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TRANSACTIONS 



OF THE 



CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORLAND 
ANTIQUARIAN & ARCHJIOLOGICAL 

SOCIETY 



VOLUME I.— NEW SERIES. 



EDITOR 



W. G. COLLINGWOOD, M.A., 

Local Secretary for Cumberland to the 
Society of A ntiquaries of London. 



1901. 
PRINTED BY T. WILSON, HIGHGATE, KENDAL, 



1 



1 o^ 



1 I a 






D 



The Council of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian 
AND Arch^ological SOCIETY, and the Editor of their Trafisactions, 
desire that it should be understood that they are not responsible for 
any statements or opinions expressed in their Transactions ; the 
Authors of the several papers being alone responsible for the same. 



• » • » 






• • 






• •• • 



• « 



♦ * •••• «• 

. ••. > ... 

*.-. * • , - ' • 



CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORLAND 
ANTIQUARIAN AND ARCH^OLOGICAL SOCIETY 



LIST OF OFFICERS FOR THE TEAR 1900-1901. 



Patrons : 



The Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of Carlisle. 

The Right Hon. the Lord Muncaster, F.S.A., Lord Lieutenant of Cum- 
berland. 
The Right Hon. the Lord Hothfield, Lord Lieutenant of Westmorland. 

President : 
The Right Rev. the Bishop of Barrow-in-Furness. 

Vice-Presidents : 



The Very Rev. the Dean of 

Carlisle. 
The Earl of Carlisle. 
John Fell, Esq., Flan How. 
C. J. Ferguson, Esq., F.S.A. 
F. Haverfield, Esq., F.S.A. 
The Hon. W. Lowther. 



H. F. Pelham, Esq., F.S.A., Presi- 
dent of Trinity College, Oxford. 

Ven. and Worshipful Archdeacon 
AND Chancellor Prescott, D.D. 

W. O. Roper, Esq., F.S.A. 

H. P. Senhouse, Esq. 

His Honour Judge Steavenson. 



Elected Members of Council: 

T. H. Hodgson, Esq., Newby Grange, Chairman. 

Rev. F. L. H. Millard, M.A., 

Aspatria. 
Colonel Sewell, Brandlingill. 
Joseph Swainson, Esq., Stonecross. 
E. T. Tyson, Esq., Cockermouth. 
George Watson, Esq., Penrith. 
Rev. James Wilson, M.A., Dalston. 



H. Barnes, Esq., M.D., LL.D., 
F.R.S.E., Carlisle. 

Rev. Canon Bower, M.A., Carlisle. 

W. G. COLLINGWOOD, Esq., M.A., 
Coniston. 

H. S. COWPER, Esq., F.S.A., Hawks- 
head. . 

J. F. Haswell, Esq., M.D., Penrith. 



Auditors: 

James G. Gandy, Esq., Heaves. 
R. H. Greenwood, Esq., Bankfield. 

Treasurer : 

W. D. Crewdson, Esq., Helme Lodge, Kendal. 

Editor : 

W. G. COLLINGWOOD, Esq., M.A., Coniston. 

Secretaries : 

T. Wilson, Esq., Aynam Lodge, Kendal. 

J. F. CURWEN, Esq., Heversham, Westmorland. 



RULES 

As revised at the Annual Meeting held at Keswick, 

October 5th, 1872, 



I.— The Society shall be called the " Cumberland and Westmorland Anti- 
quarian and Archaeological Society." 

II. — The Society is formed for the purpose of investigating, describing, and 
preserving the Antiquities of Cumberland, Westmorland, and Lancashire north 
of the Sands. 

III. — The Society consists of the original members, and all those who may 
have been or shall be elected either at a General or Council Meeting upon the 
nomination of two members. 

IV. — The Annual Subscription is 10/6, due and payable on the ist of July in 
each year ; and no member shall be entitled to the privileges of the Society 
whilst his or her Subscription is in arrear. A composition of Ten Guineas 
constitutes Life Membership. 

N.B. — Ladies elected prior to August 30th, 1881, pay only 5/- per annum. 

V. — The Lord Bishop of the Diocese, the Lord Lieutenant of the County of 
Cumberland, and the Lord Lieutenant of the County of Westmorland, if 
members of the Society, shall be Patrons thereof. 

VL — The other officers of the Society shall be a President, Vice-Presidents, 
an Editor, two Auditors, and a Secretary and Collector, who shall all be elected 
at a General Meeting of the members of the Society to be held each year. 

VIL — The management of the Society shall be in a Council consisting of the 
Patrons, President, Vice-Presidents, Editor, and Treasurer, and twelve other 
members, who shall be annually elected at the same time as the other officers. 
The Council may, if it think fit, elect one of its members as ' ' President of the 
Council." 

VIII. — On the recommendation of the Council, the Annual Meeting may elect 
as honorary members. Gentlemen non-resident eminent for Antiquarian know- 
ledge, or Gentlemen resident who shall have rendered valuable services to the 
Society, such Gentlemen to have all the privileges of membership without the 
payment of Subscriptions, 

IX. — The Society shall hold two or more Meetings in each year at some 
place of interest, at which papers shall be read, to be printed, if approved by 
the Editor and Publication Committee, in the Society's Transactions. 

X. — The Council have power to appoint local secretaries, and to authorise the 
formation of Committees for local purposes in connection with the central body. 

XL — The Council shall meet about the month of April to settle the place or 
places at which the General and other Meetings shall be held in the season next 
ensuing. 

XII. — The Council shall appoint two members of their body, who shall, with 
the Editor, form the Publication Committee. 

XIII. — Members may introduce a friend to the ordinary meetings of the 
Society. 



CONTENTS. 



PAGE. 

1. Bishop Nicolson's Diaries. By the Bishop of 

Barrow-in-Furness - . . . i 

II. On Roman Medicine and Roman Medical Prac- 
titioners. By Henry Barnes, M.D., LL.D., 
F.R.S.E. - " - - - "52 

III. Report of the Cumberland Excavation Committee 

for 1900. By F. Haverfield, M.A., F.S.A. - 75 

IV. Roman Sepulchral Slab from Old Carlisle. By 

Archibald Sparke, Curator, Tullie House - - 93 

V. Gerard Lowther's House, Penrith (Two Lions Inn) : 
Its purchase by him, Descent, and Social, Life 
associated with its subsequent Owners. By 
George Watson - - - - - 94 

VI. The Nelsons of Penrith. By G. Watson - - 104 

VII. On a Brass found in Arthuret Church. By the Rev. 
Canon Bower, M.A., Vicar of St. Cuthbert's, 
Carlisle - - - - - - 114 

VIII. On some surviving Fairies. By Mrs. Hodgson, 

Newby Grange - - - - - 116 

IX. Cawmire or Comer Hall. By H. 9. C&wpett F.S^. 119 



VI. 



CONTENTS. 



X. A Contrast in Architecture. Part I., Primitive 
Quadrangular Structures. Part II., The Sod 
Hut: An Archaic Survival. By H. S. Cowper, 
F.S.A. ...... 



By F. H. M. Parker, Fremington - 

XIII. Ormshed and its Church. By the Rev. J. Brunskill 

Rector of Ormshed 

XIV. A Letter of 1745. By the Rev. J. Whiteside, M.A. 

Incumbent of Helsington - 

XV. Little Strickland Chapel. By the Rev. J. Whiteside 
M.A., Vicar of Helsington - 

XVI. An Ancient British Village in Kentmere. By J. A 
Martindale . - - . - 

XVII. Witherslack Church and Manor. By the Rev. F. R 
C. Hutton, M.A., Vicar of Witherslack 



129 



XI. The Forgotten Dedication of Great Orton Church, 

Cumberland. By F. H. M. Parker, Fremington 144 



XII. The Pedigree of Wastell of Wastell Head; with a 
Memoir of General Honey wood of Howgill Castle 



147 



155 



167 



171 



175 



186 



XVIII. The Chambers Family of Raby Cote. By Francis 

Grainger -.--.. 194 

XIX. Matterdale Church and School. By the Rev. J. 

Whiteside, M.A., Incumbent of Helsington - - 235 

XX. Swindale Chapel. By the Rev. J. Whiteside, M.A. - 356 

XXI. Children's Games as played at Kirkoswald, Cum- 
berland. By the Rev. Canon Thomley - . 268 

XXII. Kentmere Hall. By the late James Cropper, of 

EUergreen ; Vice-President - - - 280 

XXIII. Some Notes respecting Kentmere Hall. By John F. 

Curwen, F.R.I.B.A. . . . . 285 



\ 



CONTENTS. 



Vll. 



XXIV. Pre- Norman Cross-fragment from Glassonby. By 

W. G. Collingwood, M.A. - - - - 289 



XXV. Fragments of an Early Cross at the Abbey, Carlisle 
By W. G. Collingwood, M.A. 

XXVI. Tumulus at Grayson -lands, Glassonby, Cumberland 
By W. G. Collingwood, M.A. 



292 



295 



XXVII. On the Bones from Grayson-lands Tumulus, Glass- 
onby. By Dr. Henry Barnes, LL.D., F.R.S.E. ; 
with remarks by Professor Sir William Turner, 
D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S. - - - -300 



The Roman Fort on Hardknott. Supplementary 
Notes. By C. W. Dymond, F.S.A., Hon. F.S.A 
Scot. . - - - - 

Proceedings ----- 
Notice to Contributors of Articles 
In Memoriam ----- 
List of Members . . - . 

Index ------ 



303 
306 

318 
3«o 

3«3 
341 



MEETINGS HELD BY THE SOCIETY, 

1900 

FOR READING PAPERS AND MAKING EXCURSIONS, 



I. — Carlisle : Tullie House, The Cathedral, 

The Ffatry - - -^ - June 20, 1900 

Holme Cultram, Abbey Town, Raby Cote, 
Newton Arlosh, Kirkbride, Drum- 
burgh Castle, Burgh Church - June 21, 1900 



2. — BowNESs-ON- Windermere : Mill Rigg 
Camp, Low Bridge, Kentmere Church 
and Hall . . . . Sept. 18, 1900 

Winster, Border Side, Comer Hall, Pool 
Bank, Witherslack Church, Castle 
Head, Grange-over-Sands - - Sept. 19, 1900 



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1 . ,• 






BISHOP NlCOLSO^J : 
I Ik: picture at Staffitld Mall. 



Art. I. Bishop Nicolson's Diaries. By the Bishop OF 
Barrow-in-Furness. 

A NUMBER of unpublished diaries of Bishop Nicolson 
were in the possession of his descendant — the late 
Colonel Lindesay,* of Loughry, Co. Tyrone. These were 
kindly entrusted by him in 1888 and the following years 
to Bishop Harvey Goodwin and to his daughter (my wife) 
Mrs. H. Ware, with permission to publish them either in 
whole or in part. It had been Bishop Goodwin's hope to 
have a considerable part of the MSS. printed and pub- 
lished in extenso. With that view, Mrs. Ware had 
them carefully copied under her own superintendence. 
But the later diaries did not appear to be as interesting 
as the earlier ; the expense of publication would have 
been large ; and thus, after Bishop Goodwin's death 
in 1891, the plan was not carried out. It has, how- 
ever, been thought desirable that some of the more 
interesting portions of the diaries should be made public. 
Hence this paper, which may possibly be continued in a 
future volume of the Transactiofis, We hope eventually to 
place the transcripts in some public library, where they 
may be consulted by any persons interested. 

The leading facts of Bishop Nicolson's life are well 
known, but it may be convenient here to remind the 
reader of a few points which will help to the better under- 
standing of the diaries. For the greater part of the 
pedigree annexed to this paper, and for much other iofor- 
mation and help, I am indebted to the late Chancellor 
Ferguson. William Nicolson, son of the Rev. Joseph 



* John Lindesay, of Lx)ughry, married in 1743 Elizabeth, third daughter of the 
Rev. BelUngham Mauleverer, Rector of Maghera, Co. Derry (sixth son of 
Timothy Mauleverer, of Arncliffe Hall, Yorkshire), by Elizabeth, third daughter 
of Bishop Nicolson. He had come to Ireland as chaplain to the Bishop. 



^ 



2 BISHOP NICOLSON*S DIARIES. 

Nicolson,* rector of Plumbland, by his wife Mary, daughter 
of John Briscoe, of Crofton, was born June 3rd, 1655, was 
educated at Dovenby School, and was matriculated at 
Queen's College, Oxford, in 1670. In 1678 he spent some 
time at Leipzig at the expense of Sir Joseph Williamson t 
to learn German, in which language many entries in his 
earlier diaries are written, especially (as will be seen) 
those which he did not wish to be easily read by persons 
around him. In 1679 he was elected Fellow of his 
College, and ordained Deacon. On November 17th, 1681, 
he was collated by Bishop Rainbow (who had made him 
his chaplain) to the first prebend in Carlisle Cathedral and 
the vicarage of Torpenhow (which he held till 1698, when 
he exchanged it for Addingham) ; and on October 3rd, 
1682, he was collated to the Archdeaconry of Carlisle, to 
which was annexed the rectory of Great Ssilkeld. All this 
was before he had left Oxford, for the following note is 
found in the first volume of the diaries : — *' Qu. Why I 
am reckoned 15s. for Battails in y® vac. 1683, when I left 
y® Coll. half a year before." On June 3rd, 1686, he was 
married to Elizabeth, youngest daughter of John Archer, 
Esq.jt of Oxenholme, near Kendal. She seems to have 
made him a good wife, and he was evidently much 
attached to her ; though the sympathies of the reader will 
perhaps be more drawn towards the " B. C," so often 
mentioned in the first volume of the diaries. The 
Bishop's wife died November i6th, 1712 ; and he never 
made another marriage, though he came once or twice to 
the verge of it, as the later diaries will show in a rather 
amusing manner. He was consecrated Bishop of Carlisle 



* He had been ejected by Cromwell's Commissioners, and was restored in 
1660. During the usurpation he lived at Parkbroom, in the Parish of Stanwix, 
which he had inherited from his mother, Radigunda Scott. 

t See the Le Fleming papers, printed by the Historical MSS. Commission, p. 
163. 

{ Her brother, John Archer, M.D., of Oxenholme, was Mayor of Kendal in 
1707. He married Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Sir William Pennington, of 
Muncaster. She married secondly Thomas Strickland, Esq., of Sizergh. 



BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES. 3 

on June 14th, 1702 ; * was translated to the Bishopric of 
Derry in 1718, and to the Archbishopric of Cashel in 
I72f ; but died on February 14th of that year before 
taking possession of his new see. 

These MSS. give the impression of a man of immense 
bodily and mental activity. There is little reference to 
parochial work, but history, archaeology, and botany all 
claimed his attention. He was constantly moving about, 
and it will be seen that in his earlier life he must almost 
have lived on the saddle. 

The first part of the diaries, extending from January 
1st, i68|, to July 20th,. 1685, appears to be of sufficient 
local interest to merit printing in full. It is contained in 
a book 7I inches long and 3 inches broad, bound in white 
skin. The volume begins with a number of miscellaneous 
memoranda of different dates : — " Combination of Preachers 
at y® Cathedral in Carlisle " for a year ; a list of " Anglo- 
Saxon Homilies ; " a list of" Books fro Torpenhow Feb. 20, 
168} ; " " Goods from Oxenholm June 20, 1686 " (shortly 
after his marriage) ; " Books in my Father's study, Apr. 
20, 1686 " (the day of his Father's death) ; a list of his 
wife's papers (deeds, bills, etc.), written partly in German, 
partly English in Greek characters ; " Books fro Oxen- 
holm ; " memoranda as to accounts in 1685 and 1686 ; 
list of books lent at Oxford ; accounts with his pupils at 
Oxford 1681 and 1682. Then follow " Observata Canta- 
brigiae 22° & 23° Feb, i68f." He had then just left 
Oxford, and was on his way between London and York. 
He records his impressions of the Colleges at Cambridge 
at considerable length — partly in Latin, partly in German 
— and mentions people whom he met there, including "Mr. 
Newton." He arrived at Rose Castle, March 3rd, i68f . 

Then follows a list of presents received August, 1686, 
shortly after his marriage. It would appear from this list 



* His preferment is said to have been due to the influence of the Musgrave 
family. 



BlSHOP NICOLSON's DIARIES. 









^Mcr*i^. Aw^ iK*.,-!,^^ ;^ 












Facsimile of 



BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES, 5 







v*Aa^ <r/ cj6 f£^A -/^ tC 



Bp. Nicolson's MS. 



6 BISHOP nicolson's diaries. 

that wedding presents were then of a very useful character 
— bottles of wine, malt, sugar loaves, chickens, capons, 
geese, etc. The Bishop gave " a W^* of wheat, a q*" of 
beef, 10 bottles of wine, and 3 sugar loaves ; " Sir Geo. 
Fletcher gave half a buck. 

It will be noticed that many of the entries mentioned 
above are of a date subsequent to that of the diary. It 
is probable that the writer had left blank pages for 
memoranda at the beginning of the volume, and filled 
them up as occasion arose. 

We now come to the diary itself, which commences 
with January ist, i68f . The spelling is preserved. 

1684. 

Jan. I. Bin ich zu Wartholef gewesen : woselbst hab ich im Carten- 
Spielen 4s verlohren. 

„ 2. Zu Whitehall : wo der H. F. Salkeld hat mir das Gelt 
promittiert ; aber es commt noch nicht. 

,, 3. Zu Lamplugh hab ich gespeiset. Der Junker hat mir 
erweiset allerhand Ertz : von welchen ich habe etliche 
Specimina gebrinket. ^ufm Abend bin ich zu Cawder 
Abbey gewesen woselbst der H. Patrickson halte ein lustige 
und herliche Weinachten. Morgefi friih bin ich nach Hail 
mit schwager Ponsonby| gegangen. 

„ 4. Halte ich Weinachten zu Godsforth woselbst ich verspielte 
5S und Herberg gehabt habe beym Priestern H. Morland. 
Der Dienem gegeben 8s. 

„ 5. Durch Egremont nach Plumland wieder verkehrte ich 
meistentheils in der nacht. 

,, 7. Zu Croft on Logirt ich. Gegeben der Dienern 2^. 

„ 10. Bin ich zu Kirk-Oswald. The Quire, wholly Ruin*d, will 
be undertaken for y« Lead (valu'd at betwixt 30 & 40 •*>) ye 
Timber in 5^ Churchyard and i5^^.verzehrt i^. Letters 
sent by the post to — Mr. Todd, Mr. Lane, Mr. Cruttenden 
& S"^ Pagett. For these and other things at Penrith paid 



♦ Probably a boll or bole. " Bole, a measure of corn, containing six bushels." 
(Johnson's Dictionary.) 

f A manor in the Parish of Plumbland, then the residence of the Dykes family. 
The hall is now in ruins. 

t John Ponsonby, of Hail, was eldest son of Sir John Ponsonby by Dorothy, 
daughter of John Brisco, of Crofton, and thus first cousin to Bishop Nicolson. 



»» 



>» 



BISHOP NICOLSON*S DIARIES. 7 

Jan. 12. For Pease &c. 5s Propositae (apud me) notae in Liturgia 
Canones et Articulos Eccl. Anglicanae puta, interfoliatae. 

14. Habe ich gespeiset zu Hutton ; wo der H. G. F.* hat 
dieses observirt dass es ware die grosste Policy des Koniges 
zu France seine Magnates allerzeit zu HofFe zu halten ne 
ruri degentes Aura nimis populari vescerentur. 
Zu Abend bin ich nach Rose commen ; woselbst der H. 
Bp.f sehr hoflich gewest und von der Frau B.J gesagt. I 
see ye many Inconviences y' attend ^ on both sides ; am 
very well satisfy'd y* it should be broke of, w^^out any 
unkindness on either side. 

15. Die Frau Rainbow hat mich aus dem seligen Manier 
tractirt ganz hoflich &c. Der Cantzler§ Ich und H. Crosby 
sind nach plumland in der Abend commen. Gegeben zu 
Rose iqs. 

,, 16. Sind wir zu Cockermoth in deren Sesstionen gewesen und 

aufm Abend nach Hail verreiset. 
„ 17. Sind wir zu St. Begh's und Whithaven ; woselbst habe ich 

etwas zu viel von der Frau B. C.ll declarirt. Aufm Abend 

wieder nach Hail. 
„ 18. Mit deren H. Ponsonby und Stanley naqh Cawder: 

dernach aber (in der Nacht) zuriick nach Plumbland 

verkehrte. 
19. Mit dem Cantzler nach Carlile zu : dernach (mit schwagem 

J. N.-^-!' zu Penrith) spate nach Salkeld. Zu diesem Reise 

verkehrte ich urn 20^. 
„ 24. Habe ich gespeiset beym H. H. Aglionbyrff und in der 

nacht eine erschrecklich und grausame schnee gefallen. 
„ 26. Nach Carlile. 

* Sir George Fletcher, Bart., of Hutton-in-the- Forest, M.P. for Cumberland 
for nearly forty years. He had succeeded to the baronetcy on the death of his 
father, Sir Henry Fletcher, killed at Rowton in 1645. 

f Edward Rainbow, Bishop of Carlisle 1664 to 1684. 

t The *• B. C." often mentioned later. 

§ The Chancellor was Thomas TuUie, M.A., installed prebendary of the third 
stall October 14th, 1684 ; Vicar of Crosthwaite, 1710 ; Dean of Carlisle, 1716- 
1726. 

II " B. C." was Barbara Copley, daughter of Robert Copley, of Gosforth. 
"Mr. Robert Copley, steward to Sir William Pennington for seventeen years 
during his minority, and chief bailiff of Copeland Forest to the then Earl of 
Northumberland, purchased Kirkby's part [of the Manor of Gosforth], and 
built a large handsome house, with orchards and gardens suitable, but they are 
now [1777] in much decay." — Nicolson & Burn. B. C.'s sister Ann was married 
to John Ponsonby, of Hail ; her brothers William and John are also mentioned 
in the Diary. For the will of her brother John Copley, of Hawkshead Hall, who 
died 1 69 1, see the C. & W. Transactions, vol. xi. 

** For " Cousin J. N., of Penrith," see note on the Bishop's pedigree. 

ft Henry Aglionby, younger brother of the Recorder, was Vicar of Addingham 
1674-1697 ; Rector of Bowness, 1691-1697. 



8 Bishop nicolson's diaries. 

Jan. 27. Zu C. geprediget. 
„ 30. Wieder zu C. geprediget fur H. Ardrey.* Aufm Abend 
nach Rose, woselbst der H. Bischoff ist wunderlich wieder 
. dem Jankem Nichols erstanden. gegeben 2*. 
„ 31. Aufm Abend nach Caldbeck. Der H. Savaget hat eine 
, Capitul aufm 7th Feb. assignirt. gegeben 2^. 
Feb. I. Nach Plumland zu hat der H. Fatter etwas von der Frau 
B. aber nicht viel. 
There is a gap ia the diary from February ist to March 
25th. In this space are inserted *' Presents Sep. 1686," 
of the same character as those mentioned above. 

1684. 
Mar. 25. Gegeben zu Caldbeck 2^. iiber nacht bin ich zu Plumland. 

„ 26. Morgen's friih beym H. R. Musgrave| zu Hayton: mittag 
wieder nach Rose. Der H. BischofF ware sehr krank und 
unriihe um trey habe ich bey ihm gebetet ; und in der 
nacht (zwischen 11. und 12.) ist er gestorben. 

„ 27. Nach Carlile. Unde Literas dedi Dnn L. Jenkins, J. 
Williamson. P. Musgrave, T. Smith, A.T.J. N. et Epo. 
Exon. Absonderlich von der Morte Dm Epi. Gegeben zu 
Rose is. For two Hats at Carlile 1^^ 7s. For a Bridle 
2^ 6^. Verzehrt 2'. 

„ 28. Geprediget zu Carlile. Verzehrt 6^. 

„ 29. Nach Rose. Aber nicht gar hoflich tractirt. Aufm Mittag 
zu Caldbeck : und aufm Abend zu Plumland. 

„ 30. Easter-day. Geprediget zu Torpenhow. 

„ 31. Zu Cockermoth verz (for mourning) iimb 3^^. 
Apr. I. Morgens friihe nach Rose. Woselbst wieder sehr unhoflich 
tractirt beym frawen Hasell§ und Thomlinson. fiir ein 

* John Ardrey, B.D., Prebendary of Carlisle (third stall) ; Rector of Musgrave, 
1671-1684 ; Vicar of Kirkland, 1681-1684. 

f Arthur Savage was ejected from the Rectory of Brougham by Cromwell's 
Commissioners, but restored three years afterwards, and held Brougham till 
1664. He became Prebendary of Carlisle (second stall) 1660, and Vicar of Cald- 
beck 1663. He was at this time Vice-Dean. He died 1700. 

X Either Sir Richard Musgrave, Bart., of Hayton, who died 1710 ; or his eldest 
son Richard, M.P. for Cumberland 1702-1707. The Musgraves of Hayton were 
a younger branch of the Edenhall family. 

§ Sir Edward Hasell, of Dalemain (not knighted till 1699), had married Jane, 
eldest daughter of Sir Timothy Fetherstonhaugh. Sir E. Hasell's mother was 
Martha Smith (or Smythe), daughter of Dr. Henry Smith (Master of Magdalen 
College, Cambridge) and sister of Elizabeth, wife of Bishop Rainbow. Thus 
Mrs. Hasell was Bishop Rainbow's niece by marriage. She had no children ; 
the Hasell family, still of Dalemain, are descended from Sir E. Hasell's second 
wife Dorothy (eldest daughter of W. Williams, of Johnby Hall), of whom frequent 
mention is made in the later diaries. Robert Thomlinson of the Gill, near 
Dalston, was a tenant of the Bishop of Carlisle. His note-book is printed in the 
Gatesgill Chronicle, 1885, by Miss Kuper. See also the article on the " Dalston 
Parish Registers " in the C. & W. Transactions, vol. vii. 



BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES. Q 

Tippet 12^ umb drey (iiber Mittag) ist der H. BischofF 
gebiirg'd zu Dalston. Das Leib geboren ware von H. 
Savage & Nelson,* Graham u Thomlinson, TuUie u Nioolson. 
Der H. Ch. geprediget hat iiber dem Rev. u etwas 

(wie es gesagt ware) reflectirt iiber den H. Hasell. Nach 
Carlile woselbst verzehrt 3*. 
Apr. 3. habe ich gespeiset zu Hutton. Ubi plurima a Dno. G. 
Fletcher de phaenomenis quibus-da mathematicis (Summo 
cm Acumine) sunt ventilata. Nach Salkeld. 

„ 3. H. W. Graham u ich sind gespeiset zu Kirby-thore. 
Excepit nos Hospest n^ Antiquario Theologus laute satis. 
Fercula praecipui nominis Lateritia erant ; calceamentoru 
fragmentis referta. In Vase uno aut altero vestigia 
observare erant inscriptionu, Nomina Imperatorti (DOMI- 
TIANI et TITI nescio cujus) proe se ferentiu: in aliis 
literse qusedam Gothicse, majusculae et formae minoris, quae 
interpretem postulant Sagaciore. 

Inter calceos (aetate tantum venerabiles) cothumu habuit 
fabricae satis nitidae. Caetera sordes sunt, & Antiquarii 
oculu vix merentur. 
Wieder nach Salkeld ; verz. zu Penrith, i^ 6^, 

„ 5. Nach Carlile. Waited upon Mr. Dean J & his Lady ; newly 
returned fro Durham. 

„ 6. Geprediget zu Carlile iiber 2 Chron. 29.27. 

The first time y® new organ § was play*d on : being highly 
approved on by Mr Griggs & Mr Palmer, y« organists of 
Newcastle & Durha. 

„ 8. The Chapter began ; & ended on Saturday 5^ 12 following. 
In welcher Zeit viel unriihe dem H. Nelson gemakt wiirde. 
Wetherall & Warwick given to T. Nichols. Sebraha to 
M. Preston and petty-canonry to Shepherd. 
Memorand. Lent (Apr. 1 1) to Mr. Ch. 2^*^ verz. 2**^. 



* Jeremy Nelson, Prebendary of Carlisle (fourth stall), 1 667- 1685) ; Vicar of 
Stanwix, 1667-1685. William Graham, D.D., fourth son of Sir George Graham 
of Esk, was Rector of Kirkandrews-on-Esk, 1682-1685 ; Prebendary of Durham ; 
Dean of Carlisle, 1686 ; Dean of Wells, 1704 ; Clerk of the Closet and Chaplain 
to Queen Anne. He died 1712. 

t Thomas Machell, M.A., Fellow of Queen's College, Oxford; Rector of 
Kirkby Thore, 1677-1699 ; well known as an antiquary. 

{ Thomas Smith, Prebendary of Carlisle, 1660 ; Dean of Carlisle, 1671 ; he 
succeeded Rainbow as Bishop. He had married the widow of Sir Henry 
Fletcher of Hutton. See note on March i6th, i68|. 

§ The Records of the Dean and Chapter contain a statement that Dr. Thomas 
Smith, ' ' late Dean of Carlisle and now Bishopp of the Diocese did give to the 
church the organ which cost him about ;^2oo. The old organ was given by the 
D. and C. to tiie said Ix)rd Bishopp, and he freely bestowed it upon the Cor- 
poration of Appleby, for the use of that church." 



10 BISHOP NICOLSON^S DIARIES. 

Apr. 13. Von Carlile nach Torpenhow Morgens friihe. Peractis k 
prandio Sacris Plum veni. 

„ 14. Nach Hail. 

„ 15. Coz. Ponsonby's 3d son (William) christen'd by W.N. 
witnesses — W. Ponsonby, W. Coply & Coz, Hutton. A 
coend habe ich etwas mit dem H. Ponsonby & Swag 
Briscoe discurrirt von der Fraw B. C. aber nicht viel. . 

„ 16. Zu Egremond. 

„ 17. Im Collegio zu Cawder. Revertentes viel haben wir tractirt 
von der vormeldten Fraw; u dabey resolvirt dasz alias 
rechte gesehen wiirde. 

„ 18. Uber Mittag nach Plumland. 

,, 19. Nach Salkeld. Receiv'd at Torpenhow 20^** of J. Tyndall. 

„ 21. By Hutton, Barron- wood & Armthwait to Carlile. Dr. 
Smith pleas'd to proffer me a patent for an Honorary 
Chaplain ; and y^ preaching of his Consecration sermon. 

„ 22. Chapter begun. Boy sent to Hail w^h ye 2 volums of Atlas ; 
u dabey zwey brieffen dem H. Ponsonby u seinen swestem 
B. 

„ 23. Wieder verkehrte der kleine u eine hertzige u sehr lieblich 
BrieiFe von dem H. Ponsonby erhalte. 

„ 26. Nach Kirkanders upon Esk. Woselbst der Cancellarius 
u ich sehr hoflich tractirt gewesen vom H. W. Grahme. 

„ 27. Nach Salkeld. Morgens friihe. 

„ 30. sind bey mir gespeiset der H. West, Morland u Hume, 
iiber mittag nach Penrith, summon'd to meet y^ next day 
at Carlile ; upon y^ Cong6 D'Ellire. 
May I. Nach Carlile. 

„ 2. The Cong6 & King's Letter read before ye Dean & a full 
Chapter; & y^ time for Election (betwixt 8 & 11 in y« fore- 
noon ye next day) pitch'd upon. 

„ 3. After prayers & Te Deum, ye Gentry & Clergy in ye Church 
accompany 'd us into ye Chapter- House where ye Cong6 
was read openly : but ye Kg's Letter detain'd by Vice- Dean 
& Mr. Nelson. After ye votes were pass'd, W. N. sent (in 
ye name of ye Vice- Dean & Ch) to acquaint my L^ Elect 
wth yfi had pass'd & to beg his assent. Upon wch ye election 
declared ; Bells rung, &c. 

, 4. I read prayers at Stanwix & ye Ch. preach'd. iiber Mittag 
hat der H. Ardrey geprediget zu St. Cuthbert's De multi- 
plici Cordis divisione. 

„ 5. Certificats of y^ Election sent to ye King & ArchbP. To ye 
latter by Mr. Ch. one of ye Proctors. 

„ 6. My Lord Elect came to view Rose where (at four in ye 



BISHOP KIC0LS0N*S DlARIfiS. II 

Afternoon) I read prayers to His L^sp &c. in the Chappell. 

Nach plumland. 
May 8. Habe ich geschrieben dem H, Ponsonby ? Banks beym H. 

Bruder J. AUes Rechte zu Hail. 
„ 10. Sind wir am Morg. gewesen zu AUonby. 
„ II. Geprediget zu Torpenhow. 
„ 12. To 5^ Chapter at Carlile — which continued all y' i^eek. 

Reed in Fines — 384'** 6* 8^. For 31 Seals 20**^ 13® 4**. 
„ Whitsunday. Din'd w'h my L^ at Carlile : iiber Abend nach 

Plumland. 
„ 20. On Sciddaw w**» 2 Fletchers, Crisp, Dykes &c. der H. 

Eglesfield u D. Larkha etwas Whiggisch discurrirt haben 

von parliamenten. Mr. Egl. acquainted me y' y^ Saltpans 

at Canonby were worth 40^ per Annii ; & y' Himself had 

often proffer'd to farm y™ so w'^out Coal. 
„ 22. Chapter at Carlile. Broke up on ye 24. The Church's 

Debts clear'd ; & loo^** (in pursuance of 5^ statute) layd up 

in 5^ Treasury. Mr. Ardrey left 40'** for His House. 

Each Prebendary's Dividend (of Fines & Seals) 561b j^s ^d. 
25. Geprediget zu Arthuret. 
27. Nach Salkeld. 

30. Nach Hail. Morgens. 

31. Habe ich (aufm 31st) erstlich discurrirt mit der Fraw B.C. 
June I. Geprediget zu Hail zwey mahl. 

2. Nach Godsforth. Woselbst die alte Fraw C. hat mich 
sehr hoflich tractirt. Aufm Abend wieder nach Hail. Die 
Frawlin B. gantz modest: aber doch etwas (zum letzten) 
hat sie concedirt, mit eine liebliche — perhaps you may. 

3. My Birth-day. Annos complevi 29. Det Deus meliores ! 
In yc morning at three set from Hail, & came to Penrith at 
eleven : whence I waited on my Lord Elect to Appleby. 
Treated by y^ Corporation. 

4. Nach Salkeld. 
6. Bin ich zu Lazonby gewesen : taken at my return with a 

violent fit of ye Cholic & Strangury. Cur'd by Dr. Hume. 
„ II. Gespeiset bey mir zu Salkeld die H. Morland & Hume mit 

ihren Weibem. 
„ 13. Nach Morland mit dem H. Morland. Bey welchem habe 

ich drey schrift. BrieiFe geschickt, zwey nach Godsforth, 

u eine nach Hail. 
„ 15. An express from my Lord, w^^ orders to wait on His 

LordsP. at Durham ye Saturday following. 
„ 20. Begun my journey from Carlile. Zu Dilston sind wir 

wohl tractirt: aber nicht an dem H. Frs. Radcliff 



99 



99 






t(t felSHOP NrCOLSON*S DIAkl^S. 

gesprochen. Logirt zu Corbridge : fast aufF die Deiitsch 

Manier. 
June 21. Z\i Bywell morgens fruhe w*^ my Lady Mary Fletcher:* 

hat sie etwas vom schelm S*^. Th. Armstrong seine ubel 

leben gesagt. Din'd at Mr. Squire's in Newcastle, ged- 

encke wie bose die Hawser in Northumberland (absonder- 

lich iimb Haltwhisle) sind gebawet. In y^ evening to 

Durham. 
„ 22. After Dinner w^^ ye Bp of Durham in his Library & new 

gardens. 
„ 23. Din'd at Dr. Brevint's Residence. Die Historic vom Swage 

Skeltont seine lesung im Cathedral zu Lincoln. L^ 

Chancellr. Hyde's Repartee to y^ Dutchess of Cleveland — 

If yoc iive you'l be old. 
„ 24. Din'd at Darlington. Woselbst unser H. Hospes ein 

lustiger Carl gewest 

Donwell by name, Done-ill by nature. 

An Ethiop in Hue, Divell in feature ! 

Aufm Abend nach North-Allerton. 
„ 25. Morgens nach York. My L* went to see Ch. Watkinson 

& Dean Wickham ; welcher letzte einer Subtiler Mensch 

aber nicht Doctus. 
„ 26. Din'd at Bishopsthorp. A B's character of Dr. Brown, y* 

He should cap a case of Law w^h me. Advice to marry. 
,, 27. Confirmation — Dinner. 
„ 28. My Ld confirm'd by ye Ch in ye Consistory. The Election 

confirm'd — o obstantibus quibuscunque omissis. B^ of 

Durham came to y* George & we remov'd to Mr. Tomson's. 
„ 29. My Ld consecrated in y« Cathedral by y® AB. B. of Durham, 

& B. of Man. on St. Peter's day. 

Sermon preach 'd by W. N. on Anthem 

by Dr. Comber. 

Din'd at Bishopsthorp A.B. & B. of Durham's compliment 

to y* Archd'^. of Durham & Carlile. 
„ 30. Din'd w*^ Mr. Ch. Watkinson : u dabey S' Edmund & S*" 

Jonathan Jennings. 

After Dinner to Bishopsthorp to pay Fees. 

Mr. Atkinson, my Lord AB's Secretary retum'd me 13" 4<i 



• * Sir George Fletcher, of Hutton, married secondly Lady Mary Johnston, 
daughter of the Earl of Annandale, and widow of Sir George Graham, of 
Netherby. 

t Clement Skelton married Grace Brisco, sister of Bishop Nicolson's mother. 
See July 4th. 
{ The Archbishop of York then was John Sharpe. 



felSHOl> NlCOLSON^S DIARIES. I3 

for Mr. Ward's Induction into Warciip : begging pardon 
for His mistake, in directing His mandate to Mr. Simson. 
With H. Squire & Dr. Comber in y* evening. 
July I. Sett Forward on o' journey toward London : lodging y* 
night at y« 3 Cranes in Doncaster. 

„ 2. From Doncaster to Newark at Mr 

„ 3, Thence to y* George (Mr. Tod's) in Stanford. 

Met y^ new Chancell'. of Scotland, my L^. Marquise of 
Quensborough &c. 

„ 4. Din'd w**> my L^ of Lincoln at Bugden. Mr. Skelton 
sleighted eine briefFe von seiner Mutter. 
A good dinner on a Fasting-day. Jo : Scott had petitioned 
to be my L^'* Chaplain : ye place proffer'd me ; but refused. 
White Cap spoyl'd this year's visitation. We lodged at y* 
Sun in Biggies worth. 

„ 5. Then (through Hatfield by my L* Salisbury's House) to 
Barnett. 

„ 6. Walked to Bamet- wells in the morning. The water has a 
tincture of Allom ; and purges by stool and urine. Near 
akin to y' at Cumner near Oxford. After Evening-prayer I 
waited on my L^ to Mr. Secretary Coventry's in Enfield 
Chase. The Lodge well repair'd & beautify'd w* fair 
Gardens, Lab3n:inth &c. gedencke die HoUandische Hay- 
Bams ; w'^ moveing covers. 
7. Came to Westminster. I lodg'd y« night at y« two-headed 

Swai? in Tuttle Street ; but €ver zcfter at Mr. Sill's. 
10. Din'd at Lambeth w^ Dr. Holder &c. My Ld A.B.'s 
greeting — Mr A . you are welcome ; / have ofttn heard of you^ 
and am now glad to see you* 

After Dinner, I went to y« top of St. Paul's : w<* is design'd 
to be 640 high from y« Foundation. The Cupola supported 
w* Pillars of 60 & 80 foot Diameter. 

„ II. I introduc'd Mr. Heath to 5^ new Bi>. of Bristol, Dr. Lake: 
who told Him, He desir'd all former Quarrels wHh yir Dean 
(Tomson) might be forgot: but for ye future He would eye Him 
strictly. In y« Afternoon (in our way to Windsor) we waited 
on Mr. Secretary Jenkins at Hammersmith ; newly return 'd 
fro 5^ Council at Hampton-Court. He gave us a. Relation 
of y* E. of Abingdon's promise to procure for y« City of 
Oxford in their new Charter — i. A Night- walk. 2. St. 
Clement's taken w**»in y»r Freedome. 3. A Horse- Fair, by 
y« Theater ; in Lent. But all three were deny'd by His MP. 
who was told (by S' L. J.) y' He had greater reason to Favour 
a Loyal University yn a Factious Corporation. S' L's com. 



») 



») 



14 BISHOP NICOLSON*S DIARIES. 

pliment to me at parting. Mr. A. If I can be serviceable to 
you, Let me know it. Waited on y* King, Queen & Duke* 
at Supper in Windsor- Castle : & view'd y« Fountain (under 
y® statue, in y« great Quadrangle) w^*^ by two men's 
pumping from a well 140 foot deep, throws up ten Barrels 
of water per Hour. 
July 12. View'd y* Painting & Carv'd-work in y® presence-Chamber, 
Chappel, St. George's Hall &c. 
In y* last whereof y* Inscription : 

ANTONIUS VERRIO NEOPOLITANUS 

non ignobili stirpe natus 

in Honorem Dei 

Augustissimi Regis Caroli Secundi 

et 

Sancti Georgii 

Molem hanc foelicissim^ manu Decoravit. 

Din'd wtfa Dr. Montague;! viro optime modesto. In y^ 
evening His Grace of Rippon J gave Father Graham & me 
an account of G. TuUy's Letters to y« A.B. & Himself; 
about His Salary. 

„ 13 His Grace of Rippon preach'd before y« King on — Love yr 
Enimies* In y« close whip'd y« private Feuds among 
Courtiers. As soon as sermon was over, my Lord did His 
Homage in y* presence-chamber ; ye oath being read to 
Him by Mr. Secretary Godolphin. Ye Dutchess of Ports- 
mouth waited on ye Queen at Dinner. My L^ and I din'd 
w'*> Dr. Turner (B. of Rochester, in daily expection to be 
translated to Ely) my L^ Keeper, E. of Feversham, Coll 
. Graham &c. gedencke my Ld of Rochester's story of 5^ 
Frenchman's — me think yt me will think no more. After 
Evening prayer walk'd down to Eaton-Coll. S' H. 
Wootton's present in y* Hall ; a map of Venice. 

„ 14. In y* morning King's musick at y« bed-chamber, as usuall 
on Mundays. Touching for y® evill§ in y« Guard-chamber, 
Dr. Montague held y« Gold. Water brought to ye King by y^ 
Vice-Chamberlain. After Dinner, return 'd to London. 



* The Duke of York, afterwards King James II. 

fThe Hon. John Montague, Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, 1683-1699; 
Dean of Durham, 1699. He was Clerk of the Closet to King William III. 

} Probably the Archbishop of York is meant. The Archbishops of York had 
a palace and property at Ripon, and often made long residences there. 

% See paper by Dr. Barnes in the C. & W. Transactions, vol. ziii. 



BISHOP NICOLSON*S DIARIES. I5 

July 15. W*^ Sr Jos. Williamson at St. James's Square — ^who told us 
wt opposition had bin made ag* Mr. Musgrave by L<* 
: Hallifax, A.B. of Canterbury and Bp of London — y« last 
saying— T/t^y designed to throw away ye Church, Din*d at 
Fulham. Guests, Dr. Cave, Dr. Dove, Dr. Batty, Dr. 
Turner. &c. 

„ 16. W'** Mr. Grahme at Mrs. Knipe's — who told us a remark- 
able story of her burying a chip embru'd in 5^ late King's 
blood beans growing in y« place w*** blood-red strokes. 

„ 17. Spent a Guinney w^^ y® Chancellor's brothers & mine. 

„ 18. I went to Cobha — and thence (with Sr. J. W.) to Rochester 
& Chatham. Dr. Castilion told us y« B. of Ely dy'd worth 
gooolb. most of was left to Dr. Saywell. Sup'd with Sr. 
J oh. Goodwin at Chatha gedencke die Cyprus-birds. Sr. 
J. W. sat up with me, in my bedchamber at Cobham, till 
two in y« morning. 

„ 19. Return'd (by Darford) to London. Clear'd Accounts w*^ 
M. Pitt who is owing me y** two last Volumns of y^ Atlas. 

„ 20. I preach 'd at y« Kg's Chappie in Whitehall, on Matt 5. 37. 

„ 21. Left London in y® evening; & came to Barnett. 

„ 22. To Daventry : lodg'd at Mrs. Shugburrow's. 

23. At Dr. Nicolson's early in y^ morning. At Dinner wt*» Coz. 
J. R. who presented me w^^ a Hunting Saddle & Accom- 
pany'd us y* night to Cosehill ; where we lodg'd at y* Swan, 
a stately Inn built by my L^ Dig by. 

24. We lodged at y® Red Lyon in Newcastle. 

25. At y® Eagle &' child in Wigan. 
„ 26. At Mr. Yeats's in Lancaster. 
„ 27. Over y® three Sands to Bootle. A long Sabbath day's 

journey. 

28. Met alt Fraw C. at Ravenglass, thence to Gosforth. 

29. Die Fraw B. consentirt hat — wen es ihre Mutter gefehlet. 

30. Went to Sea- Scale. At night to Hail. 

31. To Plumland. 

Aug. 4. I went to Carlile to wait on S"^. Ch. Musgrave* who was 
welcomed into the Town w'^ nine Guns. 
„ 6. The Judges (my Ld Ch. Jeffreys & Mr. Just. Holloway) were 
received w*** 15 Guns: by Sr. Ch. M's order. 

• Sir Christopher Musgrave, second son of Sir Philip Musgrave, second 
Baronet of Edenhall, was knighted 1671, and succeeded his brother Sir Richard 
Musgrave in the baronetcy in 1687. He was Lieut. -General of the Ordnance, 
and Governor of Carlisle under King Charles II., being succeeded in tiiat office 
under James II. by Francis Howard. He was M.P. for Carlisle 1661-1690, and 
for Westmorland 1690-1695. His second son, another Christopher Musgrave, 
succeeded him as M.P. for Carlisle. — See Ferguson's M.P.'s/or Cumberland and 
Westmorland, 



>» 



» 
»» 



»» 
»» 
»» 
1) 



l6- BlSHdt> NICOLSON'S DIARIES. 

Attf^c j\ Chargfe given by my L^*. Ch. J. prlDclpally against feeue 

callM Trimnlers & Whig- Justices. 
■ •' Sermon preach *d (Length & stuff intolerable) by Mr. 
- Nicols.* Mr Nelson pleas*d to quarrel me for placeing Mr. 

-Monpesson in 3^ Bp's Seat. 
„ 8. Tryalls of y^ two Smurthwait*s wc*> gave occasion to a 
"severe Reprimand to Mr. Nicols. Witch of Ainstable 
' cleared. Elder Williamson found Guilty of Barretry & 

committed. 
„ 9. jAinior Willittson found guilty, & pillory 'd w*** his Brother. 

Two Scotch pedlars pillory 'd for venting of clippings.! Two 
' Smurthwaits & a Bordering sentenc'd to Dye. After 

Dinner my L^ Ch. Justice went to Scotland : desireing to 

see something as bad as his own countrey, 
-j, 10. I preach 'd at Stanwix ; & Mr. Nelson in y^ Cathedral. 

Neither of ye Judges at Church in the afternoon. 
„ II. Several petitions brought in against Attoumeys. L. 

Simpson bound over to answer for Barretry next Assize. 
I ■ The Judges went to Appleby. 
„ 12. Nach Salkeld. 
„ 13. To Gosforth. Woselbst dir Alte Fraw C. nicht zu sehen 

ware ; gantz driibig und unhbflich. Die Frawlin B. aber 

wohl Anders, und resolvirt hat ihre selbst zu consentiren. 

utcunque primo mane Halla veni; ne vetula irascente in 

Carcere justo diutiCks detiqere. 
„ 15. Wieder nach Salkeld. s. y 
„ 21. I sent my Boy w*i» Lett^s to Gosforth. Die Alte Fraw 

aber wolte nicht meine Briefi(e behalten sonders mirs wieder 

bey ihre sohn J oh. gekehrt hs^t. 
„ 22. Returned w*l» a message, welches nur zu Gosforth hoflich 

konte seyn. y 

„ 24. I preach 'd at Carlile for jre bp. . 

„ 26. Mr. Grahm was InstalPd at Durham. 
„ 28. Habe ich nach Hail geschickt ihit brieffen dem H. Pon- 

sonby und seinem schwestem. / 
„ 30. Gekriegte ich eine sehr lieblich Antwort von der Fraulein B. 
„ 31. Rec<*. a Query fro Mr. Child| about Preaching at 3^ 

Funeral of Mrs. Langhom: who had bin some years 

excommunicate. 
Sep: I. Nach Plumland. 



* Roland Nicols, B.D., R. of Aikton 1660-1694, and Lecturer of S. Mary's, 
Carlisle. He had been Chancellor of the Diocese 1667-1683. 

{Selling pieces of gold or silver cut off from coins. 
John Child, M.A., V. of Penrith 1669-1694. 



felSHOP KtCOLSON^S DIARIES. 1^ 

Sept. 3. Naoh Hail mit eine brief e von meinen H. Fader an der 
Fraw C. wc^ I sent by Mr. Sherwin.* 
Et Responsu tuli vetuld Dignissimum. 

„ 4. Nach Gosforth morgens friih : Der Fr. B. (ipsd obnixius 
petente) zu discurriren. Sie hat mich sehr lieblich 
recipiert ; sagende dass sie ware keine Turncoat nicht &c. 

„ 5. Wieder nach Plumland. 

„ 8. On Munday, to Carlile, where y* week was spent in waiting 
on Mr. Ph. Musgrave.t 

„ 15. My Father went to Hail. 

jy 16. 1st er, mit dem H. Tubman) nach Gosforth zu. Ubi plus 
solito insaniebat Anus. Irrito opere ist er wieder verkehrte. 

„ 18. I met my Lord BK at^Milrigg where most of y& Clergy of y* 
Deanryes of C. & W; waited on His Lords'*. He was met 
by S' Geo. Fl. Mr. Ph. Musgrave, Mr. Davison, &c; sX y^ 
Countess of P*s monument | & conducted to Hutton. 

„ 19. I din'd w*i» my Ld at' Hutton & waited on Him y^ night to 
Carlile. His L^ship was met on Brisco-Moor by y^ Mayor 
& Aldermen, officers of ye Corporation, Singing-men &c. 
and conducted to y^ Deanry. 

„ 30. Nach Salkeld. 

„ 22. Back again to Carlile w*^ Sir C. Musgrave & His two sons : 

who called at my House. Din'd w*^ y^ Mayo* & Aldermen ; 

& yt night went to Plumland. Disswaded from a journey 

westward by my Father. 

„ 24. Wieder nach Salkeld. 

„ 26. Mr Dean Musgrave surpriz'd me at Salkeld : and gave me 
warning of his design to be Installed on Tuesday following. 
„ 27. Nach Carlile. 

„ 28. Mr. Tod§ preach'd for me in ye Cathedral, Mr. Savage's 
course : & Mr. Thornton at Edenhall. 



* A family of that name, from which the present Rector of Dean is descended, 
owned a property called " The Howe," near Seascale. 

t Eldest son of Sir Christopher Musgrave. He was Clerk of the Council under 
J^unes n., and died before his father. 

I The Countess' Pillar near Penrith marks the place where the Countess of* 
Pembroke parted from her mother, the Countess of Cumberland. 

§ Hugh Todd, D.D.. who appears often afterwards, was born at Blencow, 
educated at Queen's College, Oxford, and Fellow of University College. In 1679 
he became chaplain to Bishop Smith, in 1684 V. of Kirkland, and in 1685 was 
made Prebendary of Carlisle, and V. of Stanwix, which he held till 1688. In 
1688 he became R. of Arthuret, and in 1699 V. of Penrith. He died in 1728. 



II 



l8 BISHOP NICOLSON*S DIARIES. 

Sept. 29. Mr. Dean* met at Wragmire by ye Chapter ; & soon after 
by ye Mayo' & Aldermen, officers, Gentry, Tenants &c. to 
3^ number of about 150. My L^ Bp. in His Coach met us 
in Carlton- Lane. He was led into ye Town by the Pre- 
bends & some others of ye Clergy ; and follow'd by ye Bp» 
S'. Ch. Musgrave, and ye Rest. 

„ 30. The Dean Install'd after ye first Lesson in ye morning; 
without ye old Foppery of going to ye Altar. After prayers ; 
ye Clergy & Gentry, wt^ ye Quire were splendidly enter- 
tain 'd in ye Deanry. 
Oct. I. Nach Plumland. 

„ 2. Hail. 

„ 3. Gosforth. Woselbst ich u frawl. B. tantum non absondert 
in einem HufF. Zum letzten aber sind wir noch einmal 
giite freiinde gewesen. Die Alte nicht zu sehen. 
4, Nach Plumland wieder :.von Egremont sehr spate. 

7. Lodg'd at Calbeck: der H. Sav. aber ware zu Edenhal. 

8. Waited on my L* Bp & Mr. Dean at Penrith-sessions. 
Din'd wth ye Sheriff: and Lodg'd at Coz. J.N.'s. 

„ 9. Nach Salkeld. 

„ 10. Mr. Ardrey dyed. I sent my Boy to Hail : mit 3 brieffe u 
dabey ein stiicke Goldes der fr. B. 

12. Boy retum'd w'*» news dass die Fr. B. ware aus dem hauss 
von ihre Mutter geworfen u zu Hail logirt. 

13. Nach Carlile. 
„ 14. The Chancell'. install'd Prebend before Morning prayer. I 

din'd with my Ld. & after four a'clock, went to Hail. 

„ 15. Hunted a while with Coz. Fletcherf & Ponsonby. New 
expedients resolved on — of perswadeing Mrs. C. to let Her 
son P. & J. Sh. treat mit meinem Fader. Or, 2ly. Dass sie 
soUen von ihren eigenen kopfen dass Ruhn. 

„ 16. Zu Gosforth. No admittance. Aber viel Execrationes 
geschickt den H. Morland u der fr. B. wen wir heirathen 
wollen. paid a visit to Mr. Senhouse at Seascale. 

„ 17. Hunting near Egremond : where Coz. Ponsonby & Mr. 
Hudson made me Umpire in an Arbitration. 

„ 18. Nach Salkeld. 



* Thomas Musgrave, D.D., sixth son of Sir Philip Musgrave, Bart., of Edenhall, 
and younger brother of Sir Christopher Musgrave. He was Archdeacon of Car- 
lisle, 1668 to 1682 ; became Prebendary of Durham, 1675 ; of Chichester, '1681 ; 
and died in 1686. He married (i) Mary, d. of Sir Thomas Harrison, Kt., of 
Allerthorpe, Yorkshire ; and (2) Mary, d. of Sir John Cradock, Kt., of Richmond, 
Yorkshire. 

t Henry Fletcher, of Tallentire, married Mary Brisco, niece of Bishop 
Nicolson's mother. 



>> 



>> 



V 



BISHOP NICOLSON*S DIARIES. IQ 

Oct. 20. I wrote to ye M' of Un. Coll. about ye Font at Bridekirk, 
promiseing ere long a fuller Ace*, of y* & 3^ Pedestal at 
Bewcastle. 

„ 23. Mr. Richardson's Christning at Salkeld. witnesses, W.N. 
J.N. and Mrs. Bourbank. 

H 26. I preach'd at Lazonby ; and din'd at Kirkoswald. Went 
home yt night to Penrith w^ coz, J.N. and his wife.* 

„ 27. To Plumland. By Skelton. 

n 29. I inducted Mr. Nevinsonf into Ulndale, present, His 
brother Nevinson, Mr Hugh Machell, Mr. HechstetterJ &c. 
Treated with a Dinner at Ireby and wine at ye Parsonage. 

„ 31. Went to Bridekirk to view ye Font; and found ye following 
words different from w* I had before observ'd ; 
RD IR cum aliis 6 hie inserendis. 
Nov. 3. I went to Carlile w*'^ Mr. Nevinson. We had some trouble 
wt^ ye Floods on Bolton-pasture. 

„ 5. My Lord Bp., the Chapter, Mayor & Aldermen &c. enter- 
tained wt*^ speeches in ye school. After evening prayer all 
of us treated in ye Hall by ye Mayor ; and at ye Castle by 
Mr. Fielding.§ 7 Guns. Mr. Thornton preach'd. 

„ 6. From Carlile to Hail after 11 at noon. 

„ 7. Very much press'd by Fr. B. meine brieffe &c. wieder zu 
nehmen. Zum letzten aber (u zwar gantz spate) haben wir 
resolvirt endlich zu separirt werden. 

„ 8. Nach Salkeld. 

„ II. The Ch. and I held o^ first court of Corrections at Penrith; 
where we delivered an Admonitio to some of jre Clergjrmen 
of yt Deanry 6 to frequent Markets. Langhom, &c. pro- 
mised to attend Sacraments, & Dismiss'd. 

„ 12. Court of Corrections at Appleby. Little presented — Der 
H. Smalwoodll ware nicht zu Hauss anders hat er eine 
Admonition gekriekt. 

* She was daughter of Thomas Featherstonhaugh, of Kirkoswald. 

f Thomas Nevinson, B.A., husband of Bishop Nicolson's sister Grace, was 
R. of Uldale, 1684-1697 ; V. of Ireby, 1693 ; V. of Addingham, 1697-1698 ; V. of 
Torpenhow, 1698-1728. 

^ Daniel Heckstetter, M.A., was V. of Ireby, 1661-1686; R. of Sebergham, 
1661-1695 ; R. of Bolton, 1665-1686. 

§ •• Aug. 6. 1687. Given the servants at my cosin Bazil Fieldings in Carlisle 
Castle — ^who was Lieutenant-Governor thereof under Sir Christopher Musgrave 
— ;foo 07s. o6d." (Accounts of Sir Daniel Fleming, printed by Historical MSS. 
Commission.) He was one of the Aldermen of Carlisle under the charter of 36 
Charles II. (1684), and was Mayor 1686. According to Sir D. Fleming's MSS., 
it was not intended by King James II. to displace him in March 1685 when other 
members of the Corporation were to be changed ; but probably he was not found 
sufficiently pliable, for he was displaced June 23rd, 1688. See Ferguson's i?qyaZ 
Charters of Carlisle, p. xxx. 

II Gabriel Small wood, M.A., V. of S. Laurence, Appleby, 1681-1698. 



20 BISHOP NICOLSON's DIARIBS. 

^ Uodg'd at Kirkbythor : & had y^ remainder ctf 5^^ GotKic 

Inscription. 
Nov. 13. I din*d wt*» Mr. Senhouse & His young Lady at little 

•Salkeld. 
„ 14. Mr. Senhouse, 3 Aglionbyes &c. din*d w*** me at Salkeld. 
n 16. After evening prayer went to see Coz. Hodgson. 
„ 17. At Clibbum, entertain'd by Mr. Fenwick.* Old Stories of 

Sequestrations &c. In the evening in Carten-spielen zu 

Kleiner Salkeld. 
„ 18. Mr. H. Aglionby & I din'd at Skelton. Mr. ChancelK. & 

Mr. Leigh lodg'd at Salkeld. 
„ 19. Wieder in Garten spiel : zu Kl Salkeld. 
„ 20. I writt to 3^ B. of Oxon. ab' ye Saxon Chronicle, pd. Mr. 

Nelson 45s. for 9 Sundayes. 
„ 21. Noch ein mahl in Carten-sp. zu kl. Salkeld. Woselbst ich 

u Mr. Hume sind biss am morgen geblieben. 
.„ 22. Nach Carlile. 
„ 23. Great Chapter. Order'd buying of new Singing-Books ; & 

mending'the Consistory Court. Adjourn'd till Apr. i. My 

Lord had a private ordination (in ye Cathedral) for Mr 

Fleming. 
„ 25. Court of Corrections at Wigton. Ch. & I lodg'd at Sebra- 

ham : u sind in Cartenspiel gewesen biss an der 2 uhr 

Morgens. 
^ 26. Mr. Ch. and I din'd at Caldbeck: and stay'd there all 

night. 
„ 27. Nach Plumland. 
„ 19. I gave Mr. Pearson Letters to My L^ and Mr. Tunstall for 

Holm-Cultra. 
„ 30. At Torpenhow. Din'd w** me Mr Salkeld & wife. 3. 

Orfeurs. 2 Fletchers &c. 
Dec. I. At Tallentire. Coz. Briscoe's House a good model for 

Torp. 
^ 2. Counter- Security to F. Orfeur & R. Briscoe forT^r. Jos, 
„ 4. Rose. Din'd w'** my L^. S'. G. Fl. Mr. Fl. Mr. Richmond, 

Mr. Warwick, Capt. Fielding, Mayor of Carlisle,! J. Nicoi- 

son, Chancell', Mr. Ward, Mr. Lowry, Mr. Atkinson, Mr. 

Warwick's Certificate sign'd. 

♦ William Fenwick, R. of Cliburn, 1673-1687. 

f John How (the elder) was Mayor of Carlisle 1684. (Whellan). He was 
again Mayor 1691, 1695, 1703, and 1712, unless the person named in some of 
these later years was ** John How the younger." He was one of the six persons 
brought to the Bar of the House of Commons on their knees December 7th, 
1692, and reprimanded by the Speaker on account of the disfranchisement of 
Christopher Musgrave. (Ferguson's M.P.'s, p. 69.) He was organist of IJbe 



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91 



BISHOP NICOLSON*« DTAKIBS, 2t 

Dec. 5. Court of Corrections at Carlisle. R. Bi*iacoe*s'ca8e dfflai^y 
argu*d by Mr. Agl. & W. Gilpin.* Articles exhibitea agt 
D^ Gilpinj by R. Aglionby. in carten-sp. tu C. Fielding's 
verspielt 15s. 

„ 6. After Dinner to Salkeld. 

„ 7. I preach'd at Adingha. chancell out of repair ; & want of 
Books. 

8. Boy sent to Hail & Sea-Scale. Dissenters wt»» me in y« 
evening. Nelson, Stubborn ; ye rest (especially Slack & 
Smith) plyable. 

9. I wrote to ye Ch. at Penrith to respite l^xcommunication. 
,, 10. Bqy returned w"* an answer from Coz. Ponsonby & Mr. 

Morland. Chancell^. & Register lodg'd w^^ me. 
„ II. Ch & I din'd at S"" R. Musgrave's. I promised to preach at 

Edenhal in X^mas. 
„ 12. Met Mr. Agl. & Mr. Morland at Keswick. Die Fraw B. hat 

unhoflich meine brieffe verkehrt. 
„ 13. Mr. Agl & I called at Mrs. Blencow's promis'd to see Her 

again in X^mas. 

15. Mr. Leigh & I din'd at Rose : & lodg*d at Carlfle. Mr. 
Aglionby' s Argueing for ye Reasonableness of some clergy- 
men being justices. 

16. At Crofton. Thence to Wigton : & lodg'd at Greenhow. 

17. Zu Plumland. Fraw B. hat alle meine brieffe verkehrte u 
eines ultimu vale dabey geschickt. 

„ 18. Boy sent to Hail : w*** Letters to Coz. P. His wife & isister. 
And so Adieu. J 

Cathedral. " Whereas Mt John How Senr late Organist of ye Cathedtal Church 
of Carlile did deservedly incur the displeasure of the Dean and Chapter of the 
said church by his disrespectful carriage to Christopher Musgrave Esq. Member 
of Parliament for the said city, I Timothy How (son of ye sd John) being now 
to be admitted into the said office of organist do adknowledge ye diiqpkuing of 
my said father (upon ye forementioned account) to have been most just and 
reasonable, and do hereby promise never to be guilty of the like disrespect to 
9oe worthy Patron A freind to the established Church as the said Mr. Mtisgitilv 
and his family have always approved themselves. Timothy How." 

* John Aglionby, Recorder of Carlisle, bom 1642, died 1717. His younger 
brother Richard Aglionby was registrar of the Diocese. W. Gilpiti, Recorder of 
Carlisle, 1717. 

t Richard Gilpin, of Scaleby Castle, had been ejected from the living oT Gtey- 
stoke. He married Susannah, daughter of William Brisco, of Crofton, and was 
father of W. Gilpin mentioned above. 

J This seems to have been the end of the affair with •• B. C," though the 
journey of June 2-5, 1685 (for which his father scolded him) was perhaps under- 
taken with some idea of renewing it. He records the deatiti of Mrs. Copley on 
June 27th, 1685, and mentions B. C. again on July i8th and 20th. The Gosforth 
register records the marriage on May 19th, 1692, of Mr. Richard Trotter, of Dent 
(near Cleator), and Mrs. Barbara Copley. In June, 1708, the Bishop records in 
his diary a visit paid to him at Rose by " Cous. J. Ponsonby and his sister, with 
yir Little Cousin Trotter." 






I) 

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22 BISHOP NICOLSON's DURIBS. 

Dec. 19. A civil Answer fro Coz P. went to Carlile. 
„ 20. After Examinations for orders, Ch & I came to Rose. 
„ . 21. Ordination at Rose. Ordaind — 
Priests — 

H. Flemming* J. Heblethwait 

Andr. Liddell Geo. Hume 

Deacons — John Gosling 

Edw. Weddall Tho. Bewly 

Geo. Moon Tho. Gilly. 

Mem. Bewly promised my L* never to aim at priest's 
orders ; nor to take a Cure. At night to Carlile. 
„ 22. At Mr. Crosby's Christening. u die gantze nacht in 

carten-spiel verspielt ymb los. 
„ 23. Nach Salkeld. Rid over pettrel upon ye Ice ; after 3 nights 
frost. 

24. Walk'd cross ye River to L. Salkeld. Carts cross'd Eden, 
upon four nights frost. 

25. Preach'd (die erste mahl) extempore on Is. 53, i & 2. 

26. At Kirk-oswald. An order sign'd by ye Ch-wardens, &c 
for cutting down ye wood in ye Ch.yard. Sup'd at Mr. 
Fetherston's. 

28. I preach'd at Edenhall. 

29. I din'd wth Mr. H. Agl. Coz. J. N. and R. Thr. at L. Sal- 
keld. Woselbst bin ich diese nacht geblieben. Morgens 
friihe 

„ 30. Nach Carlile. The new Chartert (brought by Sir G. 
Fletcher) met at Briscoe by 5^ Sheriff, Gentlemen & 
Citizens to the number of 300. Received at 5^ Gates w**> 
15 guns, the Gild's w**» y»r colours; the Garrison &c And 
met, at ye Cross, by y^ Bishop & Clergy. After Dinner a 
Hogshead of Claret given, at ye Bonfire, to ye Rabble. 

„ 31. I waited on my Lord to Rose : & after Dinner, went to 
plumland. 
Jan. I. Din'd at Warthole ; w**» ye Sheriff,^ &c. u bin, mit 
Frawenzimmern im Carten-spiel biss an der 2 uhr. Gedenke 
die Comedy, Love will find out ye way. 



* Afterwards D.D., second son of Sir Daniel Fleming. He was R. of Gras- 
mere, 1687; V. of Asby, 1694- 1728. In the course of alterations to the rectory 
at Grasmere in 1895, the following inscription was found cut on a beam : — 

THIS HOUSE WAS BUILT 1687. HENRY FLEMING PAR. 

f For the story of this charter, see Ferguson's Royal Charters of Carlisle. 

I According to the list given in Whellan, Leonard Dykes (of Warthole) had 
been appointed High Sheriff in 1681 and 1682 ; but Edward Hasel, appointed 
1683, must have been in office at this time. 



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>> 



BISHOP NtCOLSON^S DtARtBS. 23 

JsCti. 2. Die Frawlein B. Dykes u. A. Reins sind zu Plumland in 
Carten-spiel. Mr. Hutchinson's Account of ye Quarrell at 
Newcastle : that all Mr. Davison's enimies (except Capt. 
Brabant) were private men ; & had nothing to doe in y^ 
Corporation. 

4. I din'd at Treepland ; w'** S«^. Francis Salkeld, Mr. Dykes, 
Mrs. Dykes, Reins &c. 

5. Din'd at Whitehall, u dabey Mr. Salkeld, Mr. Orfeur, &c. 
S"^ Francis's Barb valu'd at 15. 
Nach Carlile. 

„ 6. Preach'd Mr. Chancellr's Turn. Aufm Abend im Cartensp. 

biss an der 2 iihr. mit H. Crosby u seine schwestem. 
„ 7. Din'd at Rose : w"" Mr. How, J. N. &c. Abends wieder im 

Cartenspiel. Die Fraw Smith hat mich taxirt dass ich 

solte sich den Stanwixen accusirt haben. 
„ 8. Nach Penrith. H. Threlkeld hat mir gesagt dass der H. 

S' J. L. observirt hat wie der Cantzler vom S' G. F. 

caress'd ware dass der Ertz- Deacon aber ware nicht recht 

governable. In ye Evening y« Ch. came (from Middleton) 

to Salkeld. 
„ 9. Chancell' and I went, in the evening, to Hutton. S"^ G's 

project of makeing a new way fro y« park to His House ; 

for 40*^, His Defence of Mr. Noble agt. Tyckle, Bird &c. 
„ 10. In y^ Evening to Salkeld. 
„ 12. Early in y« morning to Hutton. Din'd at Rose: and staid 

there all night. In Cartenspiel mit dem H. BischofF u seine 

gemahlin. 
„ 13. With Mr. Tod to Wigton. At night ye Ch. Mr. Todd & 1 

came to Plumland. 

AufFder Reise sind wir eine uhr bey dem H. B.* zu Crook- 

dake : u tractirt auf die Scottish Manier mit viel falschheit 

u blanditiis. 
„ 14. Ch. & Mr. Tod took 3^ Test at ye sessions in Cockermoth. 

Wir sind gespeiset bey dem Sheriff: u darnach tractirt 

be3nii H. Lowry, Toppin, Noble, Lamplugh, Stevinson &c. 

Aufm Abend wieder (mit schwagern J a. Nicolson) nach 

Plumland. 
„ 16. At Red-Dyal. Tryal betwixt 2 Orfeurs refer'd to my 

Uncle Brisco & Mr. Lamplugh. At last (u zwar absonder- 



* Sir John Ballantine, Kt., of Corehouse or Carros, in Scotland, bred a 
physician, married in 1663 Ann, d. and h. of William Musgrave, of Crookdake 
Hidl, near Bromfield. (Nicolson & Bum.) Sir W. Dugdale wrote to Sir Daniel 
Fleming that he was one among others " who assume that title (of knighthood), 
but never received that honour from this King." (Le Fleming MSS., p. 187.) ' 



24 BtSHOP mCOLSON^S DIARtBS. 

lich bey meiner Kraft) agreed Mr. Charles to give Bis 
Uncle io**> to pay Him His annuity for ye future, and to 
secure Him from E. Lawson's Demands. 
Home about 3 in ye morning. 

Jan. 18. Pr. at Torpenhow ; & Mr. Parker at Salkeld. Gespeiset 
bey mir 3 Orfeurs u Mr Salkeld mit seiner fraw. . 

„ 20. To Crookdake w*** Mr. Ch. Orfeur. Woselbst sind wir 
zwey nachte (meistentheils im Cartenspiel) geblieben. Der 
H. J. B. hat mir viel von seinem Dochtem gesaget. Er ist 
ein rechter Scottischer Schelm. &c. 
• „ 2^* To Rose. 

„ 23: To Salkeld. 

„ 26. To Penrith w**» Mr. Hume, met at night, w*** Mrs. Simp- 
sonj Mr. Aglionby & Mrs. Walton. Walton's business 
refer*d to W. N. u agreed. H. A. u ich sind die nacht da 
geblieben. 

„ 27. Mr. Agl. & I went to Milrigg. sind wir im Wirtshauss 
tractirt^biss am 9 uhr der nacht. Cock-fight appointed on 
Collup-Munday.* At Mr. A.'s all ni^ht*: w*** Mr. Morland. 

28. Went to see old Mr Singleton a dying. Din*d w*** Mr. 
Robinson at- Ousby ; & to Salkeld at night. 

29. Din'd at Lowther. Der H. J. L. hat mir (u Mr. Hasell) 
gesagt dass er wirde nicht lange in der Zagung delectirt 
werden : sondern er woUte biichern kaufFen, u starke 
studiren. u dabey in vitam Aulicam invexit plurimii, 
Fcelix ille qui procul negotiis &c. 

„ 31. Din'd at Mr. Savage's. At night to Plumland. 
Feb. I. Pr. at Torpenhow ; & Mr. Parker at S. New Messages (by 
Mrs. Robinson) from Crookdake : sed surdo. 

„ 2. Din'd again at Caldbeck. At night (im Wirthauss zu S.) 
w*^ Mr. Senhouse, Mr. Fetherston & Coz. J.N. 
Hospes M. R. pessim^ per triduii ebrius. hat mit H. 
Parker gefochten &c. 

„ 3. A message from Mr. T. Dalston y* He could 6 meet at 
Langwaithby. went w"* Senhouse & Mr. Agl. to visit Mr. 
J. Barwis — u darnach zu Kirk-oswald. Woselbst im Car- 
tenspiel biss 1 1 uhr. 
Court at Penrith, by ye Ch. alone. 

„ 4. Mr. Ch. came to my house late from Appleby. 



»> 



»» 



* In that ye^r, " Collop Monday " (the Monday before Ash Wednesday) fell on 
March ;2pd. It does not appear from the diary tiiat he attended the cockfight on 
that d^y in person. 



t9 



»> 



BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES. 25 

Feb. 5. Ch. u I went to Kirk-oswald : view'd ye Church, & order'd 
ye workmen to remove y® Lead & Rubbish ; but made no 
Bargain. The Ch. to Carhie. 

7. News of ye King's illness, yt He was seis'd (on Feb. 2) w'** 
an Apoplectick tit. Whitehall & ye Tower shutt up. 

8. Pr. at Salkeld on Prov. «i. 24. 

9. At Mr. Barwis's buriall. Ill weather hinder'd me from a 
journey westward ; to meet Mr. Senhouse, Mr. Patrickson, 
&c. at ye College. 

„ 10. Met ye Ch. at Rose where I stay'd till Saturday following, 

& read prayers in Mr. Tod's absence. 
„ II. The. ill news of ye Death of Charles ye Second. Regum 

optimi. KTe dy'd February 6. betwixt 11 and 12 at noon. 

1 ne night before beg'd ye Queen's pardon & his Brother's. 

King James proclaim'd m ye City at three in ye Afternoon. 
„ 15. Pr. at Carlile. Desir'd by ye Mayor, Aldermen &c zu 

trucken lassen die Predigung. 
16. To Rose : & ye next day, back w'*^ ye Ch. to CarUle. 
18. to Lannercost. The Lead valu'd at 15^*^ & order'd to be 

sold to J.N. 

Mrs. Dacre angry at my hinting upon the sacriledge of 

Abbey-lands, bup'd w'" Mr B. Fieldmg. 
„ 19. By Wigton to Plumland. 

" ^°- 1 111 in a cold. 

22. Pr. at Torpenhow & Mr Parker at S. 

23. To Rose. Paid for one of Mr. Parker's Licences. Mr. 
Savage brought an Address frv> ye Dean, to Carhie. 

„ 25. Back to Rose. My 1^^ gave me a new Address sign'd by 

Himself: w^" was carry d back to C. y' night. 
„ 26. Address sign'd by ye Prebendaries ; oc hands of ye Clergy 

out of citations m ye Registry. 
„ 27. W"^ ye Address to Penritli. met only w'** Mr. Agl. Mr. Bell 

& Mr. Threlkeld. Lodg'd at R. Wihison's. 
„ 28. Met at Appleby by most of ye Clergy of yt Deanry. back 

late in ye evenmg (w"^ bro. j ohn) to Salkeld. 
Mar. I. Address sent to my L**. w'^ desire to have Mr. Graham to 

present it. Pr. at S. 
„ 2. Met Mr. Dalston at Woodside & stay'd somewt late. 
„ 3. Mr. Hodgson's christning two Twins fliomas & Margaret. 

At night Mr. Lee & 1 at little S. all night. 
„ 4. Ashwednesday. vValk'd otf my cold. 
„ 6. W.N. of Carlile, & his wife, gave me a visitt in yir Return 

from Mr. A's. And soon after S'. R. Musgrave. 



» 









26 BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES. 

Mar. 7. Din'd at Wrey Hall in my way to Carlile. Deutsch mit H. 
Sanderson gesprochen. 

8. Pr & Sacrament at C. 

9. Weather-fast at Carlile. 

10. Ch. u I din'd at Rose : I came in ye evening to Plumland. 
12. Back to Carlile, by Rose. Mr. Patrickson, Mr. Tickell, Mr. 

Skelton &c. 'Din'd w^*' my Lord. At ye Chancell' in ye 
evening w^^^ Mr. Agl. junior.-:* Mr. Skelton & Mr. Tickell. 
Health (drunk to Mr. Sk. a papist) prosperity to ye Church 
of England in spight of Popery & Fanaticism. 

14. In ye evening, ch. & I to Rose. 

15. Ordination at Rose. Ordain'd 
I. Deacon 3 Priests. — 

Calvert T. Nicols 

Hewit 
Frasier. 
Inter quos Frasier (Scotus A.M. Aberdonensis) optimd 
omniu eruditus : sed et infoelicissime promotus. 

16. Sind wir zu Rose geblieben. Die Fraw Sm. hat unsern 
beiden die jungfraw Flemmingf proferirt. 

17. After Dinner to S. 

18. Mr. Hume and I wt^ Mr. Denton at Heskett. Es erscheinet 
mir dass de H. D. geheyrathet ware. 

19. Din'd at Edenhall. Election for citizens at C. S*^ C. 
Musgrave & Mr. James Grahme chosen ; nemine con- 
tradicente. 

20. At little Salkeld, w^h Mr. Smalwood, Mr. Agl. Mr. Simson 
& Coz. J.N. Notice of my being a Commissioner in a suit 
betwixt Mr Pattinson & Mr. Grahme of Nunnery. 
Mr. Simson, Coz. J.N. & Sister & Mrs. M. Aglionby at my 
house very late ; in y^ way to Penrith. 

21. Newsof Sr J. Lowther's appearing y* morning very early 
at Appleby w^ 300 Freeholders ; upon a jealousy of an 
election for knights of ye Shire design'd by S"" G. Fletcher 
& Sr Ch. Musgrave. 

22. After Sermon, Mr. H. Agl. & I went to dine w^^ J.N. at 
Penrith. Sup'd wth L. Simson ; and lodg'd at J.N's. 



>> 



* John Aglionby, son of the Recorder, was disinherited, and died before his 
father. For his character, see the Gilpin Memoirs, p. 22. 

f Bishop's Smith's wife was mother (by her first husband, Sir H. Fletcher) of 
Barbara, wife of Sir Daniel Fleming, of Rydal. According to his monument in 
Grasmere Church they had eleven sons and four daughters. These Miss 
Flemings were therefore granddaughters of Mrs. Smith. See also April 22nd, 
1685. 



BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES. ^^ 

Mar. 23. Back to S. early: and thence (wth Mr. Robinson) to dine 
at Hutton. S' R. Fen wick won is. of me at Tables. S' 
Geo. deny'd any design to elect Knights on Saturday. 
„ 24. After Dinner pay'd a visit at Kirk-oswald, view''d y^ castle 
there ; & sup'd w^ Mr. Hume. 

Et sic Annus Teritur 

Quid boni ? 

1685. 

Mar. 25. From Salkeld to Rose ; thence to Plumland. 
n 26. W.N. of Carlile called at Plumland. 
,, 29. Pr. at Torpenhow ; & Mr. Parker at Salkeld. Mr. Salk : & 

wife at Mrs. Irton's buriall ; & two Orfeurs at Mr. 

Chambers's. 
„ 30. Din'd w^h Mr. Savage at Caldbeck. Dr. Jemmison's cure 

for 5^ growing to of ye Liver, practiz'd by Cardang upon ye 

A. B. of St. Andrews. Pouring cold water suddainly on 

Him, after warm'd w^i* oils. 

To Salkeld. 
„ 31. Din'd wth Mr. Dean at Edenhall. Mr. R. Birkbeck 

character of Eldred Skelton. After Dinner to Carlile. 
Apr. I. After dinner waited on S^ Ch. Musgr. Er hat mich viel 

Complimentirt iiber meine getruckte sermon ; sagende dass 

die Dedicatio ware ein sehr grosse ehr seinem selbsten u 

seinem sohn. S^ Chr. Mayor, Aldermen, Prebends, &c. 

went to meet Mr Dean & his Lady at Carlton. 
„ 2. \J. from Mr. Ph. Musgrave. sehr lieblich. Chapter. 

Election of Kts. 
4. My Ld. BP. & his Lady din'd w^h us in Chapter. S"" Chr. 

left ye city. In ye evening to Salkeld. 
6. Back to y® Chapter at Carlile. 
8. Officers elected. W. N. Treasurer Mr. Brathwait (mit sehr 

u grosser streit) Curate of St. Mary's. Convocation-man, 

Sub Judice. 
„ 9. Nach Penrith. Acc^s stated w*** Mr. Parker till December 

1684. 

A Commissioner for R. & G. Graha ag* J. Patteson. 
,, II. Back to Carlile. Sworn Treasurer. Mr. Dean & his Lady 

went to Edenhall. 
,, 12. Preach'd at Aikton, & Mr. Nicols in ye Cathedrall. Din'd 

wth ye Ch. at Carlile ; & walk'd in ye evening to Rose, 
„ 13. To y® Commission at Penrith. 
,, 15. Commission over at 8 in y® evening. 

To Salkeld. 



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28 BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES. 

Apr. i6. After Dinner to Carlile. 
„ 17. Good Friday. I preach'd for y« Bishop. S» W«» Whit- 

mqre, Mr. Bennet &c. in Town. 
„ 18. Went v/^ Sr Wm Whitmore (ein sehr kluger u gelehrter 

Mensch) &c. as far as Bothel. Thence to Pluml. 
„ 19. Easter-day. Pr. & adm. Sacram* at Torpenhow. Store of 

Communicants. 
„ 20. Nach Rose. Im Cartenspiel mit dem H. Bishoff u. die 

Fraiilein E. Fielding. 
„ 21. Mrs. Howard, Mrs. Warwick (u noch andere Catholische) 

din'd at Rose, u damach gedantzet haben. Qu : in futurae 

exultationis prceludium. Avertat Dens! Wieder (aufm 

Abend) in Cartenspiel. 

22. Der H. Bishoff hat (sehr serious) die frawlein B. Fl. fur eine 
weib proponirt. met my father, in ye evening, at Salkeld. 

23. In y® evening to Carlile. The Coronation Day. Kg Qu. 
u Royall Families Health in 5^ Moot- Hall ; wtl> three 
vollies of musquetts. Afterwards Mr. Basill Fielding's 
Commission (for Lieuten*. Govemour) read in the Castle ; & 
ye company delivered up to Cap* Shackerley, Governour of 
Chester. Treated by Mr. B. F. in 5^ Castle. Nine great 
guns, and a volley of small shot, at each of the three 
afores'd Healths. W'h Cap* Shackerley, Recorder &c. biss 
am Morgen. The Mayor in a Quarrell w*** J. N. of Penrith, 
&c. Mr. Recorder severely censur'd by Cap* Shackerley. 

„ 24. Din'd at Rose ; & acquainted ray L^ vr^^ Story's carriage 
to me y^ night before. Retum'd, in y® evening wtl> ye Ch. 
to Carlile. 

,, 25. Rain kept me at Carlile. Monition fro ye A.Rp for the 
Convocation. 

26. To Salkeld. after eveings prayer back to Rose. 

27. Mr. Savage appointed a Chapt^ for y^ election of a Con- 
vocation-man : but Mrs. Savage's Dying yt day prevented. 
Chanc: u I at Carlile. 

„ 29. Din'd at Rose. Thence to Mrs Savage's Buriall. Back to 

Carl. 
„ 30. After Dinner, my L^ set forward of his London-journey : 

going yt night to Hutton. Ich nach PI. 
May I. Nach Carlile. 

2. Court kept for y® Chancellr by Mr. Todd & W. N. Kingfield 
excomm. for Fornication. 

3. I Pr. at Carlile : where I stay'd y* week. 
6. Aufm Abend in Cartenspiel mit Frawenzimmem zu Mr. 

Sanderson's, 



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BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES. 29 

May 7. S3niod held by W. N. Convocation -men elected, Mr. 

Harrison* & Mr. Todd. 
„ 8. My sister Fr. came to Carlile. 
„ 9. By Crofton to Plumland. 
„ II. W. N. preach 'd at ye Generall Chapter at Torpenhow. 

After five a clock to Carlile. 
,, 12. General Chapter at Carlile. Pearson 5^ schoolm^ Recanted 

on his knees : & Mr. Story Reprimanded. Im Cartenspiel 

mit dem Stanwixen sehr spate. 
„ 13. Chapter at Penrith. Mr. Leigh f Preach'd : absonderlich 

wohl. A new Sequestration ordered for Kirk-oswald. 

Treated w^^ a Foy4 by severall of ye Clergy to Salkeld. 
„ 14. Chapter at Appleby. Churchwardens admonished &c. To 

discountenance ye stories of Popery comeing in. with Mr. 

Harrison to Burgh. Woselbst sehr hoflich tractirt u gantz 

spate. 
„ 15. To Rippon. 
„ 16. Mr. Weelks carry'd me (after dinner) to ye old Abbey of 

Fountains. Benedicite Fontes Domino. Kept (w^h some 

private oratories) by Mrs. Messenger, a Papist. 
,, 17. I pr. at Rippon on Matt. 5. 37. After Dinner waited on S^ 

Jon. Jennings ; der erst der hat G. T. ein Whig erklart. 

His House & Aviary very neat. 
„ 18. Mr. Weelkes sett me to 5^ Spaws at Knaresborough. 

Sulphur- Spaw very nauseus & vomited as fast as drunk. 

Spaw-Ale. Gedencke die jungfraw Fish zu Knaresborough. 

At night to York. D'. Comber gave me an ace* of G. T. 

rudeness in sending for Him : u etwas vom H. D*". Greenvil 

discurrirt hat. 
„ 19. Most of y« Day spent in the Company of D'. Wicha, D'. 

Comber, Mr. Sanford & Mr. Bridges. Der letzte hat 

geschrieben wieder den Quakern : u ist ein Kluger u wohl 

gelehrter Mensch. 
„ 20. Convocation open'd (ye Day after ye Parliam*) by D^. 

Wickha, D^ Watkinson, D^. Comber, Mr Stanford &c. Bp. 

of Durha's Proxy, Mr. Bellasis exhibited His proxy w'*» a 

protestation ; as did also Mr. Beaumont for ye Arch- 



* Christopher Harrison, M.A., V. of Brough-under-Stainmoor 1664-1695. 

f John Leigh, M.A., V. of Edenhall and Langwathby 1683. He was deprived 
1690, probably as a non-juror. 

J '• A treat given to a person on going abroad or returning home." — Notes and 
Queries, January loth, 1899. " Foi, Fr. Voie, a treat at going abroad or coming 
home." — Lewis' History and Antiquities of the Isle of Tkanet. " Foy [foi, 
French], faith, allegiance, an obsolete word." ("Of them both did foy and 
tribute raise." — Spenser.) — Johnson's Dictionary. 



30 BISHOP nicolson's diaries. 

deaconry: tho ye Archdeacon's Procurator did 6 alledge 

any such order. 

None appeared for Chester nor Man ; nor any for the 

Chapters of either Durham or Carlile. Adjourn'd (post 

dicta Absentiu contumacia) till June i8. 

Din*d wti» ye Dean : who told us y® story of 5^ Neapolitan & 

Florentine sea-chaplains, i. w* you know, & I not. 2. w* 

I know, & you o. 3. w' neither you nor I. 

In y« evening w'h D^. Comber u dabey Mr. Dreyden, Mr. 

Bridges, Mr. West, Mr. Beaum* &c. Canonical prayer 

discoursed. Act of parliam' & Canon, in ys matter, now 

reconcileable. 
May 21. Mr. Harrison Mr West & I left York; met Mr. Tod at 

York-gate. Lodg'd at Richmond. S^. Jos. Cradock's two 

paradoxes, i. That y^ Archdeaconry of Richmond o under 

ye jurisdiction of York. 2. A Patent to two, for Life, o 

valid in Law. Went to see Mr Wetwang & His wife. 

