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TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORLAND
ANTIQUARIAN & ARCHJIOLOGICAL
SOCIETY
VOLUME I.— NEW SERIES.
EDITOR
W. G. COLLINGWOOD, M.A.,
Local Secretary for Cumberland to the
Society of A ntiquaries of London.
1901.
PRINTED BY T. WILSON, HIGHGATE, KENDAL,
1
1 o^
1 I a
D
The Council of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian
AND Arch^ological SOCIETY, and the Editor of their Trafisactions,
desire that it should be understood that they are not responsible for
any statements or opinions expressed in their Transactions ; the
Authors of the several papers being alone responsible for the same.
• » • »
• •
• •• •
• «
♦ * •••• «•
. ••. > ...
*.-. * • , - ' •
CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORLAND
ANTIQUARIAN AND ARCH^OLOGICAL SOCIETY
LIST OF OFFICERS FOR THE TEAR 1900-1901.
Patrons :
The Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of Carlisle.
The Right Hon. the Lord Muncaster, F.S.A., Lord Lieutenant of Cum-
berland.
The Right Hon. the Lord Hothfield, Lord Lieutenant of Westmorland.
President :
The Right Rev. the Bishop of Barrow-in-Furness.
Vice-Presidents :
The Very Rev. the Dean of
Carlisle.
The Earl of Carlisle.
John Fell, Esq., Flan How.
C. J. Ferguson, Esq., F.S.A.
F. Haverfield, Esq., F.S.A.
The Hon. W. Lowther.
H. F. Pelham, Esq., F.S.A., Presi-
dent of Trinity College, Oxford.
Ven. and Worshipful Archdeacon
AND Chancellor Prescott, D.D.
W. O. Roper, Esq., F.S.A.
H. P. Senhouse, Esq.
His Honour Judge Steavenson.
Elected Members of Council:
T. H. Hodgson, Esq., Newby Grange, Chairman.
Rev. F. L. H. Millard, M.A.,
Aspatria.
Colonel Sewell, Brandlingill.
Joseph Swainson, Esq., Stonecross.
E. T. Tyson, Esq., Cockermouth.
George Watson, Esq., Penrith.
Rev. James Wilson, M.A., Dalston.
H. Barnes, Esq., M.D., LL.D.,
F.R.S.E., Carlisle.
Rev. Canon Bower, M.A., Carlisle.
W. G. COLLINGWOOD, Esq., M.A.,
Coniston.
H. S. COWPER, Esq., F.S.A., Hawks-
head. .
J. F. Haswell, Esq., M.D., Penrith.
Auditors:
James G. Gandy, Esq., Heaves.
R. H. Greenwood, Esq., Bankfield.
Treasurer :
W. D. Crewdson, Esq., Helme Lodge, Kendal.
Editor :
W. G. COLLINGWOOD, Esq., M.A., Coniston.
Secretaries :
T. Wilson, Esq., Aynam Lodge, Kendal.
J. F. CURWEN, Esq., Heversham, Westmorland.
RULES
As revised at the Annual Meeting held at Keswick,
October 5th, 1872,
I.— The Society shall be called the " Cumberland and Westmorland Anti-
quarian and Archaeological Society."
II. — The Society is formed for the purpose of investigating, describing, and
preserving the Antiquities of Cumberland, Westmorland, and Lancashire north
of the Sands.
III. — The Society consists of the original members, and all those who may
have been or shall be elected either at a General or Council Meeting upon the
nomination of two members.
IV. — The Annual Subscription is 10/6, due and payable on the ist of July in
each year ; and no member shall be entitled to the privileges of the Society
whilst his or her Subscription is in arrear. A composition of Ten Guineas
constitutes Life Membership.
N.B. — Ladies elected prior to August 30th, 1881, pay only 5/- per annum.
V. — The Lord Bishop of the Diocese, the Lord Lieutenant of the County of
Cumberland, and the Lord Lieutenant of the County of Westmorland, if
members of the Society, shall be Patrons thereof.
VL — The other officers of the Society shall be a President, Vice-Presidents,
an Editor, two Auditors, and a Secretary and Collector, who shall all be elected
at a General Meeting of the members of the Society to be held each year.
VIL — The management of the Society shall be in a Council consisting of the
Patrons, President, Vice-Presidents, Editor, and Treasurer, and twelve other
members, who shall be annually elected at the same time as the other officers.
The Council may, if it think fit, elect one of its members as ' ' President of the
Council."
VIII. — On the recommendation of the Council, the Annual Meeting may elect
as honorary members. Gentlemen non-resident eminent for Antiquarian know-
ledge, or Gentlemen resident who shall have rendered valuable services to the
Society, such Gentlemen to have all the privileges of membership without the
payment of Subscriptions,
IX. — The Society shall hold two or more Meetings in each year at some
place of interest, at which papers shall be read, to be printed, if approved by
the Editor and Publication Committee, in the Society's Transactions.
X. — The Council have power to appoint local secretaries, and to authorise the
formation of Committees for local purposes in connection with the central body.
XL — The Council shall meet about the month of April to settle the place or
places at which the General and other Meetings shall be held in the season next
ensuing.
XII. — The Council shall appoint two members of their body, who shall, with
the Editor, form the Publication Committee.
XIII. — Members may introduce a friend to the ordinary meetings of the
Society.
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
1. Bishop Nicolson's Diaries. By the Bishop of
Barrow-in-Furness - . . . i
II. On Roman Medicine and Roman Medical Prac-
titioners. By Henry Barnes, M.D., LL.D.,
F.R.S.E. - " - - - "52
III. Report of the Cumberland Excavation Committee
for 1900. By F. Haverfield, M.A., F.S.A. - 75
IV. Roman Sepulchral Slab from Old Carlisle. By
Archibald Sparke, Curator, Tullie House - - 93
V. Gerard Lowther's House, Penrith (Two Lions Inn) :
Its purchase by him, Descent, and Social, Life
associated with its subsequent Owners. By
George Watson - - - - - 94
VI. The Nelsons of Penrith. By G. Watson - - 104
VII. On a Brass found in Arthuret Church. By the Rev.
Canon Bower, M.A., Vicar of St. Cuthbert's,
Carlisle - - - - - - 114
VIII. On some surviving Fairies. By Mrs. Hodgson,
Newby Grange - - - - - 116
IX. Cawmire or Comer Hall. By H. 9. C&wpett F.S^. 119
VI.
CONTENTS.
X. A Contrast in Architecture. Part I., Primitive
Quadrangular Structures. Part II., The Sod
Hut: An Archaic Survival. By H. S. Cowper,
F.S.A. ......
By F. H. M. Parker, Fremington -
XIII. Ormshed and its Church. By the Rev. J. Brunskill
Rector of Ormshed
XIV. A Letter of 1745. By the Rev. J. Whiteside, M.A.
Incumbent of Helsington -
XV. Little Strickland Chapel. By the Rev. J. Whiteside
M.A., Vicar of Helsington -
XVI. An Ancient British Village in Kentmere. By J. A
Martindale . - - . -
XVII. Witherslack Church and Manor. By the Rev. F. R
C. Hutton, M.A., Vicar of Witherslack
129
XI. The Forgotten Dedication of Great Orton Church,
Cumberland. By F. H. M. Parker, Fremington 144
XII. The Pedigree of Wastell of Wastell Head; with a
Memoir of General Honey wood of Howgill Castle
147
155
167
171
175
186
XVIII. The Chambers Family of Raby Cote. By Francis
Grainger -.--.. 194
XIX. Matterdale Church and School. By the Rev. J.
Whiteside, M.A., Incumbent of Helsington - - 235
XX. Swindale Chapel. By the Rev. J. Whiteside, M.A. - 356
XXI. Children's Games as played at Kirkoswald, Cum-
berland. By the Rev. Canon Thomley - . 268
XXII. Kentmere Hall. By the late James Cropper, of
EUergreen ; Vice-President - - - 280
XXIII. Some Notes respecting Kentmere Hall. By John F.
Curwen, F.R.I.B.A. . . . . 285
\
CONTENTS.
Vll.
XXIV. Pre- Norman Cross-fragment from Glassonby. By
W. G. Collingwood, M.A. - - - - 289
XXV. Fragments of an Early Cross at the Abbey, Carlisle
By W. G. Collingwood, M.A.
XXVI. Tumulus at Grayson -lands, Glassonby, Cumberland
By W. G. Collingwood, M.A.
292
295
XXVII. On the Bones from Grayson-lands Tumulus, Glass-
onby. By Dr. Henry Barnes, LL.D., F.R.S.E. ;
with remarks by Professor Sir William Turner,
D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S. - - - -300
The Roman Fort on Hardknott. Supplementary
Notes. By C. W. Dymond, F.S.A., Hon. F.S.A
Scot. . - - - -
Proceedings -----
Notice to Contributors of Articles
In Memoriam -----
List of Members . . - .
Index ------
303
306
318
3«o
3«3
341
MEETINGS HELD BY THE SOCIETY,
1900
FOR READING PAPERS AND MAKING EXCURSIONS,
I. — Carlisle : Tullie House, The Cathedral,
The Ffatry - - -^ - June 20, 1900
Holme Cultram, Abbey Town, Raby Cote,
Newton Arlosh, Kirkbride, Drum-
burgh Castle, Burgh Church - June 21, 1900
2. — BowNESs-ON- Windermere : Mill Rigg
Camp, Low Bridge, Kentmere Church
and Hall . . . . Sept. 18, 1900
Winster, Border Side, Comer Hall, Pool
Bank, Witherslack Church, Castle
Head, Grange-over-Sands - - Sept. 19, 1900
,' V \
■ .1 ' ' < ■ I
w
1 . ,•
BISHOP NlCOLSO^J :
I Ik: picture at Staffitld Mall.
Art. I. Bishop Nicolson's Diaries. By the Bishop OF
Barrow-in-Furness.
A NUMBER of unpublished diaries of Bishop Nicolson
were in the possession of his descendant — the late
Colonel Lindesay,* of Loughry, Co. Tyrone. These were
kindly entrusted by him in 1888 and the following years
to Bishop Harvey Goodwin and to his daughter (my wife)
Mrs. H. Ware, with permission to publish them either in
whole or in part. It had been Bishop Goodwin's hope to
have a considerable part of the MSS. printed and pub-
lished in extenso. With that view, Mrs. Ware had
them carefully copied under her own superintendence.
But the later diaries did not appear to be as interesting
as the earlier ; the expense of publication would have
been large ; and thus, after Bishop Goodwin's death
in 1891, the plan was not carried out. It has, how-
ever, been thought desirable that some of the more
interesting portions of the diaries should be made public.
Hence this paper, which may possibly be continued in a
future volume of the Transactiofis, We hope eventually to
place the transcripts in some public library, where they
may be consulted by any persons interested.
The leading facts of Bishop Nicolson's life are well
known, but it may be convenient here to remind the
reader of a few points which will help to the better under-
standing of the diaries. For the greater part of the
pedigree annexed to this paper, and for much other iofor-
mation and help, I am indebted to the late Chancellor
Ferguson. William Nicolson, son of the Rev. Joseph
* John Lindesay, of Lx)ughry, married in 1743 Elizabeth, third daughter of the
Rev. BelUngham Mauleverer, Rector of Maghera, Co. Derry (sixth son of
Timothy Mauleverer, of Arncliffe Hall, Yorkshire), by Elizabeth, third daughter
of Bishop Nicolson. He had come to Ireland as chaplain to the Bishop.
^
2 BISHOP NICOLSON*S DIARIES.
Nicolson,* rector of Plumbland, by his wife Mary, daughter
of John Briscoe, of Crofton, was born June 3rd, 1655, was
educated at Dovenby School, and was matriculated at
Queen's College, Oxford, in 1670. In 1678 he spent some
time at Leipzig at the expense of Sir Joseph Williamson t
to learn German, in which language many entries in his
earlier diaries are written, especially (as will be seen)
those which he did not wish to be easily read by persons
around him. In 1679 he was elected Fellow of his
College, and ordained Deacon. On November 17th, 1681,
he was collated by Bishop Rainbow (who had made him
his chaplain) to the first prebend in Carlisle Cathedral and
the vicarage of Torpenhow (which he held till 1698, when
he exchanged it for Addingham) ; and on October 3rd,
1682, he was collated to the Archdeaconry of Carlisle, to
which was annexed the rectory of Great Ssilkeld. All this
was before he had left Oxford, for the following note is
found in the first volume of the diaries : — *' Qu. Why I
am reckoned 15s. for Battails in y® vac. 1683, when I left
y® Coll. half a year before." On June 3rd, 1686, he was
married to Elizabeth, youngest daughter of John Archer,
Esq.jt of Oxenholme, near Kendal. She seems to have
made him a good wife, and he was evidently much
attached to her ; though the sympathies of the reader will
perhaps be more drawn towards the " B. C," so often
mentioned in the first volume of the diaries. The
Bishop's wife died November i6th, 1712 ; and he never
made another marriage, though he came once or twice to
the verge of it, as the later diaries will show in a rather
amusing manner. He was consecrated Bishop of Carlisle
* He had been ejected by Cromwell's Commissioners, and was restored in
1660. During the usurpation he lived at Parkbroom, in the Parish of Stanwix,
which he had inherited from his mother, Radigunda Scott.
t See the Le Fleming papers, printed by the Historical MSS. Commission, p.
163.
{ Her brother, John Archer, M.D., of Oxenholme, was Mayor of Kendal in
1707. He married Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Sir William Pennington, of
Muncaster. She married secondly Thomas Strickland, Esq., of Sizergh.
BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES. 3
on June 14th, 1702 ; * was translated to the Bishopric of
Derry in 1718, and to the Archbishopric of Cashel in
I72f ; but died on February 14th of that year before
taking possession of his new see.
These MSS. give the impression of a man of immense
bodily and mental activity. There is little reference to
parochial work, but history, archaeology, and botany all
claimed his attention. He was constantly moving about,
and it will be seen that in his earlier life he must almost
have lived on the saddle.
The first part of the diaries, extending from January
1st, i68|, to July 20th,. 1685, appears to be of sufficient
local interest to merit printing in full. It is contained in
a book 7I inches long and 3 inches broad, bound in white
skin. The volume begins with a number of miscellaneous
memoranda of different dates : — " Combination of Preachers
at y® Cathedral in Carlisle " for a year ; a list of " Anglo-
Saxon Homilies ; " a list of" Books fro Torpenhow Feb. 20,
168} ; " " Goods from Oxenholm June 20, 1686 " (shortly
after his marriage) ; " Books in my Father's study, Apr.
20, 1686 " (the day of his Father's death) ; a list of his
wife's papers (deeds, bills, etc.), written partly in German,
partly English in Greek characters ; " Books fro Oxen-
holm ; " memoranda as to accounts in 1685 and 1686 ;
list of books lent at Oxford ; accounts with his pupils at
Oxford 1681 and 1682. Then follow " Observata Canta-
brigiae 22° & 23° Feb, i68f." He had then just left
Oxford, and was on his way between London and York.
He records his impressions of the Colleges at Cambridge
at considerable length — partly in Latin, partly in German
— and mentions people whom he met there, including "Mr.
Newton." He arrived at Rose Castle, March 3rd, i68f .
Then follows a list of presents received August, 1686,
shortly after his marriage. It would appear from this list
* His preferment is said to have been due to the influence of the Musgrave
family.
BlSHOP NICOLSON's DIARIES.
^Mcr*i^. Aw^ iK*.,-!,^^ ;^
Facsimile of
BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES, 5
v*Aa^ <r/ cj6 f£^A -/^ tC
Bp. Nicolson's MS.
6 BISHOP nicolson's diaries.
that wedding presents were then of a very useful character
— bottles of wine, malt, sugar loaves, chickens, capons,
geese, etc. The Bishop gave " a W^* of wheat, a q*" of
beef, 10 bottles of wine, and 3 sugar loaves ; " Sir Geo.
Fletcher gave half a buck.
It will be noticed that many of the entries mentioned
above are of a date subsequent to that of the diary. It
is probable that the writer had left blank pages for
memoranda at the beginning of the volume, and filled
them up as occasion arose.
We now come to the diary itself, which commences
with January ist, i68f . The spelling is preserved.
1684.
Jan. I. Bin ich zu Wartholef gewesen : woselbst hab ich im Carten-
Spielen 4s verlohren.
„ 2. Zu Whitehall : wo der H. F. Salkeld hat mir das Gelt
promittiert ; aber es commt noch nicht.
,, 3. Zu Lamplugh hab ich gespeiset. Der Junker hat mir
erweiset allerhand Ertz : von welchen ich habe etliche
Specimina gebrinket. ^ufm Abend bin ich zu Cawder
Abbey gewesen woselbst der H. Patrickson halte ein lustige
und herliche Weinachten. Morgefi friih bin ich nach Hail
mit schwager Ponsonby| gegangen.
„ 4. Halte ich Weinachten zu Godsforth woselbst ich verspielte
5S und Herberg gehabt habe beym Priestern H. Morland.
Der Dienem gegeben 8s.
„ 5. Durch Egremont nach Plumland wieder verkehrte ich
meistentheils in der nacht.
,, 7. Zu Croft on Logirt ich. Gegeben der Dienern 2^.
„ 10. Bin ich zu Kirk-Oswald. The Quire, wholly Ruin*d, will
be undertaken for y« Lead (valu'd at betwixt 30 & 40 •*>) ye
Timber in 5^ Churchyard and i5^^.verzehrt i^. Letters
sent by the post to — Mr. Todd, Mr. Lane, Mr. Cruttenden
& S"^ Pagett. For these and other things at Penrith paid
♦ Probably a boll or bole. " Bole, a measure of corn, containing six bushels."
(Johnson's Dictionary.)
f A manor in the Parish of Plumbland, then the residence of the Dykes family.
The hall is now in ruins.
t John Ponsonby, of Hail, was eldest son of Sir John Ponsonby by Dorothy,
daughter of John Brisco, of Crofton, and thus first cousin to Bishop Nicolson.
»»
>»
BISHOP NICOLSON*S DIARIES. 7
Jan. 12. For Pease &c. 5s Propositae (apud me) notae in Liturgia
Canones et Articulos Eccl. Anglicanae puta, interfoliatae.
14. Habe ich gespeiset zu Hutton ; wo der H. G. F.* hat
dieses observirt dass es ware die grosste Policy des Koniges
zu France seine Magnates allerzeit zu HofFe zu halten ne
ruri degentes Aura nimis populari vescerentur.
Zu Abend bin ich nach Rose commen ; woselbst der H.
Bp.f sehr hoflich gewest und von der Frau B.J gesagt. I
see ye many Inconviences y' attend ^ on both sides ; am
very well satisfy'd y* it should be broke of, w^^out any
unkindness on either side.
15. Die Frau Rainbow hat mich aus dem seligen Manier
tractirt ganz hoflich &c. Der Cantzler§ Ich und H. Crosby
sind nach plumland in der Abend commen. Gegeben zu
Rose iqs.
,, 16. Sind wir zu Cockermoth in deren Sesstionen gewesen und
aufm Abend nach Hail verreiset.
„ 17. Sind wir zu St. Begh's und Whithaven ; woselbst habe ich
etwas zu viel von der Frau B. C.ll declarirt. Aufm Abend
wieder nach Hail.
„ 18. Mit deren H. Ponsonby und Stanley naqh Cawder:
dernach aber (in der Nacht) zuriick nach Plumbland
verkehrte.
19. Mit dem Cantzler nach Carlile zu : dernach (mit schwagem
J. N.-^-!' zu Penrith) spate nach Salkeld. Zu diesem Reise
verkehrte ich urn 20^.
„ 24. Habe ich gespeiset beym H. H. Aglionbyrff und in der
nacht eine erschrecklich und grausame schnee gefallen.
„ 26. Nach Carlile.
* Sir George Fletcher, Bart., of Hutton-in-the- Forest, M.P. for Cumberland
for nearly forty years. He had succeeded to the baronetcy on the death of his
father, Sir Henry Fletcher, killed at Rowton in 1645.
f Edward Rainbow, Bishop of Carlisle 1664 to 1684.
t The *• B. C." often mentioned later.
§ The Chancellor was Thomas TuUie, M.A., installed prebendary of the third
stall October 14th, 1684 ; Vicar of Crosthwaite, 1710 ; Dean of Carlisle, 1716-
1726.
II " B. C." was Barbara Copley, daughter of Robert Copley, of Gosforth.
"Mr. Robert Copley, steward to Sir William Pennington for seventeen years
during his minority, and chief bailiff of Copeland Forest to the then Earl of
Northumberland, purchased Kirkby's part [of the Manor of Gosforth], and
built a large handsome house, with orchards and gardens suitable, but they are
now [1777] in much decay." — Nicolson & Burn. B. C.'s sister Ann was married
to John Ponsonby, of Hail ; her brothers William and John are also mentioned
in the Diary. For the will of her brother John Copley, of Hawkshead Hall, who
died 1 69 1, see the C. & W. Transactions, vol. xi.
** For " Cousin J. N., of Penrith," see note on the Bishop's pedigree.
ft Henry Aglionby, younger brother of the Recorder, was Vicar of Addingham
1674-1697 ; Rector of Bowness, 1691-1697.
8 Bishop nicolson's diaries.
Jan. 27. Zu C. geprediget.
„ 30. Wieder zu C. geprediget fur H. Ardrey.* Aufm Abend
nach Rose, woselbst der H. Bischoff ist wunderlich wieder
. dem Jankem Nichols erstanden. gegeben 2*.
„ 31. Aufm Abend nach Caldbeck. Der H. Savaget hat eine
, Capitul aufm 7th Feb. assignirt. gegeben 2^.
Feb. I. Nach Plumland zu hat der H. Fatter etwas von der Frau
B. aber nicht viel.
There is a gap ia the diary from February ist to March
25th. In this space are inserted *' Presents Sep. 1686,"
of the same character as those mentioned above.
1684.
Mar. 25. Gegeben zu Caldbeck 2^. iiber nacht bin ich zu Plumland.
„ 26. Morgen's friih beym H. R. Musgrave| zu Hayton: mittag
wieder nach Rose. Der H. BischofF ware sehr krank und
unriihe um trey habe ich bey ihm gebetet ; und in der
nacht (zwischen 11. und 12.) ist er gestorben.
„ 27. Nach Carlile. Unde Literas dedi Dnn L. Jenkins, J.
Williamson. P. Musgrave, T. Smith, A.T.J. N. et Epo.
Exon. Absonderlich von der Morte Dm Epi. Gegeben zu
Rose is. For two Hats at Carlile 1^^ 7s. For a Bridle
2^ 6^. Verzehrt 2'.
„ 28. Geprediget zu Carlile. Verzehrt 6^.
„ 29. Nach Rose. Aber nicht gar hoflich tractirt. Aufm Mittag
zu Caldbeck : und aufm Abend zu Plumland.
„ 30. Easter-day. Geprediget zu Torpenhow.
„ 31. Zu Cockermoth verz (for mourning) iimb 3^^.
Apr. I. Morgens friihe nach Rose. Woselbst wieder sehr unhoflich
tractirt beym frawen Hasell§ und Thomlinson. fiir ein
* John Ardrey, B.D., Prebendary of Carlisle (third stall) ; Rector of Musgrave,
1671-1684 ; Vicar of Kirkland, 1681-1684.
f Arthur Savage was ejected from the Rectory of Brougham by Cromwell's
Commissioners, but restored three years afterwards, and held Brougham till
1664. He became Prebendary of Carlisle (second stall) 1660, and Vicar of Cald-
beck 1663. He was at this time Vice-Dean. He died 1700.
X Either Sir Richard Musgrave, Bart., of Hayton, who died 1710 ; or his eldest
son Richard, M.P. for Cumberland 1702-1707. The Musgraves of Hayton were
a younger branch of the Edenhall family.
§ Sir Edward Hasell, of Dalemain (not knighted till 1699), had married Jane,
eldest daughter of Sir Timothy Fetherstonhaugh. Sir E. Hasell's mother was
Martha Smith (or Smythe), daughter of Dr. Henry Smith (Master of Magdalen
College, Cambridge) and sister of Elizabeth, wife of Bishop Rainbow. Thus
Mrs. Hasell was Bishop Rainbow's niece by marriage. She had no children ;
the Hasell family, still of Dalemain, are descended from Sir E. Hasell's second
wife Dorothy (eldest daughter of W. Williams, of Johnby Hall), of whom frequent
mention is made in the later diaries. Robert Thomlinson of the Gill, near
Dalston, was a tenant of the Bishop of Carlisle. His note-book is printed in the
Gatesgill Chronicle, 1885, by Miss Kuper. See also the article on the " Dalston
Parish Registers " in the C. & W. Transactions, vol. vii.
BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES. Q
Tippet 12^ umb drey (iiber Mittag) ist der H. BischofF
gebiirg'd zu Dalston. Das Leib geboren ware von H.
Savage & Nelson,* Graham u Thomlinson, TuUie u Nioolson.
Der H. Ch. geprediget hat iiber dem Rev. u etwas
(wie es gesagt ware) reflectirt iiber den H. Hasell. Nach
Carlile woselbst verzehrt 3*.
Apr. 3. habe ich gespeiset zu Hutton. Ubi plurima a Dno. G.
Fletcher de phaenomenis quibus-da mathematicis (Summo
cm Acumine) sunt ventilata. Nach Salkeld.
„ 3. H. W. Graham u ich sind gespeiset zu Kirby-thore.
Excepit nos Hospest n^ Antiquario Theologus laute satis.
Fercula praecipui nominis Lateritia erant ; calceamentoru
fragmentis referta. In Vase uno aut altero vestigia
observare erant inscriptionu, Nomina Imperatorti (DOMI-
TIANI et TITI nescio cujus) proe se ferentiu: in aliis
literse qusedam Gothicse, majusculae et formae minoris, quae
interpretem postulant Sagaciore.
Inter calceos (aetate tantum venerabiles) cothumu habuit
fabricae satis nitidae. Caetera sordes sunt, & Antiquarii
oculu vix merentur.
Wieder nach Salkeld ; verz. zu Penrith, i^ 6^,
„ 5. Nach Carlile. Waited upon Mr. Dean J & his Lady ; newly
returned fro Durham.
„ 6. Geprediget zu Carlile iiber 2 Chron. 29.27.
The first time y® new organ § was play*d on : being highly
approved on by Mr Griggs & Mr Palmer, y« organists of
Newcastle & Durha.
„ 8. The Chapter began ; & ended on Saturday 5^ 12 following.
In welcher Zeit viel unriihe dem H. Nelson gemakt wiirde.
Wetherall & Warwick given to T. Nichols. Sebraha to
M. Preston and petty-canonry to Shepherd.
Memorand. Lent (Apr. 1 1) to Mr. Ch. 2^*^ verz. 2**^.
* Jeremy Nelson, Prebendary of Carlisle (fourth stall), 1 667- 1685) ; Vicar of
Stanwix, 1667-1685. William Graham, D.D., fourth son of Sir George Graham
of Esk, was Rector of Kirkandrews-on-Esk, 1682-1685 ; Prebendary of Durham ;
Dean of Carlisle, 1686 ; Dean of Wells, 1704 ; Clerk of the Closet and Chaplain
to Queen Anne. He died 1712.
t Thomas Machell, M.A., Fellow of Queen's College, Oxford; Rector of
Kirkby Thore, 1677-1699 ; well known as an antiquary.
{ Thomas Smith, Prebendary of Carlisle, 1660 ; Dean of Carlisle, 1671 ; he
succeeded Rainbow as Bishop. He had married the widow of Sir Henry
Fletcher of Hutton. See note on March i6th, i68|.
§ The Records of the Dean and Chapter contain a statement that Dr. Thomas
Smith, ' ' late Dean of Carlisle and now Bishopp of the Diocese did give to the
church the organ which cost him about ;^2oo. The old organ was given by the
D. and C. to tiie said Ix)rd Bishopp, and he freely bestowed it upon the Cor-
poration of Appleby, for the use of that church."
10 BISHOP NICOLSON^S DIARIES.
Apr. 13. Von Carlile nach Torpenhow Morgens friihe. Peractis k
prandio Sacris Plum veni.
„ 14. Nach Hail.
„ 15. Coz. Ponsonby's 3d son (William) christen'd by W.N.
witnesses — W. Ponsonby, W. Coply & Coz, Hutton. A
coend habe ich etwas mit dem H. Ponsonby & Swag
Briscoe discurrirt von der Fraw B. C. aber nicht viel. .
„ 16. Zu Egremond.
„ 17. Im Collegio zu Cawder. Revertentes viel haben wir tractirt
von der vormeldten Fraw; u dabey resolvirt dasz alias
rechte gesehen wiirde.
„ 18. Uber Mittag nach Plumland.
,, 19. Nach Salkeld. Receiv'd at Torpenhow 20^** of J. Tyndall.
„ 21. By Hutton, Barron- wood & Armthwait to Carlile. Dr.
Smith pleas'd to proffer me a patent for an Honorary
Chaplain ; and y^ preaching of his Consecration sermon.
„ 22. Chapter begun. Boy sent to Hail w^h ye 2 volums of Atlas ;
u dabey zwey brieffen dem H. Ponsonby u seinen swestem
B.
„ 23. Wieder verkehrte der kleine u eine hertzige u sehr lieblich
BrieiFe von dem H. Ponsonby erhalte.
„ 26. Nach Kirkanders upon Esk. Woselbst der Cancellarius
u ich sehr hoflich tractirt gewesen vom H. W. Grahme.
„ 27. Nach Salkeld. Morgens friihe.
„ 30. sind bey mir gespeiset der H. West, Morland u Hume,
iiber mittag nach Penrith, summon'd to meet y^ next day
at Carlile ; upon y^ Cong6 D'Ellire.
May I. Nach Carlile.
„ 2. The Cong6 & King's Letter read before ye Dean & a full
Chapter; & y^ time for Election (betwixt 8 & 11 in y« fore-
noon ye next day) pitch'd upon.
„ 3. After prayers & Te Deum, ye Gentry & Clergy in ye Church
accompany 'd us into ye Chapter- House where ye Cong6
was read openly : but ye Kg's Letter detain'd by Vice- Dean
& Mr. Nelson. After ye votes were pass'd, W. N. sent (in
ye name of ye Vice- Dean & Ch) to acquaint my L^ Elect
wth yfi had pass'd & to beg his assent. Upon wch ye election
declared ; Bells rung, &c.
, 4. I read prayers at Stanwix & ye Ch. preach'd. iiber Mittag
hat der H. Ardrey geprediget zu St. Cuthbert's De multi-
plici Cordis divisione.
„ 5. Certificats of y^ Election sent to ye King & ArchbP. To ye
latter by Mr. Ch. one of ye Proctors.
„ 6. My Lord Elect came to view Rose where (at four in ye
BISHOP KIC0LS0N*S DlARIfiS. II
Afternoon) I read prayers to His L^sp &c. in the Chappell.
Nach plumland.
May 8. Habe ich geschrieben dem H, Ponsonby ? Banks beym H.
Bruder J. AUes Rechte zu Hail.
„ 10. Sind wir am Morg. gewesen zu AUonby.
„ II. Geprediget zu Torpenhow.
„ 12. To 5^ Chapter at Carlile — which continued all y' i^eek.
Reed in Fines — 384'** 6* 8^. For 31 Seals 20**^ 13® 4**.
„ Whitsunday. Din'd w'h my L^ at Carlile : iiber Abend nach
Plumland.
„ 20. On Sciddaw w**» 2 Fletchers, Crisp, Dykes &c. der H.
Eglesfield u D. Larkha etwas Whiggisch discurrirt haben
von parliamenten. Mr. Egl. acquainted me y' y^ Saltpans
at Canonby were worth 40^ per Annii ; & y' Himself had
often proffer'd to farm y™ so w'^out Coal.
„ 22. Chapter at Carlile. Broke up on ye 24. The Church's
Debts clear'd ; & loo^** (in pursuance of 5^ statute) layd up
in 5^ Treasury. Mr. Ardrey left 40'** for His House.
Each Prebendary's Dividend (of Fines & Seals) 561b j^s ^d.
25. Geprediget zu Arthuret.
27. Nach Salkeld.
30. Nach Hail. Morgens.
31. Habe ich (aufm 31st) erstlich discurrirt mit der Fraw B.C.
June I. Geprediget zu Hail zwey mahl.
2. Nach Godsforth. Woselbst die alte Fraw C. hat mich
sehr hoflich tractirt. Aufm Abend wieder nach Hail. Die
Frawlin B. gantz modest: aber doch etwas (zum letzten)
hat sie concedirt, mit eine liebliche — perhaps you may.
3. My Birth-day. Annos complevi 29. Det Deus meliores !
In yc morning at three set from Hail, & came to Penrith at
eleven : whence I waited on my Lord Elect to Appleby.
Treated by y^ Corporation.
4. Nach Salkeld.
6. Bin ich zu Lazonby gewesen : taken at my return with a
violent fit of ye Cholic & Strangury. Cur'd by Dr. Hume.
„ II. Gespeiset bey mir zu Salkeld die H. Morland & Hume mit
ihren Weibem.
„ 13. Nach Morland mit dem H. Morland. Bey welchem habe
ich drey schrift. BrieiFe geschickt, zwey nach Godsforth,
u eine nach Hail.
„ 15. An express from my Lord, w^^ orders to wait on His
LordsP. at Durham ye Saturday following.
„ 20. Begun my journey from Carlile. Zu Dilston sind wir
wohl tractirt: aber nicht an dem H. Frs. Radcliff
99
99
t(t felSHOP NrCOLSON*S DIAkl^S.
gesprochen. Logirt zu Corbridge : fast aufF die Deiitsch
Manier.
June 21. Z\i Bywell morgens fruhe w*^ my Lady Mary Fletcher:*
hat sie etwas vom schelm S*^. Th. Armstrong seine ubel
leben gesagt. Din'd at Mr. Squire's in Newcastle, ged-
encke wie bose die Hawser in Northumberland (absonder-
lich iimb Haltwhisle) sind gebawet. In y^ evening to
Durham.
„ 22. After Dinner w^^ ye Bp of Durham in his Library & new
gardens.
„ 23. Din'd at Dr. Brevint's Residence. Die Historic vom Swage
Skeltont seine lesung im Cathedral zu Lincoln. L^
Chancellr. Hyde's Repartee to y^ Dutchess of Cleveland —
If yoc iive you'l be old.
„ 24. Din'd at Darlington. Woselbst unser H. Hospes ein
lustiger Carl gewest
Donwell by name, Done-ill by nature.
An Ethiop in Hue, Divell in feature !
Aufm Abend nach North-Allerton.
„ 25. Morgens nach York. My L* went to see Ch. Watkinson
& Dean Wickham ; welcher letzte einer Subtiler Mensch
aber nicht Doctus.
„ 26. Din'd at Bishopsthorp. A B's character of Dr. Brown, y*
He should cap a case of Law w^h me. Advice to marry.
,, 27. Confirmation — Dinner.
„ 28. My Ld confirm'd by ye Ch in ye Consistory. The Election
confirm'd — o obstantibus quibuscunque omissis. B^ of
Durham came to y* George & we remov'd to Mr. Tomson's.
„ 29. My Ld consecrated in y« Cathedral by y® AB. B. of Durham,
& B. of Man. on St. Peter's day.
Sermon preach 'd by W. N. on Anthem
by Dr. Comber.
Din'd at Bishopsthorp A.B. & B. of Durham's compliment
to y* Archd'^. of Durham & Carlile.
„ 30. Din'd w*^ Mr. Ch. Watkinson : u dabey S' Edmund & S*"
Jonathan Jennings.
After Dinner to Bishopsthorp to pay Fees.
Mr. Atkinson, my Lord AB's Secretary retum'd me 13" 4<i
• * Sir George Fletcher, of Hutton, married secondly Lady Mary Johnston,
daughter of the Earl of Annandale, and widow of Sir George Graham, of
Netherby.
t Clement Skelton married Grace Brisco, sister of Bishop Nicolson's mother.
See July 4th.
{ The Archbishop of York then was John Sharpe.
felSHOl> NlCOLSON^S DIARIES. I3
for Mr. Ward's Induction into Warciip : begging pardon
for His mistake, in directing His mandate to Mr. Simson.
With H. Squire & Dr. Comber in y* evening.
July I. Sett Forward on o' journey toward London : lodging y*
night at y« 3 Cranes in Doncaster.
„ 2. From Doncaster to Newark at Mr
„ 3, Thence to y* George (Mr. Tod's) in Stanford.
Met y^ new Chancell'. of Scotland, my L^. Marquise of
Quensborough &c.
„ 4. Din'd w**> my L^ of Lincoln at Bugden. Mr. Skelton
sleighted eine briefFe von seiner Mutter.
A good dinner on a Fasting-day. Jo : Scott had petitioned
to be my L^'* Chaplain : ye place proffer'd me ; but refused.
White Cap spoyl'd this year's visitation. We lodged at y*
Sun in Biggies worth.
„ 5. Then (through Hatfield by my L* Salisbury's House) to
Barnett.
„ 6. Walked to Bamet- wells in the morning. The water has a
tincture of Allom ; and purges by stool and urine. Near
akin to y' at Cumner near Oxford. After Evening-prayer I
waited on my L^ to Mr. Secretary Coventry's in Enfield
Chase. The Lodge well repair'd & beautify'd w* fair
Gardens, Lab3n:inth &c. gedencke die HoUandische Hay-
Bams ; w'^ moveing covers.
7. Came to Westminster. I lodg'd y« night at y« two-headed
Swai? in Tuttle Street ; but €ver zcfter at Mr. Sill's.
10. Din'd at Lambeth w^ Dr. Holder &c. My Ld A.B.'s
greeting — Mr A . you are welcome ; / have ofttn heard of you^
and am now glad to see you*
After Dinner, I went to y« top of St. Paul's : w<* is design'd
to be 640 high from y« Foundation. The Cupola supported
w* Pillars of 60 & 80 foot Diameter.
„ II. I introduc'd Mr. Heath to 5^ new Bi>. of Bristol, Dr. Lake:
who told Him, He desir'd all former Quarrels wHh yir Dean
(Tomson) might be forgot: but for ye future He would eye Him
strictly. In y« Afternoon (in our way to Windsor) we waited
on Mr. Secretary Jenkins at Hammersmith ; newly return 'd
fro 5^ Council at Hampton-Court. He gave us a. Relation
of y* E. of Abingdon's promise to procure for y« City of
Oxford in their new Charter — i. A Night- walk. 2. St.
Clement's taken w**»in y»r Freedome. 3. A Horse- Fair, by
y« Theater ; in Lent. But all three were deny'd by His MP.
who was told (by S' L. J.) y' He had greater reason to Favour
a Loyal University yn a Factious Corporation. S' L's com.
»)
»)
14 BISHOP NICOLSON*S DIARIES.
pliment to me at parting. Mr. A. If I can be serviceable to
you, Let me know it. Waited on y* King, Queen & Duke*
at Supper in Windsor- Castle : & view'd y« Fountain (under
y® statue, in y« great Quadrangle) w^*^ by two men's
pumping from a well 140 foot deep, throws up ten Barrels
of water per Hour.
July 12. View'd y* Painting & Carv'd-work in y® presence-Chamber,
Chappel, St. George's Hall &c.
In y* last whereof y* Inscription :
ANTONIUS VERRIO NEOPOLITANUS
non ignobili stirpe natus
in Honorem Dei
Augustissimi Regis Caroli Secundi
et
Sancti Georgii
Molem hanc foelicissim^ manu Decoravit.
Din'd wtfa Dr. Montague;! viro optime modesto. In y^
evening His Grace of Rippon J gave Father Graham & me
an account of G. TuUy's Letters to y« A.B. & Himself;
about His Salary.
„ 13 His Grace of Rippon preach'd before y« King on — Love yr
Enimies* In y« close whip'd y« private Feuds among
Courtiers. As soon as sermon was over, my Lord did His
Homage in y* presence-chamber ; ye oath being read to
Him by Mr. Secretary Godolphin. Ye Dutchess of Ports-
mouth waited on ye Queen at Dinner. My L^ and I din'd
w'*> Dr. Turner (B. of Rochester, in daily expection to be
translated to Ely) my L^ Keeper, E. of Feversham, Coll
. Graham &c. gedencke my Ld of Rochester's story of 5^
Frenchman's — me think yt me will think no more. After
Evening prayer walk'd down to Eaton-Coll. S' H.
Wootton's present in y* Hall ; a map of Venice.
„ 14. In y* morning King's musick at y« bed-chamber, as usuall
on Mundays. Touching for y® evill§ in y« Guard-chamber,
Dr. Montague held y« Gold. Water brought to ye King by y^
Vice-Chamberlain. After Dinner, return 'd to London.
* The Duke of York, afterwards King James II.
fThe Hon. John Montague, Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, 1683-1699;
Dean of Durham, 1699. He was Clerk of the Closet to King William III.
} Probably the Archbishop of York is meant. The Archbishops of York had
a palace and property at Ripon, and often made long residences there.
% See paper by Dr. Barnes in the C. & W. Transactions, vol. ziii.
BISHOP NICOLSON*S DIARIES. I5
July 15. W*^ Sr Jos. Williamson at St. James's Square — ^who told us
wt opposition had bin made ag* Mr. Musgrave by L<*
: Hallifax, A.B. of Canterbury and Bp of London — y« last
saying— T/t^y designed to throw away ye Church, Din*d at
Fulham. Guests, Dr. Cave, Dr. Dove, Dr. Batty, Dr.
Turner. &c.
„ 16. W'** Mr. Grahme at Mrs. Knipe's — who told us a remark-
able story of her burying a chip embru'd in 5^ late King's
blood beans growing in y« place w*** blood-red strokes.
„ 17. Spent a Guinney w^^ y® Chancellor's brothers & mine.
„ 18. I went to Cobha — and thence (with Sr. J. W.) to Rochester
& Chatham. Dr. Castilion told us y« B. of Ely dy'd worth
gooolb. most of was left to Dr. Saywell. Sup'd with Sr.
J oh. Goodwin at Chatha gedencke die Cyprus-birds. Sr.
J. W. sat up with me, in my bedchamber at Cobham, till
two in y« morning.
„ 19. Return'd (by Darford) to London. Clear'd Accounts w*^
M. Pitt who is owing me y** two last Volumns of y^ Atlas.
„ 20. I preach 'd at y« Kg's Chappie in Whitehall, on Matt 5. 37.
„ 21. Left London in y® evening; & came to Barnett.
„ 22. To Daventry : lodg'd at Mrs. Shugburrow's.
23. At Dr. Nicolson's early in y^ morning. At Dinner wt*» Coz.
J. R. who presented me w^^ a Hunting Saddle & Accom-
pany'd us y* night to Cosehill ; where we lodg'd at y* Swan,
a stately Inn built by my L^ Dig by.
24. We lodged at y® Red Lyon in Newcastle.
25. At y® Eagle &' child in Wigan.
„ 26. At Mr. Yeats's in Lancaster.
„ 27. Over y® three Sands to Bootle. A long Sabbath day's
journey.
28. Met alt Fraw C. at Ravenglass, thence to Gosforth.
29. Die Fraw B. consentirt hat — wen es ihre Mutter gefehlet.
30. Went to Sea- Scale. At night to Hail.
31. To Plumland.
Aug. 4. I went to Carlile to wait on S"^. Ch. Musgrave* who was
welcomed into the Town w'^ nine Guns.
„ 6. The Judges (my Ld Ch. Jeffreys & Mr. Just. Holloway) were
received w*** 15 Guns: by Sr. Ch. M's order.
• Sir Christopher Musgrave, second son of Sir Philip Musgrave, second
Baronet of Edenhall, was knighted 1671, and succeeded his brother Sir Richard
Musgrave in the baronetcy in 1687. He was Lieut. -General of the Ordnance,
and Governor of Carlisle under King Charles II., being succeeded in tiiat office
under James II. by Francis Howard. He was M.P. for Carlisle 1661-1690, and
for Westmorland 1690-1695. His second son, another Christopher Musgrave,
succeeded him as M.P. for Carlisle. — See Ferguson's M.P.'s/or Cumberland and
Westmorland,
>»
»
»»
»»
»»
»»
1)
l6- BlSHdt> NICOLSON'S DIARIES.
Attf^c j\ Chargfe given by my L^*. Ch. J. prlDclpally against feeue
callM Trimnlers & Whig- Justices.
■ •' Sermon preach *d (Length & stuff intolerable) by Mr.
- Nicols.* Mr Nelson pleas*d to quarrel me for placeing Mr.
-Monpesson in 3^ Bp's Seat.
„ 8. Tryalls of y^ two Smurthwait*s wc*> gave occasion to a
"severe Reprimand to Mr. Nicols. Witch of Ainstable
' cleared. Elder Williamson found Guilty of Barretry &
committed.
„ 9. jAinior Willittson found guilty, & pillory 'd w*** his Brother.
Two Scotch pedlars pillory 'd for venting of clippings.! Two
' Smurthwaits & a Bordering sentenc'd to Dye. After
Dinner my L^ Ch. Justice went to Scotland : desireing to
see something as bad as his own countrey,
-j, 10. I preach 'd at Stanwix ; & Mr. Nelson in y^ Cathedral.
Neither of ye Judges at Church in the afternoon.
„ II. Several petitions brought in against Attoumeys. L.
Simpson bound over to answer for Barretry next Assize.
I ■ The Judges went to Appleby.
„ 12. Nach Salkeld.
„ 13. To Gosforth. Woselbst dir Alte Fraw C. nicht zu sehen
ware ; gantz driibig und unhbflich. Die Frawlin B. aber
wohl Anders, und resolvirt hat ihre selbst zu consentiren.
utcunque primo mane Halla veni; ne vetula irascente in
Carcere justo diutiCks detiqere.
„ 15. Wieder nach Salkeld. s. y
„ 21. I sent my Boy w*i» Lett^s to Gosforth. Die Alte Fraw
aber wolte nicht meine Briefi(e behalten sonders mirs wieder
bey ihre sohn J oh. gekehrt hs^t.
„ 22. Returned w*l» a message, welches nur zu Gosforth hoflich
konte seyn. y
„ 24. I preach 'd at Carlile for jre bp. .
„ 26. Mr. Grahm was InstalPd at Durham.
„ 28. Habe ich nach Hail geschickt ihit brieffen dem H. Pon-
sonby und seinem schwestem. /
„ 30. Gekriegte ich eine sehr lieblich Antwort von der Fraulein B.
„ 31. Rec<*. a Query fro Mr. Child| about Preaching at 3^
Funeral of Mrs. Langhom: who had bin some years
excommunicate.
Sep: I. Nach Plumland.
* Roland Nicols, B.D., R. of Aikton 1660-1694, and Lecturer of S. Mary's,
Carlisle. He had been Chancellor of the Diocese 1667-1683.
{Selling pieces of gold or silver cut off from coins.
John Child, M.A., V. of Penrith 1669-1694.
felSHOP KtCOLSON^S DIARIES. 1^
Sept. 3. Naoh Hail mit eine brief e von meinen H. Fader an der
Fraw C. wc^ I sent by Mr. Sherwin.*
Et Responsu tuli vetuld Dignissimum.
„ 4. Nach Gosforth morgens friih : Der Fr. B. (ipsd obnixius
petente) zu discurriren. Sie hat mich sehr lieblich
recipiert ; sagende dass sie ware keine Turncoat nicht &c.
„ 5. Wieder nach Plumland.
„ 8. On Munday, to Carlile, where y* week was spent in waiting
on Mr. Ph. Musgrave.t
„ 15. My Father went to Hail.
jy 16. 1st er, mit dem H. Tubman) nach Gosforth zu. Ubi plus
solito insaniebat Anus. Irrito opere ist er wieder verkehrte.
„ 18. I met my Lord BK at^Milrigg where most of y& Clergy of y*
Deanryes of C. & W; waited on His Lords'*. He was met
by S' Geo. Fl. Mr. Ph. Musgrave, Mr. Davison, &c; sX y^
Countess of P*s monument | & conducted to Hutton.
„ 19. I din'd w*i» my Ld at' Hutton & waited on Him y^ night to
Carlile. His L^ship was met on Brisco-Moor by y^ Mayor
& Aldermen, officers of ye Corporation, Singing-men &c.
and conducted to y^ Deanry.
„ 30. Nach Salkeld.
„ 22. Back again to Carlile w*^ Sir C. Musgrave & His two sons :
who called at my House. Din'd w*^ y^ Mayo* & Aldermen ;
& yt night went to Plumland. Disswaded from a journey
westward by my Father.
„ 24. Wieder nach Salkeld.
„ 26. Mr Dean Musgrave surpriz'd me at Salkeld : and gave me
warning of his design to be Installed on Tuesday following.
„ 27. Nach Carlile.
„ 28. Mr. Tod§ preach'd for me in ye Cathedral, Mr. Savage's
course : & Mr. Thornton at Edenhall.
* A family of that name, from which the present Rector of Dean is descended,
owned a property called " The Howe," near Seascale.
t Eldest son of Sir Christopher Musgrave. He was Clerk of the Council under
J^unes n., and died before his father.
I The Countess' Pillar near Penrith marks the place where the Countess of*
Pembroke parted from her mother, the Countess of Cumberland.
§ Hugh Todd, D.D.. who appears often afterwards, was born at Blencow,
educated at Queen's College, Oxford, and Fellow of University College. In 1679
he became chaplain to Bishop Smith, in 1684 V. of Kirkland, and in 1685 was
made Prebendary of Carlisle, and V. of Stanwix, which he held till 1688. In
1688 he became R. of Arthuret, and in 1699 V. of Penrith. He died in 1728.
II
l8 BISHOP NICOLSON*S DIARIES.
Sept. 29. Mr. Dean* met at Wragmire by ye Chapter ; & soon after
by ye Mayo' & Aldermen, officers, Gentry, Tenants &c. to
3^ number of about 150. My L^ Bp. in His Coach met us
in Carlton- Lane. He was led into ye Town by the Pre-
bends & some others of ye Clergy ; and follow'd by ye Bp»
S'. Ch. Musgrave, and ye Rest.
„ 30. The Dean Install'd after ye first Lesson in ye morning;
without ye old Foppery of going to ye Altar. After prayers ;
ye Clergy & Gentry, wt^ ye Quire were splendidly enter-
tain 'd in ye Deanry.
Oct. I. Nach Plumland.
„ 2. Hail.
„ 3. Gosforth. Woselbst ich u frawl. B. tantum non absondert
in einem HufF. Zum letzten aber sind wir noch einmal
giite freiinde gewesen. Die Alte nicht zu sehen.
4, Nach Plumland wieder :.von Egremont sehr spate.
7. Lodg'd at Calbeck: der H. Sav. aber ware zu Edenhal.
8. Waited on my L* Bp & Mr. Dean at Penrith-sessions.
Din'd wth ye Sheriff: and Lodg'd at Coz. J.N.'s.
„ 9. Nach Salkeld.
„ 10. Mr. Ardrey dyed. I sent my Boy to Hail : mit 3 brieffe u
dabey ein stiicke Goldes der fr. B.
12. Boy retum'd w'*» news dass die Fr. B. ware aus dem hauss
von ihre Mutter geworfen u zu Hail logirt.
13. Nach Carlile.
„ 14. The Chancell'. install'd Prebend before Morning prayer. I
din'd with my Ld. & after four a'clock, went to Hail.
„ 15. Hunted a while with Coz. Fletcherf & Ponsonby. New
expedients resolved on — of perswadeing Mrs. C. to let Her
son P. & J. Sh. treat mit meinem Fader. Or, 2ly. Dass sie
soUen von ihren eigenen kopfen dass Ruhn.
„ 16. Zu Gosforth. No admittance. Aber viel Execrationes
geschickt den H. Morland u der fr. B. wen wir heirathen
wollen. paid a visit to Mr. Senhouse at Seascale.
„ 17. Hunting near Egremond : where Coz. Ponsonby & Mr.
Hudson made me Umpire in an Arbitration.
„ 18. Nach Salkeld.
* Thomas Musgrave, D.D., sixth son of Sir Philip Musgrave, Bart., of Edenhall,
and younger brother of Sir Christopher Musgrave. He was Archdeacon of Car-
lisle, 1668 to 1682 ; became Prebendary of Durham, 1675 ; of Chichester, '1681 ;
and died in 1686. He married (i) Mary, d. of Sir Thomas Harrison, Kt., of
Allerthorpe, Yorkshire ; and (2) Mary, d. of Sir John Cradock, Kt., of Richmond,
Yorkshire.
t Henry Fletcher, of Tallentire, married Mary Brisco, niece of Bishop
Nicolson's mother.
>>
>>
V
BISHOP NICOLSON*S DIARIES. IQ
Oct. 20. I wrote to ye M' of Un. Coll. about ye Font at Bridekirk,
promiseing ere long a fuller Ace*, of y* & 3^ Pedestal at
Bewcastle.
„ 23. Mr. Richardson's Christning at Salkeld. witnesses, W.N.
J.N. and Mrs. Bourbank.
H 26. I preach'd at Lazonby ; and din'd at Kirkoswald. Went
home yt night to Penrith w^ coz, J.N. and his wife.*
„ 27. To Plumland. By Skelton.
n 29. I inducted Mr. Nevinsonf into Ulndale, present, His
brother Nevinson, Mr Hugh Machell, Mr. HechstetterJ &c.
Treated with a Dinner at Ireby and wine at ye Parsonage.
„ 31. Went to Bridekirk to view ye Font; and found ye following
words different from w* I had before observ'd ;
RD IR cum aliis 6 hie inserendis.
Nov. 3. I went to Carlile w*'^ Mr. Nevinson. We had some trouble
wt^ ye Floods on Bolton-pasture.
„ 5. My Lord Bp., the Chapter, Mayor & Aldermen &c. enter-
tained wt*^ speeches in ye school. After evening prayer all
of us treated in ye Hall by ye Mayor ; and at ye Castle by
Mr. Fielding.§ 7 Guns. Mr. Thornton preach'd.
„ 6. From Carlile to Hail after 11 at noon.
„ 7. Very much press'd by Fr. B. meine brieffe &c. wieder zu
nehmen. Zum letzten aber (u zwar gantz spate) haben wir
resolvirt endlich zu separirt werden.
„ 8. Nach Salkeld.
„ II. The Ch. and I held o^ first court of Corrections at Penrith;
where we delivered an Admonitio to some of jre Clergjrmen
of yt Deanry 6 to frequent Markets. Langhom, &c. pro-
mised to attend Sacraments, & Dismiss'd.
„ 12. Court of Corrections at Appleby. Little presented — Der
H. Smalwoodll ware nicht zu Hauss anders hat er eine
Admonition gekriekt.
* She was daughter of Thomas Featherstonhaugh, of Kirkoswald.
f Thomas Nevinson, B.A., husband of Bishop Nicolson's sister Grace, was
R. of Uldale, 1684-1697 ; V. of Ireby, 1693 ; V. of Addingham, 1697-1698 ; V. of
Torpenhow, 1698-1728.
^ Daniel Heckstetter, M.A., was V. of Ireby, 1661-1686; R. of Sebergham,
1661-1695 ; R. of Bolton, 1665-1686.
§ •• Aug. 6. 1687. Given the servants at my cosin Bazil Fieldings in Carlisle
Castle — ^who was Lieutenant-Governor thereof under Sir Christopher Musgrave
— ;foo 07s. o6d." (Accounts of Sir Daniel Fleming, printed by Historical MSS.
Commission.) He was one of the Aldermen of Carlisle under the charter of 36
Charles II. (1684), and was Mayor 1686. According to Sir D. Fleming's MSS.,
it was not intended by King James II. to displace him in March 1685 when other
members of the Corporation were to be changed ; but probably he was not found
sufficiently pliable, for he was displaced June 23rd, 1688. See Ferguson's i?qyaZ
Charters of Carlisle, p. xxx.
II Gabriel Small wood, M.A., V. of S. Laurence, Appleby, 1681-1698.
20 BISHOP NICOLSON's DIARIBS.
^ Uodg'd at Kirkbythor : & had y^ remainder ctf 5^^ GotKic
Inscription.
Nov. 13. I din*d wt*» Mr. Senhouse & His young Lady at little
•Salkeld.
„ 14. Mr. Senhouse, 3 Aglionbyes &c. din*d w*** me at Salkeld.
n 16. After evening prayer went to see Coz. Hodgson.
„ 17. At Clibbum, entertain'd by Mr. Fenwick.* Old Stories of
Sequestrations &c. In the evening in Carten-spielen zu
Kleiner Salkeld.
„ 18. Mr. H. Aglionby & I din'd at Skelton. Mr. ChancelK. &
Mr. Leigh lodg'd at Salkeld.
„ 19. Wieder in Garten spiel : zu Kl Salkeld.
„ 20. I writt to 3^ B. of Oxon. ab' ye Saxon Chronicle, pd. Mr.
Nelson 45s. for 9 Sundayes.
„ 21. Noch ein mahl in Carten-sp. zu kl. Salkeld. Woselbst ich
u Mr. Hume sind biss am morgen geblieben.
.„ 22. Nach Carlile.
„ 23. Great Chapter. Order'd buying of new Singing-Books ; &
mending'the Consistory Court. Adjourn'd till Apr. i. My
Lord had a private ordination (in ye Cathedral) for Mr
Fleming.
„ 25. Court of Corrections at Wigton. Ch. & I lodg'd at Sebra-
ham : u sind in Cartenspiel gewesen biss an der 2 uhr
Morgens.
^ 26. Mr. Ch. and I din'd at Caldbeck: and stay'd there all
night.
„ 27. Nach Plumland.
„ 19. I gave Mr. Pearson Letters to My L^ and Mr. Tunstall for
Holm-Cultra.
„ 30. At Torpenhow. Din'd w** me Mr Salkeld & wife. 3.
Orfeurs. 2 Fletchers &c.
Dec. I. At Tallentire. Coz. Briscoe's House a good model for
Torp.
^ 2. Counter- Security to F. Orfeur & R. Briscoe forT^r. Jos,
„ 4. Rose. Din'd w'** my L^. S'. G. Fl. Mr. Fl. Mr. Richmond,
Mr. Warwick, Capt. Fielding, Mayor of Carlisle,! J. Nicoi-
son, Chancell', Mr. Ward, Mr. Lowry, Mr. Atkinson, Mr.
Warwick's Certificate sign'd.
♦ William Fenwick, R. of Cliburn, 1673-1687.
f John How (the elder) was Mayor of Carlisle 1684. (Whellan). He was
again Mayor 1691, 1695, 1703, and 1712, unless the person named in some of
these later years was ** John How the younger." He was one of the six persons
brought to the Bar of the House of Commons on their knees December 7th,
1692, and reprimanded by the Speaker on account of the disfranchisement of
Christopher Musgrave. (Ferguson's M.P.'s, p. 69.) He was organist of IJbe
I»
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91
BISHOP NICOLSON*« DTAKIBS, 2t
Dec. 5. Court of Corrections at Carlisle. R. Bi*iacoe*s'ca8e dfflai^y
argu*d by Mr. Agl. & W. Gilpin.* Articles exhibitea agt
D^ Gilpinj by R. Aglionby. in carten-sp. tu C. Fielding's
verspielt 15s.
„ 6. After Dinner to Salkeld.
„ 7. I preach'd at Adingha. chancell out of repair ; & want of
Books.
8. Boy sent to Hail & Sea-Scale. Dissenters wt»» me in y«
evening. Nelson, Stubborn ; ye rest (especially Slack &
Smith) plyable.
9. I wrote to ye Ch. at Penrith to respite l^xcommunication.
,, 10. Bqy returned w"* an answer from Coz. Ponsonby & Mr.
Morland. Chancell^. & Register lodg'd w^^ me.
„ II. Ch & I din'd at S"" R. Musgrave's. I promised to preach at
Edenhal in X^mas.
„ 12. Met Mr. Agl. & Mr. Morland at Keswick. Die Fraw B. hat
unhoflich meine brieffe verkehrt.
„ 13. Mr. Agl & I called at Mrs. Blencow's promis'd to see Her
again in X^mas.
15. Mr. Leigh & I din'd at Rose : & lodg*d at Carlfle. Mr.
Aglionby' s Argueing for ye Reasonableness of some clergy-
men being justices.
16. At Crofton. Thence to Wigton : & lodg'd at Greenhow.
17. Zu Plumland. Fraw B. hat alle meine brieffe verkehrte u
eines ultimu vale dabey geschickt.
„ 18. Boy sent to Hail : w*** Letters to Coz. P. His wife & isister.
And so Adieu. J
Cathedral. " Whereas Mt John How Senr late Organist of ye Cathedtal Church
of Carlile did deservedly incur the displeasure of the Dean and Chapter of the
said church by his disrespectful carriage to Christopher Musgrave Esq. Member
of Parliament for the said city, I Timothy How (son of ye sd John) being now
to be admitted into the said office of organist do adknowledge ye diiqpkuing of
my said father (upon ye forementioned account) to have been most just and
reasonable, and do hereby promise never to be guilty of the like disrespect to
9oe worthy Patron A freind to the established Church as the said Mr. Mtisgitilv
and his family have always approved themselves. Timothy How."
* John Aglionby, Recorder of Carlisle, bom 1642, died 1717. His younger
brother Richard Aglionby was registrar of the Diocese. W. Gilpiti, Recorder of
Carlisle, 1717.
t Richard Gilpin, of Scaleby Castle, had been ejected from the living oT Gtey-
stoke. He married Susannah, daughter of William Brisco, of Crofton, and was
father of W. Gilpin mentioned above.
J This seems to have been the end of the affair with •• B. C," though the
journey of June 2-5, 1685 (for which his father scolded him) was perhaps under-
taken with some idea of renewing it. He records the deatiti of Mrs. Copley on
June 27th, 1685, and mentions B. C. again on July i8th and 20th. The Gosforth
register records the marriage on May 19th, 1692, of Mr. Richard Trotter, of Dent
(near Cleator), and Mrs. Barbara Copley. In June, 1708, the Bishop records in
his diary a visit paid to him at Rose by " Cous. J. Ponsonby and his sister, with
yir Little Cousin Trotter."
I)
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22 BISHOP NICOLSON's DURIBS.
Dec. 19. A civil Answer fro Coz P. went to Carlile.
„ 20. After Examinations for orders, Ch & I came to Rose.
„ . 21. Ordination at Rose. Ordaind —
Priests —
H. Flemming* J. Heblethwait
Andr. Liddell Geo. Hume
Deacons — John Gosling
Edw. Weddall Tho. Bewly
Geo. Moon Tho. Gilly.
Mem. Bewly promised my L* never to aim at priest's
orders ; nor to take a Cure. At night to Carlile.
„ 22. At Mr. Crosby's Christening. u die gantze nacht in
carten-spiel verspielt ymb los.
„ 23. Nach Salkeld. Rid over pettrel upon ye Ice ; after 3 nights
frost.
24. Walk'd cross ye River to L. Salkeld. Carts cross'd Eden,
upon four nights frost.
25. Preach'd (die erste mahl) extempore on Is. 53, i & 2.
26. At Kirk-oswald. An order sign'd by ye Ch-wardens, &c
for cutting down ye wood in ye Ch.yard. Sup'd at Mr.
Fetherston's.
28. I preach'd at Edenhall.
29. I din'd wth Mr. H. Agl. Coz. J. N. and R. Thr. at L. Sal-
keld. Woselbst bin ich diese nacht geblieben. Morgens
friihe
„ 30. Nach Carlile. The new Chartert (brought by Sir G.
Fletcher) met at Briscoe by 5^ Sheriff, Gentlemen &
Citizens to the number of 300. Received at 5^ Gates w**>
15 guns, the Gild's w**» y»r colours; the Garrison &c And
met, at ye Cross, by y^ Bishop & Clergy. After Dinner a
Hogshead of Claret given, at ye Bonfire, to ye Rabble.
„ 31. I waited on my Lord to Rose : & after Dinner, went to
plumland.
Jan. I. Din'd at Warthole ; w**» ye Sheriff,^ &c. u bin, mit
Frawenzimmern im Carten-spiel biss an der 2 uhr. Gedenke
die Comedy, Love will find out ye way.
* Afterwards D.D., second son of Sir Daniel Fleming. He was R. of Gras-
mere, 1687; V. of Asby, 1694- 1728. In the course of alterations to the rectory
at Grasmere in 1895, the following inscription was found cut on a beam : —
THIS HOUSE WAS BUILT 1687. HENRY FLEMING PAR.
f For the story of this charter, see Ferguson's Royal Charters of Carlisle.
I According to the list given in Whellan, Leonard Dykes (of Warthole) had
been appointed High Sheriff in 1681 and 1682 ; but Edward Hasel, appointed
1683, must have been in office at this time.
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>>
BISHOP NtCOLSON^S DtARtBS. 23
JsCti. 2. Die Frawlein B. Dykes u. A. Reins sind zu Plumland in
Carten-spiel. Mr. Hutchinson's Account of ye Quarrell at
Newcastle : that all Mr. Davison's enimies (except Capt.
Brabant) were private men ; & had nothing to doe in y^
Corporation.
4. I din'd at Treepland ; w'** S«^. Francis Salkeld, Mr. Dykes,
Mrs. Dykes, Reins &c.
5. Din'd at Whitehall, u dabey Mr. Salkeld, Mr. Orfeur, &c.
S"^ Francis's Barb valu'd at 15.
Nach Carlile.
„ 6. Preach'd Mr. Chancellr's Turn. Aufm Abend im Cartensp.
biss an der 2 iihr. mit H. Crosby u seine schwestem.
„ 7. Din'd at Rose : w"" Mr. How, J. N. &c. Abends wieder im
Cartenspiel. Die Fraw Smith hat mich taxirt dass ich
solte sich den Stanwixen accusirt haben.
„ 8. Nach Penrith. H. Threlkeld hat mir gesagt dass der H.
S' J. L. observirt hat wie der Cantzler vom S' G. F.
caress'd ware dass der Ertz- Deacon aber ware nicht recht
governable. In ye Evening y« Ch. came (from Middleton)
to Salkeld.
„ 9. Chancell' and I went, in the evening, to Hutton. S"^ G's
project of makeing a new way fro y« park to His House ;
for 40*^, His Defence of Mr. Noble agt. Tyckle, Bird &c.
„ 10. In y^ Evening to Salkeld.
„ 12. Early in y« morning to Hutton. Din'd at Rose: and staid
there all night. In Cartenspiel mit dem H. BischofF u seine
gemahlin.
„ 13. With Mr. Tod to Wigton. At night ye Ch. Mr. Todd & 1
came to Plumland.
AufFder Reise sind wir eine uhr bey dem H. B.* zu Crook-
dake : u tractirt auf die Scottish Manier mit viel falschheit
u blanditiis.
„ 14. Ch. & Mr. Tod took 3^ Test at ye sessions in Cockermoth.
Wir sind gespeiset bey dem Sheriff: u darnach tractirt
be3nii H. Lowry, Toppin, Noble, Lamplugh, Stevinson &c.
Aufm Abend wieder (mit schwagern J a. Nicolson) nach
Plumland.
„ 16. At Red-Dyal. Tryal betwixt 2 Orfeurs refer'd to my
Uncle Brisco & Mr. Lamplugh. At last (u zwar absonder-
* Sir John Ballantine, Kt., of Corehouse or Carros, in Scotland, bred a
physician, married in 1663 Ann, d. and h. of William Musgrave, of Crookdake
Hidl, near Bromfield. (Nicolson & Bum.) Sir W. Dugdale wrote to Sir Daniel
Fleming that he was one among others " who assume that title (of knighthood),
but never received that honour from this King." (Le Fleming MSS., p. 187.) '
24 BtSHOP mCOLSON^S DIARtBS.
lich bey meiner Kraft) agreed Mr. Charles to give Bis
Uncle io**> to pay Him His annuity for ye future, and to
secure Him from E. Lawson's Demands.
Home about 3 in ye morning.
Jan. 18. Pr. at Torpenhow ; & Mr. Parker at Salkeld. Gespeiset
bey mir 3 Orfeurs u Mr Salkeld mit seiner fraw. .
„ 20. To Crookdake w*** Mr. Ch. Orfeur. Woselbst sind wir
zwey nachte (meistentheils im Cartenspiel) geblieben. Der
H. J. B. hat mir viel von seinem Dochtem gesaget. Er ist
ein rechter Scottischer Schelm. &c.
• „ 2^* To Rose.
„ 23: To Salkeld.
„ 26. To Penrith w**» Mr. Hume, met at night, w*** Mrs. Simp-
sonj Mr. Aglionby & Mrs. Walton. Walton's business
refer*d to W. N. u agreed. H. A. u ich sind die nacht da
geblieben.
„ 27. Mr. Agl. & I went to Milrigg. sind wir im Wirtshauss
tractirt^biss am 9 uhr der nacht. Cock-fight appointed on
Collup-Munday.* At Mr. A.'s all ni^ht*: w*** Mr. Morland.
28. Went to see old Mr Singleton a dying. Din*d w*** Mr.
Robinson at- Ousby ; & to Salkeld at night.
29. Din'd at Lowther. Der H. J. L. hat mir (u Mr. Hasell)
gesagt dass er wirde nicht lange in der Zagung delectirt
werden : sondern er woUte biichern kaufFen, u starke
studiren. u dabey in vitam Aulicam invexit plurimii,
Fcelix ille qui procul negotiis &c.
„ 31. Din'd at Mr. Savage's. At night to Plumland.
Feb. I. Pr. at Torpenhow ; & Mr. Parker at S. New Messages (by
Mrs. Robinson) from Crookdake : sed surdo.
„ 2. Din'd again at Caldbeck. At night (im Wirthauss zu S.)
w*^ Mr. Senhouse, Mr. Fetherston & Coz. J.N.
Hospes M. R. pessim^ per triduii ebrius. hat mit H.
Parker gefochten &c.
„ 3. A message from Mr. T. Dalston y* He could 6 meet at
Langwaithby. went w"* Senhouse & Mr. Agl. to visit Mr.
J. Barwis — u darnach zu Kirk-oswald. Woselbst im Car-
tenspiel biss 1 1 uhr.
Court at Penrith, by ye Ch. alone.
„ 4. Mr. Ch. came to my house late from Appleby.
»>
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* In that ye^r, " Collop Monday " (the Monday before Ash Wednesday) fell on
March ;2pd. It does not appear from the diary tiiat he attended the cockfight on
that d^y in person.
t9
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BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES. 25
Feb. 5. Ch. u I went to Kirk-oswald : view'd ye Church, & order'd
ye workmen to remove y® Lead & Rubbish ; but made no
Bargain. The Ch. to Carhie.
7. News of ye King's illness, yt He was seis'd (on Feb. 2) w'**
an Apoplectick tit. Whitehall & ye Tower shutt up.
8. Pr. at Salkeld on Prov. «i. 24.
9. At Mr. Barwis's buriall. Ill weather hinder'd me from a
journey westward ; to meet Mr. Senhouse, Mr. Patrickson,
&c. at ye College.
„ 10. Met ye Ch. at Rose where I stay'd till Saturday following,
& read prayers in Mr. Tod's absence.
„ II. The. ill news of ye Death of Charles ye Second. Regum
optimi. KTe dy'd February 6. betwixt 11 and 12 at noon.
1 ne night before beg'd ye Queen's pardon & his Brother's.
King James proclaim'd m ye City at three in ye Afternoon.
„ 15. Pr. at Carlile. Desir'd by ye Mayor, Aldermen &c zu
trucken lassen die Predigung.
16. To Rose : & ye next day, back w'*^ ye Ch. to CarUle.
18. to Lannercost. The Lead valu'd at 15^*^ & order'd to be
sold to J.N.
Mrs. Dacre angry at my hinting upon the sacriledge of
Abbey-lands, bup'd w'" Mr B. Fieldmg.
„ 19. By Wigton to Plumland.
" ^°- 1 111 in a cold.
22. Pr. at Torpenhow & Mr Parker at S.
23. To Rose. Paid for one of Mr. Parker's Licences. Mr.
Savage brought an Address frv> ye Dean, to Carhie.
„ 25. Back to Rose. My 1^^ gave me a new Address sign'd by
Himself: w^" was carry d back to C. y' night.
„ 26. Address sign'd by ye Prebendaries ; oc hands of ye Clergy
out of citations m ye Registry.
„ 27. W"^ ye Address to Penritli. met only w'** Mr. Agl. Mr. Bell
& Mr. Threlkeld. Lodg'd at R. Wihison's.
„ 28. Met at Appleby by most of ye Clergy of yt Deanry. back
late in ye evenmg (w"^ bro. j ohn) to Salkeld.
Mar. I. Address sent to my L**. w'^ desire to have Mr. Graham to
present it. Pr. at S.
„ 2. Met Mr. Dalston at Woodside & stay'd somewt late.
„ 3. Mr. Hodgson's christning two Twins fliomas & Margaret.
At night Mr. Lee & 1 at little S. all night.
„ 4. Ashwednesday. vValk'd otf my cold.
„ 6. W.N. of Carlile, & his wife, gave me a visitt in yir Return
from Mr. A's. And soon after S'. R. Musgrave.
»
26 BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES.
Mar. 7. Din'd at Wrey Hall in my way to Carlile. Deutsch mit H.
Sanderson gesprochen.
8. Pr & Sacrament at C.
9. Weather-fast at Carlile.
10. Ch. u I din'd at Rose : I came in ye evening to Plumland.
12. Back to Carlile, by Rose. Mr. Patrickson, Mr. Tickell, Mr.
Skelton &c. 'Din'd w^*' my Lord. At ye Chancell' in ye
evening w^^^ Mr. Agl. junior.-:* Mr. Skelton & Mr. Tickell.
Health (drunk to Mr. Sk. a papist) prosperity to ye Church
of England in spight of Popery & Fanaticism.
14. In ye evening, ch. & I to Rose.
15. Ordination at Rose. Ordain'd
I. Deacon 3 Priests. —
Calvert T. Nicols
Hewit
Frasier.
Inter quos Frasier (Scotus A.M. Aberdonensis) optimd
omniu eruditus : sed et infoelicissime promotus.
16. Sind wir zu Rose geblieben. Die Fraw Sm. hat unsern
beiden die jungfraw Flemmingf proferirt.
17. After Dinner to S.
18. Mr. Hume and I wt^ Mr. Denton at Heskett. Es erscheinet
mir dass de H. D. geheyrathet ware.
19. Din'd at Edenhall. Election for citizens at C. S*^ C.
Musgrave & Mr. James Grahme chosen ; nemine con-
tradicente.
20. At little Salkeld, w^h Mr. Smalwood, Mr. Agl. Mr. Simson
& Coz. J.N. Notice of my being a Commissioner in a suit
betwixt Mr Pattinson & Mr. Grahme of Nunnery.
Mr. Simson, Coz. J.N. & Sister & Mrs. M. Aglionby at my
house very late ; in y^ way to Penrith.
21. Newsof Sr J. Lowther's appearing y* morning very early
at Appleby w^ 300 Freeholders ; upon a jealousy of an
election for knights of ye Shire design'd by S"" G. Fletcher
& Sr Ch. Musgrave.
22. After Sermon, Mr. H. Agl. & I went to dine w^^ J.N. at
Penrith. Sup'd wth L. Simson ; and lodg'd at J.N's.
>>
* John Aglionby, son of the Recorder, was disinherited, and died before his
father. For his character, see the Gilpin Memoirs, p. 22.
f Bishop's Smith's wife was mother (by her first husband, Sir H. Fletcher) of
Barbara, wife of Sir Daniel Fleming, of Rydal. According to his monument in
Grasmere Church they had eleven sons and four daughters. These Miss
Flemings were therefore granddaughters of Mrs. Smith. See also April 22nd,
1685.
BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES. ^^
Mar. 23. Back to S. early: and thence (wth Mr. Robinson) to dine
at Hutton. S' R. Fen wick won is. of me at Tables. S'
Geo. deny'd any design to elect Knights on Saturday.
„ 24. After Dinner pay'd a visit at Kirk-oswald, view''d y^ castle
there ; & sup'd w^ Mr. Hume.
Et sic Annus Teritur
Quid boni ?
1685.
Mar. 25. From Salkeld to Rose ; thence to Plumland.
n 26. W.N. of Carlile called at Plumland.
,, 29. Pr. at Torpenhow ; & Mr. Parker at Salkeld. Mr. Salk : &
wife at Mrs. Irton's buriall ; & two Orfeurs at Mr.
Chambers's.
„ 30. Din'd w^h Mr. Savage at Caldbeck. Dr. Jemmison's cure
for 5^ growing to of ye Liver, practiz'd by Cardang upon ye
A. B. of St. Andrews. Pouring cold water suddainly on
Him, after warm'd w^i* oils.
To Salkeld.
„ 31. Din'd wth Mr. Dean at Edenhall. Mr. R. Birkbeck
character of Eldred Skelton. After Dinner to Carlile.
Apr. I. After dinner waited on S^ Ch. Musgr. Er hat mich viel
Complimentirt iiber meine getruckte sermon ; sagende dass
die Dedicatio ware ein sehr grosse ehr seinem selbsten u
seinem sohn. S^ Chr. Mayor, Aldermen, Prebends, &c.
went to meet Mr Dean & his Lady at Carlton.
„ 2. \J. from Mr. Ph. Musgrave. sehr lieblich. Chapter.
Election of Kts.
4. My Ld. BP. & his Lady din'd w^h us in Chapter. S"" Chr.
left ye city. In ye evening to Salkeld.
6. Back to y® Chapter at Carlile.
8. Officers elected. W. N. Treasurer Mr. Brathwait (mit sehr
u grosser streit) Curate of St. Mary's. Convocation-man,
Sub Judice.
„ 9. Nach Penrith. Acc^s stated w*** Mr. Parker till December
1684.
A Commissioner for R. & G. Graha ag* J. Patteson.
,, II. Back to Carlile. Sworn Treasurer. Mr. Dean & his Lady
went to Edenhall.
,, 12. Preach'd at Aikton, & Mr. Nicols in ye Cathedrall. Din'd
wth ye Ch. at Carlile ; & walk'd in ye evening to Rose,
„ 13. To y® Commission at Penrith.
,, 15. Commission over at 8 in y® evening.
To Salkeld.
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28 BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES.
Apr. i6. After Dinner to Carlile.
„ 17. Good Friday. I preach'd for y« Bishop. S» W«» Whit-
mqre, Mr. Bennet &c. in Town.
„ 18. Went v/^ Sr Wm Whitmore (ein sehr kluger u gelehrter
Mensch) &c. as far as Bothel. Thence to Pluml.
„ 19. Easter-day. Pr. & adm. Sacram* at Torpenhow. Store of
Communicants.
„ 20. Nach Rose. Im Cartenspiel mit dem H. Bishoff u. die
Fraiilein E. Fielding.
„ 21. Mrs. Howard, Mrs. Warwick (u noch andere Catholische)
din'd at Rose, u damach gedantzet haben. Qu : in futurae
exultationis prceludium. Avertat Dens! Wieder (aufm
Abend) in Cartenspiel.
22. Der H. Bishoff hat (sehr serious) die frawlein B. Fl. fur eine
weib proponirt. met my father, in ye evening, at Salkeld.
23. In y® evening to Carlile. The Coronation Day. Kg Qu.
u Royall Families Health in 5^ Moot- Hall ; wtl> three
vollies of musquetts. Afterwards Mr. Basill Fielding's
Commission (for Lieuten*. Govemour) read in the Castle ; &
ye company delivered up to Cap* Shackerley, Governour of
Chester. Treated by Mr. B. F. in 5^ Castle. Nine great
guns, and a volley of small shot, at each of the three
afores'd Healths. W'h Cap* Shackerley, Recorder &c. biss
am Morgen. The Mayor in a Quarrell w*** J. N. of Penrith,
&c. Mr. Recorder severely censur'd by Cap* Shackerley.
„ 24. Din'd at Rose ; & acquainted ray L^ vr^^ Story's carriage
to me y^ night before. Retum'd, in y® evening wtl> ye Ch.
to Carlile.
,, 25. Rain kept me at Carlile. Monition fro ye A.Rp for the
Convocation.
26. To Salkeld. after eveings prayer back to Rose.
27. Mr. Savage appointed a Chapt^ for y^ election of a Con-
vocation-man : but Mrs. Savage's Dying yt day prevented.
Chanc: u I at Carlile.
„ 29. Din'd at Rose. Thence to Mrs Savage's Buriall. Back to
Carl.
„ 30. After Dinner, my L^ set forward of his London-journey :
going yt night to Hutton. Ich nach PI.
May I. Nach Carlile.
2. Court kept for y® Chancellr by Mr. Todd & W. N. Kingfield
excomm. for Fornication.
3. I Pr. at Carlile : where I stay'd y* week.
6. Aufm Abend in Cartenspiel mit Frawenzimmem zu Mr.
Sanderson's,
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BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES. 29
May 7. S3niod held by W. N. Convocation -men elected, Mr.
Harrison* & Mr. Todd.
„ 8. My sister Fr. came to Carlile.
„ 9. By Crofton to Plumland.
„ II. W. N. preach 'd at ye Generall Chapter at Torpenhow.
After five a clock to Carlile.
,, 12. General Chapter at Carlile. Pearson 5^ schoolm^ Recanted
on his knees : & Mr. Story Reprimanded. Im Cartenspiel
mit dem Stanwixen sehr spate.
„ 13. Chapter at Penrith. Mr. Leigh f Preach'd : absonderlich
wohl. A new Sequestration ordered for Kirk-oswald.
Treated w^^ a Foy4 by severall of ye Clergy to Salkeld.
„ 14. Chapter at Appleby. Churchwardens admonished &c. To
discountenance ye stories of Popery comeing in. with Mr.
Harrison to Burgh. Woselbst sehr hoflich tractirt u gantz
spate.
„ 15. To Rippon.
„ 16. Mr. Weelks carry'd me (after dinner) to ye old Abbey of
Fountains. Benedicite Fontes Domino. Kept (w^h some
private oratories) by Mrs. Messenger, a Papist.
,, 17. I pr. at Rippon on Matt. 5. 37. After Dinner waited on S^
Jon. Jennings ; der erst der hat G. T. ein Whig erklart.
His House & Aviary very neat.
„ 18. Mr. Weelkes sett me to 5^ Spaws at Knaresborough.
Sulphur- Spaw very nauseus & vomited as fast as drunk.
Spaw-Ale. Gedencke die jungfraw Fish zu Knaresborough.
At night to York. D'. Comber gave me an ace* of G. T.
rudeness in sending for Him : u etwas vom H. D*". Greenvil
discurrirt hat.
„ 19. Most of y« Day spent in the Company of D'. Wicha, D'.
Comber, Mr. Sanford & Mr. Bridges. Der letzte hat
geschrieben wieder den Quakern : u ist ein Kluger u wohl
gelehrter Mensch.
„ 20. Convocation open'd (ye Day after ye Parliam*) by D^.
Wickha, D^ Watkinson, D^. Comber, Mr Stanford &c. Bp.
of Durha's Proxy, Mr. Bellasis exhibited His proxy w'*» a
protestation ; as did also Mr. Beaumont for ye Arch-
* Christopher Harrison, M.A., V. of Brough-under-Stainmoor 1664-1695.
f John Leigh, M.A., V. of Edenhall and Langwathby 1683. He was deprived
1690, probably as a non-juror.
J '• A treat given to a person on going abroad or returning home." — Notes and
Queries, January loth, 1899. " Foi, Fr. Voie, a treat at going abroad or coming
home." — Lewis' History and Antiquities of the Isle of Tkanet. " Foy [foi,
French], faith, allegiance, an obsolete word." ("Of them both did foy and
tribute raise." — Spenser.) — Johnson's Dictionary.
30 BISHOP nicolson's diaries.
deaconry: tho ye Archdeacon's Procurator did 6 alledge
any such order.
None appeared for Chester nor Man ; nor any for the
Chapters of either Durham or Carlile. Adjourn'd (post
dicta Absentiu contumacia) till June i8.
Din*d wti» ye Dean : who told us y® story of 5^ Neapolitan &
Florentine sea-chaplains, i. w* you know, & I not. 2. w*
I know, & you o. 3. w' neither you nor I.
In y« evening w'h D^. Comber u dabey Mr. Dreyden, Mr.
Bridges, Mr. West, Mr. Beaum* &c. Canonical prayer
discoursed. Act of parliam' & Canon, in ys matter, now
reconcileable.
May 21. Mr. Harrison Mr West & I left York; met Mr. Tod at
York-gate. Lodg'd at Richmond. S^. Jos. Cradock's two
paradoxes, i. That y^ Archdeaconry of Richmond o under
ye jurisdiction of York. 2. A Patent to two, for Life, o
valid in Law. Went to see Mr Wetwang & His wife.
