another vear, if 5,000,000 eggs
could be obtained at a cost of 35.000, or at the rate of a dollar a
thousand.

I beg to say in conclusion that the particulars of the first McCloud
expedition for salmon eggs are printed in the report of the U.S. Fish
Commission for 1472. The details of the Clear Lake experiment. of
the overland trip with shad. and the operations on the McCloud river

22 Report of the American

last season, will be found in the report of the U.S. Fish Commission for
1873. and a full account of the aquarium car enterprise in the California
Fish Commissioners’ report for 1873.

EXPERIENCES, OF. AsPRACGIIGA TC tials
CULTGURISE.

BY SE LH GinEN:

My first attempt at taking brook trout spawn was in IsX61. [took a
few thousand daily for sixteen days. On the seventeenth I made up my
mind that I could tell which spawn was impregnated and which was not.
I counted several hundred and found that Thad twenty-five per cent:
iinpregnated. I was sure T had to pick out all of the bad ones. I
did not like the job. About that time Mr. Ainsworth came to my place.
I told him what I had discovered. Hle said that twenty-five per. cent.
was a good percentage as ever had been hatched. 1 was not long
in making up my mind. If that was the best that could be
done. I should not stay in the business long. That night I thought it
over and took a common sense view of it. IT had used a good deal of
water. and bat little milt. IT imade up my mind to try a little water and
a good deal of milt. I found when sixteen days had come around that I
had ninety-five per cent. impregnated. and even betier. 1 kept using
less and less water until [used searcely any. I kept it a secret. every-
body wanted my spawn. IT sold a great many. and my secret: was us
good as though I had a patent for it.

I will tell you how [ discovered that the sun would kill spawn. The
spawn in one of my troughs kept dying and in’ all the others they were
good. 1 picked them out for several days and tried several experiments,
but it was of no use. the spawn kept turning white. So [thought I
would leave it for two or three days. The third day [learned the cause.
The sides of my trough were six inches high. and the side shinded) one
half of the trough. and the shady side was all good. but where the sun
hit they were all bad. TP left them a couple of days aud scooped them
out and shaded my window, and TP did not have any more trouble from
the sun. One of the one hundred and one difficulties PE had) to overcome
was rats. They left their tracks and T caught them: I took SOd trout
spawn out of one of their stomachs.

I must stop telling vou the ditticulties Thad to overcome or I shall not

have time to tell you about anything else. The year 1860 the Commis-

Fish Culturists’ Association. 23

sioners of Fisheries of four of the New England States eame to my place
and wished me to go to Holyoke, on the Connecticut river. and see if |
could make a success in hatching shad artificially. IT agreed to THe ed
arrived at the fishery at South Hadley dam and told the people that Thad
come to hatch shad artificially. Phey thought To was erazy and treated
me accordingly. My first experiment in the use of hatching apparatus
was to build the same kind of troughs that T used for hatching trout. with
the exception that IT slanted some of them a great deal more than T did
others. [ put the spawn in the troughs and T found that in the troughs
that had the most fall the spawn floated down and out of the end. That
was the first time that Thad discovered how light the shad spawn was.
It is as light in the water as a bubble is in the air. The next morning I
came to see my troughs; they were nearly all broken down by some
malicious person. 1 fixed some of them so that T kept the spawn in the
trough; the next day they were nearly all dead. 1 could see the fish
begin to fonn, but it was sutfering tor lack of circulation of water. The
next day they were all dead. [saw what Thad to contend with. IT saw
that the spawn needed a great circulation of water, and the difficulty was
tu get some thing that would give them the circulation and not float. the
spawn away. The second day Thad a dozen ditferent kinds of hatching
apparatus. ATL failed until the sixth day, when [To owas standing in the
water with a candle box with a sieve bottom. and tipping it one way and
another until T tipped the lower edge so that the current struck the bot-
tom. The spawn began to boil up and kept in motion, The mystery
was solved! The second day the fish showed life in the egys. and the
next day they hatched. | Pimade two trials to see what percentace PE could
hatch. IT put ten thousund eges in the box and hatched all but) seven
egus. The next trial Po ohatehed: all but ten. The Commissioners and
everybody was delighted —myself in particular, Un about fifteen days 1
hatched fifteen millions. and in Ps70° the Cominissioners of Fisheries
reported that there was sixty per cent. more shad in the Connecticut river
than there was in the vear Pso2. and PT bcheve the fishing has been as
cood every Vvear since.

In 1869 To experimented in hatching whitetish. TP took the spawn in
the same manner that T do the trout. except that they diave to be stirred
gently for twenty minutes to Keep them from sticking together, 1 have
hatched a good many every veur sinee that time. To hiatehed them the
three first vears on gravel and on trays four tnehes deep in the trough.
Last vear Mr. M. G:. Holton invented a hiatching box that will be the
menns of stocking all of our great Jakes with whitetish and salmop trout:
equal to their best day, and TP believe it can be done in’ four vears. Tt
saves nineteen-twentieth» of the room in the size of the house. amd can

2+ Report of the American

be taken care of with one half the labor required for any hatching appa-
ratus that [have seen. LT have used ten of Holton’s boxes in our State
Hatching house this winter. and find them a great success in hatching
salmon, salmon trout. brook trout, and whitetish.

T have hatched fifteen ditferent kinds of fish artificially, viz: brook
trout, whitetish. herring. shad. Otsego bass. wall-eyed pike. salmon trout>
salmon. red side suckers, creek suckers, shiners, white and yellow perch,

mullet. striped bass, frogs and lobsters.

~~ § o——__—_——

SALMON BREEDING AT BUCKSPOR ie
BY CHARLES G. ATKINS.

The method of obtaining sabuon eggs pursued at Bucksport is ex-
tremely artticial, ‘The parent fish are caught in Juue. in the tidal part
of the Penobseot river, before they have ever entered fresh water. sre
transported in drays overkiund to a fresh water pond that was never
naturally freqnented by salmon, and in its character is far enough re-
moved from their ideal haunts, and there contined within an inclosure of
nets trom June till November, are then caught again in traps or seines,
and deprived of their eggs and milt by artificial manipulatiou, marked
with metal tags and sent back to the river on drays. The eggs are
fertilized by mixing the milt with them in a pan without water, and
and developed on wire cloth trays in wooden troughs. and are for the
Inost part packed up ia inoss and sent away in February and March to
be hatched elsewhere.

Atl previous efforts at the collection of salmon eggs of whieh I am
informed were made in the immediate vicinity of the natural spawning
grounds, and the parent fish were never taken until the near approach of
the spawning season. when they had been along time in fresh water.
At the outset of this experiment. therefore. there were no examples trom
Which to learn the best modes of proceeding or to augur success or
failure, and there were not wanting reasons for thinking the latter quite
as probable as the former, The unknown quantities in the problem were
numerous. Tt was not Known whether. of the salmon caught in. salt
water near the mouths of the rivers in early summer. all or in faet any
were going to produce eges and milt at the coming spawning season. It
Was not known whether they would survive the handling to which they

must be subjected in expture and transportation, or, if they did survive,

Fish Culturists’ Association. 25

whether, from the change from salt to entirely fresh water being prema-
ture or too sudden, or from the effects of continement, the normal and
healthful development of the eges and milt might not be prevented.

The inquiry naturally arises, why select a site for operations where all
these impediments are to be encountered? Why not go to the head-
waters of the river where salmon go to spawn of their own accord. and
where they are found at the breeding season with spawn and milt matured
under natural conditions ?