Welche meine geliebste geworden solte sein. 3 or four 

Religious Houses in & near 5^ Town. D. of Richmond y® 

fourth Hon"^ of England. 
„ 22. Homewards. Flos Trinitarius wild on y® marshes near 

Bowes ; & of severall colours. Dumme Hill near Burgh. 

Mrs. Ardrey's melancholy to be represented to S'. Jos. 

Williamson. Lodg'd at Appleby. 
„ 23. Din'd at Kirkby-thor. At night to Salkeld. 
,, 25. Serv'd y® Sequestration on Mr. Ssinderson at Kirk-oswald ; 

& Mr Rumney put in by y® Sequestrators. Lodg'd at Mr. 

Aglionby's. 
,, 27. After Dinner wt*» Mr. Hume to Carlile. 
„ 28. Ascention Day. I pr. in ye Cathedrall. In y* Gilds w'h 

Mayor & officers : u aufm Abend in der Cartenspiel zu 

Stanwixen sehr spate. 
„ 29. Mr. Todd preach'd in ye Cathedral. Din'd w^h ye 

Lieutenant Governour. Express fro Scotland ; w'^ certain 

Ace* of Argile's Rebellion. Dragoons exercis'd before y® 

Moot- Hall. Mit der Officeren wohl spate. 
„ 30. By Brumfield & Greenhow to Plumland. 
„ 31. At Torpenhow. Christning Dinner at Jo: Featam's. 
June I. To meet Mr. H. Agl. at Crosthwait. Forc'd by y® Rain, to 

lodge yt night at little Brathwait. In y® evening at St. 

Herbert's Isle &c. 

2. To Hail. 

3. Din'd at Sea-Scale w^h Mr. Th. Bellingha, Mr. Patrickson, 
Mr. Ponsonby, Ch. Smalwood &c. u darnach hoflich 
tractirt. 



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>» 






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BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES. 3I 

Mr. Bellingha a German Travellour. 
June 4. W^h Mr. Patrickson &c. at Ravenglass. 
Aufm Abend im Collegio zu Cawder. 

5. H. Agl. u Ch. Smalwood din'd at Hail. Darnach nach 
Cockermoth u logirt zu Bridekirk. 

6. At Torpenhow in y^ morning. Eine sehr Angry briefife von 
meinem H. Fadern, wegen diese (wie er's genennet hat) 
Scandalous Ramble. By S' Wilfrid Lawson's whim* at 
Heskett to Salkeld. 

7. Pr. at Salkeld. 
9. Mr. Miller of Hail w'^^ me. 

12. Noch einmahl hat bey mir logirt H. Miller. News (by Mr. 
Robson) of Mr. Nelson's return fro Carlile. 
,, 13. To Carlile ; in hopes of an election for Convocation. Aber 
frustra. Mr. Nelson o to be seen. 

14. Tr. Sunday. I preach'd for y® Dean & administer'd 
Sacram* to severall of ye officers of y*^* two Troops of 
Dragoons. Mr. Miller preach'd at Salkeld. 

15. Early to Salkeld. After Dinner Mr Todd & I towards 
York ; lodg'd at Mr. Harrison's. 

16. To Richmond, news of Monmouth's Landing. 

17. To York. 

18. Convocation. Onely, de novo, adjourn'd. Monm'** pro- 
claim'd Traytour. Mr. West & Mr. Hildyard din'd w^** us 
at ye George. In y* evening Dr. Watkinson, D'. Breery, 
D^. Comber, D*". Crobrow & young D^ Johnson wth me for 
news. 

19. Tod u ich wieder verkehrt nach Richmond. News of 
Argyle's being taken. 

20. To Salkeld. news of Mr. Nelson's death. 

21. To Carlile. Mr. Nelson bury'd at evening prayer. Mr. 
Nicols proffer'd to preach. 

23. Our Grand Chapter. The Governour, Major Sutherland 

& other officers, din'd w^** us. 
26. After Dinner at Linstock to agree Mr. Bowey & Jon: 
Wright, wch was (seemingly) done, & y« next day appointed 
for sealing of writeings. 
„ 27. Mr. Bowey fled off ye agreem*. . news of old Mrs. Copley's 

death, brought by Mr. Perkins. 
„ 28. I pr. at Carlile on Rom. 13-5 and din'd w**^ y* Governour. 



* Hesket Hall, built by Sir Wilfrid Lawson, the first Baronet, is a singular 
structure, with twelve angles so contrived that the shadows give the hour of the 
day. The roof is circular, the chimneys running up in the centre. — WheUan. 



>> 



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32 BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES. 

June 29. By Torpenhow (where I let my Tythes) to Plumland. 

„ 30. Court kept at Lorton ; woselbst verz. 8s. Dragoons left 
CJurlile. 

July I. Din'd at Threepland. 

„ 3. To Bromfield & Greenhow w**^ Mr. Parker. 

„ 5. Pr. at Torpenhow. 

„ 6. Din'd at Caldbeck, wth Mr. Porter: who very impatient to 
have Salt-pans to Salk. 

„ 7. Corrections at Penrith, news of ye plund'ring of wells by 
the Rebells. To Salkeld. 

„ 8. Corrections at Appleby. Moor curate at Mallerstang, 
suspended for 3 years for clandestine marriages. 

„ 9. Din'd wth Mr. Savage at Edenhall. Die jungfraw Harrison* 
zum ersten niahl gesehen. Mr. Leigh's Ace' of His own 
own marriage : in spite of monm*^ & Argyle. 

„ 10. To Millrigg. Mr. Dalston carry'd me to Temple- Sowerby: 
whither ye Post brought us certain news of Monm'**'* Defeat. 
Bonfires. 

„ II. Bonfires at Salkeld, Lazonby & Kirk-oswald. Die jung- 
fraw A. Bellingha erstlich gesehn zu Lazonby. 

12. I pr. at EdenhaU. u sehr hoflich tractirt. 

13. By Torpenhow to Plumland. New Bond frj y« Farmers. 
10 li left at PL for widow Johnson. 

„ 14. Corrections at Wigton. Mr. Child's controversy w^^ Ch: 

wardens. 
„ 15. Corrections at Carlile. Mr. Lowry, Mr. Wilks &c. promis'd 

to be bay I'd out of prison. 
„ 16. I met ye Ch. at Carlton : & return'd to Carlile. S"^ Ch. 

Musgr. & Mr. SoUicitor brisk opposers of R. L 'estrange 's 

modallittes. Bill for small tythes thrown out by 3^ Bishops. 

To Salkeld. 
„ 18. At Lazonby wth J. Emmerson. Newes von der Niedergang 

wie B. C. erhahlt sich. Thence to Kirk-oswald: treated 

by Jos. Henderson. 
„ 19. I pr. at Salkeld ; & Mr. Parker at Skelton. woselbst ich 

bin sehr expectirt. 
„ 20. Boy sent nach Hail mit brief dem H. Ponsonby, Morland 

u (absonderUch) B. C. w*** Mr. Smalwood & Mr. Aglionby 

(after dinner) at Low Hall. 






* Sir Richard Musgrave married Margaret, daughter of Sir Thomas Harrison, 
Kt., of Allerthorpe, Yorkshire. 



BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES. 33 

Here the diary breaks off. Thus there is no record 
how the letter was received by B. C. But the volume 
closes with accounts and a few memoranda, the first item 
being, on June 3rd, 1686 : — 

£ s d 
EINE wedding ring ... ... 01. 06. 00. 

Spent zu gehehrahtung " ... ... 05. 00. 00. 

The accounts, &c., are not of much general interest, 
but the following entry seems worth recording : — 

June 16. 98. 

Mem. Agreed with Dr. Pearson that he attend myself and 
family as often as our occasion shall require, when he is not 
letted by necessary attendance elsewhere, and that I am to 
pay him therefore every Martinmass two Guinneas. 

Witness — Mr. Farrington. 

Mr. Ion. 

Mr. Corney. 

The second, third, and fourth volumes are only 
almanacks. In these are inserted a number of accounts, 
with botanical, archaeological, historical, and theological 
memoranda, which do not appear to be worth printing. 
The fifth volume also contains many such notes ; but in it 
the diary recommences, after an interval of nearly five 
years, upon his birthday, June 3rd, 1690, and is continued 
to December 31st of that year. Nearly half the space is 
occupied by botanical notes ; and, as a whole, it is not 
of much general interest, but a few extracts are here 

given : — 

1690. 

June 3. Dies annorum nostrorum in ipsis Septuaginta annis. ps. fj 
Atq Ego miser hodie 35^"^ aetatis annum complevi. Quid 
autem per Semi-transactu unius Seculi Spatium boni 
fecerim Rogas. St. Im6, Quid non mali ! Ab ipsis incuna- 
bulis Deo et Literis dicatus, nihil (vel, quod pejus, aliud) 
agendo, annos conteri. Interim — Tu Deus misericors, 
cujus virtus in infirmitate perficitur, sis mihi (per reliquos 
si qui adhuc restant) adjumento, ut Tibi vivam. Ut sic 



34 BISHOP NICOLSON S DIARIES. 

numerem dies meos scire facias, ut adducam cor ad 
Sapientiam. 

Des benign us ut Cunctis (in posterum) Juventutis Deliriis, 
mundi et Seculi iniquioris illecebris, oculos amoveam ; et 
in Te solum fixos habeam. 

Esto, pater optime, propitius peccatis raeis, et Iniquitatum 
mearum ne recordare amplius. 

Cor mundum crea in me Deus, et Spiritum rectum innova 
in visceribus meis. Ne projicias me k facie Tud; et 
Spiritum Sanctum Tuum ne auferas k me. Exaudi de 
habitaculo Tuo, Deus Israel, et propitiare Amen. Amen. 
June 5. In manus resumpsi Historiolam Jacobi ii«ii dudu (mente 
potius conceptam, quam) inchoatam; indies, donee per- 
ficiatur, elaborandam. 

„ 12. habe ich mit dem H. Bishoff gespeiset zu Edenhal. ubi de 
vicaria supplenda (M^o Leigh nuper abdicate) frustrsl est 
Consultum. 

„ 18. Aufm Fast tag gepredigete ich zu Kendall ausm Joel 2. 17. 
Darnach in Horto J oh. Robinson (Sutoris ultra crepidam 
docti) plantae occurrebant sequentes Britannicae. 

„ 19. Per vicinii Avia Deviaq: cursitavimus. D^ Sutch M. B. 
medicus Kendaliensis, A Farrington Affiuis mens per- 
dilectus, Joh. Robinson antedictus, et W.N. Inter sylvas 
et fl. Cantii cataractas, aestivo calore obrutis occurrebant 
Lapides Entrochi in una massam concreti. In ye mill- 
damm, above y^ Force near Levanz. 
July 10. With Mr. Lawson at Maburg (de quo quaere, Annon potius 
Templii sit coelo Dicatu quam, ad mentem C. Cambdeni, 
Propugnaculi cujusvis Romani Rudera ? Hanc enim mihi 
sententiam confirmant cum forma structurae veteris turn 
erecti quatuor in medio Lapides majores.) 

„ II. At Graystock w'^i Mr Todd, Mr Ward &c on an Arbitra- 
tion 'twixt Mrs. Williams & the Sequestrators. Woselbst 
es erklart dasz H. W. Williams ein grosser Schelm ware. 
Quddq ejusdem posteri hodi^ ^ vicinorum Spoliis 
saginentur. 

„ 16. Gepredigete ich zu Carl aufm Fast tag Sheriff and Justices 
in der Kirch. Aufm Abend erfreueten w Uber der geburt 
dess Junkern Lowther. 

,, 17. Spatzieren der H. Chanc"^. u ich nach Rose zu. Todulus 
accusatus de expositsL maid precatiuncula — Cover His Head 
in the day of Battail. 

Zu Penrith ; attending ye Deputy- Lieutenants about y" 
22. 1 Light- Horse. 



„ 21. 



ft 



BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES. 35 

July 2g. Zii Carlile. Renuit H. T. Proesentatione ad vicaria de 
Edenhal subscribere ; qu6d Deprivatione m" Leigh legalem 
non Agnoverit. 

Aug. I. Zu Rose. U dabey der Todulus; welcher denegirt hat 
seine siindigkeit von dieser er accusirt ware Jul. 17. At 
hoc, pro more suo, nimis insolenter ; uti constabat. 
„ 6. I inducted Mr. Moon into ye vicaridges of Edenhal and 
Langwathby. 

Sep. 13. At Rose. Der H. Bis' sehr freundlich hat mich consulirt 
dass ich die Deanery oder wass fait suchen weu er (also 
bald, zu storbe. Ast Ego — vivitur exiguo melius. Et, 
Fcelix ille qui procul &c. ! 

• „ 14. Gepredigete bey mir — zu Salkeld Mr James Lason ; non 
ita pridem Cordaj Selgovarum (i.e. ut ipse me docuit, zu 
Dumfrese) Moderator presbyterii sub Archiepiscopo Glas- 
guensi. Before ye Church of Scotland was run down by 
ye Kirk. 
15. Mrs. Williams conven'd at Hutton : and convinc'd. 
19. Mr. Lason informed me of two Runic Inscriptions to be 
mett wth in Scotland, i. The Letter 'd stone in Eskdale- 
moor (w^Mn 3 miles of Hutton Church) in ye County of 
Annan. 2. In ye Church at Rothwald (alias Revel) in ye 
road fro Annan to Dumfrese. He gave me also ye Inscrip- 
tion on Mac-DuflPs Cross. 
„ 23. With Mr. Winder at Greystock and Johnby. Mrs. Williams 
sehr hoflich nicht so Mab. 

Oct. 6. Mr. Leigh w^h me at Salkeld. Ill Leigh, qui quondam 
D'^s Sherlock conversione Audita, ingemuit multum. 
Neque enim sic omnibus amissa reddentur Beneficia. 
„ 9. Zu Kirkbythore & Mill-rig. Per Rudera Gallati veteris, 
Platearum tract us et parietinas, plurimas observavimus 
Antiquae Gentis Reliquias, put^ oUas fictiles, Laterculos, &c. 
Inter haec urnula reperta est sat pulchra ; necnon moneta 
Argentea cum Inscriptione seq. 

lULIA AUGUSTA 
PIETAS PUBLICA 



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20. Zu Cockermoth mit dem H. Guthry ; lately a moderator of 
ye Presbytery in ye Episc. Church of Scotland. Quanta sit 
Deformatae Ecclesiae hodiernae barbaries, plurimis docuit 
quae ipse est expertus. 

21. Zu Bank-end. E vicino Lacu conchylia margaritifera ; de 
quibus rect^ Beda (quod margaritae nostrae omnis sunt 
coloris) lib. i. cap. i. Hist, Ent, 



36 BISHOP nicolson's diaries. 

Nov. 12. From Newby by Strickland. Th. Lawson assured me y* 
F. Molinos had written to W. Pen and G. Fox declaring 
himself a Brother. 
„ 22. biss am 28 zu Carlile in Chapter. Leases granted to me 
of Prior-Hall and the Intacks at Farmanby: Quo jure, 
nondum constat. Upon the like bottom, ye Chancellr took 
. a Lease of Coney- warrens &c. 

The latter part of this volume contains a diary of 1702 
(the first year of his Episcopate), which may be treated in 
a future article. 

There are no regfular diaries from the end of 1690 to the 
autumn of 170T, an interval which comprises nearly half 
of the printed volume of Bishop Nicolson's letters, as 
edited by John Nicols in 1809. Of this period there are 
only several almanacks containing a few accounts and 
memoranda, of which some may be noticed. 

In 1692, he gives a copy of certain documents relating 
to the disfranchisement of Christopher Musgrave, Esq., 
by the Council of the City of Carlisle, and the action 
taken by the House of Commons therein. — See Chancellor 
Ferguson's M.P.'s of Cumberland and Westmorland, p. 69. 

In 1694, he gives a list of the number of fornicators 
presented in the several Deaneries (58 in all), and adds : — 

My fees in 5^ Gen^ Chaptr 

Dismission of any prsenten ted ... o. i. o 

Penance, for fornication ... ... o. 3. 6 

— Incest ... ... o. 14. o 

— Clandestine mar ... ... o. 5. .0. 

In 1699, he gives the list of his servants, with the wages 
paid to them, on November 11 : — 

Jane, a«year.«. ... ... .•• 

Will., half a year 
Barbary, a year 
Mary, a year 

The thirteenth volume (a book bound in skin, similar 
to the first volume) contains a long account of his stay in 



02. 


00. 


00. 


02. 


10. 


00 


01. 


15- 


00 


01. 


06. 


00. 



BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES. 37 

London from November 29th, 1701, till his return to 
Cumberland on March 13th, 170J. He was in London 
for the publication of his book, The Scottish Historical 
Library. He records at much length the contents of the 
various collections of fossils and coins which he examined. 
These are here omitted, and only extracts of more general 
interest are printed : — 

Dec. g. Clergy-feast * Mr. Lamp!, preach'd. Stewards w* Tinsel- 
Laurels. B. of Norwich's kind Invitation. 

„ 23. Mr. Gibson, Ace* of Address fro y^ Council of Ireland ag* 
Resumptions. Election of Convoc. men for London, 25 on 
each side. No Abjuration-Oath, but Renunciation. B. of 
S. very kind ; some original Charters in ye hand of D. of 
Queensbury. Invited to see ye AB. of Philipopoli. Tho. 
Britain (a seller of small-coal, Char-coal & old-coal) a 
Bookish & Musical Gentleman. Mr. Harley (late Speaker) 
at Mr. M's chamber. B. of Wor^sj complim* to A. B. 
Sancroft ; thanking God for ye takers of Oaths, for preser- 
vation of ye Ch. and ye Refusers, for suppressing of 
Atheism. Mr. Mountain bit by S"^ W. Strickland. Virgil, 
read in a Coach. B. of Wore*" ag°. 
Who sells ye Liveings that he can't possess 
And farms y* Sine-Cure his Diocese. 
Acts of this Speaker's w^h For wch of these do ye stone me. 

„ 27. Mr. Ferguson (at Coll. J Grahme's) a true Churchman. 
Observ'd, y* S' W. Temple, in his memoirs, had asserted 
yt ye K. of Fr. (in case of his getting Fl.) would never desire 
Holland : And S' W. Jones (in his Oxford Speeches) main- 
tains ye power of jre Commons to imprison. 'S Advice 
to ye K. to have Rewards & punishm^s equally distributed. 
*Din'd, at Mr. Jon. Watson's, w^^ S' C. M. and his two sons. 
Coll. Grahme to acknowledge y* his son had made a Trip 
in Hon'. Sup'd v/^ W. Tullie, wth his B^s & Sisters, Mr. 
Pew, &c. great. 



* The preacher at the annual festival of the Corporation of the Sons of the 
Clergy held in 1701 was Thomas Lamplugh, D.D., afterwards Prebendary of 
York. John Moore was Bishop of Norwich, 1691 ; of Ely, 1707 ; died 1714. 

f William Lloyd, Bishop of S. Asaph, 1680 ; of Lichfield, 1692 ; of Worcester, 

1699; died, 1717- 

+ Colonel James Graham, of Levens, second son of Sir George Graham, of 
Esk; brother of Viscount Preston and of William Graham, Dean of Carlisle; 
M.P.' for Westmorland, 1708-1722. 



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38 BISHOP nicolson's diaries. 

Dec. 31. S' C. M. carry *d me to Westminster & Cous. Relf brought 
me to ye Prince's chamber, where ye K. Rob'd & crown'd. 
He approved y® Choice of Mr. Harley ; and spoke to both 
Houses w**^ a strong voice. 

Jan. I. Din'd w**» Mr. Stanwix. Visited (a second time) by S' Ph. 
Sydenham ; who brought me an invitation to dine, 5^ next 
day, with my L'' President. 

„ 2. Beg'd leave of S' C. M. to dine w^ L^ P. S*" Ph. 
Sydenha's prsent of a deal of Tetrici &c. Otho, & other 
Counterfeits, at 8^ 6*. nine in number. Din'd w*** L^ 
president whose Coins &c. elsewhere, in this Book. 

3. Din'd at Lambeth. Thank'd by A B. for my Answ. to 
Att.* Got Mr. Elstob's Saxon Homily. 

4. F^ my first visit, in y® evening to Mr. Evelyn ; whence to 
Grey's Inn. Abjuration -Oath setled ; pro tempore. 

6. At Fulham. Ld Bishop's f commands to come again w*** 
Coll. Grahme. A B. Seller's History fro Mr. Burscough, 
at y^ Vine. He ye Author of the pref. to Mr Gibson's 
Carmen Macaronicum. 

„ 7. Din'd with Cap. Hatton. Thence to Mr. Evel5m's. His 
painted coins; drawn at Frankendale. Paris-print (at ye 
Louvre) far above that at Cambridge. Maps taken out of 
Books. In ye evening at Grey's Inn : Abjuration-Oath 
reassum'd and adjourn'd: 

10. At Fulha w*** Coll. Graham. The Bp. very hearty for a 
successor. Lights in Hide-park. 

11. From St Paul's (where I preach'd on ps. 5, 3.) to dine w**" 
S' W. Gore, Ld Mayor. NB Cut for ye stone. In ye 
evening, w*** Dr Kennet at Mr Cradock's near Aldgate. 

„ 12. With Dr Woodward (Mr Dale & Mr Hare of ye Herald's 
Office) and Mr Child, S' F's son, at Manwaring's. 

„ 13. After 5^ Speeches at ye prsentm' of y^ prolocutor, dined 
wth Dr Wake,J Dr Kennet, Mr. West, Dr Mandevil. B. of 
Chichester§ story of Dr Att's prevarication w*»» him ab* 3^ 
B. of Sarum's SoUicitations. — After Dinner to Lambeth : 



»» 



»> 



* Thomas Tenison, Bishop of Lincoln, 1692 ; Archbishop of Canterbury, 1695 ; 
died, 1715. Francis Atterbury was at this time Preacher at the Rolls. He was 
Dean of Carlisle, 1704-1711 ; Dean of Christ Church, 1711-1713; Dean of West- 
minster, 1713-1723 ; Bishop of Rochester, 1713 ; deposed, 1723 ; died, 1733. 

t Henry Compton, Bishop of Oxford, 1674 ; of London, 1675 ; died, 1713. 

+ William Wake, Dean of Christ Church ; Rector of S. James", Westminster 
1694 ; Dean of Exeter, 1701 ; Bishop of Lincoln, 1705 ; Archbishop of Canter- 
bury, 1716; died, 1737. 

§ John Williams, Bishop of Chichester, 1695 ; died, 1709. 



BISHOP NICOLSON*S DIARIES. 39 

Mr. Gibson's first Letter for Cous. Pearson.* NB The 
Oxford- Almanac for 1702. 
Jan. 14. Mr Child's Coins view'd w*** Mr. Dale ; who gives an ill 
ace' of S' W. D's carelessness in Heraldry & Records, par- 
ticularly, His Writs of Summons. 

„ 15. With Mr. Dale & Mr. Hare at ye Herald's office New 
Draught of Arms & pedigrees very fine, at 40^^ and 15^^. 
Thence to y© Tower ; of w«*» elsewhere. — Din'dt w*** D" 
Kennet, prideaux & Waugh. Mr. Ed. Stephen's Ded. of 
prayers for ye Dead &c. to ye D. of Cant. 

„ 16. With Dr. Johnston (S' Ph. Syd. w*** me) at my Lady Peter- 
borough's. A deal of Collections, ill written & confus'd. A 
Ms. History in Engl. Meeter (Fol. in perga). fro Brute to 
Edw. 2. mostly Affairs of 5^ British Kings, Arthur, &c 
with Merl)ni's prophecies, &c. — Original Charters *& 
grants, w*** seals, sav'd by Mr. Dodesworth in 7 or 8 
Drawers. 

„ 17. Dined at Lambeth w*^ B^ of Worcester, Hereford,! Nor- 
wich, Chichester & Bangor. Deans of Lincoln & 
Chichester, Dr Burnet (of y^ Charter- House) Dr. Bentley, 
&c. Cous. Pearson Lr abt y® D. of Y's Illness comm. w*** 
good encouragement. 

„ ig. Din'd w*^ ye B. of Norw. Copy of L. Bede of ab* 800 years 
old. His Library in five rooms, besides Closets. 

„ 22. Din'd wt^ ye B. of Worcester. Mr. Lloyd's Coins. Roman 
& Greek very numerous ; especially in Brass. Class'd 
according to times of Consulships ; and ye Gr. mark'd on 
3^ years H M. HI. &c. 

„ 23. At ye Tower w**^ Cous. Orfeur. The Armoury for 100,000 
men. Horse Armoury; Kings on Horseback. Ch. is. 
Armour prsented by ye City of Lond. 

„ 25. St Paul's day (clear) & first Sunday of the Term. Judges 
& Serjeants, in Scarlet, at St Paul's. Ld May' & B. of 
Lond. AB. of Philopopoli ; attended w'^ a physitian (in red) 
& two persons in holy Orders : whereof one ask'd me why 
yc Convocation o pray'd for as well as ye parliament. In 
3^ Afternoon, Dr Trimnel preach 'd on i. Cor. i. 21. 



* William Pearson, R. of Bolton-Percy ; Archdeacon of Nottingham, 1690 ; 
Sub- Dean of York, 1695 ; afterwards Chancellor of York ; died, 1715. 

t Humfrey Humphries, Bishop of Bangor, 1689 ; of Hereford, 1701 ; died, 
1712. John Evans, Bishop of Bangor, 1701 ; of Meath, 1715 ; died, 1724. 
Richard Bentley, D.D. (the well-known scholar), was Master of Trinity College, 
Cambridge, 1700-1742. The Dean of York was Thomas Gale, D.D., Fellow of 
Trinity College, Cambridge, Master of St. Paul's School, 1672 ; Dean of York, 
1697-1702. 



40 BISHOP NICOLSON*S DIARIES. 

Jan. 26. Din'd w'*^ my L** Thanet ; & good Resolutions taken (wtJ> 
Coll. Grahme) for Appleby, by Manufactures &c. With 
Dr L. Dr Alston Dr Waugh & Mr Smith (of Qu.) at ye 
Vine. 

„ 29. Din'd w**^ S' Rob. Southwel ; who was enter'd at Q. Coll. 
in 1653. return'd fro his second Emb. in Portugal in i66g. 
Lewenhook's great Discoveries in Semine animali. Sweden 
f prov'd to be Plato's Atlantis. Dr Sloan gives all his Salary 
to the Clerks, 5ol*>. B. of Worcester gave me Dr Rennet's 
History of ye late Convoc. and, returning home, I found 
another (gilt-paper*) fro y« AB of C. Bp. of C's Bill ab* 
Melburn not like to pass easily. 

„ 30. Mr Gibson pr. at S. Bride's on Eccles. 3. 8. good & Loyal. 
A prsent fro Dr Kennet (by ye penny-post) of his Hist, of 
' ye late Convoc. With ye printer, in a Garret near Stocks- 

market. Remarks on ye Oxf. Almanack, & Dr Aldrich's 
Verses on ye D. of Gloc. written on it. 
Ne vel Roma suas Tamesinis jungeret undas. 
Nee putrem inferret foeda Geneva lacum. 

„ 31. At ye Library at S* James's, wt»» Mr. Wanley, Dust & 
Babel.' A Saxon B. of y® Gospels never compar'd by 
Junius. The Liber Medicinalis ; its Catalogue gives y^ 
names of y*"^ plants charms, &c. in it. Thoughts of 
printing 1000 copies of the Alexandrian Copy. — Din'd at 
Lambeth. A B's stories of Dean Owen's stealing y« powder 
fro ye Canons : And of Mr. Sheringham's makeing a new 
Bible, in his stud)dng Fits. 
Feb. I. Mr. Wanley din'd w'** me at my B". In love w'h painting 
& Musick. History of ye Gr. Genesis, in Capitals, at 
Cotton's Library. (I suppose 'tis in Dr Smith's Hist, of y^ 
Libr.) — From my Ld Thanet's by Dr Lancaster's to 3^ 
D. of Paul's Lodgeings, at ye Temple wth Mr. Gibson. 
Resolutions there taken to protest on Tuesday, & to end ye 
Cause in Convoc. 
2. Leam'd from Mr. Grey's MS. of y® Writers of Scotland. — 
Ch. Lesley (Author of ye Regale &c.) 2d son of y® B. of 



>> 



* It was customary for letters to or from the Archbishop of Canterbury to be 
written on gilt-edged paper. I am told that Archbishop Howley (Archbishop of 
Canterbury, 1828-1848) was the last who continued this fashion. " When Sir 
John Coleridge, father of the Lord Chief Justice, was a young man at the Bar, he 
wished to obtain a small legal post in the Archbishop's Prerogative Court. An 
influential friend undertook to forward his application to the Archbishop. * But 
remember,' he said, ' in writing your letter that His Grace can only' be 
approached on gilt-edged paper.' " — Collections and Recollections by one who has 
kept a Diary, p. 84. (Smith, Elder & Co.) 



BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIBS. 4I 

Clogher, who lived to 100 years, and (before y« Revolution) 
Chanc' of the Cathedral of Connor. — The late D. of 
Lauderdale Author of the Pacquet of Advice to 5^ men 
of Shaftsbury. — The pref. to Rule's True Representation 
of Presbyt. Governm* (40 Edinb. 1690) sales, in the 3^ 
Edition, that it had undergone an Examen rigorosu of y^ 
whole party. 
Feb. 7. At Lambeth, fetching back my Book & Ep. Ded. Oblig'd 
to leave out ye contents of S»^ G. M*s Jus Regiu. Din*d w'h 
Dr Lane', not a word of Convoc. 

„ 8. I preach'd for Dx Birch, on i. Cor. 11. 16. supposed to have 
designed ye Sermon (made 17 years before) ag* Dr Att. 
Waited after-noon on Capt. Hatton who gave Mr. Gibson 
& me 5^ State of Jacobit. prsented to ye Speaker's Story of 
the Frenchman's reckoning Brit. Cam. Spu and Thea. four 
Suffragan Sees in ye province of York. Another of Jos. 
Scaliger's learning Welsh fro ye preaching Linguist in 
Switzerland. After Mr. Jos. Smith's Sermon at Trinity- 
Chappie, to Grey's Inn : S"^ C. M's stories of ye Bpps 
throwing out Mr Coke's Bill & ye petition for ye Ship ; all 
party. With Tho. Bell till 10 at night, 's Ace* of Mr. 
Lesley's good temper. 

„ 9. At Dr Kennet's w'h Dr Hickes * & 's Lady. The Artificial 
Grate- Bellows Clergy & yir wives debate y™selves. Din'd 
wth Dr Waugh. At ye Dean of S* Paul's in y^ Temple, w**» 
Mr Gibson.: an angry Ace* of Dr Beverage's trimming y* 
day, in Convocation ; & declineing to jo5m in y^ protestation 
wc*» he had before subscrib'd. 

„ 10. On Mr Cook's call, to Westm^ & gave my L^'s papers to y* 
B. of Lichfd. Ch. Crow sure of ye B^^*'^ of Raphoe. D. of 
Peterborough angry at ye Expedient of Dr Bev. Dr Nichols 
of Selsey, half ruin'd by ye Sea. promis'd a visit by Dr Bryt 
Dr Felling's parish perverted to popery. Din'd (together 
wth Dr. 'w.) at L^ Thanet's. In ye evening, Mr. Wotton's 
first visit : most welcome. Dr Caius's Translation of 
Celsus, a Blunder in Collier's Dictionary. Lady Thanet's 
observation of ye Apple- woman's knowing when ye H. of C, 
would sit late. 
II. Enquir'd for Cousin R'. at y« Office, & Mr. Chamberlain in 
petty France. Din'd w*** ye B. of Sarum's Lady & children. 



»> 



• Formerly Dean of Worcester, but deprived as a non-juror. The non-juring 
Bishops consecrated him as Suffragan Bishop of Thetford, with a view to 
keeping up the succession. 



42 BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES. 

Her perfect acquaintance w**» y« members in y^ H. of C. y* 
went out, or stay'd in on ye Abjuration-Question. 
Feb. 14. Call'd up by Cous. Suche, my young Valentine. Sat, 5^ 
first time for my picture.* Met w**» Dr Chetwood at S"^ C. 
M.*s chamber ; who saies so help me God was borrowed fro 
5^ Duellers. Din'd at Lambeth : where Ace* of Convoc. 
prorogued (on ye occasion of the Prolocutor's Death) to 
Thursday next: but y© Lower House would return (as 
some did) and place Dr Finch in ye Chair. The Deanry of 
Salisbury rather given to Dr Mill, or Mr. Young than Dr 
Kennet. Mr. Savery's new Invefttion for raising of water, 
to an infinite heighth, by Heat and Rarefaction. His 
Engines carryM water fro 5^ Cellar (whither it was brought 
in pipes above forty yards) to y« Top of a high Brick- House 
near Dorset-stairs. Shewn to 5^* King at Hampton -Court, 
and highly approv'd. 

„ 15. Preach'd for Dr. Kennet. Mr. Gibson, fro Lambeth by y^ 
Bridge. At night to wait on two Mrs. Musgraves, at my 
Lady Franklin's. Late afterw^s w^^ Mr. Charlwood. 

„ 16. Carry'd Dr. J. Smith's Letter to Mr Wanley. At ye B. of 
R's. w**» Coll Graha. Miss'd of attending L^ Admiral w*** 
Dr Woodwd. At night w'h Mr Doody, Mr Buddie & Mr 
Pettiver, Virtuosoes, Wild Sage supplies ye use of Hops. 
Assa foetida gently rubb'd on a Dish y^ best Shalot. 

„ ig. Presented my Scottish Library, early in the morning, to 
my Ld AB. of C. who was pleas'd to take notice y* he had 
already read it (in loose sheets) & believ'd the best His- 
torian in Scotland w^ be instructed by it. Good things 
said of my L^ Tarbet, and 5^ late S' Geo. Mackenzie ; who, 
it seems, once us'd to run fro y® Common-prayer ; as Gen. 
Talmash told him. My L^ went, in hast, to the Convo- 
cation ; in order to prorogue 'em, w'^'out chooseing a new 
prolocutor. 

„ 20. Books prsented to ye B.B. of Worcester, Sarum & Norwich, 
Mr. Stonestreet & my brother Jos. After Dinner, at Mr. 
Charlton's Musaeii. The owner courteous, tho' in a high 
feaver. 

„ 20. At night — With Dr Brown, till late. He acquainted me w^h 
Mr. Ch's true name being Curteine ; & y* he had (he 
believ'd) laid out, as himself said, 5000^^. in his Knacks. 



• I do not know where this picture is. It cannot be the picture which was in 
the possession of Colonel Lindesay (of which there is a copy at Rose Castle), 
nor that now at Staffield Hall, for both of these represent Nicolson in episcopal 
robes. 



>> 



BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES. 43 

Alps have 7 or 8 good roads over 'em : Vallies of 100 
Leagues, continual Snow, of 5 or 6 Layers of different 
years. Paduan B^^ were Jews. Turks not prolifick. Qu. 
if fro Coffee. 
Feb. 21. Sat y^ last time for my picture. At S'^. C.M's setling y^ 
Bill ab* Colby- Leathes. In the evening takeing leave at 
Lambeth. AB*s promises kind. Mr. Snow's frank Enter- 
tainm* of Dr Waugh, Mr. Gibson & me. The Vine in Long 
Acre is the Locus Synodi ; where a Comittee of 16 Lower- 
House-men sat, all night, on lowering ye price of Claret. 
Dr. Maunder prol. 
33. To S' Ph. Sydenha one Book for himself, and another for 
my Ld Admiral. Din'd w**^ Dr Woodw^ at my brother's. 
In y« evening vi^ Mr. S. Clark seeing ye Tiger & at y« 
Greyhound. Ar. Hall's Case. 

24. At my L^ Longvil's v/^^ Mr. Wotton ; gave His L^sp my 
book. Ld Nott's Speech of 5 hours on ye Abjuration- Act. 
Mr. J. Smart's proportion of Taxes and Reprsentatives : 
the II Northern and Western Counties 103 of 513 in Taxes, 
& send 216 members ; whereas Essex and Middlesex 104 of 
ye Taxes, & only 16 members. From Mr. Thynn's to L^ 
Carlile's w^h a Book. Din'd, w'*" ye Warden of All Souls, 
&c. at Dr Lancaster's. Farewell at y« Fountain. 

25. Begun my journey homewards. White- Chappie, y^ Hos- 
pital for Seamen's Widows, by y® Society of Trinity- House. 
Introduc'd by R. Hood & ye Green-man to Epping- Forest, 
in view of Waltham- Abbey and Copt- Hall on y^ left hand, 
& park-Hall (the E. of Anglesey's) and Hill-Hall (S' Ed. 
Smith's) on y* right. At Bishop- Stafford all night. The 
new School, w**» Library & writ eing- School, over the 
Market- House, fine. The old Castle, or Fort, in the 

meadows. 25 m fro London. 

26. Parted w*** brother Jos. & Cous. J a. Nicolson at 3^ Rose in 
B. Stafford. Spent lo^. By Newport & y« E. of Suffolk's 
house (Audley-end) at Saffron-walden. A Roman Fort on 
ye Beacon Hill, above ye High-way. Vid. Cambd. Brit. 
Saffron planted ab* Midsummer, stands 3 years & gives its 
ripe flower ab* Michaelmas. By Bonebridge & over two or 
three old Dykes (ye largest at Gogmagog- Hills to New- 
market, 25 miles fro B. Stafford. Most of the Fields 
cover'd w'^ Flints; the countrey like Clyddesdale. A 
single man, & two Horses, at plough ; & throng in sowing 
Barley. The Race rail'd out, near y« Town; w^^ makes 
two parishes, one in Cambridgesh. y^ other in Suffolk. The 



44 BISHOP nicolson's diaries. 

Minr of both, Mr Fisher, not at home. Spent, at baiting, 
I*. 6^. Thenceforwd. 12 m. (in all 37) to Bnry S. Kd- 
mond's. all curious sandy way. 

Feb. 27. purchas'd of a Barber at Bury, Utensils for Trimming ; 
A box, powder & Tuft, at i^ 2^. Bottle of Orange-oil, 8d. 
Ball & Box of Lignu vitae i*. Bill, & serves, gs, 5d, Thence 
(8 miles, 4 good & as many abominably bad) to Bretten- 
* ham, at Dinner : met w'^ Dr Batty, with Mr. Rivet and 's 
Lady. The Cattle all red ; and tips of wood on y»r horns. 
Hawks and Fishponds ; fro y« last, 240 carps to be deliverd, 
ye next month, to my L^ Gainsbrough's order at Stamford : 
Not now worth above 30^^ tho' as many sold formerly to LA 
Arlington at one time as came (at 5s p pair) to 80^^. Those 
at y® E. of Hereford's near Ipswich, will come to a whistle ; 
and these, at Bretenham, fly fro their feeders when y® great 
Clock strikes. All Houses moted round, to preserve water 
in y« Summer. 

Mar. I. S' Geo. Weny. gave me a long History of his own Life & 
troubles ; his keeping ye Royal Fort (his chamber, where 
Common-prayer was read) in Trinity-Coll, his travels, with 
Cavaliers, into Wales & Comwal ; his entrance on y* 
Estate 44 years ago, when 33, his sufferings by an eldest 
son (by a former Lady) who follow'd K. Ja. into Fr. tum'd 
Papist, & sold ye Reversion of y* Estate to Mr Shepherd y* 
Merch* fro whom S*^ G. repurchas'd it, & setled it on y* 
eldest by this Lady, of much better Qualifications. S' G. 
a g* eater of fruit, all his dales ; and had pippins prscrib'd 
for y* circulated of his blood. 

I preach'd twice at y parish-church ; worth about 8o^*>. P. 
An. in ye gift of ye L^ Chanc' or Keeper. Brettenha has 
no footsteps of 5^ old Com-bretonium ; nor is ye River 
Bretten (or so much as a Brook) near it. Red cows 
supposed to give the finest cream. 
„ 2. S' G. W. a g* Correspondent w**^ Coleman, y« D. of Y's 
martyr'd Seer, who was son of y^ parson of Tljorp near 
Brettenham, bred beyond seas ; where he was perverted to 
popery, and (returning) brought over his mother & sisters. 
In K. Ch. 2's time, he told S' G. at his own Table, yt, w" ye 
D. came to y® Crown, they must all be of his Religion. 
Several of S"^ G's Letters found in his Closet ; at wci» L^ 
Keeper North more startled than was needful. Din'd at 
Hitcham w^** K. Ja's Dr Batty, a g^ master of K* Errantry 
& y« makeing of Spirits out of Sider. Lost 2^ to him at 
Tables. On our Return Mr. Wenyeve communicated to me 
Notes for observeing the Quick- Silver- Weather-glass. 



BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES. 45 

[Here are given at great length rules for foretelling the 
weather from the barometer (then a recent invention), 
substantially the same as the rules now in ordinary use.] 

Mar. 3. S' G. W. fish'd his g* pond of seven or eight Acres, the first 
day of three ; and took (y/^ ye Drag & casting nets) about 
400 carps, besides Jack, Tench, Roch and Bream. No 
Perch ; tho' several put in. The Carps, of 14 Inches long, 
sold at 2 Guinneas a Score ; much cheaper than formerly. 
Sometimes of 25 Inches, or more, in length. No pike ever 
yet seen of an Ell. The Carps will carry alive to London, 
in straw or Grass, without water. Usually conveigh*d in 
Waggons ; four Hogsheads (of 80 fishes apiece) makeing a 
load. New ponds most hungry; till y® old Mud comes to 
breed Insects. S' Rob. Davers (a gentleman of g* Riches 
in Barbadoes) at Dinner; a Baronet, & late Burgess for 
Bury, designing to stand for Knight of the Shire on S^ S. 
Bamardiston's death. 2" at Tables. Belemnitae in the 
sides of y^ Pond, amongst y^ Flints. The Carps make 
large Burrows in 3^ mud, when scared by nets &c. In ten 
or a dozen years at full growth. The best Goshawks fro 
Muscovy. 

„ 4. II" 6^ to y^ Serves at Brettenham. Thence to Livermoor 
10 m. to Brandon, 10 to Stoke, 8 to Downham, 5. in all 33. 
without baiting. The Roads, after ye first four miles, 
incomparably good ; thro' an open & barren countrey, in 
the main, covered with Flints. Royston- Crows in this as 
well as other chalky parts. The Cathedral of Ely all day 
in sight ; as formerly on ye road to Bury. 

„ 5. los at Downha. Thence to Wisbich 10 m. to Fleet (Dr 
Loddington's parsonage, worth 200'^ in his own gift) 10. to 
Sleaford (over ye Moss- Dike- wash) 20 long ones in all 40. 
Baiting at Fleet 2^ 4^. Guide 6^. The Steeple at- Boston, 
in view, above all ye neighbouring Spires. This day thro' 
the Fenn- Countrey. The Houses all of Clay or Brick, 
cover'd w*^ Reeds ridg'd w^h mudd. But the Churches all 
fine, and Spir'd, of Free-stone very thick. Hemp & Flax 
ye chief Manufacture : y^ former spread for drying. All at 
work, pilling and brooking* of H. & Line. Sleeford belongs 
to Mr. Harvey of Bury ; a nasty Town in y« streets. The 



* Separating the boon or case from the flax by pilling (beating with a mallet) 
or by A break. 



46 BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES. 

River springs onely a mile above. Mr Brown (my Land- 
lord) a man of Experience in y® wars ; younglike, but above 
40. The Liveing poor, not above 28^^ certain. 
Mar. 6. 6s. 6<i. at Sleeford. Thence (14 m) to Lincoln. The Church 
fine ; w^^* curious picture in stone (of ye Resurrection, &c.) 
over ye doors. The Divel hugging y^ Witch over a Spout 
on y* Southside of ye Quire : whence ye Devil ore Lincoln. 
The South & North Windows in ye Cross He, fine paint. 
Another Cross- He in y® Quire End ; proper to Metrop. 
churches. Episcopus pueroni in a vault on ye South Side 
of ye Quire. Deans Hone)nvood and Fuller; behind y^ 
Altar. Tom a musical Tone; but less (by a foot in y® 
Diameter) than y* at Roan. Four Residentiaries ; Dean, 
Chantor, Subdean & Chanc'. Four Bishops on 5^ North - 
wall in y® Cross He of ye Quire — R. Grostest &c. Four 
Senr Vicars have good Houses. A Fish- Dinner,* &c. w^ 
Mr. Smith, 5*. To Littleborough- Ferry 9 m. Boat 6^ To 
Bautree 9 m. in all 32. Fine Alabaster on a Hill betwixt 
Whateley and Low-wath, 5 m. fro Bautree. Vile road, for 
about 4 m. fro y« Ferry ; stiff clay. 

7. 6s. 6d. at Bautree. Thence to Ferry-bridge, 18 m. Baiting 
2®. 6^. To Bolton- Percy, 10 m. in all 28. 

8. I Preach'd for Cous. P. The Church well built, as y« P. 
House. In y® W^indows, Ne facies ; under three Bishops, 
formerly call'd Saints. A fair Monum* for Ferd. Ld Fair- 
fax of Cameron ; Father to the Gen'*. Old Mr. Snow 
acquainted AB. Tillotson y* AB. Sheldon was marry 'd. 
AB. Stern's Reasons ag* Prebend'^y's &c. being oblig'd to 
Read prayers, according to ye Act of Uniformity. 

1. Not included under y* Denomination w^h belongs to 
inferiour Degrees. 

2. They belong to ye Cathedral, & not it to them. 

3. Bps. do it not. 

4. 'Twas impossible they should all read before Bartholo- 
mew-Tide ; if each had his Sunday ; nor could y^ prben- 
daries of Salisbury do it in a year. 

5. Most haveing jieglected it, all Grants fro Cathedrals 
would be void. &c. • 

These Reasons approv'd by Ld Chief Justice Holt. Sub 
Dean of Y. penitentiary to y« AB. and y^ Clergy of his 
Diocese. 

NB. Ann daughter of S^ Nicholas Curwen of Workington 
bury'd in the Cathed. of Lincoln. A.D. 1609. 

• It was a Friday in Lent. 



)) 



»» 



BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES. 47 

Mar. 9. To Bishopthorp 7 m. Ld AB. * pleas'd wth my Ded. 
Enquiry how his Son voted in pari*. Dr Breersy's Funeral 
at S* John's in York. 23 Coaches, Rings, &c. With Mr. 
Stephenson, seeing his pictures of Mr Halley, Mrs Grahme, 
(my L<i P's. third daughter) &c. In the evening at y« 
Coffee house (drinking wine) w**" Cous. P. Mr. Terrick, 
Mr. Bradley, Mr. Wickham &c. Good discourse on or 
Laws, & Ap. Tyaneus's Hist, being written 100 years after 
his death. 

Sup. & Lodg'd at Mr. ChanC". Mr H's punn on Mr Fish 
wth ye 6d in his mouth for the Groom at B^K Rep. Tis for 
thee & me 

„ 10. News of y® K^'s death. The first Lesson Moses's goeing 
off; before y« comeing at y« promis'd Land. S* Mary's 
(wthout y^ Gate) a parish-church of ye same stone &c w* y© 
Abbey. With Cous. Noble & S. Usher. After Dinner, w*** 
ye Dean. Antonine's Itin. an old Copy in Mr. Selden's 
hand w^h notes, such a place (as Castra Explorat. &c.) ad 
latus. Engl. Transl. of y^ Bible faulty in mistakes of 
Appellatives for proper names &c. Translations (all) too 
Verbal. To enq. for L^ Preston. Lady M. Fenwick's 
great Improvem*s of her House ; & good designs for 5^ 
pulpit in y® Minster. After prayer in y^ Evening, w*h Dr 
Stainforth. My mistake on y^ AB's Adjournm's. The Act 
alwaies sign'd (after read by himself or Commissioners) by 
the A.B. At night, ye Gates lock'd (before 7) by Order of 
ye Ld Mayor ; & watches set. Certain news of ye King's 
death ; by Capt. Kemp. 

„ II. 6s to ye Serves at Dr Watkinson's; and 5s to my Cous. 
Pearson's. Cous P. Mr. Noble & E Orfeur set me to 
Helperby ; where not sufFer'd to pay more than i" for the 
Horses. From York to Helperby 12. m. thence to y^ Salu- 
tation, 'twixt Leming & Catterick, 14, in all 26. 

„ 12. 6^. at ye Salutation. Thence to Greateabridge 14 m. bait- 
ing, 2^. The following Monum* in Mr Robinson's yard at 
Rokesby, near Gr. bridge — recommended by ye D. of York. 

Thence to Burgh 17 m. in all 31. Mr. Fisher not dejected 
at ye change of o' Govemour in y^ State ; but offended at 
y^ Alteration of Choice for members of Convoc. Mr. 
Denton like enough to recover. Censures on Mr. Br's 
familiarity w^^ Mrs. W. his Atheistical Discourse, &c. 

•John Sharp, Dean of Canterbury, 1689 ; Archbishop of York, 1691 ; died, 
1714. 



48 BISHOP NICOLSON*S DIARIES. 

Mar. 13. Dr. Tilham (solliciteing (for any thing, prsently) for 

Son. Sp. 6s. 6^. Thence to Appleby 6. m. by y« Vicarage 
of Warcop. Mr. Banks directed to pray for y^ Queen ; 
and her Health drunk w*** yc Aldermen. Pd for Jo's 
Quaterage ; & given in the House a*, nothing allow'd to be 
spent in the Inn. Thence 10. m. home ; by Kirkbythore, 
where Mrs Wickins beginning her Labour at ye end of 
mine. 

Here the Diary ends for the time : and it is not 
renewed till Nicolson was made Bishop. This therefore 
appears to be a fitting end for my present paper. 



NOTES ON SOME MEMBERS OF THE 
NICOLSON FAMILY. 

The Nicolson (or Nicholson*) family had been for some time 
connected with Carlisle. Ambrose Nicholson, admitted to the 
Merchants' Guild, 1612, one of the eleven Aldermen named in the 
" Governing Charter," and Mayor 1635, appears to have been an 
ancestor.! 

Joseph Nicholson, the BisHop's grandfather, was of Averas Holme 
(called in the Ordnance Survey " Ambrose Holme " ) on the river 
Eden, opposite Park Broom. He married Radigunda Scott, heiress 
of Park Broom in Stanwix. J The Bishop mentions several cousins 
of the name in his Diary, but I am not able to say exactly how they 
were related to him. Three, who are most frequently named, were 
James and William Nicholson of Carlisle, and James Nicholson of 
Penrith. 

(i) James Nicholson, of Castlegate, Carlisle, was appointed Town 
Clerk in 1666, was a member of the Corporation in 1681, and was 
Mayor 1689 and i6gg. The names of several of his children occur 
in the Register of S. Mary's. Arthur was buried in March 167 J, 
John was baptized in March i61}^J, Mary in June 1673, James in 
May 1676, Jeremy in January 168 J. A son Joseph is also mentioned 

•The Bishop himself always spelt the name " Nicolson." In the case of his 
cousins, it was usually spelt " Nicholson." 

f See the Diary, July 3, 1706. "The last scraps of Ambrose Nicolson's 
lands." 

J The tithes of Linstock were leased 1661 to Radigunda Scott of Park Broom, 
widow : lease renewed 1668 and 1680 to Joseph Nicolson, Clerk, son of the said 
Radigunda, and Mary his wife ; renewed 1686 to William Nicolson, Archdeacon 
of Carlisle, and Elizabeth his wife. (Bishop Nicolson's MSS.) 



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50 BISHOP nicolson's diaries. 

in the Diary, July 26, 1708. James Nicholson's second marriage in 
1690 (when Mayor of Carlisle) to Mrs. Sarah Bendish is recorded in 
the Penrith Registers. He was Chapter Clerk and Registrar of the 
Cathedral 1668- 1698 : in i6g8 his name ceases to appear in the 
records of the Chapter. He was buried at S. Mary's, July 31, 1708 * : 
Mrs. Sarah Nicholson in Nov. 1723. 

On Dec. 14, 1698, and again on March 7, 169! , ^ second James 
Nicholson, " Notary Public of the City of Carlisle," wished to be 
appointed Chapter Clerk, and the Patent for his appointment was 
written out in the book of Chapter Records.f But on both occasions 
the Chapter refused to appoint him : the Patent was crossed out in 
the book; and on Sept. 5, 1699, the Chapter appointed John 
Nicolson of Rose Castle (brother to Bishop Nicolson, then a Pre- 
bendary), who had been made Registrar of the Diocese in 1691. 

(2) William Nicholson, of Fishergate, Carlisle, Merchant, appar- 
ently brother of the above James Nicholson,! was admitted into the 
Merchants' Guild, 1663, was a member of the Corporation in 1681, 
and was made Clerk of the Merchants' Guild 1698. He was Mayor 
1688, 1692, 1701, and 171 1. § His first wife died Sept. 1676, and in 
1677 or 1678 he appears to have married an Aglionby, sister of John 
Aglionby, the Recorder. || This must have been either Jane or 
Isabel, mentioned in the Aglionby pedigree in Whellan : he is 
several times mentioned in the Diary in connection with the 
Aglionby family. His children, recorded in the S. Mary's Register, 
were Mary, buried April 1673'; Grace, baptized April 1674 ; Dorothy, 
buried January 168}; Jane, baptized March 167!; and Issabel, 
baptized March i68J. Of them, Isabel married in 1710 Joseph 
Jackson, who died 1732; and, besides three sons who died without 
children, they had one daughter Margery Jackson, formerly a noted 
character in Carlisle. William Nicholson was buried at S. Mary's, 
March 30, 1718. By his will he left all his property to his youngest 
daughter Isabel, wife of Joseph Jackson, subject to an annuity of 



* His will appears in the index of the Court of Probate at Carlisle : but it is 
not now to be found in the Registry. 

f I conjecture that this may have been James Nicholson the younger, bom 
1676, and that he expected to succeed his father. 

J James and William Nicholson, both of Carlisle, had a lease in 1679 from the 
Dean and Chapter of Tithe at Little Salkeld. (Bishop N's Miscellany Accounts, 
p. 171.) 

The Bogg in Crossby was leased by Bishop Rainbow in 1668 to William 
Nicholson of Carlisle, Merchant, for the lives of the said William Nicholson, 
Anne his wife, and James Nicholson of Carlisle, Gent. (Bishop N's MSS.) 

§ •• Attended the Mayor (my namesake and kinsman W.N.,) thro* two of the 
Gilds at Carlisle." (Diary May 14, 1702.) 

1 1 See Memoir of Margery Jackson, the Carlisle Miser, by F. Blair, published 
by R. & J. Steel, Carlisle. 



BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES. 51 

£^0 to his wife. She was probably the " Mrs. Nicholson, widow," 
buried at S. Mary's, November 4, 1728. 

James and William Nicholson were appointed Aldermen under 
the charter of Charies II., 1684. But on March, 1685, Sir John 
Lowther wrote to Sir D. Fleming with regard to the arbitrary 
changes made by James II., "I hear that all the Aldermen of 
Carlisle are to be changed save Mr. Warwick and Basil Fielding. 
The Reformation of Corporations goes on vigorously." And on 
March 16, 168J, Bishop Smith wrote, " Four of the Carlisle Alder- 
men have been displaced, viz.. Sir Christopher and Sir George and 
the two Nicholsons. In their place are put Sir Francis Salkeld, Mr. 
William Howard, Ralph Crofts, and Joseph Reed, this last being 
made Mayor in the place of William Nicholson." On December 7, 
1692, John How, senior, William Nicholson, Robert Jackson, 
senior, Thomas Jackson, and Edward Monkhouse were brought to 
the bar of the House of Commons on their knees, and reprimanded 
by the Speaker, in the matter of the disfranchisement of Christopher 
Musgrave. It would therefore appear that William Nicholson then 
belonged to the Lowther or Whig party in Carlisle. 

(3) Another cousin, often mentioned in the diary, was James 
Nicholson, of Penrith, an attorney. His mother, Mary Nicholson, 
of Linstock Castle,* was alive in 1705, as appears by the diary of 
May 14 and July 14 in that year. He owned a tenement at Park- 
broom, and was lessee of Linstock under the Bishops of Carlisle. He 
married Bridget, daughter of Thomas Fetherstonhaugh of the College, 
Kirkoswald, by his second wife Mary, daughter ot Henry Dacre, of 
Lanercost. The Penrith registers contain the baptism of several 
of their children, viz., in 1681 Featherston (often mentioned in the 
later volumes of the diary), in 1683 Charles (whom the Bishop calls 
his godson), in 1686 Mary, in 1690 Grace and Jane (twins), in 1692 
Bridget. 

The registers of S. Mary's and S. Cuthbert's, Carlisle, contain 
many other entries of the name of Nicholson ; but there does not 
seem to be any reason for connecting them with the Bishop's family. 

The chief authorities for the pedigree are Whellan (p. 166), 
Nicolson and Bum, the Bishop's will, Joseph Nicolson's will, the 
Dalston Registers (C. and W. Transactions, vol. vii.), the registers of 
S. Mary, Carlisle, and Bishop Nicolson's letters edited by J. 
Nichols. 



♦ Linstock Castle was leased by the Bishop of Carlisle in 1663 to Robert 
Nicholson, gent., son of James, the former possessor, during the lives of James, 
son of Robert ; Mary, his daughter ; and James, son of Richard Nicholson, of 
Brunstock. The fishing was leased in 1678 to Mary Nicholson, widow of the 
said Robert. — Bishop Nicolson's MSS. 



(52) 



-4 



Art. II. — On Roman Medicine and Roman Medical 
Practitioners. By Henry Barnes, M.D., Ll-D,, 
F.R.S.E. 

Read at Carlisle, June 21, 1900. 

FEW years ago, when preparing a paper on the 



A 



" Medical History of Carlisle,"* it occurred to me to 
institute an inquiry whether any Roman medical monu- 
ments had been discovered in this part of Cumberland, 
and, if so, whether such discoveries threw any light on the 
conditions of medical practice during the period in which 
the Romans occupied this part of Britain. The inquiry 
proved a very interesting one, and, as the subject has not 
hitherto been noticed in our Transactions, I have con- 
tinued it at intervals since that time, and now venture to 
submit the result to this meeting. 

It is generally considered'that the history of medicine 
starts with the earlier period of Greek civilisation. The 
Homeric heroes are represented as having considerable 
skill in surgery, and as being able to treat ordinary 
wounds and injuries. The two sons of Asklepios, Poda- 
leirios and Machaon, are especially treated with great 
respect, the former having received from his father'^the 
gift *' of recognising what was not visible to the eye, and 
tending what could not be healed," while the task of 
Machaon was specially to deal with injuries. There 
would thus appear to have been even in these early days 
a separation between the domain of medicine and that of 
surgery. 

The worship of Asklepios, as the god of healing was 
called, was widely spread among the Greeks, and lasted 



• Presidential address at Carlisle meeting of British Medical Association. — 
Pfit. Med. Journal, vol. ii., 1896, p. 245. 



ON ROMAN MEDICINE, ETC. 53 

even to Christian times. Temples were erected in his 
honour at various places, the principal one being at 
Epidaurus ; but minor ones were erected at Athens, Cos, 
Pergamos, and other places. Crowds of sick persons 
flocked to these shrines in order to be healed, just as in 
modern times relief is sought by a pilgrimage to the 
waters of some sacred spring. During the last five-and- 
twenty years the great revival of interest in archaeological 
research has led to the exploration of the shrines of the 
god of healing at Athens and .Epidaurus, and many 
interesting inscriptions have been brought to light. In 
the earlier times the health-restoring influence of the 
shrines would seem to have been almost miraculous, and 
the most wonderful and absurd reports of cures are to be 
found among the earlier inscriptions. I will content 
myself with giving two extracts from the records of 
Asklepios at Epidaurus.* 

(i) A man who had only one eye is visited by the god during the 
night. The god applies some ointment to the empty orbit. On 
awaking the man finds he has two sound eyes. 

(2) Heraeus of Mytilene has no hair on his head. He asks the 
god to make it grow again. Asklepios applies an ointment, and 
next morning the hair has grown thickly over his scalp. 

The record unfortunately does not disclose the nature 
of the wonderful ointment used in either case. In later 
times* superstition and deception had a less share and 
rational treatment- a greater share in the cure. We find 
the priests prescribing plain food, hot and cold baths, 
active gymnastic exercises, counter-irritation, and a 
variety of medicaments. The following thanksgiving of 
one cured of the gout is interesting : — 

Oh ! Blessed Asklepios, god of healing, it is thanks to thy skill 
that Diaphantes, relieved of his incurable and horrible gout, no 
longer moves like a crab, no longer will walk upon thorns, but has a 
sound foot as thou hast ordained. 



* Two lectures on ' ' The Temples and Ritual of Asklepios at Epidaurus and 
Athens," by Dr. Caton. — Brit. Med. journal, vol. ii., 1898. 



54 ON ROMAN MEDICINE, ETC. 

The Romans do not appear to have originated or 
possessed an independent school of medicine. It is true 
they had, from very early times, a very complicated 
system of superstitious medicine, or religion related to 
the cure of disease, borrowed most probably from the 
Etruscans. In the older days of the Republic the master 
of the house appears to have undertaken the care of the 
health of his household. We get a good idea of the con- 
ditions of family medical practice in the third century 
before Christ in De re ,rustica of the Elder Cato, who 
practised surgery on his own estate. Two of the longest 
chapters in this work are devoted to the virtues of the 
cabbage as a remedy, and the various diseases for which 
it can be used. He summarises its virtues in a single 
sentence — A d omnes res salubre eat. It seems to have been 
his great panacea for the most different forms of disease. 
Whether it be dulness of hearing, dimness of sight, 
polypus of the nose, cancer, ulcers, or tumours, the remedy 
is cabbage. If a bone be dislocated he orders a cabbage 
poultice to be applied, and cito sanumfiet. If the remedy 
fails, then it appears that the aid of magic must be called 
in. You are directed to take a green twig, four or five 
inches long, and this, cleft through the middle, becomes 
the conjuring rod. Then the following incantation is to be 
used* : — 

IN ALIO. S. F. MOTAS VABTA DARIES DARDARIES 
A STAT A RIBS DISSUNAPITBR. 

This extraordinary roll of magic words will, I venture 
to say, compare favourably with those sometimes used by 
itinerant quacks in the present day. The very rhythm of 
the words suggest the manipulative movements which 
would doubtless be used with the incantation, as we are 
told that the patient is to be held fast by the hips by two 
men (duo homines teneant ad coxendices), and the latter half 



* Cato, De re rusticat cap. clz. 



ON ROMAN MEDICINE, ETC. 55 

of the last word of the incantation is suggestive of the 
sound which a dislocated bone makes when it slips into 
its socket. Two other incantations are given, both sug- 
gestive of more violent manipulations to be held apparently 
if the first fails. These are : — 

(i) HUAT HAN AT HUAT 1ST A PI ST A SI ST A DOMIABO 
DAMNAUSTRA. 

(2) HUAT HAUT HAUT I ST A SIS TAR SIS ARDANNABON 
DUNNUSTRA. 

Cato had no theories about disease except such as spring 
from mere superstition. He hated and despised the 
Greeks, and in writing to his son Marcus he warned him 
against their arts, and especially against their physicians. 
In his opinion, if Greek medicine once got itself established 
in Rome the end would not be far off, for that most 
wicked race had sworn " to exterminate the Romans by 
its medicine." 

The first Greek physician whose name is preserved as 
having migrated to Rome was Archagathus, who came 
over from the Peloponnesus in 218 B.C., and many others 
followed his example. Archagathus was a citizen of 
Sparta, and he succeeded so well in overcoming the . 
prejudices against his order that the senate conferred 
upon him the privileges of a Roman citizen, and a surgery 
and dispensary were fitted up for him at the public 
expense in one of the busiest streets of the city near the 
Forum. A firmer footing for Greek medicine in Rome 
was gained by the advent of Asclepiades, who was born in 
Bithynia in 124 B.C. He went to Rome as a young man, 
and soon became distinguished both for his medical skill 
and oratorical power. His system of medicine appears to 
have been founded on the Epicurean philosophical creed. 
The charm of his manner, his dislike of strong remedies, 
and his faith in the therapeutic virtues of wine (which 
under the stern regime of the Republic women were for- 
bidden to drink) made him very popular, and he became 



56 ON ROMAN MEDICINE, ETC. 

the trusted adviser of men and women of all classes. He 
believed more in hygiene than in physic, and it was owing 
to his influence that the Romans became such devotees of 
the hot bath, massage, and the cura cutis* Of his pupils 
the most famous was Themison, who gave permanance to 
the teachings of his master by framing a new system of 
medical doctrine, which lasted for some centuries. This 
system was known as Methodism. He maintained it was 
useless to consider the causes of disease ; it was sufficient 
to know what was common to all diseases — viz., their 
common qualities. Treatment was directed not to any 
special organ, but to correcting the morbid common 
condition ; relaxing the body if it was constricted, causing 
contraction if it was too lax, and in the mixed state acting 
according to the predominant conditions. This simple 
rule of treatment was the system, or ** method " from 
which the school took its name. Among other well- 
known Roman physicians ajbout this period were Craterus, 
who, according to Horace, was the great authority on 
heart disease ; Cleanthes, who stitched up the wound 
which the younger Cato made in his abdomen by falling 
on his sword ; Antistius, physician to Julius Csesar, who 
examined the Dictator's body after death, and found that 
of the many wounds inflicted only one was mortal ; 
Alexion, whose death was deplored by Cicero as an irre- 
parable personal loss ; and Cleophantus, named by the 
same writer as medicus suavis. 

Under the empire a new order of medical practitioners 
came into existence. Augustus was a great invalid and 
in the hands of the doctors nearly all his life. His 
household swarmed with practitioners of the healing art. 
There were medici servi, who were slaves; there were 
superpositi medicoruin, or overseers of the slaves, and of 
their assistants, or adjutores valetudinarii ; there were the 
unguentarii and the herbarii ; there were the female 
healers (medica) who devoted themselves mainly to the 
diseases of women, and midwives {obsietrtces and saga), a 



ON ROMAN MEDICINE, ETC. 57 

bad lot who traded on the vanity, credulity and corruption 
of women. The best known physician of the Emperor 
Augustus was Antonius Musa, a freedman, who was 
fortunate enough to cure his Imperial patient from some 
liver complaint by cold bathing, and was in consequence 
loaded with honours. He was also the friend and 
physician of Agrippa, Maecenas, and other distinguished 
persons. Tiberius, who ascended the throne on the 
death of Augustus, appointed Charicles as his physician, 
but being a man of robust constitution, he could afford to 
laugh at doctors, and he told his physician that he might 
keep his physic for fools. Among the leading physicians 
of this period were Crinas, Alcon, and Stertinius Xeno- 
phon, who accumulated large fortunes by the practice of 
their profession. Of later practitioners it may suffice to 
mention Thessalos, who lived in the time of Nero, and 
called himself latronices, or conqueror of doctors. It was 
about this period that the Emperor's physician first came . 
to be known under the title of "Archiater," and this 
distinction was held by Andromachus, and by Demetrius 
and Magnus under Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius. 
It would be easy to continue the list of names, but those 
I have mentioned will suffice to show that the majority 
were Greeks, bearing characteristic Greek names. The 
Romans themselves had little taste for the healing art, 
and Pliny tells us that the profession of medicine was the 
only one of the Greek arts to which the Romana gravitas 
had not yet stooped. The fees obtained by some of these 
physicians were enormous. Pliny tells us that Stertinius 
earned by his town practice about 600,000 sesterces 
yearly, equal to about ^f 5,000 of our money, and it is on 
record that one surgeon, Cami by name, obtained jf 2,000 
for one operation alone. Such a profitable profession 
naturally attracted many to its ranks, and it soon became 
overstocked. This led to a subdivision of labour, and 
specialists became common. In the latter half of the 
first century of the Christian era there were physicians 



58 ON ROMAN MEDICINE, ETC, 

who did not practise surgery, and there were surgeons 
who limited themselves to one kind of operation. There 
were at least two kinds of eye doctors, one for the general 
treatment and the other for operations. There was also 
a special operator for the destruction of eyelashes which 
threatened vision. There were aurists, bone-setters, and 
dentists.* 

It is not uncommon to read of a certain distrust of 
doctors in these ancient times, and perhaps the old 
Romans were not very far wrong in their distrust of 
them ; as in those days anyone could call himself a 
doctor who had attended a short course of instruction 
lasting only six months, and all could administer poison 
to those who were tired of life. It was very easy in those 
days to escape punishment. Many doctors are mentioned 
who became the instruments of private vengeance. 
Glicon poisoned the wound of Pansa, Nero sent doctors 
to his rich aunt Domitia to hasten her end ; and 
Agrippina also sent for a doctor, fearing that the poison 
administered to Claudius by the notorious female poisoner 
Lucustat should not prove fatal. Medical men were often 
sent to open the veins of prisoners, and we find them as 
accomplices in the assassination of Drusus and of Marcus 
Aurelius. 

It is satisfactory to find that there were notable 
examples of men who stood out nobly from amongst so 
much corruption and crime. Among these may be 
mentioned the two physicians in attendance upon the 
Emperor Severus, who according to the testimony of 



• Dentistry is a very old profession. In the famous laws of the twelve tables 
the art of fixing teeth with gold is mentioned and several skulls have been found 
in Etruscan tombs to which artificial teeth are attached by a system of gold 
binding identical with the bridge work of the modern American dentists. A 
good example of this occurs in the Museo Papa Giulio, and several others in the 
Museum of Corneto. In one of these, two incisor teeth are replaced by a single 
calf s tooth filed in the middle. These dental works date back to the fifth 
century B.C. 

f In Tacitus (Ann. xii, 66, Oxford edition) she is spelt Locusta^ but according 
to Dr. Smith's Classical Dictionary, the name is more correctiy given as Lucusta. 
He gives the following additional references, viz. : Juv. i, 71, Tac. Ann, riii, 15 
guet, ^er. 33, Dio Cass. Ix, 34. ' * 



ON ROMAN MEDICINE, ETC. 59 

Herodian, had been in attendance upon the Emperor 
during his Scottish campaigns. On the return of the 
Emperor to York, his physicians * received instructions 
from the Emperor's son Caracalla that they should use 
means to hasten the death of the Emperor. Their 
refusal, while commendable in the highest degree, proved 
the cause of their own ruin, for one of the first acts of the 
reign of terror and bloodshed of Caracalla was to order 
the execution of his father's faithful physicians. 

There are several scattered notices of physicians being 
placed in attendance upon Roman Senators, Consuls, and 
Emperors during the course of military campaigns. Galen 
states that he was summone.l to attend upon the Roman 
Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus during their 
proposed campaign against some of the German tribes, 
and there is a notable example of a physician, who, while 
in attendance upon a Roman Emperor in Britain, made 
good use of his time. According to Sprengel, a treatise, 
Dc Compositione M edicamentorum, was composed by 
Scribonius Largus at the time the author was in attend- 
ance upon the Emperor Claudius during his short 
campaign in Britain (a.d. 43). Sir Thomas Browne also 
confirms this statement. 

The question of the provision made for the medical and 
surgical treatment of the Roman soldiers during their 
period of service in foreign countries did not receive 
much attention from archaeologists until a comparatively 
recent period. There is no distinct reference to ihe 
subject in the Roman classics. The late Sir James Y. 
Simpson is well known as the discoverer of the 
anaesthetic properties of chloroform, and as one who, 
in addition to his eminence as a physician, was also- 
eminent as an antiquary and archaeologist. To hini 
we are indebted for the first elaborate inquiry into this 

* One of the physicians was Serenus Sammonicus, the author of a treatise on 
diseases and their treatment, in Latin verse. A copy of this work was kindly 
lent to me by the Dean of Carlisle. 



6o ON ROMAN MEDICINE, ETC. 

subject,* and the result of his investigation was to establish 
the fact that there was not only a mediciis cohortts, but 
there was also a medicus legioftis, a kind of superior 
medical officer. One of the most interesting bits of 
evidence which he brought forward was a monumental 
tablet 5 feet by 2 feet 6 inches found at Borcovicus, and 
now in the Newcastle Museum. The inscription shows 
that it was erected by the first cohort of the Tungrians to 
the memory of their medicus or dinar i us. This cohort 
distinguished itself under Agricola, and was afterwards 
engaged in the erection of the more northern wall of 
Antoninus, t At a later period, probably in the reign of 
Marcus Aurelius, it became stationed at Castlesteads in 
this county. The translation of the inscription, accord- 
ing to the learned historian of the Roman wall, Dr. 
Bruce, is as follows : — ** Sacred to the Gods of the Shades 
below. To Anicius Ingenuus, physician in ordinary of 
the first cohort of the Tungrians. He lived 25 years." 
The monument is elaborately carved, and this is held to 
be suggestive of the great esteem and respect in which he 
was held by his comrades. It is said to be more 
elaborately carved than many of the altars raised by this 
and other cohorts to their deities. The figure at the head 
of the stone is either a rabbit or a hare, probably the 
former ; and as the rabbit is the badge of Spain, it has been 
suggested that Anicius Ingenuus may have been a native 
of that country. An illustration of the monument and 
the inscription appears on the opposite page. (Fig. I.) 

The distinctive term " ordinarius " is interesting. It is 
generally supposed that a cohort consisted of 500 or 600 
men, and each cohort seems to have been provided with 
one medical officer at least. Several monumental and 
votive tablets found in other parts of the world refer to 



« «« 



Was the Roman Army provided with medical officers? " Edinburgh, 1856. 

t Among the Roman stones in the Hunterian Museum of the University of 

Glasgow there is one which has an inscription on it showing that it was erected 

by this cohort in the reign of Antoninus Pius.— See The Roman Stones in the 

Hunterian Museum, by Macdonald, Glasgow, 1897, p. 72. 



ON ROMAN MEDICINE, ETC. 6l 

army medical officers. In Gruter's Inscriptiones Roinants 
there are three in which physicians of cohorts are men- 
tioned, and it is a singular coincidence that one had the 
same notnen gentile as the physician of the Tungrian cohort 
just mentioned. This tablet was found at Rome, and the 
inscription is as follows :— " M. JVLIVS INGENVVS 



D M 

A N 1 C I O 

I NGE N VO 

MEDICO 

O R D.CO H 

ITVNGR 

VrX. ANXX V 

Diis Manibus 

Ingeuuo 

Medico 

OrdinarioC?) Cohortis 

Prima Tungrorum 

Vixit annos vigiati quinque. 



it by 2 



MED COHIIVIG." In the Syntagma Inscriptionuni 
there is a description of a tablet erected by Titus 
Claudius Julianus, clinical physiciari to the fourth 
Praetorian cohort, to himself, to his wife Tullia Epigone, 
and to their freedmen and freedwomen. In the Museum 



62 ON ROMAN MEDICINE, ETC. * 

of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland at Edinburgh 
there is an inscribed stone naming a medicus, but it is 
considered doubtful whether it was found in Britain. 
There is also an inscription at Chester, where the Greek 
equivalent of medicus [ialros) is to be found. During 
some excavations which were carried out at Binchester 
some twenty years ago (October, 1879), a votive tablet 
with inscription was discovered. (Fig. II.) This has been 
brought under my notice by Mr. Haverfield. A consider- 
able portion of the inscription is wanting owing to the fact 
that the stone has been broken, probably in ancient times. 



On the tablet two figures are sculptured, one being 
Aesculapius and the other Salus ; the former, larger than 
the latter, is grasping the left hand of the latter with his 
right hand ; his left hand is on the neck of the serpent 
coiled round some other object. 



ON ROMAN MEDICINE, ETC. 63 

The first portion of the inscription is over the head of 
Salus, and the remainder beneath the feet of the figures. 
The portion of the inscription remaining is as follows : — 

...... V L A P I O 

...... S A L V T I 



TE.ALAE.VET 

C . R.M.AVRE 

OCOMAS . ME 

L . M . 

Various opinions have been held with regard to the 
name of the dedicator,* and Chrysocomas, Glossocomas, 
Leucocomas, and Habrocomas have each their advocates. 
The translation of the expanded inscription is as 
follows : — 

To Aesculapius and Salus 
For the health and safety of the ala of the Vettonians 

Roman Citizens 
Marcus Aurelius Habrocomas (or some such name) 

Physician 
Has erected this. 

There is a dedication to Aesculapius and Salus upon an 
altar found at Chester in the last century, and now pre- 
served in the British Museum ; and Dr. Bruce records 
that there was found at Procolitia, and is now at Chesters, 
a somewhat rude carving representing Minerva and an 
attendant. The upper portion of the right-hand figure 
having been removed, it is difficult to say who it was 
intended for ; but probably it was Aesculapius, as there is 
a serpent shown twining round the pole placed between 
the two figures. There is no inscription. At Netherhall, 



* ArehcBologia JEliana, vol viii., p. 248. 



64 O^ KOMAIJ MEDICINE, ETC. 

Maryport, there is a Roman stone with a Greek inscrip- 
tion upon it. It was found at Maryport, and the dedica- 
tion is not by a soldier, or a surgeon, but by a pastor, one 
who turned out his flocks and herds upon the public 
pastures. The translation of the inscription shows that 
Aulus Egnatius, pastor, erected it to Asklepios, the Greek 
name for Aesculapius. (Fig. III.) 



Fig, III.— Size, 1 foot 5 inches (ly 9 inches. 

An altar was found at Lanchester by Horsley with a 
Greek inscription upon it. When the stone was first seen 
it was built up in the wall of an inclosure, the Greek 
inscription being outermost. After purchasing and getting 
it out, Horsley was surprised to find a Latin inscription 
on the other side. The altar has been broken, and only 
part of the inscriptions areleft ; but it is conjectured that 
on a comparison of the two sides, it has been a dedication 
of Titus Flavius Titianus, the tribune, to Aesculapius. 
(See Fig. IV.) 

Dr. Bruce states that only five Greek inscriptions have 
been discovered on Roman stones in England, and it is 
noteworthy that two of the five were dedications to 
Aesculapius, Of the others, the first discovered was to 
the Tyrian Hercules, dedicated by Diodora, the arch- 
priestess. This was found at Corchester, near Corbridge, 
and is now in the British Museum. Another dedicated 
to Astarte, the Ashtaroth of the Scriptures, is now in 
Tullie House, Carlisle. It formed part of the Netherby 
collection, and the inscription is given in vol. xv. of our 
Transactions. 



ON ROMAN MEDICINE, ETC. 



Fig. IV.— Size I ft. 8 in. by lo] in. 

In addition to the monuments to Aesculapius, there 
was found in 1852 during some excavations at Bird- 
oswald, a small Roman God. The excavations were 
being carried out by the late Mr. Carrick of Carlisle, and 
the figure, which is of stone, is now in the possession of 
his daughter, Mrs Carrick, Melkridge House, Halt- 
whistle, who has kindly allowed me to exhibit it. (Fig. V.) 



Fig. v.— Siie 7 it 



66 ON ROMAN MEDICINE, ETC. 

The figure is thought to be one of Telesphorus, an 
attendant on Aesculapius, and it represents a convalescent 
patient wrapped in a cloak. According to Banier,* 
Telesphorus is always drawn like a young man and with 
a singular habit. It is a long robe that covers the whole 
body, insomuch that the arms are not seen ; he has upon 
his head a kind of cowl, so that nothing but his face is 
uncovered. 

The discovery of these monuments may be taken as 
evidence that the worship of Asklepios, or Aesculapius, as 
he was known among the Romans, was not unknown in 
this distant part of the Roman empire. It is well known 
that it was the custom of the Romans to seek relief from 
their sufferings, and both rich and poor flocked to the 
shrines of Aesculapius. Many interesting offerings or 
donaria have been found in the Tiber by the island of 
S. Bartolommeo, where was a temple dedicated to 
Aesculapius. This temple was one of the first hospitals 
of Rome, and occupied the greater part of the island which 
was called Insula Sacra. The hospital was shaped in the 
form of a huge ship, and thus recalls the legend which 
is represented on some coins of the Emperor Commodus. 
During this Emperor's reign, a great epidemic prevailed 
in the city, resembling the famine and pestilence which 
prevailed from B.C. 293 to 291, when the Sibylline 
books were consulted, and these commanded that an 
embassy be sent to Epidaurus to fetch the God of 
Medicine and the Sacred Serpent. A trireme was 
accordingly despatched and the sacred objects were 
brought to Italy. On entering the Tiber the serpent 
escaped from the ship, and swimming across the river, 
landed upon the island where a temple was soon erected 
to Aesculapius. t Little of this now remains, but on the 
left hand side of the island part of the ship's side is still 



• English Translation of Banier's Mjrthology, vol. iii, p. i66. 
t The Bishop of Barrow tells me it is supposed that the hospital of St. Bar- 
tholomew in London takes its name from this island. 



ON ROMAN MEblCINE, ETC. 67 

visible, with the famous serpent of Aesculapius sculptured 
upon it in high relief. Piranesi's- engraving shows that a 
hundred years ago there existed, in addition, a colossal 
bust, and a hand holding the serpent-twined rod of 
Aesculapius.* Many donaria have been found in the 
sands and river near the island, and much attention has 
been given to the offerings found at this and other shrines 
of the god of healing. 



Dr. Luigi Sambon,t of Rome, has mads a collection of 
surgical instruments and votive offerings found in Italy. 
Among the votive offerings laid at the shrines of the 
healing gods were bronze statuettes, marble or terra-cotta 
reproductions of various parts of the human frame, 
pottery of every description, coins, workmen's tools, 
implements of war, rich jewellery, cast off clothes, cattle, 
fruit, etc. Nothing came amiss. Among the pottery 
found were invalid medicine cups of various shapes, and 
infants' feeding bottles, generally in the shape of the 



■ Hare's IValhs in Rome, vol. ii., p. 368. 

t E>r. SamboD is the auttior of a. raluable paper published in The J^oUTtuU 0/ 
i British and Amtricati Archieolo^tcai Society of Roim on " Medical Science 
. I — ; — . D ■■ — I ,i ^ 1894, to which I am indebted (or much 



ON ROMAN MEDICINEj BTd 691. 

female breast. The greater number of terra-cottas repre- 
sent limbs and organs of the human body, many of them- 
showing marks of disease. Through the kindness of 
Messrs. Oppenheimer, of London, who are now the 
owners of the Sambon collection of medical antiquities, I 
am enabled to show two illustrations of votive offerings of 
ancient date. 

The first (Fig. VI.) is an Etruscan terra-cotta cast of a 
case of goitre, circa B.C. 2000, found in Capua, probably, 
a " donarium " to some deity for recovery from goitre. 

The second (Fig. VII.) is an invalid's feeding bottle 
in the shape of a duck. The infants' feeding bottles 
were so constructed that no flies or dust could reach their 
contents. The milk was introduced by inverting the 
bottle and pouring it through an open tube ascending 
within from the middle of the base almost to the apex. 
This also prevented the escape of the milk when it was 
placed again on its base. The child obtained its nourish- 
ment by sucking through a spout on the side. 

The shrines were usually situated at the source of some 
hot spring or mineral water, and patients used to come 
from far and near to bathe or drink the water. No 
doctors were found at the springs, but the priests regu- 
lated the use of the waters and prescribed for each 
patient. Then before leaving, the patient had to throw 
his offering into the water. At some of the shrines the 
custom was to hang the donaria on the walls of the 
temple or around the statues of the gods. When the 
temples or tanks of healing waters became overcrowded 
with donaria, the priests used to remove them to grottoes 
or wells dug in the neighbourhood, and sometimes a 
special building was erected to receive the donaria. Those 
which were composed of precious metals were often 
melted into ingots or disposed of by the priests according 
to special regulations peculiar to each temple. Magnifi- 
cent offerings, such as cups of valuable metal with votive 
inscriptions, have been found in different places. Many 



?»■ ON ROMAN MEDICINE, ETC. 

learned antiquaries consider that the famous Rudge cup 
has been an offering of this description, and if the 
places named on the rim were all Roman stations in 
Cumberiand, it is very probable that it may have been an 
offering to the presiding deity of the Spa at Gilsland. 
Dr. Bruce says " there is not a spring in the whole mural 
region so likely to attract the attention of the Romans as 
this Spa," and the discovery of the figure of Telesphorus, 
previously alluded to, would support the view that the 
worship of Aesculapius was duly recognised in this 
district. 

The Rudge cup is well deserving of attention, and has 
been carefully discussed on many occasions. It was found 
on the site of a Roman building at Rudge Coppice, near 
Froxfield, Wiltshire, in 1725, and is now in the possession 
of the Duke of Northumberland at Alnwick Castle. It is 



a brass cup about four inches in diameter and thfte deep. 
The outside of it has been wrought and it is richly 
enamelled with red, blue, and green. The inscription 



ON ROMAN MEDICINE, ETC. Jl 



^ 



around the rim presents five names of places, and much 
controversy has arisen as to their identity. 

The precise reading of the inscription may be taken as 
follows : — 

A. MAIS ABALLAVA VXELODVM CAMBOGLANS BANNA. 

I have read a good many discussions as to the identity of 
these places, and the most probable theory is that they 
were stations of an itinerary between certain places. In 
one of the museums at Rome there are three silver vessels 
each engraved with an itinerary of the stations between 
Cadiz and Rome. They were found in the ancient baths 
at Vicarello, along with votive vases, medals, and other 
relics which had been thrown into the reservoir as offer- 
ings to Apollo and the nymphs who presided over the 
waters. This shows that it was a usual practice to 
inscribe the itinerary of stations on votive cups. In 
identifying the places on the Rudge cup, it must be 
confessed that attempts hitherto have not been very 
successful, and the following brief review is merely put 
forward as suggestive and without any pretence to finality. 
In the work known by the title of the '* Cosmography 
of the Anonymous Writer of Ravenna,''* a treatise on 
geographical science compiled in that city apparently in 
the seventh century, we find several of the names of the 
cup mentioned as ** civitates in Britannia.*' These are 
Maia, Avalaria, Uxeludiano, Banna, It has been 
suggested by Horsley in his Brittania Romana,\ p. 330, 
that all the names on the cup are in the ablative governed 
by the preposition a, and that the c before Amboglans has 
been designed for an 0, and is to be joined to Uxelodum, 
which therefore makes it Uxelodumo. The nearest 
approach to the first name on the cup which I can find is 



• The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon, by T. Wright, 1852, p. 465. 
' f It should be stated that Horsley, at p. 329 of this work, favours the view 
originally put forward by Gale that the cup was a. patera used in libations by the 
people of Uiose towns that are mentioned in it. 



72 ON ROMAN MEDICINE, ETC. 

Maia^ which Horsley {op. ciU p. 501) suggests may have been 
Mores6y. Aballava is put down by Chancellor Ferguson, 
in his Roman Survey of Cumberland, as Papcastle, and this 
view is also held by Professor Hiibner and by Dr. Bruce in 
the Lapidarium Septentrionale. The same authorities also 
identify Uxelodunum, or Axelodunum, as EUenborough 
or Maryport. There is a general agreement that 
Amboglans was Birdoswald. The final word on the 
inscription Banna, named also by the Ravenna writer, 
has not yet been identified ; but Dr. Bruce suggests it 
may have been Gilsland, and if the use of the cup has 
been as suggested, then the itinerary would represent 
a journey of a patient from Moresby, or some station in 
West Cumberland, to Papcastle ; then by way of Mary- 
port to Birdoswald and Gilsland, where the offering to 
the presiding deity of the healing waters would be made. 
There is another class of monuments relating to the 
Roman medical profession and their practice in Britain 
which have attracted a good deal of attention. These are 
the stamps which have been used for the purpose of 
impressing the names of the makers of certain medicinal 
preparations, and the purposes which they were intended 
to fulfil. Numerous examples of these medicine stamps 
have been found in Germany, France, and Italy, as well 
as in this country. They are generally made of a greenish 
schist, or steatite, and consist of a small thin square 
block, usually with an inscription on each of the four 
edges. There are fragments of two in the British 
Museum which are stated to have been found in this 
country, but the locality is not known. The Museum of 
the Scottish Society of Antiquaries contains an oblong 
medicine stamp, which was found at Tranent in East 
Lothian, the site of a large Roman town. There are 
two inscriptions upon it : — 

(i)LVALLATINIEVODESADCI 
CATRICESETASPRITVDIN 



ON ROMAN MEDICINE, ETC. 73 

(2)LVALLAT I NI APALACRO 
CODESADDIATHESIS 

The first part of each inscription shows that the pro- 
prietor was a physician called Lucius Vallatinus. The 
first-named prescription refers to a sweet-smelling coUy- 
rium named etwdesy and was used for cicatrices and 
granulations. The second inscription has given rise to a 
good deal of speculation. Diathesis is the state of the 
body which predisposes to any disease. Possibly in 
ancient times the word may have had some other meaning. 
The apalocrocodes has been interpreted as ** a mild 
crocodes/' and may have been a general remedy against 
affections of the eye. A stamp found at Kenchester 
belonged to a physician named Titus Vindacius Ariovistus, 
and one at Gloucester to Quintus Julius Murrianus. The 
last named had two remedies, one for producing clearness 
of vision — ad claritatemy and the other intended as a 
remedy for dimness of sight — ad caliginem. It is con- 
sidered rather remarkable that in all the examples hitherto 
described the diseases mentioned on the stamps are 
uniformly those of the eyes, and hence they ar<e supposed 
to have been used only by those physicians who treated 
eye diseases. 