Welche meine geliebste geworden solte sein. 3 or four
Religious Houses in & near 5^ Town. D. of Richmond y®
fourth Hon"^ of England.
„ 22. Homewards. Flos Trinitarius wild on y® marshes near
Bowes ; & of severall colours. Dumme Hill near Burgh.
Mrs. Ardrey's melancholy to be represented to S'. Jos.
Williamson. Lodg'd at Appleby.
„ 23. Din'd at Kirkby-thor. At night to Salkeld.
,, 25. Serv'd y® Sequestration on Mr. Ssinderson at Kirk-oswald ;
& Mr Rumney put in by y® Sequestrators. Lodg'd at Mr.
Aglionby's.
,, 27. After Dinner wt*» Mr. Hume to Carlile.
„ 28. Ascention Day. I pr. in ye Cathedrall. In y* Gilds w'h
Mayor & officers : u aufm Abend in der Cartenspiel zu
Stanwixen sehr spate.
„ 29. Mr. Todd preach'd in ye Cathedral. Din'd w^h ye
Lieutenant Governour. Express fro Scotland ; w'^ certain
Ace* of Argile's Rebellion. Dragoons exercis'd before y®
Moot- Hall. Mit der Officeren wohl spate.
„ 30. By Brumfield & Greenhow to Plumland.
„ 31. At Torpenhow. Christning Dinner at Jo: Featam's.
June I. To meet Mr. H. Agl. at Crosthwait. Forc'd by y® Rain, to
lodge yt night at little Brathwait. In y® evening at St.
Herbert's Isle &c.
2. To Hail.
3. Din'd at Sea-Scale w^h Mr. Th. Bellingha, Mr. Patrickson,
Mr. Ponsonby, Ch. Smalwood &c. u darnach hoflich
tractirt.
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BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES. 3I
Mr. Bellingha a German Travellour.
June 4. W^h Mr. Patrickson &c. at Ravenglass.
Aufm Abend im Collegio zu Cawder.
5. H. Agl. u Ch. Smalwood din'd at Hail. Darnach nach
Cockermoth u logirt zu Bridekirk.
6. At Torpenhow in y^ morning. Eine sehr Angry briefife von
meinem H. Fadern, wegen diese (wie er's genennet hat)
Scandalous Ramble. By S' Wilfrid Lawson's whim* at
Heskett to Salkeld.
7. Pr. at Salkeld.
9. Mr. Miller of Hail w'^^ me.
12. Noch einmahl hat bey mir logirt H. Miller. News (by Mr.
Robson) of Mr. Nelson's return fro Carlile.
,, 13. To Carlile ; in hopes of an election for Convocation. Aber
frustra. Mr. Nelson o to be seen.
14. Tr. Sunday. I preach'd for y® Dean & administer'd
Sacram* to severall of ye officers of y*^* two Troops of
Dragoons. Mr. Miller preach'd at Salkeld.
15. Early to Salkeld. After Dinner Mr Todd & I towards
York ; lodg'd at Mr. Harrison's.
16. To Richmond, news of Monmouth's Landing.
17. To York.
18. Convocation. Onely, de novo, adjourn'd. Monm'** pro-
claim'd Traytour. Mr. West & Mr. Hildyard din'd w^** us
at ye George. In y* evening Dr. Watkinson, D'. Breery,
D^. Comber, D*". Crobrow & young D^ Johnson wth me for
news.
19. Tod u ich wieder verkehrt nach Richmond. News of
Argyle's being taken.
20. To Salkeld. news of Mr. Nelson's death.
21. To Carlile. Mr. Nelson bury'd at evening prayer. Mr.
Nicols proffer'd to preach.
23. Our Grand Chapter. The Governour, Major Sutherland
& other officers, din'd w^** us.
26. After Dinner at Linstock to agree Mr. Bowey & Jon:
Wright, wch was (seemingly) done, & y« next day appointed
for sealing of writeings.
„ 27. Mr. Bowey fled off ye agreem*. . news of old Mrs. Copley's
death, brought by Mr. Perkins.
„ 28. I pr. at Carlile on Rom. 13-5 and din'd w**^ y* Governour.
* Hesket Hall, built by Sir Wilfrid Lawson, the first Baronet, is a singular
structure, with twelve angles so contrived that the shadows give the hour of the
day. The roof is circular, the chimneys running up in the centre. — WheUan.
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32 BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES.
June 29. By Torpenhow (where I let my Tythes) to Plumland.
„ 30. Court kept at Lorton ; woselbst verz. 8s. Dragoons left
CJurlile.
July I. Din'd at Threepland.
„ 3. To Bromfield & Greenhow w**^ Mr. Parker.
„ 5. Pr. at Torpenhow.
„ 6. Din'd at Caldbeck, wth Mr. Porter: who very impatient to
have Salt-pans to Salk.
„ 7. Corrections at Penrith, news of ye plund'ring of wells by
the Rebells. To Salkeld.
„ 8. Corrections at Appleby. Moor curate at Mallerstang,
suspended for 3 years for clandestine marriages.
„ 9. Din'd wth Mr. Savage at Edenhall. Die jungfraw Harrison*
zum ersten niahl gesehen. Mr. Leigh's Ace' of His own
own marriage : in spite of monm*^ & Argyle.
„ 10. To Millrigg. Mr. Dalston carry'd me to Temple- Sowerby:
whither ye Post brought us certain news of Monm'**'* Defeat.
Bonfires.
„ II. Bonfires at Salkeld, Lazonby & Kirk-oswald. Die jung-
fraw A. Bellingha erstlich gesehn zu Lazonby.
12. I pr. at EdenhaU. u sehr hoflich tractirt.
13. By Torpenhow to Plumland. New Bond frj y« Farmers.
10 li left at PL for widow Johnson.
„ 14. Corrections at Wigton. Mr. Child's controversy w^^ Ch:
wardens.
„ 15. Corrections at Carlile. Mr. Lowry, Mr. Wilks &c. promis'd
to be bay I'd out of prison.
„ 16. I met ye Ch. at Carlton : & return'd to Carlile. S"^ Ch.
Musgr. & Mr. SoUicitor brisk opposers of R. L 'estrange 's
modallittes. Bill for small tythes thrown out by 3^ Bishops.
To Salkeld.
„ 18. At Lazonby wth J. Emmerson. Newes von der Niedergang
wie B. C. erhahlt sich. Thence to Kirk-oswald: treated
by Jos. Henderson.
„ 19. I pr. at Salkeld ; & Mr. Parker at Skelton. woselbst ich
bin sehr expectirt.
„ 20. Boy sent nach Hail mit brief dem H. Ponsonby, Morland
u (absonderUch) B. C. w*** Mr. Smalwood & Mr. Aglionby
(after dinner) at Low Hall.
* Sir Richard Musgrave married Margaret, daughter of Sir Thomas Harrison,
Kt., of Allerthorpe, Yorkshire.
BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES. 33
Here the diary breaks off. Thus there is no record
how the letter was received by B. C. But the volume
closes with accounts and a few memoranda, the first item
being, on June 3rd, 1686 : —
£ s d
EINE wedding ring ... ... 01. 06. 00.
Spent zu gehehrahtung " ... ... 05. 00. 00.
The accounts, &c., are not of much general interest,
but the following entry seems worth recording : —
June 16. 98.
Mem. Agreed with Dr. Pearson that he attend myself and
family as often as our occasion shall require, when he is not
letted by necessary attendance elsewhere, and that I am to
pay him therefore every Martinmass two Guinneas.
Witness — Mr. Farrington.
Mr. Ion.
Mr. Corney.
The second, third, and fourth volumes are only
almanacks. In these are inserted a number of accounts,
with botanical, archaeological, historical, and theological
memoranda, which do not appear to be worth printing.
The fifth volume also contains many such notes ; but in it
the diary recommences, after an interval of nearly five
years, upon his birthday, June 3rd, 1690, and is continued
to December 31st of that year. Nearly half the space is
occupied by botanical notes ; and, as a whole, it is not
of much general interest, but a few extracts are here
given : —
1690.
June 3. Dies annorum nostrorum in ipsis Septuaginta annis. ps. fj
Atq Ego miser hodie 35^"^ aetatis annum complevi. Quid
autem per Semi-transactu unius Seculi Spatium boni
fecerim Rogas. St. Im6, Quid non mali ! Ab ipsis incuna-
bulis Deo et Literis dicatus, nihil (vel, quod pejus, aliud)
agendo, annos conteri. Interim — Tu Deus misericors,
cujus virtus in infirmitate perficitur, sis mihi (per reliquos
si qui adhuc restant) adjumento, ut Tibi vivam. Ut sic
34 BISHOP NICOLSON S DIARIES.
numerem dies meos scire facias, ut adducam cor ad
Sapientiam.
Des benign us ut Cunctis (in posterum) Juventutis Deliriis,
mundi et Seculi iniquioris illecebris, oculos amoveam ; et
in Te solum fixos habeam.
Esto, pater optime, propitius peccatis raeis, et Iniquitatum
mearum ne recordare amplius.
Cor mundum crea in me Deus, et Spiritum rectum innova
in visceribus meis. Ne projicias me k facie Tud; et
Spiritum Sanctum Tuum ne auferas k me. Exaudi de
habitaculo Tuo, Deus Israel, et propitiare Amen. Amen.
June 5. In manus resumpsi Historiolam Jacobi ii«ii dudu (mente
potius conceptam, quam) inchoatam; indies, donee per-
ficiatur, elaborandam.
„ 12. habe ich mit dem H. Bishoff gespeiset zu Edenhal. ubi de
vicaria supplenda (M^o Leigh nuper abdicate) frustrsl est
Consultum.
„ 18. Aufm Fast tag gepredigete ich zu Kendall ausm Joel 2. 17.
Darnach in Horto J oh. Robinson (Sutoris ultra crepidam
docti) plantae occurrebant sequentes Britannicae.
„ 19. Per vicinii Avia Deviaq: cursitavimus. D^ Sutch M. B.
medicus Kendaliensis, A Farrington Affiuis mens per-
dilectus, Joh. Robinson antedictus, et W.N. Inter sylvas
et fl. Cantii cataractas, aestivo calore obrutis occurrebant
Lapides Entrochi in una massam concreti. In ye mill-
damm, above y^ Force near Levanz.
July 10. With Mr. Lawson at Maburg (de quo quaere, Annon potius
Templii sit coelo Dicatu quam, ad mentem C. Cambdeni,
Propugnaculi cujusvis Romani Rudera ? Hanc enim mihi
sententiam confirmant cum forma structurae veteris turn
erecti quatuor in medio Lapides majores.)
„ II. At Graystock w'^i Mr Todd, Mr Ward &c on an Arbitra-
tion 'twixt Mrs. Williams & the Sequestrators. Woselbst
es erklart dasz H. W. Williams ein grosser Schelm ware.
Quddq ejusdem posteri hodi^ ^ vicinorum Spoliis
saginentur.
„ 16. Gepredigete ich zu Carl aufm Fast tag Sheriff and Justices
in der Kirch. Aufm Abend erfreueten w Uber der geburt
dess Junkern Lowther.
,, 17. Spatzieren der H. Chanc"^. u ich nach Rose zu. Todulus
accusatus de expositsL maid precatiuncula — Cover His Head
in the day of Battail.
Zu Penrith ; attending ye Deputy- Lieutenants about y"
22. 1 Light- Horse.
„ 21.
ft
BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES. 35
July 2g. Zii Carlile. Renuit H. T. Proesentatione ad vicaria de
Edenhal subscribere ; qu6d Deprivatione m" Leigh legalem
non Agnoverit.
Aug. I. Zu Rose. U dabey der Todulus; welcher denegirt hat
seine siindigkeit von dieser er accusirt ware Jul. 17. At
hoc, pro more suo, nimis insolenter ; uti constabat.
„ 6. I inducted Mr. Moon into ye vicaridges of Edenhal and
Langwathby.
Sep. 13. At Rose. Der H. Bis' sehr freundlich hat mich consulirt
dass ich die Deanery oder wass fait suchen weu er (also
bald, zu storbe. Ast Ego — vivitur exiguo melius. Et,
Fcelix ille qui procul &c. !
• „ 14. Gepredigete bey mir — zu Salkeld Mr James Lason ; non
ita pridem Cordaj Selgovarum (i.e. ut ipse me docuit, zu
Dumfrese) Moderator presbyterii sub Archiepiscopo Glas-
guensi. Before ye Church of Scotland was run down by
ye Kirk.
15. Mrs. Williams conven'd at Hutton : and convinc'd.
19. Mr. Lason informed me of two Runic Inscriptions to be
mett wth in Scotland, i. The Letter 'd stone in Eskdale-
moor (w^Mn 3 miles of Hutton Church) in ye County of
Annan. 2. In ye Church at Rothwald (alias Revel) in ye
road fro Annan to Dumfrese. He gave me also ye Inscrip-
tion on Mac-DuflPs Cross.
„ 23. With Mr. Winder at Greystock and Johnby. Mrs. Williams
sehr hoflich nicht so Mab.
Oct. 6. Mr. Leigh w^h me at Salkeld. Ill Leigh, qui quondam
D'^s Sherlock conversione Audita, ingemuit multum.
Neque enim sic omnibus amissa reddentur Beneficia.
„ 9. Zu Kirkbythore & Mill-rig. Per Rudera Gallati veteris,
Platearum tract us et parietinas, plurimas observavimus
Antiquae Gentis Reliquias, put^ oUas fictiles, Laterculos, &c.
Inter haec urnula reperta est sat pulchra ; necnon moneta
Argentea cum Inscriptione seq.
lULIA AUGUSTA
PIETAS PUBLICA
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20. Zu Cockermoth mit dem H. Guthry ; lately a moderator of
ye Presbytery in ye Episc. Church of Scotland. Quanta sit
Deformatae Ecclesiae hodiernae barbaries, plurimis docuit
quae ipse est expertus.
21. Zu Bank-end. E vicino Lacu conchylia margaritifera ; de
quibus rect^ Beda (quod margaritae nostrae omnis sunt
coloris) lib. i. cap. i. Hist, Ent,
36 BISHOP nicolson's diaries.
Nov. 12. From Newby by Strickland. Th. Lawson assured me y*
F. Molinos had written to W. Pen and G. Fox declaring
himself a Brother.
„ 22. biss am 28 zu Carlile in Chapter. Leases granted to me
of Prior-Hall and the Intacks at Farmanby: Quo jure,
nondum constat. Upon the like bottom, ye Chancellr took
. a Lease of Coney- warrens &c.
The latter part of this volume contains a diary of 1702
(the first year of his Episcopate), which may be treated in
a future article.
There are no regfular diaries from the end of 1690 to the
autumn of 170T, an interval which comprises nearly half
of the printed volume of Bishop Nicolson's letters, as
edited by John Nicols in 1809. Of this period there are
only several almanacks containing a few accounts and
memoranda, of which some may be noticed.
In 1692, he gives a copy of certain documents relating
to the disfranchisement of Christopher Musgrave, Esq.,
by the Council of the City of Carlisle, and the action
taken by the House of Commons therein. — See Chancellor
Ferguson's M.P.'s of Cumberland and Westmorland, p. 69.
In 1694, he gives a list of the number of fornicators
presented in the several Deaneries (58 in all), and adds : —
My fees in 5^ Gen^ Chaptr
Dismission of any prsenten ted ... o. i. o
Penance, for fornication ... ... o. 3. 6
— Incest ... ... o. 14. o
— Clandestine mar ... ... o. 5. .0.
In 1699, he gives the list of his servants, with the wages
paid to them, on November 11 : —
Jane, a«year.«. ... ... .••
Will., half a year
Barbary, a year
Mary, a year
The thirteenth volume (a book bound in skin, similar
to the first volume) contains a long account of his stay in
02.
00.
00.
02.
10.
00
01.
15-
00
01.
06.
00.
BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES. 37
London from November 29th, 1701, till his return to
Cumberland on March 13th, 170J. He was in London
for the publication of his book, The Scottish Historical
Library. He records at much length the contents of the
various collections of fossils and coins which he examined.
These are here omitted, and only extracts of more general
interest are printed : —
Dec. g. Clergy-feast * Mr. Lamp!, preach'd. Stewards w* Tinsel-
Laurels. B. of Norwich's kind Invitation.
„ 23. Mr. Gibson, Ace* of Address fro y^ Council of Ireland ag*
Resumptions. Election of Convoc. men for London, 25 on
each side. No Abjuration-Oath, but Renunciation. B. of
S. very kind ; some original Charters in ye hand of D. of
Queensbury. Invited to see ye AB. of Philipopoli. Tho.
Britain (a seller of small-coal, Char-coal & old-coal) a
Bookish & Musical Gentleman. Mr. Harley (late Speaker)
at Mr. M's chamber. B. of Wor^sj complim* to A. B.
Sancroft ; thanking God for ye takers of Oaths, for preser-
vation of ye Ch. and ye Refusers, for suppressing of
Atheism. Mr. Mountain bit by S"^ W. Strickland. Virgil,
read in a Coach. B. of Wore*" ag°.
Who sells ye Liveings that he can't possess
And farms y* Sine-Cure his Diocese.
Acts of this Speaker's w^h For wch of these do ye stone me.
„ 27. Mr. Ferguson (at Coll. J Grahme's) a true Churchman.
Observ'd, y* S' W. Temple, in his memoirs, had asserted
yt ye K. of Fr. (in case of his getting Fl.) would never desire
Holland : And S' W. Jones (in his Oxford Speeches) main-
tains ye power of jre Commons to imprison. 'S Advice
to ye K. to have Rewards & punishm^s equally distributed.
*Din'd, at Mr. Jon. Watson's, w^^ S' C. M. and his two sons.
Coll. Grahme to acknowledge y* his son had made a Trip
in Hon'. Sup'd v/^ W. Tullie, wth his B^s & Sisters, Mr.
Pew, &c. great.
* The preacher at the annual festival of the Corporation of the Sons of the
Clergy held in 1701 was Thomas Lamplugh, D.D., afterwards Prebendary of
York. John Moore was Bishop of Norwich, 1691 ; of Ely, 1707 ; died 1714.
f William Lloyd, Bishop of S. Asaph, 1680 ; of Lichfield, 1692 ; of Worcester,
1699; died, 1717-
+ Colonel James Graham, of Levens, second son of Sir George Graham, of
Esk; brother of Viscount Preston and of William Graham, Dean of Carlisle;
M.P.' for Westmorland, 1708-1722.
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38 BISHOP nicolson's diaries.
Dec. 31. S' C. M. carry *d me to Westminster & Cous. Relf brought
me to ye Prince's chamber, where ye K. Rob'd & crown'd.
He approved y® Choice of Mr. Harley ; and spoke to both
Houses w**^ a strong voice.
Jan. I. Din'd w**» Mr. Stanwix. Visited (a second time) by S' Ph.
Sydenham ; who brought me an invitation to dine, 5^ next
day, with my L'' President.
„ 2. Beg'd leave of S' C. M. to dine w^ L^ P. S*" Ph.
Sydenha's prsent of a deal of Tetrici &c. Otho, & other
Counterfeits, at 8^ 6*. nine in number. Din'd w*** L^
president whose Coins &c. elsewhere, in this Book.
3. Din'd at Lambeth. Thank'd by A B. for my Answ. to
Att.* Got Mr. Elstob's Saxon Homily.
4. F^ my first visit, in y® evening to Mr. Evelyn ; whence to
Grey's Inn. Abjuration -Oath setled ; pro tempore.
6. At Fulham. Ld Bishop's f commands to come again w***
Coll. Grahme. A B. Seller's History fro Mr. Burscough,
at y^ Vine. He ye Author of the pref. to Mr Gibson's
Carmen Macaronicum.
„ 7. Din'd with Cap. Hatton. Thence to Mr. Evel5m's. His
painted coins; drawn at Frankendale. Paris-print (at ye
Louvre) far above that at Cambridge. Maps taken out of
Books. In ye evening at Grey's Inn : Abjuration-Oath
reassum'd and adjourn'd:
10. At Fulha w*** Coll. Graham. The Bp. very hearty for a
successor. Lights in Hide-park.
11. From St Paul's (where I preach'd on ps. 5, 3.) to dine w**"
S' W. Gore, Ld Mayor. NB Cut for ye stone. In ye
evening, w*** Dr Kennet at Mr Cradock's near Aldgate.
„ 12. With Dr Woodward (Mr Dale & Mr Hare of ye Herald's
Office) and Mr Child, S' F's son, at Manwaring's.
„ 13. After 5^ Speeches at ye prsentm' of y^ prolocutor, dined
wth Dr Wake,J Dr Kennet, Mr. West, Dr Mandevil. B. of
Chichester§ story of Dr Att's prevarication w*»» him ab* 3^
B. of Sarum's SoUicitations. — After Dinner to Lambeth :
»»
»>
* Thomas Tenison, Bishop of Lincoln, 1692 ; Archbishop of Canterbury, 1695 ;
died, 1715. Francis Atterbury was at this time Preacher at the Rolls. He was
Dean of Carlisle, 1704-1711 ; Dean of Christ Church, 1711-1713; Dean of West-
minster, 1713-1723 ; Bishop of Rochester, 1713 ; deposed, 1723 ; died, 1733.
t Henry Compton, Bishop of Oxford, 1674 ; of London, 1675 ; died, 1713.
+ William Wake, Dean of Christ Church ; Rector of S. James", Westminster
1694 ; Dean of Exeter, 1701 ; Bishop of Lincoln, 1705 ; Archbishop of Canter-
bury, 1716; died, 1737.
§ John Williams, Bishop of Chichester, 1695 ; died, 1709.
BISHOP NICOLSON*S DIARIES. 39
Mr. Gibson's first Letter for Cous. Pearson.* NB The
Oxford- Almanac for 1702.
Jan. 14. Mr Child's Coins view'd w*** Mr. Dale ; who gives an ill
ace' of S' W. D's carelessness in Heraldry & Records, par-
ticularly, His Writs of Summons.
„ 15. With Mr. Dale & Mr. Hare at ye Herald's office New
Draught of Arms & pedigrees very fine, at 40^^ and 15^^.
Thence to y© Tower ; of w«*» elsewhere. — Din'dt w*** D"
Kennet, prideaux & Waugh. Mr. Ed. Stephen's Ded. of
prayers for ye Dead &c. to ye D. of Cant.
„ 16. With Dr. Johnston (S' Ph. Syd. w*** me) at my Lady Peter-
borough's. A deal of Collections, ill written & confus'd. A
Ms. History in Engl. Meeter (Fol. in perga). fro Brute to
Edw. 2. mostly Affairs of 5^ British Kings, Arthur, &c
with Merl)ni's prophecies, &c. — Original Charters *&
grants, w*** seals, sav'd by Mr. Dodesworth in 7 or 8
Drawers.
„ 17. Dined at Lambeth w*^ B^ of Worcester, Hereford,! Nor-
wich, Chichester & Bangor. Deans of Lincoln &
Chichester, Dr Burnet (of y^ Charter- House) Dr. Bentley,
&c. Cous. Pearson Lr abt y® D. of Y's Illness comm. w***
good encouragement.
„ ig. Din'd w*^ ye B. of Norw. Copy of L. Bede of ab* 800 years
old. His Library in five rooms, besides Closets.
„ 22. Din'd wt^ ye B. of Worcester. Mr. Lloyd's Coins. Roman
& Greek very numerous ; especially in Brass. Class'd
according to times of Consulships ; and ye Gr. mark'd on
3^ years H M. HI. &c.
„ 23. At ye Tower w**^ Cous. Orfeur. The Armoury for 100,000
men. Horse Armoury; Kings on Horseback. Ch. is.
Armour prsented by ye City of Lond.
„ 25. St Paul's day (clear) & first Sunday of the Term. Judges
& Serjeants, in Scarlet, at St Paul's. Ld May' & B. of
Lond. AB. of Philopopoli ; attended w'^ a physitian (in red)
& two persons in holy Orders : whereof one ask'd me why
yc Convocation o pray'd for as well as ye parliament. In
3^ Afternoon, Dr Trimnel preach 'd on i. Cor. i. 21.
* William Pearson, R. of Bolton-Percy ; Archdeacon of Nottingham, 1690 ;
Sub- Dean of York, 1695 ; afterwards Chancellor of York ; died, 1715.
t Humfrey Humphries, Bishop of Bangor, 1689 ; of Hereford, 1701 ; died,
1712. John Evans, Bishop of Bangor, 1701 ; of Meath, 1715 ; died, 1724.
Richard Bentley, D.D. (the well-known scholar), was Master of Trinity College,
Cambridge, 1700-1742. The Dean of York was Thomas Gale, D.D., Fellow of
Trinity College, Cambridge, Master of St. Paul's School, 1672 ; Dean of York,
1697-1702.
40 BISHOP NICOLSON*S DIARIES.
Jan. 26. Din'd w'*^ my L** Thanet ; & good Resolutions taken (wtJ>
Coll. Grahme) for Appleby, by Manufactures &c. With
Dr L. Dr Alston Dr Waugh & Mr Smith (of Qu.) at ye
Vine.
„ 29. Din'd w**^ S' Rob. Southwel ; who was enter'd at Q. Coll.
in 1653. return'd fro his second Emb. in Portugal in i66g.
Lewenhook's great Discoveries in Semine animali. Sweden
f prov'd to be Plato's Atlantis. Dr Sloan gives all his Salary
to the Clerks, 5ol*>. B. of Worcester gave me Dr Rennet's
History of ye late Convoc. and, returning home, I found
another (gilt-paper*) fro y« AB of C. Bp. of C's Bill ab*
Melburn not like to pass easily.
„ 30. Mr Gibson pr. at S. Bride's on Eccles. 3. 8. good & Loyal.
A prsent fro Dr Kennet (by ye penny-post) of his Hist, of
' ye late Convoc. With ye printer, in a Garret near Stocks-
market. Remarks on ye Oxf. Almanack, & Dr Aldrich's
Verses on ye D. of Gloc. written on it.
Ne vel Roma suas Tamesinis jungeret undas.
Nee putrem inferret foeda Geneva lacum.
„ 31. At ye Library at S* James's, wt»» Mr. Wanley, Dust &
Babel.' A Saxon B. of y® Gospels never compar'd by
Junius. The Liber Medicinalis ; its Catalogue gives y^
names of y*"^ plants charms, &c. in it. Thoughts of
printing 1000 copies of the Alexandrian Copy. — Din'd at
Lambeth. A B's stories of Dean Owen's stealing y« powder
fro ye Canons : And of Mr. Sheringham's makeing a new
Bible, in his stud)dng Fits.
Feb. I. Mr. Wanley din'd w'** me at my B". In love w'h painting
& Musick. History of ye Gr. Genesis, in Capitals, at
Cotton's Library. (I suppose 'tis in Dr Smith's Hist, of y^
Libr.) — From my Ld Thanet's by Dr Lancaster's to 3^
D. of Paul's Lodgeings, at ye Temple wth Mr. Gibson.
Resolutions there taken to protest on Tuesday, & to end ye
Cause in Convoc.
2. Leam'd from Mr. Grey's MS. of y® Writers of Scotland. —
Ch. Lesley (Author of ye Regale &c.) 2d son of y® B. of
>>
* It was customary for letters to or from the Archbishop of Canterbury to be
written on gilt-edged paper. I am told that Archbishop Howley (Archbishop of
Canterbury, 1828-1848) was the last who continued this fashion. " When Sir
John Coleridge, father of the Lord Chief Justice, was a young man at the Bar, he
wished to obtain a small legal post in the Archbishop's Prerogative Court. An
influential friend undertook to forward his application to the Archbishop. * But
remember,' he said, ' in writing your letter that His Grace can only' be
approached on gilt-edged paper.' " — Collections and Recollections by one who has
kept a Diary, p. 84. (Smith, Elder & Co.)
BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIBS. 4I
Clogher, who lived to 100 years, and (before y« Revolution)
Chanc' of the Cathedral of Connor. — The late D. of
Lauderdale Author of the Pacquet of Advice to 5^ men
of Shaftsbury. — The pref. to Rule's True Representation
of Presbyt. Governm* (40 Edinb. 1690) sales, in the 3^
Edition, that it had undergone an Examen rigorosu of y^
whole party.
Feb. 7. At Lambeth, fetching back my Book & Ep. Ded. Oblig'd
to leave out ye contents of S»^ G. M*s Jus Regiu. Din*d w'h
Dr Lane', not a word of Convoc.
„ 8. I preach'd for Dx Birch, on i. Cor. 11. 16. supposed to have
designed ye Sermon (made 17 years before) ag* Dr Att.
Waited after-noon on Capt. Hatton who gave Mr. Gibson
& me 5^ State of Jacobit. prsented to ye Speaker's Story of
the Frenchman's reckoning Brit. Cam. Spu and Thea. four
Suffragan Sees in ye province of York. Another of Jos.
Scaliger's learning Welsh fro ye preaching Linguist in
Switzerland. After Mr. Jos. Smith's Sermon at Trinity-
Chappie, to Grey's Inn : S"^ C. M's stories of ye Bpps
throwing out Mr Coke's Bill & ye petition for ye Ship ; all
party. With Tho. Bell till 10 at night, 's Ace* of Mr.
Lesley's good temper.
„ 9. At Dr Kennet's w'h Dr Hickes * & 's Lady. The Artificial
Grate- Bellows Clergy & yir wives debate y™selves. Din'd
wth Dr Waugh. At ye Dean of S* Paul's in y^ Temple, w**»
Mr Gibson.: an angry Ace* of Dr Beverage's trimming y*
day, in Convocation ; & declineing to jo5m in y^ protestation
wc*» he had before subscrib'd.
„ 10. On Mr Cook's call, to Westm^ & gave my L^'s papers to y*
B. of Lichfd. Ch. Crow sure of ye B^^*'^ of Raphoe. D. of
Peterborough angry at ye Expedient of Dr Bev. Dr Nichols
of Selsey, half ruin'd by ye Sea. promis'd a visit by Dr Bryt
Dr Felling's parish perverted to popery. Din'd (together
wth Dr. 'w.) at L^ Thanet's. In ye evening, Mr. Wotton's
first visit : most welcome. Dr Caius's Translation of
Celsus, a Blunder in Collier's Dictionary. Lady Thanet's
observation of ye Apple- woman's knowing when ye H. of C,
would sit late.
II. Enquir'd for Cousin R'. at y« Office, & Mr. Chamberlain in
petty France. Din'd w*** ye B. of Sarum's Lady & children.
»>
• Formerly Dean of Worcester, but deprived as a non-juror. The non-juring
Bishops consecrated him as Suffragan Bishop of Thetford, with a view to
keeping up the succession.
42 BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES.
Her perfect acquaintance w**» y« members in y^ H. of C. y*
went out, or stay'd in on ye Abjuration-Question.
Feb. 14. Call'd up by Cous. Suche, my young Valentine. Sat, 5^
first time for my picture.* Met w**» Dr Chetwood at S"^ C.
M.*s chamber ; who saies so help me God was borrowed fro
5^ Duellers. Din'd at Lambeth : where Ace* of Convoc.
prorogued (on ye occasion of the Prolocutor's Death) to
Thursday next: but y© Lower House would return (as
some did) and place Dr Finch in ye Chair. The Deanry of
Salisbury rather given to Dr Mill, or Mr. Young than Dr
Kennet. Mr. Savery's new Invefttion for raising of water,
to an infinite heighth, by Heat and Rarefaction. His
Engines carryM water fro 5^ Cellar (whither it was brought
in pipes above forty yards) to y« Top of a high Brick- House
near Dorset-stairs. Shewn to 5^* King at Hampton -Court,
and highly approv'd.
„ 15. Preach'd for Dr. Kennet. Mr. Gibson, fro Lambeth by y^
Bridge. At night to wait on two Mrs. Musgraves, at my
Lady Franklin's. Late afterw^s w^^ Mr. Charlwood.
„ 16. Carry'd Dr. J. Smith's Letter to Mr Wanley. At ye B. of
R's. w**» Coll Graha. Miss'd of attending L^ Admiral w***
Dr Woodwd. At night w'h Mr Doody, Mr Buddie & Mr
Pettiver, Virtuosoes, Wild Sage supplies ye use of Hops.
Assa foetida gently rubb'd on a Dish y^ best Shalot.
„ ig. Presented my Scottish Library, early in the morning, to
my Ld AB. of C. who was pleas'd to take notice y* he had
already read it (in loose sheets) & believ'd the best His-
torian in Scotland w^ be instructed by it. Good things
said of my L^ Tarbet, and 5^ late S' Geo. Mackenzie ; who,
it seems, once us'd to run fro y® Common-prayer ; as Gen.
Talmash told him. My L^ went, in hast, to the Convo-
cation ; in order to prorogue 'em, w'^'out chooseing a new
prolocutor.
„ 20. Books prsented to ye B.B. of Worcester, Sarum & Norwich,
Mr. Stonestreet & my brother Jos. After Dinner, at Mr.
Charlton's Musaeii. The owner courteous, tho' in a high
feaver.
„ 20. At night — With Dr Brown, till late. He acquainted me w^h
Mr. Ch's true name being Curteine ; & y* he had (he
believ'd) laid out, as himself said, 5000^^. in his Knacks.
• I do not know where this picture is. It cannot be the picture which was in
the possession of Colonel Lindesay (of which there is a copy at Rose Castle),
nor that now at Staffield Hall, for both of these represent Nicolson in episcopal
robes.
>>
BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES. 43
Alps have 7 or 8 good roads over 'em : Vallies of 100
Leagues, continual Snow, of 5 or 6 Layers of different
years. Paduan B^^ were Jews. Turks not prolifick. Qu.
if fro Coffee.
Feb. 21. Sat y^ last time for my picture. At S'^. C.M's setling y^
Bill ab* Colby- Leathes. In the evening takeing leave at
Lambeth. AB*s promises kind. Mr. Snow's frank Enter-
tainm* of Dr Waugh, Mr. Gibson & me. The Vine in Long
Acre is the Locus Synodi ; where a Comittee of 16 Lower-
House-men sat, all night, on lowering ye price of Claret.
Dr. Maunder prol.
33. To S' Ph. Sydenha one Book for himself, and another for
my Ld Admiral. Din'd w**^ Dr Woodw^ at my brother's.
In y« evening vi^ Mr. S. Clark seeing ye Tiger & at y«
Greyhound. Ar. Hall's Case.
24. At my L^ Longvil's v/^^ Mr. Wotton ; gave His L^sp my
book. Ld Nott's Speech of 5 hours on ye Abjuration- Act.
Mr. J. Smart's proportion of Taxes and Reprsentatives :
the II Northern and Western Counties 103 of 513 in Taxes,
& send 216 members ; whereas Essex and Middlesex 104 of
ye Taxes, & only 16 members. From Mr. Thynn's to L^
Carlile's w^h a Book. Din'd, w'*" ye Warden of All Souls,
&c. at Dr Lancaster's. Farewell at y« Fountain.
25. Begun my journey homewards. White- Chappie, y^ Hos-
pital for Seamen's Widows, by y® Society of Trinity- House.
Introduc'd by R. Hood & ye Green-man to Epping- Forest,
in view of Waltham- Abbey and Copt- Hall on y^ left hand,
& park-Hall (the E. of Anglesey's) and Hill-Hall (S' Ed.
Smith's) on y* right. At Bishop- Stafford all night. The
new School, w**» Library & writ eing- School, over the
Market- House, fine. The old Castle, or Fort, in the
meadows. 25 m fro London.
26. Parted w*** brother Jos. & Cous. J a. Nicolson at 3^ Rose in
B. Stafford. Spent lo^. By Newport & y« E. of Suffolk's
house (Audley-end) at Saffron-walden. A Roman Fort on
ye Beacon Hill, above ye High-way. Vid. Cambd. Brit.
Saffron planted ab* Midsummer, stands 3 years & gives its
ripe flower ab* Michaelmas. By Bonebridge & over two or
three old Dykes (ye largest at Gogmagog- Hills to New-
market, 25 miles fro B. Stafford. Most of the Fields
cover'd w'^ Flints; the countrey like Clyddesdale. A
single man, & two Horses, at plough ; & throng in sowing
Barley. The Race rail'd out, near y« Town; w^^ makes
two parishes, one in Cambridgesh. y^ other in Suffolk. The
44 BISHOP nicolson's diaries.
Minr of both, Mr Fisher, not at home. Spent, at baiting,
I*. 6^. Thenceforwd. 12 m. (in all 37) to Bnry S. Kd-
mond's. all curious sandy way.
Feb. 27. purchas'd of a Barber at Bury, Utensils for Trimming ;
A box, powder & Tuft, at i^ 2^. Bottle of Orange-oil, 8d.
Ball & Box of Lignu vitae i*. Bill, & serves, gs, 5d, Thence
(8 miles, 4 good & as many abominably bad) to Bretten-
* ham, at Dinner : met w'^ Dr Batty, with Mr. Rivet and 's
Lady. The Cattle all red ; and tips of wood on y»r horns.
Hawks and Fishponds ; fro y« last, 240 carps to be deliverd,
ye next month, to my L^ Gainsbrough's order at Stamford :
Not now worth above 30^^ tho' as many sold formerly to LA
Arlington at one time as came (at 5s p pair) to 80^^. Those
at y® E. of Hereford's near Ipswich, will come to a whistle ;
and these, at Bretenham, fly fro their feeders when y® great
Clock strikes. All Houses moted round, to preserve water
in y« Summer.
Mar. I. S' Geo. Weny. gave me a long History of his own Life &
troubles ; his keeping ye Royal Fort (his chamber, where
Common-prayer was read) in Trinity-Coll, his travels, with
Cavaliers, into Wales & Comwal ; his entrance on y*
Estate 44 years ago, when 33, his sufferings by an eldest
son (by a former Lady) who follow'd K. Ja. into Fr. tum'd
Papist, & sold ye Reversion of y* Estate to Mr Shepherd y*
Merch* fro whom S*^ G. repurchas'd it, & setled it on y*
eldest by this Lady, of much better Qualifications. S' G.
a g* eater of fruit, all his dales ; and had pippins prscrib'd
for y* circulated of his blood.
I preach'd twice at y parish-church ; worth about 8o^*>. P.
An. in ye gift of ye L^ Chanc' or Keeper. Brettenha has
no footsteps of 5^ old Com-bretonium ; nor is ye River
Bretten (or so much as a Brook) near it. Red cows
supposed to give the finest cream.
„ 2. S' G. W. a g* Correspondent w**^ Coleman, y« D. of Y's
martyr'd Seer, who was son of y^ parson of Tljorp near
Brettenham, bred beyond seas ; where he was perverted to
popery, and (returning) brought over his mother & sisters.
In K. Ch. 2's time, he told S' G. at his own Table, yt, w" ye
D. came to y® Crown, they must all be of his Religion.
Several of S"^ G's Letters found in his Closet ; at wci» L^
Keeper North more startled than was needful. Din'd at
Hitcham w^** K. Ja's Dr Batty, a g^ master of K* Errantry
& y« makeing of Spirits out of Sider. Lost 2^ to him at
Tables. On our Return Mr. Wenyeve communicated to me
Notes for observeing the Quick- Silver- Weather-glass.
BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES. 45
[Here are given at great length rules for foretelling the
weather from the barometer (then a recent invention),
substantially the same as the rules now in ordinary use.]
Mar. 3. S' G. W. fish'd his g* pond of seven or eight Acres, the first
day of three ; and took (y/^ ye Drag & casting nets) about
400 carps, besides Jack, Tench, Roch and Bream. No
Perch ; tho' several put in. The Carps, of 14 Inches long,
sold at 2 Guinneas a Score ; much cheaper than formerly.
Sometimes of 25 Inches, or more, in length. No pike ever
yet seen of an Ell. The Carps will carry alive to London,
in straw or Grass, without water. Usually conveigh*d in
Waggons ; four Hogsheads (of 80 fishes apiece) makeing a
load. New ponds most hungry; till y® old Mud comes to
breed Insects. S' Rob. Davers (a gentleman of g* Riches
in Barbadoes) at Dinner; a Baronet, & late Burgess for
Bury, designing to stand for Knight of the Shire on S^ S.
Bamardiston's death. 2" at Tables. Belemnitae in the
sides of y^ Pond, amongst y^ Flints. The Carps make
large Burrows in 3^ mud, when scared by nets &c. In ten
or a dozen years at full growth. The best Goshawks fro
Muscovy.
„ 4. II" 6^ to y^ Serves at Brettenham. Thence to Livermoor
10 m. to Brandon, 10 to Stoke, 8 to Downham, 5. in all 33.
without baiting. The Roads, after ye first four miles,
incomparably good ; thro' an open & barren countrey, in
the main, covered with Flints. Royston- Crows in this as
well as other chalky parts. The Cathedral of Ely all day
in sight ; as formerly on ye road to Bury.
„ 5. los at Downha. Thence to Wisbich 10 m. to Fleet (Dr
Loddington's parsonage, worth 200'^ in his own gift) 10. to
Sleaford (over ye Moss- Dike- wash) 20 long ones in all 40.
Baiting at Fleet 2^ 4^. Guide 6^. The Steeple at- Boston,
in view, above all ye neighbouring Spires. This day thro'
the Fenn- Countrey. The Houses all of Clay or Brick,
cover'd w*^ Reeds ridg'd w^h mudd. But the Churches all
fine, and Spir'd, of Free-stone very thick. Hemp & Flax
ye chief Manufacture : y^ former spread for drying. All at
work, pilling and brooking* of H. & Line. Sleeford belongs
to Mr. Harvey of Bury ; a nasty Town in y« streets. The
* Separating the boon or case from the flax by pilling (beating with a mallet)
or by A break.
46 BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES.
River springs onely a mile above. Mr Brown (my Land-
lord) a man of Experience in y® wars ; younglike, but above
40. The Liveing poor, not above 28^^ certain.
Mar. 6. 6s. 6<i. at Sleeford. Thence (14 m) to Lincoln. The Church
fine ; w^^* curious picture in stone (of ye Resurrection, &c.)
over ye doors. The Divel hugging y^ Witch over a Spout
on y* Southside of ye Quire : whence ye Devil ore Lincoln.
The South & North Windows in ye Cross He, fine paint.
Another Cross- He in y® Quire End ; proper to Metrop.
churches. Episcopus pueroni in a vault on ye South Side
of ye Quire. Deans Hone)nvood and Fuller; behind y^
Altar. Tom a musical Tone; but less (by a foot in y®
Diameter) than y* at Roan. Four Residentiaries ; Dean,
Chantor, Subdean & Chanc'. Four Bishops on 5^ North -
wall in y® Cross He of ye Quire — R. Grostest &c. Four
Senr Vicars have good Houses. A Fish- Dinner,* &c. w^
Mr. Smith, 5*. To Littleborough- Ferry 9 m. Boat 6^ To
Bautree 9 m. in all 32. Fine Alabaster on a Hill betwixt
Whateley and Low-wath, 5 m. fro Bautree. Vile road, for
about 4 m. fro y« Ferry ; stiff clay.
7. 6s. 6d. at Bautree. Thence to Ferry-bridge, 18 m. Baiting
2®. 6^. To Bolton- Percy, 10 m. in all 28.
8. I Preach'd for Cous. P. The Church well built, as y« P.
House. In y® W^indows, Ne facies ; under three Bishops,
formerly call'd Saints. A fair Monum* for Ferd. Ld Fair-
fax of Cameron ; Father to the Gen'*. Old Mr. Snow
acquainted AB. Tillotson y* AB. Sheldon was marry 'd.
AB. Stern's Reasons ag* Prebend'^y's &c. being oblig'd to
Read prayers, according to ye Act of Uniformity.
1. Not included under y* Denomination w^h belongs to
inferiour Degrees.
2. They belong to ye Cathedral, & not it to them.
3. Bps. do it not.
4. 'Twas impossible they should all read before Bartholo-
mew-Tide ; if each had his Sunday ; nor could y^ prben-
daries of Salisbury do it in a year.
5. Most haveing jieglected it, all Grants fro Cathedrals
would be void. &c. •
These Reasons approv'd by Ld Chief Justice Holt. Sub
Dean of Y. penitentiary to y« AB. and y^ Clergy of his
Diocese.
NB. Ann daughter of S^ Nicholas Curwen of Workington
bury'd in the Cathed. of Lincoln. A.D. 1609.
• It was a Friday in Lent.
))
»»
BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES. 47
Mar. 9. To Bishopthorp 7 m. Ld AB. * pleas'd wth my Ded.
Enquiry how his Son voted in pari*. Dr Breersy's Funeral
at S* John's in York. 23 Coaches, Rings, &c. With Mr.
Stephenson, seeing his pictures of Mr Halley, Mrs Grahme,
(my L<i P's. third daughter) &c. In the evening at y«
Coffee house (drinking wine) w**" Cous. P. Mr. Terrick,
Mr. Bradley, Mr. Wickham &c. Good discourse on or
Laws, & Ap. Tyaneus's Hist, being written 100 years after
his death.
Sup. & Lodg'd at Mr. ChanC". Mr H's punn on Mr Fish
wth ye 6d in his mouth for the Groom at B^K Rep. Tis for
thee & me
„ 10. News of y® K^'s death. The first Lesson Moses's goeing
off; before y« comeing at y« promis'd Land. S* Mary's
(wthout y^ Gate) a parish-church of ye same stone &c w* y©
Abbey. With Cous. Noble & S. Usher. After Dinner, w***
ye Dean. Antonine's Itin. an old Copy in Mr. Selden's
hand w^h notes, such a place (as Castra Explorat. &c.) ad
latus. Engl. Transl. of y^ Bible faulty in mistakes of
Appellatives for proper names &c. Translations (all) too
Verbal. To enq. for L^ Preston. Lady M. Fenwick's
great Improvem*s of her House ; & good designs for 5^
pulpit in y® Minster. After prayer in y^ Evening, w*h Dr
Stainforth. My mistake on y^ AB's Adjournm's. The Act
alwaies sign'd (after read by himself or Commissioners) by
the A.B. At night, ye Gates lock'd (before 7) by Order of
ye Ld Mayor ; & watches set. Certain news of ye King's
death ; by Capt. Kemp.
„ II. 6s to ye Serves at Dr Watkinson's; and 5s to my Cous.
Pearson's. Cous P. Mr. Noble & E Orfeur set me to
Helperby ; where not sufFer'd to pay more than i" for the
Horses. From York to Helperby 12. m. thence to y^ Salu-
tation, 'twixt Leming & Catterick, 14, in all 26.
„ 12. 6^. at ye Salutation. Thence to Greateabridge 14 m. bait-
ing, 2^. The following Monum* in Mr Robinson's yard at
Rokesby, near Gr. bridge — recommended by ye D. of York.
Thence to Burgh 17 m. in all 31. Mr. Fisher not dejected
at ye change of o' Govemour in y^ State ; but offended at
y^ Alteration of Choice for members of Convoc. Mr.
Denton like enough to recover. Censures on Mr. Br's
familiarity w^^ Mrs. W. his Atheistical Discourse, &c.
•John Sharp, Dean of Canterbury, 1689 ; Archbishop of York, 1691 ; died,
1714.
48 BISHOP NICOLSON*S DIARIES.
Mar. 13. Dr. Tilham (solliciteing (for any thing, prsently) for
Son. Sp. 6s. 6^. Thence to Appleby 6. m. by y« Vicarage
of Warcop. Mr. Banks directed to pray for y^ Queen ;
and her Health drunk w*** yc Aldermen. Pd for Jo's
Quaterage ; & given in the House a*, nothing allow'd to be
spent in the Inn. Thence 10. m. home ; by Kirkbythore,
where Mrs Wickins beginning her Labour at ye end of
mine.
Here the Diary ends for the time : and it is not
renewed till Nicolson was made Bishop. This therefore
appears to be a fitting end for my present paper.
NOTES ON SOME MEMBERS OF THE
NICOLSON FAMILY.
The Nicolson (or Nicholson*) family had been for some time
connected with Carlisle. Ambrose Nicholson, admitted to the
Merchants' Guild, 1612, one of the eleven Aldermen named in the
" Governing Charter," and Mayor 1635, appears to have been an
ancestor.!
Joseph Nicholson, the BisHop's grandfather, was of Averas Holme
(called in the Ordnance Survey " Ambrose Holme " ) on the river
Eden, opposite Park Broom. He married Radigunda Scott, heiress
of Park Broom in Stanwix. J The Bishop mentions several cousins
of the name in his Diary, but I am not able to say exactly how they
were related to him. Three, who are most frequently named, were
James and William Nicholson of Carlisle, and James Nicholson of
Penrith.
(i) James Nicholson, of Castlegate, Carlisle, was appointed Town
Clerk in 1666, was a member of the Corporation in 1681, and was
Mayor 1689 and i6gg. The names of several of his children occur
in the Register of S. Mary's. Arthur was buried in March 167 J,
John was baptized in March i61}^J, Mary in June 1673, James in
May 1676, Jeremy in January 168 J. A son Joseph is also mentioned
•The Bishop himself always spelt the name " Nicolson." In the case of his
cousins, it was usually spelt " Nicholson."
f See the Diary, July 3, 1706. "The last scraps of Ambrose Nicolson's
lands."
J The tithes of Linstock were leased 1661 to Radigunda Scott of Park Broom,
widow : lease renewed 1668 and 1680 to Joseph Nicolson, Clerk, son of the said
Radigunda, and Mary his wife ; renewed 1686 to William Nicolson, Archdeacon
of Carlisle, and Elizabeth his wife. (Bishop Nicolson's MSS.)
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50 BISHOP nicolson's diaries.
in the Diary, July 26, 1708. James Nicholson's second marriage in
1690 (when Mayor of Carlisle) to Mrs. Sarah Bendish is recorded in
the Penrith Registers. He was Chapter Clerk and Registrar of the
Cathedral 1668- 1698 : in i6g8 his name ceases to appear in the
records of the Chapter. He was buried at S. Mary's, July 31, 1708 * :
Mrs. Sarah Nicholson in Nov. 1723.
On Dec. 14, 1698, and again on March 7, 169! , ^ second James
Nicholson, " Notary Public of the City of Carlisle," wished to be
appointed Chapter Clerk, and the Patent for his appointment was
written out in the book of Chapter Records.f But on both occasions
the Chapter refused to appoint him : the Patent was crossed out in
the book; and on Sept. 5, 1699, the Chapter appointed John
Nicolson of Rose Castle (brother to Bishop Nicolson, then a Pre-
bendary), who had been made Registrar of the Diocese in 1691.
(2) William Nicholson, of Fishergate, Carlisle, Merchant, appar-
ently brother of the above James Nicholson,! was admitted into the
Merchants' Guild, 1663, was a member of the Corporation in 1681,
and was made Clerk of the Merchants' Guild 1698. He was Mayor
1688, 1692, 1701, and 171 1. § His first wife died Sept. 1676, and in
1677 or 1678 he appears to have married an Aglionby, sister of John
Aglionby, the Recorder. || This must have been either Jane or
Isabel, mentioned in the Aglionby pedigree in Whellan : he is
several times mentioned in the Diary in connection with the
Aglionby family. His children, recorded in the S. Mary's Register,
were Mary, buried April 1673'; Grace, baptized April 1674 ; Dorothy,
buried January 168}; Jane, baptized March 167!; and Issabel,
baptized March i68J. Of them, Isabel married in 1710 Joseph
Jackson, who died 1732; and, besides three sons who died without
children, they had one daughter Margery Jackson, formerly a noted
character in Carlisle. William Nicholson was buried at S. Mary's,
March 30, 1718. By his will he left all his property to his youngest
daughter Isabel, wife of Joseph Jackson, subject to an annuity of
* His will appears in the index of the Court of Probate at Carlisle : but it is
not now to be found in the Registry.
f I conjecture that this may have been James Nicholson the younger, bom
1676, and that he expected to succeed his father.
J James and William Nicholson, both of Carlisle, had a lease in 1679 from the
Dean and Chapter of Tithe at Little Salkeld. (Bishop N's Miscellany Accounts,
p. 171.)
The Bogg in Crossby was leased by Bishop Rainbow in 1668 to William
Nicholson of Carlisle, Merchant, for the lives of the said William Nicholson,
Anne his wife, and James Nicholson of Carlisle, Gent. (Bishop N's MSS.)
§ •• Attended the Mayor (my namesake and kinsman W.N.,) thro* two of the
Gilds at Carlisle." (Diary May 14, 1702.)
1 1 See Memoir of Margery Jackson, the Carlisle Miser, by F. Blair, published
by R. & J. Steel, Carlisle.
BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES. 51
£^0 to his wife. She was probably the " Mrs. Nicholson, widow,"
buried at S. Mary's, November 4, 1728.
James and William Nicholson were appointed Aldermen under
the charter of Charies II., 1684. But on March, 1685, Sir John
Lowther wrote to Sir D. Fleming with regard to the arbitrary
changes made by James II., "I hear that all the Aldermen of
Carlisle are to be changed save Mr. Warwick and Basil Fielding.
The Reformation of Corporations goes on vigorously." And on
March 16, 168J, Bishop Smith wrote, " Four of the Carlisle Alder-
men have been displaced, viz.. Sir Christopher and Sir George and
the two Nicholsons. In their place are put Sir Francis Salkeld, Mr.
William Howard, Ralph Crofts, and Joseph Reed, this last being
made Mayor in the place of William Nicholson." On December 7,
1692, John How, senior, William Nicholson, Robert Jackson,
senior, Thomas Jackson, and Edward Monkhouse were brought to
the bar of the House of Commons on their knees, and reprimanded
by the Speaker, in the matter of the disfranchisement of Christopher
Musgrave. It would therefore appear that William Nicholson then
belonged to the Lowther or Whig party in Carlisle.
(3) Another cousin, often mentioned in the diary, was James
Nicholson, of Penrith, an attorney. His mother, Mary Nicholson,
of Linstock Castle,* was alive in 1705, as appears by the diary of
May 14 and July 14 in that year. He owned a tenement at Park-
broom, and was lessee of Linstock under the Bishops of Carlisle. He
married Bridget, daughter of Thomas Fetherstonhaugh of the College,
Kirkoswald, by his second wife Mary, daughter ot Henry Dacre, of
Lanercost. The Penrith registers contain the baptism of several
of their children, viz., in 1681 Featherston (often mentioned in the
later volumes of the diary), in 1683 Charles (whom the Bishop calls
his godson), in 1686 Mary, in 1690 Grace and Jane (twins), in 1692
Bridget.
The registers of S. Mary's and S. Cuthbert's, Carlisle, contain
many other entries of the name of Nicholson ; but there does not
seem to be any reason for connecting them with the Bishop's family.
The chief authorities for the pedigree are Whellan (p. 166),
Nicolson and Bum, the Bishop's will, Joseph Nicolson's will, the
Dalston Registers (C. and W. Transactions, vol. vii.), the registers of
S. Mary, Carlisle, and Bishop Nicolson's letters edited by J.
Nichols.
♦ Linstock Castle was leased by the Bishop of Carlisle in 1663 to Robert
Nicholson, gent., son of James, the former possessor, during the lives of James,
son of Robert ; Mary, his daughter ; and James, son of Richard Nicholson, of
Brunstock. The fishing was leased in 1678 to Mary Nicholson, widow of the
said Robert. — Bishop Nicolson's MSS.
(52)
-4
Art. II. — On Roman Medicine and Roman Medical
Practitioners. By Henry Barnes, M.D., Ll-D,,
F.R.S.E.
Read at Carlisle, June 21, 1900.
FEW years ago, when preparing a paper on the
A
" Medical History of Carlisle,"* it occurred to me to
institute an inquiry whether any Roman medical monu-
ments had been discovered in this part of Cumberland,
and, if so, whether such discoveries threw any light on the
conditions of medical practice during the period in which
the Romans occupied this part of Britain. The inquiry
proved a very interesting one, and, as the subject has not
hitherto been noticed in our Transactions, I have con-
tinued it at intervals since that time, and now venture to
submit the result to this meeting.
It is generally considered'that the history of medicine
starts with the earlier period of Greek civilisation. The
Homeric heroes are represented as having considerable
skill in surgery, and as being able to treat ordinary
wounds and injuries. The two sons of Asklepios, Poda-
leirios and Machaon, are especially treated with great
respect, the former having received from his father'^the
gift *' of recognising what was not visible to the eye, and
tending what could not be healed," while the task of
Machaon was specially to deal with injuries. There
would thus appear to have been even in these early days
a separation between the domain of medicine and that of
surgery.
The worship of Asklepios, as the god of healing was
called, was widely spread among the Greeks, and lasted
• Presidential address at Carlisle meeting of British Medical Association. —
Pfit. Med. Journal, vol. ii., 1896, p. 245.
ON ROMAN MEDICINE, ETC. 53
even to Christian times. Temples were erected in his
honour at various places, the principal one being at
Epidaurus ; but minor ones were erected at Athens, Cos,
Pergamos, and other places. Crowds of sick persons
flocked to these shrines in order to be healed, just as in
modern times relief is sought by a pilgrimage to the
waters of some sacred spring. During the last five-and-
twenty years the great revival of interest in archaeological
research has led to the exploration of the shrines of the
god of healing at Athens and .Epidaurus, and many
interesting inscriptions have been brought to light. In
the earlier times the health-restoring influence of the
shrines would seem to have been almost miraculous, and
the most wonderful and absurd reports of cures are to be
found among the earlier inscriptions. I will content
myself with giving two extracts from the records of
Asklepios at Epidaurus.*
(i) A man who had only one eye is visited by the god during the
night. The god applies some ointment to the empty orbit. On
awaking the man finds he has two sound eyes.
(2) Heraeus of Mytilene has no hair on his head. He asks the
god to make it grow again. Asklepios applies an ointment, and
next morning the hair has grown thickly over his scalp.
The record unfortunately does not disclose the nature
of the wonderful ointment used in either case. In later
times* superstition and deception had a less share and
rational treatment- a greater share in the cure. We find
the priests prescribing plain food, hot and cold baths,
active gymnastic exercises, counter-irritation, and a
variety of medicaments. The following thanksgiving of
one cured of the gout is interesting : —
Oh ! Blessed Asklepios, god of healing, it is thanks to thy skill
that Diaphantes, relieved of his incurable and horrible gout, no
longer moves like a crab, no longer will walk upon thorns, but has a
sound foot as thou hast ordained.
* Two lectures on ' ' The Temples and Ritual of Asklepios at Epidaurus and
Athens," by Dr. Caton. — Brit. Med. journal, vol. ii., 1898.
54 ON ROMAN MEDICINE, ETC.
The Romans do not appear to have originated or
possessed an independent school of medicine. It is true
they had, from very early times, a very complicated
system of superstitious medicine, or religion related to
the cure of disease, borrowed most probably from the
Etruscans. In the older days of the Republic the master
of the house appears to have undertaken the care of the
health of his household. We get a good idea of the con-
ditions of family medical practice in the third century
before Christ in De re ,rustica of the Elder Cato, who
practised surgery on his own estate. Two of the longest
chapters in this work are devoted to the virtues of the
cabbage as a remedy, and the various diseases for which
it can be used. He summarises its virtues in a single
sentence — A d omnes res salubre eat. It seems to have been
his great panacea for the most different forms of disease.
Whether it be dulness of hearing, dimness of sight,
polypus of the nose, cancer, ulcers, or tumours, the remedy
is cabbage. If a bone be dislocated he orders a cabbage
poultice to be applied, and cito sanumfiet. If the remedy
fails, then it appears that the aid of magic must be called
in. You are directed to take a green twig, four or five
inches long, and this, cleft through the middle, becomes
the conjuring rod. Then the following incantation is to be
used* : —
IN ALIO. S. F. MOTAS VABTA DARIES DARDARIES
A STAT A RIBS DISSUNAPITBR.
This extraordinary roll of magic words will, I venture
to say, compare favourably with those sometimes used by
itinerant quacks in the present day. The very rhythm of
the words suggest the manipulative movements which
would doubtless be used with the incantation, as we are
told that the patient is to be held fast by the hips by two
men (duo homines teneant ad coxendices), and the latter half
* Cato, De re rusticat cap. clz.
ON ROMAN MEDICINE, ETC. 55
of the last word of the incantation is suggestive of the
sound which a dislocated bone makes when it slips into
its socket. Two other incantations are given, both sug-
gestive of more violent manipulations to be held apparently
if the first fails. These are : —
(i) HUAT HAN AT HUAT 1ST A PI ST A SI ST A DOMIABO
DAMNAUSTRA.
(2) HUAT HAUT HAUT I ST A SIS TAR SIS ARDANNABON
DUNNUSTRA.
Cato had no theories about disease except such as spring
from mere superstition. He hated and despised the
Greeks, and in writing to his son Marcus he warned him
against their arts, and especially against their physicians.
In his opinion, if Greek medicine once got itself established
in Rome the end would not be far off, for that most
wicked race had sworn " to exterminate the Romans by
its medicine."
The first Greek physician whose name is preserved as
having migrated to Rome was Archagathus, who came
over from the Peloponnesus in 218 B.C., and many others
followed his example. Archagathus was a citizen of
Sparta, and he succeeded so well in overcoming the .
prejudices against his order that the senate conferred
upon him the privileges of a Roman citizen, and a surgery
and dispensary were fitted up for him at the public
expense in one of the busiest streets of the city near the
Forum. A firmer footing for Greek medicine in Rome
was gained by the advent of Asclepiades, who was born in
Bithynia in 124 B.C. He went to Rome as a young man,
and soon became distinguished both for his medical skill
and oratorical power. His system of medicine appears to
have been founded on the Epicurean philosophical creed.
The charm of his manner, his dislike of strong remedies,
and his faith in the therapeutic virtues of wine (which
under the stern regime of the Republic women were for-
bidden to drink) made him very popular, and he became
56 ON ROMAN MEDICINE, ETC.
the trusted adviser of men and women of all classes. He
believed more in hygiene than in physic, and it was owing
to his influence that the Romans became such devotees of
the hot bath, massage, and the cura cutis* Of his pupils
the most famous was Themison, who gave permanance to
the teachings of his master by framing a new system of
medical doctrine, which lasted for some centuries. This
system was known as Methodism. He maintained it was
useless to consider the causes of disease ; it was sufficient
to know what was common to all diseases — viz., their
common qualities. Treatment was directed not to any
special organ, but to correcting the morbid common
condition ; relaxing the body if it was constricted, causing
contraction if it was too lax, and in the mixed state acting
according to the predominant conditions. This simple
rule of treatment was the system, or ** method " from
which the school took its name. Among other well-
known Roman physicians ajbout this period were Craterus,
who, according to Horace, was the great authority on
heart disease ; Cleanthes, who stitched up the wound
which the younger Cato made in his abdomen by falling
on his sword ; Antistius, physician to Julius Csesar, who
examined the Dictator's body after death, and found that
of the many wounds inflicted only one was mortal ;
Alexion, whose death was deplored by Cicero as an irre-
parable personal loss ; and Cleophantus, named by the
same writer as medicus suavis.
Under the empire a new order of medical practitioners
came into existence. Augustus was a great invalid and
in the hands of the doctors nearly all his life. His
household swarmed with practitioners of the healing art.
There were medici servi, who were slaves; there were
superpositi medicoruin, or overseers of the slaves, and of
their assistants, or adjutores valetudinarii ; there were the
unguentarii and the herbarii ; there were the female
healers (medica) who devoted themselves mainly to the
diseases of women, and midwives {obsietrtces and saga), a
ON ROMAN MEDICINE, ETC. 57
bad lot who traded on the vanity, credulity and corruption
of women. The best known physician of the Emperor
Augustus was Antonius Musa, a freedman, who was
fortunate enough to cure his Imperial patient from some
liver complaint by cold bathing, and was in consequence
loaded with honours. He was also the friend and
physician of Agrippa, Maecenas, and other distinguished
persons. Tiberius, who ascended the throne on the
death of Augustus, appointed Charicles as his physician,
but being a man of robust constitution, he could afford to
laugh at doctors, and he told his physician that he might
keep his physic for fools. Among the leading physicians
of this period were Crinas, Alcon, and Stertinius Xeno-
phon, who accumulated large fortunes by the practice of
their profession. Of later practitioners it may suffice to
mention Thessalos, who lived in the time of Nero, and
called himself latronices, or conqueror of doctors. It was
about this period that the Emperor's physician first came .
to be known under the title of "Archiater," and this
distinction was held by Andromachus, and by Demetrius
and Magnus under Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius.
It would be easy to continue the list of names, but those
I have mentioned will suffice to show that the majority
were Greeks, bearing characteristic Greek names. The
Romans themselves had little taste for the healing art,
and Pliny tells us that the profession of medicine was the
only one of the Greek arts to which the Romana gravitas
had not yet stooped. The fees obtained by some of these
physicians were enormous. Pliny tells us that Stertinius
earned by his town practice about 600,000 sesterces
yearly, equal to about ^f 5,000 of our money, and it is on
record that one surgeon, Cami by name, obtained jf 2,000
for one operation alone. Such a profitable profession
naturally attracted many to its ranks, and it soon became
overstocked. This led to a subdivision of labour, and
specialists became common. In the latter half of the
first century of the Christian era there were physicians
58 ON ROMAN MEDICINE, ETC,
who did not practise surgery, and there were surgeons
who limited themselves to one kind of operation. There
were at least two kinds of eye doctors, one for the general
treatment and the other for operations. There was also
a special operator for the destruction of eyelashes which
threatened vision. There were aurists, bone-setters, and
dentists.*
It is not uncommon to read of a certain distrust of
doctors in these ancient times, and perhaps the old
Romans were not very far wrong in their distrust of
them ; as in those days anyone could call himself a
doctor who had attended a short course of instruction
lasting only six months, and all could administer poison
to those who were tired of life. It was very easy in those
days to escape punishment. Many doctors are mentioned
who became the instruments of private vengeance.
Glicon poisoned the wound of Pansa, Nero sent doctors
to his rich aunt Domitia to hasten her end ; and
Agrippina also sent for a doctor, fearing that the poison
administered to Claudius by the notorious female poisoner
Lucustat should not prove fatal. Medical men were often
sent to open the veins of prisoners, and we find them as
accomplices in the assassination of Drusus and of Marcus
Aurelius.
It is satisfactory to find that there were notable
examples of men who stood out nobly from amongst so
much corruption and crime. Among these may be
mentioned the two physicians in attendance upon the
Emperor Severus, who according to the testimony of
• Dentistry is a very old profession. In the famous laws of the twelve tables
the art of fixing teeth with gold is mentioned and several skulls have been found
in Etruscan tombs to which artificial teeth are attached by a system of gold
binding identical with the bridge work of the modern American dentists. A
good example of this occurs in the Museo Papa Giulio, and several others in the
Museum of Corneto. In one of these, two incisor teeth are replaced by a single
calf s tooth filed in the middle. These dental works date back to the fifth
century B.C.
f In Tacitus (Ann. xii, 66, Oxford edition) she is spelt Locusta^ but according
to Dr. Smith's Classical Dictionary, the name is more correctiy given as Lucusta.
He gives the following additional references, viz. : Juv. i, 71, Tac. Ann, riii, 15
guet, ^er. 33, Dio Cass. Ix, 34. ' *
ON ROMAN MEDICINE, ETC. 59
Herodian, had been in attendance upon the Emperor
during his Scottish campaigns. On the return of the
Emperor to York, his physicians * received instructions
from the Emperor's son Caracalla that they should use
means to hasten the death of the Emperor. Their
refusal, while commendable in the highest degree, proved
the cause of their own ruin, for one of the first acts of the
reign of terror and bloodshed of Caracalla was to order
the execution of his father's faithful physicians.
There are several scattered notices of physicians being
placed in attendance upon Roman Senators, Consuls, and
Emperors during the course of military campaigns. Galen
states that he was summone.l to attend upon the Roman
Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus during their
proposed campaign against some of the German tribes,
and there is a notable example of a physician, who, while
in attendance upon a Roman Emperor in Britain, made
good use of his time. According to Sprengel, a treatise,
Dc Compositione M edicamentorum, was composed by
Scribonius Largus at the time the author was in attend-
ance upon the Emperor Claudius during his short
campaign in Britain (a.d. 43). Sir Thomas Browne also
confirms this statement.
The question of the provision made for the medical and
surgical treatment of the Roman soldiers during their
period of service in foreign countries did not receive
much attention from archaeologists until a comparatively
recent period. There is no distinct reference to ihe
subject in the Roman classics. The late Sir James Y.
Simpson is well known as the discoverer of the
anaesthetic properties of chloroform, and as one who,
in addition to his eminence as a physician, was also-
eminent as an antiquary and archaeologist. To hini
we are indebted for the first elaborate inquiry into this
* One of the physicians was Serenus Sammonicus, the author of a treatise on
diseases and their treatment, in Latin verse. A copy of this work was kindly
lent to me by the Dean of Carlisle.
6o ON ROMAN MEDICINE, ETC.
subject,* and the result of his investigation was to establish
the fact that there was not only a mediciis cohortts, but
there was also a medicus legioftis, a kind of superior
medical officer. One of the most interesting bits of
evidence which he brought forward was a monumental
tablet 5 feet by 2 feet 6 inches found at Borcovicus, and
now in the Newcastle Museum. The inscription shows
that it was erected by the first cohort of the Tungrians to
the memory of their medicus or dinar i us. This cohort
distinguished itself under Agricola, and was afterwards
engaged in the erection of the more northern wall of
Antoninus, t At a later period, probably in the reign of
Marcus Aurelius, it became stationed at Castlesteads in
this county. The translation of the inscription, accord-
ing to the learned historian of the Roman wall, Dr.
Bruce, is as follows : — ** Sacred to the Gods of the Shades
below. To Anicius Ingenuus, physician in ordinary of
the first cohort of the Tungrians. He lived 25 years."
The monument is elaborately carved, and this is held to
be suggestive of the great esteem and respect in which he
was held by his comrades. It is said to be more
elaborately carved than many of the altars raised by this
and other cohorts to their deities. The figure at the head
of the stone is either a rabbit or a hare, probably the
former ; and as the rabbit is the badge of Spain, it has been
suggested that Anicius Ingenuus may have been a native
of that country. An illustration of the monument and
the inscription appears on the opposite page. (Fig. I.)
The distinctive term " ordinarius " is interesting. It is
generally supposed that a cohort consisted of 500 or 600
men, and each cohort seems to have been provided with
one medical officer at least. Several monumental and
votive tablets found in other parts of the world refer to
« ««
Was the Roman Army provided with medical officers? " Edinburgh, 1856.
t Among the Roman stones in the Hunterian Museum of the University of
Glasgow there is one which has an inscription on it showing that it was erected
by this cohort in the reign of Antoninus Pius.— See The Roman Stones in the
Hunterian Museum, by Macdonald, Glasgow, 1897, p. 72.
ON ROMAN MEDICINE, ETC. 6l
army medical officers. In Gruter's Inscriptiones Roinants
there are three in which physicians of cohorts are men-
tioned, and it is a singular coincidence that one had the
same notnen gentile as the physician of the Tungrian cohort
just mentioned. This tablet was found at Rome, and the
inscription is as follows :— " M. JVLIVS INGENVVS
D M
A N 1 C I O
I NGE N VO
MEDICO
O R D.CO H
ITVNGR
VrX. ANXX V
Diis Manibus
Ingeuuo
Medico
OrdinarioC?) Cohortis
Prima Tungrorum
Vixit annos vigiati quinque.
it by 2
MED COHIIVIG." In the Syntagma Inscriptionuni
there is a description of a tablet erected by Titus
Claudius Julianus, clinical physiciari to the fourth
Praetorian cohort, to himself, to his wife Tullia Epigone,
and to their freedmen and freedwomen. In the Museum
62 ON ROMAN MEDICINE, ETC. *
of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland at Edinburgh
there is an inscribed stone naming a medicus, but it is
considered doubtful whether it was found in Britain.
There is also an inscription at Chester, where the Greek
equivalent of medicus [ialros) is to be found. During
some excavations which were carried out at Binchester
some twenty years ago (October, 1879), a votive tablet
with inscription was discovered. (Fig. II.) This has been
brought under my notice by Mr. Haverfield. A consider-
able portion of the inscription is wanting owing to the fact
that the stone has been broken, probably in ancient times.
On the tablet two figures are sculptured, one being
Aesculapius and the other Salus ; the former, larger than
the latter, is grasping the left hand of the latter with his
right hand ; his left hand is on the neck of the serpent
coiled round some other object.
ON ROMAN MEDICINE, ETC. 63
The first portion of the inscription is over the head of
Salus, and the remainder beneath the feet of the figures.
The portion of the inscription remaining is as follows : —
...... V L A P I O
...... S A L V T I
TE.ALAE.VET
C . R.M.AVRE
OCOMAS . ME
L . M .
Various opinions have been held with regard to the
name of the dedicator,* and Chrysocomas, Glossocomas,
Leucocomas, and Habrocomas have each their advocates.
The translation of the expanded inscription is as
follows : —
To Aesculapius and Salus
For the health and safety of the ala of the Vettonians
Roman Citizens
Marcus Aurelius Habrocomas (or some such name)
Physician
Has erected this.
There is a dedication to Aesculapius and Salus upon an
altar found at Chester in the last century, and now pre-
served in the British Museum ; and Dr. Bruce records
that there was found at Procolitia, and is now at Chesters,
a somewhat rude carving representing Minerva and an
attendant. The upper portion of the right-hand figure
having been removed, it is difficult to say who it was
intended for ; but probably it was Aesculapius, as there is
a serpent shown twining round the pole placed between
the two figures. There is no inscription. At Netherhall,
* ArehcBologia JEliana, vol viii., p. 248.
64 O^ KOMAIJ MEDICINE, ETC.
Maryport, there is a Roman stone with a Greek inscrip-
tion upon it. It was found at Maryport, and the dedica-
tion is not by a soldier, or a surgeon, but by a pastor, one
who turned out his flocks and herds upon the public
pastures. The translation of the inscription shows that
Aulus Egnatius, pastor, erected it to Asklepios, the Greek
name for Aesculapius. (Fig. III.)
Fig, III.— Size, 1 foot 5 inches (ly 9 inches.
An altar was found at Lanchester by Horsley with a
Greek inscription upon it. When the stone was first seen
it was built up in the wall of an inclosure, the Greek
inscription being outermost. After purchasing and getting
it out, Horsley was surprised to find a Latin inscription
on the other side. The altar has been broken, and only
part of the inscriptions areleft ; but it is conjectured that
on a comparison of the two sides, it has been a dedication
of Titus Flavius Titianus, the tribune, to Aesculapius.
(See Fig. IV.)
Dr. Bruce states that only five Greek inscriptions have
been discovered on Roman stones in England, and it is
noteworthy that two of the five were dedications to
Aesculapius, Of the others, the first discovered was to
the Tyrian Hercules, dedicated by Diodora, the arch-
priestess. This was found at Corchester, near Corbridge,
and is now in the British Museum. Another dedicated
to Astarte, the Ashtaroth of the Scriptures, is now in
Tullie House, Carlisle. It formed part of the Netherby
collection, and the inscription is given in vol. xv. of our
Transactions.
ON ROMAN MEDICINE, ETC.
Fig. IV.— Size I ft. 8 in. by lo] in.
In addition to the monuments to Aesculapius, there
was found in 1852 during some excavations at Bird-
oswald, a small Roman God. The excavations were
being carried out by the late Mr. Carrick of Carlisle, and
the figure, which is of stone, is now in the possession of
his daughter, Mrs Carrick, Melkridge House, Halt-
whistle, who has kindly allowed me to exhibit it. (Fig. V.)
Fig. v.— Siie 7 it
66 ON ROMAN MEDICINE, ETC.
The figure is thought to be one of Telesphorus, an
attendant on Aesculapius, and it represents a convalescent
patient wrapped in a cloak. According to Banier,*
Telesphorus is always drawn like a young man and with
a singular habit. It is a long robe that covers the whole
body, insomuch that the arms are not seen ; he has upon
his head a kind of cowl, so that nothing but his face is
uncovered.
The discovery of these monuments may be taken as
evidence that the worship of Asklepios, or Aesculapius, as
he was known among the Romans, was not unknown in
this distant part of the Roman empire. It is well known
that it was the custom of the Romans to seek relief from
their sufferings, and both rich and poor flocked to the
shrines of Aesculapius. Many interesting offerings or
donaria have been found in the Tiber by the island of
S. Bartolommeo, where was a temple dedicated to
Aesculapius. This temple was one of the first hospitals
of Rome, and occupied the greater part of the island which
was called Insula Sacra. The hospital was shaped in the
form of a huge ship, and thus recalls the legend which
is represented on some coins of the Emperor Commodus.
During this Emperor's reign, a great epidemic prevailed
in the city, resembling the famine and pestilence which
prevailed from B.C. 293 to 291, when the Sibylline
books were consulted, and these commanded that an
embassy be sent to Epidaurus to fetch the God of
Medicine and the Sacred Serpent. A trireme was
accordingly despatched and the sacred objects were
brought to Italy. On entering the Tiber the serpent
escaped from the ship, and swimming across the river,
landed upon the island where a temple was soon erected
to Aesculapius. t Little of this now remains, but on the
left hand side of the island part of the ship's side is still
• English Translation of Banier's Mjrthology, vol. iii, p. i66.
t The Bishop of Barrow tells me it is supposed that the hospital of St. Bar-
tholomew in London takes its name from this island.
ON ROMAN MEblCINE, ETC. 67
visible, with the famous serpent of Aesculapius sculptured
upon it in high relief. Piranesi's- engraving shows that a
hundred years ago there existed, in addition, a colossal
bust, and a hand holding the serpent-twined rod of
Aesculapius.* Many donaria have been found in the
sands and river near the island, and much attention has
been given to the offerings found at this and other shrines
of the god of healing.
Dr. Luigi Sambon,t of Rome, has mads a collection of
surgical instruments and votive offerings found in Italy.
Among the votive offerings laid at the shrines of the
healing gods were bronze statuettes, marble or terra-cotta
reproductions of various parts of the human frame,
pottery of every description, coins, workmen's tools,
implements of war, rich jewellery, cast off clothes, cattle,
fruit, etc. Nothing came amiss. Among the pottery
found were invalid medicine cups of various shapes, and
infants' feeding bottles, generally in the shape of the
■ Hare's IValhs in Rome, vol. ii., p. 368.
t E>r. SamboD is the auttior of a. raluable paper published in The J^oUTtuU 0/
i British and Amtricati Archieolo^tcai Society of Roim on " Medical Science
. I — ; — . D ■■ — I ,i ^ 1894, to which I am indebted (or much
ON ROMAN MEDICINEj BTd 691.
female breast. The greater number of terra-cottas repre-
sent limbs and organs of the human body, many of them-
showing marks of disease. Through the kindness of
Messrs. Oppenheimer, of London, who are now the
owners of the Sambon collection of medical antiquities, I
am enabled to show two illustrations of votive offerings of
ancient date.
The first (Fig. VI.) is an Etruscan terra-cotta cast of a
case of goitre, circa B.C. 2000, found in Capua, probably,
a " donarium " to some deity for recovery from goitre.
The second (Fig. VII.) is an invalid's feeding bottle
in the shape of a duck. The infants' feeding bottles
were so constructed that no flies or dust could reach their
contents. The milk was introduced by inverting the
bottle and pouring it through an open tube ascending
within from the middle of the base almost to the apex.
This also prevented the escape of the milk when it was
placed again on its base. The child obtained its nourish-
ment by sucking through a spout on the side.
The shrines were usually situated at the source of some
hot spring or mineral water, and patients used to come
from far and near to bathe or drink the water. No
doctors were found at the springs, but the priests regu-
lated the use of the waters and prescribed for each
patient. Then before leaving, the patient had to throw
his offering into the water. At some of the shrines the
custom was to hang the donaria on the walls of the
temple or around the statues of the gods. When the
temples or tanks of healing waters became overcrowded
with donaria, the priests used to remove them to grottoes
or wells dug in the neighbourhood, and sometimes a
special building was erected to receive the donaria. Those
which were composed of precious metals were often
melted into ingots or disposed of by the priests according
to special regulations peculiar to each temple. Magnifi-
cent offerings, such as cups of valuable metal with votive
inscriptions, have been found in different places. Many
?»■ ON ROMAN MEDICINE, ETC.
learned antiquaries consider that the famous Rudge cup
has been an offering of this description, and if the
places named on the rim were all Roman stations in
Cumberiand, it is very probable that it may have been an
offering to the presiding deity of the Spa at Gilsland.
Dr. Bruce says " there is not a spring in the whole mural
region so likely to attract the attention of the Romans as
this Spa," and the discovery of the figure of Telesphorus,
previously alluded to, would support the view that the
worship of Aesculapius was duly recognised in this
district.
The Rudge cup is well deserving of attention, and has
been carefully discussed on many occasions. It was found
on the site of a Roman building at Rudge Coppice, near
Froxfield, Wiltshire, in 1725, and is now in the possession
of the Duke of Northumberland at Alnwick Castle. It is
a brass cup about four inches in diameter and thfte deep.
The outside of it has been wrought and it is richly
enamelled with red, blue, and green. The inscription
ON ROMAN MEDICINE, ETC. Jl
^
around the rim presents five names of places, and much
controversy has arisen as to their identity.
The precise reading of the inscription may be taken as
follows : —
A. MAIS ABALLAVA VXELODVM CAMBOGLANS BANNA.
I have read a good many discussions as to the identity of
these places, and the most probable theory is that they
were stations of an itinerary between certain places. In
one of the museums at Rome there are three silver vessels
each engraved with an itinerary of the stations between
Cadiz and Rome. They were found in the ancient baths
at Vicarello, along with votive vases, medals, and other
relics which had been thrown into the reservoir as offer-
ings to Apollo and the nymphs who presided over the
waters. This shows that it was a usual practice to
inscribe the itinerary of stations on votive cups. In
identifying the places on the Rudge cup, it must be
confessed that attempts hitherto have not been very
successful, and the following brief review is merely put
forward as suggestive and without any pretence to finality.
In the work known by the title of the '* Cosmography
of the Anonymous Writer of Ravenna,''* a treatise on
geographical science compiled in that city apparently in
the seventh century, we find several of the names of the
cup mentioned as ** civitates in Britannia.*' These are
Maia, Avalaria, Uxeludiano, Banna, It has been
suggested by Horsley in his Brittania Romana,\ p. 330,
that all the names on the cup are in the ablative governed
by the preposition a, and that the c before Amboglans has
been designed for an 0, and is to be joined to Uxelodum,
which therefore makes it Uxelodumo. The nearest
approach to the first name on the cup which I can find is
• The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon, by T. Wright, 1852, p. 465.
' f It should be stated that Horsley, at p. 329 of this work, favours the view
originally put forward by Gale that the cup was a. patera used in libations by the
people of Uiose towns that are mentioned in it.
72 ON ROMAN MEDICINE, ETC.
Maia^ which Horsley {op. ciU p. 501) suggests may have been
Mores6y. Aballava is put down by Chancellor Ferguson,
in his Roman Survey of Cumberland, as Papcastle, and this
view is also held by Professor Hiibner and by Dr. Bruce in
the Lapidarium Septentrionale. The same authorities also
identify Uxelodunum, or Axelodunum, as EUenborough
or Maryport. There is a general agreement that
Amboglans was Birdoswald. The final word on the
inscription Banna, named also by the Ravenna writer,
has not yet been identified ; but Dr. Bruce suggests it
may have been Gilsland, and if the use of the cup has
been as suggested, then the itinerary would represent
a journey of a patient from Moresby, or some station in
West Cumberland, to Papcastle ; then by way of Mary-
port to Birdoswald and Gilsland, where the offering to
the presiding deity of the healing waters would be made.
There is another class of monuments relating to the
Roman medical profession and their practice in Britain
which have attracted a good deal of attention. These are
the stamps which have been used for the purpose of
impressing the names of the makers of certain medicinal
preparations, and the purposes which they were intended
to fulfil. Numerous examples of these medicine stamps
have been found in Germany, France, and Italy, as well
as in this country. They are generally made of a greenish
schist, or steatite, and consist of a small thin square
block, usually with an inscription on each of the four
edges. There are fragments of two in the British
Museum which are stated to have been found in this
country, but the locality is not known. The Museum of
the Scottish Society of Antiquaries contains an oblong
medicine stamp, which was found at Tranent in East
Lothian, the site of a large Roman town. There are
two inscriptions upon it : —
(i)LVALLATINIEVODESADCI
CATRICESETASPRITVDIN
ON ROMAN MEDICINE, ETC. 73
(2)LVALLAT I NI APALACRO
CODESADDIATHESIS
The first part of each inscription shows that the pro-
prietor was a physician called Lucius Vallatinus. The
first-named prescription refers to a sweet-smelling coUy-
rium named etwdesy and was used for cicatrices and
granulations. The second inscription has given rise to a
good deal of speculation. Diathesis is the state of the
body which predisposes to any disease. Possibly in
ancient times the word may have had some other meaning.