These questions received due consideration in the beginning. The
headwaters of the Penobscot were examined, and the probabilities of
success in the collection of salmon spawn there were carefully weighed.
The principal tisheries of the Penobscot are in the tidal portions of the
river and bay, and here it seems probable that the majority Of the salmon
that seek to ascend the river are caught. The remainder is still farther
reduced by the fisheries at the dams above Bangor, and after passing Old-
town they seatter far and wide in nearly all the tributaries. Though
salmon are caught at several places on the main river and the Matta-
gamon., it is quite doubtful whether two hundred could be collected at
any one point. The remoteness of their principal resorts fron railroads,
and indeed good roads of any kind was another serious objection to a
location on the headwaters of the river.

The first experiment was therefore tried at Orland. a few miles cast
of the present location in Bucksport. Tt is unnecessary for me to detail
the many mishaps and mistakes and final success of the first trial. [tis
enough to state that though in various ways the hundred and ten salmon
purchased were, before the spawning season arrived. in one way and
another reduced to the smnall number of eighteen. those that remained
suffered in no perceptible degree from the unnatural usage to which they
had been subjected. and that the excessive mortality among the parent
salmon was found to be fairly attributable to causes whose operation
could be prevented.

Only about 70.000 eges were obtained. but the success in fecundation
was flattering. being at the rate of uinety-six per ceut.; and the sub-
sequent development and hatching of the eggs were all that could be
desired. As the parent fish had been kept in ordinary pond water in an
enclosure which in midsummer was only fifty feet square and Tess than
four feet deep, the healthy state of the eggs is to me a convincing proof
that no evil result need be anticipated from the continement itself. and
that ordinary pond water is well adapted to sustain them.

In 1872 the site of operations was removed to Spotford’s Pond in
Bucksport, and the present extensive works undertaken. This is a
shallow, muddy pond, of about sixty acres in the summer, but spreading

26 Report of the American

in the winter over twice that area of meadows. The muddy character of
the bottom is believed to be of positive advantage, since it tends to deter
the salmon from spawning in the pond, 2nd impels them to seck the
brooks where they can be easily caught. The pond lies about a mile
from the Penobscot river, and as the brook through which it discharges
its waters is small and has falls too steep for even salmon to climb, it is
necessary to carry all the breeding salmon from the river to the pond on
adray. This is of course a disadvantage, but it does not appear to be a
very serious one.

The hatching house is near the outlet of the pond, and is supplied with
water from the stream. No available spring could be found in the
neighborhood, but the absence of spring water is less to be regretted
since the majority of the eggs collected here are sent away to be hatched
in other places, and since general experience seems to indicate that it is
better to set young salmon at liberty as soon as they begin to feed than to
attempt to rear them in artificial ponds with artificially prepared food,
for which purpose spring water would be desirable.

The proximity of Bucksport to the most productive salmon fisheries of
the Penobscot renders it the best point at which to collect breeding sal-
mon. There are within five miles of Bucksport village about fifty weirs
that yield not far from four thousand salmon per year. In case they were
wanted probably three quarters of these could be obtained for breeding
purposes. Thus far a small part of these weirs have furnished all the
salinon necessary.

The weirs being made for the purpose of catching alewives, menhaden
and other small tish as well as salmon. the nets are of so small a mesh
that salmon never eateh in them, and swim to and fro until they are left
by the retreating tide ona board floor. In taking them for breeding pur-
poses it is necessary to anticipate the fall of the tide by dipping them
carefully out and placing them carefully in perforated boats in which they
are conveyed to Bucksport. At Bueksport they are dipped from the
boats and placed in boxes in which they are carted to the pond. Of
course with the most careful handling the salmon are sometimes fatally
injured before they reach the pond, and die soon after. In 1872 one
hundred were found dead in the pond in the course of the summer, and
nearly all these in June and July, while the collection was going on, and
within two weeks after its close. In 1873, out of 652 bought, only
seventeen were found dead. owing. it is thought. to improved apparatus,
greater care and increased skill in the persons who handled them.

Each year preparations have been made to contine the breeding salmon
within a small enelosure. The first season, 1872. the hedge made for
the purpose proved quite inadequate, and the salmon being seattered

Fish Culturists’ Association. 7

over the pond a large number escaped capture in the fall. and anany of
them stole into a diminutive tributary. temporarily swollen by heavy
rains, and laid their eggs before they were discovered. In 1873) the
enclosure contained about ten acres, and was made by stretching across
the mouth of a cove a strong net. held down at the bottom by the weight
of a heavy chain, and at the top tied to stakes several feet above the
surface of the water. This proved pretty effectual, and but very few
escaped.

The inclosure includes the outlet of the pond which is commanded by
adam. At the spawning season a gate about a foot square is kept open
and the salmon have free access to it. In their anxiety to find running
water in which to spawn they run through this gate and fall immediately
into a trap, which leads them through a Jong, narrow sluice in a grated
pen whence they are taken to be manipulated. © Natural instructs are not,
however, strong cnough to impel all the salmon to enter this narrow
place. and seines are used to drive or catch the reluctant.

The spawning season begins the last week in October and continues
until the middle of November. These, I think, would be the extreme
limits with these fish if they had free access to a large. natural spawning

2

bed, but under the unnatural conditions to which they are subjected the
in many cases retain their eggs tll a later date. A female confined ina
pen ona board floor has retained her eges for three weeks after they were
ripe. The two sexes are found together at this season. and though no
attempt has been made to distinguish one sex from another. in June,
when they are collected, the females have always been found io exceed
the males in number at the spawning season. In 1875 the ratio of the
disparity was almost two to one. This is a fortunate circumstance. and
it would be still better if the disproportion were four to one. for there
would still be an ample supply of iilt.

The salmon that enter the brook of their own accord after the twenty-
fifth day of October. are. with very few exceptions, found to be fully ripe,
and vield at once all of their eges. except such as He too far forward to
be reached by pressure. The number left in each fixh after the first
manipulation is from two to tive hundred. | “The seines have never been
used to take fish from the ponds carier than November eighth, so that
we have no means of knowing the condition of the fish previous to that
date: but after they were brought into use, the salmon taken in them
were fully ripe. My observation leads to the conclusion that the ripening
of the eges of salmon occurs. in all individuals inhabiting the same
waters, at about the same time, and that in cases where the eges are not
deposited until after November tenth in the latitude of Bueksport. the
delay is commonly owing to some other circumstance than the im-

maturity of the eges.

28 Report of the .lmerican

The mode of fecundation adopted is an imitation of the Russian method,
ditfering from it in this point. that the milt is applied directly to the eggs
and through contact secured before any water is used: while the Russian
experimenter used to put water with the milt before applying it to the
eggs. I dont know that there is any advantage in our method. but I
think it rather safer. It requires no great haste: the pan of eggs and
milt may ever be made to await for many minutes the convenicnce of
the operator without detriment. The ratio of fecundation obtained at
Bucksport by this method is about ninety-eight per cent.. and the aver-
age rate of fecundation in all eggs taken in 1872, including mumerous
experiments, was 96.7 per cent. The average at Oriand in 1871 was 96
per cent. These results are so satisfactory that [have made no attempt
to app!y any other method except in an experimental way.