It is well known that diseases of these organs were very 
common, not only in Italy, but also in the Western 
provinces, and the Romans, as I pointed out in an earlier 
part of this paper, gave great attention to such diseases, 
there being numerous specialists for different forms of eye 
disorders. The writers who have devoted much attention 
to this subject, consider that the various preparations 
were hardened with gum or some viscid substance, and 
kept in a solid state as being more convenient for carriage 
from place to place, and as being always ready to be 
liquefied with fluids when required for use. The stamps 
were impressed on the remedies just before they acquired 
the last stage of solidification. 



74 ON ROMAN MEDICINE, ETC. 

In the ancient sanitary laws regarding food and clothing, 
there is ample evidence that the science of public health 
had attained a high place in the estimation of the 
Romans, and the facts which I have brought together in 
this paper are amply sufficient to show that there were 
many physicians and surgeons in this distant part of their 
empire whose duty it was to carry out the laws of health, 
and to use their best efforts in preventing and curing 
disease. 



Note. — The Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upoii-T3nie, with 
their usual courtesy and liberality, have allowed electros to be taken 
of several blocks used for illustration of this paper. No. i., iii., iv., 
V. are taken from the Lapidarium Septentrionale, and No. ii. from 
Arch, Aelian. vol. viii. 



— -^ 



(75) 



Art. III. — Report of the Cumberland Excavation Committee 
for 1900. By F. Haverfield, M.A., F.S.A. 

^PHE seventh summer's work of the Cumberland Exca- 
' vation Committee was directed principally to the 
exploration, during the second half of last August, of an 
unknown piece of the Vallum between Craggle Hill and 
Walton. It resulted in the addition to the map of about 
a mile and a half of this earthwork, hitherto marked only 
by conjecture and marked wrong. Incidentally a mile- 
castle Was verified, and a piece (as it seemed) of the 
Mural Road was detected in the same neighbourhood. A 
small stone structure, sometimes called a Roman watch- 
tower, which stands on Gillalees Beacon near the Maiden 
Way, was also examined. Brief as the record is, it marks 
an advance in our knowledge of the Roman Wall, and it 
is therefore satisfactory. It cannot be too often repeated 
that we shall never properly understand the Wall or solve 
its problems until we have acquired by excavation a far 
more minute knowledge of it than we at present possess. 

This fact was strikingly illustrated by a brief excavation 
made in September at Chesters in Northumberland. This 
excavation was, of course, not the work of the Cumberland 
Committee, but it was connected therewith, and may fitly 
be recorded here.* It shewed that two distinct periods of 
construction can be traced at Chesters. First, there was 
a wall with a ditch in front — possibly an earthen or turf 
wall and possibly with a fort behind it, but on these two 
points direct evidence is lacking. Then the wall was des- 
troyed, the ditch filled up for 430 feet, and a new wall of 
stone was substituted and the fort built which we now 
see, standing across the original line and over the fiUed- 
up ditch. The result takes place beside the similar case 



• 



An account was communicated to the Newcastle Society of Antiquaries in 
ober IQOO. 



October 1900 



76 REPORT ON THE CUMBERLAND EXCAVATIONS. 

of Birdoswald, where the earlier turf wall and later stone 
wall were distinguished in our excavations of 1895-8. 
Hitherto, Birdoswald had stood alone and afforded no 1 
good basis for induction. Perhaps even the two instances J 
are insufficient, but they suggest a new vista in Mural 
research ; they place the Mural problem in a new light. 

As before, the excavations in Cumberland were greatly 
aided by the kindness of landowners and farmers, who 
granted all necessary permissions with great readiness. 
The Committee is especially indebted, as in so many 
previous years, to Lord Carlisle, for leave to dig upon his 
land and for many facilities; to Mr. F. P. Johnson of 
Castlesteads, for leave to dig at High Dovecote ; to Mrs. 
Brown, for leave to dig at Howgill ; to Mr. Harding, for 
leave to dig at Low Dovecote; to the Rev. C. P. Calvert, 
for leave to dig near Walton ; further to Mr. Brown of 
Low Wall, to Mr. Harrison of Low Dovecote, to Mr. 
Johnstone of Nook-on-Lyne, to Mr. Wilson of Walton, to 
Mr. Wilson of Gillalees, tenants of land excavated, for 
leaves and friendly help. In some of the preliminary 
arrangements we were much helped by Mr. R. G. Graham 
of Beanlands Park and by Mr. W. James of Lanercost. 
All the digging was, as usual, done under supervision — 
and for the sense which we attach to supervision we may 
refer to our last report. For valuable aid in surveying 
and planning the Committee and the Society are once 
more indebted to Mr. and Mrs. Hodgson. 

Our plans for 1900 had been largely formed before the 
death of Chancellor Ferguson. This is not the place to 
express either the public or the personal loss which that 
death has occasioned to the present writer and to th 
other members of the Committee. But we recollect that 
excavation was one of Mr. Ferguson's keenest archaeo 
logical wishes. He was unable himself to take active part 
in the actual digging and supervision, but he never ceased 
his efforts to promote it in every way. We shall be 
carrying out one of his desires, if we continue the work 



the 



li£' 



.v ^ 



OT^« 



P\3BUC 



\;i 



B^K^^ 



T» 



to**** 



_j^nO> 



fOO 



f*OA 













yvMLL 



M« 



-rzzzii-t;5irrriacir"r™rrf:riri:---: vallum 



M 



e. 



REPORT ON THE CUMBERLAND EXCAVATIONS. 77 

which he held, and rightly held, to be so important. In 
1901 we trust to be able to trace the line of the Vallum 
further west from Walton to Castlesteads and Newtown, 
and thus finally close this great gap in our knowledge of 
its course. Some points also await excavation west of 
Carlisle — for instance, on the eastern shore of Burgh 
Marsh, near to Dykesfield, where a cursory inspection 
made this summer shewed that the spade is needed to test 
traditional accounts. 

I. — The Vallum. (Plate I.) 

From the western slope of Craggle Hill, above Laner- 
cost, to Newtown-of-Irthington, the line of the Vallum 
has hitherto been practically unknown. Map makers 
have, of course, laid it down in various ways with more or 
less confidence, but their assertions rest on no real basis 
of knowledge, and agree in nothing except in being 
guesses. It is desirable to abolish this gap- in our know- 
ledge, which is nearly three miles in length. We had 
already, in 1898, made a commencement. In that year, 
however, we were able only to prove that the lines laid 
down on the map west of Castlesteads, were incorrect. 
This year we determined to begin at the eastern end, near 
Craggle Hill, and our efforts were successful. We traced 
the Vallum across the farms of Howgill, Low Wall, and 
High Dovecote, running roughly parallel to the Wall at a 
distance of about 400 feet south of it. At High Dovecote 
it meets farm buildings and a modern road, and search 
for it is impossible : beyond these are the alluvial holms 
along King Water, in which also excavation is unlikely to 
yield results. We found the Vallum, however, on Walton 
Hill. The Wall bends here and the Vallum bends with 
it, and continues westwards, again roughly parallel to it 
and about 600 feet south of it, but slightly diverging 
southwards. Its course is, therefore, in every respect 
normal and requires no comment. 



78 REPORT ON THE CUMBERLAND EXCAVATIONS. 

It may be convenient, even if tedious, to add some 
details of the trenches which yielded these results. 

I. We commenced on the Howgill estate, in the north- 
east corner of the ** Wall field *' (No. 185 on the 25-inch 
O.S.), close to a cottage called The Wall, which stands 
on the actual line of the Wall, and which is also (as Mrs. 
Brown told us) the last survivor of a little group of cot- 
tages, mostly pulled down in 1780-1830. Starting from the 
garden fence of this cottage, 28 feet east of it, we dug a 
trench 300 feet long due southwards : the north end of 
this trench is about 30 feet south of the Wall. At 131 
feet from the fence, that is 160 feet from the Wall, we 
found what seemed to be traces of the Mural Road, much 
damaged — a packed layer of cobbles and freestone, ten 
feet wide. Two trenches, 28 feet eastwards and 21 feet 
westwards, shewed similar remains: a third trench 21 
feet further west yielded nothing. This seems to be the 
Mural Road, but it might also concern the old cottages, 
though these seem to have stood a little way off. What- 
ever it is, it has been much ruined by ploughing, and it 
may have originally been much wider. At 271 feet from 
the hedge, that is 200 feet from the Wall, we found the 
Vallum ditch, 23 feet wide and 5 feet deep, very plainly 
preserved. The north bank of it sloped gently, the 
south bank very steeply ; which difference is probably 
due to some disturbance, perhaps to a slipping forward of 
the original south bank. A parallel trench, 96 feet west- 
wards, showed the north bank of the Vallum ditch and 
confirmed our results. 

2. After some abortive trenches in the Far Bell Close 
(O.S. 176) on the Howgill estate, we moved to the Well 
Field (O.S. 172) on Low Wall farm. Here a trench 78 
feet long was dug in the north-east corner of the field, and 
revealed the ditch of the Vallum 23 feet wide and about 4 
feet 3 inches deep, except at the north side, where it sank 
to 4 feet 9 inches. A second trench, at 200 feet westwards, 
confirmed the last by shewing the south side of the ditch : 



REPORT ON THE CUMBERLAND EXCAVATIONS. 79 

the slope was very steep, about 2 J to i, and may be due 
to the bank (here largely sand) having slipped forward. 
It may be convenient to note that the fourth tree in the 
east hedge of the field, counting from the north-east 
corner of the field, stands over the northern part of the 
Vallum ditch. 

3. At the other end of the same field near its north-west 
corner, a short trench (16 feet long) shewed the south 
side of the ditch and the bottom of it, with much black 
matter in it, at 5 feet 10 inches below the present surface. 
It may be convenient to add that four oak trees which 
here stand along the north hedge of the field in a row 
seem all to stand over the north side of the Vallum ditch. 

4. Our next trench was dug in Croft Close (O.S. 167), 
belonging to Low Wall farm. After an abortive trench 
90 feet long, we found the ditch of the Vallum under a 
definitely-marked "slack," which runs westward across 
the field down to a little dip. This slack is noteworthy, 
for it is the only point in the neighbourhood where the 
present surface reveals the ditch buried below. 

5. Continuing westwards, we next trenched the ** High 
Field '' of High Dovecote farm (O.S. 228) at about 125 
feet from its eastern hedge. Our trench, 25 feet long, just 
covered the Vallum ditch, 23 feet long, with black matter 
at the bottom. 

6. In the next field, the Croft (O.S. 226), we dug a 
trench 90 feet long, at 130 feet from the north-east corner 
of the field and 206 feet from its north-west corner, and 
found the south side of the Vallum ditch at its north end. 
The depth of the bottom was 4J-5 feet below the present 
surface : the slope of the side is a little steeper than x 
upon I. A second trench, 116 feet east of this one, 
showed the south slope of the ditch in its proper place. 
Here the ditch begins to coincide with the modern road, 
and here we lost it for some distance. We made efforts 
to find it-on both sides of the road below the building of 
the two Dovecote farms, trenching both in Low Kiln 



8o REPORT ON THE CUMBERLAND EXCAVATIONS. 

Garth field (O.S. 211) and opposite it (O.S. 221) to a 
considerable extent, but in vain. 

7. We next dug in the large grass-park called Bendle's 
Croft (west of the King Water), belonging to the Sandy- 
sike estate (O.S., 150 and 159, now one field;. We 
trenched the lower (eastern) part of this field in vain, both 
in its north-east and south-east portions. The subsoil 
here shewed that, before the field was drained and brought 
under cultivation, there must have been much peat and 
soft ground here, but though this peat had left behind 
much " black matter," such as is often found in the 
bottom of the Vallum ditch, no satisfactory traces of the 
ditch could be found. At last, however, we dug a trench 
420 feet long across the field further up the hill, and, at 
the south end of it, we found the ditch, 7 feet below the 
present surface and apparently 28 feet wide, but our 
trench probably cut it obliquely. 

8. After some more searching, we found the ditch again 
about 85 feet east of the western hedge of the same 
Bendle's Croft. Here and in the succeeding trenches a 
layer of mould and " forced " soil, three feet thick, over- 
lies the untouched soil which forms our criterion, and 
considerably added to the difficulty of digging. The ditch 
was 23 feet wide from tip to tip of untouched soil, and its 
bottom was 8 feet 8 inches below the present surface. 

9. A trench in the eastern part of the next field (O.S. 
158), about 115 feet west of that just described, yielded 
similar features at the south slope of the ditch ; the north 
slope was not dug out. The bottom of the ditch was 5 
feet 8 inches below the present surface ; the north slope 
shewed a steepness of 2 feet in i. On the other side of 
the same field another trench, 26 feet long, shewed again 
the south slope of the ditch and its flat bottom, here g 
feet below the present surface, with black vegetable matter 
lying on it, above that a thin layer of grey clay, and above 
that the mixed soil which fills most of the ditch, mixed 
red and grey clay. 



REPORT ON THE CUMBERLAND EXCAVATIONS. 8l 

9. Finally, a trench in the next field (O.S. 167) shewed 
again the south bank of the Vallum ditch in line with, but 
less well preserved than the parts found in the preceding 
trenches. 

These excavations were supervised by Mr. R. P. L. 
Booker, M.A., F.S.A. and the present writer, and sur- 
veyed by Mr. T. H. Hodgson, who has prepared the plan. 

II. — Miscellaneous. 

1. A fragment of ancient roadway, now 10 feet wide, 
was found in our first trench, just 160 feet south from the 
line of the wall, and may well be a piece of the Mural 
Road. It is described above. 

2. Surface indications, suggesting a milecastle, have 
often attracted attention in a field on Low Wall farm 
called Castle Field (O.S. 173). The north hedge of this 
field stands on the ruins of the Wall, and a trifling eleva- 
tion, about 70 feet square, occupies a position suitable for 
a milecastle, and is of a proper size, We were able to 
trace a part of the west wall of the milecastle and the 



t 



point where this wall joins the Great Wall. The mile- 
castle was either bonded into the Great Wall or was 
constructed before it. As only the foundation course 
survives, it is not possible to decide between these two 
- alternatives, but it is certain that the milecastle was not 



82 REPORT ON THE CUMBERLAND EXCAVATIONS. 

built up against a pre-existing wall. The presence of a 
healthy turnip crop prevented our excavating the mile- 
castle further, but we very much doubt if further excava- 
tion would be profitable. The structure has evidently 
been robbed to its foundations. 

The trench at the milecastle was supervised and 
measured by Mr. Booker and the present writer. 

3. The supposed site of another milecastle at Walton, a 
mile west of the preceding, was also trenched. Here, at 
the south-east corner of the hamlet, is a mound contained 
by the angle of the modern road, in the corner of the field 
called Bendle's Croft, already mentioned, and this mound 
has usually been described as the remains of a milecastle. 
We were not able to find any definite traces. On the 
east side the elevation appears to be undisturbed ground ; 
on the north our trenches sank five feet through very 
slightly mixed soil to the undisturbed ground below, and 
on the level of that we met a few scattered bits of freestone 
and cobble. The same result, at less depths, was yielded 
by trenches across the supposed line of the Wall between 
the mound and the Black Bull Inn. We hope to obtain 
better evidence next summer, but it is obvious that the 
site has been much robbed. How the mixed soil accu- 
mulated to a thickness of five feet, being purely soil and 
not debris of buildings, is a question for geologists. 

The trenches here were supervised by the present 
writer. 

4. There is on Gillalees Beacon, close to the supposed 
line of the Maiden Way, a lonely ruined structure of stone, 
which Mr. Maughan and others after him have held to be a 
Roman watch-tower. Mr. Maughan gives it no name ; an 
estate map of 1830, belonging to Lord Carlisle, calls it 
Robin Hood's Butt, and the appellation seems to be still 
known in the neighbourhood.* We had long desired to 
excavate it, and an opportunity offered this summer. It 

* There is also a Robin Hood's Well about 370 yards to the south-west of it. 



REPORT ON THE CUMBERLAND EXCAVATIONS. 83 

proved to be a nearly square building, with walls 32-34 
inches thick, and measuring externally on the north side 
18 feet, on the east 19 feet 10 inches, on the south 17 
feet, and on the west 20 feet. The walls are built of 
stones in regular courses ; the highest part being on the 
west side) where the outer face shewed 10 courses and 
foundations, making in all 5 feet 9 inches. A consider- 
able quantity of fallen stones lie around. In character the 
masonry seemed quite indistinctive, such as might or 
mi^ht not be Roman, except that a few stones and 
especially a quoin at the south-west corner suggested 
modern tools. There is no door or visible entrance any- 
where ; the interior is bottomed with clay which had 
probably been brought there, and the highly experienced 
drainer who dug the structure out suggested that it might 
be a reservoir for water. Certainly there is a small spring 
inside which hindered our operations a little. No minor 
remains of any sort whatever were found, unless two tiny 
bits of a red stuff, which might possibly be tile or brick. 
The ground all round the structure seems to have been 
very slightly hollowed when it was constructed, not in the 
manner of a ditch, but perhaps to provide the above- 
mentioned clay. The position of the structure is curious. 
It commands a wide-spreading view to south and west, 
as indeed does all the hillside near it. Many points of 
the Wall from Winshields to the Solway can be clearly 
seen from it, and in particular the site of the fort at 
Birdoswald, from which in turn the little mound which 
marks the ruin can easily be descried. But its view in 
the opposite direction is extremely brief. If ever it was a 
watch-tower, Roman or medieval, it must have been rein- 
forced by other watch-towers very near it on the north. 
But in the absence of any distinctively Roman features, it 
will be safer, for the present at least, not to ascribe to 
it a Roman origin. A suggestion has been made that it 
was a shelter in mediaeval times for the beacon-watch on 
Gillalees Beacon : it is, however, at some little distance 
from the site usually assigned to the Beacon. 



84 REPORT ON THE CUMBERLAND EXCAVATIONS. 

The excavation here was supervised by the present 
writer. 

5. No minor objects of interest were found by us this 
year. We could not, indeed, expect any, for we were 
working far from forts or large Roman sites. We may, 
however, mention an interesting parallel to the leaden 
glans which we found in 1897 at Birdoswald. (Report for 
1897, p. 200.) This is a rather smaller bullet of lead, 
weighing 43-8 grammes or about i 7-i2th oz. avoirdupois. 



and represented full size in the accompanying figure. 
(Fig, 2.) It was found lately about 120 yards Dorth of 
the Roman fort of Ambleside, and is the property of Mr. 
H. S. Cowper, to whose kindnessi am indebted for a sight 
of it. It has a curious little hole on one side, shewn in the 
sketch, of which I cannot explain the reason. Similar 
holes, I believe, occur in other glandes. 

in.— Chesters. (Plate 11.) 
Like most of the forts on the eastern section of the 
Wall, the fort at Chesters occupies a curious position in 
respect to the line of the Wall. It sits across that line, 
with a part of its area projecting northwards. The Wall 
does not coincide with its northern rampart, as it does 
with the northern ramparts of Housesteads and Bird- 
oswald, but meets the eastern and western sides midway, 
at the south guard chambers of the north-east and north- 
west gateways. (Fig. 3.) The reason for the arrangement 
has often been discussed, and, among other guesses, the 
conjecture has occasionally been put forward that the 
northern part of the fort might be later than the original 









vt***" 



»♦** 






REPORT ON THE CUMBERLAND EXCAVATIONS. 85 

construction of the Wall — that is to say, that in the first 
instance, the Wall and its ditch might have run straight 
on (as in Fig. 4) ; subsequently the Wall and ditch might 
have been destroyed and obliterated for a little distance, 
and the fort of Chesters constructed or reconstructed 



DITCH 



8c WALL 




DITCH 



I 



FORT 



1 



&WALL 



Fig. 3. CHESTERS. Fig. 4. 

ScALK : 8 Ghaikb = 1 Inch, or 1-6336. 



in the shape in which we now see it. This theory can 
be easily tested. If a ditch once extended across the 
site, as in Fig. 4, and had since been filled up, a few 
trenches across its line will at once reveal its existence 
and its character. An opportunity for applying the test 
offered itself in September ; Mrs. Clayton very kindly 
gave all required facilities and permissions, and the 
trenches were cut. The annexed plan shews the positions 
of these trenches. The most easterly was a preliminary 
precaution, intended to shew the general character of the 
ground and the subsoil (gravel), and in particular to reveal 
the width of the berm. Previous excavations by the late 
Mr. John Clayton had shewn the exact line of the Wall ; it 
was desirable for us to ascertain the exact position of the 
ditch also, and this was given us when we found the bsrm 
to be 22 feet wide.* The next set of trenches were dug 
close to the north-east gate. A trench across its south 
portal shewed undisturbed subsoil at a depth of two feet; 

* Plate II. is slightly misleading in this respect, because the draftsman, in 
making the gates clear, has made them a little too large and has therefore 
exaggerated the distance between the ditch and the wall. 



86 



REPORT ON THE CUMBERLAND EXCAVATIONS. 



a trench across its north portal seemed to shew disturbed 
soil, but was stopped by an inrush of water, and a trench 
inside the north-guard chamber was wholly prohibited by 
the same obstacle. However, a trench 13 feet outside the 
guard-chamber, on the line of the ditch, shewed disturbed 
soil to a depth of 8 feet, with some bits of Roman pottery 
in it and some " black matter," as usual, at the bottom. 




FiC. 5. Q SCALE OF TEET. ^ 

Trench 5. Chesters. i— i_j — ■ i ■ 1 1 I 'l 

The continuous black line shows the extent excavated. 

The part left blank is the ancient Ditch. 

The cross-hatching represents the gravel sulisoil, which has never been disturbed. 

At A, the peat, leather, ^c, were foiuul. 

The third trench, in the centre of the fort, revealed the 
ditch still more clearly. (Fig. 5.) Beneath a layer of 
stony debris, 3- 3 J feet thick, we found at each end of the 
trench the normal gravel subsoil, and in the middle the 
ditch, 27 feet wide. The subsoil at each end gave us 
approximately the surface level which the Romans found, 
though that level must actually have been a little higher 
for the subsoil must, of course, have been covered by a 
layer of surface mould. The actual edges of the original 
ditch must, therefore, have been a little higher than what 
we found, and the width of the ditch therefore a little greater 
than 27 feet. It was interesting to meet on, or just below, 
this Roman level a Roman drain in situ, running from S. 
by E. to N. by W. — that is, obliquely to the streets and 
ramparts of the fort, and also to the ditch. Beneath this 
level, the ditch was found to be filled principally with 
mixed gravel : under that came a thin stratum of blue 



REPORT ON THE CUMBERLAND EXCAVATIONS. 87 

grey clay — (compare trench 9 at Walton, p. 80) — and 
under that again, at 7 feet 6 inches from the present 
surface, a substantial layer of peat, with traces in it of 
moss and of wood (alder and birch — one piece retaining 
its silver bark,* and looking as if cut by a knife), some 
animal's bones (a small piece of a deer's antler, etc.), a 
bronze nail, and some leather, which appeared to be a 
bag and a strap. This layer marked, as usual, the bottom 
of the ditch : below it, at a depth of nine feet, lay the un- 
touched gravel subsoil. We did not think it needful to dig 
out all the ditch; nor, indeed, could we have done so with- 
out displacing the above-mentioned drain. Its shape was 
amply attested by the points actually excavated. It is 
not flat bottomed like the Vallum ditch, but V-shaped (as 
it is called) like the turf wall ditch at Birdoswald, the 
ditch of the Wall, and the ditch of the Vallum of Pius in 
Scotland. The steepness of the sides in these and other 
V-shaped ditches is, of course, very rarely, if ever, so great 
as that of the letter V. A further trench (No. 4) was dug 
a little west of the one just described, to shew the con- 
tinuance of the ditch, and revealed its northern slope well 
preserved. Finally, a hole (No. 5), dug immediately 
outside the outer face of the north guard-chamber of the 
north-west gateway, shewed that the masonry does not 
rest here upon untouched subsoil, but on a layer of 
cobbles and other large stones. 

The resemblance of the whole to Birdoswald, though 
not complete, is very striking. At Birdoswald, which like 
Chesters has six gates, the ditch of the turf wall was 
found to traverse the area of the present fort from the 
north-west to the north-east gateway, and the north 
guard-chamber of the latter stands upon that ditch, 
propped and supported by a mass of cobbles, just like the 
north guard-chamber in the fifth trench at Chesters. At 

* A piece of birch retaining its silver bark was found under the rampart of the 
Roman fort at Ardoch {Proceedings 0/ the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 
xxxii, 435, Note). 



88 REPORT ON THE CUMBERLAND EXCAVATIONS. 

each fort we have a clear instance of two periods — an 
earlier and a later one. The difference between the two 
is this — that at Chesters the reconstruction involved only 
the projection of the fort beyond the earlier line, while at 
Birdoswald the whole line of wall was moved forward, 
both east and west of the fort, for a distance of some two 
miles. 

It does not immediately follow that the reconstructions 
belong to the same period in each of the two cases. It is 
conceivable that the two are distinct, each due to its own 
local causes. But it is obviously not quite probable, and 
in this respect the new discovery at Chesters makes a 
striking contribution to our Mural researches. So long as 
the Birdoswald turf wall stood alone, no sound con- 
clusions could well be based upon it. But now beside the 
original turf wall and later fort and wall of stone at Bird- 
oswald, we can place an original line (of unknown 
character, it is true) and a later fort and wall of stone 
at Chesters. And we can add from the immediate 
vicinity of Chesters a third example, which might 
before have been preferably explained by local reasons. 
The bridge across the North Tyne is notoriously a 
double bridge — part of it is a relic of an earlier bridge, 
the rest a later and larger structure.* And the Wall 
is certainly not earlier than the second bridge. Here 
again, then, we have the existing stone wall identified, 
more or less, with a secondary period of construction. 
Different minds will estimate the weight of these facts 
differently. Perhaps the wisest course will be to seek 
for yet more evidence of the two periods which the 
joint testimonies of Chesters and Birdoswald have now 
brought out of the region of pure guess-work into that of 
serious criticism. 

The excavations at Chesters were supervised by Mr. R. 
C. Bosanquet, Mr. T. H. Hodgson, and the present writer. 

* Sheriton Holmes, Archaologia AeHana, xvi. 328. 



REPORT ON THE CUMBERLAND EXCAVATIONS. 89 

• EXPENDITURE, 1900. 

£ S. D. 

Labour in Cumberland, including a 

special gratuity ... ... 10 2 o 

Compensation ... ... ... 220 



12 4 o 



The labour was paid for out of Oxford subscriptions ; 
the compensation by the Cumberland and Westmorland 
Society out of the residue of the jf 100 voted in 1894. Of 
this sum only £/\ 3s. 5d. is now left. The special gratuity 
was voted to Mr. John Nichol in recognition of his long 
and valuable labours in our excavations. The expenses 
of the work at Chesters were defrayed from a different 
source. 



APPENDIX. 

The following passage is an extract from a letter by the dis- 
tinguished French archaeologist and excavator, Colonel StofFel. The 
letter is printed by Mr. T. Rice Holmes in his admirable volume on 
Caesuras Conquest of Gaul, and explains the method by which the writer 
discovered and traced out some of Caesar's encampments in Gaul 
for the Emperor Napoleon III. This method is precisely that 
which we have followed in the excavations described in our Reports. 
It is by no means a method which is confined to ourselves and 
Colonel StofFel, but it is less well understood than it ought to be, 
and the lucidity of Colonel Stoffel's explanation made it seem 
deserving of reproduction. We are indebted to Mr. Holmes for 
permission readily accorded to reproduce the extract, and to his 
publishers, Messrs. Macmillan, for a loan of the blocks with which 
it is illustrated. 

" Vous d6sirez savoir par quelle methode j'ai retrouve les traces 
des camps que I'armee de Cesar construisit dans la guerre des 
Gaules. II est necessaire de commencer k indiquer quelques 
notions preliminaires. Les terrains dans lesquels ces camps furent 



go REPORT ON THE CUMBERLAND EXCAVATIONS. 

6tablis pr6sentent, comme tous les terrains cultiv^s, une couche 
sup^rteure de terre v6g6tale, appelSe liumiis, laquelle vane d'fipais- 
aeur selon les diff6renfes coDtr6es, et peut avoir depuis un ou deux 
piede jusqu'ik quatre ou cinq pieds et plus. 



" Au deasous de oette couche de terre vfegetale se trouve le terrain 
vierge (ou le sous-sol), qui est, selon les contrees, ou marneux, ou 
siliceux, ou calcaire. A Alesia (dans la plaine des Laumes) c'est de 
la marne Spaisse et ferme ; i. Berry-au-Bac c'est uue marne plus 
l^g&re; 4 la Roche-Blanche (ea face de Gergovia) c'est un calcaire 
ferme et blanc Lorsque, apres une bataille, ou apr^s un si6ge, 
I'arm^e romaine quittait son camp, les habitants du pays en 
ditruisaient les retranchments afin de pouvoir de nouveau cultiver 
ieurs champs, lis rejetaient les terres du parapet dans le fosse. 
Ce fosse 6tait, de la sorte, plein d'uiie terre milan^ie, composfie de 
terre v^getale, de terre vierge, et souvent d'objets que, les soldats 
romaios avaient pu laisser sur le parapet, tels que debris d'armes, 
boulets en pierre, moonaies, ossements, etc. Pendant quelque 
temps la partie sup6rieure du fosse combl& pr^santait la forme AS 
(slightly convex), i. cause du foisonnement des terres ; mais avec le 
temps, et grSce ^ la culture de chaque annSe, elles se tassaient au 
niveau du sol avoisinant, ce qui fait que partout les traces des 
camps de Cesar out disparu. En tout cas, la terre de remplissage 
des fosses est une isrre meitbU et, fait important k remarquer, eile 
reste meuble, sans jamais reprendre la consistance du terrain 
vierge, si bien qu' aujourd'hui, aprfis aooo ans Scoul6s, eile se 
d^tache ais6ment ik la pioche. C'est la ce qui permet de retrouver 
les fosses lorsqu' on a su determiner I'emplacement d'un camp. 

" Cela pos6, voici comment j'ai toujours procfid6 pour retrouver 
les fosses d'un camp. Soit ABCD une 6tendue de terrain dans 
laquelle je supposais plac^ le camp qu'il s'agissait de dficouvrir ; et 
admettons, pour fixer les id^es, que la couche de terre v6getale ait 
70 centimetres d'6paisseur. Je plafais les ouvriers, avec pelles et 
pioches, sur plusieurs files //f., dans une direction perpendiculaire k 
un des c6t^s supposes du camp, les ouvriers de chaque file k 20 ou 
30 mitres les uns des autres. Chaoun d'eux 6tait charge d'enleve' 



REPORT ON THE CUMBERLAND EXCAVATIONS. 



91 



la couche de humus sur deux pieds de largeur. Si, apres avoir 
enlev6 cette couche sur 70 centimetres de profondeur, lis sentaient 




que leurs pioches frappaient un terrain resistant, c*est que celui-ci 
n*avait jamais 6t6 remu6 et qu'on n'^tait pas sur le fosse romain. 
Les ouvriers continuaient alors k avancer, et cela tant qu'il ne se 
produisait rien de nouveau. Mais lorsqu'ils arrivaient, sans s'en 
douter, sur le foss6 en xy, c'etait autre chose. Alors, apr^s avoir 
enlev6 la terre v6g6tale jusqu' k la profondeur de 70 centimetres, ils 
ne trouvaient plus, comme pr6cedemement, un sol vierge resistant ; 
au contraire, ils recontraient une terre meuble qui se d^tachait 
facilement, ce qui permettait de supposer qu'elle avait 6te autrefois 
remu6e. Je faisais alors 61argir la tranch6e en lui donnant six 



<^4arg^eur du fosse- 



-> 



JfD 



tranchee •' tranchee elargie 

!«<j 



pieds de largeur (cd) au lieu de deux pieds (xy), afin que les ouvriers 
pussent travailler plus commod6ment; et ils approfondissaient la 



92 REPORT ON THE CUMBERLAND EXCAVATIONS. 

tranchte jusqu' k ce qu' iU recontrassent le sol natureL D'aillears 
on reconnassait blentdt si on £tait, oui ou non, sur le foss£ roraain ; 
car, si on y 6taif rfiellement, on distinguait sans peine sur les deux 
bords ec eXfi de la franchde, a droite et k gatiche des ouvriers, le 
profil dii fossfi qui se dfitachait par la couleur de terre vierge qui 
I'encadrait. 

" Je n'ai rien vu de plus curieux que les profils des petits foseSs 
du petit camp que j'ai mis i d6couvert sur la colline de la Rocbe- 
Blanche. Ltl, la couche de terre v6g6tale, 6paisse tout au plus de 
50 ^ 60 centimetres (si j'ai bonne m^moire), repose sur un sol de 
calcaire dur et blanc comme de la craie ; aussi les fosses du camp, 



remptiH d'ane terre mfilangSe de humus et de craie, pr6seotaient-iis 
des profils qui tranchaient sur la terre dont ils 6taient entourts 
aussi nettemenf que le triangle ABC ci-contre tranche sur le papier 



'nr^ NEW YORK 

, PUSUC LlgHARY. 






ROMAN SEPULCHRAL SLAB FROM OLD CARLISLE. 



(93) 



Art. IV. — Roman Sepulchral Slab from Old Carlisle. By 
Archibald Sparke, Curator, Tullie House. 

Read at Carlisle, June zoth, 1900. 

I HAVE the honour to direct your attention to a recent 
acquisition to the Tullie House Museum of a Roman 
sepulchral slab, which comes from Conygarth, near the 
Roman station of Old Carlisle, near Wigton. It was 
turned up by the plough in a field on the estate of Mrs. 
Jefferson as far back as 1891. 

It is of creamy sandstone, and measures 2 feet 5 inches 
high by i foot 11 inches broad. There are parts of two 
figures to be seen on it. One is evidently a seated 
woman ; the upper part is missing from the waist, and she 
holds in her left hand, which rests on her lap, a bird. To 
the woman's left stands what I take to be the figure of a 
boy, probably holding another bird. This figure is i foot 
II inches high, and is in a very fair state of preservation; 
the feet are missing, and the forehead and hands are 
somewhat worn. 

The accompanying photograph will present the stone 
to your minds better than any description of mine. I 
may, however, mention that the sculpture of the woman 
is similar to those on the two stones numbered 54 and 70, 
already in the Museum, and described in the Transactions, 
vol. XV., pages 485 and 490. 



(94) 



Art. V. — Gerard Lowther's House, Penrith (Two Lions 
Inn) : Its purchase by him, Descent, and Social Life 
associated with its subsequent Owners. By George 
Watson. 

Read at Carlisle, 20th June, 1900. 

IN Vol. IV. of the Transactions of this Society there is a 
paper, the joint production of those two eminent and 
ever-to-be-lamented antiquaries, the late Mr. Wm. Jackson 
and Dr. M. Taylor, on the ** Two Lions Inn," or Gerard 
Lowther's House in Penrith. 

Without recapitulating the leading facts adduced in 
that valuable paper, I now offer some additional data as 
supplemental to it, which I have been enabled to do, 
having been favoured by the then owner of the house, Mr. 
Jas. Dixon, with the perusal of the ancient deeds of the 
house and the lands originally appurtenant thereto. 

Mr. Jackson, after detailing much interesting historical 
data of Gerard Lowther's lineage and career, gives an 
extended pedigree of the persons whose arms are placed 
in the panels of the plaster rib-work. 

The following is my description of the ceiling, 
explaining the accompanying drawing of the heraldry of 
the shields : — 

The group begins with Henry Lord Clifford, the 
shepherd lord of Wordsworth's beautiful poem, ** Song at 
the Feast of Brougham Castle," and his wife Florence 
Pudsey, from whom, through their daughter Dorothy, 
married to Hugh Lowther of the second shield, descended 
the eight Lowthers, who with John Lowther (shield No. 
3), the father of Hugh Lowther, make the nine represented 
on the ceiHng, who, however, comprise only four genera- 
tions. Christopher Lowther, son and heir of Richard of 



GERALD LOWTHER*S HOUSE. 95 

the fourth shield, alone represents the fourth generation. 
This Christopher, who died 1617, married again, as Sir 
Christopher Lowther, the widow of Robert Burdett of 
Bramcote, Mary, daughter of the Rev. Thomas Wilson, 
D.D., Dean of Durham and Secretary of State to Queen 
Elizabeth. Mrs. Burdett was mother of Sir Thomas 
Burdett, and brought with her to Lowther three daughters 
— Elizabeth, Lettice, and Bridget* Elizabeth, while at 
Lowther, was married February 9th, 1613, to Mr. Anthony 
Hutton of Hutton Hall, Penrith, when she became for 60 
years a power in the parish of Penrith. On the death of 
Sir Christopher in 1617, Lady Mary, and her daughters 
Lettice and Bridget, came to reside with her daughter and 
son-in-law at Hutton Hall, Penrith, from where Lettice 
was married at St. Andrew's Parish Church, June 9th, 
1623, to Richard Skelton, Esq., of Armathwaite. Bridget 
was married to William Whelpdale, of Penrith ; her six 
children were baptised at Penrith Church, where also she 
was buried November 28, 1636. Lady Mary Lowther 
died June i, 1622, and was buried in St. Andrew's choir 
of Penrith Church, the burial place of the Penrith 
Huttons. All these events are recorded in the Penrith 
Registers. 

To return to the story of Gerard Lowther's house. A 
curious bungle has been made by the workman in model- 
ling the shields, by which the heraldry is strangely 
falsified. Instead of reversing the design in the mould in 
which the shield was to be cast he modelled it direct, face 
upwards, with the result that when the shield came out of 
the mould the design was reversed, and the heraldry 
perverted, the wife's family arms "impaling" (i.e., coming 
before) the husband's, instead of the husband's coming 
first; also, by reversing the "charges," changing their 
proper significance. 

It will be observed in the accompanying drawing of 
Gerard Lowther's ceiUng that in the tenth panel the arms 
of Lowther and Musgrave have the same charges — six 



96 GERARD LOWTftER*S HOUSE. 

annulets (three, two, and one), but of different colours. 
This is accounted for by Anne Clifford, Countess of Pem- 
broke, in her famous journal, in which she gives a history 
of her ancestors, the Vetriponts and Cliffords. After 
stating that John Vetripont, in the time of King Henry 
III., sold off considerable portions of the land of his 
barony, thereby founding some of the now ancient families 
of Westmorland, she adds that ** the seal of arms of the 
Vetriponts is still extant in wax, the impression being a 
man on horseback bearing a shield charged with annulets, 
these being the proper arms of the family of Vetriponts," 
adding that *' the greatest of the gentry in Westmorland 
who obtained their lands from John Vetripont have their 
coat of arms charged with the like annulets, though 
differing in one colour from another." The Vetripont 
arms were the same as those of Lowther, except that the 
Vetripont annulets were red, those of Lowther being 
black. 

On the ceiling of the parlour is the date ** 1585," which 
Mr. Jackson pronounced to be the date at which the 
house was built by Gerard Lowther, whom he described at 
the commencement of his paper as *' the builder and 
original inhabitant of the dwelling." The ancient deeds, 
however, tell a different tale. I find by the earliest deed, 
dated August 21st, 1584, that Gerard Lowther then pur- 
chased the house called Newhall, situate in Dockray, 
from Mr. Thomas Brisbie, the ornamented ceiling of the 
parlour, bearing the date 1585, being put up the year 
following ; and that of the bedroom over it, containing the 
arms of Gerard Lowther and his wife, with the letters 
" G. L. L.," for Gerard and Lucy Lowther, in the next 
year (1586). Thus the lawyer's deeds prove the futility 
of assuming that the date of a plaster ceiling, without 
historical evidence to confirm it, is the date of the erection 
of the house. It may be suggested that the house as it 
came into Gerard Lowther's hands was an insignificant 
one, and that he rebuilt it. The reasons against this are, 



F\Rjc Place. 




— 'PLASTEF^CEILINBapPAF^LOUl^ EeI^ARD LdwTHEF(S HDUSE TWD Lh 



CeiLIHG 19ft. by 16 ft. 



GBRARD LOWXHRR'S HOUSEi 97 

first, it does not appear possible that a house of that size 
and importance could have been erected and finished, to 
the elaborate ceilings,, bet ween August 21st and any part 
of the year, following ; and, secondly, that if Gerard 
erected the house, he would not have been likely to have 
adopted its former name of NewhalL 

In the deed of conveyance from Thomas Brisbie to 
Gerard Lowther, the latter describes himself as- of " Hut- 
tonione." That this is Hutton John is proved by the 
Gre3^toke Parish Registers of that time, when^ in entries 
of the Hutton: John family, the place-name is spelled 
" Huttonion " or " Huttonione." When, in 1584, Gerard 
Lowther describes himself as of Hutton Jbhn, that- 
ancient house was in the possession of Thomas Hoton, the 
last in the male line of his race. He was> childless, and 
his two sisters, Catherine and Mary, were his co-heirs. 
The former had married Edmond Dddley, of Yanwath, 
nephew of Gerard's wife, Lucy Dudley J The residence of' 
Gerard and his wife at Hutton. John may therefore be 
accounted for either as being guests of Thomas Hoton, or 
as temporary tenants of the house. Thomas Hoton 's 
sister Mary, in^ 1564, had married Andrew Huddleston^ 
whose son Joseph, in. 1615, had Hutton John transferred 
to him. 

By the deed of conveyance of Newhall, dated August 
aist, 1584, Thomas Brisbie, of Penrith, gentleman^ forthe 
sum of two hundred and four score pounds sold to Gerard 
Lowther, Esquire, of Huttonione : — 

A tenement and' Garths called Newhall, together with land in 
T5nDe Syke (Dog Beck), an acre of land at the south end of the 
town, five roods in Atkinson wife close, three roods at the Myhie 
Cross, half an acre upon Potter walke, and two tenements with five 
acres and three roods of land. 

The apparently small price paid- for the property is 
accounted' for by the greater value of money at that time, 
it being six or- seven times the value of money at the 
present' day; 



98 GERARD LOWTHER'S HOUSE. 

Mr. Thomas Brisbie, or Bresby, the original owner of 
Newhall, was of an armorial family. His pedigree and 
coat of arms are given in Foster's book of Visitation 
Pedigrees, and the early Penrith Registers abound with 
Brisby entries. Thomas Brisbie*s daughter Mabel was 
mother of William Robinson, the wealthy grocer of 
London City, who so munifieiently endowed the charities 
of Penrith in the seventeenth century. 

Of Gerard Lowther, the purchaser of the ancient house 
of the Brisbies, there are only two entries in the Penrith 
Registers, but they are of special interest. They stand : — 

1596, December 30, Mrs. Lucie, wife of Gerard Lowther, Esquire, 
buried. 

1597, July 14, at night, Mr. Gerard Lowther, Esquire, was buried in 
the south church door. 

This unique burial was no doubt in the south porch of 
the original church mentioned in Bishop Nicolson's visi- 
tation to Penrith, a.d. 1704, while as yet the original 
church had not been ruthlessly demolished. This record 
of burial at night is the only reference in the Penrith 
Registers to the picturesque and sensational custom of 
burial by torchlight, much favoured by the gentry of the 
sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. 

Gerard Lowther died only two months before the out- 
break of the terrible visitation of plague in Penrith, or, 
more correctly speaking, before it was declared in the 
Registers : — " Here began the plague, God's punishment 
in Penrith," for the death rates of the preceding year 
show that the mortality in Penrith was 200 per cent, over 
ordinary times, and when Gerard and his wife were buried 
the death-rate was as serious as it was for the next six 
months after the foregoing announcement of the beginning 
of the pestilence was made. 

The next following deed shows that 29 years after the 
death of Gerard the elder, the house was sold by a Gerard 
Lowther to Mrs. Mary Grame or Graham. The deed is 



GERARD LOWTHER'S HOUSE. 99 

dated 1626, and by it " Gerard Lowther of Dublin in the 
realm of Ireland Esquire, sells to Mary Grame his house 
called Newhall in Dockray, and a house and garden at 
Dockray Yeate (Gate) for the sum of two hundred and 
twenty pounds." According to the Lowther visitation 
pedigree, this Gerard Lowther was son of Sir Richard 
Lowther, elder brother of Gerard the elder, and styles him 
Sir Gerard Lowther, Chief Justice of Common Pleas in 
Ireland. From Sir Richard Lowther's monument in 
Lowther Church (as given by Hutchinson), we learn that 
" Sir Richard kept plentiful hospitality for 57 years, died 
27th January, 1607, aged 77." This puts his birth A.D. 
1530, and makes him 67 years of age when his brother 
Gerard died. 

The Lowther visitation pedigree gives him eight sons 
and seven daughters, and makes Gerard, the younger, his 
fourth son. Mr. William Jackson . assumes that Gerard, 
the younger, inherited Newhall from his Uncle Gerard, 
the elder. This may have been the case, for it is recorded 
in the Calendar of State papers of the reign of Queen 
Elizabeth, edited by Robert Lemon, Esq., that in 1580 
there was "a Petition from Richard Lowther, Gerard 
Lowther the elder, and Gerard Lowther the younger for 
the lease of certain lands in Westmorland promised to 
them by the Earl of Leicester for their services." Now, 
as Gerard, the younger, was legally entitled to join his 
father and uncle in petitioning the Queen, he must have 
reached man's estate, and have been at least 21 years old, 
putting his birth in 1559, and making him 38 years old 
when his Uncle Gerard (the elder) died, and 67 years old 
when he sold the house in 1626. It is certain, however, 
that the "Gerard Lowther, of Dublin, in the realm of 
Ireland," who sold Newhall to Mrs. Grame, and was 
afterwards Chief Justice of Common Pleas in Ireland, 
was another Gerard Lowther altogether. 

This is proved by dates kindly obtained for me at the 
Public Record Office, Dublin, by Sir Edmund T. Bewley, 



/ \ 






LOO GBRA^D AJQWTHBR'SIKDUSB. 

LLiD.^ilate a Judge ofrthe Supreme t'Cdutt of Judicatare 
in Ireland, which ^ow *that the Genard iLowther >who 
subsequently beeanne Justice, ; first 'took legal office in 
Ireland in 1622, was appointed Chief Justice. in 1634/died 
and was buried in Dublin in .1660. If, therefore, he was 
Gerard, the son of Richard, and nephew of Gerard the 
elder, as given in Lowther pedigrees, ' he would at death 
be 10 1 years old. This, I submit, makes it certain that 
the Lowther pedigrees are in error in tracing the descent 
.from Richard Lowther to the Chief Justice of Ireland. 

Gerard Lowther's house in Penrith having passed from 
a Gerard Lowther, of Dublin, in Ireland (whoever he was 
by parentage), to Mrs. Grame or Graham, was about 
1656-1659 sold by her heirs to Mr. Thomas Langhorne, of 
Penrith, at which time the name had been changed to 
Dockray Hall. 

In a deed of 1792, the property is described as " A 
capital mansion house or messuage and t tenement called 
and known by the name of Newhall, in a street in Penrith 
called Dockray, and now commonly called Dockray 
Hall." It must have been at a much later time still when 
the house, having become known as the Two Lions Inn, 
the name of Dockray Hall was adopted by the owners 
of ' the ancient mansion of the Whelpdales, now the 
Gloucester Arms Inn, still called Dockray Hall. 

The sign of the Two Lions, Mr. Jackson says, " owes 
its origin to two shields bearing the Dudley arms (a « lion 
rampant), which once existed on the outside of the 
building." This is somewhat vague, since it does not 
appear likely that Gerard Lowther would put his wife's 
family arms in two places on the outside of the house. 
The Dudley arms are "a lion rampant, with 'a 'forked 
tail"— i.^., the tail branches off at the middle of its length 
into two, but the modeller or carver of the Dudley lions 
in the house has forked the tail close up to the lion's 
back, making it appear as two distinct tails; and the 
popular eye, seeing two tails, has concluded there: must 



GERARD LOWTHER'S HOUSE, PENRITH. 



102 GERARD LOWTHER S HOUSE, 

Thomas Langhome, before mentioned, and here 
iUnstrated : — 



On the sides are the initials of Thomas and Elizabeth 
Langhorn and the date 1586, and below is sculptured a 
pair of clothier's shears, showing that Thomas Langhorn 
was_ a merchant clothier. He had foUr sons and five 
daughters. His eldest son, John, died young ; his second 
son, Thomas, born 1578, was the purchaser of Gerard 
Lowther's house from the heirs of Mrs. Graham. He 
bought the property in two parts — the first moiety in 1656 
from William Winter, son of Mrs. Graham's daughter 
Cecile, and the second moiety in 1659 from Thomas and 
Mungo Bewley. 

The second moiety (^160) was repayment of money 
lent to Mrs, Grame when she purchased the house by 
George Bewley,' of Caldbeck, whose son William married 
Mrs. Grame's daughter Elizabeth. On Mrs. Grame's 
death the money was collectable by Thomas and Mungo 
Bewley, heirs of George Bewley who had lent the money, 
Mrs. Grame's daughter Elizabeth, being left a widow, 
married Mr. Thomas Langhorne, who, by discharging the 
debt, became sole owner of Newhall. 



GERARD LOWTHER'S HOUSE. IO3 

At this time Penrith was under the strict Puritan rule 
of Cromwell's Parliament, and in the churchwardens' 
book the name of Thomas Langhorn is introduced as 
enforcing these rules. The entry stands thus : — 
" Received of Thomas Langhorn Esq Justice of the peace 
for this County, as penalties inflicted upon several 
offenders to be distributed to the poor.'* The offences 
were: — Sabbath breaking, 10; swearing, 10; drunken- 
ness, 3 ; tippling, i. The fines vary from is. to 2s. 6d., 
and the offenders comprise all sorts and conditions of 
men. Some leading men of the town appear in the list, 
as William Whelpdale, is. for swearing ; Mr. Roger 
Sleddel, for Sabbath breaking, is. Five swearers from 
neighbouring parishes were probably " dropped upon " on 
market days. Consequently, under Puritan rule, the 
market-day people had to mind their " P.'s and Q.'s" 
when they came into Penrith. The ladies did not escape. 
One offender, Ann, the wife of William Davidson, had to 
pay IS. for swearing. Now a shilling was then no trifle, 
for a skilled mechanic's wages for a day was a shilling, 
and a labourer's eightpence. Therefore, if Ann's husband 
was a mechanic, she would begin to think when a whole 
day's wages went that swearing was likely to become an 
expensive luxury. 

Another new duty would devolve upon Justice Lang- 
horn. He would have to marry people. The Parliament 
had abolished marriages in churches and constituted them 
civil contracts, to be entered into before a Justice of the 
Peace. The effect of this change is seen in the Parish 
Registers, in which for the last seven years of Puritan rule 
not a single marriage entry is to be found. It is, there- 
fore, pretty certain that during these years the hymeneal 
altar was transferred from St. Andrew's Church to Justice 
Langhorn's house in Little Dockray, and subsequently to 
Gerard Lowther's house, Newhall, where the nuptial knots 
would be tied under the heraldic ceiling displaying the 
great marriage alliances of the ancient Lowthers. 



(104) 



yl 



Art. VI. — The Nelsons of Penrith. By G. Watson. 

Read at Bowness-on- Windermere, i8th September, 1900. 

pENRITH may claim to be the original home of the 
^ Nelsons of the north. From the commencement of 
the Penrith Parish Registers in 1556 to the middle of the 
18th century, the entries in the name of Nelson far 
exceeded those of any other name. The four surnames of 
greatest numerical importance were Nelson^ Stephenson 
(with its variants Steinson and Stevenson), Robinson, and 
Harrison, the entries in the registers from the com- 
mencement in 1556 to 1700 are : — Nelson, 720 ; Stephen- 
son, 440 ; Robinson, 326 ; and Harrison, 304. After 
1750, however, while the three last names became more 
numerous that of Nelson decreased, until in the early 
part of the present century it had almost disappeared from 
the Penrith registers. Previous to this century, trades or 
occupations were not mentioned in the registers except to 
distinguish between men having the same baptismal and 
surname ; hence it is that when Nelsons were most 
numerous their occupations were generally disclosed, and 
we find them employed in all departments of handicraft 
and labour. Then as time went on, and the Nelson 
entries in the registers decreased, the due proportion of 
marriages, baptisms, and burials was still maintained, 
showing that decrease of numbers was not due to 
increased mortality, but to dispersion to wider fields of 
enterprise than were to be found in Penrith. It is also 
noticeable that as the Nelsons increased in numbers a 
larger proportion of them occupied more responsible 
social positions. 

A typical case of a Penrith Nelson's successful career in 
another part of England is recorded in the following 
extract from the Shrewsbury Chromclei' — 



THE NELSONS OF PENRITH. I05 

THE LIONS AT THE LION HOTEL. 

(May 31st, 1895.) 

The inscription on a monument, formerly in St. Mary*s Church, 
recorded that John Nelson, of this town, architect apd sculptor, 
.died 17th April, 1812, aged 86. He was a native of Penrith, but 
lived fifty years in this parish. The two lions were his work, and 
he is mentioned in the Gentleman's Magazine as a statuary who will 
be long remembered in this and the neighbouring counties where 
specimens of his ingenuity may be seen in many of the churches 
and in the mansions of nobility. The last efforts of his art are the 
statue of Sir Rowland Hill on the top of the column in Hawkstone 
Park, and the two sphinxes on the west entrance to Hawkstone 
House. The Nag's Head Inn, on the Castle Gates, used to have a 
sign which was carved by Nelson. 

This Nelson, guided by the data given, is readily 
identified in the Penrith registers in the entry : — 

1726 April 9 John son of Richard and Ann Nelson, baptised. 

Another Penrith " man of mark '* notable for his enter- 
prise and for the widespread results of his career, and that 
of his son and grandson, was a Nelson whose baptism 
stands in the parish registers thus : — 

1678 March 7 Thomas son of Hugh Nelson and Sarah his wife 
baptised. 

The marriage of Hugh and Sarah stands thus in the 
registers : — 

1674 Feb 5 Hugh Nelson and Sarah Jackson both of Penrith 
married. 

The bride was the youngest child of Mr. Thomas 
Jackson, styled " schoolmaster " in the registers. He 
would, of course, be master of the Grammar School — ^for 
at that time there could be none other. 

Thomas, the son of Hugh and Sarah, after making some 
voyages of mercantile enterprise to Virginia — then the 
" El Dorado " of Englishmen — finally settled there. Mr. 
Thomas Nelson Page, of Washington, U.S., the author of 



I06 THE NELSONS O? PENRITH. 

" In Ole Virginia," *' The Old South," and other works 
connected with the early history of the colony of Virginia, 
is a descendant on his mother's side from the notable 
Penrith colonist, and from his books and correspon- 
dence I have been enabled to collect these notes on 
the career of Thomas Nelson and his immediate 
descendants. In '* Old South," Mr. Nelson Page says : — 

The founder of Yorktown was Thomas Nelson, a young settler from 
Penrith on the border of Scotland, who was for that reason called 
" Scotch Tom." His father was a man of substance and position 
in Cumberland, and was warden of the church in Penrith. The 
warden's son, Thomas, looking to the New Worid to enlarge his 
fortune, after making one or two trips across, finally settled at the 
mouth of York River. Here he married Margaret Reid and soon 
became one of the wealthiest men in the colony. His dwelling 
known as the Nelson House still stands with its lofty chimneys and 
solid walls — towering among the surrounding buildings — an enduring 
pre-eminence which probably gratified the pride which tradition 
says moved him to have the corner stone passed through the hands 
of his infant heir. The massive door and small windows with the 
solid shutters look as if the house had been constructed more with 
a view to defence than to architectural grace. 

How in time to come this was realised to the full will 
be seen hereafter. Reading this graphic description of 
" Scotch Tom's " — or, let us say, ** Penrith Tom's " — 
niansion, one naturally wonders which of the i6th and 
17th century manorial halls of Cumberland and West- 
morland was the builder's model. One also wonders 
when this enterprising merchant from Penrith made his 
trips to Virginia before settling there, what commodities 
he took with him on his six weeks' voyage across the 
Atlantic. The most ready surmise is that they were 
principally of Penrith's then staple trade — the products of 
the tanner and the currier, and the handicraft of the 
numerous glovers, shoemakers, belters, sadlers, &c., these 
being the most likely goods to be wanted in the far south, 
and, it may be added, the productions of the numerous 
Nelsons of Penrith, who were extensively engaged in these 



THE NELSONS OF PENRITH. I07 

industries ; and, no doubt, on his return voyage he would 
bring England an ever- welcome supply of Virginia's staple 
produce — tobacco. That Thomas Nelson should have 
been thought a Scotchman is likely enough, his Cumbrian 
dialect being sufficiently uncouth to the southern ear to 
be deemed Scotch. 

To return to Mr. Thomas Nelson Page's interesting 
reminiscences of his maternal ancestor's house at York- 
town, he goes on to say : — 

V 

Here in this home of the Nelsons have been held receptions at 
which have gathered Grymeses, Digges, Custises, Carys, Blands,. 
Lees,- Carters, Pages, and others of the gay gentry of the old- 
dominion. 

The Blands here mentioned were the descendants of 
Roger Bland, of Orton, .in Westmorland, of the time of 
Henry VIII., whose son Adam, with what might be 
thought an unpromising trade in his hands (that of a 
skinner), went to London and founded a wide-world 
posterity. A pedigree of the descendants of Roger Bland 
was published by the Harleian Society in 1895, from 
which I compiled a pedigree in narrative form suitable for 
the columns of the Penrith Observer, in which it appeared. 
Adam Bland, the London skinner, was Serjeant Pelletier 
to Queen Elizabeth (1563). The ninth person in the 
third descent was Theodorick Bland, a merchant at St. 
Lucar in Spain, and afterwards in Virginia, where he 
lived at Westover, on James River ; he died 1671, and 
was buried in Westover Church, which he had built. In 
the fourth descent is Giles Bland, son of Bertlet Bland, 
on James River, Virginia, who suffered death for his share 
in Bacon's rebellion in 1677, aged 29 years. The'Harleian 
pedigree, which goes to the seventh descent, extending to 
1827, includes numerous Blands, who were among the 
leading gentry of Virginia. 

Thomas Nelson, the Penrith colonist, died in 1745 ; his 
tomb still remains, but has suffered much from war and 



I08 THE NELSONS OF PENRITH. 

weather. A description of it, kindly sent to me by Mr. 
John Radcliffe, of Furlane Saddleworth, is from a MS. 
book belonging to the late Joseph R. Nelson, copied by 
Dr. Russell in the graveyard of Yorktown, Virginia, U.S. 
It stands thus: — "Generosi filius Hugonis et Sariae 
Nelson de Penrith in Comitatu Cumbriae, natus 20°*° die 
Feb. A.D. 1677. He died in 1745. His tombstone is 
headed by his arms, bearing a bar and three lilies." Mr. 
Thomas Nelson Page describes the arms as " fleur-de-lis." 
In this there is no material conflict. The fleur-de-lis is 
defined in Boutell and Aveling's Heraldry as a " conven- 
tional lily," and a lily in heraldry is often depicted con- 
ventionally with a general resemblance to a fleur-de-lis, 
and by persons with only an elementary acquaintance 
with heraldry the two are often confounded with each 
other. 

The parents of Thomas Nelson, whose memory was so 
piously commemorated on their son's tombstone in Vir- 
ginia, had predeceased him — his mother by 12 and his 
father by 11 years — they being buried, the mother on 
September 30th, 1733, and the father the same month and 
day of the month of the year following, she being 80 and 
he 83 years of age. 

Near the grave of Thomas Nelson is that of his son 
William, marked by a tombstone, on which is an epitaph 
in the wordy style peculiar to the period. It com- 
memorates : — 

The Hon. William Nelson Esq., late president of His Majestie's 
Council in this Dominion, in whom the love of God so restrained . . . 
and invigorated the mental power in general as not only to defend 
him from the vices an^ follies of his age and country but also to 
render it a matter of difficult decision in what part of laudable 
conduct he most excelled, whether in the tender and endearing 
accomplishments of domestic life, or in the more arduous duties of 
a wider circuit, whether as a neighbour, a gentleman, or a magistrate, 

whether in the graces of hospitality or piety (remainder 

illegible). 

He died 17th Nov An Dom iyif2 aged 61 years. 



THE NELSONS OF PENRITH. lOQ 

The inscription on Thomas Nelson's tomb (as tran- 
scribed by Dr. Russell) " Generosi filius " is a vague term 
understood to mean gentleman born, and involves a claim 
to belong to an armorial family and the right to bear 
arms. That Thomas Nelson came of a citizen family 
engaged in trade in Penrith for five generations does not 
necessarily disprove such a claim, for in the sixteenth and 
seventeenth centuries it was no uncommon thing for men 
of an armorial family to be so impoverished as to be under 
the necessity of engaging in trade. The extreme brevity 
of the Penrith registers and the very numerous Nelson 
entries makes it impossible to trace in them alone any 
particular family. 

In the case of the Penrith colonist in Virginia, however, 
his ancestors for five generations are made clearly traceable 
by a monument formerly in Penrith Churchyard. This 
monument, with its genealogical inscription, is described 
by Bishop Nicolson in his visitation to Penrith Church in 
1704, sixteen years before the original fabric and many of 
its ancient monuments (including the one so carefully 
described by the Bishop) were ruthlessly demolished, or, 
if brasses, stolen for sale as old metal during the rebuilding 
of the body of the church under the direction of the then 
Vicar, Dr. Todd, who, it might have been expected, would 
have taken special care to preserve them. It is however 
most fortunate that the painstaking Bishop. Nicolson 
placed so many of the old monuments on record in his 
account of his visitation to Penrith Church in 1704.* 
The Bishop thus describes the Nelson monument : — ' 

Over against St. Andrew's Quire- Door on a high built Tombstone : 

Mors Sanctorum Domini in ejus conspectu est pretiosa, 

Here lyes the body of Hugh Nelson of Penrith, 

Grocer, who dyed upon the 13th of Nov. 1674. 

Aged 83 years. Here lyeth also Marian his beloved wife, who died 



* Miscellany Accounts of the Diocese of Carlisle ^ by Bishop Nicolson, published 
by this Society 1877, pp. 153, 154. 



no THE NELSONS OF PENRITH. 

upon the 17th of Nov'. 

1657, aged 58 years. They had first Seven 

Sons, and after four Daughters. Here lyeth also the body of 

William Nelson j third Son 

who died upon the 28th of October 1670 

aged 49 years : And also Bridget his wife 

who died upon the i8th of Dec'. 1670, 

aged 50 years. They had onely two Sons. Here 

lyeth also the body of Hugh Nelson^ their Fourth Son, who dyed 

upon the 30th of 
Dec' 1648 aged 21 years. 

The data here given, in conjunction with the Parish 
Registers, in which can be found all the entries of Hugh's 
descendants, make it clear that the subject of the monu- 
ment was the Virginia colonist's great-grandfather. The 
ancient grocer's birth goes back to 1591, but although the 
registers are so complete and continuous that they record 
the baptism of two, three, or four Nelsons every year from 
1556 for 150 years, they never record the name of a Hugh 
Nelson until 1619, when the ancient grocer of the monu- 
ment himself was married ; and no Hugh Nelson was 
ever baptised until 1627, when Hugh, son of Hugh of the 
monument, was brought to the font. It is therefore 
certain that the great-grandfather of the Virginia colonist 
was not a native of Penrith. Now if Hugh Nelson, 
grocer, was entitled to baar three fleurs-de-lis as his arms, 
it is probable he came from York, such being the heraldic 
insignia of the Nelsons of York, v^hich may possibly have 
been derived from the Nelsoft who was one of the glass 
painters of York Minster in the 15th century, as stated in 
Dean Purey Cust*s great work on the Heraldry of York 
Minster. In a book of Yorkshire Visitation Pedigrees, I 
find Christopher Nelson of Grimston having for his arms 
" a chevron between three fleurs-de-lis," and a work on 
Crests giving 4000 illustrations, has " a cubit arm, in the 
hand a fleur-de-lis," as a crest for Nelson of York. 

We must now return to the Nelsons of Virginia and be 
made acquainted with the story of William Nelson the 



THE NELSONS OF PENRITH. Ill 

President's son, Thomas, who when a lad of fourteen, was 
sent to England to be educated, first at Eton, where he 
and another young Virginian Nelson had for a school- 
fellow Charles James Fox. Young Thomas afterwards 
went to Cambridge, where he graduated with honours. 

After leaving Cambridge at the close of the year 1760, 
he sailed for Virginia, and it is either a curious coinci- 
dence or the result of an arrangement, that in the month 
of October of that year, Mr. Joseph Tickell, curate at 
Penrith Church, disappeared, taking with him the day- 
book of baptisms and burials, thereby creating the only 
gap to be found in the Penrith Registers. The occurrence 
is thus noted in the register book: — ** There are no entries 
of baptisms or burials from January 17th to October 5th 
1760, occasioned by Mr. Joseph Tickell leaving the 
curacy and going into Virginia.'* Had Thomas Nelson 
visited the home of his ancestors, made the acquaintance 
of Mr. Joseph Tickell and tempted him away to Virginia ? 
This is not unlikely, for clergymen were then in request 
in the colony. It appears from Mr. Nelson Page that the 
Nelsons, and their kinsmen the Pages, were Episcopalians, 
and the pillars of the establishment in the colony ; and 
that when a bishop was wanted there, Mr. John Page, a 
great churchman, was urged to take orders and be the 
bishop, but this he positively declined, and on being 
further pressed, he reiterated his refusal in very forcible 
terms; I may not record his words on the occasion. 
Suffice it to say, they were superabundantly emphatic and 
not at all polite, so much so, that his friends at once and 
for ever dropped the subject. Perhaps the runaway 
curate from Penrith might fill the gap ; who knows ? 

Young Thomas Nelson reached his Virginia home early 
in 1761, and a year later married Lucy, daughter of Col. 
Philip Grymes of Brandon in Middlesex. 

In later years, when the great struggle for American 
independence came, he, as General Thomas Nelson, not 
only co-operated with George Washington and other 



112 THE NELSONS OF PENRITH. 

military leaders, but spent his immense fortune in the 
cause ; and when the great end was gained and indepen- 
dence secured for the state, he was left in comparative 
poverty. 

** Penrith Tom's" House at Yorktown, known as Nelson 
House, became famous in history at the close of the war 
of independence. Cornwallis the commander of the 
British forces had seized it, and entrenching himself with- 
in its massive walls stood a — to him — disastrous siege; for 
in it he surrendered to the Colonials, when all that was left 
of his army laid down their arms, thus ending the great 
war which made the American States a free nation, and 
causing King George's Prime Minister, Lord North, when 
he heard of it, to throw up his arms exclaiming, " my 
God, it is all over." Mr. Nelson Page says : — 

The Nelson House still remains in the family, but to the Nelsons, 
peace came with poverty. Nelson's vast estate went for his public 
debts. He gave the whole of it. When a question arose in the 
Virginia Convention as to the confiscation of British claims, he 
stopped the agitation by rising in his seat and declaiming : — Others 
may do as they please, but as for me, I am an honest man, and so 
help me God I will pay my debts. 

Nelson had the honour of being elected Governor of 
Virginia after ,AB5^B8feaa8t^ Jefferson,' and Mr. Nelson 
Page adds : — 

Years afterwards Virginia did tardy and partial justice to the 
memory of his great services by placing his statue among the group 
of her great ones in her beautiful Capital Square, and in company 
with Washington, Jefferson, Marshall, Henry, Mason, and Lewis, 
he stands in bronze tendering the bonds with his outstretched 
hands ; but no recompense was ever made to his family for the vast 
sums he had expended. 

When young Thomas Nelson and Charles Fox were 
fraternising at Eton, they little thought that in the 
future, the one was to devote himself and fortune in 
actual warfare on his native soil to resist the tyrannical 



THE NELSONS QF PENRITH. II3 

policy of King George, while at the same time Charles 
Fox in the House of Commons would be denouncing the 
royal obstinacy and emphasising his devotion to the cause 
of the American States by clothing his servants in livwQs 
of blue and buff in imitation of the uniforms of his quon- 
dam schoolfellow, General Thomas Nelson, and his fellow 
soldiers serving under George Washington ; and as some 
historians say, earning the reputation of having originated 
in the House of Commons that — at times — formidable 
organization known as Her Majesty's Opposition. 



(114) 



Art. VII. — On a Brass found in Arfhuret Church, By the 
Rev. Canon Bower, M.A., Vicar of St. Cuthbert's, 
Carlisle. 

Read at Carlisle, June 20th, 1900. 

OHORTLY after the publication of my paper on 
^ " Brasses in the Diocese of Carlisle" *my attention 
was called by Mr. Mill Stephenson, F.S.A., to a rubbing 
which he possessed of a brass in Arthuret church. As I 
had visited the church and diligently searched for brasses 
and found none, I was at a loss to know what hfid beconne 
of this brass. However, Mr. Stephenson referred me to 
the Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries, 2nd series, 
vol. iv., p. 316 (April 29th, 1869), where it was stated that 
the brass had been exhibited by Sir Frederick Graham, of 
Netherby. This gave the clue to its discovery. The 
present rector of Arthuret, the Rev. Ivor C. Graham, 
nephew of Sir Frederick, searched until he found it under 
a glass case with other curiosities in the hall. It is his 
intention to place it again in the parish church. 

Sir A. W. Franks in the article in the Proceedings of the 
Society of Antiquaries says : — 

The brass exhibited by Sir Frederick Graham is a new variety to 
me in such monuments. It represents two hands holding a heart 
which rests on a cross fleury. A heart was not an unusual device in 
the Middle Ages and is considered to refer to the soul. Mr. Haines 
has collected in his manual (p. cvij.) all that is to be found on the 
subject, as far as monumental brasses are concerned, and Miss 
Hartshome has published a monograph of the whole subject, under 
the title " Enshrined Hearts." Mr. Haines states that the hearts 
held by hands issuing from clouds are to be found at Loddon, 
Norfolk, 1462; Elmstead, Essex, c. 1530; Caversfield, Bucks, 1533; 



* Xhese Transactions, vol. xiii., art. xii, 



BRASS FOUND IN ARTHURET CHURCH. 



•t i 



' \ 






ON A BRASS FOUND IN ARTHURET CHURCH II5 

and Southacre, Norfolk, c. 1430, where the heart, now multilated, 
bore the text from Ps. xxi. 5, "In man us tuas, Domine, commendo 
spiritum meum, quia redemisti me, Domine deus veritatis." Such 
memorials have been stated to indicate that the deceased had been 
able to perform a vow which he had made; but they have more 
probably different meanings according to inscriptions that accom- 
pany them, and are intended to indicate a trust in the presence of 
God (Haines, p. cviij.) Occasionally the heart seems to have been 
placed over the tomb in which the heart only was buried, as at 
Wiggenhall St. Mary, Norfolk, and at Saltwood, Kent ; but in these 
cases it is not held up in the hands of the deceased. 

The probable date of this memorial is the fifteenth century. It 
was found in the church at Arthuret, under a heap of bones, and 
has probably been torn off some ancient tomb in Puritan times. 

The brass was discovered at the restoration of the 
church in 1868 above the Netherby vault in the north 
aisle of the chancel, where the organ now stands. The 
Rev. A. G. Loftie, rector of Great Salkeld, and then 
curate of Arthuret, obtained it from the workmen, and 
retained it in his possession until Sir Frederick Graham 
saw it and sent it to the Society of Antiquaries. 

In no other brass in the diocese do hands hold hearts. 
But several instances occur among the effigies ; viz. : — 
At Cartmel both Sir John Harrington and his lady hold 
them ; at Crosthwaite, Sir John de Derwentwater and his 
lady ; at Workington, Sir Christopher Curwen and his 
wife, Elizabeth de Hudelston ; and the unknown figure at 
Kirkland. 

This brass is 7J inches long by 6^ broad. 



(ii6) 



^ 



Art. VIII. — On some Surviving Fairies. By Mrs. 
Hodgson, Newby Grange. 

Read at Carlisle^ June 20th^ 1900. 

rilHE shjoiess of the British £aiiry in modern times has 
^ given rise to a widespread belief that the whole genus 
must be regarded as extinct. No doubt the great increase 
of the three R's, which are the natural enemies of fairies, 
has driven them to take refuge in the least accessible 
neighbourhoods ; but occasional specimens are still to be 
obtained. The injudicious collector who hunts, so to 
say, with horn and hounds, will draw every cover blank ; 
and even the aids to scouting formulated in folk-lore 
tracts may not always insure success. We have, however, 
found two or three living examples which I now exhibit, 
only withholding the precise habitat^ as in the case of some 
rare ferns, which botanists are quite justified in protecting 
from the dangers of too fierce a light of publicity. Fairies, 
it is well known, thrive only in moonshine. 

Of a certain place I had heard, many years back, that 
it was haunted, but without further details. 

Lately we got the following information from a trust- 
worthy source : — 

"There used to be fairies at the spot, before the wood was cut 

down . . ." 
Where was the wood ? 
" It was on the top of the Bank," — where now no trace of it 

remains. 
" Well ; they went away when it was cut down ; but once they set 
some Fairy Butter ready for a ploughman, when he was going to 
have his dinner. One of his horses ate it ; the other did not. The 
one that did not eat it died. They used to be in the cottage yonder, 
that is now a cow-shed. It's lucky," added the old man, " if you eat 
fairy butter." 






ON SOME SURVIVING FAIRIES. II7 

The exact nature of the article is described in the late 
Canon Atkinson's Forty Years in a Moorland Parish, and 
it used to be a well-known commodity in the North of 
England. 

The next story is told in the same neighbourhood : — 

** There was a fairy that looked like a hare. It was a real fairy ^ 
but a man caught it for a hare, and put it in a bag, and thought he 
would have a nice Sunday dinner. While it was in the bag it saw 
its father outside, and he called to it * Pork, pork ! ' and it cried out 
' Let me go to daddy ! ' And then the man was angry, and said 
* Thoo ga to thy daddy ! ' and it went away to its daddy ; and he 
was very much disappointed at not getting his Sunday dinner." 

The same authority told another tale of a house just 
beyond the eastern border of Cumberland, mentioned as a 
haunt of the common Brownie or Hobthrush : — 

** Once there was a little fairy and it lived at a farmhouse in 

that used to do all the work before they were down in 

the morning ; and so th/5y found out about it, and they got up one 
morning to see it, and they saw a little fairy running across the 
yard. It had a green jacket and a little hood and a red skirt, and 
they thought it looked very ragged, and they got it a new suit of 
clothes and put them in the kitchen where it would be most likely 
to come to. And so it saw them in the morning, and it said : — 

* A new coat, a new hood ! 
Now little Hobberst will do no more good ! ' 

And it never came back any more, and they were sorry when they 
lost the little fairy ; and they called it Little Hobberst. It would 
8up porridge if they were set out for it, though it would not have the 
clothes." 

A few other gleanings that come under the head of 
fairy-lore may be added. The following are from 
Caldbeck : — 

When soot or hail comes down the chimney they say " There's the 

{or an) auld man coming down the chimney." 
If you throw a beetle over your shoulder it will be a fine day 

to-morrow. 



Il8 ON SOME SURVIVING FAIRIES. 

To turn back after starting from home is unlucky. The speaker 
added — " Father wouldn't turn back, whatever. If he missed 
anything, he'd stand in the road and shout on us, and tell us 
to bring him what he wanted." 

To cure a sore-throat tie a left-leg stocking round it at bed-time. 

The rhyme said by children on finishing their stint of 
knitting or crochet is : — 

** Bulls at bay. 
Kings at fay, 
Over the hills and far away ! " 

Our Caldbeck informant had heard of sticks being 
rubbed together to kindle fire, and another from Scaleby 
knew of cattle being driven through the fire in West 
Cumberland during the cattle plague in 1865 or 1866. 
Mr. Hodgson heard a rumour of the '* need-tire " being 
brought into Cumberland at that time. It was said to 
have been kindled in Northumberland. 

The same girl said that her grandtnother would never 
let them throw anything outside the door before sunrise, 
nor any water out of the house on New Year's Day ; 
every one who went out on that day must bring in a piece 
of wood or coal. When the old folk were out of doors 
and saw the sun rise, or the new moon, the men used to 
turn their coats and shake them, and the women their 
aprons. If a coal flew out of the fire they ** rattled for 
money,"* or said, " It shapes like a cradle, or " like a 
coffin." Moths were thought a sign of death or of letters, 
and it was unlucky to kill them. Shivers meant a dog 
walking over your grave. 

A saying at Candlemas is reported from Dalston : — " If 
it is dull and snowy, the shepherds are dancing and 
singing ; if it is fine, the shepherds are mending their 
mittens." 



* I took this to mean turning or jingling the money that happened to be in 
their pockets, as on hearing the cuckoo ; but I omitted to ask for an ezplanatioa. 



■ '-' ^u^'.. i.^ ,■*-.-. An Y, 






dl 



S 5 

s c 
SM 



(119) 



Art. IX. — Cawmire or Comer Hall, By H. S. Cowper, 
F.S.A. 

Read at Cawmire, Sept. igth, 1900. 

VT7HEN in May last I paid a first visit to Cawmire Hall 
^^ I saw at once that I had stumbled across a late 
example of a Westmorland Pele. Accordingly, when I 
turned to our late vice-president's work on the Manorial 
Halls of Cumberland and Westmorland, I felt some surprise 
at finding no mention of it. 

A detailed search in local literature materially increased 
my surprise, by producing no earlier mention of the place 
than the commencement of the seventeenth century. A 
careful examination of the building, however, and the 
scanty scraps of history I have obtained, are, I think, 
sufficient to explain the absence of early records. Caw- 
mire is probably the latest of the Westmorland Peles so 
far noticed, and does not occupy the site of an older 
fortalice. Its situation on the very verge of the county in 
a remote valley must afford the only reason for its total 
neglect by recent writers. 

The history of the house may be disposed of in a few 
words. It was owned by a family called Briggs, who 
seem to have lived there at the end of the sixteenth* 
century, and probably built the tower. They entered a 
pedigree of two generations in the 1615 Visitation of 
Westmorland, but as the family ended in daughters, 
Briggs of Cawmire is heard of no more. The evidences 
I have been able to find of them are relegated to an 
Appendix, but where they sprang from and who they 
were, I am not able to say. 

After Briggs of Cawmire, there is a gap which I have 
not been able to fill. Possibly it was sold at once by the 



120 CAWMIRE OR COMER HALL. 

heiresses ; possibly it was occupied by relatives or let to 
tenants. Anyhow in 1675 we find that a family of Newby 
or Nuby, (a name, by the bye, of old standing in- Carke 
and Cartmel Fell), was located at Cawmire.* 

From the Newbys it passed to the Rydal Flemings. 
Richard, the seventh son of the notable Sir Daniel, 
Knight, married Isabel, the only daughter of William 
Newby of Cawmire, " a Westmorland gentlewoman and 
a considerable heiress," as West informs us. This 
Richard, however, had only one son (who died childless) 
and four daughters ; and Cawmire seems to have passed 
to the issue of his younger brother, Roger Fleming, vicar 
of Brigham, from whom it descended to Sir Daniel 
Fleming of Hill Top, Crosthwaite, and its present 
proprietor, Mr. John Burrow of the same place. 

Before describing the buiMing, a word or two as to the 
name. The general spelling now is Cowmire, but the 
pronunciation is Co'mer, the sound of the first syllable 
being identical with the IoceTI sounding of the first syllable 
of Calgarth — " Co'garth.'* Moreover, the earliest spelling 
I can quote is Calmire (1615), so that I think we may 
take it that it comes from an old form like Kalvmyre (or 
reduced to proper Scandinavian Kdlfa-myrr) from which 
the V has dropped. t Whether it was simply myrr, a wet 
pasture, or a real " mere " is questionable, for north of the 
hall lie some level meadows which may well have con- 
tained a tarn. 

These are the only old spellings I can quote : — 

1615 Heralds Visitation, Pedigree of Briggs ... Calmire. 

,, n »j n Hutton ... Canmyre. 

1665 „ M „ Stanley ... Cawmire. 

1618 Answer of Tenants in Tenant right Dispute Cawmire. 

1675 Rental of Kendal Barony ... ... ... Cowmire. 



♦ At Barber Green and elsewhere. Probably a Newby had some hand in 
building Newby Bridge ; compare Penny Bridge named from the builder. 

f It would be pronounced of course Cawfmer, very close in sound to Co'mer 
Our editor calls my attention to the fact that Calgarth was Calvgarth, temp. Ed 
III. : and Calder (Thurso) K^lfadalr in the Orkneyinga Saga, though by the 
thirteenth century the f had dropped out. 



CAWMIBE HALL. 
(North side of Pele Tow* 



PLATB II. (TO FACE 9 



QAWMIRE OR COMBR HALL. 121 

Cawmire Hall is a very simple building to understand. 
It is a composite structure of two periods, a pele tower 
which has lost its castellated top, and has been turned 
into the back premises of a later house erected at the 
end of the seventeenth century. (Plate 11.*) 

The dimensions of the pele are 31 feet by 24 feet 9 
inches. The basement consists of two vaulted cellars of 
the usual type, the southern one being one foot wider 
than the other. The windows are rude openings without 
any dressed stone, and appear to be in their original state. 
They are not mere slits, but throughout the house all the 
windows were fitted with iron grilles or gratings, and 
probably when this tower was built, these were considered 
to form sufficient protection. The walls vary slightly in 
the different sides, the thickest being about 4 feet 7 inches 
on the south. There is no plinth, and the walls are of 
coarse rubble. Access to the upper floors is now by the 
seventeenth century stair leading from the additions, and 
since no newel or other stair can be traced, it seems 
probable that before the additions the ascent was at the 
same corner by means of a newel. ' It will be noticed 
that the big window on the first floor on the north side, is 
not in the centre of the wall, a feature which rather 
suggests that a passage leading from a newel may have 
occupied a position here. 

The first floor is now occupied by two rooms, but the 
partition is a modern one, and originally there was but 
one big chamber, the principal living-room doubtless, of 
the tower. In the north and south walls we find large 
four-light windows, with stone mullions and plain round 
heads. . These windows have a width of seven feet, and 
their openings are protected by strong gratings of one 
upright crossed by five transverse stanchions in each light. 
Over these windows project rough slabs of the local 
upper Silurian rock, to act as dripstones: and it has 



* I am indebted to Mr. Herbert Bell of Ambleside for the photographs. 



122 CAWMIRE OR COMER HALL. 

already been noticed that while the south window is 
central in its wall that in the north wall is not. There 
are also in the second floor, two three-light windows of 
similar character to, and placed over, those of the first 
floor. 

The only other point in the plan is the projection (of 
hardly sufficient depth to call a turret) in the west w^all. 
This contains the shoots from two garderobes, now 
blocked, on the first floor, and possibly from others above. 
It apparently never rose higher than the second story. 

In spite of the simple and early plan of this tower, it is 
difficult, looking at the poor character of the masonry, 
and the style of the windows, which have no appearance 
of being insertions, to assign to it a date earlier than the 
latter half of the sixteenth century. It was no doubt the 
tenement of Thomas Briggs mentioned in a 1582 rental, 
and was probably built by him. 

To this tower late in the seventeenth century was 
added practically all the rest of the present house ; and 
there seems little doubt that these additions were the 
work of Richard Fleming, who although a younger son, 
had secured his " considerable heiress,'* and would hardly 
content himself with this meagre tower as a residence. 

The new house has a formal frontage of 56 feet, with 
the entrance in the centre. The windows are uniform in 
character and of two lights each, with slender oaken 
muUions and transoms, except the northernmost on the 
ground floor, which is of tnree lights. In the upper floors 
these windows are placed symmetrically over those below, 
and all have or have had iron gratings. Above each row 
of windows is a continuous weather label of- rough 
Silurian stones. The front of this block is characteristic 
of the time of Charles IL, and may be compared with the 
much more elaborate example of Ribton Hall, (built 1670), 
in Dr. Taylor's work.§ (See Plate I.) 

§ Pp. 334-5. It may be noticed that the uniformity of style of this period is 
carried so far, that if we were to place side by side architectural elevations of 
such a modest structure as Cawmire, and a princely chateau like Croxteth, 
without a scale it would not be easy to tell which was the larger. 



CAWMIRE OR COMER HALL. 123 

At present the new block is divided into three rooms by 
two partitions, but that in the right-hand of the entrance 
is modern, and the situation of an original one is indicated 
on the plan by a dotted line. Thus the new block was 
divided into three symmetrical rooms, which would have 
been of equal dimensions, if that on the north had not 
been diminished by a seven-foot wall at its north end to 
contain the kitchen chimney and ovens. The central 
room was the parlour or hall greatly curtailed from the 
proportions assigned to it in earlier times ; and the 
southern room was the withdrawing-room. (Plate III.) 

There is little further to notice in these apartments. 
It is, however, interesting to note that at this date the 
servants were relegated to the kitchen, and no longer 
dined with the squire. The big window, which in older 
days always lit the hall, is here found in the kitchen to 
light the long table where the servants dined, and of 
which the bench still remains under the window. The 
small room at the back of the kitchen seems of con- 
temporary date, but it is covered by a lean-to. It was 
probably the pantry. It will be noticed that in the craze 
for symmetry another projection was carried out behind 
the withdrawing-room, though from the position of the 
tower windows it was necessarily of less dimensions. 

In the central parlour the small size and the stairway 
leading directly out of it shew that the sense of privacy in 
home life was now duly appreciated. The fireplace 
which balances the stair entrance to the left is interesting. 
It has a stone mantel with a square opening of five feet, 
round which is a border of running foliage of bunches of 
grapes and leaves. In the centre is a circular panel with 
scroll-work, in which is a shield with the Fleming arms 
differenced by an annulet. This is the mark of Richard, 
the fifth surviving son.* 



* At Thorpensty Hall in Cartmel Fell, the old Hutton seat, is a fireplace of 
exactly the same work without the arms ; no doubt by the same workmen. 




o> 









t 




H 



04 



TlS 






CAWMIRE OR COMER HALL. 1 25 

The Staircase is carried up from the parlour in the 
north-east angle of the tower, which, as stated, may have 
contained a newel turret which was destroyed at the time 
of the alterations. The present staircase is no doubt of 
the date of the additions. It is of short straight flights, 
with turned oaken balusters and corner posts, terminating 
in bi^ knobs, above each of which is a large pendant knob 
from the flight above. The fourth flight terminated at a 
small oaken door opening into the attic which now 
occupies the position of the lower roof. 