The apalocrocodes has been interpreted as ** a mild
crocodes/' and may have been a general remedy against
affections of the eye. A stamp found at Kenchester
belonged to a physician named Titus Vindacius Ariovistus,
and one at Gloucester to Quintus Julius Murrianus. The
last named had two remedies, one for producing clearness
of vision — ad claritatemy and the other intended as a
remedy for dimness of sight — ad caliginem. It is con-
sidered rather remarkable that in all the examples hitherto
described the diseases mentioned on the stamps are
uniformly those of the eyes, and hence they ar<e supposed
to have been used only by those physicians who treated
eye diseases.
It is well known that diseases of these organs were very
common, not only in Italy, but also in the Western
provinces, and the Romans, as I pointed out in an earlier
part of this paper, gave great attention to such diseases,
there being numerous specialists for different forms of eye
disorders. The writers who have devoted much attention
to this subject, consider that the various preparations
were hardened with gum or some viscid substance, and
kept in a solid state as being more convenient for carriage
from place to place, and as being always ready to be
liquefied with fluids when required for use. The stamps
were impressed on the remedies just before they acquired
the last stage of solidification.
74 ON ROMAN MEDICINE, ETC.
In the ancient sanitary laws regarding food and clothing,
there is ample evidence that the science of public health
had attained a high place in the estimation of the
Romans, and the facts which I have brought together in
this paper are amply sufficient to show that there were
many physicians and surgeons in this distant part of their
empire whose duty it was to carry out the laws of health,
and to use their best efforts in preventing and curing
disease.
Note. — The Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upoii-T3nie, with
their usual courtesy and liberality, have allowed electros to be taken
of several blocks used for illustration of this paper. No. i., iii., iv.,
V. are taken from the Lapidarium Septentrionale, and No. ii. from
Arch, Aelian. vol. viii.
— -^
(75)
Art. III. — Report of the Cumberland Excavation Committee
for 1900. By F. Haverfield, M.A., F.S.A.
^PHE seventh summer's work of the Cumberland Exca-
' vation Committee was directed principally to the
exploration, during the second half of last August, of an
unknown piece of the Vallum between Craggle Hill and
Walton. It resulted in the addition to the map of about
a mile and a half of this earthwork, hitherto marked only
by conjecture and marked wrong. Incidentally a mile-
castle Was verified, and a piece (as it seemed) of the
Mural Road was detected in the same neighbourhood. A
small stone structure, sometimes called a Roman watch-
tower, which stands on Gillalees Beacon near the Maiden
Way, was also examined. Brief as the record is, it marks
an advance in our knowledge of the Roman Wall, and it
is therefore satisfactory. It cannot be too often repeated
that we shall never properly understand the Wall or solve
its problems until we have acquired by excavation a far
more minute knowledge of it than we at present possess.
This fact was strikingly illustrated by a brief excavation
made in September at Chesters in Northumberland. This
excavation was, of course, not the work of the Cumberland
Committee, but it was connected therewith, and may fitly
be recorded here.* It shewed that two distinct periods of
construction can be traced at Chesters. First, there was
a wall with a ditch in front — possibly an earthen or turf
wall and possibly with a fort behind it, but on these two
points direct evidence is lacking. Then the wall was des-
troyed, the ditch filled up for 430 feet, and a new wall of
stone was substituted and the fort built which we now
see, standing across the original line and over the fiUed-
up ditch. The result takes place beside the similar case
•
An account was communicated to the Newcastle Society of Antiquaries in
ober IQOO.
October 1900
76 REPORT ON THE CUMBERLAND EXCAVATIONS.
of Birdoswald, where the earlier turf wall and later stone
wall were distinguished in our excavations of 1895-8.
Hitherto, Birdoswald had stood alone and afforded no 1
good basis for induction. Perhaps even the two instances J
are insufficient, but they suggest a new vista in Mural
research ; they place the Mural problem in a new light.
As before, the excavations in Cumberland were greatly
aided by the kindness of landowners and farmers, who
granted all necessary permissions with great readiness.
The Committee is especially indebted, as in so many
previous years, to Lord Carlisle, for leave to dig upon his
land and for many facilities; to Mr. F. P. Johnson of
Castlesteads, for leave to dig at High Dovecote ; to Mrs.
Brown, for leave to dig at Howgill ; to Mr. Harding, for
leave to dig at Low Dovecote; to the Rev. C. P. Calvert,
for leave to dig near Walton ; further to Mr. Brown of
Low Wall, to Mr. Harrison of Low Dovecote, to Mr.
Johnstone of Nook-on-Lyne, to Mr. Wilson of Walton, to
Mr. Wilson of Gillalees, tenants of land excavated, for
leaves and friendly help. In some of the preliminary
arrangements we were much helped by Mr. R. G. Graham
of Beanlands Park and by Mr. W. James of Lanercost.
All the digging was, as usual, done under supervision —
and for the sense which we attach to supervision we may
refer to our last report. For valuable aid in surveying
and planning the Committee and the Society are once
more indebted to Mr. and Mrs. Hodgson.
Our plans for 1900 had been largely formed before the
death of Chancellor Ferguson. This is not the place to
express either the public or the personal loss which that
death has occasioned to the present writer and to th
other members of the Committee. But we recollect that
excavation was one of Mr. Ferguson's keenest archaeo
logical wishes. He was unable himself to take active part
in the actual digging and supervision, but he never ceased
his efforts to promote it in every way. We shall be
carrying out one of his desires, if we continue the work
the
li£'
.v ^
OT^«
P\3BUC
\;i
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T»
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_j^nO>
fOO
f*OA
yvMLL
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-rzzzii-t;5irrriacir"r™rrf:riri:---: vallum
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e.
REPORT ON THE CUMBERLAND EXCAVATIONS. 77
which he held, and rightly held, to be so important. In
1901 we trust to be able to trace the line of the Vallum
further west from Walton to Castlesteads and Newtown,
and thus finally close this great gap in our knowledge of
its course. Some points also await excavation west of
Carlisle — for instance, on the eastern shore of Burgh
Marsh, near to Dykesfield, where a cursory inspection
made this summer shewed that the spade is needed to test
traditional accounts.
I. — The Vallum. (Plate I.)
From the western slope of Craggle Hill, above Laner-
cost, to Newtown-of-Irthington, the line of the Vallum
has hitherto been practically unknown. Map makers
have, of course, laid it down in various ways with more or
less confidence, but their assertions rest on no real basis
of knowledge, and agree in nothing except in being
guesses. It is desirable to abolish this gap- in our know-
ledge, which is nearly three miles in length. We had
already, in 1898, made a commencement. In that year,
however, we were able only to prove that the lines laid
down on the map west of Castlesteads, were incorrect.
This year we determined to begin at the eastern end, near
Craggle Hill, and our efforts were successful. We traced
the Vallum across the farms of Howgill, Low Wall, and
High Dovecote, running roughly parallel to the Wall at a
distance of about 400 feet south of it. At High Dovecote
it meets farm buildings and a modern road, and search
for it is impossible : beyond these are the alluvial holms
along King Water, in which also excavation is unlikely to
yield results. We found the Vallum, however, on Walton
Hill. The Wall bends here and the Vallum bends with
it, and continues westwards, again roughly parallel to it
and about 600 feet south of it, but slightly diverging
southwards. Its course is, therefore, in every respect
normal and requires no comment.
78 REPORT ON THE CUMBERLAND EXCAVATIONS.
It may be convenient, even if tedious, to add some
details of the trenches which yielded these results.
I. We commenced on the Howgill estate, in the north-
east corner of the ** Wall field *' (No. 185 on the 25-inch
O.S.), close to a cottage called The Wall, which stands
on the actual line of the Wall, and which is also (as Mrs.
Brown told us) the last survivor of a little group of cot-
tages, mostly pulled down in 1780-1830. Starting from the
garden fence of this cottage, 28 feet east of it, we dug a
trench 300 feet long due southwards : the north end of
this trench is about 30 feet south of the Wall. At 131
feet from the fence, that is 160 feet from the Wall, we
found what seemed to be traces of the Mural Road, much
damaged — a packed layer of cobbles and freestone, ten
feet wide. Two trenches, 28 feet eastwards and 21 feet
westwards, shewed similar remains: a third trench 21
feet further west yielded nothing. This seems to be the
Mural Road, but it might also concern the old cottages,
though these seem to have stood a little way off. What-
ever it is, it has been much ruined by ploughing, and it
may have originally been much wider. At 271 feet from
the hedge, that is 200 feet from the Wall, we found the
Vallum ditch, 23 feet wide and 5 feet deep, very plainly
preserved. The north bank of it sloped gently, the
south bank very steeply ; which difference is probably
due to some disturbance, perhaps to a slipping forward of
the original south bank. A parallel trench, 96 feet west-
wards, showed the north bank of the Vallum ditch and
confirmed our results.
2. After some abortive trenches in the Far Bell Close
(O.S. 176) on the Howgill estate, we moved to the Well
Field (O.S. 172) on Low Wall farm. Here a trench 78
feet long was dug in the north-east corner of the field, and
revealed the ditch of the Vallum 23 feet wide and about 4
feet 3 inches deep, except at the north side, where it sank
to 4 feet 9 inches. A second trench, at 200 feet westwards,
confirmed the last by shewing the south side of the ditch :
REPORT ON THE CUMBERLAND EXCAVATIONS. 79
the slope was very steep, about 2 J to i, and may be due
to the bank (here largely sand) having slipped forward.
It may be convenient to note that the fourth tree in the
east hedge of the field, counting from the north-east
corner of the field, stands over the northern part of the
Vallum ditch.
3. At the other end of the same field near its north-west
corner, a short trench (16 feet long) shewed the south
side of the ditch and the bottom of it, with much black
matter in it, at 5 feet 10 inches below the present surface.
It may be convenient to add that four oak trees which
here stand along the north hedge of the field in a row
seem all to stand over the north side of the Vallum ditch.
4. Our next trench was dug in Croft Close (O.S. 167),
belonging to Low Wall farm. After an abortive trench
90 feet long, we found the ditch of the Vallum under a
definitely-marked "slack," which runs westward across
the field down to a little dip. This slack is noteworthy,
for it is the only point in the neighbourhood where the
present surface reveals the ditch buried below.
5. Continuing westwards, we next trenched the ** High
Field '' of High Dovecote farm (O.S. 228) at about 125
feet from its eastern hedge. Our trench, 25 feet long, just
covered the Vallum ditch, 23 feet long, with black matter
at the bottom.
6. In the next field, the Croft (O.S. 226), we dug a
trench 90 feet long, at 130 feet from the north-east corner
of the field and 206 feet from its north-west corner, and
found the south side of the Vallum ditch at its north end.
The depth of the bottom was 4J-5 feet below the present
surface : the slope of the side is a little steeper than x
upon I. A second trench, 116 feet east of this one,
showed the south slope of the ditch in its proper place.
Here the ditch begins to coincide with the modern road,
and here we lost it for some distance. We made efforts
to find it-on both sides of the road below the building of
the two Dovecote farms, trenching both in Low Kiln
8o REPORT ON THE CUMBERLAND EXCAVATIONS.
Garth field (O.S. 211) and opposite it (O.S. 221) to a
considerable extent, but in vain.
7. We next dug in the large grass-park called Bendle's
Croft (west of the King Water), belonging to the Sandy-
sike estate (O.S., 150 and 159, now one field;. We
trenched the lower (eastern) part of this field in vain, both
in its north-east and south-east portions. The subsoil
here shewed that, before the field was drained and brought
under cultivation, there must have been much peat and
soft ground here, but though this peat had left behind
much " black matter," such as is often found in the
bottom of the Vallum ditch, no satisfactory traces of the
ditch could be found. At last, however, we dug a trench
420 feet long across the field further up the hill, and, at
the south end of it, we found the ditch, 7 feet below the
present surface and apparently 28 feet wide, but our
trench probably cut it obliquely.
8. After some more searching, we found the ditch again
about 85 feet east of the western hedge of the same
Bendle's Croft. Here and in the succeeding trenches a
layer of mould and " forced " soil, three feet thick, over-
lies the untouched soil which forms our criterion, and
considerably added to the difficulty of digging. The ditch
was 23 feet wide from tip to tip of untouched soil, and its
bottom was 8 feet 8 inches below the present surface.
9. A trench in the eastern part of the next field (O.S.
158), about 115 feet west of that just described, yielded
similar features at the south slope of the ditch ; the north
slope was not dug out. The bottom of the ditch was 5
feet 8 inches below the present surface ; the north slope
shewed a steepness of 2 feet in i. On the other side of
the same field another trench, 26 feet long, shewed again
the south slope of the ditch and its flat bottom, here g
feet below the present surface, with black vegetable matter
lying on it, above that a thin layer of grey clay, and above
that the mixed soil which fills most of the ditch, mixed
red and grey clay.
REPORT ON THE CUMBERLAND EXCAVATIONS. 8l
9. Finally, a trench in the next field (O.S. 167) shewed
again the south bank of the Vallum ditch in line with, but
less well preserved than the parts found in the preceding
trenches.
These excavations were supervised by Mr. R. P. L.
Booker, M.A., F.S.A. and the present writer, and sur-
veyed by Mr. T. H. Hodgson, who has prepared the plan.
II. — Miscellaneous.
1. A fragment of ancient roadway, now 10 feet wide,
was found in our first trench, just 160 feet south from the
line of the wall, and may well be a piece of the Mural
Road. It is described above.
2. Surface indications, suggesting a milecastle, have
often attracted attention in a field on Low Wall farm
called Castle Field (O.S. 173). The north hedge of this
field stands on the ruins of the Wall, and a trifling eleva-
tion, about 70 feet square, occupies a position suitable for
a milecastle, and is of a proper size, We were able to
trace a part of the west wall of the milecastle and the
t
point where this wall joins the Great Wall. The mile-
castle was either bonded into the Great Wall or was
constructed before it. As only the foundation course
survives, it is not possible to decide between these two
- alternatives, but it is certain that the milecastle was not
82 REPORT ON THE CUMBERLAND EXCAVATIONS.
built up against a pre-existing wall. The presence of a
healthy turnip crop prevented our excavating the mile-
castle further, but we very much doubt if further excava-
tion would be profitable. The structure has evidently
been robbed to its foundations.
The trench at the milecastle was supervised and
measured by Mr. Booker and the present writer.
3. The supposed site of another milecastle at Walton, a
mile west of the preceding, was also trenched. Here, at
the south-east corner of the hamlet, is a mound contained
by the angle of the modern road, in the corner of the field
called Bendle's Croft, already mentioned, and this mound
has usually been described as the remains of a milecastle.
We were not able to find any definite traces. On the
east side the elevation appears to be undisturbed ground ;
on the north our trenches sank five feet through very
slightly mixed soil to the undisturbed ground below, and
on the level of that we met a few scattered bits of freestone
and cobble. The same result, at less depths, was yielded
by trenches across the supposed line of the Wall between
the mound and the Black Bull Inn. We hope to obtain
better evidence next summer, but it is obvious that the
site has been much robbed. How the mixed soil accu-
mulated to a thickness of five feet, being purely soil and
not debris of buildings, is a question for geologists.
The trenches here were supervised by the present
writer.
4. There is on Gillalees Beacon, close to the supposed
line of the Maiden Way, a lonely ruined structure of stone,
which Mr. Maughan and others after him have held to be a
Roman watch-tower. Mr. Maughan gives it no name ; an
estate map of 1830, belonging to Lord Carlisle, calls it
Robin Hood's Butt, and the appellation seems to be still
known in the neighbourhood.* We had long desired to
excavate it, and an opportunity offered this summer. It
* There is also a Robin Hood's Well about 370 yards to the south-west of it.
REPORT ON THE CUMBERLAND EXCAVATIONS. 83
proved to be a nearly square building, with walls 32-34
inches thick, and measuring externally on the north side
18 feet, on the east 19 feet 10 inches, on the south 17
feet, and on the west 20 feet. The walls are built of
stones in regular courses ; the highest part being on the
west side) where the outer face shewed 10 courses and
foundations, making in all 5 feet 9 inches. A consider-
able quantity of fallen stones lie around. In character the
masonry seemed quite indistinctive, such as might or
mi^ht not be Roman, except that a few stones and
especially a quoin at the south-west corner suggested
modern tools. There is no door or visible entrance any-
where ; the interior is bottomed with clay which had
probably been brought there, and the highly experienced
drainer who dug the structure out suggested that it might
be a reservoir for water. Certainly there is a small spring
inside which hindered our operations a little. No minor
remains of any sort whatever were found, unless two tiny
bits of a red stuff, which might possibly be tile or brick.
The ground all round the structure seems to have been
very slightly hollowed when it was constructed, not in the
manner of a ditch, but perhaps to provide the above-
mentioned clay. The position of the structure is curious.
It commands a wide-spreading view to south and west,
as indeed does all the hillside near it. Many points of
the Wall from Winshields to the Solway can be clearly
seen from it, and in particular the site of the fort at
Birdoswald, from which in turn the little mound which
marks the ruin can easily be descried. But its view in
the opposite direction is extremely brief. If ever it was a
watch-tower, Roman or medieval, it must have been rein-
forced by other watch-towers very near it on the north.
But in the absence of any distinctively Roman features, it
will be safer, for the present at least, not to ascribe to
it a Roman origin. A suggestion has been made that it
was a shelter in mediaeval times for the beacon-watch on
Gillalees Beacon : it is, however, at some little distance
from the site usually assigned to the Beacon.
84 REPORT ON THE CUMBERLAND EXCAVATIONS.
The excavation here was supervised by the present
writer.
5. No minor objects of interest were found by us this
year. We could not, indeed, expect any, for we were
working far from forts or large Roman sites. We may,
however, mention an interesting parallel to the leaden
glans which we found in 1897 at Birdoswald. (Report for
1897, p. 200.) This is a rather smaller bullet of lead,
weighing 43-8 grammes or about i 7-i2th oz. avoirdupois.
and represented full size in the accompanying figure.
(Fig, 2.) It was found lately about 120 yards Dorth of
the Roman fort of Ambleside, and is the property of Mr.
H. S. Cowper, to whose kindnessi am indebted for a sight
of it. It has a curious little hole on one side, shewn in the
sketch, of which I cannot explain the reason. Similar
holes, I believe, occur in other glandes.
in.— Chesters. (Plate 11.)
Like most of the forts on the eastern section of the
Wall, the fort at Chesters occupies a curious position in
respect to the line of the Wall. It sits across that line,
with a part of its area projecting northwards. The Wall
does not coincide with its northern rampart, as it does
with the northern ramparts of Housesteads and Bird-
oswald, but meets the eastern and western sides midway,
at the south guard chambers of the north-east and north-
west gateways. (Fig. 3.) The reason for the arrangement
has often been discussed, and, among other guesses, the
conjecture has occasionally been put forward that the
northern part of the fort might be later than the original
vt***"
»♦**
REPORT ON THE CUMBERLAND EXCAVATIONS. 85
construction of the Wall — that is to say, that in the first
instance, the Wall and its ditch might have run straight
on (as in Fig. 4) ; subsequently the Wall and ditch might
have been destroyed and obliterated for a little distance,
and the fort of Chesters constructed or reconstructed
DITCH
8c WALL
DITCH
I
FORT
1
&WALL
Fig. 3. CHESTERS. Fig. 4.
ScALK : 8 Ghaikb = 1 Inch, or 1-6336.
in the shape in which we now see it. This theory can
be easily tested. If a ditch once extended across the
site, as in Fig. 4, and had since been filled up, a few
trenches across its line will at once reveal its existence
and its character. An opportunity for applying the test
offered itself in September ; Mrs. Clayton very kindly
gave all required facilities and permissions, and the
trenches were cut. The annexed plan shews the positions
of these trenches. The most easterly was a preliminary
precaution, intended to shew the general character of the
ground and the subsoil (gravel), and in particular to reveal
the width of the berm. Previous excavations by the late
Mr. John Clayton had shewn the exact line of the Wall ; it
was desirable for us to ascertain the exact position of the
ditch also, and this was given us when we found the bsrm
to be 22 feet wide.* The next set of trenches were dug
close to the north-east gate. A trench across its south
portal shewed undisturbed subsoil at a depth of two feet;
* Plate II. is slightly misleading in this respect, because the draftsman, in
making the gates clear, has made them a little too large and has therefore
exaggerated the distance between the ditch and the wall.
86
REPORT ON THE CUMBERLAND EXCAVATIONS.
a trench across its north portal seemed to shew disturbed
soil, but was stopped by an inrush of water, and a trench
inside the north-guard chamber was wholly prohibited by
the same obstacle. However, a trench 13 feet outside the
guard-chamber, on the line of the ditch, shewed disturbed
soil to a depth of 8 feet, with some bits of Roman pottery
in it and some " black matter," as usual, at the bottom.
FiC. 5. Q SCALE OF TEET. ^
Trench 5. Chesters. i— i_j — ■ i ■ 1 1 I 'l
The continuous black line shows the extent excavated.
The part left blank is the ancient Ditch.
The cross-hatching represents the gravel sulisoil, which has never been disturbed.
At A, the peat, leather, ^c, were foiuul.
The third trench, in the centre of the fort, revealed the
ditch still more clearly. (Fig. 5.) Beneath a layer of
stony debris, 3- 3 J feet thick, we found at each end of the
trench the normal gravel subsoil, and in the middle the
ditch, 27 feet wide. The subsoil at each end gave us
approximately the surface level which the Romans found,
though that level must actually have been a little higher
for the subsoil must, of course, have been covered by a
layer of surface mould. The actual edges of the original
ditch must, therefore, have been a little higher than what
we found, and the width of the ditch therefore a little greater
than 27 feet. It was interesting to meet on, or just below,
this Roman level a Roman drain in situ, running from S.
by E. to N. by W. — that is, obliquely to the streets and
ramparts of the fort, and also to the ditch. Beneath this
level, the ditch was found to be filled principally with
mixed gravel : under that came a thin stratum of blue
REPORT ON THE CUMBERLAND EXCAVATIONS. 87
grey clay — (compare trench 9 at Walton, p. 80) — and
under that again, at 7 feet 6 inches from the present
surface, a substantial layer of peat, with traces in it of
moss and of wood (alder and birch — one piece retaining
its silver bark,* and looking as if cut by a knife), some
animal's bones (a small piece of a deer's antler, etc.), a
bronze nail, and some leather, which appeared to be a
bag and a strap. This layer marked, as usual, the bottom
of the ditch : below it, at a depth of nine feet, lay the un-
touched gravel subsoil. We did not think it needful to dig
out all the ditch; nor, indeed, could we have done so with-
out displacing the above-mentioned drain. Its shape was
amply attested by the points actually excavated. It is
not flat bottomed like the Vallum ditch, but V-shaped (as
it is called) like the turf wall ditch at Birdoswald, the
ditch of the Wall, and the ditch of the Vallum of Pius in
Scotland. The steepness of the sides in these and other
V-shaped ditches is, of course, very rarely, if ever, so great
as that of the letter V. A further trench (No. 4) was dug
a little west of the one just described, to shew the con-
tinuance of the ditch, and revealed its northern slope well
preserved. Finally, a hole (No. 5), dug immediately
outside the outer face of the north guard-chamber of the
north-west gateway, shewed that the masonry does not
rest here upon untouched subsoil, but on a layer of
cobbles and other large stones.
The resemblance of the whole to Birdoswald, though
not complete, is very striking. At Birdoswald, which like
Chesters has six gates, the ditch of the turf wall was
found to traverse the area of the present fort from the
north-west to the north-east gateway, and the north
guard-chamber of the latter stands upon that ditch,
propped and supported by a mass of cobbles, just like the
north guard-chamber in the fifth trench at Chesters. At
* A piece of birch retaining its silver bark was found under the rampart of the
Roman fort at Ardoch {Proceedings 0/ the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland,
xxxii, 435, Note).
88 REPORT ON THE CUMBERLAND EXCAVATIONS.
each fort we have a clear instance of two periods — an
earlier and a later one. The difference between the two
is this — that at Chesters the reconstruction involved only
the projection of the fort beyond the earlier line, while at
Birdoswald the whole line of wall was moved forward,
both east and west of the fort, for a distance of some two
miles.
It does not immediately follow that the reconstructions
belong to the same period in each of the two cases. It is
conceivable that the two are distinct, each due to its own
local causes. But it is obviously not quite probable, and
in this respect the new discovery at Chesters makes a
striking contribution to our Mural researches. So long as
the Birdoswald turf wall stood alone, no sound con-
clusions could well be based upon it. But now beside the
original turf wall and later fort and wall of stone at Bird-
oswald, we can place an original line (of unknown
character, it is true) and a later fort and wall of stone
at Chesters. And we can add from the immediate
vicinity of Chesters a third example, which might
before have been preferably explained by local reasons.
The bridge across the North Tyne is notoriously a
double bridge — part of it is a relic of an earlier bridge,
the rest a later and larger structure.* And the Wall
is certainly not earlier than the second bridge. Here
again, then, we have the existing stone wall identified,
more or less, with a secondary period of construction.
Different minds will estimate the weight of these facts
differently. Perhaps the wisest course will be to seek
for yet more evidence of the two periods which the
joint testimonies of Chesters and Birdoswald have now
brought out of the region of pure guess-work into that of
serious criticism.
The excavations at Chesters were supervised by Mr. R.
C. Bosanquet, Mr. T. H. Hodgson, and the present writer.
* Sheriton Holmes, Archaologia AeHana, xvi. 328.
REPORT ON THE CUMBERLAND EXCAVATIONS. 89
• EXPENDITURE, 1900.
£ S. D.
Labour in Cumberland, including a
special gratuity ... ... 10 2 o
Compensation ... ... ... 220
12 4 o
The labour was paid for out of Oxford subscriptions ;
the compensation by the Cumberland and Westmorland
Society out of the residue of the jf 100 voted in 1894. Of
this sum only £/\ 3s. 5d. is now left. The special gratuity
was voted to Mr. John Nichol in recognition of his long
and valuable labours in our excavations. The expenses
of the work at Chesters were defrayed from a different
source.
APPENDIX.
The following passage is an extract from a letter by the dis-
tinguished French archaeologist and excavator, Colonel StofFel. The
letter is printed by Mr. T. Rice Holmes in his admirable volume on
Caesuras Conquest of Gaul, and explains the method by which the writer
discovered and traced out some of Caesar's encampments in Gaul
for the Emperor Napoleon III. This method is precisely that
which we have followed in the excavations described in our Reports.
It is by no means a method which is confined to ourselves and
Colonel StofFel, but it is less well understood than it ought to be,
and the lucidity of Colonel Stoffel's explanation made it seem
deserving of reproduction. We are indebted to Mr. Holmes for
permission readily accorded to reproduce the extract, and to his
publishers, Messrs. Macmillan, for a loan of the blocks with which
it is illustrated.
" Vous d6sirez savoir par quelle methode j'ai retrouve les traces
des camps que I'armee de Cesar construisit dans la guerre des
Gaules. II est necessaire de commencer k indiquer quelques
notions preliminaires. Les terrains dans lesquels ces camps furent
go REPORT ON THE CUMBERLAND EXCAVATIONS.
6tablis pr6sentent, comme tous les terrains cultiv^s, une couche
sup^rteure de terre v6g6tale, appelSe liumiis, laquelle vane d'fipais-
aeur selon les diff6renfes coDtr6es, et peut avoir depuis un ou deux
piede jusqu'ik quatre ou cinq pieds et plus.
" Au deasous de oette couche de terre vfegetale se trouve le terrain
vierge (ou le sous-sol), qui est, selon les contrees, ou marneux, ou
siliceux, ou calcaire. A Alesia (dans la plaine des Laumes) c'est de
la marne Spaisse et ferme ; i. Berry-au-Bac c'est uue marne plus
l^g&re; 4 la Roche-Blanche (ea face de Gergovia) c'est un calcaire
ferme et blanc Lorsque, apres une bataille, ou apr^s un si6ge,
I'arm^e romaine quittait son camp, les habitants du pays en
ditruisaient les retranchments afin de pouvoir de nouveau cultiver
ieurs champs, lis rejetaient les terres du parapet dans le fosse.
Ce fosse 6tait, de la sorte, plein d'uiie terre milan^ie, composfie de
terre v^getale, de terre vierge, et souvent d'objets que, les soldats
romaios avaient pu laisser sur le parapet, tels que debris d'armes,
boulets en pierre, moonaies, ossements, etc. Pendant quelque
temps la partie sup6rieure du fosse combl& pr^santait la forme AS
(slightly convex), i. cause du foisonnement des terres ; mais avec le
temps, et grSce ^ la culture de chaque annSe, elles se tassaient au
niveau du sol avoisinant, ce qui fait que partout les traces des
camps de Cesar out disparu. En tout cas, la terre de remplissage
des fosses est une isrre meitbU et, fait important k remarquer, eile
reste meuble, sans jamais reprendre la consistance du terrain
vierge, si bien qu' aujourd'hui, aprfis aooo ans Scoul6s, eile se
d^tache ais6ment ik la pioche. C'est la ce qui permet de retrouver
les fosses lorsqu' on a su determiner I'emplacement d'un camp.
" Cela pos6, voici comment j'ai toujours procfid6 pour retrouver
les fosses d'un camp. Soit ABCD une 6tendue de terrain dans
laquelle je supposais plac^ le camp qu'il s'agissait de dficouvrir ; et
admettons, pour fixer les id^es, que la couche de terre v6getale ait
70 centimetres d'6paisseur. Je plafais les ouvriers, avec pelles et
pioches, sur plusieurs files //f., dans une direction perpendiculaire k
un des c6t^s supposes du camp, les ouvriers de chaque file k 20 ou
30 mitres les uns des autres. Chaoun d'eux 6tait charge d'enleve'
REPORT ON THE CUMBERLAND EXCAVATIONS.
91
la couche de humus sur deux pieds de largeur. Si, apres avoir
enlev6 cette couche sur 70 centimetres de profondeur, lis sentaient
que leurs pioches frappaient un terrain resistant, c*est que celui-ci
n*avait jamais 6t6 remu6 et qu'on n'^tait pas sur le fosse romain.
Les ouvriers continuaient alors k avancer, et cela tant qu'il ne se
produisait rien de nouveau. Mais lorsqu'ils arrivaient, sans s'en
douter, sur le foss6 en xy, c'etait autre chose. Alors, apr^s avoir
enlev6 la terre v6g6tale jusqu' k la profondeur de 70 centimetres, ils
ne trouvaient plus, comme pr6cedemement, un sol vierge resistant ;
au contraire, ils recontraient une terre meuble qui se d^tachait
facilement, ce qui permettait de supposer qu'elle avait 6te autrefois
remu6e. Je faisais alors 61argir la tranch6e en lui donnant six
<^4arg^eur du fosse-
->
JfD
tranchee •' tranchee elargie
!«<j
pieds de largeur (cd) au lieu de deux pieds (xy), afin que les ouvriers
pussent travailler plus commod6ment; et ils approfondissaient la
92 REPORT ON THE CUMBERLAND EXCAVATIONS.
tranchte jusqu' k ce qu' iU recontrassent le sol natureL D'aillears
on reconnassait blentdt si on £tait, oui ou non, sur le foss£ roraain ;
car, si on y 6taif rfiellement, on distinguait sans peine sur les deux
bords ec eXfi de la franchde, a droite et k gatiche des ouvriers, le
profil dii fossfi qui se dfitachait par la couleur de terre vierge qui
I'encadrait.
" Je n'ai rien vu de plus curieux que les profils des petits foseSs
du petit camp que j'ai mis i d6couvert sur la colline de la Rocbe-
Blanche. Ltl, la couche de terre v6g6tale, 6paisse tout au plus de
50 ^ 60 centimetres (si j'ai bonne m^moire), repose sur un sol de
calcaire dur et blanc comme de la craie ; aussi les fosses du camp,
remptiH d'ane terre mfilangSe de humus et de craie, pr6seotaient-iis
des profils qui tranchaient sur la terre dont ils 6taient entourts
aussi nettemenf que le triangle ABC ci-contre tranche sur le papier
'nr^ NEW YORK
, PUSUC LlgHARY.
ROMAN SEPULCHRAL SLAB FROM OLD CARLISLE.
(93)
Art. IV. — Roman Sepulchral Slab from Old Carlisle. By
Archibald Sparke, Curator, Tullie House.
Read at Carlisle, June zoth, 1900.
I HAVE the honour to direct your attention to a recent
acquisition to the Tullie House Museum of a Roman
sepulchral slab, which comes from Conygarth, near the
Roman station of Old Carlisle, near Wigton. It was
turned up by the plough in a field on the estate of Mrs.
Jefferson as far back as 1891.
It is of creamy sandstone, and measures 2 feet 5 inches
high by i foot 11 inches broad. There are parts of two
figures to be seen on it. One is evidently a seated
woman ; the upper part is missing from the waist, and she
holds in her left hand, which rests on her lap, a bird. To
the woman's left stands what I take to be the figure of a
boy, probably holding another bird. This figure is i foot
II inches high, and is in a very fair state of preservation;
the feet are missing, and the forehead and hands are
somewhat worn.
The accompanying photograph will present the stone
to your minds better than any description of mine. I
may, however, mention that the sculpture of the woman
is similar to those on the two stones numbered 54 and 70,
already in the Museum, and described in the Transactions,
vol. XV., pages 485 and 490.
(94)
Art. V. — Gerard Lowther's House, Penrith (Two Lions
Inn) : Its purchase by him, Descent, and Social Life
associated with its subsequent Owners. By George
Watson.
Read at Carlisle, 20th June, 1900.
IN Vol. IV. of the Transactions of this Society there is a
paper, the joint production of those two eminent and
ever-to-be-lamented antiquaries, the late Mr. Wm. Jackson
and Dr. M. Taylor, on the ** Two Lions Inn," or Gerard
Lowther's House in Penrith.
Without recapitulating the leading facts adduced in
that valuable paper, I now offer some additional data as
supplemental to it, which I have been enabled to do,
having been favoured by the then owner of the house, Mr.
Jas. Dixon, with the perusal of the ancient deeds of the
house and the lands originally appurtenant thereto.
Mr. Jackson, after detailing much interesting historical
data of Gerard Lowther's lineage and career, gives an
extended pedigree of the persons whose arms are placed
in the panels of the plaster rib-work.
The following is my description of the ceiling,
explaining the accompanying drawing of the heraldry of
the shields : —
The group begins with Henry Lord Clifford, the
shepherd lord of Wordsworth's beautiful poem, ** Song at
the Feast of Brougham Castle," and his wife Florence
Pudsey, from whom, through their daughter Dorothy,
married to Hugh Lowther of the second shield, descended
the eight Lowthers, who with John Lowther (shield No.
3), the father of Hugh Lowther, make the nine represented
on the ceiHng, who, however, comprise only four genera-
tions. Christopher Lowther, son and heir of Richard of
GERALD LOWTHER*S HOUSE. 95
the fourth shield, alone represents the fourth generation.
This Christopher, who died 1617, married again, as Sir
Christopher Lowther, the widow of Robert Burdett of
Bramcote, Mary, daughter of the Rev. Thomas Wilson,
D.D., Dean of Durham and Secretary of State to Queen
Elizabeth. Mrs. Burdett was mother of Sir Thomas
Burdett, and brought with her to Lowther three daughters
— Elizabeth, Lettice, and Bridget* Elizabeth, while at
Lowther, was married February 9th, 1613, to Mr. Anthony
Hutton of Hutton Hall, Penrith, when she became for 60
years a power in the parish of Penrith. On the death of
Sir Christopher in 1617, Lady Mary, and her daughters
Lettice and Bridget, came to reside with her daughter and
son-in-law at Hutton Hall, Penrith, from where Lettice
was married at St. Andrew's Parish Church, June 9th,
1623, to Richard Skelton, Esq., of Armathwaite. Bridget
was married to William Whelpdale, of Penrith ; her six
children were baptised at Penrith Church, where also she
was buried November 28, 1636. Lady Mary Lowther
died June i, 1622, and was buried in St. Andrew's choir
of Penrith Church, the burial place of the Penrith
Huttons. All these events are recorded in the Penrith
Registers.
To return to the story of Gerard Lowther's house. A
curious bungle has been made by the workman in model-
ling the shields, by which the heraldry is strangely
falsified. Instead of reversing the design in the mould in
which the shield was to be cast he modelled it direct, face
upwards, with the result that when the shield came out of
the mould the design was reversed, and the heraldry
perverted, the wife's family arms "impaling" (i.e., coming
before) the husband's, instead of the husband's coming
first; also, by reversing the "charges," changing their
proper significance.
It will be observed in the accompanying drawing of
Gerard Lowther's ceiUng that in the tenth panel the arms
of Lowther and Musgrave have the same charges — six
96 GERARD LOWTftER*S HOUSE.
annulets (three, two, and one), but of different colours.
This is accounted for by Anne Clifford, Countess of Pem-
broke, in her famous journal, in which she gives a history
of her ancestors, the Vetriponts and Cliffords. After
stating that John Vetripont, in the time of King Henry
III., sold off considerable portions of the land of his
barony, thereby founding some of the now ancient families
of Westmorland, she adds that ** the seal of arms of the
Vetriponts is still extant in wax, the impression being a
man on horseback bearing a shield charged with annulets,
these being the proper arms of the family of Vetriponts,"
adding that *' the greatest of the gentry in Westmorland
who obtained their lands from John Vetripont have their
coat of arms charged with the like annulets, though
differing in one colour from another." The Vetripont
arms were the same as those of Lowther, except that the
Vetripont annulets were red, those of Lowther being
black.
On the ceiling of the parlour is the date ** 1585," which
Mr. Jackson pronounced to be the date at which the
house was built by Gerard Lowther, whom he described at
the commencement of his paper as *' the builder and
original inhabitant of the dwelling." The ancient deeds,
however, tell a different tale. I find by the earliest deed,
dated August 21st, 1584, that Gerard Lowther then pur-
chased the house called Newhall, situate in Dockray,
from Mr. Thomas Brisbie, the ornamented ceiling of the
parlour, bearing the date 1585, being put up the year
following ; and that of the bedroom over it, containing the
arms of Gerard Lowther and his wife, with the letters
" G. L. L.," for Gerard and Lucy Lowther, in the next
year (1586). Thus the lawyer's deeds prove the futility
of assuming that the date of a plaster ceiling, without
historical evidence to confirm it, is the date of the erection
of the house. It may be suggested that the house as it
came into Gerard Lowther's hands was an insignificant
one, and that he rebuilt it. The reasons against this are,
F\Rjc Place.
— 'PLASTEF^CEILINBapPAF^LOUl^ EeI^ARD LdwTHEF(S HDUSE TWD Lh
CeiLIHG 19ft. by 16 ft.
GBRARD LOWXHRR'S HOUSEi 97
first, it does not appear possible that a house of that size
and importance could have been erected and finished, to
the elaborate ceilings,, bet ween August 21st and any part
of the year, following ; and, secondly, that if Gerard
erected the house, he would not have been likely to have
adopted its former name of NewhalL
In the deed of conveyance from Thomas Brisbie to
Gerard Lowther, the latter describes himself as- of " Hut-
tonione." That this is Hutton John is proved by the
Gre3^toke Parish Registers of that time, when^ in entries
of the Hutton: John family, the place-name is spelled
" Huttonion " or " Huttonione." When, in 1584, Gerard
Lowther describes himself as of Hutton Jbhn, that-
ancient house was in the possession of Thomas Hoton, the
last in the male line of his race. He was> childless, and
his two sisters, Catherine and Mary, were his co-heirs.
The former had married Edmond Dddley, of Yanwath,
nephew of Gerard's wife, Lucy Dudley J The residence of'
Gerard and his wife at Hutton. John may therefore be
accounted for either as being guests of Thomas Hoton, or
as temporary tenants of the house. Thomas Hoton 's
sister Mary, in^ 1564, had married Andrew Huddleston^
whose son Joseph, in. 1615, had Hutton John transferred
to him.
By the deed of conveyance of Newhall, dated August
aist, 1584, Thomas Brisbie, of Penrith, gentleman^ forthe
sum of two hundred and four score pounds sold to Gerard
Lowther, Esquire, of Huttonione : —
A tenement and' Garths called Newhall, together with land in
T5nDe Syke (Dog Beck), an acre of land at the south end of the
town, five roods in Atkinson wife close, three roods at the Myhie
Cross, half an acre upon Potter walke, and two tenements with five
acres and three roods of land.
The apparently small price paid- for the property is
accounted' for by the greater value of money at that time,
it being six or- seven times the value of money at the
present' day;
98 GERARD LOWTHER'S HOUSE.
Mr. Thomas Brisbie, or Bresby, the original owner of
Newhall, was of an armorial family. His pedigree and
coat of arms are given in Foster's book of Visitation
Pedigrees, and the early Penrith Registers abound with
Brisby entries. Thomas Brisbie*s daughter Mabel was
mother of William Robinson, the wealthy grocer of
London City, who so munifieiently endowed the charities
of Penrith in the seventeenth century.
Of Gerard Lowther, the purchaser of the ancient house
of the Brisbies, there are only two entries in the Penrith
Registers, but they are of special interest. They stand : —
1596, December 30, Mrs. Lucie, wife of Gerard Lowther, Esquire,
buried.
1597, July 14, at night, Mr. Gerard Lowther, Esquire, was buried in
the south church door.
This unique burial was no doubt in the south porch of
the original church mentioned in Bishop Nicolson's visi-
tation to Penrith, a.d. 1704, while as yet the original
church had not been ruthlessly demolished. This record
of burial at night is the only reference in the Penrith
Registers to the picturesque and sensational custom of
burial by torchlight, much favoured by the gentry of the
sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
Gerard Lowther died only two months before the out-
break of the terrible visitation of plague in Penrith, or,
more correctly speaking, before it was declared in the
Registers : — " Here began the plague, God's punishment
in Penrith," for the death rates of the preceding year
show that the mortality in Penrith was 200 per cent, over
ordinary times, and when Gerard and his wife were buried
the death-rate was as serious as it was for the next six
months after the foregoing announcement of the beginning
of the pestilence was made.
The next following deed shows that 29 years after the
death of Gerard the elder, the house was sold by a Gerard
Lowther to Mrs. Mary Grame or Graham. The deed is
GERARD LOWTHER'S HOUSE. 99
dated 1626, and by it " Gerard Lowther of Dublin in the
realm of Ireland Esquire, sells to Mary Grame his house
called Newhall in Dockray, and a house and garden at
Dockray Yeate (Gate) for the sum of two hundred and
twenty pounds." According to the Lowther visitation
pedigree, this Gerard Lowther was son of Sir Richard
Lowther, elder brother of Gerard the elder, and styles him
Sir Gerard Lowther, Chief Justice of Common Pleas in
Ireland. From Sir Richard Lowther's monument in
Lowther Church (as given by Hutchinson), we learn that
" Sir Richard kept plentiful hospitality for 57 years, died
27th January, 1607, aged 77." This puts his birth A.D.
1530, and makes him 67 years of age when his brother
Gerard died.
The Lowther visitation pedigree gives him eight sons
and seven daughters, and makes Gerard, the younger, his
fourth son. Mr. William Jackson . assumes that Gerard,
the younger, inherited Newhall from his Uncle Gerard,
the elder. This may have been the case, for it is recorded
in the Calendar of State papers of the reign of Queen
Elizabeth, edited by Robert Lemon, Esq., that in 1580
there was "a Petition from Richard Lowther, Gerard
Lowther the elder, and Gerard Lowther the younger for
the lease of certain lands in Westmorland promised to
them by the Earl of Leicester for their services." Now,
as Gerard, the younger, was legally entitled to join his
father and uncle in petitioning the Queen, he must have
reached man's estate, and have been at least 21 years old,
putting his birth in 1559, and making him 38 years old
when his Uncle Gerard (the elder) died, and 67 years old
when he sold the house in 1626. It is certain, however,
that the "Gerard Lowther, of Dublin, in the realm of
Ireland," who sold Newhall to Mrs. Grame, and was
afterwards Chief Justice of Common Pleas in Ireland,
was another Gerard Lowther altogether.
This is proved by dates kindly obtained for me at the
Public Record Office, Dublin, by Sir Edmund T. Bewley,
/ \
LOO GBRA^D AJQWTHBR'SIKDUSB.
LLiD.^ilate a Judge ofrthe Supreme t'Cdutt of Judicatare
in Ireland, which ^ow *that the Genard iLowther >who
subsequently beeanne Justice, ; first 'took legal office in
Ireland in 1622, was appointed Chief Justice. in 1634/died
and was buried in Dublin in .1660. If, therefore, he was
Gerard, the son of Richard, and nephew of Gerard the
elder, as given in Lowther pedigrees, ' he would at death
be 10 1 years old. This, I submit, makes it certain that
the Lowther pedigrees are in error in tracing the descent
.from Richard Lowther to the Chief Justice of Ireland.
Gerard Lowther's house in Penrith having passed from
a Gerard Lowther, of Dublin, in Ireland (whoever he was
by parentage), to Mrs. Grame or Graham, was about
1656-1659 sold by her heirs to Mr. Thomas Langhorne, of
Penrith, at which time the name had been changed to
Dockray Hall.
In a deed of 1792, the property is described as " A
capital mansion house or messuage and t tenement called
and known by the name of Newhall, in a street in Penrith
called Dockray, and now commonly called Dockray
Hall." It must have been at a much later time still when
the house, having become known as the Two Lions Inn,
the name of Dockray Hall was adopted by the owners
of ' the ancient mansion of the Whelpdales, now the
Gloucester Arms Inn, still called Dockray Hall.
The sign of the Two Lions, Mr. Jackson says, " owes
its origin to two shields bearing the Dudley arms (a « lion
rampant), which once existed on the outside of the
building." This is somewhat vague, since it does not
appear likely that Gerard Lowther would put his wife's
family arms in two places on the outside of the house.
The Dudley arms are "a lion rampant, with 'a 'forked
tail"— i.^., the tail branches off at the middle of its length
into two, but the modeller or carver of the Dudley lions
in the house has forked the tail close up to the lion's
back, making it appear as two distinct tails; and the
popular eye, seeing two tails, has concluded there: must
GERARD LOWTHER'S HOUSE, PENRITH.
102 GERARD LOWTHER S HOUSE,
Thomas Langhome, before mentioned, and here
iUnstrated : —
On the sides are the initials of Thomas and Elizabeth
Langhorn and the date 1586, and below is sculptured a
pair of clothier's shears, showing that Thomas Langhorn
was_ a merchant clothier. He had foUr sons and five
daughters. His eldest son, John, died young ; his second
son, Thomas, born 1578, was the purchaser of Gerard
Lowther's house from the heirs of Mrs. Graham. He
bought the property in two parts — the first moiety in 1656
from William Winter, son of Mrs. Graham's daughter
Cecile, and the second moiety in 1659 from Thomas and
Mungo Bewley.
The second moiety (^160) was repayment of money
lent to Mrs, Grame when she purchased the house by
George Bewley,' of Caldbeck, whose son William married
Mrs. Grame's daughter Elizabeth. On Mrs. Grame's
death the money was collectable by Thomas and Mungo
Bewley, heirs of George Bewley who had lent the money,
Mrs. Grame's daughter Elizabeth, being left a widow,
married Mr. Thomas Langhorne, who, by discharging the
debt, became sole owner of Newhall.
GERARD LOWTHER'S HOUSE. IO3
At this time Penrith was under the strict Puritan rule
of Cromwell's Parliament, and in the churchwardens'
book the name of Thomas Langhorn is introduced as
enforcing these rules. The entry stands thus : —
" Received of Thomas Langhorn Esq Justice of the peace
for this County, as penalties inflicted upon several
offenders to be distributed to the poor.'* The offences
were: — Sabbath breaking, 10; swearing, 10; drunken-
ness, 3 ; tippling, i. The fines vary from is. to 2s. 6d.,
and the offenders comprise all sorts and conditions of
men. Some leading men of the town appear in the list,
as William Whelpdale, is. for swearing ; Mr. Roger
Sleddel, for Sabbath breaking, is. Five swearers from
neighbouring parishes were probably " dropped upon " on
market days. Consequently, under Puritan rule, the
market-day people had to mind their " P.'s and Q.'s"
when they came into Penrith. The ladies did not escape.
One offender, Ann, the wife of William Davidson, had to
pay IS. for swearing. Now a shilling was then no trifle,
for a skilled mechanic's wages for a day was a shilling,
and a labourer's eightpence. Therefore, if Ann's husband
was a mechanic, she would begin to think when a whole
day's wages went that swearing was likely to become an
expensive luxury.
Another new duty would devolve upon Justice Lang-
horn. He would have to marry people. The Parliament
had abolished marriages in churches and constituted them
civil contracts, to be entered into before a Justice of the
Peace. The effect of this change is seen in the Parish
Registers, in which for the last seven years of Puritan rule
not a single marriage entry is to be found. It is, there-
fore, pretty certain that during these years the hymeneal
altar was transferred from St. Andrew's Church to Justice
Langhorn's house in Little Dockray, and subsequently to
Gerard Lowther's house, Newhall, where the nuptial knots
would be tied under the heraldic ceiling displaying the
great marriage alliances of the ancient Lowthers.
(104)
yl
Art. VI. — The Nelsons of Penrith. By G. Watson.
Read at Bowness-on- Windermere, i8th September, 1900.
pENRITH may claim to be the original home of the
^ Nelsons of the north. From the commencement of
the Penrith Parish Registers in 1556 to the middle of the
18th century, the entries in the name of Nelson far
exceeded those of any other name. The four surnames of
greatest numerical importance were Nelson^ Stephenson
(with its variants Steinson and Stevenson), Robinson, and
Harrison, the entries in the registers from the com-
mencement in 1556 to 1700 are : — Nelson, 720 ; Stephen-
son, 440 ; Robinson, 326 ; and Harrison, 304. After
1750, however, while the three last names became more
numerous that of Nelson decreased, until in the early
part of the present century it had almost disappeared from
the Penrith registers. Previous to this century, trades or
occupations were not mentioned in the registers except to
distinguish between men having the same baptismal and
surname ; hence it is that when Nelsons were most
numerous their occupations were generally disclosed, and
we find them employed in all departments of handicraft
and labour. Then as time went on, and the Nelson
entries in the registers decreased, the due proportion of
marriages, baptisms, and burials was still maintained,
showing that decrease of numbers was not due to
increased mortality, but to dispersion to wider fields of
enterprise than were to be found in Penrith. It is also
noticeable that as the Nelsons increased in numbers a
larger proportion of them occupied more responsible
social positions.
A typical case of a Penrith Nelson's successful career in
another part of England is recorded in the following
extract from the Shrewsbury Chromclei' —
THE NELSONS OF PENRITH. I05
THE LIONS AT THE LION HOTEL.
(May 31st, 1895.)
The inscription on a monument, formerly in St. Mary*s Church,
recorded that John Nelson, of this town, architect apd sculptor,
.died 17th April, 1812, aged 86. He was a native of Penrith, but
lived fifty years in this parish. The two lions were his work, and
he is mentioned in the Gentleman's Magazine as a statuary who will
be long remembered in this and the neighbouring counties where
specimens of his ingenuity may be seen in many of the churches
and in the mansions of nobility. The last efforts of his art are the
statue of Sir Rowland Hill on the top of the column in Hawkstone
Park, and the two sphinxes on the west entrance to Hawkstone
House. The Nag's Head Inn, on the Castle Gates, used to have a
sign which was carved by Nelson.
This Nelson, guided by the data given, is readily
identified in the Penrith registers in the entry : —
1726 April 9 John son of Richard and Ann Nelson, baptised.
Another Penrith " man of mark '* notable for his enter-
prise and for the widespread results of his career, and that
of his son and grandson, was a Nelson whose baptism
stands in the parish registers thus : —
1678 March 7 Thomas son of Hugh Nelson and Sarah his wife
baptised.
The marriage of Hugh and Sarah stands thus in the
registers : —
1674 Feb 5 Hugh Nelson and Sarah Jackson both of Penrith
married.
The bride was the youngest child of Mr. Thomas
Jackson, styled " schoolmaster " in the registers. He
would, of course, be master of the Grammar School — ^for
at that time there could be none other.
Thomas, the son of Hugh and Sarah, after making some
voyages of mercantile enterprise to Virginia — then the
" El Dorado " of Englishmen — finally settled there. Mr.
Thomas Nelson Page, of Washington, U.S., the author of
I06 THE NELSONS O? PENRITH.
" In Ole Virginia," *' The Old South," and other works
connected with the early history of the colony of Virginia,
is a descendant on his mother's side from the notable
Penrith colonist, and from his books and correspon-
dence I have been enabled to collect these notes on
the career of Thomas Nelson and his immediate
descendants. In '* Old South," Mr. Nelson Page says : —
The founder of Yorktown was Thomas Nelson, a young settler from
Penrith on the border of Scotland, who was for that reason called
" Scotch Tom." His father was a man of substance and position
in Cumberland, and was warden of the church in Penrith. The
warden's son, Thomas, looking to the New Worid to enlarge his
fortune, after making one or two trips across, finally settled at the
mouth of York River. Here he married Margaret Reid and soon
became one of the wealthiest men in the colony. His dwelling
known as the Nelson House still stands with its lofty chimneys and
solid walls — towering among the surrounding buildings — an enduring
pre-eminence which probably gratified the pride which tradition
says moved him to have the corner stone passed through the hands
of his infant heir. The massive door and small windows with the
solid shutters look as if the house had been constructed more with
a view to defence than to architectural grace.
How in time to come this was realised to the full will
be seen hereafter. Reading this graphic description of
" Scotch Tom's " — or, let us say, ** Penrith Tom's " —
niansion, one naturally wonders which of the i6th and
17th century manorial halls of Cumberland and West-
morland was the builder's model. One also wonders
when this enterprising merchant from Penrith made his
trips to Virginia before settling there, what commodities
he took with him on his six weeks' voyage across the
Atlantic. The most ready surmise is that they were
principally of Penrith's then staple trade — the products of
the tanner and the currier, and the handicraft of the
numerous glovers, shoemakers, belters, sadlers, &c., these
being the most likely goods to be wanted in the far south,
and, it may be added, the productions of the numerous
Nelsons of Penrith, who were extensively engaged in these
THE NELSONS OF PENRITH. I07
industries ; and, no doubt, on his return voyage he would
bring England an ever- welcome supply of Virginia's staple
produce — tobacco. That Thomas Nelson should have
been thought a Scotchman is likely enough, his Cumbrian
dialect being sufficiently uncouth to the southern ear to
be deemed Scotch.
To return to Mr. Thomas Nelson Page's interesting
reminiscences of his maternal ancestor's house at York-
town, he goes on to say : —
V
Here in this home of the Nelsons have been held receptions at
which have gathered Grymeses, Digges, Custises, Carys, Blands,.
Lees,- Carters, Pages, and others of the gay gentry of the old-
dominion.
The Blands here mentioned were the descendants of
Roger Bland, of Orton, .in Westmorland, of the time of
Henry VIII., whose son Adam, with what might be
thought an unpromising trade in his hands (that of a
skinner), went to London and founded a wide-world
posterity. A pedigree of the descendants of Roger Bland
was published by the Harleian Society in 1895, from
which I compiled a pedigree in narrative form suitable for
the columns of the Penrith Observer, in which it appeared.
Adam Bland, the London skinner, was Serjeant Pelletier
to Queen Elizabeth (1563). The ninth person in the
third descent was Theodorick Bland, a merchant at St.
Lucar in Spain, and afterwards in Virginia, where he
lived at Westover, on James River ; he died 1671, and
was buried in Westover Church, which he had built. In
the fourth descent is Giles Bland, son of Bertlet Bland,
on James River, Virginia, who suffered death for his share
in Bacon's rebellion in 1677, aged 29 years. The'Harleian
pedigree, which goes to the seventh descent, extending to
1827, includes numerous Blands, who were among the
leading gentry of Virginia.
Thomas Nelson, the Penrith colonist, died in 1745 ; his
tomb still remains, but has suffered much from war and
I08 THE NELSONS OF PENRITH.
weather. A description of it, kindly sent to me by Mr.
John Radcliffe, of Furlane Saddleworth, is from a MS.
book belonging to the late Joseph R. Nelson, copied by
Dr. Russell in the graveyard of Yorktown, Virginia, U.S.
It stands thus: — "Generosi filius Hugonis et Sariae
Nelson de Penrith in Comitatu Cumbriae, natus 20°*° die
Feb. A.D. 1677. He died in 1745. His tombstone is
headed by his arms, bearing a bar and three lilies." Mr.
Thomas Nelson Page describes the arms as " fleur-de-lis."
In this there is no material conflict. The fleur-de-lis is
defined in Boutell and Aveling's Heraldry as a " conven-
tional lily," and a lily in heraldry is often depicted con-
ventionally with a general resemblance to a fleur-de-lis,
and by persons with only an elementary acquaintance
with heraldry the two are often confounded with each
other.
The parents of Thomas Nelson, whose memory was so
piously commemorated on their son's tombstone in Vir-
ginia, had predeceased him — his mother by 12 and his
father by 11 years — they being buried, the mother on
September 30th, 1733, and the father the same month and
day of the month of the year following, she being 80 and
he 83 years of age.
Near the grave of Thomas Nelson is that of his son
William, marked by a tombstone, on which is an epitaph
in the wordy style peculiar to the period. It com-
memorates : —
The Hon. William Nelson Esq., late president of His Majestie's
Council in this Dominion, in whom the love of God so restrained . . .
and invigorated the mental power in general as not only to defend
him from the vices an^ follies of his age and country but also to
render it a matter of difficult decision in what part of laudable
conduct he most excelled, whether in the tender and endearing
accomplishments of domestic life, or in the more arduous duties of
a wider circuit, whether as a neighbour, a gentleman, or a magistrate,
whether in the graces of hospitality or piety (remainder
illegible).
He died 17th Nov An Dom iyif2 aged 61 years.
THE NELSONS OF PENRITH. lOQ
The inscription on Thomas Nelson's tomb (as tran-
scribed by Dr. Russell) " Generosi filius " is a vague term
understood to mean gentleman born, and involves a claim
to belong to an armorial family and the right to bear
arms. That Thomas Nelson came of a citizen family
engaged in trade in Penrith for five generations does not
necessarily disprove such a claim, for in the sixteenth and
seventeenth centuries it was no uncommon thing for men
of an armorial family to be so impoverished as to be under
the necessity of engaging in trade. The extreme brevity
of the Penrith registers and the very numerous Nelson
entries makes it impossible to trace in them alone any
particular family.
In the case of the Penrith colonist in Virginia, however,
his ancestors for five generations are made clearly traceable
by a monument formerly in Penrith Churchyard. This
monument, with its genealogical inscription, is described
by Bishop Nicolson in his visitation to Penrith Church in
1704, sixteen years before the original fabric and many of
its ancient monuments (including the one so carefully
described by the Bishop) were ruthlessly demolished, or,
if brasses, stolen for sale as old metal during the rebuilding
of the body of the church under the direction of the then
Vicar, Dr. Todd, who, it might have been expected, would
have taken special care to preserve them. It is however
most fortunate that the painstaking Bishop. Nicolson
placed so many of the old monuments on record in his
account of his visitation to Penrith Church in 1704.*
The Bishop thus describes the Nelson monument : — '
Over against St. Andrew's Quire- Door on a high built Tombstone :
Mors Sanctorum Domini in ejus conspectu est pretiosa,
Here lyes the body of Hugh Nelson of Penrith,
Grocer, who dyed upon the 13th of Nov. 1674.
Aged 83 years. Here lyeth also Marian his beloved wife, who died
* Miscellany Accounts of the Diocese of Carlisle ^ by Bishop Nicolson, published
by this Society 1877, pp. 153, 154.
no THE NELSONS OF PENRITH.
upon the 17th of Nov'.
1657, aged 58 years. They had first Seven
Sons, and after four Daughters. Here lyeth also the body of
William Nelson j third Son
who died upon the 28th of October 1670
aged 49 years : And also Bridget his wife
who died upon the i8th of Dec'. 1670,
aged 50 years. They had onely two Sons. Here
lyeth also the body of Hugh Nelson^ their Fourth Son, who dyed
upon the 30th of
Dec' 1648 aged 21 years.
The data here given, in conjunction with the Parish
Registers, in which can be found all the entries of Hugh's
descendants, make it clear that the subject of the monu-
ment was the Virginia colonist's great-grandfather. The
ancient grocer's birth goes back to 1591, but although the
registers are so complete and continuous that they record
the baptism of two, three, or four Nelsons every year from
1556 for 150 years, they never record the name of a Hugh
Nelson until 1619, when the ancient grocer of the monu-
ment himself was married ; and no Hugh Nelson was
ever baptised until 1627, when Hugh, son of Hugh of the
monument, was brought to the font. It is therefore
certain that the great-grandfather of the Virginia colonist
was not a native of Penrith. Now if Hugh Nelson,
grocer, was entitled to baar three fleurs-de-lis as his arms,
it is probable he came from York, such being the heraldic
insignia of the Nelsons of York, v^hich may possibly have
been derived from the Nelsoft who was one of the glass
painters of York Minster in the 15th century, as stated in
Dean Purey Cust*s great work on the Heraldry of York
Minster. In a book of Yorkshire Visitation Pedigrees, I
find Christopher Nelson of Grimston having for his arms
" a chevron between three fleurs-de-lis," and a work on
Crests giving 4000 illustrations, has " a cubit arm, in the
hand a fleur-de-lis," as a crest for Nelson of York.
We must now return to the Nelsons of Virginia and be
made acquainted with the story of William Nelson the
THE NELSONS OF PENRITH. Ill
President's son, Thomas, who when a lad of fourteen, was
sent to England to be educated, first at Eton, where he
and another young Virginian Nelson had for a school-
fellow Charles James Fox. Young Thomas afterwards
went to Cambridge, where he graduated with honours.
After leaving Cambridge at the close of the year 1760,
he sailed for Virginia, and it is either a curious coinci-
dence or the result of an arrangement, that in the month
of October of that year, Mr. Joseph Tickell, curate at
Penrith Church, disappeared, taking with him the day-
book of baptisms and burials, thereby creating the only
gap to be found in the Penrith Registers. The occurrence
is thus noted in the register book: — ** There are no entries
of baptisms or burials from January 17th to October 5th
1760, occasioned by Mr. Joseph Tickell leaving the
curacy and going into Virginia.'* Had Thomas Nelson
visited the home of his ancestors, made the acquaintance
of Mr. Joseph Tickell and tempted him away to Virginia ?
This is not unlikely, for clergymen were then in request
in the colony. It appears from Mr. Nelson Page that the
Nelsons, and their kinsmen the Pages, were Episcopalians,
and the pillars of the establishment in the colony ; and
that when a bishop was wanted there, Mr. John Page, a
great churchman, was urged to take orders and be the
bishop, but this he positively declined, and on being
further pressed, he reiterated his refusal in very forcible
terms; I may not record his words on the occasion.
Suffice it to say, they were superabundantly emphatic and
not at all polite, so much so, that his friends at once and
for ever dropped the subject. Perhaps the runaway
curate from Penrith might fill the gap ; who knows ?
Young Thomas Nelson reached his Virginia home early
in 1761, and a year later married Lucy, daughter of Col.
Philip Grymes of Brandon in Middlesex.
In later years, when the great struggle for American
independence came, he, as General Thomas Nelson, not
only co-operated with George Washington and other
112 THE NELSONS OF PENRITH.
military leaders, but spent his immense fortune in the
cause ; and when the great end was gained and indepen-
dence secured for the state, he was left in comparative
poverty.
** Penrith Tom's" House at Yorktown, known as Nelson
House, became famous in history at the close of the war
of independence. Cornwallis the commander of the
British forces had seized it, and entrenching himself with-
in its massive walls stood a — to him — disastrous siege; for
in it he surrendered to the Colonials, when all that was left
of his army laid down their arms, thus ending the great
war which made the American States a free nation, and
causing King George's Prime Minister, Lord North, when
he heard of it, to throw up his arms exclaiming, " my
God, it is all over." Mr. Nelson Page says : —
The Nelson House still remains in the family, but to the Nelsons,
peace came with poverty. Nelson's vast estate went for his public
debts. He gave the whole of it. When a question arose in the
Virginia Convention as to the confiscation of British claims, he
stopped the agitation by rising in his seat and declaiming : — Others
may do as they please, but as for me, I am an honest man, and so
help me God I will pay my debts.
Nelson had the honour of being elected Governor of
Virginia after ,AB5^B8feaa8t^ Jefferson,' and Mr. Nelson
Page adds : —
Years afterwards Virginia did tardy and partial justice to the
memory of his great services by placing his statue among the group
of her great ones in her beautiful Capital Square, and in company
with Washington, Jefferson, Marshall, Henry, Mason, and Lewis,
he stands in bronze tendering the bonds with his outstretched
hands ; but no recompense was ever made to his family for the vast
sums he had expended.
When young Thomas Nelson and Charles Fox were
fraternising at Eton, they little thought that in the
future, the one was to devote himself and fortune in
actual warfare on his native soil to resist the tyrannical
THE NELSONS QF PENRITH. II3
policy of King George, while at the same time Charles
Fox in the House of Commons would be denouncing the
royal obstinacy and emphasising his devotion to the cause
of the American States by clothing his servants in livwQs
of blue and buff in imitation of the uniforms of his quon-
dam schoolfellow, General Thomas Nelson, and his fellow
soldiers serving under George Washington ; and as some
historians say, earning the reputation of having originated
in the House of Commons that — at times — formidable
organization known as Her Majesty's Opposition.
(114)
Art. VII. — On a Brass found in Arfhuret Church, By the
Rev. Canon Bower, M.A., Vicar of St. Cuthbert's,
Carlisle.
Read at Carlisle, June 20th, 1900.
OHORTLY after the publication of my paper on
^ " Brasses in the Diocese of Carlisle" *my attention
was called by Mr. Mill Stephenson, F.S.A., to a rubbing
which he possessed of a brass in Arthuret church. As I
had visited the church and diligently searched for brasses
and found none, I was at a loss to know what hfid beconne
of this brass. However, Mr. Stephenson referred me to
the Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries, 2nd series,
vol. iv., p. 316 (April 29th, 1869), where it was stated that
the brass had been exhibited by Sir Frederick Graham, of
Netherby. This gave the clue to its discovery. The
present rector of Arthuret, the Rev. Ivor C. Graham,
nephew of Sir Frederick, searched until he found it under
a glass case with other curiosities in the hall. It is his
intention to place it again in the parish church.
Sir A. W. Franks in the article in the Proceedings of the
Society of Antiquaries says : —
The brass exhibited by Sir Frederick Graham is a new variety to
me in such monuments. It represents two hands holding a heart
which rests on a cross fleury. A heart was not an unusual device in
the Middle Ages and is considered to refer to the soul. Mr. Haines
has collected in his manual (p. cvij.) all that is to be found on the
subject, as far as monumental brasses are concerned, and Miss
Hartshome has published a monograph of the whole subject, under
the title " Enshrined Hearts." Mr. Haines states that the hearts
held by hands issuing from clouds are to be found at Loddon,
Norfolk, 1462; Elmstead, Essex, c. 1530; Caversfield, Bucks, 1533;
* Xhese Transactions, vol. xiii., art. xii,
BRASS FOUND IN ARTHURET CHURCH.
•t i
' \
ON A BRASS FOUND IN ARTHURET CHURCH II5
and Southacre, Norfolk, c. 1430, where the heart, now multilated,
bore the text from Ps. xxi. 5, "In man us tuas, Domine, commendo
spiritum meum, quia redemisti me, Domine deus veritatis." Such
memorials have been stated to indicate that the deceased had been
able to perform a vow which he had made; but they have more
probably different meanings according to inscriptions that accom-
pany them, and are intended to indicate a trust in the presence of
God (Haines, p. cviij.) Occasionally the heart seems to have been
placed over the tomb in which the heart only was buried, as at
Wiggenhall St. Mary, Norfolk, and at Saltwood, Kent ; but in these
cases it is not held up in the hands of the deceased.
The probable date of this memorial is the fifteenth century. It
was found in the church at Arthuret, under a heap of bones, and
has probably been torn off some ancient tomb in Puritan times.
The brass was discovered at the restoration of the
church in 1868 above the Netherby vault in the north
aisle of the chancel, where the organ now stands. The
Rev. A. G. Loftie, rector of Great Salkeld, and then
curate of Arthuret, obtained it from the workmen, and
retained it in his possession until Sir Frederick Graham
saw it and sent it to the Society of Antiquaries.
In no other brass in the diocese do hands hold hearts.
But several instances occur among the effigies ; viz. : —
At Cartmel both Sir John Harrington and his lady hold
them ; at Crosthwaite, Sir John de Derwentwater and his
lady ; at Workington, Sir Christopher Curwen and his
wife, Elizabeth de Hudelston ; and the unknown figure at
Kirkland.
This brass is 7J inches long by 6^ broad.
(ii6)
^
Art. VIII. — On some Surviving Fairies. By Mrs.
Hodgson, Newby Grange.
Read at Carlisle^ June 20th^ 1900.
rilHE shjoiess of the British £aiiry in modern times has
^ given rise to a widespread belief that the whole genus
must be regarded as extinct. No doubt the great increase
of the three R's, which are the natural enemies of fairies,
has driven them to take refuge in the least accessible
neighbourhoods ; but occasional specimens are still to be
obtained. The injudicious collector who hunts, so to
say, with horn and hounds, will draw every cover blank ;
and even the aids to scouting formulated in folk-lore
tracts may not always insure success. We have, however,
found two or three living examples which I now exhibit,
only withholding the precise habitat^ as in the case of some
rare ferns, which botanists are quite justified in protecting
from the dangers of too fierce a light of publicity. Fairies,
it is well known, thrive only in moonshine.
Of a certain place I had heard, many years back, that
it was haunted, but without further details.
Lately we got the following information from a trust-
worthy source : —
"There used to be fairies at the spot, before the wood was cut
down . . ."
Where was the wood ?
" It was on the top of the Bank," — where now no trace of it
remains.
" Well ; they went away when it was cut down ; but once they set
some Fairy Butter ready for a ploughman, when he was going to
have his dinner. One of his horses ate it ; the other did not. The
one that did not eat it died. They used to be in the cottage yonder,
that is now a cow-shed. It's lucky," added the old man, " if you eat
fairy butter."
ON SOME SURVIVING FAIRIES. II7
The exact nature of the article is described in the late
Canon Atkinson's Forty Years in a Moorland Parish, and
it used to be a well-known commodity in the North of
England.
The next story is told in the same neighbourhood : —
** There was a fairy that looked like a hare. It was a real fairy ^
but a man caught it for a hare, and put it in a bag, and thought he
would have a nice Sunday dinner. While it was in the bag it saw
its father outside, and he called to it * Pork, pork ! ' and it cried out
' Let me go to daddy ! ' And then the man was angry, and said
* Thoo ga to thy daddy ! ' and it went away to its daddy ; and he
was very much disappointed at not getting his Sunday dinner."
The same authority told another tale of a house just
beyond the eastern border of Cumberland, mentioned as a
haunt of the common Brownie or Hobthrush : —
** Once there was a little fairy and it lived at a farmhouse in
that used to do all the work before they were down in
the morning ; and so th/5y found out about it, and they got up one
morning to see it, and they saw a little fairy running across the
yard. It had a green jacket and a little hood and a red skirt, and
they thought it looked very ragged, and they got it a new suit of
clothes and put them in the kitchen where it would be most likely
to come to. And so it saw them in the morning, and it said : —
* A new coat, a new hood !
Now little Hobberst will do no more good ! '
And it never came back any more, and they were sorry when they
lost the little fairy ; and they called it Little Hobberst. It would
8up porridge if they were set out for it, though it would not have the
clothes."
A few other gleanings that come under the head of
fairy-lore may be added. The following are from
Caldbeck : —
When soot or hail comes down the chimney they say " There's the
{or an) auld man coming down the chimney."
If you throw a beetle over your shoulder it will be a fine day
to-morrow.
Il8 ON SOME SURVIVING FAIRIES.
To turn back after starting from home is unlucky. The speaker
added — " Father wouldn't turn back, whatever. If he missed
anything, he'd stand in the road and shout on us, and tell us
to bring him what he wanted."
To cure a sore-throat tie a left-leg stocking round it at bed-time.
The rhyme said by children on finishing their stint of
knitting or crochet is : —
** Bulls at bay.
Kings at fay,
Over the hills and far away ! "
Our Caldbeck informant had heard of sticks being
rubbed together to kindle fire, and another from Scaleby
knew of cattle being driven through the fire in West
Cumberland during the cattle plague in 1865 or 1866.
Mr. Hodgson heard a rumour of the '* need-tire " being
brought into Cumberland at that time. It was said to
have been kindled in Northumberland.
The same girl said that her grandtnother would never
let them throw anything outside the door before sunrise,
nor any water out of the house on New Year's Day ;
every one who went out on that day must bring in a piece
of wood or coal. When the old folk were out of doors
and saw the sun rise, or the new moon, the men used to
turn their coats and shake them, and the women their
aprons. If a coal flew out of the fire they ** rattled for
money,"* or said, " It shapes like a cradle, or " like a
coffin." Moths were thought a sign of death or of letters,
and it was unlucky to kill them. Shivers meant a dog
walking over your grave.
A saying at Candlemas is reported from Dalston : — " If
it is dull and snowy, the shepherds are dancing and
singing ; if it is fine, the shepherds are mending their
mittens."
* I took this to mean turning or jingling the money that happened to be in
their pockets, as on hearing the cuckoo ; but I omitted to ask for an ezplanatioa.
■ '-' ^u^'.. i.^ ,■*-.-. An Y,
dl
S 5
s c
SM
(119)
Art. IX. — Cawmire or Comer Hall, By H. S. Cowper,
F.S.A.
Read at Cawmire, Sept. igth, 1900.
VT7HEN in May last I paid a first visit to Cawmire Hall
^^ I saw at once that I had stumbled across a late
example of a Westmorland Pele. Accordingly, when I
turned to our late vice-president's work on the Manorial
Halls of Cumberland and Westmorland, I felt some surprise
at finding no mention of it.
A detailed search in local literature materially increased
my surprise, by producing no earlier mention of the place
than the commencement of the seventeenth century. A
careful examination of the building, however, and the
scanty scraps of history I have obtained, are, I think,
sufficient to explain the absence of early records. Caw-
mire is probably the latest of the Westmorland Peles so
far noticed, and does not occupy the site of an older
fortalice. Its situation on the very verge of the county in
a remote valley must afford the only reason for its total
neglect by recent writers.
The history of the house may be disposed of in a few
words. It was owned by a family called Briggs, who
seem to have lived there at the end of the sixteenth*
century, and probably built the tower. They entered a
pedigree of two generations in the 1615 Visitation of
Westmorland, but as the family ended in daughters,
Briggs of Cawmire is heard of no more. The evidences
I have been able to find of them are relegated to an
Appendix, but where they sprang from and who they
were, I am not able to say.
After Briggs of Cawmire, there is a gap which I have
not been able to fill. Possibly it was sold at once by the
120 CAWMIRE OR COMER HALL.
heiresses ; possibly it was occupied by relatives or let to
tenants. Anyhow in 1675 we find that a family of Newby
or Nuby, (a name, by the bye, of old standing in- Carke
and Cartmel Fell), was located at Cawmire.*
From the Newbys it passed to the Rydal Flemings.
Richard, the seventh son of the notable Sir Daniel,
Knight, married Isabel, the only daughter of William
Newby of Cawmire, " a Westmorland gentlewoman and
a considerable heiress," as West informs us. This
Richard, however, had only one son (who died childless)
and four daughters ; and Cawmire seems to have passed
to the issue of his younger brother, Roger Fleming, vicar
of Brigham, from whom it descended to Sir Daniel
Fleming of Hill Top, Crosthwaite, and its present
proprietor, Mr. John Burrow of the same place.
Before describing the buiMing, a word or two as to the
name. The general spelling now is Cowmire, but the
pronunciation is Co'mer, the sound of the first syllable
being identical with the IoceTI sounding of the first syllable
of Calgarth — " Co'garth.'* Moreover, the earliest spelling
I can quote is Calmire (1615), so that I think we may
take it that it comes from an old form like Kalvmyre (or
reduced to proper Scandinavian Kdlfa-myrr) from which
the V has dropped. t Whether it was simply myrr, a wet
pasture, or a real " mere " is questionable, for north of the
hall lie some level meadows which may well have con-
tained a tarn.
These are the only old spellings I can quote : —
1615 Heralds Visitation, Pedigree of Briggs ... Calmire.
,, n »j n Hutton ... Canmyre.
1665 „ M „ Stanley ... Cawmire.
1618 Answer of Tenants in Tenant right Dispute Cawmire.
1675 Rental of Kendal Barony ... ... ... Cowmire.
♦ At Barber Green and elsewhere. Probably a Newby had some hand in
building Newby Bridge ; compare Penny Bridge named from the builder.
f It would be pronounced of course Cawfmer, very close in sound to Co'mer
Our editor calls my attention to the fact that Calgarth was Calvgarth, temp. Ed
III. : and Calder (Thurso) K^lfadalr in the Orkneyinga Saga, though by the
thirteenth century the f had dropped out.
CAWMIBE HALL.
(North side of Pele Tow*
PLATB II. (TO FACE 9
QAWMIRE OR COMBR HALL. 121
Cawmire Hall is a very simple building to understand.
It is a composite structure of two periods, a pele tower
which has lost its castellated top, and has been turned
into the back premises of a later house erected at the
end of the seventeenth century. (Plate 11.*)
The dimensions of the pele are 31 feet by 24 feet 9
inches. The basement consists of two vaulted cellars of
the usual type, the southern one being one foot wider
than the other. The windows are rude openings without
any dressed stone, and appear to be in their original state.
They are not mere slits, but throughout the house all the
windows were fitted with iron grilles or gratings, and
probably when this tower was built, these were considered
to form sufficient protection. The walls vary slightly in
the different sides, the thickest being about 4 feet 7 inches
on the south. There is no plinth, and the walls are of
coarse rubble. Access to the upper floors is now by the
seventeenth century stair leading from the additions, and
since no newel or other stair can be traced, it seems
probable that before the additions the ascent was at the
same corner by means of a newel. ' It will be noticed
that the big window on the first floor on the north side, is
not in the centre of the wall, a feature which rather
suggests that a passage leading from a newel may have
occupied a position here.
The first floor is now occupied by two rooms, but the
partition is a modern one, and originally there was but
one big chamber, the principal living-room doubtless, of
the tower. In the north and south walls we find large
four-light windows, with stone mullions and plain round
heads. . These windows have a width of seven feet, and
their openings are protected by strong gratings of one
upright crossed by five transverse stanchions in each light.
Over these windows project rough slabs of the local
upper Silurian rock, to act as dripstones: and it has
* I am indebted to Mr. Herbert Bell of Ambleside for the photographs.
122 CAWMIRE OR COMER HALL.
already been noticed that while the south window is
central in its wall that in the north wall is not. There
are also in the second floor, two three-light windows of
similar character to, and placed over, those of the first
floor.
The only other point in the plan is the projection (of
hardly sufficient depth to call a turret) in the west w^all.
This contains the shoots from two garderobes, now
blocked, on the first floor, and possibly from others above.
It apparently never rose higher than the second story.
In spite of the simple and early plan of this tower, it is
difficult, looking at the poor character of the masonry,
and the style of the windows, which have no appearance
of being insertions, to assign to it a date earlier than the
latter half of the sixteenth century. It was no doubt the
tenement of Thomas Briggs mentioned in a 1582 rental,
and was probably built by him.
To this tower late in the seventeenth century was
added practically all the rest of the present house ; and
there seems little doubt that these additions were the
work of Richard Fleming, who although a younger son,
had secured his " considerable heiress,'* and would hardly
content himself with this meagre tower as a residence.
The new house has a formal frontage of 56 feet, with
the entrance in the centre. The windows are uniform in
character and of two lights each, with slender oaken
muUions and transoms, except the northernmost on the
ground floor, which is of tnree lights. In the upper floors
these windows are placed symmetrically over those below,
and all have or have had iron gratings. Above each row
of windows is a continuous weather label of- rough
Silurian stones. The front of this block is characteristic
of the time of Charles IL, and may be compared with the
much more elaborate example of Ribton Hall, (built 1670),
in Dr. Taylor's work.§ (See Plate I.)
§ Pp. 334-5. It may be noticed that the uniformity of style of this period is
carried so far, that if we were to place side by side architectural elevations of
such a modest structure as Cawmire, and a princely chateau like Croxteth,
without a scale it would not be easy to tell which was the larger.
CAWMIRE OR COMER HALL. 123
At present the new block is divided into three rooms by
two partitions, but that in the right-hand of the entrance
is modern, and the situation of an original one is indicated
on the plan by a dotted line. Thus the new block was
divided into three symmetrical rooms, which would have
been of equal dimensions, if that on the north had not
been diminished by a seven-foot wall at its north end to
contain the kitchen chimney and ovens. The central
room was the parlour or hall greatly curtailed from the
proportions assigned to it in earlier times ; and the
southern room was the withdrawing-room. (Plate III.)
There is little further to notice in these apartments.
It is, however, interesting to note that at this date the
servants were relegated to the kitchen, and no longer
dined with the squire. The big window, which in older
days always lit the hall, is here found in the kitchen to
light the long table where the servants dined, and of
which the bench still remains under the window. The
small room at the back of the kitchen seems of con-
temporary date, but it is covered by a lean-to. It was
probably the pantry. It will be noticed that in the craze
for symmetry another projection was carried out behind
the withdrawing-room, though from the position of the
tower windows it was necessarily of less dimensions.
In the central parlour the small size and the stairway
leading directly out of it shew that the sense of privacy in
home life was now duly appreciated. The fireplace
which balances the stair entrance to the left is interesting.
It has a stone mantel with a square opening of five feet,
round which is a border of running foliage of bunches of
grapes and leaves. In the centre is a circular panel with
scroll-work, in which is a shield with the Fleming arms
differenced by an annulet. This is the mark of Richard,
the fifth surviving son.*
* At Thorpensty Hall in Cartmel Fell, the old Hutton seat, is a fireplace of
exactly the same work without the arms ; no doubt by the same workmen.
o>
t
H
04
TlS
CAWMIRE OR COMER HALL. 1 25
The Staircase is carried up from the parlour in the
north-east angle of the tower, which, as stated, may have
contained a newel turret which was destroyed at the time
of the alterations. The present staircase is no doubt of
the date of the additions. It is of short straight flights,
with turned oaken balusters and corner posts, terminating
in bi^ knobs, above each of which is a large pendant knob
from the flight above. The fourth flight terminated at a
small oaken door opening into the attic which now
occupies the position of the lower roof.
There are a few points we may notice from outside.
First, that the chimneys throughout are of the conjoined
cylindrical "Lake district" type, and are late examples of
a structural form, which, in varying proportions, was long
in fashion. There are handsome old gate-posts shewing
where the entrance to the garden formerly was, and the
big knobs on the pillars are reproductions in stone of those
on the staircase. At the southern gable we see that the
garden was formerly at a much lowen level, for the two
blocked windows are now half underground ; and Mrs.
Carruthers confirms this by telling me that the front door
was formerly approached by a short flight of steps. In
the rear of the house there is an ancient barn with a
covered passage-way under it, past the side of the tower;
but from the fact that it is built unsymmetrically with the
residence, we may probably regard it as of anterior date
to the Fleming additions. The rubble masonry through-
out the entire building is rough dashed with lime.
I cannot help thinking that Cawmire, viewed as a
whole, gives us quite an insight into the character of its
builders and proprietors. First, we have the pele built at
a date when fortification was no longer necessary. The
Briggs family, whoever they were, were no feudal
seigneurs ; but they were well-to-do, and they built their
house towerwise in emulation of their aristocratic neigh-
bours at Sizergh or Burneside. The estate dropped
into the hands of a younger son of the territorial Flemings,
126 CAWMIRE OR COMER HALL.
who in his additions ignored entirely the ancient fashions
which he must have known at Coniston and Rydal, the
ancient seats of his family. In a word he, a man of
ancient lineage, exactly reversed the operations of the
new man Briggs of a century before ; and erected a house
of modest dimensions indeed, but following the latest and
most fashionable designs. There are plenty of large
farm-houses of the same period in which the old big hall
plan of a century earlier was retained. But Fleming's
ambitions lay in the direction of modern fashions ; while
Mr. Briggs had hankerings after feudalism. •
APPENDIX.