The rate of fecundation is obtained by very careful observation. At a
certain stage of the development of a fecund egg. the germ begins to ex-
pand laterally. sending out a thin fold. which at last completely encloses
the yolk. At any time during the growth of this fold. the position of its
advancing inargin can be traced by a line of colored oil globules, arrang-
ed in acircle on the surface of the yolk. © This circle is at first quite
small. and surrounds the colored disk so platnky visible on the upper side
of the yolk. It enlarges day by day until it divides the surface of the
yolk into two equal parts. As it progresses beyond this point. it becomes
sinaller, and tinally it closes entirely. This process begins. in water of
the temperature of forty-three degrees F. at about the thirteenth, day and
is completed in seven or eight days. As it never takes place in an un-
fecund egy. its occurrence is positive proof of fecundation. “To observe
it. a strong light should be thrown up through the ege. and the most con-
venient way of effecting this is to plice the ege over a hole in a piece of
sheet metal. and hold itup to a window. To obtain the ratio of fecunda-
tion. 2 definite number of ceyes is examined from each lot. and the result
made the basis of a strict calculation.

The ianipulation of the tish is performed at a distance of some twenty

rods trom the hatching house, to which the eggs are carried tn pails after

they have completed the absorption of water. | The hatching house is a
wooden building seventy feet long and twenty-eight wide. A feed trough

runs down one side of it. and discharges water into forty hatching troughs
that run across the room. The feed pipes are of inch-and-a-half lead
pipe. and are all set into the feed trough at exactly the same height, so
that if a partial stoppage of water aecidentally occurs, what still con-
tinues to run will be divided amongst all the troughs instead of being
drawn away from part of them by others at a lower level, as might be the
ease under a ditterent arrangement. ‘The volume of water used is about ten

Fish Cultrrists’ Association. 29

thousand gallons per hour. The hatching troughs are a foot wide and
six inches deep: and the inost of them are tweuty-three fect long. They
rest on the floor, the only position practicable, owing to the low level at
which we are obliged to bring the water into the building. © They are
quite level from end to end. except four troughs that are inclined four
inches. The latter have dams at frequent intervals to break and aerate
the water.

The eges are deposited on trays of iron wire cloth tacked to wooden
frames. and coated with water-proof varnish. This apparatus was first
recommended to me by Mr. bE. A. Brackett, of the Massachusetts Com-
mission, and has proved exceedingly serviceable. Four nails. projecting
halfan inch from the lower side of the frame of the tray. one at each
corner, furnish it with legs, which serve to keep it up from the bottom,
or from the tray beneath it, when, as is generally necessary. the trays are
placed in tiers one above another to economise space. A sinele tier of
trays throughout the trough will contain without crowding, a million and
a half of salmon cges. and three tiers, the utmost capacity of the house
wt present. will atford room for four-sid-a-lalf millions.

The troughs are all fitted with covers. so that there is no occasion to
exclude light from the room. During the first season the troughs. which
were then sixty feet lone and ran lengthwise the building. were not
covered. but the windows were covered with white cotton cloth. Too
much light was thus admitted. and its etleet on the cgus. both directly
and by encouraging the growth of contervoid vegetation in the troughs,
was the cause of serious mischief The confervoid: spread over the egas
in some of the troughs. shut them out trom the iufhience of the pure
water that was flowing above them. and exposed them to the deadly
influence of a stratum of stagnant water that had accumulated beneath
the trays in consequence of the space between them. and the bottoms of
the troughs being so long and narrow as to prevent the existence of a
current. Ao buee nuainber of eees were lost in this wan. ATL those
ditliculties are now remedied. and the present season. with fifty per cent.
more eges, the loss up to this date (February 7.)is seventy per cent. less.

The water used for hatching is very cold. thouen not quite as cold as
that used by Mr. Leonard at) the Sebec Salmon Breeding Works. where
the temperature has been avove thirty-three degrees but three days since
November 15th. At the Bucksport: Tatehing Pouse the temperature of
the water ranges from thirty-two and one-half degrees to thirty-four
degrees F.. through the most of the winter. When the carlest exes are
first deposited it is about forty-four degrees Fe. and: before the last of
those kept here hatch out early in May. it rises aecin to the same point.
The lowest temperature of the whole scason is experienced in April, when

the snow and ice are melting.

30 Report of the American

Development goes on very slowly, and the eggs are not generally in
the proper state for transportation according to the common standard,
the coloring of the eyes, until February, at which time the eggs are
divided amongst the several patrons of the enterprise. Of those falling
to the share of Maine in 1573, a portion were kept and hatched at
Bucksport. The most forward of them began to hatch in March, but
only a few individuals came out then; the fall of temperature that
accompanied the opening of spring appearing to almost suspend growth.
The hatching proceeded very slowly until the last week in April when the
ice was all thawed in the pond above, and the temperature began to rise.
Ido not know that there is any disadvantage connected with this low
temperature. On the contrary, I think it quite likely that the delay of
hatching until April and May is rather advantageous to young fish that
are to be turned out to seek their own food. Fish hatched out in January
and grown to the feeding stage in February or early in March, must
either be turned out into streams that are so cold as to arrest their growth
and keep them a long time small and weak, besides being perhaps lacking
in natural food, or they must be fed artificially. If the latter course be
adopted. [ fear the fish will be unfitted. to a certain extent, to take care
of themselves. The natural date of the hatching of salmon in the rivets
of Maine must correspond closely with the date in the Bucksport Hatch-
ing Hlouse.

The eggs distributed in 1873, numbering 1.241.800, were sent to every
State in New England, and also to New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Ohio, Michigan, and Wisconsin. The young fish hatched were in every
instance set at liberty as soon as the yolk sack was absorbed. The whole
number thus turned out was $76,000. The present season the number
of eggs distributed will probably exceed 2,200,000, and, unless some
extraordinary mishap interferes. the number of young tish will be more
than double that of last year. The distribution is so wide that hardly
any river receives an adequate stock, but I trust that in some instances
the number will be sutlicient to produce a decided impression.

Fish Culturists’ Association. 3

peer OreiaeE U: S. “FISH COMMISSION:
BY SPENCER F, BAIRD.

The subject of fish-culture and the fisheries continues to increnzse in
importance, and in view of the economical value of the products of the
sea and the interior waters, and in the amount of capital and etfort
directed toward their acquisition, this interest is amply justified.

Several exhibitions during 1573 have been made of fishery products
and interests, the most important being that at Vienna durine the past
summer. Legislation has also been initiated or continued looking
toward the judicial determination of the rights of the general public and
of the individual, the most important step in this direction being the
decision of the United States Supreme Court in reference to the obliga-
tion of the corporation controlling the dam across the Connecticut River
at Holyoke to construct a suitable fish-way. This river in former years
abounded in shad and salmon from its mouth to its sources, and fur-
nished a vast amount of excellent food to a large population. The
erection of dams along its course obstructed the upward movement of
the anadromous fish, with the result of finally exterminating the salmon,
and of reducing the supply of shad to a minimum. ‘The most considera-
ble of these obstructions, and the first met with above tide-water, was
the great dam at Holyoke. An Act of the Massachusetts Legislature,
authorizing the Fish Commissioners of that State to require the con-
struction of a fish-way over this diun, was resisted by the company. and
the case carried successively to the Supreme Courts of Massachusetts and
of the United States, judgment being given by both tribunals against the
company, which was thus obliged to yield. A fish-way was constructed
during 1873 upon the plan of Mr. E. A. Brackett. of Massachusctts.
which, it is hoped, will answer the purpose in view.

In no country. however, has the subject of the tisheries and their legal
relations been more thoroughly considered than in Germany : and a very
elaborate system of regulations is now under discussion, which it is
expected, will be the most complete in existence.