There are a few points we may notice from outside. 
First, that the chimneys throughout are of the conjoined 
cylindrical "Lake district" type, and are late examples of 
a structural form, which, in varying proportions, was long 
in fashion. There are handsome old gate-posts shewing 
where the entrance to the garden formerly was, and the 
big knobs on the pillars are reproductions in stone of those 
on the staircase. At the southern gable we see that the 
garden was formerly at a much lowen level, for the two 
blocked windows are now half underground ; and Mrs. 
Carruthers confirms this by telling me that the front door 
was formerly approached by a short flight of steps. In 
the rear of the house there is an ancient barn with a 
covered passage-way under it, past the side of the tower; 
but from the fact that it is built unsymmetrically with the 
residence, we may probably regard it as of anterior date 
to the Fleming additions. The rubble masonry through- 
out the entire building is rough dashed with lime. 

I cannot help thinking that Cawmire, viewed as a 
whole, gives us quite an insight into the character of its 
builders and proprietors. First, we have the pele built at 
a date when fortification was no longer necessary. The 
Briggs family, whoever they were, were no feudal 
seigneurs ; but they were well-to-do, and they built their 
house towerwise in emulation of their aristocratic neigh- 
bours at Sizergh or Burneside. The estate dropped 
into the hands of a younger son of the territorial Flemings, 



126 CAWMIRE OR COMER HALL. 

who in his additions ignored entirely the ancient fashions 
which he must have known at Coniston and Rydal, the 
ancient seats of his family. In a word he, a man of 
ancient lineage, exactly reversed the operations of the 
new man Briggs of a century before ; and erected a house 
of modest dimensions indeed, but following the latest and 
most fashionable designs. There are plenty of large 
farm-houses of the same period in which the old big hall 
plan of a century earlier was retained. But Fleming's 
ambitions lay in the direction of modern fashions ; while 
Mr. Briggs had hankerings after feudalism. • 



APPENDIX. 

BRIGGS OF CAWMIRE. 

The entry in St. George's (1615) " Visitation of Westmorland " is 
as follows : — 

♦Thomas Briggs of Calmire=IsABELL Brathwayte of Ambleside 



Thomas) , Agnes Anne Francis Amy 

JOHN r^-^P- = = = 

Sir Ric. Edmond i John Sawrey. John Skelton. 
HuTTON, (or Edward) of Plumpton 
Judge. Stanley. 2 Arthur Benson. 
s. of Thomas of Skelwith. 
of Dalegarth. 

The following entries, kindly sent me by Mr. William Farrer of 
Marton House, Skipton, are from an old rental of Kendal Barony : — 

fragment of a crosthwaite rental of 1582. 

" Thomas Brigges holdes of the lord their bie ten*ndrighte accor- 
dinge to the custome off ye manno"" there, .... a tenemt with 



* In the above the sisters, Frances and Amy, are not in the Visitation, but are 
inserted on the authority of Burn and Nicolson II., p. 401, and L. R. A. in North 
Lonsdale Magazine (vol. 3, No. 4, p. 92, December, 1898), and a paragraph by 
I. T. B. in the Westmorland Gazette (1887, January 8th). These last assert that 
West in his account of the Sawrey family, is in error when he says that John 
Sawrey married Justice Halton's sister; and that it should read '"Justice 
Hutton's sister-in-law." 



CAWMIRE OR COMER HALL. I27 

an orch'd . . . ground, and payeth therefore y*lie Pentecost 
and St Martyn equally as in the foot and all other [duties suites and 
services accustomedj according to the same custome and is to pay 
for his harriott as fine y'for as appears in the head and a goddes 
Peny and y'upon is to be admytted ten*nd. 

(in the margin) Modo James Briggs 
xvjd besides his rent of Imp'mt hereaftC" sett doune Salvo Jure dni 
et aleoq ciiiuslibt. 

(Elsewhere) James Briggcs holdes of ye Lord ther att will onely a 
p'cell of ground being a leek garth conteyning one fall of ground 
and is to pay y*for yearely to the Lord ob." 

Arms of Briggs of Cawmire — Burruly Or and Sa, a canton oj the 
first. This was a Brathwaite impalement formerly at Burneside 
Hall. [These Transactions, vi., 104.] Also as a Stanley quartering 
at Ponsonby Church. [Whellan's Cumberland, 424.J 

But a Uttle earUer there was a family of Briggs at Helsfell Hall 
near Kendal probably closely connected. 

* Robert Briggs, Esq., of Helsfell Hall» 
apparently the same as Robert B., 
I St Recorder of Kendal. (See Charter 
18 Eliz., 1575, Boke of Record, p. 283.) 



I I 

Elizabeth =Christopher Philipson. Ellen =Wm. Porter 

of Calgarth (d. 1566). d. of Robt. of 

Visit Westm. 1615. Briggs. AUwardby. 

Visit Cumb. 1615. 

Helsfell Hall passed to the Philipsons, who quartered the arms of 
Briggs of that place. [Barry of ten Or and Sa., a canton of the 
second. — Burn and Nicolson.J And we find it also mentioned in 
the Inquisition P.M. of Christopher Philipson, great-grandson of 
the Christopher who married Elizabeth Briggs. Now Burn and 
Nicolson conjecture that Colonel [EdwardJ Briggs, Justice of the 
Peace, and the well-known Parliamentary leader, was directly 
descended from Robert of Helsfell ; but this appears most doubtful, 
as the latter seems to have had only two daughters. It was Colonel 
Briggs who beseiged Robert Philipson on Long Holme, Winder- 
mere, and it was the latter (called Robin the Devil) who performed 



* Robert Briggs is probably identical with Robert, who with his wife Elizabeth, 
sold certain lands in Kendal to Archbishop Sandys for the endowment of 
Hawkshead Grammar School. His name appears also as a signatory to the 
original statutes. See Hawkshead, its History, Sec., 1899, pp. 486, 562-3. 

The following from a Rental of Kendal Barony 16 Eliz. also probably refers to 
him : — ' ' Robert Briggs gent, holds certain lands in Strickland Kettle as of the 
Castle by a free annual rent." Westmorland Note Book, p. 299. 



128 



CAWMIRE OR COMER HALL. 



the noted escapade in Kendal Church. Robert Philipson was also 
himself a great-great-grandson of the Elizabeth Briggs above 
mentioned. 

I am therefore at present unable to connect Colonel Briggs with 
either the families of Cawmire or Helsfell. 

Newbys and Flemings. 
I can get no further information than the following : — 



* lord's rental, 1675, MARQUESS FEE CROSTHW'. 



Henry Newby for Cowmyre 
Richmond Fee Henry Nuby 






>» 



rent not fineable 



Sunpool Moss 



>> 



s. d. 

13 4 

7 5 

o 4 

o 3 



Sir Daniel Fleming, ^Barbara Fletcher, 



d. 1701 



marr'd. 1655, d. 1675. 



Richard Fleming, =Isabel, 
7th son. 



I 



ortDz:.!-, . Roger Fleming, =^ 

only dau. of Wm. Newby, 8th son, Vicar 

of Cawmire, gent. of Brigham. 

("a considerable heiress," West.) 



Daniel Fleming ob. s.p. Four daus. 



Daniel Fleming a quo 
Sir Daniel of Hill Top, 
Crosthwaite and Cawmire, 
and the present owner. 



* Communicated by our member, Mr. George Browne, Troutbeck. 




?usuc 1..^- 







( 129) 



Art. X. — A Contrast in Architecture, Part I., Primitive 
Quadrangular Structures. Part II., The Sod Hut*: 
An Archaic Survival. By H. S. Cowper, F.S.A. 

Communicated at Bowness-on- Windermere, Sept. i8th, 1900. 

Part I. — On Primitive Quadrangular Buildings of 

Uncertain Date. 

6-inch Ord. surv. Westmorland Sheets 19 (S.E.) and 25 (S.E.) 

ALTHOUGH there exists a large series of primitive 
dwellings and enclosures scattered over the Lake 
district fells, there is one type apparently very rare, which, 
I believe, has so far been unnoticed. The examples about 
to be described are the only ones I know.* 

I shall take first two small groups, in Little Langdale, 
which although close together differ much in character. t 

The site of these ruins is a singularly romantic one, 
placed in the hollow of the rugged mountain pass which 
connects the head of Little Langdale with that of the 
sister valley of Great Langdale. They lie, however, on 
the side of the first named, and are under half a mile from 
the River Brathay at Fell Foot. Group No. i is on a 
natural level formed, I believe, by the flood-wash from 
the fell streams ;t and it is to be noticed that after heavy 
rains a layer of shingle is deposited over its surface. 
The same little plateau extends across a small beck in 
front of group No. 2. (See sketch plan overleaf.) 



* The similar buildings on Armboth Fell have been noticed by Mr. W. Wilson 
in Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Association, vol. ix, 
(1883-4) p. 62. (Ed.) 

t I have long been acquainted with these. My first visit was 26th October, 
1894. In 1898, i8th May, I had three men digging there, and began a rough 
plan. On 19th May, 1900, despairing of any elucidation, I revisited them, and 
completed the measurements. 

X Blea Moss beck runs about 25 yards west of the north-west angle of group 
No. I. 



BLEA MOSS, 

lANODALE 

N"l. 





A CONTRAST IN ARCHITECTURE. I31 

On referring to the plan (Blea Moss No. i) it will be 
noticed that this group is in a ruinous condition. The 
principal feature is the small building (A ) lying north-west 
and south-east, rhomboidal in plan, though there are no 
traces of the south-east wall ; but since the side walls 
appear at this end to terminate with jambs, I think they 
did not extend further. The internal dimensions of this 
structure are gj by 25 feet, and the walls average about 
2 feet 4 inches in width. At present, however, little 
remains but the foundations, except at a where two or 
three courses exist, shewing that the masonry was of a very 
rude order without any lime. It is plain, however, that it 
was a constructed wall, and not a bank of stones, and that 
although the stones were not laid in coAirses, there was a 
distinct attempt to fit them in a manner akin to the 
so-called polygonal cyclopean walling. Plate I. is a 
photograph looking over the east or most acute-angled 
corner. 

This building occupies a portion of the north-east ^ide 
of a roughly rectangular garth or enclosure, the longer 
axis of which is north-west and south-east. At the north 
corner where the ground rises, there is evidence of excava- 
tion to level the enclosure, but it is not evident if there 
was also a wall. On the south-west side opposite the 
building A , the wall is quite traceable. 

On the last-mentioned side also is a heap of debris 
{B B). This in its present condition, is a mass of loose 
stones, roughly thrown together, probably in modern 
times. But at 6 6 6 6, there can, I think, be traced the 
foundations of another quadrangular building, from the 
ruins of which the heap B B has probably been chiefly 
formed. Obscure traces of a cross wall also seem to be 
indicated at c ; and d d is 3. straight bank of stones 52 
feet in length, concerning which it is not now easy to 
decide whether it was originally a properly constructed 
wall or not. In a line with this, and 20 yards south-east 
there is also a group of natural boulders, where partly by 



132 



A CONTRAST IN ARCHITECTURE. 



clearing, and partly by rude walling, one or two chambers 
of square or oblong form have been constructed. The 
plan of this part of the site is, however, very obscure. 

Blea Moss No. 2. (see plan) lies about 50 yards to the 
north-east on the other side of a small tributary of Blea 
Moss beck. Although it is roughly quadrangular in plan, 
it is very different in character to No. i. On the north 
side stand two immense boulders side by side, with a 
narrow opening between them. They rest apparently in 



BLEA MOSS, LANGDAU. 








their natural position where they stopped when they 
rolled from the fell side. The boulder marked a is 10 feet 
by 8 feet and 9 feet high, while its fellow b is of similar 
dimensions, but not so high, and leveller on the summit. 
Plate II, shows their appearance directly on the south 
side. 

In front of them there has been formed a small 
enclosure, each side of which contains an acute angle, and 
their limbs converge to an obtuse angle opposite the 



i ~'i I 












A CONTRAST IN ARCHITECTURE. 



133 



boulders. These two sides, however, differ in constructiori, 
that on the west, being of single stones set up on edge, of 
which the largest (^/) is 2 feet 3 inches high. The eastern 
side on the contrary is a bank of loose stones (mostly 
small) varying from four to seven feet wide. Within the 
enclosure is an isolated stone (c) set on edge and measuring 
3J feet high. There are obscure traces of a bank of small 
stones leading north from the rear of the big boulders, 
where the ground begins to rise rapidly. 




No. 3, 




o 




10 



10 



iof«eL 



do 



No. 4. 



The evidence of neighbouring ancient structures and 
Roman roads will be best discussed after describing the 
other examples. 

Nos. 3 and 4I are examples from the north end of 
Troutbeck (near Windermere). The actual situation is ij 
miles north of Troutbeck Park Farm and beyond the 
oblong fell called the Tongue ; where a wild and desolate 



J The plans three and four are quite hasty, and the result of only a few 
measurements with the tape. But they suffice to shew the general shape of the 
foundations. The measurements quoted are external if not stated otherwise. I 
made a note in 1894 that 20 yards north of No. 3 is a curious oval enclosure 
9 yards long, with two or three small standing stones east of it, and nearly 
touching the wall. 



134 A CONTRAST IN ARCHITECTURE. 

valley (900 feet above sea level) runs up between Frosw^ick 
and Hart Crag. The situation is equally as romantic as 
Blea Moss, but more remote. 

In order to find these sites, the antiquary on leaving 
Park Farm must traverse the west slope of the Tongue, 
and on reaching its northern end, he will find the valley 
crossed by a modern stone wall. On both the north and 
south side of this wall there exist foundations of buildings 
akin in character to Blea Moss, No. i. 

The largest I have seen, marked No. 3, lies north of the 
wall and is just on the edge of Sad Gill, a tributary 
streamlet of the Troutbeck, running down from Hart Fell. 
It is in an ill-preserved condition, and its plan is not 
altogether clear ; but we can trace an oblong quadrilateral 
chamber on the south, which measures 47 feet in length, 
and about 16 feet across the west end, which is narrower 
than the east end. North of this lie two courts or 
enclosures, and one of these seems to have been divided 
from the oblong chamber by an intervening passage. 

Building No. 4 lies also on the north side of the wall, 
but about one hundred yards south of No. 3. It is a 
simple irregular quadrangular building measuring 16J by 
39 by 16 by 41 feet, with its longer axis north-east and 
south-west. The walls appear to have been three feet 
wide, and a cross wall, perhaps double, can be traced 
dividing it into two chambers. There are obscure 
foundations of an enclosure traceable to the east. 

The building itself is better preserved than the last, and 
lies snugly between two natural hillocks, probably glacial, 
at its north and south ends. South of the wall and just 
west of the Troutbeck is another small building of the 
same character. It measures 14 by 29 feet, and lies with 
its longer axis north and south.* 



* I find that in the revised O.S. 6-inch sheet No. 3 is marked as "Ancient 
Settlement, Remains of," but curiously not in the Gothic type adopted for 
antiquities. There is another place also so marked a short distance north, of 
which I did not know, and did not visit. 



a contrast in architecture. 135 

Evidence of other Vestiges of Population. 

Though it is necessary to allude briefly to such other 
remains as exist in the vicinity of these structures, their 
very variety deprives them of much value as evidence, 
and we shall be driven back to study the structural type 
of the buildings themselves. Both in the vicinity of 
Langdale and Troutbeck there are groups of early 
remains, and there have been some finds of relics of 
pre-historic types. At the north end of the Blea Tarn 
pass, for instance, only about ij- miles from the Blea 
Moss ruins, are groups of cairns and v^ralled enclosures ; 
and at the same distance east in Little Langdale I found 
a rude ovate enclosure above Dale End Farm. There is 
also an ancient enclosure of uncertain date near the 
Wrynose and Hardknott road ; but none of these are 
marked on the 1862 6-inch Ordnance Survey, nor even 
in the Archaeological Survey of Cumberland.* 

In the vicinity of Troutbeck we find similar vestiges. 
On the Tongue itself are numerous piles of stone which 
appear to be sepulchral cairns, though locally it is 
asserted that some are destroyed buildings of the oblong 
type we are discussing ; and along the west side of the 
same hill runs a broad dyke or bank of stones, which is 
believed by some to be an ancient trackway. To this 
idea I cannot subscribe, for it looks to me like a big dyke 
similar to others in Furness associated with sepulchral 
cairns.t Besides these, there is a ruined stone circle in 
Herd Wood a little west of Park Farm, and there is the 
site of a big sepulchral cairn called Woundale or 
Woundel Raise i^ miles south-west. t 



* Archaologia, vol. liii. 

f I cannot, however, claim to have examined the Troutbeck one very care- 
fully. 

t A stone adze was found one mile north-west of the Sad Gill group. A celt 
at or near the Herd Wood circle ; a bronze spear-head at Woundale Raise ; and 
a quern i) miles south-west of the same place. Other implements, &c., also 
further south in Troutbeck valley. 



136 A CONTRAST IN ARCHITECTURE. 

Both the Langdale and Troutbeck groups are remarkably 
similarly situated as regards Roman roads. The main 
road from Ambleside to Ravenglass ran only about half 
a mile south of the first mentioned, and it is believed a 
minor road traversed the Blea Tarn pass itself and led to 
Derwentwater. In the same way the Troutbeck group 
lies just below the Roman road skirting over Froswick 
and High Street to Penrith, It is, therefore, important 
to ascertain if these little quadrangular houses exist only 
in proximity to main Roman roads ; or if, like the rude 
irregular settlements, • they occur on fell sides isolated 
from Roman sites or roads. 

Lastly, close to the Blea Moss group, there is at Fell 
Foot the terraced mound, which, as long back as i88g, I 
pointed out was in type but a slight variant of the Norse 
Thingmount or Law Hill in Man.* 

The Structural Type. 

Since no one has, as yet, attempted any critical examina- 
tion of the early sites and settlements of the Lake 
district, it is manifestly impossible to forecast in what 
association other examples of these quadrangular buildings 
may be found ; but I have personally made a somewhat 
careful study of such early remains as are known in 
Furness, and I can testify that nothing identical has so 
far been observed there. The fell side settlements of 
Furness are of a rude type, and were apparently the 
dwellings of communities who lived in rude '* wigwam " 
huts, folded their flocks in enclosures which still exist, 
and buried their dead beneath heaps of stones in the 
immediate vicinity. Isolated quadrangular dwellings are 
in fact unknown in these groups ; and their type is 
primitive and pre-historic, though it is impossible at 



* See these Transactions, vol. xi., p. i, with plan; also Hawkshead, its 
History, &c. (1899), pp. 139-40. Papers by our Editor in Viking Club Saga book, 
1896, with illustration, and Barrow Naturalists' Field Club Reports, 1896, &c. 
So far my suggested theory as to its origin has only received support. 



A CONTRAST IN ARCHITECTURE. 137 

present to assign a limit either backwards or forwards to 
their era of occupation.* 

The Troutbeck and Langdale dwellings on the other 
hand, do not appear to have been placed in communal 
groups, nor do they seem to have any intimate connection 
with groups of cairns, or large enclosure walls. They 
look like small self-contained family habitations, and their 
plan and construction lead us to assign them with little 
hesitation to a post-Roman era. 

Turning, however, to Scotland and Ireland, we find a 
group of primitive structures, which at first sight seem to 
exhibit a most tempting homology. I allude to the early 
Irish and Scottish cells and churches so lucidly described 
by Dr. J. Anderson in his Scotland in Early Christian 
Times t (First Series.) Yet although it is true that both 
in plan and dimensions the two groups have a great 
resemblance, there is at present little or no reason to 
connect our local examples with a primitive Christian 
church. 

I say " little or no reason " because a word remains to 
be said concerning the object of the mysterious enclosure 
(No. 2) at Blea Moss. Two things must at once strike 
any careful observer who visits this and the neighbouring 
group. The first is that the two exhibit such different 
structural types, that they may well be assigned to 



* See The Ancient SettUmenU, Cemeteries and Earthworks of Fumess byH. S. 
Cowper. Archaologia, vol. liii., p. 389-426. 

The only instances in the series where anjrthing analogous occurs, are (i) at 
Seathwaite Stone Walls (p. 400, Fig. 6), where quadrilateral courts or chambers 
are associated with large walled enclosures. Possibly this Seathwaite group 
may be a late post-Roman modification of the rude t5rpe to which it really 
belongs. There is also at Seathwaite a small rude enclosure, 8 by 4 feet with a 
sort of walled forecourt 15 feet long (p. 412) ; but the whole is much more 
primitive in type than those at Langdale and Troutbeck. 

f The reader should refer to the following examples in this work : — Pp. 81-84, 
Skellig Mhichel, co. Kerry, Beehive huts and rectangular churches ; pp. 87-89, 
Innismurry, Cashel with three churches (dimensions 25^ feet by 12 feet and 17 
feet by iii feet); p. 91, Oilen Tsenach, Cashel, circular huts and a church, 
28 by 22 feet ; p. 94, Skye, Cashel and churches, 30 feet by 10 feet and 21 feet by 
12 feet ; p. 96, Mull, a church, 21^ feet ; p. 102, Deemess, oblong cells and 
church, 24J feet by 17J feet ; pp. 107-8, Kilmalkedar, Kerry, churches, 24 
by i6| feet and 23 by x8 feet. On p. 126 he quotes a note by Petrie that the 
simplest Irish type averages 15. by 10 feet interior measurement. 



138 A CONTRAST IN ARCHITECTURE. 

different races and periods, or at any rate to races in 

different degrees of culture. The second, that in group 

No. 2 the constructors were planning for a totally different 

use than for that of group No. i. I do not think that 

anyone can enter this strange little enclosure and look 

upon those massive boulders with the cleft between 

them, without experiencing a feeling that he is in some 

primitive shrine or " Bethel." He may combat the idea 

as unscientific and illogical ; but while he remains there 

he cannot throw it aside. 

Then when the imaginative antiquary has ransacked 

his library, and is confronted by the Scottish and Irish 

churches, he will say — *' Have we not here on the one 

hand some primitive shrine of heathendom, and on the 

other the tiny Christian church which superseded it ? " 

Certainly the notion is a fascinating one, but for many 

reasons, which need no discussion here, it will, I think, 
carry no conviction. 

Excavations. 

On May i8th, 1898, I entirely cleared the interior of 
building A, No. i down to the footing of thestones, and 
I dug deep in front of the big boulders in No. 2. The 
result was absolutely nil. There was not even a vestige 
of charcoal in either place. 

Conclusions. 

We may nevertheless, I think, draw certain conclusions 
as to these quadrilateral buildings. 

1. They are not modern shealings or hoghouses. 

2. Their structural type assigns them to post-Roman 
date. 

3. Their propinquity to Roman roads would tend, if it 
were necessary, to confirm this. It should be remembered 
♦that the High Street road has long since ceased to be a 
line of communication. The presumption, therefore, is 



A CONTRAST IN ARCHITECTURE, I39 

that though the top end of Trout beck is now the " end of 
the world," these buildings were erected when the road 
was still in use. 

4. That the type is that of the squatter's farm, not of 
the communal village hut. 

If these postulates be admitted, we have, I think, only 
two explanations to choose between. These dwellings 
must be either the houses of (i) Britons who after the 
Roman evacuation retained some feeble vestiges of Roman 
culture, or (2) of the bold Norse settlers who took up the 
land 1,000 years ago. Between these two suggestions I 
shall leave the reader to judge, limiting myself to one or 
two remarks. Firstly, if we attribute them to Romanized 
Britons, their rude construction, and their actual situation 
tend to confirm the belief I have ventured to express 
elsewhere,* that after the evacuation, such British who 
escaped the Pictish massacres, reverted to almost their 
primitive savagedom, and fell back into the fells before 
the Teutonic invaders. On the other hand, to assign 
them to the Vikings, especially looking at the juxtaposition 
of the Thingmount, seems plausible but for one objection. 
In making their settlements the Norse had no predilection 
for the Roman roads. They squatted right and left on 
the hill sides throughout the Lake district ; and farms 
with Norse names are as numerous in the remote valleys 
as in those traversed by Roman ways ; yet we have seen 
that the only examples noticed of these oblong houses are 
suggestively associated with Roman roads. 

Lastly, we need not, I think, imagine, that because 
these houses are quadrangular, they were built with stone 
walls of any considerable height. They may very likely 
have been earthen or wooden houses placed on a stone 
foundation. Or the walls may never have exceeded a few 
feet, and had a thatched roof descending almost to the 



* " On the Influence of the Roman occupation on the population of Cumber- 
land and Westmorland," Archaological Journal, March, 1899. 




Sod Huts : 
I, 2, 3, Charcoal-burn ei 
4, 5, 6, Bark-peeler's. 



A CONTRAST IN ARCHITECTURE. I4I 

ground level. Both types are used in constructing 
quadrilateral buildings by modern and recent savage 
races.* 

Part II. — The Sod Hut: An Archaic Survival. 

We have thus seen that probably at least about a 
thousand years ago, there was dwelling in the fells a 
people who built and lived in rectangular walled houses. 
It is, therefore, very curious to find that in the adjacent 
district of High Furness, there remains in actual use, 
what is the most aboriginal type of circular wigwam. This 
is the sod hut of the collier or charcoal burner, whose 
occupation has existed here from time immemorial, t 

In Fig. I (opposite) one of these huts is represented. 
The method of construction is as follows. First, three 
poles or young trees about gj or loj feet long and about 
4 inches thick at the thick end are set up as a tripod (Fig. 
2) the tops being fastened together by a withy. Then 
the intervening space is filled in with lighter poles, of 
which the ends, resting on the ground, form a circle just 
outside the ends of the three larger poles. The light 
poles overlap each other to some degree at the apex, 
but have slight intervals between them where they rest 
on the ground. There is also a gap left in one side for 
an entrance, and this is filled in above with smaller poles. 
Finally, large flat sods are cut from the common, and 
commencing at the bottom these are laid on the poles 
overlapping each other like tiles until the top of the hut 
is reached ; and in order to keep these from being loosened 
by wind and rain, poles and other articles such as ladders 
or tools are laid against the sloping sides of the hut. 

These huts are provided neither with windows nor fire- 
place, the door forming the only aperture. In the one 



* I ought to have said that Mr. Thomas Browne, of High Green, Troutbeck, 
who is well acquainted with the Troutbeck sites, most kindly helped me in my 
search for these buildings. 

f See the writer's Hatukshead, p. 289-290, for the work of the " Collier " and 
making "Charrecoales." The industry is mentioned in the Commissioners' 
certificate of Furness Abbey Revenues, 1537, 



^I42 A CONTRAST IN ARCHITECTURE. 

shewn (drawn from one in Graythwaite woods) the 
internal dimensions are 7 feet 9 inches high, 11 feet wide, 
and its external height is close on 10 feet. The door is 
3 feet 8 inches high, 2J feet wide at the bottom and i J 
feet at the top. 

Now it is a very reasonable surmise that in these 
structures we see the direct representatives of the wood- 
land wigwams of the Britons of ancient Cumbria — a 
survival due no doubt to the simplicity of the type and its 
suitability for the temporary purposes of the coal burner. 
Similar huts are still in use in many parts of the world 
among savages, or as Ratzel more aptly calls them 
" natural races." For instance, there are the huts of the 
Kaffirs and Wanyoros, similar though more spherical. 
The Hottentot's hut is like the Kaffir's, but he covers it 
with mats or skins. The Red Indian's wigwam preserves 
the same type, only here it has become a tent. Returning 
to Africa we see in the Ovambo and Bechuana huts a 
rather more advanced form, constructed with low side 
walls. Even in the far north the Esquimaux built their 
ice houses in a beehive shape, which may have been 
learned in more temperate climates.* 

The charcoal burners' huts are inhabited for a month 
or two, and the work engages the attention of the colliers 
both day and night. As a rule and to save trouble, food 
ready prepared is brought from neighbouring farms ; and 
the hut is, therefore, unprovided with hearth or chimney. 
This, however, is different with the bark peelers' huts, for 
this occupation gives more leisure, . and the dwellings 
being intended to stand longer, are of a more advanced 
type. In Plate III., and Nos. 4, 5, and 6 (p. 140), one of 
these is shewn. The construction is as follows. Instead 



* For illustrations of these t3rpes the reader may refer to Wood's Natural 
History of Man, vol i., pp. 54i 252, 331, 351, 365, 474, &c. Also to V. le Due's 
Habitations of Man in all Ages, where he will find an imaginary picture of the 
first hut (p. 6), and also a design for the house of the early Pelasgian peasant 
very like our sod huts, but with low stone walls, and a smoke hole in the apex of 
of the roof. 



A CONTRAST IN ARCHITECTURE. I43 

of three, four strong poles are selected, and the tops being 
lashed to a short ridge-pole 4 feet long, the four feet are 
planted on the ground at the four angles of a parallelogram 
of about 13 by 8 feet. Side walls with rounded corners, 
and constructed of two faces of wattle packed between 
with earth, are then raised to a height of two feet. On the 
top of this wall lighter poles of elder, birch, and ash are 
then placed close together, with their top ends supported 
against the ridge-pole. The sodding is then proceeded 
with as in the colliers' huts, but it only extends down to 
the top of the wattle wall. On one side a door is left 
2^ feet wide, and 3 feet 10 inches high, with a closing 
door of wattle ; and opposite this is a stone-built hearth 
projecting externally from the hut about 5 feet, and about 
5 feet in height. 

This hut measures internatlly 13J by 8J feet and is 10 
feet high. It is for four persons, and is much roomier 
and more comfortable than the collier's hut. Moreover, 
it has the great addition of the hearth for cooking, from 
which, unlike many savages' huts, the smoke escapes from 
a specially-constructed chimney, and not from a mere 
hole in the roof. 

[The illustrations are from photographs and drawings 
by the Author.] 



(144) 



Art. XI. — f he Forgotten Dedication of Great Orton Church, 
Cumberland. By F. H. M. Parker, of Fremington. 

Communicated at Bowness-on- Windermere, Sept. i8th, 1900. 

iN the diocese of Carlible there are seven churches of 
which the dedications are lost or forgotten, and 
though it is possible that information about them might 
be gathered from private title deeds, or more probably 
from documents preserved at the Record Office in London, 
yet the vastness of the mass of history existing there, 
almost entirely in the form of unindexed manuscript, 
renders it almost unlikely that otherwise than by accident 
even the most laborious searcher should discover it. 

The churches of which the dedications are now un- 
known are given by Mr. George Watson in his work 
Orientation aiiU Dedication oj Ancient Churches* One of 
these is that of Great Orton, lying some five miles west 
of the outskirts of Carlisle on the edge of the remote 
stretch of land reaching away from the Wigton road to 
the banks ot the Solway. None of the county histories 
give information on the matter, and tradition is silent. 
The church has been rededicated to St. Mungo, but this, 
however appropriate, is of recent date. In the course of 
a search in the Record Office the present writer had the 
good fortune to light on a document* which mentions 
the original dedication. It dates from the year 1452. 
The following is a rendering of the material part : — 

The King to his escheator in the county of Cumberland Greeting. 
Whereas by an inquisition held before Thomas Crakenthorp late 
escheator in the county aforesaid it was found that Joan late wife 



* Fine Rolls, Cumberland, Hen. VI., No. 259. The entry quoted here occurs 
on the third membrane. 



THE. DJ£DLCAXIQN OF GREAT ORTON CHUECH. 1 45 

of John Middleton, Knight, deceased, held on the day of her d^ath 
in her demesne as of fee the third paiit of the manor of Great 
Stajmton near Penreth with its appurtenances, and that the said 
Joan died seised in her demesne as of fee of the third part of the 
manor of Orton with its appurtenances and! of the third: part of the 
advowson of the church of St. Giles of Orton appendant to the said 
manor and of the third part of a parcell of waste land under the 
city of Carlisle and of three messuages in the hamlets of Weganby 
also of the moiety of one tenement in Selywra and of the third part 
of one tenement in Burgh and of the third part of one tenement 
called Patriklees, also of one tenement in Thomby and of the 
third part of one cottage in Grindesdale .... 
Dated the 24**" of October. The deceased lady's son and heir is 
John Blenerhasset. 

The dedication apart from the mere feet possesses 
some features of interest. St. Giles was a French saint, 
and his commemoration here may have been due to 
Norman influence, as is supposed to have beeix the case 
with the church of St. Leonard at Warwick. The 
church at Orton dates from about the time of Henry I., 
so that this result may have followed the Norman influx 
consequent on the reduction of Carlisle by William 
Rufus. 

St. Giles was the patron of the lacoe. In towns his 
churches used to be erected in the outskirts, where the 
cripples could congregate; thus in London we find 
St. Giles' church in "Cripple-gate." We learn, more- 
over, from Mr. Watson that there is no other dedication 
to St. Giles in this diocese. 

There is another reference to Orton in the same roll 
which also bears on the history of the manor. On 
the eighth membrane there is an entry similar to the 
one cited above ; here Alice, late wife of John Bellasis, 
is found to have died possessed of practically the same 
estate; the third part of the manors of Staynton and 
Orton and of the advowson, a share of the tenement 
at Patriklees in *' Banton," and in addition a rent of 
ten shillings and sixpence from Wigganby, and some- 
thing at Warton and Gamlysby. 



146 THE DEDICATION OF GREAT ORTON CHURCH. 

Her son and heir is Nicholas Redle. 

Now we are told by the histories, the authority 
apparently being Denton,* that Orton originally belonged 
to a family called de Orton; that Sir Giles, the last of 
them, had a daughter who brought the estate to one of 
the Skeltons, Sir Clement ; and that they had four 
daughters, of whom Agnes married Leigh of I sell, and 
the others whose names are not given married Blener- 
hasset, Ridley and Bellasis. The last-named received 
a rent-charge, while the other three divided the estates. 
It seems that Alicia and Joan were two of these 
daughters, but the extracts from the fine roll suggest 
a query as to the identity of Bellasis, and whether he 
was only the second husband of Alice de Skelton, or 
whether there were two members of the Bellasis family 
involved. 

The connection of the four families with Orton has 
long ceased. Bellasis sold his interest to the Coldhall 
family, from which it descended to the Briscos. The 
Leigh share, on the extinction of that family, came to 
the Lawsons ; while the portions inherited by Ridley 
and Blenerhasset were sold by them nearly three 
hundred years ago. 



* See An Accompt, &c., by John Denton (Tract series No. 2, Ed. Chancellor 
Ferguson, p. 82). 



-r>! t; NEW YORK 

PUBLIC LIBRARY. 



ASTOR. LtNOX AN© 
TiLOfeM FOUNDATIONS. 



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Hayton. 

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(147) 



Art. XIL— The Pedigree of Wastell of Wastell Head; 
with a memoir of General Honywood of Howgill Castle. 
By F. H. M. Parker of Fremington. 

Read at Bowness-on-Windermere, Sept. iSth, 1900. 

rpHE family of Wastell derived its name from the 
-'- wild tract of moorland south of Shap, through 
which runs the main road to Kendal, They appear to 
have been seated her^ about the time of Queen Elizabeth, 
but later than this there is little or no mention of the 
name. Before the accession of the Stuarts they had 
sought their fortunes in other parts of the country ; but 
though they settled elsewhere there is much that is 
interesting to be found in following out the history of 
the old Westmorland stock, and their career again and 
again brings us in touch with these counties. 

The family is now extinct. The last heir of the family 
left daughters only, and with the youngest of them, in 
1892, the name of Wastell passed away. Among her 
papers was found an old pedigree purporting to be 
drawn up by Dugdale, which carries the family two 
generations beyond the Visitations, and adds consider- 
ably to its interest from the point of view of a local 
antiquary. 

The head of the pedigree had two sons, John and 
Thomas ; the former is described as Prior of Barnstaple, 
the latter as of Wastell Head. Thomas also had two 
sons. One, Nicholas, married Catherine Wilkinson of 
Furness Fells, and was ancestor of a family of visitation 
rank in Northampton. This branch does not concern 
this paper ; but it may be noted that about this time 
there was a distinguished divine in the town of North- 
ampton, Simon Wastell, who was master of the school 



148 THE PEDIGREE OF WASTELL. 

there. A full account of him appears in the Dictionary 
of National Biography ; herein he is described as of a 
Cumberland family. However, all other authorities 
make him a Westmorland man, Camden (edition of 
1762) expressly stating that he came from the Shap 
district ; and the Cumbrian origin appears to be an error, 
though only of importance locally. Thomas Wastell 
of Wastell Head had another son who was &,ther of 
Christopher Wastell of Scorton, with whom starts the 
pedigree in the Yoj^hire Visitation of '1665. He 'marriefl 
one of the family of 'Smdlt of Amderby, and ha<i a son 
Leonard and he a son John. The last-named was a 
Master in 'Chancery, and married Anne, daughter of Jdbn 
Robinson bf iiackworth ; 'this lady as a widow married 
Sir Richard Tanckred of Whi^iley, Knight. ^ her he 
had a large family, among them Leonard, his heir; 
Anne, who married Leonard Smelt of Kirkby Fleethatn, 
one ^f whose sons is stat^ to have 'held a commissioii 
in the Parliamentary army, and Dorothy, who married 
William James df Washington, in ^Durfaam. .He 'repre- 
sented a 'family which possessed several distinguished 
members. His ^grandfather, William James, was Bish€^ 
of Durham, having been previooisly master cff UnivaFsity 
College, Oxford, and had a . son who was Public Orator 
stt Oxford ; While his brother Francis was a Fellow -of 
All Soul's, Doctor of Civil Law, Ma^er in Chancery, -and 
chancellor of the dioceses df Bath and W6lls and <rf 
London. 

Theotily isnrviving son of Williaan -and 'Dorothy James 
died within a *year of his father, 'leaving his -si^ere 
co-heirs. One of them married Sir Richard Musgrave 
of Hayton, and 'her daughter Catherine married John 
Brisco of Crofton ; 'both of these families have at one 
time adopted as a baptismal name that of the old family 
whose career we are tracing. Another married Wilfrid 
Lawson of 'Brayton, second son of 'the *then reigning 
'Lawson, who lived atisell ; her ^sons Gilfrid and Alfred 



TKE PBDIGRBE OF WASTEIX. I49 

Succeeded m tiirn to the barondtcy, and Gitfrid, the 
elder, was for many years lunder Anne, and 'the firdt two 
Georges, member for Cumberland, as was his cousin, 
Sir Richard Musgrave. The other daughters married 
Hedworth df Harraton, and Millott of Whithill, in 
Durham, well-known families, ibut 'not within the scope 
of this ipaper. 

•Leonard Wastell succeeded, and ^married a .daughter 
of John SoArile of Mdthley Hail, which property had 
devolved upon him on the death of hk half-brother, 
Sir Henry, first and last baronet. iHe was son of Sir 
Jdhn Savile, a baron of the Exchequer under the reigns 
of Elizabeth and James I., and nephew of Sir Henry 
Sayile, Provost of Eton, a niost >eminent scholar and 
mathematician. Leonard Waeteil bad two 'children, 
ElizBibeth, who 'married Sir John Legard of Ganton, 
Bart., and was ancestress* of the present holder of the 
title, and John, who succeeded. His first wife, Barbara 
Pierse, was a linesd descendant cf the ^celebrated 
Shepherd Lord — "the good Lord Clifford.'' He married 
secondly the widow of John Smelt of Aindeirby, i through 
Which marriage it appears that »the Wasteils a^iquirecl 
the splendid Ainderby estate. 

By the first marriage John Wastell :had 'several 
children*: of these John was a merchant in London, 
and died in middle life, leaving iive daughters^; the 
eldest of whom married Colonel Honywood, a gallant 
officer, descended throi|gh his mother foom many 
Westmorland families, who deserves -a separate tnotice. 
Another son, Henry, was rector of Symondbum in 
Northumberland, and married Frances 'Ba<:on, :a niece 
of Thomas -Forster of Bamborough Castle, one of the 
leaders in the irisiag of I7r5« iHis son John eventually 
succeeded to the great Wastell properly, and also to 
the iFoisters' estate, at Adderstoneiin^Northumberkind. 

At this period ithe family. must i have been atihejaenrth 
of their fortunes, and it is impossible ibr .the ;£amily 



150 THE PEDIGREE OF WASTELL. 

chronicler to avoid a feeling of regret that there is more 
to tell. They could claim descent from a celebrated 
family which left its mark not only on local but on 
national history. Their heir male was connected by 
marriage with many noted families in Northumberland. 
Their heir general was the wife of General Honywood, 
a man distinguished by ancestry, wealth, and military 
eminence. Their possessions included two fine country 
seats, one at Scorton — since pulled down — and Ainderby 
Hall, and a landed estate of which it was said that from 
Ainderby Steeple (a place noted for its wide prospect) 
John Wastell could look far and wide and see nothing 
that was not his own. Such were the fortunes of the 
Wastells a hundred and fifty years ago. 

John Wastell succeeded. He was a great light on the 
Turf, and his son is said to have been broken-hearted 
when he first learned how the estates had been mort- 
gaged. He was one of the founders of the Jockey 
Club, figured largely in Bunbury's sketches, and won 
the Oaks; but though not much of a better, seems to 
have lost heavily over his racing establishment. The 
town house and the great Yorkshire estates were realised, 
and the family retired to Risby House in Suffolk, a seat 
which had been purchased on account of its proximity 
to Newmarket. He had two brothers, Bacon William, 
and Henry. The former's eldest daughter married her 
cousin, Rev. John Daniel Wastell, only son of the un- 
fortunate John Wastell. Mr. John Daniel Wastell did a 
great deal to restore the fortunes of the family, but left 
no son to take his place. He had six daughters, with 
the youngest of whom the name became extinct. 

Henry Wastell of Newburgh acquired by marriage 
the estate of Walltown in Northumberland, which 
descended to his son Henry, a clergyman, the last male 
of the family, and thence to his only surviving daughter, 
who brought it by marriage to the Coulsons. 

Thus died out the family of Wastell. Its career had 



THE PEDIGREE OF WASTELL. I5I 

run through many counties between its rise on the fells 
of Shap and its ending in Suffolk, and this is undoubtedly 
the reason why, though many county histories give 
notices of them, no continuous genealogy of the whole 
family has yet been published. Possibly then a sketch 
of their entire career from the point of view of a family 
rather than a local historian may most fitly be appro- 
priated to the county of the ancestors from which they 
drew both their lineage and their name. 

The Wastells possessed two curious relics of the 
Stuarts, which deserve a passing reference. One was 
a silver heart, which opened. On the outside were the 
words — ** Prepared be to follow me. C.R." On the 
inside, a portrait of Charles I. Opposite, " Jan. 30, 
1648,*' and below, the skull and crossbones. On the 
outside the words — " I live and dy in loyalty," and below 
a pierced heart. 

It is said that only one other of these hearts still exists. 
There was also a copper medal, on one side bearing a 
portrait of Charles ; on the reverse, hands from heaven 
holding a martyr's crown, and a device " Sheep without 
a shepherd." The origin of these is unknown ; but it is 
certain that they had been in the family for many 
generations. A connection has been suggested between 
them and a certain William Wastell, who in some Scotch 
works is stated to have gallantly defended Hume Castle, 
in Berwickshire, against Cromwell. His identity, how- 
ever, is uncertain. The interests of the Yorkshire 
Wastells were mainly Roundhead, in fact there was a 
** Col. Wastall " among the Puritan officers ; while there 
were other families called Wastell, as the name is found 
in Northampton as early as Edward HI.'s reign, and in 
London in that of Edward I. 

General Philip Honywood of Howgill Castle 

AND Marks Hall in Essex. 

General Honywood, a distinguished and gallant officer, 



r52 THB PEDIGfiEB OB WASTELt. 

fipjur«d witb some consequence a biuadced and- fifty years 
ago in the history of Westmorland, with which, he was 
connected' through his naother, the heiress of How^ill 
Caatle, "the fair building which stands high ©n the 
skirts^ of the mountains in the eye of the country." His 
feithefr, Robert Honywood,, inherited the paternal estate 
of Charing m Keott, and also through a cousin, }ohn 
Laimot'te Hoaywood^ that of Marks Hall: in Essex. 
Philip Honywood, who was the fourth aad youngest 
son, succeeded to the estates on> the death of hi9 nephew, 
Richardy in 1758. The Honywood faimiily was an. old 
aad impoftant ocie, promrnent especially during thie 
Civil War and Coiaamon wealthy Sir Robert of Charing 
being an influential suppoirter of the Roukmdhead party ; 
while his kinsmaui, Sir Thomas of Matrks, afterwards 
D.C.L., seemsJ to have been even more strenuous in 
making his seat a gathering place for Puritan leaders. 
A fnll account of the family is to be found in Morant's 
Ess^Xy wherein we learn that Philip Honywood's wife 
was *^a very agjreeaMe and accomplished lady." She 
was the daughter of John Wastell of London. 

Philip Honywood served at Dettingen in the regiaaeat 
of his uncle. The latter, with whom be is sometimes 
confused,i was a namesake, also attained the rank of 
general^ was made a Knigjht of the Bath after the battle, 
became Governor of Portsmouth, and died unmarried* 
in 1752. The subject of this account distinguished him- 
self greatly by his personal valour, and was desperately 
wounded, receiving twenty-three broad-sword cuts, and 
and two musket balls, which were never extracted. He 
had not recovered when he took part in the famous 
skirmish at Clifton Moor in the " Forty-five," where he 
appears as " the lang man in the muckle boots " of the 
Highlander's story. Here he was overpowered, received 



* So Morant says. A relative oi ttie family, however, comments: "I saw 
some papers or book at Risby, in which Miss Sarah Wight was mentioned as 
wife of General Sir Philip Honywood." 



THE PEDIGREE OF WASTELL. I53 

some more slashes about the head, and was taken up 
for dead. However, with true Westmorland vitality he 
recovered, and lived nearly fortv years more. It is 
curious that one of his family mottoes was " moriendo 
\dvo." He was appointed Governor of Kingston-upon- 
HuU in 1766. He married Miss Elizabeth Wastell at 
the Chapel Royal at Whitehall, December 6th, 1748. A 
tradition states that he left his wife shortly after the 
marriage, if not at the church door, and did not see her 
till, several years after, he encountered her' at a ball, 
failed to recognise her, and asked to be introduced to 
the charming lady ; then discovering that like the famous 
Lord March he was admiring his own wife. This must 
be taken for what it is worth, as the legend may have 
grown round the fact that their only child was born 
more than ten years after the marriage ; and a strong 
expression of regard for his memory in some papers 
opened after her death is inconsistent with any recollec- 
tion of neglect. The son, Philip, died February 3rd, 
1779, at the age of nineteen ; a youth of considerable 
promise. 

General Honywood sat as a member for Appleby for 
many years, being first returned in 1754 ; that election 
being the scene of the celebrated contest between the 
Lowther and Tufton factions, with the latter of which 
he allied himself. Chancellor Ferguson in his Biogra- 
phies of Cumberland and Westmoreland M.P.^s tells us that 
he was regular in attendance in all important divisions, 
though almost always in the minority ; but that he seems 
never to have addressed the House. He died at his 
residence in Charles Street on the 20th February, 1785, 
and two lengthy notices of his life appeared in the 
Gentleman's Magazine. 

By his will he left his large estates to his wife for life. 
We believe we are correct in stating that she did not 
survive beyond the year's end. The property then 
passed to Mr. Filmer Honywood, M.P., son of the 



154 THE PEDIGREE OF WASTEiX. 

general's distant kmsiBtan, Sir John Honywood of 
Evington, Bart-, and Dorothy, daughter of Sir Edward 
Filmer, Bart., his second wife. The property so be- 
queathed did not, however, include the Westmorland 
estate at Howgill, as some years previously to his death 
General Honywood had sold it to the Tuftons. 



( 155 ) 



N^ 



Art. XIII. — Ormshed and its Chmoh. By tlue Rev. J. 
Brunskill^ Rector of Ormshed. 

Communicated at Carlisle^ June 20th, 1900. 

ORMSHEVED or Ormshed is a peculiar place-name, 
meaning the head or home of Orm. ** Ormside " 
is an error, which diverts letters, railway passengers, 
&c., to the larger town of Arnside. The earliest written 
history of this country was dated the century before 
Christ, and the book tells that our forefathers ** for the 
most grew no corn but lived on milk and flesh and 
clothed themselves with skins of their ffocks and herds." 
Until recent times each writer appears to have copied 
• vf nitv. *ssor; but fn modern history the spade is 
sharip ^g ^jig pgjj^ ^s we observe and excavate, the 
old buildings and towns of Britain prove to be a vast 
museum out of which more certain history is gathered ; 
but the small area of a country parish has been less 
stud''^d for chronicles of historic interest. Yet from our 
anc' nt roads, rivers, and language we may learn some- 
thing of the migrations and struggles in rural life. 
Caesar wrote that the natives he found in Britain did not 
grow corn ; but when I find a Celtic quern or millstone 
near the mounds remaining of a British village now 
partly effeiced by the Rectory garden, I prefer our spades 
to the Roman General's pen. And why did the Romans 
dur ig their occupation of Plumpton import from 
' f rnach on the Rhine lava millstones rather than 
^^ •• The ruined Roman town of Voreda in Plumpton, 
ed by a Northern raid and buried by Nature's 
^'- mery in the then desolate Inglewood Forest, remains 
an- historic mine still awaiting reverent excavation. Near 
it we have found several lava mills, Roman money and 



156 ORMSHED AND ITS CHURCH. 

altars, round stones for the balista, and many of the 
chequered stones which adorned their luxurious villas. 
Also at Plumpton, in the short road leading to the 
church, there remains a perfect example of their solid 
maiden way. With reference to Caesar's report that the 
people of Britain clothed themselves with skins, Canon 
Greenwell has found some evidence in the round barrows 
that the corpses had been wrapped in a woollen shroud 
woven by a kind of plaiting process. These grave- 
memorials he assigns to tribes who inhabited Yorkshire 
previous to the Roman Invasion. 

Then as to language, modern scholars have found in 
our place-names and talk evidence of Norse settlers 
hereabouts. There was dug up from the Ormshed 
Churchyard in 1823 a cup of singularly fine Anglo-Saxon 
workmanship. This precious relic of an interment made 
a thousand years since was fortunately put for safe 
keeping in York Museum. In 1899 the grave of a 
Danish warrior was unintentionally disturbed. He had 
probably been buried with his armour on where he fell, 
at the scarp guarding the wath. Our sadly missed leader, 
the late Chancellor Ferguson, kindly took the sword 
and remains of the shield to the Tower of London, where 
experts pronounced the armour to be of Danish work- 
manship. It is now preserved in the Carlisle Museum, 
and the " find ' is described by the Chancellor in our 
Transactions^ vol. xv., part 2. We all know that outside 
the south-east window of the nave there is a *' kist vaen *' 
or stone box containing several doubled up skeletons. 
Thus from the earliest times we have evidence that this 
sacred mound has been a sleeping place or cemetery for 
our dead when the living assembled for worship at the 
Cross long before the first sheltering building of wat^ 
and daub. 

The Saxons and Normans built in stone, and theii 
work remains in the venerable Parish Church, for 
centuries the only witness to social and national changes. 



ORMSHED AND ITS CHURCH. 157 

Such an antiquity has been called ** an historical docu- 
ment written in stone," and was probably better read by 
our forefathers on their way to or from wading the ford 
through the river Eden than it is now by the travellers 
who rush past on the Midland Railway. Ormshed was 
then situated on a British highway which was a main 
road two thousand years ago. This road is not straight, 
as the streets afterwards made by the Romans between 
their camps ; but takes a wandering line generally 
between townships, and by the sides of the valleys. 

Approaching from the south and fording Cold-wath, 
we enter this narrow and now deep lane. We have the 
grand old trees of Little Ormshed Lodge on the left, 
including beautiful specimens of native and silver fir, 
elm, birch, and lime, with a flowering Amelanchier 
Canadensis in the front garden. Also a large cedar, 
said to have been brought from Lebanon by a General 
Whitehead, growing in his hat, and on the long voyage 
sharing his daily allowance of one pint of water. From 
this Lodge on the 20th February, 1812, rode out Miss 
Jane Whitehead to be married at the Parish Church 
to Edward Hasell, Esq., of Dalemain. 

On the other side of this decayed village there survives 
an unspoiled example of a Roman- English house on a 
plan almost universal in domestic architecture fifty years 
ago. Was the evolution from the earlier huts taught by 
the veteran soldiers discharged from the Roman Legions ? 
The raised carving on the lintel 1WO68MO6 is a singular 
mixture of figures and letters ; these last probably being 
for ** William and Mary Outhwaite." 

Towards the east we have an extensive view of the 
Pennine Mountains, covered with trees six hundred years 
ago, with Roughman Fell and Brackenber Moor opposite. 
On this common there is a large circle or British village. 
The muster for the Pilgrimage of Grace was hereabouts, 
and many other honourable ** risings." For our free- 
holding forefathers showed themselves readier than the 



158 ORMSHED AND ITS CHURCH. 

Southerns to maintain their " estates of inheritance " 
and struggle for their conscious religion and the monu- 
mental treasures of their churches. 

It was hereabouts that what were often the losing 
causes found their staunchest defenders, whether Saxon, 
Lancastrian, or Jacobite. Before the Pilgrimage of 
Grace there had been the unfortunate rising in the North 
against the plundering agents of Papal and Royal greed. 
After a peaceful protest against state robbery of village 
chantries, poor men's clubs, and shelters such as were 
at Coupland Beck, Sandford, and Stainmore, seventy 
of the best men in Westmorland were hanged, generally 
before their own door. And the two out of the three 
Commissioners who condemned these martyrs to the 
gallows were Bishops ! Who will find- some local record 
of this? One unfortunate clergyman at Windsor was 
put to death as a traitor because when he heard of the 
plunder of the monasteries he had remarked that the 
King had brought his hogs to a bad market. John 
Hilton, an ex- Mayor of Appleby (possibly a relative of 
the family at Ormshed Hall), was in 1634 ^^'^ to bond 
in £1000 by the Archbishop of York to appear in London 
before the Lords of the notorious Star Chamber. Mr. 
Hilton was accused of high treason as having spoken 
against the King to John Thwaites, then Mayor of 
Appleby, and John Atkinson, the Coroner, when they 
argued that he might not again stand for Mayor because 
his wife and children were recusants ; and Mr. Hilton 
had answered, " Are there not many magistrates and 
lords of the council whose wives are recusants ? " Mr. 
Hilton denied having referred to the Queen, and in the 
end *' these presumptuous speeches of Hilton were 
remitted by his Majesty the King." Thus this good 
citizen escaped being hung, drawn, and quartered alive 
on our blood-stained gallows hill, like the last victim 
to that barbarous fate, the brave Captain Atkinson of 
Mallerstang. I can remember seeing the rude ** gallows" 



ORMSHED AKD ITS CHURCH. I59 

with ropes still dandling, and in this my ministerial 
jubilee I may mention that I have talked with one who 
saw Prince Chariie's men in the rebellion of 1745. 

Our Moot Cross shows the iconoclastic wrecking by 
dissenting axes and hammers, of which the great Coun- 
tess of Pembroke complains when she had to lodge the 
rebels quartered in Appleby Castle, and Cromwell's 
troopers lay about Ormshed. Many of the steps had 
been pulled away by the late tenant at the Hall, who 
also carried off the socket of the Churchyard Cross. His 
son, who remembered the vandalism, survived to help 
in 1897 at the restoration of both. That farmer was also 
permitted to convey the village green surrounding the 
Calvary, and, for the fencing of this enclosure, the stones 
from the tithebarn of the non-resident Rector. A brave 
old parishioner was wont to tell the writer how Cyprian 
Hilton about 1690 had planted the beautiful sycamore 
now growing from the Calvary, and probably the fruit 
trees formerly enjoyed in common. The new stable and 
other encroachments obstruct the view and access to 
the church. 

In repairing these steps no carved stones were found, 
as by the Rev. W. S. Calverley at Bromfield. He con- 
sidered that the stone in which the sundial had been set 
in the churchyard was the gable of this village cross. 
Has the red sandstone deeply sunk on the south side of 
the steps carried an earlier cross ? It has been reckoned 
that before the Great Rebellion five thousand of these 
wayside crosses serving as market place and sanctuary 
adorned our towns and villages. Even of the twelve 
Queen Eleanor crosses only three remain. And of these 
Christian monuments where were their natural guar- 
dians ? Seven thousand clergymen, by furious fanatics, 
were " rabbled " from their parishes, murdered, or died 
of hunger, in prison, and foreign slavery, so that at the 
King's Restoration only six hundred survived to resume 
their livings. 



l6o ORMSHED AND ITS CHURCH. 

The Parish Registers date from 1560, and the list of 
Rectors includes : — 

1231, John de Morland, collated by Bishop Halton. 
1290, William de Gosford, collated by Bishop Halton. 
1564, Sir Christopher Parker. 

1854, Christopher Parker, collated by Bishop Percy. 
1893, Joseph Brunskill, collated by Bishop Bardsley. 

In 1578 there appears to be buried " John Edgdell, 
wedman." I gather by aid of Mr. Rennison that a 
wedman was the man set apart to see fair play in gancies 
and combats, and to take care of the clothes of the 
combatants ; these garments being laid in heaps were 
called ** weds," especially noted in the game called 
" Scotch and English." 

1781. Entry in Parish Register : — '* General Chapter, 
Appleby, 20 July, Richd. Burn, LL.D., Chanc." 

1787 ..." 6 June by Revd. Wm. Paley, M.A., when 
in his excellent charge he recommended afternoon 
Lectures to the Clergy." 

1783 . . . "July 3. Visitation at Appleby by Bp. of 
Clonfert " (native of Kendal). 

1783 ..." Oct. 26. Christenings. Ann, daughter of 
William Sedgwick of Helm, and Ann, his wife. N.B. — 
This is the first christening taxed 3d." 

Among the church plate, without claiming the famous 
"Ormside Cup" now in York Museum, we have one 
large pewter flagon ; one silver chalice and one silver 
paten, inscribed " Ex dono M. H. in memoriam of His 
Son Cypriani Hilton nat. 7 Augt. 1700, Obijt 16 Augt. 
1712. To ye church of Ormside. Also gave the Interest 
of Ten Pounds to the Poor of Ormside for ever." 

The wall enclosing the *' church hill " is headed up 
in dotes or short lengths, each identified with certain 
lands in the parish. But most of these estates have 
been sold, and are now laid to Appleby Castle estate. 

Now that we approach St. James' Church a word may 
be said about the benefice. In 1156 the Church of 









\ r 



-it? 



..n^- 



ORMSHED AND ITS CHURCH. l6l 

Ormsheved was granted to the Abbot of St. Mary, York ; 
but in 1248 the advowson came to the Bishop of Carlisle, 
who has ever since been patron. The tithes were com- 
muted in 1846 for a rent charge of £7^ i6s. 4d. In 1900 
this has fallen to 3^53. The rent of the glebe is £qs, 
and the Ecclesiastical Commissioners pay £^ 5s. It is 
believed that endowment for religion has come down 
since the ** keeping of hills,'' ages before the conquering 
cross was planted on this '* esker." These mounds of 
sand and gravel have been the burial places of men who 
knew not the use of metal, living hereabouts thousands of 
years before not only the Norsemen, but also what some 
call the Ancient Britons. These eskers, whether wholly 
or in part artificial, resemble irregular barrows, and occur 
in nearly all countries that have been much glaciated. 
Bishop Nicolson records that the Visitation in 1703 : — 

The altar in the quire here stands east and west. There are no 
rails, but the Rector has provided them at his own charge, and 
wants an injunction to the churchwardens to see them set up at 
the expense of the parish. 

From the Hill MSS. we copy a " Note to Lady 
Pembroke's will by the Rev. Jas. Raine, Principal of 
Neville Hall, Newcastle " : — 

Found Sunday, and of Nov., 1689, behind Ormside Church, in ye 
river Eden on ye side next ye church. 

(A) Thuribulum or censor. This censor has 3 boles at the sides, 

evidently to put ye cords through. It was 3 inches high, 
in diameter above 5. It was of brass guilded. 

(B) An Ewer of brass 7 inches high, 3 inches wide at ye mouth, 

13 inches in circumference at ye widest part. 

(C) A brazen morter. 

(D) A pewter bason 3 inches deep, 8 in diameter. 

(E) A pewter flower pot 6 inches high, circum. at belly 10 ineh. 

(F) A cullender of pewter. 

A cdse of brazen weights and two brazen candlesticks of different 
sizes, 2 pewter candlesticks, a less and a greater, two pewter 
flaggons, a less and greater, several plates of pewter and a small 



l62 ORMSHED AND ITS CHURCH. 

lead for boiling meat, which weighed 2 stone 10 pounds, on the 
great flaggon handle F.D., ».«., Frances Dudley.* 

It is probable that the hoard was buried during the 
Civil Wars. Churchyards were privileged by the canons, 
and persons in turbulent times carried their property to 
them for safety. This treasure trove was carried ofif to 
Appleby Castle by the great Countess, and is now 
unknown. A jetton or counter was found in Ormside 
Churchyard, February, 1850. 

At the restoration of the church in 1885-6, upon which 
£743 was expended, the learned architects, in submitting 
plans, referred to its history, the several stages it had 
passed through, with the antiquity and interest of the 
fragments that remain. Mr. Charles J. Ferguson, F.S.A., 
said : — 

Pavement exists on the mound to the north of the church, and 
there may yet be found traces of buildings earlier than we now see. 
The Saxons probably erected a church here.t But of the present 
fabric there are remains of a church built about fifty years after the 
Norman Conquest, and its plan can be traced. It consisted of a 
nave about twice as long as its breadth, with chancel of slight pro- 
jection, and a transept or chapel to the north. Parts of this early 
church are still visible in the massive portion of the north wall of 
the chancel, and the round-headed archway therein, which has a 
slightly recessed order on the face to the chancel and a chamfered 
abacus moulding at the impost. In later Norman times the nave 
was nearly doubled by a north aisle parallel to it, and connected 
with the nave by two massive arches which still remain. The 
chancel also was lengthened (as was done about the same time at 
Torpenhow), and in the north wall of the lengthened portion a 
hagioscope was constructed, so that the high altar should still be 
visible from the side chapel. 

It was, however, in the 17th century that one of the greatest 
•changes took place, for then the chancel was enlarged — I may 
almost say rebuilt, for all the walls seem to have been taken down 
except the north, that to the south being put up some 4 feet further 
southwards, so as to widen the chancel, which has the curious effect 
of making the chancel not coincide centrally with the nave— 

* She married ist John Dudley of Dufton, 2nd Cyprian Hilton, who died 1693. 
t And the west wall may be remains of their solid work. — Note by J. B. 



* - f 



ORMSHED AND ITS CHURCH. 163 

(compare, for an instance of this, Carlisle Cathedral) ; — and the 
chancel is further remarkable for the introduction of a piscina, 
aumbreys, and a priest's doorway. 

The roof is of oak, with moulded tie beams and curved braces 
springing from stone corbels. Since this careful addition and 
repair of the 17th century, much mischief has been done. The 
chancel arch has been removed ; the original aisle and transept 
have been cleared away ; the roof and parapet to the tower have 
been taken down, and replaced by unsightly slates. The roof of 
the nave has been taken down, and a modem one of low pitch 
substituted. The church has been ceiled and coated over and over 
again with whitewash. The seats have gradually been replaced by 
incongruous pews and benches facing in different directions. 

In 1875, and previous to Mr. Ferguson's inspection, 
there was published 

A LAMENT OF ORMSIDE CHURCH. 

Pity the sorrows of a poor old church, 
Whdse walls have stood for many a century past. 

3(c 4e :|c j|e :f: ^c He 

But now, alas ! a change has o'er me come. 
And " Non sum qualis eram " is my wail. 

For all who venture now within my doors 
My ruined state observe with faces pale. 

With sheer old age my walls are crumbling fast. 
My ceiling falls in fragments to the floor, 

Which, damp and cold, presents a woful sight ; 
The tottering pulpit stands — minus the door. 

My pews are all worm-eaten through and through. 
The crazy seats bend down beneath the weight 

Of those who venture in to worship there. 
Who dread meanwhile a worse impending fate. 

For, hanging ominously overhead, 

Long strips of lath and plaster creak and bend, 

My walls, too, bending inwards threaten oft 
Upon the trembling people to descend. 

Two bells I have, but one, alas ! is cracked ! 

The other's voice I very seldom hear. 
And why ? because I now can no one find 

To come and ring, for each one quakes with fear. 



164 ORMSHED AND ITS CHURCH. 

This scandal continued for ten years longer, till that 
zealous ecclesiologist, Bishop Harvey Goodwin, inter- 
fered, arranged for a skilled architect, and led the way 
to raise money for the restoration. Happily, the tower 
escaped " restoration." I think its lower portion was an 
original peel tower for sheltering the legionary soldiers, 
and its walling is singular. No level " footing," " bind- 
ing," or "courses" are shown, and it well corresponds 
with the Roman walling uncovered at Hardknott Camp. 
In 1893 there were few slates on the roof, and no glass 
in its windows. Local subscriptions could not be had, 
and even the Diocesan Church Extension Society refused 
help. However, the tower is now weather-tight, and 
long may the fortress brave the Helm. 

Outside the new wall of the vestry is a small coped 
gravestone with the ritualistic shears of an archdeacon ; 
also a broken cross of white sandstone, which Mr. 
Calverley thought might have been a gable. (About 
such white stones he writes much in our Transactions). 
The present east window has replaced a higher one. 

Notice the old yew tree, and the worn step at the 
priest's door, probably caused by the clogs of scholars 
who for immemorial generations had to cross to the 
school kept in the north aisle. And this education con- 
tinued somewhere in the parish until 1852, when, twenty 
years before School Boardism, churchfolk voluntarily 
built the present sufficient schoolroom. In 1897, as a 
Jubilee Memorial, a new cross was reverently lowered 
into the original socket. The figures " 1643 " show 
the date when the Calvinistic Boers last resolved upon 
the destruction of crosses. What was the purpose of the 
square window in the vestry above the door ? A similar 
opening has lately been uncovered in Bradford Parish 
Church. 

Bells were neglected after the Reformation, and many 
like the two fifteenth century bells at Ormshed were 
cracked by careless ringing or boyish vandalism. King 



ORMSHED AND ITS CHURCH. 165 

Henry VIII. sold away one hundred thousand pounds of 
bells for the sum of ;f 900. One of our broken bells is an 
'*Ave Maria," and the other still hanging in the tower 
has lettering, probably " Robertus Harding," of which 
the Rev. H. Whitehead within his last week was asking 
for a better nibbing. Mr. Whitehead advised that these 
cracked bells should be preserved as historic. The little 
bell now rung was lately given by John Brunskill, 
Holliwell, Asby. 

As a lintel to the new south-east window, the restorers 
have desecrated a knightly tomb, and there is another in 
the transept, into which three mean brasses have been 
intruded, with the following inscriptions : — 

Loe here interred lyes underneath this stone 
True Wisdome, Virtue, Justice, all in one, 

Sir Christopher Pickering, Knt., who after he had been 5 times 
High Sheriffs of Cumberlande dyed ye 14th. of Jan : An Dni 1620 
iEtatis suae 76. 

Interred within this could ume heare lyes 
This country's loss : but heaven's aetemall prise 
Cyprian Hilton of Ormeside ; for renowned fame 
He may be justly stiled the glorie of his name. 
He was pious, prudent, charitable, and just. 
And trewly valiant to : now hear he's clad in dust. 

Deceased the 22nd of December 
In the year of our Lord God, 1652. 

Here lies interr'd the body of Cyprian Hilton, Esq., of an ancient 
family; whose Loyalty to his Prince, zeal for the Established 
Church, Love to his wife and children, and kindness to the Tenants, 
are a lasting Monument to his Memory. He left behinde him his 
dear Consort Mrs. Abigail Hilton, and by her a numerous offspring 
viz. : four sons and five daughters ; all now living, and he in them. 
He dyed the 27th. day of December, An : Dom : 1693 in the year 
of his age xxxiiii and is here entomed in hopes of a blessed 
Resurrection. 

The Hatchment above in the north wall bears the 
date 1723 and the Hilton arms. 



l66 ORMSHED AND ITS CHURCH. 

I have already mentioned the finding of the Seliiious 
Ormshed Cup and the pieces of Danish armour. In 
1900 a small mortar was recovered. The stone was 
probably used to powder incense for the Thuribulum, 
and for safe keeping is now offered to the society. (For 
note and illustration of a Bronze Palstave found by J. B. 
exhibited 1882, see these Transactions, vol. vi., page 510). 



(i67) 



Art. XIV. — A Letter of 1745. By the Rev. J. White- 
side, M.A., Incumbent of Helsington. 

Communicated at Carlisle, June 20th, 1900. 

rrHE letter printed below relates no incident of con- 
^ spicuous importance, but it is one which our late 
President thought worthy to be preserved in the Tran- 
sactions. It came to my notice through Mr. Charles E. 
Lamb, son of the Vicar of Clapham, Yorks., and the 
original is in the possession of his relative, Mrs. English, 
of Orton Longueville, near Peterborough. 

To John Honey wood Esqre 

Woodstock Street, New Bond Street, London. 

Sir, — I beg leave to acquaint you that the whole rebell army 
marched out of Kendall for Penrith on Tuesday morning, and all 
gott their, but about 500 who stayed at Shapp with part of the 
Baggage : a great part of the Kings forces came within sight of 
them before they gott Shapp but night coming on they were 
obliged to march back to Orten, a small markett town about 2 
miles west of Little Asby. The Rebells had no time to go above a 
mile out of the road which was a great help to the country for they 
plundered all before them, and took all the horses Hay Com or 
anything else they could meet with. Their is a farm of my Lord 
Barkshire's at a place called Forrest Hall that pays above ;£'ioo 
ayear rent who has neither Hay nor Com left. And all the Towns 
in the Road is in the same condetion. They took severall prisoners 
at Kendall and tyed their hands behind their backs and some of 
'em two and two together, and Brot 'em allong with them. The 
poor people at Shapp Thrimby Little Strickland &c has not so 
much as a little bread left & they have drawn bills upon my Lord 
Lonsdale to pay his farmers for the damage they have done them. 
Six of us stood under a wall about 300 yards of 'em all Day long on 
Tuesday to see their march. About two a'clock they happened to 
see us and some of 'em fired at us, and away we ran, and they after 
us. We all gott into a pidgon coat of Mr Websters and they came 
within 40 yards of the place but never suspected we were their; 



l68 A LETTER OF I745. 

and so we escaped. I had sent a man to Kendall on Sunday and 
ordered him to bring us certain news where the Kings forces lay ; 
just as I got home he came in and told me he had been their g^uide 
all over the fell to within a mile of Shapp, but he believed they 
woud either stay on y« fell all night or march to Orten. I writt to 
Appleby to acquaint the General their, but before the messenger 
came back I received a warrant from Mr Hazell to give notice to all 
the petty constables to summon the country to provide Horses Hay 
Carts Straw & all the victualls they cou^ possibly make ready 
against the Duke's Army came down to Shapp ; this put us all into 
great spirrits and everyone strove who should gett their first to 
throw in their mite ; between 12 & i we had the pleasure of seeing 
the Duke and his fine Army, and their was a very good return for 
bread and cheese & small beer — the officers smiled at the cheese & 
said it was a little smooky but that it wou*^ do very well — they bad 
not time to stay but took it in their hands and eat on the Road and 
the corn being in sheaves they took it before 'em and fed their 
horses. As they ridd allong tiie road was Uned with the Country 
People who haza'ed them as they march which made the soldiers 
very merry. Tho' it was the finest sight I ever saw I was so weary 
that I left the Dukes army before they gott to Penrith so can give 
you no certain ace' how the rebells behaved but by Report tney 
used them the worst in all the road. The Kings forces could not 
falle of taking part of their Bagidg about Penrith and I hope they 
will come up with the rest before they reach Carlisle. The soldiers 
is in great spirrits and their Horses in good order. In my next I 
will give you an acc^ what is become of them, from Sir, your most 
obedient humble servant 

Henry Holme 

19th December 1745 
Barnskew. 

The Holmes are an old Westmorland family, whose 
representative, Henry Holme, now resides at Harberwain, 
near Crosby Ravensworth. For many generations they 
lived at Barnsceugh, which is about two miles away in 
the direction of Maulds Meaburn. The writer was 
steward to Mr. John Honeywood, whose family seat was 
at Marks Hall, Essex. The Honeywoods were possessed 
of much property in Westmorland, and Colonel (after- 
wards General) Philip Honeywood was M.P. for Appleby. 
His portrait hangs in the hall at the Castle. He is the 



A LETTER OF 1745. 169 

general referred to in the letter, and he married a Wastell 
descended from the family of Wasdale Head in Shap 
parish. 

His will bears date June loth, 1777. ^^ is described 
therein as Colonel of His Majesty's 4th Regiment of 
Horse, and Governor of Hull. He settles all his manors, 
messuages, &c., in the counties of Westmorland, Cumber- 
land, &c., on his son Philip, in tail after the death of his 
widow Elizabeth, and in default to Filmer Honeywood 
of Esington, Kent, Esq., M.P., second son of Sir John 
Honeywood, Bart., for life, and to his issue in tail and 
in default to testator's own right heirs. He left his 
household goods at Marks Hall and Howgill Castle in 
Westmorland to his son Philip, or if he died under 
twenty-one to the owner for the time being of the estates. 

Young Philip died aged nineteen and unmarried. 

It is probable that Sir John is the John Honeywood 
of the letter. 

Mr. Webster's house was in the neighbourhood of 
Thrimby, within a quarter of a mile off the main road. 
It was not the Grange or the Hall. The Websters were 
a family of local importance. In 1825 John Webster was 
curate and schoolmaster. I am told the house was on 
Thrimby Brow and there is now no trace of it. 

It may be here noted that the house where the Prince 
Charles Edward stayed in Shap is the West Farm, now 
occupied by Mr. William Hudson, and owned by Mr. 
Edward de Vere Irving, of Shap Abbey. It was then 
a hostelry, and the Prince on the night of December 
17th occupied the room upstairs which is on the left of 
the front door. He complained on leaving of the heavy 
bill he had to pay. See a note in his Household Book : — 
" 17th Dec. at Shap, Tuesday. To ale, wine and other 
provisions, £4 17s. od. ; the landlady, for the use of the 
house £2 2S. od. N.B. — The landlady a sad wife 
for imposing." But only in straitened circumstances 



170 A LETTER OF I745. 

could a Prince have complained of such charges for 
himself and retinue. 

When the Duke of Cumberland passed through, 
tradition relates that a woman held up her small son to 
see him. " Whya," exclaimed the disappointed lad, 
"he's nobbut a man." The Duke, overhearing the 
comment, turned round on his horse and said " You're 
right, my boy, and a very bad man too." 

1745 is not so very long ago when a yeoman, Mr. 
Thomas Topping, now living in Rosgill, can remember 
his grandfather, who collected fodder and carried baggage 
for the King's troops, describing the marching of the 
forces through Shap. At his house, " The Croft," they 
had a 20 quart peck used in Shap by the Scotch for 
measuring corn, but some one sat on it and broke it not 
long ago. 

The people of Orton, which is referred to in the letter, 
are said to have been so afraid of the rebels (so called) 
that they collected and drove the bulk of their cattle 
into a place called Blackett Bottom, near Langdale, where 
they remained until the Highlanders had passed. This 
on the authority of the late James Dover, of Woodfoot, 
whose wife was a Holme of Barnsceugh. 

This alarm was universal. People hid their valuables 
in holes or in wells. Mrs. Shepherd of Great Strickland 
possesses pewter which was hidden in this way on 
Lowther Low Moor by the Walkers, and near Oddendale 
by the Riggs. 

From under the parlour floor at Thrimby Hall were 
taken up thirty-five skulls, said to have been of horses 
that fell in 1745. I possess one of these. They are 
supposed to have been placed there for acoustic reasons 
by the Nicholsons, who were a musical family. 



(I70 



Art. XV. — Little Strickland Chapel. By the Rev. J. 
Whiteside, M.A., Vicar of Helsington. 

Communicated at Carlisle, June 2othy 1900. 

IN the ecclesiastical district of Thrimby, which is an 
oifshoot of the ancient parish of Morland, are the 
two churches of Great and Little Strickland. The latter 
is a small hamlet about three miles north of Shap. Its 
chapel is a very plain and unattractive structure, whose 
exterior is devoid of any features of architectural interest. 

It has within the last few years undergone the process of 

» 

" restoration." 

Fixed in the wall of the new porch is a large slab with 
a Latin inscription, which is gradually becoming difficult 
to decipher through the perishing of the surface. It 
would be well if the decay were at once arrested. 

The inscription is as follows : — 

Exprimit unde Dei laudes locus hicce beatus ? 

Quis dedit huic formam, qui modo pulvis erat ? 
Armiger efFecit Fletchar, Stricklandicus olim, 

Praesidium patriae, legibus altus honos 
Qui fuit, (heu) obiit : fatis concedimus omnes ; 

Fata at nulla premant hoc pietatis opus. 

TD. LD. 1695. LS. 

Contained in these lines is a valuable morsel of local 
church history, which ought to be secured in the 
Transactions before it crumbles away through the action 
of the atmosphere, or is defaced by mischievous boys, 
for whom such tablets are often a convenient target, 

I give a plain translation ; — 



172 LITTLE STRICKLAND CHAPEL. 

" How comes this House of Prayer to declare the praise of God ? 
Who has restored the dilapidated fabric ? 
It was the work of Fletcher, Squire of Strickland recently : 
But he, who was a bulwark of his fatherland, a distinguished 

ornament of the legal profession, 
Alas ! is dead. We all submit to the Fates, 
But may no Fates efface this labour of love." 

The reference is to the pious munificence of Thomas 
Fletcher, whose son was Recorder of Appleby in 1692. 
In the time of Charles II. he resided at Little Strickland 
at the Hall. Sir Daniel Fleming, 1671, says, ** The. 
Fletcher Esq hath a good house and estate." I believe 
there is a Fletcher Hall near Maulds Meaburn. 

The ancient chapel, whose reconstruction is com- 
memorated, stood in a field now known as Chapel Garth. 
In the latter half of the seventeenth century it was 
almost in ruins, a sad commentary on the churchmanship 
of the day, but it was restored by the squire's zeal in 
1681. This may be the allusion of olim, unless we 
translate " who recently lived at Strickland." 

After the benefactor's death the lines may have been 
composed in his honour by the curate-schoolmaster. An 
inspection of the parochial register would probably 
reveal the full names of the persons whose initials appear 
below the lines. 

The touching prayer of the last line has not been 
answered if the pietatis opus was the old chapel itself, for 
it was demolished a century later, and the present fabric 
was built in the year 1814 at the expense of Lord 
Lonsdale and the curate, the farmers carting the 
materials. Let us, therefore, apply the prayer hence- 
forth to the inscribed stone, and trust that the virtues of 
Squire Fletcher may never be unrecorded nor un- 
copied. 

In 1684 he had bequeathed to the school, which he 
assisted to found, a yearly rent-charge of ^fio to be 
paid out of High and -Low Sandriggs and Bryam tene- 



LITTLE STRICKLAND CHAPEL. 173 

ment at Little Strickland, for the benefit of the curate- 
schoolmaster, who was to be an unmarried man so 
long as he officiated, unless the majority of the trustees 
dispensed him. 

There is nothing else of interest in the chapel except 
the oak backs and ends of the seats, which have been 
taken from the old chapel. On some of them are cut 
these initials : — 

(I) B 

E M 

William 

Beatham 

1721 

and {2) on the back of the panel 

B 
E M 

1721 

The Bethams are a very ancient family, who until 
1897 were owners of the Towcet estate. 

(3) F 

T M 

These I take to be Tljomas and Mary Fletcher. A 
Mary left ^100 to the poor of the township. Or the F 
may represent Fallowfield. 

(4) H 

T E 

I H 
1696 

(5) R H 

1700 

(6) T T 

96 

(7) B 

R I 

1721 



174 LITTLE STRICKLAND CHAPEL. 

In the village are some interesting old houses, 
especially Strickland Hall and High Hall. Not far 
away are Thrimby Grange and Thrimby Hall. 

The Greyhound Inn was once a place of some pre- 
tensions. Over the byre door is cut : — 

D 

17 II 

A I 

E B 1676 is over the stable door at Towcet House. 
These initials correspond with one of the chapel panels. 

John Watson, of Thrimby, was a Quaker who suffered 
for his belief in 1664. His goods were taken by distress 
because he and his wife did not receive the sacrament in 
the chapel. His wife was dead at the time, but informers 
not seldom were guilty of such mistakes. He was also 
fined for attending religious meetings, and committed 
either to the common gaol or the House of Correction. 



(175) 



Art. XVI. — An Ancient British Village in Kentmere. 
By J. A. Martindale. 

Read at the Site, September igth, 1900. 

MY attention was first drawn to this old-world settle- 
ment, which lies on the south-west slope of Rasp 
How and a few hundred yards within the southern 
limits of Kentmere, at the beginning of 1697 by Mr. 
Addison, who was born at the old Millrigg farmhouse, 
less than a quarter of a mile from its ruins, and who 
had often wondered when and why the mounds and 
circles had been made. The remains have not, so far 
as I am aware, ever been described or noticed, nor 
were they marked on the first issue of the Ordnance 
maps. Last year I pointed them out to the sappers, 
and I understand that they have been inserted on the 
revised maps of the 6-inch scale. The site has been 
ruthlessly pillaged at different times for stones to build 
the fences of the modern fields, and the village seems 
to owe its escape from complete destruction to the fact 
that, after its desertion, its ruins were overgrown with 
wood. The ruins themselves have received no name, 
or, perhaps, it may be more correct to say that none 
is now remembered by the present inhabitants of Kent- 
mere; but the wood which covered their site bears an 
awkward compound name. The wife of some former 
Airey, or, may be, Cowperthwaite or Gilpin, possessed 
a close of ground abutting upon it, which was, therefore, 
known as Willy Wife Close, and the wood was called 
Willy Wife Close Wood. 

Mr. Wilson, your indefatigable secretary, has paid 
two visits to the village with me, and on the last 
occasion we had the pleasure of Mr. Dymond's company. 



176 AN ANCIENT BRITISH VILLAGE IN KENTMERE. 

• 

They urged me to prepare a paper descriptive of it to 
be read before you, and I consented very reluctantly, 
for several members of your society have a much greater 
acquaintance with relics of the past such as these than 
I have had the opportunity of acquiring, and would 
have much more efficiently explained them than I can 
hope to do. 

Before I begin, however, to describe these ruins — 
the word is hardly strong enough to express the w^orn 
and wasted condition in which we find them — may I 
crave your patience for a short time, while I point out 
a few topographical details of the valley '.where they 
lie, which may help to explain the reasons that 
determined the selection of the site. The river Kent, 
rising on the southern front of High Street some five 
miles north of us, flows in a winding course down a 
deep and narrow valley as far as Staveley, where it 
enters on more open country. This higher valley, 
bounded on the west by the hills of Troutbeck, Apple- 
thwaite and Hugill, and on the east by the range which 
separates it from Long Sleddale, is divided into three 
portions or basins by projecting masses of rock and fell. 
The upper of these projections is that fine range of 
crags which juts out from Garburn and crosses the 
valley behind the church. Moraine matter, collecting 
between its eastern end and the opposing hill, dammed 
up the waters of the stream, and a small lake was 
formed immediately behind. The middle of the three 
basins was in turn shut off from the lowest by the mass 
of Millrigg Knot just south of us, together with a ledge 
of rock and moraine higher than the ground behind, 
which crossed the valley and gave rise to a second 
and lower lakelet. The lowest of the three portions is 
extremely narrow, and better deserves the name of gorge 
than of basin, there being scant room anywhere between 
the hills for two small fields, and in most places for 
even one. 



AN ANCIENT BRITISH VILLAGE IN KENTMERE. 177 

Now what, may we suppose, was the physical con- 
dition of the valley at the time when the ancient Goidels 
penetrated into this part of Britain, say six or seven 
hundred years before the commencement of our era? 
The upper lake had then, no doubt, been drained away 
by the lowering of the moraine-formed dam under the 
wearing action of the river; but the flat on which it 
once lay would be a bog. The hills on each side were 
steep and rocky, and the climate would be severe, as the 
bottom of the valley occupied by the bog is 700 feet 
above the sea, — ihore severe than it is at the present day 
from the great extent of swampy, waterlogged ground. 
The lowest of the three portions, — the narrow gorge 
from Ulthwaite southwards, — would be filled with a 
dense growth of oak, alder and hazel, and the hill sides 
were, as they still are, brant, stony and bare of soil. 
Between these portions lay a pleasant oval basin, with 
a fair-sized tarn in its bosom, shallow no doubt and 
fringed with reeds and water-weeds, probably bordered 
by timber trees, but stocked with fish, with trout and 
salmon, not then intercepted by dam or weir. The hill- 
sides, especially those on the east which faced the after- 
noon and evening sun, sloped more gently upwards, 
the soil was deeper, and good pasturage for cattle was 
at hand. Here, then, was the most suitable place in 
all the valley for a settled home, — almost ideal, no doubt, 
in the opinion of the semi-savage comers. Here they 
would be shut otf and hidden by hill and wooded gorge 
from other clans and families who might be disposed to 
hostilities; here was promise of abundant supplies for 
their simple desires, and here, at the south-eastern end 
of the lake and some 150 feet above its margin, they 
found a small terrace flanked on the east by a clifi', 
varying from 15 to 30 feet in height, and here the 
patriarch of the clan drew his lines and fixed his 
dwelling place. 
The terrace selected has a fairly level platform at its 



178 AN ANCIENT BRITISH VILLAGE IN KENTMERE. 

southern end, measuring about 300 feet from north to 
south and 250 from east to west. The eastern cliff rises 
steeply to a higher terrace which completely dominates 
the platform, making it evident that the founders of the 
settlement had not chosen the position with a,ny view 
of erecting a fortification. So close to the cliff is the 
village placed, that a portion of the lo\ycr slope is 
within its area. Had the Celtic Romulus drawn his 
lines but a few feet further west, he would have secured 
a much more level site; but probably he feared the east 
wind more than human enemies, and got as near qts he 
conveniently could under the shelter of the bluff. 

The space enclosed by the walls contains nearly two- 
thirds of an acre, and is oval in shape, the longer axis 
lying north-west and south-east, and measuring 240 feet 
to the outside of the rampart. The broader end of the 
oval lies towards the north where it is 160 feet across, 
the narrow end on the south being 20 feet shorter, but 
here the oval shape is distorted and the breadth decreased 
through the wall turning its convexity inwards. The 
walls themselves, where remains which can be measured 
are left, have been originally from 7 to 10 feet in thick- 
ness. On the south for no feet, they have been 
removed to the base, but, fortunately, the outer and 
inner foundation stones are for the most part left in 
position ; and here they are, measured from outside to 
outside, 7 feet apart on the east, gradually widening 
to 10 feet on the west. All along the remainder 
of the circuit exact measurements are difficult to get; 
in one place through the original wall having been 
overlaid by a later one, in other places by a covering 
of debris, and again through one, or both, rows of outer 
stones having been removed. Still the evidence is 
sufficiently satisfactory that in their original state they 
were in great part 9 or 10 feet thick. Romulus was 
evidently indisposed to give Remus a chance of slighting 
his infant town by leaping over them. 



AN ANCIENT BRITISH VILLAGE IN KENTMERE. 179 

As to their construction, I think that they were not 
solidly built of stone, at least below, but only faced with 
that material, the middle being filled up with earth and 
small stones. Mr. Dymond, in writing of the ancient 
settlement in Hugill,* suggests that the walls of such 
villages were not built up the whole height as wide as 
the foundations, but " in three contiguous but indepen- 
dent thicknesses, each 3 or 4 feet through : the outer 
one perhaps 9 feet high, its upper part forming a parapet, 
the middle one about 5 feet high, its levelled top forming 
a banquette or narrow chemin de ronde; the inner one 3 feet 
high, furnishing a step for easily mounting the rampart." 
Hxcept as to the independence of the three parts, it is 
so probable that this may have been the case, that full 
belief will readily be accorded to it. It reduces the 
material necessary by one-third, the labour involved by 
one-half, and renders the wall an efficient defence, 
whereas, had it been carried up of uniform width, it 
would have been more a trap than a protection. One 
other question connected with the walls of small villages 
like this is still considered obscure. Why should these 
people erect elaborate ramparts in situations so dominated 
by neighbouring heights that they could not be success- 
fully held against serious attack, and which they had not 
men enough adequately to defend ? Is it not probable 
that this is only an instance of a custom being retained 
long after its necessity or convenience has ceased ? 
Elaborate defensive walls were a traditional necessity, 
and so they were constructed. 