BRIGGS OF CAWMIRE.
The entry in St. George's (1615) " Visitation of Westmorland " is
as follows : —
♦Thomas Briggs of Calmire=IsABELL Brathwayte of Ambleside
Thomas) , Agnes Anne Francis Amy
JOHN r^-^P- = = =
Sir Ric. Edmond i John Sawrey. John Skelton.
HuTTON, (or Edward) of Plumpton
Judge. Stanley. 2 Arthur Benson.
s. of Thomas of Skelwith.
of Dalegarth.
The following entries, kindly sent me by Mr. William Farrer of
Marton House, Skipton, are from an old rental of Kendal Barony : —
fragment of a crosthwaite rental of 1582.
" Thomas Brigges holdes of the lord their bie ten*ndrighte accor-
dinge to the custome off ye manno"" there, .... a tenemt with
* In the above the sisters, Frances and Amy, are not in the Visitation, but are
inserted on the authority of Burn and Nicolson II., p. 401, and L. R. A. in North
Lonsdale Magazine (vol. 3, No. 4, p. 92, December, 1898), and a paragraph by
I. T. B. in the Westmorland Gazette (1887, January 8th). These last assert that
West in his account of the Sawrey family, is in error when he says that John
Sawrey married Justice Halton's sister; and that it should read '"Justice
Hutton's sister-in-law."
CAWMIRE OR COMER HALL. I27
an orch'd . . . ground, and payeth therefore y*lie Pentecost
and St Martyn equally as in the foot and all other [duties suites and
services accustomedj according to the same custome and is to pay
for his harriott as fine y'for as appears in the head and a goddes
Peny and y'upon is to be admytted ten*nd.
(in the margin) Modo James Briggs
xvjd besides his rent of Imp'mt hereaftC" sett doune Salvo Jure dni
et aleoq ciiiuslibt.
(Elsewhere) James Briggcs holdes of ye Lord ther att will onely a
p'cell of ground being a leek garth conteyning one fall of ground
and is to pay y*for yearely to the Lord ob."
Arms of Briggs of Cawmire — Burruly Or and Sa, a canton oj the
first. This was a Brathwaite impalement formerly at Burneside
Hall. [These Transactions, vi., 104.] Also as a Stanley quartering
at Ponsonby Church. [Whellan's Cumberland, 424.J
But a Uttle earUer there was a family of Briggs at Helsfell Hall
near Kendal probably closely connected.
* Robert Briggs, Esq., of Helsfell Hall»
apparently the same as Robert B.,
I St Recorder of Kendal. (See Charter
18 Eliz., 1575, Boke of Record, p. 283.)
I I
Elizabeth =Christopher Philipson. Ellen =Wm. Porter
of Calgarth (d. 1566). d. of Robt. of
Visit Westm. 1615. Briggs. AUwardby.
Visit Cumb. 1615.
Helsfell Hall passed to the Philipsons, who quartered the arms of
Briggs of that place. [Barry of ten Or and Sa., a canton of the
second. — Burn and Nicolson.J And we find it also mentioned in
the Inquisition P.M. of Christopher Philipson, great-grandson of
the Christopher who married Elizabeth Briggs. Now Burn and
Nicolson conjecture that Colonel [EdwardJ Briggs, Justice of the
Peace, and the well-known Parliamentary leader, was directly
descended from Robert of Helsfell ; but this appears most doubtful,
as the latter seems to have had only two daughters. It was Colonel
Briggs who beseiged Robert Philipson on Long Holme, Winder-
mere, and it was the latter (called Robin the Devil) who performed
* Robert Briggs is probably identical with Robert, who with his wife Elizabeth,
sold certain lands in Kendal to Archbishop Sandys for the endowment of
Hawkshead Grammar School. His name appears also as a signatory to the
original statutes. See Hawkshead, its History, Sec., 1899, pp. 486, 562-3.
The following from a Rental of Kendal Barony 16 Eliz. also probably refers to
him : — ' ' Robert Briggs gent, holds certain lands in Strickland Kettle as of the
Castle by a free annual rent." Westmorland Note Book, p. 299.
128
CAWMIRE OR COMER HALL.
the noted escapade in Kendal Church. Robert Philipson was also
himself a great-great-grandson of the Elizabeth Briggs above
mentioned.
I am therefore at present unable to connect Colonel Briggs with
either the families of Cawmire or Helsfell.
Newbys and Flemings.
I can get no further information than the following : —
* lord's rental, 1675, MARQUESS FEE CROSTHW'.
Henry Newby for Cowmyre
Richmond Fee Henry Nuby
>»
rent not fineable
Sunpool Moss
>>
s. d.
13 4
7 5
o 4
o 3
Sir Daniel Fleming, ^Barbara Fletcher,
d. 1701
marr'd. 1655, d. 1675.
Richard Fleming, =Isabel,
7th son.
I
ortDz:.!-, . Roger Fleming, =^
only dau. of Wm. Newby, 8th son, Vicar
of Cawmire, gent. of Brigham.
("a considerable heiress," West.)
Daniel Fleming ob. s.p. Four daus.
Daniel Fleming a quo
Sir Daniel of Hill Top,
Crosthwaite and Cawmire,
and the present owner.
* Communicated by our member, Mr. George Browne, Troutbeck.
?usuc 1..^-
( 129)
Art. X. — A Contrast in Architecture, Part I., Primitive
Quadrangular Structures. Part II., The Sod Hut*:
An Archaic Survival. By H. S. Cowper, F.S.A.
Communicated at Bowness-on- Windermere, Sept. i8th, 1900.
Part I. — On Primitive Quadrangular Buildings of
Uncertain Date.
6-inch Ord. surv. Westmorland Sheets 19 (S.E.) and 25 (S.E.)
ALTHOUGH there exists a large series of primitive
dwellings and enclosures scattered over the Lake
district fells, there is one type apparently very rare, which,
I believe, has so far been unnoticed. The examples about
to be described are the only ones I know.*
I shall take first two small groups, in Little Langdale,
which although close together differ much in character. t
The site of these ruins is a singularly romantic one,
placed in the hollow of the rugged mountain pass which
connects the head of Little Langdale with that of the
sister valley of Great Langdale. They lie, however, on
the side of the first named, and are under half a mile from
the River Brathay at Fell Foot. Group No. i is on a
natural level formed, I believe, by the flood-wash from
the fell streams ;t and it is to be noticed that after heavy
rains a layer of shingle is deposited over its surface.
The same little plateau extends across a small beck in
front of group No. 2. (See sketch plan overleaf.)
* The similar buildings on Armboth Fell have been noticed by Mr. W. Wilson
in Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Association, vol. ix,
(1883-4) p. 62. (Ed.)
t I have long been acquainted with these. My first visit was 26th October,
1894. In 1898, i8th May, I had three men digging there, and began a rough
plan. On 19th May, 1900, despairing of any elucidation, I revisited them, and
completed the measurements.
X Blea Moss beck runs about 25 yards west of the north-west angle of group
No. I.
BLEA MOSS,
lANODALE
N"l.
A CONTRAST IN ARCHITECTURE. I31
On referring to the plan (Blea Moss No. i) it will be
noticed that this group is in a ruinous condition. The
principal feature is the small building (A ) lying north-west
and south-east, rhomboidal in plan, though there are no
traces of the south-east wall ; but since the side walls
appear at this end to terminate with jambs, I think they
did not extend further. The internal dimensions of this
structure are gj by 25 feet, and the walls average about
2 feet 4 inches in width. At present, however, little
remains but the foundations, except at a where two or
three courses exist, shewing that the masonry was of a very
rude order without any lime. It is plain, however, that it
was a constructed wall, and not a bank of stones, and that
although the stones were not laid in coAirses, there was a
distinct attempt to fit them in a manner akin to the
so-called polygonal cyclopean walling. Plate I. is a
photograph looking over the east or most acute-angled
corner.
This building occupies a portion of the north-east ^ide
of a roughly rectangular garth or enclosure, the longer
axis of which is north-west and south-east. At the north
corner where the ground rises, there is evidence of excava-
tion to level the enclosure, but it is not evident if there
was also a wall. On the south-west side opposite the
building A , the wall is quite traceable.
On the last-mentioned side also is a heap of debris
{B B). This in its present condition, is a mass of loose
stones, roughly thrown together, probably in modern
times. But at 6 6 6 6, there can, I think, be traced the
foundations of another quadrangular building, from the
ruins of which the heap B B has probably been chiefly
formed. Obscure traces of a cross wall also seem to be
indicated at c ; and d d is 3. straight bank of stones 52
feet in length, concerning which it is not now easy to
decide whether it was originally a properly constructed
wall or not. In a line with this, and 20 yards south-east
there is also a group of natural boulders, where partly by
132
A CONTRAST IN ARCHITECTURE.
clearing, and partly by rude walling, one or two chambers
of square or oblong form have been constructed. The
plan of this part of the site is, however, very obscure.
Blea Moss No. 2. (see plan) lies about 50 yards to the
north-east on the other side of a small tributary of Blea
Moss beck. Although it is roughly quadrangular in plan,
it is very different in character to No. i. On the north
side stand two immense boulders side by side, with a
narrow opening between them. They rest apparently in
BLEA MOSS, LANGDAU.
their natural position where they stopped when they
rolled from the fell side. The boulder marked a is 10 feet
by 8 feet and 9 feet high, while its fellow b is of similar
dimensions, but not so high, and leveller on the summit.
Plate II, shows their appearance directly on the south
side.
In front of them there has been formed a small
enclosure, each side of which contains an acute angle, and
their limbs converge to an obtuse angle opposite the
i ~'i I
A CONTRAST IN ARCHITECTURE.
133
boulders. These two sides, however, differ in constructiori,
that on the west, being of single stones set up on edge, of
which the largest (^/) is 2 feet 3 inches high. The eastern
side on the contrary is a bank of loose stones (mostly
small) varying from four to seven feet wide. Within the
enclosure is an isolated stone (c) set on edge and measuring
3J feet high. There are obscure traces of a bank of small
stones leading north from the rear of the big boulders,
where the ground begins to rise rapidly.
No. 3,
o
10
10
iof«eL
do
No. 4.
The evidence of neighbouring ancient structures and
Roman roads will be best discussed after describing the
other examples.
Nos. 3 and 4I are examples from the north end of
Troutbeck (near Windermere). The actual situation is ij
miles north of Troutbeck Park Farm and beyond the
oblong fell called the Tongue ; where a wild and desolate
J The plans three and four are quite hasty, and the result of only a few
measurements with the tape. But they suffice to shew the general shape of the
foundations. The measurements quoted are external if not stated otherwise. I
made a note in 1894 that 20 yards north of No. 3 is a curious oval enclosure
9 yards long, with two or three small standing stones east of it, and nearly
touching the wall.
134 A CONTRAST IN ARCHITECTURE.
valley (900 feet above sea level) runs up between Frosw^ick
and Hart Crag. The situation is equally as romantic as
Blea Moss, but more remote.
In order to find these sites, the antiquary on leaving
Park Farm must traverse the west slope of the Tongue,
and on reaching its northern end, he will find the valley
crossed by a modern stone wall. On both the north and
south side of this wall there exist foundations of buildings
akin in character to Blea Moss, No. i.
The largest I have seen, marked No. 3, lies north of the
wall and is just on the edge of Sad Gill, a tributary
streamlet of the Troutbeck, running down from Hart Fell.
It is in an ill-preserved condition, and its plan is not
altogether clear ; but we can trace an oblong quadrilateral
chamber on the south, which measures 47 feet in length,
and about 16 feet across the west end, which is narrower
than the east end. North of this lie two courts or
enclosures, and one of these seems to have been divided
from the oblong chamber by an intervening passage.
Building No. 4 lies also on the north side of the wall,
but about one hundred yards south of No. 3. It is a
simple irregular quadrangular building measuring 16J by
39 by 16 by 41 feet, with its longer axis north-east and
south-west. The walls appear to have been three feet
wide, and a cross wall, perhaps double, can be traced
dividing it into two chambers. There are obscure
foundations of an enclosure traceable to the east.
The building itself is better preserved than the last, and
lies snugly between two natural hillocks, probably glacial,
at its north and south ends. South of the wall and just
west of the Troutbeck is another small building of the
same character. It measures 14 by 29 feet, and lies with
its longer axis north and south.*
* I find that in the revised O.S. 6-inch sheet No. 3 is marked as "Ancient
Settlement, Remains of," but curiously not in the Gothic type adopted for
antiquities. There is another place also so marked a short distance north, of
which I did not know, and did not visit.
a contrast in architecture. 135
Evidence of other Vestiges of Population.
Though it is necessary to allude briefly to such other
remains as exist in the vicinity of these structures, their
very variety deprives them of much value as evidence,
and we shall be driven back to study the structural type
of the buildings themselves. Both in the vicinity of
Langdale and Troutbeck there are groups of early
remains, and there have been some finds of relics of
pre-historic types. At the north end of the Blea Tarn
pass, for instance, only about ij- miles from the Blea
Moss ruins, are groups of cairns and v^ralled enclosures ;
and at the same distance east in Little Langdale I found
a rude ovate enclosure above Dale End Farm. There is
also an ancient enclosure of uncertain date near the
Wrynose and Hardknott road ; but none of these are
marked on the 1862 6-inch Ordnance Survey, nor even
in the Archaeological Survey of Cumberland.*
In the vicinity of Troutbeck we find similar vestiges.
On the Tongue itself are numerous piles of stone which
appear to be sepulchral cairns, though locally it is
asserted that some are destroyed buildings of the oblong
type we are discussing ; and along the west side of the
same hill runs a broad dyke or bank of stones, which is
believed by some to be an ancient trackway. To this
idea I cannot subscribe, for it looks to me like a big dyke
similar to others in Furness associated with sepulchral
cairns.t Besides these, there is a ruined stone circle in
Herd Wood a little west of Park Farm, and there is the
site of a big sepulchral cairn called Woundale or
Woundel Raise i^ miles south-west. t
* Archaologia, vol. liii.
f I cannot, however, claim to have examined the Troutbeck one very care-
fully.
t A stone adze was found one mile north-west of the Sad Gill group. A celt
at or near the Herd Wood circle ; a bronze spear-head at Woundale Raise ; and
a quern i) miles south-west of the same place. Other implements, &c., also
further south in Troutbeck valley.
136 A CONTRAST IN ARCHITECTURE.
Both the Langdale and Troutbeck groups are remarkably
similarly situated as regards Roman roads. The main
road from Ambleside to Ravenglass ran only about half
a mile south of the first mentioned, and it is believed a
minor road traversed the Blea Tarn pass itself and led to
Derwentwater. In the same way the Troutbeck group
lies just below the Roman road skirting over Froswick
and High Street to Penrith, It is, therefore, important
to ascertain if these little quadrangular houses exist only
in proximity to main Roman roads ; or if, like the rude
irregular settlements, • they occur on fell sides isolated
from Roman sites or roads.
Lastly, close to the Blea Moss group, there is at Fell
Foot the terraced mound, which, as long back as i88g, I
pointed out was in type but a slight variant of the Norse
Thingmount or Law Hill in Man.*
The Structural Type.
Since no one has, as yet, attempted any critical examina-
tion of the early sites and settlements of the Lake
district, it is manifestly impossible to forecast in what
association other examples of these quadrangular buildings
may be found ; but I have personally made a somewhat
careful study of such early remains as are known in
Furness, and I can testify that nothing identical has so
far been observed there. The fell side settlements of
Furness are of a rude type, and were apparently the
dwellings of communities who lived in rude '* wigwam "
huts, folded their flocks in enclosures which still exist,
and buried their dead beneath heaps of stones in the
immediate vicinity. Isolated quadrangular dwellings are
in fact unknown in these groups ; and their type is
primitive and pre-historic, though it is impossible at
* See these Transactions, vol. xi., p. i, with plan; also Hawkshead, its
History, &c. (1899), pp. 139-40. Papers by our Editor in Viking Club Saga book,
1896, with illustration, and Barrow Naturalists' Field Club Reports, 1896, &c.
So far my suggested theory as to its origin has only received support.
A CONTRAST IN ARCHITECTURE. 137
present to assign a limit either backwards or forwards to
their era of occupation.*
The Troutbeck and Langdale dwellings on the other
hand, do not appear to have been placed in communal
groups, nor do they seem to have any intimate connection
with groups of cairns, or large enclosure walls. They
look like small self-contained family habitations, and their
plan and construction lead us to assign them with little
hesitation to a post-Roman era.
Turning, however, to Scotland and Ireland, we find a
group of primitive structures, which at first sight seem to
exhibit a most tempting homology. I allude to the early
Irish and Scottish cells and churches so lucidly described
by Dr. J. Anderson in his Scotland in Early Christian
Times t (First Series.) Yet although it is true that both
in plan and dimensions the two groups have a great
resemblance, there is at present little or no reason to
connect our local examples with a primitive Christian
church.
I say " little or no reason " because a word remains to
be said concerning the object of the mysterious enclosure
(No. 2) at Blea Moss. Two things must at once strike
any careful observer who visits this and the neighbouring
group. The first is that the two exhibit such different
structural types, that they may well be assigned to
* See The Ancient SettUmenU, Cemeteries and Earthworks of Fumess byH. S.
Cowper. Archaologia, vol. liii., p. 389-426.
The only instances in the series where anjrthing analogous occurs, are (i) at
Seathwaite Stone Walls (p. 400, Fig. 6), where quadrilateral courts or chambers
are associated with large walled enclosures. Possibly this Seathwaite group
may be a late post-Roman modification of the rude t5rpe to which it really
belongs. There is also at Seathwaite a small rude enclosure, 8 by 4 feet with a
sort of walled forecourt 15 feet long (p. 412) ; but the whole is much more
primitive in type than those at Langdale and Troutbeck.
f The reader should refer to the following examples in this work : — Pp. 81-84,
Skellig Mhichel, co. Kerry, Beehive huts and rectangular churches ; pp. 87-89,
Innismurry, Cashel with three churches (dimensions 25^ feet by 12 feet and 17
feet by iii feet); p. 91, Oilen Tsenach, Cashel, circular huts and a church,
28 by 22 feet ; p. 94, Skye, Cashel and churches, 30 feet by 10 feet and 21 feet by
12 feet ; p. 96, Mull, a church, 21^ feet ; p. 102, Deemess, oblong cells and
church, 24J feet by 17J feet ; pp. 107-8, Kilmalkedar, Kerry, churches, 24
by i6| feet and 23 by x8 feet. On p. 126 he quotes a note by Petrie that the
simplest Irish type averages 15. by 10 feet interior measurement.
138 A CONTRAST IN ARCHITECTURE.
different races and periods, or at any rate to races in
different degrees of culture. The second, that in group
No. 2 the constructors were planning for a totally different
use than for that of group No. i. I do not think that
anyone can enter this strange little enclosure and look
upon those massive boulders with the cleft between
them, without experiencing a feeling that he is in some
primitive shrine or " Bethel." He may combat the idea
as unscientific and illogical ; but while he remains there
he cannot throw it aside.
Then when the imaginative antiquary has ransacked
his library, and is confronted by the Scottish and Irish
churches, he will say — *' Have we not here on the one
hand some primitive shrine of heathendom, and on the
other the tiny Christian church which superseded it ? "
Certainly the notion is a fascinating one, but for many
reasons, which need no discussion here, it will, I think,
carry no conviction.
Excavations.
On May i8th, 1898, I entirely cleared the interior of
building A, No. i down to the footing of thestones, and
I dug deep in front of the big boulders in No. 2. The
result was absolutely nil. There was not even a vestige
of charcoal in either place.
Conclusions.
We may nevertheless, I think, draw certain conclusions
as to these quadrilateral buildings.
1. They are not modern shealings or hoghouses.
2. Their structural type assigns them to post-Roman
date.
3. Their propinquity to Roman roads would tend, if it
were necessary, to confirm this. It should be remembered
♦that the High Street road has long since ceased to be a
line of communication. The presumption, therefore, is
A CONTRAST IN ARCHITECTURE, I39
that though the top end of Trout beck is now the " end of
the world," these buildings were erected when the road
was still in use.
4. That the type is that of the squatter's farm, not of
the communal village hut.
If these postulates be admitted, we have, I think, only
two explanations to choose between. These dwellings
must be either the houses of (i) Britons who after the
Roman evacuation retained some feeble vestiges of Roman
culture, or (2) of the bold Norse settlers who took up the
land 1,000 years ago. Between these two suggestions I
shall leave the reader to judge, limiting myself to one or
two remarks. Firstly, if we attribute them to Romanized
Britons, their rude construction, and their actual situation
tend to confirm the belief I have ventured to express
elsewhere,* that after the evacuation, such British who
escaped the Pictish massacres, reverted to almost their
primitive savagedom, and fell back into the fells before
the Teutonic invaders. On the other hand, to assign
them to the Vikings, especially looking at the juxtaposition
of the Thingmount, seems plausible but for one objection.
In making their settlements the Norse had no predilection
for the Roman roads. They squatted right and left on
the hill sides throughout the Lake district ; and farms
with Norse names are as numerous in the remote valleys
as in those traversed by Roman ways ; yet we have seen
that the only examples noticed of these oblong houses are
suggestively associated with Roman roads.
Lastly, we need not, I think, imagine, that because
these houses are quadrangular, they were built with stone
walls of any considerable height. They may very likely
have been earthen or wooden houses placed on a stone
foundation. Or the walls may never have exceeded a few
feet, and had a thatched roof descending almost to the
* " On the Influence of the Roman occupation on the population of Cumber-
land and Westmorland," Archaological Journal, March, 1899.
Sod Huts :
I, 2, 3, Charcoal-burn ei
4, 5, 6, Bark-peeler's.
A CONTRAST IN ARCHITECTURE. I4I
ground level. Both types are used in constructing
quadrilateral buildings by modern and recent savage
races.*
Part II. — The Sod Hut: An Archaic Survival.
We have thus seen that probably at least about a
thousand years ago, there was dwelling in the fells a
people who built and lived in rectangular walled houses.
It is, therefore, very curious to find that in the adjacent
district of High Furness, there remains in actual use,
what is the most aboriginal type of circular wigwam. This
is the sod hut of the collier or charcoal burner, whose
occupation has existed here from time immemorial, t
In Fig. I (opposite) one of these huts is represented.
The method of construction is as follows. First, three
poles or young trees about gj or loj feet long and about
4 inches thick at the thick end are set up as a tripod (Fig.
2) the tops being fastened together by a withy. Then
the intervening space is filled in with lighter poles, of
which the ends, resting on the ground, form a circle just
outside the ends of the three larger poles. The light
poles overlap each other to some degree at the apex,
but have slight intervals between them where they rest
on the ground. There is also a gap left in one side for
an entrance, and this is filled in above with smaller poles.
Finally, large flat sods are cut from the common, and
commencing at the bottom these are laid on the poles
overlapping each other like tiles until the top of the hut
is reached ; and in order to keep these from being loosened
by wind and rain, poles and other articles such as ladders
or tools are laid against the sloping sides of the hut.
These huts are provided neither with windows nor fire-
place, the door forming the only aperture. In the one
* I ought to have said that Mr. Thomas Browne, of High Green, Troutbeck,
who is well acquainted with the Troutbeck sites, most kindly helped me in my
search for these buildings.
f See the writer's Hatukshead, p. 289-290, for the work of the " Collier " and
making "Charrecoales." The industry is mentioned in the Commissioners'
certificate of Furness Abbey Revenues, 1537,
^I42 A CONTRAST IN ARCHITECTURE.
shewn (drawn from one in Graythwaite woods) the
internal dimensions are 7 feet 9 inches high, 11 feet wide,
and its external height is close on 10 feet. The door is
3 feet 8 inches high, 2J feet wide at the bottom and i J
feet at the top.
Now it is a very reasonable surmise that in these
structures we see the direct representatives of the wood-
land wigwams of the Britons of ancient Cumbria — a
survival due no doubt to the simplicity of the type and its
suitability for the temporary purposes of the coal burner.
Similar huts are still in use in many parts of the world
among savages, or as Ratzel more aptly calls them
" natural races." For instance, there are the huts of the
Kaffirs and Wanyoros, similar though more spherical.
The Hottentot's hut is like the Kaffir's, but he covers it
with mats or skins. The Red Indian's wigwam preserves
the same type, only here it has become a tent. Returning
to Africa we see in the Ovambo and Bechuana huts a
rather more advanced form, constructed with low side
walls. Even in the far north the Esquimaux built their
ice houses in a beehive shape, which may have been
learned in more temperate climates.*
The charcoal burners' huts are inhabited for a month
or two, and the work engages the attention of the colliers
both day and night. As a rule and to save trouble, food
ready prepared is brought from neighbouring farms ; and
the hut is, therefore, unprovided with hearth or chimney.
This, however, is different with the bark peelers' huts, for
this occupation gives more leisure, . and the dwellings
being intended to stand longer, are of a more advanced
type. In Plate III., and Nos. 4, 5, and 6 (p. 140), one of
these is shewn. The construction is as follows. Instead
* For illustrations of these t3rpes the reader may refer to Wood's Natural
History of Man, vol i., pp. 54i 252, 331, 351, 365, 474, &c. Also to V. le Due's
Habitations of Man in all Ages, where he will find an imaginary picture of the
first hut (p. 6), and also a design for the house of the early Pelasgian peasant
very like our sod huts, but with low stone walls, and a smoke hole in the apex of
of the roof.
A CONTRAST IN ARCHITECTURE. I43
of three, four strong poles are selected, and the tops being
lashed to a short ridge-pole 4 feet long, the four feet are
planted on the ground at the four angles of a parallelogram
of about 13 by 8 feet. Side walls with rounded corners,
and constructed of two faces of wattle packed between
with earth, are then raised to a height of two feet. On the
top of this wall lighter poles of elder, birch, and ash are
then placed close together, with their top ends supported
against the ridge-pole. The sodding is then proceeded
with as in the colliers' huts, but it only extends down to
the top of the wattle wall. On one side a door is left
2^ feet wide, and 3 feet 10 inches high, with a closing
door of wattle ; and opposite this is a stone-built hearth
projecting externally from the hut about 5 feet, and about
5 feet in height.
This hut measures internatlly 13J by 8J feet and is 10
feet high. It is for four persons, and is much roomier
and more comfortable than the collier's hut. Moreover,
it has the great addition of the hearth for cooking, from
which, unlike many savages' huts, the smoke escapes from
a specially-constructed chimney, and not from a mere
hole in the roof.
[The illustrations are from photographs and drawings
by the Author.]
(144)
Art. XI. — f he Forgotten Dedication of Great Orton Church,
Cumberland. By F. H. M. Parker, of Fremington.
Communicated at Bowness-on- Windermere, Sept. i8th, 1900.
iN the diocese of Carlible there are seven churches of
which the dedications are lost or forgotten, and
though it is possible that information about them might
be gathered from private title deeds, or more probably
from documents preserved at the Record Office in London,
yet the vastness of the mass of history existing there,
almost entirely in the form of unindexed manuscript,
renders it almost unlikely that otherwise than by accident
even the most laborious searcher should discover it.
The churches of which the dedications are now un-
known are given by Mr. George Watson in his work
Orientation aiiU Dedication oj Ancient Churches* One of
these is that of Great Orton, lying some five miles west
of the outskirts of Carlisle on the edge of the remote
stretch of land reaching away from the Wigton road to
the banks ot the Solway. None of the county histories
give information on the matter, and tradition is silent.
The church has been rededicated to St. Mungo, but this,
however appropriate, is of recent date. In the course of
a search in the Record Office the present writer had the
good fortune to light on a document* which mentions
the original dedication. It dates from the year 1452.
The following is a rendering of the material part : —
The King to his escheator in the county of Cumberland Greeting.
Whereas by an inquisition held before Thomas Crakenthorp late
escheator in the county aforesaid it was found that Joan late wife
* Fine Rolls, Cumberland, Hen. VI., No. 259. The entry quoted here occurs
on the third membrane.
THE. DJ£DLCAXIQN OF GREAT ORTON CHUECH. 1 45
of John Middleton, Knight, deceased, held on the day of her d^ath
in her demesne as of fee the third paiit of the manor of Great
Stajmton near Penreth with its appurtenances, and that the said
Joan died seised in her demesne as of fee of the third part of the
manor of Orton with its appurtenances and! of the third: part of the
advowson of the church of St. Giles of Orton appendant to the said
manor and of the third part of a parcell of waste land under the
city of Carlisle and of three messuages in the hamlets of Weganby
also of the moiety of one tenement in Selywra and of the third part
of one tenement in Burgh and of the third part of one tenement
called Patriklees, also of one tenement in Thomby and of the
third part of one cottage in Grindesdale ....
Dated the 24**" of October. The deceased lady's son and heir is
John Blenerhasset.
The dedication apart from the mere feet possesses
some features of interest. St. Giles was a French saint,
and his commemoration here may have been due to
Norman influence, as is supposed to have beeix the case
with the church of St. Leonard at Warwick. The
church at Orton dates from about the time of Henry I.,
so that this result may have followed the Norman influx
consequent on the reduction of Carlisle by William
Rufus.
St. Giles was the patron of the lacoe. In towns his
churches used to be erected in the outskirts, where the
cripples could congregate; thus in London we find
St. Giles' church in "Cripple-gate." We learn, more-
over, from Mr. Watson that there is no other dedication
to St. Giles in this diocese.
There is another reference to Orton in the same roll
which also bears on the history of the manor. On
the eighth membrane there is an entry similar to the
one cited above ; here Alice, late wife of John Bellasis,
is found to have died possessed of practically the same
estate; the third part of the manors of Staynton and
Orton and of the advowson, a share of the tenement
at Patriklees in *' Banton," and in addition a rent of
ten shillings and sixpence from Wigganby, and some-
thing at Warton and Gamlysby.
146 THE DEDICATION OF GREAT ORTON CHURCH.
Her son and heir is Nicholas Redle.
Now we are told by the histories, the authority
apparently being Denton,* that Orton originally belonged
to a family called de Orton; that Sir Giles, the last of
them, had a daughter who brought the estate to one of
the Skeltons, Sir Clement ; and that they had four
daughters, of whom Agnes married Leigh of I sell, and
the others whose names are not given married Blener-
hasset, Ridley and Bellasis. The last-named received
a rent-charge, while the other three divided the estates.
It seems that Alicia and Joan were two of these
daughters, but the extracts from the fine roll suggest
a query as to the identity of Bellasis, and whether he
was only the second husband of Alice de Skelton, or
whether there were two members of the Bellasis family
involved.
The connection of the four families with Orton has
long ceased. Bellasis sold his interest to the Coldhall
family, from which it descended to the Briscos. The
Leigh share, on the extinction of that family, came to
the Lawsons ; while the portions inherited by Ridley
and Blenerhasset were sold by them nearly three
hundred years ago.
* See An Accompt, &c., by John Denton (Tract series No. 2, Ed. Chancellor
Ferguson, p. 82).
-r>! t; NEW YORK
PUBLIC LIBRARY.
ASTOR. LtNOX AN©
TiLOfeM FOUNDATIONS.
|R Richard
IXJSGRAVE
Hayton.
i
io = Catherine
I
kw of Middleton
lu.. a.nd coh. of
and Jane d.
LU Marshall of
LSON
RANGES
an infant.
mgas;sK:^
(147)
Art. XIL— The Pedigree of Wastell of Wastell Head;
with a memoir of General Honywood of Howgill Castle.
By F. H. M. Parker of Fremington.
Read at Bowness-on-Windermere, Sept. iSth, 1900.
rpHE family of Wastell derived its name from the
-'- wild tract of moorland south of Shap, through
which runs the main road to Kendal, They appear to
have been seated her^ about the time of Queen Elizabeth,
but later than this there is little or no mention of the
name. Before the accession of the Stuarts they had
sought their fortunes in other parts of the country ; but
though they settled elsewhere there is much that is
interesting to be found in following out the history of
the old Westmorland stock, and their career again and
again brings us in touch with these counties.
The family is now extinct. The last heir of the family
left daughters only, and with the youngest of them, in
1892, the name of Wastell passed away. Among her
papers was found an old pedigree purporting to be
drawn up by Dugdale, which carries the family two
generations beyond the Visitations, and adds consider-
ably to its interest from the point of view of a local
antiquary.
The head of the pedigree had two sons, John and
Thomas ; the former is described as Prior of Barnstaple,
the latter as of Wastell Head. Thomas also had two
sons. One, Nicholas, married Catherine Wilkinson of
Furness Fells, and was ancestor of a family of visitation
rank in Northampton. This branch does not concern
this paper ; but it may be noted that about this time
there was a distinguished divine in the town of North-
ampton, Simon Wastell, who was master of the school
148 THE PEDIGREE OF WASTELL.
there. A full account of him appears in the Dictionary
of National Biography ; herein he is described as of a
Cumberland family. However, all other authorities
make him a Westmorland man, Camden (edition of
1762) expressly stating that he came from the Shap
district ; and the Cumbrian origin appears to be an error,
though only of importance locally. Thomas Wastell
of Wastell Head had another son who was &,ther of
Christopher Wastell of Scorton, with whom starts the
pedigree in the Yoj^hire Visitation of '1665. He 'marriefl
one of the family of 'Smdlt of Amderby, and ha<i a son
Leonard and he a son John. The last-named was a
Master in 'Chancery, and married Anne, daughter of Jdbn
Robinson bf iiackworth ; 'this lady as a widow married
Sir Richard Tanckred of Whi^iley, Knight. ^ her he
had a large family, among them Leonard, his heir;
Anne, who married Leonard Smelt of Kirkby Fleethatn,
one ^f whose sons is stat^ to have 'held a commissioii
in the Parliamentary army, and Dorothy, who married
William James df Washington, in ^Durfaam. .He 'repre-
sented a 'family which possessed several distinguished
members. His ^grandfather, William James, was Bish€^
of Durham, having been previooisly master cff UnivaFsity
College, Oxford, and had a . son who was Public Orator
stt Oxford ; While his brother Francis was a Fellow -of
All Soul's, Doctor of Civil Law, Ma^er in Chancery, -and
chancellor of the dioceses df Bath and W6lls and <rf
London.
Theotily isnrviving son of Williaan -and 'Dorothy James
died within a *year of his father, 'leaving his -si^ere
co-heirs. One of them married Sir Richard Musgrave
of Hayton, and 'her daughter Catherine married John
Brisco of Crofton ; 'both of these families have at one
time adopted as a baptismal name that of the old family
whose career we are tracing. Another married Wilfrid
Lawson of 'Brayton, second son of 'the *then reigning
'Lawson, who lived atisell ; her ^sons Gilfrid and Alfred
TKE PBDIGRBE OF WASTEIX. I49
Succeeded m tiirn to the barondtcy, and Gitfrid, the
elder, was for many years lunder Anne, and 'the firdt two
Georges, member for Cumberland, as was his cousin,
Sir Richard Musgrave. The other daughters married
Hedworth df Harraton, and Millott of Whithill, in
Durham, well-known families, ibut 'not within the scope
of this ipaper.
•Leonard Wastell succeeded, and ^married a .daughter
of John SoArile of Mdthley Hail, which property had
devolved upon him on the death of hk half-brother,
Sir Henry, first and last baronet. iHe was son of Sir
Jdhn Savile, a baron of the Exchequer under the reigns
of Elizabeth and James I., and nephew of Sir Henry
Sayile, Provost of Eton, a niost >eminent scholar and
mathematician. Leonard Waeteil bad two 'children,
ElizBibeth, who 'married Sir John Legard of Ganton,
Bart., and was ancestress* of the present holder of the
title, and John, who succeeded. His first wife, Barbara
Pierse, was a linesd descendant cf the ^celebrated
Shepherd Lord — "the good Lord Clifford.'' He married
secondly the widow of John Smelt of Aindeirby, i through
Which marriage it appears that »the Wasteils a^iquirecl
the splendid Ainderby estate.
By the first marriage John Wastell :had 'several
children*: of these John was a merchant in London,
and died in middle life, leaving iive daughters^; the
eldest of whom married Colonel Honywood, a gallant
officer, descended throi|gh his mother foom many
Westmorland families, who deserves -a separate tnotice.
Another son, Henry, was rector of Symondbum in
Northumberland, and married Frances 'Ba<:on, :a niece
of Thomas -Forster of Bamborough Castle, one of the
leaders in the irisiag of I7r5« iHis son John eventually
succeeded to the great Wastell properly, and also to
the iFoisters' estate, at Adderstoneiin^Northumberkind.
At this period ithe family. must i have been atihejaenrth
of their fortunes, and it is impossible ibr .the ;£amily
150 THE PEDIGREE OF WASTELL.
chronicler to avoid a feeling of regret that there is more
to tell. They could claim descent from a celebrated
family which left its mark not only on local but on
national history. Their heir male was connected by
marriage with many noted families in Northumberland.
Their heir general was the wife of General Honywood,
a man distinguished by ancestry, wealth, and military
eminence. Their possessions included two fine country
seats, one at Scorton — since pulled down — and Ainderby
Hall, and a landed estate of which it was said that from
Ainderby Steeple (a place noted for its wide prospect)
John Wastell could look far and wide and see nothing
that was not his own. Such were the fortunes of the
Wastells a hundred and fifty years ago.
John Wastell succeeded. He was a great light on the
Turf, and his son is said to have been broken-hearted
when he first learned how the estates had been mort-
gaged. He was one of the founders of the Jockey
Club, figured largely in Bunbury's sketches, and won
the Oaks; but though not much of a better, seems to
have lost heavily over his racing establishment. The
town house and the great Yorkshire estates were realised,
and the family retired to Risby House in Suffolk, a seat
which had been purchased on account of its proximity
to Newmarket. He had two brothers, Bacon William,
and Henry. The former's eldest daughter married her
cousin, Rev. John Daniel Wastell, only son of the un-
fortunate John Wastell. Mr. John Daniel Wastell did a
great deal to restore the fortunes of the family, but left
no son to take his place. He had six daughters, with
the youngest of whom the name became extinct.
Henry Wastell of Newburgh acquired by marriage
the estate of Walltown in Northumberland, which
descended to his son Henry, a clergyman, the last male
of the family, and thence to his only surviving daughter,
who brought it by marriage to the Coulsons.
Thus died out the family of Wastell. Its career had
THE PEDIGREE OF WASTELL. I5I
run through many counties between its rise on the fells
of Shap and its ending in Suffolk, and this is undoubtedly
the reason why, though many county histories give
notices of them, no continuous genealogy of the whole
family has yet been published. Possibly then a sketch
of their entire career from the point of view of a family
rather than a local historian may most fitly be appro-
priated to the county of the ancestors from which they
drew both their lineage and their name.
The Wastells possessed two curious relics of the
Stuarts, which deserve a passing reference. One was
a silver heart, which opened. On the outside were the
words — ** Prepared be to follow me. C.R." On the
inside, a portrait of Charles I. Opposite, " Jan. 30,
1648,*' and below, the skull and crossbones. On the
outside the words — " I live and dy in loyalty," and below
a pierced heart.
It is said that only one other of these hearts still exists.
There was also a copper medal, on one side bearing a
portrait of Charles ; on the reverse, hands from heaven
holding a martyr's crown, and a device " Sheep without
a shepherd." The origin of these is unknown ; but it is
certain that they had been in the family for many
generations. A connection has been suggested between
them and a certain William Wastell, who in some Scotch
works is stated to have gallantly defended Hume Castle,
in Berwickshire, against Cromwell. His identity, how-
ever, is uncertain. The interests of the Yorkshire
Wastells were mainly Roundhead, in fact there was a
** Col. Wastall " among the Puritan officers ; while there
were other families called Wastell, as the name is found
in Northampton as early as Edward HI.'s reign, and in
London in that of Edward I.
General Philip Honywood of Howgill Castle
AND Marks Hall in Essex.
General Honywood, a distinguished and gallant officer,
r52 THB PEDIGfiEB OB WASTELt.
fipjur«d witb some consequence a biuadced and- fifty years
ago in the history of Westmorland, with which, he was
connected' through his naother, the heiress of How^ill
Caatle, "the fair building which stands high ©n the
skirts^ of the mountains in the eye of the country." His
feithefr, Robert Honywood,, inherited the paternal estate
of Charing m Keott, and also through a cousin, }ohn
Laimot'te Hoaywood^ that of Marks Hall: in Essex.
Philip Honywood, who was the fourth aad youngest
son, succeeded to the estates on> the death of hi9 nephew,
Richardy in 1758. The Honywood faimiily was an. old
aad impoftant ocie, promrnent especially during thie
Civil War and Coiaamon wealthy Sir Robert of Charing
being an influential suppoirter of the Roukmdhead party ;
while his kinsmaui, Sir Thomas of Matrks, afterwards
D.C.L., seemsJ to have been even more strenuous in
making his seat a gathering place for Puritan leaders.
A fnll account of the family is to be found in Morant's
Ess^Xy wherein we learn that Philip Honywood's wife
was *^a very agjreeaMe and accomplished lady." She
was the daughter of John Wastell of London.
Philip Honywood served at Dettingen in the regiaaeat
of his uncle. The latter, with whom be is sometimes
confused,i was a namesake, also attained the rank of
general^ was made a Knigjht of the Bath after the battle,
became Governor of Portsmouth, and died unmarried*
in 1752. The subject of this account distinguished him-
self greatly by his personal valour, and was desperately
wounded, receiving twenty-three broad-sword cuts, and
and two musket balls, which were never extracted. He
had not recovered when he took part in the famous
skirmish at Clifton Moor in the " Forty-five," where he
appears as " the lang man in the muckle boots " of the
Highlander's story. Here he was overpowered, received
* So Morant says. A relative oi ttie family, however, comments: "I saw
some papers or book at Risby, in which Miss Sarah Wight was mentioned as
wife of General Sir Philip Honywood."
THE PEDIGREE OF WASTELL. I53
some more slashes about the head, and was taken up
for dead. However, with true Westmorland vitality he
recovered, and lived nearly fortv years more. It is
curious that one of his family mottoes was " moriendo
\dvo." He was appointed Governor of Kingston-upon-
HuU in 1766. He married Miss Elizabeth Wastell at
the Chapel Royal at Whitehall, December 6th, 1748. A
tradition states that he left his wife shortly after the
marriage, if not at the church door, and did not see her
till, several years after, he encountered her' at a ball,
failed to recognise her, and asked to be introduced to
the charming lady ; then discovering that like the famous
Lord March he was admiring his own wife. This must
be taken for what it is worth, as the legend may have
grown round the fact that their only child was born
more than ten years after the marriage ; and a strong
expression of regard for his memory in some papers
opened after her death is inconsistent with any recollec-
tion of neglect. The son, Philip, died February 3rd,
1779, at the age of nineteen ; a youth of considerable
promise.
General Honywood sat as a member for Appleby for
many years, being first returned in 1754 ; that election
being the scene of the celebrated contest between the
Lowther and Tufton factions, with the latter of which
he allied himself. Chancellor Ferguson in his Biogra-
phies of Cumberland and Westmoreland M.P.^s tells us that
he was regular in attendance in all important divisions,
though almost always in the minority ; but that he seems
never to have addressed the House. He died at his
residence in Charles Street on the 20th February, 1785,
and two lengthy notices of his life appeared in the
Gentleman's Magazine.
By his will he left his large estates to his wife for life.
We believe we are correct in stating that she did not
survive beyond the year's end. The property then
passed to Mr. Filmer Honywood, M.P., son of the
154 THE PEDIGREE OF WASTEiX.
general's distant kmsiBtan, Sir John Honywood of
Evington, Bart-, and Dorothy, daughter of Sir Edward
Filmer, Bart., his second wife. The property so be-
queathed did not, however, include the Westmorland
estate at Howgill, as some years previously to his death
General Honywood had sold it to the Tuftons.
( 155 )
N^
Art. XIII. — Ormshed and its Chmoh. By tlue Rev. J.
Brunskill^ Rector of Ormshed.
Communicated at Carlisle^ June 20th, 1900.
ORMSHEVED or Ormshed is a peculiar place-name,
meaning the head or home of Orm. ** Ormside "
is an error, which diverts letters, railway passengers,
&c., to the larger town of Arnside. The earliest written
history of this country was dated the century before
Christ, and the book tells that our forefathers ** for the
most grew no corn but lived on milk and flesh and
clothed themselves with skins of their ffocks and herds."
Until recent times each writer appears to have copied
• vf nitv. *ssor; but fn modern history the spade is
sharip ^g ^jig pgjj^ ^s we observe and excavate, the
old buildings and towns of Britain prove to be a vast
museum out of which more certain history is gathered ;
but the small area of a country parish has been less
stud''^d for chronicles of historic interest. Yet from our
anc' nt roads, rivers, and language we may learn some-
thing of the migrations and struggles in rural life.
Caesar wrote that the natives he found in Britain did not
grow corn ; but when I find a Celtic quern or millstone
near the mounds remaining of a British village now
partly effeiced by the Rectory garden, I prefer our spades
to the Roman General's pen. And why did the Romans
dur ig their occupation of Plumpton import from
' f rnach on the Rhine lava millstones rather than
^^ •• The ruined Roman town of Voreda in Plumpton,
ed by a Northern raid and buried by Nature's
^'- mery in the then desolate Inglewood Forest, remains
an- historic mine still awaiting reverent excavation. Near
it we have found several lava mills, Roman money and
156 ORMSHED AND ITS CHURCH.
altars, round stones for the balista, and many of the
chequered stones which adorned their luxurious villas.
Also at Plumpton, in the short road leading to the
church, there remains a perfect example of their solid
maiden way. With reference to Caesar's report that the
people of Britain clothed themselves with skins, Canon
Greenwell has found some evidence in the round barrows
that the corpses had been wrapped in a woollen shroud
woven by a kind of plaiting process. These grave-
memorials he assigns to tribes who inhabited Yorkshire
previous to the Roman Invasion.
Then as to language, modern scholars have found in
our place-names and talk evidence of Norse settlers
hereabouts. There was dug up from the Ormshed
Churchyard in 1823 a cup of singularly fine Anglo-Saxon
workmanship. This precious relic of an interment made
a thousand years since was fortunately put for safe
keeping in York Museum. In 1899 the grave of a
Danish warrior was unintentionally disturbed. He had
probably been buried with his armour on where he fell,
at the scarp guarding the wath. Our sadly missed leader,
the late Chancellor Ferguson, kindly took the sword
and remains of the shield to the Tower of London, where
experts pronounced the armour to be of Danish work-
manship. It is now preserved in the Carlisle Museum,
and the " find ' is described by the Chancellor in our
Transactions^ vol. xv., part 2. We all know that outside
the south-east window of the nave there is a *' kist vaen *'
or stone box containing several doubled up skeletons.
Thus from the earliest times we have evidence that this
sacred mound has been a sleeping place or cemetery for
our dead when the living assembled for worship at the
Cross long before the first sheltering building of wat^
and daub.
The Saxons and Normans built in stone, and theii
work remains in the venerable Parish Church, for
centuries the only witness to social and national changes.
ORMSHED AND ITS CHURCH. 157
Such an antiquity has been called ** an historical docu-
ment written in stone," and was probably better read by
our forefathers on their way to or from wading the ford
through the river Eden than it is now by the travellers
who rush past on the Midland Railway. Ormshed was
then situated on a British highway which was a main
road two thousand years ago. This road is not straight,
as the streets afterwards made by the Romans between
their camps ; but takes a wandering line generally
between townships, and by the sides of the valleys.
Approaching from the south and fording Cold-wath,
we enter this narrow and now deep lane. We have the
grand old trees of Little Ormshed Lodge on the left,
including beautiful specimens of native and silver fir,
elm, birch, and lime, with a flowering Amelanchier
Canadensis in the front garden. Also a large cedar,
said to have been brought from Lebanon by a General
Whitehead, growing in his hat, and on the long voyage
sharing his daily allowance of one pint of water. From
this Lodge on the 20th February, 1812, rode out Miss
Jane Whitehead to be married at the Parish Church
to Edward Hasell, Esq., of Dalemain.
On the other side of this decayed village there survives
an unspoiled example of a Roman- English house on a
plan almost universal in domestic architecture fifty years
ago. Was the evolution from the earlier huts taught by
the veteran soldiers discharged from the Roman Legions ?
The raised carving on the lintel 1WO68MO6 is a singular
mixture of figures and letters ; these last probably being
for ** William and Mary Outhwaite."
Towards the east we have an extensive view of the
Pennine Mountains, covered with trees six hundred years
ago, with Roughman Fell and Brackenber Moor opposite.
On this common there is a large circle or British village.
The muster for the Pilgrimage of Grace was hereabouts,
and many other honourable ** risings." For our free-
holding forefathers showed themselves readier than the
158 ORMSHED AND ITS CHURCH.
Southerns to maintain their " estates of inheritance "
and struggle for their conscious religion and the monu-
mental treasures of their churches.
It was hereabouts that what were often the losing
causes found their staunchest defenders, whether Saxon,
Lancastrian, or Jacobite. Before the Pilgrimage of
Grace there had been the unfortunate rising in the North
against the plundering agents of Papal and Royal greed.
After a peaceful protest against state robbery of village
chantries, poor men's clubs, and shelters such as were
at Coupland Beck, Sandford, and Stainmore, seventy
of the best men in Westmorland were hanged, generally
before their own door. And the two out of the three
Commissioners who condemned these martyrs to the
gallows were Bishops ! Who will find- some local record
of this? One unfortunate clergyman at Windsor was
put to death as a traitor because when he heard of the
plunder of the monasteries he had remarked that the
King had brought his hogs to a bad market. John
Hilton, an ex- Mayor of Appleby (possibly a relative of
the family at Ormshed Hall), was in 1634 ^^'^ to bond
in £1000 by the Archbishop of York to appear in London
before the Lords of the notorious Star Chamber. Mr.
Hilton was accused of high treason as having spoken
against the King to John Thwaites, then Mayor of
Appleby, and John Atkinson, the Coroner, when they
argued that he might not again stand for Mayor because
his wife and children were recusants ; and Mr. Hilton
had answered, " Are there not many magistrates and
lords of the council whose wives are recusants ? " Mr.
Hilton denied having referred to the Queen, and in the
end *' these presumptuous speeches of Hilton were
remitted by his Majesty the King." Thus this good
citizen escaped being hung, drawn, and quartered alive
on our blood-stained gallows hill, like the last victim
to that barbarous fate, the brave Captain Atkinson of
Mallerstang. I can remember seeing the rude ** gallows"
ORMSHED AKD ITS CHURCH. I59
with ropes still dandling, and in this my ministerial
jubilee I may mention that I have talked with one who
saw Prince Chariie's men in the rebellion of 1745.
Our Moot Cross shows the iconoclastic wrecking by
dissenting axes and hammers, of which the great Coun-
tess of Pembroke complains when she had to lodge the
rebels quartered in Appleby Castle, and Cromwell's
troopers lay about Ormshed. Many of the steps had
been pulled away by the late tenant at the Hall, who
also carried off the socket of the Churchyard Cross. His
son, who remembered the vandalism, survived to help
in 1897 at the restoration of both. That farmer was also
permitted to convey the village green surrounding the
Calvary, and, for the fencing of this enclosure, the stones
from the tithebarn of the non-resident Rector. A brave
old parishioner was wont to tell the writer how Cyprian
Hilton about 1690 had planted the beautiful sycamore
now growing from the Calvary, and probably the fruit
trees formerly enjoyed in common. The new stable and
other encroachments obstruct the view and access to
the church.
In repairing these steps no carved stones were found,
as by the Rev. W. S. Calverley at Bromfield. He con-
sidered that the stone in which the sundial had been set
in the churchyard was the gable of this village cross.
Has the red sandstone deeply sunk on the south side of
the steps carried an earlier cross ? It has been reckoned
that before the Great Rebellion five thousand of these
wayside crosses serving as market place and sanctuary
adorned our towns and villages. Even of the twelve
Queen Eleanor crosses only three remain. And of these
Christian monuments where were their natural guar-
dians ? Seven thousand clergymen, by furious fanatics,
were " rabbled " from their parishes, murdered, or died
of hunger, in prison, and foreign slavery, so that at the
King's Restoration only six hundred survived to resume
their livings.
l6o ORMSHED AND ITS CHURCH.
The Parish Registers date from 1560, and the list of
Rectors includes : —
1231, John de Morland, collated by Bishop Halton.
1290, William de Gosford, collated by Bishop Halton.
1564, Sir Christopher Parker.
1854, Christopher Parker, collated by Bishop Percy.
1893, Joseph Brunskill, collated by Bishop Bardsley.
In 1578 there appears to be buried " John Edgdell,
wedman." I gather by aid of Mr. Rennison that a
wedman was the man set apart to see fair play in gancies
and combats, and to take care of the clothes of the
combatants ; these garments being laid in heaps were
called ** weds," especially noted in the game called
" Scotch and English."
1781. Entry in Parish Register : — '* General Chapter,
Appleby, 20 July, Richd. Burn, LL.D., Chanc."
1787 ..." 6 June by Revd. Wm. Paley, M.A., when
in his excellent charge he recommended afternoon
Lectures to the Clergy."
1783 . . . "July 3. Visitation at Appleby by Bp. of
Clonfert " (native of Kendal).
1783 ..." Oct. 26. Christenings. Ann, daughter of
William Sedgwick of Helm, and Ann, his wife. N.B. —
This is the first christening taxed 3d."
Among the church plate, without claiming the famous
"Ormside Cup" now in York Museum, we have one
large pewter flagon ; one silver chalice and one silver
paten, inscribed " Ex dono M. H. in memoriam of His
Son Cypriani Hilton nat. 7 Augt. 1700, Obijt 16 Augt.
1712. To ye church of Ormside. Also gave the Interest
of Ten Pounds to the Poor of Ormside for ever."
The wall enclosing the *' church hill " is headed up
in dotes or short lengths, each identified with certain
lands in the parish. But most of these estates have
been sold, and are now laid to Appleby Castle estate.
Now that we approach St. James' Church a word may
be said about the benefice. In 1156 the Church of
\ r
-it?
..n^-
ORMSHED AND ITS CHURCH. l6l
Ormsheved was granted to the Abbot of St. Mary, York ;
but in 1248 the advowson came to the Bishop of Carlisle,
who has ever since been patron. The tithes were com-
muted in 1846 for a rent charge of £7^ i6s. 4d. In 1900
this has fallen to 3^53. The rent of the glebe is £qs,
and the Ecclesiastical Commissioners pay £^ 5s. It is
believed that endowment for religion has come down
since the ** keeping of hills,'' ages before the conquering
cross was planted on this '* esker." These mounds of
sand and gravel have been the burial places of men who
knew not the use of metal, living hereabouts thousands of
years before not only the Norsemen, but also what some
call the Ancient Britons. These eskers, whether wholly
or in part artificial, resemble irregular barrows, and occur
in nearly all countries that have been much glaciated.
Bishop Nicolson records that the Visitation in 1703 : —
The altar in the quire here stands east and west. There are no
rails, but the Rector has provided them at his own charge, and
wants an injunction to the churchwardens to see them set up at
the expense of the parish.
From the Hill MSS. we copy a " Note to Lady
Pembroke's will by the Rev. Jas. Raine, Principal of
Neville Hall, Newcastle " : —
Found Sunday, and of Nov., 1689, behind Ormside Church, in ye
river Eden on ye side next ye church.
(A) Thuribulum or censor. This censor has 3 boles at the sides,
evidently to put ye cords through. It was 3 inches high,
in diameter above 5. It was of brass guilded.
(B) An Ewer of brass 7 inches high, 3 inches wide at ye mouth,
13 inches in circumference at ye widest part.
(C) A brazen morter.
(D) A pewter bason 3 inches deep, 8 in diameter.
(E) A pewter flower pot 6 inches high, circum. at belly 10 ineh.
(F) A cullender of pewter.
A cdse of brazen weights and two brazen candlesticks of different
sizes, 2 pewter candlesticks, a less and a greater, two pewter
flaggons, a less and greater, several plates of pewter and a small
l62 ORMSHED AND ITS CHURCH.
lead for boiling meat, which weighed 2 stone 10 pounds, on the
great flaggon handle F.D., ».«., Frances Dudley.*
It is probable that the hoard was buried during the
Civil Wars. Churchyards were privileged by the canons,
and persons in turbulent times carried their property to
them for safety. This treasure trove was carried ofif to
Appleby Castle by the great Countess, and is now
unknown. A jetton or counter was found in Ormside
Churchyard, February, 1850.
At the restoration of the church in 1885-6, upon which
£743 was expended, the learned architects, in submitting
plans, referred to its history, the several stages it had
passed through, with the antiquity and interest of the
fragments that remain. Mr. Charles J. Ferguson, F.S.A.,
said : —
Pavement exists on the mound to the north of the church, and
there may yet be found traces of buildings earlier than we now see.
The Saxons probably erected a church here.t But of the present
fabric there are remains of a church built about fifty years after the
Norman Conquest, and its plan can be traced. It consisted of a
nave about twice as long as its breadth, with chancel of slight pro-
jection, and a transept or chapel to the north. Parts of this early
church are still visible in the massive portion of the north wall of
the chancel, and the round-headed archway therein, which has a
slightly recessed order on the face to the chancel and a chamfered
abacus moulding at the impost. In later Norman times the nave
was nearly doubled by a north aisle parallel to it, and connected
with the nave by two massive arches which still remain. The
chancel also was lengthened (as was done about the same time at
Torpenhow), and in the north wall of the lengthened portion a
hagioscope was constructed, so that the high altar should still be
visible from the side chapel.
It was, however, in the 17th century that one of the greatest
•changes took place, for then the chancel was enlarged — I may
almost say rebuilt, for all the walls seem to have been taken down
except the north, that to the south being put up some 4 feet further
southwards, so as to widen the chancel, which has the curious effect
of making the chancel not coincide centrally with the nave—
* She married ist John Dudley of Dufton, 2nd Cyprian Hilton, who died 1693.
t And the west wall may be remains of their solid work. — Note by J. B.
* - f
ORMSHED AND ITS CHURCH. 163
(compare, for an instance of this, Carlisle Cathedral) ; — and the
chancel is further remarkable for the introduction of a piscina,
aumbreys, and a priest's doorway.
The roof is of oak, with moulded tie beams and curved braces
springing from stone corbels. Since this careful addition and
repair of the 17th century, much mischief has been done. The
chancel arch has been removed ; the original aisle and transept
have been cleared away ; the roof and parapet to the tower have
been taken down, and replaced by unsightly slates. The roof of
the nave has been taken down, and a modem one of low pitch
substituted. The church has been ceiled and coated over and over
again with whitewash. The seats have gradually been replaced by
incongruous pews and benches facing in different directions.
In 1875, and previous to Mr. Ferguson's inspection,
there was published
A LAMENT OF ORMSIDE CHURCH.
Pity the sorrows of a poor old church,
Whdse walls have stood for many a century past.
3(c 4e :|c j|e :f: ^c He
But now, alas ! a change has o'er me come.
And " Non sum qualis eram " is my wail.
For all who venture now within my doors
My ruined state observe with faces pale.
With sheer old age my walls are crumbling fast.
My ceiling falls in fragments to the floor,
Which, damp and cold, presents a woful sight ;
The tottering pulpit stands — minus the door.
My pews are all worm-eaten through and through.
The crazy seats bend down beneath the weight
Of those who venture in to worship there.
Who dread meanwhile a worse impending fate.
For, hanging ominously overhead,
Long strips of lath and plaster creak and bend,
My walls, too, bending inwards threaten oft
Upon the trembling people to descend.
Two bells I have, but one, alas ! is cracked !
The other's voice I very seldom hear.
And why ? because I now can no one find
To come and ring, for each one quakes with fear.
164 ORMSHED AND ITS CHURCH.
This scandal continued for ten years longer, till that
zealous ecclesiologist, Bishop Harvey Goodwin, inter-
fered, arranged for a skilled architect, and led the way
to raise money for the restoration. Happily, the tower
escaped " restoration." I think its lower portion was an
original peel tower for sheltering the legionary soldiers,
and its walling is singular. No level " footing," " bind-
ing," or "courses" are shown, and it well corresponds
with the Roman walling uncovered at Hardknott Camp.
In 1893 there were few slates on the roof, and no glass
in its windows. Local subscriptions could not be had,
and even the Diocesan Church Extension Society refused
help. However, the tower is now weather-tight, and
long may the fortress brave the Helm.
Outside the new wall of the vestry is a small coped
gravestone with the ritualistic shears of an archdeacon ;
also a broken cross of white sandstone, which Mr.
Calverley thought might have been a gable. (About
such white stones he writes much in our Transactions).
The present east window has replaced a higher one.
Notice the old yew tree, and the worn step at the
priest's door, probably caused by the clogs of scholars
who for immemorial generations had to cross to the
school kept in the north aisle. And this education con-
tinued somewhere in the parish until 1852, when, twenty
years before School Boardism, churchfolk voluntarily
built the present sufficient schoolroom. In 1897, as a
Jubilee Memorial, a new cross was reverently lowered
into the original socket. The figures " 1643 " show
the date when the Calvinistic Boers last resolved upon
the destruction of crosses. What was the purpose of the
square window in the vestry above the door ? A similar
opening has lately been uncovered in Bradford Parish
Church.
Bells were neglected after the Reformation, and many
like the two fifteenth century bells at Ormshed were
cracked by careless ringing or boyish vandalism. King
ORMSHED AND ITS CHURCH. 165
Henry VIII. sold away one hundred thousand pounds of
bells for the sum of ;f 900. One of our broken bells is an
'*Ave Maria," and the other still hanging in the tower
has lettering, probably " Robertus Harding," of which
the Rev. H. Whitehead within his last week was asking
for a better nibbing. Mr. Whitehead advised that these
cracked bells should be preserved as historic. The little
bell now rung was lately given by John Brunskill,
Holliwell, Asby.
As a lintel to the new south-east window, the restorers
have desecrated a knightly tomb, and there is another in
the transept, into which three mean brasses have been
intruded, with the following inscriptions : —
Loe here interred lyes underneath this stone
True Wisdome, Virtue, Justice, all in one,
Sir Christopher Pickering, Knt., who after he had been 5 times
High Sheriffs of Cumberlande dyed ye 14th. of Jan : An Dni 1620
iEtatis suae 76.
Interred within this could ume heare lyes
This country's loss : but heaven's aetemall prise
Cyprian Hilton of Ormeside ; for renowned fame
He may be justly stiled the glorie of his name.
He was pious, prudent, charitable, and just.
And trewly valiant to : now hear he's clad in dust.
Deceased the 22nd of December
In the year of our Lord God, 1652.
Here lies interr'd the body of Cyprian Hilton, Esq., of an ancient
family; whose Loyalty to his Prince, zeal for the Established
Church, Love to his wife and children, and kindness to the Tenants,
are a lasting Monument to his Memory. He left behinde him his
dear Consort Mrs. Abigail Hilton, and by her a numerous offspring
viz. : four sons and five daughters ; all now living, and he in them.
He dyed the 27th. day of December, An : Dom : 1693 in the year
of his age xxxiiii and is here entomed in hopes of a blessed
Resurrection.
The Hatchment above in the north wall bears the
date 1723 and the Hilton arms.
l66 ORMSHED AND ITS CHURCH.
I have already mentioned the finding of the Seliiious
Ormshed Cup and the pieces of Danish armour. In
1900 a small mortar was recovered. The stone was
probably used to powder incense for the Thuribulum,
and for safe keeping is now offered to the society. (For
note and illustration of a Bronze Palstave found by J. B.
exhibited 1882, see these Transactions, vol. vi., page 510).
(i67)
Art. XIV. — A Letter of 1745. By the Rev. J. White-
side, M.A., Incumbent of Helsington.
Communicated at Carlisle, June 20th, 1900.
rrHE letter printed below relates no incident of con-
^ spicuous importance, but it is one which our late
President thought worthy to be preserved in the Tran-
sactions. It came to my notice through Mr. Charles E.
Lamb, son of the Vicar of Clapham, Yorks., and the
original is in the possession of his relative, Mrs. English,
of Orton Longueville, near Peterborough.
To John Honey wood Esqre
Woodstock Street, New Bond Street, London.
Sir, — I beg leave to acquaint you that the whole rebell army
marched out of Kendall for Penrith on Tuesday morning, and all
gott their, but about 500 who stayed at Shapp with part of the
Baggage : a great part of the Kings forces came within sight of
them before they gott Shapp but night coming on they were
obliged to march back to Orten, a small markett town about 2
miles west of Little Asby. The Rebells had no time to go above a
mile out of the road which was a great help to the country for they
plundered all before them, and took all the horses Hay Com or
anything else they could meet with. Their is a farm of my Lord
Barkshire's at a place called Forrest Hall that pays above ;£'ioo
ayear rent who has neither Hay nor Com left. And all the Towns
in the Road is in the same condetion. They took severall prisoners
at Kendall and tyed their hands behind their backs and some of
'em two and two together, and Brot 'em allong with them. The
poor people at Shapp Thrimby Little Strickland &c has not so
much as a little bread left & they have drawn bills upon my Lord
Lonsdale to pay his farmers for the damage they have done them.
Six of us stood under a wall about 300 yards of 'em all Day long on
Tuesday to see their march. About two a'clock they happened to
see us and some of 'em fired at us, and away we ran, and they after
us. We all gott into a pidgon coat of Mr Websters and they came
within 40 yards of the place but never suspected we were their;
l68 A LETTER OF I745.
and so we escaped. I had sent a man to Kendall on Sunday and
ordered him to bring us certain news where the Kings forces lay ;
just as I got home he came in and told me he had been their g^uide
all over the fell to within a mile of Shapp, but he believed they
woud either stay on y« fell all night or march to Orten. I writt to
Appleby to acquaint the General their, but before the messenger
came back I received a warrant from Mr Hazell to give notice to all
the petty constables to summon the country to provide Horses Hay
Carts Straw & all the victualls they cou^ possibly make ready
against the Duke's Army came down to Shapp ; this put us all into
great spirrits and everyone strove who should gett their first to
throw in their mite ; between 12 & i we had the pleasure of seeing
the Duke and his fine Army, and their was a very good return for
bread and cheese & small beer — the officers smiled at the cheese &
said it was a little smooky but that it wou*^ do very well — they bad
not time to stay but took it in their hands and eat on the Road and
the corn being in sheaves they took it before 'em and fed their
horses. As they ridd allong tiie road was Uned with the Country
People who haza'ed them as they march which made the soldiers
very merry. Tho' it was the finest sight I ever saw I was so weary
that I left the Dukes army before they gott to Penrith so can give
you no certain ace' how the rebells behaved but by Report tney
used them the worst in all the road. The Kings forces could not
falle of taking part of their Bagidg about Penrith and I hope they
will come up with the rest before they reach Carlisle. The soldiers
is in great spirrits and their Horses in good order. In my next I
will give you an acc^ what is become of them, from Sir, your most
obedient humble servant
Henry Holme
19th December 1745
Barnskew.
The Holmes are an old Westmorland family, whose
representative, Henry Holme, now resides at Harberwain,
near Crosby Ravensworth. For many generations they
lived at Barnsceugh, which is about two miles away in
the direction of Maulds Meaburn. The writer was
steward to Mr. John Honeywood, whose family seat was
at Marks Hall, Essex. The Honeywoods were possessed
of much property in Westmorland, and Colonel (after-
wards General) Philip Honeywood was M.P. for Appleby.
His portrait hangs in the hall at the Castle. He is the
A LETTER OF 1745. 169
general referred to in the letter, and he married a Wastell
descended from the family of Wasdale Head in Shap
parish.
His will bears date June loth, 1777. ^^ is described
therein as Colonel of His Majesty's 4th Regiment of
Horse, and Governor of Hull. He settles all his manors,
messuages, &c., in the counties of Westmorland, Cumber-
land, &c., on his son Philip, in tail after the death of his
widow Elizabeth, and in default to Filmer Honeywood
of Esington, Kent, Esq., M.P., second son of Sir John
Honeywood, Bart., for life, and to his issue in tail and
in default to testator's own right heirs. He left his
household goods at Marks Hall and Howgill Castle in
Westmorland to his son Philip, or if he died under
twenty-one to the owner for the time being of the estates.
Young Philip died aged nineteen and unmarried.
It is probable that Sir John is the John Honeywood
of the letter.
Mr. Webster's house was in the neighbourhood of
Thrimby, within a quarter of a mile off the main road.
It was not the Grange or the Hall. The Websters were
a family of local importance. In 1825 John Webster was
curate and schoolmaster. I am told the house was on
Thrimby Brow and there is now no trace of it.
It may be here noted that the house where the Prince
Charles Edward stayed in Shap is the West Farm, now
occupied by Mr. William Hudson, and owned by Mr.
Edward de Vere Irving, of Shap Abbey. It was then
a hostelry, and the Prince on the night of December
17th occupied the room upstairs which is on the left of
the front door. He complained on leaving of the heavy
bill he had to pay. See a note in his Household Book : —
" 17th Dec. at Shap, Tuesday. To ale, wine and other
provisions, £4 17s. od. ; the landlady, for the use of the
house £2 2S. od. N.B. — The landlady a sad wife
for imposing." But only in straitened circumstances
170 A LETTER OF I745.
could a Prince have complained of such charges for
himself and retinue.
When the Duke of Cumberland passed through,
tradition relates that a woman held up her small son to
see him. " Whya," exclaimed the disappointed lad,
"he's nobbut a man." The Duke, overhearing the
comment, turned round on his horse and said " You're
right, my boy, and a very bad man too."
1745 is not so very long ago when a yeoman, Mr.
Thomas Topping, now living in Rosgill, can remember
his grandfather, who collected fodder and carried baggage
for the King's troops, describing the marching of the
forces through Shap. At his house, " The Croft," they
had a 20 quart peck used in Shap by the Scotch for
measuring corn, but some one sat on it and broke it not
long ago.
The people of Orton, which is referred to in the letter,
are said to have been so afraid of the rebels (so called)
that they collected and drove the bulk of their cattle
into a place called Blackett Bottom, near Langdale, where
they remained until the Highlanders had passed. This
on the authority of the late James Dover, of Woodfoot,
whose wife was a Holme of Barnsceugh.
This alarm was universal. People hid their valuables
in holes or in wells. Mrs. Shepherd of Great Strickland
possesses pewter which was hidden in this way on
Lowther Low Moor by the Walkers, and near Oddendale
by the Riggs.
From under the parlour floor at Thrimby Hall were
taken up thirty-five skulls, said to have been of horses
that fell in 1745. I possess one of these. They are
supposed to have been placed there for acoustic reasons
by the Nicholsons, who were a musical family.
(I70
Art. XV. — Little Strickland Chapel. By the Rev. J.
Whiteside, M.A., Vicar of Helsington.
Communicated at Carlisle, June 2othy 1900.
IN the ecclesiastical district of Thrimby, which is an
oifshoot of the ancient parish of Morland, are the
two churches of Great and Little Strickland. The latter
is a small hamlet about three miles north of Shap. Its
chapel is a very plain and unattractive structure, whose
exterior is devoid of any features of architectural interest.
It has within the last few years undergone the process of
»
" restoration."
Fixed in the wall of the new porch is a large slab with
a Latin inscription, which is gradually becoming difficult
to decipher through the perishing of the surface. It
would be well if the decay were at once arrested.
The inscription is as follows : —
Exprimit unde Dei laudes locus hicce beatus ?
Quis dedit huic formam, qui modo pulvis erat ?
Armiger efFecit Fletchar, Stricklandicus olim,
Praesidium patriae, legibus altus honos
Qui fuit, (heu) obiit : fatis concedimus omnes ;
Fata at nulla premant hoc pietatis opus.
TD. LD. 1695. LS.
Contained in these lines is a valuable morsel of local
church history, which ought to be secured in the
Transactions before it crumbles away through the action
of the atmosphere, or is defaced by mischievous boys,
for whom such tablets are often a convenient target,
I give a plain translation ; —
172 LITTLE STRICKLAND CHAPEL.
" How comes this House of Prayer to declare the praise of God ?
Who has restored the dilapidated fabric ?
It was the work of Fletcher, Squire of Strickland recently :
But he, who was a bulwark of his fatherland, a distinguished
ornament of the legal profession,
Alas ! is dead. We all submit to the Fates,
But may no Fates efface this labour of love."
The reference is to the pious munificence of Thomas
Fletcher, whose son was Recorder of Appleby in 1692.
In the time of Charles II. he resided at Little Strickland
at the Hall. Sir Daniel Fleming, 1671, says, ** The.
Fletcher Esq hath a good house and estate." I believe
there is a Fletcher Hall near Maulds Meaburn.
The ancient chapel, whose reconstruction is com-
memorated, stood in a field now known as Chapel Garth.
In the latter half of the seventeenth century it was
almost in ruins, a sad commentary on the churchmanship
of the day, but it was restored by the squire's zeal in
1681. This may be the allusion of olim, unless we
translate " who recently lived at Strickland."
After the benefactor's death the lines may have been
composed in his honour by the curate-schoolmaster. An
inspection of the parochial register would probably
reveal the full names of the persons whose initials appear
below the lines.
The touching prayer of the last line has not been
answered if the pietatis opus was the old chapel itself, for
it was demolished a century later, and the present fabric
was built in the year 1814 at the expense of Lord
Lonsdale and the curate, the farmers carting the
materials. Let us, therefore, apply the prayer hence-
forth to the inscribed stone, and trust that the virtues of
Squire Fletcher may never be unrecorded nor un-
copied.
In 1684 he had bequeathed to the school, which he
assisted to found, a yearly rent-charge of ^fio to be
paid out of High and -Low Sandriggs and Bryam tene-
LITTLE STRICKLAND CHAPEL. 173
ment at Little Strickland, for the benefit of the curate-
schoolmaster, who was to be an unmarried man so
long as he officiated, unless the majority of the trustees
dispensed him.
There is nothing else of interest in the chapel except
the oak backs and ends of the seats, which have been
taken from the old chapel. On some of them are cut
these initials : —
(I) B
E M
William
Beatham
1721
and {2) on the back of the panel
B
E M
1721
The Bethams are a very ancient family, who until
1897 were owners of the Towcet estate.
(3) F
T M
These I take to be Tljomas and Mary Fletcher. A
Mary left ^100 to the poor of the township. Or the F
may represent Fallowfield.
(4) H
T E
I H
1696
(5) R H
1700
(6) T T
96
(7) B
R I
1721
174 LITTLE STRICKLAND CHAPEL.
In the village are some interesting old houses,
especially Strickland Hall and High Hall. Not far
away are Thrimby Grange and Thrimby Hall.
The Greyhound Inn was once a place of some pre-
tensions. Over the byre door is cut : —
D
17 II
A I
E B 1676 is over the stable door at Towcet House.
These initials correspond with one of the chapel panels.
John Watson, of Thrimby, was a Quaker who suffered
for his belief in 1664. His goods were taken by distress
because he and his wife did not receive the sacrament in
the chapel. His wife was dead at the time, but informers
not seldom were guilty of such mistakes. He was also
fined for attending religious meetings, and committed
either to the common gaol or the House of Correction.
(175)
Art. XVI. — An Ancient British Village in Kentmere.
By J. A. Martindale.
Read at the Site, September igth, 1900.
MY attention was first drawn to this old-world settle-
ment, which lies on the south-west slope of Rasp
How and a few hundred yards within the southern
limits of Kentmere, at the beginning of 1697 by Mr.
Addison, who was born at the old Millrigg farmhouse,
less than a quarter of a mile from its ruins, and who
had often wondered when and why the mounds and
circles had been made. The remains have not, so far
as I am aware, ever been described or noticed, nor
were they marked on the first issue of the Ordnance
maps. Last year I pointed them out to the sappers,
and I understand that they have been inserted on the
revised maps of the 6-inch scale. The site has been
ruthlessly pillaged at different times for stones to build
the fences of the modern fields, and the village seems
to owe its escape from complete destruction to the fact
that, after its desertion, its ruins were overgrown with
wood. The ruins themselves have received no name,
or, perhaps, it may be more correct to say that none
is now remembered by the present inhabitants of Kent-
mere; but the wood which covered their site bears an
awkward compound name. The wife of some former
Airey, or, may be, Cowperthwaite or Gilpin, possessed
a close of ground abutting upon it, which was, therefore,
known as Willy Wife Close, and the wood was called
Willy Wife Close Wood.
Mr. Wilson, your indefatigable secretary, has paid
two visits to the village with me, and on the last
occasion we had the pleasure of Mr. Dymond's company.
176 AN ANCIENT BRITISH VILLAGE IN KENTMERE.
•
They urged me to prepare a paper descriptive of it to
be read before you, and I consented very reluctantly,
for several members of your society have a much greater
acquaintance with relics of the past such as these than
I have had the opportunity of acquiring, and would
have much more efficiently explained them than I can
hope to do.
Before I begin, however, to describe these ruins —
the word is hardly strong enough to express the w^orn
and wasted condition in which we find them — may I
crave your patience for a short time, while I point out
a few topographical details of the valley '.where they
lie, which may help to explain the reasons that
determined the selection of the site. The river Kent,
rising on the southern front of High Street some five
miles north of us, flows in a winding course down a
deep and narrow valley as far as Staveley, where it
enters on more open country. This higher valley,
bounded on the west by the hills of Troutbeck, Apple-
thwaite and Hugill, and on the east by the range which
separates it from Long Sleddale, is divided into three
portions or basins by projecting masses of rock and fell.
The upper of these projections is that fine range of
crags which juts out from Garburn and crosses the
valley behind the church. Moraine matter, collecting
between its eastern end and the opposing hill, dammed
up the waters of the stream, and a small lake was
formed immediately behind. The middle of the three
basins was in turn shut off from the lowest by the mass
of Millrigg Knot just south of us, together with a ledge
of rock and moraine higher than the ground behind,
which crossed the valley and gave rise to a second
and lower lakelet. The lowest of the three portions is
extremely narrow, and better deserves the name of gorge
than of basin, there being scant room anywhere between
the hills for two small fields, and in most places for
even one.
AN ANCIENT BRITISH VILLAGE IN KENTMERE. 177
Now what, may we suppose, was the physical con-
dition of the valley at the time when the ancient Goidels
penetrated into this part of Britain, say six or seven
hundred years before the commencement of our era?
The upper lake had then, no doubt, been drained away
by the lowering of the moraine-formed dam under the
wearing action of the river; but the flat on which it
once lay would be a bog. The hills on each side were
steep and rocky, and the climate would be severe, as the
bottom of the valley occupied by the bog is 700 feet
above the sea, — ihore severe than it is at the present day
from the great extent of swampy, waterlogged ground.
The lowest of the three portions, — the narrow gorge
from Ulthwaite southwards, — would be filled with a
dense growth of oak, alder and hazel, and the hill sides
were, as they still are, brant, stony and bare of soil.
Between these portions lay a pleasant oval basin, with
a fair-sized tarn in its bosom, shallow no doubt and
fringed with reeds and water-weeds, probably bordered
by timber trees, but stocked with fish, with trout and
salmon, not then intercepted by dam or weir. The hill-
sides, especially those on the east which faced the after-
noon and evening sun, sloped more gently upwards,
the soil was deeper, and good pasturage for cattle was
at hand. Here, then, was the most suitable place in
all the valley for a settled home, — almost ideal, no doubt,
in the opinion of the semi-savage comers. Here they
would be shut otf and hidden by hill and wooded gorge
from other clans and families who might be disposed to
hostilities; here was promise of abundant supplies for
their simple desires, and here, at the south-eastern end
of the lake and some 150 feet above its margin, they
found a small terrace flanked on the east by a clifi',
varying from 15 to 30 feet in height, and here the
patriarch of the clan drew his lines and fixed his
dwelling place.
The terrace selected has a fairly level platform at its
178 AN ANCIENT BRITISH VILLAGE IN KENTMERE.
southern end, measuring about 300 feet from north to
south and 250 from east to west. The eastern cliff rises
steeply to a higher terrace which completely dominates
the platform, making it evident that the founders of the
settlement had not chosen the position with a,ny view
of erecting a fortification. So close to the cliff is the
village placed, that a portion of the lo\ycr slope is
within its area. Had the Celtic Romulus drawn his
lines but a few feet further west, he would have secured
a much more level site; but probably he feared the east
wind more than human enemies, and got as near qts he
conveniently could under the shelter of the bluff.
The space enclosed by the walls contains nearly two-
thirds of an acre, and is oval in shape, the longer axis
lying north-west and south-east, and measuring 240 feet
to the outside of the rampart. The broader end of the
oval lies towards the north where it is 160 feet across,
the narrow end on the south being 20 feet shorter, but
here the oval shape is distorted and the breadth decreased
through the wall turning its convexity inwards. The
walls themselves, where remains which can be measured
are left, have been originally from 7 to 10 feet in thick-
ness. On the south for no feet, they have been
removed to the base, but, fortunately, the outer and
inner foundation stones are for the most part left in
position ; and here they are, measured from outside to
outside, 7 feet apart on the east, gradually widening
to 10 feet on the west. All along the remainder
of the circuit exact measurements are difficult to get;
in one place through the original wall having been
overlaid by a later one, in other places by a covering
of debris, and again through one, or both, rows of outer
stones having been removed. Still the evidence is
sufficiently satisfactory that in their original state they
were in great part 9 or 10 feet thick. Romulus was
evidently indisposed to give Remus a chance of slighting
his infant town by leaping over them.
AN ANCIENT BRITISH VILLAGE IN KENTMERE. 179
As to their construction, I think that they were not
solidly built of stone, at least below, but only faced with
that material, the middle being filled up with earth and
small stones. Mr. Dymond, in writing of the ancient
settlement in Hugill,* suggests that the walls of such
villages were not built up the whole height as wide as
the foundations, but " in three contiguous but indepen-
dent thicknesses, each 3 or 4 feet through : the outer
one perhaps 9 feet high, its upper part forming a parapet,
the middle one about 5 feet high, its levelled top forming
a banquette or narrow chemin de ronde; the inner one 3 feet
high, furnishing a step for easily mounting the rampart."
Hxcept as to the independence of the three parts, it is
so probable that this may have been the case, that full
belief will readily be accorded to it. It reduces the
material necessary by one-third, the labour involved by
one-half, and renders the wall an efficient defence,
whereas, had it been carried up of uniform width, it
would have been more a trap than a protection. One
other question connected with the walls of small villages
like this is still considered obscure. Why should these
people erect elaborate ramparts in situations so dominated
by neighbouring heights that they could not be success-
fully held against serious attack, and which they had not
men enough adequately to defend ? Is it not probable
that this is only an instance of a custom being retained
long after its necessity or convenience has ceased ?
Elaborate defensive walls were a traditional necessity,
and so they were constructed.
There are at present four openings or gaps in the ruins
of the walls, and at first I supposed that a gate or
entrance had been at each of the places where these
occur, but whether this was so with regard to one of
them I am now doubtful. One of the gaps is at the
south-east corner, and on the left-hand side of it as one
* These Transactions^ xiv, p. 466.
l80 AN ANCIENT BRITISH VILLAGE IN KENTMERE.
passes in, there is a mound, round part of which the
footing stones bend. This may cover what has been a
small guard-room. Near the middle of the western side,
about 20 feet of the wall has been entirely removed in
very recent times. From a decided bending in of what
remains of the wall at this spot and from the ruins of a
hut circle hard by, it may safely be concluded that a
second gate stood here. The very modern wall of the
present field, which has been built along the south-
western rampart, here runs across the north-western
corner of the village and greatly interferes with a proper
view. A third opening is at the north extremity. There
has not been any circular hut here, but there are founda-
tions of a projecting wall, perhaps part of some defensive
structure, and here also there may have been a gate.
The fourth opening is on the north-east. I at first
supposed that a large mound on the right of this gap
covered the remains of a guard chamber, and, as there
seemed to be indications of an outwork covering the
gap, and running parallel with the wall on the outside
for about 50 feet, I felt certain that a fourth gate had
been here. Renewed examination, however, leads me to
the conclusion that the mound is natural, probably
formed of glacial detritus over which the wall had been
carried, and I am now doubtful whether there had been
a gate at this point. On the north-west side, the wall
had been carried over another similar mound. It may
be mentioned here that at the end of the supposed out-
work there is a fair-sized stone standing erect.