The number of States having Fish Commissioners for the improvement
and regulation of the fisheries within their borders has been increased
during the year by the addition of Pennsylvania. Ohio, and Michigan ;
so that at the present time all the New England and Middle States except
Delaware, and all the States bordering on the great lakes with the excep-
tion of Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, are provided with
these important State officers. Movements are in progress, however,
which it is probable will result during 1874 in the appointment of Com-

32 Report of the Americun

missioners in Minnesota, Illinois, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina,
and possibly Iowa. ;

Numerous statistical publications in reference to the fisheries of the
Old World and the New have made their appearance, although mostly
relating to 1872. We have also a very elaborate communication from
Dr. Francis Day on the fresh-water fisheries of India, and another by
the Minister of Marine and the Fisheries of Canada. It is to be
regretted that no provision is made by the United States government for
the collection and publication of accurate and exhaustive details on this
branch of industry, so ably worked up by France, Norway, and other
foreign nations. :

The special fisheries of the world have been prosecuted with their
average success. The herring has furnished provision and employment
for immense numbers of people both in Europe and America. The
Astrachan herring (Alosa cuspica,) a species probably like our fresh-
water herring or alewife, which was, up to the years 1854 and 1855, only
used in extracting the oil, has taken a prominent place as a food fish
since that time. The Russian name, bescheuka (the furious fish.) seems
to have incited a prejudice against it; but through the eftorts of Mr.
Baer, and a board of commissioners appointed to investigate the fish-
eries of Russia, the prejudice was largely overcome, and, under the name
of herring, as a salted fish it has become an important element in the
Caspian fisheries. In 1858 there were salted in the rivers of Astrachan
43,000,000 of this fish. The ‘number in 1871 was 140,000,000 ; and in
1872, 160,000,000 ; while in 1872 only 30,000 were used for oil.

The eod fisheries of both the Atlantic and Pacific have also been
abundantly worked. The occurrence of cod in immense numbers in the
Pacilic is a fact of recent appreciation; and it is satisfactory to know
that, should the supply from the Atlantic be at all seriously impaired, the
deficiency can be made up from the Pacific. According to a San Fran-
cisco journal, 583.000 cod-tish were taken by seven vessels off the coast
of Alaska in the summer of 1873. No estimate can at present be
formed of the captures otf the Banks of Newfoundland and the coast of
Norway. New cod banks have lately been discovered otf the coast of
Spitzbergen.

The trade in frozen herring otf the coast of Maine and in the Bay of
Fundy continues to be of great importance. This comparatively new
interest has been increasing gradually for many,years, and now employs
a large force during the winter season. ‘The fish are taken in gill-nets
and immediately frozen, and then shipped to the western markets of
Portland, Boston, New York, ete. The Bay of Fundy is particularly
favorable for this trade; and the recent establishment of a signal station

Fish Culturists’ Association. 33

at Eastport has been of great moment, by enabling those engaged in the
business to anticipate the occurrence of a period of hot or cold weather
in time to take measures to protect themselves from loss. The applica-
tion of the signal telegraph in the service of the fisheries in the United
States is comparatively recent, and promises to be of great benefit by
communicating information of the occurrence of schools of fish ulong
the coast, and of their movements, to those interested in their capture.

Another application of the signal telegraph is made by the dealers in
fish both on the lakes and the sea-board, who regulate their orders and
shipments of fresh fish by the knowledge thus obtained of impending
atmospheric conditions.

The American salmon trade continues to increase, and the number of
establishments engaged in canning and preparing them for market on
the Columbia River and in Puget Sound becomes larger every year. It
would almost seem that the vast numbers taken for this purpose must
soon bring about their extermination, but as yet no perceptible decrease
is reported. Numbers of these fish are brought fresh to the East in
refrigerator cars to supply the market earlier than the period during
which the eastern salinon can be taken.

In view of the great increase of the halibut fisheries otf the coast of
the United States, the hardy fishermen of Cape Ann, who more espe-
cially carry on this branch of industry, are obliged to resort to distant
seas to obtain a supply; and even Greenland is not too far for their
efforts. The coast of Iceland, too, has also been visited by a Gloucester
vessel for this purpose; but, although the halibut were abundant, the
stormy nature of the region and other impediments rendered it impracti-
cable to continue the effort.

A rapidly increasing trade is that connected with the menhaden,
mossbunker, or pogy, (Brevvortia menhaden,) a large species of the
herring family valuable for the oil and serap—the refuse after extracting
the oil from the boiled fish, which is used in direct applications to the
land, or in the manufacture of fertilizers. Some idea of the magnitude
of the interest may be learned froin the fact that in 1875 sixty-two
factories were in operation on the coast of New York and of New England,
requiring the use of 385 sailing vessels and 20 steamers. the factories
and yessels employing 2,306 men, with an investment of $2,388.000.
The total catch of fish amounted to 1,195,100 barrels (250 fish to the
barrel,) yielding 2.214,800 gallons of oil, and 56.289 tons of guano.
The oil is used principally in dressing leather, and to some extent in
rope-making and for painting. but not as yet for lubricating.

Another increasing fishery in the United States is that relating to the
sturgeon, which, though abundant, has been but little utilized. thousands

»

34 Report of the American

annually taken in pursuit of other fish having usually been thrown aside
as worthless. Now several dealers on the lakes, especially the Messrs.
Schacht, of Sandusky, are entering into the trade, and manufacture
caviar, isinglass, and dried smoked meat in great quantities.

The demand for fish-sounds continues very great, and the shores of
New England and the provinces are carefully gleaned of all air-bladders
procurable of the cod family. Of the species, the bladder of the hake is
most sought after, bringing about one dollar a pound, and is used chiefly,
it is suid, in the manufacture of gum-drops.

The seal fishery during 1875 has also been very productive, the num-
ber taken at the Fur-Seal Islands in the Behring Sea being up to the
maximum—namely, 100.000, The seals resort by millions to these
islands, and it is said that a considerably larger number might be caught
without any detriment to the trade. The capture of the hair-seals otf the
coasts of Labrador and Newfoundland, although less extensive than 1872,
has also been a source of great profit. This business is now carried on
entirely by steamers, of which not less than twenty belonging to New-
foundland were occupied, some of them getting two full cargoes. The
largest catch of any vessel, it is believed, was about 42,000; these hay-
ing been taken in the course of a few weeks, and, from the skins and
oil, yielding an immense profit.

The rapid decrease of lobsters on the coast of the United States, and
the extent of the interest connected with canning them as an article of
food, has induced a special etfort to bring back the supply. The amount
of this interest may be appreciated when we are told that during 1873
more than twenty thousand tons of canned lobsters were brought into the
United States, or shipped elsewhere, from the shores of New Brunswick
and Nova Scotia alone. An ordinance has been issued by the Canadian
authorities prohibiting, under severe penalties, the capture of any lobsters
weighing less than a pound and a half; and Massachusetts will probably
enact a law prescrib'ng a limit of size—namely, a minimum of eleven
inches inlength. In Maine, the legislation anticipated is that of a close
time of two or three months in the summer, when none shall be taken,
but imposing no restriction at other seasons as to size or weight.

The oyster fisheries. as far as the canning interest is concerned, suffered
a severe shock during the financial panic, from which it has not yet recoy-
ered. although the consumption of the oyster while fresh is perhaps as
great as usual. Vessels now carry entire cargoes from Maryland and
Virginia to England, where they are becoming an established article of
trade.

It will be of interest to announce that the United States Fish Commis-
sion is experimenting on a method of effectually freeing beds of planted
oysters from the ravages of the starfish, so destructive to them.