There are at present four openings or gaps in the ruins 
of the walls, and at first I supposed that a gate or 
entrance had been at each of the places where these 
occur, but whether this was so with regard to one of 
them I am now doubtful. One of the gaps is at the 
south-east corner, and on the left-hand side of it as one 

* These Transactions^ xiv, p. 466. 



l80 AN ANCIENT BRITISH VILLAGE IN KENTMERE. 

passes in, there is a mound, round part of which the 
footing stones bend. This may cover what has been a 
small guard-room. Near the middle of the western side, 
about 20 feet of the wall has been entirely removed in 
very recent times. From a decided bending in of what 
remains of the wall at this spot and from the ruins of a 
hut circle hard by, it may safely be concluded that a 
second gate stood here. The very modern wall of the 
present field, which has been built along the south- 
western rampart, here runs across the north-western 
corner of the village and greatly interferes with a proper 
view. A third opening is at the north extremity. There 
has not been any circular hut here, but there are founda- 
tions of a projecting wall, perhaps part of some defensive 
structure, and here also there may have been a gate. 
The fourth opening is on the north-east. I at first 
supposed that a large mound on the right of this gap 
covered the remains of a guard chamber, and, as there 
seemed to be indications of an outwork covering the 
gap, and running parallel with the wall on the outside 
for about 50 feet, I felt certain that a fourth gate had 
been here. Renewed examination, however, leads me to 
the conclusion that the mound is natural, probably 
formed of glacial detritus over which the wall had been 
carried, and I am now doubtful whether there had been 
a gate at this point. On the north-west side, the wall 
had been carried over another similar mound. It may 
be mentioned here that at the end of the supposed out- 
work there is a fair-sized stone standing erect. 

In proceeding to describe the interior arrangement of 
the settlement, I fear that I shall not be able to give an 
account at once clear and succinct. If we imagine the 
area within the ramparts to be divided into quarters by 
two lines crossing each other in the middle, we shall find 
a well-defined enclosure occupying the interior angle of 
the south-eastern quarter. This is, indeed, the only 
well-marked enclosure within the village, and was doubt- 




,.** 



.r 



1 














"^I^iS^i^. jM"^ J 







1 

JLE OF FEET. 



RE. 



(TO FACE P. 1 80). 



AN ANCIENT BRITISH VILLAGE IN KENTMERE. l8l 

less used as a cattle-pen in which to confine the herd 
when brought home at night for protection against 
wolves and bears, both probably too plentiful during the 
earlier years of the settlement. The pen is irregularly 
pentagonal in shape, with the base turned to the west. 
The entrance was at its north-western corner where a 
short spur jutted outwards, the object of which is not 
very clear unless we may suppose it formed one side of a 
shelter, the others being the enclosure wall and that of 
a neighbouring hut. The apex of the pentagon was 
at the junction of two walls crowning a low bank some 
five feet high. These walls are now completely gone, 
some of the footing stones alone remaining to indicate 
where once they stood. The other walls, with one 
notable exception, are now mere heaps of stone and 
earth. The exception alluded to is near one end of the 
north wall, where for about 15 feet two courses of stone 
remain on the inner side of the fence, backed with earth 
and small stones, showing plainly how the inhabitants 
built their walls. The outer face is covered with debris. 
A spur, now a mound of rubbish, juts out from this 
northern wall and runs for 20 feet in a north-westerly 
direction. 

This central court is, as has been said, the only well- 
defined enclosure within the precincts, but, as the village 
would be quite an exception among settlements of this 
age, if it contained only one garth, I shall point out the 
signs of walls, faint indeed in themselves, which appar- 
ently bounded two other enclosures, one to the north 
and the other on the east of the main one. From the 
end of the spur last spoken of, a broken line of stones 
runs north-eastwards towards a small stony mound, and 
if prolonged would strike the ramparts at the corner of 
the doubtful north-eastern gateway, while from the north- 
eastern corner of the central garth, plainer indications 
of a wall run also to the ramparts about the middle of 
their eastern course. These two walls would form the 



l82 AN ANCIENT BRITISH VILLAGE IN KENTMERE. 

northern and part of the southern bounds of an enclosure, 
the other limits being the ramparts themselves and the 
northern fence of the central enclosure. Bounded on the 
north by the garth so limited, and lying between the 
central enclosure and the ramparts, there may have been 
a third court occupying the most elevated portion of the 
village, and whose southern boundary seems marked by 
an interrupted line of small stones running from the 
comer of the south-eastern gateway to the nearest 
corner of the central pen. 

There may have been a fourth enclosed space at the 
north-western corner of the village, for the footings of a 
straight wall run southwards from the gate on the north 
for 40 feet, and at the inner termination there are traces 
of the junction with it of a wall from the west. It must 
be confessed, however, that the line is much straighter 
than is found in remains of this character. All the rest 
of the space within the circumvallation is without any 
sign of former division. 

Counting the circle at the western gateway, which 
may have served as a guard-room, there are within the 
precincts six nearly perfect hut circles, with faint indica- 
tions of a seventh. They are all rounded mounds of 
earth in which stones are imbedded, and have a flat or 
slightly hollowed top, below which, if dug down to, we 
should probably find the original floor. The floors seem 
to have been raised a foot or more above the surface of 
the ground outside, for though, when the huts collapsed, 
part of their material would fall inwards, it is hardly 
likely that such debris would raise the mounds to their 
present height. The circles vary in size, and the huts 
would appear to have been from 15 to 25 feet in internal 
diameter; but it is impossible, unless digging should 
reveal the foundation of the walls, to get any exact 
measurements, as few stones of the inside face are visible, 
and it is almost certain that none of these are in their 
original position. 



AN ANCIENT BRITISH VILLAGE IN KENTMERE. 183 

The doorways, in every case but one, have evidently 
been on the north-west side, as if the inhabitants wished 
to keep out the cold east wind and to avoid as much 
as possible the moisture-laden south-west gales. What 
perhaps has been the largest hut stands close to the 
north gate, on the left-hand side as one enters, but as it 
has been used in recent times by charcoal burners, one 
can hardly be certain of its true dimensions. A roadway 
has apparently passed between it and the rampart leading 
from the north gate into the northern enclosure. Close 
to it on the south-west was a smaller hut, 20 feet across, 
opposite to which on the west is a mound crossed by the 
modern wall of the field. The mound is now quite 
covered with grass, but a circular arrangement of stones 
can be felt beneath the sod, as if a hut had also stood 
here. A large hut, 24 feet across, was placed at the 
south-west corner of the central pen, and there are two 
other circles whose walls must almost have touched each 
other close to the south-east gateway ; the larger of these 
is 20 feet and the smaller 15 in diameter. 

I must now mention the remains of a structure of a 
character altogether different from all else in the village, 
the original purpose of which I cannot explain, being 
unable to determine whether it is of ancient or recent 
date. Thirty-five feet or so from the south gateway and 
close to the eastern ramparts in the southern of the 
two doubtful garths, there are the foundation stones of 
one end and part of the two sides of what has evidently 
been meant for a rectangular building, though the 
corners are not true right angles. The building, what- 
ever it has been intended for, was 11 feet broad on the 
inside, but its length cannot be stated, as only a part of 
the foundations of the side walls is left. In the end 
which remains there has been a tiny porch or cell. 

The Bishop of Barrow, in an account of a British 
village near Kirkby Lonsdale {rransactions vii., 112-113) 
speaks of a rectangular enclosure in it, which, be doubt- 



184 AN ANCIENT BRITISH VILLAGE IN KENTMERE. 

fully suggests, may have been a chapel similar to some 
in raths of early Christian times described by Dr. 
Anderson. I trust it may be possible for some one 
conversant with ancient remains to inspect these founda- 
tions and state his opinion. 

If it could be proved that they are the base of an 
oratory or chapel, we should know certainly that this 
site was inhabited subsequent to the days of Ninian or 
Kentigern, the latter of whom passed through Cumber- 
land and Westmorland on his way from Scotland to 
Wales, preaching the gospel to his heathen countrymen 
at various stages of his journey. I greatly fear, however, 
that the small size of the stones forming these founda- 
tions militates strongly against any such possibility, for 
large blocks seem always to have been used in such 
buildings, and stones of proper size lay in abundance all 
around. The whole site of ttie village is littered over with 
stones ; some, large and earth-fast, most likely stood 
where they now stand in the days ot its occupation, otners 
were more probably thrown aoout when the huts and 
walls were puiled to pieces for the sake of their materials. 
I have shown upon the plan which accompanies this 
paper the position of the chiet of these blocks and groups 
of stone, but it would have consumed much time to little 
useful purpose to have laid down the position of every 
fragment. All the larger and most likely blocks, within 
and without the walls, have been carefully examined for 
cup or other artificial markings, but not the slightest 
trace of anything of the sort has been found. 

Having now described to the best of my ability what 
remains visible at the present day of this ancient home 
of some Celtic clan, I have but lew further observations 
to make. It seems to me that what we see here has 
rather to be explained by remains of villages elsewhere, 
than that this relic of the past throws any new light upon 
the people of ancient days and their dwelling places. In 
its general outlines, it closely corresponds to the villages 



AN ANCIENT BRITISH VILLAGE IN KENTMERE. 185 

at Kirkby Lonsdale, Hugill, Woodhouse, Barnscar, and 
elsewhere, described in your Transactions ; and the con- 
clusion is obvious that that they were all the work of 
people of the same race, and in all probability contem- 
poraneous. And as at Barnscar there are numerous 
burial mounds, the contents of which prove that the folk 
who raised them cremated their dead — a mark of the 
people of the bronze period — we may certainly conclude 
that this settlement was made during that period. The 
people of that age have been identified with the Goidelic 
Celts, and the only point these remains definitely settle 
is the fact that at one time Goidels inhabited the 
vaJley of Kentmere. But of these people we seem to 
have here no further remains : their plots of ground^ 
where they grew their crops of spelt or some similar 
grain, have been ploughed over and their extent so 
increased by addition from the waste they left uncultiv- 
ated, that now we cannot point to their site; none of 
their burial mounds are left, all have been obliterated by 
modern cultivation, and two, probably the last that 
remained, Mr. Addison can remember having been 
destroyed by the plough some years ago. The exact 
date when the settlement was founded, how long it was 
inhabited, and when and under what circumstances it 
was finally deserted, we have no means of discovering. 
Very probably the place was inhabited for some time 
after our Anglian forefathers took possession of this 
western portion of England, for the Angles, though they 
enslaved the Celts, did not exterminate them ; and as 
several names of hills bordering on Kentmere, as Ling 
Mell, Gavel Crag, 111 Bell, Yoke, Garburn, Capple How, 
and Pengennett, either contain Celtic elements or can be 
best explained from Celtic sources, it is plain that Celt 
and Angle must have dwelt side by side for some con- 
siderable time. 



( i86 ) 



Art. XVII. — Witherslack Church and Manor, By the 
Rev. F. R. C. HuTTON, M.A., Vicar of Witherslack. 

Read ai the Church, September igtn, 1900. 

I. — The Church. 

^j^HE present church of St. Paul's, . Witherslack, dates 
* from X664, though it was not consecrated until 1671, 
but there was a chapel of some kind in the township 
before that period, though probably not on this site. 

There is a farm called Kirket Nook in the east valley, 
but tliere is no trace or tradition of anything ecclesiastical 
attaching to it except the name. There is also in this 
west valley a hill on the road to the hamlet of Town End 
called Priest Hill, and near to it was an enclosed meadow 
— now done away — called Priest Field ; but we have here 
again nothing but the name. 

Nicolson and Burn (I. 231) state that the old chapel 
stood 20 yards south of the hall, and that the minister 
was paid a sum of 20 nobles yearly by the inhabitants. 
Part of this was paid by some of the parishioners of the 
adjoining parish of Heversham for their convenience. 
But they ceased to do so on the building of the present 
chapel, presumably because it was now no more con- 
venient to them than their own church, which would 
point to the old chapel being at any rate in the east 
valley. Against this it is argued that Peter Barwick in 
his life of Dean Barwick states that he ** restored " the 
chapel, but on the other hand the tablet over the door 
simply says he ** built this chapel," and also if he only 
rebuilt it on its present site, the burial ground must have 
already existed, which it certainly did not, the primary 
object in Dean Barwick's will being to provide a burial 
ground. 



WJTIf)e;RSl-ACK CHURCH AND MANQR. I$7 

We conclude, therefore, that probably the aacient 
chapel was somewhere in the east valley, and was also 
probably the chapel of the hall. 

The first and indeed only mention of this chapel is in 
the Stanley papers of the Chetham Society, vol. ii., 
Ixxxvi. note. A Mrs. Mabel Preston, a widow, was 
married by desire of the Earl of Derby to a Thomas 
Harrington, steward of his manor of Beetham, on 
August 3rd, 1581, at Beetham, but from ecclesiastical 
court proceedings instituted it appeared that she had 
already a husband in Geoffrey Osbaldiston of Osbaldiston, 
" the words of matrimony were proved to have been 
spoken before credible witnesses in the chapel of Wither- 
slack, in the parish of Beetham, in June, 1580." 

A piscina, now in Lord Derby's possession, belonged to 
the chapel by the hall — it was dug out of the wall at the 
back of the fireplace of the hall a few years back, when 
some repairs were being made.. There is also at a 
farmhouse at Beckhead an octagonal stoup about 15 
inches deep and 12 inches in dianieter, which 3ome have 
believed to have been the font. This old chapel was 
standing until a few years back. Its site is now occupied 
by farm buildings. Nothing of interest was found when 
it was pulled down. 

In 1662, John Barwick, Dean of. St. Paul's and native 
of the place, left the bulk of his money by will to 
Witherslack, and so the present church was built and 
schools endowed (cf. Nicolson and Burn and Life of John 
Barwick by Peter Barwick). 

The registers date back to 1671, the chapel being 
consecrated by the Bishop of Chester (in whose diocese 
this portion of Westmorland then was) on June 22nd, 
1671. But on the first leaf are a number of baptisms, 
four burials and two marriages quite distinct. Most 
of the baptisms are previous to 1671, and three of them 
are 1629, 31, 32. From the registers we note that ; — ■ 



l88 WITHERSLACK CHURCH AND MANOR. 

John Brockbank was minister from 1671 to 1712 ; previously he had 

been incumbent of Ingleton from 1667. 
Richard Jon signs from 1713 — 1742, when his burial is recorded. 
John Hunter, 1743 — 1778, when his burial is recorded. 
John Dawson, 1778 — 1843. 
F. S. Woodcock, 1844-45. 
Thomas Marshall Postlethwaite, 1846— 1888. 
George Ruble, 1888-9. 
John Compton Butterworth, 1884-95. 

There is one centenarian, Robert Strickland, died 1762, 
in his 103rd year. 

Note on p, 65, by Rev. John Dawson. 

Let me here note that in the year 1783 an Act was passed for 
lev3dng a tax of threepence upon all weddings, baptisms, and 
burials, which took place the ist October the same year. Paupers 
excepted. 

This Act, being unpopular, was repealed 181 4. 

The Coats of Arms of Lord Derby and Dean Barwick, 
with cherubs, now in the north and south windows, were 
originally in the east window. 

The hatchments are those of Dean Barwick, and his 
brother, Dr. Peter Barwick ; the right to add the Red 
Rose of Lancaster to his arms being the only reward he 
had from Charles IL, besides that of appointment as 
court physician, for his loyalty and sufferings on behalf 
of the Stuarts. 



n. — The Manor. 

The Manor of Witherslack is mentioned in 1340 as 
belonging to John de Harrington, who obtained charter 
of free warren. 

On attainder of the Harringtons the manor was 
granted by Henry VL to Sir Thomas Broughton, of 
Broughton Tower. He was mixed up in the attempt 
jnade by the pretender^ Lambert Simnel, to seize the 



WITHERSLACK CHURCH AND MANOR. 189 

Crown. Simnel landed at Pile of Fouldrey on June 4th, 
1487, "with Martin Swartz, Lord Lovel, the Earls of 
Lincoln and Kildare, and about 7,000 German and Irish 
troops. At Ulverston Sir T. Broughton and his retainers 
joined them. They marched as far as Stoke-on-Trent, 
when they were hopelessly defeated, and many were 
slain. Sir T. Broughton, however, Camden tells us, 
escaped to his Manor of Witherslack, where he lived a 
long time hidden by his tenants. There he died, and 
was buried in the thick woods adjoining ; his grave being 
known in 1599. Sir Daniel Fleming also states that his 
grave was to be seen in his day, 1700. About 1825 two 
relatives of James Stockdale's rode over to Witherslack 
Hall to investigate the matter. The farmer's wife took 
them some distance from the house and pointed out as 
near as she could the place in the woods where the grave 
was ; but so thick was the undergrowth and thorns that 
they could not see the exact place. So Stockdale in 
Annales Caermoelenses (p. 21). Mr. Michael Hodgson, 
aged 70, tells me that he remembers hearing of a place 
near the hall when he was a lad, called " The Sepulchre," 
but he never saw it, and the present tenant of the hall 
farm, who had been there 30 years, says he had often 
searched for it. About two years back there was some 
little excitement about a kind of vault that was found, 
but it turned out to be only a natural hole in the rocks. 

On attainder of Sir Thomas Broughton, Witherslack 
was amongst the manors granted to Lord Stanley on 
Bosworth Field. It remained in the possession of his 
family until the great rebellion, when it was seized by 
Cromwell and conveyed to John Leybourn of Cunswick, 
for 3^130. (Burn and Nicolson). 

With regard to the Leybourn family we have various 
notes in Sir D. Fleming's MSS. 

January 25th, 1663. — Given in the house at Levens, being at my 
cousin John Leybume's funeral, 4/. 



190 WITHERSLACK CHVRCH AND MANOR. 

August 17th, 1672. — Spent this day in Crosthwaite, as I came 
from my cousin Thomas Leybume's funeral, who dyed yesterday, 
and was buried at Betham. 

January 5th, 1679-80. — This day John Leybume, of Wither- 
slack, Esq., was carried from thence to Beetham Church and there 
buried, who died on the 3rd inst. unmarried, and whose heires are 
his sisters and heire male his uncle James Leybume, now dwelling 
in France. 

A curious question here arises. John Leybume was 
buried at Beetham. The family were certainly subse- 
quently Papist ; was he one ? At any rate, on October 
9th, 1678, his house at Witherslack was searched on the 
accusation. What was his father ? Would Cromwell 
have sold an estate to one not a strong Puritan ? The 
family suffered considerably from their religious beliefs 
towards the end of the century : — 1692, all Geo. 
Leyburne's houses above value £$ to be seized : 1696, 
Ap. 10, he writes to Sir Daniel Fleming: — 

I earnestly request that I and my family may not be sent to gaol. 
We have had sad experiences of it already. I am infirm and 
cannot travel. No one can give any information about any of us. 
If it must be, at least let us be sent to a gaolin our own country. 

Another question ; what was the relation of these 
Leyburnes in the holding of the property to the Earls of 
Derby? Originally, we find that from a paper put in 
by Lord Derby's steward, amongst the law-suit papers 
between Lord Derby and the tenants of Witherslack, 
1735-45, John Leyburne was bailiff and steward, 1628- 
1638. Then the next paper is the accounts of John 
Leyburne, of Witherslack, 1638-41, as though he then 
had possession here. But what was that possession ? 
In 1662 we have in the Fleming MSS. a complaint from 
Lord Derby's tenants at Witherslack with reference to 
the Beethwaite Green Causeway. In 1671 the land for 
the churchyard and school was allowed by Lord Derby 
upon the common land. From the same MSS, : — 



WITMERSLACK CHUrCH AND MANOR. Igl 

1, (D. F.) prevailed this day August lath, 1684, with the Earl of 
Derby and my 3 cousins, Layburnes of Witherslack, to refer their 
differences unto my Lord Chief Justice's arbitration (Jefferies). 

Also from the law-suit papers with the tenants we find 
that in 1672 and 1703 they willingly paid their customary 
fines to the Earls of Derby, their law suit arising from the 
break in the Stanley succession, and their belief that Sir 
Edward Stanley of Bickerstaffe had no legal rights as 
Lord of the Manor. The Earls of Derby then remained 
Lords of the Manor. But what was the exact position of 
the Leyburnes? In 1743, the Leyburne family having 
failed in coparceners, one of whom had died without 
issue, the other married to a Dr. Witham of Yorkshire, 
having a son John, the Earl of Derby claimed the estate 
in virtue of a settlement of Act of Parliament, first, upon 
the Stanleys of Eynsham, and then upon the Stanleys 
of Lancashire. The first branch being extinct. Lord 
Derby claimed as next-of-kin, and at the Assizes at 
Appleby a special verdict was found on this point — 
whether a recovery suffered by one of the Leyburnes was 
properly executed or not. On appeal to the House of 
Lords the question was decided in favour of his lordship. 
In 1755, an ejectment was brought by the heir-at-law on 
the Layburne side against his lordship. A jury was 
summoned from Westmorland to hear the cause tried at 
the bar of King's Bench in 1759, and whilst in pursuance 
thereof the original settlement was found whereby it 
appeared that the estate was limited and settled as afore- 
said to the Withams and not to the Layburnes, and case 
on that issue was at an end.* (Nicolson and Burn, I. 230). 

I should be glad of any suggestions that would throw 
light on the legal relationships of the two families. Did, 
e.g,y the Stanleys simply mortgage the property for £130 
to the Layburnes so long as there were direct male heirs 
showing manorial rights? Or, how was it that they 
resumed the manorial rights but not the property of 
Witherslack after the Restoration ? 

* I am indebted to Mr. J. S. Slinger for several of these notes. 



192 WITHERSLACK CHURCH AND MANOR. 

The old pack-horse track from Ulverston to Kendal 
ran right past the church — ^you may track it from Towtop 
— to Whitbarrow. On the route, just on the far side of 
Yewbarrow stood a house or inn called the Coppick. 
Here, tradition says, a man came with the plague and 
died; the inmates also sickened and died. The neigh- 
bours were too terrified to come and nurse or even bury 
them, and the house was left until eventually it formed 
and still forms — with great trees growing out of its ruins 
— their natural sepulchre. The chapel rate is still paid 
on that house. 

Subsequently to the pack-horse time came the mail 
coaches, which also came past the church and up Towtop, 
the farmer at Kay Moss making quite a living by keep- 
ing horses to drag the coaches up the hill. The house 
just below, with its large stables, was a halting place. It 
was called the " Spa " Inn, for not a mile away was a 
" Holywell," which, as far back as 1656, was noted chiefly 
for its laxative qualities. The steps to the well may still 
be seen, but the spring has long since been spoilt. 

On the other side of Yewbarrow is an old house called 
Nether Hall, probably one of our oldest houses. The 
walls are 5 feet thick, and the principal rafters of the 
roof start not from the top of the wall, but from the 
ground — " crocheted principals " a joiner here has told 
me they are called. Atkinson in his Forty Years in a 
Moorland Parish has a photograph of one such. He says 
*' it is plain that the side walls were an afterthought, 
and entirely foreign to the idea and construction of the 
original dwelling."* As to the date of the 5 feet side 
walls, with their muUioned windows, I should think 
1500-1600 would be the latest possible, so these old 
rafters carry us back to a very different state of affairs. 

Just across the Blaycrag Bridge you get into 
Lancashire, and there is a little knoll called "The 
Gallows Hill." 

* See Mr. H. S. Cowper's Hawkshead, pp. 146-149 (E^.) 






U: 



IK. ' ■-.. \' 



.res 



. I ■ V 



■* « «v 



THE WITHEKSLACK SWORD. 



WITHBRSLACK ClfURCH AND MANOR. IQS 

In the Cartmel Register, 1576, Ap. 10 we note that : — 

Richard Taylor was buryed, who suffered the same day at 
Blakragge Bridge End for murtheringe wilfullye Richard Kilner 
of Witherslack. {Annates Caermoekn&eSf 551). 

My old churchwarden, Mr. Michael Hodgson, informs 
me that he had heard that when a man was thought to 
have deserved death he was hurried off as soon as 
possible into the adjoining couaty, where the executioo 
might be caixied on unobseitved by the ^officers of this 
county. 

So the neighbourfiood of Blaycrag Bridge used, I be- 
lieve, to be a feyourite haunt on Sundays of cockfighters. 

The sword of which an iliu$tration .(from a photograph 
by Wilson of .Grange) is given, was found in a bed of 
sandy gravel at the foot of Wbitbarrow Scar, 8 feet 
below the surface. The. place is one which up to . now 
is continually flooded in the winter, and it may have 
been swept down in some great flood* though from no 
great distance, as the watershed is only about half a mile 
to a mile away. Unfortunately no responsible person 
knew of the find until some little time after, but they 
declared there was nothing elsej — no knob, nor any sign 
of any other portion of .the sword. There is jio trace of 
gilding or ornament. Total Jength , 2 feet; breaidth of 
handle. 5 inches.* 



f WUh Hob c«n»p»r&:tiie . Viking m Anglo-Saxcm avordsfron Oonskle^iid 
Hesket tumulus, now in Tullie House, as examples in our district of a 
well-known type. (Ed.) 



(194) 



Art. XVIII. — The Chambers Family of Raby Cote. By 
Francis Grainger. 

s^ Read at Raby Cote, June 21st, 1900. 

T\ISTANT just one mile in a straight line from the 
^ ancient Abbey of Holme Cultram stands Raby Cote, 
now a farmhouse, but for at least 200 years the residence 
of the Chambers family. One of the early Cotes or 
Granges selected by the Cistercians as centres of farming 
in their manor of Holme, it holds a pleasant and com- 
manding position bounded on the west and north by the 
tidal waters of the Waver, and only separated therefrom 
by a narrow slip of salt marsh. Raby Cote, with its 
adjoining grange and the strong clay soil composing 
Raby Rigg, constituted at once a desirable tract of arable 
ground, and at the same time occupied a post of observa- 
tion and of considerable danger, for the Scots, using 
boats, could come up with the tide to within a stone- 
throw of the building. That they did so is evident so 
early as 1235, when we read that " The King having 
heard that the Abbot and Monks of Holme Coltram suffer 
great damage from malefactors in the places where their 
granges are, grants them leave to have outside of the 
forest their servants armed with bows and arrows to 
guard them and their goods." 

From the Visitation of Cumberland in 1615 by St. 
George Norroy King at Arms, we gather that the 
Chamber family sprang from Holderness, William 
Chambers being settled there in Edward I.'s reign, his 
grandson being described as " of Wolstie Casteil com. 
Cumb."* In fifth year Henry IV. a William Chamber 

* Harleian MSS. 5391 and 1536, Fo. 4b and 6b. 



THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 



195 



IS given as the representative of the family. His son 
Richard of " Mill Wood and Wolstie Castell " appears 
to have had two sons ; the elder, Thomas, was resident at 
Wolstie tenth of Henry VII., while the younger son is 
described as of " Royston in com. Hereford." Thomas 
is said by Norreys to have had four sons, Richard of 
Wolstie Casteil ; Robert, Abbot of Holm Cultrayne ; 
Thomas, Abbot of Furness ; and Lancelot, Abbot of 
Peterbro'. Richard Chamber is in the Visitation of 1615 
given as having four sons and four daughters, although 
this statiement is in conflict with the Chambers MSS. 
found in the parish chest of Holme Cultram. It is 
possible that Thomas Chamber, who died in 1523, was 
son to Richard and nephew of Abbot Robert ; if so, he 
must have died very young, for his elder brother Robert 
is described as dying in 1563, eight years after his nephew 
Robert of Raby Cote. I am unable to reconcile these 
varying statements, and I give preference to John 
Chamber's account of his family, written about 1625, 
printing the Visitation account of the Wolsty Castle 
branch. 

Robert became abbot about the end of Henry VIII.'s 
reign. When he succeeded to the abbacy seems a little 
doubtful. The late Chancellor Ferguson gives the read- 
ing of the inscription running round the base of the house 
at Raby Cote as—" Gilbert Lamotte, John de Bothill, 
Vicar of Burg. The year was the Vlth Robert, Abbot 
of Holm, and of our Lord MDXIII. VIII: Henry 
Kyng." This would give Robert's accession to the 
abbacy as 1507, and the building of the present porch 
would celebrate the event. On the other hand, from an 
old family paper dated 1591, I gather that " Lord Robert 
Chamber rygned the Abbot of Holm Lordshep, 30 yeares 
and after him rygned John Nechalson 5 yeares, and after 
him rygned John Irebie fower yeares and moor, and after 
him rygned Gawen Borradal tow yeares and moor w*^** 
was the last of all the Lord Abbots, he died thre skoor 



19^ THB CHAM1EA9 FAUILY OT lULITf COtTBi 

year afld twdf yeares aem" This would 'give Robert's 
tenure of oflSce 1489 — I5tg. 

From the same source I gather that Thomas Chamber 
vrtLS '' the Lord Abott first brother and fourth at 
Rabi Cot that did In herret." From this it would 
sdem' thd.t Robert was a younger brother,- and that the 
cote had been leased from the Abbey, since the end of 
the fourteenth or the? beginning of the fifteenth century. 
Beside Thomas, was another brother, wbose family settled 
at the Gayle. There were also either one or two sisters. 
A sister of Abbot Robert married Christopher Askew 
of Sevill Cote, one of the Abbey granges. The family 
continued at Sevill Cote, and were largely interested 
in pari^ matters untfl the middle oi the eigthteenth 
century.* 

Abbot Robert seems to have been a msln of consider- 
able energy, and besides the porch and the ornamentation 
of the west end, numerous stones bearing his rebus of the 
'^ chain-bear " testify to hi& zaal in beautifying the Abbey. 
His family raised the sandstone base covered with blue 
slate and ornamented with a brass to his memory* 
Thomas, the Abbot's brother, who succeeded to Raby 
Cote, had three sons, viz. :--^Robert, who farmed the 
Abbey demesne-land^ Will, and Anthony^ and a daughter 
Jaen. Thomas was buried gth December, 1523. I can- 
not find anything further relating to Will, but an Anthony 
Chamber of Ffoulsyke died in 1575 leaving a will, and 
I think it very probable it is the same man or his son. 
If so, his family lived at Foulsyke, and in the adjoining 
hamlet of Pellathoe, or Pelutho, for many generations ; 
Mr. T. W. Chambers of Pelutho being the present holder 

* Another brother's daughter married a Hugh Paipe of Tarns. From this 
uMon came two daughters. One married John Lanak [? Langcake] of Pelutho. 
and the descendant from this marriage was John Longcake, the donor of the 
Lbngcake Charity ; the tenement still being in possession of the Cunily. From 
anouer daughter, who married James Huntdr, w«re iklso two daughters, one 
married to Anthony Austin of Brownrigg, another to John Haton of Mawbray 
Harig. Adam Leithes also married a niece of the Abbot. All these names 
occur in the parish jury lists, and are often honoured with large type in the 
P^ri^ R^listefs, 



Tmn: GHXMJBERS FitHILT OF RinBY GOTCl 



197 



ctf thefomily teinemeat. Robert married the first time a 
daughter of Jack Musgrave, alias "Jack Captene of 
Bewcastle." She seems to have died without issue, and 
he married the second time Ana, the daughter c^ John 
Skelton of Armathwaite, who was sheriff of Cumberland 
third Henry VI 1 1., the family having settled there for 
generations. Robert Chamber probably met his ^fe at 
thfe Leighs of Isell, her brother William having married 
Anne Leigh; and the Leighs having been connected with 
Holme Ciiltram and the barony of Burgh throughout 
the early part of the sixteenth century, while the Skeltons 
also held the manor of Threapland in 1544. The two 
famdies continued on friendly terms, for the Parish 
Register contains this entry : — " July &• 1591. Jo. of 
Robt. Berwis of Souterfield ba. whereof godfather and 
godmother were Wm. Skelton of Armawhait, Mr. Dalston 
of Dalston, and myself being vicar, Ed. Mandevill." 

Will^ I conjecture, settled at Mosside, and was the 
ancestor of Rowland Chamber, who was schoolmaster 
and parish clerk 1582 — 1630.* 



* Rokuid Chamber died 30th April, 1630. 
Chamber goods at the day of bis death, prized 
Tho. Briscoe, John Cogton. 

Price. 
Threunkelt kye wth. twQcalfes] £ s. d. 
On kow with calfe f i> 13 4 

One geel kow J 



"The Inventory of Rowland 
by Tho. LAngcake, Tha Austin, 



One nage — price 

Two meare — price 

One fiUe of one yeare age price ) 

OnefiUye of two yeare age, price ) 

Therten ewes [ o-jce 

Twelve lambes j P"*^® 

Power tips, price ) 

4 weathers, price j 

Sixteen hoggs, price 

Geese two, one stegg & 6 youngers 

ffive hens and one kocke, price) 

Two dues & one drake, price j 

One flesh fat, 1 mash fat, i quil 

fat 
One kit with a lid, i pecke, 

4 stands 
2 kirns, i Drinke pt 
Dishes weights milke bowls' 

riddles aeaves loakers wood 

dibblers kansskembles chares 

1 patreskailes 



£3 



40s. 



26s. 8d. 



£3 



£3 



40s. 

4 o 
4S. 

3S. 



26s. 8d. 



13s. 6d. 



A not of Bookes in Roland 
Chambers cubbert at the day 
of his death. 



A Bookof sundry Instruments. 

Natura Brev. 

Johannes de Sacra Beste. 

Celestial Globb. 

Two Statute Books 

Narrad (?) Dictionary. 

Familiar State. 

The ground of Arts. 

Primer. 

4 Globbs. 

A Bible. 



igS THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 

Robert and Ann Chambers had a family of four sons 
and one daughter. His will dated August 12th, 1548, is 
given at the end of this paper, together with that of 
Thomas Fysher, the father-in-law of Thomas (Robert's 
eldest son), — ^the two earliest wills extant relating to 
Holme Cultram, and containing formulae and sentiments 
of the pre-Reformation era. Both documents are written 
by John Alanbye, who describes himself as "Curat de 
holm." This man first comes into notice in 1536, when 
he, as a monk, signed the petition to Cromwell to elect 
another abbot in place of Thomas Irebye who was 
poisoned. He again appears in 1538 as pensioned with 
the sum of £5 yearly. He was evidently a friend of 
Gawen Boradell, the last abbot, and by him placed in the 
position of curate. 

Thomas, as we have seen, married Ellen Fysher. 
Robert married Ann Keye of Raby or Knowhill, and had 
two children, Jaen and Arthur. The tenement continued 
in the family for a considerable time, the last owner in 
the direct line being George Chambers, who dying in 
1765, left Knowhill to John Reed, his grandson, from 
whom it passed into the hands of the Reeds of Botcherby , 
and was by them sold a few years ago. Robert, although 
he made his will in 1548, lived some time longer, as is 
evident from the following document : — 

To all pepell to whom this psent wrything shall com knoow yo'* that 
I Robt. Chamber of Raby Cote wythin the Lordshipp of Holme 
hayth authrysed Thomas Chamber my sonne my lefell attorney to 
serve all suche . . . anye the Kynges or Queenes hygnesse court 
and as duth deny pajonent of any of her Graces farmers or 
arrearages for the salt farme of Holme at p*®"'. 

In witnesse thereof I have subscrybed my bell (bill) in myd owne 
hande at Holme the XH daye of August in ye fyrist and seconde 
yeare of cure soveraigne Lord Kyng Philippe and Marye our Kynge 
and Queue. 

Robt. Chamber. 

The " saltpannes " or cotes were twenty-one in num- 
ber, and extended along the coast from Angerton to 



n"'Y THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. IQQ 

Border. With each " panne " was hired a share of peat 
moss, — I conjecture to be used in heating the pans, and 
so assisting evaporation. From " Rentals, Henry VIII." 
(1561) we learn that "There are within the said Lor^P 
certaigne saltpannes, the moste parte utterlye decayed 
and the rest are lyke to decaye except the same be 
granted to some man for a terme of yeares. Robt. 
Chamber who was last farmer dyd offer (if he might have 
a lease for yeres) to mantayne those w*^*^ here yet standyng 
and pay the rent as lately certifyed." That such a lease 
was again granted is evident, for they were in the hands 
of the family in 1040. Robert Chamber died, and was 
buried i8th December, 1554. 

Thomas succeeded his father, marrying Ellen Fysher. 
Robert of Knowhill was buried in " in eccl." nth March, 
1583. There was, however, another Robert Chamber, 
distinguished as " of the Abbaye." He is mentioned in 
the Inquiry as to the death of Abbot Deveys : — " Robert 
Chamber, the younger, fell sick when Deveys was dead." 
^' Robert Chamber has made good that Borrodaile was at 
the dresser at the second course the night before the 
Abbot sickened." We hear of him again in Lord 
Scrope's Commission, 12th Elizabeth, when on the 13th 
October " having assembled ourselves in Holm Coltram " 
Robert Chambers was chosen foreman " of Twenty-four 
of the Antient and sage Tenants of the Lordship." The 
verdict of the jury fixed the tenure of the holdings, and 
formed the basis of their ** custom," which after forty 
years of struggle and litigation finally became coypholds. 
In the Survey of 1572 we find ** Robert Chambers farmer 
of the Demesne Lands near the Monastry 457 Acres at a 
Rental of £26 19s. od. a year." Robert Chambers of 
Wolsty held 55 acres at a rent of 30s., while the water 
corn-mill adjoining the Abbey was leased to Robert 
Chamber for £10 a year. Again in the earliest Survey, 
somewhere between 1523 and 1538, the ancestral home 
of the Chambers family is thus described : — 



/ 



(SD0O THE CHAMBBRS FAMILY OF RABY COTE, 

Rabye Cote. Robert Chamber Received his tenement w^ is called 
Raby Cote for the Annual Rent of 335^ 4d. for the farm Gress ;k>s. 
4 mowers 3 days with the plough all tithes except grain. Item i 
acre in Benwray rent i2d. It. 3 acres Seavyinge 8d. i acre of 
arable land near his tenement rendering all Tithes except grain* 
And he may keep 24 oxen or cows, * 6 horses, 24 sheep vrith 
'* sequela" of 2 yrs. Item, he holds the tenement of Cote Flat at 
annual rent for the farm los. Gryss 8s. 3 mowers, all tithes ex<^ grain 
and he may keep 8 cows, 2 liorses and 4 sheep. Item 3 Roods in 
Boesse annual Rent gd. It. Blakbutts XII s. Sureties, Robt. 
Leythes, Cristoph. Askew. 

The stewards of Holme Cultram were (generally non- 
resident, and the oSact, of deputy seemed to be genecally 
held by the Chambers family. George Lamplugh was 
appointed steward in 1558. Of him Xjord Scrope, writing 
to the Privy Coimcil under the date o£ Febrnary 26th, 
X569> says : — 

Upon the repair of bearer, George Lamplugh, to court I must 
signify his true and faithful service during these troublous times. 
He stoutly and manfully apprehended Thomas Hussey in the field, 
by whose apprehension that part of the country w^^ by iiis practices 
might have been persuaded to that section continued in good quiet. 
Cockermouth Castle being devoid of a keeper, I committed it to 
Lamplugh for the time, and he substantially and with good numbers 
caused it to be safely kept. He himself has been attending me, 
being alws^s ready in person and with his advice to advance her 
Majesty's Service to his great cost and charges. 

From the Chamber's papers I give this letter : — 

After hartye commendacions, S3mce Mondaye last I.havehads&v!all 
words & message from my L. Warden as to th* present p. vision .of 
horse, wanting in the Lordshipp there & this daye his L hathe 
wrytten a nother lettre conceninge business dependinge in the said 
Lordshipp amonges the rest not forgetting want of horse, declaring 
how that specyall and earnest reacycms by some hathe been made 
to his L for somme iease & longer tyme, but his L hath flatlfe 
denyed them and will ix>ntynewe willing me to be mynfull and 
carefull to shew men tiimished w^^ all expedicion as app*te3meth, 
yt seameth that those so often his L remdbrancein this cause is 
not Aiv^hout great app^^ of her Ma*e pnt -service as sev*aHye before 
this his L hath wrytt^t i&^gevennotyce to me Tfaos'hiB L^^eing so 



THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 201 

importunat in calling upon me, I cannot but as bound urge and 

comande y« not to be necligent in the derecion geven yo for p. vision 

of horse w'*» all ferniture And so fFare yo well this Xth of March 

1580. 

Yor. Loving friend 

George Lamplugh. 

Roland Skelton because M** Chambre his healthe ... to travell 
wil not abide so well as 5^''s i praye holde ... by his advise be 
earnest in thexecucion of these & o^ lettres in his behalfe for horse 
& that wt*» sureytye. 

Theire is lettres from the ryght honable my L Treasurer sev'allye 
unto my L Warden & me for causes decyding in questyon betwene 
those p'ties und' written. Comand them all the said pties to be w^h 
me here upon Mondaye next by one of the clock in the aforenoone 
& then they shall know furthere 



I Doughtie and Lancake 
j Nyllie & Hewett 



Agnes Bewis and Ellis 

Berwis 

Corrye & Atkinson 



< 



I wold have y^ 
opynion in wryt- 
ing in all these 
causes & to send 
me a note of their 
names & if yo have 
Inlarged ane for 
i horse. 



The letter is addressed : — 



To his Lovinge frende 
Robart Chambre & Roland 
^ Skelton his Deput 
of HowUme Coltram. 

The number of horsemen to be provided by the Holme 
was a constant source of trouble, the tenants being un- 
willing to provide the numbers required by the Lord 
Warden. Robert Chamber seems to have been one of 
the men appointed to represent the manor in the lease of 
the tithes which was bought from Roger Marbecke in 
1579 for 3^400, and after his decease a dispute arose as to 
the custody of the lease. The commissioners, John, 
bishop of Carlisle, Henry Scrope, Sir Symon Musgrave, 
and Sir Henry Curwen, ordered the lease to be given up 
by the executors, Thomas Chamber and Hugh Askew, 
and to be kept by the parish clerk in the church. 



202 THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 

To return to Thomas Chamber. He died in 1571, and 
was succeeded at Raby Cote by his son Thomas, who on 
the 27th September, 1574, married Ann, the daughter of 
**Jack a' Musgrave Capteine of Bewcastle Knt.," who 
must have been already a relation of his, — probably 
cousin. His family by Ann Musgrave was a numerous 
one, viz. : — Robert and Thomas, who both died in 
infancy ; John, baptised April 2nd, 1580 ; Roland, 
February 4th, 1581 ; Arthur, August i6th, r583 ; 
Florence, April 13th, 1584 ; William, June i6th, 1586. 
The home at Raby Cote was rudely disturbed by a 
tragedy which is briefly described on Ann Chamber's 
tombstone, a narrow slab of freestone, now lying in the 
churchyard, which reads as follows : — 

Oct. 21. 1586. 

Here lyeth Ann Musgrave being murdered 

the 19'^ of the said month 

With the shot of a pistol in her own 

house of Raby Cote by one Robert 

Beck worth. She was daughter of Jack 

Musgrave Capt. of Bewcastle, Knt. 

She was marryed to Thomas Chamber, 

Of Raby Coat and had issue six sons 

videi Robt. Thomas, John, Row, Arth, Will. 

and a daughter Florence. 

I have not been able to obtain any particulars of this 
tragedy. There is, however, an old paper, evidently a' 
copy of an older one, entitled ** Instroksions for the death 
of Jo. Curwen ; " and turning to the State papers in the 
P.R.O. we find under date i6th September, 1532, Sir 
John Lamplugh to Cromwell : — '' I received your letter 
by the bearer concerning the murder of John Curwen.'' 
In the statement of the person implicated, he repeatedly 
mentions the name of John Beckwith as having been 
concerned in what was evidently a Border fray. As the 
name does not occur among the tenantry, these men, 
father and son, probably were servants at Raby Cote, 






THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 203 

< 

Five years later Thomas Chamber married again, the 
entry in the parish register being (1591) "June 9, 
Thomas Chambers of Raby Coet & Janet Grame wedded 
at Nunery by me Edward Mandevell . . .'* Jane was 
the widow of Fergus Graeme ; the Graemes having had 
the Nunnery of Armathwaite granted them shortly after 
the Dissolution, by King Edward VI. Jane Graeme's son 
William succeeded to the paternal estate. The Graemes 
seem to be connected with the Netherby family, Fergus 
being described by Hutchinson as " a younger brother of 
Grahme of Rosetrees." 

Thomas Chambers was intimately associated with 
William Chamber of Wolsty Castle, arid it may be as 
well to glance for a moment at this branch of the 
Chamber family. The abbot was connected with this 
family ; the first member of this branch met with in the 
parish papers is Thomas Chamber, who held Wolsty 
Castle in 1525-1538, prior to the dissolution; this man 
was probably cousin to Abbot Robert. In the Survey of 
1572 the jury found the castle 

Ruinous and decayed in all the Houses within the outer wall, viz. : — 
The Hall w*> will cost to be repaired in Timber, Slate, Iron, Nails, 
Laths, Lime, Carriage and Workmanship by estimacion £z^ os. 4d. ; 
the Chamber at the end of the Hall will cost in like reparacions by 
estimacion £21 4s. od. ; the Evidence House will cost £\^ 6s. 8d. ; 
the Kitchen, Peathouse, Byer and Stable will cost £\Af 19s. 4d. by 
estimacion in all ;f 107 los. 4d. 

In the Survey of 1638 we gather this information : — 

And likewise it appears by an Inspeximus now shewed bearing date 
in the XXXVHIth yeare of Queue Elizabeth the said Castle was 
granted unto Robert Chamber and Thomas his sonne w^h the fee of 
twenty shillings yearly for keeping thereof w^h castle was for the 
most parte fallen into ruine and decaye at the Queue's Mamies proper 
coasts and chardges And that the saide Robart had bestowed one 
hundred pounds in repaireing the same at his owne prop^ costs and 
chardges over and besides ;fi5o more at that time needful and 
convenient to have bestowed upon the repair thereof. And after 
the death of the said Robert and Thomas the s^ castle was granted 



204 THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 

by the s^ Quene Elizabeth upon the XII daye of ffebruary in the 
XXXVI nth year of her Reign unto Richard Chamber his brother 
with the Fee of XXs. upon the XXVII day September Ano. Dona. 
1596. 

Richard and William must have been descended from 
either Cuthbert or John, the uncles of Thomas, for in the 
following letter dated, Wolsty Castle, Thomas is described 
as " coussin * " : — 

Loving coussin comendations unto yo^ you' wyfe and children 
Remembrid . . [etc.] I have expected yo*" companye bout y* 
seamethe yo' busenesses as yeat never the lese I hartylie pray 
yo^ ether to morrow or upon Sounday that 3^ will be so good as to 
come to me for that at this instaunt my ockations extendethe to 
grater matters and psonages then my owne or else I had bene w**> 
yo by tymes or nowe w*** souche bookes- of ackount as I have 
touching o' tends [tithesj w^h I think we are greatlye abbused in 
and therefore as 

well on the coman weel of 5^ hoU Lorp [Lordship] to a void 
trobbeles frome yo'* I wyshe yo'* to be advysed and yf yo^ unckill 
Arther my good coussin be w^^ yo** my great desyre is to have him 
wth yor selefe also I consave some cause that puttethe yo** in some 
mailencollye wch I desyre to speak with yo'* in as also some other 
newes I have to shewe yo'*. I comyt yo'* to God. Wolstye Castell 
this xiij. of Marche 1599. Yo^ Loving coussin to 

Comaund Will™ Chamber 

I marvel whye I cannot 

heare whether my Letr 

was sent to Sir Edward and 

Thomas Harding or no, or what answer ys 

to be expected thereof as yeat I hear of none 

greatly I care not for I have a way to 

knowe a trowthe whether they 

will or no and God willinge a trowthe 

I will knowe and mack knowne to all that will lack knowledg 

well I think the nomber ys fewe by reson they dar no speed 

Sir Edward & Harding 

yt ys not y« [evidence ? ] of my neve Skelton 



* The Herald's Visitation of 1615 ^ves the relationship as that of very distant 
99usjns, 



THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 205 

5rt will serve nether them nor yeat 
himselefe to the undoinge of so 
manye as is w***^ this Lordshippe 



Adduxit 



To my verrye Loving 
• Coussing Mr. Thomas 
' Chamber at Raby Cotte this del. 



The references in this letter are to the combination of 
tenants to resist the demands of Sir Arthur Atye, of 
Kilburn, co. Middlesex, Knight, the farmer of the tithes, 
to compel the payment in kind rather than prescriptions 
fixed at the dissolution of the monastery ; a suit in which 
Thomas was a prime mover. 

The " neve Skelton " we have met with in 1580. 
Roland Skelton married, when still under age, Jaen or 
Jannet, sister of Thomas Chambers. He was deputy 
steward with Robert Chamber " of the Abbaye," and also 
collector of tithes to Atye. He lived at Angerton, and 
with the Chambers took a large share in parish affairs. 
He died in 1637, and was buried at Kirkbride, leaving 
four daughters, one married to Thomas Sturdye of Moor- 
house, either the father or the same man who suffered as a 
Friend, and died in prison, 1684. 

A letter of the same year tells us what urgent business 
kept William at home. (Papers and documents relating 
to Scotland, P.R.O., William Chamber to Lord Scrope) : — 

A straundge shipe ys driven out of his course so as she hathe ridden 
upon ancker upon the wyd see betwixt Erelann & Skottland and V 
of his men ys comed aland w^h I have in safe keeping to await 5^0'" 
pleasure. I cannot git anye to goe to the shipe whiles to morrowe 
for theare ys not watter to bring her over the sandryge. She has 
been off Wolstye Castell since yestirday morninge. In haste 
craving your Lordshippe to take my reud letter in good part by the 
Bearer my sonne. 

Wolstye Castell xviii. daye of Ffebruary 1599. William Chamber. 

Scrope sent this letter to Cecil, writing himself under 
date 2ist February, 1599, (Abstract) : — 



206 THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 

Next morning I tode i6 miles from this arriving at 8 hours before 
noone, and on examining the V marines landed in the boat for 
" fresh watter " I found them Flemings, the ship Leethe of Emden 
from Portugal fraught with salt, apples, and oranges, though some 
think ther is better wealth; of the V landed I suspect one is an 
Englishman and to counterfeit his tonge. Some think they were 
for Ireland to relieve " Tiron." The men to be kept during her 
Majestye's pleasure. The Sunday the Scottes horded the ship, 
before my men for the vehemence of the waves could with the 
boats come at her, and convoyed the same away. Yet if the men of 
the Abey hom had done their part they might have taken her before 
the Scotts. Thos. Scrope. 

What became of the unfortunate Flemings we do not 
know, but evidently William Chamber thought it his duty 
to watch them closely a month later. 

William Chamber took a prominent part in the tithe 
suit of 1600-1604, and remained keeper of the Castle, 
receiving his fee until its abolition in 1606. He died in 
April, 1629. The Survey of 1636 continues : — 

After whose death Ann widow of the said William dwelling therein, 
and being not able to maintain the said Castle, desired her son 
Robert Chamber to enter into the said Castle, and to place her 
more conveniently in another house, according to her desire. 
Whereupon the said Robert Chamber did begin to repair the said 
Castle in March Anno 1630 & in August 1632 came to dwell therein ; 
who has bestowed ;f 100 and upwards upon the repair thereof and 
yet there is more need to be bestowed. Upon the 20th May 1634 
the said Robert Chamber, his wife, children and servants to the 
number of nine being in their beds, the roof of the bedchamber did 
suddenly fall down, the dormontt timbers and slates some of which 
did lie upon his children. Some broke down the loft whereon their 
beds stood, and thereupon the said wife was so affrighted with fear 
of hurt of her children that she is not yet recovered though (praise 
be God) nobody therein was hurt thereby. And the said chamber 
is now built up again by Robert Chamber aforesaid. 

At that date the Castle was a " special seafaring mark 
for all passengers upon the west part bordering between 
England and Scotland." Twenty-five years later, at a 
Survey held at the Restoration of the Monarchy, 1660, 
the jury find in the fifteenth article : — 



THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 207 

We say that Thomas Ffitch, late p'tendid gouvernor of Carlisle, 
caused tha Castle of Wolstie to b3 raiaated aad the material thereof 
he caused to be carried to the Citie of Carlile, and for the Land 
there remaineth ; save only the mote or ditch about the Walles. 

Robert seems to have been succeeded by daughters, for 
in 1649 the land at Woisty was in the occupation of Mrs. 
Juhan Barwis, probably a daughter of Robert Chamber. 

Although the fabric of the monastery had suffered 
severely since the dissolution by the alienation of its 
revenue, and considerable repairs had been executed on 
the body of the church, the final catastrophe happened 
January ist, 1600, when the tower fell, and carried down 
with it in its fall the chancel and north transept. Robert 
Chamber was in the church at the time, but received no 
hurt. Robert, in addition to occupying the family acres, 
kept an alehouse and license to brew. His license, signed 
in 1601 by Launcelot Salkeld and Ffrancis Lamplugh, 
orders amongst other things that — 

He shall kepe measures according to the Statute of Winchester. 
He siiall suffer no uniawfull games to be used or frequented within 
tlie precincts of his house, neither shall suffer any evil person 
suspected of ill fame to be lodged or received into his house, and yt 
he shall kepe good and honest order accordinge to the forme and 
effect of the Statute of Edward VI. nor suffer fleshe to be dressed in 
his house upon dayes forbydden by the lawes. 

The ruin of the chancel and north transept by the fall 
of the tower was used by both parties, the vicar and tithe 
collector on the one hand, and William and Thomas 
Chamber and the parishioners on the other, as a proof of 
neglect of duty. As a matter of fact, the up-keep of the 
fabric was far beyond the capacity of either party. The 
edifice was repaired in a mutilated form by George 
Curwen and Edward Mandeville, the vicar ; but almost 
as soon as completed it was burnt down by Christopher 
Harden, April i8th, 1604. This was an additional 
grievance which the Chambers did not fail to charge to 
the tithe collector and vicar. William Chamber wrote 



208 



THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 



an open letter to the tenants, which was read in the 
church, and Thomas and WilliAin were declared by the 
vicar to be outlawed. 

To follow up the suit, it was necessary that Thomas 
should go to London. His expenses may be interesting^ : — 

viiid. 



Imprimis to London 


xls. 


It. Ho shoeing ... 


• 

1. 


It* My bootts 


viiis. 


It* 34 dayes in london 




at XVI d. ordinaire for two 


£1111, X. 


I to A paire of stokings & Shose 


ixs. 


It* O'" horses Shoeing in London ... 


ii. 


It* a drinke for Arthur meare for 




the yallowes 


iis. 


It* For washing & to the servants at 




O^ comminge awaye 


■ ■ • 

UlS. 


For o'' horses 34 dayes in London 




XVII dayes & nightes ffor hay 


xls. 


It* for oytes, other horse baite of 




the daye 


xxxiiiis. 


It* Dressing of o"" hattes & bringing 




of the water 


vis. 


Ffor lawyers ffees 


/« • • • • 

£XU. VUS. 


It* Coming home from london 


xlvs. 



vin. 



viiid. 



iiid. 



mid. 



viiid. 
uijd. 

For a detailed account I give in the Appendix William 
Chamber's expenses in 1618. Altogether this suit cost 
the parish £^480 iis. 6d., in addition to the ^^400 paid for 
Marbeck's lease. The raising of this large sum of money 
rested with the ** sixteen men." The first account of the 
active participation of the tenants in parish affairs was 
the swearing of twenty-four ''antient and sage tenants" 
in 1570. Very shortly after we hear of the " sixteen 
men," four being chosen from each quarter into which the 
Lordship was divided. The institution of ''sixteen men" 
was not confined to Holme Cultram, there being such a 
body chosen in other parishes or manors, Penrith being 
one of them. A foreman was chosen from each quarter 
in rotation, and the term of office was three years. To 
them all matters of rating and government were referred. 



THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 209 

the steward of the manor being their superior, and he 
again being under the control of the Lord Warden, until 
the abolition of the wardenship ; and after him the 
Governor of Carlisle was the responsible person. 

These sixteen men appointed four of their number 
wood-wardens, to superintend the wood of Wedholme, 
given to the manor by Elizabeth, on condition of taking 
over the repair of the ancient sea-dyke. The timber in 
this wood was preserved with jealous care, the ** Paine " 
for taking a tree for private use being £3 6s. 8d., and for 
a second offence double that amount. The church- 
wardens submitted their amounts to this body and the 
list of **Paines" enacted by this body makes a very large 
and comprehensive statute-book, there being some seventy 
penalties. This body is now represented by the sea-dyke 
charity. Of the " sixteen " the Chambers family were 
the leading men. 

Although the tenants did not prove entirely successful 
in their tithe suits, yet they established the modus 
decimandi as left at the Dissolution. The copy of the 
Survey of 1538, now extant in the parish, bears this 
inscription : — 

This book was purchased for ;fvi. by Thomas Chamber of Raby 
Cote when the parish was in suit with Sir Arthur Atye, 1601. 

He did not live to see the end of the tithe suits. He 
died in a good old age, and was buried in the chancel ; 
his tombstone in the porch bearing the inscription : — 

Nov, 8th. 1619 

Thomas Chamber of Raby Coat 

buryed, marry ed Ann Musgrave 

daughter of Jacke. 

His wife did not long survive him, for under the Norman 
entrance door is her stone : — 

April 5. 1620 
Here lyeth Jane Barres first wife 



ZIO THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 

to Fergus Grahm of Nunnery 

and second wife of Thomas Chamber 

of Raby Coat. 

John Chambers, the third son, who had for some years 
taken an active part in farming and parish business, had 
married six years previously Ann, daughter of Thomas 
Wiber of St. Bees, 6th March, 1613. This family of 
Wyber were notable Royalists, and had occupied the 
family seat of Clifton Hall, Westmorland, since the 
fourteenth century. The family suffered heavily as 
delinquents, and had to mortgage their land in St. Bees, 
the estates passing from Thomas, John Chamber's 
brother-in-law, to the Lowther family. The following 
letter from Thomas Wiber may be of interest : — 

Brother, I have received y' bill betwixt yo and the for drawing 

of y^" answere wch I find very dark and Imperfecte, and all the 
most materiall matters that y^ wish [attention] unto never spoken 
of in yor noote whearfor (if I might advize yo) I would wish you to 
goe to my father at Chfton and shewing the Bill to him and go 
eyther to Mr. Carlete [? Carleton] or Mr. Lowther and let them 
take some paynes for Drawing of y ^ answeare for the most danger 
is in y"^ answere both in respect to the danger of y' oathe and also 
for giving advantage in the insufficiency of y answere on any 
other error Wherfor read often the bill over and consider well 
what must be y""^ answere and shew that to y^^ counsell and let him 
drawe it uppe 
As for other contents of y*" 'tre I pray yo thane ke y^ cozzin Orfeur 

for his kindnesse but my father is or he could reed it and so I 

will speak no more of it I see w^h cannot be untill the Qr^**" 
Sessions be doane and so wishing yo best wishes to yo and to my 
sister y"^ wiffe 

I rest y' Brother Tho. Wiber. 

If yo have any tyme for retourning of y'*' comission then give a new 
warninge und' y' hand & get yo*" answere reddy and p.fect* 
Addressed To his lovinge Brother 

Mr. John Chambers 

at Rabv Cote this 

Dehver. 

* The matter referred to in this letter has reference to a tithe suit between 
the tenants of the manor and Sir George Dalston, farmer of the tithes from the 
University of C^ford. 



THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 21 1 

Only one daughter was born to John Chambers of this 
marriage. Ann Wiber herself died, and was buried i6th 
April, 1616, at St. Bees, a somewhat formidable funeral 
journey in those days ; her only daughter having been 
also buried at St. Bees, August 7th, 1614. On the 9th 
October, 1621, John Chambers married the second time 
Mary, the daughter of Cuthbert Osmotherley of Langrigg. 
" By an inquisition post mortem 4th October, 41 Elizabeth 
(1599), Cuthbert Osmotherley died seized of six tenements 
in Wheyrigg, one in Mooraw, one in Blencogo, two in 
Bewaldeth, one in Armathwaite, six in Oughterside, four 
in Meldrigg, seven in Waverton, and four in Lown- 
thwaite. The family of Osmunderley, Osmunderlaw, or 
Osmotherley, came from a place of their own name in 
Yorkshire; and they appear to have been of great 
respectability in the county. In the 21st Richard II. 
William de Osmunderlawe was one of the knights of the 
shire for Cumberland, and in the 4th Henry IV. and 6th 
Henry V. William Osmunderley of Langrigg was sheriff 
of the county. The last of the family, the Rev. Salkeld 
Osmotherley, sold the Langrigg estates to Thomas 
Barwis, Esq. The arms of Osmotherley are Argent, a 
fess ingrailed between three mantles sable" (Hutchinson, 
Hist. vol. ii., p. 301). Members of the same family held 
the manor mills of Abbey and Dubmill in the beginning 
of the seventeenth century. The Osmotherleys were 
connected with the Orfeurs of High Close, Cuthbert 
Orfeur being repeatedly spoken of as John Chamber's 
** brother." Three children were born to this marriage ; 
they, however, all died in childhood. For some years 
prior to the father's death in 1619, John had managed 
the farms, and from that period until his death in 1656 
he was the recognised leader of the tenants. Thus in 
1627 we find him surety for the payment of the clerk and 
schoolmaster's wages. In 1635 we find that — 

The Churchwardens and Sixteens p'mised to deliv"^ unto Mr. John 
Chamber of Raby Cote th' old Bible and old Communion Booke, 
he payeing for them to the use of the church xxs. 



212 THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 

Under 28th December, 1636, we find in the minutes of 
the XVI. :— 

By vertue of a warrant from the High SherifFe of 5^ Countye of 
Cumberland to me directed in his Maties hand straitly to charge & 
comand y^ immediately upon the Receipt herof that yo doe assisse 
Levy Destreyne & collect w^h in y*^ pish the sume of nyne pounds 
six shillings towards the Building of one shipp & the same to pay 
unto me at Ireby upon Thursday, being the first of January next. 

John Asbrigge hie constabl 
Yo must likewise receive of Mr. Charles Robson | 
Y°^ vicar 4s. for the same shipp I 

The manner of rating was peculiar : — 

Now we the sixteene men of the said Lor^ or the major part of us 
whose names are under doe assesse & sett downe the said £ix. vis. 
to be collected & gathered upp as followeth, viz* That ev'ie horse 
place* w^b in this Lor^P shall pay xiid. ev'y demy<* vid. & ev'ye 
foote place iiijd. and ev'ie cottager of ability & able iiijd. and 
those that be less able do pay at the discretion of two honest men 
being neighbours to ye same & pceiving their Estate, and of ev'ie 
young man we assesse to be pay<* at the discretion of the Constable 
and of us & this we agree to y^ day afore^d. 

In 1630 Charles I. gave ninety trees in Wedholme to 
Sir Richard Graham. Chamber was active in petitioning 
the King against this course, with success. 

In 1639 ^"d again in 1650 John Chambers was appointed 
to supervise the repairs of the church, then "in great 
decaye." In 1638 we see him active in petitioning the 
Attorney General against draining the Stanke, on account 
of its use as a watering-place for the pasture. 

In 1640 we find him active in petitioning Sir Nicholas 
Byron, Governor of Carlisle, against the levy of every 
" fift " man for military service. The petitioners point 
out that ** the Scottes by boateing have occasioned great 
dammage," " that they have burnt two or three towns at 



* The terms " horse place," "demye," " foot place," were used to describe 
the size of the tenant's holding, the Border Service being strictly regulated to the 
nihility of the occupier to bear anns or supply a horse or pony. 



~L» 



THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 2I3 

one time and violently taken away thre score head of 
cattell . . . and for our better safetie bene at the charges 
of threscore poundes for muskets & other warlike furniture 
& have planted the same upon the sea coasts & is at 
charges with keeping of thriettie men & municion day and 
night." The answer was favourable. " They shall not 
neede to send ev'y fift man unless the Beacons be on fire 
& then all to come." 

In 1644 and 1645 we find John collector for £iy a week 
towards the pay of the Scotch army in England; the sum 
assessed in 1644 being about £* 12, and in 1645 '* ^^25 
arrears of Capt. Johnson." 

In 1640 we find him giving evidence in a case of assess- 
ment and distress, from which I take the following : — 

There was a 16 men chosen by the parish for to sett down a tax in 

the loth year of Queen Elizabeth (1568) of fFamous memory for 

getting the custom confirmed under the great seal of England and 

paid of the same Taxe into the Court of the Exchequer ;f 300 and 

the chardges besides with feas ;f20o or thereabouts the which sume 

was collected by the collectors appoynted by the said 16 men, and 

about y« 41st. yeare of Queue Elizabeth (1599) there was a 16 men 

appoynted for setting downe Taxes for defending their custome of 

payeing tythe & of their Ancient customs in the s^ Lorw against 

S^^ Arthur Atye and others wch lasted 16 years. And in the 7** yeare 

of King James of fFamous memory a Tax was sett downe to have 

their custom decread und' the Exchequer Scale & established by 

Act of P'ment w^ came to ;f 500 or thereabouts. 

He deposeth that he knoweth that the 16 men are chosen of the 

best and ablest men of understanding & of qualitie fower in every 

Qr. The Tenants doe repair the Sea Bankes and 3 Bridges w^*» 

several Bridges within 20 years have cost in building & repairs ;f20o 

& the said Tenants have spent great somes of money in preservinge 

of the woodes in Wedholme & the Tenants here in suit with Mr. 

William Brisco for cutting down trees & converting them to his own 

use wch cost the Parish over ;f 40 for they had him in the Exchequer, 

and they had a suite with the Clerk of the Peace about tke Bridges 

w"** cost £^0 & more . . . also the LorPP had suits with Mr. Rich. 

Tickell about the encroachments and at last the 16 men did agree 

with Mr. Tickell for ;f6o & sent three men to London about the 

same custom, and 4 Bondsmen entered into a Bond for £120 for the 

payment cf the ;f 60 when the day of payment came their Bond was 

forfeited, and the fower put to great charges thereby. 



2i4 THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 

On the 27th September, 1640, we find Chambers fore- 
man of the jury which recited and rfenewed all the ancient 
** Paynes," seventy-one in number. 

As deputy steward of the manor, collector of tithes, 
small and great, he was also in his private capacity 
farmer of the Saltcotes. His salt sale-book shows that 
he sold per quarter about 160 measures of salt, the price 
ranging from gd. to is. Curiously every week there is 
the entry, generally in the name of a servant : — " Elean 
Stoirrde the Sunday measure of salt," " Cath. Ffarmer 
the Sunday measure of salt." I am unable to explain 
this entry ; it also puzzled the late Chancellor Ferguson. 
A careful note was kept also of grain sold : — 

A not of all corne sould sen the 17 day of April 1605 
Sould at Cockkermouthe 3 B"^ of Malt 
Sould at Irebe i Bushell of Bigg 
Sould at Cokkermouthe 6 B"* of Malt ... 
Sould to Roland Chamber 2 peakes of beag 
Sould at Cockkermouthe 5 B"* of Malt 
Sould to Jon Heald Kourke 3 B"^ of Malt ... 

A not of all the peses sould and sent in the House 
It* sen in the house i B** i pk. 
Sould at Arebe 5 peke pese ... ... ... 3s. 

Sen to the house 16 B« & i pk 

Sould at Cockkennouthe 5 pks pese ... 

Sould at Arebe 3 pekes pease 

Sould at Cockkermoutb 5 pks pease ... 

Not of the would sould sen the 23 day o^ May 1605 

It* Sould at Cockermouthe 3 stean ... 

It* Sould at Perethe 3^ of would 

It* Sould to Marg-Auston Brownerig i st. of w. 

Sould to Will. Wyse of Sevil i stean of woul ... 

John Co wen half a stean of woul 

Will Haton half a stean of woul 

Lead by to searve the house 2 sts. of pleas woule 

& halfe a s' of please woule'^' 
Theare is a lowt for makeing of clease ... 3s. 

Sould to Will Tarment 9 pounds & a half of 

woul 6s. 



8s. 




2S. 


8d. 


6s. 


6d. 




i6d. 


13s. 


6d. 


8s. 


gd. 



4S. 


2d. 


2 


4 


3 


4 


1605 




14s. 


lod. 


24 


6 


9s. 




8s. 




4s. 




4s. 





* I suppose soiled wool. 



THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 215 

Smaller matters were not neglected at Raby Cote, as 
note : — 

Money resaved for the apples 

It^ for apples ... ... ... ... ... 4d. 

It^ for apples ... ... ... ... ... 6d. 

John Chamber for apples ... ... ... 2, 

It* sould in the Abbey 3 p. of apples ... ... 3*1 

It* sould to Hartland wyfe i pk. ... ... ... i6d. 

Sould to the wyfe at Catair i pk. ... ... ... i6d. 

Lime was used at Raby Cote, for : — 

14 August, 1605, 3 Load Leame 

18 August ^ Load Leame 

19 August 3 Load Leame 
Careage of 6 Load of Leame Rob* Wall as. 

Labour was cheap in 1642 : — 

M. of all the sarvents wages May^ the 31 May 1642 
Hew Steel i6s. John Cockton 5s. John Arklebe 4s. Wm. Sandith los. 
John Tremeel 8s. Thomas Arklebe 8s. 

John's men stayed with him the succeeding half-year, 
the cost of six men for six months being 50s. William 
Sandeth appears regularly in the accounts from 1637 to 
1644. Sandeth was hired at John's farm at Redflatt on 
the Waver ; his engagement reads as follows : — 

Md the 2°^ day of May 1637 J- C. hired Wm. Sandeth of Redflatt to 
begine the Thursday in Whitsun weake for a yeare and he is to 
have 6 Bus. of Bigg, 4 Bus. of oates and 20s. in mone. J. C. is to 
pay him 3 Bus. of Big, 2 Bus. of otes & los. of mone when he 
finishes & as much at Martin Muse and he is to have a cow of his 
gressed & fouldered as my owne & a cowe malke of my owne ; he is 
to kepe my kettell at Redflatt and louke to the fieldes, louke my 
come and mend my flakes wand [dig or cut] 4 darecks of pete, 
shawle maner [shovel manucej and here it to the mithen [midden] , 
and help me iij harvest & heye tyme with all the help he can at 
Red Flat & to dyke all he can at Redflat.— Wm. Sandeth X. 

The other farm at Hartlawe was worked on a similar 
principle ; — 



2l6 THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 

Mem. Hired George Priestman of Hertlawe for £2 los. & to keep 
somer & winter halfe a pecke of len sede [linseed] & 3 kye grass to 
wourke all my hus here [husbandry] at Hertlawe in the yere 1621. 

John kept strict account also of the family expendi- 
ture : — 

It* for a boukket to the weall ... ... 8d. 

It* for a peer of shune for my mother 

and a peer to Florence ... ... ... 2s. 4d. 

I dranke at Cokkermouthe ... ... ... 2d. 

It* to Rob* Wedon and Rolland Hampson 

2 days berreing... ... ... ... 4d. 

It* for halfe a pounde of sappe ... ... 2d. 

To the cowper and his man 

4 days wurking ... ... ... ... 2od. 

It. I spent at Weddom ... ... ... i2d. 

It* a poot of aell at the Mell [Mill] ... ... 4d. 

It* For a q' of an ounce of peper ... ... 6d. 

For 3 remouves of an horse before 

the warrs ... ... ... ... 6d, 

For heren ... ... ... ... ... 2d. 

For red heren ... ... ... ... 2d. 

It* for wyat bread ... ... ... ... 2d. 

It* for half a pound of starche ... ... 3d. 

It* 2 pekes lene sede ... ... ... 4s, 

It* For 4 pounds of yarne ... ... ... 8d. 

It* to a gerkin for my mother ... ... yd. 

Robt Akin for erealls ... ... ... 3d. 

To Meg Sandeth i day spredinge ... ... id. 

Mungo Wyse I day lakeings... ... ... id. 

larles to a mayden ... ... ... ... 3d. 

For kopperes & vossell ... ... ... id. 

To a graver in Alercarr Moss ... ... 2d. 

To 5 reepers ... ... ... ... lod. 

John Peates for making a 

pear of breche a pair of house & mending 

house ... ... ... ... 4d. 

Jean Huddart 8 days cardeing (wool)... ... ^ 8d. 

for talla to the sheap ... ... ... yd. 

For a sacrament feast ... ... ... 3s. 

To my mother for churcheing ... ... i4d. 

16 yards of clothe bleacheing ... ... 4d. 

For 3 Fourkes ... ... ... ... 9d. 



THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 217 

It* for 8 horses shouen ... ... ... i8d. 

for a meal seake ... ... ... ... 6d. 

To the smithe 4 cart pleates 

& 3 penne wurth of naile ... ... I2d. 

For the weing of the woule ... ... ... 2d. 

Fencing was not altogether a new thing 250 years ago, 
as witness the entry, '* It* for seven hundreth thorns, 
28. 8d." It will be noticed the discrepancy of the various 
payments, — a day's labour, id. ; a sacrament feast, 3s. 
Peas evidently were the chief vegetable used, and the 
garden at Raby Cote must have been of considerable size : 
the first quarter of 1605, six days ** graveing " was paid 
for ; the second quarter twenty-one days were spent in 
graveing and louking. 

John Chamber was to a certain extent a believer in the 
astrologer's cult, for amongst his notes I find : — 

"If the moon be in Aries go not out for falling in p'ell of body nor 
goodes nor for both ; If it be in Taurus go not out for feere to fall 
in danger. If it be in Geminye goe forth for ye shall be well keped 
& find the pepell to be thy friendes. If it be in Cancer goe forthe 
for thou shalt retourne with grete joye. If it be in Leo work not 
whether thou go or not for thou shalt neither wone or loase. If it 
be in Virgo goe not out for grievance with out profit." And again, 
"When it is good to have newe campanye. If in Aries thy 
company shall not be p'fitable," and so on through the months. 

Then again certain proverbs are jotted down : — ^ 

Let Gods worship be thy morninge work and his wisdome the 

direction of thy dayes labour. 

Choose but few freandes and try those, for the flatterers are in 

great faver. 

If thy w)rfe be wise make her thy secretary, else keep thy thoughts 

in thy hart, for women are seldom silent. 

Be not proud amongst thy poure neighbours, for a proud man's 

hart is perrilous, nor to familliar with grate men for presumption 

wins disdaine. 

Neither be prodigall in thy fare nor die not in dette, to thy belle, 

enough is a feaste. 

Be not envious lest thou fall in thine own thoughts. 



2l8 THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 

To John Chambers we are indebted for the little we 
know of the manor in the first half of the seventeenth 
century. Parish papers of that date are preserved and 
docketed in his peculiar handwriting. Robert Wittie, 
who married into the Chamber family, and was school- 
master and clerk, 1630-1650, was a capital penman, and 
many of the parish papers are in his handwriting. The 
history of the time is portrayed in papers preserved 
through Chamber's care. Stringent orders a§ to dealing 
with Jesuits, seminary priests and " agents of the King^ of 
Spayne " were sent down to the Holme. There is a copy 
of the King's speech at the opening of the Parliament of 
1640. The Remonstrance of the Army at Ripon, the 
Impeachment of Strafford, and the Ordinances of Parlia- 
ment during the Commonwealth were copied out by 
Wittie. At the siege of Carlisle by the Parliamentary 
troops in 1643-1644 we find Chambers and his brother-in- 
law, Osmotherley, sending provisions for the Royalist 
garrison (Hutchinson, Hist.), yet the Commonwealth 
employed John as deputy steward. He probably was 
more concerned with the government of his parish than 
with the squabbles of those in high places. He died at a 
good old age, active to the last ; and one can well fancy 
that it was a large funeral which gathered on that 
February day in 1655, when in the ruined chancel John 
Chambers was laid beside his fathers.* His tombstone, 
a long oblong block of grey sandstone, is on the left side 
as you enter the porch at Holme Cultram. 

February VII. 1655 
John Chamber till death brought him here 
Maintained still the custom clear 
The church, the wood, the parish right 
He did defend with all his might 
Kept constant holy sabbath days 
And did frequent the church alwaies 



* His will expressly states he wished to be buried on the north side of the 
Abbot's ton)b, 



THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. aiQ 

Gave alms truly to the poor 

Who dayly sought them at his door 

And purchased land as much and more 

Than all his elders did before 

He had four children with two wives 

They died young — the one wife survives 

None of his rank could better be 

For liberal hospitalitie. 

It was only in Charles I.'s reign that rates seem to 
have been levied for the relief of the poor. Prior to that 
the poor went from house to house, and were lodged and 
fed. No doubt Chambers, as a leading parishioner, would 
get a large share of these poor neighbours, but he seems 
from his account-book to have relieved them in kind. 

He increased Raby Cote by the addition of the freehold 
land at Raby Rigg, and at his death held land at Hartlaw, 
and Redflatt, and Cummersdale, in addition to Raby 
Cote. He was succeeded at Raby Cote by his nephew, 
William Chambers of Hertlawe. This man appears in 
the Parish Register, 1615, November 2nd, William of 
Thos. Chamber of Hertlawe Bapt. His eldest son John 
succeeded him, and the other entries in the register are 
Thomas, baptised June 4th, 1653 ; Daniel, October 21st, 
1655 ; Margaret, February 4th, 1668. Little is known of 
William Chambers, but that he was foreman of the 
sixteen men for three years in succession to his uncle. 

Little more is known of the Chambers of Raby Cote, 
but they evidently fell on evil days after 1655, for in 1732 
Mrs. Catherine Chambers and Arthur Chambers surren- 
dered the family estates to strangers, probably mortgagees. 
If any of the name in the direct line survive I am 
unaware of it. 

I am unable to fix definitely the date of the house at 
Raby Cote, but should be inclined to put it to the credit 
of Thomas Chamber, 1554 — 1620. The house, no doubt, 
was built from the remains of the Abbey. The inscrip- 
tion in Roman lettering upside down, which runs along 
the east firont of the dwelling house, if it came from the 



220 THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 

chancel could scarcely have come to Raby Cote prior to 
the destruction by the fall of the tower in 1600 : if, how- 
ever, it came from the ruins of the chapter-house or 
monastic buildings it might be that Thomas Chantiber 
profited by the offer of Auditor Swift in 1561 : — " The 
old walls yet standing, as well of the church as of the 
other houses about the same w^** we have appointed to 
sell to the Queen's Mat^®^ use after the rate of viiid. ev'ie 
lode of stone." The carved stones built in the west wall 
evidently came from the Abbey. There are also two 
shields, evidently the head of a doorway, now forming 
the threshold of the stable-loft. * 

If we place the date of the Raby Cote house at 1600- 
1610 we shall not, I think, be far wrong. The initials 
'* I. M. C." on a window head in the west of the building 
shew that John Chambers made some additions, 162 1- 
1640. The oak staircase and large kitchen and bedrooms 
are probably not much changed since John Chambers 
lived there. Himself a representative of, and connected 
with, county families, he seemed to have lived as a simple 
yeoman, in marketing, and attending to farming details ; 
it is also evident from his mode of spelling that he spoke 
the broad vernacular of Cumberland. He and his family 
were probably good examples of the higher class of 
yeoman. The manor of Holme Cultram, surrounded on 
one side by the sea and the tidal waters of the Wampool, 
and on the great part of the south and west by impass- 
able bog, and being under the direct government of the 
monastery until the dissolution, and under the Crown for 
another 150 years, its inhabitants were largely cut off 
from the rest of the county ; and the struggles from 1556 
to 1640 were peculiar to the district, and do not seem to 
have occurred to the same extent in other parishes. The 
banding together for mutual defence, which enabled the 
tenants to contend successfully against both University 
and Crown, was undertaken under the guidance and 
leadership of the Chambers family. Practically up to 

* For Heraldry of Chambers family see vol. i, p. 304, Transactions. 



THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 221 

fifty years ago the whole of the parish, with the exception 
of part of the demesne lands of the monastery, was in the 
hands of occupying yeomen. The trend of recent times, 
however, has been fatal to this system of peasant pro- 
prietors, and the " Statesmen " of Cumberland will soon 
be a thing of the past ; but in the records of that worthy 
body of men few names stand out as representing the 
best traditions of their order, as good citizens and good 
Cumbrians, like the Cuambers family of Raby Cote. 

APPENDIX. 

Will of Thomas Fysher of Swynstie, 1544. 

In the name of God so be itt The xvi^ day ofif September in the 
year of o*" Lord MDXLIIIJ I Thomas Fysher of Swynstie in the 
pysthging off HoUne seick in bodie but p'fect rememb'ance prysinge 
be Almightie God maike ordaine & sette furthe my last wyll in 
maner & forme as folowys ffiryst I gyff my sowel to AUmightie God 
unto the Sanct Marye & to all the Sancts in hewyn & my bodye to 
be buryed in the Kirk Garthe aforesaide w^*» my dewties therto dew 
& accompyed. Allso I wyll that XXX'^ masses be saide ifor my 
sowle the daye of my bury all or as shortly e af' as may be possyble to 
be said. Allso I gwyff one torch to ye Kyrck. Allso I gytf to o^ 
ladys stock iii^ iiij"*. Allso I gwyff to Wyll™ Woodall my brod one, 
Jack and a yong whye. Allso I gyffe to Wyll"» & Robert my sons 
a kyst and a cov't. Allso I gyff my son Robert portion unto Sy"^ 
Wyll™ Symondson w*** his holl barne p" of goods. And that y® 
said S' Wyll" do & shall syett hym to schold or else to some good 
mannuall occupac'on for his most pyftt. Allso I geve my g** wyll 
ofiF my ferme holde af my descess unto Wyll™ my son or Robert or 
ye long' lyver off them. And allso I wyll thatt my rydyng & 
husbandry ger be geven to my chyldren duringe and so long as thei 
all remayne to gyther and af* to be devyded among my sons 
togyder or severallye. And the resydew of all my goods nott 
affore legatt my debts ffyrst paid & my furthe bryngyng p* 
formitt I give & bequeath to Elyn my wyff and unto Wyll«» Robert 
Janett Annas & Mrgatt my chyld'n whom I ordayne & maikes my 
verray & trew executers ffor them to dispouse for my sowll helthe as 
they thynck most expedyent & that they may be the bett' therby in 
tyme to come. Allso I ordayne & maike sup'visors T^o Benson Syr 
Wyllm Symondson Robert Austen Matthew Ffysher. Records here 
off I John Alonbye curatt Sir Wyllm Symondson* clerk T*»os Denys 
Robert Austeyn w'*> othur. Probate, October, 1544. 

* William Symondson, clerk, evidently the monk pensioned with ^^5 at the 
Dissolution in 1538. 



222 THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 

Will of Robert Chamber, 1548. 

In the name of God so be itt The XH day of August in ye yere off 
or Lord God MDXLVIII I Robert Chamber of Raby Cott of good 
& pi'fect remembrance praysing God to kepe the syme ordane & sett 
furthe y* my last Wyll & Testament in maner as foUowithe. Ffyrst 
I gyffe my sowll to Allmightee God &' to o' Sanct Marye and to all 
the Sancts in hevyn. I gyff & bequeath to Thomas my eldest sonne 

a cowe & calffe and a whye and one oxe To Cuthbert 

& Robert my sonnes I geve the good wyll off my Fferme holde and 
of the Grant off one halfe off Callvoe Grange wch I have of my Lord 

I geve to my sonnes and 5^ graunt w^h I have of 

Raby Grange I geve to ye reste of my chyld''n y* is Thomas Robt 
. . . . Eliz . . . wydow. And ffurther .... I geve 
to Jane my doughter my kyng & the oxen yt is att Mosse Syde & 
iiij yowes evdy to sell .... one paiment to be maid seeing y* 
I have certain of y® goodes & pfitt before, wch her mother will 

have Wyff Janett my wyff & my friends shall 

maik other disposal of my goodes not legatt my deets ffyrst paid. 
I geve & bequeath to Thomas Robert Cuthbert John and Jaen 
Marion my chyldren all of whom I maik witneses & executors of 
the one hallfe & my goodes the other hallfe to be dyspoused ffor 
my sowlls hellth yff it shall plese yt God call me to his mercye 
. . . expedient & yt you may be ye betf^ thereby in tyme to 
come. AUso I ordeine & maik supervisors Robert Chamber off 
Wollstye Wyll°^ Skelton Robert Chamber off Hyelawes Thomas 
Devys & Anthony Chamber my brother and Thomas Rychardson 
off Brome P^. Record^ hereoff I John Allonby curatt Thomas 
Devys Anthony Chamber Thomas Rychardson of Brome P*' w^^ 
other. p me John AUanby curat de holme. 

The Detts wyche I Robert Chamber off Raby Coote as owyn att 
ye X'*> day off August Anno Dono 1548. 

Imprimis to Rcyd Selbye xii xiiis iiijd wher ffor shall be taken 
viii vis viiid off Greittson owyn to me att Carlyeel and paid to y« saym 
Rych as he knowys him sell wher it ys y® residew he shall resortt to 
my wyff ffor & she shall pay. 

P to Gabreel Hyeghmo^ ffor iij hors viii* vis viii^ paid off ye 
somme to hym sellff iij^ & m\ vis viiid in ye hands of John Hend'son 
off Callffhow to be paid at o"^ ladys day next & ffor y« other xls he 
shall talk off y« graye hors y* goys upon ye Moss. 

Jt To Thomas Skelton vi^ ffor a hors pay** iiijmks to hym sellff & 
vis viid to Wyll Greyson & xxvis viii^ ffor his hors pyrce 6^ xiiis gyd 
y' he is owyn ffor his horsp'ce besyde & so remayns unpaid xx^ 

It to Sound' Deibtors vi* viiid. 



THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 



223 



A Not of Charges to London by Willym Chamber. 



s. D. 



Jomey to London 1618 212 

Octobris : — 
Imprimis shoeing ye nage. . 
Ita at Keswick 
Tuesday at Kendl 
Wed at night at Gastyne 
Thurs at night at Wasel 
Friday at night at Stoke 
Satterda at Mesdean 
Sonday at night at Attozeter 
Monday at night at Strat 

fortt . • . • 

Tuesday at Hegait 



11 


ij 


• • 

u 


• 

VI 


iiij 


• • •• 

nij 


iij 


is 


V 


iiij 


iiij 


ij 


vi 


■ ■ 


▼ 


* • • • 

UIJ 


V 


• • 




3 



Suma 



£^ 17 



Tuesday at night in London 
Wed at night 
Thurs at night . . 
Friday at night . . 
Satt at night 
Sunda at night . . 
Monda at Will Barne 



• • • 






• • • 

XVIU 

• • • 

vin 

• • • 

XVIU 

• ■ • 

XVIU 



S. D. 

Tuesda at night . . • • xvii 

Wead at night . . • < xzii 

Thor at night Thos. Barne i 
Friday at night Will Barne ii 

Satt at Will Barne 
Sund att Mr Banche k Mr 
W. Barne 



Charges necessarie going to 






London at London and 






going homewards : — 






At Kendal for a dull bagge 


Hj 




At London for appells 




vi 


For gingerbread . . 




ij 


Ffor my shoes & pants 


iij 




For swoUing my boots 


1 




A pewther for horse legges 






& fette 




V 


For veingar & butter for my 






horse leggs 




iiij 


For shoes 


• •• 

"J 




For removing or hors shoes 




«j 


Suma . . 


ix 


iiij 



S. D. 

Upon Tuesday evening we 
dranke .. .. iij 

To the servants at the house vii 

Chardges in London is . . xxij vi 
Neadfull chardges . . xii v 

For horse'meatt in London xv 
Thursday at night at Puck- 
arge .. .. .. v v 

Freda at night at Hunting- 
don . . . . . . vi 

Satt at night at Stanforth . . vi vi 
Sonda at^Lonnigbutt .. iiij viii 
Monday at night at' Baw- 
brige . . . . . . iiij viii 

Tuesday at night at 
Wetherbye .. .. v o 



Weddensday at night at 

Cattericke 
Thursday at night at Burgh 
Friday at none at Pereth . . 
Friday at night home from 

London 



S. D. 

UIJ IJ 

■ • • • 

Ulj 1 

xvii 



Or chardges is som tot ;^vii o v 

The law chardges is . . xvi 

More at Candlemas fol- 
lowing .. .. V iiij o 

Chapter ffees at Carlill i xviii 

The law money now dew 
for Candlemas tearme i vi iiij 



Sum tot ;f till r viii 



224 THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 

Will of Robert Chamber de Hygh Lawes* 
P^ de Holm in the yere of o' Lord 1566. 