In proceeding to describe the interior arrangement of
the settlement, I fear that I shall not be able to give an
account at once clear and succinct. If we imagine the
area within the ramparts to be divided into quarters by
two lines crossing each other in the middle, we shall find
a well-defined enclosure occupying the interior angle of
the south-eastern quarter. This is, indeed, the only
well-marked enclosure within the village, and was doubt-
,.**
.r
1
"^I^iS^i^. jM"^ J
1
JLE OF FEET.
RE.
(TO FACE P. 1 80).
AN ANCIENT BRITISH VILLAGE IN KENTMERE. l8l
less used as a cattle-pen in which to confine the herd
when brought home at night for protection against
wolves and bears, both probably too plentiful during the
earlier years of the settlement. The pen is irregularly
pentagonal in shape, with the base turned to the west.
The entrance was at its north-western corner where a
short spur jutted outwards, the object of which is not
very clear unless we may suppose it formed one side of a
shelter, the others being the enclosure wall and that of
a neighbouring hut. The apex of the pentagon was
at the junction of two walls crowning a low bank some
five feet high. These walls are now completely gone,
some of the footing stones alone remaining to indicate
where once they stood. The other walls, with one
notable exception, are now mere heaps of stone and
earth. The exception alluded to is near one end of the
north wall, where for about 15 feet two courses of stone
remain on the inner side of the fence, backed with earth
and small stones, showing plainly how the inhabitants
built their walls. The outer face is covered with debris.
A spur, now a mound of rubbish, juts out from this
northern wall and runs for 20 feet in a north-westerly
direction.
This central court is, as has been said, the only well-
defined enclosure within the precincts, but, as the village
would be quite an exception among settlements of this
age, if it contained only one garth, I shall point out the
signs of walls, faint indeed in themselves, which appar-
ently bounded two other enclosures, one to the north
and the other on the east of the main one. From the
end of the spur last spoken of, a broken line of stones
runs north-eastwards towards a small stony mound, and
if prolonged would strike the ramparts at the corner of
the doubtful north-eastern gateway, while from the north-
eastern corner of the central garth, plainer indications
of a wall run also to the ramparts about the middle of
their eastern course. These two walls would form the
l82 AN ANCIENT BRITISH VILLAGE IN KENTMERE.
northern and part of the southern bounds of an enclosure,
the other limits being the ramparts themselves and the
northern fence of the central enclosure. Bounded on the
north by the garth so limited, and lying between the
central enclosure and the ramparts, there may have been
a third court occupying the most elevated portion of the
village, and whose southern boundary seems marked by
an interrupted line of small stones running from the
comer of the south-eastern gateway to the nearest
corner of the central pen.
There may have been a fourth enclosed space at the
north-western corner of the village, for the footings of a
straight wall run southwards from the gate on the north
for 40 feet, and at the inner termination there are traces
of the junction with it of a wall from the west. It must
be confessed, however, that the line is much straighter
than is found in remains of this character. All the rest
of the space within the circumvallation is without any
sign of former division.
Counting the circle at the western gateway, which
may have served as a guard-room, there are within the
precincts six nearly perfect hut circles, with faint indica-
tions of a seventh. They are all rounded mounds of
earth in which stones are imbedded, and have a flat or
slightly hollowed top, below which, if dug down to, we
should probably find the original floor. The floors seem
to have been raised a foot or more above the surface of
the ground outside, for though, when the huts collapsed,
part of their material would fall inwards, it is hardly
likely that such debris would raise the mounds to their
present height. The circles vary in size, and the huts
would appear to have been from 15 to 25 feet in internal
diameter; but it is impossible, unless digging should
reveal the foundation of the walls, to get any exact
measurements, as few stones of the inside face are visible,
and it is almost certain that none of these are in their
original position.
AN ANCIENT BRITISH VILLAGE IN KENTMERE. 183
The doorways, in every case but one, have evidently
been on the north-west side, as if the inhabitants wished
to keep out the cold east wind and to avoid as much
as possible the moisture-laden south-west gales. What
perhaps has been the largest hut stands close to the
north gate, on the left-hand side as one enters, but as it
has been used in recent times by charcoal burners, one
can hardly be certain of its true dimensions. A roadway
has apparently passed between it and the rampart leading
from the north gate into the northern enclosure. Close
to it on the south-west was a smaller hut, 20 feet across,
opposite to which on the west is a mound crossed by the
modern wall of the field. The mound is now quite
covered with grass, but a circular arrangement of stones
can be felt beneath the sod, as if a hut had also stood
here. A large hut, 24 feet across, was placed at the
south-west corner of the central pen, and there are two
other circles whose walls must almost have touched each
other close to the south-east gateway ; the larger of these
is 20 feet and the smaller 15 in diameter.
I must now mention the remains of a structure of a
character altogether different from all else in the village,
the original purpose of which I cannot explain, being
unable to determine whether it is of ancient or recent
date. Thirty-five feet or so from the south gateway and
close to the eastern ramparts in the southern of the
two doubtful garths, there are the foundation stones of
one end and part of the two sides of what has evidently
been meant for a rectangular building, though the
corners are not true right angles. The building, what-
ever it has been intended for, was 11 feet broad on the
inside, but its length cannot be stated, as only a part of
the foundations of the side walls is left. In the end
which remains there has been a tiny porch or cell.
The Bishop of Barrow, in an account of a British
village near Kirkby Lonsdale {rransactions vii., 112-113)
speaks of a rectangular enclosure in it, which, be doubt-
184 AN ANCIENT BRITISH VILLAGE IN KENTMERE.
fully suggests, may have been a chapel similar to some
in raths of early Christian times described by Dr.
Anderson. I trust it may be possible for some one
conversant with ancient remains to inspect these founda-
tions and state his opinion.
If it could be proved that they are the base of an
oratory or chapel, we should know certainly that this
site was inhabited subsequent to the days of Ninian or
Kentigern, the latter of whom passed through Cumber-
land and Westmorland on his way from Scotland to
Wales, preaching the gospel to his heathen countrymen
at various stages of his journey. I greatly fear, however,
that the small size of the stones forming these founda-
tions militates strongly against any such possibility, for
large blocks seem always to have been used in such
buildings, and stones of proper size lay in abundance all
around. The whole site of ttie village is littered over with
stones ; some, large and earth-fast, most likely stood
where they now stand in the days ot its occupation, otners
were more probably thrown aoout when the huts and
walls were puiled to pieces for the sake of their materials.
I have shown upon the plan which accompanies this
paper the position of the chiet of these blocks and groups
of stone, but it would have consumed much time to little
useful purpose to have laid down the position of every
fragment. All the larger and most likely blocks, within
and without the walls, have been carefully examined for
cup or other artificial markings, but not the slightest
trace of anything of the sort has been found.
Having now described to the best of my ability what
remains visible at the present day of this ancient home
of some Celtic clan, I have but lew further observations
to make. It seems to me that what we see here has
rather to be explained by remains of villages elsewhere,
than that this relic of the past throws any new light upon
the people of ancient days and their dwelling places. In
its general outlines, it closely corresponds to the villages
AN ANCIENT BRITISH VILLAGE IN KENTMERE. 185
at Kirkby Lonsdale, Hugill, Woodhouse, Barnscar, and
elsewhere, described in your Transactions ; and the con-
clusion is obvious that that they were all the work of
people of the same race, and in all probability contem-
poraneous. And as at Barnscar there are numerous
burial mounds, the contents of which prove that the folk
who raised them cremated their dead — a mark of the
people of the bronze period — we may certainly conclude
that this settlement was made during that period. The
people of that age have been identified with the Goidelic
Celts, and the only point these remains definitely settle
is the fact that at one time Goidels inhabited the
vaJley of Kentmere. But of these people we seem to
have here no further remains : their plots of ground^
where they grew their crops of spelt or some similar
grain, have been ploughed over and their extent so
increased by addition from the waste they left uncultiv-
ated, that now we cannot point to their site; none of
their burial mounds are left, all have been obliterated by
modern cultivation, and two, probably the last that
remained, Mr. Addison can remember having been
destroyed by the plough some years ago. The exact
date when the settlement was founded, how long it was
inhabited, and when and under what circumstances it
was finally deserted, we have no means of discovering.
Very probably the place was inhabited for some time
after our Anglian forefathers took possession of this
western portion of England, for the Angles, though they
enslaved the Celts, did not exterminate them ; and as
several names of hills bordering on Kentmere, as Ling
Mell, Gavel Crag, 111 Bell, Yoke, Garburn, Capple How,
and Pengennett, either contain Celtic elements or can be
best explained from Celtic sources, it is plain that Celt
and Angle must have dwelt side by side for some con-
siderable time.
( i86 )
Art. XVII. — Witherslack Church and Manor, By the
Rev. F. R. C. HuTTON, M.A., Vicar of Witherslack.
Read ai the Church, September igtn, 1900.
I. — The Church.
^j^HE present church of St. Paul's, . Witherslack, dates
* from X664, though it was not consecrated until 1671,
but there was a chapel of some kind in the township
before that period, though probably not on this site.
There is a farm called Kirket Nook in the east valley,
but tliere is no trace or tradition of anything ecclesiastical
attaching to it except the name. There is also in this
west valley a hill on the road to the hamlet of Town End
called Priest Hill, and near to it was an enclosed meadow
— now done away — called Priest Field ; but we have here
again nothing but the name.
Nicolson and Burn (I. 231) state that the old chapel
stood 20 yards south of the hall, and that the minister
was paid a sum of 20 nobles yearly by the inhabitants.
Part of this was paid by some of the parishioners of the
adjoining parish of Heversham for their convenience.
But they ceased to do so on the building of the present
chapel, presumably because it was now no more con-
venient to them than their own church, which would
point to the old chapel being at any rate in the east
valley. Against this it is argued that Peter Barwick in
his life of Dean Barwick states that he ** restored " the
chapel, but on the other hand the tablet over the door
simply says he ** built this chapel," and also if he only
rebuilt it on its present site, the burial ground must have
already existed, which it certainly did not, the primary
object in Dean Barwick's will being to provide a burial
ground.
WJTIf)e;RSl-ACK CHURCH AND MANQR. I$7
We conclude, therefore, that probably the aacient
chapel was somewhere in the east valley, and was also
probably the chapel of the hall.
The first and indeed only mention of this chapel is in
the Stanley papers of the Chetham Society, vol. ii.,
Ixxxvi. note. A Mrs. Mabel Preston, a widow, was
married by desire of the Earl of Derby to a Thomas
Harrington, steward of his manor of Beetham, on
August 3rd, 1581, at Beetham, but from ecclesiastical
court proceedings instituted it appeared that she had
already a husband in Geoffrey Osbaldiston of Osbaldiston,
" the words of matrimony were proved to have been
spoken before credible witnesses in the chapel of Wither-
slack, in the parish of Beetham, in June, 1580."
A piscina, now in Lord Derby's possession, belonged to
the chapel by the hall — it was dug out of the wall at the
back of the fireplace of the hall a few years back, when
some repairs were being made.. There is also at a
farmhouse at Beckhead an octagonal stoup about 15
inches deep and 12 inches in dianieter, which 3ome have
believed to have been the font. This old chapel was
standing until a few years back. Its site is now occupied
by farm buildings. Nothing of interest was found when
it was pulled down.
In 1662, John Barwick, Dean of. St. Paul's and native
of the place, left the bulk of his money by will to
Witherslack, and so the present church was built and
schools endowed (cf. Nicolson and Burn and Life of John
Barwick by Peter Barwick).
The registers date back to 1671, the chapel being
consecrated by the Bishop of Chester (in whose diocese
this portion of Westmorland then was) on June 22nd,
1671. But on the first leaf are a number of baptisms,
four burials and two marriages quite distinct. Most
of the baptisms are previous to 1671, and three of them
are 1629, 31, 32. From the registers we note that ; — ■
l88 WITHERSLACK CHURCH AND MANOR.
John Brockbank was minister from 1671 to 1712 ; previously he had
been incumbent of Ingleton from 1667.
Richard Jon signs from 1713 — 1742, when his burial is recorded.
John Hunter, 1743 — 1778, when his burial is recorded.
John Dawson, 1778 — 1843.
F. S. Woodcock, 1844-45.
Thomas Marshall Postlethwaite, 1846— 1888.
George Ruble, 1888-9.
John Compton Butterworth, 1884-95.
There is one centenarian, Robert Strickland, died 1762,
in his 103rd year.
Note on p, 65, by Rev. John Dawson.
Let me here note that in the year 1783 an Act was passed for
lev3dng a tax of threepence upon all weddings, baptisms, and
burials, which took place the ist October the same year. Paupers
excepted.
This Act, being unpopular, was repealed 181 4.
The Coats of Arms of Lord Derby and Dean Barwick,
with cherubs, now in the north and south windows, were
originally in the east window.
The hatchments are those of Dean Barwick, and his
brother, Dr. Peter Barwick ; the right to add the Red
Rose of Lancaster to his arms being the only reward he
had from Charles IL, besides that of appointment as
court physician, for his loyalty and sufferings on behalf
of the Stuarts.
n. — The Manor.
The Manor of Witherslack is mentioned in 1340 as
belonging to John de Harrington, who obtained charter
of free warren.
On attainder of the Harringtons the manor was
granted by Henry VL to Sir Thomas Broughton, of
Broughton Tower. He was mixed up in the attempt
jnade by the pretender^ Lambert Simnel, to seize the
WITHERSLACK CHURCH AND MANOR. 189
Crown. Simnel landed at Pile of Fouldrey on June 4th,
1487, "with Martin Swartz, Lord Lovel, the Earls of
Lincoln and Kildare, and about 7,000 German and Irish
troops. At Ulverston Sir T. Broughton and his retainers
joined them. They marched as far as Stoke-on-Trent,
when they were hopelessly defeated, and many were
slain. Sir T. Broughton, however, Camden tells us,
escaped to his Manor of Witherslack, where he lived a
long time hidden by his tenants. There he died, and
was buried in the thick woods adjoining ; his grave being
known in 1599. Sir Daniel Fleming also states that his
grave was to be seen in his day, 1700. About 1825 two
relatives of James Stockdale's rode over to Witherslack
Hall to investigate the matter. The farmer's wife took
them some distance from the house and pointed out as
near as she could the place in the woods where the grave
was ; but so thick was the undergrowth and thorns that
they could not see the exact place. So Stockdale in
Annales Caermoelenses (p. 21). Mr. Michael Hodgson,
aged 70, tells me that he remembers hearing of a place
near the hall when he was a lad, called " The Sepulchre,"
but he never saw it, and the present tenant of the hall
farm, who had been there 30 years, says he had often
searched for it. About two years back there was some
little excitement about a kind of vault that was found,
but it turned out to be only a natural hole in the rocks.
On attainder of Sir Thomas Broughton, Witherslack
was amongst the manors granted to Lord Stanley on
Bosworth Field. It remained in the possession of his
family until the great rebellion, when it was seized by
Cromwell and conveyed to John Leybourn of Cunswick,
for 3^130. (Burn and Nicolson).
With regard to the Leybourn family we have various
notes in Sir D. Fleming's MSS.
January 25th, 1663. — Given in the house at Levens, being at my
cousin John Leybume's funeral, 4/.
190 WITHERSLACK CHVRCH AND MANOR.
August 17th, 1672. — Spent this day in Crosthwaite, as I came
from my cousin Thomas Leybume's funeral, who dyed yesterday,
and was buried at Betham.
January 5th, 1679-80. — This day John Leybume, of Wither-
slack, Esq., was carried from thence to Beetham Church and there
buried, who died on the 3rd inst. unmarried, and whose heires are
his sisters and heire male his uncle James Leybume, now dwelling
in France.
A curious question here arises. John Leybume was
buried at Beetham. The family were certainly subse-
quently Papist ; was he one ? At any rate, on October
9th, 1678, his house at Witherslack was searched on the
accusation. What was his father ? Would Cromwell
have sold an estate to one not a strong Puritan ? The
family suffered considerably from their religious beliefs
towards the end of the century : — 1692, all Geo.
Leyburne's houses above value £$ to be seized : 1696,
Ap. 10, he writes to Sir Daniel Fleming: —
I earnestly request that I and my family may not be sent to gaol.
We have had sad experiences of it already. I am infirm and
cannot travel. No one can give any information about any of us.
If it must be, at least let us be sent to a gaolin our own country.
Another question ; what was the relation of these
Leyburnes in the holding of the property to the Earls of
Derby? Originally, we find that from a paper put in
by Lord Derby's steward, amongst the law-suit papers
between Lord Derby and the tenants of Witherslack,
1735-45, John Leyburne was bailiff and steward, 1628-
1638. Then the next paper is the accounts of John
Leyburne, of Witherslack, 1638-41, as though he then
had possession here. But what was that possession ?
In 1662 we have in the Fleming MSS. a complaint from
Lord Derby's tenants at Witherslack with reference to
the Beethwaite Green Causeway. In 1671 the land for
the churchyard and school was allowed by Lord Derby
upon the common land. From the same MSS, : —
WITMERSLACK CHUrCH AND MANOR. Igl
1, (D. F.) prevailed this day August lath, 1684, with the Earl of
Derby and my 3 cousins, Layburnes of Witherslack, to refer their
differences unto my Lord Chief Justice's arbitration (Jefferies).
Also from the law-suit papers with the tenants we find
that in 1672 and 1703 they willingly paid their customary
fines to the Earls of Derby, their law suit arising from the
break in the Stanley succession, and their belief that Sir
Edward Stanley of Bickerstaffe had no legal rights as
Lord of the Manor. The Earls of Derby then remained
Lords of the Manor. But what was the exact position of
the Leyburnes? In 1743, the Leyburne family having
failed in coparceners, one of whom had died without
issue, the other married to a Dr. Witham of Yorkshire,
having a son John, the Earl of Derby claimed the estate
in virtue of a settlement of Act of Parliament, first, upon
the Stanleys of Eynsham, and then upon the Stanleys
of Lancashire. The first branch being extinct. Lord
Derby claimed as next-of-kin, and at the Assizes at
Appleby a special verdict was found on this point —
whether a recovery suffered by one of the Leyburnes was
properly executed or not. On appeal to the House of
Lords the question was decided in favour of his lordship.
In 1755, an ejectment was brought by the heir-at-law on
the Layburne side against his lordship. A jury was
summoned from Westmorland to hear the cause tried at
the bar of King's Bench in 1759, and whilst in pursuance
thereof the original settlement was found whereby it
appeared that the estate was limited and settled as afore-
said to the Withams and not to the Layburnes, and case
on that issue was at an end.* (Nicolson and Burn, I. 230).
I should be glad of any suggestions that would throw
light on the legal relationships of the two families. Did,
e.g,y the Stanleys simply mortgage the property for £130
to the Layburnes so long as there were direct male heirs
showing manorial rights? Or, how was it that they
resumed the manorial rights but not the property of
Witherslack after the Restoration ?
* I am indebted to Mr. J. S. Slinger for several of these notes.
192 WITHERSLACK CHURCH AND MANOR.
The old pack-horse track from Ulverston to Kendal
ran right past the church — ^you may track it from Towtop
— to Whitbarrow. On the route, just on the far side of
Yewbarrow stood a house or inn called the Coppick.
Here, tradition says, a man came with the plague and
died; the inmates also sickened and died. The neigh-
bours were too terrified to come and nurse or even bury
them, and the house was left until eventually it formed
and still forms — with great trees growing out of its ruins
— their natural sepulchre. The chapel rate is still paid
on that house.
Subsequently to the pack-horse time came the mail
coaches, which also came past the church and up Towtop,
the farmer at Kay Moss making quite a living by keep-
ing horses to drag the coaches up the hill. The house
just below, with its large stables, was a halting place. It
was called the " Spa " Inn, for not a mile away was a
" Holywell," which, as far back as 1656, was noted chiefly
for its laxative qualities. The steps to the well may still
be seen, but the spring has long since been spoilt.
On the other side of Yewbarrow is an old house called
Nether Hall, probably one of our oldest houses. The
walls are 5 feet thick, and the principal rafters of the
roof start not from the top of the wall, but from the
ground — " crocheted principals " a joiner here has told
me they are called. Atkinson in his Forty Years in a
Moorland Parish has a photograph of one such. He says
*' it is plain that the side walls were an afterthought,
and entirely foreign to the idea and construction of the
original dwelling."* As to the date of the 5 feet side
walls, with their muUioned windows, I should think
1500-1600 would be the latest possible, so these old
rafters carry us back to a very different state of affairs.
Just across the Blaycrag Bridge you get into
Lancashire, and there is a little knoll called "The
Gallows Hill."
* See Mr. H. S. Cowper's Hawkshead, pp. 146-149 (E^.)
U:
IK. ' ■-.. \'
.res
. I ■ V
■* « «v
THE WITHEKSLACK SWORD.
WITHBRSLACK ClfURCH AND MANOR. IQS
In the Cartmel Register, 1576, Ap. 10 we note that : —
Richard Taylor was buryed, who suffered the same day at
Blakragge Bridge End for murtheringe wilfullye Richard Kilner
of Witherslack. {Annates Caermoekn&eSf 551).
My old churchwarden, Mr. Michael Hodgson, informs
me that he had heard that when a man was thought to
have deserved death he was hurried off as soon as
possible into the adjoining couaty, where the executioo
might be caixied on unobseitved by the ^officers of this
county.
So the neighbourfiood of Blaycrag Bridge used, I be-
lieve, to be a feyourite haunt on Sundays of cockfighters.
The sword of which an iliu$tration .(from a photograph
by Wilson of .Grange) is given, was found in a bed of
sandy gravel at the foot of Wbitbarrow Scar, 8 feet
below the surface. The. place is one which up to . now
is continually flooded in the winter, and it may have
been swept down in some great flood* though from no
great distance, as the watershed is only about half a mile
to a mile away. Unfortunately no responsible person
knew of the find until some little time after, but they
declared there was nothing elsej — no knob, nor any sign
of any other portion of .the sword. There is jio trace of
gilding or ornament. Total Jength , 2 feet; breaidth of
handle. 5 inches.*
f WUh Hob c«n»p»r&:tiie . Viking m Anglo-Saxcm avordsfron Oonskle^iid
Hesket tumulus, now in Tullie House, as examples in our district of a
well-known type. (Ed.)
(194)
Art. XVIII. — The Chambers Family of Raby Cote. By
Francis Grainger.
s^ Read at Raby Cote, June 21st, 1900.
T\ISTANT just one mile in a straight line from the
^ ancient Abbey of Holme Cultram stands Raby Cote,
now a farmhouse, but for at least 200 years the residence
of the Chambers family. One of the early Cotes or
Granges selected by the Cistercians as centres of farming
in their manor of Holme, it holds a pleasant and com-
manding position bounded on the west and north by the
tidal waters of the Waver, and only separated therefrom
by a narrow slip of salt marsh. Raby Cote, with its
adjoining grange and the strong clay soil composing
Raby Rigg, constituted at once a desirable tract of arable
ground, and at the same time occupied a post of observa-
tion and of considerable danger, for the Scots, using
boats, could come up with the tide to within a stone-
throw of the building. That they did so is evident so
early as 1235, when we read that " The King having
heard that the Abbot and Monks of Holme Coltram suffer
great damage from malefactors in the places where their
granges are, grants them leave to have outside of the
forest their servants armed with bows and arrows to
guard them and their goods."
From the Visitation of Cumberland in 1615 by St.
George Norroy King at Arms, we gather that the
Chamber family sprang from Holderness, William
Chambers being settled there in Edward I.'s reign, his
grandson being described as " of Wolstie Casteil com.
Cumb."* In fifth year Henry IV. a William Chamber
* Harleian MSS. 5391 and 1536, Fo. 4b and 6b.
THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE.
195
IS given as the representative of the family. His son
Richard of " Mill Wood and Wolstie Castell " appears
to have had two sons ; the elder, Thomas, was resident at
Wolstie tenth of Henry VII., while the younger son is
described as of " Royston in com. Hereford." Thomas
is said by Norreys to have had four sons, Richard of
Wolstie Casteil ; Robert, Abbot of Holm Cultrayne ;
Thomas, Abbot of Furness ; and Lancelot, Abbot of
Peterbro'. Richard Chamber is in the Visitation of 1615
given as having four sons and four daughters, although
this statiement is in conflict with the Chambers MSS.
found in the parish chest of Holme Cultram. It is
possible that Thomas Chamber, who died in 1523, was
son to Richard and nephew of Abbot Robert ; if so, he
must have died very young, for his elder brother Robert
is described as dying in 1563, eight years after his nephew
Robert of Raby Cote. I am unable to reconcile these
varying statements, and I give preference to John
Chamber's account of his family, written about 1625,
printing the Visitation account of the Wolsty Castle
branch.
Robert became abbot about the end of Henry VIII.'s
reign. When he succeeded to the abbacy seems a little
doubtful. The late Chancellor Ferguson gives the read-
ing of the inscription running round the base of the house
at Raby Cote as—" Gilbert Lamotte, John de Bothill,
Vicar of Burg. The year was the Vlth Robert, Abbot
of Holm, and of our Lord MDXIII. VIII: Henry
Kyng." This would give Robert's accession to the
abbacy as 1507, and the building of the present porch
would celebrate the event. On the other hand, from an
old family paper dated 1591, I gather that " Lord Robert
Chamber rygned the Abbot of Holm Lordshep, 30 yeares
and after him rygned John Nechalson 5 yeares, and after
him rygned John Irebie fower yeares and moor, and after
him rygned Gawen Borradal tow yeares and moor w*^**
was the last of all the Lord Abbots, he died thre skoor
19^ THB CHAM1EA9 FAUILY OT lULITf COtTBi
year afld twdf yeares aem" This would 'give Robert's
tenure of oflSce 1489 — I5tg.
From the same source I gather that Thomas Chamber
vrtLS '' the Lord Abott first brother and fourth at
Rabi Cot that did In herret." From this it would
sdem' thd.t Robert was a younger brother,- and that the
cote had been leased from the Abbey, since the end of
the fourteenth or the? beginning of the fifteenth century.
Beside Thomas, was another brother, wbose family settled
at the Gayle. There were also either one or two sisters.
A sister of Abbot Robert married Christopher Askew
of Sevill Cote, one of the Abbey granges. The family
continued at Sevill Cote, and were largely interested
in pari^ matters untfl the middle oi the eigthteenth
century.*
Abbot Robert seems to have been a msln of consider-
able energy, and besides the porch and the ornamentation
of the west end, numerous stones bearing his rebus of the
'^ chain-bear " testify to hi& zaal in beautifying the Abbey.
His family raised the sandstone base covered with blue
slate and ornamented with a brass to his memory*
Thomas, the Abbot's brother, who succeeded to Raby
Cote, had three sons, viz. :--^Robert, who farmed the
Abbey demesne-land^ Will, and Anthony^ and a daughter
Jaen. Thomas was buried gth December, 1523. I can-
not find anything further relating to Will, but an Anthony
Chamber of Ffoulsyke died in 1575 leaving a will, and
I think it very probable it is the same man or his son.
If so, his family lived at Foulsyke, and in the adjoining
hamlet of Pellathoe, or Pelutho, for many generations ;
Mr. T. W. Chambers of Pelutho being the present holder
* Another brother's daughter married a Hugh Paipe of Tarns. From this
uMon came two daughters. One married John Lanak [? Langcake] of Pelutho.
and the descendant from this marriage was John Longcake, the donor of the
Lbngcake Charity ; the tenement still being in possession of the Cunily. From
anouer daughter, who married James Huntdr, w«re iklso two daughters, one
married to Anthony Austin of Brownrigg, another to John Haton of Mawbray
Harig. Adam Leithes also married a niece of the Abbot. All these names
occur in the parish jury lists, and are often honoured with large type in the
P^ri^ R^listefs,
Tmn: GHXMJBERS FitHILT OF RinBY GOTCl
197
ctf thefomily teinemeat. Robert married the first time a
daughter of Jack Musgrave, alias "Jack Captene of
Bewcastle." She seems to have died without issue, and
he married the second time Ana, the daughter c^ John
Skelton of Armathwaite, who was sheriff of Cumberland
third Henry VI 1 1., the family having settled there for
generations. Robert Chamber probably met his ^fe at
thfe Leighs of Isell, her brother William having married
Anne Leigh; and the Leighs having been connected with
Holme Ciiltram and the barony of Burgh throughout
the early part of the sixteenth century, while the Skeltons
also held the manor of Threapland in 1544. The two
famdies continued on friendly terms, for the Parish
Register contains this entry : — " July &• 1591. Jo. of
Robt. Berwis of Souterfield ba. whereof godfather and
godmother were Wm. Skelton of Armawhait, Mr. Dalston
of Dalston, and myself being vicar, Ed. Mandevill."
Will^ I conjecture, settled at Mosside, and was the
ancestor of Rowland Chamber, who was schoolmaster
and parish clerk 1582 — 1630.*
* Rokuid Chamber died 30th April, 1630.
Chamber goods at the day of bis death, prized
Tho. Briscoe, John Cogton.
Price.
Threunkelt kye wth. twQcalfes] £ s. d.
On kow with calfe f i> 13 4
One geel kow J
"The Inventory of Rowland
by Tho. LAngcake, Tha Austin,
One nage — price
Two meare — price
One fiUe of one yeare age price )
OnefiUye of two yeare age, price )
Therten ewes [ o-jce
Twelve lambes j P"*^®
Power tips, price )
4 weathers, price j
Sixteen hoggs, price
Geese two, one stegg & 6 youngers
ffive hens and one kocke, price)
Two dues & one drake, price j
One flesh fat, 1 mash fat, i quil
fat
One kit with a lid, i pecke,
4 stands
2 kirns, i Drinke pt
Dishes weights milke bowls'
riddles aeaves loakers wood
dibblers kansskembles chares
1 patreskailes
£3
40s.
26s. 8d.
£3
£3
40s.
4 o
4S.
3S.
26s. 8d.
13s. 6d.
A not of Bookes in Roland
Chambers cubbert at the day
of his death.
A Bookof sundry Instruments.
Natura Brev.
Johannes de Sacra Beste.
Celestial Globb.
Two Statute Books
Narrad (?) Dictionary.
Familiar State.
The ground of Arts.
Primer.
4 Globbs.
A Bible.
igS THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE.
Robert and Ann Chambers had a family of four sons
and one daughter. His will dated August 12th, 1548, is
given at the end of this paper, together with that of
Thomas Fysher, the father-in-law of Thomas (Robert's
eldest son), — ^the two earliest wills extant relating to
Holme Cultram, and containing formulae and sentiments
of the pre-Reformation era. Both documents are written
by John Alanbye, who describes himself as "Curat de
holm." This man first comes into notice in 1536, when
he, as a monk, signed the petition to Cromwell to elect
another abbot in place of Thomas Irebye who was
poisoned. He again appears in 1538 as pensioned with
the sum of £5 yearly. He was evidently a friend of
Gawen Boradell, the last abbot, and by him placed in the
position of curate.
Thomas, as we have seen, married Ellen Fysher.
Robert married Ann Keye of Raby or Knowhill, and had
two children, Jaen and Arthur. The tenement continued
in the family for a considerable time, the last owner in
the direct line being George Chambers, who dying in
1765, left Knowhill to John Reed, his grandson, from
whom it passed into the hands of the Reeds of Botcherby ,
and was by them sold a few years ago. Robert, although
he made his will in 1548, lived some time longer, as is
evident from the following document : —
To all pepell to whom this psent wrything shall com knoow yo'* that
I Robt. Chamber of Raby Cote wythin the Lordshipp of Holme
hayth authrysed Thomas Chamber my sonne my lefell attorney to
serve all suche . . . anye the Kynges or Queenes hygnesse court
and as duth deny pajonent of any of her Graces farmers or
arrearages for the salt farme of Holme at p*®"'.
In witnesse thereof I have subscrybed my bell (bill) in myd owne
hande at Holme the XH daye of August in ye fyrist and seconde
yeare of cure soveraigne Lord Kyng Philippe and Marye our Kynge
and Queue.
Robt. Chamber.
The " saltpannes " or cotes were twenty-one in num-
ber, and extended along the coast from Angerton to
n"'Y THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. IQQ
Border. With each " panne " was hired a share of peat
moss, — I conjecture to be used in heating the pans, and
so assisting evaporation. From " Rentals, Henry VIII."
(1561) we learn that "There are within the said Lor^P
certaigne saltpannes, the moste parte utterlye decayed
and the rest are lyke to decaye except the same be
granted to some man for a terme of yeares. Robt.
Chamber who was last farmer dyd offer (if he might have
a lease for yeres) to mantayne those w*^*^ here yet standyng
and pay the rent as lately certifyed." That such a lease
was again granted is evident, for they were in the hands
of the family in 1040. Robert Chamber died, and was
buried i8th December, 1554.
Thomas succeeded his father, marrying Ellen Fysher.
Robert of Knowhill was buried in " in eccl." nth March,
1583. There was, however, another Robert Chamber,
distinguished as " of the Abbaye." He is mentioned in
the Inquiry as to the death of Abbot Deveys : — " Robert
Chamber, the younger, fell sick when Deveys was dead."
^' Robert Chamber has made good that Borrodaile was at
the dresser at the second course the night before the
Abbot sickened." We hear of him again in Lord
Scrope's Commission, 12th Elizabeth, when on the 13th
October " having assembled ourselves in Holm Coltram "
Robert Chambers was chosen foreman " of Twenty-four
of the Antient and sage Tenants of the Lordship." The
verdict of the jury fixed the tenure of the holdings, and
formed the basis of their ** custom," which after forty
years of struggle and litigation finally became coypholds.
In the Survey of 1572 we find ** Robert Chambers farmer
of the Demesne Lands near the Monastry 457 Acres at a
Rental of £26 19s. od. a year." Robert Chambers of
Wolsty held 55 acres at a rent of 30s., while the water
corn-mill adjoining the Abbey was leased to Robert
Chamber for £10 a year. Again in the earliest Survey,
somewhere between 1523 and 1538, the ancestral home
of the Chambers family is thus described : —
/
(SD0O THE CHAMBBRS FAMILY OF RABY COTE,
Rabye Cote. Robert Chamber Received his tenement w^ is called
Raby Cote for the Annual Rent of 335^ 4d. for the farm Gress ;k>s.
4 mowers 3 days with the plough all tithes except grain. Item i
acre in Benwray rent i2d. It. 3 acres Seavyinge 8d. i acre of
arable land near his tenement rendering all Tithes except grain*
And he may keep 24 oxen or cows, * 6 horses, 24 sheep vrith
'* sequela" of 2 yrs. Item, he holds the tenement of Cote Flat at
annual rent for the farm los. Gryss 8s. 3 mowers, all tithes ex<^ grain
and he may keep 8 cows, 2 liorses and 4 sheep. Item 3 Roods in
Boesse annual Rent gd. It. Blakbutts XII s. Sureties, Robt.
Leythes, Cristoph. Askew.
The stewards of Holme Cultram were (generally non-
resident, and the oSact, of deputy seemed to be genecally
held by the Chambers family. George Lamplugh was
appointed steward in 1558. Of him Xjord Scrope, writing
to the Privy Coimcil under the date o£ Febrnary 26th,
X569> says : —
Upon the repair of bearer, George Lamplugh, to court I must
signify his true and faithful service during these troublous times.
He stoutly and manfully apprehended Thomas Hussey in the field,
by whose apprehension that part of the country w^^ by iiis practices
might have been persuaded to that section continued in good quiet.
Cockermouth Castle being devoid of a keeper, I committed it to
Lamplugh for the time, and he substantially and with good numbers
caused it to be safely kept. He himself has been attending me,
being alws^s ready in person and with his advice to advance her
Majesty's Service to his great cost and charges.
From the Chamber's papers I give this letter : —
After hartye commendacions, S3mce Mondaye last I.havehads&v!all
words & message from my L. Warden as to th* present p. vision .of
horse, wanting in the Lordshipp there & this daye his L hathe
wrytten a nother lettre conceninge business dependinge in the said
Lordshipp amonges the rest not forgetting want of horse, declaring
how that specyall and earnest reacycms by some hathe been made
to his L for somme iease & longer tyme, but his L hath flatlfe
denyed them and will ix>ntynewe willing me to be mynfull and
carefull to shew men tiimished w^^ all expedicion as app*te3meth,
yt seameth that those so often his L remdbrancein this cause is
not Aiv^hout great app^^ of her Ma*e pnt -service as sev*aHye before
this his L hath wrytt^t i&^gevennotyce to me Tfaos'hiB L^^eing so
THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 201
importunat in calling upon me, I cannot but as bound urge and
comande y« not to be necligent in the derecion geven yo for p. vision
of horse w'*» all ferniture And so fFare yo well this Xth of March
1580.
Yor. Loving friend
George Lamplugh.
Roland Skelton because M** Chambre his healthe ... to travell
wil not abide so well as 5^''s i praye holde ... by his advise be
earnest in thexecucion of these & o^ lettres in his behalfe for horse
& that wt*» sureytye.
Theire is lettres from the ryght honable my L Treasurer sev'allye
unto my L Warden & me for causes decyding in questyon betwene
those p'ties und' written. Comand them all the said pties to be w^h
me here upon Mondaye next by one of the clock in the aforenoone
& then they shall know furthere
I Doughtie and Lancake
j Nyllie & Hewett
Agnes Bewis and Ellis
Berwis
Corrye & Atkinson
<
I wold have y^
opynion in wryt-
ing in all these
causes & to send
me a note of their
names & if yo have
Inlarged ane for
i horse.
The letter is addressed : —
To his Lovinge frende
Robart Chambre & Roland
^ Skelton his Deput
of HowUme Coltram.
The number of horsemen to be provided by the Holme
was a constant source of trouble, the tenants being un-
willing to provide the numbers required by the Lord
Warden. Robert Chamber seems to have been one of
the men appointed to represent the manor in the lease of
the tithes which was bought from Roger Marbecke in
1579 for 3^400, and after his decease a dispute arose as to
the custody of the lease. The commissioners, John,
bishop of Carlisle, Henry Scrope, Sir Symon Musgrave,
and Sir Henry Curwen, ordered the lease to be given up
by the executors, Thomas Chamber and Hugh Askew,
and to be kept by the parish clerk in the church.
202 THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE.
To return to Thomas Chamber. He died in 1571, and
was succeeded at Raby Cote by his son Thomas, who on
the 27th September, 1574, married Ann, the daughter of
**Jack a' Musgrave Capteine of Bewcastle Knt.," who
must have been already a relation of his, — probably
cousin. His family by Ann Musgrave was a numerous
one, viz. : — Robert and Thomas, who both died in
infancy ; John, baptised April 2nd, 1580 ; Roland,
February 4th, 1581 ; Arthur, August i6th, r583 ;
Florence, April 13th, 1584 ; William, June i6th, 1586.
The home at Raby Cote was rudely disturbed by a
tragedy which is briefly described on Ann Chamber's
tombstone, a narrow slab of freestone, now lying in the
churchyard, which reads as follows : —
Oct. 21. 1586.
Here lyeth Ann Musgrave being murdered
the 19'^ of the said month
With the shot of a pistol in her own
house of Raby Cote by one Robert
Beck worth. She was daughter of Jack
Musgrave Capt. of Bewcastle, Knt.
She was marryed to Thomas Chamber,
Of Raby Coat and had issue six sons
videi Robt. Thomas, John, Row, Arth, Will.
and a daughter Florence.
I have not been able to obtain any particulars of this
tragedy. There is, however, an old paper, evidently a'
copy of an older one, entitled ** Instroksions for the death
of Jo. Curwen ; " and turning to the State papers in the
P.R.O. we find under date i6th September, 1532, Sir
John Lamplugh to Cromwell : — '' I received your letter
by the bearer concerning the murder of John Curwen.''
In the statement of the person implicated, he repeatedly
mentions the name of John Beckwith as having been
concerned in what was evidently a Border fray. As the
name does not occur among the tenantry, these men,
father and son, probably were servants at Raby Cote,
THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 203
<
Five years later Thomas Chamber married again, the
entry in the parish register being (1591) "June 9,
Thomas Chambers of Raby Coet & Janet Grame wedded
at Nunery by me Edward Mandevell . . .'* Jane was
the widow of Fergus Graeme ; the Graemes having had
the Nunnery of Armathwaite granted them shortly after
the Dissolution, by King Edward VI. Jane Graeme's son
William succeeded to the paternal estate. The Graemes
seem to be connected with the Netherby family, Fergus
being described by Hutchinson as " a younger brother of
Grahme of Rosetrees."
Thomas Chambers was intimately associated with
William Chamber of Wolsty Castle, arid it may be as
well to glance for a moment at this branch of the
Chamber family. The abbot was connected with this
family ; the first member of this branch met with in the
parish papers is Thomas Chamber, who held Wolsty
Castle in 1525-1538, prior to the dissolution; this man
was probably cousin to Abbot Robert. In the Survey of
1572 the jury found the castle
Ruinous and decayed in all the Houses within the outer wall, viz. : —
The Hall w*> will cost to be repaired in Timber, Slate, Iron, Nails,
Laths, Lime, Carriage and Workmanship by estimacion £z^ os. 4d. ;
the Chamber at the end of the Hall will cost in like reparacions by
estimacion £21 4s. od. ; the Evidence House will cost £\^ 6s. 8d. ;
the Kitchen, Peathouse, Byer and Stable will cost £\Af 19s. 4d. by
estimacion in all ;f 107 los. 4d.
In the Survey of 1638 we gather this information : —
And likewise it appears by an Inspeximus now shewed bearing date
in the XXXVHIth yeare of Queue Elizabeth the said Castle was
granted unto Robert Chamber and Thomas his sonne w^h the fee of
twenty shillings yearly for keeping thereof w^h castle was for the
most parte fallen into ruine and decaye at the Queue's Mamies proper
coasts and chardges And that the saide Robart had bestowed one
hundred pounds in repaireing the same at his owne prop^ costs and
chardges over and besides ;fi5o more at that time needful and
convenient to have bestowed upon the repair thereof. And after
the death of the said Robert and Thomas the s^ castle was granted
204 THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE.
by the s^ Quene Elizabeth upon the XII daye of ffebruary in the
XXXVI nth year of her Reign unto Richard Chamber his brother
with the Fee of XXs. upon the XXVII day September Ano. Dona.
1596.
Richard and William must have been descended from
either Cuthbert or John, the uncles of Thomas, for in the
following letter dated, Wolsty Castle, Thomas is described
as " coussin * " : —
Loving coussin comendations unto yo^ you' wyfe and children
Remembrid . . [etc.] I have expected yo*" companye bout y*
seamethe yo' busenesses as yeat never the lese I hartylie pray
yo^ ether to morrow or upon Sounday that 3^ will be so good as to
come to me for that at this instaunt my ockations extendethe to
grater matters and psonages then my owne or else I had bene w**>
yo by tymes or nowe w*** souche bookes- of ackount as I have
touching o' tends [tithesj w^h I think we are greatlye abbused in
and therefore as
well on the coman weel of 5^ hoU Lorp [Lordship] to a void
trobbeles frome yo'* I wyshe yo'* to be advysed and yf yo^ unckill
Arther my good coussin be w^^ yo** my great desyre is to have him
wth yor selefe also I consave some cause that puttethe yo** in some
mailencollye wch I desyre to speak with yo'* in as also some other
newes I have to shewe yo'*. I comyt yo'* to God. Wolstye Castell
this xiij. of Marche 1599. Yo^ Loving coussin to
Comaund Will™ Chamber
I marvel whye I cannot
heare whether my Letr
was sent to Sir Edward and
Thomas Harding or no, or what answer ys
to be expected thereof as yeat I hear of none
greatly I care not for I have a way to
knowe a trowthe whether they
will or no and God willinge a trowthe
I will knowe and mack knowne to all that will lack knowledg
well I think the nomber ys fewe by reson they dar no speed
Sir Edward & Harding
yt ys not y« [evidence ? ] of my neve Skelton
* The Herald's Visitation of 1615 ^ves the relationship as that of very distant
99usjns,
THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 205
5rt will serve nether them nor yeat
himselefe to the undoinge of so
manye as is w***^ this Lordshippe
Adduxit
To my verrye Loving
• Coussing Mr. Thomas
' Chamber at Raby Cotte this del.
The references in this letter are to the combination of
tenants to resist the demands of Sir Arthur Atye, of
Kilburn, co. Middlesex, Knight, the farmer of the tithes,
to compel the payment in kind rather than prescriptions
fixed at the dissolution of the monastery ; a suit in which
Thomas was a prime mover.
The " neve Skelton " we have met with in 1580.
Roland Skelton married, when still under age, Jaen or
Jannet, sister of Thomas Chambers. He was deputy
steward with Robert Chamber " of the Abbaye," and also
collector of tithes to Atye. He lived at Angerton, and
with the Chambers took a large share in parish affairs.
He died in 1637, and was buried at Kirkbride, leaving
four daughters, one married to Thomas Sturdye of Moor-
house, either the father or the same man who suffered as a
Friend, and died in prison, 1684.
A letter of the same year tells us what urgent business
kept William at home. (Papers and documents relating
to Scotland, P.R.O., William Chamber to Lord Scrope) : —
A straundge shipe ys driven out of his course so as she hathe ridden
upon ancker upon the wyd see betwixt Erelann & Skottland and V
of his men ys comed aland w^h I have in safe keeping to await 5^0'"
pleasure. I cannot git anye to goe to the shipe whiles to morrowe
for theare ys not watter to bring her over the sandryge. She has
been off Wolstye Castell since yestirday morninge. In haste
craving your Lordshippe to take my reud letter in good part by the
Bearer my sonne.
Wolstye Castell xviii. daye of Ffebruary 1599. William Chamber.
Scrope sent this letter to Cecil, writing himself under
date 2ist February, 1599, (Abstract) : —
206 THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE.
Next morning I tode i6 miles from this arriving at 8 hours before
noone, and on examining the V marines landed in the boat for
" fresh watter " I found them Flemings, the ship Leethe of Emden
from Portugal fraught with salt, apples, and oranges, though some
think ther is better wealth; of the V landed I suspect one is an
Englishman and to counterfeit his tonge. Some think they were
for Ireland to relieve " Tiron." The men to be kept during her
Majestye's pleasure. The Sunday the Scottes horded the ship,
before my men for the vehemence of the waves could with the
boats come at her, and convoyed the same away. Yet if the men of
the Abey hom had done their part they might have taken her before
the Scotts. Thos. Scrope.
What became of the unfortunate Flemings we do not
know, but evidently William Chamber thought it his duty
to watch them closely a month later.
William Chamber took a prominent part in the tithe
suit of 1600-1604, and remained keeper of the Castle,
receiving his fee until its abolition in 1606. He died in
April, 1629. The Survey of 1636 continues : —
After whose death Ann widow of the said William dwelling therein,
and being not able to maintain the said Castle, desired her son
Robert Chamber to enter into the said Castle, and to place her
more conveniently in another house, according to her desire.
Whereupon the said Robert Chamber did begin to repair the said
Castle in March Anno 1630 & in August 1632 came to dwell therein ;
who has bestowed ;f 100 and upwards upon the repair thereof and
yet there is more need to be bestowed. Upon the 20th May 1634
the said Robert Chamber, his wife, children and servants to the
number of nine being in their beds, the roof of the bedchamber did
suddenly fall down, the dormontt timbers and slates some of which
did lie upon his children. Some broke down the loft whereon their
beds stood, and thereupon the said wife was so affrighted with fear
of hurt of her children that she is not yet recovered though (praise
be God) nobody therein was hurt thereby. And the said chamber
is now built up again by Robert Chamber aforesaid.
At that date the Castle was a " special seafaring mark
for all passengers upon the west part bordering between
England and Scotland." Twenty-five years later, at a
Survey held at the Restoration of the Monarchy, 1660,
the jury find in the fifteenth article : —
THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 207
We say that Thomas Ffitch, late p'tendid gouvernor of Carlisle,
caused tha Castle of Wolstie to b3 raiaated aad the material thereof
he caused to be carried to the Citie of Carlile, and for the Land
there remaineth ; save only the mote or ditch about the Walles.
Robert seems to have been succeeded by daughters, for
in 1649 the land at Woisty was in the occupation of Mrs.
Juhan Barwis, probably a daughter of Robert Chamber.
Although the fabric of the monastery had suffered
severely since the dissolution by the alienation of its
revenue, and considerable repairs had been executed on
the body of the church, the final catastrophe happened
January ist, 1600, when the tower fell, and carried down
with it in its fall the chancel and north transept. Robert
Chamber was in the church at the time, but received no
hurt. Robert, in addition to occupying the family acres,
kept an alehouse and license to brew. His license, signed
in 1601 by Launcelot Salkeld and Ffrancis Lamplugh,
orders amongst other things that —
He shall kepe measures according to the Statute of Winchester.
He siiall suffer no uniawfull games to be used or frequented within
tlie precincts of his house, neither shall suffer any evil person
suspected of ill fame to be lodged or received into his house, and yt
he shall kepe good and honest order accordinge to the forme and
effect of the Statute of Edward VI. nor suffer fleshe to be dressed in
his house upon dayes forbydden by the lawes.
The ruin of the chancel and north transept by the fall
of the tower was used by both parties, the vicar and tithe
collector on the one hand, and William and Thomas
Chamber and the parishioners on the other, as a proof of
neglect of duty. As a matter of fact, the up-keep of the
fabric was far beyond the capacity of either party. The
edifice was repaired in a mutilated form by George
Curwen and Edward Mandeville, the vicar ; but almost
as soon as completed it was burnt down by Christopher
Harden, April i8th, 1604. This was an additional
grievance which the Chambers did not fail to charge to
the tithe collector and vicar. William Chamber wrote
208
THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE.
an open letter to the tenants, which was read in the
church, and Thomas and WilliAin were declared by the
vicar to be outlawed.
To follow up the suit, it was necessary that Thomas
should go to London. His expenses may be interesting^ : —
viiid.
Imprimis to London
xls.
It. Ho shoeing ...
•
1.
It* My bootts
viiis.
It* 34 dayes in london
at XVI d. ordinaire for two
£1111, X.
I to A paire of stokings & Shose
ixs.
It* O'" horses Shoeing in London ...
ii.
It* a drinke for Arthur meare for
the yallowes
iis.
It* For washing & to the servants at
O^ comminge awaye
■ ■ •
UlS.
For o'' horses 34 dayes in London
XVII dayes & nightes ffor hay
xls.
It* for oytes, other horse baite of
the daye
xxxiiiis.
It* Dressing of o"" hattes & bringing
of the water
vis.
Ffor lawyers ffees
/« • • • •
£XU. VUS.
It* Coming home from london
xlvs.
vin.
viiid.
iiid.
mid.
viiid.
uijd.
For a detailed account I give in the Appendix William
Chamber's expenses in 1618. Altogether this suit cost
the parish £^480 iis. 6d., in addition to the ^^400 paid for
Marbeck's lease. The raising of this large sum of money
rested with the ** sixteen men." The first account of the
active participation of the tenants in parish affairs was
the swearing of twenty-four ''antient and sage tenants"
in 1570. Very shortly after we hear of the " sixteen
men," four being chosen from each quarter into which the
Lordship was divided. The institution of ''sixteen men"
was not confined to Holme Cultram, there being such a
body chosen in other parishes or manors, Penrith being
one of them. A foreman was chosen from each quarter
in rotation, and the term of office was three years. To
them all matters of rating and government were referred.
THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 209
the steward of the manor being their superior, and he
again being under the control of the Lord Warden, until
the abolition of the wardenship ; and after him the
Governor of Carlisle was the responsible person.
These sixteen men appointed four of their number
wood-wardens, to superintend the wood of Wedholme,
given to the manor by Elizabeth, on condition of taking
over the repair of the ancient sea-dyke. The timber in
this wood was preserved with jealous care, the ** Paine "
for taking a tree for private use being £3 6s. 8d., and for
a second offence double that amount. The church-
wardens submitted their amounts to this body and the
list of **Paines" enacted by this body makes a very large
and comprehensive statute-book, there being some seventy
penalties. This body is now represented by the sea-dyke
charity. Of the " sixteen " the Chambers family were
the leading men.
Although the tenants did not prove entirely successful
in their tithe suits, yet they established the modus
decimandi as left at the Dissolution. The copy of the
Survey of 1538, now extant in the parish, bears this
inscription : —
This book was purchased for ;fvi. by Thomas Chamber of Raby
Cote when the parish was in suit with Sir Arthur Atye, 1601.
He did not live to see the end of the tithe suits. He
died in a good old age, and was buried in the chancel ;
his tombstone in the porch bearing the inscription : —
Nov, 8th. 1619
Thomas Chamber of Raby Coat
buryed, marry ed Ann Musgrave
daughter of Jacke.
His wife did not long survive him, for under the Norman
entrance door is her stone : —
April 5. 1620
Here lyeth Jane Barres first wife
ZIO THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE.
to Fergus Grahm of Nunnery
and second wife of Thomas Chamber
of Raby Coat.
John Chambers, the third son, who had for some years
taken an active part in farming and parish business, had
married six years previously Ann, daughter of Thomas
Wiber of St. Bees, 6th March, 1613. This family of
Wyber were notable Royalists, and had occupied the
family seat of Clifton Hall, Westmorland, since the
fourteenth century. The family suffered heavily as
delinquents, and had to mortgage their land in St. Bees,
the estates passing from Thomas, John Chamber's
brother-in-law, to the Lowther family. The following
letter from Thomas Wiber may be of interest : —
Brother, I have received y' bill betwixt yo and the for drawing
of y^" answere wch I find very dark and Imperfecte, and all the
most materiall matters that y^ wish [attention] unto never spoken
of in yor noote whearfor (if I might advize yo) I would wish you to
goe to my father at Chfton and shewing the Bill to him and go
eyther to Mr. Carlete [? Carleton] or Mr. Lowther and let them
take some paynes for Drawing of y ^ answeare for the most danger
is in y"^ answere both in respect to the danger of y' oathe and also
for giving advantage in the insufficiency of y answere on any
other error Wherfor read often the bill over and consider well
what must be y""^ answere and shew that to y^^ counsell and let him
drawe it uppe
As for other contents of y*" 'tre I pray yo thane ke y^ cozzin Orfeur
for his kindnesse but my father is or he could reed it and so I
will speak no more of it I see w^h cannot be untill the Qr^**"
Sessions be doane and so wishing yo best wishes to yo and to my
sister y"^ wiffe
I rest y' Brother Tho. Wiber.
If yo have any tyme for retourning of y'*' comission then give a new
warninge und' y' hand & get yo*" answere reddy and p.fect*
Addressed To his lovinge Brother
Mr. John Chambers
at Rabv Cote this
Dehver.
* The matter referred to in this letter has reference to a tithe suit between
the tenants of the manor and Sir George Dalston, farmer of the tithes from the
University of C^ford.
THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 21 1
Only one daughter was born to John Chambers of this
marriage. Ann Wiber herself died, and was buried i6th
April, 1616, at St. Bees, a somewhat formidable funeral
journey in those days ; her only daughter having been
also buried at St. Bees, August 7th, 1614. On the 9th
October, 1621, John Chambers married the second time
Mary, the daughter of Cuthbert Osmotherley of Langrigg.
" By an inquisition post mortem 4th October, 41 Elizabeth
(1599), Cuthbert Osmotherley died seized of six tenements
in Wheyrigg, one in Mooraw, one in Blencogo, two in
Bewaldeth, one in Armathwaite, six in Oughterside, four
in Meldrigg, seven in Waverton, and four in Lown-
thwaite. The family of Osmunderley, Osmunderlaw, or
Osmotherley, came from a place of their own name in
Yorkshire; and they appear to have been of great
respectability in the county. In the 21st Richard II.
William de Osmunderlawe was one of the knights of the
shire for Cumberland, and in the 4th Henry IV. and 6th
Henry V. William Osmunderley of Langrigg was sheriff
of the county. The last of the family, the Rev. Salkeld
Osmotherley, sold the Langrigg estates to Thomas
Barwis, Esq. The arms of Osmotherley are Argent, a
fess ingrailed between three mantles sable" (Hutchinson,
Hist. vol. ii., p. 301). Members of the same family held
the manor mills of Abbey and Dubmill in the beginning
of the seventeenth century. The Osmotherleys were
connected with the Orfeurs of High Close, Cuthbert
Orfeur being repeatedly spoken of as John Chamber's
** brother." Three children were born to this marriage ;
they, however, all died in childhood. For some years
prior to the father's death in 1619, John had managed
the farms, and from that period until his death in 1656
he was the recognised leader of the tenants. Thus in
1627 we find him surety for the payment of the clerk and
schoolmaster's wages. In 1635 we find that —
The Churchwardens and Sixteens p'mised to deliv"^ unto Mr. John
Chamber of Raby Cote th' old Bible and old Communion Booke,
he payeing for them to the use of the church xxs.
212 THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE.
Under 28th December, 1636, we find in the minutes of
the XVI. :—
By vertue of a warrant from the High SherifFe of 5^ Countye of
Cumberland to me directed in his Maties hand straitly to charge &
comand y^ immediately upon the Receipt herof that yo doe assisse
Levy Destreyne & collect w^h in y*^ pish the sume of nyne pounds
six shillings towards the Building of one shipp & the same to pay
unto me at Ireby upon Thursday, being the first of January next.
John Asbrigge hie constabl
Yo must likewise receive of Mr. Charles Robson |
Y°^ vicar 4s. for the same shipp I
The manner of rating was peculiar : —
Now we the sixteene men of the said Lor^ or the major part of us
whose names are under doe assesse & sett downe the said £ix. vis.
to be collected & gathered upp as followeth, viz* That ev'ie horse
place* w^b in this Lor^P shall pay xiid. ev'y demy<* vid. & ev'ye
foote place iiijd. and ev'ie cottager of ability & able iiijd. and
those that be less able do pay at the discretion of two honest men
being neighbours to ye same & pceiving their Estate, and of ev'ie
young man we assesse to be pay<* at the discretion of the Constable
and of us & this we agree to y^ day afore^d.
In 1630 Charles I. gave ninety trees in Wedholme to
Sir Richard Graham. Chamber was active in petitioning
the King against this course, with success.
In 1639 ^"d again in 1650 John Chambers was appointed
to supervise the repairs of the church, then "in great
decaye." In 1638 we see him active in petitioning the
Attorney General against draining the Stanke, on account
of its use as a watering-place for the pasture.
In 1640 we find him active in petitioning Sir Nicholas
Byron, Governor of Carlisle, against the levy of every
" fift " man for military service. The petitioners point
out that ** the Scottes by boateing have occasioned great
dammage," " that they have burnt two or three towns at
* The terms " horse place," "demye," " foot place," were used to describe
the size of the tenant's holding, the Border Service being strictly regulated to the
nihility of the occupier to bear anns or supply a horse or pony.
~L»
THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 2I3
one time and violently taken away thre score head of
cattell . . . and for our better safetie bene at the charges
of threscore poundes for muskets & other warlike furniture
& have planted the same upon the sea coasts & is at
charges with keeping of thriettie men & municion day and
night." The answer was favourable. " They shall not
neede to send ev'y fift man unless the Beacons be on fire
& then all to come."
In 1644 and 1645 we find John collector for £iy a week
towards the pay of the Scotch army in England; the sum
assessed in 1644 being about £* 12, and in 1645 '* ^^25
arrears of Capt. Johnson."
In 1640 we find him giving evidence in a case of assess-
ment and distress, from which I take the following : —
There was a 16 men chosen by the parish for to sett down a tax in
the loth year of Queen Elizabeth (1568) of fFamous memory for
getting the custom confirmed under the great seal of England and
paid of the same Taxe into the Court of the Exchequer ;f 300 and
the chardges besides with feas ;f20o or thereabouts the which sume
was collected by the collectors appoynted by the said 16 men, and
about y« 41st. yeare of Queue Elizabeth (1599) there was a 16 men
appoynted for setting downe Taxes for defending their custome of
payeing tythe & of their Ancient customs in the s^ Lorw against
S^^ Arthur Atye and others wch lasted 16 years. And in the 7** yeare
of King James of fFamous memory a Tax was sett downe to have
their custom decread und' the Exchequer Scale & established by
Act of P'ment w^ came to ;f 500 or thereabouts.
He deposeth that he knoweth that the 16 men are chosen of the
best and ablest men of understanding & of qualitie fower in every
Qr. The Tenants doe repair the Sea Bankes and 3 Bridges w^*»
several Bridges within 20 years have cost in building & repairs ;f20o
& the said Tenants have spent great somes of money in preservinge
of the woodes in Wedholme & the Tenants here in suit with Mr.
William Brisco for cutting down trees & converting them to his own
use wch cost the Parish over ;f 40 for they had him in the Exchequer,
and they had a suite with the Clerk of the Peace about tke Bridges
w"** cost £^0 & more . . . also the LorPP had suits with Mr. Rich.
Tickell about the encroachments and at last the 16 men did agree
with Mr. Tickell for ;f6o & sent three men to London about the
same custom, and 4 Bondsmen entered into a Bond for £120 for the
payment cf the ;f 60 when the day of payment came their Bond was
forfeited, and the fower put to great charges thereby.
2i4 THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE.
On the 27th September, 1640, we find Chambers fore-
man of the jury which recited and rfenewed all the ancient
** Paynes," seventy-one in number.
As deputy steward of the manor, collector of tithes,
small and great, he was also in his private capacity
farmer of the Saltcotes. His salt sale-book shows that
he sold per quarter about 160 measures of salt, the price
ranging from gd. to is. Curiously every week there is
the entry, generally in the name of a servant : — " Elean
Stoirrde the Sunday measure of salt," " Cath. Ffarmer
the Sunday measure of salt." I am unable to explain
this entry ; it also puzzled the late Chancellor Ferguson.
A careful note was kept also of grain sold : —
A not of all corne sould sen the 17 day of April 1605
Sould at Cockkermouthe 3 B"^ of Malt
Sould at Irebe i Bushell of Bigg
Sould at Cokkermouthe 6 B"* of Malt ...
Sould to Roland Chamber 2 peakes of beag
Sould at Cockkermouthe 5 B"* of Malt
Sould to Jon Heald Kourke 3 B"^ of Malt ...
A not of all the peses sould and sent in the House
It* sen in the house i B** i pk.
Sould at Arebe 5 peke pese ... ... ... 3s.
Sen to the house 16 B« & i pk
Sould at Cockkennouthe 5 pks pese ...
Sould at Arebe 3 pekes pease
Sould at Cockkermoutb 5 pks pease ...
Not of the would sould sen the 23 day o^ May 1605
It* Sould at Cockermouthe 3 stean ...
It* Sould at Perethe 3^ of would
It* Sould to Marg-Auston Brownerig i st. of w.
Sould to Will. Wyse of Sevil i stean of woul ...
John Co wen half a stean of woul
Will Haton half a stean of woul
Lead by to searve the house 2 sts. of pleas woule
& halfe a s' of please woule'^'
Theare is a lowt for makeing of clease ... 3s.
Sould to Will Tarment 9 pounds & a half of
woul 6s.
8s.
2S.
8d.
6s.
6d.
i6d.
13s.
6d.
8s.
gd.
4S.
2d.
2
4
3
4
1605
14s.
lod.
24
6
9s.
8s.
4s.
4s.
* I suppose soiled wool.
THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 215
Smaller matters were not neglected at Raby Cote, as
note : —
Money resaved for the apples
It^ for apples ... ... ... ... ... 4d.
It^ for apples ... ... ... ... ... 6d.
John Chamber for apples ... ... ... 2,
It* sould in the Abbey 3 p. of apples ... ... 3*1
It* sould to Hartland wyfe i pk. ... ... ... i6d.
Sould to the wyfe at Catair i pk. ... ... ... i6d.
Lime was used at Raby Cote, for : —
14 August, 1605, 3 Load Leame
18 August ^ Load Leame
19 August 3 Load Leame
Careage of 6 Load of Leame Rob* Wall as.
Labour was cheap in 1642 : —
M. of all the sarvents wages May^ the 31 May 1642
Hew Steel i6s. John Cockton 5s. John Arklebe 4s. Wm. Sandith los.
John Tremeel 8s. Thomas Arklebe 8s.
John's men stayed with him the succeeding half-year,
the cost of six men for six months being 50s. William
Sandeth appears regularly in the accounts from 1637 to
1644. Sandeth was hired at John's farm at Redflatt on
the Waver ; his engagement reads as follows : —
Md the 2°^ day of May 1637 J- C. hired Wm. Sandeth of Redflatt to
begine the Thursday in Whitsun weake for a yeare and he is to
have 6 Bus. of Bigg, 4 Bus. of oates and 20s. in mone. J. C. is to
pay him 3 Bus. of Big, 2 Bus. of otes & los. of mone when he
finishes & as much at Martin Muse and he is to have a cow of his
gressed & fouldered as my owne & a cowe malke of my owne ; he is
to kepe my kettell at Redflatt and louke to the fieldes, louke my
come and mend my flakes wand [dig or cut] 4 darecks of pete,
shawle maner [shovel manucej and here it to the mithen [midden] ,
and help me iij harvest & heye tyme with all the help he can at
Red Flat & to dyke all he can at Redflat.— Wm. Sandeth X.
The other farm at Hartlawe was worked on a similar
principle ; —
2l6 THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE.
Mem. Hired George Priestman of Hertlawe for £2 los. & to keep
somer & winter halfe a pecke of len sede [linseed] & 3 kye grass to
wourke all my hus here [husbandry] at Hertlawe in the yere 1621.
John kept strict account also of the family expendi-
ture : —
It* for a boukket to the weall ... ... 8d.
It* for a peer of shune for my mother
and a peer to Florence ... ... ... 2s. 4d.
I dranke at Cokkermouthe ... ... ... 2d.
It* to Rob* Wedon and Rolland Hampson
2 days berreing... ... ... ... 4d.
It* for halfe a pounde of sappe ... ... 2d.
To the cowper and his man
4 days wurking ... ... ... ... 2od.
It. I spent at Weddom ... ... ... i2d.
It* a poot of aell at the Mell [Mill] ... ... 4d.
It* For a q' of an ounce of peper ... ... 6d.
For 3 remouves of an horse before
the warrs ... ... ... ... 6d,
For heren ... ... ... ... ... 2d.
For red heren ... ... ... ... 2d.
It* for wyat bread ... ... ... ... 2d.
It* for half a pound of starche ... ... 3d.
It* 2 pekes lene sede ... ... ... 4s,
It* For 4 pounds of yarne ... ... ... 8d.
It* to a gerkin for my mother ... ... yd.
Robt Akin for erealls ... ... ... 3d.
To Meg Sandeth i day spredinge ... ... id.
Mungo Wyse I day lakeings... ... ... id.
larles to a mayden ... ... ... ... 3d.
For kopperes & vossell ... ... ... id.
To a graver in Alercarr Moss ... ... 2d.
To 5 reepers ... ... ... ... lod.
John Peates for making a
pear of breche a pair of house & mending
house ... ... ... ... 4d.
Jean Huddart 8 days cardeing (wool)... ... ^ 8d.
for talla to the sheap ... ... ... yd.
For a sacrament feast ... ... ... 3s.
To my mother for churcheing ... ... i4d.
16 yards of clothe bleacheing ... ... 4d.
For 3 Fourkes ... ... ... ... 9d.
THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 217
It* for 8 horses shouen ... ... ... i8d.
for a meal seake ... ... ... ... 6d.
To the smithe 4 cart pleates
& 3 penne wurth of naile ... ... I2d.
For the weing of the woule ... ... ... 2d.
Fencing was not altogether a new thing 250 years ago,
as witness the entry, '* It* for seven hundreth thorns,
28. 8d." It will be noticed the discrepancy of the various
payments, — a day's labour, id. ; a sacrament feast, 3s.
Peas evidently were the chief vegetable used, and the
garden at Raby Cote must have been of considerable size :
the first quarter of 1605, six days ** graveing " was paid
for ; the second quarter twenty-one days were spent in
graveing and louking.
John Chamber was to a certain extent a believer in the
astrologer's cult, for amongst his notes I find : —
"If the moon be in Aries go not out for falling in p'ell of body nor
goodes nor for both ; If it be in Taurus go not out for feere to fall
in danger. If it be in Geminye goe forth for ye shall be well keped
& find the pepell to be thy friendes. If it be in Cancer goe forthe
for thou shalt retourne with grete joye. If it be in Leo work not
whether thou go or not for thou shalt neither wone or loase. If it
be in Virgo goe not out for grievance with out profit." And again,
"When it is good to have newe campanye. If in Aries thy
company shall not be p'fitable," and so on through the months.
Then again certain proverbs are jotted down : — ^
Let Gods worship be thy morninge work and his wisdome the
direction of thy dayes labour.
Choose but few freandes and try those, for the flatterers are in
great faver.
If thy w)rfe be wise make her thy secretary, else keep thy thoughts
in thy hart, for women are seldom silent.
Be not proud amongst thy poure neighbours, for a proud man's
hart is perrilous, nor to familliar with grate men for presumption
wins disdaine.
Neither be prodigall in thy fare nor die not in dette, to thy belle,
enough is a feaste.
Be not envious lest thou fall in thine own thoughts.
2l8 THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE.
To John Chambers we are indebted for the little we
know of the manor in the first half of the seventeenth
century. Parish papers of that date are preserved and
docketed in his peculiar handwriting. Robert Wittie,
who married into the Chamber family, and was school-
master and clerk, 1630-1650, was a capital penman, and
many of the parish papers are in his handwriting. The
history of the time is portrayed in papers preserved
through Chamber's care. Stringent orders a§ to dealing
with Jesuits, seminary priests and " agents of the King^ of
Spayne " were sent down to the Holme. There is a copy
of the King's speech at the opening of the Parliament of
1640. The Remonstrance of the Army at Ripon, the
Impeachment of Strafford, and the Ordinances of Parlia-
ment during the Commonwealth were copied out by
Wittie. At the siege of Carlisle by the Parliamentary
troops in 1643-1644 we find Chambers and his brother-in-
law, Osmotherley, sending provisions for the Royalist
garrison (Hutchinson, Hist.), yet the Commonwealth
employed John as deputy steward. He probably was
more concerned with the government of his parish than
with the squabbles of those in high places. He died at a
good old age, active to the last ; and one can well fancy
that it was a large funeral which gathered on that
February day in 1655, when in the ruined chancel John
Chambers was laid beside his fathers.* His tombstone,
a long oblong block of grey sandstone, is on the left side
as you enter the porch at Holme Cultram.
February VII. 1655
John Chamber till death brought him here
Maintained still the custom clear
The church, the wood, the parish right
He did defend with all his might
Kept constant holy sabbath days
And did frequent the church alwaies
* His will expressly states he wished to be buried on the north side of the
Abbot's ton)b,
THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. aiQ
Gave alms truly to the poor
Who dayly sought them at his door
And purchased land as much and more
Than all his elders did before
He had four children with two wives
They died young — the one wife survives
None of his rank could better be
For liberal hospitalitie.
It was only in Charles I.'s reign that rates seem to
have been levied for the relief of the poor. Prior to that
the poor went from house to house, and were lodged and
fed. No doubt Chambers, as a leading parishioner, would
get a large share of these poor neighbours, but he seems
from his account-book to have relieved them in kind.
He increased Raby Cote by the addition of the freehold
land at Raby Rigg, and at his death held land at Hartlaw,
and Redflatt, and Cummersdale, in addition to Raby
Cote. He was succeeded at Raby Cote by his nephew,
William Chambers of Hertlawe. This man appears in
the Parish Register, 1615, November 2nd, William of
Thos. Chamber of Hertlawe Bapt. His eldest son John
succeeded him, and the other entries in the register are
Thomas, baptised June 4th, 1653 ; Daniel, October 21st,
1655 ; Margaret, February 4th, 1668. Little is known of
William Chambers, but that he was foreman of the
sixteen men for three years in succession to his uncle.
Little more is known of the Chambers of Raby Cote,
but they evidently fell on evil days after 1655, for in 1732
Mrs. Catherine Chambers and Arthur Chambers surren-
dered the family estates to strangers, probably mortgagees.
If any of the name in the direct line survive I am
unaware of it.
I am unable to fix definitely the date of the house at
Raby Cote, but should be inclined to put it to the credit
of Thomas Chamber, 1554 — 1620. The house, no doubt,
was built from the remains of the Abbey. The inscrip-
tion in Roman lettering upside down, which runs along
the east firont of the dwelling house, if it came from the
220 THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE.
chancel could scarcely have come to Raby Cote prior to
the destruction by the fall of the tower in 1600 : if, how-
ever, it came from the ruins of the chapter-house or
monastic buildings it might be that Thomas Chantiber
profited by the offer of Auditor Swift in 1561 : — " The
old walls yet standing, as well of the church as of the
other houses about the same w^** we have appointed to
sell to the Queen's Mat^®^ use after the rate of viiid. ev'ie
lode of stone." The carved stones built in the west wall
evidently came from the Abbey. There are also two
shields, evidently the head of a doorway, now forming
the threshold of the stable-loft. *
If we place the date of the Raby Cote house at 1600-
1610 we shall not, I think, be far wrong. The initials
'* I. M. C." on a window head in the west of the building
shew that John Chambers made some additions, 162 1-
1640. The oak staircase and large kitchen and bedrooms
are probably not much changed since John Chambers
lived there. Himself a representative of, and connected
with, county families, he seemed to have lived as a simple
yeoman, in marketing, and attending to farming details ;
it is also evident from his mode of spelling that he spoke
the broad vernacular of Cumberland. He and his family
were probably good examples of the higher class of
yeoman. The manor of Holme Cultram, surrounded on
one side by the sea and the tidal waters of the Wampool,
and on the great part of the south and west by impass-
able bog, and being under the direct government of the
monastery until the dissolution, and under the Crown for
another 150 years, its inhabitants were largely cut off
from the rest of the county ; and the struggles from 1556
to 1640 were peculiar to the district, and do not seem to
have occurred to the same extent in other parishes. The
banding together for mutual defence, which enabled the
tenants to contend successfully against both University
and Crown, was undertaken under the guidance and
leadership of the Chambers family. Practically up to
* For Heraldry of Chambers family see vol. i, p. 304, Transactions.
THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 221
fifty years ago the whole of the parish, with the exception
of part of the demesne lands of the monastery, was in the
hands of occupying yeomen. The trend of recent times,
however, has been fatal to this system of peasant pro-
prietors, and the " Statesmen " of Cumberland will soon
be a thing of the past ; but in the records of that worthy
body of men few names stand out as representing the
best traditions of their order, as good citizens and good
Cumbrians, like the Cuambers family of Raby Cote.
APPENDIX.
Will of Thomas Fysher of Swynstie, 1544.
In the name of God so be itt The xvi^ day ofif September in the
year of o*" Lord MDXLIIIJ I Thomas Fysher of Swynstie in the
pysthging off HoUne seick in bodie but p'fect rememb'ance prysinge
be Almightie God maike ordaine & sette furthe my last wyll in
maner & forme as folowys ffiryst I gyff my sowel to AUmightie God
unto the Sanct Marye & to all the Sancts in hewyn & my bodye to
be buryed in the Kirk Garthe aforesaide w^*» my dewties therto dew
& accompyed. Allso I wyll that XXX'^ masses be saide ifor my
sowle the daye of my bury all or as shortly e af' as may be possyble to
be said. Allso I gwyff one torch to ye Kyrck. Allso I gytf to o^
ladys stock iii^ iiij"*. Allso I gwyff to Wyll™ Woodall my brod one,
Jack and a yong whye. Allso I gyffe to Wyll"» & Robert my sons
a kyst and a cov't. Allso I gyff my son Robert portion unto Sy"^
Wyll™ Symondson w*** his holl barne p" of goods. And that y®
said S' Wyll" do & shall syett hym to schold or else to some good
mannuall occupac'on for his most pyftt. Allso I geve my g** wyll
ofiF my ferme holde af my descess unto Wyll™ my son or Robert or
ye long' lyver off them. And allso I wyll thatt my rydyng &
husbandry ger be geven to my chyldren duringe and so long as thei
all remayne to gyther and af* to be devyded among my sons
togyder or severallye. And the resydew of all my goods nott
affore legatt my debts ffyrst paid & my furthe bryngyng p*
formitt I give & bequeath to Elyn my wyff and unto Wyll«» Robert
Janett Annas & Mrgatt my chyld'n whom I ordayne & maikes my
verray & trew executers ffor them to dispouse for my sowll helthe as
they thynck most expedyent & that they may be the bett' therby in
tyme to come. Allso I ordayne & maike sup'visors T^o Benson Syr
Wyllm Symondson Robert Austen Matthew Ffysher. Records here
off I John Alonbye curatt Sir Wyllm Symondson* clerk T*»os Denys
Robert Austeyn w'*> othur. Probate, October, 1544.
* William Symondson, clerk, evidently the monk pensioned with ^^5 at the
Dissolution in 1538.
222 THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE.
Will of Robert Chamber, 1548.
In the name of God so be itt The XH day of August in ye yere off
or Lord God MDXLVIII I Robert Chamber of Raby Cott of good
& pi'fect remembrance praysing God to kepe the syme ordane & sett
furthe y* my last Wyll & Testament in maner as foUowithe. Ffyrst
I gyffe my sowll to Allmightee God &' to o' Sanct Marye and to all
the Sancts in hevyn. I gyff & bequeath to Thomas my eldest sonne
a cowe & calffe and a whye and one oxe To Cuthbert
& Robert my sonnes I geve the good wyll off my Fferme holde and
of the Grant off one halfe off Callvoe Grange wch I have of my Lord
I geve to my sonnes and 5^ graunt w^h I have of
Raby Grange I geve to ye reste of my chyld''n y* is Thomas Robt
. . . . Eliz . . . wydow. And ffurther .... I geve
to Jane my doughter my kyng & the oxen yt is att Mosse Syde &
iiij yowes evdy to sell .... one paiment to be maid seeing y*
I have certain of y® goodes & pfitt before, wch her mother will
have Wyff Janett my wyff & my friends shall
maik other disposal of my goodes not legatt my deets ffyrst paid.
I geve & bequeath to Thomas Robert Cuthbert John and Jaen
Marion my chyldren all of whom I maik witneses & executors of
the one hallfe & my goodes the other hallfe to be dyspoused ffor
my sowlls hellth yff it shall plese yt God call me to his mercye
. . . expedient & yt you may be ye betf^ thereby in tyme to
come. AUso I ordeine & maik supervisors Robert Chamber off
Wollstye Wyll°^ Skelton Robert Chamber off Hyelawes Thomas
Devys & Anthony Chamber my brother and Thomas Rychardson
off Brome P^. Record^ hereoff I John Allonby curatt Thomas
Devys Anthony Chamber Thomas Rychardson of Brome P*' w^^
other. p me John AUanby curat de holme.
The Detts wyche I Robert Chamber off Raby Coote as owyn att
ye X'*> day off August Anno Dono 1548.
Imprimis to Rcyd Selbye xii xiiis iiijd wher ffor shall be taken
viii vis viiid off Greittson owyn to me att Carlyeel and paid to y« saym
Rych as he knowys him sell wher it ys y® residew he shall resortt to
my wyff ffor & she shall pay.
P to Gabreel Hyeghmo^ ffor iij hors viii* vis viii^ paid off ye
somme to hym sellff iij^ & m\ vis viiid in ye hands of John Hend'son
off Callffhow to be paid at o"^ ladys day next & ffor y« other xls he
shall talk off y« graye hors y* goys upon ye Moss.
Jt To Thomas Skelton vi^ ffor a hors pay** iiijmks to hym sellff &
vis viid to Wyll Greyson & xxvis viii^ ffor his hors pyrce 6^ xiiis gyd
y' he is owyn ffor his horsp'ce besyde & so remayns unpaid xx^
It to Sound' Deibtors vi* viiid.
THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE.
223
A Not of Charges to London by Willym Chamber.
s. D.
Jomey to London 1618 212
Octobris : —
Imprimis shoeing ye nage. .
Ita at Keswick
Tuesday at Kendl
Wed at night at Gastyne
Thurs at night at Wasel
Friday at night at Stoke
Satterda at Mesdean
Sonday at night at Attozeter
Monday at night at Strat
fortt . • . •
Tuesday at Hegait
11
ij
• •
u
•
VI
iiij
• • ••
nij
iij
is
V
iiij
iiij
ij
vi
■ ■
▼
* • • •
UIJ
V
• •
3
Suma
£^ 17
Tuesday at night in London
Wed at night
Thurs at night . .
Friday at night . .
Satt at night
Sunda at night . .
Monda at Will Barne
• • •
• • •
XVIU
• • •
vin
• • •
XVIU
• ■ •
XVIU
S. D.
Tuesda at night . . • • xvii
Wead at night . . • < xzii
Thor at night Thos. Barne i
Friday at night Will Barne ii
Satt at Will Barne
Sund att Mr Banche k Mr
W. Barne
Charges necessarie going to
London at London and
going homewards : —
At Kendal for a dull bagge
Hj
At London for appells
vi
For gingerbread . .
ij
Ffor my shoes & pants
iij
For swoUing my boots
1
A pewther for horse legges
& fette
V
For veingar & butter for my
horse leggs
iiij
For shoes
• ••
"J
For removing or hors shoes
«j
Suma . .
ix
iiij
S. D.
Upon Tuesday evening we
dranke .. .. iij
To the servants at the house vii
Chardges in London is . . xxij vi
Neadfull chardges . . xii v
For horse'meatt in London xv
Thursday at night at Puck-
arge .. .. .. v v
Freda at night at Hunting-
don . . . . . . vi
Satt at night at Stanforth . . vi vi
Sonda at^Lonnigbutt .. iiij viii
Monday at night at' Baw-
brige . . . . . . iiij viii
Tuesday at night at
Wetherbye .. .. v o
Weddensday at night at
Cattericke
Thursday at night at Burgh
Friday at none at Pereth . .
Friday at night home from
London
S. D.
UIJ IJ
■ • • •
Ulj 1
xvii
Or chardges is som tot ;^vii o v
The law chardges is . . xvi
More at Candlemas fol-
lowing .. .. V iiij o
Chapter ffees at Carlill i xviii
The law money now dew
for Candlemas tearme i vi iiij
Sum tot ;f till r viii
224 THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE.
Will of Robert Chamber de Hygh Lawes*
P^ de Holm in the yere of o' Lord 1566.
In nomine dei Amen the 1$^^ May in the yere of o^ Lord 1566
I Ro*>t Chamber of holi mynd and in good rememb'ance maike this
my last wyll & testamentt as here after folowing Ffyrist I geve my
soull to All mightie God my creator & redem' and my body to be
buryed in my P* Church of Holm with my debts and deuties payed
according to the law. Item i geve to Robert my sonne a mear ij
yewes & ij lames. I** I geve to John a staigg a yew & a lame.
I to I geve to Katherin Wyld a whye & a sheip The kestydie of all my
goodes after my detts payd & my body honostly brought to the
ground I geve to Thomas my sonne whom I maike my hoU
executor witnisse here of George Stub vicar & John NicoUson w*^
other supervisions of this my last wyll Ro^* Chamber of Abbey
Thomas Devies Ro^* Chamber of Wolsty Thomas Chamber of
Raby Coitt.
Will of Anthony Chamber of Ffoulsyke 4 Aprill 1575.
In the name of God &c. I will that Margarett my wyff shall have
the thre part of all y^ goods. I gev to John my Sonne ^ Skeppe of
Bigge all the ryding gear & husbandrye gear. Item To Elizabeth
my doughter ij Ewes w'^ ther lames All the rest of my goods . . .
I leve to Margarett my wyfFe and to Thomas Chamber Anthony
Robert Rychard Wiliam & Eliz Chamber my chydren whom I
make my whol executors.
Witnisses hereof
George Austin Suma of Goodes
Wil Devies xx^» ix ii Debts xvii* xiis
Will of John Chamber of Raby Cote, 1652.
In the name of God Amen & the io**> day of August 1652. I John
Chamber of Raby Cott in the County e of Cumberland baent now in
health and of good and perfect memory (God be praysed) re-
and place doe ordaine and maike this my Last Will and Testament
memberinge the certainty of death and the uncertainty of the tyme
in name and forme follownge (that is to say) Ffirst I commend my
* This Robert Chamber is mentioned in connection with the Northern
Rebellion, 1537, 22nd May. Sir Thomas Curwen to Sir Thomas Wharton—
"The sheriff should call before him & the writer & examine them also
Cuth. Musgrave Robert Chamber of the Height Lawys John Austin of
Saltcotes & 16 others named " (probably the " sixteen men.")
THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 225
Soull into the hands of God my maker & redeemer hopinge
assuredly through the only meritts & mercies of Jesus Christ my
Saviour to be made partaker of life everlastinge and I commend my
body to the earth whereof it was made and my grave to be made
next to the bleue "thruth " on the north side thereof. Item. I give
& bequeath that my wife have all the sessment that I made to
her & the third part of all my coppihold land at Raby Cott all wch
is my wife right. To my nephew William Chamber of the Heartlaw
the one half of all my husbandreye and all the bedsteads that was
left me by my father, and a great chist in high loft and all the tables
that was left me by my father. I allsoe give unto the sayd William
Chamber my silver bowle, but my wyfe to have it for her life tyme
and the fower silver spoons which have my father's name at the end,
that the said William Chamber shall have them after my wife life.
I give unto John Chamber of Blackdyke five shillings and every one
of his children five shillings. I give unto Thomas Chamber of
Calvo tenn shillings and either of his daughters tenn shillings. Item
to John Chamber of Turpene five shillings and every one of his
children five shillings a peece. Item. I give unto William
Chamber of the Abbay fifteen shillings and to anyone of his
children five shillings a peece. Item. I give unto Mary Porter
the daughter of RoU^ Chamber five shillings. Item. I give unto
Willia Osmotherley my nephew twenty shillings to Ffrances
Osmotherley twenty shillings and Mary Glaister of Eston twenty
shillings. Item. I give unto Florence Parkin five shillings and every
one of her children two shillings sixpence. Item I give unto Jo
Dand twenty shillings : the rest of all my goodes moveable and un-
movable, my debts and legacies payed and funeral expences dis-
charged, I give & bequeath unto my wife M"^s Mary Chamber
whom I make sole executrix of this my last Will & Testament
nothinge doubtinge but that she will performe this my will in every
point and pay all my legacies by this my will gave within one year
after my death. And further I give to every of my servants at my
death to have his wages dubbled. I give unto the poor of the
Parish twopence a peece, and to every widdow in Mossyd Rabye
and Salt Cott sixpence. I give all book and bookes that I have in
the Chest in the Studie to William Chamber (excepting all Bonds
and Bills which I leave to my wife) I leave to John Chamber of
Blackdyke a cloake and to William Chamber of Turpene a cloake
and to William Chamber of the Abbaye a cloake. Item. My will
is that my wife have Redflatt for her life tyme wch is of ;f 3 . 8 . 8
rent yearlye and if William Chamber or any of him hinder my wife
from the quiett possession of the above sayd Redflatt, then it shall be
lawful for my wife to give Rabyregg to whom my wife M" Mary
226 THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE.
Chamber will by writinge or otherwise, but if the sayd Willia
Chamber or his heires do suffer my wife to enjoye the sayd Redflatt
her Ufe tyme quietlye then I will & bequeath Rabyerigg to William
Chamber and his heires for ever after our life tyme. Item. I give
unto Gawen Chamber my nephew twenty shillings and cloake & to
any one of his children tenn shillings. The two great arkes in the
Brew house loft my wife to have them her life tyme and William
Chamber of Turpene after her life tyme.
John Chamber.
This will was proved in London, the 19th of the month of July, in
1656, before the judges for probate of wills, lawfully authorised by
the oath of Mrs. Mary Chamber, the relict and sole executrix. She,
the said Mary Chamber, being first sworne, and in due form of law
well and truly to administer the same.
Chambers' Entries in Register.
1582 — ^June 30 — ^John of Thomas Chamber, bapt.
July 3 — Isabel of Hew. Askey, bapt.
Dec. 12 — Cuthbert Paipe of John Paipe, bapt.
Feb. 28 — Roland of Thos. Chamber, bapt.
1583 — ^Jan. 22 — Thomas Chamber, buryed.
Mar. II — Robert Chamber in ecclesia.
Mar. 8 — Arthur of Thomas Chamber, bap.
1584 — May 10 — Annas of Jo. Chamber, bap.
Feb. 23 — Robt. Chamber of Thabby, buried.
Nov. 27 — Katheren of John Watson, bapt.
Nov. 21 — Eliz. of Antho. Chamber.
Apr. 17 — Florence of Thomas Chamber, ba.
Feb. 16 — ^Thomas Chamber and Janat Johnson, wed.
1585 — ^July 3 — Arthur Chamber bur. in eccl.
Sep. 17 — Isabel of Robert Chamber, buried.
Jan. 16 — ^Janet Chamber, buried.
1586 — Apr. 17 — Robert of Richard Chamber, bap.
June 19 — William of Thomas Chamber, ba.
Dec. 16 — ^John of Robt. Chamber of Raby, ba.
July 13 — Robt. Chamber of Rie, bu.
Oct. 21 — Annas Uxor Thomas Chamber, buried.
May 18 — Robt. Chamber & Janet Chamber, wed.
Oct. II — Robt. Chamber & Helen Cleave, wed.
Feb. 2 — ^Janat of Thomas Chamber of Henllaw, ba.
Feb. 28 — Thomas of Robt. Chamber, ba.
i^gy — Apr. 8 — Jo. of RolL Chamber, Fullsyke.
May 13 — William of Thos. Chamber, buryed.
THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 227
Sep. z — Puer Antho. Chamber, buryed.
Oct. 19 — Matthew Chamber, bu. in ecclesia.
Dec. 17 — Janat Uxor Rowland Skelton, bu.
Nov. 24 — Robt. of Robt. Chamber of Raby, ba.
Feb. 17 — ^Jo. of An*^<* Chamber, bu. in eccla.
1588 — Aug. 4 — W*". Atkinson & Mabel Chamber, wed.
Dec. 17 — An***<* Auston Brownr»« & Mge* Chamber, wed.
Nov. 30 — Andrew of Jo Chamber, ba.
Dec. 7 — Curwen of Rowland Skelton, ba.
Mar. 22 — Thos of Thomas Chamber of Herte Law, ba.
Mar. 8 — Uxor Antho Chamber, in eccla.
1589 — ^July 23 — ^Jo. Chamber & Janat Blacklock, wed.
Feb. 24 — Rich Witty & Mgat. Chamber, wed.
1590— J u. 10 — George of Myles Chamber, ba.
Oct. 13 — Alice Ux Jo Paipe of Tarns, in eccla.
June 28 — ^Jo. Peat & Janat Chamber, wed.
Feb. 4 — Rich Chamber & Mgat Hewett, wed.
1591 — Mar. 28 — Elizabeth of Roland Skelton, ba.
May 9 — Helen of Robt. Chamber of Raby, ba.
Dec. 26 — Robt. of Thos Chaniber of Hertlaw, ba.
July 28 — ^Janat Chamber, bu. in ecclesia.
Aug. 10 — Katheren Ux Rich Chamber, in eccla.
June 9 — Thomas Chamber, Raby Cott, & Janet Graeme, wed
at Nunry by me Edward Mandeville.
1592 — Apr. 5 — Henry of Rouland Skelton, ba.
Mar. 31 — Eliz. of Rowland Skelton, bur.
Aug. 6 — E<^ Barne & Isabell Chamber, wed.
1593 — Apr. 8 — ^Janat of Robt. Chamber of Raby, ba.
Aug. 5 — Thos of Antho. Chamber, ba.
Feb. 24 — Curwen Skelton, bu. in chancellarii.
Mar. II — John of Rouland Skelton, bu. in chanc.
Dec. 18 — Xfor Ritson & Isabel Chamber, wed.
Aug. 4 — ^Janat of Tho Chamber of Hentlaw, ba.
Jan. 5 — Elizabeth of Rouland Skelton, ba.
1594 — Apr. 20 — Tho Chamber of Woulstie, buried in eccla.
Dec. — Ric. Chamber & Elizabeth Stage, wed.
Jan. 21 — Th° Mandeville & Mabel Chamber, wed.
July 20 — Abrom of Robt. Chamber, of Raby, ba.
Nov. 17 — ^Janat of Jo. Chamber of Brockholes, ba.
1595 — Jan. 12 — Tho. Chamber of Hertlawe, bu. in eccla. He was
drowned at low waithe the 10 day of Januaye
as he came from Carlill.
1596 — May 9 — Mary of Row. Skelton, ba.
Oct. 24 — Rich. Chamber of Pellathoe, bur.
228 THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE.
1597 — Mar. 25 — ^Janat Ux Antho. Chamber, bu.
May 2 — Rich. Chamber of Woulstey, bu. in eccla.
May 9 — Rich. Chamber of Fulsyke bu. (ba.).
May 23 — Ux Hen. Askey of Mosyd, bu.
— Francis Leithes. in chancell.
— Stephen Chamber and Helen , wed.
1598 — — ^Joseph of Robt. Chamber of Raby, ba.
1592 — July 21 — Robert Chamber of Mabel Langcake, wed.
1606 — May II — Robert son of Roland Chamber, ba.
June 29 — Janet of Arthur Chamber, ba.
Nov. 20 — Elizabeth of Henry Askew.
Feb. 2 — Mary of Robt. Chamber.
1608 — Oct. 24 — ^Joseph Tiffin and Jannet Chamber, married.
May 15 — Frances of Robt. Chamber of Wolstie, ba.
May 27 — Annas of Roland Chamber.
July 2 — William of Roland Chamber.
1609 — ^Jan. 7 — Ric. of John Chamber.
Jan. 22 — Arthur of Arthur Chamber.
Feb. 25 — ^Jannet of John Chamber.
161 5 — May 26^Mary of Arthur Chamber of Blackdyke.
Nov. 12 — William of Thomas Chamber of Harlaw.
1616 — Apr. 26— Ann of Heugh Paipe of Tames.
May 31 — Robert of Arthur Chamber of Blackdyke.
Feb. 23 — Eliz. of Thomas Chamber of Aldoth.
Mar. I — Mary of Stephen Chamber of Longnewton.
1612 — Apr. II — Mary of Roland Chamber of Mosside.
June 15 — Robert of Sir Arthur Chamber.
Nov. 22 — A child of Robert Chamber of Old Mawbray.
161 3 — ^June 13 — Robert of Abraham Chamber.
Aug. 15 — Mary of Robert Chamber of Wolstie.
Sep. 15 — ^Jo. of Robert Chamber of Rabye.
Nov. 14 — ^John of Thomas Chamber, supposed.
Feb. 18 — John Chamber of Kingside, buried.
1614 — Mar. 26 — Uxor Rowlandi Chamber, buried.
1 6 16 — Apr. 2 — Robert Chamber of Rabye alias Knowhill, buried.
Apr. 4 — John Chamber his son of the same place, bur.
Apr. 7 — Uxor Stephen Chamber of Longnewton, buried.
June 2 — A child of Arthur Chamber of Blackdyke, ba.
Oct. 2 — ^John Chamber of Longnewton, bur.
i5i8 — May 23 — Annas of Thomas Chamber of Hartlaw, bapt.
Dec. 24 — Ann daug' of Abraham Chamber, bapt.
i5x9 — Oct. 3 — Marye y® daug^^" of Robert Chamber of Wolstie, bapt.
Nov. 8 — Thomas Chamber of Raby Coat, buried in y«
pld chancel,
THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 229
1620 — Apr. 5 — The Wife of Thomas Chamber of Raby Coat,
in ye old chancel.
Jan. 23 — Isabel y® d. of Robt. Chamber of Old Mawbray, ba.
Mar. — ^Jane d. of Thomas Chamber of Hartlawe, bapt.
1625 — — Anne ye daughter of Thomas Chamber of Calvo,
buried.
1633 — Apr. 18 — William of Abraham Chamber, bapt.
Apr. 22 — Margret of John Chamber of Blackdyke, bapt.
1636 — — Eliz. of Robert Chamber of Newton, bapt.
July 17 — Ann of Thomas Chamber, bapt.
Jan. 21 — Eliz. of Thomas Chambers of Cowgate, bapt.
Nov. 8 — Ann of John Chamber of Blackdyke, bapt.
Feb. 2 — ^John of Robert Chamber de Newton, bapt.
1 64 1 — May 30 — Robert of Edward Chamber.
1653 — ^June 4 — Thomas of William Chamber Gentl., bapt.
Feb. 18 — ^Joseph of Robert Chamber of Newton.
1654 — Mar. 23 — Frances of John Chamber young"^ of Blackdyke.
1655 — — Daniel of Mr. William Chamber of Raby Coat,
1665 — — ^William of Robert Chamber of Causey Head, bapt.
1668 — ^Jan. 28 — Robert of John Chamber de Newton.
Feb. 4 — Margret of Mr. William Chamber of Raby
Coat.
Oct. 4 — A child of John Chamber of Calvo, bu.
Widow Chamber of Newton, bu.
1669 — Nov. 7 — Robert Chamber of Causey Head, bapt.
Nov. 13 — ^John of John Chamber of Calvo.
1670 — Sep. 2 — ^John of John Chamber of Newton.
1676 — Nov. 22 — Thomas of John Chamber of Calvo.
1677 — Sep. 15 — Joseph of John Chamber of Newton.
1678 — Aug. 21 — Nicholas of Mr. John Chamber of Calvo.
Nov. 13 — Robert of John Chamber of Knowhill.
1682 — ^July II — Mary of Mr. John Chamber and Jane, his wife, bapt.
1683 — Feb. — Charles of John Chambers of Knowhill.
Feb. I — ^John Chambers of Craikhill or Pellathoe, bapt.
May 22 — Mary of Rich. Chamber.
Dec. 3 — Daniel of Mr. John Chamber of Craikhill.
1683 — May 25 — Charles of Mr. John Chambers of Raby Coat.
1688 — Feb. io-7Ruth of John Chambers of Pelutho.
1691 — ^Jan. 23 — ^Joseph of Thomas Chambers.
Mar. 5 — ^Jane of John Chambers of Pelutho.
1695 — Feb. 16 — Esther of Robert Chamber of Kingside.
1696 — ^July 6 — Susannah of Thos. Chambers of Pelutho.
1697 — Feb. 20 — Rachel of Thos. Chambers of Pelutho.
230 TllE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COtE.
1667 — ^June 17 — Mrs. Mary Chambers of Wolsty, buried in the church.
1669 — May 21 — Ed'^ Chambers, buried in c*>.
167 1 — Aug. 5 — Abraham Chambers of Raby, bur.
1684 — Apr. 16 — W*" Chambers of Craikhill, bu.
1683 — Sep. II — Charies of John Chambers of Raby Coat, Gent.
1685 — Mar. 29 — Robert Chambers of Old Mawbray.
1686 — June 7 — Ann of John Chambers, bu.
1687 — May 22 — Mary Chambers of Calvo, in church.
1688 — ^June 7 — Mrs. Margret Chamber of Raby Coat, bu.
July 18 — ^John Chamber of New Hall, in eccle.
1689 — Mar. 24 — John Chambers of Blackdyke.
1691 — May I — Mary wife of W™ Chamber of Craikhill.
June 25 — W" Chambers of Abbey, bu.
1692 — Oct. I — Janet Chambers of Newton Ariosh.
1696 — ^July 27 — Isabella of Thos Chambers of Pelutho, bur.
Sep. 18 — Margaret of John Chambers of Newton Ariosh.
1699 — May 28 — W™ Chambers of Craikhill.
1701 — Nov. I — Robert ye son of John Chambers of Newton Ariosh,
bu.
1704 — Oct. I — Alice ye wife of John Chambers of Craikhill.
1708 — Apr. 18 — Deborah ye dau"^ of John Chambers of Craikhill.
July 27 — John Chamber of Knowhill.
1 7 18 — Feb. 5 — Robert Chambers of Pelutho.
1720 — Feb. 14 — Robt of W™ Chambers of Pelutho.
1722 — June 2 — Mrs. Chambers of Knowhill.
1722 — Mar. 22 — Mary of John Chambers of Beckfoot.
1723 — Nov. 17 — William Chambers of Pelutho, householder.
1728 — Feb. 13 — Robert Chambers of Ryebottom, householder.
1730 — Feb. 5 — Robert Chambers of Newton Ariosh.
Oct. 23 — Ann Chambers widow of Cardurnock.
1 73 1 — ^Jan. 5 — Eliz. Chambers of Pelutho.
1735 — Oct. 4 — Thos of Thos Chambers of Pelutho.
1740 — Dec. 17 — Mary of Jos Chambers of Pelutho.
1741 — May 26 — Thomas Chambers of Pelutho, householder.
1744 — Aug. 2 — Thomas Chambers of Pelutho.
1746 — ^Aug. 22 — Mary Chambers of Pelutho, householder and widow.
1748 — Feb. 26 — Esther Chambers of Holehouse, widow and
pensioner as related.
1753 — Nov. 22 — Robert Chambers of Knowhill, householder.
1755 — Mar. 15 — ^Thomas of John Chambers of Pelutho.
1759 — ^Jan. 13 — ^Thomas Chambers of Newton Ariosh, householder.
1763 — Apr. 29 — Rob* Chambers of Newton Ariosh, householder, bu.
1764 — June 17 — George Chambers of Know Hill, householder.
1773 — May 19 — ^John Chambers of Pelutho, aged 19.
THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 23I
BAPTISMS.
1 75 1 — May 12 — Mary of John Chambers, ba.
1752 — Nov. 25 — Dinah of Joseph Chambers of Pelutho.
July 19 — John of John Chambers of Pelutho.
1755 — Fbe. I — Thos of John Chambers of Pelutho.
1769 — Jan. 14 — Martha of George & Jane Chambers, Newton Arlosh.
1775 — Oct. 3 — Elizabeth of George and Jane Chambers, Newton
Arlosh.
1777— July 17 — Thomas of W"" & Milcah Chambers, Cowfold.
1 779 — ^July 6 — Thomas of George & Jane Chambers, Newton Arlosh.
1780 — Nov. 24 — Ann of Thomas & Ann Chambers of Pelutho.
1781 — Dec. 20 — Mary of William & Milcah Chambers, Cowfold.
1783 — Dec. 24 — John of Thomas & Ann Chambers (born Sept. 22°^).
1785 — Aug. 12 — George Chambers, son of John Reed of Know Hill,
Jane, his wife, late Boak.
1786 — Dec. 28 — Thomas of Thomas Chambers of Pelutho & Ann,
his wife, born 27 July.
1 812 — — Thomas, son of John & Elizabeth Chambers of
Pelutho, born Aug. 30^**.
BURIALS.
1785 — Apr. 2 — Ann, wife of John Chambers, aged 71.
Apr. 22 — Mary Chambers of Pelutho, lodger, 83.
1 791 —Oct. 14 — William Chambers of Waitefield, householder, 65.
1792 — Nov. 20 — Ann, widow of Thomas Chambers of Longnewton,
aged 92.
1796 — Dec. 30 — ^John Chambers of Pale, widower.
1799 — Oct. 18— Mary, widow of William Chambers, Waitefield,
aged 58.
i8ii — Dec. 21 — Ann, wife of Thomas Chambers of Waitefield,
aged 61.
MARRIAGES.
1779 — Oct. 31 — Thomas Chambers & Sarah Piley.
1780 — Apr. II — ^Joseph Chambers & Martha Taylor.
1776 — Jan. 2 — John Ismay & Mary Chambers.
Apr. 27 — George Chambers, Waitefield, & Jane Knott.
May 20 — William Chambers, Waitefield, & Mary Backhouse,
Foulwath.
1777 — Sep. 4 — Thomas Chambers, 22, & Ann Watman, 27.
1778— Dec. 4 — John Tordiff, 35, & Prescilla Chambers, 28.
1800 — ^June28 — ^Joseph Lawson, Aikton, 30, & Mary Chambers, 23.
232 THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE.
1802 — Oct. 18— Thomas Chambers, 28, & Mary Johnston, 22.
1803 —July 4 — ^John Barnes, 23, & Mary Chambers, 22.
1807 — Aug. 29 — John Knubley, 31, & Margaret Chambers, 27.
Dec. 7— Nicholas Routledge of St. Mary's, Carlisle, 37, &
Milcah Chambers, 23.
181 1 — May II — Jos Willis & Judith Chambers.
1812 — Aug. I — James Dixon & Jane Chambers.
1814 — Dec. 21 — Jonathan HoUiday & Mary Chambers.
1 81 8 — Feb. 2 — ^John Chambers & Jane Osmotherley.
1819— Oct. 9— Thomas Tindall & Ann Chambers.
1827 — Mar. 31 --Joseph Williamson, Cross Cannonby, & Sarah
Chambers.
NOTE ON ARMORIAL STONES AT RABY COTE.
By T. H. Hodgson.
On the front of the house forming the west side of the farmyard
at Raby Cote are two very fine armorial stones. The dexter has a
cross fleur6e between five martlets, these seem to be the arms
attributed to Edward the Confessor, azure, a cross fleur^e between
five martlets or. The cross is sometimes blazoned patonce. These
arms were subsequently granted to Thomas Mowbray, Duke of
Norfolk, to be impaled on the dexter side with his own, gules, a
lion rampant or. This coat greatly resembles the arms of the
Abbey of Holme Cultram, viz., a cross moline impaUng a Hon
rampant, but there seems no reason to think that either Edward
the Confessor or Thomas Mowbray has anything to do with Holme
Cultram.
Prince Henry of Scotland, however, the founder of Holme
Cultram, was descended through his grandmother from Edmund
Ironside, brother of the Confessor, and it seems possible that he
may have adopted the arms, omitting the martlets and differenced
by the substitution of the cross moline, for the cross fleur6e, impaled
with the lion rampant of Scotland, for the arms of his foundation.
The sinister stone has, quarterly, first, three escallops. This is
Dacre, gules, three escallops or. Second, barry of six, three
chaplets — ^for Greystoke, barry of six, argent and azure, three
chaplets or. Third, a fesse between six cross crosslets (much
worn). This seems to be Boteler of Wem, gules, between six
crosses pat6es fitch^es argent, a fesse counter compon6e sable and
of the second. (For the identification of this coat I am indebted to
^l>' ■ ^ m -
1 . E cl w a r d- kKe
C o njt ssoY.
r,
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DuV.eof Norfolk.
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4- Holm Cultraiu
■/*/■
^;^. ^ r-<l^
5. Rol^^rt CKarnVers 6. Clxam'b^rs o-f
A*bl>ot WolfilTy
N4* lanA£ar£:?n t'Ke -fronfof tlid House at
RaLy C ote ^N^S occ^rs^ twice at tTic "lac'k.
(to face p. 232).
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rch II, 1583.
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9th Oct. I"
625.
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THE KEW YORK
' ^tJS'JC LIBRARY
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» ii^J .'NOX AND
THE CHAMBERS FAMILY OF RABY COTE. 233
the Rev. G. E. Gilbanks, who got it from Mr. Henry Rye). Fourth,
chequy, no doubt for Vaux of Gilsland, chequy or and gules.
All these are Dacre quarterings, and, as Mr. Gilbanks suggests,
the shield is probably that of William Lord Dacre, Lord Warden
of the West Marches and Governor of Carlisle, who died in 1563.
It does not appear that he had any special connection with Holme
Cultram, but the stone may probably have been brought from else-
where, as also may the other, perhaps from the Abbey during some
rebuilding.
On the other side of the house, close under the eaves, are two
small stones containing the arms of the Abbey quartered with the
device or rebus of Robert Chambers, viz., R. C. and the chained
bear or boar, with the pastoral staff and mitre. Lysons gives for
the arms of Chambers of Wolsty, argent, a chevron between three
trefoils gules, crest, a boar passant, muzzled, lined, and collared or.
Abbot Chambers seems to have preferred his rebus to his arms. .
The same are to be seen on the doorway of the Abbey, the arms of
the Abbey on the left (dexter) side of the door, the rebus on the
right (sinister).
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(235)
Art. XIX. — Matterdale Church and School. By the Rev.
J. Whiteside, M.A., Incumbent of Helsington.
Communicated at Carlisle^ June 20th, 1900.
I VENTURE to think that the remote dale churches
have not received all the attention they deserve from
our Society. If there are seldom any events of great
historical importance to chronicle, and few things to
inspect therein that can really be termed antiquities, yet
they must possess a peculiar fascination for Churchmen
who desire to trace the progress and continuity of the
Church.
The church of Matterdale is situated almost 1,000 feet
above sea level, amid an amphitheatre of glorious hills,
between the hamlets of Dockray and Matterdale End, in
the ancient parish of Grey stoke.
The date of the existing fabric is a theme of constant
discussion between the three antiquaries of the dale, for
whose assistance I must express my deep obligation, the
Rev. R. V. Nanson, and Messrs. Thomas Wilkinson and
James Sagar.
The earliest document we possess is that in which
Bishop Meye, in 1580, grants parochial rights to the
chapelry : —
To all Christian people to whom these presents shall come, John by
the providence of God Bishop of Carlisle sendeth greeting in our
Lord everlasting. Know ye that at the reasonable suit of the
whole inhabitants of the Chapelry of Matterdale, complaining that
by reason that their parish Church of Graystock is so far distant
from them, and from the annoyances of snow or other foul weather
in the winter season in that fellish part, they be often very sore
troubled with carrying the dead corpses dying within the said
Chapelry and the infants there born unto burial and christening to
their said parish church of Graystock, sometimes the weather being
236 MATTERDALE CHURCH AND SCHOOL.
SO foul and stormy that they be driven to let their dead bodies
remain unburied longer time than is convenient, or else to abide
that annoyance and danger in carrying them to burial as is not
reasonable, and therefore have divers times made humble suit for
remedy of their sad inconvenience and griefs: We the said Bishop,
with the consent of Mr. Edward Hansbie bachelor of divinity and
parson of the said church of Graystock, have given and granted
unto all the inhabitants wch now be, or wch from henceforth shall
be of the Chapfelry aforesaid, full authority to cause to be baptised
and christened in the chapel of Matterdale all and singular the
infants which shall at any time hereafter be bom within the
said Chapelry, and all women who within the same shall
bring forth any child, to go to the said chapel, and to have prayers
said for her deliverance set forth by public authority^ which
commonly hath been called the purification of women ; and that it
may also be lawful unto the said inhabitants from time to time
hereafter to cause their marriages to be celebrated within the same
chapel ; both the said persons which shall be married or the one
of them being an inhabitant and dweller within the same chapelry ;
and such persons as shall from time to time happen to die or
depart this wrld within the said Chapelry, to bury them within the
same Chapel or Churchyard of the same : giving and granting unto
the said Chapel the right to receive infants to baptism, women to
be purified, persons to be married in the said Chapel, and all
manner of persons dying within the said Chapelry, to whom the
laws of this realm do not deny Christian burial, to be buried in the
said Chapel or Churchyard ; Beseeching the Almighty, that as we
do not doubt but that he hath already sanctified and hallowed the
said Chapel and Churchyard through the prayers of the faithful
made therein and the preaching of his most blessed word ; so it
may please him to grant unto all those which shall be baptised
within the said Chapel, that they may receive remission of sins,
perfect regeneration, and be made heirs of the kingdom of heaven ;
and to sanctify the marriage of all such as shall be married in the
same Chapel ; and to such as shall be buried in the said Chapel or
Churchyard to grant resurrection unto life everlasting. These in
no wise to prejudice or hinder the right of the parish church of
Graystock aforesaid, nor the estate of the said Mr. Hansbie now
parson of the same, or his successors parsons there, in any the
tithes, rights, obligations, duties, commodities, or emoluments, due
unto the said parish Church or to the said Edward Hansbie his
successors parsons of the same out of the said Chapelry, or the
inhabitants of the same, or any of them from time to time there
dwelling; the right interest and estate of which Church and the
MATTERDALE CHURCH AND SCHOOL. 237
said Edward Hansbie and his successors parsons there, we do
reserve and save by these presents. Provided always that the
inhabitants of the said Chapelry shall at their own proper costs and
charges (as hath been before used) find and maintain a good and
able priest to be resident within the said Chapelry, to minister
divine service, and holy sacraments, as shall be allowed by the said
Bishop and our successors; and shall provide unto him such
convenient dwelling and habitation within the same Chapelry, and
give him such wages for his relief and maintenance, to the worthy-
ness of his estate and calling, as shall be thought meet and con-
venient unto us the said Bishop and our successors bishops of
Carlisle ; and shall also elect, with the consent of the minister there
from time to time, an honest person to be the parish clerk of the
same Chapel, and shall give to him convenient wages for keeping
the said Church and things belonging to the same in good order,
and doing other duties which pertain to the office of a clerk ; and
shall yearly elect and chuse by the consent of the said minister, the
churchwardens and some sidesmen, to do the duties which unto
their office doth belong ; and shall repair, maintain and uphold the
said Chapel and walls of the yard thereof, with all needful and
convenient reparations whatsoever and shall from time to time see
and provide that the said Chapel and Churchyard be used with
that seemly and reverend manner as becometh the house and place
dedicated to the service of God ; and finally, shall from time to
time, and at all times hereafter receive and obey all such injunc-
tions, general and particular, which shall from thenceforth be given
by us the said Bishop and our successors, for the service of God
and good order to be maintained within the said Chapel and
Chapelry. Under which conditions we do dedicate the said Chapel
and Churchyard to the use aforesaid and none otherwise. In
witness whereof we have to these presents put the seal of our
bishoprick. Given the 30th day of October in the year of our Lord
God a thousand five hundred and eighty, and in the 22nd year of
the reign of our most gracious sovereign Lady Elizabeth by the
grace of God Queen of England France and Ireland, defender of
the faith &c. and of our consecration the fourth.
Clearly then there was before 1580 a House of Prayer,
which having been erected some years had been already
sanctified and hallowed by Almighty God through th^
prayers of the faithful and the preaching of the Word.
There was no formal consecration, a ceremony which
was often omitted in similar chapels, e.g., in Swindale,
238 MATTERDALE CHURCH AND SCHOOL.
and held unnecessary when the fabric had been con-
secrated by the usage of years.
Now there is a document preserved in the safe from
which it appears that about 1566 the inhabitants had
petitioned for a church. I quote this in full, the
bracketed dates being my own. It is the deed for the
priest's wage : —
Whereas about ye eight year of Queen Elizabeth (1566) the Inhabi-
tants of Matterdale did petition for having a church att y^ said
Matterdale which was granted in Bishop Best his time (1561-1570)
with a pviso that they should maintain a Currate att it which 3^^
said Inhabitants did pmise and Ingage to doe. And in order thereto
did make up about fforty pounds Church stock amongst them that
ye use thereof might goe to y« Currate which was then Lent forth
att two shillings the pound or more. But in ye time of King James
the First (1603- 1625) when money came to a Lower use the said
Inhabitants were forced to take ye said Church stock into their own
hands And pay to y« Currate two shillings which hath
so continued ever since. Now we considering that often part of y*^
said Church stock is lost and we have it to make up again And
often times we have much cost and trouble with sueing for y^
which is in dainger to be lost And also when a Tenant dyes y^
widow and younger children hath it to pay to ye heir forth ^of ye
deceased man's goodds And therefore we having ye said Church
stock in our own hands doe agree and Covenant to lay it upon our
own Lands so that every Tenement of eight shillings Rent shall
yearly pay to y® Currate two shillings sixpence of Current English
money as a known due forth of y® land accordingly, and to
ye first Covenent. And so every one y' hath more or less rent after
y* rate and to continue from ansestor to heirs accordingly as is
hereafter subscribed .... doe hereby bind ourselves our heires
executors successors on our land as wittnesse our hands
and sealls In y® eleavent year of ye Reigne of King William y^ third
over England &c. and in y^ year of our Lord God 1699.
s. d. s. d.
Tho. Wilson ... 2 6 Tho. Harrison 7 6 3 qr
Hollas
John Harrison ... 2 6 Rich. Wilkinson ... 2 6 o
(afterwards erased) Tho ; Grisedall ... 2 6 o
Christopher Brownrig... 2 6 Edward Grisedal ... 3 9 o
John Hoggard ... 2 o Thomas 3 9 o
MATTERDALE CHURCH AND SCHOOL. 239
John 1.. ... — Joseph Grisedal ...390
John Dawson ... 2 o ... ... ... 2 2 qr
Michael Atkinson ... o 7 q
Robert Rukin ... i 3
Agnes Gibson ... 2 2 q John Greenhow ... 2 6 o
Robt Hudson ... i 3 John Brownrig ... i o o
... I 3 Richard Wilkinson 22 —
... I o William Hoggerd [?] — —
On the other side of the deed are the following : —
s. d. s. d.
Edward Nicholson ... 2 6 John Torapson ... o
John Griesdail ... 2 6 William Dockaray —
William Grisdale W ...16 ... ... —
John Wilkinson ... i 3 ... ... —
Thomas Grisedale ...26 ... ... —
Agnes Grisedale ... 2 6 *George Martin ... 2 6
*John Willson ... 2 6 *James Nesfield ... 2 6
Richard Sutton ... 2 6 *Edward Dawson ... 2 6
There is written on the back of the original priest-wage
document : —
October 2. 1700
I doe allow of this .... provided it does not at the present nor
shall at any future time prejudice or ... . fines rents services or
any dues whatsoever which shall be payable to my father his heirs
or assigns as L^ or Lords of the Barony of Greystock
Hen: Ch: Howard.
Mr. Howard, acting as his father's agent, seems to have
seen the people's agreement a year later, and thus
approved of it conditionally.
Before Queen Anne's death chapelries were often of
very little value, and the vicar or rector of the ancient
parish might assign his right of presentation to the
parishioners or trustees, who would then be the more
willing to furnish priest-wage, whittle-gate, &c. We
shall see later that the rector of Greystoke had frequently
accepted the people's nominee.
* These seem to have been written over later in different ink.
240 MATTERDALE CHURCH AND SCHOOL.
The word Hollas above the name of Richard Wilkinson
probably denotes a farm now known as ** The Hollows."
It is on the le;ft side of the road as you go from the
church towards Matterdale End and Troutbeck. The
house door is very old, studded with oaken pegs. As a
secluded inn, it was a famous drinking place in the pre-
railway days, but not within living memory. Attached
thereto is a brew-house, the old oak door of which has
B.H. painted on it.
In the baptismal registers there is mention of Low
Hollesse, August 12th, 1727, and Low Hollas, January
27th, 1786. The Low Hollows is some 150 yards below
the other Hollows. The dwelling-house no longer exists,
only a barn and cattle-house remaining.
Here our late president's words may fitly be quoted
from p. 171 of the Diocesan History — ^"The origin of
these chapelries requires to be made known : their
salaries are charges on the land, but the deeds creating
the charges are at this date rarely forthcoming, and ia
some places the land owners, who are liable to them, are
beginning to repudiate the payment on the ground that
they are voluntary payments, were abolished with church-
rates or other frivolous and shabby pretence." A repudia-
which has not taken root in Matterdale.
Returning to our point, we seem to have fixed the
founding of the church of Matterdale, i.e., of the fabric,
between 1566 and 1570, the former being the eighth year
of Queen Elizabeth, and the latter being the last year of
Bishop Best. «.
The local tradition, which is consistent with Bishop
Best's granting of the petition, is to the effect that the
actual year was 1573, and this rests entirely upon the
authority of the easternmost beam in the chapel, which
has cut upon it this date and initials : —
XXX
MdXX LP AL WP IW
XXIII
MATTERDALE CHURCH AND SCHOOL. 241
Before commenting on these, I must draw attention to
another date and initials. Over the closed-up priest's
door between the two eastern windows on the south side
is fixed a stone which is said by some to have been dug
out of a grave near the large yew trees, by others to have
been found in the churchyard walls, 52 years ago. John
Hebson, who worked at the church during the restoration
of 1848, told the Rev. John Bell that it was found in the
churchyard at that time, and built above the priest's door.
It bears this inscription : —
I. W. \ CHVRCH WADAN
1686
c. s.
F. MASON.
The question, therefore, has arisen — was the present
church built in 1686 according to the stone, or in 1573
according to the beam ?
The conclusions which I venture to arrive at are (i)
That the present fabric is not earlier than 1686 ; possibly
it is a century later, and was built upon the old site.
(2) That the date upon the. beam was cut at the time of
the rebuilding, or even later. The church has every
appearance of a much later date than 1573, and it has a
close resemblance to other dale chapels of the eighteenth
century, whose date is unquestioned ; its windows, which
seem not to have been altered, are very plain and square-
headed, with no characteristics of the sixteenth century.
It was not very fashionable to cut dates and initials about
1573, but it was a popular fancy, as we know from the old
oak cabinets and initials, which are to be seen all over
Cumberland and Westmorland between 1650 and 1750.
And if the walls are of 1686 or later, the beams must also
be, unless we can believe the original fabric to have been
exactly of the same dimensions, which is unlikely. And
we can well understand how a later incumbent, or some
other person who knew of the earlier fabric,«might desire
242 MATTERDALE CHURCH AND SCHOOL.
to make a note of its foundation. Some light might be
thrown upon the subject if we could certainly identify, as
I trust we may by some local research, the owners of the
initials, but unfortunately the registers are almost illegible.
Mr. Sagar suggests that L. P. represents the parson,
while A. L. is a warden and so is P. I., W. being for
warden. Others maintain that they are the names of
four workmen, L. P. being Lancelot Pattinson, and W. P.
another Pattinson. The Pattinsons, an ancient family,
have been builders in this neighbourhood for many
generations, and Lancelot is a frequent christian name in
the family. I think the latter supposition more likely,
and I can find no trace of a parson L. P. The letters are
very distinct, and have quite a modern look.
My own idea is that the initials on the beam represent
the builders of the present fabric, Lancelot Pattinson
being one. May the date intended be 1753 and not
1573 ? F^r the position of the figures is very curious ;
the first two XX being separate from the others might be
an error for CC, and this would explain why they are in
a different line. 1753 is not an unlikely date for the
fabric, and the original building of the sixteenth century
might be in good condition up to that time.
A Lancelot Pattinson, who died some 35 years ago, at
the patriarchial age of 94, was born at Swineside in
Matterdale. With his long white hair and flowing beard,
he was an object of interest to Lake visitors when he
resided in a one-roomed, dry-walled cabin, which he had
built for himself on some waste land near Goldrill Bridge,
Patterdale.
It is most likely that the 1686 stone has nothing to do
with the building of the fabric. If it does refer to the
church, what was its original position, how came it to
have been removed so soon into the churchyard, and why
has it not the name of the incumbent, but only the
warden and foreman mason ?
The a,ncient approach to the churchyard was between
MATTERDALE CHURCH AND SCHOOL. 243
the two yews on the south side. The wall on that side of
the churchyard may have been built with a gateway in
1686, and the parson's name might be omitted on the
inscribed stone, as it is not his special duty to be
responsible for the fences. The entrance being changed
60 years ago to the south-west corner, or the gateway
being demolished, the stone might lie about the church-
yard until at a later period it was fixed in its present
position, being supposed to commemorate the rebuilding
of the church. This, however, is merely a suggestion.
The yews, if we could certainly measure their age,
would afford some unquestionable testimony. Mr. Sagar
writes : —
" I measured the yew trees in 1895, and found the
girth of the larger one to be 105 inches. Dividing by
3*1416 we find 33*4 inches to be the diameter of the tree.
Professor Bowman calculates that the yew increases in
diameter at the rate of one inch in six years. Multiply
33*4 by 6, and you get 200 the approximate age of the
tree. We may go a step further, and say 1895 minus
200=1695." Both are about 24 feet high. I recently
measured the girth of the female as about 11 feet, and of
the male as 7 feet. Both seem of the same planting, and
some experts would declare from these measurements
that they are far more than 200 years old; but the
growth of trees is very rapid in a favourable soil and
situation. For instance, the Mardale yews, which are
much smaller, have been asserted to be 600 or 700 years
old. But there it is attempted to prove the chapel to be
of the thirteenth century.
A small yew in Matterdale Churchyard, not 60 years
old, is 4 feet in girth. A larch tree near the small wicket
that enters the vicarage garden is iij feet round. It was
planted in 1810 by the father of Joseph Stout, of Hill
Farm, Watermillock, assisted by Abraham Watson.
Leaving partially unsolved this vexed question of dates,
which may seem of trifling interest to outsiders, and
244 MATTERDALE CHURCH AND SCHOOL.
suggesting to present vicars and antiquaries that the
smallest incidents in a parish to-day, that may now seem
not worth chronicling in the annals of the church, may
be of intense interest to a curious posterity, we pass to
a very praiseworthy document of Bishop Fleming's time,
ue,y between 1735-1747.
To the Right Reverend Father in God George Lord Bishop of
Carlisle the Petition of the Inhabitants of the Chappelrie of
Matterdale humbly showeth
That the Chappel of Matterdale is now Vacant that when the
Revd Mr. Woof left us before he resign 'd the place some of the
Inhabitants of our Chappelry waited on our Rector the Reverend
Mr. Law at his house at Graystock and acquainted him that Mr.
William Todhunter of Dacre would be very acceptable to as and
hoped he would give him his nomination. He told us he had given
his Consent to the Revd Mr. Rumney's son Leonard as soon as Mr.
Woof had resigned the place. We drew a writing and with one
consent subscribed it to certifie him we were agreed to Recomend
to his approbation Mr. William Todhunter and requested of
him to give his nomination as his Predecessor had always done
to the Person we requested and we told him we belie v'd we had a
Right and that it was our Duty so to do, He Replied if we had any
Right he did not want nor would he have it and that your Lordship
was the Properest Judge and to you my Lord, we would refer it
Wherefore my Lord we Begg you would give us leave to lay our
case before you as Briefly as we can and that Mr. Grisdale was the
Person we requested his nomination which is the antientest we
believe that is at Rose Castle will testefie and Mr. Clerk that
succeeded him was the Person the Inhabitants requested and Mr.
Taylor that succeeded him was the Person we requested his Father
yet Living can testefie and Mr. Walker that succeeded him is at
this time Mr. Atkinson's Curate at Kirkby Thore and will testefie
he was the man we requested and Mr. Atkinson that succeeded him
was the man we chose and his Lordship your Lordship's pre-
decessor put him in when our Chappel had been long vacant and
Mr. Woof was the man the Major part of the Inhabitants sub-
scribed with If the Revd Mr. Law can say this is not the very
truth we'll say no more and with submission, the reason why we
should haVe something to say we think is because we Endowed the
Chappel with the salrie my Lord our Ancestours raised forty pounds
(a great sum for so poor a Chappelry when money was so scarce)
and lent it at two shillings i'th pound and when the Interest of
MATTERDALE CHURCH AND SCHOOL. 245
Money lowered that it would not make four pounds a year and
when it was in danger of being lost we withdrew the money and
agreed to pay two shillings sixpence out of every eight shillings rent
Tenement which makes about four pounds ten shillings and which
with our little Glebe and surplice dues is the salary at this day and
some or other is and has been allways willing to accept of it and we
hope we may say we have not one man that had any Blemish in his
life and conversation and that the service of Almighty God has
been performed with as much Decencie and as good Order as in
any Chappel in your Lordship's Diocess, so we desire your Lord-
ship wonld be pleased to to take the matter into Consideration and
do sincerely assure you my Lord that your Judgment and determina-
tion shall be final and for ever put an end to our onnhappy j anglings
and we shall still continue to pray.
The issue of this petition I have not yet discovered.
■ We have been accustomed in late years to some severe
strictures on the morals and manners of the old dale
priests from critics who too hastily assumed that what
was true of a few might be asserted of many. It is,
therefore, refreshing to have the testimony of the people
of Matterdale — '' We have not had one man that had
any blemish in his life and conversation." The whole
document is most honourable to the dalesmen, testifying
both to their sturdy native independence and their
willingness to submit to constituted authority in the
Church.
One of the incumbents in the year 1703 had to make
his humble apology to the rector of Greystoke. In the
Greystoke register we fiiid this entry : —
1703 Memorand :— May 22nd Anno Dicto, came Mr. Thomas
Grisedall Curate of Matterdale upon the account of publishing ye
Bands of Marriage between Isaac Brownrigge and Bridgett Sutton
both of Matterdale in the Chappell of Matterdale aforesayd and
thereupon marrying them ye sayd Isaac and Bridget at y^ sayd
Chappell for which irregularity the s^ Mr. Grisedall both made his
submission and gave his promise under his hand never to doe y®
like againe.
Teste Thomas Grisedal.
Matt: Soulby
John Hodgson.
246 MATTERDALE CHURCH AND SCHOOL.
Wherein did the irregularity consist? Bishop Best
about 1570, as I have shown above, had granted a
petition of the inhabitants ** to cause their marriages from
time to time hereafter to be celebrated within the same
Chapel '* of Matterdale. It may be that, though the
bishop gave permission, it had not been acted on, and the
legality of Mr. Grisedal's action had escaped notice.
The registers show that Matt : Soulby was the curate,
and John Hodgson the parish clerk of Greystoke.
This mother church took a kindly as well as a jealous
interest in her daughter, giving her both a font and some
communion vessels. Bishop Nicolson, in his primary
Visitation, 1704, says of Greystoke — '* The font is very
untowardly placed behind a pillar and looks clumsie.
Instead of removing this, they ought to set up another in
a more proper place." The bishop's advice was partly
accepted and partly not, for the registers record that the
present font at Greystoke was erected in 1705 ; and the
Rev. T. Lees, in his pamphlet published in 1689, says
that its predecessor ** is, or was, lying under the yevv trees
in Matterdale Churchyard." The good people of the dale,
having already a font of their own, had turned the
Greystoke gift wrong end up, and used its base as a sun-
dial. For many years it remained there, until in Mr.
Bell's time it was placed at the west end of the church, on
the platform which is raised three steps above the main
floor, where 40 years ago the choir used to sit, and the
patriarchs of the dale still speak of this pew as the " old
singing seat." This font is octagonal, and of red sand-
stone. Its height is 41 inches ; width of top, 25 J inches;
diameter of bason, 18 inches. It has no drain, which is
unnecessary, the stone being so porous. It has been
chiselled and dressed a good deal since it lay in the
churchyard.
Its predecessor, which measures in height 35 inches, in
width I2i inches, and in diameter of basin 7J inches,
stands just inside the door, and is probably of the end of
MATTERDALE CHURCH AND SCHOOL. 247
the seventeenth century, when such fonts, shallow and
unrubrical, were often adopted. There was a similar font
at Shap.
On the sill of the east window are preserved some old
pewter communion vessels; paten, flagon, and cup. They
are large and handsome. The flagon, 15 inches high and
16 in circumference, is inscribed I H S, with a cross
above, and under the base is " Greystoke 1714." The
cup is 14J inches around.
But most interesting is an old silver chalice, very neat
and plain, with a cover, together weighing 8J ounces.
The coyer is very much battered. Scratched under the
base of the cup is the letter W, and what looks like
I M 1754. Also 16 t 18. Its height is about 5 inches ;
depth of bason, 3 inches; diameter, 2J inches. The
Greystoke Terrier of 1749, transcribed by Mr. Bell on
August 27th, 1867, mentions one pewter flagon, one
pewter bason, and one silver cup. This cup has none of
the customary marks.
The modern chalice weighs 13 J ounces, is about 8
inches high ; width, 4J inches ; depth of bason, 3 inches.
On one face of its hexagonal base is the sacred monogram
I H S, and underneath
W R D Incumbent 1848
B D Chapelwarden.
The painted east window is a very beautiful one. The
Blessed Virgin and St. Joseph stand near the cradle of
the Holy Child, who is adored by three shepherds, one of
whom leans upon a crook ; or may they be the wise men
from the east ? But they present no gifts. Above are
five angels, with instruments of music. It is inscribed —
** To the glory of God and in loving memory of John and
Eliza Milner this window is dedicated by their children."
The old window is now in the south-west side of the
vicarage porch.
The 1749 Terrier records ** Two small bells." Now
248 MATTERDALE CHURCH AND SCHOOL.
there is only one inscribed by J. S. Esqr. 1804. The two
are supposed to have beeen melted down when this one
was given. John Sutton was a man of wealth in the
parish at that time, and his family were great planters of
trees. To them Matterdale owes much of its sylvan
beauty. The name disappeared on the death of Richard
Cheer Sutton in 1893. The same Terrier mentions one
chest with three locks, which is in accordance with the
canon, and one red cushion for pulpit, which is now in
the corner of the pew where the font stands. A brass
book-rest, be it noted, is an innovation of these latter
days, whether on pulpit or altar.
The oldest registers are three in number, of 18, 14 and
14 pages respectively.
No. I is from 1634 to 1659.
No. 2 is from 1663 to 1696.
No. 3 is from 1696 to 1719.
Though they have been carefully preserved by all the
later incumbents, I have never seen any more stained,
more faded, and more illegible. To transcribe would be
a heroic enterprise.
In one of the newer registers is a catalogue of 189
books of divinity given to the school library by the
Honourable Lady Elizabeth Grisedale, of St. Martin's-in-
the-Fields, London, 1723. The Grisedales, as we have
seen in signatures to the deed of the priest-wage, were a
prominent family of the dale. The Rev. R. Grisedale,
husband of the above benefactress, had erected and
endowed the school with the interest of £200 in 17 16,
and the legacy would be of his books. Another Robert
Grisedale gave ^^60 in 1747, the interest to be devoted to
the purchase of oatmeal for the poor on St. Thomas' day.
Another legacy is that of Jonathan Murray, Esq., who
in 1832 left 3^1,000. The interest of this money afifords
jf4 a year to the vicar for a sermon to the young at
Easter, and a sermon to the aged at Michaelmas ; ten
MATTERDALE CHURCH AND SCHOOL. 249
pounds are devoted to the poor, and the residue goes to
the school.
A document is preserved which describes the repairs
done at the church in the year 1748 : — ** Whereas about
in 7 ber in y® year of our Lord 1748 Mr. Chancelor made
y® Circuit to view y® Churches and Chappels in this
Diocese and he orderd y* this Chappie at Matterdale
should be repaired in y® Flooring seats plaistering and
such like so it was consider'd to have it Flagged when
this was done y® seats being bad & Rotten with standing
on y® ground. A meeting was again called and by a
majority it was thought proper to have it better seated
plaistered & some new windows made & others enlarged
On May y® 5th 1750 all was Finished & lots cast for y®
seats and it was agreed y* eight shillings Lords Rent
should never have sitting for above six persons & four
shillings rent Three and so in proportion for greater and
lesser parcels all but for Willm Wilsons at parkgate
Sarah Wilsons at Mills Joseph Martins at Harrington &
those answerable to other assessments & y® Curate to
have seats for Three & there is eight seats in y® Bell end
for singers & such as has not room else where and there
is a seat in y® alley leading in y® Pulpit for old men or
such as cannot hear well."
Park Gate and Mills (now Milses) belong to the Lord
of the Manor, which may account for their being
excepted. There is no place called Harrington now in
Matterdale.
The former position of the three-decker here referred to
was between the second and third windows on the south.
The upper part is still in use, and what is said to have
been the clerk's seat is now near the reading-desk. It
has, however, rather the appearance of a faldstool.
You will observe a knob at the top of the pulpit for
the preacher's gown.
The church was brought into its present seemly con-
ditions in 1881, when the pews were made into single
250 MATTERDALE CHURCH AND SCHOOL.
seats, the floor of the eastern end was raised one step,
new seats were provided for the choir in a quasi-chancel.
The altar and the oaken rails around it are apparently
of the same date, about 200 years old.
The recent improvements were effected at the sole cost
of ;fi6o by Miss Milner, granddaughter of Jonathan
Murray, to whose memory a tablet on the north wall is
erected.
The small tower had previously been rebuilt in a style
approved by Mr. Howard, whose family have liberally
endowed the church from time to time, in 1848. At the
same time the present roof — with plain unvarnished
joists, and with a rendering of mortar under the slates —
was put on, and the floor repaired. Much soil was
carried out of the church and put over the graves on the
south. The Rev. J. W. Dunn collected the subscriptions.
I find no lerner in Matterdale, except one of the
year 1776, which only mentions the endowment of the
curacy : —
A perfect Terrier of all the Houses Lands Tenements and augmenta-
tions and yearly profits belonging to the Curacy of Matterdale in
the parish of Graystock in the County of Cumberland and Diocese
of Carlisle.
lo A Thatch house Three lengths of Timber containing a Barn
& a Byer with about two acres and a half of arable and meadow
ground. Valued at about Two pound ten a year. This lays in
Matterdale.
30 Tw« shillings and sixpence a Tenement which comes to Fouf
pounds Ten shillings.
Note by J. W. D. I have never had more than
;f4. 5 as there are only 36
Tenements known.
30 One fourth of an estate lying and being at Burton-in- Lonsdale
in the parish of Thornton and County of York let at yearly rent of
Ten yound. N.B. No Houses.
40 Brunt Sike Estate in the Hamlet of Howgill in the parish of
Sedberg and County of York containing a dwelling House Bam
adjoining a Stable and Loft ov' it with Twenty four acres of arable
MATTERDALE CHURCH AND SCHOOL. 25I
and Meadow Ground known by the names of Holme Little Close
Hills — Gate House Close High Broom & Thoresgill Let at the
yearly rent of fourteen pounds.
50 One half of Hause-foot Estate in the parish of Orton County of
Westmoriand with a Fine House with one half of the Barn Byer
and Stables £y los. a year.
Given under our Hands this 4. day of June 1776.
WiUiam Wright Curate.
Solomon Grisedale Chapelwarden.
An earlier Terrier presented to Bishop Nicolson, in
1704, by the rector of Greystoke, gives a brief summary
for Matterdale : —
Imprimis. One dwelling house with a byer and a barn Sixteen
yards in length) to be built at the charges of the hamlet, when they
fall ; the repair onely at the Charge of the Curate. Item, One Close
by estimation two Acres : Item, the Chappie yard ; by estimation
half an acre. The curate has right of common (and liberty to get
peats and turif) both within the liberties of Weathermealock and
Matterdale. Every tenement (whereof there are 36 in number)
pays 2"* 6<* except one cottage called Park Gate which pays 2^ onely.
Total 4I 9S 6^. For every marriage 1^6^ whereof i^ is due to the
rector of Graystock and 6^ to the Curate.
Mr. Thomas Wilkinson, of Bank House, has kindly
supplied me with a list of parish clerks and school-
masters.
PARISH CLERKS.
Josiah Grisedale commenced 1811.
George Walker „ 1851.
John Hebson „ 1864.
Thomas Grisedale „ i86g.
Threlkeld Sealby „ 1883.
SCHOOLMASTERS.
w. w.
I. B.
T. D,
252
MATTBRDALE CHURCH AND SCHOOL.
T. B.
I. H.
J. H.
D. B.
T. W.
John Hodgson
. 1799.
J. Abbott
1800.
X • x^« ••• ••• •■
•
Adam I^idlow
1803.
Thomas Workman
1806.
Martin Wright
. 1810.
John Dawson
. 1812.
John Graham
. 1822.
John Clarke
. 1823.
Adam Foster
.. 1830.
Moses Mawson
. 1837.
Thomas Brownrigg
. 1849.
William Todhunter
. 1853.
James Sagar
. 1854.
Robert Jackson
. 1857.
Richard Geldert ...
. 1863.
Richard Taylor
. 1865.
Isaac Shields
. 1865.
William Hodgson ...
.. 1869 — 1871.
4tt * *
*
Robert Cowin
• 1873.
Joseph Benson
,. 1874.
Robert Peat
,. 1885.
Joseph Hoblyn Barnecutt
.. 1888.
James Taylor
.. 1893.
George Bentley
.. 1896.
Frederick Heald ...
,. 1898.
Samuel Butler
.. 1899.
(i.) The initials of all the above are inscribed on the
school mantelpiece. The date is the commencement of
the mastership.
MATTERDALE CHURCH AND SCHOOL. 253
(2.) Mr. Wilkinson, whose recollection goes back to
Moses Mawson, and to whom I am indebted for this
school information, says there is no doubt the initials
represent the masters. They follow one another in a
straight line, and in regular order, and are uniform in
size and shape, except those of a few recent masters,
who have not been so exact. In an old school minute-
book are written the names in full, from Hodgson down-
wards, and thesa correspond with the initials on the
mantelpiece.
(3.) Moses Mawson hailed from the neighbourhood
of Bampton.
(4.) The present school was probably built, with the
dwelling-house under the same roof, just prior to 1722.
That is the date of the indenture whereby the Rev.
Robert Grisedale, D.D., of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields,
who sprang from Dowthwaite in Matterdale, entrusts the
management of the school and school estate to thirteen
trustees and their successors. The building, which is
not now very attractive, has suffered from restoration,
like many a church. Up to the passing of the Education
Act in 1871, I am told, it was a fine and symmetrical
edifice, with a spacious staircase of thick oak in the
centre ; but to meet the requirements of the Department
the school was enlarged, both in length and height, at
the expense of the entrance hall and staircase and upper
rooms.
(5.) The original trustees were : —
{a.) Edward Grisdale, of Dowthwaite, brother of the founder.
(b.) William Wilson, of Dowthwaite, his nephew.
(c.) Joseph Grisdale, of Dowthwaite.
(d.) John Greenhow, of Crookwarth.
(e.) Thomas Atkinson, of Matterdale End.
(/.) John Mounsey, of Brownrigg.
(g,) Joseph Grisdale, of Townhead, Dockeray.
(h.) Thomas Grisdale, of Bonsons. (This place cannot now
be located),
(t.) John Wilson, of Pinfold, Dockeray.
254 MATTERDALE CHURCH AND SCHOOL.
(;.) John Wilson, of the Mills.
(k.) Richard Wilkinson, of the Hollas.
(/.) Edward Dawson, of Matterdale End.
(w.) John Sutton, of Matterdale End.
All the above were customary tenants of the Manor of
Matterdale. Mr. Grisdale's father, of Dowthwaite, was
always to be one trustee, and the heir of his brother's
estate in the same place was always to be another. The
trustees were to engage a master or a mistress, but a
mistress " rather."
The only name of these trustees now existing in the
dale is that of Wilkinson ; the places of the others know
them no more. Indeed, the extinction of some old and
extensive families is as interesting as the perpetuation of
others in the same neighbourhood through a course of
centuries.
(6.) Several of the trustees' names occur as signatures
to the priest's wage document quoted earlier.
(7.) John Hodgson was the famous historian of
Northumberland, and one of Westmorland's worthiest
sons. He was a native of Swindale in Shap. See my
paper on Swindale in this volume of Transactions. In a
letter written by him to Sir W. C. Trevelyan, in 1843,
occurs the following passage : —
When I was at school at Hampton, forty-three years since,
Professor Cariyle, then chancellor of the diocese of Carlisle, was
anxious that I should go with him, as his secretary in the expedition
he made with Lord Elgin, as ambassador to the Ottoman Court. I
ardently wished to have been able to go ; but instead of sailing
through the Hellespontus, and seeing Hoemus and Rhodope on the
right of the Propontis, and Caucasus and Taurus on the left, I was
content to become in that year (1799) the schoolmaster of Matter-
dale, in Cumberland. It was, however, very curious that four years
afterwards the Professor was appointed chaplain of Bishop Barring-
ton, and I had to be examined by him at Newcastle lor deacon's
orders.
In the Antiquary a notice of him says — "The salary
MATTERDALE CHURCH AND SCHOOL. 255
was small, but the place was interesting in a high degree
to the young schoolmaster, as it gave him an opportunity
of studying the geology of the district."
(8.) Martin Wright, a native of Matterdale, became
an incumbent of Ingleton, in Staindrop parish, in
Durham Diocese. From a Directory of 1844 ^ ^^^ he
was then curate of Redmarshall, near Stockton-on-Tees.
(9.) James Sagar now resides in Matterdale, and his
many valuable notes on things of interest in the neigh-
bourhood have been published in the local newspapers.
In the churchyard only one of the twenty tombstones
is particularly noticeable. It is near the south-west
corner of the church, and records the death on May i8th,
1747, aged 80, of Edward Dawson, bonesetter, with this
inscription : —
*' Remember to keep holy the Lord's Day ;
On it refrain from drinking and from play."
With an extract also from Psalm cxix., 58 : —
Favorem tuum toto corde quaesivi ; igitur secundum verbum tuum
miserere mei.
At the east end is a stone to the memory of Margaret,
his wife, who was buried apparently on the day of her
death, September 2gth, 1728.
This Edward Dawson was one of the original school
trustees. He left a sum of £7^ to be distributed among
the aged poor and deserving at Candlemas.
My warmest thanks are due to the present incumbent,
to Messrs. Thomas Wilkinson, member of a long-estab-
lished family, and James Sagar, and not least to the
Rev. John Bell, who resides in Penrith, and who by his
laborious notes preserved in the parish safe has made it
possible to present so complete a record of an interesting
dale chapelry. To him Matterdale owes much.
(256)
Art. XX.—SwindaU Chapel. By the Rev. J. Whiteside,
M.A.
Communicated at Carlisle, June 20th, igoo.
8WINDALE is a picturesque valley that lies "among
our mountain fastnesses concealed." It is 4J miles
by road from Shap, but only three " as the crow flies."
There are now only three inhabited houses, with a
population of 13 ; namely, Swindale Head, Truss Gap,
and Swindale Foot. Fifty years ago there were 13 in-
habited houses, with a population of about 45. Some are
now in ruins, others are adapted for farm purposes.
Talebert, with two houses and six residents, and
Mosedale Cottage, with its family of five, are usually
included in the chapelry, making a total of 24 souls. A
large cure ! But though Swindale has the dignity of an
independent benefice there are no defined boundaries to
determine the jurisdiction of its incumbent. In a letter
of November 25th, 1871, to the Rev. J. Brunskill, the
Diocesan Registrar, Mr. G. G. Mounsey, says that he is
not aware of the appropriation of any district to Swindale
Chapel. He thinks there has been none. Sometimes
townships by common consent, and without any precise
division of the ancient parish, have been regarded as
ecclesiastical districts. For rating purposes Swindale
includes Talebert, Racet, Mosedale, Naddle, and Toath-
man, but the vicars of Shap have regarded the last four
places as being under their supervision.
The chapel is an unpretentious House of Prayer,
A small edifice
In which the peasantry of these lonely dells
For worship meet.
It is enclosed by a small yard, which is not licensed
SWINDALE CHAPEL. 257
for interments, and annexed to its western wall is the
tiny grammar school, probably the smallest educational
institution within the British isles. There is an average
attendance of three scholars, and the master is ** passing
rich on thirty pounds a year."
A writer in the Pall Mall Gazette, in 1894, says : —
It is a poor wan little church ; damp, thanks to the south-west wind
and its rain, and also to the clustering sycamores which do their best
to hide it. Ten pews or so, each adapted for about four persons of
ordinary breadth, make up its complement. It has no lavish
decoration, indeed no decoration at all, except three or four faded
coarse little symbolic frescoes on its pallid walls and a meagre
beading to the colour wash by the windows. There is an iron
stove, the plainest of plain stone fonts and a naked altar. These
with the hempen bellrope constitute its moveables. The love that
the congregation bear to such a building must be of the profound,
he heartfelt kind. There is not an aesthetic touch about the
church.
One thinks Ruskin would have painted our plain little
sanctuary in kindlier language, and noticed how perfectly
it harmonized with its surroundings. To give Swindale
** an aesthetic touch " would be to spoil it.
The "hempen bellrope " is a fiction of the writer's
brain. The bell is rung from the school by an iron chain.
I may note here that just as "The Old Church Clock"
describes how the good folks of Seathwaite would wait
for Wonderful Walker, so it is the primitive custom at
Swindale to wait outside for the priest. On his approach
the bell is tinkled by the congregation who are gathered
in the school to discuss the politics of the happy dale.
Then having robed in the simple vestments, he bids them
" ring in," and one by one they enter, a reverent, if small,
community. And no one was more welcome, or more
regular, in my time than a certain sheep dog, who seemed
instinctively to know the reverence due in God's House.
The plate consists of a pewter cup and paten inscribed
** Swindale Chapel 1819." It seems likely that before
258 SWINDALE CHAPEL.
that date the parishioners would go to Shap for the
sacrament.
Considerable sums have been spent in recent years in
repair and adorament. In 1855, the chapel was roofed
anew. In 1870, the roof was reslated, the wooden ceiling
added, and drain cut round the outside, and the pulpit
and desk, which had previously been outside the screen,
removed. In 1874, ^ still further restoration was effected;
new seats, altar, desk, lectern, font, east window, and
other minor additions being introduced. The old oak
seats were taken to Crosby Ravensworth, and are now, I
believe, in that church. The new ones are not particu-
larly comfortable, and have rather a common modern
look.
The chapel was reopened on Thursday, September 17th,
1874. The late Canon Weston, in his sermon, suggested
that "this holy shrine was built in Anglo-Norman times."
But the preacher himself, when not in the pulpit, must
have been sceptical about this later theory, for in a letter
written by him to Mr. Brunskill on May 4th, 1870, he
says — " It struck me from some of the details that the
little building, much as it now stands, might be an
erection of the time of Charles I., and if so, all rudeness
notwithstanding, it is interesting."
In 1897 the boundary walls were rebuilt. Lord Lonsdale
allowing the south fence to be put back a few yards.
The internal dimensions of the fabric are : — Length
45 feet, breadth 14 feet 6 inches, height 9 feet 4 inches.
Its date is wholly conjectural. Whellan (p. 809), fol-
lowed by local directories, says that the edifice was
erected by the inhabitants in 1749. It is also stated that
near the chapel is a school founded by Mr. Baxter
in 1703. But the present school has been built on to
the chapel, which is therefore prior to 1703, if the school
is Baxter's. In that case we must reject 1749. And
a document which I shall presently quote proves con-
clusively that a chapel existed before 1749. I conjecture
SWINDALE CHAPEL. 259
therefore that the fabric was only restored in 1749, ^^^
that it was founded before 1703.
The chapel has some appearance of being contemporary
with Mardale, and it is conceivable that the two chapelries
would simultaneously desire an oratory of their own.
Mardale, however, as I shall show in another paper,
claims to date back to the settlement of the Holme
family in the time of King John.
If the tradition were correct that the bell came from
the Abbey, we are carried back to 1540. But the bell
cannot have been of the Tower peal, nor has it an in-
scription like those of Kirkby Thore and Newton Reigny,
which alone, as yet, can substantiate their claim to
possess Abbey bells.
In 1728, when Mardale had successfully petitioned for
the rights of burial, Swindale also desired its chapel to be
consecrated. This ceremony has never taken place, but
a formal consecration has been held to be unnecessary
after a long period of years, and the invariable usage of
the chapel as such would probably be held conclusive,
coupled with the petition duly registered at Carlisle,
which bears on the margin the Bishop's seal and
signature, with the words Fiat ut peiitur.
I give the petition below : —
To the Right Rev^ Father in God John, by divine permission Lord
Bishop of Carlisle. The Humble Petition of ye Inhabitants of
Swindale in y" parish of Shapp & County of Westmorland showeth.
That for some years last past there has been and now is an House
or Oratory built in Swindale aforesaid, which was intended by y«
Founder thereof for a Chapel for Religious Worship that y« said
Building or Oratory is very commodious for a Chapel, & is situate
at Truss Gap in Swindale aforesaid & wou'd be of very great use
service & Benefit to y® Inhabitants of Swindale afores<* and of ye
adjacent Townships & Houses, viz., Talebert Rawside Tothman
Woodnook & Naddal to frequent & resort to to attend Divine
Service & Sermons to be preached & perform* therein, the said
Inhabitants being very numerous & most of 5^ said Townships
being distant from ye church of Shapp aforesaid three long
computed miles & some of them above four miles & ye same are
260 SWINDAL^ CHAPEL.
situated in a low & watery Country & y' 3^ Roads are very ruinous
& bad & yt y® same will in all Respects be made decent & com-
modious for ye service of Almighty God & y* ye same is endowed
with Land to y® value of ten pounds per ann™ or upwards.
May it therefore please y^ Lordship by Virtue of your Episcopal &
pastoral office to separate ye said Building from all prophane uses
& dedicate ye same to y® Honour & worship of Almighty God &
assign it to be perpetually a Chapel for the Inhabitants of Swindale
aforesaid & that it may be used as an oratory for ye performance of
Divine Service therein until your Lordship shall have Leisure &
opportunity to consecrate ye same & to do & perform whatever else
to your Lordship in that Behalf appertains.
The rough road that comes down to the stepping stones
from the south of Talebert Head is called Kirk Gate. If
this name were found in ancient deeds or maps it might
help to solve the chapel's date. But it might be the gate
to Shap Church for funerals from Mardale and Swindale.
The feature that will most attract the attention of
antiquaries and experts is the little painted window. We
owe the possession of it to the vigilant eye of the Rev.
Joseph Brunskill, now rector of Ormshed, and to the
carelessness of its former owners. About 1870, when the
effects of Mr. Hogarth, solicitor, of Clifton, had been sold,
one evening, Mr. Brunskill noticed some glass lying loose
in a barn among discarded rubbish. Detecting its value,
and the Clifton wardens declining its care, he gathered
up the fragments, had them cleaned and repaired at a
cost of 20s., and then he filled in the window here.
What terrible deeds are committed under the specious
title of Church Restoration ! This sacred glass had been
removed, it is supposed, from the east end of Clifton
Church by William Brougham, the second Lord, who
inserted a new decorated window and ** restored " the
chancel. Nicolson and Burn (vol. 3, p. 417, 1777) say: —
" At the east end of (Clifton) chancel are 3 little windows.
In the middle window is a crucifix. In one of the other
is the portrait of a woman in a posture of devotion, and
underneath are the said arms (of the Engaines) and
SWlKDALfi CHAt^EL. 261
writ above Helynor Ingayne. In the third window in
Mr. Machel's time {i.e., before the year 1700) was a man
leaning his cheek on his right hand and holding a book
in his left, and above the arms of Fallowfield of Great
Strickland." This is undoubtedly our Swindale glass.
The manor of Clifton was given by Sir Hugh de Morville,
1 154, to Gilbert Engaine and his heirs, temp. Henry H. :
the last of the name in the direct line had an only child,
Hleanor, who married William de Wybergh, 38 Ed. HI.
She was living in 4 Ric. II., and we may therefore date
our window about 1400. A window in the north aisle of
Clifton Church bears her arms and effigy.
From the year 1730 to the present day I have traced
the following list of readers, curates, incumbents, and
priests-in-charge. The date is usually of the license or
ordination : —
1730, August I2th. — William Stephenson, deacon, licensed
to the office ** Praelectoris sive Curati in Oratorio de
Swindale," or in any other parish outside.
1735, December 22nd. — Thomas Birkett, clerk, licensed
on the nomination of William Whithead, Edmund
Atkinson, and Thomas Baxter, asserted trustees.
This T. Baxter was the founder of the school.
1735, September 26th. — ^John Jameson, clerk, licensed on
the nomination of the Feoffees.
1739, December 24th. — Thomas Willan, clerk, licensed
on the nomination of Thomas Fell, Edmund Atkin-
son, William Whitehead, Richard Jackson, John
Ritson, and Thomas Baxter, trustees.
1742, October 14th. — John Lancaster, literate, was
nominated to be Reader by the Feoffees.
1750, June nth. — Henry Harrison, literate, having been
ordained deacon on the previous day, was admitted
on the nomination of the '* Trustees or disposers " of
the said chapelry. He resigned on March 13th,
1752, for " several weighty reasons and considera-
tions," and the curacy was declared void by the
bishop on April 17th following.
262 swikdale Chapel.
1754, June 9th. — Robert Powley, literate, was ordained
deacon and ordained.
1757, June 26th. — William Windus, literate, was ordained
deacon and licensed. He took a meirriage at Shap,
September 15th, 1757.
1761, July 5th. — Richard Muckell, literate, ordained
deacon and licensed to be perpetual curate on the
nomination of William Langhorne, vicar of Shap.
He was also admitted to be master of the Swindale
Grammar School on the nomination of William
Fell, Leonard Whitesmith, and William Wilkinson,
trustees. I take it that during the 150 years when
there were no vicars of Shap, up to 1756, certain
irregular sequestrators, who were also trustees of the
school, would appoint the curate. Henceforth, the
vicar of Shap alone is patron at each vacancy.
1762, September 12th. — John Pairington, literate, ordained
deacon, becomes perpetual curate. In the Shap
Registers are entries of Parrington,
1763, September 4th. — William Nicholson, literate, was
ordained deacon and licensed.
1766, September 14th. — Thomas Thwaites, literate, was
ordained deacon and licensed.
1767, September 20th. — Thomas Hudson, literate, was
ordained deacon and licensed.
1771, August i8th. — Edmund Langhorn, literate, was
ordained deacon and licensed. In the Shap Register
is recorded the baptism of Edward, son of Edmund,
curate of Swindale, and Jane Langhorne, on January
19th, 1775.
1777, August 31st. — William Tyson was ordained deacon
and licensed on the nomination of James Holme,
vicar of Shap.
1781, July 29th. — Richard Kilvington, literate, was
ordained deacon and licensed.
1783, July 27th. — James Potter was ordained deacon and
licensed.
SWINDALE CHAPEL. 263
1797, June i8th. — ^John Robinson, literate, was ordained
deacon and licensed, with a stipend of £25. He was
ordained priest June 24th, 1798, and on October
i6th, 1798, the bishop accepted his resignation.
1798, October i6th. — William Robinson, literate, was
ordained deacon and licensed to be assistant curate,
with the emoluments heretofore paid to assistant
curates. He was ordained priest and licensed as
perpetual curate on May 19th, 1799.
1801, June 14th. — James Cooper, clerk, ordained priest
and licensed. He was brother of Robert of Hegdale,
the lower house, which is now uninhabited. He
taught the school at Swindale, and had been one of
Boustead's pupils. He died at Leyland, and left
Cooper's Charity to Shap.
1815, January 27th. — Robert Walker, clerk, licensed.
1833, November nth. — Stephen Walker, clerk, who had
been licensed as curate on March 15th, 1816, to
assist Robert Walker, became perpetual curate on
the nomination of John Rowlandson, vicar of Shap.
He was interred at Shap on March i8th, 1850, aged
71 years. His baptism is entered at Shap, on August
1st, 1779, as son of Richard of Talebert, husband-
man, and Agnes his wife.
1850, June 15th. — Thomas Sewell, clerk, was nominated
by the vicar of Shap, as true and undoubted patron.
He was interred at Shap, having died on February
20th, 1870, aged 73 years.
1870, April 13th. — Joseph Brunskill, St. Bees, was
licensed. He is now rector of Ormshed, and was
then master of Lowther Grammar School, with a
license of non-residence. Indeed, residence at
Swindale was not possible. The vicarage is a cow-
byre ! He became vicar of Plumpton in 1872, and
the duty was taken by the vicar of Shap until 1874.
1874, April 15th. — William Henry Bradley, M.A., of
Exeter College, Oxford, was licensed. In 1876 he
264 SWINDALE CHAPEL.
became rector of Kingsland, Herefordshire, and is
now rector of EIsdon„NorthumberIand. He resided
in Shap, and it is unlikely that there will ever be
another incumbent. From 1876 the duty is taken by
the vicar of Shap, whose patronage, pro tern., has
lapsed to the bishop and from the bishop to the
Crown.
1876-1893. — Stephen Whiteside, M.A., vicar of Shap.
1893-1896. — George Edward Foden Day, vicar of
Bampton.
1896-1900. — Joseph Whiteside, M.A., vicar of Shap.
1901- . — James Makin Collinson, vicar of Shap.
As there was a constant succession of newly-ordained
deacons, and there is rarely mention of priests in the
Bishop's Registers, most of the early ministers must have
been only curates-in-charge. Bampton Grammar School
turned out in its famous days — under Langhorne and
Boustead — hundreds of clergy, who conveniently served
their apprenticeship at Mardale and Swindale, and then
migrated to larger spheres.
The Holy Communion might be administered occasion-
ally by the vicar of Shap, and at greater festivals the
people, headed by their minister, came to the mother
church. Some of the curates were also the schoolmasters,
and it is supposed that the chapel, as at Shap, was some-
times used as a school. I was told that 50 years ago the
flags inside the screen had been much worn by the clogs
of many generations of scholars, and that the holy table,
which is now, I think, the credence, was used as the
master's writing-desk. But the dalesmen have no such
recollection.
Stephen Walker, descended from an old Talebert
family, whose abode, the first as you come from Shap,
is no longer fit for habitation, is still well remembered by
old Swindalians. This house at the beginning of the
century produced three brothers, and educated them at
Cambridge for holy orders.
SWINDAlE CHAt>EL. 265
In Stephen's time a dispute arose at the chapel whether
it was really Sunday. " The Parson's reet : gang on,"
said old John Fell. On another occasion the bottle of
wine being accidentally broken by Schoolmaster Yarker,
rum was used instead. No irreverence was intended, or
I would not chronicle what gives us an idea of the
primitiveness of the dale.
The old parsonage being dilapidated, Mr. Walker lived
from house to house. He carried with him a box of
sermons, and commonly took one of the top for each
Sunday as it came. Old Mrs. Sewell, of Swindale Head,
remonstrated, and exhorted him to " Stir up that box :
they're beginning to come varra thick."
Thomas Sewell was one of a band of famous brothers,
William being incumbent of Troutbeck. He had been
curate of Newton Reigny in the twenties. I have an
early recollection of his courteous manner, and homely
Westmorland speech. He was a kind and genial man.
His talk was much of foxes, and he had a long memory
of days spent among the crags. Physically, he was large
and tall, with mighty limbs, that had carried this
" running hunter " when no dalesman could follow
" Priest Sewell." Old Dick Rawes, of Talebert, described
him to me most accurately as a " tall, good-looking,
square-shouldered, long-legged, big-striding man." Rawes
lamented the smaller stature and physique of to-day:
long ago both men and women were " girt whacking
lounging fellows ; " now ** the lasses were poor bit
creatures up to 7 or 8 stone," three of them equal to one
former woman. To be " ower kin bred " was as bad for
people as for stock.
Once Bishop Villiers at a confirmation at Lowther,
making merry over the postal difficulties of Swindale and
Mr. Sewell's patient endurance of them, asked him in the
vestry why he had not answered his lordship's letter of
three weeks earlier. Mr. Sewell calmly replied that " it
would be coming to him some day."
266 SWIHDALE CHAPGL.
There is ao entry in the Shap Register ^—" Thomas
Sewell, son of James of Swindale, yeoman> and Margaret
his wife^ late Whitesmith, born April the 8th. Baptised
the gth, 1796,"
Lest it should seem unkind to print stories of old
priests, I would add that the names of Walker and Sewell
are still household words. With all their faults^ they
were in many respects grand old dale prints,, in full
sympathy with their neighbours.
The one great man of Swindale is John Hodgsoo, the
famous historian of Northumberland, bora here November
4th, 1780, and baptised November 13th. He was the son
of Isaac of Swindale, stonemason,, and Elizabeth his
wife, late Rawes. They afterwards moved to Rosgill.
The Hodgsons were an old local ' family, and according
to the custom one of the sons received a good education
for holy orders. John, the eldest of seven sons and four
daughters, was at Bampton School from seven to nineteen
years of age, where he was well grounded im classics,
mathematics, chemistry, botany, geology, and acquired an
interest in natural history and local antiquities through
his free rambles in the country. His parents were too
poor to send him to the University, and so he became
master of Matterdale, with a stipend of £ix per ann^nin
(see my paper in this volume of Transactions), and subse*
queutly of Stainton, near Penrith. For a fuU necord of
his life and labours see Atkinson's Worthies of Westmor-
land^ Raine's Memoir, and the Dictionary of NaHonal
Biography,
As Rosgill, in Shap, has claimed the honour of his
birthplace, I may add that Hodgson himself,^ in his
account of Westmorland in Beauties of England and
Wales, confirms the Shap Register by saying that be
was born at Swindale, and not at Rosgill Head. His
ancestors were of Rosgill Head, and after his birth his
parents removed thither, where his brothers aad sisters
were all born.
SWINDALft CHAPEL. 267
He died June 12th, 1845, and was buried at Hartburn,
in Northumberland.
There are no documents of any kind at Swindale, or
in the possession of the vicar of Shap. The Rev. S.
"Whiteside had seen in Mr. Sewell's time a Terrier^ but in
1878, when enquiry was made, neither Mr. Brunskill nor
any one in the chapelry knew anything of it.
(268)
Art. XXI. — Children's Games as Played at Kirkoswald,
Cumberland. By the Rev. Canon Thornley.
Read at Carlisle^ June 20th, 1900.
THE following notes on traditional games and rhymes
are offered as a contribution to what is now recog-
nized as an interesting branch of folklore. My informa-
tion has been obtained at first hand from the school-
children, and is here presented without comment as
material for comparative study.
There is a regular sequence for the playing of most of
the games at Kirkoswald, a sequence which seems to be
determined mainly by the conditions of the weather and
of the ground — hot, cold, wet, or dry. The following is
a fairly complete list of all the outdoor games.
In spring, when snow is gone and the ground is dry,
the girls ^ begin to play with skipping-ropes, rounders,
tiggie, girds and guiders, or girds and hooks {i.e,, hoops,
the gird or girth being often a mere hoop from a cask) ;
chucky-stones or clinks (knuckle-bones or dibs, described
in full by Mrs. Gomme in " Parlour and Playground
Games," though here we have no special names for the
figures) ; and batty-ball, which consists in beating an
elastic ball to the ground with the hand, to the accom-
paniment of a string of rhymes.
Later, they have their ring-games and dances, of which
examples are given below.
The boys begin the season with marbles, a game for
Lent, said to be originally intended to keep them from
'* more boisterous and mischievous employment." They
play at buttons, rounders, whip (whoo-ip, hide and seek),
top-spinning, kick-stone, guinea-pig (tipcat), nuts and
crackers, lanty-loup and foot-and-a-half (two kinds of
Jeap-frog).
children's games at kirkoswald. 269
In summer they add hattie (or egg-cap), blind-man's
buff, puss-in-the corner, pots and stones, flinches, duckie
(duck-stone), shows, horse-fairs, Adam and ish, hounds
and hare, girds and guiders, tiggie-touchwood, finger and
thumb, hitchy-pot (hop-scotch), and presently are added
conkers or cobblers (played with chestnuts), batty-ball,
rounders and marbles again, Roman soldiers, tally-ho.
In the hot weather the girls play whip, ball, three plain
keps (elsewhere pots), trades, houses, schools, chitty
(puss-in-corner), kick-stone. All the ring-games are still
in season, with skipping-ropes, shuttle-cock, tally-ho, nuts
and crackers, Roman soldiers, hounds and hare, half-past-
catching-time. Prison-bars (prisoner's base) is played
here as elsewhere. At Irthington they cry " Chevy
chase ! "
In the cold weather the boys play their most athletic
games to keep them warm : — Horses, rounders, jumping,
bull-break-out, chainey. Both sexes play " Draw buckets
of water," and tiggie in all its varieties. In long-tiggie,
called also horse-fairs, one pursues another and tigs or
touches him, who must then join hands with the tigger.
They pursue others until all are tigged or tug, and a long
line is formed. In cross-tiggie, tiggee has to join hands
cross-wise with tigger. In blind-tiggie, tigger shuts both
eyes, so that this form becomes a kind of blind-man's
buff. In lame-tiggie, tigger keeps the left hand raised
and fixed close to the body. French-tiggie is a round
game. All stand in a ring in pairs, two in the middle.
They chase one another round the ring, inside or out,
until one stops in front of a pair, making three. The
third must fly or be tigged. Tigger is relieved by tiggee.
In tiggie-touchwood, so long as the child is touching
wood he cannot be tigged. But he can be " counted
out." In tiggie, "we count out for the one who has
to be it:'
Counting-out rhymes are connected with the " Anglo-
Cymric Score," on which papers have appeared in these
270 CHII^DRBN'S games at Kf&^)SWALD.
Transactions and elsewhere ; and txe the children's tradi-
tion of very ancient fbrmularies. At Kirkoswald the
verse runs : —
Eena meena mina mo,
Vasaleena lina lo,
A-way, flowery flock,
(H)ellicaii pellican, ee wee,
Wy wo wuss, — out goes she.
"Flower and flock," or "flowering flock," are also
used ; and " woss " for " wuss." At Clifton, near
Penrith, they say : —
Eena meena mina mo,
Basseleena lina lo,
A-way, Kitty Macan,
Who will be my serving-man
To ride my horse and carry my gun ?
Tell me when my work is done.
Ee, wee, wy wo wuss.
Out goes she.
At Workington, circa 1850, the rhyme ran :- —
E^na meena mina mo,
Jack-a-lina slina slo,
Kay way, Kitty Malan,
Jack shall be my soldier man.
OUT spells out :
Hot scalding dish clout.
You are right out.
Appleby has a shorter form, much debased: —
Eena meena mina mo.
Catch a nigger by the toe.