Fish Culturists’ Association. 85

Much valuable information has been obtained in reference to the
fishery statistics, and the conditions affecting the fisheries generally, by
the labors of the United States Fish Commission, which continued its
investigations under the direction of Commissioner, Professor S. F.
Baird, assisted by Professor Verrill, on the coast of Maine during the
summer of 1875. Detailed information was obtained in reference to the
habits of the herring, cod, and other useful food fishes, which will have
an important bearing on these interests. Numerous questions in refer-
ence to the preservation and reproduction of lobsters and oysters were
also met. One result was the frequent capture of two-year-old shad in
gillnets many miles out to sea.

In connection with the subject of the fisheries, the modern methods of
preserving fresh fish for an indefinite period of time should not be lost
sight of, especially as their introduction has imparted immense activity
to the trade in fresh fish, and enables the dealers to supply salmon, shad,
Spanish mackerel, bluetish, striped bass, ete., at all seasons of the year.

Of these devices there are two principally in use, one consisting in
placing the fish in sealed metal boxes in a mixture of ice and salt; and
the other, much more convenient, being the construction of 2 chamber
enclosed within double walls, and filled with the same mixture. The
fish are placed in the centre apartment, the temperature of which can be
readily maintained at froin cighteen to twenty-tive degrees above zero,
and are preserved indetinitely. It is only necessary to renew the supply
of the mixture every week or month, according to the mass, and the
temperature above referred to can be kept up indefinitely. Some estav-
lishments in New York and clsewhere keep many thousand pounds of fish
in this way, subject to call at any time.

The various methods of increasing artificially the supply of fish and
other marine animals, technically known as Pisciculture. have been prose-
cuted with increasing vigor during the year 1873, the earlier experiences
warranting the adoption of more enlarged plans for securing the desired
result. Associations have been formed. and State Commissioners
appointed, while numerous private establishments have been erected.
The most important action in this direction is that taken by the United
States Fish Commission, established in 1871, which is now largely occu-
pied with this work, in addition to special researches in reference to the
condition of the fishing interest on the sea-coast and lakes.

The measures adopted have had more special relation to the multipli-
eation of shad, salmon, and whitefish: and in these operations the United
States Commission was fortunate im securing the assistance of Mr. Seth
Green, Dr. J. TE. Slack, Mr. Livingston Stone, and other tish culturists.
[ts operations have been conducted on a much larger scale than by any

other nation, and with very gratifving success.

36 Report of the American

With a view of securing a sufficient supply of the eggs of the Cali-
fornia salmon, Mr. Livingston Stone, as in the previous year, was sent
out to the United States salmon-breeding camp on the McCloud River,
near Mt. Shasta. where he obtained about a million and a half of eggs
which were shipped to the East (a portion to Utah), and about half of
them successfully hatched out, at various State and private establish-
ments, and placed in different streams in the Northern, Middle, and
Western States. The more important waters supplied are several
streams in Maine and Massachusetts, the Connecticut, Hudson, Dela-
ware, and Potomac rivers, Lake Champlain, Lake Ontario, Lake Erie,
and Lake Michigan, and the Ohio River.

During the year, also, the establishment at Bucksport, Maine, under
Mr. Atkins, continued its operations, on an enlarged scale and with very
satisfactory success. While the salmon are seined when wanted on the
McCloud, at this establishment they are purchased living from the fish-
ermen, who capture them in weirs in the months of June and July, and
place them in a large pond, to await the period of reproduction. Here
they remain until October or November, when the instinct of spawning
seizes them, and they run down into the outlet of the pond, where the
hatching works are situated. The spawn is removed by gentle pressure
into a vessel. and fertilized. and the parent fish returned alive to the
water, and allowed ultimately to run down to the sea. Previously,
however, they are marked by.a label, so as to determine whether any
come back again; and in this event to ascertain the growth and increase
of weight in the interval, their original length and weight being
recorded.

These eggs are then brought forward to a proper degree of deyclop-
ment, and finally distributed to State Commissioners, by whom the
operation is completed, and the young placed in the public waters of the
States. It is expected that, as the result of the operations of these two
establishments during 1873. not far from three million young salmon
will be planted in the eastern, middle, and northern waters of the United
States. including those placed in the tributaries of the Great Salt
Lake.

Another enterprise of a similar character has been the erection of an
establishment for the hatching of the eggs of land-locked salnon on
Sebee Lake. in Maine. in which the Commissioners of Massachusetts
and Connecticut have united with the United States Commissioner.
It is hoped that, when this is fairly in operation. a large supply of this
most valuable food fish will be secured.

Operations looking toward the multiplication of shad in American
waters, both on the part of the United States and of some of the States

Fish Culturists’ Assoctution. 37

themselves, have also been conducted on a large sevle. The work was
prosecuted by the United States on many of the coast streams from the
Savannah River to the Penobscot, and large numbers of young fish were
not only turned into the water at the points where they were hatched,
but transferred to tributaries of the Mississippi and of the great lakes.
A successful shipment was also made to the Sacramento River of 55.000,
and 2 small number to the Jordan, a tributary of Great Salt Lake.

As in previous years, Massachusetts, Connecticut. and New York
earried on similar operations for the benefit of the local waters, while a
beginning was made in the same direction by the Commissioners of
Pennsylvania in the Susquehanna River.

The cultivation of whitefish has also been prosecuted with great zeal,
particularly by the States of Michigan and New York, while a considera-
ble number belonging to the United States Commission was sent to the
Commissioners of California, and by them successfully planted in’ the

raters of Clear Lake.

The operations in connection with whitelish have of late years been
prosecuted on a very large scale by the State of New York. under the
direction of Mr. Seth Green. In 1872 the State hatching-house at Cale-
donia contained about 3,000,000, which were duly planted when hatched.
The number was less in 1873. In 1872 the United States Commission
engaged the services of Mr. N. W. Clark, in connection with the wlute-
fish eggs, and transmitted about 100.000 to the State Couunissioner in
California. In 1873 the State of Michigan collected a large number of
these eggs for introduction into its own and adjacent waters. This fish,
as is well known, is the most important of any species taken in the likes,
and it is fortunate that the method of their artiticial propagation proves
successful, and promises so satisfaetory results. Only by such a process
ean the numerous waste and drain caused by the fisheries as at present
prosecuted be met and replaced. an expenditure of ten or fifteen thousand
dollars per annum being sutlicient to secure the return in value of many
hundred thousand dollars in productive results.

The discovery of a species of grayling (Thynuellus tricolor) in certain
rivers of Michigan. has suggested the importance of making this fish more
widely known. by introducing it into appropriate waters elsewhere. Fish
of this genus are much esteemed in Europe, both as an article of food
and as furnishing excellent sport in their capture: and the American
variety will probably be much sought after when arrangements can be
made to supply the spawn in sutticient quantity.

A very important advance in the artificial propagation of fish was made
by Seth Green and party while in the service of the United States Com-
mission, in the discovery that striped bass, or rock-lish (2occus lneutis.)

38 Report of the American

may be bred as easily and in much the same manner as the shad ; special
effort will probably be made during the coming year toward increasing
the sup,:ly of this most valuable fish.

eee

THE FISHWAYS OF PENNSYLVANIA.

BY JAMES WORRALL

[ Read before the American Fish Culturists’ Associution. |

Some attention having been drawn to the Fishways constructed in the
Columbia Dam, on the Susquehanna River, in the State of Pennsylvania,
in consequence of the fact that no work of the kind as yet erected in the
United States has been known by ocular demonstration to have permitted
shad (Alosa Prastabilis,) to have passed through it, and having been
connected with the Pennsylvania Fishways from the commencement of
the restoration movement, the undersigned hopes that a few words.in the
form of a paper, to be read before this Association at its present meet-
ing, will not be uninteresting as an endeavor toward the establishment
of the facts as they have occurred.