In nomine dei Amen the 1$^^ May in the yere of o^ Lord 1566 
I Ro*>t Chamber of holi mynd and in good rememb'ance maike this 
my last wyll & testamentt as here after folowing Ffyrist I geve my 
soull to All mightie God my creator & redem' and my body to be 
buryed in my P* Church of Holm with my debts and deuties payed 
according to the law. Item i geve to Robert my sonne a mear ij 
yewes & ij lames. I** I geve to John a staigg a yew & a lame. 
I to I geve to Katherin Wyld a whye & a sheip The kestydie of all my 
goodes after my detts payd & my body honostly brought to the 
ground I geve to Thomas my sonne whom I maike my hoU 
executor witnisse here of George Stub vicar & John NicoUson w*^ 
other supervisions of this my last wyll Ro^* Chamber of Abbey 
Thomas Devies Ro^* Chamber of Wolsty Thomas Chamber of 
Raby Coitt. 

Will of Anthony Chamber of Ffoulsyke 4 Aprill 1575. 

In the name of God &c. I will that Margarett my wyff shall have 
the thre part of all y^ goods. I gev to John my Sonne ^ Skeppe of 
Bigge all the ryding gear & husbandrye gear. Item To Elizabeth 
my doughter ij Ewes w'^ ther lames All the rest of my goods . . . 
I leve to Margarett my wyfFe and to Thomas Chamber Anthony 
Robert Rychard Wiliam & Eliz Chamber my chydren whom I 
make my whol executors. 
Witnisses hereof 

George Austin Suma of Goodes 

Wil Devies xx^» ix ii Debts xvii* xiis 

Will of John Chamber of Raby Cote, 1652. 

In the name of God Amen & the io**> day of August 1652. I John 
Chamber of Raby Cott in the County e of Cumberland baent now in 
health and of good and perfect memory (God be praysed) re- 
and place doe ordaine and maike this my Last Will and Testament 
memberinge the certainty of death and the uncertainty of the tyme 
in name and forme follownge (that is to say) Ffirst I commend my 



* This Robert Chamber is mentioned in connection with the Northern 
Rebellion, 1537, 22nd May. Sir Thomas Curwen to Sir Thomas Wharton— 
"The sheriff should call before him & the writer & examine them also 
Cuth. Musgrave Robert Chamber of the Height Lawys John Austin of 
Saltcotes & 16 others named " (probably the " sixteen men.") 



THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 225 

Soull into the hands of God my maker & redeemer hopinge 
assuredly through the only meritts & mercies of Jesus Christ my 
Saviour to be made partaker of life everlastinge and I commend my 
body to the earth whereof it was made and my grave to be made 
next to the bleue "thruth " on the north side thereof. Item. I give 
& bequeath that my wife have all the sessment that I made to 
her & the third part of all my coppihold land at Raby Cott all wch 
is my wife right. To my nephew William Chamber of the Heartlaw 
the one half of all my husbandreye and all the bedsteads that was 
left me by my father, and a great chist in high loft and all the tables 
that was left me by my father. I allsoe give unto the sayd William 
Chamber my silver bowle, but my wyfe to have it for her life tyme 
and the fower silver spoons which have my father's name at the end, 
that the said William Chamber shall have them after my wife life. 
I give unto John Chamber of Blackdyke five shillings and every one 
of his children five shillings. I give unto Thomas Chamber of 
Calvo tenn shillings and either of his daughters tenn shillings. Item 
to John Chamber of Turpene five shillings and every one of his 
children five shillings a peece. Item. I give unto William 
Chamber of the Abbay fifteen shillings and to anyone of his 
children five shillings a peece. Item. I give unto Mary Porter 
the daughter of RoU^ Chamber five shillings. Item. I give unto 
Willia Osmotherley my nephew twenty shillings to Ffrances 
Osmotherley twenty shillings and Mary Glaister of Eston twenty 
shillings. Item. I give unto Florence Parkin five shillings and every 
one of her children two shillings sixpence. Item I give unto Jo 
Dand twenty shillings : the rest of all my goodes moveable and un- 
movable, my debts and legacies payed and funeral expences dis- 
charged, I give & bequeath unto my wife M"^s Mary Chamber 
whom I make sole executrix of this my last Will & Testament 
nothinge doubtinge but that she will performe this my will in every 
point and pay all my legacies by this my will gave within one year 
after my death. And further I give to every of my servants at my 
death to have his wages dubbled. I give unto the poor of the 
Parish twopence a peece, and to every widdow in Mossyd Rabye 
and Salt Cott sixpence. I give all book and bookes that I have in 
the Chest in the Studie to William Chamber (excepting all Bonds 
and Bills which I leave to my wife) I leave to John Chamber of 
Blackdyke a cloake and to William Chamber of Turpene a cloake 
and to William Chamber of the Abbaye a cloake. Item. My will 
is that my wife have Redflatt for her life tyme wch is of ;f 3 . 8 . 8 
rent yearlye and if William Chamber or any of him hinder my wife 
from the quiett possession of the above sayd Redflatt, then it shall be 
lawful for my wife to give Rabyregg to whom my wife M" Mary 



226 THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 

Chamber will by writinge or otherwise, but if the sayd Willia 

Chamber or his heires do suffer my wife to enjoye the sayd Redflatt 

her Ufe tyme quietlye then I will & bequeath Rabyerigg to William 

Chamber and his heires for ever after our life tyme. Item. I give 

unto Gawen Chamber my nephew twenty shillings and cloake & to 

any one of his children tenn shillings. The two great arkes in the 

Brew house loft my wife to have them her life tyme and William 

Chamber of Turpene after her life tyme. 

John Chamber. 

This will was proved in London, the 19th of the month of July, in 
1656, before the judges for probate of wills, lawfully authorised by 
the oath of Mrs. Mary Chamber, the relict and sole executrix. She, 
the said Mary Chamber, being first sworne, and in due form of law 
well and truly to administer the same. 

Chambers' Entries in Register. 

1582 — ^June 30 — ^John of Thomas Chamber, bapt. 

July 3 — Isabel of Hew. Askey, bapt. 

Dec. 12 — Cuthbert Paipe of John Paipe, bapt. 

Feb. 28 — Roland of Thos. Chamber, bapt. 
1583 — ^Jan. 22 — Thomas Chamber, buryed. 

Mar. II — Robert Chamber in ecclesia. 

Mar. 8 — Arthur of Thomas Chamber, bap. 
1584 — May 10 — Annas of Jo. Chamber, bap. 

Feb. 23 — Robt. Chamber of Thabby, buried. 

Nov. 27 — Katheren of John Watson, bapt. 

Nov. 21 — Eliz. of Antho. Chamber. 

Apr. 17 — Florence of Thomas Chamber, ba. 

Feb. 16 — ^Thomas Chamber and Janat Johnson, wed. 
1585 — ^July 3 — Arthur Chamber bur. in eccl. 

Sep. 17 — Isabel of Robert Chamber, buried. 

Jan. 16 — ^Janet Chamber, buried. 
1586 — Apr. 17 — Robert of Richard Chamber, bap. 

June 19 — William of Thomas Chamber, ba. 

Dec. 16 — ^John of Robt. Chamber of Raby, ba. 

July 13 — Robt. Chamber of Rie, bu. 

Oct. 21 — Annas Uxor Thomas Chamber, buried. 

May 18 — Robt. Chamber & Janet Chamber, wed. 

Oct. II — Robt. Chamber & Helen Cleave, wed. 

Feb. 2 — ^Janat of Thomas Chamber of Henllaw, ba. 

Feb. 28 — Thomas of Robt. Chamber, ba. 
i^gy — Apr. 8 — Jo. of RolL Chamber, Fullsyke. 

May 13 — William of Thos. Chamber, buryed. 



THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 227 

Sep. z — Puer Antho. Chamber, buryed. 

Oct. 19 — Matthew Chamber, bu. in ecclesia. 

Dec. 17 — Janat Uxor Rowland Skelton, bu. 

Nov. 24 — Robt. of Robt. Chamber of Raby, ba. 

Feb. 17 — ^Jo. of An*^<* Chamber, bu. in eccla. 
1588 — Aug. 4 — W*". Atkinson & Mabel Chamber, wed. 

Dec. 17 — An***<* Auston Brownr»« & Mge* Chamber, wed. 

Nov. 30 — Andrew of Jo Chamber, ba. 

Dec. 7 — Curwen of Rowland Skelton, ba. 

Mar. 22 — Thos of Thomas Chamber of Herte Law, ba. 

Mar. 8 — Uxor Antho Chamber, in eccla. 
1589 — ^July 23 — ^Jo. Chamber & Janat Blacklock, wed. 

Feb. 24 — Rich Witty & Mgat. Chamber, wed. 
1590— J u. 10 — George of Myles Chamber, ba. 

Oct. 13 — Alice Ux Jo Paipe of Tarns, in eccla. 

June 28 — ^Jo. Peat & Janat Chamber, wed. 

Feb. 4 — Rich Chamber & Mgat Hewett, wed. 
1591 — Mar. 28 — Elizabeth of Roland Skelton, ba. 

May 9 — Helen of Robt. Chamber of Raby, ba. 

Dec. 26 — Robt. of Thos Chaniber of Hertlaw, ba. 

July 28 — ^Janat Chamber, bu. in ecclesia. 

Aug. 10 — Katheren Ux Rich Chamber, in eccla. 

June 9 — Thomas Chamber, Raby Cott, & Janet Graeme, wed 

at Nunry by me Edward Mandeville. 
1592 — Apr. 5 — Henry of Rouland Skelton, ba. 

Mar. 31 — Eliz. of Rowland Skelton, bur. 

Aug. 6 — E<^ Barne & Isabell Chamber, wed. 
1593 — Apr. 8 — ^Janat of Robt. Chamber of Raby, ba. 

Aug. 5 — Thos of Antho. Chamber, ba. 

Feb. 24 — Curwen Skelton, bu. in chancellarii. 

Mar. II — John of Rouland Skelton, bu. in chanc. 

Dec. 18 — Xfor Ritson & Isabel Chamber, wed. 

Aug. 4 — ^Janat of Tho Chamber of Hentlaw, ba. 

Jan. 5 — Elizabeth of Rouland Skelton, ba. 
1594 — Apr. 20 — Tho Chamber of Woulstie, buried in eccla. 

Dec. — Ric. Chamber & Elizabeth Stage, wed. 

Jan. 21 — Th° Mandeville & Mabel Chamber, wed. 

July 20 — Abrom of Robt. Chamber, of Raby, ba. 

Nov. 17 — ^Janat of Jo. Chamber of Brockholes, ba. 
1595 — Jan. 12 — Tho. Chamber of Hertlawe, bu. in eccla. He was 

drowned at low waithe the 10 day of Januaye 
as he came from Carlill. 
1596 — May 9 — Mary of Row. Skelton, ba. 

Oct. 24 — Rich. Chamber of Pellathoe, bur. 



228 THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 

1597 — Mar. 25 — ^Janat Ux Antho. Chamber, bu. 

May 2 — Rich. Chamber of Woulstey, bu. in eccla. 

May 9 — Rich. Chamber of Fulsyke bu. (ba.). 

May 23 — Ux Hen. Askey of Mosyd, bu. 
— Francis Leithes. in chancell. 

— Stephen Chamber and Helen , wed. 

1598 — — ^Joseph of Robt. Chamber of Raby, ba. 

1592 — July 21 — Robert Chamber of Mabel Langcake, wed. 
1606 — May II — Robert son of Roland Chamber, ba. 

June 29 — Janet of Arthur Chamber, ba. 

Nov. 20 — Elizabeth of Henry Askew. 

Feb. 2 — Mary of Robt. Chamber. 
1608 — Oct. 24 — ^Joseph Tiffin and Jannet Chamber, married. 

May 15 — Frances of Robt. Chamber of Wolstie, ba. 

May 27 — Annas of Roland Chamber. 

July 2 — William of Roland Chamber. 
1609 — ^Jan. 7 — Ric. of John Chamber. 

Jan. 22 — Arthur of Arthur Chamber. 

Feb. 25 — ^Jannet of John Chamber. 
161 5 — May 26^Mary of Arthur Chamber of Blackdyke. 

Nov. 12 — William of Thomas Chamber of Harlaw. 
1616 — Apr. 26— Ann of Heugh Paipe of Tames. 

May 31 — Robert of Arthur Chamber of Blackdyke. 

Feb. 23 — Eliz. of Thomas Chamber of Aldoth. 

Mar. I — Mary of Stephen Chamber of Longnewton. 
1612 — Apr. II — Mary of Roland Chamber of Mosside. 

June 15 — Robert of Sir Arthur Chamber. 

Nov. 22 — A child of Robert Chamber of Old Mawbray. 
161 3 — ^June 13 — Robert of Abraham Chamber. 

Aug. 15 — Mary of Robert Chamber of Wolstie. 

Sep. 15 — ^Jo. of Robert Chamber of Rabye. 

Nov. 14 — ^John of Thomas Chamber, supposed. 

Feb. 18 — John Chamber of Kingside, buried. 
1614 — Mar. 26 — Uxor Rowlandi Chamber, buried. 
1 6 16 — Apr. 2 — Robert Chamber of Rabye alias Knowhill, buried. 

Apr. 4 — John Chamber his son of the same place, bur. 

Apr. 7 — Uxor Stephen Chamber of Longnewton, buried. 

June 2 — A child of Arthur Chamber of Blackdyke, ba. 

Oct. 2 — ^John Chamber of Longnewton, bur. 
i5i8 — May 23 — Annas of Thomas Chamber of Hartlaw, bapt. 

Dec. 24 — Ann daug' of Abraham Chamber, bapt. 
i5x9 — Oct. 3 — Marye y® daug^^" of Robert Chamber of Wolstie, bapt. 

Nov. 8 — Thomas Chamber of Raby Coat, buried in y« 

pld chancel, 



THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 229 

1620 — Apr. 5 — The Wife of Thomas Chamber of Raby Coat, 

in ye old chancel. 

Jan. 23 — Isabel y® d. of Robt. Chamber of Old Mawbray, ba. 

Mar. — ^Jane d. of Thomas Chamber of Hartlawe, bapt. 
1625 — — Anne ye daughter of Thomas Chamber of Calvo, 

buried. 
1633 — Apr. 18 — William of Abraham Chamber, bapt. 

Apr. 22 — Margret of John Chamber of Blackdyke, bapt. 
1636 — — Eliz. of Robert Chamber of Newton, bapt. 

July 17 — Ann of Thomas Chamber, bapt. 

Jan. 21 — Eliz. of Thomas Chambers of Cowgate, bapt. 

Nov. 8 — Ann of John Chamber of Blackdyke, bapt. 

Feb. 2 — ^John of Robert Chamber de Newton, bapt. 
1 64 1 — May 30 — Robert of Edward Chamber. 
1653 — ^June 4 — Thomas of William Chamber Gentl., bapt. 

Feb. 18 — ^Joseph of Robert Chamber of Newton. 
1654 — Mar. 23 — Frances of John Chamber young"^ of Blackdyke. 
1655 — — Daniel of Mr. William Chamber of Raby Coat, 

1665 — — ^William of Robert Chamber of Causey Head, bapt. 

1668 — ^Jan. 28 — Robert of John Chamber de Newton. 

Feb. 4 — Margret of Mr. William Chamber of Raby 

Coat. 

Oct. 4 — A child of John Chamber of Calvo, bu. 
Widow Chamber of Newton, bu. 
1669 — Nov. 7 — Robert Chamber of Causey Head, bapt. 

Nov. 13 — ^John of John Chamber of Calvo. 
1670 — Sep. 2 — ^John of John Chamber of Newton. 
1676 — Nov. 22 — Thomas of John Chamber of Calvo. 
1677 — Sep. 15 — Joseph of John Chamber of Newton. 
1678 — Aug. 21 — Nicholas of Mr. John Chamber of Calvo. 

Nov. 13 — Robert of John Chamber of Knowhill. 
1682 — ^July II — Mary of Mr. John Chamber and Jane, his wife, bapt. 
1683 — Feb. — Charles of John Chambers of Knowhill. 

Feb. I — ^John Chambers of Craikhill or Pellathoe, bapt. 

May 22 — Mary of Rich. Chamber. 

Dec. 3 — Daniel of Mr. John Chamber of Craikhill. 
1683 — May 25 — Charles of Mr. John Chambers of Raby Coat. 
1688 — Feb. io-7Ruth of John Chambers of Pelutho. 
1691 — ^Jan. 23 — ^Joseph of Thomas Chambers. 

Mar. 5 — ^Jane of John Chambers of Pelutho. 
1695 — Feb. 16 — Esther of Robert Chamber of Kingside. 
1696 — ^July 6 — Susannah of Thos. Chambers of Pelutho. 
1697 — Feb. 20 — Rachel of Thos. Chambers of Pelutho. 



230 TllE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COtE. 

1667 — ^June 17 — Mrs. Mary Chambers of Wolsty, buried in the church. 

1669 — May 21 — Ed'^ Chambers, buried in c*>. 

167 1 — Aug. 5 — Abraham Chambers of Raby, bur. 

1684 — Apr. 16 — W*" Chambers of Craikhill, bu. 

1683 — Sep. II — Charies of John Chambers of Raby Coat, Gent. 

1685 — Mar. 29 — Robert Chambers of Old Mawbray. 

1686 — June 7 — Ann of John Chambers, bu. 

1687 — May 22 — Mary Chambers of Calvo, in church. 

1688 — ^June 7 — Mrs. Margret Chamber of Raby Coat, bu. 

July 18 — ^John Chamber of New Hall, in eccle. 
1689 — Mar. 24 — John Chambers of Blackdyke. 
1691 — May I — Mary wife of W™ Chamber of Craikhill. 

June 25 — W" Chambers of Abbey, bu. 
1692 — Oct. I — Janet Chambers of Newton Ariosh. 
1696 — ^July 27 — Isabella of Thos Chambers of Pelutho, bur. 

Sep. 18 — Margaret of John Chambers of Newton Ariosh. 
1699 — May 28 — W™ Chambers of Craikhill. 
1701 — Nov. I — Robert ye son of John Chambers of Newton Ariosh, 

bu. 
1704 — Oct. I — Alice ye wife of John Chambers of Craikhill. 
1708 — Apr. 18 — Deborah ye dau"^ of John Chambers of Craikhill. 

July 27 — John Chamber of Knowhill. 
1 7 18 — Feb. 5 — Robert Chambers of Pelutho. 
1720 — Feb. 14 — Robt of W™ Chambers of Pelutho. 
1722 — June 2 — Mrs. Chambers of Knowhill. 
1722 — Mar. 22 — Mary of John Chambers of Beckfoot. 
1723 — Nov. 17 — William Chambers of Pelutho, householder. 
1728 — Feb. 13 — Robert Chambers of Ryebottom, householder. 
1730 — Feb. 5 — Robert Chambers of Newton Ariosh. 

Oct. 23 — Ann Chambers widow of Cardurnock. 
1 73 1 — ^Jan. 5 — Eliz. Chambers of Pelutho. 
1735 — Oct. 4 — Thos of Thos Chambers of Pelutho. 
1740 — Dec. 17 — Mary of Jos Chambers of Pelutho. 
1741 — May 26 — Thomas Chambers of Pelutho, householder. 
1744 — Aug. 2 — Thomas Chambers of Pelutho. 
1746 — ^Aug. 22 — Mary Chambers of Pelutho, householder and widow. 
1748 — Feb. 26 — Esther Chambers of Holehouse, widow and 

pensioner as related. 
1753 — Nov. 22 — Robert Chambers of Knowhill, householder. 
1755 — Mar. 15 — ^Thomas of John Chambers of Pelutho. 
1759 — ^Jan. 13 — ^Thomas Chambers of Newton Ariosh, householder. 
1763 — Apr. 29 — Rob* Chambers of Newton Ariosh, householder, bu. 
1764 — June 17 — George Chambers of Know Hill, householder. 
1773 — May 19 — ^John Chambers of Pelutho, aged 19. 



THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 23I 

BAPTISMS. 

1 75 1 — May 12 — Mary of John Chambers, ba. 

1752 — Nov. 25 — Dinah of Joseph Chambers of Pelutho. 

July 19 — John of John Chambers of Pelutho. 
1755 — Fbe. I — Thos of John Chambers of Pelutho. 
1769 — Jan. 14 — Martha of George & Jane Chambers, Newton Arlosh. 
1775 — Oct. 3 — Elizabeth of George and Jane Chambers, Newton 

Arlosh. 
1777— July 17 — Thomas of W"" & Milcah Chambers, Cowfold. 
1 779 — ^July 6 — Thomas of George & Jane Chambers, Newton Arlosh. 
1780 — Nov. 24 — Ann of Thomas & Ann Chambers of Pelutho. 
1781 — Dec. 20 — Mary of William & Milcah Chambers, Cowfold. 
1783 — Dec. 24 — John of Thomas & Ann Chambers (born Sept. 22°^). 
1785 — Aug. 12 — George Chambers, son of John Reed of Know Hill, 

Jane, his wife, late Boak. 
1786 — Dec. 28 — Thomas of Thomas Chambers of Pelutho & Ann, 

his wife, born 27 July. 
1 812 — — Thomas, son of John & Elizabeth Chambers of 

Pelutho, born Aug. 30^**. 

BURIALS. 

1785 — Apr. 2 — Ann, wife of John Chambers, aged 71. 
Apr. 22 — Mary Chambers of Pelutho, lodger, 83. 
1 791 —Oct. 14 — William Chambers of Waitefield, householder, 65. 
1792 — Nov. 20 — Ann, widow of Thomas Chambers of Longnewton, 

aged 92. 
1796 — Dec. 30 — ^John Chambers of Pale, widower. 
1799 — Oct. 18— Mary, widow of William Chambers, Waitefield, 

aged 58. 
i8ii — Dec. 21 — Ann, wife of Thomas Chambers of Waitefield, 

aged 61. 

MARRIAGES. 

1779 — Oct. 31 — Thomas Chambers & Sarah Piley. 
1780 — Apr. II — ^Joseph Chambers & Martha Taylor. 
1776 — Jan. 2 — John Ismay & Mary Chambers. 

Apr. 27 — George Chambers, Waitefield, & Jane Knott. 

May 20 — William Chambers, Waitefield, & Mary Backhouse, 

Foulwath. 
1777 — Sep. 4 — Thomas Chambers, 22, & Ann Watman, 27. 
1778— Dec. 4 — John Tordiff, 35, & Prescilla Chambers, 28. 
1800 — ^June28 — ^Joseph Lawson, Aikton, 30, & Mary Chambers, 23. 



232 THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 

1802 — Oct. 18— Thomas Chambers, 28, & Mary Johnston, 22. 
1803 —July 4 — ^John Barnes, 23, & Mary Chambers, 22. 
1807 — Aug. 29 — John Knubley, 31, & Margaret Chambers, 27. 

Dec. 7— Nicholas Routledge of St. Mary's, Carlisle, 37, & 

Milcah Chambers, 23. 
181 1 — May II — Jos Willis & Judith Chambers. 
1812 — Aug. I — James Dixon & Jane Chambers. 
1814 — Dec. 21 — Jonathan HoUiday & Mary Chambers. 
1 81 8 — Feb. 2 — ^John Chambers & Jane Osmotherley. 
1819— Oct. 9— Thomas Tindall & Ann Chambers. 
1827 — Mar. 31 --Joseph Williamson, Cross Cannonby, & Sarah 

Chambers. 



NOTE ON ARMORIAL STONES AT RABY COTE. 

By T. H. Hodgson. 

On the front of the house forming the west side of the farmyard 
at Raby Cote are two very fine armorial stones. The dexter has a 
cross fleur6e between five martlets, these seem to be the arms 
attributed to Edward the Confessor, azure, a cross fleur^e between 
five martlets or. The cross is sometimes blazoned patonce. These 
arms were subsequently granted to Thomas Mowbray, Duke of 
Norfolk, to be impaled on the dexter side with his own, gules, a 
lion rampant or. This coat greatly resembles the arms of the 
Abbey of Holme Cultram, viz., a cross moline impaUng a Hon 
rampant, but there seems no reason to think that either Edward 
the Confessor or Thomas Mowbray has anything to do with Holme 
Cultram. 

Prince Henry of Scotland, however, the founder of Holme 
Cultram, was descended through his grandmother from Edmund 
Ironside, brother of the Confessor, and it seems possible that he 
may have adopted the arms, omitting the martlets and differenced 
by the substitution of the cross moline, for the cross fleur6e, impaled 
with the lion rampant of Scotland, for the arms of his foundation. 

The sinister stone has, quarterly, first, three escallops. This is 
Dacre, gules, three escallops or. Second, barry of six, three 
chaplets — ^for Greystoke, barry of six, argent and azure, three 
chaplets or. Third, a fesse between six cross crosslets (much 
worn). This seems to be Boteler of Wem, gules, between six 
crosses pat6es fitch^es argent, a fesse counter compon6e sable and 
of the second. (For the identification of this coat I am indebted to 



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(to face p. 232). 



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THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 233 

the Rev. G. E. Gilbanks, who got it from Mr. Henry Rye). Fourth, 
chequy, no doubt for Vaux of Gilsland, chequy or and gules. 

All these are Dacre quarterings, and, as Mr. Gilbanks suggests, 
the shield is probably that of William Lord Dacre, Lord Warden 
of the West Marches and Governor of Carlisle, who died in 1563. 
It does not appear that he had any special connection with Holme 
Cultram, but the stone may probably have been brought from else- 
where, as also may the other, perhaps from the Abbey during some 
rebuilding. 

On the other side of the house, close under the eaves, are two 
small stones containing the arms of the Abbey quartered with the 
device or rebus of Robert Chambers, viz., R. C. and the chained 
bear or boar, with the pastoral staff and mitre. Lysons gives for 
the arms of Chambers of Wolsty, argent, a chevron between three 
trefoils gules, crest, a boar passant, muzzled, lined, and collared or. 
Abbot Chambers seems to have preferred his rebus to his arms. . 
The same are to be seen on the doorway of the Abbey, the arms of 
the Abbey on the left (dexter) side of the door, the rebus on the 
right (sinister). 






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(235) 



Art. XIX. — Matterdale Church and School. By the Rev. 
J. Whiteside, M.A., Incumbent of Helsington. 

Communicated at Carlisle^ June 20th, 1900. 

I VENTURE to think that the remote dale churches 
have not received all the attention they deserve from 
our Society. If there are seldom any events of great 
historical importance to chronicle, and few things to 
inspect therein that can really be termed antiquities, yet 
they must possess a peculiar fascination for Churchmen 
who desire to trace the progress and continuity of the 
Church. 

The church of Matterdale is situated almost 1,000 feet 
above sea level, amid an amphitheatre of glorious hills, 
between the hamlets of Dockray and Matterdale End, in 
the ancient parish of Grey stoke. 

The date of the existing fabric is a theme of constant 
discussion between the three antiquaries of the dale, for 
whose assistance I must express my deep obligation, the 
Rev. R. V. Nanson, and Messrs. Thomas Wilkinson and 
James Sagar. 

The earliest document we possess is that in which 
Bishop Meye, in 1580, grants parochial rights to the 
chapelry : — 

To all Christian people to whom these presents shall come, John by 
the providence of God Bishop of Carlisle sendeth greeting in our 
Lord everlasting. Know ye that at the reasonable suit of the 
whole inhabitants of the Chapelry of Matterdale, complaining that 
by reason that their parish Church of Graystock is so far distant 
from them, and from the annoyances of snow or other foul weather 
in the winter season in that fellish part, they be often very sore 
troubled with carrying the dead corpses dying within the said 
Chapelry and the infants there born unto burial and christening to 
their said parish church of Graystock, sometimes the weather being 



236 MATTERDALE CHURCH AND SCHOOL. 

SO foul and stormy that they be driven to let their dead bodies 
remain unburied longer time than is convenient, or else to abide 
that annoyance and danger in carrying them to burial as is not 
reasonable, and therefore have divers times made humble suit for 
remedy of their sad inconvenience and griefs: We the said Bishop, 
with the consent of Mr. Edward Hansbie bachelor of divinity and 
parson of the said church of Graystock, have given and granted 
unto all the inhabitants wch now be, or wch from henceforth shall 
be of the Chapfelry aforesaid, full authority to cause to be baptised 
and christened in the chapel of Matterdale all and singular the 
infants which shall at any time hereafter be bom within the 
said Chapelry, and all women who within the same shall 
bring forth any child, to go to the said chapel, and to have prayers 
said for her deliverance set forth by public authority^ which 
commonly hath been called the purification of women ; and that it 
may also be lawful unto the said inhabitants from time to time 
hereafter to cause their marriages to be celebrated within the same 
chapel ; both the said persons which shall be married or the one 
of them being an inhabitant and dweller within the same chapelry ; 
and such persons as shall from time to time happen to die or 
depart this wrld within the said Chapelry, to bury them within the 
same Chapel or Churchyard of the same : giving and granting unto 
the said Chapel the right to receive infants to baptism, women to 
be purified, persons to be married in the said Chapel, and all 
manner of persons dying within the said Chapelry, to whom the 
laws of this realm do not deny Christian burial, to be buried in the 
said Chapel or Churchyard ; Beseeching the Almighty, that as we 
do not doubt but that he hath already sanctified and hallowed the 
said Chapel and Churchyard through the prayers of the faithful 
made therein and the preaching of his most blessed word ; so it 
may please him to grant unto all those which shall be baptised 
within the said Chapel, that they may receive remission of sins, 
perfect regeneration, and be made heirs of the kingdom of heaven ; 
and to sanctify the marriage of all such as shall be married in the 
same Chapel ; and to such as shall be buried in the said Chapel or 
Churchyard to grant resurrection unto life everlasting. These in 
no wise to prejudice or hinder the right of the parish church of 
Graystock aforesaid, nor the estate of the said Mr. Hansbie now 
parson of the same, or his successors parsons there, in any the 
tithes, rights, obligations, duties, commodities, or emoluments, due 
unto the said parish Church or to the said Edward Hansbie his 
successors parsons of the same out of the said Chapelry, or the 
inhabitants of the same, or any of them from time to time there 
dwelling; the right interest and estate of which Church and the 



MATTERDALE CHURCH AND SCHOOL. 237 

said Edward Hansbie and his successors parsons there, we do 
reserve and save by these presents. Provided always that the 
inhabitants of the said Chapelry shall at their own proper costs and 
charges (as hath been before used) find and maintain a good and 
able priest to be resident within the said Chapelry, to minister 
divine service, and holy sacraments, as shall be allowed by the said 
Bishop and our successors; and shall provide unto him such 
convenient dwelling and habitation within the same Chapelry, and 
give him such wages for his relief and maintenance, to the worthy- 
ness of his estate and calling, as shall be thought meet and con- 
venient unto us the said Bishop and our successors bishops of 
Carlisle ; and shall also elect, with the consent of the minister there 
from time to time, an honest person to be the parish clerk of the 
same Chapel, and shall give to him convenient wages for keeping 
the said Church and things belonging to the same in good order, 
and doing other duties which pertain to the office of a clerk ; and 
shall yearly elect and chuse by the consent of the said minister, the 
churchwardens and some sidesmen, to do the duties which unto 
their office doth belong ; and shall repair, maintain and uphold the 
said Chapel and walls of the yard thereof, with all needful and 
convenient reparations whatsoever and shall from time to time see 
and provide that the said Chapel and Churchyard be used with 
that seemly and reverend manner as becometh the house and place 
dedicated to the service of God ; and finally, shall from time to 
time, and at all times hereafter receive and obey all such injunc- 
tions, general and particular, which shall from thenceforth be given 
by us the said Bishop and our successors, for the service of God 
and good order to be maintained within the said Chapel and 
Chapelry. Under which conditions we do dedicate the said Chapel 
and Churchyard to the use aforesaid and none otherwise. In 
witness whereof we have to these presents put the seal of our 
bishoprick. Given the 30th day of October in the year of our Lord 
God a thousand five hundred and eighty, and in the 22nd year of 
the reign of our most gracious sovereign Lady Elizabeth by the 
grace of God Queen of England France and Ireland, defender of 
the faith &c. and of our consecration the fourth. 

Clearly then there was before 1580 a House of Prayer, 
which having been erected some years had been already 
sanctified and hallowed by Almighty God through th^ 
prayers of the faithful and the preaching of the Word. 
There was no formal consecration, a ceremony which 
was often omitted in similar chapels, e.g., in Swindale, 



238 MATTERDALE CHURCH AND SCHOOL. 

and held unnecessary when the fabric had been con- 
secrated by the usage of years. 

Now there is a document preserved in the safe from 
which it appears that about 1566 the inhabitants had 
petitioned for a church. I quote this in full, the 
bracketed dates being my own. It is the deed for the 
priest's wage : — 

Whereas about ye eight year of Queen Elizabeth (1566) the Inhabi- 
tants of Matterdale did petition for having a church att y^ said 
Matterdale which was granted in Bishop Best his time (1561-1570) 
with a pviso that they should maintain a Currate att it which 3^^ 
said Inhabitants did pmise and Ingage to doe. And in order thereto 
did make up about fforty pounds Church stock amongst them that 
ye use thereof might goe to y« Currate which was then Lent forth 
att two shillings the pound or more. But in ye time of King James 
the First (1603- 1625) when money came to a Lower use the said 
Inhabitants were forced to take ye said Church stock into their own 

hands And pay to y« Currate two shillings which hath 

so continued ever since. Now we considering that often part of y*^ 
said Church stock is lost and we have it to make up again And 
often times we have much cost and trouble with sueing for y^ 
which is in dainger to be lost And also when a Tenant dyes y^ 
widow and younger children hath it to pay to ye heir forth ^of ye 
deceased man's goodds And therefore we having ye said Church 
stock in our own hands doe agree and Covenant to lay it upon our 
own Lands so that every Tenement of eight shillings Rent shall 
yearly pay to y® Currate two shillings sixpence of Current English 

money as a known due forth of y® land accordingly, and to 

ye first Covenent. And so every one y' hath more or less rent after 
y* rate and to continue from ansestor to heirs accordingly as is 
hereafter subscribed .... doe hereby bind ourselves our heires 

executors successors on our land as wittnesse our hands 

and sealls In y® eleavent year of ye Reigne of King William y^ third 
over England &c. and in y^ year of our Lord God 1699. 

s. d. s. d. 

Tho. Wilson ... 2 6 Tho. Harrison 7 6 3 qr 

Hollas 

John Harrison ... 2 6 Rich. Wilkinson ... 2 6 o 

(afterwards erased) Tho ; Grisedall ... 2 6 o 

Christopher Brownrig... 2 6 Edward Grisedal ... 3 9 o 

John Hoggard ... 2 o Thomas 3 9 o 



MATTERDALE CHURCH AND SCHOOL. 239 

John 1.. ... — Joseph Grisedal ...390 

John Dawson ... 2 o ... ... ... 2 2 qr 

Michael Atkinson ... o 7 q 

Robert Rukin ... i 3 

Agnes Gibson ... 2 2 q John Greenhow ... 2 6 o 

Robt Hudson ... i 3 John Brownrig ... i o o 

... I 3 Richard Wilkinson 22 — 

... I o William Hoggerd [?] — — 

On the other side of the deed are the following : — 

s. d. s. d. 

Edward Nicholson ... 2 6 John Torapson ... o 

John Griesdail ... 2 6 William Dockaray — 

William Grisdale W ...16 ... ... — 

John Wilkinson ... i 3 ... ... — 

Thomas Grisedale ...26 ... ... — 

Agnes Grisedale ... 2 6 *George Martin ... 2 6 

*John Willson ... 2 6 *James Nesfield ... 2 6 

Richard Sutton ... 2 6 *Edward Dawson ... 2 6 

There is written on the back of the original priest-wage 
document : — 

October 2. 1700 
I doe allow of this .... provided it does not at the present nor 
shall at any future time prejudice or ... . fines rents services or 
any dues whatsoever which shall be payable to my father his heirs 
or assigns as L^ or Lords of the Barony of Greystock 

Hen: Ch: Howard. 

Mr. Howard, acting as his father's agent, seems to have 
seen the people's agreement a year later, and thus 
approved of it conditionally. 

Before Queen Anne's death chapelries were often of 
very little value, and the vicar or rector of the ancient 
parish might assign his right of presentation to the 
parishioners or trustees, who would then be the more 
willing to furnish priest-wage, whittle-gate, &c. We 
shall see later that the rector of Greystoke had frequently 
accepted the people's nominee. 

* These seem to have been written over later in different ink. 



240 MATTERDALE CHURCH AND SCHOOL. 

The word Hollas above the name of Richard Wilkinson 
probably denotes a farm now known as ** The Hollows." 
It is on the le;ft side of the road as you go from the 
church towards Matterdale End and Troutbeck. The 
house door is very old, studded with oaken pegs. As a 
secluded inn, it was a famous drinking place in the pre- 
railway days, but not within living memory. Attached 
thereto is a brew-house, the old oak door of which has 
B.H. painted on it. 

In the baptismal registers there is mention of Low 
Hollesse, August 12th, 1727, and Low Hollas, January 
27th, 1786. The Low Hollows is some 150 yards below 
the other Hollows. The dwelling-house no longer exists, 
only a barn and cattle-house remaining. 

Here our late president's words may fitly be quoted 
from p. 171 of the Diocesan History — ^"The origin of 
these chapelries requires to be made known : their 
salaries are charges on the land, but the deeds creating 
the charges are at this date rarely forthcoming, and ia 
some places the land owners, who are liable to them, are 
beginning to repudiate the payment on the ground that 
they are voluntary payments, were abolished with church- 
rates or other frivolous and shabby pretence." A repudia- 
which has not taken root in Matterdale. 

Returning to our point, we seem to have fixed the 
founding of the church of Matterdale, i.e., of the fabric, 
between 1566 and 1570, the former being the eighth year 
of Queen Elizabeth, and the latter being the last year of 
Bishop Best. «. 

The local tradition, which is consistent with Bishop 
Best's granting of the petition, is to the effect that the 
actual year was 1573, and this rests entirely upon the 
authority of the easternmost beam in the chapel, which 
has cut upon it this date and initials : — 

XXX 

MdXX LP AL WP IW 

XXIII 



MATTERDALE CHURCH AND SCHOOL. 241 

Before commenting on these, I must draw attention to 
another date and initials. Over the closed-up priest's 
door between the two eastern windows on the south side 
is fixed a stone which is said by some to have been dug 
out of a grave near the large yew trees, by others to have 
been found in the churchyard walls, 52 years ago. John 
Hebson, who worked at the church during the restoration 
of 1848, told the Rev. John Bell that it was found in the 
churchyard at that time, and built above the priest's door. 
It bears this inscription : — 

I. W. \ CHVRCH WADAN 

1686 



c. s. 



F. MASON. 



The question, therefore, has arisen — was the present 
church built in 1686 according to the stone, or in 1573 
according to the beam ? 

The conclusions which I venture to arrive at are (i) 
That the present fabric is not earlier than 1686 ; possibly 
it is a century later, and was built upon the old site. 
(2) That the date upon the. beam was cut at the time of 
the rebuilding, or even later. The church has every 
appearance of a much later date than 1573, and it has a 
close resemblance to other dale chapels of the eighteenth 
century, whose date is unquestioned ; its windows, which 
seem not to have been altered, are very plain and square- 
headed, with no characteristics of the sixteenth century. 
It was not very fashionable to cut dates and initials about 
1573, but it was a popular fancy, as we know from the old 
oak cabinets and initials, which are to be seen all over 
Cumberland and Westmorland between 1650 and 1750. 
And if the walls are of 1686 or later, the beams must also 
be, unless we can believe the original fabric to have been 
exactly of the same dimensions, which is unlikely. And 
we can well understand how a later incumbent, or some 
other person who knew of the earlier fabric,«might desire 



242 MATTERDALE CHURCH AND SCHOOL. 

to make a note of its foundation. Some light might be 
thrown upon the subject if we could certainly identify, as 
I trust we may by some local research, the owners of the 
initials, but unfortunately the registers are almost illegible. 
Mr. Sagar suggests that L. P. represents the parson, 
while A. L. is a warden and so is P. I., W. being for 
warden. Others maintain that they are the names of 
four workmen, L. P. being Lancelot Pattinson, and W. P. 
another Pattinson. The Pattinsons, an ancient family, 
have been builders in this neighbourhood for many 
generations, and Lancelot is a frequent christian name in 
the family. I think the latter supposition more likely, 
and I can find no trace of a parson L. P. The letters are 
very distinct, and have quite a modern look. 

My own idea is that the initials on the beam represent 
the builders of the present fabric, Lancelot Pattinson 
being one. May the date intended be 1753 and not 
1573 ? F^r the position of the figures is very curious ; 
the first two XX being separate from the others might be 
an error for CC, and this would explain why they are in 
a different line. 1753 is not an unlikely date for the 
fabric, and the original building of the sixteenth century 
might be in good condition up to that time. 

A Lancelot Pattinson, who died some 35 years ago, at 
the patriarchial age of 94, was born at Swineside in 
Matterdale. With his long white hair and flowing beard, 
he was an object of interest to Lake visitors when he 
resided in a one-roomed, dry-walled cabin, which he had 
built for himself on some waste land near Goldrill Bridge, 
Patterdale. 

It is most likely that the 1686 stone has nothing to do 
with the building of the fabric. If it does refer to the 
church, what was its original position, how came it to 
have been removed so soon into the churchyard, and why 
has it not the name of the incumbent, but only the 
warden and foreman mason ? 

The a,ncient approach to the churchyard was between 



MATTERDALE CHURCH AND SCHOOL. 243 

the two yews on the south side. The wall on that side of 
the churchyard may have been built with a gateway in 
1686, and the parson's name might be omitted on the 
inscribed stone, as it is not his special duty to be 
responsible for the fences. The entrance being changed 
60 years ago to the south-west corner, or the gateway 
being demolished, the stone might lie about the church- 
yard until at a later period it was fixed in its present 
position, being supposed to commemorate the rebuilding 
of the church. This, however, is merely a suggestion. 

The yews, if we could certainly measure their age, 
would afford some unquestionable testimony. Mr. Sagar 
writes : — 

" I measured the yew trees in 1895, and found the 
girth of the larger one to be 105 inches. Dividing by 
3*1416 we find 33*4 inches to be the diameter of the tree. 
Professor Bowman calculates that the yew increases in 
diameter at the rate of one inch in six years. Multiply 
33*4 by 6, and you get 200 the approximate age of the 
tree. We may go a step further, and say 1895 minus 
200=1695." Both are about 24 feet high. I recently 
measured the girth of the female as about 11 feet, and of 
the male as 7 feet. Both seem of the same planting, and 
some experts would declare from these measurements 
that they are far more than 200 years old; but the 
growth of trees is very rapid in a favourable soil and 
situation. For instance, the Mardale yews, which are 
much smaller, have been asserted to be 600 or 700 years 
old. But there it is attempted to prove the chapel to be 
of the thirteenth century. 

A small yew in Matterdale Churchyard, not 60 years 
old, is 4 feet in girth. A larch tree near the small wicket 
that enters the vicarage garden is iij feet round. It was 
planted in 1810 by the father of Joseph Stout, of Hill 
Farm, Watermillock, assisted by Abraham Watson. 

Leaving partially unsolved this vexed question of dates, 
which may seem of trifling interest to outsiders, and 



244 MATTERDALE CHURCH AND SCHOOL. 

suggesting to present vicars and antiquaries that the 
smallest incidents in a parish to-day, that may now seem 
not worth chronicling in the annals of the church, may 
be of intense interest to a curious posterity, we pass to 
a very praiseworthy document of Bishop Fleming's time, 
ue,y between 1735-1747. 

To the Right Reverend Father in God George Lord Bishop of 
Carlisle the Petition of the Inhabitants of the Chappelrie of 
Matterdale humbly showeth 

That the Chappel of Matterdale is now Vacant that when the 
Revd Mr. Woof left us before he resign 'd the place some of the 
Inhabitants of our Chappelry waited on our Rector the Reverend 
Mr. Law at his house at Graystock and acquainted him that Mr. 
William Todhunter of Dacre would be very acceptable to as and 
hoped he would give him his nomination. He told us he had given 
his Consent to the Revd Mr. Rumney's son Leonard as soon as Mr. 
Woof had resigned the place. We drew a writing and with one 
consent subscribed it to certifie him we were agreed to Recomend 
to his approbation Mr. William Todhunter and requested of 
him to give his nomination as his Predecessor had always done 
to the Person we requested and we told him we belie v'd we had a 
Right and that it was our Duty so to do, He Replied if we had any 
Right he did not want nor would he have it and that your Lordship 
was the Properest Judge and to you my Lord, we would refer it 
Wherefore my Lord we Begg you would give us leave to lay our 
case before you as Briefly as we can and that Mr. Grisdale was the 
Person we requested his nomination which is the antientest we 
believe that is at Rose Castle will testefie and Mr. Clerk that 
succeeded him was the Person the Inhabitants requested and Mr. 
Taylor that succeeded him was the Person we requested his Father 
yet Living can testefie and Mr. Walker that succeeded him is at 
this time Mr. Atkinson's Curate at Kirkby Thore and will testefie 
he was the man we requested and Mr. Atkinson that succeeded him 
was the man we chose and his Lordship your Lordship's pre- 
decessor put him in when our Chappel had been long vacant and 
Mr. Woof was the man the Major part of the Inhabitants sub- 
scribed with If the Revd Mr. Law can say this is not the very 
truth we'll say no more and with submission, the reason why we 
should haVe something to say we think is because we Endowed the 
Chappel with the salrie my Lord our Ancestours raised forty pounds 
(a great sum for so poor a Chappelry when money was so scarce) 
and lent it at two shillings i'th pound and when the Interest of 



MATTERDALE CHURCH AND SCHOOL. 245 

Money lowered that it would not make four pounds a year and 
when it was in danger of being lost we withdrew the money and 
agreed to pay two shillings sixpence out of every eight shillings rent 
Tenement which makes about four pounds ten shillings and which 
with our little Glebe and surplice dues is the salary at this day and 
some or other is and has been allways willing to accept of it and we 
hope we may say we have not one man that had any Blemish in his 
life and conversation and that the service of Almighty God has 
been performed with as much Decencie and as good Order as in 
any Chappel in your Lordship's Diocess, so we desire your Lord- 
ship wonld be pleased to to take the matter into Consideration and 
do sincerely assure you my Lord that your Judgment and determina- 
tion shall be final and for ever put an end to our onnhappy j anglings 
and we shall still continue to pray. 

The issue of this petition I have not yet discovered. 
■ We have been accustomed in late years to some severe 
strictures on the morals and manners of the old dale 
priests from critics who too hastily assumed that what 
was true of a few might be asserted of many. It is, 
therefore, refreshing to have the testimony of the people 
of Matterdale — '' We have not had one man that had 
any blemish in his life and conversation." The whole 
document is most honourable to the dalesmen, testifying 
both to their sturdy native independence and their 
willingness to submit to constituted authority in the 
Church. 

One of the incumbents in the year 1703 had to make 
his humble apology to the rector of Greystoke. In the 
Greystoke register we fiiid this entry : — 

1703 Memorand :— May 22nd Anno Dicto, came Mr. Thomas 
Grisedall Curate of Matterdale upon the account of publishing ye 
Bands of Marriage between Isaac Brownrigge and Bridgett Sutton 
both of Matterdale in the Chappell of Matterdale aforesayd and 
thereupon marrying them ye sayd Isaac and Bridget at y^ sayd 
Chappell for which irregularity the s^ Mr. Grisedall both made his 
submission and gave his promise under his hand never to doe y® 
like againe. 

Teste Thomas Grisedal. 

Matt: Soulby 
John Hodgson. 



246 MATTERDALE CHURCH AND SCHOOL. 

Wherein did the irregularity consist? Bishop Best 
about 1570, as I have shown above, had granted a 
petition of the inhabitants ** to cause their marriages from 
time to time hereafter to be celebrated within the same 
Chapel '* of Matterdale. It may be that, though the 
bishop gave permission, it had not been acted on, and the 
legality of Mr. Grisedal's action had escaped notice. 
The registers show that Matt : Soulby was the curate, 
and John Hodgson the parish clerk of Greystoke. 

This mother church took a kindly as well as a jealous 
interest in her daughter, giving her both a font and some 
communion vessels. Bishop Nicolson, in his primary 
Visitation, 1704, says of Greystoke — '* The font is very 
untowardly placed behind a pillar and looks clumsie. 
Instead of removing this, they ought to set up another in 
a more proper place." The bishop's advice was partly 
accepted and partly not, for the registers record that the 
present font at Greystoke was erected in 1705 ; and the 
Rev. T. Lees, in his pamphlet published in 1689, says 
that its predecessor ** is, or was, lying under the yevv trees 
in Matterdale Churchyard." The good people of the dale, 
having already a font of their own, had turned the 
Greystoke gift wrong end up, and used its base as a sun- 
dial. For many years it remained there, until in Mr. 
Bell's time it was placed at the west end of the church, on 
the platform which is raised three steps above the main 
floor, where 40 years ago the choir used to sit, and the 
patriarchs of the dale still speak of this pew as the " old 
singing seat." This font is octagonal, and of red sand- 
stone. Its height is 41 inches ; width of top, 25 J inches; 
diameter of bason, 18 inches. It has no drain, which is 
unnecessary, the stone being so porous. It has been 
chiselled and dressed a good deal since it lay in the 
churchyard. 

Its predecessor, which measures in height 35 inches, in 
width I2i inches, and in diameter of basin 7J inches, 
stands just inside the door, and is probably of the end of 



MATTERDALE CHURCH AND SCHOOL. 247 

the seventeenth century, when such fonts, shallow and 
unrubrical, were often adopted. There was a similar font 
at Shap. 

On the sill of the east window are preserved some old 
pewter communion vessels; paten, flagon, and cup. They 
are large and handsome. The flagon, 15 inches high and 
16 in circumference, is inscribed I H S, with a cross 
above, and under the base is " Greystoke 1714." The 
cup is 14J inches around. 

But most interesting is an old silver chalice, very neat 
and plain, with a cover, together weighing 8J ounces. 
The coyer is very much battered. Scratched under the 
base of the cup is the letter W, and what looks like 
I M 1754. Also 16 t 18. Its height is about 5 inches ; 
depth of bason, 3 inches; diameter, 2J inches. The 
Greystoke Terrier of 1749, transcribed by Mr. Bell on 
August 27th, 1867, mentions one pewter flagon, one 
pewter bason, and one silver cup. This cup has none of 
the customary marks. 

The modern chalice weighs 13 J ounces, is about 8 
inches high ; width, 4J inches ; depth of bason, 3 inches. 
On one face of its hexagonal base is the sacred monogram 
I H S, and underneath 

W R D Incumbent 1848 

B D Chapelwarden. 

The painted east window is a very beautiful one. The 
Blessed Virgin and St. Joseph stand near the cradle of 
the Holy Child, who is adored by three shepherds, one of 
whom leans upon a crook ; or may they be the wise men 
from the east ? But they present no gifts. Above are 
five angels, with instruments of music. It is inscribed — 
** To the glory of God and in loving memory of John and 
Eliza Milner this window is dedicated by their children." 
The old window is now in the south-west side of the 
vicarage porch. 

The 1749 Terrier records ** Two small bells." Now 



248 MATTERDALE CHURCH AND SCHOOL. 

there is only one inscribed by J. S. Esqr. 1804. The two 
are supposed to have beeen melted down when this one 
was given. John Sutton was a man of wealth in the 
parish at that time, and his family were great planters of 
trees. To them Matterdale owes much of its sylvan 
beauty. The name disappeared on the death of Richard 
Cheer Sutton in 1893. The same Terrier mentions one 
chest with three locks, which is in accordance with the 
canon, and one red cushion for pulpit, which is now in 
the corner of the pew where the font stands. A brass 
book-rest, be it noted, is an innovation of these latter 
days, whether on pulpit or altar. 

The oldest registers are three in number, of 18, 14 and 
14 pages respectively. 

No. I is from 1634 to 1659. 
No. 2 is from 1663 to 1696. 
No. 3 is from 1696 to 1719. 

Though they have been carefully preserved by all the 
later incumbents, I have never seen any more stained, 
more faded, and more illegible. To transcribe would be 
a heroic enterprise. 

In one of the newer registers is a catalogue of 189 
books of divinity given to the school library by the 
Honourable Lady Elizabeth Grisedale, of St. Martin's-in- 
the-Fields, London, 1723. The Grisedales, as we have 
seen in signatures to the deed of the priest-wage, were a 
prominent family of the dale. The Rev. R. Grisedale, 
husband of the above benefactress, had erected and 
endowed the school with the interest of £200 in 17 16, 
and the legacy would be of his books. Another Robert 
Grisedale gave ^^60 in 1747, the interest to be devoted to 
the purchase of oatmeal for the poor on St. Thomas' day. 

Another legacy is that of Jonathan Murray, Esq., who 
in 1832 left 3^1,000. The interest of this money afifords 
jf4 a year to the vicar for a sermon to the young at 
Easter, and a sermon to the aged at Michaelmas ; ten 



MATTERDALE CHURCH AND SCHOOL. 249 

pounds are devoted to the poor, and the residue goes to 
the school. 

A document is preserved which describes the repairs 
done at the church in the year 1748 : — ** Whereas about 
in 7 ber in y® year of our Lord 1748 Mr. Chancelor made 
y® Circuit to view y® Churches and Chappels in this 
Diocese and he orderd y* this Chappie at Matterdale 
should be repaired in y® Flooring seats plaistering and 
such like so it was consider'd to have it Flagged when 
this was done y® seats being bad & Rotten with standing 
on y® ground. A meeting was again called and by a 
majority it was thought proper to have it better seated 
plaistered & some new windows made & others enlarged 
On May y® 5th 1750 all was Finished & lots cast for y® 
seats and it was agreed y* eight shillings Lords Rent 
should never have sitting for above six persons & four 
shillings rent Three and so in proportion for greater and 
lesser parcels all but for Willm Wilsons at parkgate 
Sarah Wilsons at Mills Joseph Martins at Harrington & 
those answerable to other assessments & y® Curate to 
have seats for Three & there is eight seats in y® Bell end 
for singers & such as has not room else where and there 
is a seat in y® alley leading in y® Pulpit for old men or 
such as cannot hear well." 

Park Gate and Mills (now Milses) belong to the Lord 
of the Manor, which may account for their being 
excepted. There is no place called Harrington now in 
Matterdale. 

The former position of the three-decker here referred to 
was between the second and third windows on the south. 
The upper part is still in use, and what is said to have 
been the clerk's seat is now near the reading-desk. It 
has, however, rather the appearance of a faldstool. 

You will observe a knob at the top of the pulpit for 
the preacher's gown. 

The church was brought into its present seemly con- 
ditions in 1881, when the pews were made into single 



250 MATTERDALE CHURCH AND SCHOOL. 

seats, the floor of the eastern end was raised one step, 
new seats were provided for the choir in a quasi-chancel. 
The altar and the oaken rails around it are apparently 
of the same date, about 200 years old. 

The recent improvements were effected at the sole cost 
of ;fi6o by Miss Milner, granddaughter of Jonathan 
Murray, to whose memory a tablet on the north wall is 
erected. 

The small tower had previously been rebuilt in a style 
approved by Mr. Howard, whose family have liberally 
endowed the church from time to time, in 1848. At the 
same time the present roof — with plain unvarnished 
joists, and with a rendering of mortar under the slates — 
was put on, and the floor repaired. Much soil was 
carried out of the church and put over the graves on the 
south. The Rev. J. W. Dunn collected the subscriptions. 

I find no lerner in Matterdale, except one of the 
year 1776, which only mentions the endowment of the 
curacy : — 

A perfect Terrier of all the Houses Lands Tenements and augmenta- 
tions and yearly profits belonging to the Curacy of Matterdale in 
the parish of Graystock in the County of Cumberland and Diocese 
of Carlisle. 

lo A Thatch house Three lengths of Timber containing a Barn 
& a Byer with about two acres and a half of arable and meadow 
ground. Valued at about Two pound ten a year. This lays in 
Matterdale. 

30 Tw« shillings and sixpence a Tenement which comes to Fouf 
pounds Ten shillings. 

Note by J. W. D. I have never had more than 

;f4. 5 as there are only 36 
Tenements known. 

30 One fourth of an estate lying and being at Burton-in- Lonsdale 
in the parish of Thornton and County of York let at yearly rent of 
Ten yound. N.B. No Houses. 

40 Brunt Sike Estate in the Hamlet of Howgill in the parish of 
Sedberg and County of York containing a dwelling House Bam 
adjoining a Stable and Loft ov' it with Twenty four acres of arable 



MATTERDALE CHURCH AND SCHOOL. 25I 

and Meadow Ground known by the names of Holme Little Close 
Hills — Gate House Close High Broom & Thoresgill Let at the 
yearly rent of fourteen pounds. 

50 One half of Hause-foot Estate in the parish of Orton County of 
Westmoriand with a Fine House with one half of the Barn Byer 
and Stables £y los. a year. 

Given under our Hands this 4. day of June 1776. 
WiUiam Wright Curate. 

Solomon Grisedale Chapelwarden. 

An earlier Terrier presented to Bishop Nicolson, in 
1704, by the rector of Greystoke, gives a brief summary 
for Matterdale : — 

Imprimis. One dwelling house with a byer and a barn Sixteen 
yards in length) to be built at the charges of the hamlet, when they 
fall ; the repair onely at the Charge of the Curate. Item, One Close 
by estimation two Acres : Item, the Chappie yard ; by estimation 
half an acre. The curate has right of common (and liberty to get 
peats and turif) both within the liberties of Weathermealock and 
Matterdale. Every tenement (whereof there are 36 in number) 
pays 2"* 6<* except one cottage called Park Gate which pays 2^ onely. 
Total 4I 9S 6^. For every marriage 1^6^ whereof i^ is due to the 
rector of Graystock and 6^ to the Curate. 

Mr. Thomas Wilkinson, of Bank House, has kindly 
supplied me with a list of parish clerks and school- 
masters. 

PARISH CLERKS. 

Josiah Grisedale commenced 1811. 
George Walker „ 1851. 

John Hebson „ 1864. 

Thomas Grisedale „ i86g. 

Threlkeld Sealby „ 1883. 



SCHOOLMASTERS. 



w. w. 

I. B. 
T. D, 



252 



MATTBRDALE CHURCH AND SCHOOL. 



T. B. 




I. H. 




J. H. 




D. B. 




T. W. 




John Hodgson 


. 1799. 


J. Abbott 


1800. 


X • x^« ••• ••• •■ 


• 


Adam I^idlow 


1803. 


Thomas Workman 


1806. 


Martin Wright 


. 1810. 


John Dawson 


. 1812. 


John Graham 


. 1822. 


John Clarke 


. 1823. 


Adam Foster 


.. 1830. 


Moses Mawson 


. 1837. 


Thomas Brownrigg 


. 1849. 


William Todhunter 


. 1853. 


James Sagar 


. 1854. 


Robert Jackson 


. 1857. 


Richard Geldert ... 


. 1863. 


Richard Taylor 


. 1865. 


Isaac Shields 


. 1865. 


William Hodgson ... 


.. 1869 — 1871. 


4tt * * 


* 


Robert Cowin 


• 1873. 


Joseph Benson 


,. 1874. 


Robert Peat 


,. 1885. 


Joseph Hoblyn Barnecutt 


.. 1888. 


James Taylor 


.. 1893. 


George Bentley 


.. 1896. 


Frederick Heald ... 


,. 1898. 


Samuel Butler 


.. 1899. 



(i.) The initials of all the above are inscribed on the 
school mantelpiece. The date is the commencement of 
the mastership. 



MATTERDALE CHURCH AND SCHOOL. 253 

(2.) Mr. Wilkinson, whose recollection goes back to 
Moses Mawson, and to whom I am indebted for this 
school information, says there is no doubt the initials 
represent the masters. They follow one another in a 
straight line, and in regular order, and are uniform in 
size and shape, except those of a few recent masters, 
who have not been so exact. In an old school minute- 
book are written the names in full, from Hodgson down- 
wards, and thesa correspond with the initials on the 
mantelpiece. 

(3.) Moses Mawson hailed from the neighbourhood 
of Bampton. 

(4.) The present school was probably built, with the 
dwelling-house under the same roof, just prior to 1722. 
That is the date of the indenture whereby the Rev. 
Robert Grisedale, D.D., of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, 
who sprang from Dowthwaite in Matterdale, entrusts the 
management of the school and school estate to thirteen 
trustees and their successors. The building, which is 
not now very attractive, has suffered from restoration, 
like many a church. Up to the passing of the Education 
Act in 1871, I am told, it was a fine and symmetrical 
edifice, with a spacious staircase of thick oak in the 
centre ; but to meet the requirements of the Department 
the school was enlarged, both in length and height, at 
the expense of the entrance hall and staircase and upper 
rooms. 

(5.) The original trustees were : — 

{a.) Edward Grisdale, of Dowthwaite, brother of the founder. 

(b.) William Wilson, of Dowthwaite, his nephew. 

(c.) Joseph Grisdale, of Dowthwaite. 

(d.) John Greenhow, of Crookwarth. 

(e.) Thomas Atkinson, of Matterdale End. 

(/.) John Mounsey, of Brownrigg. 

(g,) Joseph Grisdale, of Townhead, Dockeray. 

(h.) Thomas Grisdale, of Bonsons. (This place cannot now 

be located), 

(t.) John Wilson, of Pinfold, Dockeray. 



254 MATTERDALE CHURCH AND SCHOOL. 

(;.) John Wilson, of the Mills. 

(k.) Richard Wilkinson, of the Hollas. 

(/.) Edward Dawson, of Matterdale End. 

(w.) John Sutton, of Matterdale End. 

All the above were customary tenants of the Manor of 
Matterdale. Mr. Grisdale's father, of Dowthwaite, was 
always to be one trustee, and the heir of his brother's 
estate in the same place was always to be another. The 
trustees were to engage a master or a mistress, but a 
mistress " rather." 

The only name of these trustees now existing in the 
dale is that of Wilkinson ; the places of the others know 
them no more. Indeed, the extinction of some old and 
extensive families is as interesting as the perpetuation of 
others in the same neighbourhood through a course of 
centuries. 

(6.) Several of the trustees' names occur as signatures 
to the priest's wage document quoted earlier. 

(7.) John Hodgson was the famous historian of 
Northumberland, and one of Westmorland's worthiest 
sons. He was a native of Swindale in Shap. See my 
paper on Swindale in this volume of Transactions. In a 
letter written by him to Sir W. C. Trevelyan, in 1843, 
occurs the following passage : — 

When I was at school at Hampton, forty-three years since, 
Professor Cariyle, then chancellor of the diocese of Carlisle, was 
anxious that I should go with him, as his secretary in the expedition 
he made with Lord Elgin, as ambassador to the Ottoman Court. I 
ardently wished to have been able to go ; but instead of sailing 
through the Hellespontus, and seeing Hoemus and Rhodope on the 
right of the Propontis, and Caucasus and Taurus on the left, I was 
content to become in that year (1799) the schoolmaster of Matter- 
dale, in Cumberland. It was, however, very curious that four years 
afterwards the Professor was appointed chaplain of Bishop Barring- 
ton, and I had to be examined by him at Newcastle lor deacon's 
orders. 

In the Antiquary a notice of him says — "The salary 



MATTERDALE CHURCH AND SCHOOL. 255 

was small, but the place was interesting in a high degree 
to the young schoolmaster, as it gave him an opportunity 
of studying the geology of the district." 

(8.) Martin Wright, a native of Matterdale, became 
an incumbent of Ingleton, in Staindrop parish, in 
Durham Diocese. From a Directory of 1844 ^ ^^^ he 
was then curate of Redmarshall, near Stockton-on-Tees. 

(9.) James Sagar now resides in Matterdale, and his 
many valuable notes on things of interest in the neigh- 
bourhood have been published in the local newspapers. 

In the churchyard only one of the twenty tombstones 
is particularly noticeable. It is near the south-west 
corner of the church, and records the death on May i8th, 
1747, aged 80, of Edward Dawson, bonesetter, with this 
inscription : — 

*' Remember to keep holy the Lord's Day ; 
On it refrain from drinking and from play." 

With an extract also from Psalm cxix., 58 : — 

Favorem tuum toto corde quaesivi ; igitur secundum verbum tuum 
miserere mei. 

At the east end is a stone to the memory of Margaret, 
his wife, who was buried apparently on the day of her 
death, September 2gth, 1728. 

This Edward Dawson was one of the original school 
trustees. He left a sum of £7^ to be distributed among 
the aged poor and deserving at Candlemas. 

My warmest thanks are due to the present incumbent, 
to Messrs. Thomas Wilkinson, member of a long-estab- 
lished family, and James Sagar, and not least to the 
Rev. John Bell, who resides in Penrith, and who by his 
laborious notes preserved in the parish safe has made it 
possible to present so complete a record of an interesting 
dale chapelry. To him Matterdale owes much. 



(256) 



Art. XX.—SwindaU Chapel. By the Rev. J. Whiteside, 
M.A. 

Communicated at Carlisle, June 20th, igoo. 

8WINDALE is a picturesque valley that lies "among 
our mountain fastnesses concealed." It is 4J miles 
by road from Shap, but only three " as the crow flies." 
There are now only three inhabited houses, with a 
population of 13 ; namely, Swindale Head, Truss Gap, 
and Swindale Foot. Fifty years ago there were 13 in- 
habited houses, with a population of about 45. Some are 
now in ruins, others are adapted for farm purposes. 

Talebert, with two houses and six residents, and 
Mosedale Cottage, with its family of five, are usually 
included in the chapelry, making a total of 24 souls. A 
large cure ! But though Swindale has the dignity of an 
independent benefice there are no defined boundaries to 
determine the jurisdiction of its incumbent. In a letter 
of November 25th, 1871, to the Rev. J. Brunskill, the 
Diocesan Registrar, Mr. G. G. Mounsey, says that he is 
not aware of the appropriation of any district to Swindale 
Chapel. He thinks there has been none. Sometimes 
townships by common consent, and without any precise 
division of the ancient parish, have been regarded as 
ecclesiastical districts. For rating purposes Swindale 
includes Talebert, Racet, Mosedale, Naddle, and Toath- 
man, but the vicars of Shap have regarded the last four 
places as being under their supervision. 

The chapel is an unpretentious House of Prayer, 

A small edifice 
In which the peasantry of these lonely dells 
For worship meet. 

It is enclosed by a small yard, which is not licensed 



SWINDALE CHAPEL. 257 

for interments, and annexed to its western wall is the 
tiny grammar school, probably the smallest educational 
institution within the British isles. There is an average 
attendance of three scholars, and the master is ** passing 
rich on thirty pounds a year." 

A writer in the Pall Mall Gazette, in 1894, says : — 

It is a poor wan little church ; damp, thanks to the south-west wind 
and its rain, and also to the clustering sycamores which do their best 
to hide it. Ten pews or so, each adapted for about four persons of 
ordinary breadth, make up its complement. It has no lavish 
decoration, indeed no decoration at all, except three or four faded 
coarse little symbolic frescoes on its pallid walls and a meagre 
beading to the colour wash by the windows. There is an iron 
stove, the plainest of plain stone fonts and a naked altar. These 
with the hempen bellrope constitute its moveables. The love that 
the congregation bear to such a building must be of the profound, 
he heartfelt kind. There is not an aesthetic touch about the 
church. 

One thinks Ruskin would have painted our plain little 
sanctuary in kindlier language, and noticed how perfectly 
it harmonized with its surroundings. To give Swindale 
** an aesthetic touch " would be to spoil it. 

The "hempen bellrope " is a fiction of the writer's 
brain. The bell is rung from the school by an iron chain. 
I may note here that just as "The Old Church Clock" 
describes how the good folks of Seathwaite would wait 
for Wonderful Walker, so it is the primitive custom at 
Swindale to wait outside for the priest. On his approach 
the bell is tinkled by the congregation who are gathered 
in the school to discuss the politics of the happy dale. 
Then having robed in the simple vestments, he bids them 
" ring in," and one by one they enter, a reverent, if small, 
community. And no one was more welcome, or more 
regular, in my time than a certain sheep dog, who seemed 
instinctively to know the reverence due in God's House. 

The plate consists of a pewter cup and paten inscribed 
** Swindale Chapel 1819." It seems likely that before 



258 SWINDALE CHAPEL. 

that date the parishioners would go to Shap for the 
sacrament. 

Considerable sums have been spent in recent years in 
repair and adorament. In 1855, the chapel was roofed 
anew. In 1870, the roof was reslated, the wooden ceiling 
added, and drain cut round the outside, and the pulpit 
and desk, which had previously been outside the screen, 
removed. In 1874, ^ still further restoration was effected; 
new seats, altar, desk, lectern, font, east window, and 
other minor additions being introduced. The old oak 
seats were taken to Crosby Ravensworth, and are now, I 
believe, in that church. The new ones are not particu- 
larly comfortable, and have rather a common modern 
look. 

The chapel was reopened on Thursday, September 17th, 
1874. The late Canon Weston, in his sermon, suggested 
that "this holy shrine was built in Anglo-Norman times." 
But the preacher himself, when not in the pulpit, must 
have been sceptical about this later theory, for in a letter 
written by him to Mr. Brunskill on May 4th, 1870, he 
says — " It struck me from some of the details that the 
little building, much as it now stands, might be an 
erection of the time of Charles I., and if so, all rudeness 
notwithstanding, it is interesting." 

In 1897 the boundary walls were rebuilt. Lord Lonsdale 
allowing the south fence to be put back a few yards. 
The internal dimensions of the fabric are : — Length 
45 feet, breadth 14 feet 6 inches, height 9 feet 4 inches. 
Its date is wholly conjectural. Whellan (p. 809), fol- 
lowed by local directories, says that the edifice was 
erected by the inhabitants in 1749. It is also stated that 
near the chapel is a school founded by Mr. Baxter 
in 1703. But the present school has been built on to 
the chapel, which is therefore prior to 1703, if the school 
is Baxter's. In that case we must reject 1749. And 
a document which I shall presently quote proves con- 
clusively that a chapel existed before 1749. I conjecture 



SWINDALE CHAPEL. 259 

therefore that the fabric was only restored in 1749, ^^^ 
that it was founded before 1703. 

The chapel has some appearance of being contemporary 
with Mardale, and it is conceivable that the two chapelries 
would simultaneously desire an oratory of their own. 
Mardale, however, as I shall show in another paper, 
claims to date back to the settlement of the Holme 
family in the time of King John. 

If the tradition were correct that the bell came from 
the Abbey, we are carried back to 1540. But the bell 
cannot have been of the Tower peal, nor has it an in- 
scription like those of Kirkby Thore and Newton Reigny, 
which alone, as yet, can substantiate their claim to 
possess Abbey bells. 

In 1728, when Mardale had successfully petitioned for 
the rights of burial, Swindale also desired its chapel to be 
consecrated. This ceremony has never taken place, but 
a formal consecration has been held to be unnecessary 
after a long period of years, and the invariable usage of 
the chapel as such would probably be held conclusive, 
coupled with the petition duly registered at Carlisle, 
which bears on the margin the Bishop's seal and 
signature, with the words Fiat ut peiitur. 

I give the petition below : — 

To the Right Rev^ Father in God John, by divine permission Lord 
Bishop of Carlisle. The Humble Petition of ye Inhabitants of 
Swindale in y" parish of Shapp & County of Westmorland showeth. 
That for some years last past there has been and now is an House 
or Oratory built in Swindale aforesaid, which was intended by y« 
Founder thereof for a Chapel for Religious Worship that y« said 
Building or Oratory is very commodious for a Chapel, & is situate 
at Truss Gap in Swindale aforesaid & wou'd be of very great use 
service & Benefit to y® Inhabitants of Swindale afores<* and of ye 
adjacent Townships & Houses, viz., Talebert Rawside Tothman 
Woodnook & Naddal to frequent & resort to to attend Divine 
Service & Sermons to be preached & perform* therein, the said 
Inhabitants being very numerous & most of 5^ said Townships 
being distant from ye church of Shapp aforesaid three long 
computed miles & some of them above four miles & ye same are 



260 SWINDAL^ CHAPEL. 

situated in a low & watery Country & y' 3^ Roads are very ruinous 
& bad & yt y® same will in all Respects be made decent & com- 
modious for ye service of Almighty God & y* ye same is endowed 
with Land to y® value of ten pounds per ann™ or upwards. 
May it therefore please y^ Lordship by Virtue of your Episcopal & 
pastoral office to separate ye said Building from all prophane uses 
& dedicate ye same to y® Honour & worship of Almighty God & 
assign it to be perpetually a Chapel for the Inhabitants of Swindale 
aforesaid & that it may be used as an oratory for ye performance of 
Divine Service therein until your Lordship shall have Leisure & 
opportunity to consecrate ye same & to do & perform whatever else 
to your Lordship in that Behalf appertains. 

The rough road that comes down to the stepping stones 
from the south of Talebert Head is called Kirk Gate. If 
this name were found in ancient deeds or maps it might 
help to solve the chapel's date. But it might be the gate 
to Shap Church for funerals from Mardale and Swindale. 

The feature that will most attract the attention of 
antiquaries and experts is the little painted window. We 
owe the possession of it to the vigilant eye of the Rev. 
Joseph Brunskill, now rector of Ormshed, and to the 
carelessness of its former owners. About 1870, when the 
effects of Mr. Hogarth, solicitor, of Clifton, had been sold, 
one evening, Mr. Brunskill noticed some glass lying loose 
in a barn among discarded rubbish. Detecting its value, 
and the Clifton wardens declining its care, he gathered 
up the fragments, had them cleaned and repaired at a 
cost of 20s., and then he filled in the window here. 

What terrible deeds are committed under the specious 
title of Church Restoration ! This sacred glass had been 
removed, it is supposed, from the east end of Clifton 
Church by William Brougham, the second Lord, who 
inserted a new decorated window and ** restored " the 
chancel. Nicolson and Burn (vol. 3, p. 417, 1777) say: — 
" At the east end of (Clifton) chancel are 3 little windows. 
In the middle window is a crucifix. In one of the other 
is the portrait of a woman in a posture of devotion, and 
underneath are the said arms (of the Engaines) and 



SWlKDALfi CHAt^EL. 261 

writ above Helynor Ingayne. In the third window in 
Mr. Machel's time {i.e., before the year 1700) was a man 
leaning his cheek on his right hand and holding a book 
in his left, and above the arms of Fallowfield of Great 
Strickland." This is undoubtedly our Swindale glass. 
The manor of Clifton was given by Sir Hugh de Morville, 
1 154, to Gilbert Engaine and his heirs, temp. Henry H. : 
the last of the name in the direct line had an only child, 
Hleanor, who married William de Wybergh, 38 Ed. HI. 
She was living in 4 Ric. II., and we may therefore date 
our window about 1400. A window in the north aisle of 
Clifton Church bears her arms and effigy. 

From the year 1730 to the present day I have traced 
the following list of readers, curates, incumbents, and 
priests-in-charge. The date is usually of the license or 
ordination : — 

1730, August I2th. — William Stephenson, deacon, licensed 
to the office ** Praelectoris sive Curati in Oratorio de 
Swindale," or in any other parish outside. 
1735, December 22nd. — Thomas Birkett, clerk, licensed 
on the nomination of William Whithead, Edmund 
Atkinson, and Thomas Baxter, asserted trustees. 
This T. Baxter was the founder of the school. 
1735, September 26th. — ^John Jameson, clerk, licensed on 

the nomination of the Feoffees. 
1739, December 24th. — Thomas Willan, clerk, licensed 
on the nomination of Thomas Fell, Edmund Atkin- 
son, William Whitehead, Richard Jackson, John 
Ritson, and Thomas Baxter, trustees. 
1742, October 14th. — John Lancaster, literate, was 

nominated to be Reader by the Feoffees. 
1750, June nth. — Henry Harrison, literate, having been 
ordained deacon on the previous day, was admitted 
on the nomination of the '* Trustees or disposers " of 
the said chapelry. He resigned on March 13th, 
1752, for " several weighty reasons and considera- 
tions," and the curacy was declared void by the 
bishop on April 17th following. 



262 swikdale Chapel. 

1754, June 9th. — Robert Powley, literate, was ordained 

deacon and ordained. 
1757, June 26th. — William Windus, literate, was ordained 

deacon and licensed. He took a meirriage at Shap, 

September 15th, 1757. 

1761, July 5th. — Richard Muckell, literate, ordained 
deacon and licensed to be perpetual curate on the 
nomination of William Langhorne, vicar of Shap. 
He was also admitted to be master of the Swindale 
Grammar School on the nomination of William 
Fell, Leonard Whitesmith, and William Wilkinson, 
trustees. I take it that during the 150 years when 
there were no vicars of Shap, up to 1756, certain 
irregular sequestrators, who were also trustees of the 
school, would appoint the curate. Henceforth, the 
vicar of Shap alone is patron at each vacancy. 

1762, September 12th. — John Pairington, literate, ordained 
deacon, becomes perpetual curate. In the Shap 
Registers are entries of Parrington, 

1763, September 4th. — William Nicholson, literate, was 
ordained deacon and licensed. 

1766, September 14th. — Thomas Thwaites, literate, was 
ordained deacon and licensed. 

1767, September 20th. — Thomas Hudson, literate, was 
ordained deacon and licensed. 

1771, August i8th. — Edmund Langhorn, literate, was 
ordained deacon and licensed. In the Shap Register 
is recorded the baptism of Edward, son of Edmund, 
curate of Swindale, and Jane Langhorne, on January 
19th, 1775. 

1777, August 31st. — William Tyson was ordained deacon 
and licensed on the nomination of James Holme, 
vicar of Shap. 

1781, July 29th. — Richard Kilvington, literate, was 
ordained deacon and licensed. 

1783, July 27th. — James Potter was ordained deacon and 
licensed. 



SWINDALE CHAPEL. 263 

1797, June i8th. — ^John Robinson, literate, was ordained 
deacon and licensed, with a stipend of £25. He was 
ordained priest June 24th, 1798, and on October 
i6th, 1798, the bishop accepted his resignation. 

1798, October i6th. — William Robinson, literate, was 
ordained deacon and licensed to be assistant curate, 
with the emoluments heretofore paid to assistant 
curates. He was ordained priest and licensed as 
perpetual curate on May 19th, 1799. 

1801, June 14th. — James Cooper, clerk, ordained priest 
and licensed. He was brother of Robert of Hegdale, 
the lower house, which is now uninhabited. He 
taught the school at Swindale, and had been one of 
Boustead's pupils. He died at Leyland, and left 
Cooper's Charity to Shap. 

1815, January 27th. — Robert Walker, clerk, licensed. 

1833, November nth. — Stephen Walker, clerk, who had 
been licensed as curate on March 15th, 1816, to 
assist Robert Walker, became perpetual curate on 
the nomination of John Rowlandson, vicar of Shap. 
He was interred at Shap on March i8th, 1850, aged 
71 years. His baptism is entered at Shap, on August 
1st, 1779, as son of Richard of Talebert, husband- 
man, and Agnes his wife. 

1850, June 15th. — Thomas Sewell, clerk, was nominated 
by the vicar of Shap, as true and undoubted patron. 
He was interred at Shap, having died on February 
20th, 1870, aged 73 years. 

1870, April 13th. — Joseph Brunskill, St. Bees, was 
licensed. He is now rector of Ormshed, and was 
then master of Lowther Grammar School, with a 
license of non-residence. Indeed, residence at 
Swindale was not possible. The vicarage is a cow- 
byre ! He became vicar of Plumpton in 1872, and 
the duty was taken by the vicar of Shap until 1874. 

1874, April 15th. — William Henry Bradley, M.A., of 
Exeter College, Oxford, was licensed. In 1876 he 



264 SWINDALE CHAPEL. 

became rector of Kingsland, Herefordshire, and is 
now rector of EIsdon„NorthumberIand. He resided 
in Shap, and it is unlikely that there will ever be 
another incumbent. From 1876 the duty is taken by 
the vicar of Shap, whose patronage, pro tern., has 
lapsed to the bishop and from the bishop to the 
Crown. 
1876-1893. — Stephen Whiteside, M.A., vicar of Shap. 
1893-1896. — George Edward Foden Day, vicar of 

Bampton. 
1896-1900. — Joseph Whiteside, M.A., vicar of Shap. 
1901- . — James Makin Collinson, vicar of Shap. 

As there was a constant succession of newly-ordained 
deacons, and there is rarely mention of priests in the 
Bishop's Registers, most of the early ministers must have 
been only curates-in-charge. Bampton Grammar School 
turned out in its famous days — under Langhorne and 
Boustead — hundreds of clergy, who conveniently served 
their apprenticeship at Mardale and Swindale, and then 
migrated to larger spheres. 

The Holy Communion might be administered occasion- 
ally by the vicar of Shap, and at greater festivals the 
people, headed by their minister, came to the mother 
church. Some of the curates were also the schoolmasters, 
and it is supposed that the chapel, as at Shap, was some- 
times used as a school. I was told that 50 years ago the 
flags inside the screen had been much worn by the clogs 
of many generations of scholars, and that the holy table, 
which is now, I think, the credence, was used as the 
master's writing-desk. But the dalesmen have no such 
recollection. 

Stephen Walker, descended from an old Talebert 
family, whose abode, the first as you come from Shap, 
is no longer fit for habitation, is still well remembered by 
old Swindalians. This house at the beginning of the 
century produced three brothers, and educated them at 
Cambridge for holy orders. 






SWINDAlE CHAt>EL. 265 

In Stephen's time a dispute arose at the chapel whether 
it was really Sunday. " The Parson's reet : gang on," 
said old John Fell. On another occasion the bottle of 
wine being accidentally broken by Schoolmaster Yarker, 
rum was used instead. No irreverence was intended, or 
I would not chronicle what gives us an idea of the 
primitiveness of the dale. 

The old parsonage being dilapidated, Mr. Walker lived 
from house to house. He carried with him a box of 
sermons, and commonly took one of the top for each 
Sunday as it came. Old Mrs. Sewell, of Swindale Head, 
remonstrated, and exhorted him to " Stir up that box : 
they're beginning to come varra thick." 

Thomas Sewell was one of a band of famous brothers, 
William being incumbent of Troutbeck. He had been 
curate of Newton Reigny in the twenties. I have an 
early recollection of his courteous manner, and homely 
Westmorland speech. He was a kind and genial man. 
His talk was much of foxes, and he had a long memory 
of days spent among the crags. Physically, he was large 
and tall, with mighty limbs, that had carried this 
" running hunter " when no dalesman could follow 
" Priest Sewell." Old Dick Rawes, of Talebert, described 
him to me most accurately as a " tall, good-looking, 
square-shouldered, long-legged, big-striding man." Rawes 
lamented the smaller stature and physique of to-day: 
long ago both men and women were " girt whacking 
lounging fellows ; " now ** the lasses were poor bit 
creatures up to 7 or 8 stone," three of them equal to one 
former woman. To be " ower kin bred " was as bad for 
people as for stock. 

Once Bishop Villiers at a confirmation at Lowther, 
making merry over the postal difficulties of Swindale and 
Mr. Sewell's patient endurance of them, asked him in the 
vestry why he had not answered his lordship's letter of 
three weeks earlier. Mr. Sewell calmly replied that " it 
would be coming to him some day." 



266 SWIHDALE CHAPGL. 

There is ao entry in the Shap Register ^—" Thomas 
Sewell, son of James of Swindale, yeoman> and Margaret 
his wife^ late Whitesmith, born April the 8th. Baptised 
the gth, 1796," 

Lest it should seem unkind to print stories of old 
priests, I would add that the names of Walker and Sewell 
are still household words. With all their faults^ they 
were in many respects grand old dale prints,, in full 
sympathy with their neighbours. 

The one great man of Swindale is John Hodgsoo, the 
famous historian of Northumberland, bora here November 
4th, 1780, and baptised November 13th. He was the son 
of Isaac of Swindale, stonemason,, and Elizabeth his 
wife, late Rawes. They afterwards moved to Rosgill. 
The Hodgsons were an old local ' family, and according 
to the custom one of the sons received a good education 
for holy orders. John, the eldest of seven sons and four 
daughters, was at Bampton School from seven to nineteen 
years of age, where he was well grounded im classics, 
mathematics, chemistry, botany, geology, and acquired an 
interest in natural history and local antiquities through 
his free rambles in the country. His parents were too 
poor to send him to the University, and so he became 
master of Matterdale, with a stipend of £ix per ann^nin 
(see my paper in this volume of Transactions), and subse* 
queutly of Stainton, near Penrith. For a fuU necord of 
his life and labours see Atkinson's Worthies of Westmor- 
land^ Raine's Memoir, and the Dictionary of NaHonal 
Biography, 

As Rosgill, in Shap, has claimed the honour of his 
birthplace, I may add that Hodgson himself,^ in his 
account of Westmorland in Beauties of England and 
Wales, confirms the Shap Register by saying that be 
was born at Swindale, and not at Rosgill Head. His 
ancestors were of Rosgill Head, and after his birth his 
parents removed thither, where his brothers aad sisters 
were all born. 



SWINDALft CHAPEL. 267 

He died June 12th, 1845, and was buried at Hartburn, 
in Northumberland. 

There are no documents of any kind at Swindale, or 
in the possession of the vicar of Shap. The Rev. S. 
"Whiteside had seen in Mr. Sewell's time a Terrier^ but in 
1878, when enquiry was made, neither Mr. Brunskill nor 
any one in the chapelry knew anything of it. 



(268) 



Art. XXI. — Children's Games as Played at Kirkoswald, 
Cumberland. By the Rev. Canon Thornley. 

Read at Carlisle^ June 20th, 1900. 

THE following notes on traditional games and rhymes 
are offered as a contribution to what is now recog- 
nized as an interesting branch of folklore. My informa- 
tion has been obtained at first hand from the school- 
children, and is here presented without comment as 
material for comparative study. 

There is a regular sequence for the playing of most of 
the games at Kirkoswald, a sequence which seems to be 
determined mainly by the conditions of the weather and 
of the ground — hot, cold, wet, or dry. The following is 
a fairly complete list of all the outdoor games. 

In spring, when snow is gone and the ground is dry, 
the girls ^ begin to play with skipping-ropes, rounders, 
tiggie, girds and guiders, or girds and hooks {i.e,, hoops, 
the gird or girth being often a mere hoop from a cask) ; 
chucky-stones or clinks (knuckle-bones or dibs, described 
in full by Mrs. Gomme in " Parlour and Playground 
Games," though here we have no special names for the 
figures) ; and batty-ball, which consists in beating an 
elastic ball to the ground with the hand, to the accom- 
paniment of a string of rhymes. 

Later, they have their ring-games and dances, of which 
examples are given below. 

The boys begin the season with marbles, a game for 
Lent, said to be originally intended to keep them from 
'* more boisterous and mischievous employment." They 
play at buttons, rounders, whip (whoo-ip, hide and seek), 
top-spinning, kick-stone, guinea-pig (tipcat), nuts and 
crackers, lanty-loup and foot-and-a-half (two kinds of 
Jeap-frog). 



children's games at kirkoswald. 269 

In summer they add hattie (or egg-cap), blind-man's 
buff, puss-in-the corner, pots and stones, flinches, duckie 
(duck-stone), shows, horse-fairs, Adam and ish, hounds 
and hare, girds and guiders, tiggie-touchwood, finger and 
thumb, hitchy-pot (hop-scotch), and presently are added 
conkers or cobblers (played with chestnuts), batty-ball, 
rounders and marbles again, Roman soldiers, tally-ho. 