Hold him fast and don't let go,
Eena meena mina mo.
Another development is pretty well known. This is its
form as it was used in Liverpool circa 1850 : —
CHILDREN*S GAMES AT KURKOSWAL0. 2fl
One^ery two-ery tickery teven,
AUabo crackabo ten and eleven,
Spink spang musky dann,
Tweedlum twaddlum twenty-one,
Black beaver, white trout,
Eary ory, you are out.
And at Kirkoswald they have a summary "sentence
of excommunication," thus : —
Penny odq the water,
Tuppence on the sea,
Thrippence on the railway,
Out goes she.
The boys' games are without song, and are voiceless,
except for the catches and calls. The girls' games are
mostly played and danced to the accompaniment of songs
and rhymes, which are always suitable and pleasing, and
often very pretty. Some of these are too well known to
need description ;. such are " Nuts in May," ** Buckets of
water," " All around the village," " There was a jolly
miller," and " Bingo " ; " Sally Walker," the famous matri-
monial game ; " Wall-flowers," slightly varying from the
form given in English Folk-rhymes^ by G. F. Northall^
P» 367, and Mr. T. N. Postlethwaite's articles in the
North Lonsdale Magazine (February and April, 1900) ;
" Robbers passing by," also varying a little from Mr.
Postlethwaite's version ; " Here comes an old woman
from Botany Bay," the same as ** Old soldier" elsewhere;
the wolf and sheep ganoe, here called "Jenny Lingo,"
and played with expressive pantomime ; " How many
miles to Barbary ? " elsewhere " to Babylon," &c., about
which it may be noted that at Workington it was formerly
played on Good Friday evening, with "Threed-a my
needle, throp, throp, throp," at the end of each verse.
A dozen more are here described in full, being, so far as
I know, not given in print, or so different from published
versions as to make them worth recording. The music is
272 CHILDREN*S GAMES AT KIRKOSWALD.
given in Tonic Sol-fa, by special permission of Mr. J.
Spencer Curwen to use the notation.
Sir Roger.
Sir Roger is dead and we boried him here,
Buried him here, buried him here ;
Sir Roger is dead and we boried him here,
E. I. buried him here.
We planted an apple-tree over his head, &c.
When the apples were ripe they all fell off, &c.
There came an old woman and picked them all up, &c.
Sir Roger jumped up and he gave her a knock, &c.
Then the old woman goes hippity hop, &c.
Variation. — At Melmerby, " Cock Robin is dead and
laid in his grave."
Action. — A ring is formed ; all join hands, move round
and sing. At verse i, Sir Roger crouches down in the
middle of the ring, as dead. At verse 2, a little branch of
a tree or bunch of grass is held over him. At verse 3, the
twig is allowed to fall off his head. At verse 4, a girl
imitates an old woman, pretends to pick up the apples
and put them in her apron. At 5, Sir Roger knocks her
all round inside the ring. At 6, she goes hobbling round.
Music.
Key G.
Id :d :d |d :- tn |8 :- :n |d :- !d |r :- :r |r :- :d |t|!- ;li|8i:- :- 1
Id :d !d Id :- tn |8 :- tn |d :- :d |li:- ;l||t|!- :ti|d :- :- |d :- :-||
Banks of Roses.
Father, mother, may 1 go,
May I go, may I go,
Father, mother, may I go,
Across the banks of roses ?
Yes, for [Mary] she may go, &c.
Pick up your tails and away you go
Across the banks of roses.
Variants.—'' To " for '' across ; " " buckle your tails."
CHILDREN*S GAMfiS At KlRKOSWALb. 273
Action. — ^Two, representing father and mother, stand
against the wall facing the row of girls who sing.
Music.
Key F.
|s.,8:8.f|n.f:8 |r.n:f |r.n:f |8.»8:8,f|n.f:8 |r :n |r.d:— ||
Roman Soldiers.
A game played both by boys and girls (separately).
The two sides advance and retire alternately, saying : —
Q. — Have you any bread and wine ?
For we are the Roman soldiers !
A. — Yes, we have some bread and wine,
For we are the English soldiers !
Q. —Will you give us some of it ? &c.
A.— No, we won't give you any of it ! &c.
Q. — Then we'll tell the magistrate, &c.
A. — We don't care a button for the magistrate, &c,
Q.— Then we will tell the blue-coat man, &c.
A. — What care we for the blue-coat man ? &c.
Q. — Then we'll tell the red-coat man, &c.
A. — What care we for the red-coat man ? &c.
Q, — Then we'll tell the fat-bellied man, &c.
A.— What care we, &c.
These provocations conclude with the challenge: —
Are you ready for the fight ?
After which a general mellee ensues.
A version from West Cumberland — " We are fighting
for the Pope " and " We for the English Queen " — would
seem to show that the game is a relic of the old religious
feud with Rome. At Renwick and Melmerby there is a
Bacchanalian version, thus: —
London Bridge is broken down,
For we are the English soldiers.
What will you give to mend it up ?
For we are the Roman soldiers.
We will give a glass of ale, &c.
274 children's games at kirkoswald.
A glass of ale won*t serve us all, &c.
Then we will give you a pint of ale, &c.
A pint, a pint won*t serve us all, &c.
Then we will give a cask of ale, &c.
A cask of ale won't serve us all, &c.
At Renwick it is " Russian " instead of Roman ; and
" quart " and ** gallon " are added to the measures of the
promised liquor.
Down the Long Lanes.
Down the long lanes we go, we go,
We play the drum and fiddle, heigho !
We open the gates as wide as the sky
To let King George and his bride pass (go) by.
Variant atJ[Clifton, near Penrith : —
Down the long lonnins we go, we go.
To gather some lilies, heigho, heigho !
We open the gates so wide, so wide.
To let King George and his men pass by.
Perhaps the last line was originally : —
To let King George pass by with his bride.
Action. — A long string of children, the tail passing
under the outstretched arms of the first pair, like
"Threading the needle."
Jews.
A variant on ** Three Knights " or " Spaniards " : —
Jews, — We are three Jews just come from Spain,
To call upon your daughter Jane.
Girls. — My daughter Jane is far too young.
She can't abear your Spanish tongue.
Jews, — Farewell, farewell ! we must away.
And call again some other day.
Girls, — Come back, come back, you naughty Jews,
The fairest maiden you may choose.
children's games at kirkoswald. 275
Jews, — The fairest girl that I can see
Is pretty [Maggie] — come to me!
Maggie. — No !
Jews, — The naughty girl she won*t come out,
She won't come out, she won't come out.
The naughty girl she won't come out
To play in the songs and dances.
(She then goes over to them),
Jews, — Now we've got another Jew, &c.
To join us in the dances.
Action, — So they go on till every girl is chosen. A
game for any number of girls. They stand in a line
against the wall. Three are chosen to go to the other
side of the playground to represent the Jews.
Music. — The tune supg here now to the first part is
that of " O happy day " in Sankey's hymns. The last
verse is sung thus : —
KeyG.
|8 h8 :s tfl |s
|8 hS SB .,1 |8
•^ :d .4 |r Mr :r ^ |ti h1i :si
1
•^ :d .4 |r ^r \%\ hSi |d :d
II
Sandy O.
This sounds like a song out of Robert Burns.
My delight's in Sandy O,
My delight's in brandy O,
My delight's in the red, red rose.
Come along, my Annie O.
Heigho for Annie O,
Bonny, bonny Annie O ;
All the world would I give
For my bonny Annie O.
In line 7 " world's good " is sometimes said for world ;
but world is used correctly, being formerly a dissyllable.
Action, — A ring is formed with Annie in the middle,
who chooses one from the ring. Annie is then changed
to Katie, Lizzie, Maggie, &c.
Music same as " Hops and Peas."
Northall gives a variant from Yorkshire, less complete.
276 children's games at kirkoswald.
Work, Boys, Work.
The words are taken from a popular song of no great
antiquity.
Work, boys, work and be contented,
So long as you're well off to buy a meal :
For a man you may rely
You'll be welcome by and bye,
If you'll only put your shoulder to the wheel.
The third line is evidently corrupt ; another version is
For you've only Mary Lye ;
(? " merrily,") and for " welcome," wealthy.
Action. — ^A ring is formed, with linked hands, the
protagonist in the middle. They sing as above, and the
protagonist chooses a girl in the ring.
Music.
Key G.
|n :n |n.r:d,l||8| :— |d :— | : .^Ir^yrtrtrl
|r ,1 :d .r |n :— | :8| .fi |ni .,8i:d .r |d :d .ti |
|li,ti:d .li |8| :n .r |d .d :d .d |ti •4:r .ti |d :— II
Hops and Peas and Barley-corn.
This is a variant of the Shropshire " Oats and Beans,"
given by Northall. A ring is formed by any number of
children, without joining hands, singing : —
Hops and peas and barley-corn (a),
Hops and peas and barley-corn.
Hops and peas, hops and peas.
Hops and peas and barley-corn.
This is the way the farmer stands ;
This is the way he folds his arms ;
Stamps his feet, claps his hands.
Turns around to view his land (b).
As they sing verse 2, at each line the appropriate move-
ments are made.
children's games at kirkoswald. 277
Variations. — (a) Hops and peas and barley O.
(6) Turns around to Bewley land,
Or Turns around to the music.
Music.
Key D.
|8 '.-msIs :f In :d |d :— |f :-.4|f :& |1 :r |r :— |
|s :-h8|8 :— |n :8 |d' :— |s :-.,l|8 :-„f|n :d |d ;— 1|
Green Gravel.
We have two versions, differing somewhat from those
printed elsewhere.
Round the green gravel the grass grows green.
All the fair maidens are shame to be seen ;
Wash them in milk,
And dry them in silk ;
Last down wedded {or wedding).
Or Round about, round about, bottlety green.
All the king's horses are shem (shame) to be seen, &c.
Action. — At the word "down*' all slip to the ground,
the last down is married — "And she stands in the
middle, and we sing a song about her. Then we ask
which she likes best, butter or sugar ? If she says
"sugar," she likes her sweetheart; if "butter," not.
Before she goes into the ring she tells one or two girls
privately who her sweetheart is. Then we sing about
them " — as follows : —
Now they are married they must agree (or obey)
Like brother and sister they must agree ;
Must be kind and must be good,
And help your wife to chop the wood.
Here Comes an Old Woman.
The game is not uncommon, but ours is a variant on
the versions elsewhere published : —
278 children's games at kirkoswald.
A. — Here comes an old woman from Sandyland,
With all her children in her hand ;
One can dance, another can sing,
Another can bake the bread for the king ;
So please take one of my daughters in.
B. — ^The fairest one that I can see
Is pretty [Janey] — come to me !
In Herefordshire, Cumberland is the old woman's
distant home : —
Here comes an old woman from Cumberland,
With all her children in her hand ;
This can brew and this can bake,
And this can make a girdle-cake ;
This can sit in the bower and sing,
And this can bake the bread for the king.
Jenny Jones.
IVe come to see Jenny Jones, Jenny Jones, Jenny Jones,
Fve come to see Jenny, and where is she now ?
Jenny is scrubbing, is scrubbing, is scrubbing,
Jenny is scrubbing, you can't see her now.
Very well, ladies, ladies, ladies.
Very well, ladies and gentlemen too !
I've come to see Jenny Jones, &c., and how is she now ?
Jenny is poorly, &c., you can't see her now.
Very well, ladies, &c., and gentlemen too.
I've come to see Jenny Jones, &c., and how is she now?
Jenny is dying, &c., you can't see her now.
I've come to see Jenny Jones, &c., and how is she now ?
Jenny is dead, &c., you can't see her now.
What will you bury her in, &c., now she is gone ?
We'll bury her in white, &c., and will that do ?
White is for weddings, &c., and that won't do.
We'll bury her in blue, &c., and will that do ?
Blue is for sailors, &c., and that won't do.
We'll bury her in red, &c., and will that do ?
Red is for soldiers, &c., and that won't do.
We'll bury her in gieen, &c., and will that do ?
Green is for gypsies, &c., and that won't do.
We'll bury her in black, &c., and will that do ?
Black is for mourning, &c., and that will do.
CHILDREN*S GAMES AT KIRKOSWALD. 279
Action. — ^The girls stand in a row with two others
facing them — one, Jenny, standing behind the other, who
answers the questions. Each girl in the row asks one of
the questions in turn.
Monday and Tuesday.
A game for ten girls. Seven sit or kneel on the floor.
The niother counts over her seven children,- and names
them Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday,
Saturday, Sunday. She tells her servant, *' I am going
out to [Carlisle] ; roast one of the fattest children
for dinner.'' When she is gone, an old woman hidden
behind a corner comes to the servant and says, ** May I
have one of your children? " "Yes, if you don't spit in
my fireside." She takes the fattest away. Presently
the mother comes back, and says, " Where is my
dinner ? " " In the oven," says the servant ; but when
she looks into the oven it is not there. Then she beats
the servant. This goes on till all the children are taken
away by the old woman. Then the mother returning
and finding none of her children, goes up to the old
woman, who is standing at the door, and says, " Have
you seen any of my children ? " " Yes," says the old
woman, "I gave them each a penny, and sent them to
that man over there." The mother goes to look for the
children, cannot find them, and returning to the old
woman tells her so. Then the old woman shouts, and
all the children come running out and back to their
mother.
Variant. — An old man comes asking the servant,
" Please, can I get my pipe lit ? " ** Yes, if you don't
spit on the fender." There are other variations of this
game, which is very strange and obscure.
(28o)
Art. XXII. — Kentmere Hall. By the late James
Cropper, of Ellergreen; Vice-President.
Read at Kentmere Churchy September i8th, 1900.
FEW of our lake valleys are so primitive and so un-
changed as the Vale of Kentmere, — the cluster of
houses on the " Greenside Quarter," the church in the
centre of the view, and the old Hall which happily has
never been restored, but stands as it has stood for some
600 years. Few new houses have been built, and we
may believe that in their appearance, in their occupation,
and in their talk, the inhabitants are little altered since
their noted predecessor, Richard Gilpin, killed the wild
boar and won his grant of land and his right to wear as
his arms a Boar Sable, with the motto " Dictis factisque
Simplex " (Sincere in word and deed). I read in the old
book by Charles Parish, lecturer of St. Cuthbert's,
Carlisle, that a painting of the fight with the boar is at
Scaleby Castle, which he states belonged to a Gilpin.
According to Burn and Nicolson, the manor of Kent-
mere belonged to Ladarine, the granddaughter of Gilbert,
son of Roger Fitz-Reinfred, who held the Kendal Barony,
and the Gilpins obtained their grant in the reign of
Edward the Third, about the middle of the fourteenth
century. We find that William Gilpin, son of the man
who killed the boar, was on a jury in 1375 (48 Ed. III.),
and after his day ten more Gilpins followed in succes-
sion, marrying generally women of the northern county
families — Flemings, Lancasters, and Thornburghs, and
taking their part in the service of their country. William,
the sixth of them, died in 1485, as a Captain of horse on
Bosworth Field beside his King, Richard III. His
brother Edwin took his estate, and was father of six sons,
KENTMERE HALL. 281
of whom Bernard (the " Apostle of the North ") was one,
and George (ambassador to Holland for Queen Elizabeth)
was another. The ninth Gilpin, George, married two
wives in succession, both of them daughters of his tenants
in the valley, and thus probably lost some of the position
of his forefathers. Still the land and the Hall were held
by thj5 family till the twelfth Gilpin, who had no heir;
and in the latter part of the seventeenth century the
property passed to Sir Christopher Philipson, of Crook
Hall, and from him to Sir. Daniel Fleming. It now
belongs to Mr. C. W. Wilson.
It seems probable that the tower at Kentmere was
built after the last Scotch raid, which devastated the
Kent valley in the thirteenth century, and that the lower
buildings were added for comfort and family abode, as
life grew more, secure. We may picture the limited con-
ditions of life which must have have existed, the ignorance
of the outside world in these valleys, the bridle roads, not
always good ones, and the gradual growth of civilization,
as one local leader after another kept rule and brought
manners and learning into these remote parts of West-
morland.
The most notable of the Gilpin family is Bernard
Gilpin before named, born 1517. When his uncle
William fell at Bosworth, without children, his father
Edwin Gilpin, became owner of the Hall and lands in
Kentmere. Bernard's mother was Margaret Layton, of
Dalemain, in Cumberland, and we have a story of her
holding him on her knee in the little church on Sunday
morning, when a travelling friar was denouncing the sins
of the flesh, especially drunkenness. The child turned
up his face — " Mother," he said, " I saw that man drunk
in our Hall last night. How can he preach against
drunkenness ? "
We know little of his education ; probably it was given
by some resident tutor, as we know that scholars found
their way about the country and were so employed.
282 KENTMERE HALL.
Bernard Gilpin went to Oxford at the age of 16. His
elder brother, George, about the same time obtained
State employment, and became in time ambassador to
Holland for Queen Elizabeth. Bernard attached himself
at first to the clerical side, and defended the Church
doctrine against the Protestant reformers of the day,
having a public controversy with John Hooper, who was
burnt for his faith in 1555 ; but Gilpin seems to have
been shaken by this and by intercourse with Peter
Martyr and Erasmus, both of whom were then at Oxford,
and openly joined the Reformers. He preached before
Edward VI., and was soon after presented to the living
of Norton, in Durham. This he soon resigned, as he
determined to study on the Continent, and he read for
three years in Louvain, Antwerp, and Paris. Returning
to England he was presented by his uncle, Dr. Tonstall,
Bishop of Durham, to the Archdeaconry of Durham and
the important living of Houghton-le-Spring. He found
the state of the church and parish deplorable, and devoted
his time and money to the place, boldly attacking the
teaching of the surrounding vicars and their ill lives.
The income of Houghton was 3^400, equal probably to
£3,000 to-day, and he felt himself a rich man. He soon
made enemies among the surrounding priests by denounc-
ing their avarice and pluralities of livings. He boldly
attacked the doctrines of transubstantiation and worship
of the Virgin, and at length, when the Bishop of Durham
declined to prosecute him, his enemies induced Bishop
Bonner to summon him to London to answer for heretical
expressions. Knowing the probable outlook, he ordered
his steward to prepare a long garment in which he might
go decently to the stake, ** For I know not," said he,
** how soon I may have occasion for it.'' This garment
he put on solemnly every day till Bonner's agents appre-
hended him in October, 1558, and took him ofiF to
London. His horse fell and broke his leg, and this
detained the party till Queen Mary's death. The ruJe
iCENTMERE HALL. 283
was then changed, and Bonner lost his power, and Gilpin
returned to his place.
The people were poor, and his benevolence was ^reat.
His hospitality became renowned. " Every fortnight 40
bushels of corn and 20 bushels of malt and an ox " were
made away with. The Sunday was a public day. Three
tables were always spread, one for the gentry, one for
farmers, and one for labourers — all well covered (no
wonder his church was full) ; even their horses were so
well fed that it was said. in Durham that if a horse got
loose in the whole county it would find its way to the
Houghton stable.
Bernard Gilpin set up and endowed a Grammar
School, still in existence, and called the Kepier School,
from %hich boys went to Oxford and Cambridge. To
these, I find, he allowed ^10 yearly, the then cost of
University residence. Among them were George
Carleton, afterwards Bishop of Chichester, and Hugh
Broughton, the noted Hebrew scholar.
He rode yearly through Northumberland and Cumber-
land to Westmorland, and the people brought him their
quarrels to settle as to a judge. It is told that a thief
who one night stole his horses brought them back next
day when he found whose they were, saying that he
did not think much about the theft, probably not his
first, but he "knew that any robber from Mr. Gilpin
would go down straight into hell."
Duels were at that time very common, and bullies were
ever inclined to invite them. On one occasion Gilpin
saw a glove hung up in a church to dare any opponent to
combat. Finding the attendant afraid to remove it, he
placed it on his breast, and so preached a sermon against
ruffianism.
The Bishopric of Carlisle was offered Gilpin, but
declined. Stories of his liberality were boundless. We
hear of his passing a poor farmer on his way whose
horse had died in the plough. Gilpin went to the place,
284 KENTMERE HALL.
and learning the trouble gave bim tbe borse his servant
was riding, sa3ang, "Take tbe borse now, and ivhen I
demand tbe money thou shalt pay me." An old
manuscript tells of bim that when he started on one
of his journeys he always put ten pounds in his jxxrket,
but never came back less in debt than 20 nobles from bis
habit of giving. His health failed after hs sixtieth year,
and his death was hurried on by an accident from an ox
in the Durham Market Place. He died March 4tb, 1583,
aged 66.
Another divine in the same family, Dr. Richard Gilpin,
held the Rectory of Greystoke, which he resigned in 1662,
not complying with the Act of Uniformity. His great-
grandson in 1745 was military governor of Carlisle.
•t ■.-.>
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(285)
Art. XXIII. — Some Notes respecting Kentmere Hall. By
John F. Curwen, F.R.I. B.A.
Read at Kentmere Hall, September i8th, 1900.
^HE Gilpin family appear to have been influential
^ inhabitants of Kentmere for many centuries. The
earliest certain information that we have abopt them is
that one William Gilpin lived in the valley in the year
^375f 2Lnd married a daughter of Thomas Ayray, the
bailiff; but we have no description of his homestead.
Of the hall, now standing snugly sheltered from the
north by the lofty fells of Patterdale and of the High
Street range, the best account is undoubledly that given
by Dr. Taylor in his Manorial Halls, ill which he affirms
that the above date " accords very well with the age of
the existing remains of this building.*' But I would
venture to suggest that from an architectural point of
view the hall is clearly of a much later date ; the over-
sailing parapets and bartizan turrets, for instance, being
evidence of this. For in the earlier periods peles were
built absolutely plain, without string or off-set of any
kind ; but as time advanced, and the state of the country
became more secure, their window apertures were
enlarged, and their, external features became more
decorated.
Moreover, considering the isolated position of the pele,
I do not consider it necessary to believe that it was built
for defensive purposes. For the principle of a simple
keep became the universal type of country houses of the
fifteenth century, and continued sd diirin'g the sixteenth,
and even as late as the early part of the seventeenth,
century — until the time when mansions dropped their
castellated character.
Here we have at Rent meie-on^ of the, smallest towers
L
OarlHun&urTer
4^
O
I
Z52
mn7.^u/utjS/i
Aoile oP u u u u m -
a*
NOTES OK KENTMERE HALL. 287
of the district, measuring outside only 31 by 23 feet, the
length being but one foot longer than the width of the
neighbouring pele at Burneside. Above the vaulted
ground floor there have been three floors of single rooms,
whilst at the roof-level the parapet boldly projects out-
ward, being supported on massive corbels. At the angles
rise the bartizan turrets, already referred to, whilst at the
south-western angle there is a garderobe turret, 11 feet
wide and projecting 6 feet, running up the full height of
the tower.
From the plan it will be seen that the walls of the
ground floor are 5 feet thick, and that as each storey rises
the walls are reduced until they reach a thickness of only
2 feet at the top. The fireplaces are all on the northern
side, the smoke being emitted by horizontal apertures
through the thickness of the wall. The first floor con-
tained the solar, entered by some steps from the outside,
like to the halls of Linstock and Skelsmergh. This apart-
ment was lighted by three windows, and two defensive
loopholes pierce the wall in an oblique direction, so as to
command the only approach from the east. The other
opening on the north wall has clearly connected, at some
later period, the bedroom floor of the house-part adjoin-
ing. By a slight error. Dr. Taylor mentions this doorway
as opening out of the second storey, which is above the
level of the slates. Of the three windows, the one to the
east is of the late decorative style, the two lights of which
are trefoiled beneath ogee heads ; but I can see no reason
to follow Dr. Taylor in the belief that this indicates the
fourteenth century, because it was no uncommon thing
then, even as it is to-day, to copy for decorative purposes
a style of an earlier period.
From this floor the upper rooms are approached by a
spiral stair projecting somewhat into the north western
angles of the rooms. The stone steps are built into the
wall, and overlap each other, without a central pillar for
their support. There is nOw little remaining in these
288 NOTES ON KENTMERE HALL.
upper rooms worth mentioning, but the parapet above is
decidedly interesting, so far as it reveals the plan of the
turrets and the delightful corbels, which are only too
sadly hidden by the overhanging ivy.
We must now pass to the house-part, which adjoins
the tower on the north side, and here also, unfortunately,
it is necessary to cross swords with Dr. Taylor, who
claims for it a coeval existence with the tower, pointing
out in support of his theory the fine old entrance door-
way. It is of dressed sandstone, pointed in the arch, and
splayed on the angles. But if so, how did the tower fire-
places emit their smoke before the introduction of
chimneys into this country ? The fact is that the plan
published in Dr. Taylor's book has grievously misled
him, for after taking careful measurements of the place,
it at once became evident to me that the house-part has
its own southern wall, 3 feet in thickness, built in a
different way, and abutting hard up against the tower, as
may be seen on the plan which is here published. More-
over, is it not quite possible that — when this addition was
made — the old pointed doorway, which at first might
have formed the external entrance into the vaulted
ground floor of the tower, was removed to adorn the
entrance of the new and more habitable dwelling ?
However, the doorway now leads into the hallen, 28
feet long, which traverses the breadth of the building, to
the down house and back door. This was the prevailing
plan of entry in most of the country houses of the seven-
teenth century. From the hallen, by passing through the
mell door, you enter into another passage, called the heck,
which is now fully divided off from the house-room by a
thin plastered partition. This room — the great dining
hall of later days — originally seems to have been about
28 feet by some 14J feet, but the space has in modern
times been divided into two rooms, and an external door-
way has been opened through the old muUioned window.
The farm buildings are of quite a modern date.
( . »» . -
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(289)
Art. XXIV. — Pre-Norman Cross-fragment Jrom Glassonby.
By W. G. COLLINGWOOD.
Read at Carlisle, June 20th, 1900.
IN Early Sculptured Crosses, &c., in the Diocese of Carlisle
(p. 137) this fragment is figured and described as far
as possible while it was still in its old position. On
May 17th, 1900, the owner, Mr. W. E. Rowley, most
kindly had it taken out of the wall for presentation to
TuUie House Museum. As the wall appears to be part of
a seventeenth century house, the stone must have been
built up in it for 200 years or more ; and there is no local
tradition of its previous history, though the Standing Cross
and the Anglian fragments at the church are said to have
been brought from the old Addingham Church by the
river, and this may have come from the same place.
But this fragment is quite different from the others. It
is of local soft red sandstone, measuring, as now detached,
19 by 8 by 7 inches over all, and showing one edge and
two sides of a shaft, broken short and split lengthwise.
The edge, as already described, bears the key-pattern,
and key-patterns are not common in our district. Only
two other of our pre-Norman stones have key-patterns
on the edge, — ^the so-called Norse Cross at St. Bees, and
the " First Curwen-Vault Fragment " at Workington
{Early Sculptured Crosses, pp. 260 and 280) ; and these
two are both of a late type. None of ours have this kind
of pattern, a double band of shapes like a square capital
T placed alternately ; but it occurs, better drawn, on the
edge of a fragment in the Grosvenor Museum, Chester,
and on the Maen-y-Chwyfan, Flintshire, a late cross
which has some resemblance to our curious spiral crosses.
It is seen also on a cross at St. Vigean's, Forfarshire,
with triquetra, dwarfed figures, and wheel-head.
CROSS FRAGMENT FROM GLASSONBY. 29I
The single band of T-pattern is found in Cheshire,
Wales and Cornwall, and a grave-slab bearing it at
Clonmacnois is dated 931 a.d. This seems to show that
the pattern is not Welsh, but brought in from Ireland by
the settlers who came to many places, especially to
Cumberland, and to the mouth of the Dee, in the tenth
and eleventh centuries.
The newly-revealed sides are much worn, but one, seen
in a side-light, reveals a dragon with thick body and
small head, biting its tail, among loose interlacing, rudely
picked out and accentuated with a few deep drill-holes.
On the other side there is what may be meant for a
figure, like the most degenerate angels and evangelists of
the North Lancashire group, but even clumsier in draw-
ing and cutting. It has been doubted whether the
texture described as picked or hacked is not merely the
result of weathering ; a doubt which, I think, may be set
at rest bv close examination of this stone. The drill-
holes are such as occur in the Scandinavian work at
Beckermet and Gosforth.
A bit of Greek fret over a window in Glassonby is
pointed out as possibly part of this or another such cross ;
but it must be Renaissance work. Our stone is one of a
series which I take to be the work of the Irish-Vikings.
(292)
Art. XXV. — Fragments of an Early Cross at the A bbeyj
Carlisle, By W. G. Collingwood.
Read at BownesS'On-Wtndermere, September i8th, 1900.
TiURING our last meeting the Bishop of Barrow-in-
^ Furness showed me two fragments not hitherto
described. They were found in or about 1888 in making
alterations to his house at the Abbey, Carlisle. Their
exact site would have been the western end of the
cathedral in its ancient form.
The fragments are of red sandstone, each 9 inches in
height, 4J inches (more or less) thick, and 5J inches
broad. The carving is all in relief, and neatly chiselled.
They are the lateral arms of a cross which must have
been very like the Fratry crosshead in general form, also
in having an interlaced pattern on the ends of the arms.
This interlacing, however, is in straight lines ; but there
is something like it in an Anglian cross from St. Oswald's
(now in the Cathedral Library), Durham; and though
open in design, is not irregular as Norman interlacing
often is.
In the knobs on one face this cross is like that at the
Cathedral, Carlisle, which, with its knobs joined by raised
spines to a central boss, I take to be the original pattern
of the white crossheads at Beckermet (St. John's), at
Bridekirk, at Bromfield, at Crosscanonby, at Dearham,
and at Kirkby Stephen, which must all be rustic imita-
tions of the good Anglian work at Carlisle. The zigzags
round the knobs, which at first seem rude and formless,
turn out, when the whole head is restored from the
fragments, to be irregular only in order that they may
follow the curves of the spaces they have to fill. These
zigzags are a cheap way of getting the effect of key-
I ' >^ —7"'"
ii
IP
i---..^
294 FRAGMENTS OF AN EARLY CROSS.
pattern ; they are most unusual, but must be a develop-
ment of Anglian art in a rather late stage. In a later and
more debased stage they are replaced by the wandering
spirals of the well-known Cumbrian type, as in the head
of the so-called Kenneth cross at Dearham. The free-
armed head is, I think, Anglian as opposed to the Irish
wheel-cross, a later type. The Anglian character of this
cross is distinctly seen in the reverse with its leaves and
fruit degenerated a little from the Anglo-Italian scrolls of
the Bewcastle and Hexham types.
We may, perhaps, find a date for this cross from the
fact that the Anglian occupation of Carlisle began about
680 A.D., and ended with the destruction of the city by
the Danes in 876. This is evidently not a work of the
finer and earlier time, so that it may be roughly placed in
the later part of that period. It seems to have stood in
fair preservation until it was intentionally mutilated. By
knocking off these fragments a long through-stone would
have been got by the cathedral builders, some 400 years
after the cross was set up ; and we know how often the
older monuments were used in that way for building
purposes.
(295)
Art. XXVI. — Tumulus at Gray son-lands, Glassonby, Cum-
berland. By W. G. COLLINGWOOD.
Read at Carlisle, June 20th, 1900.
^PHIS tumulus is mentioned by Canon Greenwell and
-■- Dr. RoUeston in British Barrows, pp. 7-8, and by
Chancellor Ferguson in these Transactions, vol. xiii., p. 394.
" Standing on it," he said, " one can trace a stone circle
or fence within its circumference. It would probably
repay investigation, but such would be a very expensive
piece of work."
By the kindness of the owner, Mr. W. E. Rowley, an
investigation has now been made, under the care of the
Rev. Canon Thornley. Most of the digging has been
done by George Cheesebrough, who had the previous
experience of opening the Parks tumulus, just across the
beck in Dale Raven. The accompanying plan was made
by the present writer on repeated visits in May and June,
1900, during the progress of excavation.
The limits of the tumulus are ill defined ; the north-east
side has been shaved off by the plough ; but it is about
100 to no feet in diameter, and 310 feet in circumference.
It was formed of small water-worn cobble-stones taken
" off the land," and thrown upon an irregular natural
elevation, to an average height of about 2 feet over the
central area, inside the circle. The depth of the layer of
cobble-stones at various places is marked in the plan;
the great inequality in the figures is due to the undulation
of the natural floor, for the surface of the tumulus was
fairly level, and defined by a layer of stones which seemed
to have been broken intentionally, as if the whole had
been gone over with a hammer, smashing the hard
pebbles to make them lie close. Upon this in recent
times some clearings from the fields have been thrown.
TUMULUS AT GRAYSON-LANDS, GLASSONBY.
297
Length.
Breadth.
Height
44 in.
24 m.
33 in.
33
19
20
46
14
18
43
22
16
43
29
3«
44
40
33
«3
37
42
27
12
37
34
30
36
The circle and kist are now fully exposed, and will be
allowed to remain in situ. The circle, or rather oval, is
49 feet in diameter on the longer axis, and 44 feet on the
shorter, internal measurement. Several of the stones
had been removed before digging was begun ; but there
are now thirty remaining. Beginning from the kist, they
are : —
No. Material.
1. Red sandstone
2. Gray cobble
3. Do., with glacial striae
4. Blue whin ... .
5. Gray cobble
Gap of 65 inches.
6. Brecciated greenstone
(Close to this was a red sandstone
siao) .«• ••• ... ...
7. Gray Skiddaw granite ... "...
8. Brecciated greenstone
9. Cleaved greenstone
10. Cleaved brecciated greenstone
(Near this were five fragments of
red sandstone slabs).
11. Red sandstone
12. Brecciated greenstone with glacial
Sirias ... ... ... ...
Gap of 30 inches.
13. Brecciated greenstone
Gap of 14 feet 10 inches from which
stones have been removed.
14. Granite (?)
Gap of 14 inches.
15. Brecciated greenstone
16. Hard white sandstone
Gap of 17 inches.
17. Gray Skiddaw granite
18. Cobble ... ... ... ...
19. Cobble ... ... ... ...
20. Red sandstone
21. Gray cobble
Gap of 30 inches.
22. Gray cobble
Gap of 98 inches.
20
15
2
60
20
«3
41
28
16
85
36
6
59
30
14
16
16
10
12
46
33
19
33
22
12
5«
32
26
40
26
12
42
24
24
44
12
22
42
26
24
22
28
298 TUMULUS AT GRAYSON -LANDS, GLASSONBY.
23.
Red sandstone
24.
U%Jt ••• •••
25.
UOt ••• •••
26.
Granite
27.
Cobble ...
28.
Cobble
Gap of 51 inches.
2^.
Granite
Gap of 55 inches.
30.
Greenstone
Gap of 48 inches at the kist.
2d
14
12
24
H
H
28
18
17
32
30
22
27
16
II
42
23
19
36
6
22
48
23
28
The measurements are given as the stones now lie, but
many of them, on the western side especially, have fallen
in course of digging, and originally what is given as their
breadth must have been their height. They were set on
edge on the natural ground, close together, to form a
continuous fence, and no.t sunk in the soil but propped
with the small cobbles which form the tumulus.
Between 30 and i, or between 5 and 6, there was,
about 25 years ago, a stone described by Mr. Thomas
Glaister, of Glassonby, as over 3 feet long, about 6 inches
thick, and 2 feet high, of red sandstone, with a spiral or
concentric circles, like the figure on Long Meg, incised
on its side.
The kist measures internally 39 to 34 inches by 19 to
20 inches, and is 19 to 24 inches deep. Its walls are
formed of four red-sandstone slabs 8 to 12 inches thick ;
its floor is of red sand from the stone. Its cover is in
three pieces, 5 to 6 inches thick. The top of the cover is
a little below the original surface of the ground. It had
been opened and rifled long before our explorations were
begun.
At the place marked in the plan " Burnt Spot " there
was charcoal on the original floor. At the place marked
in the plan " Bead," and at or near the original surface,
was found the bead of light blue transparent glass with a
wavy line of opaque white, now in TuUie House Museum.
Such beads have been found in interments from the
'-■ «
^ <
THE GLASSONBY UBN.
TUMULUS AT GRAYSON-LANDS, GLAS50NBY. 299
Bronze Age through Roman times up to the Anglo-Saxon
period.
Outside the circle two interments of burnt bones were
found. One was four feet north of stone No. 20, a mere
loose deposit in a hole in the natural surface of the
ground, with neither urn nor flag nor even cobble-paving
to protect it. The other was under an urn, at a point
E. 20° S. of the gap between Nos. 28 and 29, 10 feet
6 inches from the circumference of the circle. The urn
is 12J inches high, 10 to loj inches in diameter at the
mouth, which is not quite circular as the urn is hand-
shaped, not turned. It has a band of ornament usual in
urns of the period, consisting of six lines of incised marks.
Great credit is due to George Cheesebrough for getting it
out in an absolutely perfect condition, and it is now in
Tullie House Museum. The bones are described in the
subsequent article.
The site is called by some Grayson or Graystone-lands,
with which Canon Thornley compares "Gray Yauds "
(horses), the name of the circle of stones formerly existing
on King Harry moor, six miles to the north of this ;
adding that "Grayson" is not one of the family names
in the neighbourhood. I understand, however, that
" Grayson-lands " is the name in the title-deeds. Long
Meg is ij mile to the south, and there are other circles
in the immediate neighbourhood, though none more
interestingly showing so many features of a burial of
the Bronze Age.
(300)
Art. XXVIL — On the Bones from Grayson-lands Tumidus,
Glassonby. By Dr. Henry Barnes, LL.D., F.R.S.E.;
with remarks by Professor Sir William Turner,
D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S.
Read at Bowness-on-Windermere, September i8th, igoo.
^PHE bones found in the Grayson-lands Tumulus were
* handed by Mr. CoUingwood to me for examination.
They consisted of two lots, which differed somewhat in
character. The larger lot were found in or under the
urn, and the other a short distance away. There were
numerous fragments of wood charcoal with the first
named, and the earth mixed with them was of a darker
colour, possibly due to admixture with charcoal. Having
carefully washed and cleaned the bones, it was abundantly
clear that many of the fragments were portions of the
human skeleton; but some of the fragments were so
small, and others so altered and twisted by the action
of fire, that it seemed to me impossible for any one
but an expert in comparative anatomy to determine
their exact character. I accordingly submitted them
to my old teacher. Sir William Turner, D.C.L., LL.D.,
F.R.S., Professor of Anatomy in the University of
Edinburgh, who has kindly sent me a report on them.
The two lots were labelled respectively A and B. In
the first, being the bones found in or under the urn,
there were 24 human teeth, the incisors, canines, molars
and bicuspids all being represented. The largest firag-
ment in this lot was a portion of a thigh bone, which
presented a rounded head, and some of those who saw it
thought it had been rounded by artificial means, as if to
fit it for the handle of some implement. I therefore
directed special attention to this specimen, and as the
Edinburgh Professor is well known for his researches
ON THE BOKES I^ROM CEtAVSOH-LAKDS "TUMUlUS. 30I
" On Early Man in Scotland," his opinion on this point
will carry great weight. It will be seen from his report
that he considers that the burial belongs to the Bronze
Age, and he does not recognise anything in the appear-
ance of the fragment which may not have been caused by
the action of the fire. There were fragments of bones of
the skull in both lots, and from their appearance I was
led to the opinion that the bones found in or under the
urn were those of a man, and the others those of a
woman. This opinion is partly confirmed by Sir William
Turner. On examination of some of the fragments in
lot A, I was struck by the presence of irregular-shaped
blue stains. These stains were only found on the skull
bones. Canon Greenwell, in his book on British Barrows,
p. 16, mentions that burnt bones have frequently a blue
or green tinge, and this has sotnetimes been thought to
indicate the former presence of some article of bronze,
which had entirely gone to decay. He states, however,
that chemical analysis has demonstrated that the blue
colour is not due to the bones having been in contact
with bronze, but is due to the presence of phosphate of
iron, a salt which, although white when pure, can assume
various tinges of blue and green. It has been further
noted, and the observation applies to the bones found at
Grayson-lands, that the discolouration is by no means
confined to the superficial layers of the bones thus
affected. Iron is a natural constituent of bone, and if
this explanation of the causation of the stains is correct,
I should have expected the stains to be more general.
In the bones I examined the stains were only found
among the first lot, and only on the bones of the skull.
At the recent meeting of the British Association I had
some conversation as to the causation of the stains with
Professor Alex. Macalister, F.R.S., of Cambridge, and he
kindly offered to investigate further if I would send him
some specimens. Accordingly, I picked out some of the
best marked stains, and he reports, as the result of his
302 ON -THE BONES FROM GRAYSON-LANDS TUMULUS.
investigation, that he found no trace of copper, and only
a little sign of iron in the stain, but that the colour is
largely organic, and due to the mycelium of a mould
fungus. This he has been able to demonstrate by
microscopic examination. This discovery is interesting,
and I am greatly indebted to Professor Macalister for
conducting this investigation for me, and for his success
in solving the cause of the stains. The presence of iron
is probably accounted for by the iron naturally present in
bony tissue, and the absence of copper shows that no
bronze implements had been buried with the bones.
Memorandum on Fragments of Bone sent to me
BY Dr. Henry Barnes.
Box A contained numerous fragments of bone which
had formed a large part of an adult human skeleton,
obtained, I understand, in an inverted urn buried in a
tumulus. From the sketch of the urn it was obviously
of the cinerary type. The bones had been subjected to
the action of fire, and were split, cracked, and contorted
by the heat, and some were blackened by carbonization
of the animal matter. The appearance presented by the
bones was very characteristic of the effects produced by
the method of cremation practised by the people who
burnt the bodies of the dead, and enclosed the bones in
urns. I should say that the burial belonged to the
Bronze Age. As regards the fragments of a long bone to
which my attention was asked, a portion of the shaft of
of a femur, I do not recognise anything in its appearance
which may not have been produced by the action of fire.
Box B contained a portion of a human skeleton, which,
from the character of the bones, I consider to have
belonged to a younger person than the bones in A, or
possibly they may have been those of a woman. They
showed the customary appearance of a cremated skeleton.
26th July, 1900. W. Turner.
i
(303)
THE ROMAN FORT ON HARDKNOTT.
Supplementary Notes.
By C. W. Dymond, F.S.A., Hon. F.S.A. Scot.
The account of the exploration of Hardknott castrum in 1892,
written by several hands, and published in the twelfth volume of
these Transactions y contains some errors which, if allowed to remain
uncorrected, are likely to mislead those who may refer to it
under the impression that, in every particular, it is to be trusted.
While it is not needful to give reasons for the delay which has
occurred in suppl)dng corrections, it seems well to explain why I
have undertaken the unwelcome task of drawing attention to them.
When the work was projected, the late President proposed — and
it was agreed — ^that he should write the historical portion of the
paper, and that I (who had been entrusted with the direction of the
field-work) should be responsible for the record of the results — ^the
topography, the structural discoveries and the finds. Had this
arrangement been adhered-to, the chances of error would have been
minimized, and some space that has been wasted in duplicate and
occasionally inconsistent notices of the same things would have
been saved. For example : the particulars given in pp. 383-389 are,
for, the most part, taken from reports sent during the progress of
the work, with records of provisional measurements, scaled from
trial sketch-plans, which were not intended for publication until
they had been checked on the plans as finally plotted. Hence,
where the figures found in these pages differ from those given in
Part III, the latter are to be taken as correct.
For brevity's sake, most of the following remarks (restricted to
those matters which came under my immediate notice) are thrown
into the form of a list of corrigenda ; which, however, is by no means
exhaustive ; several items, of only minor importance, being omitted.
Part II.
P. 386, lines 3-6. — That there were spina, is doubtful. (See pp.
399-404).
P. 387, lines 18, 19. — Most certainly this was not a flue. It is
merely the narrow space, between two parallel buildings, which is
often found in the internal arrangements of Roman camps.
304 THE ROMAN FORT ON HARDKNOTT.
P. 387, line 7 from bottom. — ^This was, at first, my own idea ; bat
it was afterwards abandoned. (See p. 409).
P. 389, last line. — Dele " and clerk of the works."
Part III.
P. 405, lines I, 2 ; also lines 10-12. (See next entry).
P. 411, lines 5, 4 from bottom. — ^The lower part of this projection,
left blank in Plate III, was built with selected rubble, laid with a
smooth, level top-surface. A similar surface was uncovered at the
thickened portion of the inner wall of the western tower ; but the
unusual method of construction prevented their true meaning from
being seen at the time. Considered together, there can be little
doubt that these are the last remaining steps (or, possibly, seats of
freestone steps) of short flights, leading, the one from the kitchen to
the cistern, the other to the door of the tower.
P. 412, middle. — The flight of steps postulates a doorway in the
south wall.
Part IV.
It is necessary to premise that the writer of this section left much
of the work at the out-building unfinished. This was completed,
under my supervision, in the autumn, when the inner portion of the
stoke-hole was cleared through, and the masses of earth and
rubbish which still nearly filled the two hypocaust rooms and more
than half the area of the cistern were removed.
P. 420, line 6. — Not " of course." (See p. 405, lower half).
P. 420, line 7 from bottom. — Only one, that could have been used
in an arch (and this a doubtful one), was found here. (See p. 403,
below middle).
P. 420, line 5 from bottom. — Much too positive. The preponder-
ance of the evidence seems to tell against the supposition that these
gateways were arched. For the pros and cons, see pp. 399-403.
Other reasons for hesitating to accept the arch theory might have
been added. Of these, it may sufiice to mention one, — the very
loose style of building adopted in the flanking walls, accurately
delineated in Plate V, which, to one accustomed to judge of
masonry, does not suggest that these were intended to carry any
such heavy superstructures.
P. 423, line II. — There was no concrete; only the gravelly natural
surface under the turf.
P. 424, line 6 from bottom. — No lines of road were traced. The
whole of the under surface, where exposed within the camp, was
alike gravelly.
^ffmmm
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A5T0R, LENOX AN»
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INDEX OF
ARCHillOLOGICAL
PAPERS
1665—1890
IN ONE VOLUME.
COMPILED BY
GEORGE LAURENCE GOMME, F.SA., rrc.
PUBLISHED T7NDER THE DIRECTION OF THE CONGRESS
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PREFACE
«
Ths compilation of this index was commenced by Mr. Gomme
twenty-five years ago ; but the years brought other duties
and the work hngered, though it was never relinquished.
When The ArchcBologiccU Review was started the printing
of the index was begun as an appendix to that journal, but
the fourth volume having ended its career the printing of
the index also came to an end. Nothing further was accom-
plished until Messrs. Constable undertook the pubHcation
of the Index for subscribers, and subsequently the work
was taken up by the Congress of Archaeological Societies
in union with the Society of Antiquaries.
The work has been laborious beyond all conception, and
should be of immense value. Great work has been accom-
plished in this country to bring its rich archaeological and
historical remains into use, but this work is scattered.
The Index finishes where the annual index published by
the Congress of Archaeological Societies begins, and there is
now for the first time a continuous index from the first publi-
cations in the philosophical transactions of the Royal Society
^ down to the present time.
CONTENTS
Anthropological Institute Journal.
Anthropological Society of London, Journal.
Anthropological Society of London, Memoirs.
Antiquaries, Lreland, Proceedings of Royal Society, 3rd series.
Antiquaries, London, Proceedings of Royal Society, i.-iv. ; 2nd series, vol.
i.-xiii.
Antiquaries, Newccistle, Proceedings of Society, vol. ix.
Antiquaries, Scotland, Proceedings of Society, vol. i.-xxv.
Archseologia, vol. i.-l.
ArchsBologia ^Eliana, vol. i.-xiv.
Archffiologia Cambrensis, vol. i.-iv. ; new series, vol. i.~v. ; 3rd series, vol.
i.-xv. : 4th series, vol. i.-xiv. ; 5th series, i.-vii.
CONTENTS— (con*. )
Arohseologia Cantiaiia, vol. i.-xix.
Arohseologia Oxoniensus, vol. i.
ArohsBologia Sootica, vol. i.-v.
ArchaBologioal Institute, Journal, vol. i.-xlvii.
Associated Architectural Societies, Transactions, vol. i.-xx.
Barrow Field Club, Transactions, vol. xiii., xv., xvi.
Bath Field Club, Transactions, vol. i.-vi.
Belfast Naturalist Field Club, vol.
Berwickshire Field Club, vol. i.-xi.
Biblical Archaeology, Society of. Proceedings, vol. i.-xiii.
Birmingham and Midland Institute, Transactions, vol. i.-xvii.
Bristol and Gloucestershire Archseological Society, Transactions, vol. i.-xiv.
Bristol, Archaeological Magazine, vol. i.
Bristol and West of England Archseological Society, 1849.
Bristol Naturalist Society, new series, vol. i.-v.
British Archseological Association, Journal, vol. i.-xlvi.
British Architects, Royal Institute of. Journal, 1860-62 to 1890.
Buckinghamshire Architectural and Archseological Society, Records, vol. i.-vi.
Cambridge Antiquarian Society, vol. i.-vL
Chester and North Wales Archseological and Historical Society, Transactions,
vol. i.-iv.
Clifton Antiquarian Club Proceedings, vol. i.-ii.
Cornwall, Royal Institute of. Proceedings, vol. i.-ix.
Cotteswold Field Club, vol. i.-ix.
Cumberland and Westmorland Archseological Society, Transactions, vol. i.-xi.
Cymmrodorion Society, Transactions, vol. i.-x.
Derbyshire Archseological and Natural History Society, Transactions, vol.
i.-xiii.
Devonshire Association, Transactions, vol. i.-xxi.
Dorset Natural Hjstory and Antiquarian Field Club, Proceedings, vol. i.-xi.
Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiqueu'ian Society,
vol. i.-vii.
Durham and Cumberland Architectural and Archseological Society, 1862,
1863.
Durham and Northumberland Archseological Society, Transactions, vol. i.-iii.
East Riding Archseological Society, Yorks, Transactions, vol.*xi.-xii.
Essex Archseological Society, Transactions, vol. i.-v. ; new series, i.-iii.
Ethnological Society, Transactions, vol. i.-vii.
Ethnological Society, Journal, vol. i.-ii.
Ethnological Society of London, Journal, vol. i.-iv.
Exeter Diocesan Architectural and Archseological Society, Transactions,
vol. i.-vi. ; 2nd series, vol. i.-v.
Folklore, Journal, vol. i.-vii.
Folklore, Proceedings of the Folklore Society, vol. i.
Folklore, Record, vol. i.-v.
Glasgow Archseological Society, Tremsactions, vol. i.-ii.
Gloucester Cathedral, Records, vol. i.-iii.
Hampshire Field Club, Proceedings, vol. i.
Hellenic Society, Joinmal, vol. i.-xi.
Huguenot Society, vol. i.-ii.
Kilkenny Archseological Society, vol. i.-iii. ; new series, vol. i.-vi.
Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society, Transactions, vol. i.-viii.
Lancashire and Cheshire Historical Society, vol. i.-xii. ; new series^ vol. i.-x. ;
3rd series, vol. i.-vi.
Leicester Architectural and Archseological Society, Transcictions, vol. i.-vi.
OONTENTB— (OOftf.)
Lhmpool LitefBTj and Philcsoplucal Society^ voL L-xIt.
London and Middleiex Archsological Society, Transactions, voL L-vi.
Maoohcster Litcfary and Philosophical Society, voL L-t. ; 2nd series, vol.
Ir-Tv. ; 8rd series, voL L-x. ; 4th series, voL L-iii.
Monmouthshire and Caerleon Antiqoarian Society, 1854 to 1889.
Newbory and District Field dub, voL L-iiL
Norfolk and Norwich Archsological Society, Transactions, voL L-x.
Northnmberland and Dnrham Natural History Society, voL L-viL
Numismatic Joomal, toL L-iL
Numismatic Chronicle, voL i-xx. ; new secies, L-xx. ; 3rd series, I.-X.
Oxfordshire ArduBological Society, Transactions, 1893.
Powys Land Club, voL L-xxiv.
Royal Historical Society, Transactions, voL i-iv.
Royal Irish Academy, Transactions, voL L-xxviL
Royal Society, Philosophical Transactions.
Royal Society of Literature, Transactions, voL i-xiv. ; vol. L-iiL ; 2nd seriee
St. Albans and Hertfordshire Architectural and ArduBological Society.
Transactions, 1886 to 1889.
St. PauFs Ecclesiological Society, Transactions, vol. L-iL
Shropshire Archnolbgical and Natural History Society, Transactions, voL
L-xi. ; second seriee, vol. i.-iii.
Somerset Archsological and Natural History Society, Transactions, voL
L— xxxvL
Suffolk Aroheological Institute, Transactions, vol. L-viL
Surrey Aroheological Society, Collections, vol. L-ix.
Sussex ArchsBological Collections, vol. L-xxxvii.
Thoresby Society, Transactions, vol. L-iii.
Tyneside Naturalists Field Club, voL L-vL
Ulster Journal of ArohsBology, voL L-ix.
Velusta Monumenta, vol. L-vL
William Salt ArchsBological Society, Collections, voL t-id.
Wiltshire Arohsologioal and Natural History Magadne, voL L-xxiv.
Yorkshire ArohaBological and Topographical Journal, voL L-x.
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THE ROMAN FORT ON HARDKNOTT. 305
P. 425, line 2. — ^Though there must have been a way of access to
the praetorian gate, no traces of it were seen, and there was not
sufficient time to seek for them.
P. 425, lines II, 12; also last line. — Unquestionably an error.
The gap in this wall was caused by its collapse when, at some
unknown date, the crown of the stoke-hole was abstracted.
P. 426, lines 2, 3. — There were no remains of "the top of the flue."
This part was not then cleared.
P. 426, lines 4-7. — There were seven courses of tiles, i foot loj
inches high ; and the stoke-hole was 2 feet 2 inches wide. (See
Plate III.)
P. 427, line 5. — There was no sign of a flue having been carried
under the doorway.
P. 427, lines 17, 18. — ^The tiles were 11 inches and 8 inches square.
P. 427, lines 4, 3 from bottom. — Much larger. (See Plate III.)
P. 427, line 3 from bottom ; also p. 428, line 15. Query a flue, or
the basement of a staircase ?
P. 429, line 15; p. 431, lines; plate opposite p. 429. — The
** outlet," or '* conduit," is wholly imaginary. The thin wall across
the cistern did not exist; nor was the excavation carried so far
that way at the time.
P. 430, line 21. — For north-western read north-eastern. It is
not so thick.
P. 430, line 7, from bottom; also p. 431, line 11. — Not "by
mistake."
P. 431, line 6. — For correction, see Plate III., and p. 412, lines 4-6.
Appendix : List of Finds.
This is incomplete. It contains an account of those finds only
which came under my own notice. Others are described in Part IV.
P. 438 : Coins. — For quinarius, ahd a.d. 91 read denarius, and
A.D. 95.
(3o6)
PROCEEDINGS.
First Meeting.
The first meeting of the Society in 1900 was held at Carlisle on
Wednesday and Thursday, the 20th and 21st of June, the committee
for local arrangements being Dr. Barnes, the Rev. G. E. Gilbanks,
and Mr. T. H. Hodgson.
Amongst those present were: — The Bishop of Barrow-in-Fumess;
Dr. Barnes, Carlisle ; Mr. and Mrs. T. Hesketh Hodgson, Newby
Grange ; Canon Bower and Mrs. Bower, Carlisle ; Canon Sherwen,
Dean ; Canon Thornley, Kirkoswald ; the Rev. J. J. Burrow, Ireby ;
the Rev. J. Brunskill, Ormside ; the Rev. A. G. Loftie, Great
Salkeld ; the Rev. W. R. Hopper, Kirkbride; the Rev. J. Baker,
Burgh-by- Sands ; the Rev. J. Whiteside, Helsington; Mr. T.
Horrocks, Eden Brows ; Mr. E. H. Banks, Highmoor ; Mr. R. D.
Marshall, Castlerigg Manor, Keswick ; Mr. D. McB. Watson,
Hawick; Mr. T. C. Hughes, Lancaster; Mr. J. Duckworth, Petteril
Street, Carlisle ; Miss Beevor, Carlisle ; Miss Creighton, Carlisle ;
the Misses Cartmell, Carlisle; Mr. Hunt, Abbey Street, Carlisle;
Mrs. Carrick, Scotby ; Mr. Hendy, Carlisle Grammar School ; Mr.
J. P. Watson, Garth Marr, Castlecarrock ; Miss Donald, Stanwix;
Mr. Crowder, jun., Carlisle; Mr. J. H. Martindale, Wetheral;
Mr. Joseph Cartmell, Brigham ; Mr. and Mrs. H. B. Lonsdale,
Kirkandrews; Miss Noble, Beckfoot, Penrith; Mr. and Mrs. M.
Hair, Carlisle ; Mr. A. Sparke, Carlisle ; Miss Hind, Fisher Street,
Carlisle; Miss Thompson, Workington; Mr. D. Burns, Stanwix;
Mr. G. Watson, Penrith ; Mr. A. B. Clark, Aspatria ; Mr. E. L.
Nailson, Whitehaven ; Mr. A. Satterthwaite, Lancaster ; Mr. W.
Scott, Carlisle; Mr. John Robinson, Middlesborough ; Mr. and
Miss Fletcher, Stoneleigh, Workington ; Mrs. Brootch and Miss
Quirk, Carlisle; Mrs. J. Todd, Harraby; Mr. T. Wilson, Kendal;
Mr. W. G. CoUingwood, Coniston ; Mr. and Mrs. J. F. Curwen,
Kendal, &c., &c.
About two o'clock on Wednesday afternoon the members
assembled at Tullie House, where they were met by Mr. B. Scott,
Mr. Wheatley, and other members of the Public Library Committee.
The building and its contents were described by Mr. Sparke, the
Librarian, of whose carefuUy-prepared paper, Article IV. in this
PROCEEDINGS. 307
volume formed part ; the remainder will appear, we understand,
with illustrations, in a popular magazine. In the mediaeval room,
Mr. Collingwood called attention to the fragment of a cross-shaft
from Glassonby, and the urn and glass bead from the tumulus at
Grayson -lands, three objects which had just been presented to the
Museum by Mr. W. E. Rowley, of Glassonby. (Articles XXIV. and
XXVI.) The party then visited the Cathedral under the guidance
of the Bishop of Barrow, who entertained them afterwards to tea in
the Fratry, where the annual meeting was held.
Mr. T. Wilson took the chair at the opening of the meeting, and
referred to the great loss which the Society had sustained through
the death of Chancellor Ferguson. The first business now was to
elect a president in his place. — Mr. T. H. Hodgson also spoke of
the loss sustained by the death of the President, under whose
guidance the Society had attained its flourishing condition. There
were not two opinions as to the fittest man in the Society to succeed
him, and he now moved that the Bishop of Barrow be elected
president. The Bishop was an original member, he had regularly
attended the meetings of the Society, and had contributed papers
to its Transactions. — Canon Bower seconded the motion. He
believed they would all be much pleased to have Bishop Ware as
their president. (Applause.) — ^The motion was carried unanimously ;
and Bishop Ware took the chair amid renewed applause. He was,
he said, very grateful for the h(jnour conferred upon him, and he
valued it very highly. This was to them a sad meeting, because of
the great loss the Society had sustained in the death of their late
President, Chancellor Ferguson. He felt the loss as a personal
one, because to him and his he had been a dear old friend. He
had been for many years the life and soul of the Society. His
knowledge of the history and archaeology of the district was quite
unequalled. He was always ready to help and encourage beginners,
and to put his knowledge at their service in the most generous
manner, (applause) sometimes with very useful results. Of this
he might take one instance. The work on the Church Plate in the
diocese was the first of the kind undertaken, but after its publica-
tion the example was followed in other dioceses. Their late
President was a true archaeologist ; but he himself could only call
himself a person with a taste for archaeology. He would do his best
to discharge the duties of the post to which they had just elected
him, and to see that the interests of the Society did not suffer in his
hands. (Cheers.)
The patrons, vice-presidents, members of the Council, auditors,
secretaries, and treasurer were re-elected as follows : —
Pairons: — The Right Hon. The Lord Muncaster, F.S.A., Lord
308 PROC££DtNGS.
Lieatenant of Cumberland ; The Right Hon. The Lord Hothfield,
Lord Lieutenant of Westmorland.
Vice-Presidents :— The Right Rev. The Lord Bishop of Carlisle ;
The Very Rev. The Dean of Carlisle ; The Earl of Carlisle ; James
Cropper, Esq. ; H. F. Curwen, Esq. ; John Fell, Esq., Flan How ;
C. F. Ferguson, Esq., F.S.A. ; F. Haverfield, Esq., F.S.A. ; Hon.
W. Lowther ; H. F. Pelham, Esq., F.S.A., President Trinity Collie,
Oxford; Ven. Archdeacon Prescott, D.D.; W. O. Roper, Esq.,
F.S.A. ; H. P. Senhouse, Esq. ; His Honour Judge Steavenson.
Elected Members of Council: — H. Barnes, Esq., M.D., LL.D.,
Carlisle ; Rev. Canon Bower, M.A., Carlisle : W. G. Collingwood,
Esq., M.A., Coniston ; H. S. Cowper, Esq., F.S.A., Hawkshead ;
J. F. Haswell, Esq., M.D., Penrith ; T. H. Hodgson, Esq., Newby
Ghrange; Rev. F. L. H. Millard, M.A., Aspatria; Colonel Sewell,
Brandlingill ; Joseph Swainson, Esq., Stonecross; E. T. Tyson,
Esq., Cockermouth ; George Watson, Esq., Penrith ; Rev. James
Wilson, M.A., Dalston.
Auditors :-^]2jnes G. Gandy, Esq., Heaves; R. H. Greenwood,
Esq., Bankfield.
Treasurer : — W. D. Crewdson, Helm Lodge, Kendal.
Secretaries: — T. Wilson, Esq., Aynam Lodge, Kendal; J. F.
Curwen, Esq., Horncop Hall, Kendal.
Mr. W. G. Collingwood was elected editor of the Transactions, on
the motion of the President, seconded by Dr. Barnes. — It was
reported that at the last meeting Mr. T. H. Hodgson had been
elected chairman of the Council. — Mr. Titus Wilson submitted the
report of the treasurer, Mr. Crewdson, who had not been able to
attend. It showed that the Society was in a very good position, the
balance in hand being ;f 240. Special accounts showed balances to
the good, including the Fumess Abbey Exploration Account, out
of which over ;f 200 had been spent.
Thirty -four new members had been elected since the last annual
meeting, and twenty-two had resigned or died. — Mr. Curwen read
the report of the Sub- Committee appointed in connection with the
excavations at Furness Abbey, which had recommended that the
excavations in the north transept be allowed to remain open, and
that those of the chancel should be filled in. The Fumess Railway
Company had been communicated with, and so far as they were
concerned they had no objection to the proposals of the Sub-
Committee. — On the motion of Mr. CoUingwoojd it was agreed that
the next meeting of the Society be held at Windermere about
Thursday, September 6th, and a local sub-committee was appointed
to make arrangements. The appointment of delegates to the
Congress of Archaeological Societies was left to the CounciL
PROCEEDINGS. 309
Papers were then read by the Bishop of Barrow on " Bishop
Nicolson's Diaries" (Article I) — by Dr. Barnes on "Roman
Medicine and Roman Medical Practitioners" (Article 1 1) — by Canon
Bower "On a Brass found at Arthuret Church" (Article VII) —
and by Canon Thornley on " Children's Games as Played at
Kirkoswald" (Article XXL) Papers were also communicated and
taken as read by the Rev. J. Brunskill on " Ormshed and its
Church" (Article XIII), and by the Rev. J. Whiteside on "A
Letter of 1745 " (Article XIV), " Little Strickland Chapel " (Article
XV), "Matterdale Church and School" (Article XIX), and
" Swindale Chapel " (Article XX.)
In the evening a large party dined at the Central Hotel, the
Bishop of Barrow in the chair, and after dinner a paper by Mrs.
Hodgson, of New by Grange, ** On Some Surviving Fairies " (Article
VIII) was read ; and Mr. George Watson gave an account of
" The Two Lions Inn, or Gerard Lowther's House at Penrith "
(Article V.)
The second day was occupied with an excursion to Holme
Cultram, leaving by the 9-15 train in the morning for Abbey Town,
and returning in two chars-^-bancs and a waggonette by way of
Newton Arlosh, Kirkbride, Drumburgh, and Burgh.
On arrival at Abbey Town the party was met by the Rev. A. F.
Sheppard, the rector, and his curate, the Rev. G. E. Gilbanks, and
proceeded at once to the Abbey, where Mr. Sheppard described the
more interesting features of the old building ; whilst Mr. Gilbanks,
who has given the public the benefit of his researches in a recently-
published volume, took a party round the exterior of the edifice,
and pointed out where the cloisters and other parts of the old
Abbey were likely to have been situated. At the Abbey an hour
was pleasantly spent, as the octogenarian rector discoursed con
amore on the archaeological features of the old building, with which
his 25 years' association as parish clergyman have familiarised him.
At eleven o'clock the conveyances were ready for the drive through
the Holme. Fortunately for the success of the outing the weather
was delightfully fine, and members of the Society who were making
a first acquaintance with the district were charmed with the
beautiful country through which they passed, and especially with
the view of the Scotch hills across the Solway, which were seen to
much advantage.
On arrival at Raby Cote (now a farmhouse about a couple of
miles from the Abbey), one of the four Granges established by the
monastery, the party was addressed by Mr. Francis Grainger, of
Southerfield, who gave an interesting history of the Chambers
family (Article XVI 1 1.) At the close Mr. Grainger was thanked for
310 PROCEEDINGS.
his able address, on the motion of the President (the Bishop of
Barrow).
From Raby Cote the party was driven to Newton Arlosh, where
the church was visited. Mr. T. H. Hodgson read the late Mr. J. A.
Cory's description of the building from the second volume of the
Transactions, and the vicar of the parish, the Rev. J. Mitchell, gave
further information regarding the structure. It would appear that
what is now called the new church, and goes back to 1845, was
added to the north side of the old one, with the result that the
so-called east window is really in the north wall, so that the vicar of
the parish, as one authority expressed it, is the most rubrically
correct clergyman in the diocese. The original east window, in the
old portion of the church, is only 11 inches wide, and when the
church was restored and enlarged the seats were turned round to
face the chancel, which is now the northern part of the building.
The next stage of the journey was to Kirkbride, where the
restored church was described by the Rev. W. R. Hopper. A few
more miles of pleasant driving brought the Society to the Roman
Fort at Drumburgh, where Mr. T. H. Hodgson described the
excavations which were carried out last August. (See Article V. in
volume XVI.)
During the stay at Drumburgh some members of the party
inspected an ancient carved stone built into an outhouse of a farm,
and the suggestion was made that it should be removed into the
safe-keeping of the Museum. This, by the kindness of the owner,
has since been done, and a paper upon it, with illustrations, has
been prepared by Mr. Sparke for the next volume of our Transac-
tions,
After time had been allowed for refreshments the Society
assembled at Drumburgh Castle, which was probably built with
stones taken from the Fort. The party were shown over the rooms,
and subsequently Mr. T. H. Hodgson read the description of the
building which is given in the Lysons' History of Cumberland.
According to this authority, the Castle, as it now appears, seems to
have been rebuilt in the reign of Henry VIII. by Thomas Lord
Dacre. The Castle is now the property of Lord Lonsdale, having
come into the possession of the Lowther family towards the close of
the seventeenth century, when Mr. John Aglionby conveyed it to
Sir John Lowther in exchange for Nunnery.
An enjoyable drive of between four and five miles more brought
the Society to the last place in the day's programme — the fortified
church at Burgh, where Mr. D. Bums read a paper. He said he
had come to the conclusion that the building was really a fortified
church, and not a fortress and a church built close together. He
PROCEEDINGS. 3II
was further of opinion that the tower and the nave were the oldest
part, going back to the eleventh century, that the chancel and east
tower were added later, and the north aisle in the thirteenth century.
If these conclusions were correct Burgh Church was the oldest
fortified church in the country, and from certain features of it which
had never been explained, he hazarded the theory that it was
originally a heathen temple. He added that other churches,
notably Kirkbride, possessed similar features, from which he was
inclined to draw the same conclusion. Mr. Burns was thanked for
his interesting, if not entirely convincing, paper, and after tea at the
Lowther Arms the last stage of the journey was undertaken, and
Carlisle reached about six o'clock, when the members took leave of
each other after having enjoyed a pleasant outing. After the
church had been visited at Burgh, a slight shower fell, and this
was all the rain of which the party had any experience after leaving
Carlisle in the morning.
The new members elected at this meeting was: — Rev. A. H.
Watson, Rectory, Ovingham-on-Tyne ; Mr. W. Scott, Woodbine,
Chatsworth Square, Carlisle ; Mr. R. W. Moore, Fernacre, White-
haven ; Miss Lucas, Stanegarth, Bampton ; Mr. T. Wigham,
Spencer Street, Carlisle ; Mr. J. Wilkinson, 9, Chatsworth Square,
Carlisle; Mr. Howard Pease, Arcot Hall, Dudley, Northumberland;
Mrs. W. E. Rowley, Glassonby, Kirkoswald, Cumberland.
Second Meeting.
The second meeting of the Cumberland and Westmorland
Antiquarian and Archaeological Society was held on Tuesday and
Wednesday, i8th and igth September, 1900 ; the headquarters of
the members being the Belsfield Hotel, Bowness-on-Windermere.
On the afternoon of the first day the district visited was the
Kentmere valley ; the second day's excursion was from Bowness
through Winster, Crosthwaite, and Witherslack, to Grange. The
committee for local arrangements consisted of Mr. H. S. Cowper,
F.S.A., Mr. W. G. Collingwood, and Mr. J. Swainson, with the
honorary secretaries.
Amongst the members present were : — The Bishop of Barrow-in-
Furness, Mr. T. H. Hodgson, Carlisle; Mr. and Miss Cropper,
EUergreen ; the Hon. Mrs. C. J. Cropper, Canon Rawnsley and
party, Messrs. W. Little, J. O. Little, and W. O. Little, Chapel
Ridding, Windermere ; Mr. and Mrs. J. Procter Watson, Castle
Carrick; Mr. J. Holme Nicholson, Miss Poynting; Mr. Wilson
312 PROCEEDINGS.
Shaw ; Mrs. Simpson, Romanway ; Mrs. and Miss Todd, Harbray ;
Mrs. Hodgson, Mrs. Highet, Miss Thompson, Miss C. Thompson,
Workington ; Miss Nanson, Penrith ; the Rev. A. F. Still Hill,
Dufton; Miss M. E. Macray, Miss Gough, Whitfield; the Rev.
R. V. Nanson, Matterdale ; Mr. W. D. Macray, Oxford ; Mr. John
Gunson, Ulpha ; the Rev. E. H. Curwen, Aspatria; Mr. and Mrs.
F. H. M. Parker, Fremington; the Rev. W. Lowthian, Troutbeck;
the Misses Noble and the Misses Beck, Beckfoot ; the Rev. W. and
Mrs. Hopper, Kirkbride ; Mr. George Watson, Penrith ; Miss Ada
M. Richardson, Penrith ; Dr. Barnes, Miss Creighton, Carlisle ;
Mr. and Mrs. W. G. Collingwood, Coniston ; Dr. Mason, Winder-
mere ; Mr. H. S. Cowper, Hawkshead ; Mr. and Mrs. S. L. Petty,
Ulverston ; Mr, Swainson, Kendal ; Miss Gibson, Whelprigg ; Miss
Quirk, Mr. W. L. Fletcher, Workington ; the Rev. and Mrs. A. G.
Loftie, Great Salkeld ; Mr. J. A. Martindale, Staveley ; Dr. Mason,
Windermere; and Mr. J. Wiper, Kendal, and others.
Those of the members and their friends who had travelled to
Bowness by the Furness Railway left the Belsfield Hotel for
Staveley en route for Kentmere in conveyances about noon. The
weather at the time was misty and unfavourable, and the outlook
was decidedly unpromising. Staveley was reached a little before
one o'clock, and here the arrival of the 12-49 train from the south
was awaited. A good number of members came by this train, and
were found places on spare vehicles which were in readiness. As
Staveley was left umbrellas were in demand, and the mountains at
the head of the valley were wreathed in mist.
The first feature to be inspected was the British village at Mill
Rigg, about three miles drive up the valley. The party alighted at
the farm on the roadside, and went up the hill through three or
four fields to the remains of the camp, under the guidance of Mr.
Jonathan Addison, the farmer, and his son. The camp and its
surroundings were described by Mr. J. A. Martindale, of Staveley.
(Article XVI.)
After a stay of about half an hour the conveyances were re-
mounted, and a drive of about a mile and a half brought the party
to Low Bridge, where those who desired took tea at Hutchinson's
refreshment house. Just across the road firom Hutchinson's is the
" disestablished " Low Bridge Inn, which some years ago was the
subject of that epoch-making license-law case, " Sharp v. Wakefield."
The church, two minutes' walk away, was next visited. The
interior of the edifice possesses more architectural interest and
charm than the plain whitewashed exterior gives promise of. Look-
ing down the vale from the porch of the church the view was
exceedingly fine. Shut in by lofty hills, the valley is watered by the
PROCEEDINGS. 313
river Kent, which rises a little to the north. Formerly, a liiile or so
south of the church, there was a lake or mere, but this was drained
off in the early part of the present century, and its site is now
pasture land. The church was in past times a chapel-of-ease
served from Kendal. The burial ground was consecrated in 1701.
The salary of the curate was formerly only £6 yearly. The Rev.
R. J. Pigott, the vicar, was present, and explained the features of
the church to the visitors, pointing out that the windows were all
originally in triplets of lancet lights, and that the chancel was once
separated from the nave by a wooden screen. The roof dated about
1550. At the church a paper was read by Mr. James Cropper on
the Gilpins of Kentmere. (Article XXII.)
The hall, notable as the birthplace of Bernard Gilpin, was
described by Mr. Curwen, the junior hon. secretary. (Article
XXIII.) The party went round to the rear of the building in order
the better to view the massive square tower, the front face of it
being thickly covered with ivy. A good many of the party
ascended to the top of the tower, which is reached by a staircase
not easy to climb. Before the party left the hall to rejoin the
carriages, which had been left at Low Bridge, Canon Rawnsley
expressed their thanks to Mr. Cropper and Mr. Curwen for the
interesting information they had given. He added that not only
was Gilpin the Apostle of the North, but he was one of the few men
who through a stormy and perilous time reverenced his conscience
and took the line that truth dictated to him. He (Canon Rawnslfey)
was grieved to notice that there was no sort of memento to the
fame of Gilpin on the walls of the church, and he thought that the
Society would be doing honour to itself if, when the members met
at Belsfield Hotel that night, they would discuss the desirability of
putting up some tablet. The weather being now fine and clear,
about fifteen of the party elected to walk over the Garbum Pass
(1,690 feet), a course which had been suggested in the day's pro-
gramme, subject to the weather being favourable. The remainder
of the party was driven back down the valley, via Staveley and
Windermere to Bowness, leaving Low Bridge a little before five.
Bowness was reached at six o'clock, after a pleasant drive.
The members dined together at the Belsfield Hotel, numbering
about 60. Later in the evening a meeting was held, the President
being in the chair. The minutes of the Society's previous gathering,
held at Carlisle in June, were approved. The President, referring to
Canon Rawnsley* s proposal made in the afternoon as to providing a
memorial to Gilpin in Kentmere Church, said that this was not an
object upon which the funds of the Society could properly be spent,
but if any of the members would like to subscribe towards the cost
314 PROCEEDINGS.
(about jf 3) the secretaries wonld be glad to receive their subscrip-
tions, and the amount then estimated as required was collected
before the close of the meeting. Mr. D. Gibson (Windermere)
submitted a photograph of a remarkably fine oak chest. Mr. H.
Swainson Cowper, F.S.A., read a paper on the newly-discovered
Roman road near the camp at the Waterhead of Windermere. This
paper is, by the author's desire, held over until the work is com-
pleted, when it will be printed with illustrations and plans. Dr.
Barnes read his report on "The Bones from Grayson-lands
Tumulus, Glassonby," with remarks by Professor Sir William
Turner (Article XXVII.) Mr. George Watson read a paper on
" The Nelsons of Penrith " (Article VI.), and Mr. F. H. M. Parker
one on " The Pedigree of Wastell of Wastell Head, with a memoir
of General Honywood of Howgill Castle " (Article XII.), and laid
before the Society another on " The Forgotten Dedication of Great
Orton Church " (Article XI.) Mr. Collingwood explained the
reasons of the delay in completing the current number of the
Transactions, and gave an account of some " Fragments of an Early
Cross at the Abbey, Carlisle " (Article XXV.)
The party, with very few exceptions, gathered on the morning of
Wednesday at Belsfield, and started for a journey by way of
Winster and Witherslack to Grange. The weather was exceed-
ingly fine, and kept bright all day. The drive was most magnificent,
and the places visited of great interest. The old post-ofiice came
first and the residence of Jonas Barber, the famous clockmaker.
Standing up in one of the carriages, Mr. H. S. Cowper gave a short
account of this Westmorland worthy, who, he said, was in 1682
made a member of the Clockmakers Company, being then described
as of Ratcliffe Cross. By that time his reputation was made, so
that his clocks may be generally dated as of the latter half of the
seventeenth century. His earlier clocks had brass dials, but they
were little engraved, and possessed only one hand. Subsequently
he turned out more artistic dials, and added the other hand. Some
of his clocks, probably later, have white enamelled dials ; one has
been noted, with the date of 1657. Most of them are twenty-four
hour clocks, winding by the chain ; some are eight-day time-pieces,
and wind with a key ; and a few of them chime and repeat.
Philipson, of Winster, may have been the successor to Jonas Barber.
The photographs which we are able to give, by the courtesy of
Mr. W. Holmes, publisher of the North Lonsdale Magazine, will be
pleasant reminders of this trip through the Winster dale on a sunny
morning ; for though there are many places of greater archaeological
importance, there are few where the aspects of ancient rural life
can be so well seen and felt.
THE OLD POST OFFICE, WIN
BBIME HOUSES; THE Home of Jonas Babbeb.
(TO PACE P, 3U.)
^-^'^^
'•. t
{-:■■■
\
f u C '
, r>--«-
f i ;■
r V. - ' •••
PROCEEDINGS. 315
From the old post-office a drive of two and a-half miles along
narrow and winding lanes brought the members to Borderside,
associated with the name of William Pearson. Here Canon
Rawnsley, who had reached the place from another direction in
company with Mr. James Cropper, Mr. C. J. Cropper and party,
read a paper which was full of literary interest, and given as it
was with the author's well-known eloquence, and at the right
" psychological moment " for its full effect, proved one of the most
successful addresses which the Society has enjoyed for many a
season. The paper will, we understand, be published in full in
The Northern Counties Magazine,
Borderside was left a little before noon, and the next halt was
made at Comer Hall, described by Mr. H. S. Cowper. (Article IX.)
Half a mile further down the valley was the quaint cottage at
Pool Bank, of which a short inspection was made. The principal
features of interest here are an old fireplace, ornamented with a
coat of arms, in an upper room, and, in the rear of the house, an
old-world wooden gallery. The " coat of arms " is an interesting
though rude work in plaster, representing a crowned lion and
H
unicorn supporting a panel with I C and two harts, for Hartley.
1695
After a drive of three miles and a half through the damson
country, Witherslack Church was reached. It is charmingly
situated, nestling under the shoulder of the scar, and the burial
ground is remarkable for the number and beauty of the yew trees
surrounding it. The arms of the two Barwicks and of the Earl of
Derby — ^the close association of the Derby family with the parish
being well known — are found on the walls in the church. A descrip-
tion of the church and parish was read by the vicar, the Rev.
F. R. C. Hutton (Article XVII.), who had been desired by the Earl
of Derby to convey to the party his regret at not being able to be
with them, owing to a prior engagement. Mr. Hutton drew special
attention to the ancient stone font and the church plate. The
flagon, weighing 77 ounces, was, he believed, the heaviest to be
found in the diocese. There was also a piscina mentioned which,
Mr. Hutton thought, had undoubtedly belonged to a former chapel
behind the hall, and which afterwards formed part of the fireplace
of the old hall. Among the ancient books belonging to the church
is a black letter " Breeches" Bible of 161 6.
At the Derby Arms five or ten minutes were allowed for refresh-
ments ; thence a stage of 2\ miles brought the party to Castle
Head, or Atterpile Castle. The stronghold is situated on an
eminence which forms part of the ground of Mr. Mucklow's red-
3X6 PROCEEDINGS.
deuce, and which, rising from an extensive plain, is a prominent
object to traveUers by rail between Grange and Camforth. The
carriages were left near to the house, and the hiU was ascended on
foot by a winding ^lady path. The visitors ranged themselves
along the southern rampart of the fortress, whence a delightful view
of Morecambe Bay and the Amside neighbourhood was obtained.
The site and its history were described by Mr. W. G. Collingwood,
who based his remarks upon the description to be found in
Stockdale's Annals of Cartmel. He said that the "find" which
established Castle Head as being an ancient fortress, took place in
the year 1765, when John Wilkinson, the noted ironmaster, in
preparing the site for his house and gardens, found among his
diggings a large deposit of human, buffalo, deer, and other bones,
together with Roman and Northumbrian coins, implements of
flint, &c. This collection was sold by the executors of Wilkinson
to a Liverpool Jew at a low price, and but for the description left of
it by the famous Dr. Priestley all knowledge of it would have passed
into oblivion. Mr. Collingwood doubted whether the fortress really
had any Roman associations. It was probably a British and
Romano- British place of retreat, up to the time when " Cartmel
with all the Britons in it " was given to St. Cuthbert by the Anglian
conqueror Ecgfrith (677). Two hundred years later it was still
occupied, for one of the coins found was a styca of Halfdan, if the
inscription was rightly read by Stockdale. After that period there
was no evidence of its occupation, and in the early part of the
eighteenth century it was quite waste and overgrown, until John
Wilkinson bought it. The Wilkinson family were first engaged in
the making of fiat-irons at Backbarrow in the Leven valley.
Prospering in that, they bought iron mines at Lindale, and removed
thither, and while there young John Wilkinson hit upon the idea of
making an iron boat — the first of its kind. Prospering more and
more, he went into Worcestershire, and established an extensive
iron industry. Making a fortune, he bought Castle Head estate and
built a residence. In addition to his other achievements, Wilkinson
invented the blast-furnace, laid out the Paris waterworks, and
established the well-known French ironworks at Creusot, now the
largest of their kind in the world. Dying in 1808, he left directions
that he was to be buried on his own estate in an iron tomb, and this
was done. Subsequently, on the estate passing out of the hands of
the Wilkinson family, the body was disinterred and deposited in its
present resting-place, Lindale Churchyard.
Mr. Titus Wilson said that as that was the last place where they
would be assembled together, he would like to move a vote of
thanks to Bishop Ware for the able way in which he had presided
PROCEEDINGS. 317
over the gathering during the two days. — ^The Bishop, in respond-
ing, remarked that he felt the obligation to be more on his side, for
he had derived great pleasure and profit from the two excursions.
The party then descended the hill, and a short drive brought them
to the Grange Hotel, where they arrived a little before four o'clock,
and where lunch was served. Most of the party took the next
available train north or south to their distant homes ; a few were
conveyed back to Bowness via Newton and Staveley-in-Cartmel.
Thus ended a pleasant gathering, the last of the century.
At this meeting the following new members were elected : — Rev.
A. F. Still Hill, Dufton Rectory; Mr. William Thompson, Vale
View, St. Bees; Miss Wilson, Wigton; Mr. N.F. Wilson, Greenside,
Kendal ; Mr. Anthony Wilson, Thornthwaite, Keswick ; Miss T. W.
Wilson, Low Slack, Kendal ; Rev. J. R. C. Forrest, Keswick ; Mrs.
Walker, Warwick, Carlisle ; The Public Library, Workington ; Sir
Edmund F. Bewley, 40, Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin ; Rev. A. Scott,
Oak Bank, Wetheral; Mr. Robert CunlifFe, Croft House, Ambleside;
Mr. J. Wrigley, Ibbotsholme ; Rev. C. L. Hulbert, Brathay ; Rev.
Dr. Curwen, Aspatria.
Editor's Note.
We are asked to state that the block of " Bishop Nicolson " from
the portrait at Staffield Hall is lent by the Rev. A. G. Loftie.
On page 81 of this volume a slight alteration in figure I. is desired
by Mr. Haverfield. The black lines to the right and left of the
word GREAT should run quite through the shading, to indicate
separations between stones in the wall, and not mere cracks.