The restoration movement in Pennsylvania originated in a Convention
of citizens, most of them riparian to the Susquehanna, which assembled
in Harrisburg early in 1866, and while the Legislature was in session.
A bill was drawn up in this Convention which subsequently became a
law, requiring Fishways to be erected in the dams of the Susquchanna
and its tributaries: containing other provisions for the restoration and
protection of the fisheries; and providing also for the appointment of a
Commissioner who was required to be a civil engineer, whose duty it
Was, amongst other prescribed duties. to plan and have these fishways
constructed. It so happened that vested rights precluded the erection
of fishways in any dam on the river exeept the Columbia Dam; so the
Comninissioner’s attention was exclusively confined to the Columbia Dam.
The undersigned was appointed Commissioner, under the act, by Goy.
Curtin, and immediately proceeded to the performance of his duties.
His only qualification at the time of his appointment was derived from
his experience as a civil engineer. He did not know the form required
for such a structure, although he believed himself competent to construct
the work as soon as the form could be ascertained. The only successful
fishway at that time known, was the Foster Fishway, and to that, there-
fore, his attention was naturally directed. Most, if not all the Foster
Fishways at that time constructed protruded from the dam down stream.

Fish Culturists’ Association. 39

In considering the form of a fishway which would invite shad to pass
through it, after enquiry amongst experienced fishermen and river men,
the undersigned considered the Foster ladder decidedly objectionable,
for he ascertained that shad moved more frequently in schools and flocks
than in pairs or small numbers. He made up his mind then that the
true form for shad should be capacious in size and as gentle as possible
in inclination. Further, that it should be so located as that it would be
easy to find. All these views indicated a cutting into the dam rather
than a gradus or ladder below it. He was strengthened in this view by
advice received from Mr. Daniel Shure, at that time Superintendent of
the dam. and from Major George M. Lanman, (now deceased,) who had
been engaged in its construction originally.

Advice was sought on the subject in Massachusetts also, whither he
repaired and consulted with the Fishery Commissioners of that State,
but especially with Col. Theodore Lyman. This latter gentleman stated
that he believed an inclination of 1.10 would be overcome by the shad,
but agreed otherwise with the undersigned as to the form of the fishway.
Returning to Pennsylvania, Mr. Shure was consulted again, who also
recommended 1.10 for the slope. The inclination of 1.15 was however
eventually adopted, and a simple trough cut into the dam forty feet wide
at its mouth, narrowing to twenty feet at its inlet by means of three or
four rectangular offsets; these being the suggestions of Mr. Shure, who
believed that they would create eddies and resting places for the fish,
should they fail in gliding through the whole chute by a single impulsive
movement. The rise to be overcome was about three feet,* and the
length of the fishway was consequently forty five feet. obeying the inclina-
tion of 1.15. The width of the chute was considered very small by the
undersigned (only forty feet in six thousand eight hundred, the length of
the dam,) but its cost was to be about $5,000, and the whole atfair being
but an experiment. he hesitated in putting the owners of the dam to a
greater expense than that for a mere trial of a principle. He felt sure
that § few fish would ascend the chute and these would soon cause a feel-
ing in favor of the system which once established would eventually
induce the Legislature to make ample appropriations for more extended
works. Thus also the fishway was located near the off shore or right
bank of the river, in expectation of having another closer to the nigh
shore or left bank. The work was finished in 1866. In 1867 it was
looked to with great interest by a few friends of the measure, but it was
treated with ridicule by most others. The winter of 1866-7 caused an
abrasion of the dam, and this aiding the fishway, produced a consider-

*The dam is six feet high, but the floor of the weir is two feet below the top of the
dam, and its lower end one foot above the bottom of the dam.

40 Report of the American

able run of shad above it so that a very fair catch was the consequence.
This circumstance helped the reputation of the fishway no doubt, nor has
that fact ever been denied.

In 1868 the catch was not so great, for there was no abrasion, but the
catch exceeded the average of former years, and so matters continued,
the catch always increasing till 1871-2, when the extraordinary catch
estimated at some 100,000 as against ten, twenty and thirty thousand in
ordinary seasons occurred on the Susquehanna below the dam.

Fishing was prohibited by the law of 1866 within half a mile of the
dam, but local pressure in the Legislature repealed the prohibition, and
since 1867 fishing has been allowed nominally to within 200 yards of the
fishway, but actually there has been no prohibition as to distance, so that
it has endured the most adverse circumstances. A good catch, how-
ever, was made above the dam in 1871-2, and from that year onward .the
river has been regarded as having been partially reinstated in its fisheries.

New ‘‘ batteries” have been prepared below Columbia by men who,
having but small capital, would not have invested in them had they not
believed that the chances for remuneration were very much improved.

At Newport, on the Juniata, fifty or sixty miles above the dam, since
1867, a steady increase has been observed, and in these neighborhoods
no one believes otherwise than that shad in greater or less numbers
may be confidently expected every year.

At Newport, in 1872, the catch was quite small, but that is the only
year since 1867 in which a decided increase has not been observed there.
This, however, arose from local causes. The river at their fisheries was
too low during the whole season. The fishermen saw the fish but could
not catch them. But the series of increments met with no real break,
for at Sunbury, above a second dam, and just below a third one, on the
Susquehanna, the extraordinary catch of 2,000 was made in 1872. In
which year there was no abrasion of the Columbia Dam, and 2,000 repre-
sents a large multiple of the number caught near Sunbury at any period
in the quarter of a century preceding 1867.

There are facts current amongst the people of the upper Susquehanna
and the Juniata, and which are implicitly believed, so much so that
whereas the restoration movement commenced in utter incredulity and
ridicule, the Legislature now finds itself encouraged by its constituencies
riparian to the great rivers in appropriating money for carrying out im-
provements which have already borne such good fruit. People of Sun-
bury have stated to the undersigned that previous to 1867 a shad of the
upper Susquehanna would fetch in their markets always more than a dol-
lar and sometimes as high as three, four and tive dollars, whereas they
look for them now every spring and scarcely have to pay more than a
dollar a pair for them.

Fish Culturists’ Association. 41

The people of Maryland riprarian in the lower Susquehanna have
observed a change for the better in their fisheries. They have done
nothing to effect this, and the conclusion is inevitable to them that their
neighbors up the river have been doing something, so that they are now
exceedingly anxious to know what they shall do to aid and abet in the
good work. There is scarcely any doubt that a commission will be
appointed for that State at their present session of the Legislature. The
abrasions in the Columbia Dam of 1873 were not easier of ascent for the
shad than those of 1867. Yet the most extravagant claim for the catch
of 1867 above the Columbia Dam was 20,000, the estimates varying
between 12,000 and that number. If the fisheries of the river had not
improved then since 1467 how could 50,000, (the number justly claimed, )
be caught in 1873, whilst the utmost amount for 1467 did now exceed
20,000? In both years every available seine was employed.

It is entirely fair to infer that a large natural spawning took place year
after year above the dam in years when there were abrasions of the dam
as well as in years when there were not. The dam was originally so
unfortunately located that abrasions have followed each other regularly
on the recurrence of a severe winter as often before 1866 as since that
time. But before 1867 there was no regular annual increase. There
would be a good year and a bad year, due almost alone to the abrasions
of the dam, the number ascending the navigation chutes being always
very small, the great bulk of the runs of shad missing their mouths
probably from their out-of-the-way locations.