In the hot weather the girls play whip, ball, three plain 
keps (elsewhere pots), trades, houses, schools, chitty 
(puss-in-corner), kick-stone. All the ring-games are still 
in season, with skipping-ropes, shuttle-cock, tally-ho, nuts 
and crackers, Roman soldiers, hounds and hare, half-past- 
catching-time. Prison-bars (prisoner's base) is played 
here as elsewhere. At Irthington they cry " Chevy 
chase ! " 

In the cold weather the boys play their most athletic 
games to keep them warm : — Horses, rounders, jumping, 
bull-break-out, chainey. Both sexes play " Draw buckets 
of water," and tiggie in all its varieties. In long-tiggie, 
called also horse-fairs, one pursues another and tigs or 
touches him, who must then join hands with the tigger. 
They pursue others until all are tigged or tug, and a long 
line is formed. In cross-tiggie, tiggee has to join hands 
cross-wise with tigger. In blind-tiggie, tigger shuts both 
eyes, so that this form becomes a kind of blind-man's 
buff. In lame-tiggie, tigger keeps the left hand raised 
and fixed close to the body. French-tiggie is a round 
game. All stand in a ring in pairs, two in the middle. 
They chase one another round the ring, inside or out, 
until one stops in front of a pair, making three. The 
third must fly or be tigged. Tigger is relieved by tiggee. 
In tiggie-touchwood, so long as the child is touching 
wood he cannot be tigged. But he can be " counted 
out." In tiggie, "we count out for the one who has 
to be it:' 

Counting-out rhymes are connected with the " Anglo- 
Cymric Score," on which papers have appeared in these 



270 CHII^DRBN'S games at Kf&^)SWALD. 

Transactions and elsewhere ; and txe the children's tradi- 
tion of very ancient fbrmularies. At Kirkoswald the 
verse runs : — 

Eena meena mina mo, 
Vasaleena lina lo, 
A-way, flowery flock, 
(H)ellicaii pellican, ee wee, 
Wy wo wuss, — out goes she. 

"Flower and flock," or "flowering flock," are also 
used ; and " woss " for " wuss." At Clifton, near 
Penrith, they say : — 

Eena meena mina mo, 

Basseleena lina lo, 

A-way, Kitty Macan, 

Who will be my serving-man 

To ride my horse and carry my gun ? 

Tell me when my work is done. 

Ee, wee, wy wo wuss. 

Out goes she. 

At Workington, circa 1850, the rhyme ran :- — 

E^na meena mina mo, 
Jack-a-lina slina slo, 
Kay way, Kitty Malan, 
Jack shall be my soldier man. 
OUT spells out : 
Hot scalding dish clout. 
You are right out. 

Appleby has a shorter form, much debased: — 

Eena meena mina mo. 
Catch a nigger by the toe. 
Hold him fast and don't let go, 
Eena meena mina mo. 

Another development is pretty well known. This is its 
form as it was used in Liverpool circa 1850 : — 



CHILDREN*S GAMES AT KURKOSWAL0. 2fl 

One^ery two-ery tickery teven, 
AUabo crackabo ten and eleven, 
Spink spang musky dann, 
Tweedlum twaddlum twenty-one, 
Black beaver, white trout, 
Eary ory, you are out. 

And at Kirkoswald they have a summary "sentence 
of excommunication," thus : — 

Penny odq the water, 

Tuppence on the sea, 
Thrippence on the railway, 

Out goes she. 

The boys' games are without song, and are voiceless, 
except for the catches and calls. The girls' games are 
mostly played and danced to the accompaniment of songs 
and rhymes, which are always suitable and pleasing, and 
often very pretty. Some of these are too well known to 
need description ;. such are " Nuts in May," ** Buckets of 
water," " All around the village," " There was a jolly 
miller," and " Bingo " ; " Sally Walker," the famous matri- 
monial game ; " Wall-flowers," slightly varying from the 
form given in English Folk-rhymes^ by G. F. Northall^ 
P» 367, and Mr. T. N. Postlethwaite's articles in the 
North Lonsdale Magazine (February and April, 1900) ; 
" Robbers passing by," also varying a little from Mr. 
Postlethwaite's version ; " Here comes an old woman 
from Botany Bay," the same as ** Old soldier" elsewhere; 
the wolf and sheep ganoe, here called "Jenny Lingo," 
and played with expressive pantomime ; " How many 
miles to Barbary ? " elsewhere " to Babylon," &c., about 
which it may be noted that at Workington it was formerly 
played on Good Friday evening, with "Threed-a my 
needle, throp, throp, throp," at the end of each verse. 

A dozen more are here described in full, being, so far as 
I know, not given in print, or so different from published 
versions as to make them worth recording. The music is 



272 CHILDREN*S GAMES AT KIRKOSWALD. 

given in Tonic Sol-fa, by special permission of Mr. J. 
Spencer Curwen to use the notation. 

Sir Roger. 

Sir Roger is dead and we boried him here, 

Buried him here, buried him here ; 
Sir Roger is dead and we boried him here, 

E. I. buried him here. 

We planted an apple-tree over his head, &c. 
When the apples were ripe they all fell off, &c. 
There came an old woman and picked them all up, &c. 
Sir Roger jumped up and he gave her a knock, &c. 
Then the old woman goes hippity hop, &c. 

Variation. — At Melmerby, " Cock Robin is dead and 
laid in his grave." 

Action. — A ring is formed ; all join hands, move round 
and sing. At verse i, Sir Roger crouches down in the 
middle of the ring, as dead. At verse 2, a little branch of 
a tree or bunch of grass is held over him. At verse 3, the 
twig is allowed to fall off his head. At verse 4, a girl 
imitates an old woman, pretends to pick up the apples 
and put them in her apron. At 5, Sir Roger knocks her 
all round inside the ring. At 6, she goes hobbling round. 

Music. 
Key G. 

Id :d :d |d :- tn |8 :- :n |d :- !d |r :- :r |r :- :d |t|!- ;li|8i:- :- 1 
Id :d !d Id :- tn |8 :- tn |d :- :d |li:- ;l||t|!- :ti|d :- :- |d :- :-|| 

Banks of Roses. 

Father, mother, may 1 go, 

May I go, may I go, 
Father, mother, may I go, 

Across the banks of roses ? 

Yes, for [Mary] she may go, &c. 
Pick up your tails and away you go 
Across the banks of roses. 

Variants.—'' To " for '' across ; " " buckle your tails." 



CHILDREN*S GAMfiS At KlRKOSWALb. 273 

Action. — ^Two, representing father and mother, stand 
against the wall facing the row of girls who sing. 

Music. 
Key F. 

|s.,8:8.f|n.f:8 |r.n:f |r.n:f |8.»8:8,f|n.f:8 |r :n |r.d:— || 

Roman Soldiers. 

A game played both by boys and girls (separately). 
The two sides advance and retire alternately, saying : — 

Q. — Have you any bread and wine ? 

For we are the Roman soldiers ! 
A. — Yes, we have some bread and wine, 

For we are the English soldiers ! 
Q. —Will you give us some of it ? &c. 
A.— No, we won't give you any of it ! &c. 
Q. — Then we'll tell the magistrate, &c. 
A. — We don't care a button for the magistrate, &c, 
Q.— Then we will tell the blue-coat man, &c. 
A. — What care we for the blue-coat man ? &c. 
Q. — Then we'll tell the red-coat man, &c. 
A. — What care we for the red-coat man ? &c. 
Q, — Then we'll tell the fat-bellied man, &c. 
A.— What care we, &c. 

These provocations conclude with the challenge: — 

Are you ready for the fight ? 

After which a general mellee ensues. 

A version from West Cumberland — " We are fighting 
for the Pope " and " We for the English Queen " — would 
seem to show that the game is a relic of the old religious 
feud with Rome. At Renwick and Melmerby there is a 
Bacchanalian version, thus: — 

London Bridge is broken down, 
For we are the English soldiers. 
What will you give to mend it up ? 
For we are the Roman soldiers. 
We will give a glass of ale, &c. 



274 children's games at kirkoswald. 

A glass of ale won*t serve us all, &c. 
Then we will give you a pint of ale, &c. 
A pint, a pint won*t serve us all, &c. 
Then we will give a cask of ale, &c. 
A cask of ale won't serve us all, &c. 

At Renwick it is " Russian " instead of Roman ; and 
" quart " and ** gallon " are added to the measures of the 
promised liquor. 

Down the Long Lanes. 

Down the long lanes we go, we go, 

We play the drum and fiddle, heigho ! 

We open the gates as wide as the sky 

To let King George and his bride pass (go) by. 

Variant atJ[Clifton, near Penrith : — 

Down the long lonnins we go, we go. 
To gather some lilies, heigho, heigho ! 
We open the gates so wide, so wide. 
To let King George and his men pass by. 

Perhaps the last line was originally : — 

To let King George pass by with his bride. 

Action. — A long string of children, the tail passing 
under the outstretched arms of the first pair, like 
"Threading the needle." 

Jews. 

A variant on ** Three Knights " or " Spaniards " : — 

Jews, — We are three Jews just come from Spain, 

To call upon your daughter Jane. 
Girls. — My daughter Jane is far too young. 

She can't abear your Spanish tongue. 
Jews, — Farewell, farewell ! we must away. 

And call again some other day. 
Girls, — Come back, come back, you naughty Jews, 

The fairest maiden you may choose. 



children's games at kirkoswald. 275 

Jews, — The fairest girl that I can see 

Is pretty [Maggie] — come to me! 
Maggie. — No ! 
Jews, — The naughty girl she won*t come out, 

She won't come out, she won't come out. 

The naughty girl she won't come out 

To play in the songs and dances. 
(She then goes over to them), 
Jews, — Now we've got another Jew, &c. 

To join us in the dances. 

Action, — So they go on till every girl is chosen. A 
game for any number of girls. They stand in a line 
against the wall. Three are chosen to go to the other 
side of the playground to represent the Jews. 

Music. — The tune supg here now to the first part is 
that of " O happy day " in Sankey's hymns. The last 
verse is sung thus : — 

KeyG. 

|8 h8 :s tfl |s 

|8 hS SB .,1 |8 



•^ :d .4 |r Mr :r ^ |ti h1i :si 


1 


•^ :d .4 |r ^r \%\ hSi |d :d 


II 


Sandy O. 





This sounds like a song out of Robert Burns. 

My delight's in Sandy O, 

My delight's in brandy O, 
My delight's in the red, red rose. 

Come along, my Annie O. 
Heigho for Annie O, 

Bonny, bonny Annie O ; 
All the world would I give 

For my bonny Annie O. 

In line 7 " world's good " is sometimes said for world ; 
but world is used correctly, being formerly a dissyllable. 

Action, — A ring is formed with Annie in the middle, 
who chooses one from the ring. Annie is then changed 
to Katie, Lizzie, Maggie, &c. 

Music same as " Hops and Peas." 

Northall gives a variant from Yorkshire, less complete. 



276 children's games at kirkoswald. 

Work, Boys, Work. 

The words are taken from a popular song of no great 
antiquity. 

Work, boys, work and be contented, 
So long as you're well off to buy a meal : 

For a man you may rely 

You'll be welcome by and bye, 
If you'll only put your shoulder to the wheel. 

The third line is evidently corrupt ; another version is 

For you've only Mary Lye ; 

(? " merrily,") and for " welcome," wealthy. 

Action. — ^A ring is formed, with linked hands, the 
protagonist in the middle. They sing as above, and the 
protagonist chooses a girl in the ring. 

Music. 
Key G. 

|n :n |n.r:d,l||8| :— |d :— | : .^Ir^yrtrtrl 
|r ,1 :d .r |n :— | :8| .fi |ni .,8i:d .r |d :d .ti | 
|li,ti:d .li |8| :n .r |d .d :d .d |ti •4:r .ti |d :— II 

Hops and Peas and Barley-corn. 

This is a variant of the Shropshire " Oats and Beans," 
given by Northall. A ring is formed by any number of 
children, without joining hands, singing : — 

Hops and peas and barley-corn (a), 
Hops and peas and barley-corn. 
Hops and peas, hops and peas. 
Hops and peas and barley-corn. 
This is the way the farmer stands ; 
This is the way he folds his arms ; 
Stamps his feet, claps his hands. 
Turns around to view his land (b). 

As they sing verse 2, at each line the appropriate move- 
ments are made. 



children's games at kirkoswald. 277 

Variations. — (a) Hops and peas and barley O. 
(6) Turns around to Bewley land, 
Or Turns around to the music. 

Music. 
Key D. 

|8 '.-msIs :f In :d |d :— |f :-.4|f :& |1 :r |r :— | 
|s :-h8|8 :— |n :8 |d' :— |s :-.,l|8 :-„f|n :d |d ;— 1| 

Green Gravel. 

We have two versions, differing somewhat from those 
printed elsewhere. 

Round the green gravel the grass grows green. 

All the fair maidens are shame to be seen ; 

Wash them in milk, 

And dry them in silk ; 

Last down wedded {or wedding). 

Or Round about, round about, bottlety green. 

All the king's horses are shem (shame) to be seen, &c. 

Action. — At the word "down*' all slip to the ground, 
the last down is married — "And she stands in the 
middle, and we sing a song about her. Then we ask 
which she likes best, butter or sugar ? If she says 
"sugar," she likes her sweetheart; if "butter," not. 
Before she goes into the ring she tells one or two girls 
privately who her sweetheart is. Then we sing about 
them " — as follows : — 

Now they are married they must agree (or obey) 
Like brother and sister they must agree ; 
Must be kind and must be good, 
And help your wife to chop the wood. 

Here Comes an Old Woman. 

The game is not uncommon, but ours is a variant on 
the versions elsewhere published : — 



278 children's games at kirkoswald. 

A. — Here comes an old woman from Sandyland, 

With all her children in her hand ; 

One can dance, another can sing, 

Another can bake the bread for the king ; 

So please take one of my daughters in. 
B. — ^The fairest one that I can see 

Is pretty [Janey] — come to me ! 

In Herefordshire, Cumberland is the old woman's 
distant home : — 

Here comes an old woman from Cumberland, 

With all her children in her hand ; 

This can brew and this can bake, 

And this can make a girdle-cake ; 

This can sit in the bower and sing, 

And this can bake the bread for the king. 

Jenny Jones. 

IVe come to see Jenny Jones, Jenny Jones, Jenny Jones, 

Fve come to see Jenny, and where is she now ? 

Jenny is scrubbing, is scrubbing, is scrubbing, 

Jenny is scrubbing, you can't see her now. 

Very well, ladies, ladies, ladies. 

Very well, ladies and gentlemen too ! 

I've come to see Jenny Jones, &c., and how is she now ? 

Jenny is poorly, &c., you can't see her now. 

Very well, ladies, &c., and gentlemen too. 

I've come to see Jenny Jones, &c., and how is she now? 

Jenny is dying, &c., you can't see her now. 

I've come to see Jenny Jones, &c., and how is she now ? 

Jenny is dead, &c., you can't see her now. 

What will you bury her in, &c., now she is gone ? 

We'll bury her in white, &c., and will that do ? 

White is for weddings, &c., and that won't do. 

We'll bury her in blue, &c., and will that do ? 

Blue is for sailors, &c., and that won't do. 

We'll bury her in red, &c., and will that do ? 

Red is for soldiers, &c., and that won't do. 

We'll bury her in gieen, &c., and will that do ? 

Green is for gypsies, &c., and that won't do. 

We'll bury her in black, &c., and will that do ? 

Black is for mourning, &c., and that will do. 



CHILDREN*S GAMES AT KIRKOSWALD. 279 

Action. — ^The girls stand in a row with two others 
facing them — one, Jenny, standing behind the other, who 
answers the questions. Each girl in the row asks one of 
the questions in turn. 

Monday and Tuesday. 

A game for ten girls. Seven sit or kneel on the floor. 
The niother counts over her seven children,- and names 
them Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, 
Saturday, Sunday. She tells her servant, *' I am going 
out to [Carlisle] ; roast one of the fattest children 
for dinner.'' When she is gone, an old woman hidden 
behind a corner comes to the servant and says, ** May I 
have one of your children? " "Yes, if you don't spit in 
my fireside." She takes the fattest away. Presently 
the mother comes back, and says, " Where is my 
dinner ? " " In the oven," says the servant ; but when 
she looks into the oven it is not there. Then she beats 
the servant. This goes on till all the children are taken 
away by the old woman. Then the mother returning 
and finding none of her children, goes up to the old 
woman, who is standing at the door, and says, " Have 
you seen any of my children ? " " Yes," says the old 
woman, "I gave them each a penny, and sent them to 
that man over there." The mother goes to look for the 
children, cannot find them, and returning to the old 
woman tells her so. Then the old woman shouts, and 
all the children come running out and back to their 
mother. 

Variant. — An old man comes asking the servant, 
" Please, can I get my pipe lit ? " ** Yes, if you don't 
spit on the fender." There are other variations of this 
game, which is very strange and obscure. 



(28o) 



Art. XXII. — Kentmere Hall. By the late James 
Cropper, of Ellergreen; Vice-President. 

Read at Kentmere Churchy September i8th, 1900. 

FEW of our lake valleys are so primitive and so un- 
changed as the Vale of Kentmere, — the cluster of 
houses on the " Greenside Quarter," the church in the 
centre of the view, and the old Hall which happily has 
never been restored, but stands as it has stood for some 
600 years. Few new houses have been built, and we 
may believe that in their appearance, in their occupation, 
and in their talk, the inhabitants are little altered since 
their noted predecessor, Richard Gilpin, killed the wild 
boar and won his grant of land and his right to wear as 
his arms a Boar Sable, with the motto " Dictis factisque 
Simplex " (Sincere in word and deed). I read in the old 
book by Charles Parish, lecturer of St. Cuthbert's, 
Carlisle, that a painting of the fight with the boar is at 
Scaleby Castle, which he states belonged to a Gilpin. 

According to Burn and Nicolson, the manor of Kent- 
mere belonged to Ladarine, the granddaughter of Gilbert, 
son of Roger Fitz-Reinfred, who held the Kendal Barony, 
and the Gilpins obtained their grant in the reign of 
Edward the Third, about the middle of the fourteenth 
century. We find that William Gilpin, son of the man 
who killed the boar, was on a jury in 1375 (48 Ed. III.), 
and after his day ten more Gilpins followed in succes- 
sion, marrying generally women of the northern county 
families — Flemings, Lancasters, and Thornburghs, and 
taking their part in the service of their country. William, 
the sixth of them, died in 1485, as a Captain of horse on 
Bosworth Field beside his King, Richard III. His 
brother Edwin took his estate, and was father of six sons, 



KENTMERE HALL. 281 

of whom Bernard (the " Apostle of the North ") was one, 
and George (ambassador to Holland for Queen Elizabeth) 
was another. The ninth Gilpin, George, married two 
wives in succession, both of them daughters of his tenants 
in the valley, and thus probably lost some of the position 
of his forefathers. Still the land and the Hall were held 
by thj5 family till the twelfth Gilpin, who had no heir; 
and in the latter part of the seventeenth century the 
property passed to Sir Christopher Philipson, of Crook 
Hall, and from him to Sir. Daniel Fleming. It now 
belongs to Mr. C. W. Wilson. 

It seems probable that the tower at Kentmere was 
built after the last Scotch raid, which devastated the 
Kent valley in the thirteenth century, and that the lower 
buildings were added for comfort and family abode, as 
life grew more, secure. We may picture the limited con- 
ditions of life which must have have existed, the ignorance 
of the outside world in these valleys, the bridle roads, not 
always good ones, and the gradual growth of civilization, 
as one local leader after another kept rule and brought 
manners and learning into these remote parts of West- 
morland. 

The most notable of the Gilpin family is Bernard 
Gilpin before named, born 1517. When his uncle 
William fell at Bosworth, without children, his father 
Edwin Gilpin, became owner of the Hall and lands in 
Kentmere. Bernard's mother was Margaret Layton, of 
Dalemain, in Cumberland, and we have a story of her 
holding him on her knee in the little church on Sunday 
morning, when a travelling friar was denouncing the sins 
of the flesh, especially drunkenness. The child turned 
up his face — " Mother," he said, " I saw that man drunk 
in our Hall last night. How can he preach against 
drunkenness ? " 

We know little of his education ; probably it was given 
by some resident tutor, as we know that scholars found 
their way about the country and were so employed. 



282 KENTMERE HALL. 

Bernard Gilpin went to Oxford at the age of 16. His 
elder brother, George, about the same time obtained 
State employment, and became in time ambassador to 
Holland for Queen Elizabeth. Bernard attached himself 
at first to the clerical side, and defended the Church 
doctrine against the Protestant reformers of the day, 
having a public controversy with John Hooper, who was 
burnt for his faith in 1555 ; but Gilpin seems to have 
been shaken by this and by intercourse with Peter 
Martyr and Erasmus, both of whom were then at Oxford, 
and openly joined the Reformers. He preached before 
Edward VI., and was soon after presented to the living 
of Norton, in Durham. This he soon resigned, as he 
determined to study on the Continent, and he read for 
three years in Louvain, Antwerp, and Paris. Returning 
to England he was presented by his uncle, Dr. Tonstall, 
Bishop of Durham, to the Archdeaconry of Durham and 
the important living of Houghton-le-Spring. He found 
the state of the church and parish deplorable, and devoted 
his time and money to the place, boldly attacking the 
teaching of the surrounding vicars and their ill lives. 

The income of Houghton was 3^400, equal probably to 
£3,000 to-day, and he felt himself a rich man. He soon 
made enemies among the surrounding priests by denounc- 
ing their avarice and pluralities of livings. He boldly 
attacked the doctrines of transubstantiation and worship 
of the Virgin, and at length, when the Bishop of Durham 
declined to prosecute him, his enemies induced Bishop 
Bonner to summon him to London to answer for heretical 
expressions. Knowing the probable outlook, he ordered 
his steward to prepare a long garment in which he might 
go decently to the stake, ** For I know not," said he, 
** how soon I may have occasion for it.'' This garment 
he put on solemnly every day till Bonner's agents appre- 
hended him in October, 1558, and took him ofiF to 
London. His horse fell and broke his leg, and this 
detained the party till Queen Mary's death. The ruJe 



iCENTMERE HALL. 283 

was then changed, and Bonner lost his power, and Gilpin 
returned to his place. 

The people were poor, and his benevolence was ^reat. 
His hospitality became renowned. " Every fortnight 40 
bushels of corn and 20 bushels of malt and an ox " were 
made away with. The Sunday was a public day. Three 
tables were always spread, one for the gentry, one for 
farmers, and one for labourers — all well covered (no 
wonder his church was full) ; even their horses were so 
well fed that it was said. in Durham that if a horse got 
loose in the whole county it would find its way to the 
Houghton stable. 

Bernard Gilpin set up and endowed a Grammar 
School, still in existence, and called the Kepier School, 
from %hich boys went to Oxford and Cambridge. To 
these, I find, he allowed ^10 yearly, the then cost of 
University residence. Among them were George 
Carleton, afterwards Bishop of Chichester, and Hugh 
Broughton, the noted Hebrew scholar. 

He rode yearly through Northumberland and Cumber- 
land to Westmorland, and the people brought him their 
quarrels to settle as to a judge. It is told that a thief 
who one night stole his horses brought them back next 
day when he found whose they were, saying that he 
did not think much about the theft, probably not his 
first, but he "knew that any robber from Mr. Gilpin 
would go down straight into hell." 

Duels were at that time very common, and bullies were 
ever inclined to invite them. On one occasion Gilpin 
saw a glove hung up in a church to dare any opponent to 
combat. Finding the attendant afraid to remove it, he 
placed it on his breast, and so preached a sermon against 
ruffianism. 

The Bishopric of Carlisle was offered Gilpin, but 
declined. Stories of his liberality were boundless. We 
hear of his passing a poor farmer on his way whose 
horse had died in the plough. Gilpin went to the place, 



284 KENTMERE HALL. 

and learning the trouble gave bim tbe borse his servant 
was riding, sa3ang, "Take tbe borse now, and ivhen I 
demand tbe money thou shalt pay me." An old 
manuscript tells of bim that when he started on one 
of his journeys he always put ten pounds in his jxxrket, 
but never came back less in debt than 20 nobles from bis 
habit of giving. His health failed after hs sixtieth year, 
and his death was hurried on by an accident from an ox 
in the Durham Market Place. He died March 4tb, 1583, 
aged 66. 

Another divine in the same family, Dr. Richard Gilpin, 
held the Rectory of Greystoke, which he resigned in 1662, 
not complying with the Act of Uniformity. His great- 
grandson in 1745 was military governor of Carlisle. 



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(285) 



Art. XXIII. — Some Notes respecting Kentmere Hall. By 
John F. Curwen, F.R.I. B.A. 

Read at Kentmere Hall, September i8th, 1900. 

^HE Gilpin family appear to have been influential 
^ inhabitants of Kentmere for many centuries. The 
earliest certain information that we have abopt them is 
that one William Gilpin lived in the valley in the year 
^375f 2Lnd married a daughter of Thomas Ayray, the 
bailiff; but we have no description of his homestead. 

Of the hall, now standing snugly sheltered from the 
north by the lofty fells of Patterdale and of the High 
Street range, the best account is undoubledly that given 
by Dr. Taylor in his Manorial Halls, ill which he affirms 
that the above date " accords very well with the age of 
the existing remains of this building.*' But I would 
venture to suggest that from an architectural point of 
view the hall is clearly of a much later date ; the over- 
sailing parapets and bartizan turrets, for instance, being 
evidence of this. For in the earlier periods peles were 
built absolutely plain, without string or off-set of any 
kind ; but as time advanced, and the state of the country 
became more secure, their window apertures were 
enlarged, and their, external features became more 
decorated. 

Moreover, considering the isolated position of the pele, 
I do not consider it necessary to believe that it was built 
for defensive purposes. For the principle of a simple 
keep became the universal type of country houses of the 
fifteenth century, and continued sd diirin'g the sixteenth, 
and even as late as the early part of the seventeenth, 
century — until the time when mansions dropped their 
castellated character. 

Here we have at Rent meie-on^ of the, smallest towers 



L 




OarlHun&urTer 




4^ 
O 

I 



Z52 



mn7.^u/utjS/i 



Aoile oP u u u u m - 



a* 



NOTES OK KENTMERE HALL. 287 

of the district, measuring outside only 31 by 23 feet, the 
length being but one foot longer than the width of the 
neighbouring pele at Burneside. Above the vaulted 
ground floor there have been three floors of single rooms, 
whilst at the roof-level the parapet boldly projects out- 
ward, being supported on massive corbels. At the angles 
rise the bartizan turrets, already referred to, whilst at the 
south-western angle there is a garderobe turret, 11 feet 
wide and projecting 6 feet, running up the full height of 
the tower. 

From the plan it will be seen that the walls of the 
ground floor are 5 feet thick, and that as each storey rises 
the walls are reduced until they reach a thickness of only 
2 feet at the top. The fireplaces are all on the northern 
side, the smoke being emitted by horizontal apertures 
through the thickness of the wall. The first floor con- 
tained the solar, entered by some steps from the outside, 
like to the halls of Linstock and Skelsmergh. This apart- 
ment was lighted by three windows, and two defensive 
loopholes pierce the wall in an oblique direction, so as to 
command the only approach from the east. The other 
opening on the north wall has clearly connected, at some 
later period, the bedroom floor of the house-part adjoin- 
ing. By a slight error. Dr. Taylor mentions this doorway 
as opening out of the second storey, which is above the 
level of the slates. Of the three windows, the one to the 
east is of the late decorative style, the two lights of which 
are trefoiled beneath ogee heads ; but I can see no reason 
to follow Dr. Taylor in the belief that this indicates the 
fourteenth century, because it was no uncommon thing 
then, even as it is to-day, to copy for decorative purposes 
a style of an earlier period. 

From this floor the upper rooms are approached by a 
spiral stair projecting somewhat into the north western 
angles of the rooms. The stone steps are built into the 
wall, and overlap each other, without a central pillar for 
their support. There is nOw little remaining in these 



288 NOTES ON KENTMERE HALL. 

upper rooms worth mentioning, but the parapet above is 
decidedly interesting, so far as it reveals the plan of the 
turrets and the delightful corbels, which are only too 
sadly hidden by the overhanging ivy. 

We must now pass to the house-part, which adjoins 
the tower on the north side, and here also, unfortunately, 
it is necessary to cross swords with Dr. Taylor, who 
claims for it a coeval existence with the tower, pointing 
out in support of his theory the fine old entrance door- 
way. It is of dressed sandstone, pointed in the arch, and 
splayed on the angles. But if so, how did the tower fire- 
places emit their smoke before the introduction of 
chimneys into this country ? The fact is that the plan 
published in Dr. Taylor's book has grievously misled 
him, for after taking careful measurements of the place, 
it at once became evident to me that the house-part has 
its own southern wall, 3 feet in thickness, built in a 
different way, and abutting hard up against the tower, as 
may be seen on the plan which is here published. More- 
over, is it not quite possible that — when this addition was 
made — the old pointed doorway, which at first might 
have formed the external entrance into the vaulted 
ground floor of the tower, was removed to adorn the 
entrance of the new and more habitable dwelling ? 

However, the doorway now leads into the hallen, 28 
feet long, which traverses the breadth of the building, to 
the down house and back door. This was the prevailing 
plan of entry in most of the country houses of the seven- 
teenth century. From the hallen, by passing through the 
mell door, you enter into another passage, called the heck, 
which is now fully divided off from the house-room by a 
thin plastered partition. This room — the great dining 
hall of later days — originally seems to have been about 
28 feet by some 14J feet, but the space has in modern 
times been divided into two rooms, and an external door- 
way has been opened through the old muUioned window. 
The farm buildings are of quite a modern date. 












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(289) 



Art. XXIV. — Pre-Norman Cross-fragment Jrom Glassonby. 

By W. G. COLLINGWOOD. 

Read at Carlisle, June 20th, 1900. 

IN Early Sculptured Crosses, &c., in the Diocese of Carlisle 
(p. 137) this fragment is figured and described as far 
as possible while it was still in its old position. On 
May 17th, 1900, the owner, Mr. W. E. Rowley, most 
kindly had it taken out of the wall for presentation to 
TuUie House Museum. As the wall appears to be part of 
a seventeenth century house, the stone must have been 
built up in it for 200 years or more ; and there is no local 
tradition of its previous history, though the Standing Cross 
and the Anglian fragments at the church are said to have 
been brought from the old Addingham Church by the 
river, and this may have come from the same place. 
But this fragment is quite different from the others. It 
is of local soft red sandstone, measuring, as now detached, 
19 by 8 by 7 inches over all, and showing one edge and 
two sides of a shaft, broken short and split lengthwise. 
The edge, as already described, bears the key-pattern, 
and key-patterns are not common in our district. Only 
two other of our pre-Norman stones have key-patterns 
on the edge, — ^the so-called Norse Cross at St. Bees, and 
the " First Curwen-Vault Fragment " at Workington 
{Early Sculptured Crosses, pp. 260 and 280) ; and these 
two are both of a late type. None of ours have this kind 
of pattern, a double band of shapes like a square capital 
T placed alternately ; but it occurs, better drawn, on the 
edge of a fragment in the Grosvenor Museum, Chester, 
and on the Maen-y-Chwyfan, Flintshire, a late cross 
which has some resemblance to our curious spiral crosses. 
It is seen also on a cross at St. Vigean's, Forfarshire, 
with triquetra, dwarfed figures, and wheel-head. 



CROSS FRAGMENT FROM GLASSONBY. 29I 

The single band of T-pattern is found in Cheshire, 
Wales and Cornwall, and a grave-slab bearing it at 
Clonmacnois is dated 931 a.d. This seems to show that 
the pattern is not Welsh, but brought in from Ireland by 
the settlers who came to many places, especially to 
Cumberland, and to the mouth of the Dee, in the tenth 
and eleventh centuries. 

The newly-revealed sides are much worn, but one, seen 
in a side-light, reveals a dragon with thick body and 
small head, biting its tail, among loose interlacing, rudely 
picked out and accentuated with a few deep drill-holes. 
On the other side there is what may be meant for a 
figure, like the most degenerate angels and evangelists of 
the North Lancashire group, but even clumsier in draw- 
ing and cutting. It has been doubted whether the 
texture described as picked or hacked is not merely the 
result of weathering ; a doubt which, I think, may be set 
at rest bv close examination of this stone. The drill- 
holes are such as occur in the Scandinavian work at 
Beckermet and Gosforth. 

A bit of Greek fret over a window in Glassonby is 
pointed out as possibly part of this or another such cross ; 
but it must be Renaissance work. Our stone is one of a 
series which I take to be the work of the Irish-Vikings. 



(292) 



Art. XXV. — Fragments of an Early Cross at the A bbeyj 
Carlisle, By W. G. Collingwood. 

Read at BownesS'On-Wtndermere, September i8th, 1900. 

TiURING our last meeting the Bishop of Barrow-in- 
^ Furness showed me two fragments not hitherto 
described. They were found in or about 1888 in making 
alterations to his house at the Abbey, Carlisle. Their 
exact site would have been the western end of the 
cathedral in its ancient form. 

The fragments are of red sandstone, each 9 inches in 
height, 4J inches (more or less) thick, and 5J inches 
broad. The carving is all in relief, and neatly chiselled. 

They are the lateral arms of a cross which must have 
been very like the Fratry crosshead in general form, also 
in having an interlaced pattern on the ends of the arms. 
This interlacing, however, is in straight lines ; but there 
is something like it in an Anglian cross from St. Oswald's 
(now in the Cathedral Library), Durham; and though 
open in design, is not irregular as Norman interlacing 
often is. 

In the knobs on one face this cross is like that at the 
Cathedral, Carlisle, which, with its knobs joined by raised 
spines to a central boss, I take to be the original pattern 
of the white crossheads at Beckermet (St. John's), at 
Bridekirk, at Bromfield, at Crosscanonby, at Dearham, 
and at Kirkby Stephen, which must all be rustic imita- 
tions of the good Anglian work at Carlisle. The zigzags 
round the knobs, which at first seem rude and formless, 
turn out, when the whole head is restored from the 
fragments, to be irregular only in order that they may 
follow the curves of the spaces they have to fill. These 
zigzags are a cheap way of getting the effect of key- 



I ' >^ —7"'" 



ii 






IP 



i---..^ 






294 FRAGMENTS OF AN EARLY CROSS. 

pattern ; they are most unusual, but must be a develop- 
ment of Anglian art in a rather late stage. In a later and 
more debased stage they are replaced by the wandering 
spirals of the well-known Cumbrian type, as in the head 
of the so-called Kenneth cross at Dearham. The free- 
armed head is, I think, Anglian as opposed to the Irish 
wheel-cross, a later type. The Anglian character of this 
cross is distinctly seen in the reverse with its leaves and 
fruit degenerated a little from the Anglo-Italian scrolls of 
the Bewcastle and Hexham types. 

We may, perhaps, find a date for this cross from the 
fact that the Anglian occupation of Carlisle began about 
680 A.D., and ended with the destruction of the city by 
the Danes in 876. This is evidently not a work of the 
finer and earlier time, so that it may be roughly placed in 
the later part of that period. It seems to have stood in 
fair preservation until it was intentionally mutilated. By 
knocking off these fragments a long through-stone would 
have been got by the cathedral builders, some 400 years 
after the cross was set up ; and we know how often the 
older monuments were used in that way for building 
purposes. 



(295) 



Art. XXVI. — Tumulus at Gray son-lands, Glassonby, Cum- 
berland. By W. G. COLLINGWOOD. 

Read at Carlisle, June 20th, 1900. 

^PHIS tumulus is mentioned by Canon Greenwell and 
-■- Dr. RoUeston in British Barrows, pp. 7-8, and by 
Chancellor Ferguson in these Transactions, vol. xiii., p. 394. 
" Standing on it," he said, " one can trace a stone circle 
or fence within its circumference. It would probably 
repay investigation, but such would be a very expensive 
piece of work." 

By the kindness of the owner, Mr. W. E. Rowley, an 
investigation has now been made, under the care of the 
Rev. Canon Thornley. Most of the digging has been 
done by George Cheesebrough, who had the previous 
experience of opening the Parks tumulus, just across the 
beck in Dale Raven. The accompanying plan was made 
by the present writer on repeated visits in May and June, 
1900, during the progress of excavation. 

The limits of the tumulus are ill defined ; the north-east 
side has been shaved off by the plough ; but it is about 
100 to no feet in diameter, and 310 feet in circumference. 
It was formed of small water-worn cobble-stones taken 
" off the land," and thrown upon an irregular natural 
elevation, to an average height of about 2 feet over the 
central area, inside the circle. The depth of the layer of 
cobble-stones at various places is marked in the plan; 
the great inequality in the figures is due to the undulation 
of the natural floor, for the surface of the tumulus was 
fairly level, and defined by a layer of stones which seemed 
to have been broken intentionally, as if the whole had 
been gone over with a hammer, smashing the hard 
pebbles to make them lie close. Upon this in recent 
times some clearings from the fields have been thrown. 



TUMULUS AT GRAYSON-LANDS, GLASSONBY. 



297 



Length. 


Breadth. 


Height 


44 in. 


24 m. 


33 in. 


33 


19 


20 


46 


14 


18 


43 


22 


16 


43 


29 


3« 



44 



40 



33 



«3 



37 



42 



27 



12 



37 



34 



30 



36 



The circle and kist are now fully exposed, and will be 
allowed to remain in situ. The circle, or rather oval, is 
49 feet in diameter on the longer axis, and 44 feet on the 
shorter, internal measurement. Several of the stones 
had been removed before digging was begun ; but there 
are now thirty remaining. Beginning from the kist, they 
are : — 

No. Material. 

1. Red sandstone 

2. Gray cobble 

3. Do., with glacial striae 

4. Blue whin ... . 

5. Gray cobble 

Gap of 65 inches. 

6. Brecciated greenstone 

(Close to this was a red sandstone 
siao) .«• ••• ... ... 

7. Gray Skiddaw granite ... "... 

8. Brecciated greenstone 

9. Cleaved greenstone 

10. Cleaved brecciated greenstone 

(Near this were five fragments of 
red sandstone slabs). 

11. Red sandstone 

12. Brecciated greenstone with glacial 

Sirias ... ... ... ... 

Gap of 30 inches. 

13. Brecciated greenstone 

Gap of 14 feet 10 inches from which 
stones have been removed. 

14. Granite (?) 

Gap of 14 inches. 

15. Brecciated greenstone 

16. Hard white sandstone 

Gap of 17 inches. 

17. Gray Skiddaw granite 

18. Cobble ... ... ... ... 

19. Cobble ... ... ... ... 

20. Red sandstone 

21. Gray cobble 

Gap of 30 inches. 

22. Gray cobble 

Gap of 98 inches. 



20 


15 


2 


60 


20 


«3 


41 


28 


16 


85 


36 


6 


59 


30 


14 



16 



16 



10 



12 



46 


33 


19 


33 


22 


12 


5« 


32 


26 


40 


26 


12 


42 


24 


24 


44 


12 


22 


42 


26 


24 



22 



28 



298 TUMULUS AT GRAYSON -LANDS, GLASSONBY. 



23. 


Red sandstone 


24. 


U%Jt ••• ••• 


25. 


UOt ••• ••• 


26. 


Granite 


27. 


Cobble ... 


28. 


Cobble 




Gap of 51 inches. 


2^. 


Granite 




Gap of 55 inches. 


30. 


Greenstone 




Gap of 48 inches at the kist. 



2d 


14 


12 


24 


H 


H 


28 


18 


17 


32 


30 


22 


27 


16 


II 


42 


23 


19 


36 


6 


22 


48 


23 


28 



The measurements are given as the stones now lie, but 
many of them, on the western side especially, have fallen 
in course of digging, and originally what is given as their 
breadth must have been their height. They were set on 
edge on the natural ground, close together, to form a 
continuous fence, and no.t sunk in the soil but propped 
with the small cobbles which form the tumulus. 

Between 30 and i, or between 5 and 6, there was, 
about 25 years ago, a stone described by Mr. Thomas 
Glaister, of Glassonby, as over 3 feet long, about 6 inches 
thick, and 2 feet high, of red sandstone, with a spiral or 
concentric circles, like the figure on Long Meg, incised 
on its side. 

The kist measures internally 39 to 34 inches by 19 to 
20 inches, and is 19 to 24 inches deep. Its walls are 
formed of four red-sandstone slabs 8 to 12 inches thick ; 
its floor is of red sand from the stone. Its cover is in 
three pieces, 5 to 6 inches thick. The top of the cover is 
a little below the original surface of the ground. It had 
been opened and rifled long before our explorations were 
begun. 

At the place marked in the plan " Burnt Spot " there 
was charcoal on the original floor. At the place marked 
in the plan " Bead," and at or near the original surface, 
was found the bead of light blue transparent glass with a 
wavy line of opaque white, now in TuUie House Museum. 
Such beads have been found in interments from the 






'-■ « 



^ < 






THE GLASSONBY UBN. 



TUMULUS AT GRAYSON-LANDS, GLAS50NBY. 299 

Bronze Age through Roman times up to the Anglo-Saxon 
period. 



Outside the circle two interments of burnt bones were 
found. One was four feet north of stone No. 20, a mere 
loose deposit in a hole in the natural surface of the 
ground, with neither urn nor flag nor even cobble-paving 
to protect it. The other was under an urn, at a point 
E. 20° S. of the gap between Nos. 28 and 29, 10 feet 
6 inches from the circumference of the circle. The urn 
is 12J inches high, 10 to loj inches in diameter at the 
mouth, which is not quite circular as the urn is hand- 
shaped, not turned. It has a band of ornament usual in 
urns of the period, consisting of six lines of incised marks. 
Great credit is due to George Cheesebrough for getting it 
out in an absolutely perfect condition, and it is now in 
Tullie House Museum. The bones are described in the 
subsequent article. 

The site is called by some Grayson or Graystone-lands, 
with which Canon Thornley compares "Gray Yauds " 
(horses), the name of the circle of stones formerly existing 
on King Harry moor, six miles to the north of this ; 
adding that "Grayson" is not one of the family names 
in the neighbourhood. I understand, however, that 
" Grayson-lands " is the name in the title-deeds. Long 
Meg is ij mile to the south, and there are other circles 
in the immediate neighbourhood, though none more 
interestingly showing so many features of a burial of 
the Bronze Age. 



(300) 



Art. XXVIL — On the Bones from Grayson-lands Tumidus, 
Glassonby. By Dr. Henry Barnes, LL.D., F.R.S.E.; 
with remarks by Professor Sir William Turner, 
D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S. 

Read at Bowness-on-Windermere, September i8th, igoo. 

^PHE bones found in the Grayson-lands Tumulus were 
* handed by Mr. CoUingwood to me for examination. 
They consisted of two lots, which differed somewhat in 
character. The larger lot were found in or under the 
urn, and the other a short distance away. There were 
numerous fragments of wood charcoal with the first 
named, and the earth mixed with them was of a darker 
colour, possibly due to admixture with charcoal. Having 
carefully washed and cleaned the bones, it was abundantly 
clear that many of the fragments were portions of the 
human skeleton; but some of the fragments were so 
small, and others so altered and twisted by the action 
of fire, that it seemed to me impossible for any one 
but an expert in comparative anatomy to determine 
their exact character. I accordingly submitted them 
to my old teacher. Sir William Turner, D.C.L., LL.D., 
F.R.S., Professor of Anatomy in the University of 
Edinburgh, who has kindly sent me a report on them. 
The two lots were labelled respectively A and B. In 
the first, being the bones found in or under the urn, 
there were 24 human teeth, the incisors, canines, molars 
and bicuspids all being represented. The largest firag- 
ment in this lot was a portion of a thigh bone, which 
presented a rounded head, and some of those who saw it 
thought it had been rounded by artificial means, as if to 
fit it for the handle of some implement. I therefore 
directed special attention to this specimen, and as the 
Edinburgh Professor is well known for his researches 



ON THE BOKES I^ROM CEtAVSOH-LAKDS "TUMUlUS. 30I 

" On Early Man in Scotland," his opinion on this point 
will carry great weight. It will be seen from his report 
that he considers that the burial belongs to the Bronze 
Age, and he does not recognise anything in the appear- 
ance of the fragment which may not have been caused by 
the action of the fire. There were fragments of bones of 
the skull in both lots, and from their appearance I was 
led to the opinion that the bones found in or under the 
urn were those of a man, and the others those of a 
woman. This opinion is partly confirmed by Sir William 
Turner. On examination of some of the fragments in 
lot A, I was struck by the presence of irregular-shaped 
blue stains. These stains were only found on the skull 
bones. Canon Greenwell, in his book on British Barrows, 
p. 16, mentions that burnt bones have frequently a blue 
or green tinge, and this has sotnetimes been thought to 
indicate the former presence of some article of bronze, 
which had entirely gone to decay. He states, however, 
that chemical analysis has demonstrated that the blue 
colour is not due to the bones having been in contact 
with bronze, but is due to the presence of phosphate of 
iron, a salt which, although white when pure, can assume 
various tinges of blue and green. It has been further 
noted, and the observation applies to the bones found at 
Grayson-lands, that the discolouration is by no means 
confined to the superficial layers of the bones thus 
affected. Iron is a natural constituent of bone, and if 
this explanation of the causation of the stains is correct, 
I should have expected the stains to be more general. 
In the bones I examined the stains were only found 
among the first lot, and only on the bones of the skull. 
At the recent meeting of the British Association I had 
some conversation as to the causation of the stains with 
Professor Alex. Macalister, F.R.S., of Cambridge, and he 
kindly offered to investigate further if I would send him 
some specimens. Accordingly, I picked out some of the 
best marked stains, and he reports, as the result of his 



302 ON -THE BONES FROM GRAYSON-LANDS TUMULUS. 

investigation, that he found no trace of copper, and only 
a little sign of iron in the stain, but that the colour is 
largely organic, and due to the mycelium of a mould 
fungus. This he has been able to demonstrate by 
microscopic examination. This discovery is interesting, 
and I am greatly indebted to Professor Macalister for 
conducting this investigation for me, and for his success 
in solving the cause of the stains. The presence of iron 
is probably accounted for by the iron naturally present in 
bony tissue, and the absence of copper shows that no 
bronze implements had been buried with the bones. 



Memorandum on Fragments of Bone sent to me 

BY Dr. Henry Barnes. 

Box A contained numerous fragments of bone which 
had formed a large part of an adult human skeleton, 
obtained, I understand, in an inverted urn buried in a 
tumulus. From the sketch of the urn it was obviously 
of the cinerary type. The bones had been subjected to 
the action of fire, and were split, cracked, and contorted 
by the heat, and some were blackened by carbonization 
of the animal matter. The appearance presented by the 
bones was very characteristic of the effects produced by 
the method of cremation practised by the people who 
burnt the bodies of the dead, and enclosed the bones in 
urns. I should say that the burial belonged to the 
Bronze Age. As regards the fragments of a long bone to 
which my attention was asked, a portion of the shaft of 
of a femur, I do not recognise anything in its appearance 
which may not have been produced by the action of fire. 

Box B contained a portion of a human skeleton, which, 
from the character of the bones, I consider to have 
belonged to a younger person than the bones in A, or 
possibly they may have been those of a woman. They 
showed the customary appearance of a cremated skeleton. 

26th July, 1900. W. Turner. 



i 



(303) 



THE ROMAN FORT ON HARDKNOTT. 

Supplementary Notes. 

By C. W. Dymond, F.S.A., Hon. F.S.A. Scot. 

The account of the exploration of Hardknott castrum in 1892, 
written by several hands, and published in the twelfth volume of 
these Transactions y contains some errors which, if allowed to remain 
uncorrected, are likely to mislead those who may refer to it 
under the impression that, in every particular, it is to be trusted. 

While it is not needful to give reasons for the delay which has 
occurred in suppl)dng corrections, it seems well to explain why I 
have undertaken the unwelcome task of drawing attention to them. 

When the work was projected, the late President proposed — and 
it was agreed — ^that he should write the historical portion of the 
paper, and that I (who had been entrusted with the direction of the 
field-work) should be responsible for the record of the results — ^the 
topography, the structural discoveries and the finds. Had this 
arrangement been adhered-to, the chances of error would have been 
minimized, and some space that has been wasted in duplicate and 
occasionally inconsistent notices of the same things would have 
been saved. For example : the particulars given in pp. 383-389 are, 
for, the most part, taken from reports sent during the progress of 
the work, with records of provisional measurements, scaled from 
trial sketch-plans, which were not intended for publication until 
they had been checked on the plans as finally plotted. Hence, 
where the figures found in these pages differ from those given in 
Part III, the latter are to be taken as correct. 

For brevity's sake, most of the following remarks (restricted to 
those matters which came under my immediate notice) are thrown 
into the form of a list of corrigenda ; which, however, is by no means 
exhaustive ; several items, of only minor importance, being omitted. 

Part II. 

P. 386, lines 3-6. — That there were spina, is doubtful. (See pp. 
399-404). 

P. 387, lines 18, 19. — Most certainly this was not a flue. It is 
merely the narrow space, between two parallel buildings, which is 
often found in the internal arrangements of Roman camps. 



304 THE ROMAN FORT ON HARDKNOTT. 

P. 387, line 7 from bottom. — ^This was, at first, my own idea ; bat 
it was afterwards abandoned. (See p. 409). 
P. 389, last line. — Dele " and clerk of the works." 

Part III. 

P. 405, lines I, 2 ; also lines 10-12. (See next entry). 

P. 411, lines 5, 4 from bottom. — ^The lower part of this projection, 
left blank in Plate III, was built with selected rubble, laid with a 
smooth, level top-surface. A similar surface was uncovered at the 
thickened portion of the inner wall of the western tower ; but the 
unusual method of construction prevented their true meaning from 
being seen at the time. Considered together, there can be little 
doubt that these are the last remaining steps (or, possibly, seats of 
freestone steps) of short flights, leading, the one from the kitchen to 
the cistern, the other to the door of the tower. 

P. 412, middle. — The flight of steps postulates a doorway in the 
south wall. 

Part IV. 

It is necessary to premise that the writer of this section left much 
of the work at the out-building unfinished. This was completed, 
under my supervision, in the autumn, when the inner portion of the 
stoke-hole was cleared through, and the masses of earth and 
rubbish which still nearly filled the two hypocaust rooms and more 
than half the area of the cistern were removed. 

P. 420, line 6. — Not " of course." (See p. 405, lower half). 

P. 420, line 7 from bottom. — Only one, that could have been used 
in an arch (and this a doubtful one), was found here. (See p. 403, 
below middle). 

P. 420, line 5 from bottom. — Much too positive. The preponder- 
ance of the evidence seems to tell against the supposition that these 
gateways were arched. For the pros and cons, see pp. 399-403. 
Other reasons for hesitating to accept the arch theory might have 
been added. Of these, it may sufiice to mention one, — the very 
loose style of building adopted in the flanking walls, accurately 
delineated in Plate V, which, to one accustomed to judge of 
masonry, does not suggest that these were intended to carry any 
such heavy superstructures. 

P. 423, line II. — There was no concrete; only the gravelly natural 
surface under the turf. 

P. 424, line 6 from bottom. — No lines of road were traced. The 
whole of the under surface, where exposed within the camp, was 
alike gravelly. 



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INDEX OF 



ARCHillOLOGICAL 
PAPERS 



1665—1890 



IN ONE VOLUME. 



COMPILED BY 

GEORGE LAURENCE GOMME, F.SA., rrc. 



PUBLISHED T7NDER THE DIRECTION OF THE CONGRESS 
OF ARCHAOLOGICAL SOCIETIES IN UNION 
WITH THE SOCIETY OF 
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PREFACE 

« 

Ths compilation of this index was commenced by Mr. Gomme 
twenty-five years ago ; but the years brought other duties 
and the work hngered, though it was never relinquished. 
When The ArchcBologiccU Review was started the printing 
of the index was begun as an appendix to that journal, but 
the fourth volume having ended its career the printing of 
the index also came to an end. Nothing further was accom- 
plished until Messrs. Constable undertook the pubHcation 
of the Index for subscribers, and subsequently the work 
was taken up by the Congress of Archaeological Societies 
in union with the Society of Antiquaries. 

The work has been laborious beyond all conception, and 
should be of immense value. Great work has been accom- 
plished in this country to bring its rich archaeological and 
historical remains into use, but this work is scattered. 

The Index finishes where the annual index published by 
the Congress of Archaeological Societies begins, and there is 
now for the first time a continuous index from the first publi- 
cations in the philosophical transactions of the Royal Society 
^ down to the present time. 



CONTENTS 

Anthropological Institute Journal. 

Anthropological Society of London, Journal. 

Anthropological Society of London, Memoirs. 

Antiquaries, Lreland, Proceedings of Royal Society, 3rd series. 

Antiquaries, London, Proceedings of Royal Society, i.-iv. ; 2nd series, vol. 

i.-xiii. 
Antiquaries, Newccistle, Proceedings of Society, vol. ix. 
Antiquaries, Scotland, Proceedings of Society, vol. i.-xxv. 
Archseologia, vol. i.-l. 
ArchsBologia ^Eliana, vol. i.-xiv. 
Archffiologia Cambrensis, vol. i.-iv. ; new series, vol. i.~v. ; 3rd series, vol. 

i.-xv. : 4th series, vol. i.-xiv. ; 5th series, i.-vii. 



CONTENTS— (con*. ) 

Arohseologia Cantiaiia, vol. i.-xix. 

Arohseologia Oxoniensus, vol. i. 

ArohsBologia Sootica, vol. i.-v. 

ArchaBologioal Institute, Journal, vol. i.-xlvii. 

Associated Architectural Societies, Transactions, vol. i.-xx. 

Barrow Field Club, Transactions, vol. xiii., xv., xvi. 

Bath Field Club, Transactions, vol. i.-vi. 

Belfast Naturalist Field Club, vol. 

Berwickshire Field Club, vol. i.-xi. 

Biblical Archaeology, Society of. Proceedings, vol. i.-xiii. 

Birmingham and Midland Institute, Transactions, vol. i.-xvii. 

Bristol and Gloucestershire Archseological Society, Transactions, vol. i.-xiv. 

Bristol, Archaeological Magazine, vol. i. 

Bristol and West of England Archseological Society, 1849. 

Bristol Naturalist Society, new series, vol. i.-v. 

British Archseological Association, Journal, vol. i.-xlvi. 

British Architects, Royal Institute of. Journal, 1860-62 to 1890. 

Buckinghamshire Architectural and Archseological Society, Records, vol. i.-vi. 

Cambridge Antiquarian Society, vol. i.-vL 

Chester and North Wales Archseological and Historical Society, Transactions, 

vol. i.-iv. 
Clifton Antiquarian Club Proceedings, vol. i.-ii. 
Cornwall, Royal Institute of. Proceedings, vol. i.-ix. 
Cotteswold Field Club, vol. i.-ix. 

Cumberland and Westmorland Archseological Society, Transactions, vol. i.-xi. 
Cymmrodorion Society, Transactions, vol. i.-x. 
Derbyshire Archseological and Natural History Society, Transactions, vol. 

i.-xiii. 
Devonshire Association, Transactions, vol. i.-xxi. 

Dorset Natural Hjstory and Antiquarian Field Club, Proceedings, vol. i.-xi. 
Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiqueu'ian Society, 

vol. i.-vii. 
Durham and Cumberland Architectural and Archseological Society, 1862, 

1863. 
Durham and Northumberland Archseological Society, Transactions, vol. i.-iii. 
East Riding Archseological Society, Yorks, Transactions, vol.*xi.-xii. 
Essex Archseological Society, Transactions, vol. i.-v. ; new series, i.-iii. 
Ethnological Society, Transactions, vol. i.-vii. 
Ethnological Society, Journal, vol. i.-ii. 
Ethnological Society of London, Journal, vol. i.-iv. 
Exeter Diocesan Architectural and Archseological Society, Transactions, 

vol. i.-vi. ; 2nd series, vol. i.-v. 
Folklore, Journal, vol. i.-vii. 

Folklore, Proceedings of the Folklore Society, vol. i. 
Folklore, Record, vol. i.-v. 

Glasgow Archseological Society, Tremsactions, vol. i.-ii. 
Gloucester Cathedral, Records, vol. i.-iii. 
Hampshire Field Club, Proceedings, vol. i. 
Hellenic Society, Joinmal, vol. i.-xi. 
Huguenot Society, vol. i.-ii. 

Kilkenny Archseological Society, vol. i.-iii. ; new series, vol. i.-vi. 
Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society, Transactions, vol. i.-viii. 
Lancashire and Cheshire Historical Society, vol. i.-xii. ; new series^ vol. i.-x. ; 

3rd series, vol. i.-vi. 
Leicester Architectural and Archseological Society, Transcictions, vol. i.-vi. 



OONTENTB— (OOftf.) 

Lhmpool LitefBTj and Philcsoplucal Society^ voL L-xIt. 

London and Middleiex Archsological Society, Transactions, voL L-vi. 

Maoohcster Litcfary and Philosophical Society, voL L-t. ; 2nd series, vol. 
Ir-Tv. ; 8rd series, voL L-x. ; 4th series, voL L-iii. 

Monmouthshire and Caerleon Antiqoarian Society, 1854 to 1889. 

Newbory and District Field dub, voL L-iiL 

Norfolk and Norwich Archsological Society, Transactions, voL L-x. 

Northnmberland and Dnrham Natural History Society, voL L-viL 

Numismatic Joomal, toL L-iL 

Numismatic Chronicle, voL i-xx. ; new secies, L-xx. ; 3rd series, I.-X. 

Oxfordshire ArduBological Society, Transactions, 1893. 

Powys Land Club, voL L-xxiv. 

Royal Historical Society, Transactions, voL i-iv. 

Royal Irish Academy, Transactions, voL L-xxviL 

Royal Society, Philosophical Transactions. 

Royal Society of Literature, Transactions, voL i-xiv. ; vol. L-iiL ; 2nd seriee 

St. Albans and Hertfordshire Architectural and ArduBological Society. 
Transactions, 1886 to 1889. 

St. PauFs Ecclesiological Society, Transactions, vol. L-iL 

Shropshire Archnolbgical and Natural History Society, Transactions, voL 
L-xi. ; second seriee, vol. i.-iii. 

Somerset Archsological and Natural History Society, Transactions, voL 

L— xxxvL 
Suffolk Aroheological Institute, Transactions, vol. L-viL 
Surrey Aroheological Society, Collections, vol. L-ix. 
Sussex ArchsBological Collections, vol. L-xxxvii. 
Thoresby Society, Transactions, vol. L-iii. 
Tyneside Naturalists Field Club, voL L-vL 
Ulster Journal of ArohsBology, voL L-ix. 
Velusta Monumenta, vol. L-vL 

William Salt ArchsBological Society, Collections, voL t-id. 
Wiltshire Arohsologioal and Natural History Magadne, voL L-xxiv. 
Yorkshire ArohaBological and Topographical Journal, voL L-x. 



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THE ROMAN FORT ON HARDKNOTT. 305 

P. 425, line 2. — ^Though there must have been a way of access to 
the praetorian gate, no traces of it were seen, and there was not 
sufficient time to seek for them. 

P. 425, lines II, 12; also last line. — Unquestionably an error. 
The gap in this wall was caused by its collapse when, at some 
unknown date, the crown of the stoke-hole was abstracted. 

P. 426, lines 2, 3. — There were no remains of "the top of the flue." 
This part was not then cleared. 

P. 426, lines 4-7. — There were seven courses of tiles, i foot loj 
inches high ; and the stoke-hole was 2 feet 2 inches wide. (See 
Plate III.) 

P. 427, line 5. — There was no sign of a flue having been carried 
under the doorway. 

P. 427, lines 17, 18. — ^The tiles were 11 inches and 8 inches square. 

P. 427, lines 4, 3 from bottom. — Much larger. (See Plate III.) 

P. 427, line 3 from bottom ; also p. 428, line 15. Query a flue, or 
the basement of a staircase ? 

P. 429, line 15; p. 431, lines; plate opposite p. 429. — The 
** outlet," or '* conduit," is wholly imaginary. The thin wall across 
the cistern did not exist; nor was the excavation carried so far 
that way at the time. 

P. 430, line 21. — For north-western read north-eastern. It is 
not so thick. 

P. 430, line 7, from bottom; also p. 431, line 11. — Not "by 
mistake." 

P. 431, line 6. — For correction, see Plate III., and p. 412, lines 4-6. 

Appendix : List of Finds. 

This is incomplete. It contains an account of those finds only 
which came under my own notice. Others are described in Part IV. 

P. 438 : Coins. — For quinarius, ahd a.d. 91 read denarius, and 
A.D. 95. 



(3o6) 



PROCEEDINGS. 



First Meeting. 

The first meeting of the Society in 1900 was held at Carlisle on 
Wednesday and Thursday, the 20th and 21st of June, the committee 
for local arrangements being Dr. Barnes, the Rev. G. E. Gilbanks, 
and Mr. T. H. Hodgson. 

Amongst those present were: — The Bishop of Barrow-in-Fumess; 
Dr. Barnes, Carlisle ; Mr. and Mrs. T. Hesketh Hodgson, Newby 
Grange ; Canon Bower and Mrs. Bower, Carlisle ; Canon Sherwen, 
Dean ; Canon Thornley, Kirkoswald ; the Rev. J. J. Burrow, Ireby ; 
the Rev. J. Brunskill, Ormside ; the Rev. A. G. Loftie, Great 
Salkeld ; the Rev. W. R. Hopper, Kirkbride; the Rev. J. Baker, 
Burgh-by- Sands ; the Rev. J. Whiteside, Helsington; Mr. T. 
Horrocks, Eden Brows ; Mr. E. H. Banks, Highmoor ; Mr. R. D. 
Marshall, Castlerigg Manor, Keswick ; Mr. D. McB. Watson, 
Hawick; Mr. T. C. Hughes, Lancaster; Mr. J. Duckworth, Petteril 
Street, Carlisle ; Miss Beevor, Carlisle ; Miss Creighton, Carlisle ; 
the Misses Cartmell, Carlisle; Mr. Hunt, Abbey Street, Carlisle; 
Mrs. Carrick, Scotby ; Mr. Hendy, Carlisle Grammar School ; Mr. 
J. P. Watson, Garth Marr, Castlecarrock ; Miss Donald, Stanwix; 
Mr. Crowder, jun., Carlisle; Mr. J. H. Martindale, Wetheral; 
Mr. Joseph Cartmell, Brigham ; Mr. and Mrs. H. B. Lonsdale, 
Kirkandrews; Miss Noble, Beckfoot, Penrith; Mr. and Mrs. M. 
Hair, Carlisle ; Mr. A. Sparke, Carlisle ; Miss Hind, Fisher Street, 
Carlisle; Miss Thompson, Workington; Mr. D. Burns, Stanwix; 
Mr. G. Watson, Penrith ; Mr. A. B. Clark, Aspatria ; Mr. E. L. 
Nailson, Whitehaven ; Mr. A. Satterthwaite, Lancaster ; Mr. W. 
Scott, Carlisle; Mr. John Robinson, Middlesborough ; Mr. and 
Miss Fletcher, Stoneleigh, Workington ; Mrs. Brootch and Miss 
Quirk, Carlisle; Mrs. J. Todd, Harraby; Mr. T. Wilson, Kendal; 
Mr. W. G. CoUingwood, Coniston ; Mr. and Mrs. J. F. Curwen, 
Kendal, &c., &c. 

About two o'clock on Wednesday afternoon the members 
assembled at Tullie House, where they were met by Mr. B. Scott, 
Mr. Wheatley, and other members of the Public Library Committee. 
The building and its contents were described by Mr. Sparke, the 
Librarian, of whose carefuUy-prepared paper, Article IV. in this 



PROCEEDINGS. 307 

volume formed part ; the remainder will appear, we understand, 
with illustrations, in a popular magazine. In the mediaeval room, 
Mr. Collingwood called attention to the fragment of a cross-shaft 
from Glassonby, and the urn and glass bead from the tumulus at 
Grayson -lands, three objects which had just been presented to the 
Museum by Mr. W. E. Rowley, of Glassonby. (Articles XXIV. and 
XXVI.) The party then visited the Cathedral under the guidance 
of the Bishop of Barrow, who entertained them afterwards to tea in 
the Fratry, where the annual meeting was held. 

Mr. T. Wilson took the chair at the opening of the meeting, and 
referred to the great loss which the Society had sustained through 
the death of Chancellor Ferguson. The first business now was to 
elect a president in his place. — Mr. T. H. Hodgson also spoke of 
the loss sustained by the death of the President, under whose 
guidance the Society had attained its flourishing condition. There 
were not two opinions as to the fittest man in the Society to succeed 
him, and he now moved that the Bishop of Barrow be elected 
president. The Bishop was an original member, he had regularly 
attended the meetings of the Society, and had contributed papers 
to its Transactions. — Canon Bower seconded the motion. He 
believed they would all be much pleased to have Bishop Ware as 
their president. (Applause.) — ^The motion was carried unanimously ; 
and Bishop Ware took the chair amid renewed applause. He was, 
he said, very grateful for the h(jnour conferred upon him, and he 
valued it very highly. This was to them a sad meeting, because of 
the great loss the Society had sustained in the death of their late 
President, Chancellor Ferguson. He felt the loss as a personal 
one, because to him and his he had been a dear old friend. He 
had been for many years the life and soul of the Society. His 
knowledge of the history and archaeology of the district was quite 
unequalled. He was always ready to help and encourage beginners, 
and to put his knowledge at their service in the most generous 
manner, (applause) sometimes with very useful results. Of this 
he might take one instance. The work on the Church Plate in the 
diocese was the first of the kind undertaken, but after its publica- 
tion the example was followed in other dioceses. Their late 
President was a true archaeologist ; but he himself could only call 
himself a person with a taste for archaeology. He would do his best 
to discharge the duties of the post to which they had just elected 
him, and to see that the interests of the Society did not suffer in his 
hands. (Cheers.) 

The patrons, vice-presidents, members of the Council, auditors, 
secretaries, and treasurer were re-elected as follows : — 

Pairons: — The Right Hon. The Lord Muncaster, F.S.A., Lord 



308 PROC££DtNGS. 

Lieatenant of Cumberland ; The Right Hon. The Lord Hothfield, 
Lord Lieutenant of Westmorland. 

Vice-Presidents :— The Right Rev. The Lord Bishop of Carlisle ; 
The Very Rev. The Dean of Carlisle ; The Earl of Carlisle ; James 
Cropper, Esq. ; H. F. Curwen, Esq. ; John Fell, Esq., Flan How ; 
C. F. Ferguson, Esq., F.S.A. ; F. Haverfield, Esq., F.S.A. ; Hon. 
W. Lowther ; H. F. Pelham, Esq., F.S.A., President Trinity Collie, 
Oxford; Ven. Archdeacon Prescott, D.D.; W. O. Roper, Esq., 
F.S.A. ; H. P. Senhouse, Esq. ; His Honour Judge Steavenson. 

Elected Members of Council: — H. Barnes, Esq., M.D., LL.D., 
Carlisle ; Rev. Canon Bower, M.A., Carlisle : W. G. Collingwood, 
Esq., M.A., Coniston ; H. S. Cowper, Esq., F.S.A., Hawkshead ; 
J. F. Haswell, Esq., M.D., Penrith ; T. H. Hodgson, Esq., Newby 
Ghrange; Rev. F. L. H. Millard, M.A., Aspatria; Colonel Sewell, 
Brandlingill ; Joseph Swainson, Esq., Stonecross; E. T. Tyson, 
Esq., Cockermouth ; George Watson, Esq., Penrith ; Rev. James 
Wilson, M.A., Dalston. 

Auditors :-^]2jnes G. Gandy, Esq., Heaves; R. H. Greenwood, 
Esq., Bankfield. 

Treasurer : — W. D. Crewdson, Helm Lodge, Kendal. 

Secretaries: — T. Wilson, Esq., Aynam Lodge, Kendal; J. F. 
Curwen, Esq., Horncop Hall, Kendal. 

Mr. W. G. Collingwood was elected editor of the Transactions, on 
the motion of the President, seconded by Dr. Barnes. — It was 
reported that at the last meeting Mr. T. H. Hodgson had been 
elected chairman of the Council. — Mr. Titus Wilson submitted the 
report of the treasurer, Mr. Crewdson, who had not been able to 
attend. It showed that the Society was in a very good position, the 
balance in hand being ;f 240. Special accounts showed balances to 
the good, including the Fumess Abbey Exploration Account, out 
of which over ;f 200 had been spent. 

Thirty -four new members had been elected since the last annual 
meeting, and twenty-two had resigned or died. — Mr. Curwen read 
the report of the Sub- Committee appointed in connection with the 
excavations at Furness Abbey, which had recommended that the 
excavations in the north transept be allowed to remain open, and 
that those of the chancel should be filled in. The Fumess Railway 
Company had been communicated with, and so far as they were 
concerned they had no objection to the proposals of the Sub- 
Committee. — On the motion of Mr. CoUingwoojd it was agreed that 
the next meeting of the Society be held at Windermere about 
Thursday, September 6th, and a local sub-committee was appointed 
to make arrangements. The appointment of delegates to the 
Congress of Archaeological Societies was left to the CounciL 



PROCEEDINGS. 309 

Papers were then read by the Bishop of Barrow on " Bishop 
Nicolson's Diaries" (Article I) — by Dr. Barnes on "Roman 
Medicine and Roman Medical Practitioners" (Article 1 1) — by Canon 
Bower "On a Brass found at Arthuret Church" (Article VII) — 
and by Canon Thornley on " Children's Games as Played at 
Kirkoswald" (Article XXL) Papers were also communicated and 
taken as read by the Rev. J. Brunskill on " Ormshed and its 
Church" (Article XIII), and by the Rev. J. Whiteside on "A 
Letter of 1745 " (Article XIV), " Little Strickland Chapel " (Article 
XV), "Matterdale Church and School" (Article XIX), and 
" Swindale Chapel " (Article XX.) 

In the evening a large party dined at the Central Hotel, the 
Bishop of Barrow in the chair, and after dinner a paper by Mrs. 
Hodgson, of New by Grange, ** On Some Surviving Fairies " (Article 
VIII) was read ; and Mr. George Watson gave an account of 
" The Two Lions Inn, or Gerard Lowther's House at Penrith " 
(Article V.) 

The second day was occupied with an excursion to Holme 
Cultram, leaving by the 9-15 train in the morning for Abbey Town, 
and returning in two chars-^-bancs and a waggonette by way of 
Newton Arlosh, Kirkbride, Drumburgh, and Burgh. 

On arrival at Abbey Town the party was met by the Rev. A. F. 
Sheppard, the rector, and his curate, the Rev. G. E. Gilbanks, and 
proceeded at once to the Abbey, where Mr. Sheppard described the 
more interesting features of the old building ; whilst Mr. Gilbanks, 
who has given the public the benefit of his researches in a recently- 
published volume, took a party round the exterior of the edifice, 
and pointed out where the cloisters and other parts of the old 
Abbey were likely to have been situated. At the Abbey an hour 
was pleasantly spent, as the octogenarian rector discoursed con 
amore on the archaeological features of the old building, with which 
his 25 years' association as parish clergyman have familiarised him. 
At eleven o'clock the conveyances were ready for the drive through 
the Holme. Fortunately for the success of the outing the weather 
was delightfully fine, and members of the Society who were making 
a first acquaintance with the district were charmed with the 
beautiful country through which they passed, and especially with 
the view of the Scotch hills across the Solway, which were seen to 
much advantage. 

On arrival at Raby Cote (now a farmhouse about a couple of 
miles from the Abbey), one of the four Granges established by the 
monastery, the party was addressed by Mr. Francis Grainger, of 
Southerfield, who gave an interesting history of the Chambers 
family (Article XVI 1 1.) At the close Mr. Grainger was thanked for 



310 PROCEEDINGS. 

his able address, on the motion of the President (the Bishop of 
Barrow). 

From Raby Cote the party was driven to Newton Arlosh, where 
the church was visited. Mr. T. H. Hodgson read the late Mr. J. A. 
Cory's description of the building from the second volume of the 
Transactions, and the vicar of the parish, the Rev. J. Mitchell, gave 
further information regarding the structure. It would appear that 
what is now called the new church, and goes back to 1845, was 
added to the north side of the old one, with the result that the 
so-called east window is really in the north wall, so that the vicar of 
the parish, as one authority expressed it, is the most rubrically 
correct clergyman in the diocese. The original east window, in the 
old portion of the church, is only 11 inches wide, and when the 
church was restored and enlarged the seats were turned round to 
face the chancel, which is now the northern part of the building. 

The next stage of the journey was to Kirkbride, where the 
restored church was described by the Rev. W. R. Hopper. A few 
more miles of pleasant driving brought the Society to the Roman 
Fort at Drumburgh, where Mr. T. H. Hodgson described the 
excavations which were carried out last August. (See Article V. in 
volume XVI.) 

During the stay at Drumburgh some members of the party 
inspected an ancient carved stone built into an outhouse of a farm, 
and the suggestion was made that it should be removed into the 
safe-keeping of the Museum. This, by the kindness of the owner, 
has since been done, and a paper upon it, with illustrations, has 
been prepared by Mr. Sparke for the next volume of our Transac- 
tions, 

After time had been allowed for refreshments the Society 
assembled at Drumburgh Castle, which was probably built with 
stones taken from the Fort. The party were shown over the rooms, 
and subsequently Mr. T. H. Hodgson read the description of the 
building which is given in the Lysons' History of Cumberland. 
According to this authority, the Castle, as it now appears, seems to 
have been rebuilt in the reign of Henry VIII. by Thomas Lord 
Dacre. The Castle is now the property of Lord Lonsdale, having 
come into the possession of the Lowther family towards the close of 
the seventeenth century, when Mr. John Aglionby conveyed it to 
Sir John Lowther in exchange for Nunnery. 

An enjoyable drive of between four and five miles more brought 
the Society to the last place in the day's programme — the fortified 
church at Burgh, where Mr. D. Bums read a paper. He said he 
had come to the conclusion that the building was really a fortified 
church, and not a fortress and a church built close together. He 



PROCEEDINGS. 3II 

was further of opinion that the tower and the nave were the oldest 
part, going back to the eleventh century, that the chancel and east 
tower were added later, and the north aisle in the thirteenth century. 
If these conclusions were correct Burgh Church was the oldest 
fortified church in the country, and from certain features of it which 
had never been explained, he hazarded the theory that it was 
originally a heathen temple. He added that other churches, 
notably Kirkbride, possessed similar features, from which he was 
inclined to draw the same conclusion. Mr. Burns was thanked for 
his interesting, if not entirely convincing, paper, and after tea at the 
Lowther Arms the last stage of the journey was undertaken, and 
Carlisle reached about six o'clock, when the members took leave of 
each other after having enjoyed a pleasant outing. After the 
church had been visited at Burgh, a slight shower fell, and this 
was all the rain of which the party had any experience after leaving 
Carlisle in the morning. 

The new members elected at this meeting was: — Rev. A. H. 
Watson, Rectory, Ovingham-on-Tyne ; Mr. W. Scott, Woodbine, 
Chatsworth Square, Carlisle ; Mr. R. W. Moore, Fernacre, White- 
haven ; Miss Lucas, Stanegarth, Bampton ; Mr. T. Wigham, 
Spencer Street, Carlisle ; Mr. J. Wilkinson, 9, Chatsworth Square, 
Carlisle; Mr. Howard Pease, Arcot Hall, Dudley, Northumberland; 
Mrs. W. E. Rowley, Glassonby, Kirkoswald, Cumberland. 



Second Meeting. 

The second meeting of the Cumberland and Westmorland 
Antiquarian and Archaeological Society was held on Tuesday and 
Wednesday, i8th and igth September, 1900 ; the headquarters of 
the members being the Belsfield Hotel, Bowness-on-Windermere. 
On the afternoon of the first day the district visited was the 
Kentmere valley ; the second day's excursion was from Bowness 
through Winster, Crosthwaite, and Witherslack, to Grange. The 
committee for local arrangements consisted of Mr. H. S. Cowper, 
F.S.A., Mr. W. G. Collingwood, and Mr. J. Swainson, with the 
honorary secretaries. 

Amongst the members present were : — The Bishop of Barrow-in- 
Furness, Mr. T. H. Hodgson, Carlisle; Mr. and Miss Cropper, 
EUergreen ; the Hon. Mrs. C. J. Cropper, Canon Rawnsley and 
party, Messrs. W. Little, J. O. Little, and W. O. Little, Chapel 
Ridding, Windermere ; Mr. and Mrs. J. Procter Watson, Castle 
Carrick; Mr. J. Holme Nicholson, Miss Poynting; Mr. Wilson 



312 PROCEEDINGS. 

Shaw ; Mrs. Simpson, Romanway ; Mrs. and Miss Todd, Harbray ; 
Mrs. Hodgson, Mrs. Highet, Miss Thompson, Miss C. Thompson, 
Workington ; Miss Nanson, Penrith ; the Rev. A. F. Still Hill, 
Dufton; Miss M. E. Macray, Miss Gough, Whitfield; the Rev. 
R. V. Nanson, Matterdale ; Mr. W. D. Macray, Oxford ; Mr. John 
Gunson, Ulpha ; the Rev. E. H. Curwen, Aspatria; Mr. and Mrs. 
F. H. M. Parker, Fremington; the Rev. W. Lowthian, Troutbeck; 
the Misses Noble and the Misses Beck, Beckfoot ; the Rev. W. and 
Mrs. Hopper, Kirkbride ; Mr. George Watson, Penrith ; Miss Ada 
M. Richardson, Penrith ; Dr. Barnes, Miss Creighton, Carlisle ; 
Mr. and Mrs. W. G. Collingwood, Coniston ; Dr. Mason, Winder- 
mere ; Mr. H. S. Cowper, Hawkshead ; Mr. and Mrs. S. L. Petty, 
Ulverston ; Mr, Swainson, Kendal ; Miss Gibson, Whelprigg ; Miss 
Quirk, Mr. W. L. Fletcher, Workington ; the Rev. and Mrs. A. G. 
Loftie, Great Salkeld ; Mr. J. A. Martindale, Staveley ; Dr. Mason, 
Windermere; and Mr. J. Wiper, Kendal, and others. 

Those of the members and their friends who had travelled to 
Bowness by the Furness Railway left the Belsfield Hotel for 
Staveley en route for Kentmere in conveyances about noon. The 
weather at the time was misty and unfavourable, and the outlook 
was decidedly unpromising. Staveley was reached a little before 
one o'clock, and here the arrival of the 12-49 train from the south 
was awaited. A good number of members came by this train, and 
were found places on spare vehicles which were in readiness. As 
Staveley was left umbrellas were in demand, and the mountains at 
the head of the valley were wreathed in mist. 

The first feature to be inspected was the British village at Mill 
Rigg, about three miles drive up the valley. The party alighted at 
the farm on the roadside, and went up the hill through three or 
four fields to the remains of the camp, under the guidance of Mr. 
Jonathan Addison, the farmer, and his son. The camp and its 
surroundings were described by Mr. J. A. Martindale, of Staveley. 
(Article XVI.) 

After a stay of about half an hour the conveyances were re- 
mounted, and a drive of about a mile and a half brought the party 
to Low Bridge, where those who desired took tea at Hutchinson's 
refreshment house. Just across the road firom Hutchinson's is the 
" disestablished " Low Bridge Inn, which some years ago was the 
subject of that epoch-making license-law case, " Sharp v. Wakefield." 
The church, two minutes' walk away, was next visited. The 
interior of the edifice possesses more architectural interest and 
charm than the plain whitewashed exterior gives promise of. Look- 
ing down the vale from the porch of the church the view was 
exceedingly fine. Shut in by lofty hills, the valley is watered by the 



PROCEEDINGS. 313 

river Kent, which rises a little to the north. Formerly, a liiile or so 
south of the church, there was a lake or mere, but this was drained 
off in the early part of the present century, and its site is now 
pasture land. The church was in past times a chapel-of-ease 
served from Kendal. The burial ground was consecrated in 1701. 
The salary of the curate was formerly only £6 yearly. The Rev. 
R. J. Pigott, the vicar, was present, and explained the features of 
the church to the visitors, pointing out that the windows were all 
originally in triplets of lancet lights, and that the chancel was once 
separated from the nave by a wooden screen. The roof dated about 
1550. At the church a paper was read by Mr. James Cropper on 
the Gilpins of Kentmere. (Article XXII.) 

The hall, notable as the birthplace of Bernard Gilpin, was 
described by Mr. Curwen, the junior hon. secretary. (Article 
XXIII.) The party went round to the rear of the building in order 
the better to view the massive square tower, the front face of it 
being thickly covered with ivy. A good many of the party 
ascended to the top of the tower, which is reached by a staircase 
not easy to climb. Before the party left the hall to rejoin the 
carriages, which had been left at Low Bridge, Canon Rawnsley 
expressed their thanks to Mr. Cropper and Mr. Curwen for the 
interesting information they had given. He added that not only 
was Gilpin the Apostle of the North, but he was one of the few men 
who through a stormy and perilous time reverenced his conscience 
and took the line that truth dictated to him. He (Canon Rawnslfey) 
was grieved to notice that there was no sort of memento to the 
fame of Gilpin on the walls of the church, and he thought that the 
Society would be doing honour to itself if, when the members met 
at Belsfield Hotel that night, they would discuss the desirability of 
putting up some tablet. The weather being now fine and clear, 
about fifteen of the party elected to walk over the Garbum Pass 
(1,690 feet), a course which had been suggested in the day's pro- 
gramme, subject to the weather being favourable. The remainder 
of the party was driven back down the valley, via Staveley and 
Windermere to Bowness, leaving Low Bridge a little before five. 
Bowness was reached at six o'clock, after a pleasant drive. 

The members dined together at the Belsfield Hotel, numbering 
about 60. Later in the evening a meeting was held, the President 
being in the chair. The minutes of the Society's previous gathering, 
held at Carlisle in June, were approved. The President, referring to 
Canon Rawnsley* s proposal made in the afternoon as to providing a 
memorial to Gilpin in Kentmere Church, said that this was not an 
object upon which the funds of the Society could properly be spent, 
but if any of the members would like to subscribe towards the cost 



314 PROCEEDINGS. 

(about jf 3) the secretaries wonld be glad to receive their subscrip- 
tions, and the amount then estimated as required was collected 
before the close of the meeting. Mr. D. Gibson (Windermere) 
submitted a photograph of a remarkably fine oak chest. Mr. H. 
Swainson Cowper, F.S.A., read a paper on the newly-discovered 
Roman road near the camp at the Waterhead of Windermere. This 
paper is, by the author's desire, held over until the work is com- 
pleted, when it will be printed with illustrations and plans. Dr. 
Barnes read his report on "The Bones from Grayson-lands 
Tumulus, Glassonby," with remarks by Professor Sir William 
Turner (Article XXVII.) Mr. George Watson read a paper on 
" The Nelsons of Penrith " (Article VI.), and Mr. F. H. M. Parker 
one on " The Pedigree of Wastell of Wastell Head, with a memoir 
of General Honywood of Howgill Castle " (Article XII.), and laid 
before the Society another on " The Forgotten Dedication of Great 
Orton Church " (Article XI.) Mr. Collingwood explained the 
reasons of the delay in completing the current number of the 
Transactions, and gave an account of some " Fragments of an Early 
Cross at the Abbey, Carlisle " (Article XXV.) 

The party, with very few exceptions, gathered on the morning of 
Wednesday at Belsfield, and started for a journey by way of 
Winster and Witherslack to Grange. The weather was exceed- 
ingly fine, and kept bright all day. The drive was most magnificent, 
and the places visited of great interest. The old post-ofiice came 
first and the residence of Jonas Barber, the famous clockmaker. 
Standing up in one of the carriages, Mr. H. S. Cowper gave a short 
account of this Westmorland worthy, who, he said, was in 1682 
made a member of the Clockmakers Company, being then described 
as of Ratcliffe Cross. By that time his reputation was made, so 
that his clocks may be generally dated as of the latter half of the 
seventeenth century. His earlier clocks had brass dials, but they 
were little engraved, and possessed only one hand. Subsequently 
he turned out more artistic dials, and added the other hand. Some 
of his clocks, probably later, have white enamelled dials ; one has 
been noted, with the date of 1657. Most of them are twenty-four 
hour clocks, winding by the chain ; some are eight-day time-pieces, 
and wind with a key ; and a few of them chime and repeat. 
Philipson, of Winster, may have been the successor to Jonas Barber. 

The photographs which we are able to give, by the courtesy of 
Mr. W. Holmes, publisher of the North Lonsdale Magazine, will be 
pleasant reminders of this trip through the Winster dale on a sunny 
morning ; for though there are many places of greater archaeological 
importance, there are few where the aspects of ancient rural life 
can be so well seen and felt. 



THE OLD POST OFFICE, WIN 



BBIME HOUSES; THE Home of Jonas Babbeb. 

(TO PACE P, 3U.) 



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f u C ' 



, r>--«- 



f i ;■ 



r V. - ' ••• 



PROCEEDINGS. 315 

From the old post-office a drive of two and a-half miles along 
narrow and winding lanes brought the members to Borderside, 
associated with the name of William Pearson. Here Canon 
Rawnsley, who had reached the place from another direction in 
company with Mr. James Cropper, Mr. C. J. Cropper and party, 
read a paper which was full of literary interest, and given as it 
was with the author's well-known eloquence, and at the right 
" psychological moment " for its full effect, proved one of the most 
successful addresses which the Society has enjoyed for many a 
season. The paper will, we understand, be published in full in 
The Northern Counties Magazine, 

Borderside was left a little before noon, and the next halt was 
made at Comer Hall, described by Mr. H. S. Cowper. (Article IX.) 

Half a mile further down the valley was the quaint cottage at 
Pool Bank, of which a short inspection was made. The principal 
features of interest here are an old fireplace, ornamented with a 
coat of arms, in an upper room, and, in the rear of the house, an 
old-world wooden gallery. The " coat of arms " is an interesting 
though rude work in plaster, representing a crowned lion and 

H 
unicorn supporting a panel with I C and two harts, for Hartley. 

1695 

After a drive of three miles and a half through the damson 
country, Witherslack Church was reached. It is charmingly 
situated, nestling under the shoulder of the scar, and the burial 
ground is remarkable for the number and beauty of the yew trees 
surrounding it. The arms of the two Barwicks and of the Earl of 
Derby — ^the close association of the Derby family with the parish 
being well known — are found on the walls in the church. A descrip- 
tion of the church and parish was read by the vicar, the Rev. 
F. R. C. Hutton (Article XVII.), who had been desired by the Earl 
of Derby to convey to the party his regret at not being able to be 
with them, owing to a prior engagement. Mr. Hutton drew special 
attention to the ancient stone font and the church plate. The 
flagon, weighing 77 ounces, was, he believed, the heaviest to be 
found in the diocese. There was also a piscina mentioned which, 
Mr. Hutton thought, had undoubtedly belonged to a former chapel 
behind the hall, and which afterwards formed part of the fireplace 
of the old hall. Among the ancient books belonging to the church 
is a black letter " Breeches" Bible of 161 6. 