To page 233 Mr. T. H. Hodgson wishes to add : — " Mr. Grainger
has pointed out to me that William Lord Dacre was appointed
* Steward of the Lands of Holm Cultram ' in 1535. If the steward
had an official residence. Lord Dacre may have placed his arms on
it, which would account for the stone."
(3i8)
NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS OF ARTICLES.
In reply to many enquiries from intending contributors as to the
subjects acceptable for the Society's Transactions, the form in which
they are to be presented, illustrations, copyright, offprints, &c., the
following suggestions and statements are offered : —
I. SUBJECT. Original articles on the antiquities of Cumberland,
Westmorland, and Lancashire North of the Sands ; including researc he s
into the history, biography, pedigrees, unprinted documents and
records of the district, as well as collections toward a study of its
folklore and ethnography ; also its archaeology, — ^prehistoric and historic
remains, ecclesiastical and secular architecture, inscriptions, and all
its ancient arts, institutions and industries.
Compilations from material already published, while they are often
acceptable as descriptive addresses at sites visited on the excursions,
and will be noticed in the Proceedings, are not invited for the
Transactions,
II. ILLUSTRATIONS from photographs and drawings will be engraved,
if approved, at the Society's expense : but the Society does not under-
take to procure photographs or drawings to illustrate members' articles.
III. COPYRIGHT of Transactions belongs to the Society, and articles
should not be offered if the author has already parted with the copyright
by printing the same article in the same form elsewhere. This does
not apply to abstracts or extracts communicated to newspapers, if the
article in its final form, as offered for Transactions^ is original and
unpublished.
The leave of the Society is required before reprinting any matter
from Transactions.
IV. TIME of sending in. Articles may be forwarded at any time to the
Honorary Editor, W. G. Collingwood, Coniston, R.S.O. But in
order to admit of their being read or communicated at cmy meeting,
they should be sent in not less than a month before the date of the
meeting, to allow time for consideration, and, if accepted, for printing
the announcement in the Programme. The EUlitor will then return the
MS. to the Author for reading, and receive it, after final revision, for
printing.
V. FORM. Articles should be written in clear and distinct MS. or
typewritten, on one side of the paper only, on sermon or foolsa^
paper. They should be presented, after reading, in a final and
complete form, to avoid the delay and inconvenience of alteration in
proof ; and as the space at disposal is limited, they should not contain
unnecessary or extraneous matter.
NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS OF ARTICLES. 319
VI. PROOFS will be sent to Authors, who are requested to read and
correct them without needless additions or alterations, and to forward
them, by the next post if possible, to the Society's printer, Mr. T.
Wilson, 28, Highgate, Kendal. Delay in returning proofs, and
additions to the printed text, involve expense to the Society and delay
in the production of Transactions. Proofs once passed for press
cannot be withdrawn or revised.
VII. AUTHOR'S COPIES. Twenty offprints of his articles are sent to each
author free of charge, when the volume of Transactions is ready for
distribution.
More than twenty can be supplied, at the Author's expense, if he
send the order to Mr. Wilson on or before returning the proof.
VIII. LIABILITY. Articles may be submitted by any Members of the
Society, who have paid their subscriptions for the current year ; no
further liability is incurred by authors : but the Society is not bound
to accept all articles offered for reading, nor to print all articles read.
The Council and the Editor desire that it should be understood that
they are not responsible for any statements or opinions expressed in
their Transactions; the authors of the several papers being alone
responsible for the same.
(. 320 )
3n ^emottam*
Among the losses recently sustained by the Society, we
have to regret that of Mr. James Cropper, of Ellergreen,
Vice-President, which occurred within a month of his
appearance among us at our last meeting, when', as
already noted, he read the paper on the Gilpins of Kent-
mere, printed as Article XXII. in this volume. Shortly
after the meeting he went to Paris, apparently in good
health, but caught a cold, and pneumonia supervening,
he died in Paris on Tuesday, October i6th, 1900. Mr.
James Cropper was born February 22nd, 1823, at
Liverpool, though connected with Westmorland through
his mother, who was a sister of Mr. John Wakefield, of
Sedgwick. In 1845 he came to Burneside to carry on
the paper mills which his father had bought for him
from Mr. Cornelius Nicholson, a former member of our
Society, and well known as the author of Annals of
KendaL Mr. Cropper joined our Society at its founda-
tion, and was subsequently elected vice-president; he
was greatly interested in the human life of the past,
though less in the more strictly archaeological side of our
•work. He seemed to know the old inhabitants of the
dales in past centuries as personal friends, and loved to
hear characteristic stories about them. It will perhaps
be a surprise to many to know that he once wrote a long
imaginary biography of Anne Tolson, the wife of the first
Tolson of Tolson Hall, introducing all the local people of
whom he could find record as her contemporaries. But
his active business life and public duties left him little
leisure, for he was vice-chairman of the Kendal Board of
IN MEMORIAM.
321
Guardians as early as 1850, and chairman for 27 years ;
J. P. 1863, and D.L. and high sheriff 1875 ; chairman of
the Kendal Ward Division 1895 ; M.P. for Kendal 1880-
1885, and chairman of the County Council from its
foundation until his death ; beside holding many other
positions of responsibility in connection with works of
education and philanthropy. But he was a frequent
visitor at our meetings and excursions, and an influential
supporter of the objects which we are united to promote ;
and his death is a real loss to the Society.
The Rev. Thomas Knyvett Richmond, M.A., Vicar
of St. Mary's, and Canon of Carlisle, died somewhat
suddenly, though after some years of failing health, on
March 7th, 1901. He was the son of George Richmond,
R.A., the great portrait painter, from whom he inherited
the temperament and faculties which gave him an interest
in all matters connected with art, and made his opinion
valuable. He joined our Society in 1882, and it is our
loss that he did not contribute to Transactions.
Dr. Amos Beardsley, of Grange-over- Sands, died on
November 20th, 1900, at the age of 78 years. He was
e'ducated at Guy's Hospital, a contemporary of Sir
William Gull and other celebrated medical men, and
took the degrees of M.R.C.S. Eng. and L.S.A. in 1844 ;
subsequently becoming F.R.M.C., F.G.S., F.L.S., M.V.
Inst., and Corresponding Fellow M.S. London. He was
senior consulting surgeon to the North Lonsdale Hospital,
Barrow, and author of a number of works relating to his
profession. He was also chairman of the Local Board
for 12 years, and president of the Grange Institute from
its foundation. He had been a member of our Society
since 1877.
Mr. William Hopes Heelis died at Hawkshead,
December 4th, 1900, aged 68 years. He was a country
solicitor in considerable practice, and had been clerk to the
Hawkshead justices for 43 years, and for nearly the same
322 IN MEMORIAM.
period to the Ambleside bench. He joined our Society
in 1874, and was the author of a paper on "The History
and Custom of the Manors of the Marquis and Richmond
Fees in the Barony of Kendal and of the Manor of
Hawkshead," in the Transactions of the Cumberland and
Westmorland Association (Part IV. 1878-79).
Mr. William Fletcher, of Brigham Hill, Cocker-
mouth, was elected in 1877.
Mr. John Spenser Price, F.R.G.S., who was a
member since 1887, and a frequent visitor at meetings,
residing for some years at Hawkshead, and then at
Waterhead House, Ambleside, died suddenly in London
on November 29th, 1900, aged 72 years.
Mr. Ernest Newton Deakin, of Stock Park, died
November 9th, 1900, aged 35. He was educated at
Rugby and Merton College, Oxford, and had been a
member of our Society since 1890.
Mr. William Wilson of the Keswick Hotel was a
metnber from 1885 onwards, and on the occasion of our
successful meeting in June, 1899, gave great help as one
of the committee for making local arrangements. He
wrote a paper, referred to above on page 129, on
" Thirlmere and its associations," containing valuable
antiquarian gleanings.
(323)
LIST OF MEMBERS
OF THE
Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and
ARCHiEOLOGICAL SoCIETY.
HONORARY MEMBERS.
Greenwell, Rev. William, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.S.A.
(Lon. and Scot.), Durham
Evans, Sir J., K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., Sc.D., V.P.R.S.,
V.P.S.A., Nash Mills, Hemel Hempstead
Maxwell, Sir Herbert E., Bart., M.P., Monreith, Wigton-
shire
MEMBERS.
1884 Adair, Joseph, Egremont
O.M.Addison, John, Castle Hill, Maryport
1879 Ainsworth, David, The Flosh, Cleator, Carnforth
1878 Ainsworth, J. S., Harecroft, Holmrook, Carnforth
1889 Alcock-Beck, Major, Esthwaite Lodge, Hawkshead 5
1874 Allison, R. A., M.P., Scaleby Hall, Carlisle
1895 Ambleside Ruskin Library
1899 Archibald, C. F., 9, Cardigan Road, Headingley,
Leeds
1899 Archibald, Miss, Rusland Hall, Ulverston
1879 Argles, Thomas Atkinson, Eversley, Milnthorpe 10
1890 Armes, Rev. G. B., The Vicarage, Cleator
1901 Armitt, Miss S., Rydal Cottage, Ambleside
1 896 Asher & Co., Bedford Street, Covent Garden,London
1887 Atkinson, John, Croftlands, Ulverston
1887 Ayre, Rev. Canon, Holy Trinity Vicarage, Ulverston 15
324 LIST OF MEMBERS.
1884 Bagot, Josceline, M.P., Levens Hall, Milnthorpe
1884 Baker, Rev. John, M.A., Burgh -by-Sands, Carlisle
1885 Banks, Edwin H., High moor House, Wigton
1877 Barlow- Mas^cks, Thomas, The Oaks, Millom
1875 Barnes, H., M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.E., Member of 20
Council^ Portland Square, Carlisle
O.M. Barrow-in-Furness, the Lord Bishop of. President^
The Abbey, Carlisle
1885 Barrow-in-Furness Free Library
1896 Bates, Cadwallader J., Langley Castle, Langley-
on-Tyne
1881 Beardsley, Richard Henry, Grange-over-Sands
1894 Beevor, Miss, 17, Castle Street, Carlisle 25
1897 Bell, John, Haws Bank, Coniston
1899 Bell, W. H., Cleeve House, Seend, Melksham, Wilts.
1875 Bellasis, Edward, Lancaster Herald ^ College of Arms,
London
1893 Benson, Mrs., Hyning, Milnthorpe
1899 Bentinck, Lord Henry Cavendish-, Underley Hall, 30
Kirkby Lonsdale
1900 Bewley, Sir Edmund T., LL.D., 40, Fitzwilliam
Place, Dublin
1888 Billinge, Rev. R. B., Urswick Vicarage, Ulverston
1894 Binning, W. W. R., Eden Hey, Stanwix, Carlisle
1889 Birkbeck, Robert, F.S.A., 20, Berkeley Square,
London
1879 Blair, Robert, F.S.A., Harton Lodge, South Shields 35
1877 Blanc, Hippolyte J., F.S.A. (Scot.), 73, George
Street, Edinburgh
1899 Booker, R. P. L., F.S.A., Eton College, Windsor
1887 Boston Free Library, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.
1874 Bower, Rev. Canon, Member of Council^ St. Cuth-
bert's Vicarage, Carlisle
1898 Bowman, A. N,, Harraby, Carlisle 40
O.M.Braithwaite, Charles Lloyd, Thorny Hills, Kendal
1877 Braithwaite, Mrs., Hawes Mead, Kendal
1888 Breeks,Mrs.,HelbeckHall,Brough,KirkbyStephen
1894 Brock- Hollinshead, Mrs. Frederick, Woodfoot,
House, Crosby Ravensworth
LIST OP MEMBERS. 325
1888 Brougham, Lord, Brougham Hall, Penrith 45
1878 Browne, George, Troutbeck, Windermere
1873 Brunskill, Rev. J., Ormshed, Appleby
1896 Burns, David, 18, Scotland Road, Stanwix, Carlisle
1900 Burnyeat, William, Millgrove, Whitehaven
1880 Burrow, Rev. J. J., Ireby, Carlisle 50
1895 Burton, Rev. Richard Jowett, M.A., Stanton-by-
Dale, Nottingham
1895 Butler, Theobald Fitzwalter, Infield, Barrow-in-
Furness
1895 Butler, Wilson, Foxfield, Broughton-in-Furness
1898 Campbell, Rev. H. E., M.A., The Rectory,
Workington
1899 Calverley, Mrs., Hillside, Eskdale, Carnforth 55
1878 Carey, Thomas, 23, Curzon Street, Maryport
1875 Carlisle, The Earl of, Vice-President, i, Palace
Green, Kensington
1892 Carlisle, The Lord Bishop of, Patron, Rose Castle,
Carlisle
1899 Carlisle Public Library (Tullie House)
1890 Carrick, Mrs., Oak Bank, Scotby, Carlisle 60
1892 Carruthers, Richard, Eden Grove, Carlisle
1875 Cartmell, Joseph, C.E., Springfield, Brigham,
Cockermouth
1875 Cartmell, Rev. J. W., Christ's College, Cambridge
1875 Cartmell, Studholme, 27, Lowther Street, Carlisle
1895 Cavendish, Hon. Victor, M.P., Holker Hall, 65
Carnforth
1892 Chadwick, S. J., F.S.A., Lyndhurst, Dewsbury
1899 Chance, Mrs., Morton, Carlisle
1899 Chance, F. W., Morton, Carlisle
1874 Chapelhow, Rev. Joseph, D.D., Kirkandrews-on-
Eden, Carlisle
1 90 1 Chorley Free Public Library, Chorley (E, 70
McKnight, Librarian)
1892 Clarke, A. B,, Prospect House, Aspatria, Carlisle
1893 Clarke, Rev. J. J., M.A., Selside Vicarage, Kendal
1899 Clarke, W. H., M.D., Park Green, Macclesfield
326 LIST OF MEMBERS.
1899 Clark, John, Broughton-in-Furness
1894 Collingwood, A. H., Town Clerk's Ofl&ce, Carlisle 75
1887 Collingwood, W. G., M.A., Member of Council and
Editor, Lane Head, Coniston
1883 Conder, Edward, F.S.A., Terry Bank, Old Town,
Kirkby Lonsdale
1882 Constable, W., Sefton Villa, Bridge, near Canter-
bury
1884 Coward, John, Fountain Street, Ulverston
1889 Cowper - Essex, Thomas C, Yewfield Castle, 80
Hawkshead
1886 Cowper, H. S., F.S.A., Member of CouncilyYevf heldy
Hawkshead, Lancashire
1888 Cowper, J. C, Keen Ground, Hawkshead
1885 Creighton, Miss, Warwick Square, Carlisle
1886 Crewdson, F. W., Summer How, Kendal
1886 Crewdson, W. D., Treasurer, Helm Lodge, Kendal 85
1887 Crewdson, Wilfrid H., Beathwaite, Levens, Kendal
1897 Cropper, Arthur E., Normanhurst, Lord Street,
West, Southport
1 90 1 Cropper, Charles J., Ellergreen, Kendal
1896 Cropper, Rev. James, B.A., Broughton-in-Furness
1874 Crowder, W. L R., 14, Portland Square, Carlisle 90
1900 CunlifFe, Robert E., Croft, Ambleside
1899 Cur wen, Eldred Vincent, Withdeane Court,
Brighton
1887 Curwen, John F., Secretary, Heversham
1900 Curwen, Rev. E. H., D.C.L., Plumland Rectory
1895 Dean, Charles Walter, Beech Bank, Ulverston 95
1898 Dewick, Rev. F. C, Sou they Hill, Keswick
1898 Dickinson, William, 33, Queen Street, Whitehaven
1876 Dickson, Arthur Benson, Abbots Reading,
Ulverston
1886 Dixon, T., Rheda, Whitehaven
1896 Dobinson, William, Bank Street, Carlisle 100
1894 Donald, Miss H. M., Stanwix, Carlisle
1900 Duckworth, T., B.A., 128, Petteril Street, Carlisle
1883 Dykes, Mrs., The Red House, Keswick
LIST OF MEMBERS. 327
1894 Dymond, Charles William, F.S.A., Hon. F.S.A.
Scot., High Wray, Ambleside
1885 Ecroyd, Edward, Low House, Armathwaite, R S.O. 105
1887 Farrer, William, Marton Lodge, Skipton
1887 Farish, Edward Garthwaite, 57^, Old Broad
Street, London
1895 Fawcett, John W., Broughton House, Broughton-
in-Furness
1887 Feilden, Rev. H. A., M.A., The Vicarage, Kirkby
Stephen
1899 Fetherstonhaugh, Capt. T., Seaforth Highlanders, no
Forest Cottage, Clewer Green, Windsor
1875 Fell, John, Vice-President, Flan How, Ulverston
1 90 1 Ferguson, Captain Spencer C, 74, Lowther Street,
Carlisle
O.M.Ferguson, Charles J., F.S.A., Vice-President, Car-
dew Lodge, Carlisle
1877 Ferguson, Mrs. C. J., Cardew Lodge, Carlisle
1889 Fleming, Stanley Hughes le-, Rydal Hall, Amble- 115
side
1877 Fletcher, Mrs., Ash ville, Pargeta Street, Stourbridge
1886 Fletcher, W. L., Stoneleigh, Workington
1887 Fletcher, Miss, Stoneleigh, Workington
1899 Ford, Rev. Harold D., EUislea, Dalton-in-Furness
1884 Ford, John R., Quarry Dene, Weetwood, Leeds 120
1884 Ford, John Walker, Enfield Old Park, Winchmore
Hill, Middlesex
' 1900 Forrest, Rev. J. R. C, Keswick
1890 Fothergill, John, Brownber, Ravenstonedale
O.M. Gandy, J. G., Auditor, Heaves, Kendal
1898 Garstang, T. C, Argyle Terrace, Workington 125
1889 Gatey, George, Grove House, Ambleside
1895 Gaythorpe, Harper, F.S.A. (Scot.), Claverton,
Prospect Road, Barrow-in-Furness
1877 Gibson, Miss M., Whelprigg, Kirkby Lonsdale
1897 Gibson, D., Marley Lodge, Bo wness-on- Winder-
mere
328 LIST OF MEMBERS.
1885 Gilbanks, Rev. W. F., M.A., Great Orton, Carlisle 130
1877 Gillbanks, Mrs., Clifton, Penrith
1877 Gillings, Mrs., St. Nicholas' Vicarage, Whitehaven
1900 Goodwin, Harvey, Orton Hall, Tebay
1893 Gough, Miss, Whitefield Cottage, Mealsgate,Carlisle
1894 Graham, R. G., Beanlands Park, Carlisle 135
1899 Graham, T. H. B., Edmond Castle, Carlisle
1899 Graham, Dr. J., Castle Gate House, Cockermouth
1899 Graham, Mrs., Castle Gate House, Cockermouth
1900 Grainger, Francis, Southerfield, Abbey Town,
Carlisle
1893 Green, Rev. R. S. G., M.A., Croglin Rectory, 140
Kirkoswald
1 89 1 Greenop, Joseph, William Street, Workington
1877 Greenwood, R. H., Auditor^ Bankfield, Kendal
1879 Grenside, Rev. W. Brent, M.A., Melling Vicarage,
Carnforth
1893 Guildhall Library, London (Charles Welsh,
Librarian)
1895 Gunson, John, Oak Bank, Ulpha, Broughton-in- 145
Furness
1893 Hair, M., 13, Abbey Street, Carlisle
1878 Hargreaves, J. E., Beezon Lodge, Kendal
1883 Harris, Alfred, Wharfenden, Farnborough, Hants.
1881 Harrison, James, Newby Bridge House, Ulverston
1881 Harrison, Mrs., Newby Bridge House, Ulverston 150
1878 Harrison, Rev. James, Barbon Vicarage, Kirkby
Lonsdale
1894 Harrison, Rev. D., M.A., Setmurthy, Cockermouth
1890 Hartley, Mrs., Holm Garth, Morecambe
1901 Hartley, Rev. T. P., M.A., Colton Vicarage,
Ulverston
1879 Harvey, Miss, Wordsworth Street, Penrith 155
1873 Harvey, Rev. Prebendary, F.S.A., Navenby
Rectory, Lincoln
1893 Haswell, John Francis, M.B., CM., Member of
Council, Penrith
1890 Haverfield, F., F.S.A., Vice-President, Christ
Church, Oxford
LIST OF MEMBERS. 329
1895 Hawcridge, Arthur, 67, Mount Pleasant, Barrow-
in-Furness
1886 Hawkesbury, Lord, Kirkhann Abbey, York 160
1 881 Hayton, Joseph, Cockermouth
1898 Heelis, Rev. A. J., M.A., Brougham Rectoty,
Penrith
1879 Helder, A., M.P., Whitehaven
1892 Hellon, Robert, Seascale, Carnforth
1884 Henderson, The Very Rev. W. G., D.D., Vice- 165
President, the Deanery, Carlisle
1896 Hendy, F. J. R., M.A., Grammar School, Carlisle
1881 Hetherington, J. Newby, F.R.G.S., 4, Lansdowne
Road, Holland Park, London
1890 Hewitson, William, Appleby
1898 Heygate, Mrs. R., Oaklands, Leominster
1885 Hibbert, Percy J., Plumtree Hall, Milnthorpe 170
1889 Higginson, H., Bank Street, Carlisle
1899 Highat, John, M.D., Allonby House, Workington
1900 Hill, Rev. A. F. Still, M.A., Dufton Rectory,
Appleby
1897 Hills, Judge, Corby Castle, Carlisle
1897 Hills, Mrs., Corby Castle, Carlisle 175
1889 Hinds, James P., 20, Fisher Street, Carlisle
1889 Hinds, Miss, 20, Fisher Street, Carlisle
1 880 Hme, Alfred, Camp Hill, Mary port
1880 Hine, Wilfrid, Camp Hill, Maryport
1885 Hoare, Rev. J. N.,F.R.Hist.S., St. John^s Vicarage, 180
Keswick
1899 Hobson, William Harrison, Maryport
1884 Hodgkin, Thomas, D.C.L., F.S.A., Bamborough
Keep, Belford
1883 Hodgson, Isaac B., Brampton
1885 Hodgson, James, Britain Place, Ulverston
1883 Hodgson, T. H., Chairman of Council^ Newby 185
Grange, Carlisle
1895 Hodgson, Mrs., Newby Grange, Carlisle
1887 Hodgson, Rev. W. G. C, M.A., Distington Rec-
tory, Whitehaven
1898 Holme, Mrs., Mardale, Haweswater, Penrith
1895 Holt, Miss E. G., Sudley, Mossley Hill, Liverpool
330 LIST OF MEMBERS.
1898 Hopper, Rev. W. R., Kirkbride Rectory, Carlisle 190
1884 Horrocks, T., Eden Brow, Armathwaite, R.S.O.
1882 Hothfield, Lord, Patron^ Appleby Castle
1898 Hough, Keighley, J., 4, Wilfrid Street, Carlisle
1881 Howson, Thomas, Monkwray, Whitehaven
1894 Huddart, A., The Orchards, Eskdale, Carnforth 195
1895 Hudleston, Ferdinand, Hutton John, Penrith
1888 Hudson, Rev. Joseph, Crosby House, Carlisle
1898 Husband, Rev. C. F., Kirkby Ireleth, Carnforth
1900 Hulbert, Rev. C. L., Brathay, Ambleside
1899 Hutchinson, Alf. T., 32, Wellington Street, Millom 200
1898 Hutton, Rev. F. R. C, M. A., Witherslack, Grange-
over- Sands
1892 Ingham, Rev. J., M.A., Asby Rectory, Appleby
1 881 Iredale, Thomas, Workington
1883 Irving, W. J., Buckabank House, Dalston
1884 Irwin, Colonel T. A., Lynehow, Carlisle 205
1896 Jackson, Edwin, The Bank, Cockermouth
1889 Jackson, Samuel Hart, Heaning Wood, Ulverston
1888 Jackson, Thomas, M.D., Hazel Bank, Yanwath,
Penrith
1877 Jackson, Mrs. W., 43, Past Street, Southport
1898 James, Percy, Portland Square, Carlisle 210
1897 Keene, Rev. Rees, M.A., The Rectory, Gosforth
1885 Kendal Literary and Scientific Institution
1896 Kendall, Dr. John, Oaklands, Coniston
1889 Kennedy, Myles, Hill Foot, Ulverston
1894 Kerry, W. H. R., F.C.S., Wheatlands, Windermere 215
1888 Keswick Library, per J. E. Heighton, Keswick
1897 Kewley, Rev. W., Natland, Kendal
1887 Kitchin, Hume, Ulverston
1897 Lamonby, W. F., Ballarat, Kitto Road, Hatcham,
S.E.
1897 Lane, William B. H., Walker Ground, Hawkshead 220
1894 Langhorne, John, Watson Villa, Dean, Edinburgh
LIST OF MEMBERS, 331
1889 Lawson, Lady, Brayton Hall, Carlisle
1882 Lazonby, J., 44, Addison Street, Nottinj2jham
1897 Leconfield, Lord, Petworth, Sussex
1896 Lediard, H. A., M.D., Lowther Street, Carlisle 225
1892 Leach, R. E., M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., Grammar
School, Appleby
1900 Lee, Arthur, Brampton
1889 Le Fleming, Stanley Haghes, Rydal Hall, Amble-
side
1895 Lehmann u Stage, Copenhagen
1887 Lester, Thomas, Firbank, Penrith 230
1 901 Lidbetter, Robert M., Harford House, Workington
1892 Little, James, M.D., Maryport
1892 Little, William, Chapel Ridding, Windermere
1901 Littlewood, J. H., Lynngarth, Kendal
1883 Liverpool Free Public Library, per P. Cowell 235
1875 Loftie, Rev. A. G., B.A., Great Salkeld, Penrith
1883 Lonsdale, Horace B., 18, Portland Square, Carlisle
1882 Lonsdale, Rev. H., M.A., Upperby Vicarage,
Carlisle
1875 Lonsdale, The Earl of, Lowther Castle, Penrith
1889 Lov^^ther, The Right Hon. J. W., M.P., 16, Wilton 240
Crescent, London
1874 Lowther, Hon. W., Vice-President, Lowther Lodge,
Kensington Gore, London
1885 Lowthian, Rev. W., M.A., Troutbeck, Windermere
1900 Lucas, Miss, Stanegate, Penrith
1893 Lumb, James, Homewood, Whitehaven
1879 Machell, Thomas, Lt.-Col., Whitehaven 245
1876 Mclnnes, Miles, Rickerby, Carlisle
1890 Mackay, M., Milton Street, Newcastle-on-Tyne
1874 Maclaren, R., M.D., Portland Square, Carlisle
1880 Maddison, Rev. A. R., F.S.A., Vicar's Court,
Lincoln
1892 Magrath, Rev. J. R., D.D., Provost of Queen's 250
College, Oxford
1894 Marshall, John, Derwent Island, Keswick
1890 Marshall, Reginald Dykes, Castlerigg Manor,
Keswick
332 LIST OF MEMBERS.
1894 Marshall, Stephen A., Skelwith Fold, Ambleside
1888 Marshal], Walter J., Patterdale Hall, Penrith
1893 Martindale, J. H., Moor Yeat, Wetheral, Carlisle 255
1889 Mason, W. J., Bolton Place, Carlisle
1888 Mason, Mrs., Redmaine House, Kirkby Stephen
1894 Mason, J., M.D., Windermere
1889 Mawson, John Sanderson, The Larches, Keswick
1898 Metcalfe, Rev. C. F., Claremont, Ambleside 260
1889 Metcalfe, T. K., Oak Bank, Whitehaven
1890 Metcalfe, Rev. R. W., Ravenstonedale
1888 Metcalfe-Gibson, Anthony, Park House, Raven-
stonedale
1883 Micklethwaite, J. T., F.S.A., 15, Dean's Yard,
Westminster
1897 Millard, Rev. F. L. H., M.A., Member of Council, 265
Aspatria, Carlisle
1878 Miller, Miss Sarah, Undermount, Rydal, Ambleside
1901 Moffatt, Charles E., M.D., Glave Hill, Dalston
1889 Monkhouse, John, Hawthorn Villa, Kendal
1900 Moore, R. W., Fernacre, Whitehaven
1898 Morris, Rev. W. P., Patterdale, Penrith 270
1894 Morpeth, Lord, 4, Devonshire Place, London, W.
1874 Muncaster, Lord, PatroHy Muncaster Castle,
Ravenglass
1899 Nanson, Ernest Lonsdale, 4, Springfield Villa,
Hensingham, Whitehaven
1874 Nanson, William, F.S.A., Singapore (care of W.
B. James, Esq., 23, Ely Place, London, E.C.)
1898 Nanson, Rev. R. V., LL.B., Matterdale Vicarage, 275
Penrith
1897 New York Public Library, Astor Library Building
New York
1898 Newton, C. B., The Gas Works, Carlisle
1874 Nicholson, J. Holme, M.A., Ellerhow, Wilmslow,
Cheshire
1893 Nicholson, Mrs. Lothian, 77, Belgrave Road,
London
1898 Nicholson, Miss Margaret, Carlton House, Clifton, 280
Penrith
LIST OF MEMBERS. 333
1889 Noble, Miss, Beckfoot, Bampton, Penrith
1890 Noble, Miss Elizabeth, Beckfoot, Penrith
1899 Oldham Free Library
1880 Paisley, William, Workington
1901 Parker, Charles Arundel, M.D., F.S.A. (Scot.) 285
Gosforth
1899 Parker, Edward J., 18, A^lionby Street, Carlisle
1898 Parker, F. H. M., B.A., Fremington Hall, Penrith,
and 10, Colville Square, Kensington Park, W.
1882 Parkin, John S., 11, New Square, Lincoln's Inn,
London
1895 Patrickson, George, Scales, Ulverston 290
1885 Pearson, A. G. B., Lune Cottage, Kirkby Lonsdale
O.M. Pearson, F. Fen wick, Storrs Hall, Kirkby Lonsdale
1900 Pease, Howard, Arcot Hall, Dudley, R.S.O.,
North u mberland
1879 Peile, George, Shotley Bridge, Durham
1883 Peile, John, Litt. D., Master of Christ's College, 295
Cambridge
1894 Pelham, H. F., F.S.A., President of Trinity
College, Oxford
1900 Penfold, Henry, Talkin Hill, Brampton
1896 Penrith Free Library (J. B. Shawyer, Penrith)
1895 Perowne, Edward S. M., 13, Warwick Crescent,
Paddington, W.
1896 Petty, S. Lister, Queen Street, Ulverston 300
1887 Philadelphia Library Company, Philadelphia,
U.S.A.
1895 Phillips, Ven. Archdeacon, The Abbey, Carlisle
1895 Podmore, G., M.A., Charney Hall, Grange-over-
Sands
1898 Pollitt, Frank, Prospect, Kendal
1900 Pollitt, H. B., Thorny Hills, Kendal 305
1896 Postlethwaite, Geo. D., Yewhurst, Bickley, Kent
1875 Prescott, Ven. Archdeacon and Chancellor, Vice-
President, The Abbey, Carlisle
334 l-^^T ^^ MEMBERS.
1899 Quirk, Miss Emily G., Hiffhcote, Workington
I'^yyy RadcIiflTe, H. Miles, Sumroerlands, Kendal
1895 Ramsden, F. J., M.A., Abbotswood, Barrow-in- 310
Furness
1883 Rawnsley, Rev. Canon, Crosthwaite, Keswick
1888 Rayner, John A. E., 3, Gambier Terrace, Liverpool
1882 Rea, Miss Alice, 5, Fairview Road, Oxton, Birken-
head
1 901 Rea, J. H., Gatehouse, Eskdale, Camforth
1 901 Rea, Mrs., Gatehouse, Eskdale, Camforth 315
1892 Reade, Rev. G. E. P., M.A., Milnthorpe
1892 Remington, J. S., Meadowside, Lancaster
1899 Rhodes, W. Venables, Tofts House, Cleckheaton
1901 Richardson, Miss C, Heiigh Folds, Grasmere
1 881 Richardson, J. M., 47, Cavendish Place, Carlisle 320
1893 Richardson, Mrs. James, Balla Wray, Ambleside
1884 Riley, Hamlet, Ennim, Penrith
1895 Ritson, T. S., Ridgemount, Maryport
1890 Rivington, C. R., F.S.A., Castle Bank, Appleby
1901 Roberts, Rev. W., The Vicarage, Great Clifton, 325
Workington
1885 Robinson, John, Elterwater Hall, Ambleside
1886 Robinson, John, M.Inst.C.E., Vicarage Terrace,
Kendal
1888 RobinFon, William, Greenbank, Sedbergh
1884 Robinson, Mrs., Green Lane, Carlisle
1897 Rogers, John, 187, Abbey Road, Barrow-in-Furness 330
1885 Roper, W. O., F.S.A., Vice-President, Beechwood,
Yealand Conyers, Camforth
1900 Rowley, Mrs. W. E., Glassonby, Kirkoswald,
R.S.O.
1882 Rumney, Oswald George, Watermillock, Penrith
1886 Hymer, Thomas, Calder Abbey, Carnforth
1894 Satterthwaite, Alexander, Edenbreck, Lancaster 335
1892 Scott, Benjamin, Linden House, Stanwix, Carlisle
1900 Scott, Rev. Alfred, Oak Bank, Wetherall, Carlisle
1900 Scott, W., W^oodview, Chatsworth Square, Carlisle
LIST OF MEMBERS. 335
1893 Sealby, John Inman, Thornthwaite, Keswick
1875 Sfenhouse, Humphrey P., Vice-President, Nether 340
Hall, Maryport
1900 SenhoLise, H. P., The Fitz, Cockermouth
1889 Senhouse, Miss, Galeholme, Gosforth
1889 Severn, Arthur, R.I., Brantwood, Coniston
1889 Severn, Mrs., Brantwood, Coniston
1877 Sewell, Colonel, Member of Council, Brandlingill, 345
Cockermouth
1878 Sewell, Mrs., Brandlinorill, Cockermouth
O.M. Sherwen, Rev. Canon, Dean Rectory, Cockermouth
1897 Simpson, Mrs., Romanway, Penrith
1895 Simpson, J., solicitor, Cockermouth
1876 Smith, Charles, F.G.S., c/o Sir Henry Gilbert, 350
Harpenden, St. Albans
1897 Smith, John P., Ellerslee, Barrow-in-Furness
1890 Smith, C. Telford, i, Lyall Street, Belgrave
Square, London
1888 Snape, Rev, R. H., The Vicarage, St. Bees,
Carnforth
1898 Sparke, Archibald, The Art Gallery, Bury, Lanes.
1884 Spence, C. J., South Preston Lodge, South Shields 355
1897 Stead, E. W., Dalston Hall, Carlisle
1896 Steavenson, His Honour Judge, Gelt Hall, Castle
Carrock
1879 Steele, Major-General J. A., 28, West Cromwell
Road, London
1874 Steele, William, Chatsworth Square, Carlisle
1887 Stordy, T., English Street, Carlisle 360
1875 Strickland, Rev. W. E., St. Paul's Vicarage,
Carlisle
1899 Strickland, Sir Gerald, Sizergh Castle, Kendal
1886 Swainson, Joseph, Member of Council, Stonecross,
Kendal
1896 Sykes, Rev. W. S., M.A., Eskdale Vicarage, Boot,
Carnforth
1877 Taylor, Mrs., Oakleigh, Llangollen 365
1894 Taylor, Samuel, Birkdault, Haverthwaite, Ulverston
336
LIST OF MEMBERS.
370
375
899 Thompson, Miss Helena, Park End, Workington
851 Thompson, Mrs., Croft House, Askham, Penrith
899 Thompson, Robert, i, Howard Place, Carlisle
900 Thompson, W. N., St. Bees, Cumberland
896 Thomson, D. G. Pearse, Bishop's Yard, Penrith
897 Thorniey, Rev. Canon, Kirkoswald, R.S.O.
888 Tiffin, Charles J., M.D., The Limes, Wigton
894 Todd, Mrs. Jonas, Otter Furrows, Harraby,
Carlisle
897 Topping, Geo. Lomax, Fothergill, Shap
893 Towers, Beattie, Peter Street, Workington
890 Towneley, William, Hard Cragg, Grange-over-
Sands
896 Trench, Rev. Canon, LL.M., The Vicarage, Kendal
894 Twentyman, Miss Sarah, Park Square, Wigton
878 Tyson, E. T., Member of Council, Woodhall, Cocker- 380
mouth
893 Tyson, Towers, Paddock Wray, Eskdale, Carnforth
889 Ullock, Miss Mary, Quarry How, Windermere
876 Vaughan, Cedric, C.E., Leyfield House, Millom
895
884
894
901
900
882
882
896
885
884
896
1889
Wadham, E., Millwood, Barrow-in-Furness
Wagner, Henry, F.S.A., 13, Halfmoon Street, 385
Piccadilly, London
Walker, Miss Annie E., Oak Lea, Whitehaven
Walker, John, Hudcar House, Bury, Lancashire
Walker, Mrs., Brow Top, Wetheral, Carlisle
Walker, Robert, Windermere
Ware, Mrs., The Abbey, Carlisle 390
Watson, D. M. Burnie, Hillside Cottage, Hawick
Watson, George, Member of Council, 18, W^ords-
worth Street, Penrith
Watson, John, Eden Mount, Kendal
Watson, J. P., (Bombay), Garth Marr, Castle
Carrock
Watson, William Henry, F.G.S., Braystones, 395
Carnforth
LIST OF MEMBERS. 337
1900 Watson, Rev. A. H., The Rectory, Ovinghara-on-
Tyne, Northumberland
1892 Watt, James, Knowefield, Carlisle
1896 Waugh, E. L., The Burroughs, Cockermouth
1897 Welsh, Jonathan, Bowness-dn-Solway, Carlisle
1 888 Westmorland, Colonel I. P., Yanwath, Penrith 400
1882 Weston, J. W., Enyeat, Milnthorpe
1877 Weston, Mrs. Ash bank, Penrith
O.M. Wheatley, J. A., Portland Square, Carlisle
1895 Whetham, Mrs. C. D., 5, St. Peter's Terrace,
Cambridge
1900 White, George, Botchergate, Carlisle 405
1891 Whitehead, A., Charles, Appleby
1884 Whitehead, Sir James, Bart., F.S.A., Wilmington
Manor, near Dartford, Kent
1887 Whiteside, Rev. Joseph, M.A., Helsington, Kendal
1883 Whit well, Robert Jowitt, 70, Banbury Road,
Oxford
1900 Wigham, Thompson, 20, Spencer Street, Carlisle 410
1881 Wilkinson, Rev. W. H., Hensingham, Whitehaven
1 881 Williams, Mrs., Holly Park, Grange-over-Sands
1897 Willink, Alfred Henry, Whitefoot, Burneside,
Kendal
1900 Wilkinson, J. J., 9, Chatsworth Square, Carlisle
1900 Wilson, Anthony, Thornthwaite, Keswick 415
1876 Wilson, Frank, 7, Onslow Villas, Highgate, London
1883 Wilson, Rev. James, M.A., Member of Council,
Dalston Vicarage, Carlisle
1899 Wilson, G. Murray, Dale End, Grasmere
1876 Wilson, John F., Southfield Villas, Middlesbrough
1882 Wilson, John Jowett, Fayrestowe, Kendal 420
1900 Wilson, Norman F., 5, Bankfield, Kendal
1900 Wilson, Miss C. L., i, Clifton Terrace, Wigton
1900 Wilson- Wilson, Miss Theodore, Low Slack, Kendal
1889 Wilson, T. Newby, The Landing, Ulverston
i88i Wilson, Mrs. T., Aynam Lodge, Kendal 425
1 881 Wiper, Joseph, Stricklandgate, Kendal
1884 Wood, Miss, 33, Clarendon Road, Edgbaston
1895 Woodburne, Mrs., Thurstonville, Ulverston
338 LIST OF MBIIBBRS.
1877 Woods, Sir Albert, Garter King at Arms^ College of
Arms, London
1900 Workington Public Library (J. W. C. Purves) 430
1900 Wrigley, James, Ibbotsholme, Windermere
1892 Wrigley, John, Albert House, Seascale
1892 Wrigley, Robert, Brampton, Carlisle
1887 Yeates, Joseph Simpson, Lome House, Penrith
LIBRARIES TO WHICH COPIES OF THE TRANSACTIONS
ARE SUPPLIED.
The Society of Antiquaries, Burlington House, London
The Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries, Copenhagen
The Dean and Chapter Library, Carlisle
The British Museum
The Bodleian Library, Oxford
The University Library, Cambridge
Trinity College, Dublin
The Advocates' Library, 'Edinburgh
SOCIETIES WHICH EXCHANGE TRANSACTIONS.
The Lincoln Architectural Society (Rev. Prebendary G. T.
Harvey, F.S.A., Lincoln)
The Kent Archaeological Society (The Rev. Canon Scott
Robertson, Throwle Vicarage, Faversham)
The Shropshire Archaeological Society (F. Goyne, Dogpole,
Shrewsbury)
The Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne (Robert
Blair, F.S.A.)
The Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire (R. D.
Radcliffe, M.A., F.S.A.)
The Cambrian Archaeological Association, London (J.
Romilly Allen, F.S.A. c/o Messrs. Whiting & Co., 30,
Sardinia Street, Lincoln's Inn, London, W.C.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 339
Derbyshire Archaeological and Natural History Society
(Percy H. Currey, 3, Market Place, Derby)
The Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society, Cheetham
Coll., Manchester (G. C. Yates, F.S.A.)
Heidelberger Historischer Philosophischer Verein ; Univer-
sitats-bibliothek, Heidelberg
The East Riding Antiquarian Society (William Andrews,
I, Dock Street, Hull)
The Thoresby Society, Leeds, c/o G. D. Lumb, 65, Albion
Street, Leeds
The National Museum, Stockholm, Sweden
East Herts Archaeological Society (W. B. Gerish, Bishops
Stortford)
Nordiska Museet, Stockholm (Dr. Artur Hazelius, Director)
[Members will greatly oblige by notifying change of address,
or any errors or omissions in the above list ; also by
sending information for short obituary notices of deceased
members. Communications to be addressed to the
Editor.]
ADDENDA ANTIQUARIA.
[Under this heading it is proposed to mention the principal
contributions to the antiquarian study of our district,
other than those read or printed in connection with our
Society. Information as to new books, papers read to
other Societies, lectures, magazine articles, etc., will be
thankfully received by the Editor.]
FuRNESS Lore : being the Transactions of the Barrow
Naturalists' Field Club for the 4th, 5th and 6th years,
ending 24th March, 1882, together with historical and de-
scriptive notes on the monuments, ancient heraldic painted
and stained glass, pre- Reformation and i8th century bells in
Aldingham and Urswick Churches, and other interesting
information relating to the topography and archaeology of
the Furness district. Compiled and edited by Harper
Gaythorpe, F.S.A. Scot. (Kendal : T. Wilson, 1900 ; pub-
lished by subscription).
The Maudes of Kendal and Westmorland, by Colonel
E. Maude. (Privately printed).
The Story of Bewcastle Cross, by W. G. Collingwood.
(Northern Counties Magazine, October, 1900).
(341)
INDEX
TO " BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES."
Abingdon, Earl of, 13.
Addingham, 2, 21.
Aglionby family, 7, 20, 21, 24-26, 30-32,
50. 51.
Aikton, 27.
Aldrich's Latin verses, 40.
Allonby, 11.
Alston, Dr., 40.
Anne, Queen, 48.
Appleby, 9, 11, 19, 25, 30, 32, 40, 48.
Archer family of Oxenholme, 2.
Ardrey, John, 8, 10, 11, 18. — Mrs.,
30.
Argyle's Rebellion, 30, 31.
Armstrong, Sir T., 12.
Arthuret, 11.
Assafcetida as seasoning. 42.
Atkinson, Mr., 20.
Atterbury, Bp., 38.
Averas holme, 48.
Ballantyne, Sir J., 23, 24.
Bank-end, 35.
Banks of Appleby, 48.
Barnet wells, 13, 15.
Barretry, trial for, 16.
Barwise, J., 24, 25.
Batty, Dr., 44.
B. C, see Copley.
Beans marked with King Charles's
blood, 15.
Beaumont of York, 29, 30.
Bellasis, Mr., 29.
Bellingham, Miss A., 32. — Thomas,
30, 31.
Bell, Mr., 25
Bennet, Mr., 28.
Bentley, Dr. Richard, 39.
Beverage, Dr., 41.
Bewcastle Cross, 19.
Bewly, Tho., 22.
Bible, Selden on the A.V., 47.
Bigglesworth, 13.
Birkbeck, R., 27.
Bishop, election of, 9-17.
Bolton-Percy, 39, 46.
Bonfires on Monmouth's defeat, 32.
Bootle, 15.
" Bordering " sentenced to death, 16.
Bethel, 28.
Bourbank, Mrs., 19.
Bowey, Mr., 31.
Bradley, Mr., 47.
Brathwaite of St. Mary's, Carlisle, 27.
Brathwaite, Little, 30.
Breery, Dr., 31.
Bridekirk, 31 ; — font, 19.
Bridges of York, 29-30.
Briscoe family, 2, 6, 20, 21, 23.
Brisco moor, 17.
Britain, Tom, the "musical small-
coaJ man," 37.
Brooking hemp, 45.
Brown, Dr., 42 ; — Mr., of Sleaford,
46.
Buddie, Mr., 42.
Burnet, Dr., of Charterhouse, 39.
By well, 12.
Caldbeck, 8, 18, 20, 24, 27.
Calder Abbey, 6, 7, 10, 31.
Calvert ordained, 26.
Card-playing, 6, 20-24, 28-30.
Carlisle, Bp. of, see Rainbow, Smith.
Charter received, 22.
Corporation reform, 51.
Lord, 53.
Nicolson at, passim.
Carlton, 27, 32.
Castilion, Dr., 15.
Cattle-farming, 44.
Chambers family, 27.
Charles II., 13, 14, 25, 44.
Charlton or Curteine, his Museum, 42.
Charlwood, Mr., 42.
Chatham, 15.
Chetwood, Dr., 42.
Child, John, 16; — Mr., 32 ; — Sir
F., 38.
Clark, S., 43.
Clergy as justices, 21 ; deacon promis-
ing not to aim at priest's orders,
22 ; not to frequent markets, 19.
Clibum, 20.
Clipping coin, 16.
Cockermouth, 7, 8, 23, 31, 35.
Cockfight on Collup Monday, 24.
Colby Leathes, 43.
Comber, Dr., 12, 13, 29-31.
Compton, Bp., 38.
342
INDEX TO BISHOP NICOLSON*S DIARIES.
Copley. Barbara. " B.C.," 2, 7, 8, 10,
II, 15-19, 21, 32.
Copley of Gosforth, 7, 10. 11, 15-18, 31.
Corbridge, 12.
Comey, Mr., 33.
Cradock, Mr., 38 ; — Sir J., 30.
Crobrow, Dr., 31.
Crofton, 6, 21.
Crookdake, 23, 24.
Crosby, Mr., 7, 23.
Crosthwaite, 30.
Curwen of Workington, 46.
C3rpru8 birds, 15.
Dacre of Lanercost, 25.
Dale of Herald's office, 38, 39.
Dalston, 9.
Dalston, T., 24, 25, 32.
Darlington, 12.
Davers, Sir R., 45.
Davison, Mr., 17.
Dean, installation of, 18.
Denton family, 26, 47.
Dilston, II.
Dissenters, 21.
Doncaster, 13.
•• Donwell by name," 12.
Doody, Mr., 42.
Dovenby School, 2.
Dreyden, Mr., at York, 30.
D(ugdale) Sir W., his carelessness, 39.
Dumme hill, 30.
Durham, 12.
Dykes of Warthole, 6, 22, 23.
Edenhall, 22, 27, 32, 34.
Egremont, 10, 18.
Election of Bishop, 10.
Elstob's Saxon Homily, 38.
Emmerson, J., 32.
Enfield Chase, 13.
Evans, Bp., 39.
Evelyn, Mr., his antiquities, 38.
Excommunication, 16.
Farmanby, 36.
Farrington, Mr., 33.
Featam, J., 30.
Featherstonhaugh of Kirkoswald, 19,
22.
Fen-country houses, etc., 45.
Fenwick, Sir. R., 27 ; — Wm., 20.
Fielding, Capt. Basil, 19, 20, 25, 28,
51-
Fisher of Brough, 47.
Fishponds, 44, 45.
Fleming, Henry, 20, 22 ; — of Rydal,
26, 28.
Fletcher of Hutton, 6, 7, 9, 12, 17, 20,
23. 26, 27, 51.
Fletcher oi Tallentire, i8.
Floods on Bolton pasture, 19.
P07. treat to a traveller, 29.
Frasier of Aberdeen ordained, 26.
Frost of 1684. 22.
Gale, Dean of York. 39.
Gib^n. Mr.. 40-43.
Gilly, Tho., 22.
Gilpin of Scaleby, 21.
Gilt-paper. Archbishop's corre^Kin-
dence, 40.
Godolphin, Secretary, 14.
Goodwin, Sir John, 15.
Gore, Sir W., Lord Mayor of London.
38.
Gosforth, 6, II, 15-18.
Gosling, John, 22.
Graham, Father, 14 ; — R. and G.,
27; — W., 9, 10.
Grahme, Col. James, 37, 38, 40, 42;
— Jas., 25, 26.
Graystock, 34, 35.
Griggs the organist, 9.
Guthry, W., 35.
Haile, 6, 7, 10, 11, 15-19. 21. 3o.
Hare of Herald's office. 38. 39.
Harrison, Christopher, 29-31.
Miss (Lady Musgrave) 32.
Hasell of Dalemain, 8, 9.
Hatton, Captain, 38, 41.
Heblethwait, J., 22.
Hechstetter, Daniel, 19.
Henderson, Jos., 32.
Hesket Hall, 31.
Hewit ordained, 26.
Hickes, Dr., 41.
Hide Park, lights in, 38.
Hildyard of York, 31.
Hodgson of Salkeld, 25.
Howard, Mrs., 28.
How of Carlisle, 20, 23, 51.
Hudson, Mr., 18.
Hume, Dr., lo, 11, 20; — Greo., 22;
— Mr., 26, 27, 30.
Humphries, Bp., 39.
Hutfon, 17, 13, 27.
Hyde's repartee, 12.
Inns of 17th century, passim.
Ion, Mr., 33.
Ireby, 19.
Ireland, Cumbrians in, i, 3.
James II., 25.
Jeffi-eys, Judge, 15, 16.
Jemmison's cure for ye Liver, 27.
Jenkins, Secretary, 13.
Jennings, Sir E. and Sir J., 12, 29.
Johnby, 35.
Johnson, Dr., 31 ; — widow at Plum-
land, 32.
Johnston, Dr., 39.
INDEX TO BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES.
343
Kemp, Capt., 47.
Kendal, 34.
Kennet, Dr., 38-42.
Kent force, 34.
Keswick, 21.
Kingfield excommunicated, 28.
Kirkandrews-on-Esk, 10.
Kirkby-thore, 9, 20, 30, 35, 48.
Kirkoswald, 6, 19, 22, 24, 25, 27, 29, 30.
Lake, Bp. of Bristol, 13.
Lamplugh, 6.
Lamplugh, Mr., 23 ; — Thos., 37.
Lancaster, 15.
Lancaster, Dr., 40, 41, 43.
Lanercost, 25.
Langhorn of Penrith, 19 ; — Mrs., 16.
Langwathby, 35.
Lason, James, 35.
Lawson, E., 24 ; Mr., 34; — Sir W.,
31; — T., 36.
Lazonby, 11, 19, 32.
Lee, Mr., 25.
Leigh, John, 20, 29, 32, 34, 35-
L'Estrange's *' Modallities," 32.
Levens, 34.
Liddell, Andrew, 22.
Lincoln Cathedral, 46.
Lindesay, Col., of Loughry, i.
Linstock, 31, 48, 51.
Lloyd, Bp. of Worcester, 37, 39; —
Mr., his coins, 39.
London, 13-15, 37-43-
Longvil, Lord, 43.
Lorton, 32.
Lowhall, 32.
Lowry, Mr., 20, 23.
Lowtfaer family, 24, 26, 34.
Maburg (Maybrough) 34.
Machell, Hugh, 19; — T., the anti-
quary, 9.
Mandevil, Dr., 38.
Mauleverer family, i.
Maunder, Dr., 43.
Miller of Haile, 31.
Mill-rigg, 32. 35.
Moated houses, 44.
Monmouth's rebellion, 31, 32.
Monpesson, Mr., 16.
Montague, Dean, 14.
Moore, Bp. of Norwich, 37, 39.
Moor of Mallerstang, 32.
Moon, G., 22, 34.
Morland of Gosforth, 6, 10, 11, 18, 21,
24, 32.
Musgrave, Christopher, disfranchised,
20, 21, 36. 51-
(CM.) 37. 38, 41, 43.
Dean, 17, 18.
of Edenhall, 15, 17, 18, 21,
25-27, 32 1 42.
Musgrave of Hajrton, 3, 8.
Nelson, Jeremy, 9, 10, 16, 20, 31.
Nevinson, T., 19.
Newby, 36.
Newcastle, 12.
Newton (Sir Isaac) 3.
Nicholson, Ambrose, 48.
James, Carlisle, 23, 48, 50.
— James, London, 43.
James, Penrith, 7, 26, 28, 48, 51.
Joseph (Bp. N.'s grandfather)
48.
W., Carlisle (Bp. N.'s cousin)
25, 27, 28, 48, 50.
Nichols or Nicols, Editor of Bp. N.'s
letters, 36, 51.
Nicolson, Bp., biography, 2, 3, ; fac-
simile of writing, 4, 5 ; pedigree
49 ; portraits 42 and plate.
John (Bp. N.'s brother) 25, 50.
— Joseph (Bp. N.'s father) i, 2, 31.
Joseph (Bp. N.'s brother) 42, 43.
Nicols, Mr., 27, 31; — Roland, i6 ;
— T., 26.
Noble, Mr., 23, 47.
Orfeur family, 20, 23, 24, 27, 39, 47.
Organists of Carlisle, 20, 21.
Organs, 9.
Ousby. 24.
Owen, Dean, stealing powder, 40.
Oxford city snubbed by Charles IL, 13.
Pagett, Mrs. (Bp. N.'s sister) 6, 49.
Palmer the organist, 9.
Parker, Mr., 24, 25, 27, 32.
Patrickson of Calder, 6, 25, 26, 31.
Patteson, J., 27.
Pearls in Cumberland, 35.
Pearson, Chancellor, 39, 46, 47 ; —
Dr., 33 ; Mr., 20 ; recanted on his
knees, 29.
Pembroke, Countess of; her pillar, 17.
Pennington of Muncaster, 2.
Penny Post, 40.
Penrith, 7, 10, 11, 19, 23-27, 29, 32, 34.
Perkins, Mr., 31.
Peterborough, Lady ; her library, 39.
Pettiver, Mrs., 42.
Philopopoli, Abp. of, 38, 39.
Plumbland, passim.
Ponsonby of Haile, 6, 7, 10, 11, 18, 21,
22, 30, 32.
Porter, Mr., 32.
Portsmouth, Duchess of, 14.
Preston, M., 9.
Prideaux, Dr., 39.
Prior Hall, 36.
Quakers, 29; Frate Molinos and—,
36.
344
INDEX TO BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES.
Queenborough, Marquis of, 13.
RadcliflF of Dilston, 11.
Rainbow, Bp., 3, 7, 8.
Ravenglass, 15, 31.
Red Dyal, 23.
Reins family, 23.
Relf, cousin of Bp. N., 38.
Richardson of Salkeld, 19.
Richmond (Yorks.) 31.
Richmond, Mr., 20.
Rippon, " His Grace of," 14.
Rivet, Mr. and Mrs., 44.
Robinson, J., of^Kendal, botanist, 34.
Mr., 27 ; — Mrs., 24.
Robson, Mr., 31.
Roman Catholics at Rose, 26, 28.
Roman Antiquities, 9, 35, 38, 39, 43,
47-
Rose Castle, 3, 7, 8, 10, 20, 22-27, 34-
Rumney of Kirkoswald, 30.
Runic Inscriptions, 35, and see Bew-
castle, Bridekirk.
St. Bees, 7.
St. Cuthbert's, Carlisle, 10.
St. Herbert's Isle, 30.
St. James's Palace Library, 40.
St. Paul's, London, 13 ; — Bp. N.
preaches at, 38.
Salkeld family, 6, 23, 24, 51.
Salkeld, Great, 2, 7, 9, 11, 16, 17, 21,
23. 24, 27-31, 32, 35.
Little, 20, 22, 2^.
Saltpans, 11, 32.
Sanderson, Mr., 30; speaks German,
26.
Savage, Arthur, 8, 9, 25, 27, 28, 32.
Savery's invention, 42.
Saxon MSS., 40.
Scott, John, 13 ; — Radigunda, 2, 48.
Seascale, 15, 18, 21, 30.
Sebergham, 20.
Senhouse of Little Salkeld, 20, 24, 25.
— Seascale, 18.
Shackerley, Capt., 28.
Sharpe, Abp., 12, 47.
Shepherd, Canon, 9.
Sheringham's new Bible, 40
Sherlock, Dr., 35.
Sherwin of the Howe, 17.
Simpson of Penrith, 24, 26.
Singleton, Mr., 24.
Skelton, Clement, 12, i^ 26 • —
, Eldred, 27. • 3, 20 ,
Skiddaw, 11.
Smallwood, Ch., 30, 31 ; - Gabriel.
19 ; Mr., 26, 32.
^"^'2^7 28",^' IV"' '7-'°' '^' ^3. 25.
-*/» 20, 34, 51.
Dr. J., 42.
Mrs. (wife of the Bp.) 26.
Smith of Queen's Coll., 40.
Snow, Mr.» 43.
Spa, Bamet, 13 ; Knaresborough, 29.
Squire, H., 12, 13,
Stainforth, Dr., 47.
Stanford, Mr., 29.
Stanley, Mr., 7.
Stanwix, Mr., 38.
Stephenson's pictures, 47.
Stevinson, Mr., 23.
Stonestreet, Mr., 42.
Story, Mr., 28, 29.
Strickland, 36.
Strickland of Sizergh, T., 2 ; — Sir
W., 37.
Suche, Cous. (Bp. N.'s Valentine) 42.
Sutch, Dr., 34.
Sutherland, Major, 31.
Sydenham, Sir P., 38, 39, 43.
Tables, game of, 27, 45.
Temple Sowerby, 32.
Tenison, Abp., 38, 40, 42, 43.
Terrick, Mr., 47.
Thanet, Lord, 40, 41.
Thomlinson of the Gill, 8, 9.
Thornton, Mr., 17.
Threepland, 32.
Threlkeld, Mr., 25.
Thynn, Mr., 43.
Tickell, Mr., 26 ; — Tyckle, 23.
Tilham, Dr., 48.
Todd, Hugh (Todulus, H. T.) 6, 17,
. 23, 28-31, 34, 35.
Toilet Articles, 44.
Tomson, Dean, 13.
Toppin, Mr., 23.
Torpenhow, 2, 3, 8, 10, 11, 24, 25, 27.
30-32.
Touching for King's Evil, 14.
Trimnel, Dr., 39.
Tubman, Mr., 17.
Tullie, Chancellor, 7, 9, 20-26, 32, 34,
36.
Tullie, W., 37.
Tunstall, Mr., 20.
Turner, Bp. of Rochester, 14.
Verrio's paintings, 14.
Wages in 1699, 36.
Wake, Abp., 38.
Walton, Mrs., 24.
Wanley (the antiquary) 40, 42.
Ward, Mr., 20, 34.
Warcop, 48.
Warthole, 6, 22.
Warwick, Mr., 20, 51 ; — Mrs., 28.
Watkinson, Chancellor, 12, 29, 31, 47.
Waugh, Dr., 39-41, 43.
Weddall. Edw., 22.
Weelks, Mr., 29.
INDEX TO BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES.
345
Welsh, how Scaliger learned, 41.
Wenyeve, Sir G., 44, 45.
West, Mr., 10, 30, 3ii 38.
Wetwang, Mr. and Mrs., 30.
Whitehall, Cumberland, 6.
Whitehaven, 7.
Whitmore, Sir W., 28.
Wickham, Dean, 12, 29, 47.
Wigkn, 15.
Wigton, 20, 21, 23, 32.
William III., 38, 47.
Williams, Bp., 38 ; — of Graystock,
34, 35.
Williamson, Sir Josephs 2, 15, 30.
Williamsons tried for Barretry, 16.
Willison, R., of Penrith, 25.
Winder, Mr., 35.
Windsor Castle, 14.
Witch of Ainstable, 16.
Woodward, Dr., 38, 42, 43.
Wotton, Mr., 43.
Wragmire, 18.
Wright, Jon., 31.
York, 12, 30, 31. 47-
1
(346)
GENERAL INDEX.
(FOR DETAILS OF BISHOP NICOLSON'S DIARIES SEE
PREVIOUS INDEX).
Aballava, 71, 72.
Abbey, Carlisle, pre-Norman firag-
ment, 292.
Abbey Town, 309 ; and see Holme
Cultram.
Abbot Robert Chamber, 195, 196,
233.
Aesculapius, 62-67, 70.
Amboglans, 71, 72-
Anderson, Dr. J., 137, 184.
Anglian cross-heads, 292, 294.
Anglo-Cymric Score, 269.
Anglo-Saxon or Danish remains, 156,
193, 289-294.
Architectiu-e, a contrast in, 129 seq.
-^— ^ Church, 162-165, 171. 207, 241,
257. 258, 309-311. 313-
domestic Elizabethan, 94 seq..
121 seq., 192, 206, 219, 220, 285
288, 310.
— huts, 141-143.
— pre-historic, 131-137, 178-183.
Roman, 81, 303-305-
Arthuret brass, 1 14.
Asklepios, worship of, 52, 53.
Astrology in 17th century, 217.
Atterpile Castle, 315, 316.
Atye, Sir A., farms tithes of Holme,
205.
Banna, 72.
Barber, Jonas, clockmaker, 314.
Barnes, Dr., 14 ; on Roman Medicine,
etc., 52 seq. ; on the Bones from
Gray son-lands Tumulus, 300 seq.
Barrow-in-Furness, Bishop of, 66, 183,
292, 307, 316 ; on Bishop Nicol-'
son's Diaries, i seq.
Bartram of Penrith, loi.
Barwick, Dean, 186-188.
Baxter of Swindale, 258, 261.
Bead from Grayson-lands Tumulus,
298.
Beardsley, the late Dr., 321.
Beckworth murders Ann Chamber,
202.
Bellasis of Orton, 145, 146.
Bells of Matterdale, 247 ; Ormshed,
164 ; Swindale, 259.
Berwis of Souterfield, 197.
Best, Bishop, 238.
Betham of Towcet, 173.
Bewley of Caldbeck, 102.
Bewley, Sir E. T., on Gerard Lowther.
99. 100.
Birdoswald, Roman name, 72 ; Teles-
phorus, 65 ; turf wall, 76, 87, 88.
Bland of Orton and Virginia, 107.
Blea-moss, primitive buildings, 129-
139.
Blenerhasset of Orton, 145, 146.
Bones from Grayson-lands Tumulus,
299-302.
Booker, Mr. R. P. L., 81, 82.
Books of Matterdale School, 248 ; of
Roland Chamber, 197 ; ol: Wither-
slack Church, 315.
Borcovicus, tablet to a doctor, 61.
Borradell, Gawen, 195, 198.
Bosanquet, Mr. R. C, 88.
Bower, Canon, on a Brass found at
Arthuret, 114 seq.
Brass from Arthuret Church, 114, 115.
Briggs, Col. Edward, 127 ; of Caw-
mire, 119, 126; of Helsfell, 127.
Brisbie of Penrith, 96-98.
Brisco of Crofton, 148.
British Settlements, 136-139, 156, 175-
185, 316.
Bronze implements from Ormshed,
166 ; from Troutbeck, 135.
Broughton, Sir T., in hiding, 189.
Bruce, the late Dr. J. C, 60, 63, 72.
Brunskill, Rev. J., 256, 258, 260, 263:
on Ormshed, 155 seq.
Burdett of Bramcote, 95.
Burgh Church, 310.
Burial at night, 98.
Burns, Mr. D., on Burgh Church, 310.
Cairns in Little Langdale and Troct-
beck, 135.
Caldbeck sayings, 117, 118.
Camboglans, 71.
Castlehead, Grange, 315, 316,
Caton, Dr., on Asklepios worship, 53.
Cato on Medicine, 54.
Cawmire or Comer Hall, 1 19-128.
i
GENERAL INDEX.
347
Chamber or Chambers of the Holme,
194-233-
Chapelries, status of, 235-240, 244, 245.
Charles Edward, Prince, 169.
Charms for broken limbs, 54, 55.
Chesters, 63, 75, 84-88.
Chimneys, Lake District type, 125.
Church stock, 238.
Circle at Glassonby, 295-298 ; at Herd-
wood, Troutbeck, 135 ; near
Ormshed, 157.
Claudius in Britain, 59.
Clergy of the dal.es, 244, 245, 257, 265.
Clocks of Jonas Barber, 314.
Coins : Danish, 316 ; Roman, 305.
CoUingwood, Mr. W. G., on Cross-
fragments, 289 seq., 292 seq. ; on
Tumulus at Grayson-lands, 295
seq. ; on Castlehead, 316.
Colour of bones in ancient interments,
301, 302.
Consecration of rebuilt chapels
omitted, 237, 259.
Coped gravestone, 164.
Cosmography of Ravenna, 71.
Counting-out Rhymes, 269-271.
Cowper, Mr. H. S., 84 ; on Cawmire or
Comer Hall, 119 seq. ; on a Con-
trast in Architecture, 129 seq. ; on
the Roman Road at Ambleside,
314 ; on Jonas Barber, 314.
Crocheted principals, 192.
Cropper, the late James, 320 ; on
Kentmere Hall, 280 seq.
Crosses at Ormshed, 159, 164 ; at the
Abbey, Carlisle, 292 ; from Glass-
onby, 289.
Cumberland, Duke of, *' nobbut a
man," 170.
Cumberland Excavation Committee
Report, 75 seq.
Cumbrians in America, 105-112.
Curwen, Mr. J. F., on Kentmere Hall,
285 seq.
Dalston weather-lore, 118.
Danish or Anglo-Saxon weapons, 156,
193-
Deakin, the late E. N., 322.
Dedication of Churches, 144.
Degeneracy of dales-folk, 265.
Dentistry amongst the ancients, 58.
Denton, John, 146.
Donaria, 67-70.
Drumburgh, 310.
Dudley of Yanwath, 97 ; arms, 100.
Dyke, ancient, 135.
Dymond, Mr. C. W., 177, 179; on
Hardknott, 303 seq.
Enclosures, ancient, 135.
Epidaurus, temple of Asklepios, 53.
Excavations : Early dwellings in Lang-
dale, 129, 138 ; Roman Camps in
France, 89-92 ; Roman Wall, 75-
89 ; Tumulus at Grayson-lands,
295.
Eye-diseases and remedies among the
Romans, 73.
Fairies, 116, 117; fairy butter, 116.
Fall of Wolsty Castle, 206 ; of Holme
Cultram Chnrch, 207.
Farming accounts in the 17th century,
214-217.
Feeding-bottles, Roman, 69.
Fell-foot Thingmount, 136, 139.
Ferguson, Mr. C. J., on Ormshed
Church, 162.
Ferguson, the late Chancellor, i, 15,
19, 20, 22, 36, 72, 76, 153, 156,
195, 214, 240, 295, 303, 307.
Fifth man for military service, 212.
Fleming (le) of Rydal, 120, 128 ;
MSS., 23.
— Sir Daniel, 172, 189, 190, 191,
281.
Flemish ship stranded at Wolsty, 205,
206.
Fletcher of Strickland, 171-173.
Fletcher, the late W., 322.
Fleur de lis not the lily, 108.
Folklore, 116- 118, 268.
Fonts at Matterdale, 246 ; Wither-
slack, 187.
Forster of Bamborough, 149.
Fort of Castlehead or Atterpile, 316 ;
see Roman Forts.
Foulsyke, 196.
Franks, Sir A. W., on the Arthuret
Brass, 114, Z15.
Fumess Abbey, 308.
Fysher, T., his will (1544) 221.
Gallows hills, 158, 192.
Games at Kirkoswald, 268-279.
Gamlysby, 145.
Gayle, in the Holme, 196.
Gerard Lowther's house, 94 seq.
Gilbanks, Rev. G. E., 309.
Gillalees Beacon, supposed Roman
tower, 82, 83.
Gilpin of Kentmere, 280-285, 313.
Gilsland Spa, 70, 72.
Glass, ancient, at Swindale, 260, 261.
Glassonby, cross-fragment, 289 ;
tumulus, 295.
Goodwin, Bishop Harvey, i, 164.
Grainger, Mr. F., on the Chambers
family of Raby Cote, 194 seq., 317.
Graeme of Nunnery, 203.
Graham or Grame, Mrs. Mary, 98-102.
Greek Medicine, 52-58 ; inscription, 64.
Greenwell, Canon, 295, 301.
348
GENERAL INDEX.
Grindesdale, 145.
Hallen and heck, 288.
Hardknott, Roman fort, 303-305.
Haverfield, Mr. F., 62 ; Report of
Cumberland Excavation Com-
mittee, 75 seq., 317.
Heart symbol, 114, 151.
Heelis, the late W. H., 321.
Heraldry at G. Lowther's house, 94-
96.
• at Poolbank, 315.
at Raby Cote, 232, 233, 317.
of Barwick, 188, 315.
of Briggs, 127.
of Fleming of Cawmire, 123.
• of Gilpin, 280.
'— of Hilton, 165.
of Nelson, 108.
of Osmotherley, 211.
Hilton of Appleby and Ormshed, 158-
165.
Hobberst, hobthrush, 117.
Hodgson, John, the historian, 254, 266.
Hodgson, Mrs., 76 ; on Surviving
Fairies, 116 seq.
Hodgson, Mr. T. H., 76, 81, 88, 118,
310 ; on Armorial Stones at Raby
Cote, 232 seq., 317.
Hollas, 240.
Holme Cultram, 194-202, 207-211, 218-
221, 232, 233, 309.
Holme of Barnsceugh, 168.
Honey wood. General Philip, 149-154,
168.
of Howgill, etc., 152, 154, 167-
169.
Hopper, Rev. W. R., 310.
Horse-place, demy, and foot-place,
212.
Hoton of Hutton John, 97.
Howard of Greystoke, 239, 250.
Huts, 141-143.
Hutton of Hutton Hall, 95.
Hutton, Rev. F. R. C, on Wither-
slack, 186 seq., 315.
Inscriptions at Holme Cultram, 202,
209, 218.
at Little Strickland, 171-174.
• at Matterdale, 240, 241, 255.
at Ormshed, 157, 165.
— at Penrith, 96, 102, 109.
at Raby Cote, 195.
Greek, 64.
Roman, 60-65, 7073 ■
Interest, temp. James I., 238.
Interments of Bronze Age, 299-302.
Jackson, the late W., 94, 96, 99, 100.
Jacobite nsmg of 1745, 167-170.
James of Washington, 148.
Kentmere, ancient settlement, 175-
185, 312-
Church, 312.
Hall, 280-288, 313.
Key patterns, 289, 292.
Kirkbride, 310.
Kirkoswald, children's games, 268.
Kist-vaens, 156, 298.
Lamplugh, G., steward of the Holme,
200, 201.
Langcake of Pelutho, 196, 197.
Langhorn of Penrith, 100-103.
Lawson of Bra)rton, 148.
Legard of Ganton, 149.
Leigh of Isell, 146, 197.
Leybume of Cunswick and Wither-
slack, 189-191.
Licensed Victuallers' restrictions in
1601, 207.
Lowther family, 94 se^.
Gerard of Penrith, 94-98.
Gerard of Dublin, two of this
name, 99, 100.
Macalister, Prof., on colour of bones
from Bronze-age interments, 301,
302.
Mandeville, Edward, of Holme Cul-
tram, 197, 203, 207.
Marriages, irregular, 187, 245.
Martindale, Mr. J. A., on an Ancient
Settlement in Kentmere, 175 seq.
Matterdale Church and School, 235-
255-
Medicine among the ancients, 52 seq.
Mell-door, 288.
Merchants' marks, zoi, 102.
Meye, Bishop, 235-237.
Middleton of Orton, 145.
Milecastle at Low-wall, 81 ; at Wal-
ton, 82.
Mitchell, Rev. J., 310.
Mortar found at Ormshed, 166.
Mural road at Howgill, 75, 78.
Musgrave, Jack, of Bewcastle, 197,
202, 209.
Musgrave of Hayton, 148.
Need fire, 118.
Nelson of Penrith, 104- no; of Vir-
ginia, 105-113; of York, no.
Netherhall, inscription, 64.
Newby of Cawmire, 120, 128.
Newton Arlosh Church, 310.
Nicolson and Bum, 7, 23, 126, 127,
186, 191, 261, 280.
Nicolson, Bishop, biography, 2, 3;
diaries, 3-51 ; facsimile of writing,
4, 5 ; family, 2, 48-51 ; portraits.
I. 42, 317 ; writings quoted, 50,
109, 161, 246.
GENERAL INDEX.
349
Norse Settlements, 139, 156, 291.
Orfeur of High-close, 211.
Ormshed or Ormside, 155-166.
Orton, Great, dedication of church,
144. 145.
Osmotherley of Langrigg, 211.
Pack-horse roads, 192.
Page, Mr. T. Nelson, on the Nelson
family, 105-107, 112.
Paines (penalties) of Holme Cultram,
209, 214.
Papist disabilities, 190, 218.
Parishioners electing priest, 244.
Parker, Mr. F. H. M., on the dedica-
tion of Great Orton Church, 144
seq. ; on the Pedigree of Wastell,
and General Honjrwood, 147 seq.
Patriklees, 145.
Pattinson, Lancelot, 242.
Pearson, Wm., of Borderside, 315.
Pele towers, late, 119, 121, 285, 287.
Pelutho, Pellatho, 196.
Pembroke, Anne, Countess of, 96.
Penrith, 94-113.
Pew rents, 249.
Philipson of Calgarth, 127.
Pickering, Sir C, of Ormshed, 165.
Pigott, Rev. R. J., 313.
Piscina at Witherslack, 187, 315.
Place-names, 120, 145, 155, 175, 185.
Plague at Penrith, 98 ; at Wither-
slack, 1^2.
Plate of Matterdale Church, 247.
of Ormshed Church, 160, 161.
of Swindale Church, 257.
of Witherslack Church, 315.
Pool-bank, 315.
Poor-relief in 17th century, 219.
Pre-Norman cross-fragments, 289-294.
Preston, Mrs. Mabel, bigamy, 187.
Price, the late J. S., 322.
Privacy, growth of the idea in archi-
tecture, 123.
Procolitia, medical tablet, 63.
Proverbs of 17th century, 217.
Puritan magistrates' duties, 103.
Quakers persecuted, 174, 205.
Raby Cote, i94-233f 309.
Racet, 256 ; Rawside, 259.
Rawnsley, Canon, 313 ; on William
Pearson, 315.
Rebus of Abbot R. Chamber, 196,
233; of Hartley, 315.
Redle or Ridley of Orton, 146.
Registers of Holme Cultram, 226-232.
of Matterdale, 248.
of Ormshed, 160.
of Penrith, iii. .
Richmond, the late Canon, 321.
Robin Hood's butt and well, 82.
Roman building, 81, 303-305 ; bullets,
84.
Coins, 305.
Inscriptions, 60-65, 70-73.
Medicine, 52 seq.
Metalwork, 70.
Pottery, 68.
Roads, 75, 78, 136, 304, 314.
Sculpture, 61-67, 93-
Roman Stations at Ambleside, 84.
at Birdoswald, 65, 72,
76, 87, 88.
84-88.
at Chesters, 63, 75,
at Drumburgh, 310.
at Hardknott, 303-305,
at Old Carlisle, 93.
Roman Wall, remains, 75-88.
Rowley, Mr. W. E., 289, 295, 307.
Rudge cup, 70-72.
Sagar, Mr. James, 235, 242, 243, 255.
St. Giles, 145.
St. Leonard, 145.
St. Mungo, 144.
Salt-pans and salt farming, 198, 199,
214.
Sambon, Dr. Luigi, 67.
Savile of Methley, 149.
Schools : Hampton, 264 ; Matterdale,
251-255 ; Swindale, 257, 258, 264.
Scotch Tom, 106.
Scrope, Lord Warden, 200-206.
Seathwaite stone- walls, 137.
Selywra, 145.
Settlements, ancient, 129-139, 157,
175-185, 316.
Severus at York, 58, 59.
Seville cote, 196.
Sewell, T., of Swindale, 263, 265.
Shap, Prince Charlie at, 169, 170.
Sheppard, Rev. A. F., 309.
Ship-money, 212.
Simpson, Sir J. Y., on Roman army
doctors, 59, 60.
Sixteen-men, 208, 209, 211, 213, 224.
Skelton of Armathwaite, 95, 197 ; of
Holme Cultram, 201, 204, 205 ; of
Orton, 146.
Smelt of Ainderby, 148.
Sparke, Mr. A., on a Roman slab,
93 ; on Tullie House, 306.
Spas, ancient, 69, 70, 192.
Stamps of Roman druggists, 72, 73.
Stanley of Witherslack, 189-191.
Stockdale, James, " Ann. Caermoel.,"
189, 316.
Stofifel, Colonel, on excavating ob-
literated trenches, 89-92.
Stoup at Witherslack, 187.
350
GENERAL INDEX.
Stone implements, 135, 316.
Strickland, Great and Little, 171 -174.
Stuart relics, 151.
Survival of defensive types in build-
ings, 125, 126, 179, 285.
Swearing, fines for, 103.
Swindale Chapel, 256-267.
Swords, Anglo-Saxon or Danish, 156,
193-
Taylor, the late Dr., " Manorial
Halls," 119, 122, 285-288.
Tax of 1783 on baptisms, etc., 160, 188.
Telesphorus, 66.
Tenants' rights and wrongs, 208-213.
Terriers of Matterdale, 250.
Thoresgill, 251.
Thornley, Canon, 295, 299 ; on chil-
dren's games at Kirkoswald, 268
seq.
Thrimby, 167-174.
Thuribulum, etc., of Ormshed, 161.
Tickell, Joseph, iii ; Richard, 213.
Tithe suits, 208, 210.
Todd, Hugh, 109.
Travelling expenses in the 17th cent.,
208, 223.
Troutbeck, primitive buildings, 133-
139-
TuUie House Museum, 93, 156, 289,
306.
Tumulus at Grayson-lands, 295-299.
Tungrian cohort, 60, 61.
Turf wall, 75, 76.
Turner, Sir W., on bones from Gray-
son -lands tumulus, 302.
Two Lions Inn, 94, 100.
Urn from Grayson-lands tumulus, 299.
Uxelodunun, 71, 72.
Value of property in 1572, 199, 203.
in 1584, 97-
Value of property in 1630, 197 ; and
see Farming accounts, Travelling
expenses.
Vallum, discoveries, 75, 77-81.
Vetripont arms, 96.
Viking settlement, 139, 156.
Virginia, Cumbrians in, 106- 1 13.
Walker, Stephen, of Swindale, 263,
264.
Wall, see Roman.
Ware, Mrs., i.
Wastell of Wastell Head, 147-15 1.
Watson, Mr. George, 144 ; on Gerard
Lowther's house, 94 seq.
on the Nelsons of Penrith, 104
seq.
Wedman, 160.
Weganby, 145.
Whelpdale of Penrith, 95, 100, 103.
Whiteside, Rev. J., on a Letter of
1745, 167 seq.
on Little Strickland Chapel,
171 seq.
on Matterdale Church and
School, 235 seq.
on Swindale Chapel, 256 seq.
Wilkinson, John, ironmaster, 316.
of Furness Fells, 147.
Wills of 1 6th and 17th centuries, 221-
226.
Wilson, the late W., 322.
Witherslack, 186-193, 315.
Wolsty Castle, 194, 195, 199, 203-207,
233.
Wood-wardens, 209.
Wyber of St. Bees, 210.
Yewtrees, age of, 243.
Zig-zag ornament, pre-Norman, 292.
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Antiquarian an& ^ultmoioQital ^atitt^*
SIXTEEN VOLUMES OF TRANSACTIOJTS.
Detailed Catalogues may he had on application to the Hon. Sees.
CATALOGUE-INDEX TO THE TRANSACTIONS of the
Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological
Society, Vol. I., 1866, to Vol. XVI., 1900. Compiled by Archibald
Sparke, late City Librarian, Carlisle. Price 2/6. Gratis to Sub-
scribers.
NEW SEBIES OF TEANSACTIONS
TRANSACTIONS, N.S., Vol. I., 1900-1, pp. 1-350, complete with
Index, in handsome Cloth case. Edited by VV. G. Colling-
wooD, M.A. Gratis to Subscribers.
CHARTULARY SERIES.
IE REGISTER OF WETHERHAL PI
by Ven. Archdeacon Prescott, D.D. Price 18/ •
T70L. I. THE REGISTER OF WETHERHAL PRIORY, Edited
EXTRA SERIES.
YOL. I.— BISHOP NICOLSON'S VISITAIION AND SURVEY
OF THE DIOCESE OF CARLISLE IN 1703-4. Edited by
Chancellor Ferguson, F.S.A. Price 12/6.
VOL. II.- MEMOIRS OFTHEGILPIN FAMILY OF SCALEBY
CASTLE, by the late Rev. William Gilpin, Vicar of Boldre, with
the Autobiography of the Author. Edited with Notes and Pedigree
by W. Jackson, F.S.A. Price 10/6.
YOL. III.— THE OLD CHURCH PLATE IN THE DIOCESE
OF CARLISLE. Edited by Chancellor Ferguson, F.S.A.
Price 15/6.
YOL. IV.— SOME MUNICIPAL RECORDS OF THE CITY OF
CARLISLE. Edited by Chancellor Ferguson, F.S.A.; and
W. Nanson, B.A., F.S.A. Price 15/-.
VOLS. V. and VI.— PAPERS AND PEDIGREES mainly relat-
ing to Cumberland and Westmorland, by the late Wm. Jackson,
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YOL. VII. THE " BOKE OFF RECORDE" OF THE BURGH
OF KIRKBIE KENDALL. Edited by Chancellor Ferguson,
F.S.A. Price 15/-
EXTEA SERIES— continued.
YOL. VIII.— THE OLD MANORIAL HALLS OF WEST-
MORLAND AND CUMBERLAND. By the late Michael
Waistell Taylor, M.D., F.S. A. Price 21/-. {Out of Print.)
Y
Y
OL. IX. — TESTAMENTA KARLEOLENSIA. Edited bv
Chancellor Ferguson, F.S. A. Price 10/6.
OL. X— THE ROYAL CHARTERS OF CARLISLE. Edited
by Chancellor Ferguson F.S. A. Price 21/-.
YOL XL— NOTES ON THE EARLY SCULPTURED
CROSSES, SHRINES AND MONUMENTS IN THE
PRESENT DIOCESE OF CARLISLE. By the late Rev.
William Slater Calverley, Vicar of Aspatria. Edited by W. G.
CoLLiNGWOoD, M.A. Price 15/-
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TRACT SERIES.
O. I. FLEMING'S DESCRIPTION OF WESTMORLAND.
Edited by Sir George Duckett, F.S.A. Price ij-.
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Edited by Chancellor Ferguson, F.S.A. Price ^j^.
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Price i/-,
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AN ARCH^OLOGICAL SURVEY OF CUMBERLAND, WEST-
MORLAND, AND LANCASHIRE NORTH OF THE SANDS
with Map. By Chancellor Ferguson, F.S.A. at^id H. S. Covvper,
F.S.A. Price 5/- ; from Archcsologia.
THE ROMAN FORT KNOWN AS HARDKNOTT CASTLE.
By Chancellor Ferguson and the Rev. W. S. Calverley.
Price 2/- Overprint from Transactions^ Vol. XII.
THE ABBEY OF ST. MARY IN FURNESS, Lancashire. By
W. H. St. John Hope, M.xA. With nDany Illustrations and
Historical Ground Plan. Price 5/- Overprint from Transactions
Vol. XVI.
Kendal, T. WILSON, Highgate.
ERRATUM IN VOL. XVI.
Page 145, line 10, for " Diana in a biga galloping to the races "
read " Diana in a biga galloping to the right "
KENDAL :
T. WILSON, PRINTER,
28, HIGHGATE.
6)-
II