There are navigation chutes in all the dams, yet shad only seem to
ascend the first and second of them. ‘The Shamokin Dam, just below
Sunbury, has a large chute in it, vet shad, it may be said,are never
caught above that structure. Yet, up to last year it was only about a
foot higher than the Columbia Dam, say seven feet five inches, the
Clark’s ferry dam, up the chute of which a few always have passed, being
seven feet in height.

When ordered by the Senate of Pennsylvania in 1871, to make a Report
on Fishways, the undersigned again called upon his friends, the Massa-
chusetts Commissioners, and with the experience gained up to that time,
they agreed with him that the simple inclined trough was the best for low
dams and shad. The gentler the inclination of course the better.

When the Pennsylvania Commission was appointed, with money in
their hands to construct fishways, they adopted the idea of the inclined
trough, employing the undersigned as engineer to construct it, and to
make assurance doubly sure, reduced the inclination from 1.15 to about
1.35, whilst they added fifty per cent. to the width of the opening in the
dam. They, however, regard the success of the old chute with incre-

42 Report of the American

dulity and hesitate even to prononnce beforehand in favor of the new
one until shad shall absolutely be taken in nets placed at its head.

Herewith is submitted a diagram of both the chutes, in plan and in
profile, in order that a correct idea may be formed as to their form and
their inclinations.

[It is impossible to give these diagrams as they would occupy too
much space. |

In December, 1873, the Pennsylvania Commissioners, Messrs. Reeder,
Hewit and Dutty, visited both the chutes when the water as it entered
them was about four feet in depth, the stage at which the shad are
usually running in the spring. At this stage the chutes can only be
approached in a steamer. The inclination of the new chute appeared so
gentle that it was the unanimous opinion of all on board the vessel, that
if shad could not ascend that comparatively gentle current they would
ascend no artificial incline that can be made. for them. I have not the
slightest doubt that shad can and will ascend it. But the old chute was
also visited, in which they did not express the same confidence. Forin the
first place, the area of the early chute is not one-fourth that of the second,
whilst the inclination of the first is as 1.15 is to 1.55. Certainly the
latter structure is much the more easy of ascent. But the effect of the
two chutes in the water below was very similar. A long stream begin-
ning in white caps and undulating in diminished graduation, was
observed below each of them in the line of the axis of the chute, produced
and plainly preceptible for about two hundred yards below the steeper
chute and about one hundred and fifty yards below the gentler one. It may
be mentioned here as a memorandum that the river below the dam, even
in high water, is not deep. At low water the dam stands on a bottom
seareely averaging a foot in depth. And the fishways both fall into
water at that stage not more than three feet deep, and when the shad
are running the water below the dam scarcely averages four feet.

It is well known that shad are always attracted from their very earliest
infancy by an opposing current; and that they are equally attracted by
both these currents below the dam can seareely admit of a doubt. So
attracted, in the one case 200 yards below the dam and in the other 150
yards below it, they would undoubtedly stem both currents without prefer-
ring one to the other. For how could they know what there was to overcome
at the head? Admitting the fact of the shad entering the currents at all
the question left to be decided is: Can they overcome the velocity of
the chutes. There is no hydraulic rule on the subject of water moving
down inclined planes, which will give the water in either of these chutes
a greater velocity than ten miles an hour.

Impeded by friction and by the water below the dam always endeay-

Fish Culturists’ Association. 43

oring to enter the chute. for it must be remembered that if the water
above were arrested. the water below the deun would back up the chute,
nearly, if not quite, to the head of the incline, thus impeded. then. the
velocity must be considerably less than ten miles an hour. It cannot
indeed. by any possibility, be so great as ten miles an hour. For a body
falling (x coco at the third foot does not exceed that velocity. as the
rule for falling bodies is Veetsss— U where » equals space in feet fallen
and ¢ the velocity in feet per second. Here the space in feet fallen is
three, and this subjected to the rules gives about fourteen feet per second
for the velocity. which is less than ten miles per hour as any school boy
nay easily ascertain with a slate and pencil. Now then can a shad stem
a current of ten miles an hour? Tf he can. then cither of these chutes
he ean ascend easily. he will, [tis easy to conceive that although the
shad ean ascend a chute. that he may not choose to do so. For he is an
extremely timorous fish. and unless the chute be made attractive to him
he may avoid it or be scared away from it. But a chute from forty to
sixty feet wide ought not to repel him. and one still wider of course
would be less repulsive. It is fair to suppose that width would attract
him, and that having in Pennsylvania adopted a capacious width, we are
at least cn the road to a successful tishway. As to the velocity a shad
attains in swimming, it may. and probably does. reach fifty miles an
hour. The velocity then of the Pennsylvania chute cannot be an obstacle
to him. The reason why shad did not ascend the Pennsylvania chutes in
large numbers is. that they were not there to ascend. Go back of 1867,
and ascertain when there was any catch of 50.000 shad immediately
below the Columbia Dam. Come this side of 1867. and in 171 there
was aentch of some 100.000 at least. below the dam: and in 1875 we
have a eateh above the dam estimated, no doubt fairly. at 50.000. whilst
there was an ordinary catch immediately below the dam. As stated then
the reason why shad did not ascend the fishway in large numbers in the
early years following 1867 was. that they were not there. They had to
be made first. and where were they made? Above the Coltunbin Dam,
assuredly, whilst their mothers could not have got there in suflicient
numbers had they not been sided by the early chute. There is nota
navigation chute in the river that will not admit shad. But these chutes
are not located in the right places. they are net in the runways. A few
get up at Columbia, a few at Clark's ferry—these are the first two dams,
but none get up at Shamokin. the third dam. the navigation chute of
which is as casy as the other two and the dam not more thin a foot
higher. Now both the fishways in the Columbia Dam are well located.
The earliest runs of shad take the right centre of the river: the latter
runs take the left centre of it—(right and left in describing rivers are

44 Report of the American

always referred to as looking down stream.) So now we are ready for
them at both sides, and proper structures thrown out from the navigation
chutes guiding the shad to their mouths will bring very large runs to
them. In Pennsylvania then, we are on the way to a good chute for a
low dam, and if success be assured, it will be easy to accommodate
things tox high one. The principle is wide capacity and low velocity.
But velocity increases in a very strong ratio in falling water; it increases
about as the square of the fall, and the difficulty of a fishway for a high
dam is therefore nearly as the square of its height.

In making a chute then, for a high dam and for shad, vou must divide
it into a series of low dams, thus interrupting the uniformly accelerated
velocity so that the proportion may be directly as the height, instead of
as the square of the height nearly. There will be difficulty and expense
then to be overcome in the ease of high dams. Difliculties from freshets,
difticulties from ice, but American engineers have not often been beaten,
and it is fair to presume they will not be beaten in this instance. — Fish-
ways have been made which are a success for almost all other kinds of
migratory fishes. Mr. Brackett’s improvement on Foster's being perhaps
the best of them. The timidity of the shad has battled us a little at the
outset, but we will vet accommodate him, and fishways will be made as
attractive to him as to the salmon, the alewife, the rock and the eel.

The history of this fishery movement will become interesting one of
these days, and I read this paper in the interest of the truth of that
history. Its initiation and progressive steps ought to be known and
understood. There may be mistakes and errors of judgment. Nay,
there must be, because it is managed by human creatures. But let us
have as few mistakes and errors as possible.