At the Derby Arms five or ten minutes were allowed for refresh- 
ments ; thence a stage of 2\ miles brought the party to Castle 
Head, or Atterpile Castle. The stronghold is situated on an 
eminence which forms part of the ground of Mr. Mucklow's red- 



3X6 PROCEEDINGS. 

deuce, and which, rising from an extensive plain, is a prominent 
object to traveUers by rail between Grange and Camforth. The 
carriages were left near to the house, and the hiU was ascended on 
foot by a winding ^lady path. The visitors ranged themselves 
along the southern rampart of the fortress, whence a delightful view 
of Morecambe Bay and the Amside neighbourhood was obtained. 
The site and its history were described by Mr. W. G. Collingwood, 
who based his remarks upon the description to be found in 
Stockdale's Annals of Cartmel. He said that the "find" which 
established Castle Head as being an ancient fortress, took place in 
the year 1765, when John Wilkinson, the noted ironmaster, in 
preparing the site for his house and gardens, found among his 
diggings a large deposit of human, buffalo, deer, and other bones, 
together with Roman and Northumbrian coins, implements of 
flint, &c. This collection was sold by the executors of Wilkinson 
to a Liverpool Jew at a low price, and but for the description left of 
it by the famous Dr. Priestley all knowledge of it would have passed 
into oblivion. Mr. Collingwood doubted whether the fortress really 
had any Roman associations. It was probably a British and 
Romano- British place of retreat, up to the time when " Cartmel 
with all the Britons in it " was given to St. Cuthbert by the Anglian 
conqueror Ecgfrith (677). Two hundred years later it was still 
occupied, for one of the coins found was a styca of Halfdan, if the 
inscription was rightly read by Stockdale. After that period there 
was no evidence of its occupation, and in the early part of the 
eighteenth century it was quite waste and overgrown, until John 
Wilkinson bought it. The Wilkinson family were first engaged in 
the making of fiat-irons at Backbarrow in the Leven valley. 
Prospering in that, they bought iron mines at Lindale, and removed 
thither, and while there young John Wilkinson hit upon the idea of 
making an iron boat — the first of its kind. Prospering more and 
more, he went into Worcestershire, and established an extensive 
iron industry. Making a fortune, he bought Castle Head estate and 
built a residence. In addition to his other achievements, Wilkinson 
invented the blast-furnace, laid out the Paris waterworks, and 
established the well-known French ironworks at Creusot, now the 
largest of their kind in the world. Dying in 1808, he left directions 
that he was to be buried on his own estate in an iron tomb, and this 
was done. Subsequently, on the estate passing out of the hands of 
the Wilkinson family, the body was disinterred and deposited in its 
present resting-place, Lindale Churchyard. 

Mr. Titus Wilson said that as that was the last place where they 
would be assembled together, he would like to move a vote of 
thanks to Bishop Ware for the able way in which he had presided 



PROCEEDINGS. 317 

over the gathering during the two days. — ^The Bishop, in respond- 
ing, remarked that he felt the obligation to be more on his side, for 
he had derived great pleasure and profit from the two excursions. 
The party then descended the hill, and a short drive brought them 
to the Grange Hotel, where they arrived a little before four o'clock, 
and where lunch was served. Most of the party took the next 
available train north or south to their distant homes ; a few were 
conveyed back to Bowness via Newton and Staveley-in-Cartmel. 
Thus ended a pleasant gathering, the last of the century. 

At this meeting the following new members were elected : — Rev. 
A. F. Still Hill, Dufton Rectory; Mr. William Thompson, Vale 
View, St. Bees; Miss Wilson, Wigton; Mr. N.F. Wilson, Greenside, 
Kendal ; Mr. Anthony Wilson, Thornthwaite, Keswick ; Miss T. W. 
Wilson, Low Slack, Kendal ; Rev. J. R. C. Forrest, Keswick ; Mrs. 
Walker, Warwick, Carlisle ; The Public Library, Workington ; Sir 
Edmund F. Bewley, 40, Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin ; Rev. A. Scott, 
Oak Bank, Wetheral; Mr. Robert CunlifFe, Croft House, Ambleside; 
Mr. J. Wrigley, Ibbotsholme ; Rev. C. L. Hulbert, Brathay ; Rev. 
Dr. Curwen, Aspatria. 



Editor's Note. 

We are asked to state that the block of " Bishop Nicolson " from 
the portrait at Staffield Hall is lent by the Rev. A. G. Loftie. 

On page 81 of this volume a slight alteration in figure I. is desired 
by Mr. Haverfield. The black lines to the right and left of the 
word GREAT should run quite through the shading, to indicate 
separations between stones in the wall, and not mere cracks. 

To page 233 Mr. T. H. Hodgson wishes to add : — " Mr. Grainger 
has pointed out to me that William Lord Dacre was appointed 
* Steward of the Lands of Holm Cultram ' in 1535. If the steward 
had an official residence. Lord Dacre may have placed his arms on 
it, which would account for the stone." 



(3i8) 



NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS OF ARTICLES. 



In reply to many enquiries from intending contributors as to the 
subjects acceptable for the Society's Transactions, the form in which 
they are to be presented, illustrations, copyright, offprints, &c., the 
following suggestions and statements are offered : — 

I. SUBJECT. Original articles on the antiquities of Cumberland, 
Westmorland, and Lancashire North of the Sands ; including researc he s 
into the history, biography, pedigrees, unprinted documents and 
records of the district, as well as collections toward a study of its 
folklore and ethnography ; also its archaeology, — ^prehistoric and historic 
remains, ecclesiastical and secular architecture, inscriptions, and all 
its ancient arts, institutions and industries. 

Compilations from material already published, while they are often 
acceptable as descriptive addresses at sites visited on the excursions, 
and will be noticed in the Proceedings, are not invited for the 
Transactions, 

II. ILLUSTRATIONS from photographs and drawings will be engraved, 
if approved, at the Society's expense : but the Society does not under- 
take to procure photographs or drawings to illustrate members' articles. 

III. COPYRIGHT of Transactions belongs to the Society, and articles 
should not be offered if the author has already parted with the copyright 
by printing the same article in the same form elsewhere. This does 
not apply to abstracts or extracts communicated to newspapers, if the 
article in its final form, as offered for Transactions^ is original and 
unpublished. 

The leave of the Society is required before reprinting any matter 
from Transactions. 

IV. TIME of sending in. Articles may be forwarded at any time to the 
Honorary Editor, W. G. Collingwood, Coniston, R.S.O. But in 
order to admit of their being read or communicated at cmy meeting, 
they should be sent in not less than a month before the date of the 
meeting, to allow time for consideration, and, if accepted, for printing 
the announcement in the Programme. The EUlitor will then return the 
MS. to the Author for reading, and receive it, after final revision, for 
printing. 

V. FORM. Articles should be written in clear and distinct MS. or 
typewritten, on one side of the paper only, on sermon or foolsa^ 
paper. They should be presented, after reading, in a final and 
complete form, to avoid the delay and inconvenience of alteration in 
proof ; and as the space at disposal is limited, they should not contain 
unnecessary or extraneous matter. 



NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS OF ARTICLES. 319 

VI. PROOFS will be sent to Authors, who are requested to read and 
correct them without needless additions or alterations, and to forward 
them, by the next post if possible, to the Society's printer, Mr. T. 
Wilson, 28, Highgate, Kendal. Delay in returning proofs, and 
additions to the printed text, involve expense to the Society and delay 
in the production of Transactions. Proofs once passed for press 
cannot be withdrawn or revised. 

VII. AUTHOR'S COPIES. Twenty offprints of his articles are sent to each 
author free of charge, when the volume of Transactions is ready for 
distribution. 

More than twenty can be supplied, at the Author's expense, if he 
send the order to Mr. Wilson on or before returning the proof. 

VIII. LIABILITY. Articles may be submitted by any Members of the 
Society, who have paid their subscriptions for the current year ; no 
further liability is incurred by authors : but the Society is not bound 
to accept all articles offered for reading, nor to print all articles read. 
The Council and the Editor desire that it should be understood that 
they are not responsible for any statements or opinions expressed in 
their Transactions; the authors of the several papers being alone 
responsible for the same. 



(. 320 ) 



3n ^emottam* 



Among the losses recently sustained by the Society, we 
have to regret that of Mr. James Cropper, of Ellergreen, 
Vice-President, which occurred within a month of his 
appearance among us at our last meeting, when', as 
already noted, he read the paper on the Gilpins of Kent- 
mere, printed as Article XXII. in this volume. Shortly 
after the meeting he went to Paris, apparently in good 
health, but caught a cold, and pneumonia supervening, 
he died in Paris on Tuesday, October i6th, 1900. Mr. 
James Cropper was born February 22nd, 1823, at 
Liverpool, though connected with Westmorland through 
his mother, who was a sister of Mr. John Wakefield, of 
Sedgwick. In 1845 he came to Burneside to carry on 
the paper mills which his father had bought for him 
from Mr. Cornelius Nicholson, a former member of our 
Society, and well known as the author of Annals of 
KendaL Mr. Cropper joined our Society at its founda- 
tion, and was subsequently elected vice-president; he 
was greatly interested in the human life of the past, 
though less in the more strictly archaeological side of our 
•work. He seemed to know the old inhabitants of the 
dales in past centuries as personal friends, and loved to 
hear characteristic stories about them. It will perhaps 
be a surprise to many to know that he once wrote a long 
imaginary biography of Anne Tolson, the wife of the first 
Tolson of Tolson Hall, introducing all the local people of 
whom he could find record as her contemporaries. But 
his active business life and public duties left him little 
leisure, for he was vice-chairman of the Kendal Board of 



IN MEMORIAM. 



321 



Guardians as early as 1850, and chairman for 27 years ; 
J. P. 1863, and D.L. and high sheriff 1875 ; chairman of 
the Kendal Ward Division 1895 ; M.P. for Kendal 1880- 
1885, and chairman of the County Council from its 
foundation until his death ; beside holding many other 
positions of responsibility in connection with works of 
education and philanthropy. But he was a frequent 
visitor at our meetings and excursions, and an influential 
supporter of the objects which we are united to promote ; 
and his death is a real loss to the Society. 

The Rev. Thomas Knyvett Richmond, M.A., Vicar 
of St. Mary's, and Canon of Carlisle, died somewhat 
suddenly, though after some years of failing health, on 
March 7th, 1901. He was the son of George Richmond, 
R.A., the great portrait painter, from whom he inherited 
the temperament and faculties which gave him an interest 
in all matters connected with art, and made his opinion 
valuable. He joined our Society in 1882, and it is our 
loss that he did not contribute to Transactions. 

Dr. Amos Beardsley, of Grange-over- Sands, died on 
November 20th, 1900, at the age of 78 years. He was 
e'ducated at Guy's Hospital, a contemporary of Sir 
William Gull and other celebrated medical men, and 
took the degrees of M.R.C.S. Eng. and L.S.A. in 1844 ; 
subsequently becoming F.R.M.C., F.G.S., F.L.S., M.V. 
Inst., and Corresponding Fellow M.S. London. He was 
senior consulting surgeon to the North Lonsdale Hospital, 
Barrow, and author of a number of works relating to his 
profession. He was also chairman of the Local Board 
for 12 years, and president of the Grange Institute from 
its foundation. He had been a member of our Society 
since 1877. 

Mr. William Hopes Heelis died at Hawkshead, 
December 4th, 1900, aged 68 years. He was a country 
solicitor in considerable practice, and had been clerk to the 
Hawkshead justices for 43 years, and for nearly the same 






322 IN MEMORIAM. 

period to the Ambleside bench. He joined our Society 
in 1874, and was the author of a paper on "The History 
and Custom of the Manors of the Marquis and Richmond 
Fees in the Barony of Kendal and of the Manor of 
Hawkshead," in the Transactions of the Cumberland and 
Westmorland Association (Part IV. 1878-79). 

Mr. William Fletcher, of Brigham Hill, Cocker- 
mouth, was elected in 1877. 

Mr. John Spenser Price, F.R.G.S., who was a 
member since 1887, and a frequent visitor at meetings, 
residing for some years at Hawkshead, and then at 
Waterhead House, Ambleside, died suddenly in London 
on November 29th, 1900, aged 72 years. 

Mr. Ernest Newton Deakin, of Stock Park, died 
November 9th, 1900, aged 35. He was educated at 
Rugby and Merton College, Oxford, and had been a 
member of our Society since 1890. 

Mr. William Wilson of the Keswick Hotel was a 
metnber from 1885 onwards, and on the occasion of our 
successful meeting in June, 1899, gave great help as one 
of the committee for making local arrangements. He 
wrote a paper, referred to above on page 129, on 
" Thirlmere and its associations," containing valuable 
antiquarian gleanings. 



(323) 



LIST OF MEMBERS 

OF THE 

Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and 

ARCHiEOLOGICAL SoCIETY. 



HONORARY MEMBERS. 

Greenwell, Rev. William, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.S.A. 

(Lon. and Scot.), Durham 
Evans, Sir J., K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., Sc.D., V.P.R.S., 

V.P.S.A., Nash Mills, Hemel Hempstead 
Maxwell, Sir Herbert E., Bart., M.P., Monreith, Wigton- 

shire 



MEMBERS. 

1884 Adair, Joseph, Egremont 

O.M.Addison, John, Castle Hill, Maryport 

1879 Ainsworth, David, The Flosh, Cleator, Carnforth 

1878 Ainsworth, J. S., Harecroft, Holmrook, Carnforth 

1889 Alcock-Beck, Major, Esthwaite Lodge, Hawkshead 5 
1874 Allison, R. A., M.P., Scaleby Hall, Carlisle 

1895 Ambleside Ruskin Library 

1899 Archibald, C. F., 9, Cardigan Road, Headingley, 

Leeds 
1899 Archibald, Miss, Rusland Hall, Ulverston 

1879 Argles, Thomas Atkinson, Eversley, Milnthorpe 10 

1890 Armes, Rev. G. B., The Vicarage, Cleator 
1901 Armitt, Miss S., Rydal Cottage, Ambleside 

1 896 Asher & Co., Bedford Street, Covent Garden,London 
1887 Atkinson, John, Croftlands, Ulverston 

1887 Ayre, Rev. Canon, Holy Trinity Vicarage, Ulverston 15 



324 LIST OF MEMBERS. 

1884 Bagot, Josceline, M.P., Levens Hall, Milnthorpe 

1884 Baker, Rev. John, M.A., Burgh -by-Sands, Carlisle 

1885 Banks, Edwin H., High moor House, Wigton 
1877 Barlow- Mas^cks, Thomas, The Oaks, Millom 

1875 Barnes, H., M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.E., Member of 20 

Council^ Portland Square, Carlisle 
O.M. Barrow-in-Furness, the Lord Bishop of. President^ 

The Abbey, Carlisle 
1885 Barrow-in-Furness Free Library 

1896 Bates, Cadwallader J., Langley Castle, Langley- 

on-Tyne 
1881 Beardsley, Richard Henry, Grange-over-Sands 
1894 Beevor, Miss, 17, Castle Street, Carlisle 25 

1897 Bell, John, Haws Bank, Coniston 

1899 Bell, W. H., Cleeve House, Seend, Melksham, Wilts. 
1875 Bellasis, Edward, Lancaster Herald ^ College of Arms, 
London 

1893 Benson, Mrs., Hyning, Milnthorpe 

1899 Bentinck, Lord Henry Cavendish-, Underley Hall, 30 

Kirkby Lonsdale 

1900 Bewley, Sir Edmund T., LL.D., 40, Fitzwilliam 

Place, Dublin 

1888 Billinge, Rev. R. B., Urswick Vicarage, Ulverston 

1894 Binning, W. W. R., Eden Hey, Stanwix, Carlisle 

1889 Birkbeck, Robert, F.S.A., 20, Berkeley Square, 

London 
1879 Blair, Robert, F.S.A., Harton Lodge, South Shields 35 
1877 Blanc, Hippolyte J., F.S.A. (Scot.), 73, George 

Street, Edinburgh 
1899 Booker, R. P. L., F.S.A., Eton College, Windsor 

1887 Boston Free Library, Boston, Mass., U.S.A. 
1874 Bower, Rev. Canon, Member of Council^ St. Cuth- 

bert's Vicarage, Carlisle 

1898 Bowman, A. N,, Harraby, Carlisle 40 
O.M.Braithwaite, Charles Lloyd, Thorny Hills, Kendal 
1877 Braithwaite, Mrs., Hawes Mead, Kendal 

1888 Breeks,Mrs.,HelbeckHall,Brough,KirkbyStephen 
1894 Brock- Hollinshead, Mrs. Frederick, Woodfoot, 

House, Crosby Ravensworth 



LIST OP MEMBERS. 325 

1888 Brougham, Lord, Brougham Hall, Penrith 45 

1878 Browne, George, Troutbeck, Windermere 

1873 Brunskill, Rev. J., Ormshed, Appleby 

1896 Burns, David, 18, Scotland Road, Stanwix, Carlisle 

1900 Burnyeat, William, Millgrove, Whitehaven 

1880 Burrow, Rev. J. J., Ireby, Carlisle 50 

1895 Burton, Rev. Richard Jowett, M.A., Stanton-by- 
Dale, Nottingham 

1895 Butler, Theobald Fitzwalter, Infield, Barrow-in- 
Furness 

1895 Butler, Wilson, Foxfield, Broughton-in-Furness 

1898 Campbell, Rev. H. E., M.A., The Rectory, 

Workington 

1899 Calverley, Mrs., Hillside, Eskdale, Carnforth 55 
1878 Carey, Thomas, 23, Curzon Street, Maryport 

1875 Carlisle, The Earl of, Vice-President, i, Palace 

Green, Kensington 
1892 Carlisle, The Lord Bishop of, Patron, Rose Castle, 

Carlisle 
1899 Carlisle Public Library (Tullie House) 
1890 Carrick, Mrs., Oak Bank, Scotby, Carlisle 60 

1892 Carruthers, Richard, Eden Grove, Carlisle 
1875 Cartmell, Joseph, C.E., Springfield, Brigham, 

Cockermouth 
1875 Cartmell, Rev. J. W., Christ's College, Cambridge 
1875 Cartmell, Studholme, 27, Lowther Street, Carlisle 
1895 Cavendish, Hon. Victor, M.P., Holker Hall, 65 

Carnforth 
1892 Chadwick, S. J., F.S.A., Lyndhurst, Dewsbury 
1899 Chance, Mrs., Morton, Carlisle 
1899 Chance, F. W., Morton, Carlisle 

1874 Chapelhow, Rev. Joseph, D.D., Kirkandrews-on- 

Eden, Carlisle 

1 90 1 Chorley Free Public Library, Chorley (E, 70 

McKnight, Librarian) 

1892 Clarke, A. B,, Prospect House, Aspatria, Carlisle 

1893 Clarke, Rev. J. J., M.A., Selside Vicarage, Kendal 
1899 Clarke, W. H., M.D., Park Green, Macclesfield 



326 LIST OF MEMBERS. 

1899 Clark, John, Broughton-in-Furness 

1894 Collingwood, A. H., Town Clerk's Ofl&ce, Carlisle 75 

1887 Collingwood, W. G., M.A., Member of Council and 

Editor, Lane Head, Coniston 

1883 Conder, Edward, F.S.A., Terry Bank, Old Town, 

Kirkby Lonsdale 

1882 Constable, W., Sefton Villa, Bridge, near Canter- 

bury 

1884 Coward, John, Fountain Street, Ulverston 

1889 Cowper - Essex, Thomas C, Yewfield Castle, 80 

Hawkshead 
1886 Cowper, H. S., F.S.A., Member of CouncilyYevf heldy 

Hawkshead, Lancashire 

1888 Cowper, J. C, Keen Ground, Hawkshead 

1885 Creighton, Miss, Warwick Square, Carlisle 

1886 Crewdson, F. W., Summer How, Kendal 

1886 Crewdson, W. D., Treasurer, Helm Lodge, Kendal 85 

1887 Crewdson, Wilfrid H., Beathwaite, Levens, Kendal 

1897 Cropper, Arthur E., Normanhurst, Lord Street, 

West, Southport 
1 90 1 Cropper, Charles J., Ellergreen, Kendal 
1896 Cropper, Rev. James, B.A., Broughton-in-Furness 
1874 Crowder, W. L R., 14, Portland Square, Carlisle 90 

1900 CunlifFe, Robert E., Croft, Ambleside 

1899 Cur wen, Eldred Vincent, Withdeane Court, 

Brighton 
1887 Curwen, John F., Secretary, Heversham 

1900 Curwen, Rev. E. H., D.C.L., Plumland Rectory 

1895 Dean, Charles Walter, Beech Bank, Ulverston 95 

1898 Dewick, Rev. F. C, Sou they Hill, Keswick 

1898 Dickinson, William, 33, Queen Street, Whitehaven 
1876 Dickson, Arthur Benson, Abbots Reading, 

Ulverston 
1886 Dixon, T., Rheda, Whitehaven 

1896 Dobinson, William, Bank Street, Carlisle 100 
1894 Donald, Miss H. M., Stanwix, Carlisle 

1900 Duckworth, T., B.A., 128, Petteril Street, Carlisle 

1883 Dykes, Mrs., The Red House, Keswick 



LIST OF MEMBERS. 327 

1894 Dymond, Charles William, F.S.A., Hon. F.S.A. 

Scot., High Wray, Ambleside 

1885 Ecroyd, Edward, Low House, Armathwaite, R S.O. 105 

1887 Farrer, William, Marton Lodge, Skipton 
1887 Farish, Edward Garthwaite, 57^, Old Broad 
Street, London 

1895 Fawcett, John W., Broughton House, Broughton- 

in-Furness 

1887 Feilden, Rev. H. A., M.A., The Vicarage, Kirkby 
Stephen 

1899 Fetherstonhaugh, Capt. T., Seaforth Highlanders, no 
Forest Cottage, Clewer Green, Windsor 

1875 Fell, John, Vice-President, Flan How, Ulverston 

1 90 1 Ferguson, Captain Spencer C, 74, Lowther Street, 
Carlisle 

O.M.Ferguson, Charles J., F.S.A., Vice-President, Car- 
dew Lodge, Carlisle 

1877 Ferguson, Mrs. C. J., Cardew Lodge, Carlisle 

1889 Fleming, Stanley Hughes le-, Rydal Hall, Amble- 115 

side 
1877 Fletcher, Mrs., Ash ville, Pargeta Street, Stourbridge 

1886 Fletcher, W. L., Stoneleigh, Workington 

1887 Fletcher, Miss, Stoneleigh, Workington 

1899 Ford, Rev. Harold D., EUislea, Dalton-in-Furness 
1884 Ford, John R., Quarry Dene, Weetwood, Leeds 120 
1884 Ford, John Walker, Enfield Old Park, Winchmore 

Hill, Middlesex 
' 1900 Forrest, Rev. J. R. C, Keswick 

1890 Fothergill, John, Brownber, Ravenstonedale 

O.M. Gandy, J. G., Auditor, Heaves, Kendal 

1898 Garstang, T. C, Argyle Terrace, Workington 125 

1889 Gatey, George, Grove House, Ambleside 

1895 Gaythorpe, Harper, F.S.A. (Scot.), Claverton, 

Prospect Road, Barrow-in-Furness 
1877 Gibson, Miss M., Whelprigg, Kirkby Lonsdale 
1897 Gibson, D., Marley Lodge, Bo wness-on- Winder- 
mere 



328 LIST OF MEMBERS. 

1885 Gilbanks, Rev. W. F., M.A., Great Orton, Carlisle 130 
1877 Gillbanks, Mrs., Clifton, Penrith 
1877 Gillings, Mrs., St. Nicholas' Vicarage, Whitehaven 
1900 Goodwin, Harvey, Orton Hall, Tebay 

1893 Gough, Miss, Whitefield Cottage, Mealsgate,Carlisle 

1894 Graham, R. G., Beanlands Park, Carlisle 135 
1899 Graham, T. H. B., Edmond Castle, Carlisle 

1899 Graham, Dr. J., Castle Gate House, Cockermouth 

1899 Graham, Mrs., Castle Gate House, Cockermouth 

1900 Grainger, Francis, Southerfield, Abbey Town, 

Carlisle 
1893 Green, Rev. R. S. G., M.A., Croglin Rectory, 140 

Kirkoswald 
1 89 1 Greenop, Joseph, William Street, Workington 

1877 Greenwood, R. H., Auditor^ Bankfield, Kendal 
1879 Grenside, Rev. W. Brent, M.A., Melling Vicarage, 

Carnforth 
1893 Guildhall Library, London (Charles Welsh, 
Librarian) 

1895 Gunson, John, Oak Bank, Ulpha, Broughton-in- 145 

Furness 

1893 Hair, M., 13, Abbey Street, Carlisle 

1878 Hargreaves, J. E., Beezon Lodge, Kendal 

1883 Harris, Alfred, Wharfenden, Farnborough, Hants. 
1881 Harrison, James, Newby Bridge House, Ulverston 
1881 Harrison, Mrs., Newby Bridge House, Ulverston 150 

1878 Harrison, Rev. James, Barbon Vicarage, Kirkby 

Lonsdale 

1894 Harrison, Rev. D., M.A., Setmurthy, Cockermouth 
1890 Hartley, Mrs., Holm Garth, Morecambe 

1901 Hartley, Rev. T. P., M.A., Colton Vicarage, 

Ulverston 

1879 Harvey, Miss, Wordsworth Street, Penrith 155 
1873 Harvey, Rev. Prebendary, F.S.A., Navenby 

Rectory, Lincoln 
1893 Haswell, John Francis, M.B., CM., Member of 

Council, Penrith 
1890 Haverfield, F., F.S.A., Vice-President, Christ 

Church, Oxford 



LIST OF MEMBERS. 329 

1895 Hawcridge, Arthur, 67, Mount Pleasant, Barrow- 

in-Furness 

1886 Hawkesbury, Lord, Kirkhann Abbey, York 160 
1 881 Hayton, Joseph, Cockermouth 

1898 Heelis, Rev. A. J., M.A., Brougham Rectoty, 
Penrith 

1879 Helder, A., M.P., Whitehaven 
1892 Hellon, Robert, Seascale, Carnforth 

1884 Henderson, The Very Rev. W. G., D.D., Vice- 165 

President, the Deanery, Carlisle 

1896 Hendy, F. J. R., M.A., Grammar School, Carlisle 
1881 Hetherington, J. Newby, F.R.G.S., 4, Lansdowne 

Road, Holland Park, London 
1890 Hewitson, William, Appleby 

1898 Heygate, Mrs. R., Oaklands, Leominster 

1885 Hibbert, Percy J., Plumtree Hall, Milnthorpe 170 
1889 Higginson, H., Bank Street, Carlisle 

1899 Highat, John, M.D., Allonby House, Workington 

1900 Hill, Rev. A. F. Still, M.A., Dufton Rectory, 

Appleby 

1897 Hills, Judge, Corby Castle, Carlisle 

1897 Hills, Mrs., Corby Castle, Carlisle 175 
1889 Hinds, James P., 20, Fisher Street, Carlisle 

1889 Hinds, Miss, 20, Fisher Street, Carlisle 

1 880 Hme, Alfred, Camp Hill, Mary port 
1880 Hine, Wilfrid, Camp Hill, Maryport 

1885 Hoare, Rev. J. N.,F.R.Hist.S., St. John^s Vicarage, 180 

Keswick 
1899 Hobson, William Harrison, Maryport 

1884 Hodgkin, Thomas, D.C.L., F.S.A., Bamborough 

Keep, Belford 
1883 Hodgson, Isaac B., Brampton 

1885 Hodgson, James, Britain Place, Ulverston 

1883 Hodgson, T. H., Chairman of Council^ Newby 185 

Grange, Carlisle 
1895 Hodgson, Mrs., Newby Grange, Carlisle 

1887 Hodgson, Rev. W. G. C, M.A., Distington Rec- 

tory, Whitehaven 

1898 Holme, Mrs., Mardale, Haweswater, Penrith 
1895 Holt, Miss E. G., Sudley, Mossley Hill, Liverpool 



330 LIST OF MEMBERS. 

1898 Hopper, Rev. W. R., Kirkbride Rectory, Carlisle 190 
1884 Horrocks, T., Eden Brow, Armathwaite, R.S.O. 

1882 Hothfield, Lord, Patron^ Appleby Castle 

1898 Hough, Keighley, J., 4, Wilfrid Street, Carlisle 
1881 Howson, Thomas, Monkwray, Whitehaven 

1894 Huddart, A., The Orchards, Eskdale, Carnforth 195 

1895 Hudleston, Ferdinand, Hutton John, Penrith 
1888 Hudson, Rev. Joseph, Crosby House, Carlisle 

1898 Husband, Rev. C. F., Kirkby Ireleth, Carnforth 
1900 Hulbert, Rev. C. L., Brathay, Ambleside 

1899 Hutchinson, Alf. T., 32, Wellington Street, Millom 200 
1898 Hutton, Rev. F. R. C, M. A., Witherslack, Grange- 
over- Sands 

1892 Ingham, Rev. J., M.A., Asby Rectory, Appleby 
1 881 Iredale, Thomas, Workington 

1883 Irving, W. J., Buckabank House, Dalston 

1884 Irwin, Colonel T. A., Lynehow, Carlisle 205 

1896 Jackson, Edwin, The Bank, Cockermouth 

1889 Jackson, Samuel Hart, Heaning Wood, Ulverston 

1888 Jackson, Thomas, M.D., Hazel Bank, Yanwath, 

Penrith 
1877 Jackson, Mrs. W., 43, Past Street, Southport 
1898 James, Percy, Portland Square, Carlisle 210 

1897 Keene, Rev. Rees, M.A., The Rectory, Gosforth 

1885 Kendal Literary and Scientific Institution 

1896 Kendall, Dr. John, Oaklands, Coniston 

1889 Kennedy, Myles, Hill Foot, Ulverston 

1894 Kerry, W. H. R., F.C.S., Wheatlands, Windermere 215 
1888 Keswick Library, per J. E. Heighton, Keswick 

1897 Kewley, Rev. W., Natland, Kendal 
1887 Kitchin, Hume, Ulverston 

1897 Lamonby, W. F., Ballarat, Kitto Road, Hatcham, 

S.E. 
1897 Lane, William B. H., Walker Ground, Hawkshead 220 
1894 Langhorne, John, Watson Villa, Dean, Edinburgh 



LIST OF MEMBERS, 331 

1889 Lawson, Lady, Brayton Hall, Carlisle 

1882 Lazonby, J., 44, Addison Street, Nottinj2jham 
1897 Leconfield, Lord, Petworth, Sussex 

1896 Lediard, H. A., M.D., Lowther Street, Carlisle 225 
1892 Leach, R. E., M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., Grammar 
School, Appleby 

1900 Lee, Arthur, Brampton 

1889 Le Fleming, Stanley Haghes, Rydal Hall, Amble- 
side 
1895 Lehmann u Stage, Copenhagen 
1887 Lester, Thomas, Firbank, Penrith 230 

1 901 Lidbetter, Robert M., Harford House, Workington 
1892 Little, James, M.D., Maryport 

1892 Little, William, Chapel Ridding, Windermere 
1901 Littlewood, J. H., Lynngarth, Kendal 

1883 Liverpool Free Public Library, per P. Cowell 235 
1875 Loftie, Rev. A. G., B.A., Great Salkeld, Penrith 

1883 Lonsdale, Horace B., 18, Portland Square, Carlisle 
1882 Lonsdale, Rev. H., M.A., Upperby Vicarage, 
Carlisle 

1875 Lonsdale, The Earl of, Lowther Castle, Penrith 

1889 Lov^^ther, The Right Hon. J. W., M.P., 16, Wilton 240 

Crescent, London 
1874 Lowther, Hon. W., Vice-President, Lowther Lodge, 

Kensington Gore, London 
1885 Lowthian, Rev. W., M.A., Troutbeck, Windermere 
1900 Lucas, Miss, Stanegate, Penrith 

1893 Lumb, James, Homewood, Whitehaven 

1879 Machell, Thomas, Lt.-Col., Whitehaven 245 

1876 Mclnnes, Miles, Rickerby, Carlisle 

1890 Mackay, M., Milton Street, Newcastle-on-Tyne 
1874 Maclaren, R., M.D., Portland Square, Carlisle 

1880 Maddison, Rev. A. R., F.S.A., Vicar's Court, 

Lincoln 
1892 Magrath, Rev. J. R., D.D., Provost of Queen's 250 
College, Oxford 

1894 Marshall, John, Derwent Island, Keswick 

1890 Marshall, Reginald Dykes, Castlerigg Manor, 
Keswick 



332 LIST OF MEMBERS. 

1894 Marshall, Stephen A., Skelwith Fold, Ambleside 

1888 Marshal], Walter J., Patterdale Hall, Penrith 

1893 Martindale, J. H., Moor Yeat, Wetheral, Carlisle 255 

1889 Mason, W. J., Bolton Place, Carlisle 

1888 Mason, Mrs., Redmaine House, Kirkby Stephen 

1894 Mason, J., M.D., Windermere 

1889 Mawson, John Sanderson, The Larches, Keswick 
1898 Metcalfe, Rev. C. F., Claremont, Ambleside 260 

1889 Metcalfe, T. K., Oak Bank, Whitehaven 

1890 Metcalfe, Rev. R. W., Ravenstonedale 

1888 Metcalfe-Gibson, Anthony, Park House, Raven- 

stonedale 
1883 Micklethwaite, J. T., F.S.A., 15, Dean's Yard, 
Westminster 

1897 Millard, Rev. F. L. H., M.A., Member of Council, 265 

Aspatria, Carlisle 
1878 Miller, Miss Sarah, Undermount, Rydal, Ambleside 
1901 Moffatt, Charles E., M.D., Glave Hill, Dalston 

1889 Monkhouse, John, Hawthorn Villa, Kendal 
1900 Moore, R. W., Fernacre, Whitehaven 

1898 Morris, Rev. W. P., Patterdale, Penrith 270 
1894 Morpeth, Lord, 4, Devonshire Place, London, W. 
1874 Muncaster, Lord, PatroHy Muncaster Castle, 

Ravenglass 

1899 Nanson, Ernest Lonsdale, 4, Springfield Villa, 

Hensingham, Whitehaven 
1874 Nanson, William, F.S.A., Singapore (care of W. 

B. James, Esq., 23, Ely Place, London, E.C.) 
1898 Nanson, Rev. R. V., LL.B., Matterdale Vicarage, 275 

Penrith 

1897 New York Public Library, Astor Library Building 

New York 

1898 Newton, C. B., The Gas Works, Carlisle 

1874 Nicholson, J. Holme, M.A., Ellerhow, Wilmslow, 

Cheshire 
1893 Nicholson, Mrs. Lothian, 77, Belgrave Road, 

London 
1898 Nicholson, Miss Margaret, Carlton House, Clifton, 280 

Penrith 



LIST OF MEMBERS. 333 

1889 Noble, Miss, Beckfoot, Bampton, Penrith 

1890 Noble, Miss Elizabeth, Beckfoot, Penrith 



1899 Oldham Free Library 

1880 Paisley, William, Workington 

1901 Parker, Charles Arundel, M.D., F.S.A. (Scot.) 285 
Gosforth 

1899 Parker, Edward J., 18, A^lionby Street, Carlisle 
1898 Parker, F. H. M., B.A., Fremington Hall, Penrith, 

and 10, Colville Square, Kensington Park, W. 

1882 Parkin, John S., 11, New Square, Lincoln's Inn, 

London 

1895 Patrickson, George, Scales, Ulverston 290 
1885 Pearson, A. G. B., Lune Cottage, Kirkby Lonsdale 
O.M. Pearson, F. Fen wick, Storrs Hall, Kirkby Lonsdale 

1900 Pease, Howard, Arcot Hall, Dudley, R.S.O., 

North u mberland 
1879 Peile, George, Shotley Bridge, Durham 

1883 Peile, John, Litt. D., Master of Christ's College, 295 

Cambridge 

1894 Pelham, H. F., F.S.A., President of Trinity 

College, Oxford 
1900 Penfold, Henry, Talkin Hill, Brampton 

1896 Penrith Free Library (J. B. Shawyer, Penrith) 

1895 Perowne, Edward S. M., 13, Warwick Crescent, 

Paddington, W. 

1896 Petty, S. Lister, Queen Street, Ulverston 300 
1887 Philadelphia Library Company, Philadelphia, 

U.S.A. 
1895 Phillips, Ven. Archdeacon, The Abbey, Carlisle 

1895 Podmore, G., M.A., Charney Hall, Grange-over- 

Sands 
1898 Pollitt, Frank, Prospect, Kendal 
1900 Pollitt, H. B., Thorny Hills, Kendal 305 

1896 Postlethwaite, Geo. D., Yewhurst, Bickley, Kent 
1875 Prescott, Ven. Archdeacon and Chancellor, Vice- 
President, The Abbey, Carlisle 



334 l-^^T ^^ MEMBERS. 

1899 Quirk, Miss Emily G., Hiffhcote, Workington 

I'^yyy RadcIiflTe, H. Miles, Sumroerlands, Kendal 

1895 Ramsden, F. J., M.A., Abbotswood, Barrow-in- 310 

Furness 

1883 Rawnsley, Rev. Canon, Crosthwaite, Keswick 
1888 Rayner, John A. E., 3, Gambier Terrace, Liverpool 
1882 Rea, Miss Alice, 5, Fairview Road, Oxton, Birken- 
head 

1 901 Rea, J. H., Gatehouse, Eskdale, Camforth 

1 901 Rea, Mrs., Gatehouse, Eskdale, Camforth 315 

1892 Reade, Rev. G. E. P., M.A., Milnthorpe 

1892 Remington, J. S., Meadowside, Lancaster 

1899 Rhodes, W. Venables, Tofts House, Cleckheaton 
1901 Richardson, Miss C, Heiigh Folds, Grasmere 

1 881 Richardson, J. M., 47, Cavendish Place, Carlisle 320 

1893 Richardson, Mrs. James, Balla Wray, Ambleside 

1884 Riley, Hamlet, Ennim, Penrith 

1895 Ritson, T. S., Ridgemount, Maryport 
1890 Rivington, C. R., F.S.A., Castle Bank, Appleby 
1901 Roberts, Rev. W., The Vicarage, Great Clifton, 325 
Workington 

1885 Robinson, John, Elterwater Hall, Ambleside 

1886 Robinson, John, M.Inst.C.E., Vicarage Terrace, 

Kendal 
1888 RobinFon, William, Greenbank, Sedbergh 

1884 Robinson, Mrs., Green Lane, Carlisle 

1897 Rogers, John, 187, Abbey Road, Barrow-in-Furness 330 

1885 Roper, W. O., F.S.A., Vice-President, Beechwood, 

Yealand Conyers, Camforth 

1900 Rowley, Mrs. W. E., Glassonby, Kirkoswald, 

R.S.O. 

1882 Rumney, Oswald George, Watermillock, Penrith 

1886 Hymer, Thomas, Calder Abbey, Carnforth 

1894 Satterthwaite, Alexander, Edenbreck, Lancaster 335 
1892 Scott, Benjamin, Linden House, Stanwix, Carlisle 
1900 Scott, Rev. Alfred, Oak Bank, Wetherall, Carlisle 
1900 Scott, W., W^oodview, Chatsworth Square, Carlisle 



LIST OF MEMBERS. 335 

1893 Sealby, John Inman, Thornthwaite, Keswick 

1875 Sfenhouse, Humphrey P., Vice-President, Nether 340 

Hall, Maryport 
1900 SenhoLise, H. P., The Fitz, Cockermouth 
1889 Senhouse, Miss, Galeholme, Gosforth 
1889 Severn, Arthur, R.I., Brantwood, Coniston 

1889 Severn, Mrs., Brantwood, Coniston 

1877 Sewell, Colonel, Member of Council, Brandlingill, 345 

Cockermouth 

1878 Sewell, Mrs., Brandlinorill, Cockermouth 

O.M. Sherwen, Rev. Canon, Dean Rectory, Cockermouth 
1897 Simpson, Mrs., Romanway, Penrith 

1895 Simpson, J., solicitor, Cockermouth 

1876 Smith, Charles, F.G.S., c/o Sir Henry Gilbert, 350 

Harpenden, St. Albans 

1897 Smith, John P., Ellerslee, Barrow-in-Furness 

1890 Smith, C. Telford, i, Lyall Street, Belgrave 

Square, London 
1888 Snape, Rev, R. H., The Vicarage, St. Bees, 
Carnforth 

1898 Sparke, Archibald, The Art Gallery, Bury, Lanes. 
1884 Spence, C. J., South Preston Lodge, South Shields 355 
1897 Stead, E. W., Dalston Hall, Carlisle 

1896 Steavenson, His Honour Judge, Gelt Hall, Castle 

Carrock 

1879 Steele, Major-General J. A., 28, West Cromwell 

Road, London 

1874 Steele, William, Chatsworth Square, Carlisle 

1887 Stordy, T., English Street, Carlisle 360 

1875 Strickland, Rev. W. E., St. Paul's Vicarage, 

Carlisle 

1899 Strickland, Sir Gerald, Sizergh Castle, Kendal 
1886 Swainson, Joseph, Member of Council, Stonecross, 

Kendal 
1896 Sykes, Rev. W. S., M.A., Eskdale Vicarage, Boot, 
Carnforth 

1877 Taylor, Mrs., Oakleigh, Llangollen 365 
1894 Taylor, Samuel, Birkdault, Haverthwaite, Ulverston 



336 



LIST OF MEMBERS. 



370 



375 



899 Thompson, Miss Helena, Park End, Workington 
851 Thompson, Mrs., Croft House, Askham, Penrith 

899 Thompson, Robert, i, Howard Place, Carlisle 

900 Thompson, W. N., St. Bees, Cumberland 

896 Thomson, D. G. Pearse, Bishop's Yard, Penrith 

897 Thorniey, Rev. Canon, Kirkoswald, R.S.O. 

888 Tiffin, Charles J., M.D., The Limes, Wigton 
894 Todd, Mrs. Jonas, Otter Furrows, Harraby, 

Carlisle 
897 Topping, Geo. Lomax, Fothergill, Shap 

893 Towers, Beattie, Peter Street, Workington 

890 Towneley, William, Hard Cragg, Grange-over- 

Sands 
896 Trench, Rev. Canon, LL.M., The Vicarage, Kendal 

894 Twentyman, Miss Sarah, Park Square, Wigton 

878 Tyson, E. T., Member of Council, Woodhall, Cocker- 380 

mouth 
893 Tyson, Towers, Paddock Wray, Eskdale, Carnforth 

889 Ullock, Miss Mary, Quarry How, Windermere 
876 Vaughan, Cedric, C.E., Leyfield House, Millom 



895 
884 

894 
901 

900 

882 
882 
896 
885 

884 
896 



1889 



Wadham, E., Millwood, Barrow-in-Furness 

Wagner, Henry, F.S.A., 13, Halfmoon Street, 385 

Piccadilly, London 
Walker, Miss Annie E., Oak Lea, Whitehaven 
Walker, John, Hudcar House, Bury, Lancashire 
Walker, Mrs., Brow Top, Wetheral, Carlisle 
Walker, Robert, Windermere 

Ware, Mrs., The Abbey, Carlisle 390 

Watson, D. M. Burnie, Hillside Cottage, Hawick 
Watson, George, Member of Council, 18, W^ords- 

worth Street, Penrith 
Watson, John, Eden Mount, Kendal 
Watson, J. P., (Bombay), Garth Marr, Castle 

Carrock 
Watson, William Henry, F.G.S., Braystones, 395 

Carnforth 



LIST OF MEMBERS. 337 

1900 Watson, Rev. A. H., The Rectory, Ovinghara-on- 

Tyne, Northumberland 
1892 Watt, James, Knowefield, Carlisle 

1896 Waugh, E. L., The Burroughs, Cockermouth 

1897 Welsh, Jonathan, Bowness-dn-Solway, Carlisle 

1 888 Westmorland, Colonel I. P., Yanwath, Penrith 400 

1882 Weston, J. W., Enyeat, Milnthorpe 
1877 Weston, Mrs. Ash bank, Penrith 

O.M. Wheatley, J. A., Portland Square, Carlisle 

1895 Whetham, Mrs. C. D., 5, St. Peter's Terrace, 

Cambridge 
1900 White, George, Botchergate, Carlisle 405 

1891 Whitehead, A., Charles, Appleby 
1884 Whitehead, Sir James, Bart., F.S.A., Wilmington 

Manor, near Dartford, Kent 
1887 Whiteside, Rev. Joseph, M.A., Helsington, Kendal 

1883 Whit well, Robert Jowitt, 70, Banbury Road, 

Oxford 
1900 Wigham, Thompson, 20, Spencer Street, Carlisle 410 
1881 Wilkinson, Rev. W. H., Hensingham, Whitehaven 

1 881 Williams, Mrs., Holly Park, Grange-over-Sands 
1897 Willink, Alfred Henry, Whitefoot, Burneside, 

Kendal 
1900 Wilkinson, J. J., 9, Chatsworth Square, Carlisle 
1900 Wilson, Anthony, Thornthwaite, Keswick 415 

1876 Wilson, Frank, 7, Onslow Villas, Highgate, London 

1883 Wilson, Rev. James, M.A., Member of Council, 

Dalston Vicarage, Carlisle 

1899 Wilson, G. Murray, Dale End, Grasmere 

1876 Wilson, John F., Southfield Villas, Middlesbrough 

1882 Wilson, John Jowett, Fayrestowe, Kendal 420 

1900 Wilson, Norman F., 5, Bankfield, Kendal 
1900 Wilson, Miss C. L., i, Clifton Terrace, Wigton 
1900 Wilson- Wilson, Miss Theodore, Low Slack, Kendal 

1889 Wilson, T. Newby, The Landing, Ulverston 

i88i Wilson, Mrs. T., Aynam Lodge, Kendal 425 

1 881 Wiper, Joseph, Stricklandgate, Kendal 

1884 Wood, Miss, 33, Clarendon Road, Edgbaston 
1895 Woodburne, Mrs., Thurstonville, Ulverston 



338 LIST OF MBIIBBRS. 

1877 Woods, Sir Albert, Garter King at Arms^ College of 

Arms, London 
1900 Workington Public Library (J. W. C. Purves) 430 

1900 Wrigley, James, Ibbotsholme, Windermere 
1892 Wrigley, John, Albert House, Seascale 
1892 Wrigley, Robert, Brampton, Carlisle 

1887 Yeates, Joseph Simpson, Lome House, Penrith 



LIBRARIES TO WHICH COPIES OF THE TRANSACTIONS 

ARE SUPPLIED. 

The Society of Antiquaries, Burlington House, London 

The Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 

Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries, Copenhagen 

The Dean and Chapter Library, Carlisle 

The British Museum 

The Bodleian Library, Oxford 

The University Library, Cambridge 

Trinity College, Dublin 

The Advocates' Library, 'Edinburgh 



SOCIETIES WHICH EXCHANGE TRANSACTIONS. 

The Lincoln Architectural Society (Rev. Prebendary G. T. 

Harvey, F.S.A., Lincoln) 
The Kent Archaeological Society (The Rev. Canon Scott 

Robertson, Throwle Vicarage, Faversham) 
The Shropshire Archaeological Society (F. Goyne, Dogpole, 

Shrewsbury) 
The Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne (Robert 

Blair, F.S.A.) 
The Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire (R. D. 

Radcliffe, M.A., F.S.A.) 
The Cambrian Archaeological Association, London (J. 

Romilly Allen, F.S.A. c/o Messrs. Whiting & Co., 30, 

Sardinia Street, Lincoln's Inn, London, W.C. 



LIST OF MEMBERS. 339 

Derbyshire Archaeological and Natural History Society 

(Percy H. Currey, 3, Market Place, Derby) 
The Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society, Cheetham 

Coll., Manchester (G. C. Yates, F.S.A.) 
Heidelberger Historischer Philosophischer Verein ; Univer- 

sitats-bibliothek, Heidelberg 
The East Riding Antiquarian Society (William Andrews, 

I, Dock Street, Hull) 
The Thoresby Society, Leeds, c/o G. D. Lumb, 65, Albion 

Street, Leeds 
The National Museum, Stockholm, Sweden 
East Herts Archaeological Society (W. B. Gerish, Bishops 

Stortford) 
Nordiska Museet, Stockholm (Dr. Artur Hazelius, Director) 



[Members will greatly oblige by notifying change of address, 
or any errors or omissions in the above list ; also by 
sending information for short obituary notices of deceased 
members. Communications to be addressed to the 
Editor.] 



ADDENDA ANTIQUARIA. 



[Under this heading it is proposed to mention the principal 
contributions to the antiquarian study of our district, 
other than those read or printed in connection with our 
Society. Information as to new books, papers read to 
other Societies, lectures, magazine articles, etc., will be 
thankfully received by the Editor.] 



FuRNESS Lore : being the Transactions of the Barrow 
Naturalists' Field Club for the 4th, 5th and 6th years, 
ending 24th March, 1882, together with historical and de- 
scriptive notes on the monuments, ancient heraldic painted 
and stained glass, pre- Reformation and i8th century bells in 
Aldingham and Urswick Churches, and other interesting 
information relating to the topography and archaeology of 
the Furness district. Compiled and edited by Harper 
Gaythorpe, F.S.A. Scot. (Kendal : T. Wilson, 1900 ; pub- 
lished by subscription). 

The Maudes of Kendal and Westmorland, by Colonel 
E. Maude. (Privately printed). 

The Story of Bewcastle Cross, by W. G. Collingwood. 
(Northern Counties Magazine, October, 1900). 



(341) 



INDEX 



TO " BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES." 



Abingdon, Earl of, 13. 

Addingham, 2, 21. 

Aglionby family, 7, 20, 21, 24-26, 30-32, 

50. 51. 
Aikton, 27. 

Aldrich's Latin verses, 40. 

Allonby, 11. 

Alston, Dr., 40. 

Anne, Queen, 48. 

Appleby, 9, 11, 19, 25, 30, 32, 40, 48. 

Archer family of Oxenholme, 2. 

Ardrey, John, 8, 10, 11, 18. — Mrs., 

30. 
Argyle's Rebellion, 30, 31. 
Armstrong, Sir T., 12. 
Arthuret, 11. 

Assafcetida as seasoning. 42. 
Atkinson, Mr., 20. 
Atterbury, Bp., 38. 
Averas holme, 48. 

Ballantyne, Sir J., 23, 24. 

Bank-end, 35. 

Banks of Appleby, 48. 

Barnet wells, 13, 15. 

Barretry, trial for, 16. 

Barwise, J., 24, 25. 

Batty, Dr., 44. 

B. C, see Copley. 

Beans marked with King Charles's 

blood, 15. 
Beaumont of York, 29, 30. 
Bellasis, Mr., 29. 
Bellingham, Miss A., 32. — Thomas, 

30, 31. 
Bell, Mr., 25 
Bennet, Mr., 28. 
Bentley, Dr. Richard, 39. 
Beverage, Dr., 41. 
Bewcastle Cross, 19. 
Bewly, Tho., 22. 
Bible, Selden on the A.V., 47. 
Bigglesworth, 13. 
Birkbeck, R., 27. 
Bishop, election of, 9-17. 
Bolton-Percy, 39, 46. 
Bonfires on Monmouth's defeat, 32. 
Bootle, 15. 

" Bordering " sentenced to death, 16. 
Bethel, 28. 



Bourbank, Mrs., 19. 

Bowey, Mr., 31. 

Bradley, Mr., 47. 

Brathwaite of St. Mary's, Carlisle, 27. 

Brathwaite, Little, 30. 

Breery, Dr., 31. 

Bridekirk, 31 ; — font, 19. 

Bridges of York, 29-30. 

Briscoe family, 2, 6, 20, 21, 23. 

Brisco moor, 17. 

Britain, Tom, the "musical small- 

coaJ man," 37. 
Brooking hemp, 45. 
Brown, Dr., 42 ; — Mr., of Sleaford, 

46. 
Buddie, Mr., 42. 

Burnet, Dr., of Charterhouse, 39. 
By well, 12. 

Caldbeck, 8, 18, 20, 24, 27. 

Calder Abbey, 6, 7, 10, 31. 

Calvert ordained, 26. 

Card-playing, 6, 20-24, 28-30. 

Carlisle, Bp. of, see Rainbow, Smith. 

Charter received, 22. 

Corporation reform, 51. 

Lord, 53. 

Nicolson at, passim. 

Carlton, 27, 32. 

Castilion, Dr., 15. 

Cattle-farming, 44. 

Chambers family, 27. 

Charles II., 13, 14, 25, 44. 

Charlton or Curteine, his Museum, 42. 

Charlwood, Mr., 42. 

Chatham, 15. 

Chetwood, Dr., 42. 

Child, John, 16; — Mr., 32 ; — Sir 
F., 38. 

Clark, S., 43. 

Clergy as justices, 21 ; deacon promis- 
ing not to aim at priest's orders, 
22 ; not to frequent markets, 19. 

Clibum, 20. 

Clipping coin, 16. 

Cockermouth, 7, 8, 23, 31, 35. 

Cockfight on Collup Monday, 24. 

Colby Leathes, 43. 

Comber, Dr., 12, 13, 29-31. 

Compton, Bp., 38. 



342 



INDEX TO BISHOP NICOLSON*S DIARIES. 



Copley. Barbara. " B.C.," 2, 7, 8, 10, 

II, 15-19, 21, 32. 
Copley of Gosforth, 7, 10. 11, 15-18, 31. 
Corbridge, 12. 
Comey, Mr., 33. 
Cradock, Mr., 38 ; — Sir J., 30. 
Crobrow, Dr., 31. 
Crofton, 6, 21. 
Crookdake, 23, 24. 
Crosby, Mr., 7, 23. 
Crosthwaite, 30. 
Curwen of Workington, 46. 
C3rpru8 birds, 15. 

Dacre of Lanercost, 25. 

Dale of Herald's office, 38, 39. 

Dalston, 9. 

Dalston, T., 24, 25, 32. 

Darlington, 12. 

Davers, Sir R., 45. 

Davison, Mr., 17. 

Dean, installation of, 18. 

Denton family, 26, 47. 

Dilston, II. 

Dissenters, 21. 

Doncaster, 13. 

•• Donwell by name," 12. 

Doody, Mr., 42. 

Dovenby School, 2. 

Dreyden, Mr., at York, 30. 

D(ugdale) Sir W., his carelessness, 39. 

Dumme hill, 30. 

Durham, 12. 

Dykes of Warthole, 6, 22, 23. 

Edenhall, 22, 27, 32, 34. 

Egremont, 10, 18. 

Election of Bishop, 10. 

Elstob's Saxon Homily, 38. 

Emmerson, J., 32. 

Enfield Chase, 13. 

Evans, Bp., 39. 

Evelyn, Mr., his antiquities, 38. 

Excommunication, 16. 

Farmanby, 36. 

Farrington, Mr., 33. 

Featam, J., 30. 

Featherstonhaugh of Kirkoswald, 19, 

22. 
Fen-country houses, etc., 45. 
Fenwick, Sir. R., 27 ; — Wm., 20. 
Fielding, Capt. Basil, 19, 20, 25, 28, 

51- 
Fisher of Brough, 47. 

Fishponds, 44, 45. 

Fleming, Henry, 20, 22 ; — of Rydal, 

26, 28. 
Fletcher of Hutton, 6, 7, 9, 12, 17, 20, 

23. 26, 27, 51. 
Fletcher oi Tallentire, i8. 
Floods on Bolton pasture, 19. 



P07. treat to a traveller, 29. 
Frasier of Aberdeen ordained, 26. 
Frost of 1684. 22. 

Gale, Dean of York. 39. 

Gib^n. Mr.. 40-43. 

Gilly, Tho., 22. 

Gilpin of Scaleby, 21. 

Gilt-paper. Archbishop's corre^Kin- 

dence, 40. 
Godolphin, Secretary, 14. 
Goodwin, Sir John, 15. 
Gore, Sir W., Lord Mayor of London. 

38. 
Gosforth, 6, II, 15-18. 
Gosling, John, 22. 
Graham, Father, 14 ; — R. and G., 

27; — W., 9, 10. 
Grahme, Col. James, 37, 38, 40, 42; 

— Jas., 25, 26. 
Graystock, 34, 35. 
Griggs the organist, 9. 
Guthry, W., 35. 

Haile, 6, 7, 10, 11, 15-19. 21. 3o. 
Hare of Herald's office. 38. 39. 
Harrison, Christopher, 29-31. 

Miss (Lady Musgrave) 32. 

Hasell of Dalemain, 8, 9. 

Hatton, Captain, 38, 41. 

Heblethwait, J., 22. 

Hechstetter, Daniel, 19. 

Henderson, Jos., 32. 

Hesket Hall, 31. 

Hewit ordained, 26. 

Hickes, Dr., 41. 

Hide Park, lights in, 38. 

Hildyard of York, 31. 

Hodgson of Salkeld, 25. 

Howard, Mrs., 28. 

How of Carlisle, 20, 23, 51. 

Hudson, Mr., 18. 

Hume, Dr., lo, 11, 20; — Greo., 22; 

— Mr., 26, 27, 30. 
Humphries, Bp., 39. 
Hutfon, 17, 13, 27. 
Hyde's repartee, 12. 

Inns of 17th century, passim. 

Ion, Mr., 33. 

Ireby, 19. 

Ireland, Cumbrians in, i, 3. 

James II., 25. 
Jeffi-eys, Judge, 15, 16. 
Jemmison's cure for ye Liver, 27. 
Jenkins, Secretary, 13. 
Jennings, Sir E. and Sir J., 12, 29. 
Johnby, 35. 

Johnson, Dr., 31 ; — widow at Plum- 
land, 32. 
Johnston, Dr., 39. 



INDEX TO BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES. 



343 



Kemp, Capt., 47. 

Kendal, 34. 

Kennet, Dr., 38-42. 

Kent force, 34. 

Keswick, 21. 

Kingfield excommunicated, 28. 

Kirkandrews-on-Esk, 10. 

Kirkby-thore, 9, 20, 30, 35, 48. 

Kirkoswald, 6, 19, 22, 24, 25, 27, 29, 30. 

Lake, Bp. of Bristol, 13. 

Lamplugh, 6. 

Lamplugh, Mr., 23 ; — Thos., 37. 

Lancaster, 15. 

Lancaster, Dr., 40, 41, 43. 

Lanercost, 25. 

Langhorn of Penrith, 19 ; — Mrs., 16. 

Langwathby, 35. 

Lason, James, 35. 

Lawson, E., 24 ; Mr., 34; — Sir W., 

31; — T., 36. 
Lazonby, 11, 19, 32. 
Lee, Mr., 25. 

Leigh, John, 20, 29, 32, 34, 35- 
L'Estrange's *' Modallities," 32. 
Levens, 34. 
Liddell, Andrew, 22. 
Lincoln Cathedral, 46. 
Lindesay, Col., of Loughry, i. 
Linstock, 31, 48, 51. 
Lloyd, Bp. of Worcester, 37, 39; — 

Mr., his coins, 39. 
London, 13-15, 37-43- 
Longvil, Lord, 43. 
Lorton, 32. 
Lowhall, 32. 
Lowry, Mr., 20, 23. 
Lowtfaer family, 24, 26, 34. 

Maburg (Maybrough) 34. 
Machell, Hugh, 19; — T., the anti- 
quary, 9. 
Mandevil, Dr., 38. 
Mauleverer family, i. 
Maunder, Dr., 43. 
Miller of Haile, 31. 
Mill-rigg, 32. 35. 
Moated houses, 44. 
Monmouth's rebellion, 31, 32. 
Monpesson, Mr., 16. 
Montague, Dean, 14. 
Moore, Bp. of Norwich, 37, 39. 
Moor of Mallerstang, 32. 
Moon, G., 22, 34. 
Morland of Gosforth, 6, 10, 11, 18, 21, 

24, 32. 
Musgrave, Christopher, disfranchised, 

20, 21, 36. 51- 

(CM.) 37. 38, 41, 43. 

Dean, 17, 18. 

of Edenhall, 15, 17, 18, 21, 



25-27, 32 1 42. 



Musgrave of Hajrton, 3, 8. 

Nelson, Jeremy, 9, 10, 16, 20, 31. 

Nevinson, T., 19. 

Newby, 36. 

Newcastle, 12. 

Newton (Sir Isaac) 3. 

Nicholson, Ambrose, 48. 

James, Carlisle, 23, 48, 50. 

— James, London, 43. 

James, Penrith, 7, 26, 28, 48, 51. 

Joseph (Bp. N.'s grandfather) 

48. 

W., Carlisle (Bp. N.'s cousin) 

25, 27, 28, 48, 50. 

Nichols or Nicols, Editor of Bp. N.'s 
letters, 36, 51. 

Nicolson, Bp., biography, 2, 3, ; fac- 
simile of writing, 4, 5 ; pedigree 
49 ; portraits 42 and plate. 

John (Bp. N.'s brother) 25, 50. 

— Joseph (Bp. N.'s father) i, 2, 31. 

Joseph (Bp. N.'s brother) 42, 43. 

Nicols, Mr., 27, 31; — Roland, i6 ; 
— T., 26. 

Noble, Mr., 23, 47. 

Orfeur family, 20, 23, 24, 27, 39, 47. 

Organists of Carlisle, 20, 21. 

Organs, 9. 

Ousby. 24. 

Owen, Dean, stealing powder, 40. 

Oxford city snubbed by Charles IL, 13. 

Pagett, Mrs. (Bp. N.'s sister) 6, 49. 

Palmer the organist, 9. 

Parker, Mr., 24, 25, 27, 32. 

Patrickson of Calder, 6, 25, 26, 31. 

Patteson, J., 27. 

Pearls in Cumberland, 35. 

Pearson, Chancellor, 39, 46, 47 ; — 

Dr., 33 ; Mr., 20 ; recanted on his 

knees, 29. 
Pembroke, Countess of; her pillar, 17. 
Pennington of Muncaster, 2. 
Penny Post, 40. 

Penrith, 7, 10, 11, 19, 23-27, 29, 32, 34. 
Perkins, Mr., 31. 

Peterborough, Lady ; her library, 39. 
Pettiver, Mrs., 42. 
Philopopoli, Abp. of, 38, 39. 
Plumbland, passim. 
Ponsonby of Haile, 6, 7, 10, 11, 18, 21, 

22, 30, 32. 
Porter, Mr., 32. 
Portsmouth, Duchess of, 14. 
Preston, M., 9. 
Prideaux, Dr., 39. 
Prior Hall, 36. 

Quakers, 29; Frate Molinos and—, 
36. 



344 



INDEX TO BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES. 



Queenborough, Marquis of, 13. 

RadcliflF of Dilston, 11. 

Rainbow, Bp., 3, 7, 8. 

Ravenglass, 15, 31. 

Red Dyal, 23. 

Reins family, 23. 

Relf, cousin of Bp. N., 38. 

Richardson of Salkeld, 19. 

Richmond (Yorks.) 31. 

Richmond, Mr., 20. 

Rippon, " His Grace of," 14. 

Rivet, Mr. and Mrs., 44. 

Robinson, J., of^Kendal, botanist, 34. 

Mr., 27 ; — Mrs., 24. 

Robson, Mr., 31. 

Roman Catholics at Rose, 26, 28. 

Roman Antiquities, 9, 35, 38, 39, 43, 

47- 
Rose Castle, 3, 7, 8, 10, 20, 22-27, 34- 
Rumney of Kirkoswald, 30. 
Runic Inscriptions, 35, and see Bew- 

castle, Bridekirk. 

St. Bees, 7. 

St. Cuthbert's, Carlisle, 10. 

St. Herbert's Isle, 30. 

St. James's Palace Library, 40. 

St. Paul's, London, 13 ; — Bp. N. 

preaches at, 38. 
Salkeld family, 6, 23, 24, 51. 
Salkeld, Great, 2, 7, 9, 11, 16, 17, 21, 

23. 24, 27-31, 32, 35. 

Little, 20, 22, 2^. 

Saltpans, 11, 32. 

Sanderson, Mr., 30; speaks German, 

26. 
Savage, Arthur, 8, 9, 25, 27, 28, 32. 
Savery's invention, 42. 
Saxon MSS., 40. 

Scott, John, 13 ; — Radigunda, 2, 48. 
Seascale, 15, 18, 21, 30. 
Sebergham, 20. 
Senhouse of Little Salkeld, 20, 24, 25. 

— Seascale, 18. 

Shackerley, Capt., 28. 
Sharpe, Abp., 12, 47. 
Shepherd, Canon, 9. 
Sheringham's new Bible, 40 
Sherlock, Dr., 35. 
Sherwin of the Howe, 17. 
Simpson of Penrith, 24, 26. 
Singleton, Mr., 24. 

Skelton, Clement, 12, i^ 26 • — 
, Eldred, 27. • 3, 20 , 

Skiddaw, 11. 

Smallwood, Ch., 30, 31 ; - Gabriel. 
19 ; Mr., 26, 32. 

^"^'2^7 28",^' IV"' '7-'°' '^' ^3. 25. 
-*/» 20, 34, 51. 

Dr. J., 42. 

Mrs. (wife of the Bp.) 26. 



Smith of Queen's Coll., 40. 

Snow, Mr.» 43. 

Spa, Bamet, 13 ; Knaresborough, 29. 

Squire, H., 12, 13, 

Stainforth, Dr., 47. 

Stanford, Mr., 29. 

Stanley, Mr., 7. 

Stanwix, Mr., 38. 

Stephenson's pictures, 47. 

Stevinson, Mr., 23. 

Stonestreet, Mr., 42. 

Story, Mr., 28, 29. 

Strickland, 36. 

Strickland of Sizergh, T., 2 ; — Sir 

W., 37. 
Suche, Cous. (Bp. N.'s Valentine) 42. 
Sutch, Dr., 34. 
Sutherland, Major, 31. 
Sydenham, Sir P., 38, 39, 43. 

Tables, game of, 27, 45. 

Temple Sowerby, 32. 

Tenison, Abp., 38, 40, 42, 43. 

Terrick, Mr., 47. 

Thanet, Lord, 40, 41. 

Thomlinson of the Gill, 8, 9. 

Thornton, Mr., 17. 

Threepland, 32. 

Threlkeld, Mr., 25. 

Thynn, Mr., 43. 

Tickell, Mr., 26 ; — Tyckle, 23. 

Tilham, Dr., 48. 

Todd, Hugh (Todulus, H. T.) 6, 17, 
. 23, 28-31, 34, 35. 

Toilet Articles, 44. 

Tomson, Dean, 13. 

Toppin, Mr., 23. 

Torpenhow, 2, 3, 8, 10, 11, 24, 25, 27. 

30-32. 
Touching for King's Evil, 14. 
Trimnel, Dr., 39. 
Tubman, Mr., 17. 
Tullie, Chancellor, 7, 9, 20-26, 32, 34, 

36. 
Tullie, W., 37. 
Tunstall, Mr., 20. 
Turner, Bp. of Rochester, 14. 

Verrio's paintings, 14. 

Wages in 1699, 36. 

Wake, Abp., 38. 

Walton, Mrs., 24. 

Wanley (the antiquary) 40, 42. 

Ward, Mr., 20, 34. 

Warcop, 48. 

Warthole, 6, 22. 

Warwick, Mr., 20, 51 ; — Mrs., 28. 

Watkinson, Chancellor, 12, 29, 31, 47. 

Waugh, Dr., 39-41, 43. 

Weddall. Edw., 22. 

Weelks, Mr., 29. 



INDEX TO BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES. 



345 



Welsh, how Scaliger learned, 41. 
Wenyeve, Sir G., 44, 45. 
West, Mr., 10, 30, 3ii 38. 
Wetwang, Mr. and Mrs., 30. 
Whitehall, Cumberland, 6. 
Whitehaven, 7. 
Whitmore, Sir W., 28. 
Wickham, Dean, 12, 29, 47. 
Wigkn, 15. 

Wigton, 20, 21, 23, 32. 
William III., 38, 47. 
Williams, Bp., 38 ; — of Graystock, 
34, 35. 



Williamson, Sir Josephs 2, 15, 30. 
Williamsons tried for Barretry, 16. 
Willison, R., of Penrith, 25. 
Winder, Mr., 35. 
Windsor Castle, 14. 
Witch of Ainstable, 16. 
Woodward, Dr., 38, 42, 43. 
Wotton, Mr., 43. 
Wragmire, 18. 
Wright, Jon., 31. 

York, 12, 30, 31. 47- 



1 



(346) 



GENERAL INDEX. 

(FOR DETAILS OF BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES SEE 

PREVIOUS INDEX). 



Aballava, 71, 72. 

Abbey, Carlisle, pre-Norman firag- 

ment, 292. 
Abbey Town, 309 ; and see Holme 

Cultram. 
Abbot Robert Chamber, 195, 196, 

233. 
Aesculapius, 62-67, 70. 

Amboglans, 71, 72- 
Anderson, Dr. J., 137, 184. 
Anglian cross-heads, 292, 294. 
Anglo-Cymric Score, 269. 
Anglo-Saxon or Danish remains, 156, 

193, 289-294. 
Architectiu-e, a contrast in, 129 seq. 
-^— ^ Church, 162-165, 171. 207, 241, 

257. 258, 309-311. 313- 

domestic Elizabethan, 94 seq.. 



121 seq., 192, 206, 219, 220, 285 
288, 310. 

— huts, 141-143. 

— pre-historic, 131-137, 178-183. 
Roman, 81, 303-305- 



Arthuret brass, 1 14. 
Asklepios, worship of, 52, 53. 
Astrology in 17th century, 217. 
Atterpile Castle, 315, 316. 
Atye, Sir A., farms tithes of Holme, 
205. 

Banna, 72. 

Barber, Jonas, clockmaker, 314. 

Barnes, Dr., 14 ; on Roman Medicine, 

etc., 52 seq. ; on the Bones from 

Gray son-lands Tumulus, 300 seq. 
Barrow-in-Furness, Bishop of, 66, 183, 

292, 307, 316 ; on Bishop Nicol-' 

son's Diaries, i seq. 
Bartram of Penrith, loi. 
Barwick, Dean, 186-188. 
Baxter of Swindale, 258, 261. 
Bead from Grayson-lands Tumulus, 

298. 
Beardsley, the late Dr., 321. 
Beckworth murders Ann Chamber, 

202. 
Bellasis of Orton, 145, 146. 
Bells of Matterdale, 247 ; Ormshed, 

164 ; Swindale, 259. 



Berwis of Souterfield, 197. 

Best, Bishop, 238. 

Betham of Towcet, 173. 

Bewley of Caldbeck, 102. 

Bewley, Sir E. T., on Gerard Lowther. 

99. 100. 
Birdoswald, Roman name, 72 ; Teles- 

phorus, 65 ; turf wall, 76, 87, 88. 
Bland of Orton and Virginia, 107. 
Blea-moss, primitive buildings, 129- 

139. 
Blenerhasset of Orton, 145, 146. 
Bones from Grayson-lands Tumulus, 

299-302. 
Booker, Mr. R. P. L., 81, 82. 
Books of Matterdale School, 248 ; of 

Roland Chamber, 197 ; ol: Wither- 

slack Church, 315. 
Borcovicus, tablet to a doctor, 61. 
Borradell, Gawen, 195, 198. 
Bosanquet, Mr. R. C, 88. 
Bower, Canon, on a Brass found at 

Arthuret, 114 seq. 
Brass from Arthuret Church, 114, 115. 
Briggs, Col. Edward, 127 ; of Caw- 
mire, 119, 126; of Helsfell, 127. 
Brisbie of Penrith, 96-98. 
Brisco of Crofton, 148. 
British Settlements, 136-139, 156, 175- 

185, 316. 
Bronze implements from Ormshed, 

166 ; from Troutbeck, 135. 
Broughton, Sir T., in hiding, 189. 
Bruce, the late Dr. J. C, 60, 63, 72. 
Brunskill, Rev. J., 256, 258, 260, 263: 

on Ormshed, 155 seq. 
Burdett of Bramcote, 95. 
Burgh Church, 310. 
Burial at night, 98. 
Burns, Mr. D., on Burgh Church, 310. 

Cairns in Little Langdale and Troct- 

beck, 135. 
Caldbeck sayings, 117, 118. 
Camboglans, 71. 
Castlehead, Grange, 315, 316, 
Caton, Dr., on Asklepios worship, 53. 
Cato on Medicine, 54. 
Cawmire or Comer Hall, 1 19-128. 



i 



GENERAL INDEX. 



347 



Chamber or Chambers of the Holme, 

194-233- 
Chapelries, status of, 235-240, 244, 245. 

Charles Edward, Prince, 169. 

Charms for broken limbs, 54, 55. 

Chesters, 63, 75, 84-88. 

Chimneys, Lake District type, 125. 

Church stock, 238. 

Circle at Glassonby, 295-298 ; at Herd- 
wood, Troutbeck, 135 ; near 
Ormshed, 157. 

Claudius in Britain, 59. 

Clergy of the dal.es, 244, 245, 257, 265. 

Clocks of Jonas Barber, 314. 

Coins : Danish, 316 ; Roman, 305. 

CoUingwood, Mr. W. G., on Cross- 
fragments, 289 seq., 292 seq. ; on 
Tumulus at Grayson-lands, 295 
seq. ; on Castlehead, 316. 

Colour of bones in ancient interments, 
301, 302. 

Consecration of rebuilt chapels 
omitted, 237, 259. 

Coped gravestone, 164. 

Cosmography of Ravenna, 71. 

Counting-out Rhymes, 269-271. 

Cowper, Mr. H. S., 84 ; on Cawmire or 
Comer Hall, 119 seq. ; on a Con- 
trast in Architecture, 129 seq. ; on 
the Roman Road at Ambleside, 
314 ; on Jonas Barber, 314. 

Crocheted principals, 192. 

Cropper, the late James, 320 ; on 
Kentmere Hall, 280 seq. 

Crosses at Ormshed, 159, 164 ; at the 
Abbey, Carlisle, 292 ; from Glass- 
onby, 289. 

Cumberland, Duke of, *' nobbut a 
man," 170. 

Cumberland Excavation Committee 
Report, 75 seq. 

Cumbrians in America, 105-112. 

Curwen, Mr. J. F., on Kentmere Hall, 
285 seq. 

Dalston weather-lore, 118. 

Danish or Anglo-Saxon weapons, 156, 

193- 
Deakin, the late E. N., 322. 

Dedication of Churches, 144. 

Degeneracy of dales-folk, 265. 

Dentistry amongst the ancients, 58. 

Denton, John, 146. 

Donaria, 67-70. 

Drumburgh, 310. 

Dudley of Yanwath, 97 ; arms, 100. 

Dyke, ancient, 135. 

Dymond, Mr. C. W., 177, 179; on 

Hardknott, 303 seq. 

Enclosures, ancient, 135. 
Epidaurus, temple of Asklepios, 53. 



Excavations : Early dwellings in Lang- 
dale, 129, 138 ; Roman Camps in 
France, 89-92 ; Roman Wall, 75- 
89 ; Tumulus at Grayson-lands, 

295. 
Eye-diseases and remedies among the 
Romans, 73. 

Fairies, 116, 117; fairy butter, 116. 
Fall of Wolsty Castle, 206 ; of Holme 

Cultram Chnrch, 207. 
Farming accounts in the 17th century, 

214-217. 
Feeding-bottles, Roman, 69. 
Fell-foot Thingmount, 136, 139. 
Ferguson, Mr. C. J., on Ormshed 

Church, 162. 
Ferguson, the late Chancellor, i, 15, 

19, 20, 22, 36, 72, 76, 153, 156, 

195, 214, 240, 295, 303, 307. 
Fifth man for military service, 212. 
Fleming (le) of Rydal, 120, 128 ; 

MSS., 23. 

— Sir Daniel, 172, 189, 190, 191, 

281. 
Flemish ship stranded at Wolsty, 205, 

206. 
Fletcher of Strickland, 171-173. 
Fletcher, the late W., 322. 
Fleur de lis not the lily, 108. 
Folklore, 116- 118, 268. 
Fonts at Matterdale, 246 ; Wither- 

slack, 187. 
Forster of Bamborough, 149. 
Fort of Castlehead or Atterpile, 316 ; 

see Roman Forts. 
Foulsyke, 196. 
Franks, Sir A. W., on the Arthuret 

Brass, 114, Z15. 
Fumess Abbey, 308. 
Fysher, T., his will (1544) 221. 

Gallows hills, 158, 192. 

Games at Kirkoswald, 268-279. 

Gamlysby, 145. 

Gayle, in the Holme, 196. 

Gerard Lowther's house, 94 seq. 

Gilbanks, Rev. G. E., 309. 

Gillalees Beacon, supposed Roman 

tower, 82, 83. 
Gilpin of Kentmere, 280-285, 313. 
Gilsland Spa, 70, 72. 
Glass, ancient, at Swindale, 260, 261. 
Glassonby, cross-fragment, 289 ; 

tumulus, 295. 
Goodwin, Bishop Harvey, i, 164. 
Grainger, Mr. F., on the Chambers 

family of Raby Cote, 194 seq., 317. 
Graeme of Nunnery, 203. 
Graham or Grame, Mrs. Mary, 98-102. 
Greek Medicine, 52-58 ; inscription, 64. 
Greenwell, Canon, 295, 301. 



348 



GENERAL INDEX. 



Grindesdale, 145. 

Hallen and heck, 288. 
Hardknott, Roman fort, 303-305. 
Haverfield, Mr. F., 62 ; Report of 
Cumberland Excavation Com- 
mittee, 75 seq., 317. 
Heart symbol, 114, 151. 
Heelis, the late W. H., 321. 
Heraldry at G. Lowther's house, 94- 

96. 

• at Poolbank, 315. 

at Raby Cote, 232, 233, 317. 

of Barwick, 188, 315. 

of Briggs, 127. 

of Fleming of Cawmire, 123. 

• of Gilpin, 280. 

'— of Hilton, 165. 

of Nelson, 108. 

of Osmotherley, 211. 

Hilton of Appleby and Ormshed, 158- 

165. 
Hobberst, hobthrush, 117. 
Hodgson, John, the historian, 254, 266. 
Hodgson, Mrs., 76 ; on Surviving 

Fairies, 116 seq. 
Hodgson, Mr. T. H., 76, 81, 88, 118, 

310 ; on Armorial Stones at Raby 

Cote, 232 seq., 317. 
Hollas, 240. 
Holme Cultram, 194-202, 207-211, 218- 

221, 232, 233, 309. 
Holme of Barnsceugh, 168. 
Honey wood. General Philip, 149-154, 

168. 
of Howgill, etc., 152, 154, 167- 

169. 
Hopper, Rev. W. R., 310. 
Horse-place, demy, and foot-place, 

212. 
Hoton of Hutton John, 97. 
Howard of Greystoke, 239, 250. 
Huts, 141-143. 
Hutton of Hutton Hall, 95. 
Hutton, Rev. F. R. C, on Wither- 

slack, 186 seq., 315. 

Inscriptions at Holme Cultram, 202, 
209, 218. 

at Little Strickland, 171-174. 

• at Matterdale, 240, 241, 255. 

at Ormshed, 157, 165. 

— at Penrith, 96, 102, 109. 

at Raby Cote, 195. 

Greek, 64. 

Roman, 60-65, 7073 ■ 

Interest, temp. James I., 238. 
Interments of Bronze Age, 299-302. 

Jackson, the late W., 94, 96, 99, 100. 
Jacobite nsmg of 1745, 167-170. 
James of Washington, 148. 



Kentmere, ancient settlement, 175- 

185, 312- 

Church, 312. 

Hall, 280-288, 313. 

Key patterns, 289, 292. 
Kirkbride, 310. 

Kirkoswald, children's games, 268. 
Kist-vaens, 156, 298. 

Lamplugh, G., steward of the Holme, 

200, 201. 
Langcake of Pelutho, 196, 197. 
Langhorn of Penrith, 100-103. 
Lawson of Bra)rton, 148. 
Legard of Ganton, 149. 
Leigh of Isell, 146, 197. 
Leybume of Cunswick and Wither- 

slack, 189-191. 
Licensed Victuallers' restrictions in 

1601, 207. 
Lowther family, 94 se^. 

Gerard of Penrith, 94-98. 

Gerard of Dublin, two of this 

name, 99, 100. 

Macalister, Prof., on colour of bones 
from Bronze-age interments, 301, 
302. 

Mandeville, Edward, of Holme Cul- 
tram, 197, 203, 207. 

Marriages, irregular, 187, 245. 

Martindale, Mr. J. A., on an Ancient 
Settlement in Kentmere, 175 seq. 

Matterdale Church and School, 235- 

255- 

Medicine among the ancients, 52 seq. 

Mell-door, 288. 

Merchants' marks, zoi, 102. 

Meye, Bishop, 235-237. 

Middleton of Orton, 145. 

Milecastle at Low-wall, 81 ; at Wal- 
ton, 82. 

Mitchell, Rev. J., 310. 

Mortar found at Ormshed, 166. 

Mural road at Howgill, 75, 78. 

Musgrave, Jack, of Bewcastle, 197, 
202, 209. 

Musgrave of Hayton, 148. 

Need fire, 118. 

Nelson of Penrith, 104- no; of Vir- 
ginia, 105-113; of York, no. 

Netherhall, inscription, 64. 

Newby of Cawmire, 120, 128. 

Newton Arlosh Church, 310. 

Nicolson and Bum, 7, 23, 126, 127, 
186, 191, 261, 280. 

Nicolson, Bishop, biography, 2, 3; 
diaries, 3-51 ; facsimile of writing, 
4, 5 ; family, 2, 48-51 ; portraits. 
I. 42, 317 ; writings quoted, 50, 
109, 161, 246. 



GENERAL INDEX. 



349 



Norse Settlements, 139, 156, 291. 

Orfeur of High-close, 211. 
Ormshed or Ormside, 155-166. 
Orton, Great, dedication of church, 

144. 145. 
Osmotherley of Langrigg, 211. 

Pack-horse roads, 192. 

Page, Mr. T. Nelson, on the Nelson 
family, 105-107, 112. 

Paines (penalties) of Holme Cultram, 
209, 214. 

Papist disabilities, 190, 218. 

Parishioners electing priest, 244. 

Parker, Mr. F. H. M., on the dedica- 
tion of Great Orton Church, 144 
seq. ; on the Pedigree of Wastell, 
and General Honjrwood, 147 seq. 

Patriklees, 145. 

Pattinson, Lancelot, 242. 

Pearson, Wm., of Borderside, 315. 

Pele towers, late, 119, 121, 285, 287. 

Pelutho, Pellatho, 196. 

Pembroke, Anne, Countess of, 96. 

Penrith, 94-113. 

Pew rents, 249. 

Philipson of Calgarth, 127. 

Pickering, Sir C, of Ormshed, 165. 

Pigott, Rev. R. J., 313. 

Piscina at Witherslack, 187, 315. 

Place-names, 120, 145, 155, 175, 185. 

Plague at Penrith, 98 ; at Wither- 
slack, 1^2. 

Plate of Matterdale Church, 247. 

of Ormshed Church, 160, 161. 

of Swindale Church, 257. 

of Witherslack Church, 315. 

Pool-bank, 315. 

Poor-relief in 17th century, 219. 
Pre-Norman cross-fragments, 289-294. 
Preston, Mrs. Mabel, bigamy, 187. 
Price, the late J. S., 322. 
Privacy, growth of the idea in archi- 
tecture, 123. 
Procolitia, medical tablet, 63. 
Proverbs of 17th century, 217. 
Puritan magistrates' duties, 103. 

Quakers persecuted, 174, 205. 

Raby Cote, i94-233f 309. 
Racet, 256 ; Rawside, 259. 
Rawnsley, Canon, 313 ; on William 

Pearson, 315. 
Rebus of Abbot R. Chamber, 196, 

233; of Hartley, 315. 
Redle or Ridley of Orton, 146. 
Registers of Holme Cultram, 226-232. 

of Matterdale, 248. 

of Ormshed, 160. 

of Penrith, iii. . 



Richmond, the late Canon, 321. 
Robin Hood's butt and well, 82. 
Roman building, 81, 303-305 ; bullets, 
84. 

Coins, 305. 

Inscriptions, 60-65, 70-73. 

Medicine, 52 seq. 

Metalwork, 70. 

Pottery, 68. 

Roads, 75, 78, 136, 304, 314. 

Sculpture, 61-67, 93- 

Roman Stations at Ambleside, 84. 

at Birdoswald, 65, 72, 



76, 87, 88. 
84-88. 



at Chesters, 63, 75, 

at Drumburgh, 310. 

at Hardknott, 303-305, 

at Old Carlisle, 93. 

Roman Wall, remains, 75-88. 
Rowley, Mr. W. E., 289, 295, 307. 
Rudge cup, 70-72. 

Sagar, Mr. James, 235, 242, 243, 255. 

St. Giles, 145. 

St. Leonard, 145. 

St. Mungo, 144. 

Salt-pans and salt farming, 198, 199, 

214. 
Sambon, Dr. Luigi, 67. 
Savile of Methley, 149. 
Schools : Hampton, 264 ; Matterdale, 

251-255 ; Swindale, 257, 258, 264. 
Scotch Tom, 106. 
Scrope, Lord Warden, 200-206. 
Seathwaite stone- walls, 137. 
Selywra, 145. 
Settlements, ancient, 129-139, 157, 

175-185, 316. 
Severus at York, 58, 59. 
Seville cote, 196. 

Sewell, T., of Swindale, 263, 265. 
Shap, Prince Charlie at, 169, 170. 
Sheppard, Rev. A. F., 309. 
Ship-money, 212. 
Simpson, Sir J. Y., on Roman army 

doctors, 59, 60. 
Sixteen-men, 208, 209, 211, 213, 224. 
Skelton of Armathwaite, 95, 197 ; of 

Holme Cultram, 201, 204, 205 ; of 

Orton, 146. 
Smelt of Ainderby, 148. 
Sparke, Mr. A., on a Roman slab, 

93 ; on Tullie House, 306. 
Spas, ancient, 69, 70, 192. 
Stamps of Roman druggists, 72, 73. 
Stanley of Witherslack, 189-191. 
Stockdale, James, " Ann. Caermoel.," 

189, 316. 
Stofifel, Colonel, on excavating ob- 
literated trenches, 89-92. 
Stoup at Witherslack, 187. 



350 



GENERAL INDEX. 



Stone implements, 135, 316. 
Strickland, Great and Little, 171 -174. 
Stuart relics, 151. 

Survival of defensive types in build- 
ings, 125, 126, 179, 285. 
Swearing, fines for, 103. 
Swindale Chapel, 256-267. 
Swords, Anglo-Saxon or Danish, 156, 

193- 

Taylor, the late Dr., " Manorial 
Halls," 119, 122, 285-288. 

Tax of 1783 on baptisms, etc., 160, 188. 

Telesphorus, 66. 

Tenants' rights and wrongs, 208-213. 

Terriers of Matterdale, 250. 

Thoresgill, 251. 

Thornley, Canon, 295, 299 ; on chil- 
dren's games at Kirkoswald, 268 
seq. 

Thrimby, 167-174. 

Thuribulum, etc., of Ormshed, 161. 

Tickell, Joseph, iii ; Richard, 213. 

Tithe suits, 208, 210. 

Todd, Hugh, 109. 

Travelling expenses in the 17th cent., 
208, 223. 

Troutbeck, primitive buildings, 133- 

139- 
TuUie House Museum, 93, 156, 289, 

306. 

Tumulus at Grayson-lands, 295-299. 

Tungrian cohort, 60, 61. 

Turf wall, 75, 76. 

Turner, Sir W., on bones from Gray- 
son -lands tumulus, 302. 

Two Lions Inn, 94, 100. 

Urn from Grayson-lands tumulus, 299. 
Uxelodunun, 71, 72. 
Value of property in 1572, 199, 203. 
in 1584, 97- 



Value of property in 1630, 197 ; and 
see Farming accounts, Travelling 
expenses. 

Vallum, discoveries, 75, 77-81. 

Vetripont arms, 96. 

Viking settlement, 139, 156. 

Virginia, Cumbrians in, 106- 1 13. 

Walker, Stephen, of Swindale, 263, 

264. 
Wall, see Roman. 
Ware, Mrs., i. 

Wastell of Wastell Head, 147-15 1. 
Watson, Mr. George, 144 ; on Gerard 

Lowther's house, 94 seq. 
on the Nelsons of Penrith, 104 

seq. 
Wedman, 160. 
Weganby, 145. 

Whelpdale of Penrith, 95, 100, 103. 
Whiteside, Rev. J., on a Letter of 

1745, 167 seq. 
on Little Strickland Chapel, 

171 seq. 
on Matterdale Church and 

School, 235 seq. 

on Swindale Chapel, 256 seq. 



Wilkinson, John, ironmaster, 316. 

of Furness Fells, 147. 

Wills of 1 6th and 17th centuries, 221- 

226. 
Wilson, the late W., 322. 
Witherslack, 186-193, 315. 
Wolsty Castle, 194, 195, 199, 203-207, 

233. 
Wood-wardens, 209. 

Wyber of St. Bees, 210. 

Yewtrees, age of, 243. 

Zig-zag ornament, pre-Norman, 292. 



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