I close by saying that the Pennsylvania fishway is believed to be the
only fishway in the world that has as yet, in appreciable numbers,
admitted shad; that the first one will not admit as many as the second
only beenuse it is much smaller and steeper, they both being built on the
same principle; that that principle is due to consultations held by the
undersigned. in the first place with Daniel Shure and Geo, M. Lanman,
of Pennsylvania, the latter now no more, and with Theodore Lyman and
Mr. Brackett, of Massachusetts, and latterly with If. J. Reeder, James
Dutty and B. L. Hewit, the present Fishery Commissioners of Penn-
sylvania, whose orders were obeyed in the construction of the latter
work. There is no doubt of ultimate success, for we are moving in the
right direction, even if we have not struck the actual pathway.

Fish Culturists’ Association. qe)

LAWS FOR THE PRESERVATION OF PISH:
BY CHARLES HALLOCK.

It is an evident fact that but one general law, identical as to time of
close season, can ever thoroughly protect the fish, birds or beasts of our
country. It is perfectly possible to imagine a case where on a river of
no great length it may be illegal to catch fish fifty miles from its source
at certain times in one State, when one hundred miles below in another
State the catching of such fish would in no Way infringe on the fish
statutes of that State.

Again, since we owe a great deal to the Canadian Fish Commis-
sioners, it might frequently happen that rivers rising in the States and
flowing into the Dominion might be depopulated of fish at their source by
us while protected in the Provinces, or that exactly the reverse might
happen. A commercial question enters here into the subject which occa-
sions no end of dispute and unfortunate consequences. Fish may be
legally caught in one State at one particular season of the year, then
shipped and exposed for sale in another State where the time for catch-
ing such fish may be against the law, and it becomes a nice question to
decide whether the seller or the purchaser of the fish are acting in contra-
vention of the law.

The following is the preamble and resolution offered and accepted by
the Convention of the American Fish Culturists’ Association, with Mr.
Hallock’s remarks on presenting them:

I beg to bring to your notice a subject admitted to be of the greatest
importance, though I doubt whether it comes fully within the scope of
this association ; but having heard one of your most (distinguished mem-
bers yesterday assert that, ‘ protection must go hand in hand with pro-
pagation, and that all efforts in breeding fish will be nullified by neglect
to protect the young fish and fish in spawn by judicious legislation and
wardenship,” I am encouraged to speak. We set the highest value upon
provisions and penalties to prevent the use of nets, giant powder,
coculus indicus, and other devices for the wholesale and indiscriminate
catching of fish, and for the taking of gravid and spent fish and all un
seasonable fishing whatsoever, and for the means devised to prevent
poaching in private or public waters, and for all those wholesale restric
tions intended to govern angling on leased and open rivers, lakes and
streams. All these go far towards the consummation of the main objects
desired to be accomplished, but it is evident that the imperfect operation
of the existing laws and the great loophole of escape for transgressors

46 Report of the American

lies in the fact that game and fish taken in one State may be sold in the
markets of another State with impunity.

What is needed, therefore, is such a co-operation of States as will pro-
cure the enactment of a law which shall make it illegal to expose for sale
in the markets of one State fish illegally taken in another State within
the periods for which their taking is prohibited in such States. Some
such measure is by universal consent acknowledged to be necessary, and
we are pleased to observe that a draft of a bill with this object in view
has been presented to the Legislature of Massachusetts by the Massa-
chusetts Angling Association, of which Dr. J. P. Ordway is the very
earnest and elficient President, and that the works and efforts of this
society have been endorsed by the Fish Commissioners of Maine; and

Wuereas, The Committee of the said Anglers’ Association has, in a
series of resolutions. invited the co-operation of their sister States, and
urged the formation of similar associations for this purpose; therefore
be it

Resolved, That it is the special province of the American Fish Cul-
turists’ Association, composed, as it is, of the State Fishery Commis-
sioners, and the leading Fish Culturists of the country, to promote and
encourage, either within or outside of its own body, the formation of a
similar society as that of Massachusetts, and for the like objects. Also,
in view of the difficulty that has hitherto attended the identification of
species by a confusion of local names whereby we are unable to distin-
guish by the vernacular a trout from a black bass, a pike from a pickerel,
and a bluefish from a taylor fish, it is of the utmost importance that an
uniform nomenclature be adopted to enable us to designate each species
as may be named within and coming under the provisions of any sumptu-
ary act, so that the same be known and recognized in all those States in-
cluded within the limits of said act, and that the better to decide upon
and establish such uniform nomenclature a Committee or Board of Refer-
ence be formed to be composed of delegates, one from each naturalists’
and sportmen’s association in each State, whose qualifications shall be
defined and determined by a convention composed of one delegate from
each naturalists’ and sportsmen’s association in the States so co-operating,
and the decision of which Board of Reference or Committee shall be
final.

Fish Culturists’ Association. 47

MEMBERS OF THE

BMPRicAN FISH CULLTURISTS ASSOCIATION.

Ambler, Andrew S., Danbury, Ct.
Baird, Spencer F., Washington, D. C.
Blackford, E. G., New York.
Bowles, B. F., Springfield, Mass. ~
Boyer. B. Frank. Reading, Pa.
Bradley, Richards, Brattleboro, Vt.
Bridgman, J. D., Bellows Falls, Vt.
Burges, Arnold, West Meriden, Ct.
Chandler. F. J., Alstead, N. HH.
Chrysler, Gitford W., Kinderhook, N. Y.
Chrysler. M. II., Kinderhook, N. Y.
lift, William. Mystic Bridge, Ct.
Colburn, Chas. S., Pittsford, Vt.
Collins, A. S., Caledonia, N.Y.
Crocker, A. B., Norway, Maine.
Edmumds, M. C., Weston, Vt.
Farnham, C. H., Milton. N. Y.
Green, Seth, Rochester. N. Y.
Hallock, Charles, New York.
Heywood, Levi, Gardner, Mass.
Helley, We Po Katonah, N.Y.
Ilunt. J. Daggett, Summit, N. J.
ITuntington, Drs- ey atertowt. Ne pie
Jerome. Geo. IT, Niles, Mich.
Jewett, Geo., Fitchburg. Mass.
Kent. Alex., Baltimore, Md.
Lamberton, A. B., Rochester, N. Y.
Pedgard, i We. Cazenovia. XN. Y.
Boacev7G. 1. farrytown, N.Y.
Maginnis, Arthur, Stanhope. Pa.
Mann, J. F., Lewistown, Pa.
Mather Fred, [loneove Falls, N.Y.
Neidtinger, Phil., New York.
Newell. W. IL.. San Francisco. Cal.
Page. Geo. S., New York.
Parker, Wilbur F.. Meriden, Ct.

Members of the Association.

Paxton, E. B., Detroit, Mich.

Porter, B. B., Oakland, N. J.

Price. Rodman M.. Oakland. N. J.
Redding, B. B., San Francisco, Cal.
Redding. Geo. HL., Stamford, Ct.
Reeder, H. J.. Easton. Pa.

Rockwood. A. P.. Salt Lake City, Utah.
Roosevelt, Robert B.. New York.

Rupe, A. C., New York.

Saltus, Nicholas, New York.

Shultz, Theodore, New York.

Sprout. A. B.. Muncey, Pa.

Sterling, E.. Cleveland, Ohio.

Stone. Livingston, Charlestown, N. I.
Stoughton, E. W., Windsor, Vt.

Tagg, Henry. Philadelphia, Pa.
Thomas, I. H.. Randolph, N. Y.

Van Cleve, Joseph, Newark, N. J.

Van Wyck, J. T., New York.

Ward, George E., New York.
Whitcher, W. F., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Whitcomb, T. J., Springtield, Vt.
Whitin, Edward, Whitinsville, Mass.
Wilmot, Sainuel, Neweastle. Ontario, Canada.
Worrall, James, Harrisburg, Pa.

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